! fi;3JLj' ' ."t * , ' 0^"*" ' j!W7"» I ( V' hit i I -yy. ^ ^ u ^ ■rzxe- ■^r€€^9'i^CiU) -^.^r/ceK ^/ve- // A Csl L I B R^A R.Y OF THE UN I VLR5 ITY or ILLI NOIS 58L94257 C9 NATURAL- H!ST0Rf- BI0LOQ^ THE FLORA OF OXFORDSHIRE, AXD ITS CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES, (COMPRISING THE FLOTVERING PLANTS ONLY;) ARRANGED IN EASY AND FAMILIAR LANGUAGE, ACCORDING TO THE LINN^.AN AND NATURAL SYSTEMS; PRF.CEDED BY AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES. BY RICHARD WALKER, B.D. F.L.S, FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD. "The love of Nature's works Is an ingredient in the compound man. Infused at the creation of the kind. And, though th' ALMIGHT\' MAKER has throughout Discriminated eacli from eacli, by strokes And touches of His hand, with so much art Diversified, tliat two were never found Twins at all points — yet this obtains in all. That all discern a beauty in His works, And all can taste them. Minds that have been form'd And tutor'd, with a relish more exact, .But none without some relish, none unmoved." — Cowper's; Task, U. IV. OXFORD : HENRY SCATTER, HIGH STREET. LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN; AND WIIITTAKER, TREACHER, AND ARNOT, LONDON. M DCCC XXXIII. It PRINTED BY J. MtSOAY, OXFORD. WW f ^ TO JOHN SHUTE DUNCAN, Esquire, HONORARY L.L.D. THE LATE CURATOR OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, AND TO PHILIP BURY DUNCAN, Esquire, THE PRESENT CURATOR OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, MEN OF DIFFUSIVE BENEVOLENCE, AND CLASSIC TASThi, TO WHOSE LIBERALITY AND EXERTIONS, NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE FINE ARTS, IN THIS UNIVERSITY, ARE PRE-EMINENTLY INDEBTED, ^i THE FOLLOWING WORK, INTENDED TO FACILITATE A PLEASING, AND, AS CONNECTED WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY AND MEDICINE, A HIGHLY IMPORTANT PURSUIT, IS WITH ALL RESPECT m ^ DEDICATED BY THE COMPILER, t i RICHARD WALKER. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 witii funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/floraofoxfordshOOwalk PREFACE. Many new arrangements have taken place, and various discoveries have been made in Botany, since the publication of Sibthorp's Latin Flora.' Under these obvious circum- stances, the present work was undertaken, in which will be found additions to the Oxfordshire flowering plants, and an enumeration and brief description of the native plants, growing in the contiguous counties. Sibthorp's Work, Mr. Purton's valuable Midland Flora, Mr. Perry's List of Plants, Turner and Dillwyn's Botanist's Guide, with the liberal communications of Mr. Baxter, Curator of the Botanic Garden, and those of other friends, form the principal authorities for stations of the rarer plants described, and mentioned. The design of the present work is to furnish the Bota- nical Student, in the plainest language, with sufficient elementary instruction, to ascertain the name of any wild, flowering plant, he may discover, within the assigned limits of the work, and to point out to him any economi- cal uses, medicinal virtues, or peculiarity of structure as bearing upon Natural Theology, in the plant made out. ' Sibthorp's concise Flora Oxoniensis, creditable alike to the research and science of the author, was published in 1794. VI PREFACE. Several Botanical Authors have been consulted : but in the amalgamation of materials, it was found almost impossible to refer every obligation to its respective claimant. The well-read Botanist will, however, easily perceive, that the descriptions and various observations are principally drawn from the classical works of Linnaeus, Sir James Edward Smith, Willdenow, Curtis, Withering, Hooker, and Greville ; with such additions, or alterations, as the compiler deemed suitable to the plan, and execution of a work, intended chiefly for the English reader. The plain, botanical language here adopted, is, for the most part, that of Berkenhout, Martyn, Withering, and Sir James Edward Smith. Throughout the volume, the Linnsean system has been chiefly kept in view. All Botanists are, I believe, agreed, that this artificial arrangement is most convenient for dis- covering the name of a plant, and I think that, notwith- standing its imperfections, the Linnsean system cannot, in the present state of science, be advantageously discarded. For, it will, in most cases, conduct the student to the re- quired name of the plant ; which name being obtained, the Student may be referred to a description and enuclea- tion of the Natural Order, or Group, in which the plant is arranged by Jussieu, or by some one of his followers. The Natural System of Botany thus studied, in connexion with the Linnsean, will enable those persons, who are de- sirous of examining the natural affinities of plants, to acquire such knowledge, in a comparatively easy method. We lay considerable stress on the point of facility, in the acquisition of this branch of knowledge in regard to the affinities of plants, because the leisure and inclination of PREFACE. Vll most persons do not enable them, or dispose them, to apply much attention to microscopic Botany, and its minute dis- sections, as connected with the Natural System of Plants. To the busy Student the easiest mode, so far as is compati- ble with science, will be found the best. For example, the Medical Student, by uniting the Linnpean with the Jussieuan System, would readily detect the name of his plant ; next, refer it to its Natural Group or Order, and afterwards learn, without difficulty, the qualities, attributed to such group, whether poisonous, or salutary, &c. Some artificial key appears necessary for Natural Systems, even in their present state of developement, and such a key is afiorded by means of the Linnsean System. To those, whom genius, or inclination prompts to devote time and attention to these minute and curious, and by no means, despicable investigations, in the scale of knowledge, we abandon the Natural System, hy itself y\m\ho\xt artificial aids. But, so long as the study of Botany is allowed to remain, as an elegant recreation for the leisure hours of nearly all classes of society, so long must the Linnsean, or some other system equally manageable, continue in use. And, on these grounds, we have given the Linnsean System the lead, referring for ample information on the Natural Sys- tem of Plants, in the first instance to Richard's excellent book,' and in the second, to Professor Lindley's learned and critical works. In connection with the peculiarities of structure in the ' " This work of Richard, (His Elements, &c.) contains an excel- lent Introduction to, and a Table of the Natural Orders, and ought to be in the hands of every one who desires information upon the subject." — Hooker, Vm PREFACE. parts of the vegetable kingdom, we particularly recom- mend to the reflecting mind, the perusal of Paley's chap- ter on Plants, in his Natural Theology. Paley there shews, that the one great aim of nature in the structure of plants, seems to be the perfecting of the seed, and the preservation of that seed, until it is perfected. He shews, also, nature's care to disperse the seeds, when matured : their admirable contrivance and constitution are also ex- plained, their structure, germination, &c. The varied, yet harmonious structure of plants must, indeed, ever excite the admiration of the philosophic mind ; but our ignorance of the uses of their many minuter organs and contrivances, reminds us of the limited faculties of dependent human beings. The Almighty Maker of All has enabled man, by what he can trace and discover, through his own sagacity, to attain sufficient knowledge, even in the works of creation, to judge of infinite power and greatness ; but, on the other hand. He has fixed certain boundaries to human knowledge, beyond which the mortal ken cannot pass, to keep man humble, and to make him irresistibly feel his own littleness '< Before I conclude these prefatory remarks, the intro- duction of a few observations on the utility of Botany, will not be deemed irrelevant. Without insisting upon the advantages which arise in the pursuit — from its accustoming the student to the accurate use of words, through previous definition, — ' See Bishop Butler. PREFACE. IX from its contributing to order, and regular disposi- tion in our ideas, thereby enlarging the capacity, and strengthening the memory : — without dwelling upon the advantage arising from its easy exemplification of the Analytic method, in the processes exercised for discover- ing the name of any unknown plant : — without long con- sidering the tendency, that a comparison and balancing of nice distinctions in this science possess, to sharpen the discriminative powers of the mind : — without enlarging upon the importance of the science, in connection with Vegetable Chemistry, which furnishes an analysis of the secretions of plants : — without dwelling long upon its con- nection with Comparative Anatomy, where the analogies of the animal and vegetable systems are laid open : — without enlarging on its connection — with Gardening, one of the purest of human pleasures ; — with Medi- cine, in the various plants used in the Materia Medica, and as affording economical uses, subservient to the com- fort and conveniences of social life : — without long ad- verting to the many pleasing associations in the study of Botany, connected with plants, alluded to by the poet : — without urging the utility of the science, as prompt- ing to bodily exercise, and as rendering that exercise more healthful, by the grateful stimulus given to the mind, in pursuit of a favourite object, as an innocent recreation, affording an exhilarating change of ideas, after severer studies, and as tranquillizing the mind by a gentle exertion of the reasoning powers, on pleasing objects ; — without viewing the science as an innocent succedaneum for boisterous pleasures, as a sort of anti- dote, in some cases, to heartless dissipation, which blunts X PREFACE. all moral feeling : — without insisting upon all these topics in favour of the study of Botany, we believe, that if this branch of knowledge be pursued, in reference to, and in con- nection with Natural Theology, that Botany at once, like other branches of Natural History, then rises into high importance. The student who traces the wisdom of the Almighty in the works of creation, can never be said to be alone. He who rambles into the fields to scan and examine the works of creation with a cheerful curiosity, chastised by lowly piety, ever keeping in view the Great Creator and Mighty Contriver of All, cannot be ill-employed. "The pro- found researches," observes Sir James Edward Smith, *' of grammarians, the taste and erudition of critics, the sublime efforts of poets, justly demand and receive the homage of the world. They are conversant with the whole scope of human conception, and of intellectual power. But the Naturalist traces, in all humility, the counsels of the Eternal Mind. The laws, the principles, which he studies, are of Divine origin. While he dis- criminates or combines his ideas, he catches glimpses of Infinite Wisdom, and there is no boundary to his attain- ments, but the imperfection of his own nature. The study of language embraces all that ever has been, or can be communicated from one human mind to another ; but, the study of Nature, like that of Truth and Virtue, leads man to acquaint himself with God." " And, in a moral view" observes Paley, " I shall not, I believe, be contra- dicted, when I say, that if one train of thinking be more desirable than another, it is that which regards the phe- nomena of Nature with a constant reference to a Supreme, Intelligent Author. To have made this the ruling, PREFACE. XI habitual sentiment of our minds, is to have laid the foundation of every thing which is rehgious. The world thenceforth becomes a temple, and life itself one continued act of adoration '.'* In conclusion, I beg to offer my sincere acknowledg- ments to those friends who have encouraged the publica- tion of this work, and to express my obligations to Pro- fessor Daubeny, for a specimen of a Botanico-Geological ' " It is difficult to conceive that any man of taste or curiosity should despise the examination of that part of the creation, which meets his eye continually under the most beauteous and graceful forms, which administers innumerable supplies to his various wants, and abounds with the most admirable proofs of the wisdom and goodness of the Supreme Beixg. The physiological and the systematical part of Botany have each their advantages. The former is the best introduction to a knowledge of organised nature, exhibiting the first and plainest links of that vast chain which connects all living substances ; the latter affords the most perfect specimen of classification, so that all that the Dialectic Art teaches respecting genus and species in general propositions. Botany demonstrates in a far more pleasant and intelligible way by actual examples. This study, besides the useful and agreeable exercise of the understanding, is adapted to infuse the purest tastes, prepares a fund of never-failing delight for every rural walk, and often forms a bond of union among cultivated and amiable minds: and if Religion ought to enter into the scheme of a well- conducted education ; — if Natural Religion is the foundation of a just and enhghtened faith in Divine Revelation ; — then Botany may assume a still more dignified rank among the sciences ; for certainly there is no branch of natural knowledge which affords proofs so clear, so accessible, so abundant and various, so striking and interesting and attractive, of the existence, attributes, and providence of the Great First Cause." — James Yates, F.L.S. Xll PREFACE. Index ; and to Dr. Williams, Professor of Botany, in this University, for access to Herbaria, and for the liberal use of that noble Library ' over which he so judiciously presides. ' The Radcliffe. Magdalen Colleye, Oxford. INTRODUCTION BOTANY, INCLUDING A SKETCH OF THE PHVSIOLOGY, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS, AND NATURAL ARRANfiEiMENT OF PLANTS. Of the Fructification. Without dwelling upon the usual division of Plants into Trees, Shi'ubs, and Herbs, we will, at once, begin with the consideration of the Fructification of Plants. In the FRUCTIFICATION we include the flower and fruit. It consists of seven principal parts : — 1. Calyx, or Flower-cup. 2. Corolla, or Blossom. 3. Stamens. 4. Pistil. 5. Seed-vessel, or Pericarp. 6, Seeds. 7. Receptacle. The first four are properly parts of the flower. The fifth, sixth, and seventh, are parts of the fruit. I. The CALYX, or Flower-cup, is formed of one or more green or yellow leaves, at a small distance from, or close to the blossom. The kinds of Calyx are seven 1. Perianth, or Flower-cup close to the other parts of the flower, example, the primrose. See Plate, 109. b. 110, a. 1. It is called the perianth of the flower, when it includes the stamens, and not the germen ', and, 2. the perianth of the fruit, when the germen is included, but not the stamens. 3. It is the perianth of the fructification, if it includes both the germen and the stamens. * See these terms explained further on. xiv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 2. Involucre, is the Calyx particularly of an Umbel, but applied to other kinds of inflorescence (see plate, 88.) placed at some distance from the flower : it is chiefly found in the umbelliferous, or parsley-like tribe. See Plate, 102. 1. The involucre is called universal^ when placed under a tmiversal umbel. See Plate, 89. a, the general involucre, with its umbels, b, the partial involucre with its partial umbels. 2. The involucre is termed partial, when placed under a partial umbel. See Plate, 89. b, 3. Catkin, or Amentum, consisting of a cylindrical com- mon receptacle, beset with numerous scales, each scale ac- companied by one or more stamens, or pistils, or both ; ex- ample, the hazel. See Plate, 105. 4. The Sheath, or Spatha, opens lengthwise, and puts forth a kind of flower-stalk, called a spadix ; example, the siiovodrop, (galanthus,) the cuckoo-pint, (arum.) See Plate, 87. 5. Husk, or Glume, the chaffy calyx of grasses, with its dry leaves, called valves. See Plate, 116. Husks b. b. Awn (arista,) is the sharp point, or beard issuing from the husk or glume. See Plate, 96. 6. Perich^tium, is the scaly sheath of mosses. 7. VoLVA, is the wrapper, surrounding the stem of fun- guses, or mushrooms. The Calyx of flowers, with respect to number, may be single, or one, double, or wanting. II. With respect to compositioii, it may be — 1. Tiled, (imbricated,) that is, of various scales lying over each other: example, havok-'weed, (hieracium,) sovo-tkistle, (sonchus.) See Plate, 113, 114. 2. Wide-spreading, (squarrose,) of scales widely spreading, every way; example, thistle, [cavduus,) plume-thistle, (cnicus.) 3. Augmented, that is, with a series of distinct leaves, shorter than its own, surrounding the outer part of the base ; example, the^m^, (dianthus.) See Plate, 100. 4. Many-flowered, that is, common to many florets; exam- ple, scabious, (scabiosa,) and plants of the class syngenesia, daisy, dandelion, &c. III. The Calyx, with respect to situation, may be — INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV. xv 1. Beneath the seed-vessel; example, the pea. See Plate, 140. 2. Above the seed-vessel; example, the rose. See Plate, 110. IV. With respect to 7)iargw, the Calyx, may be — 1. entire. 2. saw-toothed, (serrate.) 3. fringed with hairs, (ciliated;) example (ceniiiurea) hiajj-iveed. V. The Calyx at the top, may be — 1. acute or sharp, 2. prickly, (aculeated.) 3. blunt, (obtuse.) 4. lopped, (truncate,) that is, with one of its indent- ations, appearing as if cut off. VI. With respect to diiratioii, the Calyx may be — 1. caducous, that is, falling off at the first opening of the flower ; example, Jpoppy. 2. deciduous, falling off with the corolla. 3. persistent, continuing until the fruit arrives at maturity; example, plants of the class, didynamia, sna-p- dragoji, mint, thyme, &c. Corolla, or Blossom. The leaves, generally coloured, of which the Corolla con- sists, are csWed petals. The Corolla is either — 1. Monope'talous, that is, one-petalled, the whole in one petal. The one-petalled (monopetalous) Corolla, consists usually of two parts : the tube, or lower part, and the limb, or upper part, this latter usually spreads wider, (see Plate, 111. a. the tube, b. the limb.) The Monopetalous Corolla, injigure is either — 1. Bell-shaped, (campanulate,) that is, bellying out, with- out any tube; example, bell-flo'wer, (campanula,) deadly- night-shade, (Atropa.) See Plate, 120. 2. Funnel-shaped (infundibuliform,) that is, tubular in the lower, and conical in the upper part ; for example, the tobacco plant, (nicotiana.) See Plate, 122. 3. Salver- shaped, (hypocrateriform,) that is, with a flat border, standing on a tube; for example, the primrose, (pri- mula.) See Plate, 117. 4. Wheel-shaped, (rotate,) that is, expanded, flat, without any tube, or with a very short one ; for example, borage, xvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. (borago;) speedivell, (veronica.) See Plate, 156. Veronica Chamagdrys, 5. Gaping, (ringent,) an irregular corolla, usually divided into 1. an upper. 2. a lotner lijy : the first sometimes termed, the helmet, (galea;) the second, thcbea7-d, (barba;) the open- ing of the tube is called the t/iroat, (faux :) the prominent swell- ing in the throaty (faux^) is called the palate: the gaping or ringent corolla is exemplified in the class didynamia ; for ex- ample, dead nettle, (lamium.) See Plate, 12.S. 6. Masqued, (personate,) a corolla closed between the lips by the palate; for example, snap-dragon, (antirrhinum.) See Plate, 124. The lips represented open. 2. Two-petalled (dipetalous.) 3. Many-petalled (poly- PETALous,) each petal of which is usually furnished with a narrow part, or clax'o, by which it is fixed, and with a harder (lamina) the upper part; for example, the rose, (rosa.) See Plate, 125. a. the calyx; h. the border or lamina. The Polypetalous Corolla, is — 1. Cross-shaped, (cruciform), of four-equal petals, spreading out in form of an equal sided cross; for example, 'voall-Jlo'wer, (cheiranthus,) and stock-gilly-flo'wer, (cheiranthus.) See Plate, 126. 2. Butterfly-shaped, (papiUonaceous,) usually four-petalled, the lower petal is shaped like a boat, and is called the keel, (carina,) the back or upper petal, which spreads and rises upwards, is called the standard or baiiner, (vexillum :) the two side ones stand singly, being separated by the keel, and are called the tmngs, (alee:) when the keel is split, the corolla is properly five-petalled ; for example, the pea. These flowers form a natural class, papilionacese, or leguminosae, the ^^ea- tribe. See Plate, 129. the standard. 130. one of the tvings. 131. the keel. 3. Rosaceous cor. that is, spreading like a rose. See Plate, 127. A many-pctalled corolla, with the exception of those forms just mentioned, is named according to the number of petals of which it consists; for example, of six petals, (hexa- petalous,) &c. I. The Corolla in shape may be waved, (undulate; for example, the horse-cJiesfnut, (ssculus.) 2. folded, (plicate;) IXTRODUCTIOX TO BOTAXY. xvii for example, convolvulusc 3. rolled back, (revolute.) 4. twisted, (contorted,) the edge of one petal, lying over the next, in an oblique direction ; for example, p£'r/Tw'?/Z-/t', (vinca.) II. With respect to margiii, the Cor. maybe — 1. notched, (crenate.) 2. saw-toothed, (serrate.) 3. fringed, (ciliate;) for example, huck-hean, (menyanthes.) 4. toothed, (denti- culate.) III. In duration the Cor. maybe — 1. car^ziro?^, falling off as soon as the flower is blown. 2. deciduous^ falling off before the fruit is ripe. 3. i^ersistent, lasting till the fruit is ripe. 4. iscithering, (marcescent,) but not falling; for example, the orchis. The honey-cup, (or nectary,) is an appendage to the corolla of some plants, for the secretion of honey. It may be a spur, or horn, (see plate, 13-2.) as in the larkspur, snaip-dragon, (antirrhinum,) and columbine, (aquilegia:) a hollow cavity in the substance of the petals, in the crotson-imperial, and croxv- foot, (ranunculus:) in the narcissus it crowns the corolla, like a funnel: in the hee-ophrys, (ophrys apifera,) it is shaped like a bee : it is singularly beautiful in the grass of parnassus, (par- nassia palustris.) N. B. Petals and stamens in plants are ranged alternately : but the segments of the calyx and stamens answer to each other, in their arrangement. III. STAMENS, are slender thread-like substances placed within the blossom, surrounding the pistil, (or pistils.) See Plate, 108, &c. Each stamen is usually made up of 1. the filament,' or thread, supporting the anther. See Plate, 133. a. the filament, h. the anther, and of the anther, or summit, fixed upon the filament, containing the pollen, or anther dust. The pollen is a curious and beautiful microscopic object. IV. The PISTIL, is in the centre of the flower, and receives the pollen. This is called the female part of the flower. See Plate, 136. The pistil is divided into the (see plate, 136. a.) germen, or lovoest part. 2. the style, (see plate, 136. 6.) which stands ' Some stamens are without any filament. c xviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. upon the germen. 3. the stigma^ or summit of the pistil. See Plate, 136, c. Many flowers have the stigma situated immediately upon the germen : being without any style. V. SEED-VESSEL, or PERICARP, (see plate, 137.) is the germen at maturity, and contains the seeds. Its kinds are — 1. The Capsule, a membranaceous, hollow, dry, seed-vessel opening in some determinate manner. See Plate, 137. Its parts are — 1. the valves, or older covering. See Plate, 173. 2. the seams, or sutures, the edges by which the valves are con- nected. See Plate, 173. 3. the cells, (loculaments,) that is, hollow places in which the seeds are situated. 4. partitions, (dissepiments,) which separate the cells from each other. See Plate, 173. 5. the colum?i, (columella,) that is, an upright substance passing through the centre of some capsules, and connecting the several partitions and seeds. See Plate, 1 73. 2. The A^^^^^, a seed covered by a hard, woody shell ; for example, the hazel-nut. See Plate, 141. 3. The Stone-fruit, (drupe,) (see plate, 142.) is a pulpy seed vessel, containing a nut or stone with a kernel; for ex- ample, plum, cherry. 4. The Berry, (see plate, 144.) is a pulpy fruit, containing naked and dispersed seeds ; for example, gooseberry, straw- berry, blackbeny. 5. Tlie Pome, or Apple -like fruit, (see plate, 143.) is a pulpy seed-vessel, containing a capsule. It includes all the moist fruits, with seeds lodged in a core ; for example, apple, pear, quince, &c. 6. The Silique, or Pod, (see plate, 138.) is an oblong, membranaceous, two-valved seed-vessel, having the seeds fixed along both sutures or seams ; for example, the common stock gilliflov:>er, (cheiranthus.) 7. The Silicle, or Pouch, (see plate, 139.) is a two-valved seed-vessel, generally broader than long, with seeds fixed along both seams or sutures; for example, honesty, (lunaria,) shep- herd' s purse, (thlaspi bursa-pastoris,) in shape it may be round, egg-shaped, or flattened ; entire, or notched at the end. 8. The Pod, (or legume,) is a seed-vessel of two valves, in INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xix which the seeds are fixed along one suture or seam only ; it is usually membranaceous ; for example, the j^ea. See Plate, 140. 9. The Cone, (strobile,) is a catkin, composed of woody scales, usually opening, and has a seed at the base of each scale; for example, the^r. See Plate, 146. VI. The SEED. See its parts described in the physiolo- gical part of this Introduction further on. VII. The RECEPTACLE, (see plate, 154, flat recept. 1 55, conical recept. :) it is the base by which the other six parts of fructification are connected. It is called 1. propel', that is, a peculiar recept., when it appertains to one fructification only ; and this has the name of — 1. A receptacle of the fructification, when it is common to both flower and fruit, that is, embraces the corolla and germen. 2. Receptacle of the flower, when it is the base, to which the parts of the flower only, exclusive of the germen, are fixed. 3. Receptacle of the fruit, that is, that of the fruit only, distant from the receptacle of the flower. 4. Receptacle of the seeds, the base to which the seeds are fixed; for example, j9/;e«5aw^'5-ej/^, (adonis. 5. A common receptacle, that is, one connecting several florets, or distinct fructifications, so that if any one of them be removed, an irregularity is occasioned ; for example, in the umbel, cyme, compound jlo'wers. The receptacle may be naked, that is, entirely smooth, or chaffy, bristly, &c. Of the different kinds of Flowers, I. Simple flowers have not any part of the fructification common to many florets : a simple flower is opposed to that, which is made up of several florets. II. Aggregate flowers, may be thus explained : when several florets are so combined by the intervention of some part of the fructification, that taking away one of them destroys the uniformity of the whole. Aggregate flowers are connected by the receptacle, or c 2 XX INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. the calyx : the partial, or several small flowers of which they are composed, are caWedJlorets. 1. Aggregate flowers properly so called, have a common, undivided receptacle, the anthers all separate, and the florets usually on stalks ; for example, Scabiosa, teasel, (dipsacus,) &c. 2. Compound flowers, contain several florets, inclosed in a common calyx, and seated on a common receptacle, with the anthers connected in a cylindrical form. Compound flowers are — 1. Strap-s/japed, (ligulate,) that is, with flat florets, shaped like a fillet, expanded towards the outer side, with the base only tubular; for example, da?idelio7i, (leontodon.) See Plate, 196.* 2. Tuhulose, with all the florets tubular, that is, having a bell-shaped border, with five seg- ments, rising from a tube, (tubulose,) is the same as flosculose ; example, thistle, (carduus.) See Plate, 198.* 3. Radiate, when the florets of the middle part are tubulose, and those of the circumference of another form, that of a ray; for exam- ple, yarroxi), (achillea,) bhie-hottle, (centaurea:) in artemisia, the florets are nearly naked. 3. Glumose flowers, have a thread-shaped receptacle, with a common husk, or glume, at the base; for eyi?invp\e, grasses. Of the Linncean Classification of Plants. In the system of Linnaeus the stamens represent the male, the pistils, the female part of fructification. This artificial system consists of twenty-four classes, which are principally founded on the number, situation, and proportion of the stamens. The classes are divided into orders, which are again divided into genera ; and these last are divided into species, or indi- viduals.^ I. The characters of the classes are taken from the num- ber, length, connexion, or situation of the stamens. II. The characters of the orders are, for the most part, taken from the iiumber of the pistils. III. The characters of the genera are taken from the parts of the flower. ' See these terms explained further on, p. xxiv. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxi IV. tlie characters of the species are drawn chiefly from peculiarities in the stem, or leaves, tlie jioxmr, and the roots. The leaves and flowers of plants vary from circumstances of soil and situation, and from other causes : hence arise varie- ties in plants. CLASSES.' The first eleven classes are known by the number alone of stamens in each perfect flower. T. MONA'NDRIA.— 0?i^ Stamen. II. DIA'NDRIA.— Two Stamens. III. TRIA'NDRIA. — 77^r^e Stamens. IV. TETRA'NDRIA.— Foz^r Stamens of equal length. V. PENTA'NDRIA.— i^iy^ Stamens. VI. REXA'^^DRIA.— Six Sta?ne?is. VII. HEPTA'NDRIA.— &ym Stame?is. VIII. OCT A' N Dill A.— Eight Stamens. IX. ENNEA'NDRIA.-— Mr/e Stamens. X. DECA'NDRIA.— Te/z Stamens. XI. 'DODECA'NDRIA.—Tivelve to Nineteen Stamens, fixed to the receptacle. The two next classes depend upon the situation, or insertion of the stamens. XII. ICOSA'NDRIA. — Stamens twenty or more, inserted into the calyx. XIII. POLYA'NDRIA. — Stamens tiumerous, inserted into the receptacle. See Flora, Jor examples. The XIV. and XV. Classes depend on the proportioji of the stamens. XIV. T>VDY^ MMlA.Stamens four, two long, and two short ; flowers gaping, (ringent,) or masqued, (personate.) XV. TEi:RA'DY^h:Ul A.— Stamens six; four long, and two short; flowers cross-shaped, (cruciform.) '&ee Flora, for examples. The XVIth, XVIIth, XVIIIth, XlXth, and XXth, Classes are distinguished by some union of the stamens to each other, or to the pistil. ' For numerous examples of the Classes and Orders, see the Flora. xxii IXTRODUCTIOX TO BOTAXV. XVI. MONADE'LPHIA.— Stamens combined by their filaments into a single tube. 17. DIADE'LPHIA, stamens combined by their filaments into two sets: the parcels of fila- ments are sometimes combined at their base: (see Plate, 129, 130,) hutteTfy- shaped, (papilionaceous.) 18. POLYADE'L- PHIA, stamens united into more than two sets, by their fila- ments. 19. SYNGEXE SIA, stamens united by their anthers into a tube, flowers compound. See Flora, for examples. 20. GYXA'XDRIA, stamens inserted into the germen or style. See Flora, for examples^ (Linnsean example, plate, 165.) The 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Classes, are known by the stamens and pistils, being by themselves on separate flowers. 21. MOXOE'CIA, stamens and pistils in different flowers, on the saiyie plant. 22. DIOE CLl : stamens and pistils in different flowers, on t'j:o separate plants. 23. POLYGA- MIA ; stamens and pistils separate in some flowers, united in others, either on the same plant, or on t'voo or three difierent ones. See Flora, for examples. 24. CRYPTOGA MIA, fructification concealed, com- prising the orders, ferns^ mosses, liver'j:orts (hepatic^,) lichens^ fags, (algse,) funguses. ORDERS. I. Those of the first thirteen classes, to Polyandria inclusive, are characterised by the numher of the styles or stalMess stigmas : the titles end in gy'nia, as those of the classes in andria. I. Monogy'nia, one style, or stalkless stigma. 2. Digy'nia, two styles, &c. 3. Trigynia, three styles, &c. 4. Tetra- gynia, four styles, &c. 5. Pentagy'nia, five styles, &c. 6. Hexagynia^ six styles, &c. 7. lieptagy'nia, seven styles, &c. 8. Octagy'nia, eight styles, &c. 9. 'Enneagy'nia, nine styles, &c. 10. Decagy'nia, ten styles, &c. 11. Dodeca- gy'nia, about twelve pistils, or, &c. 12. Polygy'nio, many pistils, or, Sec. See Plate, 166. II. The orders of the fourteenth class are two, from the nature of the seeds. 1. Gymnospermia, seeds apparentlv naked, usually four, never more. See Plate, 106. 1. Angios- INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxiii permia^ 5eeds in a capsule, mostly numerous : snapdragon, (Antirrhinum.) III. The orders of the fifteenth class are distinguished by the shape of their seed-vessel. 1. Silicidosa, fruit, a poucli or silicle. See Plate, 139. 2. Siliquosa, fruit, a silique, or lengthened pod. See Plate, 138. In the classes Monadelphia, Diadelphia, Polyadelpliia, and Gyndndria, the orders are characterised by the number of the stamens ; for example, Pentandria^ &c. IV. In the nineteenth class, Syngenesia, the orders are marked by the perfect, separated, harren, fertile, or abortive nature of the florets. 1st order — Polygdmia tequdlis ; florets all perfect, and alike, each producing one seed. See Flora, for examples. 2nd. Polygdmia superfua, florets of the disk, or centre, perfect; those of the- margin or ray, furnished with pistils only, but both kinds of florets producing perfect seed. Srd. Polygdmia frustrdnea, florets of the disk, or centre, per- fect, that is, with stamens and pistils ; those of the margin, with an abortive pistil only, or none at all. See Flora, for examples. 4th. Polygdmia necessdria, florets of the disk, or centre, with stamens only ; those of the margin, with pistils only. See Flora, for examples. 5th. Polygdmia segregdta, several flowers either simple, or compound, but with united anthers, and a proper or peculiar calyx, all included in one general or common calyx. No English plant, for an example. V. The orders of the twentieth class, Gyncindria, are distinguished by the number of their stamens; for example, Gyndndria Mondndria, &c. Those of the twenty-first and twenty-second are marked by the stamens also ; including in their orders the classes MonadelpMa, and Polyadelphia. See Flora, for examples, here and elsewhere. VI. In the twenty-third class, Polygdmia, are three orders, Monce'cia, Dice'cia, Trio^cia, of which last, there is no British plant known. (The orders of the 24th class, Cryptoga'mia, have been already noticed.) In the order 1, Monce'cia, the two or three different descriptions of flowers are all on the same plant. 2. In the xxiv INTRODUCTION TO BOTx\Ny. order Dice'cia, the different descriptions of flowers are, on two separate plants. We have given a brief explanation of the Linnsean Classes and Orders. We may next observe, that generic distinctions are founded on the fructification, that is to say, the flower and fruit. Hence plants agreeing in their parts of fructification, are placed under one genus or kind; and all such plants as differ in their parts of fructification are to be placed under different genera, or kinds. The characteristic mark of each genus is to be determined from the number, figure, propor- tion, and situation of all the parts of fructification. We also endeavour to fix upon some one single mark, that is constant in the flower, and we make it the essential generic character; for example, the pore in the claw of the petal in the genus (ranunculus,) crovo-foot ; the singular construction of the petal- form stigma, in the genus, iris. Specific differences in plants arise from any circumstance, in which plants of the same genus are found to disagree; pro- vided such circumstance be constant. Where plants agree in certain peculiarities of flower and fruit, they are placed under the same genus or kind, and have one common name, appli- cable to all the species or sorts, contained under a genus or kind ; for example, the term rosa, or rose, is given to all the different sorts, or species of roses ; for example, the dog-rose, (Rosa canina,) the briar-rose, (Rosa rubiginosa,) and so on; the term I'ose is applied to all species, or sorts of rose. The species, or different sorts of plants are distinguished by various marks, for example, by differences in the root, trunk, leaves, supports, (fulcra,) thorns, prickles, hracteas, stipulas, modes of Jlowering, (inflorescence.) The parts o^ ihe Jlo'wer and fruit, also furnish marks to distinguish one species from another. The parts just mentioned upon which the specific dif- ferences depend shall next be described in order. Parts on which Specific Differences chiefly depend : viz. — The Root, &c. The root may be spindle-shaped, (fusiform,) INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxv that is, long, thick, and tapering ; for example, the car7ot, and radish. See Plate, 3. 2. branching, (ramose,) that is, divided into side branches, as in trees. 3. bulboiis, that is, fleshy with fibres at the bottom : the btilb is 1. scaly ; (see Plate, 8.) for example, lilj/. 2. solid; (see Plate, 6.) for example, crocus, turnip. 3. coated, (see Plate, 7.) (tunicated ;) for example, the onion. 4. tuberous roots, that is, knobbed, (see Plate 4.) consisting of roundish, fleshy bodies, connected into a bunch by intervening threads or fibres ; for example, potato, peony, dropvoort, (spiraea filipendula.) 5. Jibrous, (see Plate, 1.) that is, consisting wholly of slender threads or filaments; for ex- ample, most of the grasses 6. gramdated, or beaded root, (see Plate, 9.) consisting of several little fleshy knobs, or beads, resembling grains of corn, intermixed with the fibres ; for example, tiohite saxifrage, (saxifraga granulata.) 7. creep- ing, (repent,) (see Plate, 2.) where the root extends horizon- tally, and puts forth fibres at intervals ; for example, miiit. See Plate, 2. 8. bitte7i off, (premorse,) root, that is, not taper- ing, but ending blunt, as though it had been bitten off"; for example, devil's bit scabious, (scabiosa succisa ) See Plate, 5. The herb or plant couiprehends the I. Trunk. II. Leaves. III. Supports or props (fulcra.) I. The TRUNK, or main body of the vegetable produces the leaves and fructification ; it is of several kinds : viz. I. The stem, which bears and elevates from the root both the leaves and flowers : this in its gro\sjth may be — 1. Upright (erect,) that is, when it approaches to a perpen- dicular with the ground, for example, j/e'//otu centaury, (chlora perfoliata.) 2. Straight, (strictus,) that is, entirely perpendi- cular without any bending; for example, garden lilies. 3* Trailing, prostrate, or procumbent stem, that is, lying down, unable to support itself, resting on the ground, but without sending forth roots from itself. 4. Creeping, (repent,) that is, resting on the ground, and throwing out roots at intervals, (Plate, 11.) for example; Ivy-leaved crossfoot (ranunculus hederaceus.) 5. Rooting or clinging stem, (radicant,) that is, clinging to any object for support, by means of fibres, which do not, perhaps, imbibe nourishment; for example, the ivy, (hedera.) (See Plate, 12.) 6. Climbing, (scandent,) that is. xxvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. weak, and requiring support in mounting; the clasper or tendril is the usual agent ; for example, the pea^ and many other leguminous (pea-like) plants. 7. the turning or twining stem ascends spirally round other plants. See Plate, 13. 8. loosely spreading^ (diffuse and lax;) for example, biting stone-crop,) sedum acre. 9. zigzag, (flexuous,) that is, chang- ing its direction in a curve, from left to right, and the contrary. 10. repeatedly forJced, (dichotomous,) continually and regu- larly dividing by pairs, or, in other words, repeatedly forked ; for example, lamb's lettuce^ (ffedia locusta,) mistletoe, (viscum album. See Plate, 10, 11. proliferous, that is, putting forth new branches from the summits of the former ones; for ex- ?a-n\i\e,Jir-tree, (pinus.) \'2. jointed, (see Plate, 14.) A Stem, in shape, may be — 1. round. 2. angular. 3. winged, that is, with angles ex- tended into flat, leafy-like borders ; for example, everlasting pea, (lathyrus latifolius, &c.) See Plate, 167. 2. The Straw (or Culm,) is the stem of grasses, rushes, and such kind of plants. 3. The Scape, is a stalk rising from the root, supporting the flowers only, and not the leaves; for example, narcissus, prim- rose, hyacinth. See Plate, 19. 4. Flower-stalk or peduncle^ a partial or smaller stem, supporting the flowers only, and not the leaves. T\\Qii.ower- stalk, (peduncle,) is 1. axillary, when proceeding from the bosom of the leaf; for example, between the leaf and the stem. See Plate, 156. 2. opposite to a leaf. 3. terminal, when it is at the end of a stem or branch ; for example, tulip. 4. clustered, (aggregate,) when several flower-stalks grow too-e- ther, 5. scattered, or dispersed irregularly, &c. 5. The Leaf-stalk, (or petiole,) is a partial or smaller stem supporting the leaf, but not the flowers. 6. In the frond, the branch and leaves are united together, for example, y^nzs. 7. A stipe is the stem o'i ^ frond. II. The leaves of plants are considered as 1. Simple. 2. Compound. 3. Determinate. Simple leaves have one leaf only on a leaf-stalk. In shape they may be — 1. round (orbi- culate.) 2. roundish (subrotund,) that is, nearly circular. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxvii 3. egg-shaped ' (ovate,) the shape of an egg cut through length- ways, that is, when the length is somewhat greater than the breadth, and the base rounded and wider than the other end See Plate, 36. 4. egg-shaped inverseli/ (ob-ovate) of the same shape as the last, but with the broader end uppermost ; for ex- ample, primrose, daisy. 5. oval or elliptic, of like figure to egg-shaped, and somewhat egg-shaped, except its being of equal breadth at each end. See Plate, 37. 6. oblong, that is, much longer, than broad, and narrowed and rounded at the ends. 7. spear-shaped, (lanceolate,) here the figure is oblong, narrowing gradually towards each end. See Plate, 40. 8. battledore-shaped, (spatulate,) roundish, with a long, nar- row, linear base. See Plate, 38. 9. \aedge-shaped, (cunei- form,) broad and abrupt at the end, and narrowing gra- dually downwards ; for example, laild celery, (apium gra- veolens,) rue-leaved saxifrage, (saxifraga tridactylites.) See Plate, 39. 10. linear [strap-shaped,) that is, nearly the same breadth throughout, long and narrow ; for example, dajfo^ dil, rosemary, and most of the grasses. SeePlate, 41. 11- awl-shaped, (subulate,) that is, linear at the bottom, and gradually tapering towards the end. See Plate, 72. 12. needle-shaped, (acerose,) linear and evergreen, mostly sharp and stiff; for example, Juniper, yew, ^r. 13. kidiiey-shaped, (reniform,) that is, roundish, and hollowed at the base with- out angles, resembling the section of a kidney ; for example, ground-ivy, (glechoma.) See Plate, 43. i4. heart-shaped, (cordate,) that is, oval, or somewhat egg-shaped, hollowed at the base, the lower part without angles or sharp corners ; for example, black-briony, (tamus communis.) See Plate, 44, 15. crescent-shaped, (lunulate,) that is, round-shaped, and hollowed at the base, with angles at the hinder or lower part. 16. triangular -shaped, that is, with three sides nearly equal, and three angles or corners. See Plate, 42, 17. trowel- shaped, (deltoid,) triangularly spear-shaped, that is, having three angles, of which the end one is much further from the base, than the side ones, as in mercury, goose-foot, (chenopo- dium Bonus-Henricus.) 18. «r;-ow-5/i«/?£'d', (sagittate,) like the ' In such compound terms, as egg-shaped-keart-shaped, the latter term desig- nates an approach to the latter shape. xxviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. head of an arrow, that is, triangular, hollowed at the base, with angles at the hinder part ; for example, common arroKXi-head, (sagittaria sagittifolia. See Plate, 45. 19. halbert-shajped, (hastate,) like the head of a halbert, that is, triangular, hollowed at the base, and on the sides, with the angles spread- ing; for example, sheep's sorrel^ (rumex acetosella.) See Plate, 46. 20. diamond-shaped, (rhomboid,) that is, appi'oach- ing to a square-diamond : for example, blacJc poplar, (populus ingYSi,) sti7iMng goose-foot, (chenopodium olidum.) 21. lohed, that is, divided to the middle into parts distant from each other, rounded at the margins ; which last circumstance distin- guishes the lobed, from the cleft or cloven, (fissum,) see Plate, 51.)leaves maybetwo-lobed,three-lobed,&c. See Plate, 52. 22. Jiddle, or violin-shaped (panduriform,) that is, oblong, broader at the two extremities, and contracted in the middle; for ex- ample, Jiddle-dock, (rumex pulcher.) 23. lyrate, or lyre- shaped, that is, divided into several segments or jags, the lower ones smaller and more distant, than the upper ones, which are of course larger; for example, ye//otiy-rocZ:e/^5(barbarea vulgaris.) See Plate, 48. 24. runcinate, (from runcina, a large i-aw.) that is, cut into several cross, sharp jags, pointing backwards; for example, dandelion, (leontodon taraxacum.) See Plate, 49. 25. hand-shaped, (palmate,) that is, divided beyond the middle into several lobes, that are nearly equal ; for example, common passion floioer, and red berried bryony, (bryonia dioica. See Plate, 53. 26. imng-clejt, (pinnatifid,) that is, deeply divided by oblong, transverse, horizontal jags, not extending to the mid- rib. See Plate, 47. 27. doiihly, or t\!oice xmng-clcff, (bipinnatifid,) that is, when the common leaf- stalk has wing-cleft leaves on each side of it ; for example, long, rough-headed poppy, (papaver Argemone.) 28. comb-liJce, (pectinate,) a sort of wing-cleft leaf, in which the leaflets are parallel and very narrow, that is, toothed like a comb ; for example, com^noii iioater milfoil, (myriophyllum spicatum.) See Plate, 50. 19. jagged, (laciniate,) variously divided into lobes, and these again divided in an irregular manner ; for example, long-stalJced crane's bill, (geranium columbinum.) See Plate, 63. 30. partite, that is, simple, but divided almost down to the base : according to the number of divisions, the leaf may be — twice, INTRODUCTTOX TO BOTANY. xxix (hi-) partite, thrice, {tri-) partite, &c. 31. sinuate, {hollowed out,) that is, having large, curved breaks, in the margin, resembling (sinus,) that is, bai/s ; for example, oak. 32. unequal, when the halves are unequal in dimension, and their bases not parallel. 33. lopped, (truncate,) when the leaf appears, as if its tip had been cut off; for example, tulip tree, (liriodendron tulipifera.) See plate, .54. S^. jagged, (prae- morse,) that is, pointed, very blunt, with various irregular notches. See Plate, 63. 35. retuse, that is, ending in a blunt, shallow notch. See Plate, 55. 36. notched, (emarginate,) that is, with a notch at the end. See Plate, 56. 37. blunt, (obtuse.) 38. acute, sharp, that is, ending in an acute angle. See Plate, 57. 39. pointed, (acuminate,) that is, ending in an awl-shaped point ; for example, common reed, (arundo Phragmites. See Plate, 58. 40. dagger-pointed, (mucronate,) sharp at the point, and tipped with a stiff thorn. See Plate, 59. 41. entire, that is, free from all kinds of teeth, notches, or incisions. See Plate, 36, 43. 42. saw-toothed, (serrated,) toothed like a saw, that is, having sharp notches about the edge, and these pointing towards the extremity of the leaf, (see Plate, 61.) leaves are sometimes doubly saw- toothed, that is, have the teeth again cut into other smaller teeth. 43. notched, (crenate,) that is, with rounded teeth, and those not directed towards either end of the leaf. See Plate, 62. 44. toothed, (dentate,) that is, having horizontal, and somewhat distant points, or teeth, of the same substance as the leaf; for example, corn blue bottle, (centaurea cy'anus. See Plate, 60. 45. wavy, (repand,) that is, having a border with numerous very small angles, and small segments of circles alternately ; for example, fringed buck-bean, (menyanthes nymphaeoides.) See Plate, bS. 46. veiny, (venose,) with branched fibres on the surface. 47. curled, (crisp,) when the border of the leaf is more expanded than the middle part, so as to appear curled and twisted ; for example, in the common garden parsley . 48. Xi-ini?ig down the stem, (decurrent,) when the base of a stalkless leaf extends itself downwards along the stem ; for example, in several species o^ thistles. See Plate, 34. 14. stalk- embracing, (amplexicaul,) that is, clasping the stem by its base, (see Plate, 30 :) when leaves go only half round, they are called half- embracing, (semi-amplexicaul. 15. perfoliate, as if the stem had been driven through the middle of the leaf; having the base of the leaf entirely surrounding the stem ; for example, thorough-wax, (bupleurum rotundifolium.) See Plate, 32. 16. growing together, (connate,) when two opposite leaves are so united at their bases, as to resemble one leaf; for ex- ample, garden honey-suckle, lonicera Caprifolium. See Plate, 31. 17. sheathing, (vaginant,) when a leaf invests the stem or branch by its base, in the form of a tube ; for example, poly- gonum, dock, most o{ \\\e grasses. See Plate, 16. 18. equitant, folding over each other, when the sides of a leaf tend to con- verge towards one point in nearly parallel lines, so that the inner leaves are inclosed by the outer ones; for example, Iris, Acorus, Car ex, Lancashire asphodel, (narthecium ossifragum.) See Plate, 33. 19. starry, (stellate,) or whorled, (verticillate,) when the stalk is surrounded by leaves, radiating from the stem, like the spokes of a wheel; for example, goose- grass, (galiutn aparine,) (see Plate, 26 ;) these leaves, more than two, seldom fewer than four, may also be three, (tevn,) four, (quatern,)^t;^, (quine,) six, (sene,) &c. 20. opjwsite, growing in pairs, opposite to each other. See Plate, 21, 23. 21. alternate, when the leaves themselves not being op}oosite, grow out regularly one above another, on the opposite sides of the stem. See Plate, 22. 22. cliaffy, (acerose,) that is, needle- shaped, linear, and permanent i for example, fir, yew. 23. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxfii tiled, (imbricated,) lying over each other, Hke tiles on a roof; for example, common heath, (calluna vulgaris.) See Plate, 28. 24. bundled, or tufted, (fasciculated,) growing in bunches from nearly the same point ; for example, the larch. See Plate, 27. 25. cross-paired, (decussate,) growing in pairs, which alter- nately cross each other at right angles. See Plate, 29. 26. tisoo-ranked, (distiched,) spreading in two directions, and yet not regularly opposite at the insertion ; for example, yew, (taxus.) Supports, Props, (fulcra :) those parts which serve to give strength and support to plants. Linnaeus reckons seven kinds of these. 1. stipida, a scale or small leaf, on each, or on one side at the base of the leaf-stalk, or flower-stalk. See Plate, 84). 2. hractea, ox floral-leaf, a leaf differing from the other leaves in shape and colour ; generally situated on the flower- stalk, and often so near the corolla, as to be mistaken for the calyx, at first sight. The bractea is generally more perma- nent than the calyx: the last withers, when the fruit is ripe; example of bracteas in lime-tree, (tilia,) sage, (salvia.) See Plate, 85, a. 86, a. 3. thorn, (spine,) a sharp process growing from the woody part of a plant. See Plate, 91. 4. pricldc, (acu- leus,) a sharp process or projection, fixed into the bark only; for example, rose, &c. See Plate, 92. 5. claspcr, (tendi'il,) a thread-shaped, spiral band by which a plant is fastened to some other body, or supports itself on other plants; for exam- ple, vine, pea, &c. See Plate, 78, 90. 6. gland, a small tumour, servinn- for the excretion, or discharo;e of some kind of fluid : it is usually found on the leaves, leaf-stalks, flower- stalks, or stipulas ; example of glands, moss-rose, 7. hair or doxmi. Inflorescence ; the various modes in which flowers are fastened to the plant, by means of the flovv'er-stalk. Under inflorescence we may class the — 1. tvhorl, (verticillus,) where the almost stalkless flowers surround the stem in a kind of rino; : the flowers, in some cases, are not inserted on all sides of the stem. See Plate, 93. 2. bunch, cluster, or raceme, consists of one common flower-stalk, with many somewhat distant flowers, each on its own proper stalk, from the side of the common flower-stalk. See Plate, 98. 3. spih-j where d xxxiv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. stalkless or nearly stalkless flowers are scattered along a com- mon, simple flower-stalk; for example, lavender, plantain. See Plate, 94, 95. Spikelet in grasses, a smaller spike, or sub-division of the spike. See Plate, 96. 4. corymb, where the partial flower- stalks are gradually longer as they stand lower on the common stalk, all forming nearly an even surface at top ; for example, cucJcoo-Jlo'wer, (cardamine pratensis.) See Plate, 99. 5. bundle, (fasciculus,) where several upright, pai'allel approaching flowers, variously inserted and forming a top of the same height, are collected in a close bundle ; for example, sweet-willium, (dianthus barbatus.) See Plate, 100. 6. head, or tiift, bears the flowers stalkless, (sessile,) in a kind of ball ; for example, thrift, (statice armaria,) clover. See Plate, 101. 7. umbel, has several flower-stalks, or rays, nearly equal in length, spreading from one common centre, the summit forming a level, convex, globular, or concave surface; for example, j9crrsZ«/, &c. See Plate, 89, 102. 8. cyme, in appearance resembles an umbel, but differs from it, in having the stalks variously and alternately sub-divided ; for example, elder, guelder-rose. See Plate, 103. 9. panicle, where the flowers or fruits are scattered on stalks variously divided, in a sort of loose cluster; for example, London-pride, (saxifraga umbrosa,) common oats. See Plate, 104. 10. thyr- sus, (close-bunch,) that is, a panicle contracted into an egg- shaped form, more or less ; for example, butter-bur, (tussilago Petasites.) Plate, 172. PHYSIOLOGY, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS, AND NATURAL ARRANGEMENT PLANTS, (extracted and condensed, chiefly from Richard's nouveaux E'LE'MENS, 8vO. translated by CLINTON.) It is difficult to draw precisely the line of demarcation between the vegetable and animal. We may, however, find well-marked differences between animals and vegetables. In the animal, is a system of contractile fibres, whose state of relaxation or of tension determines the motion of the animal ; these are the muscular fibres, wanting in the vegetable. In vegetables, there is properly speaking no circulation ; the nutritious fluids are difi^used through the vegetable, but they want that agent of impulse, the heart, which, in animals, is the point from which the blood takes its departure, and to which it finally returns. It may be observed, that vegetables are composed of simple and similar elementary parts, which, combined in various ways, constitute organs. The Elementary Parts of Vegetables, The internal organization of a vegetable is composed of cells with thin, transparent partitions, (or walls,) extremely minute, and of various forms, sometimes regular, sometimes irregular, and of cylindrical tubes, either scattered, or united in bundles. These two forms of the elementary parts of vege- tables, have received the names of 1. cellular tissue, and oi 2. vascular tissue. See Plate, H. fig. 163, cellular tissue. d 2 xxxvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. A vegetable in its perfection consists of a root, stem, leaves, flowers, pistil, stamens, corolla, calyx, fruit; which last is com- posed of the pericarp, and of tlie seed. The pericarp, or seed-vessel, is the full grown germen, in which were contained the ovules, (rudimental seeds,) now become perfect seeds. It is composed of three parts; of 1. the epicarp, or outer membrane. 2. of the endocarp, or membrane, which lines its inner cavity, and 3rdly. of the sarcocarp, o. pa- renchymatous substance, situated and contained between the two former mentioned membranes. See Plate 12, and expla- nation. The seeds contained in a pericarp, are attached to it by the tropJiosperm, ov placenta : this is formed of vessels, which con- vey nourishment to the seeds. The liilum, or umbilicus, (eye, or navel,) is the point on the surface of the seed to which the trophosperm is attached. See Plate, 178. a. The arillus, or coat, of the seed, is a peculiar prolongation of the trophosperm, which instead of stopping at the circum- ference of the hilum, is more or less continued over the seed, so as even to cover it completely. The seed essentially consists of two distinct parts, 1. epi- sperm, that is, its proper membrane or covering; and 2. its Jternel, or the body contained in the episperm. The kernel is essentially composed of the embryo, that is to say, that which tends to be developed and to produce a vegetable similar to that which gave it birth. The Jcernel ?,oxnei\me?, con- tains another body, to which the embryo is applied, or within which it is entirely concealed : this is called the e^idosperm, perisperm, or albiimen : see Plate 12, and Explanation. The embryo is the essential part of the vegetable: it is composed of three parts ; one inferior or the radicular body, which in ger- minating gives rise to the root ; another superior, or the gem- mule, produces the stem, the leaves, and the other parts. Lastly, an intermediate and lateral part, which is the cotyle- donary body, or either simple, or divided into two parts, which are called cotyledons. Hence, the division of vegetables, pro- vided with an embryo, into two great classes, 1. the monoco- tyledons, or those whose embryo has but one cotyledon ; and INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxvii 2. the dicotyledons, or those whose embryo has two cotyledons. See Plate 12, and Explanation. We do not find the different parts, which have been mentioned always united in the same plant. There is a certain number of vegetables, which, by the constant deficiency of stamens and pistils, by their external forms, their mode of vegetation and reproduc- tion, differ so much from the other known plants, that they are separated and form a distinct class. Linnaeus gave the name of cryptogamic, that is, plants with concealed, invisible, sexual organs, to distinguish them from the Jlowering, ox pha- nerogamic. The cryptogamic plants, include ferns, mosses, lichens, &c. and constitute nearly the seventh or eighth part of the fifty thousand vegetables, known. As they have no seeds, they have neither embryo, nor cotyledons, and are also called in-emhyyonate or acoiyledonous. Hence the three divisions of vegetables into 1. in-cmhryonate, or acoiyledonous^ including ferns, inosses, &c. 2. erabryonate or phanerogamic, that is, flowering plants; those with evident flowers, seeds, and embryo: these last are distinguished into monocotyledons, or those in which the cotyledonary body of the embryo is of a single piece, and produces a single leaf by germination ; for example, grasses, lilies, &c. (see Plate 12.) and into dicotyle- dons, or those, (with embryo having two cotyledons,) which produce two leaves by germination ; for example, the oak, elm, &c. See Plate, 12. The number of the dicotyledonous plants is greater than that of the monocotyledonous and aco- tyledonous united. The Organs of Vegetables Are divided into two classes — 1st. Organs of Nutrition or Vegetation ; they serve for absorbing nutritious substances fit for their developement : such are the root, stem, buds, leaves, &c. 2d. Organs of Reproduction or Fructification. Organs of Nutrition or Vegetation. These are the root, stems, leaves, stipulas, and some of these organs in a degenerated state; for ey.^mTp\e, thorns, prickles, tendrih. These organs all conduce to the maintenance of vegetable life : for example, the root, buried in the ground. xxxviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. absorbs a part of the fluids destined for nutrition and repair ; the stem transmits these fluids into all points of the vegetable, while the leaves perform the same office as the roots in the earth, and seem at once organs of absorption and of exhalation. Of the Root. A remarkable character of the root is, that it never turns green, in its tissue, when exposed to the action of air and light. Roots serve commonly to fix plants in the soil, and to draw from it a part of their nourishment. The division of vegetables into annuals, biennials, and per- ennials, is subject to variation, from climate, temperature, situation of a country, and cultivation; for example, annual plants will not uncommonly vegetate for two years, and even more, if placed in a suitable soil, and protected from the cold. Roots absorb from the earth the substances, serving for the growth of the vegetable. It is only by the extremity of the minutest fibres of the root, that absorption is effected. Some maintain that the fibres are terminated by small vesicles or spongioles; others, that they are terminated by a species of open mouths. To prove that the extremities alone perform the office of absorption; immerse a radish or a turnip in water, by the extremity of the rootlet, which terminates it, it will shoot forth leaves, and vegetate. If the lower extremity be not immersed, it will not shoot out. Roots have a marked tendenc}^ to grow in the direction of veins of good soil. They possess a natural and invincible tendency to move towards the centre of the earth : this is particularly observable during the germination of the embryo. From different experiments, mentioned by Richard, it appears that the roots are directed towards the centre of the earth ; not because they contain a less elaborated fluid, nor because they are attracted to it by the moisture or even the nature of the earth; but by a sponta- neous movement, an interior force, a kind of subjection to the general laws of gravitation. Some vegetables, however, seem exempt from this law ; for eyi?ixn^\c, parasitical plants, and the mistletoe, (viscum album,) in particular. This plant shoots out its radicle (rootlet) in whatever situation chance may place it ; and it has a constant tendency to shun the light. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxix Many roots are useful articles of food. A sugar is extracted from the beet ; some are useful in dying : many are valuable in medicine. Organization of Dicotyledonous Stems. — See Plate 11, 169. and Explanation. The trunk of these is formed of concentric layers placed within each other ; it may be compared to a series of tubes set the one within the other, and increasing in magnitude from the centre to the circumference. A transverse section presents the following objects : 1. in the centre, the medul- lary canal, formed of the medullary (pith) tube, which consti- tutes the parietes (side walls of the canal,) and of the pith which occupies its cavity. 2. At the circumference is seen the bark, composed of the epidermis, or that external pellicle, (thin skin,) which covers all parts of the vegetables of the her- baceous integument, of the cortical, (bark,) layers, and of the liber, (true bark.) 3. Between the medullary tube and the bark are found the woody layers, composed externally of alburnum, or false wood ; internally of wood properly so called." See Plate, 1 1. §. 1. Of the Epidermis, or Outermost-covering. It is a thin, nearly transparent layer, of an uniform tissue, which appears to consist of cells of variable form : it presents a great number of small openings or pores. Plate, 11, 162. It covers all parts of the vegetable. It tears and cracks, when the trunk has acquired a certain size; it falls off in patches or plates ; for example, hirch, and plane. The true office of cortical pores, says Richard, consists in affording a passage to air. §. 2. Of the Herbaceous Integument. Under the epidermis is observed this layer of cellular tissue. In young stems its colour is generally green. It covers the trunk, the branches, and their divisions, and fills up the spaces ' The different parts of tlie stem are described in successiorij proceeding from the circumference to the centre. xl INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. between the ramifications of the nerves of leaves. The herba- ceous integument constitutes the part known by the name of cork in the cork-tree, (quercus suber.) Within its substance, is effected the decomposition of the carbonic acid', (fixed air,) absorbed by the plant from the surrounding air. The carbon remains within the vegetable, the oxygen, (pure part of the air,) being set free, is expelled from it. This decomposition takes place only when the plant is exposed to the rays of the sun ; the carbonic acid is given out unchano;ed when the vegetable is not under the influence of that body. This organ, (the herb, integ.) is partly renewed every year. At the return of spring, it invites the sap to ascend towards the buds, and thus becomes one of the most powerful causes of their developement. The herbaceous integument is the part, observed on removing the epidermis, or outermost covering of branches ; for examples the common elder, (sambucus.) §. 3. Of the Cortical Layers. These are sometimes very difficult to recognise. Placed under the herbaceous integument, they are applied to the outer layers of the liher, (the true bark,) from which they can hardly be distinguished. §. 4. Of the Liber. This is found between the cortical layers, on its outside, and the woody body which lies within it. It consists of a vascular net-work, whose elongated meshes are filled up with cellular tissue. By maceration, it may be separated into distinct layers. The liber is capable of being reproduced. To the viscid substance poured out from the denuded^ (stripped,) parts to reproduce the liber, the name of camhmmi has been given. The cambium is considered by many to be nothing more than the descending and elaborated sap. The liber is indispensable for the process of vegetation ; for exam- ple, a graft will not succeed, unless its liber be in contact with that of the tree on which it is inserted : a cutting, stripped of ' See Parke's Chemical Catechism, last edition. The clearest and most entertaining work on Chemistry, with which I am acquainted. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xK its liber in the lower part, will not strike root : remove the liber, in a circular band, from the trunk of a tree, so as to leave the woody body naked, the entire tree will ultimately perish. The liber hardens, every year ; new layers are formed on its inner surface by means of the cambium. §. 5. Of the Alburnum^ or False JVood. See Plate, 11, fig. 169, and Explanation. The external woody layers, in contact with the liber, consti- tute the alburnum. The alburnum is real wood, still young. §. 6. Of the Wood t properly so called. The wood derives its origin from the innermost layers of the alburnum, which successively acquire a greater degree of hard- ness, and are ultimately converted into true wood. The latter, therefore, consists of all the circular layers between the albur- num and the medullary tube. At a certain period of the life of vegetables, there are annually formed a layer of wood and a layer of alburnum ; that is to say, the innermost layer of alburnum is changed into wood, at the same time that a new layer of alburnum is produced externally, so that every year a new concentric zone is added. The alburnum is destitute of vessels ; the wood abounds with them. These vessels are either false spirals, or porous vessels, (see plate, 11, and explanation,) but with no true spirals. It is by means of these tubes, that the sap is con- veyed into the body of the stem. Through age, the cavity of these vessels becomes diminished, and the course of the fluids in tlie wood is for ever arrested. §. 7- Of the Medullary Tube. See Plate, 11. and Explanation . This occupies the middle of the stem : its office is to con- tain the pith. Its jyarieles, (or sides,) are the very long vessels* parallel, and disposed in a longitudinal direction. Its vessels are spirals, false spirals, and porous vessels. See Plate, 1], and Explanation. xlii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. §. 8. Of the Pith. It is that spongy, light substance, composed almost exclu- sively of cellular tissue in its simple state, which fills the medul- lary tube. The pith communicates with the herbaceous cellular layer of the bark, by means of peculiar prolongations, which cross the true wood, (corpus ligneum.) These medullary pro- longations serve to establish a direct communication between the pith, and the external cellular tissue of the stem. The medullary rays exist also in the greater part of the thickness of the bark, and serve to establish a communication between the inner medulla, and the outer; but those of the bark have no direct communication with those of the woody layers. The use of the pith seems uncertain. Of the Stem of Monocotyledons. See Plate, 1 1 , and Explanation. In this, all the parts seem to be united with each other. The pith occupies the entire thickness of the stem ; the wood, disposed in longitudinal bundles, is, as it were, dispersed with- out order in the midst of the medullary substance. The bark does not always exist, or is very indistinct. Organization of the Root. All roots are generallv oroanized like the stems : the latter generally grow in height by every point of their extent; roots are lengthened only by their extremity. Growth of Vegetables, Takes place, as in animals, within outwards, or in other words by intus-susception. In proportion as the height of vegeta- bles increases, their diameter becomes more considerable. Of the Growth of Dicotyledonous Trees* Of the growth in diameter there are three opinions. 1st. That it is carried on by the annual change of liber into albur- num, of the alburnum into wood, and by the successive renewal of the liber. Such is the foundation of Du Hamel's INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xliii theory. 2d. That it is produced by the developement of buds. This is the theory of Du Petit Thouars. 3d. That the annual formation of woody layers is owing to the cambium, which, every year, forms at one and the same time, a new layer of alburnum, and a new layer of liber. This opinion is pro- fessed by Mirbel, and considered by Richard as the most pro- bable. According to this third opinion, there is, every year, formed in the trunk of dicotyledonous trees a new layer of wood. This layer is produced by a part of the cambium, which becomes organized and solidified. The alburnum formed on the preceding year, acquires greater density, and is changed into wood. But the liber undergoes no change; it is only repaired and increased on its inner surface by means of the cambium, which successively forms new layers. §.1. Growth in Height of Dicotyledonous Stems. At the time of germination, the radicle, (rootlet,) descends into the earth, while the ascending caudex rises upwards. See Plate, 12, and Explanation. From the upper part of the stem proceeds a new centre of vegetation, from which arises a young shoot. To this succeeds a third, which on the following year is surmounted by a fourth, and so on. The trunk is, therefore, composed of a series of cones, greatly lengthened out, whose tops are turned upwards, and which are placed one above the other. The top of the innermost cone terminates at the base of the second shoot, and so on in succession, so that the number of woody layers cor- responds with the number of years that the plant has lived, only at the base of the trunk. Thus a stem of ten years old will shew only nine layers of wood, when cut at the second shoot, only eight at the third, and, lastly, only one, near the top. §. 2. Growth of the Steins of Monocotyledonous Trees. See Plate, 11, 12. In a palm, after germination, the leaves, which are usually folded, become expanded, and appear under the form of a circular cluster which springs from the collar of the root. On xliv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. the second year, a new cluster springs up from the centre of the former, and pushes outwards those that existed before. Then the oldest begin to wither, to dry, and to fall off. But their bases adhering intimately to the top of the root, are per- sistent, and form, by their union, a solid ring, which becomes the base of the stipe. A new central bud being developed every year, the outer leaves of that which preceded it, fall off, and their base, which is persistent, forms a new ring, which is superadded to those that already existed. The stipe, instead of being formed of concentric layers like the trunk of the dicotyledons, is composed of rings placed above one another. Grafting. The union of grafts is effected by means of the cambium, or proper juices of vegetables. This fluid substance serves as a means of union between the graft and the stock, as in animals the coagulable lymph is poured out between the edges of a recent wound, which it unites and approximates. Slips. A slip will succeed with greater certainty, if we leave two or three buds under ground. Height of Trees. The forests of South America, are, in general, full of fine, lofty trees. Some plants are of very rapid growth. The Agave Americana will grow nearly a foot every day. In general, the greatest height attained by our forest trees, is from one hundred and twenty, to one hundred and thirty feet. In America, the palms, and other trees often exceed one hundred and fifty feet. Thickness of Trees. The famous chestnut-tree of Mount Etna, is one hundred and sixty feet in circumference. Of the baobabs in the Cape De Verd islands, some were one hundred and twenty feet, in circumference. In our own climate, there are oaks, &c. from INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xlv twenty-five to thirty feet in circumference. See Flora, under Oak. Duration of Trees. The olive may live three hundred years ; the oak nearly six hundred. The cedars of Lebanon appear to be indestruc- tible. The baobabs, mentioned above, are supposed to be nearly six thousand years old. Uses of Stems Very various : for building, food, sugar, dying : bark of the oak for tanning. Stems, woods, and barks, occupy a consi- derable rank in the Materia Medica. 1 . Buds properly so called. Are generally composed of scales, closely tiled, containing within, the rudiments of stems, branches, leaves, and the organs of fructification. They are covered externally, in trees of our climate, with a viscid, resinous substance ; having within a close, downy texture, destined to defend the organs, contained in them, from the cold. No provision of the kind is made for trees of the torrid zone, nor for those, kept in our green-houses. In fruit trees, the flower bud is conical and swollen; that which contains leaves only, is slender, lengthened out, and pointed. 2. Turio. A name given to the subterraneous buds of perennial plants. Thus, the part of the asparagus, which we eat, is the turio. 3. Bulb. A kind of bud belonging to certain pereimial plants, parti- cularly to the monocotyledons : they arc reproduced every year. 4. Bulbils. A species of small, solid, or scaly buds, which being dc- xlvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, tached from the parent plant, become developed, and produce a vegetable exactly similar to that from which they derive their origin. Plants of this kind bear the name of viviparous. In bulbils there is no embryo. The uses of buds, bulbs, &c. are various ; for example, in domestic economy, the genus allium, including the onion, garlick, &c. ; in medicine the squill-bulb, is a powerful expec- torant, and diuretic. Of Leaves, The arrangement of leaves in the bud is called prefoliation. Genera are sometimes well arranged from this into natural families. Leaves, as considered after their developement, by the numerous pores on their surfaces, serve for the purpose of exhaling and absorbing the gases, (airs,) which are either become useless, or which are adapted for the nutrition of the vegetable. Leaves seem to be formed by the expansion of a bundle of fibres proceeding from the stem. These fibres, which are vessels, by branching out in various directions, form a kind of net-work, which represents the skeleton of the leaf, and whose meshes are filled up with cellular tissue, which is more or less abundant, and which derives its origin from the herbaceous integument of the stem. The upper surface of the leaf is covered with a closely adhering epidermis, and has but few cortical pores : the under surface is also covered with an epidermis, has a greater num- ber of small pores, which are the orifices of the internal vessels of the vegetable. It is particularly by this under surface, that leaves absorb the fluids, that are exhaled from the surface of the earth, and that are diffused through the atmosphere. Nerves of leaves, properly so called, are very prominent : veins are less prominent. The nerves are bundles of porous vessels, of spirals, and of false spirals, enveloped in a certain quantity of cellular tissue. (See Plate, 11, and Explanation.) The disposition of nerves in leaves deserves the greatest attention. In most of the mono- cotyledons, they are almost always simple, and often parallel to each other. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xlvii The leaves and the roots are the principal organs of absorp- tion and nutrition in vegetables : they absorb from the atmos- phere nutritive substances which are made subservient to their growth. They also serve for the purpose of expiring and of exhaling fluids, which are become useless to the vegetable, and it is by their means, that the sap is divested of its watery con- stituent, and acquires all its nutritious qualities. The leaves of herbaceous plants, which are immersed in an atmosphere constantly moist, absorb equally by their upper and under surfaces. Place the leaves of trees upon water, on their under surfaces, they will continue green for several months ; place them on their upper surfaces, and in a few days, they will completely wither. When leaves are exposed to the action of the sun, they de- compose carbonic acid gas, (fixed air,) retain the carbon, and set free the oxygen, (pure part of the air.) The contrary takes place when they are withdrawn from the action of the light ; they then take a portion of oxygen from the air, and replace it with an equal quantity of carbonic acid. Leaves are susceptible of certain motions, which depend on the irritability with which they are endued. Fall of the Leaf. Trees whose leaves are earliest expanded, are generally the first to lose them. In the elder, (sambucus,) however, the leaves appear very early, and are late in falling : in the com- mon ash, the leaves appear very late, and fall towards the end of summer. The fall of the leaf may be ascribed to the suspension of vegetation, to the want of nourishment, which leaves expe- rience at that period of the year. The vessels of the leaf become contracted and dry, and the leaves fall off. Medical leaves are chiefly those possesed of emollient, tonic, stimulant, narcotic, and purgative qualities. Stipulas Never exist in monocotyledonous vegetables. They furnish ex- cellent characters for the construction of natural orders. The xlviii IXTRODUCTION TO BOTAXV. use of stipulas is, probably, to protect the leaves before their developement. Tendrils Are abortive organs. Sometimes they ai-e floral stalks, at other times, leaf-stalks, stipulas, or abortive branches. Spines, (thorns,) Are very often only abortive branches; example, the sloe- tree : for if this tree be transplanted into a richer soil, its spines are converted into branches. Prickles have been con- sidered by some, as hardened hairs. 1. Of Nutrition in Vegetables. In nutrition, vegetables assimilate apart of the solid, liquid, or gaseous substances contained in the earth, or diffused through the atmosphere. The absorption of these substances is effected by suction. Water serves as a solvent for the bodies which they are to assimilate. The force with which the sap ascends from the root of a vine into the stem is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere. 2. Course of the Sap. The sap holds the nutritive principles in solution, and depo- sits them in the different parts of the vegetable as it circulates through them. The sap ascends through the woody layers, and the lymphatic vessels of the wood, and the alburnum con- vey that fluid : a coloured fluid will be absorbed, particularly by those vessels, which are nearest to the medullary tube, but not by the pith, or bark. The sap passing through the layers of wood in its course upwards, communicates with the lateral parts and branches of the stem, either directly, by the anasto- mosis (peculiar union) of their vessels, or by diffusing itself gradually through pores in the (parietes) sides of the canals, which convey it. In the same sap vessel there are always four different currents : an ascending and descending, and two horizontal ones in different directions. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xlix To account for the cause of the sap's rising, Richard sup- poses a vital principle, to have a powerful influence; but other internal and external causes may assist in promoting this rise, for example, light, electricity, warmth, transudation inwards, and outwards, 3. Descent of the Sap Proved by tying a strong ligature to the trunk of a dicotyle- donous tree, when a circular swelling will be produced above, which will become gradually larger. The swelling can arise only from the obstacle opposed to the juices descending, through the cortical layers from the upper to the lower part of the vegetable. The descending sap continually renews and maintains the cambium, and it contributes chiefly to the growth and developement of dicotyledonous trees. A striking difference exists between vegetables and animals ; the former live almost exclusively on inorganic substances, as water, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, &c ; the latter on those taken from the animal and vegetable kingdoms.' Organs of Reproduction. These are the flower, the fruit, and the different parts that compose them : they serve for the preservation of the species. With regard to the calyx and corolla, Linnaeus gave the latter name, corolla, to a single floral covering around the stamens or pistils, or both, where the colours are vivid, and the former name of calyx, where the colour h greeii. Jussieu considers the single floral covering as a calyx, and gives it that name of calyx, whatever be its colour, provided it be single : others call the single floral covering a. perigonium ; for example, the tulip. For a further account of the organs of reproduction the reader is referred to Richard's Elements of Botany, by Clinton, or Macgillivray. We will proceed to enter into an examination ' See all chemical terms, clearly explained in Parkes' Chemical Cate- chism, &c. last edition, e 1 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Of the Fruit, One of t!ie organs of reproduction, in order that the student may understand the brief sketch given of the Natural System of Jussieu. The J'r2di is composed essentially of two parts, the perica?-]), and the seed. The pericai-p, or covering of the seed is always present, however thin : there are in fact, no naked seeds. The j?mcarj9 is always composed of three parts: viz. 1. a thin external membrane, called the epicarp : 2nd. of an internal membrane, lining the seed-bearing cavity, called the endocarp. Between these two membranes is a fleshy part, called the sarcocarp or mesocarp. See Plate 12. The seeds are attached in the pericarp to a peculiar fleshy body, called the trophosperm or placenta. When the surface of the trophosperm has manifest prolon- gations, each of them bearing a seed, these prolongations are called podosperms. The arillus being only an expansion of the trophosperm, belongs not to the seed, but to the pericarp. The arillus never occurs in plants, whose corolla is monopetalous. Concerning the pericarp in general, we may observe that its axis is sometimes material, and has a real existence : it is then called columella : or the axis may be fictitious or rational, that is to say, represented by an imaginary line passing from the base to the summit of the pericarp, and running through its centre. The columella is a small column, which supports the different parts of the fruit. The number of the valves of a pericarp is always known by the number of longitudinal sutures visible on its outer surface. The valvar dehiscence (that is, opening of the valves) is three- fold: 1st. it may take place in the middle of the cells, that is to say, between the partitions, which, in that case correspond with the middle part of the valves. This is called loculicidal, as in most ericinece. See Plate 12. 2nd. the dehiscence may occur, opposite to the partitions., it is then called septici- dal, as in the scrophularinece. See Plate 12. 3rd. when the INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. li pericarp bursts near the dissepiments, which remain free and ewtire on the separation of the valves^ the dehiscence is called septifragal, as in bignonia, and calluna vulgaris. The organization of the pericarp, and seed is one of the most difficult parts of botany. To give a clear idea of the parts, an analysis of the fruit of the common peach (amy'gda- lus persica) is here given. The fruit is composed essentially of two parts, the pericarp and the seed. The seed is always contained within the peri- carp. Let a peach be cut in two : its centre is found occu- pied by a cell or cavity, containing a single seed, and rarely two. All outside the seed belongs to the pericarp. First, on the outside, is a thin coloured pellicle, covered with a soft down, easily removed ; this is the pericarp. The internal cavity of the pericarp, lined with another soft membrane, adhering intimately to the hard part, which forms the nut, is called the cndocarp. The whole of the thick, fleshy substance, contained between the latter membrane and the epicarp forms the sarcocarp. The nut or bony part in the centre of the peach is formed of the endocarp, to which is added an ossi- fied portion of the sarcocarp. We find similar parts as above described, in the apricot, plum, cherry, &c. We will next give an analysis of the comrnon pea fruity (pisum sativum.) The two longitudinal sutures, indicate that the fruit, when ripe, opens by two segments or valves : hence it is called, a two-valved pericarp. This pod, is found to have a single cavity, with eight or ten seeds, in other words, it is one celled, and many seeded. Every thing outside the seed is a part of the pericarp. On the outer surface is a thin membrane closely adhering to the subjacent part; this is the epicarp. The inner cavity is lined with another membrane, which adheres less intimately; this is the endocarp. The fleshy, green, vascular part, between the two membranes, though not very thick, is the sarcocarp. The small, longitudinal promi- nence, which runs along the sutures, and to which the seeds are attached, is the tropJwsperm, or placenta. Each of its prolongations belonging to a particular seed, is a podospermy or umbilical cord. e2 lii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Observe, when the tropJiosperm or podosperm covers the seed so as to embrace it to a greater or less extent, this pro- longation takes the name o^arillus. We will next examine The Seed. Every seed, essentially contains an organized body, which, becoming developed, produces a being, perfectly similar to that which gave it birth : this body is the embryo^ the essence of the seed. The seed is composed of two parts ; 1st. the episperm^ or proper covering : 2nd. the Jcernel within the epis- perm. The point of the seed by which it is connected with the pericarp, is called umbilicus, or hilum : this last, is always marked with a kind of scar. The centre of the hilum always represents the base of the seed. The summit of the seed is the point opposite to the hilum. For a minute account of the several parts above named, and much additional matter, the reader is referred to Richard's Introduction, and to Lindley's. Germination of Seeds. Seeds through time, lose their germinative power. Some retain this power for a considerable number of years ; for example, kidney-beans, kept for sixty years, have germinated. Seeds of the sensitive plant have been perfectly developed about one hundred years after they have been gathered. In these cases, they must have been excluded from the air, light, and moisture. Water, heat, and air are necessary agents for germination. Seeds, plants, and animals can neither grow, respire, nor live in pure oxygen gas : the best mixture for the purposes above, is in the proportion of one part of oxygen, and three parts of azote, (that is, nitrogen,) or of hydrogen. From the moment the embryo of a seed becomes developed, it takes the name o^ pla^ihde. Its two extremities grow in opposite directions. The one is formed by the gemmide, and grows upwards into the air ; this is called the caudex ascendens. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. liii The other, sinks into the earth, and bears the name of caudex descendens ; this is formed by the rooting body, (or radicle.) For a classification of the diiferent species of fruits, the reader is referred to Richard. The nses of fruits and seeds are too obvious, to dwell upon at any length. Bread, for example, is prepared from the fari- naceous albumen of the wheat : a variety of fleshy fruits, as peaches, apples, &c. are of use in domestic economy. The fleshy pericarp of the olive, (olea europasa,) yields a pure oil. The fruits of the orange, and lemon contain citric acid, nearly pure. The berries of the buck-thorn, (rhamnus catharticus,) are strongly purgative: not to mention, at length, the carmi- native seeds of the umbelliferous plants, the roasted seeds of the coffee, &c. Of Botanical Classifications. Theophrastus,' was the first who wrote a particular treatise on vegetables : but the science of botany, it may be said, did not exist in his day. It was not until the sixteenth century that Gessner, of Zurich, first demonstrated, that characters taken from the flower and the fruit were the most important for establishing a good classification. He also shewed, that groups exist in vegetables, composed of several species, united by common characters. Shortly after, Ceesalpinus, (born 1519,) of Arezzo, gave the model of the first botanical method ; his species being arranged from a consideration of vegetable, organic characters. Amongst the subsequent authors of systems we may mention the Bauhins, Ray, Magnolius, Rivi- nus, and Tournefort, Professor of Botany, at Paris, in the reign of Louis XIV. Tournefort's system was succeeded by the artificial system of Linngeus, published in 1734. The natural system, or method of affinities was first sketched by Adanson. Bernard de Jussieu pursued this subject. But it was reserved for his nephew, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu to bring it nearer to perfection. This system of Jussieu is founded not on the con- sideration of a single organ ; but it regards the whole of the » Died B.C. 288. JfjV IXTRODUCTKJX T(J BOTANY, characters furnished by all the organs of a vegetable, and unites all those, which have the greatest number of points of contact and resemblance. The systems of Tournefort, and of Linnaeus had for their basis only the consideration of a single organ; for example, Tournefort employed the corolla, and Linnaeus the stamens for establishing their principal divi- sions. These systems of Tournefort and Linnaeus, have for their object the discovery of the name of a plant, A\ithout giving ideas of its organization. The study of the natural system, and families of plants gives more precise ideas respect- injr the structure and orjjanization of the different veffetabies. Jussieiis Method of Natural Families. The plants arranged by this system of families, have closer affinities with those which immediately precede or follow them, than with any other. This system unites and arranges plants in groups and families, according to the greatest number of their common characters. The embryo of the seed furnishes the foundations of Jiissieu's divisions, the stamens and pistils occupy the second rank. Stems, leaves, and roots, supply accessary characters. In explaining the means b}' which vegetables have been united into natural groups or families; we will first give an idea of the words species, variety, gemts, order, s.x\(\ family. A species is a collection of individuals which constantly re- produce each other of the same form. Tlie seed of any given species will produce an individual, perfectly similar to itself. Species which exhibit some differences in respect to the colour of their flowers, or of their more or less considerable stature, constitute varieties, which may be distinguished from species, in this respect^ that in a state of nature, they are not repro- duced from seeds with all their characters ; for example, the flowers of the lilac are usually light violet; but sometimes xsohite, without any corresponding change in any of its other characters : here, the xvhite lilac is merely a variety of the violet flowered one. A genus consists of a more, or less considerable number of species, united by common characters, taken from the organs of fructification, but all distinct from each other by specific IXTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Iv characters peculiar to each, and furnished by the organs of vegetation ; for example, the genus anagaUis, (pimpernel,) has for its characters, a pecuhar corolla, and box-like fruit, (pyxi- dium.) Now, all the species (or sorts) of this genus, anagal- lis, must have these peculiar characters of corolla, and fruit ; but the species Vfi[\ be distinguished from each other by the forms of their stems, and leaves, &c. By uniting together genera in the same manner as species; that is, by collecting into the same group those, which have common and similar characters, we form orders, properly so called, if we regard only a single character, such as the number of stigmas, or the form of the fruit, &c. and natural orders, or families, when for the formation of such an assem- blage, there is required the concurrence of all the characters that may be derived from the form, structure, and relative situation of all the organs of the vegetables which are classi- D CD fied. A natural order, ox family of "plants, is, therefore, a series or assemblage of genera, more or less numerous, which have all the same characters in the organs of fructification. Thus the cruciform (or crucifer^) family have all peculiar characters: and all the genera of this family must have the same characters, with some slight modifications, which will serve to establish the differences of the genera, whose union constitutes this family. The families being numerous, it has been found necessary to distribute them into more or less numerous classes. We will now mention the characters, employed by Jussieu for the formation of his different classes. The classes are fifteen. The first divisions are marked by the presence, or absence of the embryo in the seed. Hence we have 1. emhryonate, 2. inemhryonate vegetables. The 1st. emhryonate, are distinguished according to the number of their cotyledons ; 1st. into monocotyledons, or those with one, and 2d. into dicotyledons, those with two or more cotyledons. See Plate 12. Those without co/?//^fl'on5, are called acotyledonous. That which serves for the establishment of classes properly so called, is founded on the relative insertion of the stamens, or Ivi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. of the one-petalled, stamen-bearing corolla. There are three kinds of insertion, 1st. The hypogynoiis, in which the germen or ovary being entirely free, the stamens or stamen-bearing corolla are in- serted around its base. See Plate 12. 2nd. The pertgynoics insertion, wherein the ovary or germen being free or parietal,' the stamens are inserted, or one-petalled, stamen- bearing corolla is inserted on the calvx, at a certain distance from the circumference of the base of the ovary or germen. See Plate 12. 3rd. The epigi/nous insertion, wherein the ovary or germen is always inferior, or where the stamen-bearing corolla, or the stamens are inserted on the upper part of the ovary or germen. See Plate 12. The acotyledonous plants, the mosses, &c. being destitute of embryos, and of flowers and fruit, do not enter into this classi- fication, but they constitute a first class : and The acotyledonsy and monocotyledons four classes ; for example : — CLASS. Acotyledons . . . . 1st. /'hypogynous stamens . 2d. Monocotyledons, with J perigynous stamens . 3d. (^epigynous stamens . 4th. We remark that dicotyledonous plants, are either destitute of a corolla, that is, apetaloiis, or are one-petalled [monopieta- lous,) stamen-bearing, or their corolla is many-petalled {poly- petalous.) Hence we have three divisions in the dicotyledo- nous plants, viz. : — DIVISION. '• 1. Dicotyledonous apetalous. 2. monopetalous, 3. polyp^talous. These three sections just mentioned of apetalous^ &c. are again divided into classes, by the above mentioned character of insertion. Thus, the dicotyledonous apetalous, form three 1 See Plate 12. 188. stamens liypogynous CLASS. 1. stamens perigynous 2. (anthers stamens epigynous ^ ,„,itg^| _ 3. anthers free 4. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ivii classes, in which the insertion is 1. epigynous, 2. perigynous, and 3. hypogynous. The monopetalous, whose corolla always bears the stamens, also form three classes :■ — Monopet. with It will be observed that the third class of stamens epigy- nous, has been subdivided, according as the stamens are with free, or united anthers, thereby increasing the number of monopetalous classes to four. Tl)ese four classes, with the three classes of dicotyledonous apetalous plants, and the four monocotyledonoiis and acotijledo- nous plants, form in all, eleven classes. The dicotyledonous polypetalous plants are divided into three classes of 1. epigynous, 'I. perigynous, 3. hypogynous. In the fifteenth and last Jussieuian class are placed all the dicotyledonous plants, whose flowers are essentially monoecious, (unisexual,) and those separated on distinct individuals, that is, dicscious. These are called irregular diclinous plants. Each of these fifteen classes, contains a more or less considerable number of natural families, all united by the common charac- ter, which constitutes the class. The characters of the different families are given by Jussieu, in his Genera of Plants. De Candolle,' the great botanist, has published a series of families of plants, ari'anged in an order, almost the inverse of Jussieu's. ' Professor Daubeny, in 1832, delivered several able Lectures, at the Labo- ratory, illustrative of DecandoUe's system. hiii IXTROUUCTIUX TO BOTANY m ^ ^-^ I— I < H ^ CO f i 3 i-4 < S S S w CD G e'— : t O '-^ '^ CC CD iB ^ S-i CC -^* >c ^* 1-" x c: ? O 5 tfi 2;' O be ^ i^ 03 Oj T.. =; ^- § § o C^. bti j:- i^ i^ ii o >-, CD bX) CP CS OJ 'p -2 o ^ o 'ffi I f5 Sgog O rH p , CO cd S r^ c^ C3 ■^"E. CD OJ 0) 13 c^ o" Pu Qh Qj — ' r^ >i >» Cu " ^^' 'o 'o <1 ?H e^ c:^^ o o o G LVniODUCTlOX TO BOTAXY. - lix We subjoin a list of those natural families, or groups, chiefly according to ilicbard, which occur in the Flora of Oxfordshire, and its contiguous counties. The Genera arranged under each family are also given. For the charac- ters of the diflterent fiimilies or groups, we refer the student to Richard by Clinton, or by Macgillivray, or to Lindley's In- troduction, or to Sir James Smith's Grammar of Botany, or to De Candolle's Botanicon Gallicon, a work in Latin. DIVISION I. The Inembryonate Plants, or Acotyledons, Including the algse, or sea-weeds, and conferva?, funguses, lichens, hcpaticaCj mosses, ferns, and some other cryptogamic classes, do not belong to our subject, except the tenth family of Characca3. 1. Chara genus and its species. DIVISION II. Emhryonated, or fiO'xering plaiits, that is, plants furnislied with stamens, and pistils. According to the structure of the embryo, these are divided into two groups, the monocotyledo- 710US, and the dicotyledonous. Monocotyledonous Plants, Besides the embryo being monocotyledonous, it is to be observed that in this division of plants, the internal structure of the stem is composed of cellular tissue, in which are scattered vasicular bundles; the nerves of the leaves in general, are parallel ; the perianth is a calyx only, sometimes coloured, (according to Jussieu,) like petals; the floral organs, are in general three, or a multiple of three; in the dicotyledons, the number five prevails. CLASS II. Monohypogyny, (that is, monocotyledonous, and liypogy- nous.) Ix INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 1. Nayadece. Juss. — Potamophilecje. Richard. Fluviales, Lind. Potame^ DC. Under this family, are tlie Gcn.^ Potamogeton. Zannichellia. This family is nearly related to the next. 2. Aroidece. (Juss.) or Arum Tribe. Gen. Arum. 'Acorus. The roots of this family abound with fecula, which may be used as an article of food, when deprived of its acrimony by roasting, or washing. 3- Typhce. (Juss.) Typhacese. DC. Gen. Typha. Sparganium. 4. Cypcracece. (Juss. ) or Sedge Tribe. Gen. Schoenus. Rhyncospora. Eleocharis, (Isolepis.) Scirpus. Eriophorum. Carex. This family is very natural, and has close affinity to the grasses, 5. Graminea. The Grasses, Agrostis, Alopecurus, &c. One of the most natural families of the vegetable kingdom. This family is distin- guished from the Cyperaceee, by its cleft leaf sheath : the sheath of the Cyperaceoe is entire : there is also only one flower scale in the Cyperacese, two in the Gramineae, or Grass Tribe. CLASS III. Monoperigy7iy, or Monocot. and Perigynous. 6. Juncece, or Rush Tribe. Gen. Juncus. Luciola. 7. AlismdcecE. Part of Juss. Junci. Gen. Butomus. Alisma. Sagittaria. Triorlochin. 8. Colchicacede, DC. Colchicum Tribe. Part of Junci. Juss. Gen. Colchicum. Narthecium. • An active principle called verc'itria, found in the colchicum. 9. AsparagmecB. Gen. Asparagus. Paris. Convallaria. Ruscus. Tamus. None of the plants in this family are poisonous. 10. Lilidcet^. Lilia and Asphodeli. Juss. ' i. e. Genera. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixi Gen. Tulipa. Fritillaria. Scilla. Gagea. Ornithoga- lum. Allium. The bulbs of this family usually contain a mixture of a mild, gummy, extractive substance, which is bitter, volatile, acrid, but dissipated by heat. CLASS IV. Monoepigyny, or Monocotyledonous, and Epigynous. 11. Narcissece, Amarillidece, BR. Gen. Narcissus. Leucoiura. Galanthus. The bulbs of these more or less acrid ; in small doses emetic. 12. Iridece. Juss. Gen. Iris. Crocus. This family easily distinguished by an inferior ovary, and three stamens. 13. Orchidecs, Orchis Tribe. One of the most natural families. Ge7i. Orchis, &c. 14. Hydrocharidece, Juss. Gen. Stratiotes. Hydrocharis. 15. NymphcBace(S. Salisb. Ge7i. Nymphaea. Nuphar. This family is placed by some among the dicotyledonous plants, near the Papaveracese, or Poppy Tribe. The roots of the Nuphar lutea, mixed with the inner bark of pinus sylvestris may be made into bread. //. Dicotyledonous Plants, Or those, whose embryo presents two cotyledons. In the coniferae family from three to ten cotyledons are found. In the dicotyledons the stem is disposed in concentric layers, the nerves of the leaves are branched : the number five, or one of its multiples prevails in the flower: a calyx and corolla are also very frequently present. /. Apetalous Dicotyledons. CLASS y. Epistaminy, or Stamens Epigynous. 16. AristolochiccE. Gen. Aristolochia. 'Asarum. Ixii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 17. Santalacece. BR. Ge7i. Thesium. CLASS VI. Pcristaminy, or Stamens Perigynous. 18. Thymelece. Juss. Gen. Daphne. The barks of this flimily contain a green, resinous principle, a bitter crystalline substance, called daphnine, and a yellow colouring matter : more or less acrid ; most, in some degree, {>oisonous. 19. Pohjgonece. Juss. Gen. Rumex. Polygonum. This fannly a striking exam- ple of plants agreeing in chemical composition, which possess the same botanical characters. The roots of a great number of Polygoneae contain tannin and gallic acid, and are hence astringent, &c. The seeds with a large and farinaceous, nutri- tive albumen. 20. Chenopodice DC. Atripliceee. Juss. Gen. Chenopodium. 'Atriplex. Plants of this family sweet, mucilaginous, sugary. (CLASS VK.) CLASS VIIL Hypocorolly, or Corolla Hypogynous. 21. PlantaginecB. Juss. Gen. Plantago. The seeds of this family contain a large quantity of mucilase. 22. Primulacece. Vent. Lysimachice. Juss. Gen. Hottonia. Lysimachia. Anagallis. Primula. Sa- niolus. 23. Orobanchece. Ventenat. Gen. Orobanche. Lathrsea. 24. Scroplmlarinece. BR. Scrophulariae and Pediculares. Juss, Gen. Digitalis. Antirrhinum. Scrophularia. Limosella. Melampyrum. Pedicularis. llhinanthus. Bartsia. Euphrasia. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixiii The plants in this family, not uniform in their properties. 25. SoldnccE. Juss. Ge7i. Solanum. 'Atropa. Hyoscy'amus. Verbascum. This family has a close affinity to the Scrophularineae. Most of the family strongly narcotic. All the verbascums are mild, and mucilaginous. 26. Ja&minece. Juss. ^ Gen. Ligustrum. Fraxinus. 27. Verhenacece. Juss. Ge7i. Verbena. 28. Labiatcc. Juss. The Labiate plants form a very natural family, and include the class didynamia of Linnaeus, besides the genera Ly'copus, and Salvia : they contain essential oil and bitter extractive. 29. Boraginece, Juss. Ge7i. Echium. Lithospermum. Symphytum. Lycopsis. Anchusa. Borago. Myosotis. Cynoglossum. This family contains a large quantity of mucilage, with some astringency. 30. Convolvulacece . Juss. Gen. Convolvulus. Cuscuta. This family, acrid and purgative. 31. Polemoniacece. Juss. Gen. Polemonium. 32. Gentianece. Juss. Gen. Menyanthes. Villarsia. Chlora. Gentiana. Ery- thraea. The plants of this family intensely bitter. "^ 33. Apocynece, Juss. Gen. Vinca. This family abounds in a milky, poisonous juice. CLASS IX. PericoroUy, or Cor. Perig. 34. liricinece. Juss. Vaccinieae. DC. Ge7i. Erica, Calluna, Pyrola, Empetrum. Vaccinium. Vaccinium is here included under the Ericineae. 35. Ccnnpanulacet^. Ixiv IxXTRODUCTION TO BOTAXY. Ge?i. Jasione. Prismatocarpus. Campanula. Almost all the plants of this family are milky : their juice is bitter, and sometimes very acrid ; unless abundant mucilage be present. CLASS X. ^EpicoroUy, and SynantherecE, {that is, Anthers united.) 3G. Synantherece, Richard. Cichoraceae, Corymblferae, and Cynaroc6phalas, of Juss. Compositae of authors. A great family, and one of the best characterized, compris- ing the whole class S7/?ige?iesia of Linnaeus. The plants of this family stimulant, tonic : those abounding in a milky juice, in some degree narcotic : their seeds usually mild. CLASS XL Epicorolly — Chorisanthery, {that is, voith jdfithers distinct.) 37. Dipsacew. DC. Part of Juss. Dipsacea2. Gen. Dipsacus. Scabiosa. 38. Valeria iieo!. DC. Gen. Fedia. Valeriana. 39. HubidcecB. Juss. A very natural family including Galium, Asperula, She- rardia. This family supplies some of the most valuable arti- cles of the Materia Medica, among which is the Peruvian bark. 40. CapriJbliacecB. Richard. Gen, Hedera, Cornus, Sambucus, Viburnum, Lonic^ra. 41. Loranthece. Richard. Gen. Viscum. CLASS XIL Epipetaly. 42. UmbellifercB, Parsley-tribe. One of the most natural families, but not uniform in its cliemical composition, or in its effects on the animal economy. ' Epi, means upon. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixv The warmer the climate, and dryer the soil, the greater the proportion of aromatic principle ; the poisonous and narcotic principles will prevail in those species, which grow in cold and moist situations. CLASS XIII. Hypopetalyf or Stamens Hypogorioiis. 43. Ranunculacece. Juss. Gen. Clematis, Thalictrum, Anemone, Adonis, Myosurus, Ranunculus, Caltha, Trollius, Helleborus, Aquilegia. All this family more or less acrid and poisonous : most of them rendered harmless by boiling. The kernels of the seeds usually mild ; the integuments acrid. 44. Berberidem, Juss. Gen. Berberis. 45. Geranidcew. Auij. Hilaire. The Geraniaceae are here united with the Oxalideae, and Lineae, of DC. Gen, Geranium, Erodium, Oxalis, Linum, Radiola. This family does not exhibit much uniformity in its medi- cinal virtues. 46. Malmcece, Mallow-tribe. Part of Juss. Malvaceae, Gen. Malva, Althaea. All this family, mucilaginous, emollient, 47. TiliacecE. Juss. Gen. Tilia. -^ 48. Hypericinece. Juss. Gen. Hypericum. Aromatic, resinous. 49. Acerinece. DC. Gen. Acer. 50. Polygalece. Juss. Gen. Poly 'gal a. 51. FumaridceJir/i^. JL41 -. 144 /V \ ')6iii.«iip # isiiill 7 j^'h ^^ V .^/ '^ ^^" £i^W/ .. the dissepiments, (partitions.) c. the columella, (column.) d. receptacle of the seeds. PLATE XII. 174. A germinating kidney-bean, with its shooting radicle. 175. a. the radicle, b. the caulicle. c. c. the gemmule. 176. Section of a kidney -bean, a. the radicle, b. the gem- mule, c. one of the cotyledons. 177. «. the radicle, b.b. the cotyledons. 178. a. the hilum, (scar.) h. the micropile. 179. Seed of the castor-oil seed, (ricinus,) cut lengthways, a. the caruncula. b. the endosper-m. d. the embryo. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Ixxxvii Fig. 180. The embryo separated from the interior of the albumen. a. the radicle, h. h. the cotyledons, c. the gemmule. 18L The embryo of 182, (Canna indica,) separated: a. the cotyledon, h. the gemmule enclosed in the cotyledon, which in growing, pierces the cotyledon laterally, and becomes h ; c. the radicle enclosed in the coleorhizon, (root-sheath,) which it must pierce at c, in order to sink into the earth. 182. A seed of the Indian shot, (Canna indica,) cut length- ways : a. its episperm. h. its endosperm, c. its niono- cotyledorwus embryo. 183. Triticum sativum, (wheat,) its monocotyledonous embryo being laid bare. 184. Two incumbent cotyledons, and rootlet, (radicle.) Bx. 185. Section of incumbent cotyledons, and rootlet, (radicle.) Bx. 186. 187. Two accumbent cotyledons, and rootlet. 187. Section of the same. Bx. See Fig. 189, and 191. 188. Dog-rose, (rosa canina,) several parietal ovaries attached to the side or (wall) of a monosepalous, pitcher-shaped, (urceolate,) calyx. 189. 191. Two-folded incumbent cotyledons, and rootlet. 191. Section of the same. Bx. 190. Hypogynous stamens, that is, inferior, inserted beneath the germen. (See Fig. 193, 194, 195, and 197.) 191. (See back.) 192. A kidney-bean, which has germinated : a. the radicle. h. b. the two cotyledons, which are become seminal, (seed,) leaves, c. the stem. d. d. the leaflets of the gemmule, forming the two (first) or primordial leaves. 193. Perigynoua stamens, borne by the calyx. 194. and 197. Perigynous stamens, borne by the corolla. 195. Epigynons stamens, that is, stamens inserted above the germen, (in the common snow-drop,) Cralanthus nivalis. 196. From Lindley ; " a. Plants that have but one cotyledon, or if two, then the cotyledons alternate with each other, are called Monocotyledonous." 196.*Strap-shaped, (ligulate,) floret of a compound flowei% 196*, the strap-shaped corolla. /. the germen. g. the anthers forming a hollow cylinder, through which the pistil passes, with two reflected stigmas. 197. See back, under fig. 194. 198. Pericarp with /ocw/ic2c?a/ dehiscence, (opening.) SeeLind- Ixxxviii EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. leys First Principles of Botany, p. 81. s, 435, 1830. duod. Fig. 198.*Tubular floret, d. corolla, c. gernien. /. pistil. 199. Pericarp with septicidal dehiscence, (opening.) See Lindleys First, &c. p. 80. s. 433. 200. cc. the cotyledons, b. the plumula, or gemmule. a. *' the neck, or line of separation between the radicle and the cotyledons." Lindley. 200. The radicle, (or rootlet,) LINNEAN CLASSES AND ORDERS, WirH THEIR RESPECTIVE GENERA. LINNEAN CLASSES AND ORDERS, WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE GENERA,* Defined and arranged chiefly according to essential/ and artificial characters, with notices of the species belonging to anomalous classes, at the end of each Class, and Order. N. O. Natural Order. First Class. MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. (^Divisions) * Seed one. Hippu'ris, (^Mare's-tail.) Calyx a slight border crowning the ger- men. Corolla none. Seed inferior, (a small one-seeded nut. H.) N. O. Haloragese. Hygrobieee. Rd. Hippurideae. — Page 1. Valeriana rubra, one-stamened ; its genus in Triandria. Alchemilla arvensis. See its genus, in Tetrandria. * * Seeds several. Chara, {Chara,^ referred to Cryptogamia by many botanists. Calyx none. Style none. Anther stalkless, round. Berry many- seeded. N. O. Characeee. — Page 1. Some species of Salix, (JVillow^ belong to this Class. Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils, Calli'TRICHE, (^Water-Starwort,) is under Monoecia in H. Calyx none. Petals or Bracteas, two, inferior. Seeds four, apparently naked, compressed. Some of the genus, with stamens and pistils on separate flowers. N, O. CaUitrichineee. Part of Haloragese. Lindl. — Page 2. ' See Gaertner's fine work, and Baxter's Plates. 2 In the body of the Flora, the Genera are placed in a series of natural affinity. The essential characters " comprehend the distinctions requisite to discriminate each genus from every other." xcii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. Class II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA, 1 Pistil. * Flowers inferior, one-petalled, regular. LiGUSTRUM, (Privet.) Corolla four-cleft. Berry two-celled, with each cell two -seeded. N. O. Jasminese. — Page 3. Fra'xinus, (v^sA.) Coro//a none, or four-cleft. Cajo^w/e compressed, leafy at the end, one or two-seeded. (Some flowers stamenless.) N. O. Jasmineee. — Page 3, * * Flowers inferior, one-petalled, irregular, with a seed-vessel. Vero'nica, (Speedwell.) Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft. Capsule two-celled. N. O. Scrophularineae, Veroniceee of some. — Page 3. Pinguecula, (Butterwort.) Corolla gaping, (ringent,) spurred. Calyx fiye-cleft. Capsule one-celled, (seeds attached to a cen- tral receptacle. H.) N. O. Lentibulariee. — Page 6. Utricula'ria, (Bladderwort.^) Corolla masqued, (personate,) spur- red. 6'ap5?/7e one-celled. (7«/7/.r two-leaved. N. O. Lentibu- lariae. — Page 7. * * *Flowers inferior, one-petalled, irregular ; seeds apparently naked. Ly'copus, (Gypsy-wort.) Corolla nearly equal, tubular, four-cleft. Stamens distant, simple. Seeds abrupt. N. O. Labiatae. — Page 8. S'alvia, (Sage, or Clary.) Corolla gaping, (ringent.) Stamens; filaments with two straddling branches. N. O. Labiatee. — Page 8. * * * * Flowers superior. CiRCiEA, (Enchanter s-niglit-shade.) Corolla two-petalled. Calyx- segments two. Capsule two-celled. Cells one-seeded. N. O. Onagrarieae. Juss. Circeacese. Lindl. — Page 3. ***** Flowers without petals, or four-petalled. Lemna, (Duckweed.) Corolla none. Calyx one-leaved. Capsule one-seeded. N. O. Lemnaceee. D.C. Pistiacese. Rd. — Page 7. Cla'dium, (Twig-rush.) Formerly part of Schoenus, pronounce k. Corolla none. Glumes chaiFy, sheathing, one-flowered ; outer ones empty. Fruit, a nut with a loose outward coat, without any bristles at the base. N. O. Cyperaceae. — Page 9. 1 Weort, a herb, Ang. Sax. CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, xciii Fraxinus, (Ash,) without petals. See above, Schoenus 4. See Eng. Fl. Carex. Lepidium ruderale, has two stamens only. Order IL DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. Anthoxanthum, (Vernal-grass.) Calyx, a glume of two valves, single-flowered. Corolla glume two-valved, the outward awned. Seed one. N. O. Gramineae. — Page 9. Class III. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. ■* Flowers superior. Valeria'na, (Valerian.) Corolla five-cleft, one-petalled, gibbous, or spurred at the base. Fruit with one seed, crowned with the feathery seed-down. N. O. Valerianeee. — Page 10, Fe'dia, (Corn-salad.) Formerly part of the genus Valeriana^ Co- rolla one-petalled, five-cleft, gibbous at the base. Capsule crowned with the toothed calyx, without valves, from one to three fertile cells. Seeds solitary. N. O. Valerianese. — Page 11. Crocus, (Crocus.) Corolla segments six, deep, equal ; tube very long. Stigmas plaited. N. O. Iridese. — Page 11. Iris, (Iris, or Flower-de-luce.) Corolla in six, segments deep, unequal, each alternate segment longer, and bent back. Stigmas two-lipped, like-petals, covering the stamens. N. O. Iridei3e. — Page 11. * * Flowers inferior, chaffy. Seed one. ScHffiNUS,' (Bog-rush.) Corolla none. Spikelets two ranked, of one to three flowers. Outer glumes smaller, empty. Style simple at the base, falling off, (deciduous.) N. O. Cyperaceee. J.— Page 12. Rhyncho'spora,^ (Beak-rush.) Corolla none. Spike few- flowered. Glumes, (husks,) tiled all round, w^ith many smaller, empty, outer ones. Seed beaked with the dilated, hardened, permanent base of the style. N, O. The same. — Page 12. SciRPUS, (Club-rush, and Bull-rush.) Corolla none. Glumes, (husks,) tiled all round, uniform, concave, expanded. Style ' Pronounce skenus. * Ch pronounce like k. xciv CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, simple at the base, falling off, (deciduous,) " leaving only a small point." N. O. The same. — Page 12. Eleo'charis, (^Spike-rush.) Corolla none. Glumes, (husks,) tiled all round, uniform, expanded. Seed crowned and jointed with the dilated, hardened base of the style. " Dilated base of the style, jointed upon the germen." H. B. Fl. N. O. The same. The solitary spike better distinguishes this genus, &c. H. — Page 14. Erio'phorum, (^Cotton- grass.) Corolla none. Glumes, (husks,) tiled all round, uniform, expanded. Seed accompanied by numerous, very long silky hairs. N. O. The same. — Page 14. Nardus, (^Mat-grass.) Calyx none. Corolla two-valved. N. O. Gramineee. J. — Page 15. Juncus conglomerdtus, and J. effusus. See in Hexandria Mono- gynia. Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. True Gramineee. (Grasses.) — Jussieu. * Flowers dispersed. Calyx of two to three valves, one-flowered. Alopecu'RUS, (^Fox-tail grass.) Calyx two-valved. Corolla one- valved ; simple at the top ; awned at the base. Styles com- bined. — Page 17. Phleum, (Cat' s-tail-grass,) Calyx of two close, parallel, pointed valves, concealing the corolla of two awnless valves. Seed free. — Page 16. Pha'LARIS, (Canary-grass.) Calyx of two close, parallel valves, concealing the double corolla of three or four valves ; two inner- most downy, subsequently hardened, investing the seed. — Page 16. Mi'LiUM, (Millet-grass.) Calyx of two swollen, close valves, in- closing the two-valved corolla. Seed clothed with the hardened corolla. — Page 18. Agrostis, (Bent-grass.) Calyx of two acute valves, shorter than the corolla, (" longer." H.) Corolla membranous, tufted with hairs at the base, unchanged. Seed free. — Page 18. Arundo epigejos, and Ar. Calamagrostis . See in the division, * * *, and Melica unijldra in division * *. * * Floivers dispersed. Calyx two-valved, containing two or three florets. AiRA, (Hair-grass.) Florets two without any intermediate rudi- ment. (" Corolla two-valved, membranaceous, thin ; the outer CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. xcv valve 3iwne^ (rarely awnless near the base.") Seed iree. Corolla unchanged. — Page 19. Me'lica, (J^Ielic-grads.) Florets one or two, with the rudiments of one or two intermediate ones. Seed free, covered with the hardened cartilaginous corolla. [Panicle lax.) — Page 21. HoLCUS, (^Soft-grass.) One floret barren. (" Upper floret with stamens only, and awned : lower floi'et perfect, awnless.") Calyx keeled. Seed covered by the hardened corolla. {Panicle lax.)— Page 21. *** Flowers dispersed. Calyx containing many florets. Briza, {Quaking-grass.) Corolla awnless, bellying out, concave, keelless. Seed depressed, united to the corolla. (Panicle) lax. — ■ Page 24. PoA, {Meadow-grass.) Corolla awnless, compressed, keeled, valves somewhat egg-shaped, acute. Seed free, elliptic-oblong. —Page 23. Glyc'eria, {Sweet-grass.) Part of Linnean Genus Poa. Corolla awnless, cylindrical, furrowed, ribbed, abrupt, not keeled. Seed free, cylindric-oblong. — Page 22. Trio'dia, {Heath-grass.) Part of Poa Linn. Corolla round, ex- panded, obscurely ribbed, two-valved ; outer valve with three nearly equal teeth, the middle tooth straight. Panicle in a raceme, (cluster.) Seed loose, depressed. — Page 24. Da'ctylis, {Cock' s-foot-grass.) Corolla awned at the top, spear- shaped, keeled, compressed ; inner valve folded, two-ribbed. Seed loose, oblong. Calyx compressed, taper-pointed, unequal, —Page 25. Festu'ca, {Fescue-grass.) Corolla awned at the top ; or pointed, keeled, almost cylindric, concave ; inner valve flat, two-ribbed, downy at the ribs. Seed loose, oblong. Calyx concave, acute, of (two) unequal valves. (" Panicle lax, or close, or spiked.") — Page 25, Cynosu'rus, {Dog' s-tail-grass.) Calyx two-valved, equal, awned,. having a comb-like (pectinated) involucre. Corolla two-valved,.. valves linear-spear-shaped. — Page 25. Bromus, (Brome-grass.) Corolla awned at the back, cloven, con- cave, hollow ; inner valve flat, two-ribbed, bristly at the ribs. Seed united to the inner valve. — Page 28. Ave'na, {Oat, or Oat-grass.) Corolla nearly cylindric, of two spear-shaped valves, firmly inclosing the seed ; outer valve bear- ing a twisted backward dorsal awn. — Page 30. xcvi CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. Arundo, (Reed.) Florets one, or many. Corolla surrounded with long, permanent hairs. — Page 31. * * * * Flowers crowded (aggregate) on a jointed, or toothed common stalk, with side, small hollows. Lo'lium, (^Darnel.) Calyx of one valve, opposite to the stalk, fixed, many-flowered. — Page 31. Tri'ticum, (JVheat, or Wheat-grass.) Calyx of two, cross, oppo- site valves, solitary, many-flowered : " the sides of one of the valves directed to the spike-stalk, (rachis.) — Page 33. Elymus, {Lyme-grass !) Calyx of two parallel valves, crowded; with two or more florets. " Spikelets two or three from the same point. Calyx lateral, both the valves on one side the spikelet.") — Page 32. Ho'RDEUM, {Barley.) Calyx of tw^o parallel valves, crowded, divided into three, (ternate, ?). " Central floret perfect, side ones mostly imperfect, (having often at the back of the inner valve a bristle, or abortive floret : outer valve of the corolla awned. Fruit incorporated with the corolla.") — Page 32. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils. Mo'NTiA, {Blinks.) Calyx two-leaved. Corolla of five irregular petals, united at the base into one, (one-petalled.) Capsule three-valved, three-seeded. N. O. Portulaceee. J. — Page 34. Class IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 equal Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. * Flowers one-petalled, superior, one-seeded. Di'psACUS, {Teasel.) Common calyx many -leaved. Proper calyx single, superior, one-leaved, cup-shaped, crowning the seed. (Flowers in a very close head.) N. O. Dipsacese. — Page 34. ScABio'SA, {Scabious.) Com,mon calyx many-leaved. Proper calyx double, superior, crowning the seed. N. O. Dipsacese. — Page 35. ** Flowers one-petalled, superior, two-seeded. N. O. Stellatse. Linn. Rubiaceae. Juss. Galium, {Bed-straw.) Corolla flat. Fruit dry. — Page 37. CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, xcvii AspE'RULA, {JVood-ruff^ Corolla tubular. " Fruit without any distinct margin to the calyx. — Page 36. Shera'rdia, [Field-madder.) Corolla tubular. Fruit crowned with the calyx, each seed three-toothed. — Page 36. *** Flowers one-petalled, inferior, [belong to the germen.) Plant A'GO, {Plantain.) Corolla bent back. Stamens very long. Capsule bursting all round, across, two, or four-celled. N. O. Plantaginese. J. — Page 40. Cextu'nculus, {Chaf-weed.) Corolla tubular, spreading, four- partite. Stamens short within the tube. Caps, one-celled, bursting all round, across. N. O. Primulacese. Ventenat. — Page 41. Some of the Gentians helong here. * * * * Cor. four-petalled. CoRXUS, {Cornel.) Pet. without any nectary. Nut of the drupe (stone-fruit,) two-celled, two seeded. — Page 41. For Carddmine. See Tetradynamia. ***** No Petals. Parieta'ria, [JVall-PelUtory.) Cal. four-cleft, inferior. Stamen- filaments, first curved inwards, afterwards expanding with an elastic force. Seed clothed with the lengthened out cal. (Some of the flowers are stamenless, their calyx remaining unaltered.) N. O. Urticeoe. J. — Page 42. Sanguisorba, {Burnet.) Cal. four-cleft, superior, coloured, with four scales on bracteas at the base. Stamens dilated upward. Caps, square, one-celled, " surrounded by the persistent base only of the calyx." N. O. Rosaceae. J. — Page 41. Alchemilla,^ {Lady's mantle.) Cal. eight-cleft, inferior. Fruit one, or two-seeded, " surrounded by the persistent calyx." N. O. Rosacese. J. — Page 42. Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. Alchemilla {"^Yon. ke,) see above. The Gentians and Cuscutas ; see in Pentandria. Order III. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils, or Stigmas. Ilex, {Holly.) Cor. wheel-shaped, one, or four-petalled. Berry four-seeded. Styles none. Some flowers without any pistil (barren.) N. O. Aquifoliaceee. DC. Ilicineae. Brong- niart. — Page 43. i xcviii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. MoE'xcHiA, [Moenchia.) Cal. four-leaved. Pet. four, (" as long as the calyx.") Caps, one-celled, one-valved, opening at the end, with eight teeth. N, O. Caryophyllese. J. — Page 40. Sagi'xa, {Pearl-wort.) Cal. four -leaved. Pet. four, (" shorter than the calyx.") Caps, one-celled, four valved. N. O. Ca- ryophyllese. J. — Page 45. Radi'ola, {Flax-seed.) Cal. in four principal segments, each seg- ment three cleft. Pet. four. Caps, eight-celled, eight-valved. N. O. Line« DC— Page 46. Potamoge'ton, (Pond-weed.^) Cal. none. Pet. four. Stamen- ■. anthers stalkless. Seed-nuts four, (apparently naked,) stalkless. (" Flowers stalkless upon a spike or spadix, which issues from a sheathing bractea, or spatha." — Page 43. Cerastium ; see in Decandria.) Class V. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens. Order L MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. * Flowers one-petalled, inferior {beloiv the qermen,) seeds two or four, apparently naked. N. O. Asperifolise, Linn. Boraginese. Jussieu. E'CHIUM, {Viper s-bugloss.) Cor. iiTegular, throat dilated, naked. Stig. cloven deeply. — Page 51. LiTHOSPERMUM, {Gromwell.) Cor. funnel-shaped, throat naked. Cal.-segments five, deep. — Page 48. Sy'mphytum, {Comfrey.) {Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. closed with con- verging, awl-shaped scales; limb bell-shaped. — ^Page 50. Lycopsis, [Buyloss.) [Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. closed with convex, blunt scales ; tube doubly bent. Seed-nuts hollow at the base. — Page 51. Anchu'sa, (Alkanet.) (Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. funnel-shaped, closed with convex, blunt scales ; tube straight, swollen below. Seed-nuts hollow at the base. — Page 49. Myoso'tis, (Scorpion-grass.) {Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. salver-shaped, lobes blunt, mouth half-closed with short rounded valves. Seed- nuts perforated at the base, borne by the calyx. — Page 46. Cynoglossum, {Hound' s-tongue.) (Cal. five- cleft.) Cor. funnel- shaped, (?hcrt,) its month closed with convex, rounded scales. CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. xcix Seed-nuts depressed, not perforated, fixed to the style or central column. — Page 49. * * Flowem one-petalled, inferior. Seeds convex in a distinct capsule. An'agallis, (Pimpernel.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor. wheel-shaped. Stam. hairy. Caps, one-celled, bursting all round, across. N. O. Prinaulaceae. Vent. — Page 54. Lysima'chia, (Loose- strife.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor. wheel- shaped. Caps, one-celled, ten-valved. N. O. Primulacese. Vent.— Page 54. PrI'MULA, (Primrose; Cowslip; Cvlip.) (Cal. tubular, five- toothed.) Cor. salver-shaped ; tube cylindric ; open-mouthed. Stiff, round. Caps, one-celled, opening with ten teeth. N. O. Primulaceae. Vent. — Page 52. Hotto'nia, (Featlierfoil.) Cal. five-partite. Cor, salver-shaped, (tube short.) Stam. inserted at the mouth of the tube. Stig. round. Caps, (round,) one-celled, opening with five teeth. N. O. Primulaceae. Vent. — -Page 53. Menyanthes, (Buokbean.) Cal. five-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped ; the segments hairy within. Stig. two-lobed. Caps, one-celled ; seeds parietal. H. Br. Fl. N. O. Gentianeee.^ — Page 52. ViLLA'RSiA, ( Yellow Buck-bean Plllarsia.) Cal. five-partite. Cor. wheel-shaped, the limb often fringed, (as with hair.) Caps, one- celled ; seeds parietal. H. Br. Fl. N. O. Gentianese. — Page 53. Erythr/e'a, (Centamy.) Cal. five-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped. Anthers finally spiraL Caps, linear, two-celled. N. O. Gen- tianese. X — Page 64. Datu'ra, (Thorn-apple.) Cal. tubular, falling off", (deciduous.) Cor. funnel-shaped, (plaited.) Caps. " half-four celled," four- valved. N. O. Solaneee. J. — Page 62. Hyoscy'AMUS, (Henbane.) (Cal. tubular, five-cleft.) Cor. funnel- shaped, (oblique.) Caps, two-celled, opening with a lid.( Stig. headed.) — Page 62. Verbascum, (Mullein.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor. wheel-shaped, irregular. Stam. descending archwise, (declining.) Stig. blunt. Caps, two-celled ; (two-valved.) N. O, Solanese. J. — Page 61. CoNVO'LVULUS, (Bind-weed.) (Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. bell-shaped, plaited. Stig. two. Caps, from two, to three-celled, with ^s c CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. many valves. Cells one, to two-seeded. N. O. Convolvula- ceee. J. — Page 55. Polemo'nium, (Jacob's Ladder.) (Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. deeply five-cleft. " Stam. inserted upon the five teeth, or valves, which close the mouth of the corolla." Caps, three-celled, three- valved. (Stig. three.) N. O. Polemoniaceee. J. — Page 5Q. ViNCA, [Periwinkle.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor. salver-shaped, the segments oblique, " spirally tiled in the bud." Seed-follicles two, erect. Seeds simple ; (without seed-doivn.) N. U. Apo- cy'neee. J. — Page 68. Sola'num, (Night- sJuide.) (Cal. five to ten-partite.) Cor. wheel- shaped. Anthers opening with two pores at the extremity. Berry (roundish,) two (or more) celled. N. O. Solaneee. J. — Page 63. 'Atropa, [Dwale.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor. bell-shaped, (lobes equal.) Stam. distant, (curved inw^ard.) Anthers heart-shaped. Berry two-celled. N. O. Solanese. J. — Page 62. *** Flowers one-petalled, superior. Sa'MOLUS, (Brookweed.) (Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. funnel-shaped, five-cleft, tube short, with five scales at its mouth, alternate with the corolla lobes. Caps. " half-inferior,"" one-celled, many seeded, with five valves curved back. " Seeds upon a large central, free receptacle.'" N. O. allied to Primulaceee Br. — Page 64. Jasio'ne, (Sheep s-bit.) (Flowers in this genus, collected into a head J involucre many-leaved.) Cor. wheel-shaped, segments five, deep. Anthers imited at the base. Stig. club-shaped. Caps, (half?) two-celled, opening at the top. N. O. Lobelia- cese. J. Campanulaceee. — Page 58. Campa'nula, (Bell-flower.) Cor. bell-shaped, (or sometimes some- what wheel-shaped.) Stam. -filaments dilated at the base. Stig. two, or three-cleft, turned back, (revolute.) Ca'ps. two, to five- celled, bursting on the side, " rarely at the extremity." N. O. Campanulaceee. J. — Page 5Q. Lonice'ba, (Honey -suckle.) Cor. irregular. Berry one, to three- celled, many-seeded. N„ O. Caprifoliacese. J. — Page 65. * * * * Fknvers of five, or of four petals, inferior (beloiu tlie ger- men.) Rhamnus, (Buckthorn.) Cal. " pitcher-shaped." H. Funnel- shaped, ^m. bearing the petals. (Stam. opposite the petals.) CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. ci Berry several-celled, " two to four-celled, four-seeded." (Pet. sometimes none.) N. O. Rhamneas, J. — Page Qo. Euo'NYMUS, (Spindle-tree.) " CaL flat, four to five-cleft, having a targeted (peltate) disk within. Pet. four to five. Stam. alter- nating with the petals, inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Caps, with three to five angles, and as many cells and valves. Seeds with a coloured, fleshy seed-coat, (aril] us.)" H- N. O. Celastrineae. Br. — Page ()6. Vi'oLA, (^Violet.) CaL of five leaves, extended at the base. Cor- irregular, five-petalled, the under petal spuiTed at the base. (^Anthers ]omeA. together, fconnate,) two-spurred behind.) Caps. one-celled, three-valved. N. O, Violarieee. DC— Page 59. ***** Flotvers jive-'petalled, superior, RiBES, (Currant and Gooseberry.) Ciam. -filaments partly dilated. — Page 215. Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Combined Fila- ments in more sets than two. Order L POLYANDRL\. Many Stamens. Hype'ricum, Saint Jolm s- Wort. Cal. inferior, (below the germen,) divisions five, deep. Pet. five. Stam.-filaments united at the base, into three, or five set&. Caps, many seeded. — Page 217. Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers united into a tube. Compound flowers. N. O. Composites of Linn., and Jussieu. Order 1. POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. Florets all perfect, each with five Stamens, one Pistil, and one-seeded. * Corolla of each floret strap-shaped, (ligulate.) The semi-flosculous order of Tournefort, and the perfectly N. 0. CichordcecB, of Jussieu. Milky, hitter plants. Ls. alternate. Fl. mostly yelloiv. Hypoch^ris, Cat's-ear. Cal. somewhat tiled ; oblong. Recep- tacle chaffy. Seed-down feathery ; (stalked, or stalkless.) — Page 227. Cicho'rium, Succory. Cal. double; "Involucre of eight scales, surrounded by five smaller ones at the base." H. Receptacle slightly chaify. Seed-down chaffy, shorter than the seed. — Page 227. Crepis, Hatvk' S'beard. Cal. double ; outer one lax, swollen, falling off, (deciduous.) Receptacle naked. Seed-doivn simple, stalkless. — Page 226. Hiera'cium, Hawk-weed. Cal. tiled, egg-shaped. Recept. nearly Baked, dotted. Seed-down simple, stalkless. — Page 225. CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxt Apa'rgia, Hawk-Ut. Cal. double ; inner one tiled. Recept^ naked, pitted. Seed-doivn feathery, stalkless, unequal and various. — Page 224. PiCRis, Ox-tongue. Cal. double ; inner one equal ; outer one lax. Recept, naked. Seed-down feathery. Seeds transversely fur- rowed. — Page 221. Tragopo'gon, Goat' s-heard. Cal. simple, scales several, equal, in two rows. Recept. naked, Seed-doivn stalked, feathery. " Fruit slightly furrowed lengthways." — Page 220. LEo'NTODOy, Dandelion. Cal. tiled, double ; outer scales lax. Recept. naked. Seed-down stalked, simple.— Page 223. Lactu'ca, Lettuce. Cal. tiled, cylindric, simple ; scales wath a membranous margin. Recept. naked. Seed-doivn stalked, naked.— Page 222. Prexanthes, TVall-lettuce . Cal. double. Florets in one row, (few.) Recept. naked. Seed-down nearly stalkless, simple. — Page 223. SoNCHUS, Sow -thistle. Cal. simple, tiled, swollen at the base, Recept. naked. Seed-down stalkless, simple. — Page 221. Lapsa'na, Nipple-wort. Cal. double ; inner one of equal chan- nelled scales. Seed-doivn none. Recept. naked. Fruit quickly falling off, (deciduous.) — Page 227. ** All the florets tubular, mostly spreading in the limh, forming «« hemispheric head. Capitati (Jieaded.) CinarocephalcB of Jussieuy Thistle-tribe. Ls. alternate. FL mostly red, or purple. Carli'na, Carline-thistle. Cal. swollen, tiled ; outer scales thorny (spinous ;) inner ones coloured, polished, spreading, membranous, radiant. Recept. chaffy. Seed-down feathery. — Page 233. 'Arctium, Burdock. Cal. round, (globose,) each calyx-scale with a hook curved inwards, at the end. — Page 228. Ca'rduus, Thistle. Cal. swollen, tiled ; scales thorny, (spinous.) Recept. hairy. Seed-down falhng off, (deciduous,) roughish. — —Page 229. Cnicus, Plume-thistle. Cal. swollen, tiled ; scales, thorny, (spinous.) Recept. hairy. Seed-down falling off, (deciduous,) feathery. — Page 231. Onopordum, Cotton-thistle. Cal. swollen ; scales thorny, spread- ing. Recept. honey-combed, (cellular.) Fruit four cornered. —Page 231. cxxvi CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. Serra'tula, Saw-wort. Cal. almost cylindric, tiled with unarmed scales. Seed-doivn permanent. (Dioecious. H.) — Page 229, *** Florets all tubular, parallel, forminy nearly a level top, rayless. (Discoid flowers.) Part of the N. 0. Corymbiferce of Jussieu. Eupato'rium, Hemp-agrimony. CaL tiled, oblong. (^Fl. few.) Style cloven halfway down, prominent. Recept. naked. Seed- doiv7i rough. — Page 234. BiDEXS, Bur-marigold, Cal.-scales many, parallel, channelled. {Cor. sometimes rayed.) Recept. plain, chaffy. Seed-down rough, with minute bristles, bent downwards. — Page 234. Tanacetum vulg. See in Polyg. superfl., also Senecio vulgaris. Order II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Florets of the centre complete, that is, with Stamens and Pistils ; those of the cir- cumference with Pistils only : all seed-bearing. * Corollas of the marginal florets scarcely distinguishable, or wanting. {Discoid.) N. 0. Part of CorymbifercB, Juss. Tanace'tum, Tansy. Cal. hemispheric, tiled. Fl. of the ray three-cleft, scarcely distinguishable, sometimes wanting. Recept. naked. Fruit crowned with a membranous margin. — Page 235. Cony'za, Spike-nard. Cal. roundish, tiled. Fl. of the circumfe- rence three-toothed. Recept. naked. Seed-down rough. — Page 238. Gnapha'Lium, Cudweed. Cal. tiled ; scales membranous ; (filmy) often coloured. Fl. of the circumference awl-shaped. Recept. naked. Seed-down rough, or feathery. — Page 236. Artemi'sia, Wormwood, Mugivort. Cal. tiled ; scales rounded, converging, (approaching each other at the top.) Fl. of the circumference awl-shaped, entire. Seed-down none. Recept. naked, or hairy. — Page 235. Tussildgo Petasites. See in Polyg. Superf * * Corollas of the marginal florets strap-shaped, (ligulate.) Radiate, (or rayed) flowers. Bellis, Daisy. Cal. hemispheric; scales equal. Recept. naked, conical. Seed-doivn none. Seed inversely egg-shaped. — Page 244. Matricaria, Wild- Chamomile. Cal. almost flat, tiled; scales membranaceous at their edges. Recept. naked, nearly cylin- dric. Seed-down none. — Page 246. CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxvii Chrysa'nthemum, Ox-eye. Cal. hemispheric, tiled ; scales with a dilated, membranaceous border. Recept. naked, somewhat con- vex. Seed'down none. — Page 2Ao. Py'rethrum, Feverfew. Cal. hemispheric, tiled ; scales somewhat acute, with membranaceous margins. Recept. naked. Seed crowned with a border. — Page 245. 'Inula, Elecampane, and Flea-bane. Cal. tiled. Fl. of the ray very numerous, linear, Anth. two-bristled at the base. Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. — Page 243. Eri'geron, Fleabane Erigeron. Cal. tiled. Fl. of the ray many, linear, (very narrow.) Stam.-anth. simple. Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. — Page 238. Solida'go, Golden-rod. Cal. with close scales, tiled. Fl. of the ray, about five ; (yellow.) Recept. naked, pitted. Seed-down simple, stalkless. — Page 242. Sene'cio, Groundsel, or Ragivort. Cal. double ; the inner one cylindric ; scales numerous, equal, outer calyx of smaller scales at the base, all withered, or brown at the end. Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. — Page 240. Tussila'go, Coif s -foot ; and Butter-bur. Cal. simple, swollen at the base ; scales many, equal, somewhat membranaceous. Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. Seed inversely egg-shaped, compressed. — Page 239. Cinera'rta, Flea-wort. Cal. simple, cylindric ; scales many, equal, upright. Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. Seed four-cor- nered. {Fl. yellow.) — Page 244. 'Anthemis, Chamomile. Cal. hemispheric ; scales nearly equal. Fl. of the ray oblong. Recept. chaffy, convex. Seed crowned with a slight border. — Page 247. Achille'a,' Yarrow. Cal. egg-shaped ; scales, tiled, unequal. Fl. of the ray from five to ten, roundish, somewhat inversely heart- shaped. Recept. chaffy. Seed-down none. — Page 248. Bidens cernua, occasionally rayed. See tlie Genus. Order III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. Florets of the centre (disk) perfect, and seed-bearing ; those of the circumfe- rence barren, (neuter.) N. O. Part of Juss. Cinarocephalae. Centaure'a, i^??a/)«'eeo?/ Blue-bottle; and Star-thistle. Co/, tiled. Fl. of the ray, (without stamens, or style,) funnel-shaped, irre- ' Pronounce kilUa. Gxxvui CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. gular, longer than those of the centre, or disk. Recept. bristly. Seed-down simple, or feathery ; rarely none. — Page 249. Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated upon the style, or column, or upon the germen. All of N. O. Orchidese. J., except Aristolochia. Order I. MONANDRIA. Stamen, or stalkless Anther one. * Anther of two distinct, vertical cells, fixed to the top of the column. Orchis, Orchis. Nect. with a spur behind. — Page 251. Ophrys, Insect-orchis. Cal. somewhat spreading. Lip (Nect. Sm.) without a spur, convex. — Page 256. Hermi'nium, Musk-orchis. Cal. somewhat spreading. Cor.-pet. with side lobes, like the nectary, which is flat without a spur. — Page 256. * * Anther parallel to the stigma, of two-cells, close together, perma- nent. Neo'ttia, Lady's Tresses. Cal. converging, embracing the base of the fiat nectary, which is without a spur. Cor.pet. converg- ing. Column wingless. — Page 257. Liste'ra, Twayblade. Cal. spreading. Lip two-lobed. Nect. spurless, nearly flat. Cor.pet. spreading. Column wingless —Page 258. * * * Anther tenninal, fixed. Epipactis, Hellehorine. Lip (Nectary) very hollow at the base, the exti-emit)^ undivided or three-lobed, the middle lobe largest, and as it were jointed. — Page 259. Order II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens, or stalkless Anthers. Cypripe'dium. Ladys Slipper.— Vage 260. Order III. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens, or stalkless Anthers, Aristolo'chia, Birthwort. Cal. superior, tubular, often swollen at the base, the mouth on one side dilated, one-lipped. Cor. none. Stig. six-lobed. Caps, inferior, six-celled. N. O. Aris- tolochieee. J. — Page 260. CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxix Class XXI. MONOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers, on the same plant. Order I. MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen. Eupho'rbia, Spurge. Involucre of one piece, with several stamen- bearing (barren) flowers, and one pistil-bearing (fertile) flower. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. none. Con none. Pistil-hearing f(,ower . A single pistil. Cal. none, (or rarely any.) Cor. none. Germ, three-lobed. Styles three, cloven. Caps' three-seeded. N. O. Euphorbiacese. J,— Page 261. Zanniche'llia, Horned-pondmeed. Involucre none. Stamen-hearing flower. Cal. and Cor. none. Pistil-hearing flower. Cal. one-leaved. Cor. none. Germ. fouTj or more. Caps, [seeds) four, nearly stalkless. Stig. target- shaped, (peltate.) N. O. Fluviales. Vent, Callitriche, and Chara? See Monandria, — Page 263, (DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.) Carex. See in Order II. Order II. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens^ ■Sparga'nium, Bur-reed. Fl. in spherical, close heads. Stamen-hearing flower. Cal. three-leaved. Pistil-hearing flower. Cal. three-leaved. Cor. none. Drupe (stone-fruit) dry, one-seeded. N, O. Typhaceee. J. — Page 264. Carex, Sedge. Fl. collected into a tiled spike, herbage grassy^ Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. a scale. Cor. none. Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. a scale. Cor. a hollow, permanent glume (husk,) clothing the loose seed. Fruit-nut three-cornered. N. O. Cyperacese. J, — Page 265. Typha, Reed-mace. FL collected into very close, cylindric spikes or catkins ■Stamen-hearing flower. Cal. none. Cor. none. " Stam. three together upon a chaffy, or hairy receptacle, united below into one filament." Pistil-hearing flower. Cal. none. Catkin hairy. Pericarp (seed,) on a hairy stalk, N. O. Typhaceae. J. — Page 264. cxxx CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. Order III. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens. Urti'CA, Nettle. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. four-leaved, con- taining the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. two-leaved. Cor. none. Pericarp (seed) one-seeded, polished. N. O. Urticese. J. — Page 277. Alnus, Alder. Fl. collected into tiled catkins. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal.-scale of the catkin, three-lobed, three-flowered. Cor. deeply four-cleft. Pistil-bearing flower. Cal.-scale of the catkin, permanent, two- flowered. Cor. none. Styles two. Nut compressed. N. O. Amentacese. J. — Page 277. Order IV. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens. Bry'OXIA, Bryony, Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. five-toothed. Cor. five-cleft. Stam.-filam.ents three ; anthers five. Pistil-bearing Jloiver. Cal. five-toothed, falling off". Cor. five-cleft. Style three-cleft. Berry inferior, round, many-seeded. N. O. Cucurbitacese, J. — Page 278. Fagus ; Quercus ; see in Monoecia Polyandria : Atriplex, in Poly- gamia. , Order V. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens. Pumices. See in Hexandria. Quercus in Monoecia Polyandria. Order VI. POLYANDRIA. 7 Stamens, or more. Myriopiiyllum, Water -7)xilf oil. Stamen-bearing floiver. Cal. in- ferior, four -leaved. Cor. -pet. four. Stam. eight. Pistil-bearing flower. Ca/. four-leaved. Cor. -^^e^. four. Stig.^ouv, stalkless. Nuts (drupes) four, stalkless, somewhat round, one- seeded. N. O. Haloragese. Br. — Page 279. Pote'rium, Salad-burnet. FL collected into a head : upper ones fertile. Stamen-bearing Jloiver. Cal. three-leaved, Sm. of four deep seg- ments. H. Cor. deeply four-cleft. Sm. (Cor. six-cleft, H.) Stajn. thirty, to fort}', or more. Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. " tubular, contracted, at the mouth, with four deciduous (falling off") teeth. H." Cal. three-leaved. Sm. Pistils one, or two. Stig. tufted. Pericarps two, one- CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxxi seeded, clothed vvith the hardened, four-angied tube of the calyx. N. O. Rosacese. J.— Page 281. SiiGiTTA'RTA, Arroiv-liead. Stamen-hearing jloiver. Cat. three- leaved. Cor. -pet. three. Stam. many, (about twenty- four.) Pistil-hearing floioer. Cal. three-leaved. Cor. -pet. three. Pistils, very numerous collected into a head. Pericarps (seeds) one- seeded, compressed, bordered. N. O. Alismaceee. RicJid. — —Page 280. Ceratophyllum, Hornwort. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. infe- rior, many-cleft. Cor. none. Stam. sixteen to twenty. Pistil-hearing floiver. Cal. many-cleft. Cor. none. Germ. one. Stig. nearly stalkless, oblique. Nut (drupe) superior, one- seeded. N. O. Ceratophy'llese. Gray. — Page 279. Fagus, Beech, and Siveet Chestnut. Stamen-hearing flower, in a catkin. Cal. one-leaved, in several segments. Cor. none. Stam-. five to twenty. Pistil-hearing flower. Cal. double ; outer inferior, prickly, in seve- ral deep segments, two, or three-flowered, inner calyx superior, five, or six cleft. Cor. none. Styles five, or six. Nuts two, or three, loosely clothed with the spreading- outer calyx. N. O. Amentaceee. J. — Page 283. QuERCUS, OaJc. Stamen-hearing flower in a lax catkin or spike, Cal. five, to seven -cleft. Stam. five, eight, or more. Pistil-bearing floiver. Cal. double; 02/z;er one, inferior, scaly, undi- vided ; i)i7ier one superior, in six, deep segments. Cor. none. Style one. Stig. three. Nut, (acorn,) one-celled, one-seeded, closely invested at its base, with the hemispheric outer calyx. N. O. Amentaceee. J. — Page 281. Co'RYLUS, Hazel-nut. Stamen-hearing flower in a cylindric catkin. Cal. a three-cleft scale. Cor. none. Stam. eight, or more. Pistil-hearing Jlower. Cal. double ; o^lter one inferior, divided ; inner one superior, scarcely distinguishable, (obsolete.) Cor. none. Styles two. Nut solitary, bony, clothed with the enlarged, leathery, jagged outer calyx. N. O. Amentacese. J.— Page 284. Ca'RPINUS, Hornbeam. Stamen-bearing Jloiver in a cylindric catkin. Cal. a rounded scale. Cor. none. Stain, ten, or more. Pistil-bearing floiver, in a lax catkin. Cal. double; outer one infe- rior, of several deciduous (falling ofi") scales; inner calyx supe- rior, in three, deep, sharp segments, permanent. Cor. none. cxxxii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, Styles two. Nut egg-shaped, angular, naked. N. O, Amen- taceae. J.— Page 284. Be'tula, Birch. Stamen-bearing flower in a cylindric catkin. Cal. a three-divided (ternate) scale. Cor. none. Stam, ten, to twelve. Pistil-hea.ring flower in a catkin. Cal. an imperfectly three-lobed scale, three-flowered. Cor. none. Styles two. Nuts com- pressed, winged (with a membranaceous margin,) one-seeded. N. O. Amentacese. J.— Page 283. Arum, Cuckoo-innt Arum. Sheath (spatha) one-leaved, rolled inwards at the base, enclosing a common-stalk, naked above. Cor. none. Spadiv with germens at the base. Stam. stalkless, near the middle of the spadix which is naked above. Berry one-celled, many-seeded, N. O. Aroidese, J. — ^Page 280. Order VIL MONADELPHIA. Filaments united below, (Pinus, Fir.^ Typha. See in Monoecia Triandria, Class XXII. DIOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers, on different plants. In MONANDRIA, 1 Stamen. Several Sdlices, (Willows.) Order I. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens. Salix, fPlllow, Sallow, and Osier. By Osiers are meant, in general, the naiTow-leaved willows^ with long, bending twigs : by Sallows, those with broadish, in- versely egg-shaped, or rounded, downy leaves, silky catkins, and two yellow stamens in each floret. Stamen-bearing flower. Catkin tiled. Scales of the catkin one- flowered, with a honey-bearing gland, or glands, at the base. Cal. a scale. Cor. none. Stam. one to five. Pistil-bearing flower. Stig. two. Caps, superior, one-celled, two- valved, many-seeded. Seeds tufted. For the catkin; scales, CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA x\RRANGED. cxxxiii and cor. none ; See above, in description of stamen-l earing flower. N. O. Amentaceee. J. — Page 285. Order II. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens. Ruscus, Butcher's Broom. Stamen-hearing floiver. Cat. six- leaved. Cor. none. Stam. -filaments combined at the base. Anth. three to six. Nect. egg-shaped, tubular, bearing the stamens internally. Pistil-bearing flower. C'al. and Nect. as in the stamen-bearing (barren) flower. St^le one. Stig. one. Berry superior, three- celled. Cells two-seeded, (Seeds in pairs.) N. O. Smilaceee. Br.—Fage 294. J^aleridna dioica. See in Triandria Monog. Some Sdlices, (willows,) in this second order. Order III. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens. ViscuM, (Mistletoe.) Stamen-bearing flower. C'al. none. Cor. pet. four, calyx-like, egg-shaped, fleshy, united at the base Anth. stalkless on the petals. Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. a slight border. Cor.-pet, four, dilated at the base, erect, egg-shaped, very small. Stig. stalkless. Berry inferior, ^vith one compressed seed. N. O. Lorantheee. J.— Page 295. Rhamnus cathdrticus, and Euonymus europcBus. See in Pentan- dria Monog. Urtica dioica in Monoecia Tetrandria. Order IV. PENTANDRIA, 5 Stamens. ~ Hu'mulus, Hop, Stamen-bearing Jlower. Cal. flve-leaved. Cor. none. Anth. with two pores at the end. Pistil -bearing Jloicer in a catkin. Catkin-scales large, hollow, entire, one-flowered, persistent. Cor. none. Styles two. Seed one, coated, winged with the calyx. N. O. Urticeae. J. Page 295. Pimpinella dioica. See in Pentand. Digyn. Brydnia in Monoecia Pentand. Salix pentandra, and Salix frdgilis in Dioecia Diandria. Order V. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens. Tawu?>, Black Bryony. Stamen-bearing Jloiver. Cal. none. Cor. in six, deep segments. cxxxiv CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED^ Pistil-bearing flower. Col. none. Cor. in six, deep segments, con- tracted at the neck, superioi". Style three-cleft. Berry inferior, three-celled. Seeds in pairs. N. O. Smilaceae. J. — Page 296. Rume.v Acetbsa, and Rumex Acetosella, See in Hexand. Trigyn. Order VI. OCTzVNDRIA. 8 Stamens. Po'puLUS, Poplar. Stamen-bearing floiver. Catkin tiled witli jagged scales. Cor. top-shaped, (turbinate,) oblique, entire, undivided. Pistil-bearing flower. Catki)i, calyx, and corolla, as above. Stig. four, or eight. Caj^is. su^^erior, two-celled, H., one-celled, Sm., two-valved, many-seeded. Seeds tufted, N. O. Amentacese, j._Page 296. Order VII. ENNEANDRIA. 9 Stamens. Mercuria'lis, Mercury. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. -segments , three, deep. Cor. none. Stam. nine to twelve. Antli. lobes two, round. Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. as above. Cor. none. Styles two. Caps, two-lobed, two-celled ; eeZ/i- one-seeded. N. O. Euphor- biaceee. J. — Page 298. Hydeo'charis, Frog-bit. PI. in a sheath (spatha.) Stamen- bearing flower. Cal. three-cleft. Cor. three-petalled. Stam. nine in three rows, within which are three imperfect styles. (^Inner-filaments beaked. Sm.) Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. and pet. as above. Styles six, each with two stigmas. Caps, inferior, leathery, roundish, six-celled, many-seeded. N. O. Hydrocharideee. J. — Page 299. (DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens.) Lychnis dioica. See in Vecandria Pentag. (ICOSANDRIA. Many Stamens, growing from the Calyx.) Fragaria elatior. See in Icosand. Polyg. (POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens, growing from the Receptacle.) (Strati6tes.) See Populus alhayP, trerniila, and P. nigra, in IHoec. Qctandria, CLASSES, &c. AND GExVERA ARRANGED, cxxxv Order VIII. MONADELPHIA. Stamen filaments combined in one set, JUNi'pERUS, Juniper. Stamen-hearing Jlower. Scales of the catkin somewhat target-shaped (sub-peltate.) Cor. none. Stam. three. Sm. (four to eight. H.) Pistil-bearing Jlower. Scales of the catkin fewer than in stamen- bearing flower, at length, fleshy, united into a beny, of three seeds. N. O. Coniferee. J.— Page 299. Taxus, Yew. Stamen-bearing Jloiver. Cal. none. Cor. none. Stam. many. Aih. target-shaped, (peltate,) lobed ; cells opening beneath. Pistil-bearing Jlower. Cal. cup-shaped, entire, scaly. Cor. none. Style one, Sm. none, H. Seed one, enclosed in the enlarged, pulpy, unconnected calyx. (" Drupe fleshy, bored at the ex- tremity.") N. O. Coniferee. J.— Page 300. Salix rubra. See in Dioecia Diandria. Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Stamens and Pistils in the same flower ; or in different flowers, and on the same, or different plants ; " having- two different kinds of calyx (perianth.") Order I. MONOECIA. Flowers difierent on the same plant. 'Atriplex, OracJie. Barren Jlowers and united Jlowers. Ca/. infe- rior, deeply five-cleft. Cor. none. Stamens five. Style deeply cloven. Seed one, depressed, covered by the calyx. Pistil-bearing Jlower. Cal. of two persistent, enlarged valves. Cor. none. Stam. none. Style deeply cloven. Seed one compressed, covered by the ca/j/.r. N. O. Chenopodese. J. — Page 300. OMISSIONS. After Symphytum, p. xcviii. — insert Bora'go, Borage. Cor. closed with awl-shaped or notched valves: limb wheel-shaped. Sm. After Limosella, p. cxix. — insert Scrophula'ria, Figwort. Caps, two-celled, two-valved. Cor. somewhat globose, reversed ; tube swollen : limb rounded, considerably shorter. FLORA OF OXFORDSHIRE, AND ITS CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES. Class I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1. Order L MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . * Seed one. HIPPU'RIS. Gr. Mare's-tail. H. vulgaris. Common Mare's-tail. Leaves linear, many in each whorl. E. B. 763. G. E. 1114. f. 6. Ponds, wet meadows, ditches. Blenheim Park, Ensham Common, Binsey Common. Sb. Ditches near the Canal, between High Bridge and Heyfield's Hut. Port Meadow. Near the third bridge from Botley. Bx. Per. May, June. Erect, simple. Fl. axillary, solitary, stalkless. CHARA. Chara. C. vulgaris. Com,mon Chara. Slightly furrowed, with- out prickles. Whorled branches tapering, with internal partitions. Bracteas four together. E. B. 336. G. E. 1115. f. 8. Ponds, wet ditches, stagnant waters. Binsey Common, peat bogs on BuUingdon Green. Sb. An? June. Often incrustated with earth. B 2 MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. Callitriche. C. hispida. Prickly Chara. Furrowed. Whorled branches tapering, with internal partitions. Bracteas whorled. Prickles on the stem bristly, bent down- wards. E. B. 463. C. tomentosa. Sb. Clay-pits, pooh, ditches. * Peat bogs under Headington Wick copse. Sb. Old gravel pits, St. Clement's, Oxford. Ponds on the Botley road. B.v. Encrusted. An. July, August. (C. jiexilis. Smooth Chara. Smooth, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches cylindrical, blunt, with a minute point, no internal partitions ; some cloven. Bracteas none. Ditches and ponds. Ditches about Drayton, \Yarwickshire. Pn. An. April, August. Slender, green, floating. Anth. naked. Stem. 1, to three feet long, and more. Pn.) MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. CALLrXRICHE '. Water-starwort. C. verna. Vernal Water-starwort. Fertile flower stalks very short, with two petals at their base, fruit regu- larly four cornered, margin of the seeds blunt. Leaves triple-ribbed ; the uppermost crowded, inversely egg- shaped. C. aquatica E. B. 722. /3 Fl. Brit. 9. H. L. 127. See Sb. varieties y? Ditches, ponds, slow strewins. An. April, May. Ls. opposite, linear, or battledore-shaped. Fl. white, axillary, separated. C. autumnalis. Autumnal Water-starwort. Fertile flower stalks, very short, without petals, fruit irregu- larly four cornered, margin of the seeds membranous. Ls. linear, abrupt, single-ribbed, uniform. C. aquatica y. Fl. Brit. 9. E. B. 722. the small figure. Sb. 2. Var. y. Clear pools. An. June, October. Flowers united. Gray. ' Gr. kalos, handsome, and thrix, hair, from its slender stems. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 3 Class II. DIANDRIA. Stamens 2, Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . LIGUSTRUM. Privet. L. vidgdre. Common Privet^ Pinnt, or Prim Print. Leaves oval-spear-shaped, blunt, with a small point. E. B. 764. C. 5. t. 1. Ligustrum. G. E. 1394. Moist thickets and hedges, on a gravelly, or chalky soil. Sm. Shrub. June. Fl. panicled, and white. Berries black. For cut hedges in gardens. FRA'XINUS. Ash. F. excelsior. Common Ash. Leaflets saw-toothed. Flowers without calyx, or corolla. E. B. 1692. G. E. 1472. Woods, hedges, especially on hills in limestone countries. Sm. Tree. April, May. Lofty, smooth. Ls. winged. Fl. panicled. Caps, spear-shaped. * F. heterophylla. Simple-leaved Ash. Christ Church Meadows. B.v. CIRC^A '. Enchanter's Nightshade. C. liLtetiana. Common Enchanter's Nightshade. Stem erect. Leaves egg-shaped, slightly toothed, opaque, and dowy. E. B. 1056. C. 3. 3. G. E. S5\. Moist shady woods, under hedges. Per. June. Branches somewhat solitary. Fl. white, or reddish. Fruit bent downwards, clothed with hooked bristles. Formerly, in incantations, and philters, mistaken for the Man- drake, Atropa Mandragora ? VERONICA '. Speedwell. Clusters or spikes terminal. Root perennial. V. serpyllifolia. Smooth SpeedtvelL PauFs Betony. Cluster terminal, somewhat spiked. Leaves ^^g" ' From Circe. 2 The I. usually pronounced short. From ver, the sprhig ; or from the name of the female saint. B 2 4 DIANDRIA MONOGYXIA. Veronica. shaped, slightly notched, three-ribbed, smooth. Cap- sule inversely kidney-shaped, shorter than the style. E. B 1075. C. 1.3. V. minor. G. E. 627. Moist meadoivs, cultivated grounds. Per. Ma^. Stems trailing, smooth in wet situations, in dry ones, covered with hairs, which are bent inwards. Fl. whitish, with dark blue streaks. ** Clusters or spikes from the side of the stem. Root perennial. V. Beccabiinga. Brooklime. {Bach\ Germ, a rivulet, Biingen, Germ, a drum.) Clusters from the side of the stem. Leaves oval, blunt, flat, smooth, somewhat fleshy, toothed at the edges, each little tooth terminated by a gland. Stem creeping at the base. E. B. 655. C. 2. 3. Anagallis, seu Becabunga. G. E. 620. PFet ditches, brooks. Per. June. Plant somewhat floating, shining. Ls. blunt. Fl. dull blue. Leaves mild, eaten in salads, in the spring. V. Anagallis. Water Speedwell. Long-leaved Brook- lime. Clusters from the sides of the stem, opposite. Leaves spear-shaped, saw-toothed. Stem erect. E. B. 781. C. 5. 2. G. E. 620. Banks of rivers, ivet meadoivs. Per. Jult/. Larger than the last plant, upright, smooth. Ls. acute. Fl. pale dull blue, occasionally flesh-coloured. V. scutelldta. Narroiv-leaved Marsh Speedivell. Clus- ters from the sides of the stem, alternate ; fruit stalks bent back. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, shghtly toothed. E. B. 782. C. 5. 3. Anagallis aquatica quarta. G. E. 621. Peat bogs, moors. * Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Otmoor. Sb. Port Meadow. (Bagley Wood.) St. Clement's, Oxford, between the Cowley, and Henley road. Bx. Per. July. Stem weak, wide spreading. Fl. pale, flesh-coloured, purple veined, on slender stalks, which become more and more sti'ad- dling after flowering. Sm. V. montana. Mountain Germander Speedwell. Moun- tain Madwort. Clusters from the sides of the stem, ' Becc. A. S-s. DIANDRIA MOXOGYNIA. Veronica. 5 lax, of few flowers. Leaves egg"-shaped, stalked, saw- toothed. Stem spreading-, hairy all round. E, B. 766. C. 4. 2. Shady ivoods. Shotover plantations. Stokenchurch. Nettlebed woods. Sb. (Bagley \Yood.) Bx. Pig's Lane, Tilehurst, Berks. R. \Y. Per. May. Ste?n lying down, hairy. jF7. pale, painted with purple. Cajys. formed, as it were, of two round cells, compi-essed. V. afflcindlis. Male^ or Common SpeediveU. Clusters from the sides of the stem ; partial stalks shorter than their bracteas. Leaves broadly elliptical, saw-toothed, roughish. Stem lying down. Stigma headed. E. B. 765. C. 3. 1. V. vera et major. G. E. 626. Dry MUy pastures. Per. June. Fl. light blue, w^ith dark streaks. This species formerly recommended as a substitute for the Chinese tea, but it is more astringent, and bitter, and less grateful. V. Chamcedrys, Germander Speedwell. JVild Ger- mander. Clusters from the sides of the stem. Leaves egg-shaped, stalkless, rugged, deeply saw-toothed. Stem spreading-, with a hairy line on each side. Calyx four-cleft, spear-shaped. E. B. 623, C. 1. 2. Ch. sylvestris. G. E. 657- Pastures, trader hedges. Per. May. Ls. egg-shaped, inclining- to heart-shaped. Fl. large bright blue. Caps, inversely heart-shaped. Few of our wild flowers can vie in elegance, and brilliancy with this species. At night, and in moist weather the corolla closes, expands in dry, bright weather. This is not the German " Forget- me-not." Myosdtis palustris is the true one. * * * Flowers axillary, solitary. Root anmml. V. agrestis. Sm. Green Procumbent Field Speedwell. Germander ChicTcweed. Flowers solitary. Leaves egg-shaped, deeply saw-toothed, shorter than the flower-stalks. Stems lying down. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped. Seeds about six in each cell. Herbage pale green, not greyish. CaL-segments more narrow, egg-spear-shaped, or oblong, blunt : not egg- shaped, acute. Cor. pale blue, or rose colour in the upper half, white in the lower, or quite white. Caps. 6 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Pinguicula. obscurely keeled. Bor. Seeds cupped, in form. Suppl. E. B. 2603. Alslne foliis trissaginis. G. E. 616. f. 1. Fields : not so common as /-'. polita. An. May. V. polita. H. B. F. Grey Procumbent Sp. Leaves stalked, heart-egg-shaped, cut-saw-toothed, shorter than the flower-stalks, segments of the calyx egg-shaped, acute, stem lying down, capsule two swollen lobes, cells many seeded. V. agrestis^ E. B. 783. Often grow- ing with the preceding. H, See Borrer Suppl. E. B. 2603. Common weed. An. March. Fl. small, briglit blue. V. arvensis. JVall Sp. Speedivell Chickweed. Flowers solitary, nearly stalkless. Leaves egg-shaped, deeply saw-toothed. The floral ones spear-shaped, entire. Stem erect, seeds flat. E. B. 734. C. 2. 2. Alsine foliis Veronicse. G. E. 613, Walls, cultivated ground. An. May. Ls. opposite, nearly stalkless ; by Linneus, styled heart-shaped. Lower leaves chiefly on short foot-stalks. PI. erect, pale. FL small, light blue, white in the centre. Caps, compressed. Y . hederifolia. Ivy -leaved Sp. Small Henbit. (TVin- ter Weed, in Norfolk.) Flowers solitary. Leaves heart-shaped, flat, five-lobed. Segments of the calyx heart-shaped, acute. Seeds cupped, wrinkled. E. B. 784. C. 2. 1. Alsine hederacea. G. E. 6I6. Cultivated grounds. An. April. Stem prostrate. Fl. light, purplish blue. Caps, swollen. PINGUrCULA. Butteru'ort: (So called on accoun of the glutinous, oily, and soft leaves of one species. P.. vulgaris.^ p. vulgaris. Common Butterwort. Yorkshire Sanicle. Nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the very irregular petal. Segments of the calyx oblong. Capsule egg- shaped. E. B. 70- P« sive Sanicula Eboracensis. G. E. 788. DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Lemna. 7 Bogs, morassy ground. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Under Headington Wick copse. Sh. and Bx. Cotesford Heath. R. Pr. Henley Hill. fVh. Per. May. Plant smooth. Fl. tube, and spur, pale purple ; limh deep blue, its five segments very unequal. The clammy juice of the herb reputed good for the sore dugs of cows. G. The Welch prepare a purgative syrup from the plant. UTRICULA'RIA \ Bladder-wort, or Hooded Milfoil. U. vulgaris. Greater Bladder-wort. Spur conical. Scape straight. Cluster somewhat corymbose. Upper lip of the corolla, the length of the palate, bent back at the sides. E. B. 253. G. E. 828. Ditches on the right-hand side of the Botley road. Otmoor. 8h. Ditch by the Devil's Back Bone, going to South Hinksey. Opposite the first drawbridge, beyond Heyfield's Hut. Bx. * Per. July. Ls. hair-like, under water, (root-like ?) bearing numerous crested bladders which float the plant at the flowering season by means of air formed witliin them. This air gives place subsequently to water, and the plant sinks to ripen its seed. Fl. large, yellow, with an orange striped palate. LEMNA. Duck-weed. L. trisulca. Ivy-leaved D. Fronds stalked, oval-spear- shaped, proliferous. E.B. 926. H.L.I 19. Hede- rula aquatica. G. E. 830. Ditches. An. Aug. Ls. crossing each other at right angles, smmming on the surface of the water. Fl. white. A cooling application to inflamed parts. The infusion in white wine, according to Bates, an infallible secret in jaundice. L. minor. Less D. Fronds inversely egg-shaped, flattish above and beneath. Roots solitary. E. B. 1095. H. L. 120. G. E. 829. Ditches. An. June. Ls. connected at the base. Fl. very rare. L. gihha. Gibbous D. Fronds inversely egg-shaped. 3 From utriculus, Lat, a little bottle. 8 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Salvia. slightly convex above, hemispherical beneath. Roots solitary. E. B. 1233. Ditches, ponds. An. July. Larger than the last. Ls. above, often of a purplish hue, coarsely veined like net-work on the other side. L. polyrrhiza. Greater D. Fronds roundish, inversely egg-shaped, convex beneath. Roots clustered. E. B. 2458. Ditches. An. July. Sb. Fl. not observed in Britain. Eng. Fl. 1824. Ls. green above, deep purple beneath, much larger than either of the two last species. LYCOPUS'. Gipsy-wort. L. europ(B'us. Common G. Water-horehound. Leaves deeply saw-toothed. E. B. 1105. C. 3. 2. Mairu- bium aquaticum. G. E. 700* Banks of rivers, wet ditches. Per. August. Fl. whorled, and white, with purple dots. The juice gives a permanent colour to linen, wool, and silk. Vagabonds stain their faces with the juice to appear like gipsies. SA'LVIA. Sage, or Clary. S. pratensis. Meadow C. Leaves oblong, notched, heart-shaped at the base : uppermost clasping the stem. Bracteas very small. Summit of the corolla glutinous. E. B. 153. Horminum sylvestre, F. etc. G. E. 769- Dry pastures.** Between Middleton Stoney and Ardley. Sb. and R. Pr. Per. June. Stalk erect. Fl. large and handsome, of a fine purplish blue. S, verbendca. TVild English C. Leaves saw-toothed, sinuated, smoothish. Corolla much more contracted than the calyx. E. B. 154. C. 6. 1. H. sylvestre G. E. 771. Road sides, dry banks. Meadow bank between St. Clement's, and Iffley. R. W. Per. June, October. Stalks more or less lying down. Fl. small, violet blue. ' Wolf's foot, Gr. DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Anthoxanthum. 9 The seeds produce a great quantity of soft, tasteless mucilage, when moistened ; hence they become serviceable for removing extraneous matter from the eye, put under the eyelid for a few moments. See G. E. " The seeds of Salvia verhendca, S. pratensis, and some other species are covered with a dense mucilage, which is not visible till the seeds are wetted. This mucilage consists mostly of very minute spiral vessels, like those first described, by Professor Lindley, (in the Botanical Register, fol. 1166, and in his Introduc- tion to the Natural System of Botany, p. 220.) as composing the mucous matter which envelopes the seeds of Collomia linearis. " If a seed of Salvia verhenaca, be put on a small bit of glass, and placed on the stage of a microscope, and then whetted by letting fall upon it a drop or two of clear water, the spiral vessels will be seen to dart forth in great numbers from the outside of the testa, or skin, forming a com^jlete and beautiful radius round the seed, which, if suffered to dry upon the glass, may be preserved as an interesting object for the microscope, at any future time. " I can find no account of this in any work which I have con- sulted. Sir James Edward Smith, Dr. Withering, and others, have noticed the mucilage which covers the seed of Salvia verhe- naca, but they are quite silent with respect to the spiral vessels, which are so abundantly produced amongst it."' — J4^m. Baxter, Sept. 24, 1831. ^ CLA'DIUM'. Twig-rush. (C. Mariscus. Prickly T. Panicle repeatedly compound, leafy. Spikes in heads. Stem round, leafy, smooth. Leaves prickly at the edge and keel. Fens. Boggy places by the river Thames, near Tarn worth. Ray. Per. July, August. Erect, polished, three, or four ft. Ls. keeled. Fruit pointed.) DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ANTHOXANTHUM \ Vernal Grass. A. odoratum. Sweet-scented F'. G. Panicle spiked, egg-shaped, oblong. Flowers longer than their awns, on short partial stalks. E. B. 647. C. 1. 4. Still, f. Curt. Gr. f. Meadows, pastures. Per. May. ' Klados, Gr. = Gr. yellow flower. 10 TRIAXDRIA MONOGYNIA. Valeriana. In drying, the plant exhales an odour similar to Woodruff, (Asperula odorata ;) chief cause of the fragrancy in new hay. Its fresh stalks chewed, highly aromatic, not unlike lavender. Fl. turn yellow with age ; abounds chiefly in wet lands ; not very pro- ductive, nor very palatable to cattle. For a curious contrivance of nature in the seeds: — See With. Class III. TRIA'NDRIA. Stamens 3. Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . * Floivers above the germen. VALERIANA. Valerian. V. Tiibra. Red V. Flowers with one stamen, and a long spur. Leaves eg2;"-spear-sliaped, nearly entire. E. B. 1531. V. rubra Dodona^i. G. E. 678. Old walls. Merton College Walls. Sb. More of the white flowered var. — 31. R. W. Per. July. Cor. slender, elegant, rose-coloured, sometimes white. Stems a foot and a half high. V. dioica. Small Marsh V, Flowers with three stamens, dioecious. Stem-leaves wing-cleft, root ones egg-shaped. E. B. 628. V. minor. G. E. 1075. Per. 3Iay. Ls. winged. Linn. Cor. of the pistil-bearing plant, much smaller than those of the stamen-bearing. Fl. flesh-coloured. Stem six or eight inches high. Ls. called lyrato-pinnate, in Fl. Br. V. officindUs. Great Wild V. Stamens three. Leaves all winged, leaflets spear-shaped, nearly uniform. E. B. 698. C. 6. 3. V. sylvestris major. G. E. 1075. Per. June. Stalk three or four feet high. Fl. flesh-coloured. A variety (/3), narrower leaves, found in dry, mountainous woods, and pastures, which, as more aromatic, is preferred for medical use. This species is the Valerian of the shops, and possesses strong antispasmodic virtues. Excellent medicine in habitual constipa- tion, the root in decoction. Cats delighted with the roots. Rats said to be equally fond of them. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Iris. 11 FE'DIA'. Corn Salad. F. oUtoria. Common Corn Salad, or LamFs hettuce. Leaves linear-tongue-shaped, blunt. Flowers growing in heads. Caps, swollen, two lobed. V. Locusta. E. B. 811. C. 5. 4. Lactuca agnina. G. E. 310. 1. 2. Cornfields. An. April. Stem forked, twice, or thrice. FL in little heads, small, pale-blue, or flesh-coloured. Eaten in spring as salad. F. dentdta. Oval fruited C. S. Leaves linear-tongue- shaped. Flowers with one solitary in the forks of the stem. Capsule egg-shaped, ribbed. Crown erect. E. B. 1370. Fields. * By the road side between Shotover Hill, and BuUingdon Green. T. An. April, June. Ls. narrow. FL small, purplish. CaL unequal, CROCUS. Crocus. (C. nudiflorus. Naked -flowering Gr. Stigma within the flower, in three deeply-jagged tufted segments. Flower without leaves. E. B. 491. C. montanus autumnalis. G. E. 154. f. 6. Sandy, inundated meadoivs. * Pigwell Fields, and Lammas Fields. Pn. Per. October. FL tube one foot long. Stig. yellow. Ls. flattish.) IRIS *. Iris, or Flower-de-luce. I. Pseud-dcorus. Yellow TVater Iris. Corolla beard- less ; inner segments smaller than the stigmas. Leaves sword-shaped. Seeds angular. E. B. 578. C. 3. 4. Iris palustris lutea. G. E. 50. Banks of rivers, wet ditches. Per. June. FL large, bright yellow, disk of the larger segments, pencilled, as it were, with dark purple. Juice of the fresh root very acrid, purgative ; in some cases, proves diuretic ; too uncertain in its effects to come into general use. ' From fedus, syn, with hoedus. a kid. Sin. " Gr. From its hues. 12 TRIAXDRIA MONOGYNIA. Scirpus. The roots used in the Island of Jura to dye black. A slice of the fresh root, held between the teeth removes some kinds of tooth- ache. E. B. Not eaten by cattle. Fl. Suec. Seeds roasted resemble coffee, having more nearly the same aroma than other substitutes. I. foetidissima. Stinking Iris. Corolla beardless ; inner segments spreading. Stem with one angle. Leaves sword-shaped. Seeds globose. E. B. 596. Thickets. Copse, Elsfield. Pn. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.* * Per. June. Ls. dull green. Fl. pencilled with dark veins. Bruised leaves smell veiy offensively, yet with some resemblance to roast-beef. SCHCENUS. Bog-rush. ** Floivers beneath the germen, chaffy. Seed 1. S. nigi'icans. Black B. R. Stem romid, naked. Head roundish, abrupt, overtopped by one of the two floral leaves. E. B. 1121. Peat hogs. Under Headington Wick Copse. Sh. and R. W. Per. July. A foot hisfh, sm.ooth. Head black. •-o'-'-y RHYNCHO'SPOR A ' . Beak-rush. (R. alba. White Beak-rush. Heads abrupt. Stamens two. Leaves tapering. Seed with numerous bristles at the base. Schoenus albus. E. B. 9tS5. Gramen junceum leucanthemum G. E. 30. Turfy bogs. Coleshill bog, Warwickshire. Pn. Per. Julyy August. A smooth, slender plant, with white ^. Stigm. two.) SCIRPUS. Club-rush, and Bull-rush. * Spikes solitary. (S. ccEspitosus. Scaly-stalked Club-rush. Stem round slightly furrowed ; sheathed and clothed with numerous scales at the base. Spike terminal. Outer glumes largest, with leafy points. E. B. 1029. Turfy, barren heaths. * Coleshill bog, Warwickshire. Pn. Per. July. Stems erect. Spike small, reddish brown.) ' Gr. beak, seed. TRIANDRIA MOXOGYNIA. Scirpus. IS S. paucijlorus. Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Stem round, with a tight leafless sheath at the base. Spike terminal, of few flowers, longer than its blunt, mem- branous-tipped outer glumes. E. B. 11^2. Peat bogs, morasses. Peat bogs on BulliDgdon Green. Sb. ** Per. June. Stems slender. Sjiikes somewhat four-iiowered. S.Jluitans. Floating Club-rush. Stem branched, leafy, limber, and floating. Flower-stalks alternate, naked. Spikes terminal, of few flowers. E. B. 216. Pools where the water has stagnated daring the winter. South- leigh Heath. Sb. ** ^ Per. June. Stem branched, sending out roots. Ls. linear. ** Stem round, tvitli several spikes. S. lacustris. Bull-rush. Stem round, naked. Panicle cymose, twice compound, terminal. Spikes egg- shaped. Bracteas generally much shorter than the panicle. E. B. mQ. H. L. 91. Rivers, stagnant tvaters. Per. July. Culm five or six feet high, dark gi-een, simple, leafless. Ls. at the base, one or two, short, with long sheaths. From its stems, the rush bottoms of chairs are made : cattle in hard seasons will eat it : also, used for thatching, and packages, occasionally. S. setdceus. Bristle-stalked Club-rush. Stem bristle- shaped, leafy at the base. Spikes about two, stalk- less, surmounted by a leafy bractea. Seed furrowed, without bristles. E. B. 1693. H. L. 97- Wet gravelly grounds. An. July. Spikelets generally in pairs, egg-shaped. Plant from two to five inches high. S. caricinus. Compressed C. R. Stem roundish, leafy about the lower parts. Spikelets clustered, two- ranked, many flowered. Leaves flat, edges and keel rough. Seed six bristled, at the base. Schcenus com- pressus. E. B. 791. Boggy meadows. Under Bullingdon Green, &c. B.v. Spikes bright chestnut. Stem about one ft. simple. Style permanent. Stigm. falling off. I/(3wer spikelet sub-tended by a bractea, 14 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Eriophorum. commonly longer than the general spike : this bractea trian- gular, and rough at the end. *** Stem triangular. Panicle leafy. S. syhdticiis. Wood Club-rush. Millet Cypress-grass. Stem triangular, leafy throughout. Panicle terminal, leafy, cymose, repeatedly compound. Flower-stalks sheathed at the base. Spikes clustered. E. B. 919^ Cyperus grammeus miliaceus. G. E. 30. 5. Moist woods. ** Heythorp Woods. Sb. Beyond South Hinksey. Bx. Per. July. ELEO'CHARIS'. Spike-rush. E. palustris. Creeping S. R. Culm round, naked, with leafless sheaths at the base ; spike naked, oblong- egg-shaped. Root creeping. Stigmas two. Seed roundish, most convex at one side. Scirpus palustris. E. B. 131. Juncus minor, capitulis equiseti. G. E. S5. f. at p. 1631. Banks of rivers, marshes. Per. June. Three stigmas are erroneously represented, in Engl. Bot. Culms erect. Ls. none. Spike brown. The fresh herb is greedily devoured by swine. E. aciculdris. Least Spike-rush. Stem four-cornered. Stigmas three. Seed numerously furrowed, without bristles at the base. Filaments permanent. Scirpus acicularis E. B. 749. H. L. 49. In damp spots, upon heaths, where tvater has stagnated during winter. * Binsey Common. Near Ensham bridge. Sb. Port Meadow, near Medley Lock. Side of Canal, going from Oxford to Wol- vercot. B.v. Per. August. Base invested with a light, blunt, beardless sheath. Spike termi- nal, of few flowers. Culms very slender. " Fruit oblong, beautifully impressed with points in lines, tipped with the sphe- rical base of the style." H. ERIO'PHORUM \ Cotton-Grass. (E. vagindtum. Hare*s-tail C. Stem triangular above j ' Gr. Delighting in marshes. ='Gr. wool-bearing. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Kardus. 15 round below, with a swelling, tubular sheath. Spike egg-shaped. Glumes membranous. E. B. 873. Boggy heaths. Coleshill Bog, Warwickshire. Pn. Per. March, April. Ls. triangular, sharp pointed. Spike erect, of a silvery gi'ey ; finally with long, white hairs.) E. piibescens. Downy -stalked C. Stem angular up- wards. Leaves flat, spear-shaped, with a triangular point. Stalks of the spikes downy. Hairs twice the length of the spike. Bogs, marshes. Bog near Stow Wood. Bogs near Headington Wick Copse. B.v. First observed in Oxfordsh. by Mr. Bx. Ls. darkish, olive-green. Spikes two to eight, nine. Glumes blackish. E. angustifolium. Common C. Stem nearly round. Leaves linear, triangular ; channelled towards the base. Stalks of the spikes smooth. Hairs four times the length of the spike. E. B. 564. E. polystachion. C. 4. 9. Sb. 24. In turfy, hoggy, and muddy meadoivs. Per. April. After flowering, the spikes are partly erect. Involucre, longer than the flowering spikes. The brilliant, white tufts of this plant, look throughout the summer, like feathers scattered over the coun- try. Food for cattle in the earlier part of the spring, in the Isle of Skye. The down, a stuffing for pillows, among the poor: also for candle wicks, which become brittle, when quite diy. NARDUS. Mat-grass. * * From the matted order of the stems. Purton. N. stricta. Common 31. Spike bristled-shaped, straight, florets all pointing one way. Leaves thrice the length of their sheaths. E. B. 290. Spartum nostras par- vum. G. E. 41. 1631. Barren, sandy, rather moist, heaths and moors. * Shotover-Hill, Southleigh Heath. Sb. Cumnor Hurst. Br. Per. June. Ls. bristle-shaped. Schrank celebrates this deep-rooted grass as a safe support to the hands of the Alpine botanist, in precipitous situations, though it renders his path very slippery. Stocked up by crows for the larvas of Tipulee, found at the root. This grass being stifl", and short, eludes the stroke of the scythe, takes ofi" its edge, and is, in consequence, disliked by mowers. Holds its spike until winter. Cattle in general refuse it. E. B. 16 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Phleum. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Stamens S. Pistils^. PHA'LARIS. Canary-grass. * P. canariensis. Manured C. G. Panicle egg-shaped, resembling a spike. Calyx-glumes boat-shaped ; entire at the summit. Outer corolla of two naked valves. E. B. 1310. Phalaris. G. E. 86. In cultivated and waste ground, naturalized. * Grows amongst the corn in the Canaries PVilld. Sp. PL An. June. Panicle compact, erect, compound, though resembhng a simple egg-shaped spike, elegantly variegated with green and white. The seeds a well known food for the canary-bird. P. arundindcea. Reed C Panicle upright, with spreading branches. Flowers crowded, growing from one side only. Outer corolla of two bearded valves. E. B. 402. and 2l60. f. 2. Calamagrostis colorata. Sb, Banks of rb-ers. Sb. Per. Jiine. Stems from two to five feet high. Panicle rough. Used to thatch ricks, and cottages : lasts much longer than straw. In Scandia mowed twice a-year, for cattle to feed on. The oftener mowed, the more acceptable to cattle. The striped variet}', chosen by the Welch peasantry, with Gnaphalium marga- ritaceum, to decorate the graves of their departed friends. Knapp. A beautiful variety with striped leaves is common in gardens. PHLEUM, Cat's-tail-^rass, P, pratense. Common C Timothy -grass. Cluster spiked, cylindrical. Calyx abrupt, fringed at the keel, longer than its awns. E. B. IO76. Gramen typhi- num minus. G. E. 12. Moist meadows, pastures. The bulbous var. in barren ground, occasionally flooded, or in very dry situations. Sm. Per. July. Spike two to five inches. Root in dry situations becomes swollen and succulent. In this state it is the Phleum, nodosum of Lin- nseus, Sibthorp, &c. Awns straight, short, rough. Once cele- brated for its agricultural merits, but now out of fashion, though it spontaneously makes a part of the hay crop. Sm. P. dsperum. Rough (7. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, awn- less. Calyx wedge-shaped, swelling upward, pointed, rough ; keel naked. Stem branched. P. panicula- TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Alopecurus. 17 turn. E. B.* 1077' P' paniculata. Sibth. Oxon. 34. In dry, open fields, * *. Wall of Rose Lane. Sb. An. June. Root fibrous. Panicle rough to the touch. Whole plant bright green. ALOPECU'RUS. Fox-tail-grass. h.pratensis. Meadow F. Stem erect, smooth. Spike somewhat panicled. Calyx-glumes acute, hairy, united at the base, shorter than the awn, twice the length of the corolla. E. B. 7'59. C. 5. 5. Gramen alopecu- roides majus. G. E. 10. Meadows, pastures. Per. May. Spike two inches long, thick, soft, of a silky, hoary aspect. Best grass to sow in low meadow grounds, or in boggy places which have been drained. Liable to the depredations of the larvse of a species of musca ; they devour the seed. These larvae the prey of cimex campestris. These circumstances an impediment to the general cultivation of this gi-ass. Mr. Swayne in With. An excellent gi'ass for pasturage, being early, plentiful in pro- duce, and grateful to cattle in general. A. agrestis. Slender F. Stem erect, roughish. Spike racemose, nearly simple, tapering. Calyx-glumes almost naked, united at the base, dilated at the keel. E. B. 848. A. myosuroides. C. 2. 7- Gramen alopecurinum minus. G. E. 11. Cornfields, way -sides. An. June. Spike slender, tapering at each end, often purplish. A trouble- some weed among wheat, called by farmers " Black Bent." Swayne in Willi. A. geniculatus. Floating F. Stem ascending, bent in an angle at the joints. Spike cylindrical, slightly panicled. Calyx-glumes united at the base, abrupt, fringed. Corolla notched, its awn twice the length of the calyx. E. B. 1250. C. 5. 6. Gramen Jluvia- tile spicatum. G. E. 14. Ponds, ditches, slow streams, floating widely on the surface. Per. June. Culms floating. \n dry situations, root bulbous. C 18 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Agrostis. MI'LIUM. Millet-grass. The hardened corolla, forming a coat to the seed, affords a mark of distinction between this genus and Agrostis. Sm. M. effdsum. Spreading M. Flowers in a loose spread- ing panicle, without awns. E. B. 1106. C. 4. 12. Gramen miliaceum. G. E. 6. bad. TVilcot, MungeweU, Ardley, Tar TVoods. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) B.V. Per. 71%. Light, elegant, lofty plant. The middle branches of the panicle droop, and point directly downward. Ls. sweet-scented : they drive away dcari. AGROSTIS. Bent-grass. * Awned. (A. Spica venti. Silky B. Awn straight, stiff, many times longer than the corolla. Panicle loosely spread- ing. E.^B. 951. Moist sandy fields. Corn fields near Old Windsor. Tur. An. June, July. Stems, two to three ft. erect. Pan. large, silky, waving on one side.) A. canina. Brown B. Awn incurved, from below the middle of the corolla ; inner valve scarcely distin- guishable. Calyx egg-shaped, coloured. Stems lying down, with prostrate shoots. Stipula spear-shaped. E. B. 1856. Moist meadoivs. Per. June. Pafiicle spreading, yet somewhat erect. Herbage trifling ; of no agricultural use. E. B. The aum varies in length, and is occasionally absent, nothing being more uncertain than the back awns of grasses. The terminal ones, whether of the calyx, or corolla, are much more to be trusted. Sm. A. setacea. Bristle-leaved B. Awn incurved, from near the base of the corolla ; inner valve minute. Calyx spear-shaped, tapering, rough. Root leaves bristle- shaped. Stem nearly erect. Panicle close^ oblong. E. B. 1188. C. 6. 12. C. Gr. 42. Southleigh. Stanton St. John's. Sb. Per. July. * * Generally ivithout awns. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Aira. 19 A. vulgaris. Fine B, Panicle spreading ; with strad- dling, hair-like branches. Calyx-valves nearly equal. Stem erect. Stipula abrupt, very short. E. B. I67I. A. tenuis. Sb. Per. June, This grass was always taken for Aira capillaris of Linn, till his Herbarium came among us. E. B, Panicle upright, purplish, with very numerous spreading, hair-like, zigzag branches, variously forked, and subdivided, with little egg-shaped, shining flowers. E. B. The earliness of this grass, its chief agricultural value. A. alba. Marsh B. Panicle condensed at the base of the main divisions j stalks rough. Calyx-valves spear- shaped, bristly at the keel. Stem spreading, creeping. Stipula oblong, ribbed. E. B. 1189. i3. A. stoloni- fera. E. B. 1532. Gramen caninum supinum. G. E. 26. Moist meadows. Fields inundated in autumn. Per. June. Stems often throwing out fibres from their lower joints. Panicle palish. In /3 the stem more extensively creeping, sometimes floating ; distinguished by its still more dense and tufted lobes of the panicle, and the calyx generally rough all over, with little bristly points. Sm^ AIRA. Hair-grass. * Corolla awnless. A. cristdta. Crested H. Panicle spiked. Calyx longer than its flower-stalk, shorter than the florets. Glumes all pointed. E. B. 648. Poa cristata. Sb. 42. Dry Pastures. Per. June. Stems simple, erect, about six inches high. Panicle erect, dense, of a silvery gi'een hue. This species is a Festuca, except in the small number of the florets. Sm. A. aqudtica. Water H. Panicle spreading. Florets awnless, even, blunt, longer than the calyic. Leaves flat. Stipula oblong. E. B. 1557- C. 1, 5, Ditches, pools. Margins of rivers. Per. June. Stems leafy, floating upon the water. Glumes equal, blunt. The flowers abound with honey. When growing accidentally out of c 2 20 TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA. Aira. the water, this grass sometimes assumes a very dwarf habit. In natural affinity it comes near to Poafluitans. Sm. . * * Corolla awned, hairy at the base. A. ccEspitosa. Turfy H. Panicle spreading. Florets about the length of the calyx, abrupt, hairy at the base ; one of them on a hairy stalk. Awn short, from the bottom of the outer valve. Leaves flat. E. B. 145S. Gramen segetale. G. E. 5. Moist woods, pastures. Per. June. Stems a yard high, rigid, and harsh. Panicle, large and spreading. E. B. Droops very gracefully before flowering ; as the florets open, it becomes erect, and the branches of the panicle spread equally. Ls. neatly stiiated. Plant very apt to grow in tufts : called by the common people. Hassocks, Rough Caps. Swayne in With. A. Jlexuosa. TVavy Mountain H. Panicle spreading, triple-forked, with wavy branches. Florets about the length of the calyx, acute. Awn from the middle of the outer valve, longer than the calyx, twisted. Leaves bristle shaped. E. B. 1519. Heathy, sandy places. Northleigh Heath. Sh. Foot path going from Childswell Farm to Wootten Heath. Shotover Hill. Bx. Per. June. A. prcECO.v. Early H. Panicle close, erect. Florets the length of the calyx, both stalkless. Awn nearly twice as long, from the base of the valve. Leaves bristle-shaped, with angular sheaths. E. B, 1296. C. 3. 7. Dry gravelly ground. x\n. April. This trifling grass is of no agricultural use. It withers away as summer comes on. 8m. A. caryophylUa. Siher H. Panicle spreading, triple- forked. Florets not longer than the calyx, both stalk- less. Awn twice as long, from above the middle of the valve. Leaves bristle-shaped, with ribbed close sheaths. E. B. 812. C. 6. 6. Barren sandy heaths. Pastures above Headington Wick Copse. R. W. An. July. The whole plant is soon dried up, and can yield nothing but a little early food for sheep. Sm. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Melica. 21 HOLCUS. Soft-grass. H. lanatus. Meadow S. Calyx woolly. Lower floret perfect, awnless ; upper with an arched awn. Leaves downy on both sides. Root fibrous. E. B. 1169- C. 4. 11. Meadoivs, pastures. Per. June, H. mollis. Creeping S. Calyx partly naked. Lower floret perfect, awnless ; upper with an acutely-bent, prominent awn. Leaves slio-htly downy. Root creep- ing. E. B. 1170. C. 5. 8. Pastures, shady copses, hedges. Per. July. Root widely creeping, difficult of extirpation, but not very com- mon nor troublesome in arable land. Whole plant more slender than the former, and less downy. Sm. H. avendceiis. Oat-like S. Calyx smooth. Barren floret lowest, with a sharply-bent prominent awn ; fertile one slightly elevated, scarcely awned. Leaves rather harsh. Root knotty. E. B. 813. Axiena elatior. C. 3. 6. Gramen caninum nodosum. G. E. 23. Hedges, pastures. Per. June. The plant has the habit of an arena. Ls. of a darkish green. Branches of the panicle half-whorled. The roots sometimes very troublesome to farmers in arable lands. Crop abundant, but un- palatable to cattle. Swayne. MELICA. MeHc-grass. M. uniflora. Wood M. Petals beardless. Panicle branched, drooping toward one side. Flowers erect. Spikelet with only one perfect floret. E. B. 1058. C. 5. 10. Groves, thickets. Per. May. Root fibrous, or somewhat creeping. The only perfect floret, stalkless. The neuter one on a stout bent stalk, its glumes small, abrupt, and shapeless. Its red blossoms suspended by hair-like, and almost invisible stalks, seem like insects dancing in the air. E. B. M. coerulea. Purple M. Petals beardless, acute. Pa- 22 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Glyc^ria. nicle close, erect, compound. Flowers upright, cylin- drical. E. B. 750. C. 5. 11. Moist heaths. Per. August. Root with a sort of bulb at the base. Panicle of a violet hue, many flowered. Straw with one knot, close to the root. Fishermen in the isle of Sht/e make ropes for their nets of this : it bears the water well, without rotting. In shady situations, pani- cle pale, brownish, or whitish. Stems are said to be used for brooms, or even baskets, where better materials are rare. Sm. GLYCE'RIA' . Sweet-grass. G. aqudtica. Reed?/ Sw. Panicle erect, repeatedly branched, spreading. Florets numerous, blunt, with seven ribs. Nectary cloven, acute. Poa aquatica E. B. 1315. C. 5. 12. Gramen aquaticum majus. G. E. 6. Banks of rivers. Per. August. Smooth, four feet high. Ls. sword-shaped, broad, flat. Stip. short, blunt. The most gigantic of all our meadow grasses, often six feet high. A coarse grass, acceptable to cattle, making a great part of the hay in marshy lands. It is sometimes viviparous, but sparingly. Use- fully sown on the banks of rivers, or brooks. With. The chry- salis of the beautiful Phal, festucce, gold-spot moth, sometimes found attached to its leaves. E. B. G. Jiuitans, Floating Sw. Panicle oblong, branched, nearly erect. Spikelets close- pressed. Florets nume- rous, blunt, seven-ribbed, with short intermediate ribs at the base. Nectary blunt, swollen. Poa fluitans. E. B. 1520. Festuca fluitans. Sb. 45. C. 1. 7. Gra- men fluviatile. G. E. 14. fVet meadows, ditches, hanks of rivers. Per. June. Root creeping. Ls. flat, broad, blunt. Stip. short, pointed, often torn. Seeds small, sweet, nourishing. Collected in Germany and Poland, by name of Manna seeds; esteemed a delicacy in soups. When ground to meal, make bread little inferior to that of wheat. The seeds collected for food, of which a more ample account in the Fl. Lond. They are said to be very sweet, espe- cially before they arrive at maturity ; whence the name of Manna ' Essent. Char. The little scale (nectary, Linn.) at the base of the germen, <"'£ one, fleshy piece, and the stigmas much divided. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Poa. 23 grass. The fine sharp bran is said to Icill intestinal worms in horses. Lin. Fl. Suec. The flowers, Uke those of Aira aquaiica, have a sweet taste. G. rigida. Hard Stv. Panicle spear-shaped, very rigid, leaning- one way, two-ranked, close, with smooth stalks ; branchlets alternate, the main one bordered. Florets about seven, acute, scarcely ribbed. Poa rigida. E. B. 1371. C. 2. 4, Sb. 42. Walls, dry ground. An. May. May be known readily by the extreme rigidity of its stems, and panicle. E. B. The whole plant generally assumes a brown or purplish hue, remaining bleached and dry after midsummer. POA. Meadow-grass. P. compressa. Flat-stalked 31. Panicle leaning one way, rather close. Culm compressed. Root creeping. Spikelets egg-shaped oblong. Florets connected by a web. E. B. 365. Tops of walls, dry barren ground. Per. June. Easily distinguished by its compressed stem. Cannot be cultivated in moist, or manured ground. Its produce not abundant. Sm. P. trividlis. Roughish M. Panicle spreading. Spike- lets about three-flowered. Florets spear-shaped, five- ribbed, connected by a web. Stipula lengthened out, tapering to a point. Stem and leaves roughish. Root fibrous. E. B. 1072. C. 2. 6. Meadows, pastures. — Per. June. One of the most valuable for pasturage, and hay, yielding abun- dantly, though not particvilarly early. Curtis. P. pratensis. Smooth-stalked M, Panicle spreading. Spikelets about four-flowered. Florets spear-shaped, five-ribbed, connected by a web. Stipula short and blunt. Stem and leaves smooth. Root creeping. E. B. 1073. C. 2. 5. Gramen pratense minus. G. E. 2. Walls, pastures. Per. May. The clear and essential mark of this species, compared with the last, consists in its very short, abrupt, pointless stipula, which in every leaf, and every variety, proves constant and invariable. P. 24 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Briza. pratensis is not less valuable than the trivialia. It is earlier in leaf, and will thrive with less moisture, though the latter produces, at last, a better crop. Sm. P. annua. Annual M. Panicle spreading at right angles. Spikelets egg-shaped, about five-flowered. Florets a little remote, five-ribbed, without a web. Culms oblique, compressed. E. B. 1141. C. 1. 6. Gramen minimum album. G. E. 3. Meadows, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, almost every where. An. April, November. A good grass for fodder, abundant in proportion to the richness of the soil, easily raised, but not durable. Not damaged, but rather improved, by being trodden upon. Sm. P. nemoralis. IVood M. Panicle spreading, slender, very lax. Calyx-glumes spear-shaped, taper-pointed, each three-ribbed. Spikelets spear-shaped. Florets about three, five-ribbed, acute ; silky at the keel and side ribs ; hairy at the base, without a web. Stipulas very short, notched. E. B. 1265. Groves, woods. Per. June. Culms erect, slender. Spikelets small. Fi. diffuse. In Switzer- land P. nemoralis often bears on the steins, rigid, bristly tufts like rootlets, analogous to the mossy balls of the dog-rose, and like them probably the effect of the puncture of some insect. Sm. TRIO'DIA.' Heath-grass. T. decumhens. Decumbent H. Panicle nearly simple, close, erect. Florets four ; their middle tooth shortest. Calyx smooth. Stipula hairy. Culm lying down. Poa decumbens. E. B. 79 2. Festuca decumbens. Sb. 46. Dry pastures, heaths. Shotover Hill, Southleigh Heath. Sb. Bogs under Bullingdon Green, (Bagley Wood.) Bx. Per. Jidy. Calyx-glumes (about) as long as the spikelet. Linn. Fl. Suec. Ls. stiff, rolled inwards. Spikelet swelling. BRIZA. Quaking-grass. B. media. Common Q. Spikelets egg-shaped, about ' Gr. three-toothed. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Festuca. 25 seven flowered. Calyx shorter than the florets. Stipiila very short and blunt. E. B. 340. Pastures, Per. June. Panicle diffuse, tremulous. Culm simple, solitary. DA'CTYLIS. Cock's-foot-grass. D. glomerata. Rough C. Panicle distantly branched. Flowers in close globular tufts, leaning one way. Co- rolla somewhat awned, five-ribbed, taper-pointed. E. B. 335. Meadows, Pastures. Per. July. Ls. harsh and rough. Lower branches of the panicle very strad- dling, sometimes compound. A harsh coarse grass, not very acceptable to cattle ; but when cultivated on dry, open land, its quality becomes excellent, and the crop abundant. Sm. CYNOSU'RUS. Dog's-tail-grass. C. cristatus. Crested D. Spike simple, linear. Neuter spikelets without awns. E. B. 316. Gramen crista- tum. G. E. 29.* Dry 'pastures, meadows. Per. June. Each spikelet with another abortive one, resembling a small double-toothed comb. Valuable grass for sheep and deer, thriving on dry open ground. One of Cobbett's grasses for straw plat. FESTU'CA. Fescue-grass. - F. ovina. Sheep's F. Panicle leaning one way, rather close. Florets cylindrical, pointed or awned ; smooth at the base, and at the edges of the inner valve. Stem square towards the upper part. Leaves folded, bristle- shaped. Stipula short and blunt. E. B. 585. F. te- nuifolia Sb. 44 ? Dry open pastures. Per. June. The square stem, a distinctive mark ; also the smooth-edged inner valve of the cor. Supposed peculiarly excellent for sheep. Cattle leave the stalks of this, and other gi'asses untouched : a provision of nature to increase the grasses. The flowers vary with, and without awns. .Sibthorps F. tenuifolia in Smith's Eng. Fl. 26 TRIANDRIA DIGYMA. Festuca. var. ^. is ovina, with awnless florets ; found on Bullingdon Green. Sb. F. duriiiscula. Hard F. Panicle leaning one way, spreading. Florets longer than their awns. Stem round. Upper leaves flat. Root fibrous. E. B. 470. Still, f. C. Gr. f. Pastures, dry meadotvs, ivaste ground, thickets. Per. June. Root and stem Is. bristle-shaped, generally tudce or thrice the size of ovina. Spikelets become flattened, by the expansion of the glumes. Yields a good and early crop, acceptable to all kinds of cattle. Swayne. F. hromoides. Brome F. Panicle nearly erect, race- mose. Florets tapering, shorter than their a^vns, rough at the top. Leaves tapering, shorter than their sheaths. Upper half of the stem naked. E. B. 1411. Walls, dry pastures. An. June. B. ? A pale, smooth, slender, insignificant grass. Ls. light green. C'aly.v-valves, one entire, the other tapering to an a^^Tilike point. Differs from F. Myurus by its sub-spiked panicle, and unfriaged glumes. Linn. F. Myurus. TVall F. Panicle drooping, lengthened out, spike-like, pointing one way. Florets tapering, shorter than their a\\Tis, rough at the top. Leaves awl-shaped. Stem leafy to the summit. E. B. 1412. Walls, barren sandy ground. An. May. B? More frequent than F. bromoides. Its long, silky panicles wave with ever)' breath of wind. Its panicle much longer, and more slender than that of F. bromoides, and somewhat drooping. F. gigantea. Tall F, Panicle large, branched, droop- ing, twice compound, spreading. Florets from three to six, egg-spear-shaped, shorter than their a\\Tis. Sti- pula abrupt, eared, clasping the stem. E. B. 1820. Bromus giganteus. C. 5. 7« Sb. 48. Woods, hedges. Per. July. Habit of a Bromus — placed among Festucas from the absence of fringe to the inner valve of cor. H. This is easily mistaken for Bromus asper, which is rough, and hairy : in F. gigantea, leaves and stem, bright glossy green, smooth. Slip, bright purple and cloven. Ls. a finger's breadth. TRIAXDRIA DIGYXIA. Festuca. 27 F. loUdcea. Darnel F. Spike two-ranked, drooping. Spikelets nearly stalkless, distant, linear-oblong. Florets cylindrical, awnless, pointed, with five sliglit ribs at the top. E. B. 1821. C. 6. 9. Moist pastures, meadovjs. Per. June. Greatly resembles LoHuin perenne : distinguished from it by its t«"0-valved calj'x, and paler hue : its seeds rarely ripened : a good pasture grass, two feet high. SjJikelets alternate, lengthened out. F. pratensis. Meadow F. Panicle nearly upright, branched, spreading, pointing to one side. Spikelets linear, compressed. Florets numerous, cylindrical, obscurely ribbed. Nectary four-cleft. Root fibrous. E. B. 1592. C. 6. 7. Pastures, meadows. Per. June. A hardy, early grass, affording a plentiful crop. C. Requires a rich soil. Linn. Fl. Suec. Two feet high. Upper leaves, rough on both sides. FL numerous. F. eldtior. Tall F. Panicle somewhat drooping, much branched, spreading loosely every way. Spikelets egg- spear-shaped. Florets numerous, cylindrical, some- what awned, obscurely ribbed. Xectary four-cleft. Root creeping. E. B. 159-3. C. 6. 8. Moist meadovcs, hanks of rivers. Per. June. From three to nearly five feet high. Ls. t\\"ice the size of F. pra- tensis : its panicle much more branched, and drooping. Spike- lets egg-shaped, acute, less compressed. Ls. rough on the margin. A nutritious grass for marshland hay. F. syhdtica. Slender JVood F. Spike simple, droop- ing. Spikelets alternate, stalkless, nearly cylindrical, turned to one side. Awns longer than their glumes. Leaves hairy. Root fibrous. Bromus sylvaticus. E. B. 729. Dry copses, thickets. Per. July. A Festuca, as the beards arise from the extremity- of the glumes : ver\- slender, bright green. Referred to Festuca from its per- fectly loose seed. Sm. F. pinndta. Spiked Heath F. Spike simple, erect, two-ranked. Spikelets alternate, somewhat stalkless ; 28 TRIAXDRIA DIGYNIA. Bromus. plain side towards the culm, nearly cylindrical. Awns shorter than their glumes. Leaves nearly smooth. Root somewhat creeping. Bromus pinnatus. E. B. 730. Open fields, heaths on a chalky soil. Sm. Woodstock Park. Sh. Copses and hedges, common enough about Oxford. D. Bohart. in Rail ^ynop. Ed. 3rd. Burford Downs. Goodenough. Shad- well Copse. Between Upper He}"ford, and Northbrook, &c. Bz. Per. July. Whole plant more rigid, and less hairy than the last, the .spike more elegant, erect, and smooth. Sm. Joints smooth, silvery, spike- lets not as in F. syhatica, close pressed to the spike-stalk, but very distant. Geological strata may be marked through this plant in the surface without excavation. Sedgwick in Geol. Trans. See WincK s Transactions of Nor thumher land. BROMUS. Brome-Grass. B. secalinus. Smooth Rye Br. Panicle spreading ; slightly subdivided below. Spikelets oblong-egg-shaped, of about ten, distinct, somewhat cyhndrical, smooth, somewhat remote florets. Awns w^avy, shorter than the glumes. Leaves slightly hairy. Spike half an inch. E. B. 1171. Cornfields. An. May. A useless, and rather troublesome weed in arable land. Sv:ayne. B. mollis. Soft Br. Panicle erect, rather close, com- pound. Spikelets egg-shaped, downy. Florets tiled, depressed, ribbed. Awns straight, as long as the glumes. Leaves and sheaths very soft and downy. E. B. 1078. C. 1. 8. Walls, pastures. Bien.? May. Crop of herbage small, and of little value. Sinclair. B. racemosus. Smooth Br. Panicle nearly erect, spreading, simple. Spikelets egg-shaped-oblong, smooth. Florets tiled, depressed, ribbed. Awns as long as the glumes. Leaves somewhat downy. E. B. 1079. B. prateiisis. E. B. 1984. B. arvensis. E. B. 920. Mea.dov:s and paMures. Christ Church, and Merton Meadows, Oxford. Cowley Fields. Cheney Lane. Meadows between St. Clement's and Iffley. Bx. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Bromiis. 29 An. or Bien. June. More slender in habit than the preceding, not soft to the touch. The panicle is generally simple. Spikelets larger, more swollen, rough to the touch, but naked and shining. Outer valve of the corolla marked with two green ribs at each side. B. arvensis. Taper Field Br. Panicle spreading, drooping", compound, half-whorled. Spikelets spear- shaped, acute. Florets about eight, tiled, smoothish, with two close ribs at each side. Leaves hairy. E. B. 1984. Cornfields, rare. Ditchley. 3Ir. f-P'oodicard in Bot. Guide, An. July. Distinguished by its rather large, but slender, at length drooping panicle, and spikelets mostly of a purplish tinge. B. erectus. Upright Perennial Br. Panicle erect, slightly branched. Spikelets linear- spear-shaped. Flo- rets about eight, loosely tiled, spear-shaped, com- pressed. Awn shorter than the glumes, straight. Root leaves very narrow, fringed with scattered hairs. E. B. 471. Fields, road sides, in a sandy soil over chalk. Sm. Ditchley Park. Mr. fVoodivard. Not rare in Oxfordshire. Sm. and R. W. Per. June. Two or three feet high, habit of a Festuca. Glumes minutely fringed. Antli. of a fine saffron colour. B. asper. Hairy JVood Br. Panicle drooping, branched. Spikelets linear-oblong. Florets about eight, rather distant, spear-shaped, compressed, downy. A^^'ns shorter than the glumes. Leaves uniform ; lower ones hairy. E. B. 1172. Bromus hirsutus. C. 2. 8. Sb. 48. Moist woods, hedges. Per. July. Florets about nine. Sheaths of the leaves very hairy. Ls. broad. The awn on the back, and fringed inner husk, distinguish this from Fest. cjigantea. A gigantic grass, often six feet. B. sferilis. Barren Br. Panicle drooping', a little branched. Spikelets linear-spear-shaped, their foot stalks very long. Florets about seven, spear-shaped, seven-ribbed, furrowed. Awns longer than the glumes. Leaves downy, narrow. E. B. 1030. C. 1. 9. Fields, ivaste ground, hedges. An. June. 30 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Avena. Spikelets long, narrow, much awned, distant : about one foot and a half high. Styles grow sideways out of the germ., as in Br. diandrus. Specific name from the unprofitable nature of the grass. B. diandrus. Upright jinnual Br. Panicle upright, a little spreading, scarcely subdivided. Florets spear- shaped, with two close marginal ribs, and only two stamens generally. E. B. 1006. C. 6. 5. Sandy ground, walls. Iffley. Sh. Old walls about Oxford. Hudson. An. May. A foot high : less downy than B. sterilis. With an erect, more compact joan. never lax, nor drooping. AVE'NA. Oat, or Oat-Grass. A. fdtua. Wild Oaty or Haver. Panicle erect, much branched. Spikelets drooping. Florets about three, shorter than the calyx, hairy at the base, with an oblique scar, all awned. E. B. 2221. ^gilops bro- moides. G. E. 77- Cornfields. Upper Heyford, abundant. Rose Hill. Bx. An. Jidy. Ls. rough. Glumes yellow, with brown hairs. Awn two inches long ; an excellent hygrometer. The oblique scar at the base of each _^ore^ distinguishes this species from A. sativa, whose scar is transverse, and the glumes smooth. The flowers may serve for artificial flies. A troublesome weed ; extirpated by burning, and fallowing. A. puhescens. Downy Oat-grass. Panicle erect, nearly simple. Florets about three, longer than the calyx. Partial stalk bearded. Leaves flat, downy. Root somewhat creeping. E. B. 1640. Dry chalky pastures. Sm. Cowley, Li ttlemore. Bull in gd on. Sh. Per. June. Straight. Flos, club-shaped, cylindrical, summit of the glumes, shining, and transparent. Pan. purplish, shining, white. Not liked by cattle. Swayne. A. pratensis. Narroiv-leaved Oat-grass. Panicle erect, somewhat spiked. Florets about five, longer than the calyx. Partial stalk all over hairy. Leaves rolled inward, finely saw-toothed, naked ; sheaths smooth. E. B. 1204. Dry, chalky, or lime-stone pastures. Sm. Per. July. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Lolium. 31 K. Jlavescens, Yellow 0. Panicle lax, much branched, spreading, erect. Florets about three, longer than the very unequal calyx. Leaves flat, a little downy. Root somewhat creeping. E. B. 952. C. 3. 5. Meadows, jMstures, in chalky and lime-stone situations. Sm. Per. June. All the fios. bearded. Pan. yellowish, shining. Fl. very small. Root creeping. Culm about one foot. A good agricultural grass. ARUNDO. Reed. Ang. Sax. A. Phragmites.^ Common Reed. Florets about five, awnless, longer than the calyx. Panicle loose. E. B. 401. A. vallatoria. G. E. S^. f. 1. Marshes, ditches, and about the hanks of pools and rivers. Per. Jiily. Six feet. Cal, smooth. At the base of each floret a large tuft of white silky hairs. Used for thatching, garden-fences, &c. and is annually cut for these purposes. More durable than straw for thatching ; laid across the frame of wood-work, as a foundation for plaster floors. Reed pens for sketching. Pan. used by Swedes to dye woollen green. Its waving silvery plumes orna- mental on banks of rivers, &c. The young shoots, if cut ofl" from the root where not exposed to the light, are said to make an excellent pickle. A. epigejos.^ Wood Heed. Calyx single-flowered, longer than the corolla. Panicle erect, close. Flowers crowded, leaning one way. Corolla with a back awn about as long as the hairs and calyx. Leaves spear- shaped, smooth beneath. E. B. 403. Moist woods. Magdalen College copse. Tar Wood. Sb. Copse, near Horsepath, by the foot-path. R. W. Furze field, near Bullingdon Green. B.v. Cal. valves rough. Stem nearly as tall, but rather more slender than Ar. Phragmites : leafy, smooth. LO'LIUM. Darnel. L. perenne. Perennial D. Rye- Grass. Corolla very slightly awned. Spikelets compressed, longer than the calyx. Florets spear-shaped. E. B. 315. H. L. 1. 18. L. rubrum. G. E. 78. f. 1- Meadows, pastures. ' Gr. phrasso, to fence. ^ Gr. creeping on the ground. 32 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Hordeum. Per. June. Spike sometimes branched alternately. Side of the spike-stalk supplies the defect of the two inner valves. Makes excellent hay upon dry, chalky soils ; comes early : best suited to the light land of Norfolk : does not last many years, unless the soil be rich. F'ar. with short, broad, egg-shaped, close spike. Some- times termed battledore-grass. Bx. L. temulentum. Bearded D. Awns longer than the corolla. Spikelets shorter than the calyx. Florets elliptical. Stem rough in the upper part. E. B. 1124. L. album. G. E. 78. Fields. Rare about Oxford. Bx. An. July. Stem two feet, erect ; smooth below. Ls. green, rough. Seeds said to be poisonous, intoxicating, and fatal. Monthly Rev. v. 67. L. arvense. Short-awned D, Corolla slightly awned. Spikelets as long as the calyx. Florets elliptical. Stem very smooth. E. B. 1125. Fields, rare. Cowley Field. Bx. An. July. Smaller; almost all smooth. Awns indistinct, or scarcely distin- guishable. ^ E'LYMUS. Lyme-grass. E. europcEiis. Wood Lyme-grass. Spike erect. Florets about two, rough, awned, as well as the calyx. Leaves flat, phant. E. B. 1317. JVonds, thickets, hedges, on a chalky soil. Sm. * Stokenchurch Woods, Oxfordshire, plentifully. Bohart in, Raii Synops. and Sb. Ardley, id. Not rare in Oxfordshire, according to Smith. Per. June. Grassy green : two feet. Spike two or three inches : flor. often solitary. Habit of a Hordeum. Harsh, coai'se grass. HO'RDEUM. Barley. H. murinmn. Wall Barley. Mouse B. Way Bennet. side flowers barren. Calyx-valves of the intermediate one, spear-shaped, fringed. E. B. 1971- C. 5. 9. H. spurium. G, E. 73. Waste ground, way-sides. An. Per. ? June. Culms lying down at the' base. Ls. rough, brightish green. In- volucrets of the intermediate florets fringed. Twelve to eighteen inches high. i?ooi! fibi'ous. Of no aaricultural use. TRIAXDRIA DIGYNIA. Tnticum. 33 H. pratense. Meadow B. Side flowers imperfect, with awns. All the calyx valves bristle-shaped and rough. E. B. 409. Gramen secalinum, G. E. 29. Meadows, pastures, especially such as are rather moist. Per. June. Culms erect, eighteen inches, to two feet. Ls. roughish. Cal. valve-awns shorter than in H. murinum. Involucrets bristly, rough. Spike more close, and narrow than in H. inurinum. In moist meadows, produces a considerable crop of hay. TRI'TICUM. Wheat.' Wheat-grass. T. repens. Creeping Wlieat-grass. Couch-grass, Ca- lyx-valves pointed, or awned, spear-shaped, many- ribbed. Florets about five, sharp-pointed, or awned. Leaves flat. Root creeping. E. B. 909. Waste, as well as cultivated land, almost every where. Per. July. Slender, erect, two feet. Ls. upper side rough. Roots mildly aperient, diuretic : may be made into bread. Sold in the market at Naples to feed horses with. Sweet liquorish taste. Recommended by Boerhaave, and Plenck in visceral, and hepatic obstructions. Dogs eat the leaves to excite vomiting. Ge- rarde observes in his Herbal, " although that couch-grasse be an unwelcome guest to fields and gardens, yet his physicke vertues do recompence those hurts." The fibres of the root downy ; a provi- sion of nature, found in most grasses of very dry situations, in order to fix them more securely, or to multiply the surface, and points of absorption. T. caninum. ' Fibrous-rooted TVheat-grass. Calyx- valves somewhat aAvned, with three or five ribs. Florets four, awned. Leaves flat. Root fibrous. E. B. 1372. Woods, shady hedges, on a chalky, or limestone soil. Sm. Stoken- church Woods plentifully. Ray. Stow Wood, Tar Wood, Stokenchurch, Ardley. Sb. Road side of towing-path, near Oxford. Bx. Per. July. Straight, erect, bright green. Ls. rough on both sides. The oppo- site calyx-valves distinguish T. caninum from an Elymus. Di- vided from Triticum by Linn, on account of the lower spikelets being double. The fibrous root distinguishes this from T. repens. ' Ang. Sax. D 34 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Dipsacus. TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. MO'NTIA/ Blinks. M. fontdna. Small Water-Chickweed. Blinks. E. B. 1206. C. 3. 8. In ivatery places, hy the sides of little clear rills, especially on a gra- velly soil. Shotover Hill, Southleigh Heath. Sb. Near Horse- path. (Bagley Wood.) Bx. An. May, June. Bx. Smooth, spreading. Ls. opposite, rather fleshy, elliptic-spear- shaped, entire. Fl. white, on long foot stalks. Seeds black. Its minute flowers seldom entirely open : hence one of its names, Blinks. A larger variety found. TVitli. Fl. open in the brightest sunshine only. A diminutive plant. Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Stainens ^. equal. Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . DIPSACUS." Teasel.^ D. sylvestris. Wild T. Leaves opposite, saw-toothed. Scales of the receptacle straight. Common calp^ bent inwards, longer than the head. E. B. 1032. C. 3. 9. G. E. 1167. ^4hout moist hedges, and by road sides. Bien. July. Stem about four feet, straight, branched, prickly. Ls. sometimes joined at the base, oblong, veiny, prickly : root-ones blunter, depressed. Fl. heads terminal, solitary, egg-shaped, erect. Fl. very numerous, dense, palish purple, each with a linear-spear- shaped scale of the recept. Not so stout a plant as D.fullonum, involucre not spreading. Heads of this sometimes mixed with those of the D. fullonum : its straight scales render it useless for dressing cloth. Cavities of the Is. contain a considerable quantity of water, after rain. D. pilosus. Small Teasel. ShepJierd's Staff. Leaves stalked, with side leaflets. Involucres bent back, about 1 .4fter Monti, a Bolognese Professor. - Gr. Dipsao, to he thirsty, the united leaves round the stem holding a quan- tity of water after rain. 3 Taesan, A. Sax to card, from teasing, i. e. combing wool, &c. TETRANDRIA MONOGYMA. Scabiosa. 35 the length of the head. E. B. 877- C. 1. 10. D. minor, sive Virga pastorls. G. E. 1168. Moist, shady placea. Near Tharne Park. Sb. Ditch, near Bays- water. Bx. * * Bien. July. Siem three or four feet, erect, branched, verj rough, with ascend- ing hooked prickles. Ls. opposite, egg-shaped, pointed, saw- toothed. F'l. white, heads small, round, terminal, long-stalked. Cal. common, is. spear-shaped. Cor. funnel-shaped, five lobed, hairy. Anth. purple. SCABIO'SA. Scabious. S. succisa. DeviVs-bit Sc. Corolla in four equal seg- ments. Heads nearly round. Stem leaves distantly- toothed. E. B. 878. C. 3. 10. Morsus diaboli. G. E. 726. Grassy, rather moist pastures. Per. July. Root abruptly bitten off at the lower end. Stem one to two feet, erect, leafy, with three or more^. Ls. dark-green, hairy : root- ones egg-shaped, bluntish, entire : uppermost ones smaller, spear- shaped, entire. Fl. dark, purplish blue ; heads on long termi- nal fl. stalks : the central one most considerable : hairs on the main stem bent back, downwards, not elsewhere. Called Devil" s-bit from a legend, that the Devil, says Ger. in envy of the plant's virtues, bit off the end of the root : it has been remarked, that after this bite, no virtues can be found remaining, in the root, or elsewhere. Dried Is. to dye wool yellow or green. Fl. sometimes white. The hairs on every part of the flower stalks point upwards. Seed-crown chiefly of five bristles. S. a7'vensis. Field Sc. Corolla in four segments ; the marginal flowers radiate. Leaves wing-cleft, cut. Stem bristly. E. B. 659. C. 4. 13. S. major vul- garis. G. E. 719. Cornfields, pastiores. Per. June. Stem about one yard, branched. Ls. root-ones numerous, spear- shaped, more or less saw-toothed. Branches spreading, with a solitary terminal flower. Fl. large, pale purple. Anth. flesh- coloured. /Sect/ four cornered. The flowers held over tobacco smoke, changed to a beautiful green ; the alkali of the smoke acting on them. Var. Fl. white. Plant slightly astringent. Sheep and goats are said to eat this herb, but its bitter and nauseous flavour is not agreeable to domestic cattle. S. columbdricL Small Sc. Corolla in five unequal seg- D 2 36 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Asperula. ments. Root leaves egg-shaped, or lyrate, notched ; the rest wing-cleft, linear. E. B. 1311. S. minor, sive columbaria. G. E. 719. Pastures, waste ground. Bullingdon Green. Sb. Abundant on sandy banks between Stow Wood, and Beckley, &c. Bx. Per. June. Smaller, more slender than S. arvensis : twelve to eighteen inches. Stem erect, round, leafy. Ls. stalks of lowermost /*. longish, remaining Is. stalkless ; the segments entire. Fl. terminal, stalks long, naked. Fl. light purple, marginal _^. large, radiant, much larger than the inner. Stem /*. very narrow. Discrim. Cor. five cleft. SHERA^RDIA.' Sherardia, or Field-madder. S. arvensis. Blue 81i. Little F.-m. All the leaves whorled. Flowers terminal. E. B. 891. C. 5. 13. Fallow fields, or among corn. An. Jime. Plant small, slender ; habit of a Galium. Stems several, branched, spreading in every direction. Ls. elliptic, or inversely egg- shaped, pointed, entire. Fl. Is. inclosing three or fovxr blossoms. Fl. purplish-blue, tube slender, tapering to the base. Cal. of two, three -clefted, permanent leaves. Fruit two dry seeds. ASPE'RUL A. " Woodruff. 5 A. odordta. Sweet W. Leaves about eight in a whorl, spear-shaped. Panicles stalked, of few flowers. E. B. 755. C. 4. 15. Asperula. G. E. 1124. Dry woods. Per. May. Stem upright, simple, leafy, about a span high. Ls. bright green, rough only at the margin. Panicle forked, terminal ; stalks longish. Fl. snowy white, sometimes fragrant. Fruit rough, with ascending bristles. The dry, or drying herb exhales a pleasant, and lasting fragrance, resembhng new hay. To drive away ticks ; to give a grateful flavour to wine. The Ls. infused an aromatic tea. A. cyndnchica. Small W. Squiriancy-wort.^ Leaves ' Named after Dr. William Sherard, founder of a Botanical Professorship at Oxford, and reputed author of Schola Botanica. Died 1728. 2 Asper, Lat. rough. ^ From the position of leaves, like a ruff. * From its supposed efficacy in quinsy. TETRANDRIA iMONOGYNIA. Galium. 37 linear, four in a whorl ; the upper ones very unequal. Flowers all four-cleft. Fruit smooth. E. B. 33. Synanchica. G. E. 1120. Dry, chalky hanks. * Bullingdon Green, Stokenchurch Hills, Wychwood Forest. Sb. Headington Quarry, Shooter's Hill, Pangbourn, Berks. R. W. Per. July. Stems four to six inches, generally trailing, erect at the extremities. Fl. white, or blush-coloured, elegantly marked with red lines. Ls. upper ones three, or two at a joint. GA'LIUM.' Bed-straw. * Fruit smooth. G. crucidtum. Gross-wort^ Beds. Mug-weed. Leaves eg"g"-shaped, hairy, four in a whorl. Stem hairy, simple above. Flowers axillary, clustered from the side of the stalks, with two leaves. E. B. 143. Cru- ciata. G. E. 1123. Tliickets. Tar Wood, Wychwood Forest. Sb. Per. May. Stems one foot and a half, branched at the base, resting against bushes, &c. weak. Fl. in small corymbs, polygamous, yellow, variable in structure : segments from three to five. Ls. light green. Plard, particularly the roots, to dye red : astringent. G. palustre. White Water IB. Leaves oblong-spear- shaped, blunt ; the upper ones four in a whorl, unequal in size. Stem weak ; spreadingly branched. E. B. 1857. H. L. 1. 20. Moist meadows, ditches, borders of rivers. — Per. July. Stem among tall water plants, rising to three or four feet, four cornered. Fl. white, three cleft, and somewhat umbellate, and again sub-divided. Panicle large, loose, at the base two leaves or one. Segm. of Cor. broad, acute, but not pointed. Ls. some- times more than four in a whorl. G. saxdtile. Smooth Heath B. Leaves six in a whorl, inversely egg-shaped, blunt with a small point. Stem much branched, trailing, smooth. Fruit granulated. E. B. 815. G. procumbens. Sb. 59. Heaths, hilly ground. Per. June. ' From Gala, milk, Gr. because one at least of the genus, Gal. verum, coagu- lates milk. 38 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Galium. Plant small. Stem two to six inches, very slender at the base. FL panicles terminal, and lateral, three forked, smooth, milk-white, small. Fruit small, studded with minute gi^anulations. Ls. roughish at the edges. Discriminated by its granulated fruit, which is found also in Gal. tricorne, a very different species. G. uliginosum. Rough Marsh B. Leaves six in a whorl, inversely egg-spear-shaped, rigid, bristle-pointed; their edges rough, like the stem, with prickles pointing backwards. Fruit smooth, smaller than the corolla. E. B. 1972. H. L. 1. 21. JVet meadotvs, &c. Per. July. Stem one foot or more, branched, rough, weak, and brittle. Ls. from the side of the stem, adhering to almost every thing in con- tact with them. FL small, white, terininal, and from the side, cloven. F)'. small, dotted. Ls. variable in number. Discriminated by prickles at the edge of the Ls. and the sharp bristle point, from G. saxatile. G. erectum. Upynght B. Leaves whorled, about eight, spear-shaped, bristle-pointed ; rough at their edges with prickles, all pointing forward. Stem weak, a little hairy under each joint. E. B. 2067- Mountainous Pastures. Henley. Sb. Per. June. Pan. close, terminal. Cor. white, taper-pointed. Ls. scarcely inversely egg-shaped, except some of the lower ; slightly glaucous, much veined with net- work, smooth on both sides ; the edges, and adjoining portion of the disk above with a double row of hooked prickles. Stems one and a half to two feet ; plant larger than G. uliginusum. G. tricorne. Rough-fruited Corn B. Three-jiowered Goose-grass. Leaves about eight in a whorl, spear- shaped, with marginal prickles, bent back, like those on the stem. Stalks axillary, three-flowered. Fruit sharply granulated, drooping. E. B. 1641. G. spu- rium. Sb. 59. Dry, chalky fields. Headington Field, Stanton Harcourt, South- leigh. Sb. Between Cowley Marsh and Rose Hill. R. W. Wheatley Road, and Headington Quarry. Between Tackley and Northbrook. B.i\ Stems one foot or more, weak, simple. Fl. stalks scarcely so long as the Ls. three-cleft, with mostly three/, and a pair of bracteas. Fl. cream-coloured. Stalks after flowering curved downwards. Fr. appearance of having been cut with a sharp instrument. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. G41ium. 39 G. verum. Yellow B. Leaves eight in a wliorl, linear, channelled, entire, rough. Flowers in close panicles. Fruit smooth. E. B. 660. C. 6. 13. G. luteum. G. E. 1126. Dry ground. Var. white fl. Sonning, Berks. Ttir. Per. June. , Stems about one foot and a half, seldom quite upright, without sup- port, roundish, smooth. Ls. pointing downwards, dark green, Fl. stalks much branched, smaller ones short, Fl. yellow- golden. A strong decoction of the plant, a good rennet to curdle boiling milk. The root to dye red. Flowers smell strongly before rain, and wind. Fl. Suec. The whole herbage to dye yellow : sup- ports the finest verdure in the dryest weather. G. Mollugo. Great Hedge-B. Leaves about eight in a whorl, elliptical, bluntish, bristle-pointed, rough-edged. Flowers in loose, spreading panicles. Corolla thick- tipped. Seeds smooth, round. E. B. 1673. Rubia sylvestris. G. E. 11]8. Hedges, thickets. Per. July. Stems weak, and sometimes rising to three or four feet, with sup- port; branched, leafy, swollen, and pale above the joints, mostly smooth, i^/. numerous, pure- white. Cor. segments, each tipped with an erect point. Fl. stalks terminal, rising from the whorls of the Ls. Leaf prickles pointing forwards. Ls. of the lower whorls very blunt, almost oblong-battledore-shaped, with a very short sudden point. ( Galium anglicum. See Appendix.) G. Aparine. Goose-grass^ or Cleavers. Leaves eight in a whorl, spear-shaped, keeled, rough, fringed with prickles bent back. Stem weak. Fruit bristly. E- B. 816. C. 2. 9. Aparine. G. E. 1122. Hedges. A"n. July. Stem remarkably adhesive, long, four-cornered, joints woolly, branches opposite. Fl. few, pale-w^hitish, from the bosom of the Ls. Fr. a double globe, bristles hooked, and seeds thus dispersed by adhering. Leaves and branches, a filter for milk. Four ounces of the expressed juice, night and morning, taken internally for several weeks, to remove what have commonly been styled scorbutic com- plaints. The roots dye red. The seeds instead of coffee. 4U TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Plantago. PLANTA'GO.' Plaintain. P. major. Greater" P. Leaves broadly egg-shaped, sinoothish, somewhat toothed, on longish foot-stalks. Flower-stalks round. Spike tapering. Seeds nu- merous. E. B. 1558. C. 2. 11. P. latifolia. G. E. 419. Pastures, way-sides. Per. June. Stalks nine to eighteen inches. Ls. root-ones upright or spread- ing, ribs seven or nine. Spike long, slender, acute. Fl, very numerous, closely tiled. Cor. Sindfilam. white. Antli. reddish. Plant varies greatly in size. Seeds eaten by small birds. Plant astringent, mucilaginous. Green Is. applied to cuts. P. media. Hoary P. Leaves egg-shaped, downy, with very short foot-stalks. Flower-stalks round. Spike cylindrical. Seeds solitary. E. B. 1559. C 4. 14. P. incana. G. E. 419. Dry pastures. Per. June. Stems five to ten inches. Ls. pressed close to the ground, about five-ribbed, entire. Foot-stalks broad. FI. stalks tall, hoary. Filam. long, pale-purple. Anth. whitish. Caps, cell one- seeded. This plant a nuisance on lawns, destroyed by applying a drop of sulphuric acid on the crown of each root. Medical properties, like those of the former. P. lanceoldta. Ribwort P. Leaves spear-shaped, entire, tapering at each end ; nearly woolly at the base. Flower-stalks angular. Spike egg-shaped. E. B. 507. C. 2. 10. P. quinquenervia." G. E. 422. Meadows, pastures. Per. June. Stalks about one foot, and shoot to a considerable length after flowering. Ls. root-ones for the most part upright, ribbed. Spike tiled with black scales. Anth. prominent, cream-coloured. Eaten by cattle, mixed with other herbage. P. Coronopiis.^ BucWs-horn P. Star of Earth. Leaves in many wing-cleft linear segments. Flower-stalks round. E. B. 892. Cornu cervinum. G. E. 427- ' i. e. called the plant, by way of excellence. * Korone, a crow, and jious, a foot. Gr. TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cornus. 41 Dry, sandy, gravelly ground. Bullingdon Green. Behind the Ob- servatory. Sb. New College Gardens. Rev. Mr. Young. An. June. Stalk four to seven inches. Ls. root-ones numei'ous, spreading in a star-like form, mostly pressed close to the ground. Spike close, gi'eenish, short. Plant very variable in size, and in the clefts oils. (CENTU'NCULUS. Chaff-weed. C. minimus. Small Ch. Flowers stalkless. Corolla glandless at the base. E. B. 531. C. 3. 11. Watery heaths. On Gerard's Cross Common, near Bulstrode, Bucks, in great plenty with Radiola millegrana. Tur. An. June, July. Very diminutive, one to two inches high. Ls, egg-shaped. Fl. axillary, solitary, stalkless, white or reddish, opening in bright sunshine only.) SANGUISORBA.' Burnet. S. officinalis. Great B. Spikes e^^g-shaped. E. B. 1312. P. sylvestris. G. E. 1045^. Meadows, pastures. Per. July. Stem two feet, erect, with few Is. panicled above. Ls. winged, with an odd one at the end. Leaflets opposite, egg-shaped, sharply notched : a pair of small toothed appendages at the base of their partial stalks. Root Ls. on long foot-stalks : the rest nearly stalkless, with stipulas. Fl. dark, dull purple. Spikes terminal. CORNUS.^ Cornel. C. sanguinea. Wild G.y Dog-wood. Branches straight. Leaves green on both sides. Cymes with no involucre, flat. E. B. 249. C.foemina. G. E. 1467- Hedges, thickets. Per. a shrub. June. Four or five feet : hark smooth ; dark red, in the older branches. Ls. opposite, egg-shaped, entire, strongly nerved, entii'ely red, before falling. FL in cymes, terminal, greenish white : pet. rolled back in the margin. Germ, crowned with a glandular ring. Berries dark purple, bitter. ' From a supposed astringent power of the plant, to suppress and absorb blood : sanguis, blood, and sorbeo. to absorb. 2 From Lat. cornu, a horn : from the hardness of tiie wood. H. 42 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Alchemilla. Wood very hard for turners. A lamp, or salad oil from the pressed berries, boiled in water. Berries dye purple. P ARIETA'RIA. ' Wall-pellitoiy. P. officinalis. Common IVall-P. Leaves egg-spear- shaped, without side ribs at the base. Involucre three- flowered, with many egg-shaped segments. Stem ascending. E. B. 879. C. 4. ^S. Parietaria. G. E. 331. JValh. Per. June. Stem bushy, ascending, leafy, shining, generally very red. Ls. alternate, obliquely twisted, dark-green. Fl. axillary, greenish white. Stam. filam. curiously jointed, or wrinkled, starting back elastically, once touched, and thus discharging the pollen copiously. Mucilaginous, emollient, but inferior to the Mallow tribe in that respect : contains a considerable quantity of nitre. ALCHEMILLA." Lad/s Mantle.^ A. vulgaris. Common L. Leaves lobed, somewhat kidney-shaped, plaited, sharply saw-toothed. E. B. 597. Alchimilla. G. E. 949. Dry pastures. Pastures near Stow Wood. Burford Downs. Wychwood Forest. Sb. Between Burford and Wychwood Forest, just above the Hit or Miss Public-house. Cassington. Bx. Finmere Church-yard. R. Pr. Stems more or less trailing, leafy. Ls. root-ones on long foot- stalks, large, roundish, saw-toothed : verdure of upper surface very fine. Stem Ls. smaller, connected with a pair of large toothed stipulas, upper Ls. gradually diminishing into bracteas. Fl. corymbose, terminal, numerous, gi'een, downy, yellow in the centre. A very elegant plant in habit and appearance. Astringent : said to have proved fatal to cows, producing an irremediable con- stipation. A. arvensis. Field L. Parsley Pieyt. Leaves flat, three-lobed, cut. E. B. 1011. Percipier anglorum. G. E. 1594. Sandy, gravelly fields. An. April. ~ ' From paries, Lat. a wall, on which the plant generally grows. Coastan- tine used to call Trajan, Parietaria, on account of the numerous buildings on which his name appeared. - A plant formerly in renown among the alchemists, ^ i_ g of our Lady.' TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 43 Stems numerous, spreading, or prostrate, leafy. Ls. alternate, plain, stalks short. FL tufted, axillary, hairy, green, inconspi- cuous, from the side of the stems. Cal. urn-shaped. Stam. sometimes only one. Altogether smaller than Alch. vulgaris. Formerly esteemed diuretic. TETRANDRIA TETRA' GYNIA. ILEX. Holly.' I. AqiiifSlium.^ Common H, (In Norfolk, Christmas.) Leaves egg-shaped, acute, thorny and wavy. Flowers axillary, somewhat cymose. E. B. 496. Agrifolium. G. E. 1338. Hedges, hushy places. Shotover Hill. Sb. Tree. April. Ls. alternate, shining. FL white. Berry scarlet, rarely yellow. Upper Ls. entire : " But as they grow -n-heve nothing is to fear. Smooth and unarmed the pointless leaves appear. — Southey. Branches of this with its ripe berries, mixed with the misseltoe, and spindle-tree, (Euonymus) to ornament churches and houses at Christmas ; a supposed relic of Druidism, to aiford a shade for the abode of sylvan spirits in the cheerless winter, yars. wdth variegated Ls. very numerous. Sheep and deer fed with the branches in winter. Birdlime from the fermented bark, washed from the woody fibre. Plant an impenetrable fence, very hardy, with its berries. Wood for veneering, handles of knives, cogs for mill-wheels, stained black to imitate ebony : flourishes vmder the shade of trees. POTAMOGETON. ' Pond-weed. Four British species found in New Holland. P. natans. Broad-leaved Floating P. Upper leaves oblong-egg-shaped, stalked, floating, leathery ; lower ones linear, membranous, stalkless. E. B. 1822. P. latifolium. G. E. 821. Pools, ditches, sloiv rivers. Per. July. Stem immersed, round, leafy. Stip. large, spear-shaped, concave, acute, FL stalks as large as the stem, solitary, axillary, (with a ' Holega. Sax. ' Perhaps for acui/o/ium, sharp-leaved. 3 Gr, Potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbour. 44 TETRAXDRIA TETRAGYXIA. Potamogeton. bractea like the stip.) thick, ahnost cyhndric, contracted just under the spike. Fl. dull-green, pollen whitish. Spike raised above the water. Ls. foot-stalks long. Floating Ls. a shade to fish : roots favourite food of swans. P. perfoliatus. Perfoliate P. Leaves heart-egg- shaped, clasphig the stem, uniform, all beneath the water ; spikes of flowers above water. E. B. 168. G. E. 822. Ponds, rivers. Per. June. Stems long, round. Ls. pellucid, olive-coloured, crowded about the top, and branches. Spikes a few brown ^. The respiration of these submersed plants probably different from that of plants, which inhale atmospheric air : the Is. of a tliin, pellucid texture, very vascular ; the surface destitute of hair, or down. P. deiisus. Close-leaved P. Leaves egg-shaped, stalk- less, pointed, opposite, crowded. Stem forked. Spike of about four flowers. E. B. 397' Ditches, ponds, slow streams. Per. July. Ls. lengthened into a point, ribbed waved, entire, much crowded towards the end of the stem. Fl. stalks short, round, curved back, bearing a small short head of two or four green fl. much resembling those of Ado.ra Moschatellina. Plant immersed, ex- cept the spike. Smaller than P. perfoliatus. P. lucens. Shining P. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, pointed, membranous, stalked, repeatedly triple-ribbed, all under water. Spike dense, many-flowered, above water. E. B. 376. P. longis acutis foliis. G. E. 822. Ditches, ponds, lakes, slow streams. Per. July. Stems long, slightly zigzag, round, leafy. Ls. alternate, except where fl., foot-stalk short : stip. long, blunt, folded, membrana- ceous within the Ls. FL on a solitary spike ; the longest, and most crowded of the genus ; from the axil of one of the opposite Ls. dark-green ; plant olive-gi-een or reddish. L^ar. one with spear-shaped, tapering Ls. P. crispiis. Curled P. Freshivater^ Caltrops. Leaves spear-shaped, waved ; saw-toothed, alternate ; the uppei" ones opposite. Flowers in loose spikes. E. B. 1012. C. 5. 15. Tribulus aquaticus minor, quer- cus floribus. G. E. 824. ' Ang. Sax. TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Sagina. 45 Ditches, ponds, rivulets. Ditch round Christ Church Meadow. Sb. Per. June. Ls. remarkably waved, saw-toothed, lower ones alternate, all stalkless, pellucid, dull-green. Fl. stalks a little longer than the Ls. solitary. Fl. tinged with purple; styles purple, anth. yellow. Plant under water. Ls. and seeds food for ducks. P. grdmineus. Grassy P. Leaves linear, tapering downward, with solitary, very slender side ribs. Stem round, forked. Flower-stalks from the forks, scarcely longer than the spikes. E. B. '2,9,53. Ponds, ditches. Binsey Common. Ditches by the Road-side, going to Port Meadow. Sb. Per. June. Plant under water, except the flower. Stem slender, zigzag, much branched. Ls. grassy, alternate, except at the forks, crowded, bluntish, entire. Stip. narrower than the Is. rolled inward cylindrically, pale brown. Spikes egg-shaped, dense, solitary : /. few. P. pusillus. Small P. Leaves linear, spreading at the base, opposite or alternate, with solitary, very slender side ribs. Stem round. Flower-stalks axillary, mostly from the side of the stems, many times longer than their spikes. E. B. 215. Ponds, ditches. Port Meadow. Sb. Per. June. Ls. very narrow, stalkless, opposite under every flower-stalk. Stip. membranaceous, spear-shaped, broader than the Is. above each /., stem-embracing. Fl. three or four, greenish, spiked. Stem much branched, slender. Plant under water, except the^. P. pectindtus. Fennel-leaved P. Leaves bristle-shaped, single ribbed, parallel, thickly set in two directions ; sheathing at the base. Spikes interrupted. E. B. 323. Millefolium tenuifolium. G. E. 828. Rivers, ditches, ponds. Per. June. Root from a tuberous lump. Ls. flat, very long, alternate. Plant under water, except the stalkless fl. Pet. dull olive : anth. yellow. SAGFNA.' Pearl-wort. S. procumbens. Procumbent P. Stems trailing, smooth. Leaves minutely pointed. Petals half as long as the calyx. E. B. 880. C. 3. 12. ' From Sagino, Lat. to fatten ; a name ill-applied to this genus. 46 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. Sandy ground, ivalks, beds of neglected gardens. Per. July. Stems thread-like, two to four inches, rooting at the joints. Ls. opposite, evergreen, minute, linear, convex beneath. PI. stalks axillary, solitary, longer than the Is. each bearing a small, nod- ding^. Pet. white, roundish, sometimes wanting. S. apetala. A.nnual Small-jlowered P. Stems nearly upright, hairy. Leaves bristle-pointed, fringed. Petals scarcely distinguishable, or wanting. E. B. 88 L. C. 5. 14. Dry, sandy, barren ground, walls, waste places. An. Jime. Stems not rooting. Ls. fiinged at the base. Fl. stalks slender, long. Pet. white, very minute. Plant small, slender. MCE'NCHTA.' Mcenchia. M. erecta. Sagina erecta. E. B. 609. C. 2. 12. Sb. 67. Pastures, lieatliy ground. Shotover Hill. Southleigh Heath. Ensham Heath. *S^. An. April. Stem erect, nearly single-flowered, two or three inches. Ls. oppo- site, spear-shaped, acute. PI. stalks very long, often purplish. PI. upright, pearly white : pet. about as long as the cal. Cal. Is. spear-shaped, acute. Caps, that of a Cerastium with ten teeth. A plant not devoid of neatness. RADT'OLA. Flax-seed. (R. miUeqrana. Thyme-leaved F. E. B. 893. Mille- grana 'minima. G. E. 569. Wet, sandy ground. Coleshill Pool, Warwickshire. Pn. Xear Rugby, road to Barby. Bx. An. July, August. Smooth, erect, one to two inches, forked. Fl. white.) Class V. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5. Order L MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. MYOSOTIS.^ Scorpion.grass.3 M.palustris. Great Water S. Forget-me-not. Seeds * Named after Professor Conrad Moeuch. 2 3Iuos, and ous, Gr, mouse's ear. 3 From the Raceme of the fi. being bent back like the tail of a scorpion. Ray. PENTAXDRIA MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 47 smooth, calyx with straight, close-pressed bristles, when in fruit bell-shaped, open, shorter than the spreading partial flower-stalks. Limb of the corolla flat, lon^-er than the tube. Hairs on the stem spreading (or want- ing.) Root creeping. E. B. 197^- M. scorpioides pakistris. C. 3. 13. G. E. 337. i Clear rivulets, ditches. Per. Ju7ie. Fl. in a long, spike-like bunch, fine sky-blue, valves forming a bright yellow eye. Herbage shining, green. Ls. stalkless, ellip- tic-oblong, one and a half to two inches long. Partial stalks at first crowded into a close, bent-back spike, after flowering much lengthened out, stalks at length spreading almost horizontally. Cor. admired for its enamelled brilliancy. This plant the Forget-me-not of the Germans. Origin of this name : — -Two lovers, loitering on the margin of a lake one summer's eve; the maiden desired some flowers of the plant growing close to the bank of an island, at a distance from the shore. The lover plunged into the water, and gathered the wished-for prize. On his return, unable to regain the shore, though very near it, he threw the flowers on the bank, and, as he sank to his w^atery gi'ave, his last words to the beloved lady were — Forget-me-not. Mill's Chivalry, vol. i. p. 315. Var. Fl. flesh-coloured. M. ccBspitosa. Tufted fVater S. Seeds smooth. Calyx, when in fruit, bell-shaped, open, clothed, as is the whole plant, with straight, close-pressed bristles. Limb of the corolla about as long- as the tube ; segments entire. Style shorter than the stamens. E. B. 2661. Watery places, and in places where tvater has stagnated during winter. fFet pastures, ^-c. Sides of old gi'avel pits, and in wet places near St. Clement's, especially on the left hand side of a foot- path leading from the back of St. Clement's, between the Cowley and Henley roads, to Cowley Marsh. In gi'eat abundance, June 9, 1831. I observed it in the same place four or five years ago. B.v. Bien. ? May, July. Root fibrous. In dryish situations the stem is often not more than three or four inches high : in wet ones from six inches to one foot or more, often procumbent at the base, and producing fibres from the lower joints, the upper part much branched. Ls. stalk- less, or slightly decuiTent, between linear and spear-shaped, blunt. Clusters forked, with frequently a solitary flower in the forks, and sometimes a leaf or two among the partial flower- stalks. Partial fl. stalks longer than the calyx, lengthening out to nearly or quite twice its length after flowering. Calyx bell- shaped, clothed with straight close-pressed bristles, cut half way 48 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum. into five broad somewhat pointed, oblong, triangular segments, spreading when in seed. Corolla smaller than in M. palustris ; limb pale blue, nearly white just above the throat ; segments entire ; valves yellow. Stifle capitate, concave, shorter than the stamens. Seeds polished, shining, egg-shaped or roundish, sharply two-edged, and slightly keeled towards the point on the upper side. Whole plant besprinkled, more or less, with straight, close-pressed bristles. Sx. June 15, 1831. M. arvensis. Field jS. Seeds smooth. Calyx clothed with spreading, hooked bristles, half-five-cleft, when in fruit, egg-shaped, closed, shorter than the spreading, partial flower-stalks ; limb of the corolla concave, equalling the tube. Racemes stalked, \vith one remote axillary flower. Root fibrous. E. B. 2558.' Dry, sandy fields, open places. An. May. Stem divided from the bottom into wide spreading branches. Stem Ls. more tapering at the base, than in the other species. Fl. clusters very lax in their lower part. Cor. small, palish-purple before expansion, then sky-blue ; smaller than in M. palustris. Plant altogether smaller. M. versicolor. Yellow and Blue S. Seeds smooth Leaves hairy. Racemes on long, naked stalks. Calyx with spreading, hooked bristles. When in fruit, oblong (closed,) longer than the almost erect partial flower- stalks. Limb of the corolla concave, shorter than the exserted tube. Root fibrous. E. B. 2558. t. 480. f. 1. M. nana. Sb. 69- Dry, sandy fields, pastures, walls, -moist meadows. Shotover Hill. J5.r. Besselsleigh, Berks. Y. Cumnor Hurst. Y. Near Childs- well Farm. Bx. An, 3fay. Fl. some of them yellow, and some blue, Ls. narrow, oblong. Fl. clusters elevated, single, or in pairs, on terminal stalks, without a solitary distant fl. Cor. small. Discr. colour of fl. ; short calyx-stalks, and generally long caly.v. Scarcely any two authors agree with regard to the species of Myosotis. H. LITHOSPERMUM.* Gromwell. L. officinale. Common G. Grey Mill.^ Grey Millet. Seeds even. Corolla not much longer than the calyx. ' According to Greville the fig. is of Myos. versicolor. ^ Lithos, Gr. a stone, and Sperma, a seed, from the hardness of the seeds. 3 i. e. millet. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cynoglossum. 49 Leaves spear-shaped, rather acute, with side cross-ribs. E. B. 134. L. minus. G. E. 609. Dry, gravelly, chalky situations. Shotover Hill. Headington Wick. Sb. (Between South and Ferry Hinksey, &c.) Bx. Per. May. ^'(tem* roundish, rough. Ls. alternate, hairy beneath, rough above. Fl. clusters pale-yellow, in seeding state, erect, lengthened out. Seeds much polished in appearance, of a stony substance ; the stony shells composed of silica (flint,) sulphate of lime, and iron. The hard ivory-like seeds do not effervesce with acids. Fl. Suec. L. arvense. Corn G. Bastard Alkanet. Seeds wrinkled. Corolla not much longer than the calyx. Leaves blunt, without side ribs. E. B. 123. Anchusa degener, facie Mihi Sohs. G. E. 610. Cornfields, ivaste ground. An. May. T Ls. spear-shaped, rough, stiff. FL in the axils of the upper Ls, solitary, nearly stalkless. Spikes terminal, leafy, at length elongated. Cor. white, small, swollen at the base of the limb. Cal. segments after flowering, three or four times as long as the seeds. Seeds pitted. Bark of the root tinges wax, and oil of a red colour ; also paper, &c. hence called Bastard Alkanet. ANCHU'SA. Alkanet. A. semper vir ens. Evergreen A. Flower-stalks axillary, each stalk with two close spikes, with an intermediate flower, and two chief egg-shaped bracteas. Leaves egg-shaped. E. B. 45. G. E. Borago, etc. 797- Waste ground. * Rousham. Miss Armetriding. (Near Birming- ham, Alcester road, Warwickshire. With. Per. May, June. Z-*-. broad; j-^/an^ rough, i^/. bright-sky-blue ; ^z^/i- reddish . CYNOGLOSSUM. Hound's-tongue. C. officinale. Common H. Stamens shorter than the co- rolla. Stem-leaves broadly spear-shaped, tapering at the base, downy, stalkless. Flowers without bracteas. E. B. 921. C. 4. 16. C. majus vulgare. G, E, 804. Waste ground, road sides.* About two miles on the Oxford side of Abingdon, &c. B.r. Elsfield. R. W, Bien. June. » Stem about two feet, round, leafy. Ls. dull-green, upper ones embracing the stem, almost heart-shaped. Fl. clusters terminal, curved back, growing into panicles. Cor. dull purplish red. E 50 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Borago. Seeds rough with hooked prickles. Smell of the whole plant strongly fetid, compared to that of mice. The fresh plant bruised, and laid in a place frequented by rats and mice, will, it is said, cause them to forsake the premises. Nar- cotic. C. sylvaticum. Green-leaved H. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat battledore- shaped ; the upper ones clasping the stem ; all smooth and shining- above ; hairy and warty beneath. Flowers without bracteas. E. B. 1642. Road sides, liedyes. Sm. Woods. * Wychwood Forest. Sb. Bien. Ma^. Discrim. from Cyn. officinale by its more dilated Ls. at the base. Ls. bright, shining green, smooth above. Fl. first reddish, after- wards blueish. Plant almost without smell. SY'MPHYTUM.' Comfrey. S. officinale. Com^non C. Leaves egg-shaped-spear- shaped, much running down the stem, finely hairy. E. B. 8I7. C. 4. 18. Consohda major. G. E. 8O6. /3. Symphytum patens. Sb. 70. Watery meadoivs, hanks of rivers, ditches. Per. May. Root externally black. Stem two or three feet, leafy, winged. Ls. root ones, stalked, broader. Fl. clusters in pairs, rolled back. Cor. yellowish white, sometimes purple. Sh. Sym. patens, a var. with red or purple flowers, and said to have a spreading, and shorter cal. Sh. 70. Banks of the Thames by Caversham. Sb. Side of the towing-path between High Bridge, and Heyfi eld's Hut. Bx. The root abounds in a pure mucilage. Ls. give a grateful flavour to cakes and panada. Young stems and Is. good when boiled. Decoction of the Is. to extract the colouring matter from Gum Lac. BORAGO. Borage. * B. officinalis. Common B. Lower leaves inversely egg-shaped, tapering at the base. Limb of the corolla flat, much longer than the tube ; mouth with a double row of valves ; the innermost awl-shaped, bearing the stamens. E. B. 36. B. hortensis. G. E. 797- • From Sumphuo, Gr. to grow logether, from its supposed healing qualities, in uniting wounds. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Echium. 51 IVaste or cultivated ground, road sides. Near the Parks. Sb. Side of the Banbury road going from the Parks to Summer Town. Bx. Bien. May. Plant succulent, mucilaginous, hispid, with sharp, white bristles. Fl. bright blue, bunches terminal, drooping. Ls. alternate, egg- shaped, wavy, lower ones broadest, stalked. Cor. valves and anthers black. Originally from Aleppo : the juice affords nitre. Ls. used in cool tankards : young ones in salad. Dodonseus recommends such kind of salad to exhilarate the mind ; this agrees with the old adage : Ego Borago gaudia semper ago : quaintly translated by Ge- rarde : " I Borage bring alwaies courage." LYCOPSIS.' Bugloss. L. arvensis. Small B. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy, somewhat toothed, very bristly, with bulbous hairs. Stalks of the flowers and fruit erect. Limb of the corolla slightly unequal. E. B. 938. C. 5. I7. Buglossa sylvestris minor. G. E. 799- Fields, waste grounds, dry banks. An. June. Stem upright, leafy. Ls. alternate, stem-clasping at the base, except the root ones. Fl. in terminal, rolled back, paired spikes. Cor. tube and valves white, limb bright blue. Seeds four, vertical, angular. E'CHIUM.^ Viper's-bugloss. E. vulgar e. Common Viper* s-h. Stem bristly, with warts. Stem-leaves spear-shaped, bristly, single- ribbed. Spikes from the side of the stem, bending down arch-wise. E. B. 181. G. E. 802. Fields, waste ground, sandy or gravelly soil ; old walls, rubbish. Shot- over Hill. Abundant between Gibraltar and Tackley. Bx, Bien. June. Stem strong, erect. Ls. root ones stalked, gi'owing in a starry form. Fl. clusters bent back, as the flowers open erect. Fl. buds red. Cor. purple, then bright blue, large : sometimes white. A remarkably handsome plant, when in flower. The name from its blue flowers corrupted by the vulgar into Blue-glass, for Bugloss. Bees very fond of the flowers. > Differing from Anchusa in the curvature of its tube. H. Gr. Wolf's face. 2 From Echis, Gr. a viper. From its supposed virtue against the bite of the viper. E 2 52 PEXTANDRIA MONOGYXIA. Menyanthes. PRI'MULA.' Primrose and Cowslip/ P. vulgaris. Common Primrose. Leaves inversely egg- shaped, oblong, toothed, wrinkled. Stalks single- flowered. Limb of the corolla flat. E. B. 4. P. acau- lis. C. 6. 16. Sb. 72. P. veris minor. G. E. 781. Groves, thickets, hedges. Per. March. Ls. directly from the root. Fl. large, sulphur-coloured ; darker radiating spot in the middle, slightly sweet-scented. Of the cultivated varieties, that with double sulphur-coloured flowers very elegant. Dried roots strongly emetic, drachm and half, a dose. Ls. of this and the Cowslip food for silk worms. Linneeus supposed the Primrose, Oxlip, and Cowslip var. of each other : this seems proved recentty. See Trails. Horticultur . So- ciety, vol. iv. and Hensloiv in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1830. The fl. stalks in reality constitute an umbel, at the base. P. eldtior. Oxlip^ P. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, con- tracted towards the middle. Stalk many flowered. Limb of the corolla flat. E. B. 513. P. pratensis inodorata lutea. G. E. 780. 2. Woods, thickets, pastures. Headington Wick Copse. Stow Wood. Southleigh. SL. Per. April. FL sweet-scented, umbellated, outer ones drooping, less expanded limb than in Pr. vulgaris ; larger, paler than in the (P. veris) Cowshp. P. veris. Common Coivslip. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the middle. Stalk many-flowered. Limb of the corolla concave. E. B. 5. P. officinalis. C. 6. 15. P. veris major. G. E. 780. Meadows, pastures, chiefly on clay, or chalk. Sm. Per. April. Fl. all drooping, umbellated, deep yellow, with five orange spots, sweet-scented. Blossoms from them a pleasant, soporific wine. Ls. a pot-herb, and in salads. Root smells like anise. MENYANTHES. Buckbean. M. trifolidta. Common B. or Bog-bean. Marsh Tre- foil. Leaves in threes. Disk of the Corolla densely ' i. e prime or early rose. ^ Cu-slippe. Ang. Sax. a plant not eaten by cows. ^ Oxan slippan. Ang-. Sax. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Hottonia. 53 shag-g-y. E. B. 495. C. 4i. 17- Trifolium paludo- sum. G. E. 1194. Watery meadows, pools, ditches, spongy, boggy ground. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Behind Headington Hill. Sh. Bogs between the old and new road to Ensham, abundant. North side of Shotover Hill. Bx. Per. May. Stem with sheathing foot-stalks. Fl. thyrsus stalked, opposite to Is., each fl. bracteated. Cor. flesh-coloured, and clothed with white. Anth. yellow. Many of our aquatics beautiful : this particularly so. Ls. bitter, in infusion for rheumatism : powdered in the dose of one dram purgative and emetic. Substitute for hops, two ounces supply the place of one pound of hops. The bitter powdered roots eaten instead of bread, in Lapland, during scarcity. The powder with the infusion destructive to worms. Fl. Suec. VILLA'RSIA.' Villksia. V. nymphceoides. Fringed V^. Fringed Water-lily. Leaves heart-shaped, wavy at the edges, floating. Corolla fringed. Menyanthes nymphseoides. E. B. 217. Sb. 73. Ponds', rivers. River near Botley-Bridge. Godstow-Bridge. Hincksey Ferry. Sb. Near Medley Lock, abundant. Between Sandford and Nuneham. Bx. Per. June. Fl. axillary, foot-stalks long. Cor. yellow, fringed, with the disk darker. A beautiful plant, with its yellow, biilliant flowers. The salted Is. become very glutinous, and in Japan are boiled in soups. HOTTO'NIA/ Featherfoil, or Water-violet. H. pahistris. Water Featherfoil. Common Water-v. Stalks solitary, many-flowered ; partial stalks whorled. E. B. 364. C. fas. 1. 11. Viola palustris. G. E. 826. Clear ditches, ponds. Ditch round Christ Church Meadow. Sb. &c. Per. May. Ls. under water, deeply wing-cleft, or comb-like in shape, the seg- ments linear, entire. Fl. whorls, and stalk above water, eight or ten inches, solitary, erect. Fl. stalked, bracteated, pink^ or rose-colour, resembling those of the Primrose. ' After M. de Villars, author of a Flora of Dauphiny. * So named after a Leyden Professor, Hotton. 54 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Anagallis. This plant vies in beauty with many of the most admired exotics. LYSIMA'CHIA.' Loosestrife. * Siaiks many-jlowered. L. vulgaris. Great Yellow Loosestrife. Clusters pani- cled, terminal. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, acute. E. B. 761. C. fas. 5. 19. L. lutea. G. E. 474. Watery, shady places, reedy margins of rivers. Lane going to Binsey. Southleigh Meadows, Otmoor. Sb. Side of the Botley Road. Long Meadow, between Oxford and Iffley. Bx. Per. July. Stems three or four feet, panicled at the top. Ls. shortly stalked, mostly opposite, or three or four in a whorl. Fl. panicles large, handsome, yellow, axillary, and terminal. Each partial fl. stalk bracteated. Stam. monadelphous. Cal. and Cor. some- times in six divisions. * * Stalks single-flowered. L. nemorum. Wood Loosestrife. Yellow Pimpernel. Leaves egg-shaped, acute. Flowers solitary. Stem trailing. Stamens smooth. E. B. 527. C. fas. 5. 18. AnagalUs lutea. G. E. 6I8. Moist woods, shady, rather watery places. Stow Wood. Stoken- church Woods. Sb. Shotover Hill. Headington Wick Copse. Bx. Per. June. Stems branched, with somewhat creeping roots, square, red, Ls. opposite, stalked. Whole plant smooth. Fl. stalks long. Cor. yellow, large. Cal. awl-shaped. An elegant plant. L. JVummuldria. Creeping Loosestrife. Money-wort^ or Herb- Twopence. Leaves somewhat heart-shaped. Flowers solitary. Stem prostrate, creeping. Stamens glandular. E. B. 528. C. fas. 3. 14. Nummu- laria. G. E. 630. Wet meadows, boggy pastures, borders of rivulets. Per. June. Stems four-cornered, but compressed. Ls. rounder than in Lys. nemorum. Fl. pale-lemon, large, clothed with small glands on footstalks, as the stamens also. Cal. segments pointed, egg- shaped. ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel. A. arvensis. Common Scarlet Pimpernel. Leaves e%g- ' Named after Lysimachus, king of Thrace. Pl\n. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. 55 shaped ; dotted beneath. Stem trailing. Corolla minutely notched. E. B. 529. C. fas. 1. 12. A. mas. G. E. 617- Fields, gardens. An. Mai/. Stem much branched at the bottom, square, leafy. Ls. opposite, stalkless, many ribbed. Fl. axillary, solitary, stalks longer than the /*'. CaL Is. spear-shaped. Co7\ scarlet ; purple at the base. Stam. purple. Called Poor-man's weather-glass, from the Jl. closing at the approach of rain. Fl. before expansion in dose of gr. xx., four times a day in epilepsy. Fl. sometimes white, Cowley Field. Ls. sometimes in fours. Cor. represented as fringed in fig. E. B. not correctly. Every part of tliis plant beautiful, ■ and worth attention. If the Ji. open in the morning, a fair day may be expected. Small birds fond of the seeds. Fl. opens at eight, shuts in the afternoon. Fl. Suec. A. ccerulea. Blue Phnperneh Leaves egg-shaped, or somewhat spear-shaped ; dotted beneath. Stem erect. Corolla strongly notched. E. B. 1823. A. arvensis. var. (3. Sb. p. 75. See Hensloiv in Loudon's Nat. Mag. Nov. 1830. A. fcemina. G. E. 6I7. Cornfields, Charlbury. Middleton Stoney. Sb. * * Beyond Cowley Marsh, under Bullingdon Green. Rev. TV. Kay, Lin- coln Coll. In a Cornfield, S. W. of South Hinksey. B.w An. May. Ls. narrower than in An. arvensis. Cor. smaller, more deeply notched, vivid blue. No difference but in the col. and margin of the cor. H. A. tenella. Bog Pimpernel. Leaves roundish, some- what pointed, stalked. Stem creeping. Stigma acute. E. B. 530. C. fas. 3. 15. Nummularia minor, flora purpurascente. G. E. 630. Wet, spongy, mossy hogs. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Under Headington Wick Copse. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) B.v. Per. June. Ls. opposite, small. Fl. erect, stalks very long, axillary, solitary, rose-coloured, streaked, deeply divided, rather funnel-shaped. Stam, jointed, woolly. An elegant plant. CONVO'LVULUS.' Bindweed. C. arvensis. Small Bindweed. Leaves arrow-shaped, acute at each end. Stalks mostly single-flowered. ' From the twining stem of many of its species. 56 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Campanula. Bracteas minute, remote from the flower. E. B. 312. C. fas. 2. 13, Smilax lenis minor. G. E. 86l. Hedges, fields, gardens. Per. June. Root running very deep in the ground. Stems long, twining, climbing, angular. Ls. alternate. J^l. stalks long. Cor. deep rose-coloui'ecl, plaits yellowish : mostly closing before rain : sweet smelling, in dry, warm weather. A very troublesome, handsome weed. C. sepium. Great Bindweed. Leaves arrow-shaped, lopped at the hinder lobes. Stalks square, single- flowered. Bracteas heart-shaped, close to the flower. E. B. 313. C. fas. 1. 13. Smilax lenis, sive Isevis major. G. E. 86l. Moist hedges, osier holts, thickets. Per. July. Roots long, creeping. Stems very long, twining. Ls. alternate. Fl. solitary, on axillary, square stalks. Cor. large, white. Jiract. heart-shaped, red-bordered. Its large milk-M^hite blos- soms very ornamental. Plant may be trained to a great height. Inspissated juice, a powerful purge; dose twenty or thirty gr. The scammony a species of convolvulus. Fl. sometimes rose- coloured. POLEMO'NIUM.' Jacob's Ladder.^ * P. coeruleum. Blue JacoVs Ladder. Greek Vale- rian. Leaves winged. Flowers erect. Root fibrous. E. B. 14. Valeriana Gr^ca. G. E. IO76. Bushy places. Near the plantations, under the ochre pits at Shot- over Hill. Sh. Woodstock road, between first and second mile- stone from Oxford. B.i'. Per. June. Stem eighteen to twenty inches. Fl. panicled. Leafl. elliptic- spear-shaped, with an odd one. Cor. blue, sometimes white : a common ornament of rustic gardens. CAMPANULA. Bell-flower. C rotundifolia. Round-leaved B. Root leaves heart, or kidney-shaped, saw-toothed ; stem leaves linear, entire. E. B. 866. C. fas. 4. 21. G. E. 452. ' From poZemos, war. Gr. From the contention of two kings, Polemon, and Philetaerus, both claiming the honour of finding the plant, riin. ' From the leaves. PEXTAXDRIA MOXOGYNIA. Campanula. 57 Heaths, tvalls, baiiks, borders of fields. Bullingdon Green. Shot- over Hill. Stonesfiekl. Sb. Per. June. Herbage dark-green, smooth. Stems upright, slender. Ls. lower stalked, but soon withering, and sometimes wanting. Fl. stalks panicled, bracteated. Cor. sky-blue, sometimes white, drooping, tremulous. One of our prettiest wild fl. A green pigment from the fl. (C. Rapuncidus. Rampion B. Leaves wavy, notched, roughish ; root-ones elliptic-spear-shaped. Panicle com- pact. Calyx entire. E. B. 283. Rapuntium parvum. G. E. 453. Banks. Warwickshire. Pn. Bagley Wood. Whittlewood Forest. Tur. * Bien. July, August. Stem three feet, angular ; hairy below. Fl. blue ; swollen below.) (C. latifolia. Giant B. Leaves roughish, egg-spear- shaped. Stem unbranched, round. Stalks single- flowered. Fruit drooping. E. B. 302. Trachelium majus Belgarum. G. E. 448. Moist thickets. Cransley Wood, Northamptonshire. Y. Banks of the river Arrow, the Alne, &c. Pn. Per. July, August. Very large, four feet. Fl. erect, deep blue, large.) C. rapunculoides. Creeping B. Leaves roughish ; root-ones heart-spear-shaped, notched, stalked ; upper- most stalkless, spear-shaped. Flowers drooping, grow- ing on one side, in a terminal, bracteated, upright cluster. Calyx bent back. E. B. 1369- Woods, fields.* In some woods in Oxfordshire. Amongst yew- trees. Buddie's Herbarium. Sm. Per. July, August. Ls. root-ones resemble those of violets. Stem about one foot and a half. Fl. lai-ge, bright-purpUsh, stalks short, solitary, axillary, or bracteated. C Trachelium.^ Nettle-leaved B. Stem angular. Leaves spear-shaped, partly heart-shaped, sharply saw-toothed, bristly as well as the calyx. Stalks axillary, with few flowers, E. B. 12. H. L. 109. Trachelium majus. G. E. 448. Groves, thickets, hedges. Shotover plantations. Magdalen College ' Gr. tracMlos, the neck, from the supposed virtue of the bitter, aud some- what acrid Is. in decoction as a gargle in sore throats. 58 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Jasi6ne. Copse, under Shotover Hill. Bx. Tar Wood. Stonesfield. Sh. Per. July. Stem two or three feet. Ls. harsh, rough, resembling those of a nettle. FL hairy within, blue, sometimes w^hite, sometimes double, large. JDiscrim. from Camp, latifolia, by the membrana- ceous angles of the stem, and its different heart-shaped Is. C. glomerata. Clustered B. Stem angular, simple. Flowers stalkless, most of them in a terminal head. Leaves egg-shaped, notched. E. B. 90. Trachelium minus. G. E. 449- Dry, open, chalky pastures. Littlemore. Stonesfield, Heythorp. Burford Downs. Sb. Bullingdon Green. Bx. Per. July. Stem seldom branched, erect, six to eighteen inches. Ls. rough, lower ones on long stalks, pale beneath. Ft. bracteated : the pet. sometimes turn to Is. Cor. blue, or white, hairy within. Stam. four or five. Ornament for rock-work : a dry soil suiting the plant. Variable in size and habit. C. hy'brida. Corn B. Prismatocarpus, etc. DC. Stem often branched from the base, straight. Leaves oblong, notched, wavy. Corolla widely spreading, shorter than the calyx. Capsule prismatic. E, B. SJS. Speculum Veneris minus. G. E. 439. Dry, or clialky cornfields. An. June. Root small, fibrous. Stem nearly erect, about one span high. Ls. alternate. Fl. terminal, solitary. Cor. nearly wdieel-shaped, pale purple, seldom fully expanded, about half as long as the calyx Is. Discrim. gi'eat length of caps, and the segments of cal. extending above the cor. Plant scarcely different from Camp, speculum, Venus's Looking-glass. (C. hederdcea. Ivy-leaved B. Stem flaccid, much branched, trailing. Leaves stalked, smooth, heart- shaped, with angular lobes. E. B. 73. H. L. 93. C. Cymbalari^ foliis. G. E. 452. Watery, shady places.* (Bagley Wood.) Bx. Lawson. Per. Jime, August. Fl. solitary, light blue. A delicate, little plant.) JASIO'NE. Sheep's-bit. J. montdna. Common Sheep's-bit. Sheep^s Scabious. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Viola. 59 E. B. 882. C. fas. 4. 58. Scabiosa minima hirsuta. G. E. 723. Dry,sandy fields, heathy ground.* Nuneham. Henley. Sh. Shot- over Hill. Bx. An. June. Stems spreading, scarcely one foot, leafy, branched above. Ls. stalkless, oblong, blunt, gradually smaller from the root upwards : stem-Is. alternate, wavy. Fl. blue or white, each tuft terminal, solitary, on permanent bracteas of many Is. VrOLA.'. Viola. V. hirta. Hairy V. Stem none. Leaves heart- shaped, rough vi^ith hairs, as well as their foot-stalks. Calyx-leaves blunt. Side petals with a hairy central line. E. B. 894. C. fas. 1. 64. Groves, thickets, on chalk, or lime-stone. Sm. Copse under Shotover Hill. Cheney Lane. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Between South Hinksey and Childswell. B.v. Per. March. Scions prostrate, not rooting. Ls. on long upright stalks. Stip. spear-shaped, toothed. Fl. light greyish blue. Fl. stalks taller than the Is., smooth. Bract, smooth helow the middle of the fl. stalk. Cal. smooth. Plant throws out, after a time, fl. destitute of pet. or nearly so, but producing perfect seed. Fl. stalks lengthen after flowering, take a downward direction, and bury the caps, to the depth of two or three inches, B. Fl. V. odordta. Sweet V. Stemless. Scions creeping. Leaves heart-shaped, nearly smooth, as well as their foot-stalks. Calyx-leaves blunt. Side petals with a hairy central line. E. B. 619- C. fas. 1,63. V. nigra, sive purpurea. G. E. 850. V. flore albo. G. E. 850. Woods, hedges. Per. March. Scions long, prostrate, rooting. Ls. foot-stalks longish. Stipul. in pairs, spear-shaped, toothed. Fl. stalks taller than the Is. smooth. Bract, narrow, above the middle of the fl. stalk, w^hen the fl. fully expanded. Cor. nodding, dark purple or white, fragrant. Cal. smooth. /Sp? B. 417. C. fas. 4. 22. C. parvum. G. E. 547- Dry, gravelly pastures. Shotover Hill. BuUingdon Green. South- leigh. Sb. Between Woodstock Park, and Stonesfield, &c. Bx. An. July. Stem solitary, erect, about one foot, four edged, leafy. FL branches several, opposite, forked, forming an upright panicle. Ls. oppo- site, stalkless, three ner\^ed, root-ones somewhat battledore- shaped. Fl. stalkless, tube greenish, limb pink, polished. Var. fl. white. (Cor. closes as soon as gathered, and against rain.) Anth. spiral, after discharging the pollen. Whole plant smooth, very bitter : called by rustic practitioners. Lesser C. Basis of the famous Gout Portland Powder, which prevented the fits, but in the end the patient died, by induration of liver, palsy, or apoplexy. The plant a stomachic, but like other bitters, inju- rious to the stomach if long persevered in. A decoction of the plant to destroy lice. SA'MOLUS. Brook-weed. S. Valerandi. Common B. Water Pimpernel. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, blunt. Clusters corymbose, many-flowered. Bracteas solitary, in the middle of each partial stalk. E. B. 703. C. fas. 4. 20. Anagalhs aquatica rotundifolia. G. E. 620. Clear, watery places, (jrareUy soil. Sides of the ditch in Cowley ' Gr. from its red^. 2 From Chiron, the Centaur, the / made long by Beckmann, Lex Bota- nicum. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Rhamnus. 65 Marsh. Peat bogs under Headington Wick Copse. Sb. Be- tween Heyiield's Hut and Port Meadow. B.v. Per. JuIt/. Root fibres many, simple. Plant smooth, pale green, about one foot. Stem round, terminating in one or more long clusters of many, small, w^hite fl. Ls. alternate. Found in almost every quarter of the globe, and in different lati- tudes ; this happens to several aquatics. LONICKRA.' Honeysuckle. L. Caprifolium. Pale Perfoliate H. Flowers gaping-, whorled, terminal. Leaves deciduous ; the uppermost united at the base and perfoliate. E. B. 799- Peri- clymenum perfoliatum. G. E. 891. Woods, thickets. In a wood near Elsfield, plentifully. Rev. T, Butt. Shrub. July. Ls. opposite, smooth. Fl. stalkless, in the bosom of the upper Is., fragrant. Cor. yellowish, tube blush- coloured. Berr. elliptic, orange-red, crowned with the cal. nearly entii'e. L. Pericly'menum. Common H. or JVoodhine. Heads of flowers egg-shaped, tiled, terminal. Leaves all separate, deciduous. Flowers gaping. E. B. 800. C. fas. 1. 15. Periclymenum. G. E. 891. Hedges, groves, thirhefs. Var. /3. found near Oxford by Mr. Jenner. Dil. in R. p. 458. Shrvxb. July. Discrim. from L. Caprifolium by its Is. all distinct, not perfoliate, _^. in an egg-shaped head, not axillary, fruit crowned with a five toothed cal. Berry rounder, darker red. Stems climbing high. Ls. entire, mostly stalkless, sometimes downy. Fl. delightfully fragrant in the evening, or after rain. The Woodbine of poets, Milton's "Twisted Eglantine." The climbing action of plants curious ; such phenomenon adduced in favour of an instinctive, or perceptive power in vegetables. In var. /3. Is. sinuated like those of an oak, and variegated ; called Oak-leaved Honeysuckle. Fl. variable in colour, externally deep red, or pale yellowish. (L. Xylosteum. Upright Fly H. See Appendix.) RHAMNUS." Buckthorn. R. cathdrticus. Common B. Thorns terminal. Flowers four-cleft, dioecious. Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed. ' Named after Adam Lonicer, Botanist. 3 Gr. Ramnos, a branch : a branchy shrub. F ()« PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ribes. Stem erect. Berry with four seeds. E. B. 1629. R. solutivus. G. E. 1337. f. 1. 2. Hedges, groves, thickets. Lane leading from the Botley road to Binsey. Sb. Magd. Coll. Walks, Oxford. R. W. Shrub. May. Fruit in September. Shrub stiff, spreading, branches alternate, or nearly opposite, each tipped with a strong thorn. Ls. earlier ones in clusters from the flowering buds, the rest opposite. Fl. stalks short, simple, clus- tered, yellowish-green. Cal. lobes, pet. and stam. four. Berry globular, bluish-black, nauseous, purgative. Stig. four-cleft. Berry unripe dyes yellow. A syrup from the ripe berr., a griping purgative. Flesh of the birds feeding on the berr. said to be purga- tive. Juice of the ripe berr. mixed with alum, is sap-green of painters. From the bark a fine yellow dye. This plant known to attain the height of nearly twenty feet. (R. Frangida. Alder B. Without thorns. Flowers perfect. Style simple. Leaves entire, smooth. Berry two seeded. Hedges. Grafton, &c. Pn. Shrub. May. Berries, July. Ls. roundish. Fl. wlntish. Berries dark-purple, purgative.) EUO'NYMUS.' Spindle-tree. E. europceus. Common Spindle-tree^ or Prickwood. Flowers mostly four-cleft and tetrandrous. Petals acute. Branches smooth and even. E. B. SQ^,. E. Theophrasti. G. E. 1468. Hedges, thickets. Shrub, or small Tree. May. Plant bruised fetid. Ls. nearly opposite, on short stalks, spear- shaped, pointed, saw-toothed, the first pair entire. Fl. small, axillary, white, fetid, panicle straddling ; the first flower that opens has five sta-jn. as manyjt;e^, cal.-teeth, and caps, all the rest, with those parts in fours. Caps, pink, when ripe, or white, seed-coat, orange, pulpy. The tough wood cut when the plant in fl. for spindles, skewers, organ keys, &c. and for excellent crayon charcoal. Three or four berr. emetic, and purgative. Powdered and sprinkled in the hair they destroy lice. RI'BES. Currant, and Gooseberry. * R. riibrum. Common Currant, No prickles. Clusters smooth, hanging down. Flowers but slightly concave. ' Gr. " of good repute," meaning the direct contrary by antiphrasis ; the plant having been considered poisonous. PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Hedera. 67 Petals inversely heart-shaped. E. E. 1289. R. vul- garis, fructu rubro. G. E. 1593. Hedges, tMckeU. Sb, Shrub. April. Bushy shrub. Ls. deciduous, on long foot-stalks, five-lobed, doubly saw-toothed. Bract, egg-shaped, concave, short. FI. nearly flat, yellowish-green. Berry globular, red, shining, acid. Fruit of a cold chmate, thriving ill in the south of Europe. Berry also pale pink, or white. Red beiT. for jelly. Equal weights of picked currants, and pure sugar put over the fire become an agreeable jelly from the liquor that separates. (R. alpinum. Near Bristol Hot Wells. Tur, (Ribes nigrum. Black G. Oversley, Warwickshire. P?i.) *R. Grossularia. Common Gooseberry. Prickles one, two, or three, under each bud. Branches otherwise smooth, spreading. Stalks single-flowered. Bracteas close together. Segments of the calyx bent back, shorter than the tube. E. B. 1292. /3. R. Uva crispa. E. B. 2057. Sb. 84. Smooth Gooseberry. Uva crispa. G. E. 1324. Hedges, thickets, waste ground. 0. In Cowley Field, Heading- ton. White wood. Sb. Shrub. April. Ls. three-lobed, Berr. pendulous, rough. Var. |3. Fr. smooth. HEDERA. Ivy.' H. Helix. Common I. Leaves near the flower egg- shaped, others five-lobed, umbel upright. E. B. I267. C. fas. 1. 16. H. corymbosa, and Helix. G. E. 857. Woods, hedges, old buildings. Shrub. September, October. B.v. Stem and branches long, flexible, creeping ; those attaching closely to trees or walls, by numerous short fibres, somewhat com- pressed. Upper branches round. Ls. evergreen, dark, veined with white ; lowermost five-lobed, uppermost egg-shaped, all stalked. Fl. gi'eenish- white, many, in umbels. Ser?-?/ globular, black. Whole plant aromatic. From the old stems bruised, a fragrant resin. When trailing on the ground, Is. three-lobed, and no fruit pro- duced. Almost every one acquainted with this common and ' An. Sax. F 2 68 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Vinca. picturesque plant. The roots to whet the leather-cutter's knives on. Berries emetic, and purgative. Plant eaten by horses, sheep, and cows. Some of the largest sized, and soundest forest-trees are such as have been entwined with Ivy for a great length of time. The Ivy draws its support from its own root ; its adhering fibres do not supply it with nourishment. Latest of our fl. plants. Oint- ment of the /*. for burns, Irish Ivy a var. with larger Is. of rapid growth. THE'SIUM. Bastard-toadflax. T. linophyUum. Flax-leaved B. Cluster branched. Bracteas three together. Leaves Hnear-spear-shaped. Tube of the calyx very short. E. B. 247. Hiyh, open, chalky pastures. Stanton St. John. Sb. Streatley, Berhs. BIr. L. Darivall, and Bx. Per. JuJy. Stems several, reclining, rigid, taper, five or six inches, not much branched. Fl. spikes branched, sometimes forming a panicle, solitary, on alternate flower-stalks. Cal. funnel shaped, very white above, and at the margin beneath. VINCA.' Periwinkle. * V. minor. Less P. Stems lying down. Leaves elliptic- spear-shaped, smooth-edged. Flowers stalked. Seg- ments of the calyx spear-shaped. E. B. 917. C. fas. o. 16. V. pervinca minor. G. E. 894. Hedges, banks. Magdalen College Walks. Right hand side of the road between Wolvercot and Yarnton. Cornbury. Sb. Per. April. Root creeping. Whole plant smooth, shining. Stems slender, leafy, in fl. erect, afterwards prostrate, lengthened out, and root- ing at the joints. Ls. opposite, stalks short. Fl. smaller than in V. major, darker blue. Cal. shorter, smooth, less tapering. Anth. stigm. and fruit curious in the genus. Its evergi'een Is, and early fl. ornamental, in shady places and under trees. Astringent, both species. P^ar. Fl. white. * V. major. Greater P. Stems ascending. Leaves egg- shaped, fringed. Flowers stalked. Segments of the calyx bristle-shaped, lengthened out. E. B. 514. C. fas. 4. 19- Clematis daphnoides major. G. E. 894. Thickets, yroies. ]Ma£,dalen College Walks. Sb. Per. Ajiril. Roots creeping. Stems leafy, some trailing, throwing out roots, ' From Lat, vincio, to bind. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Chenopodium. 69 others erect, /.-bearing. Ls. oiDposite, stalked. Fl. solitary, axillary, alternate. Cal. segin. as long as the fl. tube. Cor. purple, blue, large. Fruit seldom seen, unless the plant be cultivated in a pot; thus perhaps propelling the juices more copiously to the fl. One of the greatest ornaments of the early season. Handful of the is. of Periwinkle stamped, and the juice given to drink in red vi^ine, highly recommended by Gerarde to stop spitting of blood, &c. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. CHENOPODIUM. Goosefoot. * Leaves angular. Ch. Bonus Hen7'icus. Mercury G. Leaves triangular- arrow-shaped, entire. Spikes terminal, compound, leafless, axillary. E. B. 1033. C. 3. 17. Bonus Henricus. G. E. 329- Waste ground, road-sides. Not very common about Oxford. Bx. Per. June. Plant clothed with unctuous mealiness. SpiJcelefs alternate, stalk- less. Fl. crowded, stalkless. Plant pyramidal. The calyx universally regular, five-cleft, not much enlarged after flowering, clearly separates Chenopodium from Atriple.r. Seeds of this genus, a large supply of food to the smaller birds. Our only perennial Chenopodium, eaten when young, like spinach, and is very good tasted, laxative. The leaves may be ap- plied as a poultice. Ch. urbicum. Upright G. Leaves triangular, toothed. Spikes crowded, lobed, very long and straight, approaching the stem, almost leafless. E. B. 717' Dunghills, ditch-banks, way -sides. An. August. Stem stiff and straight. Ls. bright-gi'een, smooth. Cal. smaller than in Ch. ruhrmn. Seed roundish, the size of rape-seed, five times as large as that of Ch. ruhrum. Curtis. The very long clusters of flowers, erect, and approximating the stem, distinguish this species, together with its seeds larger than Ch. rubrum. Ch. rubrum. Red G. or Sow-bane. Leaves triangular, somewhat rhomboid, deeply toothed and sinuated. Spikes erect, compound, leafy. Seed very minute, about the size of common sand. E. B. 1721. C. 6. 21. Atriplex sylvestris latifolia altera. G. E. 328, 70 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Chenop6dium. Waste ground, often in muddy situations. Sm. An. August. Plant more bushy than Ch. urbicum. Ls. more deeply toothed, considerably lengthened out at the base. Spikes of stalkless tufts interspersed with linear leaflets. Ls. thick, scarcely shining. In exposed situations the whole plant becomes red. Said to be poisonous to swine. Ch. murale. Nettle-leaved G. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, many-toothed, shinins;-. Spikes aggregate, pani- cled, cymose, leafless. E. B. 1722. C. 6. 20. Waste ground, about old walls, way-sides. An. August. Panicled, cymose ; inflorescence distinguishes this species. Plant fetid, with dark, shining leaves. Seed larger than in Ch. rubrum^ black, very minutely dotted. The dark, shining leaves and corymbose clusters distinguish this species. Stem often tinged with dark-purple. Qh. hy'bridwn. Maple-leaved G. (^Thorn-apple-leaved.^ Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, with broad, angular, teeth. Spikes aggregate, panicled, cyniose, straddling, almost leafless. E. B. 1919. C. 4. 23. Waste ground, rather moist ; one of tlie rarer species. Sm. An. August. Plant more slender than in most other species ; Is. larger, of a full, bright-green. Seeds stripped of their pellicle, black, with irre- gular, large dots. Bunch at first compact, but forming a light panicle, when fully expanded. Linn, named this species hybridum, supposing it might be pro- duced from Ch. viride. Fl. Suec. Ch. alburn. White G. Leaves rhomboid-egg-shaped, jagged, mealy ; entire towards the base : upper ones oblong, entire. Seed quite smooth. E. B. 1723. C. 2. 15. Cultivated, a)id waste groiind. An. July. Plant mealy when full grown, gi'easy to the touch, becoming di'y and chaffy ; aspect hoary or silvery. Subject to variety in the shape of its leaves : sometimes broad and roundish, [or narrow . and gi'een (Ch, viride. Linn.y\ sometimes leaves nearly entire. Ls. diamond, triangular, on long foot-stalks. Spikes alternate, stalkless. Seeds not dotted. Bunches with small Is. but not intermixed with the flowers. Cal. frosted. Ls. with three semi- transparent veins springing from the base. May be boiled and eaten as greens. Ch. JicifoUum. Fig-leaved G. Leaves sinuated, jagged, PEN^TANDRIA DIGYNIA. Ulmu,'.. 7i somewhat halbert-shaped ; entire towards the base : upper ones oblong, quite entire. Seed dotted. E. B. 1724. Ch. viride. C. 2. I6. Ch. serotinum. Sb. JVaste ground, diinghiUs. An. August. Lobes of the Is. more round pointed, the middle one more length- ened out than in Ch. album. Greener hue than Ch. album, a purple stain at the base of the foot-stalks. * * Leaves undivided, entire. Ch. olidum. Stinking G. Leaves egg-shaped, some- what diamond-egg-shaped, entire. Spikes dense, crowded, leafless, axillary, and terminal. E. B. lOS^. C. 5, 20. Atriplex olida. G. E. 327. Ch. Vulva- ria, Sb. Rubbish, waste places. * * An. July. Stems spreading or prostrate, covered with a gi'easy mealiness ; on being handled exhale a filthy smell, like stale salt-fish. Ls, alternate, stalked, smaller than in most Chenopodia, squarish egg-shaped. Fuller's anti-hysteric electuary made from this plant. Smell attractive to dogs. Ch. acutijvlium. Sharp Entire-leaved G, Leaves egg-shaped, acute, entire. Stem erect. Clusters spiked, compound, lengthened out, erect, partly leafy ; lower ones somewhat cymose. E. B. 1481. Ch. polyspermum. C. 2. I7. Sb. Atriplex sylvestris sive Polyspermon. G. E. 824. Cultivated ground, waste places. Not uncommon about London. Curtis. An. July. Stems square, red. Seeds reddish. Lower stems lengthened out, trailing on the ground. Cal. half covering the seed. True Ch. polyspermum found in Cornwall. Sm. ULMUS. Elm.' U. cam2)estris. Common Small-leaved E. Leaves doubly saw-toothed, rough. Flowers nearly stalkless, four- cleft. Capsule oblong, deeply cloven, naked. E. B. 1886. U. minor, folio angusto scabro. Goodr. in G. E. 1480. JVoods, hedges. Magdalen Grove, Oxford, a fine plantation of elms. Tree. April. • Ang. Sax. 72 PENTx\NDRIA DIGYNIA. Cuscuta. Bark of branches even. Trunk and branches rugged, crooked. As the fruit advances, the Is. appear. Ls. alternate, short stalked, egg-rhomboid, unequal at the base, one to three inches long. Fl. clusters, numerous, dense. Bract, fringed. Cal. light-red, or brownish. Stam, four, anth. large, roundish, purple. Wood hard, tough, durable in wet situations. Decoct, of inner bark in Dropsy, in Lepra icthyosis. The dried ground bark mixed with meal (JVith.^ for bread during a scarcity. Well adapted for shady walks, as not destroying the grass, its Is. acceptable to cattle ; should be gi'afted on the Ulmus glabra to prevent the roots sending out suckers. Thrives in an open situation, black, clayey soil : bears transplantation. Caterpillar of Pap. Polychloros, large Tortoiseshell Butterfly, and of Pap. Comma Album feed on the Is. Young h. food for silk-worms. Wood less liable to splinter than even oak; hence used in ship-building, naves of wdieels, &c. *U. suherosa. Common Cork-harked E. Leaves pointed, rough, doubly and sharply saw-toothed. Flowers stalked, four or five cleft, Capsule almost circular, deeply cloven, naked. Branches spreading ; their bark corky. E. B. 216 1. U. vulgatissima, folio lato scabro. Goodr. in G. E. 1480. Hedges, occasionally. Tree. March. Branches, — bark fissured. U. montdna. Broad-leaved E. Wych Hazel. Leaves taper pointed, rough, doubly saw-toothed. Flowers stalked, loosely tufted, five or six cleft. Capsule some- what circular, slightly cloven, naked. Branches droop- ing ; their bark even. E. B. 1887- U. effusa. Sb. U. folio latissimo scabro. Goodr. in G. E. 1481. Woods, hedges. Tree. A^ml. Tree large, branches spreading, drooping ; bark even. It flowers under thirty feet lugh. U. campestris seldom until after a greater height, and age. Timber less valuable than that of U. campestris. Ls. larger than in U. camp, less rough, with longer points. Fl. somewhat larger, on rather longer stalks, blush- coloured. Stam. five to six. Fruit larger than in U. (^mp. more skinny, and hop-like. Magdalen College Elm, Oxford, two feet above ground, mea- sures twenty-seven feet, four : breast high, twenty-one feet. 1831. R. W. A remarkably fine elm also at Fyfield, Oxfordshire. CUSCUTA. Dodder. C, europcea. Great D. Flowers nearly stalkless. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Gentiana. 73 Corolla without scales. Stigmas acute. E. B. 378' H. L. 67. Cuscuta. G. E. 577- Thistles, nettles, flax. Found near Newbury, Berks. Mr. Bicheno. Road to Hinksey. R. W. An. August. Stem thread-shaped, red, branched, parasitic, twining from right to left, two or three feet. Ls. none. Fl. heads, dense, round, whitish, somewhat pentandrous. Cal. reddish. Dyes purphsh. C. JEpithymum. Less D. Flowers stalkless, with a notched scale at the base of each stamen. Stigmas acute. E. B. p. 378. C. Europjea. E. B. 55. Sb. m, Epithymum. G. E. 578. On common heath, furze, thyme. Tilehurst Common, Berks. R. W. Tffley. Sb. Per. July. Stem parasitical, thread-shaped, much twisted, deep red. Fl. mostly four-cleft, with four stamens. Cal. red, acute. Cor. wlute. The seed is without cotyledons, puts forth a small spiral body, climb- ing from right to left up other plants. Ls. none. Smaller than C. europsea. GENTIA'NA.' Gentian. G. Amarella. Autumnal G. Corolla salver-shaped, five cleft ; bearded in the throat. Segments of the calyx nearly equal. Stem flowering from top to bottom, with short axillary branches. E. B. ^SQ. H. L. S3. Limestone, chalky pastures. Sm. Bullingdon Green. Shotover Hill, Burford Downs. Sb. An. July. Stem square, erect. Ls. stalkless, egg-shaped, three nerved, dark- green. Cal. pale, ribs green. Cor. tube twice as long as the cal. Segments rarely three or four. Fringe of the orifice purple. Cor. limb violet. Cal. segments spear-shaped, acute, erect. Whole plant, as its congeners, intensely bitter. Fringe under the mouth of the cor. a beautiful microscopic object. G. campestris. Field G. Corolla salver-shaped, four cleft ; bearded in the throat. Two outer segments of the calyx egg-shaped, very large. E. B. 237. Elevated pastures. Shotover Hill. Sb. B.v. An. September. Plant paler in colour than G. Amarella, not so tall,/, fewer, more ' From its discoverer Gentius, king of Illyricura. 74 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Daucus. corymbose. Distinguished by its cal. segments from G. Ama- rella. Cor. pale violet. Used by the poor instead of hops. FL Suec. All the Gentians bitter. ERY'NGIUM.' Eringo. {^E. campestre. Field E. Leaves clasping the stem ; root-ones twice or thrice wing-cleft. Scales of the receptacle undivided. E. B. 57* E. med. G. E. 1162. Pastures, rare. * Da^^entry, Northamptonshire. Morton. Oppo- site Brookhall, near Daventry. E. FL Smith's. Per. Juii/, August, Plant palish green. Pet. white or purplish, narrow, bent inwards sharply.) Umhelliferous plants generally herbaceous. Is. for the most part repeatedly compound. Flowers white, reddish, or yellow. In dry or mountainous places aromatic, wholesome ; marsh or aquatic, virulent and dangerous. Sm. SANI'CULA/ Sanicle. S. europcBa. Wood S. Root-leaves simple, deeply lobed. Flowers all nearly stalkless. E. B, 98. S. sive Diapensia. G. E. 948. PVoods, groves. Per. May. Ls. about seven lobed, three cleft, shining. FL nximerous, crow-ded, cream-coloured, in small, stalked heads. Herb bitter, acrid, somewhat aromatic, pungent. DAUCUS. Carrot. D. Carota. Wild C. Bird's Nest. Bristles of the seeds slender. Leaflets wing-cleft, with linear-spear- shaped acute segments. Umbels with a solitary, coloured, abortive flower ; when in seed hollow. E. B. 1174. Banks of fields, dry pastures. Bien. July. Ls. twice, thrice winged. Neutral fl. in the centre, blood-red. Leaf-stalks ribbed beneath. Gi-atefvd, nutritious to cattle : carriage horses work upon them, ' See Nova Acta Acad. Natura Curiosorum for 1821, aMd Hooker's Brit. Fl, in Umbellif. Plants. « So called from its supposed vulnerary qualities. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. T6rilis. 75 nearly as well, as upon oats : if given beyond a certain time, apt to cause bloody urine in cattle. To destroy crickets, place a paste of powdered arsenic, wheat meal, and scraped carrots, near their habitation. Poultice of the boiled roots, mitigates the pain, and abates the stench of foul ulcers. See Walker on Carrots, 8vo.' The herb and seeds are diuretic, and esteemed useful in gi'avelly or calculous complaints. Garden carrot, a var. of this. CAU'CALIS. Bur-parsley. C. daucoides. Small B, Umbels three cleft, without general bracteas ; partial ones with three bracteas, and ripening about three fruits. Leaves repeatedly subdi- vided. E. B. 197. Cornfields, on a chalky soil. Between Middleton Stoney and Buck- nell. Sb. Frequent in the County of Oxford. Sm. An. June. Stems straddling. Ls. narrow, deep-green segments, very finely divided. Germs armed with hooked bristles. Pet. reddish. TO'RILIS/ Hedge-parsley. T. Anthriscus. Upriyht H. Umbels of many close rays, with numerous general bracteas. Leaflets wing- cleft. Branches nearly upright. Caucalis Anthriscus. E. B. 987. C. 6. 22. Sb. 93. C. minor, floscuhs rubentibus. G. E. 1022. Hedges, borders of fields. An. July. Fl. white, or flesh-coloured, red underneath. Fruit purplish at the top. Styles bent back. Ls. twice winged. Leaflets egg- spear-shaped. Seeds egg-shaped. T. infesta. Spreading H. Umbels of many close rays. General bracteas scarcely any. Leaflets wing-cleft. Branches spreading. Caucalis infesta. E. B. 1314. C. 6. 23. C. arvensis. Sb. 92. Fields, icay sides. An. July. Seeds adhesive. Want of many leaved involucre, and straddling branches of this, distinguish it fi'om T. Anthriscus. Terminating leaflet linear-spear shaped. Generally found in corn-fields, not under hedges. 1- Author of the well-known " Experiments and Observations on the ProduC' Hon of Artificial Cold." 1796. 8vo. 2 Torilis, toreuo, to carve, emboss, in reference to the seed. 7{; PENTANDRIA DUU XIA. CluvrophvUum. T. no(kiS(7. Knotted H. Umbels from the sides of the stem, simple, nearly stalkless. Stem prostrate. Fruit partly granulated. Cauoalis nodosa. E. B. 199- C. nodosa, echinato semine. G. E. 10'2'2. Banks, borders of fields, gravelly soil, or chalkij, more frequent. Sm. An. June. F'l. white. Ls. deep, glaucous green. * ANTHRISCUS. Beaked-parsley. A, ru/garis. Common Beaked-parsley. Fruit egg- shaped, twice the length of its beak. Leaves thrice- winged, wing-deft. Scandix Anthriscus. E. B. 818. C. 1. 19. Sb. Banks, waste ground, chiefiy near large towns and rillages. An. May. Stem very smooth, swollen under each joint. Ls. bright light- gi'eeu. Umbels mostly from the sides of the stem. Sweetish, aromatic tlaA'Our. * Fruit egg-shaped, bristly, with a short, smooth beak. Pers. The ^'eA?/* inaccurate in E. B. " The whole vegetable kingdom does not aftbrd a more exquisite green, nor scarcely a more rich, and elaborate foliage, than the young plants of A. vulgaris."' SCANDIX. Shepherd's-needle. S. Peefen J^^eueris. Co?nmon S/i. llrnus^s Comb, or Needle- Chervil. Fruit nearly smooth, with a bristly- edged beak. Umbels simple ; solitary or in pairs. Bracteas iagged. Petals bent inwards at the point. E. B. 1897. C. 5. 21. Pecten Veneris. G. E. 1040. Cultivated fields. An. May. Ls. three winged, somewhat smooth. Umbels of two or three rays. Leallets linear, cut into many linear segments. CH^ROPHYLLUiAl. Chervil. Ch. st/Iresfre, TPild Ch. Smooth Cow-parsley . Umbels terminal, stalked. Bracteas egg-shaped, membranous. E. B. 752. C. 4. 25. Hedges, orchards, borders of pastures and fields. Per. May. Ls. tliree winged, deeply cut. i-7. whitish. Stem slightly fur- rowed. Fruit not at all furrowed. Umbels drooping before flowerinsf. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Bunium. 77 Cows fond of this. Roots eaten for parsneps, poisonous. Umbels dye yellow : leaves and stem afford a beautiful green. Used as a pot-herb in times of scarcity. Its presence indicates a fertile soil. Flavour of carrots : grateful to rabbits. Myrrhis temulenta, has a more swelling, a spotted, and veiy rough stem, and bristly flower stalks to distinguish it. MYRRHIS. Cicely.' Scandix and ChcpropJiyUum of Linn. * M. odordta. Sweet C. Seeds with very sharp, pro- minent ana^les, roughish towards the summit. Scandix odorata. ^E. B. 697- Sb. Mountainous pasturefi. Rose Lane. Sb. Not in Ray and Dillenius. Per. May. Three feet. Ls. somewhat triply winged ; wing-cleft, pale, haiiy, scented. In the north of England, seeds for polishing, and perfuming oak- floors, and furniture. With. Young seeds gratefully stomachic. M. temulenta. Hough Cicely. Rough Cow-parsley. Seeds furrowed, nearly smooth. Stem rough, swollen under each joint. Cheerophvllum temulentum. E. B. 1521. C. 6. 24. Sb. Cerefolium sylvestre. G. E. 1038. Busily places, and under hedcjes. Bien. June. Ls. twice winged, wing-cleft, hairv-. Stem speckled with purple. Umbels drooping, before flowering. Sweetish, aromatic, no intoxicating qualities. BU'NIUM. Earth-nut. B. jiexuosum. Common E. Kipper , or Pig-nut. General bracteas scarcely three. Stem tapering and zigzag at the base. Fruit somewhat beaked. Styles nearly upright. E. B. 988. B. Bulbocastanum. C. 4. 24. Bulb, minus. G. E. 1064. Grassy pastures, especially on a gra.relly soil. Srn. Per. May. Root roundish, tuberous. Root-leaves thrice ^\-inged, segments linear. General involucre sometimes none ; deciduous. Roots eatable, nourishing : in some parts of England boiled in broth, and ser\-ed up at table : little inferior to chestnuts. ' Proper name. 78 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Slum. SIUM. Water-parsnep. S. latifolium. Broad-leaved TV, Leaves winged ; leaflets oblong-spear-shaped, equally saw-toothed. E. B. 204. H. L. 2. 110. S. majus latifoKum. G. E. 256. Rivers ditches, fens. Per. July. Umbels large, nearly flat, white, terminal. Stems four or five feet, furrowed, i^ea^e^s very equally, and neatly saw-toothed. Those that grow under water, often jagged. Eaten by horses and swine. With, Acrid, poisonous. Root poisonous to oxen. Linn. Root leaves, at the beginning of Spring, supra-decompound, and twice winged, stalk-leaves, and those which are produced in the summer simply winged. Willd. Seeds of the plant of a poisonous quality. S. angustifolium. Narrow-leaved TV. Leaves winged ; leaflets unequally lobed, and unequally saw-toothed. Umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves. Stem erect. E. B. 139. H. L. 2. 111. Ditches, rivulets. * Behind the Parks. Sh. (Ditch going to South Hinksey, &c. Bx.) Per. July. Less than S. latifolium. Umhels hemispherical. Lowermost pair of leaflets remote from the rest, and smaller in the lower leaves. Ls. of the involucre, and involucelluni large, conspicuous. The specific names Broad-leaved, and Narrow-leaved, mislead. Possesses active properties. PVith. S. nodijlorum. Procumbent TV. Leaves winged ; leaflets egg-shaped, almost equally saw-toothed. Umbels nearly stalkless, opposite to the leaves. Stem procum- bent. E. B. 6o9. S. umbellatum repens. G. E. 256, 258. Ditches, and rivulets, frequent. Per. July. Involucre of one leaf, often wanting. The juice in cutaneous disorders. Three large spoonfuls mixed with milk, twice a day. With. S. repens. Creeping TV. Leaves winged ; leaflets roundish, deeply toothed. Umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves. Stem creeping, throwing out roots. E. B. 1431. Boggy meadows, watery commons. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Sb. and Bx\ Per. June. Involucre, and Involucret of many egg-shaped, spreading leaves. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. iEthusa. 79 Leaflets opposite, stalkless, unequally saw-toothed : the terminal one, generally inore or less three-lobed. Stem six to ten inches : a smaller plant even than S. inundatum. Purton. S. inundatum. Least TV. Leaves, above water, winged, cut ; those below, in many compound, hair-like seg- ments. Umbels five-flowered, in pairs. Sison inunda- tum. E. B. 227. In ditches, pooh, and wet ground overflowed in winter. Binsey Common. Port Meadow. Southleigh Heath. Otmoor. Sb.* Duration ? June. Plant procumbent, or swimming. Called by Linn, in Fl. Suec. the smallest of umbelliferous plants. Habit and seeds those of Sium genus. SISON. Honewort.' S. Amomum. Hedge H. Bastard Stone-parsley, Leaves winged ; the upper ones divided into three. Umbels erect, of about four general rays. Bases of the styles globose. E. B. 9<54. Petroselinum Macedoni- cum F. G. E. 1016. Marly, chalky, rather moist ground, under hedges. Sm. Duration ? July. Stem tall, much branched, slender, weak, spreading. Leaflets egg-shaped, terminal one deeply cut, saw- toothed, three-cut. Seeds warm, aromatic, when ripe : in an early state nauseous. Smell of the whole plant the same, Uke bugs. S. segetum. Corn H. Leaves \vinged ; leaflets roundish- egg-shaped, numerous. Umbels drooping, irregularly crowded. Bases of the styles dilated, depressed. E. B. 228. In rather moist fields, on a calcareous soil. Sm. Duration ? July. Stem slender, rush-like, erect. Leaflets saw-toothed, set at nearly right angles with the stem. Slightly aromatic. Seeds more pungent. iETHU'SA.^ Fool's-parsley. JE. Cyndpium. Common F. Less Hemlock. Leaves uniform ; leaflets wedge-shaped, running down the ' Hone-wort, so called from its curing a hone, i. e. a swelling in the cheek. Ger. 2 Shining, Gr. from its shining leaves. 80 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. (Enanthe. Stem, with spear-shaped seg'ments. E. B. 1192. C. 1. 18. Cicutaria tenuifoUa. G. E. 1063. Gardens, cultivated fields . x\n. July. Herb dark, lurid green, glossy, fetid, poisonous. Ls. twice winged, with wing-cleft leaflets. Occasions sickness : sometimes carelessly mistaken for Garden Parsley. It is poisonous to geese. Linn. Fl. Suec. Cows, horses, sheep, goats, and swine eat it. With. CONFUM.' Hemlock. C. maculatwn. Common H. Stem pohshed and spotted* much branched. E. B. 1191. C. 1. 17- Cicuta. G. E. 1061. Hedges, waste ground near toivns and villages. Bien. July. Three to lour feet. Ls. large, repeatedly compound ; deep-sMning green. FL white. Herb fetid, narcotic, sedative ; much used in the form of extract for lowering the pulse in acute inflammatory disorders ; and still more celebrated for relieving scrofulous and cancerous maladies. Stu. The extract an uncertain preparation, whence powder preferred by some : dose fifteen to twenty five grains twice or thrice a day. Extr. particularly useful in hooping-cough. See Butter. (ENANTHE. Water-dropwort. CE. Jistulosa. Common IF'ater-dr. Root sending forth runners. Stem-leaves winged, cylindrical, tubular. General bracteas mostly wanting. E. B. 363. Fili- pendula aquatica. G. E. 1060. Ditches, ponds. Per. June. Root tuberous. Umb. general rays from three to seven, or eight. Stem creeping under water; above water erect, almost naked. Root leaves twice winged. Umbels, when ripe, resemble small prickly spheres. First umb. divided into three, the rest into more divisions. CE. peucedanifolia. Sulphur-wort. Water-dr. Leaf- lets all linear. General bracteas none. Knobs of the root stalkless, elliptical. E. B. 348. Filipendula angustifolia. G. E. 1059. ' Koneion, Gr. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Sm/rnium. 81 Fresh water ditches, hogs. Banks of the Isis beyond Iffley. Peat bogs under Headington Wick Copse. Sb. * Bogs under Bul- lingdon Green. Rx. Per. June. Stalk thicker than in CEnanthe fistulosa, Cal. erect, unequal. Stalk leaves winged, root-ones twice winged, leaflets linear, Umbellules often red about the centre, white towards the circum- ference. CE. crocdta. Hemlock JVater-dr. Leaflets all wedge- shaped, many-cleft, nearly uniform. Fruit linear- oblong, with slender intermediate ribs. E. B. 2313. Filipendula cicutee facie. G. E. 1059. Watery places, osier holts, abovi tlie hanks of rivers. Near Bays- water. Sb. * * Per. July. The plant contains a fetid yellow juice, very poisonous, especially the root. Cal. curved inwards. Ls. many-clefted, large, blunt. Z/mJ. terminal,large, convex. ^n/A. brown. .Rcry* of universal umb. furrowed. Sheep eat it, cows and horses refuse it. Brood mares sometimes eat the root, and are poisoned. Ehret, the draughtsman, experienced giddiness from the scent of the herb while drawing it. CE. Phelldndrium. Fine-leaved Water-dr. Leaflets all uniform, with narrow, wedge-shaped, cut, straddling segments. Fruit egg-shaped, with five broad ribs, and narrow intermediate furrows. Phellandrium aquaticum. E. B. 684. Cicutaria palustris. G. E. 1063. Rivers, ditches. Per. July. Stem thick, hollow. Umb. opposite to the leaves. Lower Is. doubly compound, upper ones twice winged. Ls. thrice winged, smaller wings stalkless ; under the water, long, hair-like. In running streams Is. lengthened out, and flowers rarely produced. Esteemed poisonous to horses, producing pai-aplegia : this effect owing to Curculio paraplecticus within the stem. The antidote is pig-dung. The roots and stem, in the course of the winter, become dissected, and afford a curious skeleton of net-work. Linn, Eaten by horses, sheep, and goats. Swine not fond of it : cows refuse it. SMY'RNIUM. Alexanders. S. Oliisdtrum. Common Al. Stem-leaves in threes, stalked, saw-toothed. E. B. 230. Hipposelinum. G. E. 1019. f'Vaste ground, ancient ruins. * * Near Bensingtou. Sb, Bien. May. G 84 PENTANDRL\ DIGYNL\. Pastinaca.. General bracteas one or two. Peucedanum Silaus. E. B. 2142. Saxifraga anglicana, facie Seseli pratensis. G. E. 1047. Rather moist meadows^ pastures. Per. July. Wliole plant smooth, darkish-green, varying in the shape of its leaves. FL yellow, or greenish hue. Leaflets spear-shaped, as it were keeled ; outermost united together. Ls. thrice-winged. Germ, crowned with a glandular yellow receptacle, turning to a deep red as the seeds ripen. Where this herb abounds in pastures it is found partially cropped ; generally left almost entire. BUPLEURUM. Hare's-Ear. B. rotundifolium. Common H. Thorow-wax^ Gene- ral bracteas wanting. Leaves perfoliate. E. B. 99- Perfoliata vulgaris. G. E. 5S^, Cornfields, especially a chalky soil. Sm. Parks. Southleigh. Middle- ton Stoney. Sb. Cornfields on BuUingdon Green. (Between Ferry Hinksey and Cumnor Hurst. Bx.) Stem alternately branched, hard, rigid and straightish, bent inwards, clothed with remarkably perfoliate leaves. Foot and a half high. Ls. egg-shaped. Fl. yellow. Partial involucre of five leaves, large. Plant reckoned among vulnerary herbs, in old herbals. HYDROCO'TYLE." White-rot.^ H. vulgaris. Common JVh. Marsh Penny-ivort. Leaves circular, target-shaped, smooth ; cloven at the base. - Umbels somewhat crowded. Flowers nearly stalkless. E. B. 751. C. 6, 19. Cotyledon palustris. G. E. 529. An. June. Moist heaths, boggy commons, margins of rivulets. Per. June. Stems creeping. Ls. solitary, or clustered, on upright, simple foot- stalks, two or three inches high. Flower-stalks axillary. Fl. small, reddish-white. Umbellate head five to eight flowers. Herb acrid. PASTINA'CA. Parsnep. P. sativa. Common Wild P. Leaves simply winged, 1 Thorow-wax, so called from the stem waxing, i. e. growing thorow, or through, the leaves. ^ Hydrocotyle, from udor, water, and cotule, a cup. 3 White-rot, from a supposition that the plant caused the disease in sheep, called the rot : the disease rather attributable to the moistness of the pastures. PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Tordy'lium. 85 saw-toothed ; downy beneath. E. B. 556. P. sylves- tris. Sb. 101. P. sylvestris latifolia. G. E. 1025. Borders of fields, hillocks, dry hanks, chalky soil. Sm. Bien. July. Plant rough, rigid, three feet. Fl. yellow. Fr. large. Involucre none ; foot-stalks smooth. DC. Seeds have been used in intennittents. Linn. Fl. Suec. Roots highly nutritious, abounding in saccharine matter : brewed in the north of Ireland, with hops, and fermented with yeast. Hogs fatten on the roots quickly. By cultivation the eatable garden parsnep, with larger, smoother leaves. HERACLE'UM.' Cow-parsnep. H. Spho7idy'Uum. Common C. Hog -weed. Leaves winged ; leaflets wing-cleft, cut and saw-toothed. E. B. 939. Sphondylium. G. E. 1009. Hedges, borders of fields, rather moist meadows. Bien. Sm. July. Four feet high. Fl. white, large, radiant : petah inversely heart- shaped. Leaflets five-cleft, oblong, hairy, rough on both sides : terminal one three-lobed. Common stalk of the Is. with one large inflated ribbed stipula. In Kamtschatka the foot-stalks of the root-leaves collected ; the rind being peeled off, they are dried separately in the sun, then tied up in bundles, and laid in the shade : in a short time these dried stalks are covered with a yellow saccharine efflorescence : in this state, eaten as a gi'eat delicacy. The stalks also fermented with bilberries (Vaccin. uliginosum ;) and a strong liquor distilled from them. Gmelin. Fl. Siber. Swine and rabbits fond of this plant. TORDY'LIUM. Hart-wort. T. maximum. G7'eat H. Leaflets spear-shaped, deeply saw-toothed and notched. Flowers somewhat radiant j the outermost petal of two equal lobes. Stem rough, with close bristles bent downwards. E. B. 1173. Seseli creticum majus. G. E. 1050. Banks and waste ground, very rare. Under the hedge on the north side of the Parks, Oxford. Dr. J. Sibthorp, and Mr. Wood- ward.** Not found, 1832. R. W. Hedges, near Eton Wick, very abundant. Tur. An. June. Fl. white, or rose-coloured. Outward petals largest. Umb. rather ' /icrac/e«/n, from Hercules, or Heraclea. — eion Gr. 86 PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Sambucus. small and dense. Involucre five-cleft, awl-shaped, spreading, shorter than the umbel. Stem slightly furrowed. Leaflets about seven cut, the odd one, twice the size of the others. Seeds flat, bristly; the border thicker, prickly, i-ed. On the north, and , , west sides of the Parks : also on a bank beyond Jericho, about a quarter of a mile N. W. from the Oxford Observatory. Bx. 1819. Ray suspected this plant not to be a native, but an outcast from the garden. PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. VIBURNUM. Guelder-rose. V. Ldntana. Mealy G. Way -faring Tree. Leaves heart-shaped, saw-toothed, veiny ; downy beneath. E. B. 331. Lantana. G. E. 1490. Woods, liedcjes, especially on a chalky, or limestone soil. Sm. Shrub. May. Thickly branched : twigs round, mealy with radiated pubescence, like that of the fl.-stalks, backs, and upper sides of the leaves. Ls. opposite, somewhat elliptic, at the base heart-shaped, blunt, strongly veined. F'l. terminal cymes, white. Anth. yellow. Berry compressed : when young, red on the outermost side : when ripe, all black. Ls. dark-red in autumn. Young shoots in the Crimea, for tubes of tobacco pipes. Bark of the root for birdlime. Berry astringent. The long, quick grow- ing, tough branches, excellent bands for fagots. V. 'Opulus. Common G. Water Elder. Leaves lobed. Foot-stalks beset with glands. E. B. 332. Sambucus aquatilis, sive palustris. G. E. 1424. Watery liedges, and swampy thickets. Shrub, or small Tree. May. Smooth. Ls. three-lobed. Cymes white, many flowered : perfect ones small, like those of the elder : marginal abortive ones of one large irregular, flat pet. Berry very succulent, bright, red, bitter. Autumnal Is. fine pink. Guelder rose of the garden bears round bunches of abortive fl. only, called Snow-hall Tree, SAMBU'CUS. Elder.' S. 'Ebulus. Dwarf E. Danewort. Cymes with three main branches. Stipulas leafy. Stem herbaceous. ' EUarn. Anff.=Sax. PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Parnassia. 87 E. B. 475. C. 3. 18. Ebulus sive Sambucus humi- lis. G. E. 1426. Wante ground, hedges. Parks, behind Wadham College. Near Ensham. Sb. . Per. July. Stems herbaceous, three feet, erect, leafy. Ls. winged, dark-green. Leafl. egg-spear-shaped, acute, saw-toothed. FL stalked. Cor. dull blood-red. Stam. white, anth. red. Cal. purple. Berry globular, purplish-black. Whole plant fetid, strongly purgative. Moles will not ap- proach near where its Is., or those of the Common Elder laid. Root one drachm and a hah", a strong cathartic. Berry to dye blue. Mice avoid the smell of this plant. Our ancestors sup- posed this plant to spring from the blood of their foes, the Danes. Seeds (one scruple) bruised, purgative, once a week, in dropsy. G. E. (" in a little secke.") S. nigra. Common E. Cymes with five main branches. Stipulas obsolete. Leaflets egg-shaped. Stem tree- like. E. B. 476. Sambucus. G. E. 1422. Hedges, coppices, woods. Var. ^. near Watlington. Bobart. Wixford. Purton. Small Tree. June. Branches full of light, white pith. Ls. winged. Leafl. about five, pointed, saw-toothed. Fl. cream-coloured, smell faint. Berry globular, purplish-black. Inner bark strongly purgative ; in smaller doses, diuretic, in dropsy. Berries made into a rob, in sore throat : laxative. Infusion of the Is. sprinkled on the buds of flowers to preserve them from caterpillars. Caterpillar of the delicate Phal. Sambu- caria feeds on its Is. The hemes for wine. Sheep cured of the rot by the bark, and young shoots. (^Var. /3. with white berries, for wine : var. with jagged Is.) Striking the boughs over different plants will keep off insects. Decoction of the fi. as a cooling fomentation. The fl. to flavour vinegar : fl. fatal to turkies, and to peacocks. Juice of the berry to colour wines. The pith for balls in electric experiments. When the elder is in flower the summer is estabhshed : when ripe the summer is entirely gone. Seed bruised, one drachm in dropsy. G. E. Inner green bark fi-om half an ounce to one ounce, infused in white wine, moderately cathartic. PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus. P. palustris. Common G. of P. Leaves heart-shaped. 88 PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Linum. Bristles of each nectary numerous. E. B. 82. Gra- men Parnassi. G. E. 480. Spongy hogs, commons. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Under Headington Wick Copse. Sb. About a quarter of a mile north from Upper Heyford; also in a bog north of the Parsonage House. Bx. Per. July. Stems about one span, angular, twisted. Fl. foot-stalks three or four times longer than the Is. Fl. pet. veined with greenish ribs. Cor. elegant milk-white. Nect. balls yellow. The stam. in succession, or nearly so, come over the stigm. and retire after shedding their pollen. The same phenomenon in the Rue, and in Saxifraga. A most elegant plant. Physiology of the Nect. unknown. PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. LINUM. Flax.' * Leaves alternate. (L. usitatissimiim. Common Flax. Calyx-leaves egg- shaped, acute, with three ribs. Petals notched. Leaves spear-shaped, alternate. Stem mostly solitary. E. B. 1357. C. 5. 22. L. sativum. G. E. 55Q. Ciiltivated fields. Broome, Warwickshire. Pn. An. July. Moot small, fibrous. Fl. blue. Caps, ending in a point.) (L. perenne. Perennial F. Calyx leaves inversely egg- shaped, blunt, obscurely five-ribbed, naked. Leaves linear-spear-shaped. Stems many, ascending. E. B. 40. Chalky hills. Sm. Northamptonshire. Bay. Worthorpe, and on the balks about Bernack Heath, and Withering Heath. Morton. Per. June, July. Boot much branched at the summit, woody. Ls. smaller and nar- rower than in L. usitatissimum. Fl. blue, but smaller than in the last. Caps, bluntish.) * * Leaves opposite. L. cathdrticum. Purging Flax. Mill-mountain. Leaves opposite, inversely egg-spear-shaped. Panicle forked ; ' Adk. Sax. PENTANDRIA HEXAGYNIA. Drosera. 89 partly drooping-. Petals acute. E. B. 382. C. 3. 19. L. sylvestre catharticum. G. E. 560. Dry pastures. An. June. Plant slender, smooth. Stems one foot, bowed at the base, then upright, simple, branching oif into a forked, slender-stalked pani- cle. Ls. stalkless. Fl. terminal, solitary, in bud, drooping ; in fl., erect, wliite like those of an Arenaria. Cal. Is. egg-spear- shaped, nerve one. Stam. monadelp. sometimes only four. . Willd. Infusion of two drachms or more of dried herb, excellent cathar- tic, diuretic in rheumatism. PENTANDRIA HEXAGYNIA. DROSERA. Sun-dew.' D. rotundifoUa. Round-leaved S. Leaves pressed down, hollow in the middle, nearly circular, on hairy foot-stalks. Flower-stalks immediately from the root, racemose. E. B. 867. Ros Solis folio rotundo. G. E. 1556. Mossy, turfy boys. North side of Shotover Hill. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Near Childswell Farm. Bx. Per. July. Ls. growing in a starry form, conspicuous by their green and red colour. Glandular bristles red, bent inwards, irritable, contrac- tile, each tipped with a clear viscid globule. Fl. stalks naked, simple. Fl. white, or blush-coloured. This species, and Dros. longifolia occasionally acquire a stem. Dr. fVilliams, Dot. Prof. Oxford. Whole plant acrid, caustic. Juice mixed with milk, an applica- tion to remove freckles, and sun-burns. The unmixed juice to destroy w^arts and corns. The upper surface of the Is. said to contract, when touched with a pin, centrically ; hence insects sometimes found imprisoned in the Is. An experiment best made in hot, sunny weather, by plac- ing an ant or any small insect on the Is. &c. The distilled water of Sun-dew from a glass still, is of a golden colour, and colours silver like gold. G. E. (D. longifolia. Long-leaved S. Leaves inversely egg- shaped, erect, on naked foot-stalks. Flower-stalks immediately from the root, racemose. E. B. 868. Ros Solis foHo oblongo. G. E. 1556. ' From the small pellucid drops at the tips of the Is, remaining undried up in the fullest exposure to the sun. 90 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Leucojum. Mossy, turfy bogs. Bullmarsh Heath. Bogs in Windsor Great Park. Tur. Per. July, August. Like the last, but rather larger. Ls. oblong. PENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA. MYOSU'RUS. Mouse-tail. M. minimus. Mouse-tail. E. B. 435. C. 4. 26. Cauda muris. G. E. 426. Cornfields, gravel. Sm. Magdalen College ^Yalks, near the meadow gate. Southleigh. North Aston. Sb. Between Bayswater and Stanton St. John's. J3.v. An. June. Root fibrous. Herb smooth, variable in size, stemless. Ls. numerous, nearly vipright, linear, somewhat battledore-shaped, pale-green. Stalks upright, longer than the Is., simple, roimd, each bearing a small upright _^. of a pale yellowish colour. Stam. variable in number, about five. Pistil composed oi a conical receptacle, with a great number of egg-shaped, slightly striated germens, two or three hundred, not unlike a mouse's tail. Plant acrid. Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6. Each 3 equal. Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . (* Galanthus nivalis. Common Snow-drop. Packing- ton, Warwickshire. Tur. Sometimes difficult to draw the line of demarcation between indigenous wild plants, and exotics.) LEUCOJUM. Snow-flake. L. cBstivum. Summer Snow-Jlake. Flowers several. Style club-shaped. E. B. 621. C. 5. 23. L. bulbo- sum majus polyanthemum. G. E. 148. In moist meadows, and marshes near rivers. Sandford. Y. St. John's Island, opposite Kennington. Mr. Barnes, Christ Church, 0.cford. Near Reading. Tur. Per. May. &^: HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 'x\llium. 91 Ls. numerous. Pet. uniform ; top green. ■ , NARCISSUS.' Narcissus, or Daffodil. N. Pseudo^ -narcissus . Common Daffodil. Flowers solitary. Cup of the nectary bell-shaped, erect, crisped, with six marginal segments ; its length equal to that of the egg-shaped petals. E. B. I7. Pseudo-narcissus anglicus. G. E. 133. Rather moist woods, thickets. Noke Woods. Sb. North side of Shotover Hill. (Bagley Wood.) Bx. Per. April. Bulbous. Ls. erect, linear, with a blunt keel, and flat edges. FL drooping, large ; pet. lemon-yellow. Ned. large, deep-yellow. One of the most beautiful of our native plants, i^/. anti-spasmo- dic. By some the fl. considered a kind of specific in hooping- cough. The extract of them in small doses only. Two or three drachms would destroy life in a few hours ; half a grain, to one to two grains, every two, four, or six hours, according to patient's strength. Riclmrd. Decoction of the roots purgative. G. E, 'ALLIUM. Gadick.3 * Stem leafy. Leaves somewhat cylindrical. (A. olerdceum. Streaked Field Garlick. Umbel lax, bearing bulbs. Leaves semicylindrical, tubular, rough ; channelled above ; ribbed beneath. Bracteas pointed, longer than the umbel. Stamens simple, awl-shaped. E. B. 488. A. sive Moly montanum tertium. G. E. 188. Cornfields, and their borders. Rosall. Pn. What county ? Per. July. Fl. reddish. Germ, rough at the top.) A. vinedle. Crow G. Umbel spherical, bearing bulbs. Leaves cylindrical, smooth. Three alternate stamens deeply three-cleft. E. B. 1974. A. sylvestre. G. E. 179. Dry pastures, cornfields, waste ground, especially on chalk, or gravel. Sm.. Meadows, near the Botley Road. Between Caversham and Mapledurham, Sb. Walls of Godstow Nunnery. Bx. Per. June. Root egg-shaped, bulbous. Stem two f. slender, upright, round, 1 From the youth supposed to be changed into the flower. Ovid. Metam. * Pseudo, i. e. false, to distinguish this species from the True N, of the ancients, or N. poeticits. 3 Garleac. Ang.-Sax. 92 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Tulipa. slightly furrowed. Ls. long^, tapering, hollow, fading before the flowers come out. Fl. pet. closed, pale-rose-colour, keels green. Spatlia pointed, deciduous. Stam. longer than the pet., the hair- like, side extremities of three thrice divided ones, horizontally spreading. Young shoots in salad, or boiled. * * Stalks immediately from the root, naked. A. ursinum.^ Broad-leaved G. Ramsons. Stalk im- mediately from the root, naked, semicylindrical, with four angles. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, stalked. Umbel level-topped. Stamens simple. E. B. 122. G. E. 179. Woods, hedges, meadoivs. Stow Wood. B.v. Headington Wick Copse. Sb. Per. June. Root a slender bulb, fibres long, fleshy. The broad Is. all from the root. SpatJia two-leaved. Fl. white, numerous, large. Difiicult of eradication. Communicates its nauseous flavour to milk and butter, when cows eat the plant. FRITILLA'RIA.* Fritillary. ' V. Meledgris? Common F. Chequered Daffodil. Snake' s- head. All the leaves alternate, linear-spear-shaped, pointed. Stem single-flowered. Nectary linear. Points of the petals bent inwards. E. B. 622. C. 3. 20. Baxter's Plates, 1. F. variegata. G. E. 149- Moist meadows, j)astures. Magdalen College Meadow. Cowley Meadows. Sb. Burghfield Meadows, near Reading. Mrs. Bockett. Standlake. IFh. Per. April. Root a small bulb. Stem erect, about one foot, round, leafy. Fl. bell -shaped, elegantly chequered with pale and dark purple, drooping. Fruit erect. Far. Fl. white. TULIPA.* Tulip.5 T. sylvestris. Wild T. Flower solitary, a little droop- ing. Leaves spear-shaped. Stigma triangular, abrupt. ' Be?flr's, or bearish, Lat. Sir J.E.Smith observes, — the coarseness of its qua- lities, like the manners of some human beings, may, in both cases, justify a comparison. E. F. * From the chequered appearance of the flower, somewhat resembling a chess-board, /riiJWiw. 3 Meleagris, from the resemblance of the flower to the painted wings of the Meleagris, Guinea-hen, or Pintado. * From toliban, Pers. a turban, from the shape and colour of the flower. * See Beckmann's History of Inventions, &c. HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ornithogalum. 93 Stamens hairy at the base. E. B. 63. H. L. 19. Baxter's Plates, 2. T. bononiensis. G. E. 138. Chalk pits. Near Bullingdon. Christ Church Meadow. Dr. n^iUiams, Bot. Professor, Oxford. Per. April. Stem simple. A bulb is formed in this plant at the end of a long fibre. Fl. fragrant, yellow. Pet. spear-shaped, acute, outward ones greenish. Roots preserved in sugar eatable. G, E. ORNITHOGALUM.' Star of Bethlehem. O. luteum. Yellow Star of B. Stem angular, with one leaf at the bottom, and one or two at the top. Flower-stalks umbellate, simple, smooth. E. B. 21. O. luteum, sive Cepe agraria. G. E. 165. Groves, pastures. * * In woods about Oxford. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Woods near Ashford Mill. Fauler. Sb. Per. April. Ls. spear-shaped. Floral Is. fringed with fine white hairs. Pet. pale-green externally, tipped with green within. Stam. and pist. yellow. An elegant plant. Bulbous roots of all the species nutritious and wholesome. * O. umbellatum. Common Star of B. Flowers corym- bose ; their partial stalks overtopping the main one. Filaments dilated, tapering, entire. E. B. 130. H. L. 45. Ornithogalum. G. E. 165. Meadows, pastures, groves. * * Near Barton. Sb. Christ Church Meadow. Sb. and Dr. Bridges, President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Copse, near Sandford Toll-gate. Bx. Per. April, May. Ls. linear, bluntish, withering soon at the top, concave on the upper side, with a white rib. Stalk round, smooth, eight or ten inches. Corymb, of six, eight, or ten fl. Bract, spear-shaped, acute, membranous, fading, abovit half as long as the fl. -stalks. Pet. pure, enamelled, white with a broad, permanent, green line along their backs. Germ, top-shaped, with six notches. The boiled roots much used as food in the Levant. The Dove's Dung, mentioned 2 Kings, ch. vi. v. 25. supposed by Linn, to be the roots of this plant. Bochart interprets the Heb. word, as refer- ring to the seed of vetches, or some vegetable food. See Gesen. Lex. in the Heb. word >'^f^ * O. nutans. Drooping Star of B. with its large, white flowers, silvery and glaucous. E. B. 1997- ' From Ornis, Gr. a bird, and gala, Gr. milk ; from tke whiteness of the petals in some species. 92 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Tulipa. slightly furrowed. Ls. long, tapering, hollow, fading before the flowers come out. FL pet. closed, pale-rose-colour, keels green. Spatha pointed, deciduous. Siam. longer than the pet., the hair- like, side extremities of three thrice divided ones, horizontally spreading. Young shoots in salad, or boiled. * * Stalks immediately from the root, naked. A. lU'sinum.^ Broad-leaved G. Ramsons. Stalk im- mediately from the root, naked, semicylindrical, %vith four angles. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, stalked. Umbel level-topped. Stamens simple. E. B. 122. G. E. 179. Woods, hedges, meadows. Stow Wood. B.v. Headington Wick Copse. Sb. Per. June. Root a slender bulb, fibres long, fleshy. The broad Is. all from the root. Spatha two-leaved. FL white, numerous, large. Difficult of eradication. Communicates its nauseous flavour to milk and. butter, when cows eat the plant. FHITILLA'RIA.^ Fritillary. F. Meleagris. ^ Common F. Chequered Daffodil. Snake' s- head. All the leaves alternate, linear-spear-shaped, pointed. Stem single-flowered. Nectary linear. Points of the petals bent inwards. E. B. 622. C. 3. 20. Baxter's Plates, 1. F. variegata. G. E. 149. Moist meadoivs, pastures. Magdalen College Meadow. Cowley Meadows. Sb. Burghfield Meadows, near Reading. Mrs. Bockett. Standlake. IFh. Per. April. Root a small bulb. Stem erect, about one foot, round, leafy. FL bell -shaped, elegantly chequered with pale and dark purple, drooping. Fruit erect. Var. FL white. TULIPA.-^ Tulip.5 T. sylvestris. Wild T. Flower solitary, a little droop- ing. Leaves spear-shaped. Stigma triangular, abrupt. ' Bears, or bearish, Lat. Sir J. E. Smith observes, — the coarseness of its qua- lities, like the manners of some human beings, may, in both cases, justify a comparison. E. F. - From the chequered appearance of the flower, somewhat resembling a chess-board, /rjfi/Zu*. 3 Meleugris, from the resemblance of the flower to the painted wings of the Melehgris, Guinea-hen, or Pintado. * F'rom toliban, Pers. a turban, from the shape and colour of the flower. * See Beckmann's History of Inventions, &c. HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ornithogalum. 93 Stamens hairy at the base. E. B. 63. H. L. 19. Baxter's Plates, 2. T. bononiensis. G. E. 138. Chalk pits. Near Bullingdon. Christ Church Meadow. Dr. ff^iUiams, Bot. Professor, Oxford. Per. April. Stem simple. A bulb is formed in this plant at the end of a long fibre. Fl. fragrant, yellow. Pet. spear-shaped, acute, outward ones greenish. Roots preserved in sugar eatable. G. E. ORNITHOGALUM.' Star of Bethlehem. O. luteum. Yellow Star of B. Stem angular, with one leaf at the bottom, and one or two at the top. Flower-stalks umbellate, simple, smooth. E. B. 2L O. luteum, sive Cepe agraria. G. E. 165. Groves, pastures.** In woods about Oxford. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Woods near Ashford Mill. Fauler. Sb. Per. April. Ls. spear-shaped. Floral Is. fringed with fine white hairs. Pet. pale-green externally, tipped with green within. Stam. and pist. yellow. An elegant plant. Bulbous roots of all the species nutritious and wholesome. * O. umbelldtum. Common Star of B. Flowers corym- bose ; their partial stalks overtopping the main one. Filaments dilated, tapering, entire. E. B. 130. H. L. 45. Ornithogalum. G. E. 165. Meadows, pastures, groves. * * Near Barton. Sb. Christ Church Meadow. Sb. and Dr. Bridges, President of Corpus CJiristi College, Oxford. Copse, near Sandford Toll-gate. Bx. Per. April, May. Ls. linear, bluntish, withering soon at the top, concave on the upper side, wdth a white rib. Stalk round, smooth, eight or ten inches. Corymb, of six, eight, or ten fl. Bract, spear-shaped, acute, membranous, fading, about half as long as the fl. -stalks. Pet. pure, enamelled, white with a broad, permanent, green line along their backs. Germ, top-shaped, with six notches. The boiled roots much used as food in the Levant. The Dove's Dung, mentioned 2 Kings, ch. vi. v. 25. supposed by Linn, to be the roots of this plant. Bochart interprets the Heb. word, as refer- ring to the seed of vetches, or some vegetable food. See Gesen. Lex. in the Heb. word "t^n * O. nutans. Drooping Star of B. with its large, white flowers, silvery and glaucous. E. B. 1997- • From Ornis, Gr. a bird, and gala, Gr. milk ; from tke whiteness of the petals in some species. 94 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Nartheciuni. Per. May. Magdalen College Meadow. Miss Edwards. SCILLA. Squill. S. nutans. Hare-bell Sq. Wild Hyacinth. Leaves linear. Cluster drooping. Flowers hanging down, cylindrical-bell-shaped ; the points of their petals bent back. Bracteas in pairs. E. B. o77' Hyacinthus non scriptus. C. 2. 18. Sb. H. anglicus. G. E. 111. Tliickets, groves, hushy fields, hedges. Per. il/fw/. Bulb, solid, acrid, poisonous, abounding with starch mucilage. Ls. acute, limber. Stalk erect. El. blue, sweet-scented. Bract. in pairs, linear, acute, blue, like the fi.-stalks. An ornamental and graceful plant. Fresh roots poisonous, may be converted into starch. Far. Fl. white, to flesh-coloured. (Scilla autumndlis. Autumnal S. E. B. 78. H. autumnalis minor. G. E. 110. Clifton, Gloucester- shire. Tu7\) (HYACINTHUS. Hyacinth. H. 7'acem6sus. Starch H. Flowers egg-shaped, with six furrows ; the upper ones stalkless and abortive. Leaves linear, channelled, limber. E. B. 1931. C. Mag. 122. H. botryoides coer ulcus. G. E. 118. Grassy fields, sandy soil, or among ruins. Near Newbury, Berks. Sm. Eng. El. Per. May. El. dark-blue, smelling like wet starch.) (NARTHE'CIUM. Bog-asphodel. N. ossifragum.^ Lancashire Bog-asphodel. Cluster uninterrupted. One bractea at the base, the other above the middle, of each partial stalk. E. B. 535. H. L. 139. Asphodelus Lancastriae. G. E. 95. Black, turfy hogs. Coleshill Bog, Warwickshire. Pn. Windsor Great Park. Tur. Per. July, August. Ls. sword-shaped. Stem, simple. El. yellow, with red anth.) ' Lat. i. e. bone-breaking ; from a supposed effect in the plant fed upon, to soften the bones of cattle. HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Acorus. 95 (^Asparagus officinalis. Common Asparagus. E. B. SS9. G. E. 1110. Near Thornbury, Glouc. Tur.) CONVALLA'RIA.' Lily of the Valley, and Solomon's Seal. C. majalis.^ Lily of the V. Flower -stalk immediately from the root, naked, semicyhndrical. Cluster simple. Flowers drooping, cup-shaped, with rather distant seg- ments. E. B. 1035. C. 5. 24. Lilium convallium. G. E. 410. Groves, heathy ground, rocky woods.** In the Beech- Woods, near Stokenchurch. Sb. Copse near Childswell Farm. J. Ireland, Esq. and Bx. Per. May. Roots matted, creeping. Stalks scaly. Ls. mostly two, imme- diately from the root, long-stalked, elliptic, ribbed. Fl.-stalk solitary, naked, shorter than the Is. Fl. wliite, racemed, highly fragrant. Berry ripe, scarlet. The powdered ji. excite sneezing. From the Is. a beautiful green colour prepared with lime. Garden var. fl. double, or purple. One of our most favourite wild flowers. Extract from the fl., or roots purgative. Dose, twenty to thirty gr. (C. multijiora. Common SolomorHs Seal. Leaves alter- nate, clasping the round stem. Stalks axillary, many- flowered. Stamens downy. E. B. 279. H. L. SJ . Polygonatum. G. E. 903. Woods, thickets. Corpus Wood, Streatley, Berks. Dr. TVilliams, Bot. Prof. O.vford. High Wycombe, Bucks. With. Per. May, June. Ls. elliptic. Fl. smaller, scarcely bearded, Berr. bluish-black.) 'ACORUS. Sweet Flag. A. Calamus. Common S. F. Leafy summit of the flower-stalk rising high above the spadix. E. B. 35Q. A. verus, officinis falso calamus. G. E. 62. Watery places, banks of rivers. * * Dorchester. Sb. Between Oxford and Iffley. Between Iffley and Sandford. B.v. Per. July. Root thick, spongy, strongly aromatic, rootlets long. Ls. two to three ft., upright, long, sword-shaped, bright-green, aromatic like the roots, but fainter. Spadix from the sides of the stem, cylin- ' From vallis, a valley. * From time of fl. 96 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Juncus. dric, tapering, naked. Fl. very numerous, thick-set, green, seldom met with. Dried root in ague. JUNCUS.' Rush. * Leaves none. J. glaucus. Hard R. Stem naked, straight, glaucous. Panicle upright, far below the summit. Capsule ellip- tical, pointed, rather shorter than the awl-shaped-leaved calyx. E. B. QQ5. J. acutus. G. E. 35. ff^et pastures, moist, waste ground. Per. Jtdy. Stem slender, somewhat crooked, about one and a half f, upright, naked, stiff, slightly furrowed, tapering to a sharp point, at the base brown, shining, sheathing scales, dark-chestnut below. Pan. from the side of the stem, branched, spreading upwards. CaL- Is. awl-shaped. Discrim. by its glaucous green colour, and hard texture from J. conglom. and J, effusus : in J. conglom. the stam. are only three. J. conglomerdtiis . Globular-headed R. Stem naked, straight. Panicle compact, globular, far below the summit. Capsule broadly egg-shaped, blunt. E. B. 835. Pastures, road-sides. Per. July. Stems simple, slightly furrowed, about two f., not pungent at the end, but pointed. Panic, from a membranous, bordered, fissure, or chink, brownish-green. Wicks for watch-lights ; pith for toys. Stems for mats and chair bottoms, like J. effusus. Rushes used in Edward the Fourth's reign, and later, for strewing floors, before the introduction of carpets : a cover for a vast deal of filth : in making the wicks, two ribs of stalk should be left to support the pith. See PVhite's Sel- borne. Let. 26. J. effusus. Loose Panicled R, Stem naked, not rigid, straight. Panicle diffuse, repeatedly compound, very far below the summit. Capsule blunt, inversely egg- shaped. E. B. 836. J. Iffivis. G. E. 35. Wet pastures, boggy places. Per. July. Stem about two f, paler than in J. conglom., softer, and more pithy. Panic, a multitude of pale-green flowers. Cal.-ls. narrow, pointed. ' See Davies in Linn. Trans, v. 10, p. 10. &c. and Bicheno, v. 12. OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Juncus. 97 Stems inferior in softness, pliability aud length to Scirpus lacus- tris : for chair bottoms, ropes, and baskets, in some places. * I^eafy. J. squarrosus, 3Ioss R. Goose Corn. Stem naked. Leaves numerous, bristle-shaped, immediately from the root, tufted, channelled. Panicle terminal, compound, with cymose branches. E. B. 933. Gram en' junceum maritimum. G. E. 21. Bocjgy spots, barren, sandy heaths. Per. July. Ls. stiff, linear. Steri about one f., straight, stiff. Panic, the par- tial and general stalks proceed from a reddish -brown, long, sheathing, smooth bract. FL large, compared with the other common species.. Cal. dark-brown : border narrow, filmy, white. Caps, inversely egg-shaped, shining. J. comjyressus. Stalk-compressed R. Stem simple, 'com- pressed ; leafy below. Leaves linear, incurved at the edges. Panicle cymose, terminal, shorter than the bractea. Capsule roundish-inversely egg-shaped, longer than the blunt calyx. J. bulbosus. E. B. 934. Moist pastures. Per. July. Stems leafy at the root, about one f, simple, smooth, slightly com- pressed. Panic, erect, terminal, many-flowered, often sur- mounted by a less one on a longer stalk. FL small. Cal. bluntish, segments green with a broad, brown edge. Root not bulbous, but creeping. J. bufoniiis. Toad R. Stem forked, leafy. Leaves angular, channelled. Panicle forked, racemose, longer than the bracteas. Calyx-leaves spear-shaped, taper- pointed, membranous, two-ribbed, longer than the oblong capsule. E. B. 802. Gramen junceum. G. E. 4. Marshy ground, watery, sandy heaths. An. July. Root fibrous. Stems nvmierous, upright, variable in height from one to ten inches. Upper part of the branches, terminating in simple rows of stalkless and stalked, green flowers. Plant smooth, paler than the rest of the species. Ls. linear-setaceous, acute. Bract, pellucid. Caps, slender, blunt. The solitary fl. and long silky cal. mark this species, and its grassy appearance. In germination the seed considerably elevated above gi'ound by the plant. ' The Is. and root resemble the plant, H 98 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Juncus. J. ul{(/in6sus. Little Bulho%is R. Stem leafy, bulbous at the base. Leaves bristle-shaped, channelled. Heads from the side of the stem, and terminal, about three- flowered. Capsule blunt, rather longer than the calyx. E. B. 801. Moist, sandy, or turfy heaths. Per. July. Stems clothed at the base with the broad, red sheaths of the root-Is. FL reddish ; in wet seasons often Adviparous, var. $. three toge- ther, in a kind of proliferous cluster. Bract, small, acute. Ca/.- Is. acute, three-nerved, chocolate-coloured in decay. Caps, pris- matic. J. acutiflorus. Sharp-Jlowered Jointed R. Leaves apparently jointed, slightly compressed. Panicle re- peatedly compound, forked. Calyx-leaves all bristle- pointed, somewhat shorter than the taper beak of the capsule. E, B. p. 2143, at the bottom. J. articula- tus. E. B. 238. J. nemorosus. Sb. 114. Gramen junceum sylvaticum. G. E. 22. TVet woods, watery places. Per. July. Stem obliquely ascending at the base, smooth, one f., or more than three. Ls. alternate, few, sheathing, curved backwards, pointed, their cavity divided by partitions. Panic, terminal, branches long, slender, smooth. This with J. lampocarpus, and some other species, produce bundles of slender leaves, instead of flowers, or intermixed with thefl. J. lampocarpus. Shining-fruited Jointed R. Leaves apparently jointed, compressed. Panicle erect, com- pound, forked. Inner calyx-leaves bordered. Cap- sule egg-shaped, coloured, highly polished, longer than the calyx. E. B. 2143. J. compressus. Sb. 114. Gramen aquaticum. G. E. 13. Boggy meadows, watery places, frequent. Per. July. Panic, branches, strong, lengthened out; heads of/, remote, one above another on each simple branch. Caps, remarkable for its size, dark-chocolate, varnished. Stem about one f. Discr. when early in/., its more simple panicle, and somewhat blunt cal. Bicheno. Var. Ls. fasciculated, (in bundles.) J. ohtusiflorus . Bliint-fiowered Jointed R. Leaves apparently jointed, cylindrical. Stem with internal HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Luciola. 99 partitions. Panicle repeatedly compound ; branches straddling, and bent back. Calyx-leaves blunt, as long as the capsule. E. B. 2144. Marshes. > Per. August. Discr. Its pale, entangled, much branched panic, with last branchlets strongly bent back, L-joints cellular. Ls. two, mostly. Stem erect, two or three f. FL small, from the side of the stem and terminal, in small heads. LU'CIOLA.' Wood-rush. L. pilosa. Broad-leavedy Hairy Wood-r. Panicle sub- cymose, widely spreading, and last branches bent back. Flowers solitary. Capsule pointless. Crest of the seeds hooked. Juncus pilosus. E. B. 736. C. 5. 25. Sb. 115. Gramen hirsutum nemorosum. G. E. 19. Shady groves, thickets. Per. March. Stems six to twelve inches, polished, leafy. Ls. flat, linear-spear- shaped, bright-shining-green, pointed, entire, fringed with distant long white hairs. Panic, terminal. F"/. solitary, terminal, and from the side of the stem, each accompanied with a pair of sheathing, acute bract. CaL-Is. spear-shaped, pointed, dark- brown, bordered with white. Anth. large, square, yellow. Caps, pale-yellowish in contrast with the brown cal. Herbage dry, tough. L. Forsteri. Narrow-leaved Hairy Wood-r. Panicle cymose, erect. Flowers solitary. Capsule pointed. Crest of the seeds straight and blunt. Juncus Forsteri. E. B. 1293. Luzula Forsteri. H. L. m. Groves. Beech- Wood about a mile and a half from Henley, near road to High Wycombe. Bx. Per. May. Ls. much narrower. Panic, smaller. L. sylvdtica. Great TVood-r. Panicle sub-cymose, doubly compound. Flowers and bracteas crowded. Capsule pointed. Crest of the seeds scarcely distin- guishable. Juncus sylvaticus. E. B. 737- C. 5. 26. Sb. 116. 1 From the heads of fl., wet with dew, and sparklinf;; by moonlight, giving an idea of the lucciola (Ital. for <;lo\v-worm ) Mr. Hicheno derived great assistance in distinguishing the species of L., from tlie shape, and crest (corun- cula) of the seeds. See Fig. in Linn. Trans. V, XI J. H 2 100 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Luciola. PFoods, thickets. North side of Shotover Hill. Stow Wood. Tar Wood. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Copse between Childswell Farm, and Wootten Heath. Bx.) Per. May. Discr. from L. pilosa by its greater size : by the fl. growing in clusters, about three in each, branches of the panic, less strad- dling, not hanging down. This with L. pilosa for packing, and stuffing mattresses. Stem three or four ft. Ls. flat, linear-spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, hairy at the margin, root-ones half an inch or more in breadth. Stem-Is. smaller, shorter. Bract, linear, acute, hairy. L. campestris. Field IVood-r. Panicle of three or four egg-shaped, dense, partly stalked clusters. Capsule inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with a small point, shorter than the calyx. Seeds stalked, without a crest. Leaves flat. Juncus campestris. E. B. 672. C. 2. 19. Sb. 116. Gramen exile hirsutum. G. E. 17* Dry^ barren pastures. Per. April. Conspicuous by its large, sulphur antli., and dark-copper-brown husks. Root creeping. Stems four or five inches, simple, straight, leafy. Ls. linear-spear-shaped, acute, very hairy on the margin. Panic. terminal, at length drooping, one nearly stalkless. FL stalkless, three or four torn bract, at the base. Cal.-ls. spear-shaped, pointed. Style slender. L. congesta. Many-headed Flaxen TFood-r. Panicle of numerous, roundish-egg-shaped, dense, partly stalked, clusters. Capsule inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with a small point, as long as the calyx. Seeds stalked with- out a crest. Leaves flat, rough-edged. Var. of L. campestris ? Juncus campestris /3 elatior. Sb. Gra- men capitulis globosis. G. E. 18. Purton Fl. p. 352. V. iii. pt. ii. fig. Marshy, turfy ground. Peat bogs on BuUingdon Green. Ensham Heath. Sb. North side of Shotover Hill. (Bagley Wood. B.v.) Per. April. Stem erect, eighteen inches. Ls. much narrower than in L. cam- pestris. Panic, very different, of seven or eight roundish, egg- shaped, dense, blunt, clusters, the first almost stalkless, the rest on long, partly spreading stalks. Cal. paler, more taper-pointed, scarcely extending beyond the caps. Discr. from L. campestris : size of the plant, quantity of flax-like substance, large cylindric heads, on fruit-stalks from an inch to an inch and a halfj and its^. full a month later. Purton. HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Pepliy. 101 BE'RBERIS.' Barberry. B. vulgaris. Common B. Thorns three- cleft. Clusters hanging down. Leaves inversely egg-shaped-oblong, with bristly serratiires. Petals entire. E. B. 49. Spina acida, sive Oxyacantha. G. E. 1325. Hedges. * * Medley. Sb. Walls of Godstow Nunnery. R. W. (Bagley Wood.) Between Middleton Stoney, and Ardley. Bx. Shrub. May. Ls. deciduous, stalked, first Is. inversely egg-shaped, between saw- toothed, and fringed. Secondary Is. oblong, saw-toothed, in pairs. Fl. yellow, sometimes streaked with orange. J3err. red. Stam. irritable near the base. If the filaments be touched, the anth. immediately approach the stigm., and will burst to throw out the pollen or dust. The irritability may be successfully shewn, by touching the fil. with a pin, or needle. Ls. acid. Berr. boiled w^itli sugar an agreeable preserve. In- fusion of the bark in wMte wine purgative. The roots dye wool, and leather yellow. The inner bark of the stem dyes linen a fine yellow. Ls. of the barberry supposed, but without any good reason, to occasion blight in corn, by the minute seeds of a para- sitic fungus, ^cidium Berberidis,^ being conveyed from its Is. to the corn. PEPLIS. Purslane. P. Portula. TVater P. Petals wanting', or scarcely visible. Leaves opposite, inversely egg-shaped, stalked. E. B. 1211. C. 4. 27. Alsine rotundifolia, sive Portulaca aquatica. G. E. 614. Watery places, gravelly, sandy, or heathy soil. * Southleigh Heath, Ensham Heath, Nettlebed. Sb. Clay-pit, N. E. corner of Shotover Hill. (Bagley Wood.) B.i: An. July. Stems prostrate, a few inches long, resting in the mud, sometimes floating, square, smooth, leafy. Fl. small, axillary, stalkless, reddish. PeiJ. often wanting. i^z7. pinky red . Z/s. crowded at the extremity. ( Oxyria reniformis. Kidney -shaped Mountain Sorrel. Rumex digynus. E. B. 910. Walls at Tortworth, Gloucestershire. Tur.) 1 Name Arabic. 2 A very different fungus from that which is found on the stems and leaves of wheat, &c. Bx. 102 HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Ruiuex. HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. RUMEX. Dock, and Sorrel. * Floivers all perfect. R. sanguineus. Bloody-veined D. /3. Green-veined D. Permanent petals entire, oblong, one of them at least tubercled. Leaves spear-shaped ; somewhat heart- shaped. E. B. 1533. Lapathum sativum sangui- neum. G. E. 390. /3. viridis. Sb. 118. Rumex acutus. C. 3. ^il. Shady places, road sides. L. Green-veined. Headington Hill. Sb. and R. W. Magdalen College Walks. R. W. Church-yard, St. Peter in the East. B.i: Per. July. Stem two or three f., straight, branched, leafy, smooth, reddish. Ls. stalked, smooth, veiny with deep-red. Fl. in distant, small clusters, drooping, alternate, almost leafless. Cal. and pet. entire, each with red, swelling ril). Fruit large, red tubercle. In var. |3. Is. green. This var. distinguished from R. acutus, which last has more zigzag, leafy branches, shorter and smaller valves, all grain-bearing, and by its growth in marshy situa- tions. Root in dying affords from straw-colour, to a good olive, and a fine, deep green to cloths previously blued. PFith. under var. of R. acutus, that is i-ar. ^. of R. sanguineus. R. cinspus. Curled D. Permanent petals egg-shaped, entire, all tuberculated. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy, much curled at the edge, acute. E. B. 1998. C. 2. 20. JVaste (ground, pastures, road-sides. Per. Jitly. Stem two or three f, furrowed, leafy, branched. Ls. stalked, upper Is. narrower, almost stalkless. Fl. pale-green clusters drooping, near each other, leafy below. Fruit-valves large, egg- heart-shaped, veined like net-work, waved ; with a central grain, prominent. Discrim. Curled /. and large, entire cal. I, Very injurious in clover fields. Fresh roots bruised, in ointment, or in decoction, for itch. Fl. Suec. R. aciitus. Sharp D. Permanent petals oblong, obscurely toothed, all tuberculated. Lowermost leaves oblong-heart-shaped at the base, pointed, upper ones, small narrow. Clusters leafy. E. B. 724. C. 3. 21. the figure. HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Rumex. 103 Low meadows., zvatery places. Per. July. Clusters spreading, lengthened out. Seed small. R. obtusifolius. Broad-leaved D. Permanent petals toothed ; one principally tubercled. Root leaves egg- . heart-shaped, blunt. Stem roughish. E. B. 1999. C. 3. 22. Lapathum sylvestre, folio minus acuto. G. E. 388. Waste ground, pastures, road-sides. Per. July. Stems two or three f., uj^right, branched, leafy, furrowed. Ls. root-ones very large : stem-ones much narrower, more pointed, shorter stalked, somewhat notched, slightly curled. Fl. clusters rather close with few, sometimes not any leaves. Fruit-valves entire at the upper part, three sharp, prominent teeth, on each side, near the base. Eaten by fallow deer with avidity, close to the root. Destroyed by frequent mowing. Discrim. Its broad, large, root Is. R. pulcher. Fiddle D. Permanent petals toothed ; one principally grain-bearing. Root leaves somewhat violin-shaped. Stem smooth, straggling. E. B. ]576. Pastures, church-yards, dry, waste ground. Near the Observatory. Christ Church Meadow. Dr. Williams, Professor of Bot., 0.xford. Per. August. Ls. root-ones on long stalks ; stem-ones small, narrow, undivided. Fl. in distant, small clusters, green, hanging down ; anth. yellow. Fruit-valves deeply, sharply toothed ; grain oblong, reddish. R. maritimus. Golden D. Enlarged petals permanent, triangular, tuberculated, fringed with taper teeth. Leaves linear. Whorls crowded. E. B. 7^5. Marshes.** Otmoor, on the side of the road to Oddington. Professor Daubeny, and ^.r. Per. July, August. Floicers in close, leafy whorls, finally confluent (thronging toge- ther,) like the whole plant, assuming a rich, tawny-golden hue. Ls. stalked, acute, flat. R. Hydroldpatlmm. Great Water D. Permanent petals egg-shaped-oblong, nearly entire, unequally grain-bearing. Leaves spear-shaped, tapering, acute at each end. Whorls rather crowded, almost entirely leafless. R. aquaticus. E. B. 2104. Marsh land, ditches, stagnant loaters, margins of great rivers. 104 HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Triglochin. Per. August. Largest of our docks. Root large, knobby. Stem four to five f. Ls. lower ones heart-shaped at the base, to eighteen inches in length. Discrim. Size of the Is., foot and a half long, or more. Root very ashingent. Good anti-scorbutic. Powdered root art excellent dentifrice. Wash in decoction for spongy gums. ** Flowers dioecious. R. Acetosa. Common Sorrel. Flowers dioecious. Leaves oblong, arrow-shaped, with segments approaching the foot-stalks. Permanent petals tuberculated, (grain- bearing.) E. B. 127. Oxalis sive Acetosa. G. E. 396. Meadoivs, pastures. Per. June. Stem mostly simple, erect, slender, striated, one to two f. Ls. somewhat succulent, root, and lower stem-ones, long stalked. Stij). slender, cylindric, sheathing, torn at top : upper Is. stalk- less, gradually more entire. Fl. reddish, in a sort of compound, whorled spike, branches alternate, almost erect. Plant acid, astringent, anti-scorbutic : in salads. The boiled juice to turn milk acid : an agreeable food to Laplanders, keeping a considerable time : cultivated for the table in France. Eaten with fish, in Ireland. Dried root boiled gives a fine red colour. What has been named Salt of Lemons may be prepared from this plant; the mucilaginous parts, separated by water mixed with pipe-clay, and the rest crystallized. R. AcetSseUa. Sheep's Sorrel. Flowers dioecious. Leaves spear-shaped, halbert-shaped. Permanent pe- tals without grains. E. B. I674. C. 5. 29. Oxahs tenuifolia. G. E. 39?. Dry, gravelly pastures, fields. Per. June. About half the size of R. Acetosa, with stem more slender. Herb acid, somewhat astringent. Fl. reddish. Spikes long, whorled. Fl.-stalks drooping, hair-like. Ls. nan'ow^, lobes at the base point upwards, or horizontally, as it were hooked ; in R. acetosa backrwards. Ls. variable in shape. Conspicuous from its bright red leaves, at the decline of the year. TRIGLOCHIN.' Arrow-grass. T. palustre. Marsh A. Capsule nearly linear, of three cells ; tapering at the base. Root fibrous. E. B. ' From tris, Gr. three, and glochin, Gr. the point of a dart ; from the cap- sules bursting in three points. HEXANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Colchicum. 105 366, H. L. 98. Gramen marinum spicatiim. G. E. 20. Wet, hoggy meadows. Per. July. Stalk one f., simple, naked. Ls. rushy, semi-cylindric, with a mem- branous, sheathing stip., within the Ls. Fl. spike, long, thick- set, slender ; fl. small, greenish. Eaten by cattle. Cows fond of it. CO'LCHICUM.' Meadow-saffron. C. autinnndle. Common M. S. Leaves flat, spear- shaped, erect. Segments of the corolla oblong-. E. B. 133. C. anglicum purpureum et album. G. E. 157. Bloist, rich meadoivs. * * Coombe. Heythorp. Stanton Harcourt. Ashford Mills. Sb. Barton. Church Handborough. Bx. (Cumnor. Y.) Per. September. Bulb large. FL pale-purple, immediately from the root, leafless. Styles reaching to the root. Caps, large, somewhat egg-shaped. Blossom-tube three-cornered. The_^. appear late in autumn, the germ, remains under ground close to the bulb until the following spring, when the cups, with its seeds, and the Is. rise above the gi'ound : the seeds are ripened about June, and the i'*. decay. As the plant blossoms late in the year, this is a providential contrivance to perfect, preserve, and at length to sow the seeds, buried deep in the ground, out of the reach of frost. See Paleys Nat. Tlieology. Plant poisonous. A tincture of the root and seeds used in gout, and rheumatism : a dangerous remedy in the former : the supposed basis of the eau-medicinale. It sometimes proves violently purga- tive, and debilitating; hence its danger in gout. Gerarde makes cow's milk an antidote to the deleterious powers of this plant. Farmers should be cautious of turning cattle into fields where this plant grows. HEXANDRIA POLYGYNIA. ALISMA. Water-plantain. A. Plantdgo. Great W.-p. Leaves egg-shaped, acute. Capsules bluntly triangular. E. B. 837. C. 5. 27. Plantago aquatica major, G. E. 417. Pools, ditches, margins of rivers. ' From Colchis, 106 OCTANDklA MONOGYNIA. Epilobium. Per. June. Ls. root-ones erect, long stalked, ribbed. FL stalk naked, two or three f., its branches numerous, whorled, compound, spreading, bracteated : each^. partially stalked, erect. Pet. pale, reddish- purple, yellow at the base. Caps, about eighteen, egg-shaped. (A. Damasonium. Star-headed IV.-p. Leaves oblong, five-ribbed, slightly heart-shaped at the base. Styles six. Capsules tapering, six, spreading in the form of a star. E. B. 1615. C. 5. 28. Plantago aquatica minor stellata. G. E. 417. Actinocarpus Damaso- nium of Br., and H. Ditches and pools. * \yinkfield Plain, near Windsor, Berks. Ditches about Southcote, near Reading, Berks. Tur. Per. June, July. Fl.-stalks hardly a span, with one or two whorls of white j^., which are yellow in the middle.) A. ranunculoides. Less IV.-p. Leaves linear-spear- shaped. Capsules angular, acute, numerous, in a globular head. Stem none. E. B. m^. H. L. 28. Plantago aquatica humilis. G. E. 417* Sivamjis, turfy hogs. Cowley Marsh. B.v. Southleigh Heath. Otmoor. Sb. . - - Per. June. L.-stalks long, spongy. Stalk upright, or lying down, bearing two or more whorls on long, round fl.-stalks, with small, membranous bract, at the insertion. Fl. pale-purple, yellow at the base. Cal. Is. small, roundish, concave, pei'manent. Discrim. The seeds in a globular head : in A. Plantago they are very blunt and compressed. Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Stmnens 8. Order L MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. EPILO'BIUM.' Willow-Herb. * Flowers irregular. E. angiistifolium. Rose-hay TV. Persian, or French Willow. Leaves scattered, linear-spear-shaped, veiny, smooth. Petals unequal. Stamens descending arch- ' i. e. ion cpi lobon, Gr. violet on a pod. Beckmmtn. Lex. Botanicum. OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Epilobium. 107 wise. E. B. 1947. C. 2. 24. Chameenerion. G. E. 477. Woods. Grays, near Henley, 8m. Eng. Fl. Stokenchurch. 8h. (Outside of a Copse beyond Childswell Farm. Bx\) Per. June. Stems three to six f., erect, wand-like, leafy, smooth. Ls. nume- rous, nearly stalkless, acute, entire, or slightly toothed. Fi. in a long, upright spike, handsome. Stalks and CaL reddish, larger, pet. inversely egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped, crimson, irregular. Style bent downwards. Pollen blue. Stiym. four-cleft. FL sometimes white : /j/tm^ increases rapidly by root. Suckers of the root eatable : infusion of the plant intoxicating : an ale in Kamschatca, brewed from the pith. Down of the seeds has been mixed with cotton or fur in manufacturing stockings, &c. * * Flowers regular. Stigma deeply four- cleft. E. liirsutum. Great Hairy TV. Codlings and Cream. Leaves half clasping the stem, egg-spear-shaped, hairy. Stem hairy, much branched. Root creeping. E. B. 838. C. 2. 21. Lysimachia siliquosa. G7e. 476. Watery places, ditches, margins of rirers. Per. July. Stem four f., or more, leafy. Ls. toothed, somewhat saw-toothed, lower ones opposite, uppermost alternate, stalkless. Branches and fr. -stalks from the bosom of the leaves. Fl. corymbose, large, handsome, each with a small leaf. Pet. inversely heart- shaped, twice as long as cal., pink. Of a delicate, acid smell, pleasant, but transitory : hence name, codlings, &c. Discrim. from Ep. parvillorum, by its creeping root, tall, branch- ing stem, broad Is. and much larger _y?. If eaten by cattle, gi'een or dried, the plant, from its rapid increase, in moist situations, would be worth cultivation. E. parviflorum. Small-Jloivered Hoary IV. Leaves stalkless, slightly toothed, spear-shaped, downy. Stem nearly simple, woolly. Root fibrous. E. B. 795. E. villosum. C. 2. 22. Sb. 121. Watery pjlaces, banks of rirers. Per. July. Stem scarcely two f. Ls. middle-ones stalkless, upper, sometimes, on very short foot-stalks, lower-ones opposite, upper, alternate. Fl. small, corymbose, terminal, leafy, becoming a spike. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, pale rose-colour, or purplish. Fl. and Is. much smaller than in Ep. hirsutum, or in Ep. angustifolium. E montdnum. Broad Smooth-leaved W. Leaves stalked, egg-spear-shaped, toothed. Stem round. Stigma in 108 OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Chlora. four deep segments. E. B. II77. C. 3. 24. Lysi- machia campestris. G. E. 478. Dry, shady, hilly, stony places. Per. July. Shoots red. Stem slender, very soft to the touch, erect, scarcely branched, leafy. Ls. smooth, often tinged with red, as the stem, lower ones opposite, uppermost alternate, and narrower. Fl. cluster, simple, leafy, terminal, pale purple, sometimes 'white. * * * Floivers regular. Stigma undivided, E. tetragonum. Square-stalked TV. Leaves spear- shaped, stalkless, minutely toothed. Stem erect, unequally four-cornered. Stigma undivided. E. B. 1948. C. 2. 23. Lysimachia siliquosa glabra media, sive minor. G. E. 479. Ditches, ivatery, marshy places. Per. July, Stem twelve to eighteen inches, branched, leafy, nearly smooth. Ls. smooth, mostly alternate. Fl. few, in leafy clusters, small, pet. pale, purple, cloven. Stig. club-shaped. Discrim. from Ep. palustre, by its square-like stalk, arising from two prominent lines from the base of the Is., Ivnown by its angular stem, generally narrow Is. very long pods, and undivided stigma. E. palustre. Round-stalked Marsh JV. Leaves stalk- less, linear-spear-shaped, slightly toothed. Stem round. Stigma undivided. E. B. 346. Chamaenerion alte- rum angustifolium. G. E. 477' Doggy, turfy ground. Per. July. Stem about one f., erect, leafy, round . Ls. mostly opposite, upper ones alternate. Fl. in an erect, small, leafy cluster, pale pui'ple. Pet. inversely heart-shaped. Sometimes nearly the whole plant smooth, or scarcely downy. Short, leafy branches fi'om the bosom of the Is, Discrim. From Ep. tetragonum, by its round stem, narrow Is, and in being generally smaller. CHLORA. Yellow-wort. C. perfolidta. Perfoliate Y. Leaves perfoliate. Pani- cle forked, many -flowered. E. B. 6O. H. L. 2. Centaurium parvum luteum Lobelii. G. E. 547. Chalky hills, or hanks ; also on a clay soil. Sm. * * Penley Hang- ings. Sb. Stone-pit near the old road to Enshara. B.i\ An. July. Whole plant glaucous, very bitter. FL in a kind of umbel, of three rays, encompassed by the uppermost Is., the middle one OCTANDRTA MONOGYNIA. Vaccinium. 109 bearing a single^, without any Is., the outer ones terminated by a leaf similar to the stem ones. Cor. full yellow. Stic/, scarlet. A handsome plant. VACCrNIUM. Whortle-berry.' * Leaves deciduous. V. Myrtillus. Black TV. Bilberry. Stalks solitary, single-flowered. Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed, mem- branous, smooth, deciduous. Stem acutely angular. Calyx wavy, nearly entire. E. B. 456. Vaccinia nigra. G. E. 1415. ** Stony heaths, woods ivliere the soil is turfy. Sm. Checkendon. Woods near Clump House. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Y. Shrub. April. Stem forming small tufted bushes. Ls. alternate, bright-green, shortly stalked. FL drooping, stalks short, round. Cor. nearly - globular, bright-red, waxy in appearance, transparent. Berr. roundish, dimpled, bluish-black. Stam. generally ten. Anth. cloven and horned. The tender Is., dried in the shade a good substitute for tea. The ripe berries in tarts : and food for moor-game : berries astringent. * * Leaves evergreen, (V. Vitis IdcBa. Red JV. Cow-herry. Clusters terminal, drooping ; with egg-shaped concave bracteas, longer than the flower-stalks. Leaves inversely ega;"- shaped, rolled back, minutely toothed ; dotted beneath. Corolla bell-shaped. E. B. 598. Vaccinia rubra, G. E. 1415. Dry, stony, turfy heaths, mountainous ivoods. Heaths between Mid- dleton and Sutton, Warwickshire. Pn. Shrub. June. A low, box-tree-like shrub, with red berries.) (V. Oxycoccus. Marsh IV. Cranherry. Leaves egg- shaped, entire, smooth, rolled back, acute. Stems creeping, thread-shaped, smooth. Flowers terminal. Corolla deeply four-cleft. E. B. 319. Vaccinia pa- lustria. G. E. 1419. Clear, watery, turfy bogs, among mosses. Pool in Chelmsley Wood, &c. Bree. Shrub. June. Slender, trailing. Berries deep-red, at first spotted.) ' Ang.-Sax. Iieord berian, i. e, stag's berry. 110 OCTANDRIA MOXOGYXIA. Erica. CALLU'NA.' Ling. C. vulgaris. Common Ling. Erica vulgaris. E. B. 1013. C. 5. 30. G. E. 1380. Sb. 124. Dry moors, heaths, open, barren wastes. $. T^ar. leaves densely hoary. Enshani Heath. Sh. Shrub. July. Anth. bearded, concealed. Style prominent. Cor. deeply cut, shorter than the coloured cal. Stems woody, much branched. Ls. oppositely tiled, forming a four-angled figure. FL rose- coloured, shining, clusters longish. Cal.-ls. inner four large, concave, coloured. Fl. retain their colour when dried. Ls. and seeds food for grouse. Woody stems for brooms, and firing. In the Scotch Highlands, walls for cottages, with alternate layers of lieath, and a mortar of black earth and sti*aw ; their beds made of it : a substitute for thatch. In the island of Hay, ale brewed from one part malt, two parts of young heath tops ; hops sometimes added. This liquor much used by the Picts, according to Boethius. Sti*ong decoction of the tops dyes woollen cloth, boiled in alum water, of an orange colour. The stalks and tops to tan leather. The tops to fill up drains covered over. Where bees extract their honey from the flower, the honey reddish. Ropes made of them, strong, and durable : edging to garden-borders instead of box. ERI'CA.^ Heath. E. Tetralix. Cross-leaved H. Anthers horned. Style nearly concealed. Corolla egg-shaped. Leaves fringed, mostly four in a whorl. Flowers in round tufts. E. B. 1014. C. 1. 21. Heathy, boggy ground. Binfield Heath. Sb. Shrub. July. Stems leafy, branched at the bottom, determinately, or very like it, many branches, springing from one centre. FL like a cluster of berries. Cor. oblong, drooping, wax-like, delicate, from deep rose-colour to almost every shade of carnation : orifice small, four-toothed. Caps, with partitions from the centre of its valves. Ls. bristly, spreading, sometimes five in a whorl. Far. white ^. Sb. Most elegant plant. E. cinerea. Fine-leaved H. Anthers crested. Style a little prominent. Stigma growing in a head. Corolla 1 Gr. kallunn, to adorn, to sweep, to clean, alluding to its cleansing use for brooms, or to the beauty of its /?. Genus differs from Erica in its^. and capsule. • Cape of Good Hope plants. No American Erica known. OCTAXDRIA MONOGYNIA. Daphne. Ill egg-shaped. Leaves three In a whorl. E. B. 1015. C. 2. 25. E. tenuifolia. G. E. 1382. Dry, turfy heaths. Checkendon. Woods near Clump House. Sb. Shrub. July. Stems branched, one f., or more. Ls. in threes, with tufts of young ones, linear-spear-shaped, farrowed at the back, smooth. Fl. in long, whorled, leatj, clustered spikes, drooping, bluish-purple. Cal. acute. Cor. less swollen than that of E. Tetralix, oriiice segments four, upright. P'ar. Fl. white. DAPHNE. Mezereon. Spurge-laurel. D. Mezereum. Common M. Spurge-olive. Flowers naked on the stem, stalkless, about three together. Leaves spear-shaped, deciduous. E. B. 1381. In woods. Near Appleton, Berks. Dr. Williams, Bot. Prof. Oxford. Wychwood Forest. Sm. Eng. Fl. Appleton Com- mon. Bx. Shrub. March. Plant four or five f, smooth, except the cal. tube. Fl. rose- coloured, or white, appear before the Is. Ls. scattered. Berr. red, globular. Fl. beautiful, fragi-ant. Plant acrid, a powerful deobstruent. Six of the berries will destroy a wolf. Twelve grains of the berries given to a girl, produced a vomiting of blood, which caused immediate death. Decoction of the root-bark in Syphilis. Daphne Mezereum, Veratrum album, and Menispermum cocculus, to communicate an intoxicating quality, and strong taste to weak beer : a dangerous and diabolical practice. Camphor an antidote to this poisonous plant. Supposed a native by Miller in Gard. Diet. D. Laiireola. Spurge-l. Clusters axillary, simple, each of about five flowers, drooping, shorter than the smooth, inversely, egg-spear-shaped, evergreen leaves. Calyx blunt. E. B. 119. Laureola. G. E. 1404. PFoods, thickets, hedges. Shotover. Bx. Near Henley. Sb. Shrub. March. Plant smooth. Stem round, about three f., naked below, tufted with Is. at the summit, Fl. yellowish-green, inconspicuous, smell perceptible in the evening, disagi'eeable. Bract, concave, oval. AntJi. orange. Berry black. Plant acrid, brisk, severe purgative, in worm cases, and acute rheumatism: bark of the root strongest: largest dose, ten gr. The elegant and fragi-ant D. Cneorum grafted on this by gardeners. 112 OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Pol/gonum. ACER. Maple. A. Pseiido^ -Pldtanus. Great 31. or Sycamore. Leaves five-lobed, unequally saw-toothed. Clusters drooping E. B. 303. A. majus. G. E. 1484. Hedges, about houses. Tree. May. Bark smooth, ash-coloured. Ls. large, strongly veined. FL clusters axillar^^ long, many^. Cor. pet. green, much like the cal. segm. Fruit seed-wings often three, ripen in August ; not so straddling as in A. campestre. Handsome, quick-growing tree, not injurious to gi'ass, but the Is. fall early. Wood soft. Sap sugary, made into wine in Scotch Highlands. Flourishes on a sandy soil : bears transplanting well: grows best near the sea. See Gent. Blag. 1757. p. 252. Its pollen, a curious microscopic object : when moistened, the globules burst into four cross-like valves. A. campestre. Common M. Leaves five-lobed, blunt, somewhat cut. Clusters corymbose, erect. E. B. 304. A. mmus. G. E. 1484. Hedges, thickets. Tree. June. Small tree. Branches straddling. Bark smooth : that of the stem fissured. Ls. smaller than in most of our trees, opposite. FL green, much like those of A. Pseudo-platan us. Caps, much straddling. Wood compact, fine grained, beautifully veined. The Romans set a high value on their tables of veined Maple-wood. Vessels of this wood turned so thin as to transmit light. OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. POLY'GONUM.^ Persicaria, Bistort, Knot-grass, and Buck-wheat. * Styles usually but two. P. ampMhium. Amphibious Persicaria. Styles two, united half way up. Stamens five. Spike egg-shaped. E. B. 436. C. 4. 28. P. angustifolium. G. E. 821. ' i. e. false (plane.) 2 Polm, Gr. much, and gomi, Gr. a knee ; from the stalks perhaps being genicnlated or kneed. OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Polygonum. 113 Ponds, ditches, or their banks. Per. July. Ls. smooth, fringed, floating on the water ; out of the water, stems more erect. Ls. narrower, hairy, fl. less numerous. Stem creeping, round, branched below, leafy. Stip. tubular, mem- branous, Ls. stalked, alternate, spear-shaped, or oblong, heart- shaped at the base, acute. Spike erect, fl. -stalk reddish. Bract. egg-shaped, membranous, pointed, Stig. red, globular. Seed compressed. Seed, food for water fowl. Fl. ornamental to pieces of water. The only peren. spec. Plant strangely metamorphosed by change of situation. P. Persicaria.^ Spotted P. Styles two, united half way up. Stamens six. Clusters dense, egg-oblong, erect, on smooth stalks. Stipulas fringed. E, B. 756. C. 1. 23. P. maculosa. G. E. 445. Ditches, wet fields, watery places. An. August. Stem erect, about two f., branched, alternate, leafy, often reddish, mostly swollen above each joint. Ls. almost stalkless, spear- shaped, entire, generally marked with a black, horse-shoe spot. Stip, tubular. Fi. rose-coloured, or whitish at the tips. Fl.- stalks springing from the stip. at the stem-joints. Var. (3. L. hoary beneath, y. L. with a silvery hue, both common. Taste slightly acid, and astringent. Plant dyes a yellow colour in woollen. Fl. Suec. P. lapathifolium. Pale-Jloivered P, Styles two, distinct. Stamens six. Flower-stalks rough, glandular. Stipu- las beardless. Seeds concave at each side. E. B. 1382. Sb. 129. P. pensylvanicum. C. 1. 24, 25. Hydropiper. G. E. 445. Cultivated ground, dunghills. An. Augtist. Several var. 1. with pale whitish _^. 2. red ^. and stem: 3. spotted siJem .■ 4. Is. smooth. 5. Ls. hoary on under side. Spe- cific character rests on the separate styles, rough glandular fl,-stalks, and beardless stip., not fringed. Stem, three f. Spikes thicker than those of P. Persicaria. Ls. egg-spear-shaped, uppermost dotted beneath with minute glands. Fruit-stalks covered with minutely stalked yellowish globules. Var. y. salicifolium. Sb. Seeds food for small birds. P. Hydropiper.^ Biting P. Styles two, forked, united ' From the resemblance of the /. (o those of the peach (PersicaS) 2 i. e. Water pepper. I 114 OCTANDRIA TRTGYNIA. Poly'gonum. half way up. Stamens six. Clusters lax, interrupted, drooping. Stem erect. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy, without spots. E. B. 989. C. 1. 26. Ditches, watery places. An. September. Discrim. Its slender, drooping, lax spikes, light green Is. spotless. Cat. whitish, tipped with red, glandular. From P. minus by its /. (of Hydropiper) waved, and not flat ; and by its divided style. Ls. tapering to a point, alternate. The acrid property of the plant, in an oil residing in the glan- dular dots scattered over. Dyes wool yellow : diuretic. Anti- odontalgic. P. minus. Small Creeping P. Styles two combined. Stamens six. Clusters lax, slender, nearly upright. Stem trailing at the base. Leaves linear -spear-shaped, flat. E. B. 1043. C. 1. 28. Persicaria pusilla repens. G. E. 446. Watery commons, marshes. * * Otmoor. Sb. Port Meadow, opposite to Lower Woolvercot. Bx. An. September. ' .- Smaller than P. Hydi'op. more trailing. Fl. without glandular dots. Ls. flat, not acrid. Stems nine inches to one f. Styles sometimes slightly cloven into three. * * Styles three. P. Bistorta.^ Great Bistort, or Snake-weed, Stem simple, with a single, spiked, cluster of flowers. Leaves egg-shaped, wavy, running down into foot- stalks. E. B. 509. C. 1. 22. Bistorta major, G. E. 399. Baxter's plates, 5. Meadows * * Banks of the Isis beyond Iffley. Near Gosford Bridge. Sb. Oseney Meadow. Mr. C. B.' Heivlett. Per. May. Stem about one f. and a half, leafy. Ls. veiny, fine green, foot- stalks winged. Stalks of the stem Is. dilated, sheathing. Fl. numerous, pink, each standing on a slender, rose-coloured stalk. Bract, pair of membranous ones at the base. Root powerfully astringent. Young shoots eaten for greens. Plant for tanning leather. P. aviculdre. Common Knot-grass. Flowers axillary. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, rough-edged. Ribs of the stipulas distant. Stem trailing, herbaceous. E. B. 1252. C. 1. 27. P. mas vulgare. G, E. 5^5. Waste and cultivated grounds. ' Twice, and hvisted (root.) OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Pol/gonum. 115 An. June. Stems branches much straddHng, slightly furrowed, glaucous, or purplish. Ls. alternate, entire. Siip. often red. Fl. clustered, on short stalks, small, red, white, and green, coloured. Seed black, polished. FL greenish on outside, white within, often tinged with pink ; from egg-shaped, to spear-shaped, and even linear. Variable in shape, and size of Is. Stam. seldom ten. Seeds food for small birds : for same uses as those of P. Fagopy- rum. Hogs eat the plant with avidity. This one of the plants, which have acquired the name of grass, because eaten by cattle. *P. Fagopyrum.^ Buck-wheat, or Brank. Leaves heart-arrow-shaped. Stem nearly upright, without prickles. Angles of the seeds even. E- B. 1044, Tragopyron. G. E. 89. Cultivated fields. From the East originally. An. July. Root fibrous. Plant succulent. Stem one £, or more, branched, rather zigzag, smooth, leafy, except a downy line on one side. Ls. acute, smooth ; uppermost stalkless. Stip. small. Fl. in panicled clusters, variegated with red and white ; yellow glands between all the filaments. Styles divided to the base. Very impatient of frost. Seeds made into meal-cakes here, and in Japan ; food for pheasants, and poultry ; planted near bee-hives, as flowering late. Unwholesome food for sheep. Used for clean- ing foul land : ploughed in as a manure when fully grown, or mown for fattening swine and poultry with the gi'ain. An oil from the seeds. P. Convolvulus. Climbing Buck-wheat. Black Bind- weed. Leaves heart-arrow-shaped. Stem twining, angular. Segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. E« B. 941. C. 4. 29. Volubilis nigra. G. E. 863. Cornfields, gardens. An. July. Stem climbing to five to six f , leafy, unsupported ; the stem is short and trailing. Ls, alternate, stalked, waved, smooth. FL greenish- white, found even as low as the base of the common fl.- stalk ; in terminal, interrupted spikes, each on a small drooping stalk. Seeds for small birds, nutritious, like those of P. Fagop. but less Wheat resembling the beech (mast,) /«§•««, and jmros. 116 OCTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA, Paris. OGTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. PARIS.' Herb Paris. P. quadrifolia. Common Herb Paris. Leaves egg- shaped, mostly four, fixed to the top of the stalk. E. B. 7. Herba Paris. G. E. 405. Baxter's plates, 6. Groves, shady places* * Headington Wick Copse. Sb. Wood in Mungewell. John Oglander, Esq. Wytham Wood. Bx. Per. May. Stem simple, about one f. Styles purplish-black, hardly so long as the berry. Blossoms pale-green. CaL-leaflets green. Four oval, stalkless Is., whorled at the top of the stalk, with a single, greenish, central fl. and afterwards black berry. Four the prevailing number in this singular plant. Ls. three or five sometimes. Roots emetic, dose twice the quantity of ipeca- cuanha. Berry narcotic. 'ADOXA.^ Moschatell.5 A. Moschatellina. Tuberous M. E. B. 453. C. 2. 26. Radix cava minima viridi flore. G. E. 1091. Groves, thickets, shady hedges. Shotover Plantations. Southleigh. Woods near Ashford Mills. Sb. Per. u4pril. Stem-root of fleshy, tiled scales, with fibres from the interstices. Herb pale-green, fleshy, smooth. Stem erect, three or four inches. Ls. root-ones, doubly ternate, wedge-shaped, lobed ; those on the stem three-cleft, opposite, simple, shorter stalked. Fl. in a head of five, stalkless, whitish-green fl. : four of them from the side of the st«m. The terminal one, having but eight stam, refeiTed by Linn, to Octandria, according to his rule. Caps, of four cells, invested with fleshy cal. (ELATINE. Water-wort. E. tripetala. Small TV. Leaves opposite, rough, with minute points. Flowers mostly three-cleft. E. Hydro- piper. E. B. 955. E. hexandra. H. Margins of ponds or ditches, sandy soil. Near Binfield, Berks. Mr. T. F. Forster. Sm. Eng. Fl. An. July, Auynst. Aquatic herb, not unlike Montia.) • From par, paris, equal, Lat. from the equality of the number four in this plant. 2 Gr. Inglorious. From its modest, unassuming appearance, as it emerges from its wintry bed of dry leaves. 3 From the musky smell of the fl. DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Monotropa. 117 Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Stamens 9. Order L HEXA G YNIA, Pistils 6. BU'TOMUS.' Flowering-rush. B. umhelldtus. Common F. E. B. 651. C. 1. 29- Ditches and margins of rivers, on gravelly soil. Christ Church Meadow. Pools on the sides of the Botley Road. Near Ensham. Sb. Per. June. Only British plant of Enneandria. Plant lower part immersed in water. Ls. all immediately from the root, erect, near three f., linear, triangular, pointed, flat in the upper part. Stalk taller than the Is. simple, solitary. Z7m5e/ terminal, simple, many-flowered. Bract, brown, sharp, spear-shaped. Fl. large, shaded rose-colour. Antli. red. Germ. red. Amongst our peculiar, and most ornamental British plants. Not eaten by cattle in general. Class X. DECANDRIA. Stamens 10. Order L MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . MONO'TROPA.' Bird's-nest. M. Hypopitys.^ Yellow B. Flowers in a drooping cluster ; side-one Avith eight stamens ; terminal one with ten. E. B. 69. H. L. 105. Plot. 146. t. 9. f. 6. Roots of beeches and firs. Stokenchurch. Woods between Nettle- bed and Henley. Sb. Frequent in the Counties of Oxford, Bedford, Buckingham, and Berks. Huds. Stokenchurch Woods. Ray. Near Buckland-, Berks. Mr. John Reddy. Slade Woods, Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke College, Oxford. Per. July. Stem thick, fleshy, scaly, tiled, closely so at the lower part. Plant pale straw-colour,^., same colour. Fl. side ones from six to eight stam. Plant exliales a fragrant smell, during the process of its becoming dry, and black. Flower-spike nodding : it ' From bons, an ox, Gr. and temno, to cut, Gr. because the sharp leaves cut the mouths of browsing cattle. 2 Gr. solitary, (Monot. Hyp.) and tropo, to turn. 3 i. e. Gr. Under the fir. 118 DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Chrysosplenium. becomes erect in seeding. Whole plant smells like the prim- rose, or like beans in blossom. PY'ROLA.' Winter-green. (P. rotundifoUa. Round-leaved W.-gr. Stamens ascending. Style twice as long as the stamens ; declining and bent down, curved upwards at the end. Cluster many-flowered. Calyx as long as the stamens. E. B. 213. Pyrola. G. E. 408. Bushy places, dry heathy woods. * Slade and Randwich Woods, Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke College, Oxford. Per. July, August. Ls. nearly round. Fl. rather drooping, snowy-white, bell-shaped. The largest of the Py'rolas, but varies in size.) (^Andromeda polifolia. Over Heath. Tur.^ (P. media. Intermediate TV. Stamens regularly bent in. Style twice as long, bending arch-wise. Cluster of many drooping flowers. Calyx shorter than the stamens. E. B. 1945. H. L. 30. Woods. Woods, Meriden, Warwickshire. Bree. Per. July, August. Py. media has been confounded with Py. minor : diifers from Py. minor by its very spirally twisted, fl. -stalk, the declination, and greater length of style. Fl. globose, milk white.) P. minor. Less TV. Stamens regularly bent in. Style the same length, straight. Stigma five-lobed, point- less, without a xm^. Cluster of many drooping flowers. E. B. 158. bad. ^P. rosea. E. B. 2543. Mossy woods, thichets. * * Scrubby Copse, Mungewell. Woods between Nettlebed and Henley. Sb. Wood about half a mile from Henley. B.r. Per. June. Smaller. Fl. rose-coloured. Style short. DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden-saxifrage. (Ch. alter nifolium. Alternate-leaved G. Leaves alter- nate. E. B. 54. ' From supposed resemblance oils, to a pyrus, or pear-tree. DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Saxifraga. 119 Borders of shady rivulets.* Balsal Temple, Warwickshire. Pn. Dowdeswell Woods, Gloucestershire. Mr. TV. C. Trevelyan. Per. May. Ls. kidney-shaped, and notched. Corymb, of deep yellow^.) Ch. oppositifolium. Opposite-leaved G. Leaves oppo- site. E. B. 490. C. 2. 27. Saxifraga aurea. G. E. 841. Watery, shady places. Shotover Hill, near the spring. Shotover Plantations. Sb. Horspath Lane. R. W. Per. April. Plant fleshy, grows in broad patches of a yellowish hue. Ls. stalked, inclining to heart-shaped, notched. Fls. corymb termi- nal, leafy, pale-yellow, mostly four-cleft. Seeds round, blacldsh. Paler than the first, Ls. smaller. Stamens eight mostly. SAXITRAGA. Saxifrage. * Calyx spreading. Leaves partly lobed. Stigmas mostly downy. Flowering -stems erect, more or less leafy. S. granidata. White Meadow S. Leaves kidney- shaped, lobed. Stem panicled, leafy. Root beaded. Germen half-inferior. E. B. 500. C. 1. 30. S. alba. G. E. 841. Meadows, pastures, gravelly, or sandy soil. Sm. Per. May. Stem, one f. Root with several little grains, attached to one main fibre, with small fibres. Stem solitary, erect, branched above, hairs clammy, brown, or reddish. Ls. and ca/, -teeth clothed with same kind of hairs. Ls. root-ones long stalked, upper ones nearly stalkless, sharply lobed. Cor. large, white, in- versely egg-shaped, much longer than cal. Pet. three veined. Var. double}?, in gardens. Has been recommended in stone and gravel, becavise its roots resemble small pebbles, the conclusion, therefore, from doctrine of signatures, should be irresistible. The doctrine of signatures attributed to any substance, having a resemblance to any organ, sovereign virtues in removing the diseases of that organ. B.T.F. S. tridactylites . Hue-leaved S. Leaves wedge-shaped, with three or five segments ; the uppermost undivided. Stem panicled, leafy. Stalks single-flowered, alternate. Germen inferior. E. B. 501. C. S. 28. Parony- chia rutaceo folio. G. E. 624. TValls, -roofs, dry, barren ground. An. April. Stems three or four inches, variable in height, erect, round, leafy, much branched above. Whole plant covered with clammy 120 DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Saponaria. hairs. Ls. hand-shaped, in three, or pedate in five segments, swollen, fleshy, upper stalk ones undivided. FL small, white. Cal. urn-shaped. Pet. scarcely exceeding the caL This plant flowers soon after Draba verna ; becomes in sunny situations of red colour. Plant small. Stem in dry situations, sometimes unbranched, and Is. entire. SCLERANTHUS.' Knawel." S. dnnuus. Annual K. Calyx of the fruit, with spread- ing, taper, acute, segments. Stems spreading. E. B. 351, Polygonum selinoides, sive knawel. G. E. 5m. Dry, sandy fields . An. June. Stems spreading in all directions, much branched, leafy, mostly pale, the outermost trailing at the base only. Ls. opposite, linear, somewhat keeled, acute, not glaucous, nor silvery. FL colour of the herbage, stalkless ; clusters, leafy, terminal. Cal. ten ribbed, stam. from five to eight, imperfect. Vapour of the decoction received into the mouth in tooth-ache. FL Suec. ( S. perennis. Perennial K. Fruit-calyx with segments blunt, and converging, edge broad, membranous. Stems trailing. E. B. 352. G. E. 567- Sandy plains.* Creaton, Northamptonshire. Blorton. Per. August to October. Hue of the plant glaucous, glistening ; turning reddish with age. Discrim. The bi'oad, white, membranous edges of the calyx. The coccus polonicus, an insect, affording a crimson dye, feeds on this plant. See Upsal Trans. 1742.) SAPONA'RIA. Soapwort.3 S. o^cindlis. Common S, Calyx cylindrical. Leaves ehiptic-spear-shaped. E. B. 1060. C. 2. 29. Sa- ponaria. G. E. 444. Meadows, river sides, under hedges. Headington Hill. Marston. Stanton Harcourt, Sh. Marston. R. W. Per. August. Stems upright, round, leafy, panicled, about eighteen inches. Plant smooth. Ls. opposite, united at the base, three ribbed. FL panicle rovmdish. Cor. large, pale-pink, sweet scented. Pet. claw four angled. Var.fl. double. Juice of the bruised /«., scour almost as well as soap. G. E. Used instead of Sarsaparilla. See more on this, in Journal de Med. vol. QQ. p. 478. or With. Arrang. and G. E. ' From its somewhat dry, hard flowers, Gr. skleros, hard. " Germao. 2 From the leaves forming a lather with water. DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Silene. 121 DIANTHUS.' Pink. * Floivers aggregate. D. Armeria, Deptford P. Flowers in bundles, tufted. Scales of the calyx spear-shaped, downy, as long as the tube. Petals saw-toothed. E. B. 317- H. L. 134. Caryophyllus pratensis. G. E. 594. Pastures, hedges, on a gravelly soil. Sm. Near Caversham. Sb. Englefield, Berks. R. W. An. July. Stem round, leafy, erect, one foot, forked, and corymbose at the upper part. Ls. all opposite, lower ones broader, somewhat battledore-shaped ; those at the stem joints, and under the fl. narrow, spear-shaped, acute. Fl. small ; pet. speckled, with white dots, one_^. mostly opening at a time. A degree of elegance about this plant, when minutely examined. * * Flowers solitary, several on the same stem. (D. deltoides. Maiden P. Flowers solitary. Scales of the calyx egg-spear-shaped, acute, seldom more than two. Leaves bluntish, somewhat downy. Petals notched, smooth. E. B. 61. Caryophyllus montanus purpureus. G. E. 593. Pastures, on gravelly or sandy soil. Langley, Bucks. Salt HilL Tur. Per. Jiily, October. Ls. flat. Fl. small, pale rose-colour, with a purple circle.) DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. ~ . SILE'NE. Catchfly, or Campion. * Flowers in leafy racemes, clusters occasionally somewhat forked. (S. dnglica. English Catchfly. Hairy and viscid. Petals slightly cloven. Flowers from the sides of the stem, alternate, erect. Lower capsules spreading or bent back. E. B. II78. C. 4. 30. Cultivated fields, gravelly or sandy soil. Near Burnham, Bucks. Tur. An. July. Ls. linear-spear-shaped. Fl. white, or pale rose-coloured.) ** Stem forked; branches 'panicled. S. injidta. Bladder Cam. or Catchfly. Flowers copiously panicled, drooping. Petals cloven half way " Flower of Jove, Gr, from the beauty and fragrance of the fJ. 122 DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Stellaria. down, mostly without scales. Calyx smooth, swollen ; veined like net-work. Stem erect. Leaves egg- shaped, acute. Cucubalus Behen. E. B. 164. Sb. 139. Behen album. G. E. 678. Fields, pastures, way-sides. Per. June. Ls. root-ones tufted, battledore-shaped : stem Is., spear-shaped, or egg-shaped ; all glaucous. Stem round, smooth, glaucous, one or two feet, repeatedly forked, panicled. Fl.-stalks long, slender. Cor. white. Cal. veined with purple and green. Anth. some- times diseased, large and swollen, with purple dust. Boiled Is., may be eaten as peas. The young shoots boiled, well •flavoured. *** Stem, and branches if any, forked, leafy. S. noctijlora. Night-jlowering G. Stem forked. Petals cloven, each with a cloven abrupt scale. Calyx with ten hairy ribs ; its teeth linear, almost as long as the tube. E. B. 291. Fields, on sand or gravel.* Headington. Cowley. Stanton Har- court. Soathleigh. Sb. (Near Wytham Wood, &c. Bx\) An. July. Stem erect, round, leafy, repeatedly forked in the upper part. Ls. spear-shaped, stalkless ; lower ones broader, lowest inversely egg-shaped. Fl. solitary at the divisions of the stem ; stalks hairy, clammy. Cal. white, angles and veins green. Cor. pet. cream-coloured, red tinged, unfolding in the evening, at that time becoming sweet-scented. Cal. very clammy ; teeth very long. Seed vessel of first^., conspicuous in the fork of the plant. (S. nutaris. Nottingham G. Harringworth, North- amptonshire. Morton.^ STELLARIA.' Stitchwort. S. media. Gommon Ghickweed. Leaves egg-shaped. Stems trailing, with a hairy alternate line on one side. Stamens from five to ten. E. B. 537' Alsine media. C. 1. 20. A. minor, sive media. G. E. 61 1. Waste and cultivated ground. An. April. Stems several, brittle, slender at the bottom. Ls. opposite, smooth ; stalks folded together at night. Fl. very small, stalks solitary, axillary, or terminal. Cal. longer than the w^hite petals. Seeds pale-brown. Stam. uncertain in number. Seeds food for birds, as the whole plant. The fresh plant • Lat. From its starry blossoms. DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Stellaria. 123 bruised, a good cooling application to wounds, and ulcers. Fl. open from nine in the morning until noon, unless rain, after which, they for some time droop. Shoots and Is., eatable when boiled, like young spinach. S. holostea. Great St. Leaves spear-shaped, finely saw-toothed. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Calyx without ribs. E. B. 511. C. 2. 30. Gramen leu- canthemum. G. E. 47. Groves, thickets, dry hedge bottoms. Per. May. Anciently called white flowering gi'ass. Rather glaucous. Stems trailing at the base, slender, supporting themselves erect among bushes, and grass, square, brittle, woody in the inner part. Ls. opposite, stalkless, long, sharp-pointed, mid -rib sharp, the surface slightly glaucous. Stem fork-terminating, somewhat panicled. i^/..sto/A-*, long, solitary. Cor. white, large. Anth. yellow. F'd. white. Very ornamental spring^^. S. grammea. Less St. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, entire. Panicle terminal, spreading, calyx three-ribbed, nearly as long- as the petals. E. B. 803. Heathy pastures, bushy ^^luces, gravelly, or sandy soil. Sm. Per. July. Its white starry Jl., conspicuous : herbage concealed by bushes, or grass: stalks of the panicle very slender. Habit of St. holostea, but size smaller, not glaucous. Fl. white, panicle straddling. Cal.-ls. pale; pet. segments linear, deeply divided. Anth. pale- reddish. S. glauca. Glaucous Marsh St. Leaves linear-spear- shaped, entire, glaucous. Flower-stalks partly scat- tered, erect. Calyx three-ribbed, half as long as the petals. E. B. 825. S. media. Sb. 141. Moist meadoivs, bogs, on gravel. Sm.* Otmoor. Sb. Between St. Clement's, and Iffley. Bx. Per. July. Discrim, From St. graminea by its glaucous colour, smooth /. edges, and stem, larger fl. pet. nearly twice as long as the cal. Fl. -stalks more universally from the sides of the stem, and soli- tary, less panicled. Three cal.-nerves less prominent. In size and habit approaches St. holostea, which wants the caly.v-nerves, and rough leaf, and stem edges. The anthers are pale-reddish. Lower fl. solitary, axillary. S. uUginosa, Bog- St. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, entire, with a callous tip. Flowers irregularly pani- cled, from the sides of the stem, or terminal. Petals 124 DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Arenaria. shorter than the calyx. E. B. 1074. C. G. £8. Alsme fontana. G. E. 613. Rivulets, ditches, springs. An. June. Herb slendei", smooth, pale, somewhat glaucous, green. Stems branched, four-angled, leafy. Ls. veins many, parallel. Fl. two or three together. Bract, membranous, spear-shaped. Pet. very small, segm. narrow, greenish-white. Styles from three, four, to five. Discrim. peculiar inflorescence, short pet. Form and structure of the Ls. Pet. segm. straddUng, deeply divided. ARENA'RIA. Sandwort. * Stipulas none. A. trinervis. Plantain-leaved Chickweed, or S. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, stalked, ribbed. Calyx obscurely three-ribbed, with a rough keel. E. B. 1483. C. 4. 31. A. trinervia. Sb. 141. Shady, bushy places. An. June. Stems upright, one f., weak, much branched, round, downy. Ls. opposite, sometimes with five ribs. Fl. small, white : stalks longish, solitary, from the forks of the stem, and summits of the branches. Cal. longer than the pet. Ls. upper ones, nearly stalkless. Discrim. From St. media by its small undivided pet. and tluree- ribbed Is. A. serpyUifolia. Thyme-leaved S. Leaves egg-shaped, nearly stalkless, rough. Calyx hairy ; three outermost of its leaves five-ribbed. E. B. 923. C. 4. 32. Alsine petrsea. G. E. 612. Walls, dry, sandy ground. An. June. Stems several, three or four inches, spreading, a little branched, leafy, stiff, slender, forked upwards. Ls. small, entire, thyme- like, slightly ribbed. Fl.-stalks erect, pet. white, shorter than the ccd. Cal. -ribs a discriminating mark in this genus. A. tenuifolia. Fine-leaved S. Leaves awl-shaped, pointed. Stem panicled at the extremities. Capsules erect, of three valves. Petals spear-shaped, shorter than the calyx. E. B. 219. Dry, barren, sandy fields.** Rewly Abbey. Charlbmy Stone Quarries. Cornfields near Xettlebed. Sb. Cheney Lane. B.i'. An. June. DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Sedum. 125 Pl&nt erect, slender. Ls. joined at the base, three-ribbed at the back, smooth. Fl. -stalks sohtary, single fl., hair-like, erect, longer than the h., numerous. Fl. small, white, inconspicuous. Cal.-ls. spear-shaped, acute, margins membranous, white. * * Stipulas membranous, A. rubra. Purple S. Leaves linear, bristle-pointed. Stipulas membranous, sheathing-. Seeds compressed, angular, roughish. E. B. 852. Sandy fields. * Shotover Hill, in a furze close, where sand had. been dug. Sb. (Gravel pits on the side of the Abingdon Road, running through Bagley Wood. JB.r. Abundant about Rugby. An. June. Spreads widely on the ground, the handsome small blossoms expand in bright weather. Stems limber and feeble, leafy, round, a little swollen at the joints. Ls. flat, narrow, rather fleshy. Stip. white, cloven. Fl.-panicles terminal, leafy, forked, the ends clustered : fl.-stalks downy, clammy. Cal.-ls. hairy, ribless, margin membranous. Pet. purple, mostly shorter than cal. Seeds wedge-shaped, angular, rough on the outer edge, with sharp tubercles. The seeds a distinctive mark. DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. COTYLEDON.' Navel-wort.^ C. Umbilicus. Common N. Leaves target-shaped, notched. Flowers in a long spike-like bunch, droop- ing. Bracteas entire. Root tuberous. E. B. 325. Old walls. Per. June. Stem and Is. fleshy. Stems nearly simple, round, purplish, erect. Fl.-spike branched, j^. cylindrical, numerous, pale-yellow. Ls. smooth, stalked ; stem-Is. less target-shaped, at length changed for small, spear-shaped, entire bract. Cor. cylindric segments small, erect. Anth. in tw^o rows. The juice, a cooling application. G. E. SEDUM. Orpine, and Stonecrop. * Leaves flat. S. TeUphium.^ Orpine, or Live-long. Leaves flattish, saw-toothed. Corymb leafy. Stem erect. E. B. ' Kotule, a cavity, Gr. from the hollow leaves. - From the leaves. ' Named after Telephus. 126 DECANDRTA PENTAGYNTA. Seclum. 1319. C. 3. 25. Crassula sive Faba inversa. G. E. 518. Borders of fields, hedges, bushy places. * Headington Wick Copse. Shotover Hill. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Bx.) Per. Juli/. Plant fleshy. Root of tapering knobs, fleshy. Stems one or two f., erect, simple, leafy, round, mostly spotted with pm*ple. Ls. irre- gularly scattered, stalkless, egg-shaped, fleshy, somewhat glau- cous, rib thick, coloured, gi^adually lost in the summit of the Is. Fl.-tuft close, crimson, or purple ; sometimes white. Pet. sharp. Anth. and stiym. more deeply coloured. Norfolk rustics sometimes hang up this plant, which grows even when torn from the soil : pretending to judge by the plant's vigour, of the health of an absent friend. Decoction oils, in milk, power- fully diuretic. Ornamental plant. * * Leaves swollen, or somewhat cylindrical. S. dasypJiyllum. Thick-leaved JVhite Stonecrop. Leaves egg-shaped, blunt, fleshy, stalkless ; the lower ones opposite. Stems feeble. Panicles glutinous. E. B. Q5Q. C. 3. 26. Walls. Per. June. Root of small white fibres. Stems thread-like, weak, trailing. PI. branching, panicled, clammy, downy. Ls. except those of the panicled stalk, closely tiled, very thick and fleshy. PI. -panicle of few Jl. Pet. white, keel purple. Anth. dark-red. Small, pretty plant, fleshy. S. ac7'e. Biting Stonecrop. Wall Pepper. Leaves alternate, nearly egg-shaped, thick, swollen ; spurred at the base. Cyme of three smooth branches, leafy. E. B. 839. C. 1. 32. Vermicularis, sive Illecebra minor acris. G. E. 517. Walls, roofs, dry, sandy ground. Per. June. Stems tufted, weak. Roots small, fibrous. Branches upright. Ls. gi'ass-gi'een, tiled, fleshy, fixed to the stem by the inner or upper surface, a little above their base. Fl.-cymes terminal, three -cleft, when luxuriant. Cal. segm. bluntish. Cor. golden- yellow. Pet. egg-shaped, acute. Cups, pointed, smooth. A brilliant little flower. Plant acrid, biting to the taste. Said, to be of gi'eat eflicacy in scurvy, in decoction, or outwardly applied. See Rail Syn. The juice emetic. G. E. The plant will retain life, for some weeks, suspended in the air by the root. An oz. of the plant, boiled in twelve oz. of ale, taken in four doses, found useful in dropsy. Lightf. DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Oxalis. 127 Discrim. Its upright, short, fleshy Is., closely tiled at the barren shoots. H. S. album. White Stonecrop. Leaves scattered, oblong, blunt, nearly cylindrical, spreading, smooth. Panicle much branched in a corymbose manner. E. B. 1578. C. 1. 31. S. minus officinarum. G. E. 512. also 513. f. 7. Walls, roofs. On several old walls at Upper Heyford. Bx. Per. July. Root fibrous. Stems prostrate at bottom only, round, green, or purplish, leafy. Fl.-stems upright, three to five inch. Ls. scattered, light-green, fi-equently reddish, slightly attached, spreading at nearly right angles with the stem, smooth, very fleshy, from about half an inch to nearly an inch in length, oblong, blunt, nearly cylindrical, but some of them a little flatted above. Fl. numerous, white, sometimes tinged with red, produced in a smooth, much branched, somewhat corym- bose panicle. Whole plant frequently of a reddish or purplish colour when growing in a dry exposed situation, Discrim. From other British Sedums by the oblong, blunt, and cylindrical shape of the Is. B.v. S. reflexum. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves awl- shaped, scattered, spurred at the base ; the lowermost curved back. Flowers cymose. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped. E. B. 695. Aizoon scorpioides. G. E. 513. Walls. Per. July. Stems one f., variously spreading, round, entangled, or hanging down, fleshy. Ls. fleshy, smooth, often reddish, attached by the flat inner side, a Httle above their base. FL-cyme, terminal, bright yellow. Fl. many, mostly of six pet. and germs., and twelve stam. Ls. of the baiTen branches crowded. This species remarkably tenacious of life. {^Sedum rupestre. St. T^incenfs Rocks. Tur.) OXA'LIS. Wood-Sorrel. O. Acetosella. Common TV. Stalks immediately from the root, single-flowered. Leaves in threes, inversely heart-shaped, hairy. Root with many scaly joints. Stamens all simple. E. B. 762. C. 2. 31. Oxys alba. G. E. 1201. Groves, and shady places. 128 DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Lychnis. Per. April. Root with many fleshy, reddish scales. Ls. long-stalked, droop- ing at night, acid, often pui'plish beneath. Fl.-stalk, purplish. Pet. white, purple-veined, yellow at the base, adhering by a small glandular swelling on each side. A pretty plant with large delicate fl. Ls. of bright verdure. Caps, dart forth their seeds on the slightest touch, by the elastic seed-coat. Infusion of the Is. pleasant refrigerant in fever. From the Is. boiled with milk, an agreeable whey. The expressed juice evaporated affords a crystalline acid salt, (oxalic acid, as binoxalate of potash,) sold under the name of Salt of Lemons. Application to scrophulous ulcers. Ls. sensitive, when struck, or handled, droop. AGROSTEMMA.' Cockle.^ A. Githago.^ Corn C. Hairy, calyx teeth rising above the corolla. Petals undivided, without teeth. E. B. 741. C. 3. 27. Pseudomelanthium. G. E. IO87. Cornfields. An. July. Plant rough, hairs upright. Stem two or three f., branched, leafy, round. Ls. opposite, linear-spear-shaped. Fl. terminal, long- stalked, solitary, large, showy, purple, with bluish streaks. Seeds black, elegantly rough. An ornamental weed, on a level with the ripening corn, to be plucked up before flowering. LYCHNIS. Lychnis, or Campion. L. Flos Cuculi. Meadow L. Ragged Robin. Petals each in three, or mostly four linear segments. Capsule roundish, of one cell. Stem rough with bristles bent back. E. B. 573. C. 1. 33. Armoraria pratensis mas. G. E. 600. Moist meadows. Per. June. Stem erect, one or two f , angular, leafy, upper part clammy. Ls. united at their insertion, spear-shaped, nearly smooth. FL panicle forked, erect. Bract, two at each subdivision. Cal.- ribs ten, dark purple. Pet. rose-coloured, limber, crowned with two sharp, erect teeth above the claw. Fl. of this plant extremely pretty. Var. in gardens, _^. double. L. dioica. Redy or White Campion. Flowers dioecious. ' Agrou, and stemmn, Gr. crown or chaplet of the fields. - Ang. Sax. ^ Gith, name for black seed, in Celtic. DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Cerastium. 129 Each petal cloven, crowned with four teeth. Capsule of one cell. u. Flowers red. E. B, 1579- C. 2. 32, L. diurna. Sb. 145. L. sylvestris rubello flore. G. E. 469. /3. Fl. white. L. dioica. E. B. 1580. L. vespertina. Sb. 146. Hedges, fields. Per. «. May. 0. June. Red fl,. Plant clothed with soft, prominent hairs, somewhat clammy. Stem upright, round, jointed, leafy, eighteen inches to two f., forked at top, panicled, spreading. Ls. upper stem- leaves spear-shaped : lower, egg-shaped, soft, acute. Fl. scent- less, witli partial stalks. Bract, somewhat membranous. Cal. dark red, in stamen-bearing^,, tubular ; in pistil-bearing^., egg- shaped. Pet. rose-coloured. Claws whitish, crown four-cleft. V-ar. red double _^., in gardens, called Bachelor's Buttons. Sta- mens and pistils in a pale var. sometimes in the same^. Var. white fl. Whole plant taller than the red var. Ls. more spear-shaped. Fl. larger, white, or pale blush-coloured, fragrant in the evening, or before rain. The intermediate veins between the cal.-ribs of the pistil-bearing^., may discrim. from the red var. CERA'STIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed. C. vidgatiim. Broad-leaved M. Hairy, clammy, tufted. Leaves egg-shaped. Petals as long as the calyx. Flowers longer than their stalks. E. B. 789- C. vis- cosum. C. 2. S5, Sb. Fields, waste ground, dry banks. An. April. ~ Discrim. of this species from C. viscosum by its light green hue, yellowish in decay, its broad egg-shaped Is., smaller^. Stems more erect. Pet. white, notched, scarcely longer than the cal. O. viscosum. Narrow-leaved M. Hairy, clammy, lying down. Leaves spear-shaped-oblong. E. B. 790. C. vulgatum. C. 2. 34. Sb. 146. Meadows, pastures, waste ground, walls^ Per. May. Not more clammy than C. vulgatum. Discrim. from C. vulgatum, in being peren., by its recumbent-stems, darker green hue, narrower Is. Fructification larger, pet.. longer, more conspicuous. Fl. -stalks mostly longer. Seeds rugged. Cal.-ls. membranaceous, or skinny at the edge. C semidecandrum. Pentandrous M, Hairy, clammy. Stamens five. Petals slightly cloven. E. B. 1630, C. 2. 33. K 130 DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Spergula. Waste, sandy ground. Walls, An. April. In habit resembling C. viscosum, but smaller in every part, herbage more frequently reddish. Stems spreading at the base, upper part most clammy. Fl.-stalks longer than caL, bent back, after flowering, finally erect. Cal.-h. margin conspicuously white, dilated. Pet. white, mostly shorter than cal. Stam. seldom above five. Caps, about twice as long as the cal. C. arvense. Field Gh. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, bluntish ; fring-ed at the base. Petals twice the length of the calyx ; capsule shorter. E. B. 93. C. 6. 29- Caryophyllus Holostius. G, E. 595. Fields on gravel, or chalk. Sm. Between the Parks and Wolvercot. Stanton Harcourt. Between Witney, and Burford. Sb. Be- tween Elsfield and Noke Lane, at the back of the Red Lion, in Stow Wood. B.r. Road crossing the Hundred Acres, Bul- lingdon. R. W. Per. 3fay, June. Stems very numerous, trailing at the base, tufted, four or five inches, branched alternately, round, leafy. Fl. terminal, two or three, white, large, pe^. heart-shaped, veined. Germ, globular. Caps. valves transparent. Fl. resemble those of Stel. holostea, but somewhat smaller. C. aqudticum. Water M. Leaves heart-shaped, stalkless. Flow^er-stalks from the side of the stem, solitary. Capsules drooping, egg-shaped, with five cloven teeth. Petals deeply divided. E. B. 538. C. 1. 34. Alsine major. G. E. 611. Watery places, margins of rivers and ditches. Per. .July. Stems two f., weak, trailing, unless supported ; branched, or forked, leafy, round, hairs glandular, prominent. BarJc. very brittle, woody part tough. Ls. opposite, pointed, waved, mostly stalk- less. Fl.-stalks single^., from between the Is. and from the side of the stem-joint. Pet. white, about as long as the cal. Caps. deeply splitting. In habit, deep-cut pet., shape of caps, rather a Stellaria; the five styles, however, are constant. This plant resembles Stellaria nemorum. Larbrea of DC. SPE'RGULA. Spurrey. S. arvensis. Corn Sp. Leaves whorled. Stalks when in fruit bent back. E. B. 1535. C. 5. 31. Saginse Spergula. G. E. 1125. Sandy coriifields. An. June. DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Asarum. 131 Stems spreading, variously luxuriant, round, branched, jointed, clammy, especially the upper part. Ls. linear, blunt. Panicles terminal, forked, straddling. Cal.-h. egg-shaped, concave, edge skinn}^ Pet. egg-shaped, white, scarcely longer than the caL Siam. sometimes five, or intermediate between ten. Seeds tuber- culated. Cattle fed with this plant, and poultry with the seeds, in Flan- ders, &c. Bread, in time of scarcity, made from the seeds, in Fin- land, and Norway. A field, w-hitened with its blossoms, changed in appearance by the sudden closing of the petals, on a black cloud passing over, and discharging a few drops of rain. F. B. T. S. nodosa. Knotted Sp. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped, smooth ; upper ones clustered. Calyx without ribs. E. B. 694. C. 4. 34. Alsine palustris, foliis tenuis- simis, seu Saxifraga palustris anglica. G. E. 567. 6. ? Moist, sandy turf. Per. July. Plant very smooth. Stems spreading, mostly trailing, numerous, slender. Ls. smaller tufts of /*., from the larger pairs oils. FL stalked near the extremities of the stems: large in proportion to the plant, brilliant white, elegant. The five styles, and five valves of the fruit separate this plant from the Genus Arenaria. A pretty little plant in^. (S. stibulata. Fringed Sp. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped, bristle-pointed, fringed. Flower-stalks solitary, much longer than the leaves, a little hairy. E. B. 1082. C. 4. 35. S. saginoides. Sandy heaths. Iver heath. Bucks. Tur. Per. July, yhigust. Ls. with glandular hairs ; their hair-like point very conspicuous ; ill expressed in E. B. Pet. white, nearly as long as the cal. Stamens five or ten. Seeds pale-brown, encircled with a black line, but no dilated margin ; Ji. almost perfectly erect.) Class XL DODECANDRIA. Stainens \2—\^} incluswe. Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 . 'ASARUM. Asarabacca. * A. europceum. Common A.. Leaves two on each stem, kidney-shaped, blunt. E. B. 1083. Asarum. G. E. 836. K 2 132 DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Agrimonia. Mountainous ivoods, rare. Between Henley and Maidenhead. E. B. Per. May. Stem short, simple, bearing two dark-green Is., and one drooping j^. LYTHRUM. Purple Loosestrife. L. Salicaria. Spiked P. L. Leaves opposite, spear- shaped ; heart-shaped at the base. Flowers in whorled, leafy spikes. Stamens twelve. E. B. IO6I. C. 3. 28. Lysimachia spicata purpurea. G. E. 476. Ditches, watery ■places. Per, July. Stems erect, wand-like, two to four f, four angled, leafy ; some- times six angled. Ls. stalkless, three in a whorl. All opposite, or all alternate. With. FL spike I'eddish, variable purple. CaJ. teeth six long, six shorter, intermediate. Pet. waved. Stam. twelve, in two sets. A showy plant. Useful in dysentery, and diarrhoea. \j. hyssopifoUum. Hyssop-leaved P.L. Grass-poly. Leaves alternate, linear-spear-shaped. Flowers axillary, soli- tary. Stamens six. E. B. 292. Gratiola angusti- folia. G. E. 581. Partially dried pits, or ditches ; or places where water has stagnated during ivinter. * In watery pits, on the left hand of the tirst Turnpike Gate on the Banbury Road. Sb. Near Dorchester. G. E. Between St. Clement's' and Cowley Marsh. B.r. An. July. Stems a span, several, the principal erect, often branched : side ones spreading, curved upwards, all square, purplish. FL pur- ple, delicate, small. DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA. AGRIMO'NIA. Agrimony. A. Eupatoria. Common A. Stem-leaves interruptedly winged ; leaflets elliptic-oblong ; terminal one stalked. Calyx encompassed with bristles. Spikes elongated. E. B. 1335. C. 5. 32. Agrimonia. G. E. 712. Bushy places, roadsides, borders of fields. Per. July. Stem upright, about two f., leafy, angular, hairy. Ls. alternate ; leafl. deeply saw-toothed, and with various small intermediate leaflets. Fl.-spilce terminal, long, many flowered, Jl., nearly stalkless, deep-yellow, small. Cal. bell-shaped. Bract, lobed. DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA. Sempervivum. 133 Cal. permanent, hardened, hooked with bristles, a caps, for the seeds. Scent aromatic : p/«ni! astringent, bitter, a tonic i-emedy in infu- sion, as tea, among the vulgar. Infusion of the root in fever, among the Canadians. < • DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. RESEDA. Rocket. R. Luteola. Dyerh R. Yellow-iveed, or Weld. Leaves spear-shaped, undivided. Calyx in four segments. E. B. 320. Luteola. G. E. 494. Pf^aste ground, especially on chalk, and on wallsi An. June. Stem wand-like, two or three f., erect, thick, branched, leafy. Ls. alternate, blunt, smooth. Fl.-spikes, branch-terminating, fl., numerous, pale, gi-eenish. Pet. three, vippermost, three-lobed, middle lobe cloven, side ones simple, or three-lobed. Stam. hanging down. Whole plant used for dyeing woollen yellow and gi-een. Not unornamental. The yellow colour, called Dutch Pink, from this plant. R. lutea. Base Rocket. IVild Mignonette. Leaves deeply three-lobed ; lower ones wing-cleft. Calyx in six divisions. E. B. 321. R. Plinii. G. E. 277- Chalky hills, tvaste places. * * Bensington. Henley. Sb. Old Stone Pits, Wheatley. 3Ir. John Loregrove. An. June. ~ Stems several, growing thick-tufted, round, smooth, leafy. Ls. alternate, segments three or more, linear, waved, pointed : lower Is. once or twice winged. Fl.-spikes branch-terminating. Fl. numerous, sulphur-coloured. Pet. six, most curiously lobed. Ornamental. DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA. SEMPERVIVUM. Houseleek. S. tectorum. Common H. Leaves fringed. Offsets spreading. Edges of the petals hairy, entire. E. B. ]320. C. 3. 29. S. majus. G. E. 510. Walls, cottage roofs. Per. June, Ls. in a rose-like tuft, numerous, tiled, fleshy, egg-shaped, acute. 134 ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Prunus. above flattish, convex beneath. Fl.-stem, strong, round, leafy. Corymb, many flowered, branches racemose. Fl. short-stalked^ bract, awl-shaped. Cor. rose-coloured, or pale-reddish buff, large, handsome. Want of scales at the germ., may distinguish this genus from Sedum. Bruised Is,, a cooling, astringent, external application. Filtrated juice of the Is. with an equal quantity of Rectified Spirits of Wine. (Dispensary.) Juice mixed with honey in aphthous cases. Planted on the tops of cottages in the North of England. This was an ancient superstition, to defend from lightning. See Bourne s Antiquities, p. 241. Ed. 1810. 8vo. Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Stamens 20, or more from the rim of the Catyoc. Order I, MONO G YNIA, Pistil I. PRUNUS. Plum,' and Cherry. P. Cerasus.^ Wild Ch. Flowers in nearly stalkless umbels. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, folded flat in the bud ; somewhat downy beneath. E. B. 7O6. Ce- rasus vulgaris. G. E. 1502. J. C. nigra. G. E. 1505. Prunus 'Avium. Sb. (black-fruited.) floods, hedges. Tree. April. The wild black-fruited cherry, is the Pr. Avium of British writers, and with Pr. Cerasus, the red-fruited, forms one species. Bark polished, ash-coloured. Fl.-timbels, few fl. Cor. white. Stip. toothed. CaL bent back. Fruit black. Far. with red fruit. Fruits of Icosandrous plants wholesome. (P. insititia. Wild JBullace-tree. Flower-stalks in pairs. Leaves spear-egg-shaped ; rolled spirally while young ; downy beneath. Branches thorny at the end. E. B. 841. Hedges. Sb. (About Rugby. B.v.) Tree. April. ' Ang. Sax. * So named from a city of Pontus, whence the tree was brought into Italy, by LucuUus. The origin of the g-arden cherry. The gum equal to gum- arabic : nutritious, so much so, as to support life. Hasselquist relates that more than one hundred men were kept alive by it, during a siege, for nearly two months. Wood hard, for turning ; and stained to imitate mahogany. ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Mespilus. 135 Branches variously spreading, round, stiff, bark reddish, rather glaucous. Ls. alternate, stalked. Fl. single, or in pairs, stalks shortish. Pet. white, inversely egg-shaped, large. Fruit glo- bular, black, bloom coloured blue, fruit sour, austere. Bark of the root and branches styptic. Infusion of the fl., mixed with sugar mildly purgative. Far. The more grateful white-fruited bullace.) P. spinosa. Sloe, or Black-thorn, Flower-stalks mostly solitary. Leaves spear-shaped, smooth. Branches thorny at the end. E. B. 842. P. sylvestris. G, E. 1497. Hedges, thickets. Shrub. March. Low, thorny, stiif, hark black, rather glaucous. Ls. stalked, early Is., inversely egg-shaped. Ls. saw-toothed, dark-green. Fl. white. Cal. spreading. Pet. roundish. Fruit globular, black, very austere, and astringent. Fl. appear earlier than the Is., in great profusion, like a " flaky shower." Fl. one of the harbingers of spring, appearing before the Is. In- spissated juice of the fruit, an astringent. Recent fruit to adulte- rate port wine. Dried Is. a substitute for tea. Green parts of plum and cherry tribe poisonous, fruit not so. Shrub for hedges, but too creeping. Wood hard for teeth of rakes. An infusion of a handful of the fl., purgative. Powdered bark in ague : dose, two drachms. Juice of the fruit, a marking ink upon linen, or woollen. The juice of wild plums, combined with muriatic, or sulphuric acid dyes rose-colour. ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. ME'SPILUS. Hawthorn, and Medlar. M. Oxyacantha. Hawthorn, Whitethorn, or May. Thorny. Leaves blunt, variously three-lobed, saw- toothed, smooth. Styles about two. E. B. 2504^. Crataegus monogyna. Sb. 156. Oxyacanthus. G. E. 1327. Thickets, copses, hedges. Shrub, or small tree. May. Ls. alternate, stalked, deciduous, dark, shining green, segments deep, three or five. Fl. corymbose, terminal, white, large. Cal. bent back. Pet. concave, sometimes red. Anth. pink, changing to black. Fruit red, sometimes yellow, mealy. A beautiful, hardy shrub ; a substitute for the myrtle of warmer climates. For fences ; not creeping. Fruit food for birds, &c. Wood hard, tough, Branches bear clipping, and close cutting. 136 ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Pyrus, Var. Fruit white, at Bampton. Bohart. in Ray. PYRUS. Pear,' Apple, Service. P. communis. Wild Pear-tree, Iron Pear. Leaves simple, egg-shaped, saw-toothed. Flower-stalks corym- bose. E. B. 1784. Pyrum strangulatorium majus. G. E. 1457. Woods, hedges. Cheney Lane. Headington. Sb. Tree. April. Tall, handsome tree. Branches in the end curved downwards. The l.-serratures disappear by culture. Ls. young ones fringed with white. Stip. linear. Fl. large, white. Fruit inversely egg-shaped, variable in flavour, astringent. Anth. pink. Wood smooth, compact, for turning. Its snow-white blossoms particularly handsome. As many as eighty varieties of this in Miller s Gard. Diet. Does not thrive well in moist soils (bottoms :) does not destroy the grass. Ls. dye yellow ; give a green to blued cloths. P. Malus. Wild Apple-tree. Crab-tree. Leaves simple, saw-toothed. Flowers in a simple umbel. E. B. 179. Malus sylvestris. G. E. 1461. Woods, hedges. Tree. April. Ls. roundish, oval. Fl. elegant, rose-coloured without, white within, large. Fruit globose, umbilicated, hard, mostly very acid. L.-serratures sometimes disappear by culture. In fl., few shrubs surpass this in beauty. The original of all our varieties of the apple. Wood hard. Verjuice of the fruit for sprains and scalds. Bark dyes wool yellow. As a stock on which to engraft the better apples. From the verjuice, a grateful liquor might probably be made, by a due mixture of sugar. For an account of the different apple, and pear-trees. See "•' Knight's Pomona.'' P. tormindlis. Wild Service-tree. Leaves simple, somewhat heart-shaped, saw-toothed, seven-lobed ; the lower lobes spreading. Flower-stalks corymbose, branched. Crataegus torminalis. Sb. 156. E. B. 298. Sorbus torminalis. G. E. 1471. Tragus, fig. p. 1010. ! Woods, hedges.* Stanton St. John's. Stokenchurch. Woods near Ashford Mills. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Bx.) Tree. April. Bark smooth,, ash-coloured. Branches when young, green. L&. ^ Ang. Sax. ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Spireea. 137 alternate, veined like net-work, deciduous. Fl. numerous. Cymose-panic. large, terminal. Fl.-stalks and cal. downy. Pet. cream-coloured. Styles three, four, or five. Berries astringent, greenish-brown, dotted, pleasant acid flavour, when frost-bitten : occasionally sold in the market. * P. aiicupdria. Quicken-tree^ or Mountain Ash. Roan-tree. Leaves winged ; leaflets uniform, saw- toothed, smooth. Flowers corymbose. Styles about three. Fruit globular. Sorbus aucuparia. E. B. 337. S. sylvestris, sive Fraxinus bubula. G. E. 1473. Woods. (Copse between Childswell Farm, and Wootten Heath. Bx?) Warwickshire, not uncommon. Pn. Tree. May. Apples like ben-ies, scarlet, sour. Seeds two. A handsome tree, of slow growth, with a tough, close-grained, not very hard wood. The Roan-tree, a charm amongst Highlanders. P. 'Aria. White Beam-tree. White Wild Pear-tree. Leaves simple, elliptical, cut, saw-toothed, scored ; downy beneath. Flowers corymbose. Styles about two. E. B. 1858, Aria Theophrasti. G. E. 1327. bad fig. Mountainous woods on a chalky soil.* Stokenchurch. Henley. Stanton St. John's. Sb. Streatley, Berks. Bx. Tree. May. Handsome, small tree. Branches, young ones, also the stalks, cal., and under side of Is., mealy white. Ls. stalked, alternate, acute, veins straight, sunk above. Fl.-corymh, large, terminal, white. Pet. longer than stam. Styles two, three, or four. Fruit scar let, globose, mealy, astringent; eatable when mellowed by frost. TVood hard. Called by the Welsh, a lemon-tree, whence some wise travellers have recorded the growth of the tender lemon on the crags of Wales ! Flourishes in gi-avel, or clay. SPIRtEA. Spirsea, Dropwort, Meadow-sweet. S. Filipendula.^ Common Dr. Leaves interruptedly winged ; leaflets uniform, saw-toothed, smooth. Stem herbaceous. Flowers cymose, with many styles. E. B. 284. Filipendula. G. E. 1058. Open elevated pastures, on a gravelly, or chalky soil. Sm. Banks of the Canal, going to Wolvercot. Burford Downs. Sb. Bulling- don Green, &c. Bx. ' From the root knobs hanging as it were from a thread. 138 TCOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa. Per. July. Root of elliptic knobs. Stem erect, about one f. Ls. few, alter- nate, leaflets opposite ones nearly equal in size, all saw-toothed, and jagged. Stip. pair of toothed, united at the base of each compound I., stalk-embracing. Fl. cream-coloured, often red- tipped. Styl. in this spec, and in Sp. ulmaria, numerous. Obs. Such iiTegular species are enumerated at the end of the order, or class to which they individually belong. Var. fl., double in the gardens. Plant astringent : roots eatable. Linn. S. Ulmaria.^ Meadow-sweet. Queen of the Meadows* Leaves interruptedly winged ; downy beneath ; the terminal leaflet largest and lobed. Stem herbaceous. Flowers cymose, with many styles. E. B. 960. C. 5. 33. Regina prati. G. E. 1043. Moist meadows, hanks of rivers, ditches. Per. July. Root fibrous. Stems erect, three, or four f., angular, furrowed, leafy, branched above. Ls. leaflets ver)^ unequal in size, sharply saw-toothed, white, downy beneath. Stip. a pair rounded, saw-toothed, joining the common 1. -stalk, stem-clasping. Fl.- cyme, large, compound, its side branches much above the central one. Styl. six, or eight. Fl. fulsome, sweet, hawthorn-scented. Recommended by Gerarde as a strewing herb, in halls and ban- queting houses; the smell thereof making the heart meny, &c. ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. ROSA. Rose/ Species difficult to discriminate. Scopoli observes that : " Every one knows a rose from a fungus, but to discriminate the true species is beyond the power even of the consummate botanist." * Branches bristly. Prickles mostly slender, nearly straight. (R. spinosissima. Burnet R. E. B. 187. Buckby, Northamptonshire. Ilorton.) (Yl. Donidna? Dwarf Hairy R. Flower- stalks gene- rally without bracteas ; bristly, like the globular fruit and simple calyx. Stem bristly and prickly, like the , downy foot-stalks. Leaflets elliptical, doubly and sharply saw-toothed, hairy on both sides. Petals spreading. Wood's Tr. of L. Soc. v. 12. 185. R. ' From its elm-like leaves P = (Greatly indebted to Mr. Baxter, for information on this Genus. R. W. ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa. 139 Sabini /3. Lindl. Ros. 59. R- Sabini. Purtoii. 3. 44. Mountains. Allesley, Claverdon, Warwickshire. Rev. W. T. Bree. Shrub. June, or July. \ Pet. white and spreading.) * * Branches ivithout bristles. Prickles nearly straight. R. tomentosa. Downy-leaved Dog R. Fruit broadly elliptical, bristly. Calyx copiously wing-ed. Prickles slightly curved. Leaflets egg-shaped, acute, more or less downy. E. B. 990. R. villosa. Sb. 159 ? Hedges, thickets. Marston Lane. Sb. Shrub. June. In size, habit, and form of leaflets, agrees with R. canina. Discrhn. from R. canina, by its Is. downy all over on both sides, greyish-green, slightly fragrant resinous smell . Pet. almost white in lower part ; upper part, various shades of rose-colour, some- what sweet. Fruit egg-shaped, scarlet, bristly, conspicuous by its roughness. Between the north-end of Marston Lane and Headington Copse, a rose is found, styled by Mr. Sabine, Rosa tomentosa Oxoniensis. It is larger than the common R. tomentosa, with larger and more pointed leaflets : more glandular, but less downy : the fruit more hispid ; the cal. falls much earlier. Bx. *** Branches without bi-istles. Prickles hooked, compressed. Styles distinct. R. ruhiginosa. Sweet Briar^ or Eglantine. Fruit inversely egg-shaped, bristly towards the base. Calyx winged. Prickles hooked, compressed ; with smaller straighter ones interspersed. Leaflets elliptical, doubly saw-toothed, hairy ; clothed beneath with rusty-co- loured glands. E. B. 991. H. L. 116. R. sylves- tris odora. G. E. 1269. Bushy places. Clifton. Henley Park Hill. Wychwood Forest. Sb. Shi'ub. July. Discrim. from R. tomentosa, by its leafl., more elliptic, bright- green, slightly hairy above, reddish clammy glands beneath, most fragrant smell. Fl. more constant and deeper red than other wild roses ; of a pleasant smell. Fruit scarlet, often smooth, when cultivated. Poets apt to confound the Woodbine, and the Eglantine. For fragrant, but not very lasting hedges. (R. micrantha. Small-Jloivered Sweet Briar, Fruit elliptical, somewhat bristly, contracted at the summit. Calyx winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked, scattered, 140 ICOSAXDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa. nearly uniform. Stem strag"gling. Leaflets egg- shaped, doubly saw-toothed, hairy ; glandular beneath. E. B. 2490. R. rubiginosa /3. H. L. 116. f. 10. Hedges, thickets. AUesley, Bidford, &c. Warwickshire. Rev. TV. T. Bree. Near Bilton, Warwickshire. B.%\ Shrub. June, July. Stems straggHng. Ls. less fragrant. FL smaller.) R. Bo7'reri. Downy-stalked Dog R. Fruit elliptical, smooth. Flower-stalks crowded, hairy. Calyx copi- ously, often doubly, winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked. Leaflets egg-shaped, doubly saw-toothed, hairy, without glands. R. dumetorum. E. B. 2579. i3. R. rubiginosa inodora. H. L. II7. Hedges, thickets. Shrub. June, July. Prickles much hooked. I^et. light-red. R. sarmentacea. Trailing Smooth-leaved R. Friut broadly elliptical, naked. Flower-stalks crowded, smooth or minutely bristly. Calyx strongly winged. Prickles hooked. Leaflets egg-shaped, doubly saw- toothed, very smooth. Tr. L. S. 12. 213. R. canina. C. 5. 31. E. B. Suppl. 2595. Hedges, bushy places. Shrub. June, July. Stem eight to ten f. F'l. pink, fragrant. R. Forsteri. Downy-ribbed Dog R. Fruit elliptical, smooth, like the crowded flower-stalks. Calyx copiously, and somewhat doubly winged. Prickles scattered, coni- cal, hooked. Leaflets simply saw-toothed ; smooth above ; ribs hairy beneath. See E. B. Suppl. Hedges. Shrub. Ju7ie, July. Leaflets five, or seven. R. canina. Comtnon Dog R. Fruit egg-shaped, smooth, or somewhat bristly, like the crowded flower-stalks. Calyx winged, deciduous. Prickles strongly hooked. Leaflets simply saw-toothed, pointed, smooth. E. B. 992. R. septum.' Small-leaved Sweet Briar. H. B. Fl. p. ■ Prickles numerous, the larger curved, the smaller awl-shaped; leafi. small, doubly saw-toothed, hairy, sharp at each end, glandulose beneath, cal.-seg- ICOSAXDRIA POLYCJYXIA. Rosa. 141 235. * * On the Leys about a mile E. by N. from Upper Heyford. JBx. See Appendix. Hedges, woods, thickets. Shrub. Jul;i/. Discrim. R. canina from R. tomentosa, and R. rubiginosa by its smooth, shining Is. R. arvensis, has the fruit globular, its fl., more in cymes, pet., white, yellow tinged at the base. Stems and fruit mahogany hue. F"/. -stalks of R. canina peculiarly polished. Fruit very rarely slightly hispid, bright scarlet. Remarkable var. in Marstou Lane, near Oxford, with doubly compound Is. Mr. Sabine. R. canina very ornamental, with its graceful branches, and Is., elegant buds, and coral fruit. fScent of the fl., delicate. From the fruit, ripened by frost, the grateful conserve of Hips, a vehicle for powders, &c. Petals of this, or other roses dried, a substitute for tea, in infusion. The moss -like excrescences in rose trees, habitations of the Cynips Rosse. Infusion of the full-blown paler rose-petals, aperient. Those of the red-roses, before expansion, astringent. **** Branches without bristles. Prickles hooked, compressed. Styles combined. (R systyla. Close-styled Dog R. Fruit egg-shaped- oblong, smooth. Flower-stalks glandular. Calyx winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked. Leaflets simply saw-toothed. Floral receptacle conical. Styles com- bined, smooth. R. collina. E. B. 1895. Hedges, thickets. At Donnington Castle, Berks. Mr. Bicheno. Shrub. June, July. Prickles dilated at the base. Fl. pinkish, fragi-ant.) — R. arvensis. White Trailing Dog R. Fruit globose or elliptical, smooth. Flower-stalks glandular. Calyx winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked, scattered. Leaf- lets simply saw-toothed. Floral receptacle slightly convex. Styles combined, smooth. E. B. 188. Hedges, thickets, borders of fields. Shrub. June. Stems round, glaucous, often mahogany coloured, of which colour commonly the germens, and fl. -stalks. Ls. leaflets mostly five, oval, pointed, smooth. Fl. -stalks three, or five, cluster terminal, stalks not all exactly from one point. Bract, few, spear-shaped, on each stalk one fl., white, elegant. Frtdt dark-blood-coloured, well flavoured, with simple base of the styles lengthened out. A pretty species in fl, ments, and pinnas lengthened out, fruit efi;g-shaped, smooth. See H. Vai-. of R. rubiu:in. fJndl Ros. 142 ICOSANDRTA POLYGYNTA. Rubus. RUBUS.' Bramble,^ Raspberry.^ Species of this genus, discriminated with difficulty. * Stem shruhby, angular. Ti.Jruticosus. Common Bramble^ or Blackbe7'ry . Stems angular, furrowed ; barren ones arched and lengthened out. Prickles hooked. Leaves pedate, (bird-footed,) of five, stalked, egg-oblong leaflets ; white and downy beneath. Panicle cylindrical, twice compound. Calyx bent back, unarmed. E. B. 715. Rubus. G. E. 1272. Hedges, thickets, woods. Shrub. June. Stems long, trailing in an arched manner, woody, purplish. Ls. leaflets stalked, green, shining above. Slip, bristle-shaped. F'L- patiicles terminal, downy. F'l. blush-coloured, or pink, some- times w^hite. Berry violet-black, fulsome, sweet. Green twigs astringent, used for dying woollen, and silk black. Ls. food for silk-worms. R. rhamnifolius. Buckthorn-leaved B. Stems angular, furrowed ; barren ones arched. Prickles bent down- wards, straight. Leaves slightly pedate, of five, or three orbicular, inversely egg-shaped, or somewhat heart-shaped, pointed leaflets ; hoary beneath. Panicle twice compound, finely hairy. Calyx spreading. W. and N. 20. 6. See E. B. Suppl. Woods, hedges. Abundant in woods about Tangley, Oxfordshire. Mr. Bicheno. Shrub. June, July. (R, leucostdchys. White-clustered B. Stems angular, downy. Prickles bent downwards, slightly hooked. Leaves of five or three roundish egg-shaped, or heart- shaped, pointed, jagged leaflets ; hoary beneath. Pa- nicle cylindrical, and, like the unarmed bent-back calyx, minutely glandular. See E. B. Suppl. Woods, thickets. About Newbury. Mr. Bicheno. Shrub. July, August. Pubescence shaggy and shining.) (^K. glandulosus. Glandular B. Stems angular ; branches and foot-stalks hairy, with glandular bristles inter- spersed. Prickles bent downwards, partly hooked. ' More on this Genus, and those of Rosa, and Salix, in our Supplement. R. W. ^ Ang. Sax. ^ From the resemblance of the fruit to a rasp, or file. ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rubus. 143 Leaflets five or three, downy beneath. Panicle and calyx very prickly and hairy, with copious glandular bristles. fVoods, thickets, hedges. Near Newbury. Mr. Bicheno. Shrub. July, August. Panic, corymbose. Pet. white, narrow.) (R. nitidus. Smooth Shining B. Stems bluntly angu- lar, spreading, smooth. Prickles hooked. Leaflets five or three, somewhat hairy beneath. Panicle and calyx sparingly prickly, without bristles. W. and N. 17. 4. Thickets, woods. On Snelsmore Common, near Newbury. Mr. Hicheno. Shrub. July, August. Panic, mostly simple. Pet. broadish.) * * Stems shrubby, round. R. idcBUS, Raspberry. Stems round, erect, smooth, with downy branches ; their prickles straight and slender. Leaves winged, of five or three egg-shaped, rather angular leaflets, very downy beneath. Clusters prickly, somewhat compound. Flowers drooping. E. B. 2442. G. E. 1272. Mountainous woods, thickets. Stokenchurch, Mungewell. Sb. Near Witney. BIr. Haines, Radcliffe Library. Shrub. May. Stem shrubby, four f., branched, leafy, rough with small prickles. Ls. lower ones winged, upper ones in threes only : leaf., egg- shaped, sharply saw -toothed, strongly veined, green, above slightly downy, snow-white, cottony beneath. Foot-stalks chan- , nelled above, downy and prickly like the fl. -stalks. Pet. small, greenish -white. Fruit crimson, pulpy grains numerous, set with permanent styles : of a delicious perfume, and flavour. The fresh Is., a favourite food of kids. R. corylifoliiis. Hazel-leaved B. Stems round, spread- ing ; barren ones somewhat angular. Prickles scat- tered, straight, bent downwards. Leaflets five or three, roundish-heart-shaped ; finely hairy beneath. Panicle minutely angular, as well as the bent-back calyx. E. B. 827. Hedges, thickets. Shrub. July. Discrim. From R. fruticosus, by its roundish stem, much more bi'ittle, all the prickles nearly straight. Leafl. stalkless, or 144 ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Potentilla. nearly so : fruit earlier, browner black, more gratefully acid : blossoms larger, white. R. cce'sms. Blue B, or Dew-berry. Stems trailing-, round, glaucous, prickly and bristly. Prickles bent downwards. Leaflets three ; hairy beneath ; side ones lobed externally. Calyx embracing the fruit. E. B. 826. fVoods, bushy places. Shrub. Jime. Steins weak, trailing, pale-green with bright, glaucous tinge. Ls. leafl., sharply, and doubly saw-toothed ; side ones stalkless, mostly lobed on the outside. Stip. spear-shaped. Foot-stalks prickly, downy ; prickles all slender. Fl. few, terminal, and axillary, panicled, prickly. Cal. in the fl., spreading, points long. Fl. white, sometimes reddish. Pet. waved. Fruit black, its bloom brightly blue tinged : grains few, rather large, agreeably acid, very palatable, but not abundant. FRAGA'RIA. Strawberry. (F. sterilis. See Potentilla Fragariastrum.) F. vesca. Wood S. Calyx of the fruit bent back. Hairs of the foot-stalks widely spreading ; those of the partial flower-stalks close pressed, silky. E. B. 1524. Fragaria. G. E. 997- Groves, thickets. Per. May, June. Root : runners long, creeping. Stems short, erect, nearly simple. Ls. mostly immediately from the root, long-stalked, in threes, veins parallel. Fl. ujjright, cymose, bracteated. Pet. white, notched. Fruit drooping, egg-shaped, fleshy, red, fragrant, studded with smooth seeds, each with its withered style. The delicious strawberry with its var., the fruit of a cool climate. Fruit considered by Linnaeus, very salutary for gouty constitu- tions. {^Fragaria eldtior. Hautboy S. Grounds round Coton House, Warwickshire. Mr. Nelson.^ POTENTILLA. Cinquefoil. * Leaves winged. P. anserma. Silver-weed, or Wild Tansy. Leaves interruptedly winged, saw-toothed, silky. Stem creep- ing. Stalks axillary, solitary, single flowered. E. B. 861. Argentina. G. E. 993. Osier holts, spongy meadows. ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Tormentilla. 145 Per. July. Stem-runners reddish, rooting at the joints, wliere also the Is., and ji., come forth. Ls. more silvery beneath, root-ones largest. Fl. large, handsome, yellow. Ckd. intermediate segments gene- rally notched. Pet. roundish, or slightly notched. Var. Ls. smooth. An elegant plant. Indicating clay under the surface. Linn. ** Leaves fingered. P. argentea. Hoary Cinquefoil. Leaflets five, wedge- shaped, jagged ; downy beneath. Stem ascending. E. B. 89. Quinquefohum Tormentillee facie. G. E. 988. Pastures on gravel. Henley Park Hill. Sh. Per. June. Stems woody, round, half-erect, one f., or more. Ls. alternate, upper sides green ; lowei', snow-white, like the caL, and upper part of the stem. Stem occasionally forked, FL yellow, smajl, panicled, corymbose. In form and habit resembling a Tormentilla. - ■ t Discrim. The pure whiteness of its leaves. (P. verna, St. Vincenfs Rocks. Gloucestershire. Tut.) P. reptans. Common Creeping C. Leaflets five, in- versely egg-shaped, saw-toothed. Stem creeping. Stalks axillary, single-flowered. E. B. 862. C. 1. 37. Quinquefohum vulgare. G. E. 987- Meadows, pastures, way-sides. Per. June, August. Stems long, thread-shaped, rooting at the joints, like Pot. anserina. Ls. in pairs from each joint; stalks long, erect; /eajl., dark- green. Fl. large, yellow, rising higher than the Is. Ckd. inter- mediate /*., deeper gi-een. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, broad. * * * Leaves in threes. P. Fragariastrum. Sir awberry -leaved C. Leaflets three, roundish-egg-shaped, saw-toothed, hairy. Stems prostrate. Seeds wrinkled, hairy at the soar. Fraga- ria sterihs. E. B. 1785. C. 3. 30. F. minime vesca, sive sterilis. G. E. 998. Dry, gravelly pastures. Per. April. Stems leafy without creeping runners. Ls.-stalks long, hairy : leafl. broad, coarsely saw-toothed, silky. Fl. white. Seeds : receptacle small, and dry. The habit and seeds of this agi-ee with Fragaria : as wanting a pulpy fruit, it accords with the Genus Potentilla. TORMENTILLA. Tormentil. T. ofkindlis. Common T"., or SeptfoU. Stem ascend- 146 ICOSANDRL\ POLYGYNIA. Geum. ing, branched. Leaves almost stalkless. Stipulas cut. E. B. 863. C. 5. 35. Tormentilla. G. E. 992. Potentilla Tormentilla, Sb. l62. Barren pastures, heaths, bushy places. Per. June. Root very large, woody. Stems slender, weak, ^virJ', often trail- ing, leafy, round. Ls. in threes, deeply saw-toothed. F"/.- stalks, long, hair-like, solitary, opposite to the Is. Cal. segments egg-shaped, alternately smaller. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, yellow. FL occasionally oi five pet., and ten cal., segments. Plant eminently astringent. T. reptans. Trailing T. Stem prostrate, scarcely branched. Leaves stalked. Stipulas undivided. E. B. 864. Potentilla procumbens. Sb. 162. Hedges, borders of fields. Per. June. Root small, slender. Stems one, or two ; eighteen to twenty inches, not rooting. Plant hairy, light-green. Ls. root-ones in fives, long-stalked : stem-Is. in threes, stalks shorter, all inversely egg-shaped, deeply saw-toothed. Floral-Is. stalkless, narrow, nearly entire. Fl. bright-yellow, twice as large as those of Tormentilla officinalis, the stalks long, hair-like, opposite to the Is. Stem sometimes not simple. The term, reptans, or creeping, does not accord with the not- rooting, trailing stem of this species. GEUM. Avens. G. urhanum. Common A. Herb Bennet.^ Stem leaves three-lobed, root- ones somewhat lyre-shaped. Stipulas rounded, cut. Flowers nearly upright. Styles naked. E. B. 1400. C. 2. SQ. Caryophyllata. G. E. 994. Woods, shady, dry hedges, thiclxets. Per. June. Root fibrous, blackish. Stem upright, two f, round, panicled, leafy. Ls. lobed, cut. FL terminal, solitary, yelloM^, pet.^ mostly shorter than the cal. Seeds downy, awns brown, or purplish, hooked. Root astringent, slightly aromatic. G. rivdle. Water A. Root leaves interruptedly winged, somewhat lyre-shaped. Stipulas egg-shaped, acute, cut. Flowers drooping. Styles hairy above the curva- ' After St. Benedict? POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cheliclonium. 147 ture. E. B. 106. Baxter's Plates, 3. Caryophyl- lata montana purpurea. G. E. 994. Moist meadows, ivoods. Marston. Noke. Sb. Calve's Close, Headington. R. W. Elsfield Copse. R. W. Per. 7J%. ■ * Root creeping, woody, reddish. Fl.-stem erect, round, gracefully drooping at the top ; as the fruit ripens, becomes erect. Cor. tawny-brown, joeif., erect. Cal. purplish-brown, erect. FL ter- minal, two, or three. Sir J. E. Smith considered this one of our most picturesque natives, from the rich combination of the dark leaves, with the glowing reddish brown of the stem and cal., delicate colour of the pet., and gi-aceful position of the flowers. Grows also in Canada. Root astringent, very aromatic. Var. fl. double, in gardens. (CO'MARUM. Marsh-cinquefoil. C. palustre. Purple M. E. B. 172. Pentaphyllum rubrum palustre. G. E. 987- Spongy, m.uddy bogs, ditches, AUesley, Warwickshire. Bree. Coleshill Bogs, Warwickshire. Pv,rton. Per. June, July. Ls. winged, with five, rarely seven, leaflets ; upper ones three- lobed. FL and fruit, dark-purple.) Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Stamens numerous, from the receptacle. - Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil \. CHELIDO'NIUM.' Celandine. C. majus. Common G. E. B. 1581. G. E. 1069. Waste grounds, thickets, especially on chalk. Sm. Per. May, June. Plant brittle, tender, juice orange-coloured, fetid, about two f. Ls. winged, smooth, rounded, lobed, notched. Fl. umbels, on long, axillary stalks. Cal. soon falling. Pet. roundish, golden. Stain, same colour. Pod. rugged. Its orange juice probably suggested its being given in jaundice : so the bark of the barberry has been given for its yellow colour. A gay plant in May and June. ' Gr. Chdidon, a swallow, finm its appearance and disappearance about the time of those birds. A Gr. tale. See Fl. Classica, In/ Billerbeck. L 2 148 POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Papaver. PAPA'VER. Poppy. * Capsules bristly. P. hyhridwm. Hound-rough-headed P. Capsule nearly- globular, furrowed, bristly. Calyx hairy. Stem leafy, many- flowered. Leaves doubly wing-cleft. E. B. 43. Argemone capitulo torulo. G. E. 873. Sandy, chalky fields. * Sm. Parks. Ensbam, Sb. and R. W. 1830, Near the half mile trees, Ensham Road. B.v. Beyond the Parks. R. W. Stem weak, much branched, spreading. Ls. leaflets linear, narrow. FL deep-crimson, or purplish, sm.all, pet. crumpled ; pollen bright-blue. Germ, bristles erect. A permanent species. P. Argemone. Long-rnugli-headed P. Capsule club- shaped, ribbed, bristly. Calyx slightly hairy. Stem leafy, many-flowered. Leaves doubly wing-cleft. E. B. 643. C. 5. 38. Argemone capitulo longiore. G. E. 373. Cornfields, on gravel, or sand. Sm. Parks. Sb. An. June. Plant slender, delicate. Stem branched alternately, round, bristly. FL pale, or dull scarlet, short lived, solitary, terminal, small. Cal. deciduous. Pet. narrow, inversely egg-shaped. Stam. dilated upwards. Anth. stalked. Pollen blue. Caps, oblong', swelling upwards. Var.fi. double. * * Capsules smooth. P. dubiuni. Long-smooth-headed P. Capsule smooth, oblong, angular. Stem many-flowered, hairy. Bristles on the flower-stalks close-pressed. Leaves doubly wing-cleft. E. B. 644. C. 5. 87. Cultivated fields . An. June, July. Discrini. from P. x\rgemone, by its smooth pods. Stem about two f., leafy. Ls. segments broader than in P. Argemone, P. hy- bridum. Cor. light-scarlet; pet. broader than the length, notched. Pollen yellow. Discrim. The close-pressed bristles of its fl, -stalks, from P. Rhceas. P. Rhoeas, Common Red P. Corn Rose. Capsule smooth, nearly globular. Stigma many-rayed. Stem many-flowered, rough, like the flower-stalks, with hori- zontal bristles. Leaves wing-cleft, cut. E. B. 645. C. 3. 32. G. E. 371. POIiYANDRL\ MONOGYNIA. Naphar. 149 Cornfields, too abundant. An. June. Ls. once or twice wing-cleft, sawed. Cor. deep, briglit scarlet. Pet. large, broad, glossy, crumpled, black spot sometimes near the base of each. Pollen purplish black. Caps, egg-shaped, smooth. A most brilliant weed. Its syrup a gentle opiate, and to colour draughts, &c. Many beautiful varieties with half double fl., rose colour and white. * P. somniferiim, TT^iite P. Capsule nearly globular, smooth as well as the calyx and stem. Leaves notched, clasping the stem, glaucous. E. B. 2145. P. sylves- tre. G. E. 370. Uncultivated places. * * Near the Observatory. By Godstow Nunnery. Sb. Between St. Clement's, and Cowley Marsh. Bx. An. June. Plant glaucous, mostly smooth. Stem leafy, branched, three or four f. Ls. simple, oval, roundish, blunt. Fl. large, terminal, white or purplish, often a deep violet spot on each pet., fl. droop- ing in bud, then erect, (soon falling.) Stigm. rays bent down- wards. Seeds oily, sweet, pleasant tasted, not narcotic. Caps, in infu- sion a mild, opiate fomentation. Opium is the dried, milky juice of the green caps. NYMPH^A. White Water-lily. N. alba. Great JFliite W. Leaves heart-shaped, entire ; even beneath. Petals elliptic-oblong. Rays of the stigma sixteen, curved inwards. Root horizon- tal. E. B. 160. G. E. 819. Clear pools, slow rivers. Per. Julij. Ls. floating in the watei-, a span wide. Fl. large, white, spear- shaped, of several rows, gradually lessening, and running into stamens. Fl. four or five inches wide. Cal.-ls. spear-shaped, white, base often tinged with light blush colour. Stalk of large tubes. Fl. sink under water in the evening. Stimulus of the light and sun raises them ; when that stimulus ceases, the fl., droop by their own weight to a certain depth. The still heavier fruit finally sinks to the bottom. A magnificent plant in fl., with the air and habit of a ti'opical production. Sm. NUPHAR. Yellow Water-lily. N. lutea. Coinmon Yelloiv JV. Calyx of five leaves. Border of the stigma entire. Foot-stalks two-edged. 150 POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Tilia. Lobes of the leaves meeting each other. H. L. 141. Nymph^a lutea. E. B. 159. G. E. 819- Rivers, pooh. Per. July. Ls. floating on the water, stalks two-edged. Ls. heart-shaped, smooth, even, rounded at the end. Fl. about two inches wide, golden yellow, large, but much smaller than those of N. alba. Pet. yellow with orange spot. Stam. and Antli. curved back- wards. {Fl. have a brandy smell.) Cal. concave, yellow, green outside. /S?;/i;/m. fiat, rayed. >See(/-we55e/ a coated berry, burst- ing, irregularly. Whole plant somewhat smaller than N. alba. TFLIA. Lime-tree. * T. ewopcBa. Common Smooth L. Linden-tree. Nec- taries none. Leaves twice the length of the foot- stalks, quite smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath. Cymes many-flowered. Cap- sule leathery, downy. E. B. 610. T. foemina. G. E. 1483. Woods, hedges. Stokenchurch Woods. Sb. Tree. July. Tall, upright tree; branches smooth, spreading. Ls. heart-shaped, alternate, saw-toothed. Fl.-stalks long, axillary. Bract., linear, entire, pale, affixed to each fl. -stalk about half its length. Cal. green. Pet. yellowish. Fl. strongly fragrant. Bark by maceration separates into layers, and is used for making gardener's mats : an export from Russia. Tree bears the smoke of a city to a certain degree. Made by Fenelon an orna- mental tree in Calypso's island ; perhaps to compliment the taste of Louis the Fourteenth, about whose palaces the Lime was pro- fusely planted. Name of Linnaeus derived from the name of this tree, in Swedish. * (T. grandifSUa. Broad-leaved Downy L. Nectaries none. Leaves downy ; especially beneath ; origin of their veins woolly. Branches hairy. Umbels mostly three-flowered. Capsule woody, downy, top-shaped, with five prominent angles. T. europsea /3. rubra. Sb. 166. Woods, hedges. Near Streatham Wells, Surry. Mr. Dubois in his Herbarium at O.vford. Stokenchurch Woods, apparently planted. Mr. Bicheno. ^. Stokenchurch Woods. Bobart. Not now to be found at Stokenchvirch. Dr. Williams. One tree observed there by Mr. Bicheno, in the autumn of 1824. Tree. June, July. A fqi'tnight earlier than T. europaea. POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cistus. 151 Branches round, brown, shining red, in var. ^. Ls. as large as in T. europsea, less entire at base, less pointed, foot-stalks rather longer, upper surface bright green, minutely hairy about the ribs, more or less so at the edges, between the saw-teeth ; under side rather paler, not glaucous, ribs and veins curiously fringed, besides the woolly tufts there. Germ, large, densely hairy. Caps, five or six angled. Some old Limes of this species in the church-yard of Sedlitz, in Bohemia, said to bear hooded /s., ever since the monks of a neigh- bouring convent hanged on them. See Jacq. Frag. 19. t. 11. f. 3. A protestant libel, no doubt.) *(y. parvifolia. Small-leaved L. Nectaries none. Leaves smooth above ; glaucous beneath, with scattered, as well as axillary, hairy blotches. Umbels compound, many-flowered. Capsule roundish, brittle, nearly- smooth. E. B. 1705. PVoods. Stokenchurch Woods, plentifully. Mr. Biclieno. New College Garden. R. W. Tree. August, a month later than T. europaea. Aspect peculiar. Ls. much smaller than in T. europeea, more glaucous beneath, more sharply saw-toothed, very often lobed towards the points. Stalks more slender. Fl. very fragrant, like Honeysuckle. Caps, small, coat very thin, tender.) CISTUS. Cistus. * Dwarf sliruh, with stipulas. C. Helidnthemum. Common Dwarf G. Shrubby, trailing, with fringed stipulas. Leaves elliptic-oblong ; white and downy beneath. Calyx-ribs bristly ; its outer leaves spear-shaped, fringed. E. B. 1321. C. 5. 36. Helianthemum anglicum luteum vel album. G. E. 1282. Hilly pastures on chalk or gravel. Sm. Bullingdon Green. Shot- over Hill. Stokenchurch. Sb. Plant somewhat shrubby. Jiily. Root woody. Stems several, simple, springing from one root, leafy, round, hairs short. Ls. opposite, stalks short, slightly curved outwards, green above, hairs simple. Stip. spear-shaped, acute. Fl.-cluster, loose, terminal, pet. bright yellow, some- times white. Cal. three large Is., reddish, two outer Is. ten times smaller. Pet. roundish-heart-shaped. P'^ar. double fl. in gardens : a variable species. Stam. irritable, touched with a pin, &c. they retire from tlie style : the experi- ment should be tried in calm, warm weather, on fresh opened fl. An elegant, and ornamental plant : its delicate fl., very fleeting. 152 POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Anemone. POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. DELPHFNIUM. Larkspur. D. Consolida.^ Field L. Capsule solitary. Nectary of a single leaf. Stem subdivided, spreading. E. B. 1839. Consolida regalis sativa. G. E. 1082. f. 1,2. Sandy, or chalky cornfields. Near the Parks. Banbury. Bx. An. Ju7Le, July. Ls. in many divisions, with linear segments. Fl. blue. AQUILFGIA. Columbine." A. vulgaris. Common C. Nectaries about the length of the petals ; their spurs curved inwards. Leaves and stem smooth. Capsules hairy. E. B. 297' A. coe- rulea. G. E. 1093. Meadows, pastures, thickets. Heaclington Wick Copse. Stow Wood, Wychwood Forest. Sb. Per. June. Stem not very leafy, branched. Ls. mostly root-Is., stalks very long'. Ls. twice in threes, bluntly lobed, glaucous beneath ; Is. on the stem nearly stalkless, uppermost of three entire, acute leafl. FL drooping, purple, sometimes rose-coloured. In gardens, of various forms and colours. A handsome plant with its large irregular fl. STRATIO'TES ALOI'DES. Water-soldier, Naturalized in abundance, in the pond of Magdalen College Meadow, by Mr. Baxter, Such naturalizations should of course be noticed, to prevent confusion in the stations of plants. POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. ANEMO'NE, Gr. Anemone. A. Pulsatilla. Pasque-jiower^ A. Flovi^er solitary, nearly upright. Involucre in deep linear segments. ' Name implies a supposed power of uniting wounds. 2 Cohanba, a dove ; from the resemblance of the nectaries and petals to doves. Mrs. Bnckett. 3 From its flowering about Easter. G. E. Some explain the name from the fl., being used to colour eggs purple, among catholics, and the Scotch, at Easter. Query. Do the flowers yield a purple dye ? POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Thalictrum. 153 Petals six, erect. Seeds with feathery tails. Leaves doubly winged, cut, with fine linear lobes. E. B. 51. H. L. 44. A. pratensis. Sb. l69. Pulsatilla vul- garis. G. E. 385. High, open, chalky pastures. Sm. Wychwood Forest, near Corn- bury Quarry. Burford Downs. Sb. Streadey Downs, Berks. B.v. Per. April. Fl. dull, violet blue, outwardly silky. Pet. moderately spreading*. A plant of great beauty, including its silvery seed-plumes. Herh acrid, blistering tlie skin. A. nemorosa. Wood A. Flower solitar3^ Petals six, elliptical. Seeds pointed, without tails. Involucre, leaves three, or five-parted, stalked, lobed and cut. E. B. 355. C. 2. 38. A. nemorum alba. G. E. 383. Groves, thickets, heatliy yroiind. Per. April. Root black outwardly. Stem solitary, sim])le, one-flowered. Ls. root-ones, long, stalked. Fl.-cal., o. Pet. white, often purple at the back. Stam. much shorter than cor., sometimes changing into narrow pet. On its/*, nxxdi pet. occasionally a minute fungus, iEcidium fuscum. Sow. Fung. 53. An elegant decoration to our woods and thickets. Pet. ex- panded in fine weather, drooping and folded against rain. Var. ii., reddish. CLE'MATIS. Traveller's Joy. C. Vitalba.^ Common T. Leaves winged ; leaflets heart-shaped, partly cut. Footstalks twining, perma- nent. Panicles forked, not longer than the leaves. E. B. 612. C. 4. 37. Viorna. G. E. 886. Hedges. Shrub. July. Stems branching, long, h. opposite. Panic, axillary, leafy. Cor. white, almond-scented : pet., leathery, downy. Seed, awn feathery, long. Foliage a rich, mantling tapestry. Its abundant silvery seed- plumes, in autumn and winter, make a beautiful appearance, THALICTRUM. Meadow-rue. T.Jiaimm. Common M. Stem erect, furrowed, leafy. Leaves doubly winged ; partly three-lobed. Panicle ' VVhite vine. 154 POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Ranimculus. compound, close, corymbose. Flowers and stamens erect. E. B. SGj. Wet meadows, ahout the banks of rivers and ditches. Per. June. Stem two or three feet. Ls. alternate, twice compounded; base of the foot-stalks sheathing. Stip. toothed, within the Is. leaflets variable in breadth, veiny, g-laucous beneath. F/. panicle much branched, leafy. Fi, yellowish-white. Anth, yellow. Plant acrid, yet eaten by cattle : bruised Is., produce a slight blister. ADO'NIS. Pheasant's-eye. * A. aiitumndlis. Corn Ph. or Adonis-jiower. Petals about eight, inversely heart-shaped. Fruit egg-shaped. Stem branched. E. B. 308. C. 2. 37. Flos Adonis, flore rubro. G. E. 387. Baxter's Plates, 7. Cornfields. * * Near the Obsei^vatory. Sb. An. May. Stem much branched, upright, round, leafy, slightly fuiTOwed. Ls. alternate, thrice compounded, segments linear, alternate, acute. Fl. solitary, terminal. Cor. pet., crimson, glossy, at the base deep purple. Stam. anth. and styles same colour. Cal. pale green, soon falling. An elegant plant ; its red pets., contrasted with the dark and green eye of the ^., give it a rich appearance. RANU'NCULUS. Crowfoot. * Leaves simple. R. Fldmmula. Less spear-wort C. Leaves egg-spear- shaped, bluntish, stalked. Stem reclining. Root fibrous. Seeds smooth. E. B. 387. C. 6. 37. R. flammeus minor. G. E. 961. /3. R. flammeus ser- ratus. G. E. 962. Watery places. Per. July. Roots long, fibrous. Stems numerous, round, branched, leafy, hollow. Ls. spear-shaped, acute, lower ones many ribbed, variable, partly entire, partly saw-toothed, Fl.-stalks long, round, terminal, also opposite the Is. bright golden, Cal. bent back. Cor. honey-pore very small. Discrim. R. Lingua differs from this by its greater size, erect stem, and Is., more approaching to stalkless. Distilled water of this for procuring instantaneous vomiting in some cases of poison. Plant very acrid, and blistering. POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 155 R. Lingua. Great Spear-wort C. Leaves spear- shaped, pointed, nearly stalkless, somewhat saw-toothed. Stem erect, many-flowered. Root fibrous. Seeds smooth. E. B. 100. H. L. I7I. R. flammeus major. G. E. 961. Marshes, reedy pools, ditches. * * Banks of the Cherwell, near King's Mill. Sb. Ditch on the right hand side of the lane, beyond Folly Bridge. Bx. Per. July. Fl. large, bright golden, all the parts of this much larger than those of R. Flammula. Vid. plant back. Acrid. More silky, with hairs close-pressed. R. Ficdria. Pilewort C. Less Celandine, Leaves heart-shaped, angular, stalked, smooth. Petals, nume- rous, elliptic-oblong. E. B. 584. C. 2. 39. Cheli- donium minus. G. E. 8I6. Meadows bushy places, hedye banks. Per. u4pril. Root with long, fleshy knobs. Plant smooth, shining, somewhat fleshy. Stems several, a few inches high, one-flowered. Fl, erect, long-stalked. Cal. three or five leaved. Pet. varnished, golden, eight or ten. Its glossy, yellow fls., turning white, abundantly enamel our banks and thickets in the month of April. *■ * Leaves lobed, or cut, R. auricomus. Wood G, Goldilocks. Root leaves kidney-shaped, deeply three-cleft, notched ; stem-leaves divided to the base into linear segments. Stem many- flowered. Calyx coloured. E. B. 624. C. 2. 41. G. E. 954. Dry groves, bushy, shady places. Magdalen College Walks. R. W. Per. April. Stem about one f , upright, branched, leafy, round. Ls. root-ones long-stalked, sometimes five-cleft : stem-Is., stalkless. i^/. termi- nal, solitary, erect, bright golden. Cal. pale yellow. Nect. a naked pore. Pet. sometimes wanting. Plant not caustic. Easily discrim., by the distinct character of the root, and stalk-Is. R. scelerdtus. Water G. Gelery-leaved G. Stem erect, hollow, much branched. Leaves smooth ; lower ones somewhat hand- shaped ; upper fingered. Fruit oblong. Seeds very numerous, minute. E. B. 681. C. 2. 42. R. palustris rotundifolius. G. E. 962. Watery places. An. June. 156 POLYANDRL\ POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. Plant pale, shining green, juicy, smooth for the most part. Ls. lower ones long-stalked, lobed, cut: upper Is,, segments linear, entire. FI. numerous, small, palish yellow. Cal. bent back, shaggy. Honey-pore somewhat tubular. Fruit cylindric, blunt, seeds thick set. Plant variable in size, virulently acrid, blistering the skin to cause a sore healed with difficulty. Used, it is said, by vagabonds for the effects mentioned above, to cause compassion ; hence, per- haps, its name scelerdtus, rascally. R. bulbSsus. Bulbous C. Butter-cups. Calyx bent back. Flower-stalks furrowed. Stem upright, many- flowered. Leaves compound. Root bulbous. Seeds smooth. E. B. 515. C. 1. 38. G. E. 953. Pastures, meadoics, (jrass-plots, waste (jround. Per. May. One to one and a half f Ls. in threes, three-cleft. Fl. golden yellow. Root solid, roundish bulb, with fibres springing from it. Stems one or more, erect, one ft., branched above, round, hairy, hollow, leafy. Ls. hairy, compound, three-cleft. Fl. large, yellow, terminal, solitary. Cal.-ls. egg-shaped, concave, turning back close to the stalk. Pet. roundish, notched at the end, con- cave, varnished. Nect.-?,QdL\e inversely heart-shaped. Bulb for the next year formed on the top of the old one. Plant acrid, eaten hy cattle. Such acrid plants mixed wath the less pungent, a useful stimulus, perhaps, supplied by nature in food of cattle. Var.fl. double in gardens. R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy C. Calyx bent back, pointed. Stem upright, many-flowered, hairy. Leaves three parted. Root fibrous. Seeds tuberculated. E. B. 1504. C. 2. 40. Moist meadows, waste, or cultivated ground. * Southleigh Com- mon. Sb. Per. June. Stems one or more, upright, branched, leafy, round, hollow. Ls. hairy, pale, cut. Fl.-staJks hairy. Cal. rough with glandular hairs. Pet. shining yellow. Neet. covei'ed with a scale. Seeds compressed, margined, rough on both sides with sharp tubercles. R. repens. Creeping C Calyx spreading. Flower- stalks furrowed. Scyons creeping. Leaves compound, cut ; the uppermost entire. E. B. 516. C. 4. 38. R. pratensis etiamque hortensis. G. E. 951. Meadows, moist pastures. Per. June. Discrim. By its fibrous root, and long, creeping runners, from R. bulbosus. Fl.-stems erect, branched, leafy. Ls. rather broader, POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 157 darker than in R. bulbosus, often marked with a black spot. Ls^ more distinctly three-partite ; sometimes smooth. Pkmt acrid, blistering. Var. with double fl. in gardens. R. acris. Upright Meadow C Calyx spreading. Flower-stalks round and even. Leaves in three, deep lobed and cut segments ; those of the uppermost linear and entire. Stem erect, covered with close hairs. E. B. 652. C. 1. 39. Meadows, pastures. Per. June. Root tuberous, long-fibred. Stem upright, two f., round, branched above. Ls. root-ones, the stalks long, hairy, upright, three or five partite, variously subdivided and cut : uppermost Is., com- paratively stalkless, lobes linear, three. Pet. yellow, shining. Nect. scale one, notched. Discrim. From R. auricomus by its scale nect., and by its cal., spreading; from R. bulbosus, and R. hirsutus, by its round fl.- stalks from the last two also, and from R. repens. Bear in mind the smooth seeds to discr., it from those species with sharp- pointed prickly seeds. Plant acrid. Var. fl. double. R. arvensis. Corn C. Seeds very prickly at the sides. Leaves once or twice deeply three-cleft, with linear- spear-shaped segments. Stem erect, much branched, many-flowered. E. B. 135. C. 6. 3Q. R. arvorum. G. E. 951. Cornfields. An. May. — Plant pale. FL small, yellow. Seeds strikingly armed on the side with prominent prickles, projecting more than those of R. parviflorus. Plant very acrimonious, producing in animals colic, and death, by gangrenous stomach. Poisonous to sheep, who greedily devour it. Three oimces of the juice killed a dog in four minutes. Best antidote vinegar. See Brugnon Mem. Turin, v. 4. 108. Cows and horses eat it. R. parviflorus. Small-Jioivered C. Seeds armed at the sides with small hooked prickles. Leaves roundish- heart-shaped, simple, hairy, sharply cut ; upper ones three-lobed. Stem prostrate. E. B. 120. Gravelly fields, hedges.* Bullingdon Green. Shotover Hill. Southleigh. Sh. Elsfield. Bx. Abingdon Road, near Oxford. R. W. An. May. Humble in growth. Ls. foot-stalks long, dilated. Ls. all notched ; 158 POLYANDRIA POLYGVNTA. Helleborus. towards the end of the traihng branches, h., often simple, spear- shaped, entire, small. Fl.-stalks solitary, opposite to the Is. Ft. small, yellow, pet. small, soon falling. Seeds compressed. R. hederdceus. Ivy G. Seeds wrinkled. Leaves roundish-kidney-shaped, with three or five lobes, entire, smooth. Stem creeping. E. B. 2003. C. 4. 39. Shalloiv rii'idets, ditches, pools. Stanton Harcourt. Southleigh Ensliam Common. Sb. Littlemore. R. W. Marston, &c. B.v. Per. May. Plant small, smooth, shining, juicy. Stems creeping, or floating M'hen in the water, branched. Plant rooting at its joints. Ls. numerous, long-stalked, edges entire : brown spot sometimes in the disk of /*. Fl.-stalks simple, solitary, axillary, or opposite to the 1-stalks. Pet. very small, oblong, white, claw yellow. Stam. five to ten. Seeds swollen, numerous, thick set in a roundish form. R. aqucitilis. White floating C Seeds wrinkled. Leaves in hair-like segments under water ; above water somewhat target -shaped, lobed, bluntly notched. E. B. 101. G. E. 829. R. heterophyllus.' Sb. 175. Marston Lane. Southleigh. Sb. /3. R. aquatilis.* Sb. 175. Millefolium, sive Maratriphyllon, flore et semine Ranunculi aquatici, hepaticee facie. G. E. 827. 7. R. circinatus.^ Sb. 175. Christ Church Mea- dow. Southleigh. Sb. ^. R. fluviatilis.'^ Sb. I76. Isis. Cher well. Windrush. Sb. Ditches, ponds : ^. rivers. Per. May, June. Stems long, round ; Is. alternate. Stip. broad, membranous. Ls, above the water five-lobed, broadly notched. Ned. tubular. Fl. white, lai'ge, elegant. Far. in Is. several. A beautiful ornament to ponds and ditches. In var. /3. the Is. all cut, and narrow. In y. Ls. smaller, rounded, very finely cut. ^. Ls. all gashed, and lengthened out by the rapid current of water, hence rarely flowering;. HELLE'BORUS. Hellebore. H. vi7'idis. Green H. Stem many-flowered, leafy. Leaves fingered. Petals spreading. E. B. 200. C. 6. 34. Helleborastrum. G. E. 976. ' Various-leaved. Sb. ^ Milfoil-leaved. Sb. ^ Fine- leaved Water C. Sb. " Fennel-leaved Water ('. Sb. POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Caltha. 159 Woods, thickets, on chalk.** Stoken Church. WoodpeiTy Farm. Nuffield. Sb. In a wood at Mungewell. John Oglander, Esq. Merton College. Per. February. Root fleshy, fibres long, simple. Plant large in all its dimen- sions. Stem scarcely one f., round, once or twice divided, Ls. saw-toothed : root Is., larger. Fl. solitary, foot-stalks shortish, all green. Pet. all green, spreading, permanent. Styles three or four. Whole plant smooth, bright green, shining. Root acrid, purgative. H. fos'tidus. Stinking H. Bear's-foot, or Setter-wort. Stem many-flowered, leafy. Leaves pedate, (bird footed.) Petals converging-. E. B. 613. Helleboras- ter maximus. G. E. 97^. Thickets, ivaste ground, on chalk. * * Cornbury Stone Quarry. Sb. Wade's Farm, Rodborough Common, Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke College, O.xford. Per. March. Stem branching, bushy, whole plant smooth. Ls. stalked, spread- ing, dark, dull green, lobes spear-shaped, saw-toothed. Fl.-pa- nicle pale green. Bract, many, spear-shaped : these with the_^., and whole inflorescence also pale green. The closing joe^., out- side tipped with dull purple. Nect. margin notched, honied. Styles tliree or four. Earliest of our native fl. Whole plant fetid, acrid, violently purgative. Styles few in these two species for polygynia. There is a beautiful flower bank of the Helleborus hyemalis, a common, foreign, Europsean species, in the classical garden of St. John's College, Oxford, well worth the florist's inspection, in the early part of February, CALTHA.' Marsh-marigold. C. palustris. Common M. Stem erect. Leaves heart- shaped, rounded. E. B. 506. C. 1. 40. C. palus- tris major. G. E. 81 7. Marshy meadows. Per. April. Root fibres simple, many. Stem one f., and a half, somewhat branched, leafy, roundish, furrowed. Ls. notched, veiny, smooth, dark green, shining : root-Is. on long, hollow, half cylin- dric stalks, the rest alternate, nearly stalkless. Stip. inside of the 1. -stalk, sheathing, membranous, withering. Fl. very large, handsome, golden, axillary, and terminal, solitary. Pet. con- cave. Stam., and pistils, golden colour also. The young buds pickled, a good substitute for capers. In the trtie caper, the germen simple. ' From Lat. culathus, cup. 160 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Teucrium. This early flowering plant makes a rich and brilliant appearance in the spring. Var. fl. double in gardens. Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Stamens 4 : Two outermost lonoest. "IS Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds apparently naked ; four at most. AJUGA. Bugle. * Bugula. FL ivhorled blue. A. reptans. Common B. Almost smooth, with a soli- tary stem, and creeping scyons. Lower lip of the corolla four-cleft. E. B. 489- C. 2. 43. Bugula. G. E. 631. PVoods, moist pastures. Per. Maj/. Stem erect, about one f., square, leafy. Scyons take root, here and there, at the insertion of their Is. Ls. opposite, egg-shaped, scol- loped, tapering into broad foot-stalks. Stem-Is. nearly stalkless, in opposite cross pairs. -^7. in thick-set whorls : bract., purplish, scolloj)ed. Cor. full blue, streaked with white : sometimes all white, or flesh-coloured. Whole plant generally with a purplish tinge. Vulnerary according to the older writers ; hence the French had this expression: — Those who have Bugle, and Sanicle, need no surgeon. Almost any other leaf would probably answer the same indication of excluding the air, and healing a wound, by what siu'geons call ihe first intention. (A. Chamce'pitys, E. B. 77* Uflford, near Helpston Stone-Pits, Northamptonshire. Morton.^ TEU'CRIUM. Germander. T. Scorodonia. Wood G. Wood Saye. Leaves heart- shaped, hairy, saw-toothed, stalked. Clusters crowded, leaning to one side. Stem erect. E. B. 1543. C. 5. 40. Scorodonia seu Salvia ag-restis. G. E. 662. o JVoods, heathy, bushy places. Per. July. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Nepeta. 161 Stems erect, one. or two f., leafy, square, haiiy. Fl.-spikes, one terminal, and several side ones : a pair of egg-shaped bract., at the base of their partial stalks. Ls. opposite, saw-toothed, or sharply notched, wrinkled, darkish green, FL pale yellow, with purple, projecting stamens. Bitter : has been used as an innocent substitute for hops. T. Scordium. Water G. Leaves oblong, stalkless, downy, with tooth-like serratures. Flowers axillary, stalked, in pairs. Stem trailing. E. B. 828. Scor- dium. G. E. 661. Low, wet meadows.** On the banks of the Isis, near High- Bridge. Ensham Common. Sb. Per. August. Root creeping. Stem square, branched. Ls. opposite, veiny, somewhat downy. Fl. pale purple. Plant very bitter. Scent strong, disagreeable. This plant formerly to remove obstructions, &c. Sir J. E. Smith observes of this plant : *' a sort of key to all locks, now grown rusty and out of use." Decoct, of this, a useful fomentation for gangrenous sores. T. GJiamcBdrys. Wall G. Leaves somewhat egg- shaped, stalked, deeply notched or cut. Flowers axillary, three together, stalked. Stem roundish, hairy. E. B. 680. Chameedrys major latifolia. G. E. Q5Q. Old, ruined buildinys, stony banks. * * Witney, on the right hand side of the old road leading to Burford. Sb. Per. June. Root creeping. Stem bushy, nearly upright, six or eight inches, leafy. Branches and Is., opposite, lengthened out at the base. Cal. bell-shaped. Cor. reddish- purple. Lower lip with a large, round, concave, central lobe, and two small, sharp, side ones : the two others, erect, parallel, very sharp lobed sides, between which the stam., and style project upwards. Whole plant very bitter : formerly much cultivated for medical use ; as a deobstruent, and expectorant : not the appearance, from its stations, of being a native. NETETA. Cat-mint. N. catdria. Gommon G. or Nep. Whorls stalked, crowded into spikes. Leaves finely downy, heart- shaped, stalked, with tooth-like serratures. E. B. 137. Mentha felina, seu Cattaria. G. E. 682. Banks, road sides, chalky, or gravelly .toil. Sm. Per. July. M 162 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. Root long, thready. Stems two or three f., square. Plant except cor., downy, velvet-like. Cal.-rihs strong, prominent. Spikes at the tops of the branches. In E. B., the caL, represented reversed ; the shorter teeth, (in nature,) the lowermost. Cor., white, or purplish, lower lip sprinkled with crimson, or purple dots. This genus marked, by its notched, central lobe. Bruised herb aromatic, like penny-royal, (Ment. Pulegiuni.) Cats delight in its odour, (except when raised from seed,) chewing the young branches, and rolling in a kind of ecstacy upon the plant. VERBE'NA. Vervain. V. afficindlis. Common T^. Stamens four. Spikes slender, panicled. Leaves oblong, deeply cut, with many clefts. Stem mostly solitary. E. B. 767- C- 1. 4a. V. communis. G. E. 718. Road sides, dry, waste ground, near villages. Per. July. Root branching, woody. Stem curved at the base, about one f., square, leafy, rough, panicled at the top. Ls. opposite, lower ones three-cleft. Fl. small, stalkless ; each with a small, spear- shaped hract. CaL, tubular. Cor., pale lilac. Seeds ripened, marked with excavated dots. Fl.-branclies opposite. Root formerly worn round the neck superstitiously, in scrophu- lous cases, as a charm. Many species of Verbena have two sta- mens only. The plant called by the Romans Verbena, used as a token of mutual confidence between them, and their enemies : also for making wreaths and brooms for their altars, and chaplets for their priests : in a general sense, they called whatever was bound round the altar Verbena. Billerbeck in Fl. Classica, seems to con- sider our plant the same with that of the Greeks and Romans, p. 7. Pliny remarks, if the dining room be sprinkled with water, in which the herb has been steeped, the guests will be the merrier ! G. E. MENTHA.' Mint. M. sylvestris. Horse Mint. Spikes shaggy, scarcely interrupted. Leaves sharp, with deep toothed serra- tures ; chiefly downy beneath. Bracteas awl-shaped. Calyx hairy all over. E. B. 686. Waste ground. Road side between Woodstock and Stonesfield, just after passing a Lodge on the outside of Woodstock Park. Bx. Bayswater, near the Mill. R. W. ' Hairs of the calyx, and flower-stalk, afford good specific distinctions, in difficult cases. Sm. Lin. Tr. v. 5. 178. Herbage full of pellucid dots, lodg- ing an aromatic, and stimulant oil. DIDFNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha 163 Per. August, September. Plant three f., hoary or greyish green. Cal. hairy. Fl. pale pur- ple. Ls. upper surface hoary ; under shaggy with close, white, soft hairs. (M. rotundifoKa. Round-leaved M. E. E. 446. Be- tween High and West Wycombe, Bucks. Tur. For description, see the very useful Compendium of St?' */. J5J. Smith's English Flora. 12mo : or Appendix.) (M. viridis. Spear M. Spikes interrupted. Leaves stalkless, spear-shaped, acute, naked. Bracteas bristle- shaped, somewhat hairy, as also the calyx teeth. Flower-stalks very smooth. E. B. 2424. M. romana. G. E. 680. Marshy places. Bilton, near Rugby, Warwickshire. Bx, Per. August. Plant deep greeru Stems two or three f. Spikes panicled, acute, nearly all the whorls a little distant from each other. Cal. nar- row, smooth ; the teeth often hairy. Cor. light purple, gene- rally longer than the stamens.) M. hirsuta. Hairy 31. Flowers in heads, or whorled. Leaves stalked, egg"- shaped. Calyx clothed with erect hairs. Flower-stalks with hairs curved back. H. L. 166. a. E. B. 447. M. aquatica. Sb. 182. M. aquatica, sive vSisymbrium. G. E. 684. ^. Flowers all whorled. About rivulets, &c. FL Br. 6 18- M. Sativa. E. B. 448. _ Watery places, very common. a. The most common of all our Mints. ^. About rivulets on the side of Shotover Hill, near Oxford ; Mr. Tilleman Bobart. Herb. Bobart. Banks of the Canal, beyond High Bridge. Otmoor. Sb. Per. July. Roots lon§, branched, creeping. Stem square, branched, purplish. Branches opposite. Ls. sometimes almost stalkless : spreading, pointed, saw-toothed from a little above the base to near the tip. Fl. lilac, in a large, round, terminal head, divided into three parts, accompanied by a pair, seldom more, of smaller axillary heads. Fl.-stalks, and cal., very hairy. Stam., generally longer than the cor. Out of water it grows much smaller, more purple, with a single head of _^. Very variable species. Under headed var., &c. Sm. comprehends every plant that has been taken for Ment. aquatica, and Ment. hirsuta oi Linn. L. Tr. v. 5. 195. Every sort of mint, according to Linn., prevents the coagulation of milk. Eaten too largely by cattle, their milk coagulates with M 2 164 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Glechoma. difficulty into cheese curd. Fl. Suec. Mice, according to Mr. Macdonald of Scalpa, Hebrides, have a great aversion to the smell of mint : laying a few green or dry leaves on any articles will pre- serve them from the depredation of mice. F. T. 1. p. 130. (M. ruhra. Tall Red M. E. B. 1413. G. E. M. Satlva rubra, 680. River side, a mile below Denham, Bucks. Tur. For description ; see Compendium of Smithes English Flora, a highly useful manual : or Appendix.) M. arvensis. Corn M. Flowers whorled. Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed. Stem much branched, dif- fuse. Calyx bell-shaped, short, covered all over with horizontal hairs. E. B. 2119. Calamintha aquatica. G. E. 684. Sandy cornfields frequent, especially where water has stagnated. Per. July. Root creeping by fleshy shoots. Ls. egg-elliptical, blunt, with somewhat stiff, prominent hairs. Fl.-stalks mostly smooth. Cal. more bell-shaped than the other British species. Fl. red- dish lilac. Scent compared to cheese covered with blue mould. Plant pale green. Stam., equal in length to the limb of cor. Hooker supposes the Ment. agrestis, E. B., not distinct from this. FL Scot. Whorls much shorter than the Is. M. Pidegium. Penny-royal. Flowers whorled. Leaves egg-shaped, somewhat notched. Stem trailing. Flower- stalks and calyx all over downy ; teeth fringed. E. B. 1026. Pulegium regium. G. E. 67 1. Wet commons, margins of brooks. Binsey Common. Port Mea- dow. Otmoor. Sb. On a Common, near Ipsdon. Bx. Per. July. Smallest of the genus. Ls. small, downy, curved back. Fl. -whorls, numerous, close. Fl. purplish, sometimes white. Smell pe- culiarly strong, resembling Thymus Nepeta. Ls. underneath set with deep, semi-transparent dots. Stam. equal. Pistil as long as the stam. Stalks about one f., and a half, weak. Antispasmodic, stimulant. GLECHO'MA. Ground-ivy. G. hederdcea. Common G. Gill, or Ale-hoof. Leaves kidney-heart-shaped, notched. E. B. 853. C. 2. 44. Hedera terrestris. G. E. 856. Dry, shady places, road sides, hedge banks. Per. April. Roots creeping, sending out trailing scyons. Ls. veiny, downy, DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Ldmium. 165 dotted beneath with glandular points, from which the oil of the plant proceeds. Fl. axillary, about three to each leaf , Jl.-stalks short. Cor. bluish, under lip largest, marked with dark purple and white. Stam., sometimes imperfect. Stalks, lower part trailing, flowering part erect. Herb strong-smelling : to give ale a flavour : used for this, until hops substituted, in Hen., the Eighth's reign. Infusion of the Is., gently aperient. Small protuberances of many cells found on the Is. ; the nests of insects. Gradually expels plants growing near it. LA'MIUM. Dead-nettle.' L. album. White D., or Archangel. Leaves heart- shaped, pointed, strongly saw-toothed, hairy. Flowers about twenty in a whorl. Tube of the calyx shorter than its teeth. Upper lip of the corolla notched ; side teeth soHtary, spear-shaped. E. B. 768. C. 2. 45. G. E. 702. Waste ground, borders of fields, road sides. Per. April. Root creeping. Stems upright, twelve to eighteen inches, square, leafy. Ls. in pairs. Fl. large, hairy, cream-coloured, hand- some. Stam., hairy. Antli., black. The sweet fl. much frequented by bees. Called Dead-nettle from its not stinging, although resembling Urtica dioica, the Sting- ing-nettle. Herb not eaten in general by domestic animals. Fl.y sometimes of a pinky tinge. Young leaves eaten as a pot herb, in spring. Fl. Suec. L. purpureum. Red D.y or Archangel. Leaves heart- shaped, bluntish, unequally notched, stalked ; the upper ones crowded. Stem partly procumbent, partly leafless. Calyx-teeth spear-shaped. Tube of the corolla closed, near the bottom, with hairs. E. B. 769. C. 1. 42. L. rubrura. G. E. 703. Waste, and cultivated ground. An. April, Sfc. Not more than half the size of Lam. album. Stems ascending, leafy, a little branched below, then naked, in their upper part, thickly clothed with leaves. FL, purple, sometimes white. Pollen or antlie7'-dust, lead-red. Ls., ends pointing mostly down- w^ards. May be eaten like the last. L. mcisum. Cut-leaved D., or Archap.gel. Leaves heart-shaped, dilated, stalked, irregularly cut j the upper ones crowded. Stem partly leafless. Tube of ' Ang.-Sax. 166 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Galeopsis. the corolla internally naked ; marginal teeth dilated, combined. E. B. 1933. Cultivated, and waste ground. Cornfields beyond Cowley. /. Og- lander, Esq. Merton College, Oxford. Between Rose Hill, and Cowley. Bx. An. May. Rather smaller than Lam. piirpureum, resembling it in /*. FL, narrower than in Lam., pm-pureum, more like those of Lam. amplexicaule. Seeds abundant, producing plants like them- selves ; hence not deemed a var., of Lam., purpureum. The young Is., of this, and Lam., amplexicaule, may be eaten as a pot-herb. L. amplexicaule. Great Henhit. Henhit D, Floral leaves stalkless, kidney-shaped, blunt, deeply notched, partly lobed, clasping- the stem. Teeth of the caljrx linear-awl-shaped, as long as their tube. E. B. 770* C. 2. 46. Alsine Hederula altera. G. E. 6l6. Sandy fields. An. Blay. Early ^., with an abortive, yet fertile cor. Red velvet tip of the cor., makes the plant conspicuous. Lobed fl.-ls., generally pale at their base. Pollen vermilion. Ls., lower on I. -stalks, heart- shaped, blunt, saw-toothed bluntly. Fl. purple. Cal., very hairy. GALEOPSIS. Hemp-nettle. G. Lddanum. Med H. Stem scarcely sAvollen below the joints. Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat saw- toothed, hairy. Upper lip of the corolla slightly notched, whorls remote. E. B. 884. Dry, gravelly, chalky cornfields. Sm. An. June. Root fibrous. Stem about one f., oppositely branched, square, hairs bent down. Ls. stalked, veins hairy beneath : upper side with close-pre&sed, scattered hairs. Cor., rose-coloured, inter- mixed with crimson and white ; upper lip slightly notched. G. Tetrahit. Common H. Stem bristly ; swollen below the joints. Corolla twice the length of the calyx ; upper lip nearly straight. E. B. 207. Can- nabis spuria. G. E. 709. Cultivated ground. ^ An. June. Plant one to two f, rough with sharp prickles, calyx-teeth very pungent. Cor. various in size and colour, from purple to white ; base of the lip almost always'with elegant dark streaks. Anth., DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Betonica. 167 two-lobed, hairy. Upper whorls nearly contiguous. Ls. egg- spear-shaped, hispid, saw-tootlied. Cal.-teetli very long, bristle- shaped. Colour of the ^. variable. Harvest men attribute to handling this plant, occasional severe inflammation of the hand, or finger. F. T. G. versicolor. Large Floivered H.^ Bee-Nettle. Stem bristly, swollen below the joints. Corolla thrice the length of the caljrx ; upper lip swollen ; middle lobe of the lower lip heart-shaped. E. B. 667. C. 6. 38. Sandy fields. * * Near Bladon. Mrs. Tlwmas, Oxford^ and Mr. Coles, Woodstock. An. July, Jlugust, Fl. larger than in G. Tetrahit, yellow marked with red, or orange, on the palate : lower lip, middle segm., purple, bordered with white ; upper lip, broad, very hairy, much notched : a hand- some plant in^. GALEO^BDOLON. Weasel-snout. G. luteum. Yellow W, Yellow Archangel. E. B. 787« G. Galeopsis. Sb. 185. Lamium luteum. G. E. 702. Shady, rather moist places. Per. May. Stems upright, simple, about one f., square, as in all this nat. order. Ls. upper ones sub-egg-shaped, pointed, of various length, bright- green, deeply, unequally saw-toothed, somewhat hauy. Fl. whorled, large, yellow, longer than the cal. ; the under lip acute, spotted and streaked with red. Cal.-teeth spreading, bristly. Bract., linear. Ls., uppermost egg-spear-shaped. Fl., of a Leonurus ; habit of a Lamium. Leaves sometimes variegated. BETONICA. Betony. B. officindlis. Wood B. Spike interrupted. Middle segment of the lower lip notched. E. B. 1142. C. 3. Q^. Betonica. G. E. 714. Woods, thickets. Shotover Hill. Stow Wood. Southleigh. Sb. Per. July. Plant rough with stiff hairs: hence its power of provoking sneez- ing, when dried. Stem simple, about one f., and a half, almost leafless. I^s., root-ones on long stalks, egg-shaped, saw-toothed bluntly : uppermost Is., oblong, opposite, nearly stalkless. Spike blunt, of several whorls, the lowermost generally remote, with a pair of leaf-like bract. Small entire bract., to each fi. Cor., dull-rose-colour, downy, sometimes pale, or white. Said to be mildly astringent, and the root emetic, violently pur- gative, intoxicating, when fresh : often smoked as tobacco. In 168 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Stachys. powder causes sneezing. Antonius Musa, physician to the Empe- ror Augustus, stated this plant to be a remedy for forty-seven disorders : hence the proverbial compliment : — " You have more virtues than betony." Another Italian proverb is: — "Sell your tunic, and buy betony." STA'CHYS. Woundwort. S. sylvdtica. Hedge TV. Six or eight flowers in a whorl. Leaves heart-shaped, stalked. Stem solid. E. B. 416. C. 3. 34. Galeopsis vera. G. E. 704. Hedges, shady situations. Per. July. Stems two or three f., hairy, leafy. Ls. minute, strongly saw- toothed, deep, dull gi'een, soft : upper ones on shorter foot- stalks, gradually smaller, diminishing to spear-shaped, entire bract. Spike erect, terminal. FL, deep, dull blood-colour, marbled about the mouth, with a darker hue, intermixed with white. Smell pungent, fetid : plant dyes yellow. S. palustris. Marsh IV, Six to ten flowers in a whorl. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, half embracing the stem, almost stalkless. Root tuberous. E. B. 1675. C. 3. 35. Panax coloni. G. E. 1005. Wet hedges, fields, hanks of ditches, rivers. Per. July. Stems two or three f , straight, rough with bent down bristles. Ls., opposite, saw- toothed, silky above, rather woolly beneath, acute : upper ones heart-shaped at the base. Spike with whorls accompanied by tw^o small Is., under each. Cor., purple, lower lip streaked with w^hite. Swine fond of the roots. In times of scarcity, the roots have been made into bread : increases much by root, hurtful in many cornfields. Old Gerarde gives a most solemn account of the sup- posed virtues of this plant in healing wounds. S. germanica. Downy TV. Many flowers in a whorl. Leaves notched, closely silky ; woolly beneath. Stem woolly, erect. E. B. 829. S. F. G. E. 695. Fields, hedges, road sides, on limestone. * * Near Witney. Sb. and R. W. Stonesfield. On the road side, between Woodstock and Enstone. Sb. Between Blenheim and Ditchley. Wood- ward. Cornfields at Brize-Norton. Rev. Dr. Goodenough. Side of the road leading from Woodstock to Sturges Castle. Bx. Ducklington, Berks. Bicheno in H. Fl. Per. July. Ls. rather pointed, netted with veins : root-ones on long stalks, the rest smaller, nearly stalkless ; floral -Is, spear-shaped, bent back. Whorls axillary, numerous. Bract., linear. Fl., purple within. DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERML\. Marrubium. 169 streaked about the mouth with white ; outside whitish, and very downy. The Stachys lanata of the garden has blunter leaves, stems trailing at the base, where they take root. S. arvensis. Corn TV. Six flovv^ers in a whorl. Stem weak and slender. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt, notched, slightly hairy. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. E. B. 1154. C. 4. 41. Gravelly, sandy, or chalky fields. Parks. Stanton Harcourt. Southleigh. Sb. An. August. Stem spreading, often prostrate. Ls., opposite, on short foot-stalks, in some degree, three-nerved at the base. Cor., variegated with white, and pale purple. Smell disagreeable, as in the genus. Cal., stalkless, hairy. BALLO'TA. Black Horehound. B. nigra. Stinking B. H. Leaves egg-shaped, undi- vided, saw-toothed. Calyx funnel-shaped, abrupt, with short spreading teeth. E. B. 46. Marrubium nigrum. G. E. 701. Hedcjes, waste places. Per. July. Stem two or three f., upright, branched. Ls., lower heart-shaped. Bract., bristle-shaped. f^Vliorls halfway round the stem. Cor., dull purple : upper lip with white hairs. Cal., attaining its full size long before the expansion of cor. Cor., upper lip cloven, vaulted, outwardly clothed with white hairs, more or less converging into a pointed tuft. Smell pungent, disagi'eeable. Decoct., of plant recommended in nervous and hysteric disorders. Ray. Var. fl., sometimes white : Littlemore. R. W. MARRU'BIUM. White Horehound. M. vulgare. Common White H. Calyx-teeth ten, bristle-shaped, hooked backwards. Leaves roundish- egg-shaped, wrinkled, unequally saw-toothed. E. B. 410. Dry, ivaste ground, road sides. * * Bullingdon Green. Sb. Marston Lane. Behind the Parks. R. W. Per. July. Stems several, bushy, simple in the upper part. Ls., stalked, veined. f'Fhorls thick, axillary. Cor., white, lower lip in three segments, side ones small, sharp ; middle one large, inversely heart-shaped, notched. Whole plant white vi-ith down. 170 DIDYNAML\ GYMNOSPERMIA. Thymus. Plant aromatic, bitter, hoary. The extract a popular, but in reaUty an injurious remedy for coughs and asthmas. In large doses aperient. A case on record, where a salivation, which had continued more than a year, was stopped by an infusion of this, by Linn. The dry calyxes of the ripe fruit adhere like burs. CLINOPO'DIUM. Wild Basil. C. vulgare. Common TVild B. Whorls bristly, in- volucral leaves awl-shaped. Flower-stalks branched. Leaves obscurely saw-toothed, egg"- shaped. E. B. 1401. Acynos. G. E. 675. JBiisliy places, hedges, road sides. Per. July. Stems wavy. Ls., stalked, rather blunt, PVhorls terminal, and axillary. Fl., numerous, light purple ; stalks hairy, branched ;. at the foot of the small fl.-stalks several bristly, hairy Is. Cal.j ribbed, lower teeth longest. Cor., twice as long as the calyx,, with two hairy knobs at the orifice. Plant aromatic. Discrim. By its bristle-shaped, floral Is. ORFGANUM. Marjoram. O. vidgare. Common M. Heads of flowers roundish, panicled, crowded, erect. Involucral leaves longer than the calyx, egg-shaped, smooth. Calyx with five acute, unequal teeth ; throat hairy. E. B. 1 143. C. 5. 39. Origanum anglicum. G. E. QQQ. Bushy places, on limestone, or gravel. Sm. Under Woodstock Park Wall. About Henley. Near Headington Wick, &c. Bx. Per. July. Roots creeping. Stems about two f., leafy, purple. Ls., opposite, shortly stalked, egg-shaped, entire, dotted with glandular spots. FL, rose-coloured. Bract., purple, smooth, entire, spear-shaped. Cal., purple tinged. Bees fond of the fl. Smell of the plant fragrant, thyme-like. Stimulant, for culinary uses ; but O. Marjorana preferred. Dried Is., in decoction as tea, grateful. The essential oil very acrid ; an application to the painful nerve of a carious tooth. The tops dye purple. In some parts of Sweden put into ale, to give it an intoxicating quality, and to prevent its turning sour. THYMUS. Thyme, or Calamint. T. Serpyllum. Wild T. Flowers in small heads. Stems creeping, recumbent. Leaves flat, egg-shaped, DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Thymus. 171 blunt, entire ; fringed at their base. E. B. 1514. C. 2. 47. Serpyllum vulgare. G. E. 570. Heaths. V'ar. tj. Bullingdon Green. Sb. Per. July. Roots fibrous, creeping. Stems crowded, filiform, (thread-like,) branched, leafy. Ls., with resinous dots. FL, heads terminal, leafy. Fl.-stalks short, hairy. Cal., ribbed, dotted, purple, teeth fringed. Cor., purple, lower lip variegated, deeply three-cleft. The bruised leaves when trodden on, diffuse an aromatic smell. Several i-ar., in size, uprightness, and hairiness. Diseased with downy swellings, as in Veronica Chamsedrys, Cerastium, and Glechoma. The lemon-thyme a garden var. Essential oil very heating. Bees attached to the^. of this, and other aromatic plants. Larva of the handsome Phalsena PapiKonaria feeds on this. Esteemed a nervine, as tea. An infusion of the Is., recommended by Linn., to remove head-ache, occasioned by an excess of the preceding evening. FL Suec, T. 'Acinos. Basil T. Flowers about six in a whorl, on simple stalks. Stem branched, ascending. Leaves oblong, shortly stalked, acute, saw-toothed. Calyx gibbous at the base. E. B. 411. C. 1. 43. Ocymum sylvestre. G. E. 675. Cultivated fields, especially on sand, gravel, or chalk. Sm. Head- ington Wick. Stonesfield. Southleigh. Sb. An. July. Ls., in distant pairs, egg-shaped, variable in shape, to roundish, or oblong, acute, entire at the base. Ls., sometimes entii^e : upper taper at the base. CaL, mouth fringed with hairs. Cor,, lower, middle segment inversely heart-shaped, luarked at the base with w^hite, and a spot or two of crescent-shaped, darker purple. FL, bluish purple. Plant aromatic. FL, sometimes white, T. Calamintha. Common Calamint. Whorls on forked, many-flowered, axillary stalks. Leaves egg-shaped, blunt, with shallow serratures. Hairs in the mouth of the calyx not prominent. E. B. I676. Melissa Ca- lamintha. Sb. Calamintha vulgaris officinarum. G. E. 687. Way sides, borders of fields, chiefly on gravel. Near the Observa- tory. Ensham. Sb. Cowley Field. R. W. Per. Axigust. Specific difference between this, and Thy., Nepeta, not easily defined. Ls., of this larger, with smaller serratures. Stem more constantly erect. Fl.-stalks, lowei', shorter than the Is. : hairs at the mouth of the caL, less prominent. Fl.-stalks axillary. Ls., stalked, in opposite pairs. Flavour of this much less like Penny-royal, (Mentha Pulegium.) Cor., light purple, dotted with violet. 172 DIDYNAMIA GYMXOSPERMIA. Scutellaria. Whole plant has a peculiarly sweet, aromatic flavour, and makes a pleasant tea, especially mixed with smaller portions of Pepper-mint, Balm, or some others of the same natural family. Sm. T. Nepeta. Less Calamint. Whorls on forked, many- flowered stalks, longer than the adjoining leaf. Leaves saw-toothed. Hairs in the mouth of the calpc promi- nent. E. B. 1414. C. 6. 40. Melissa, Sb. 190. Calamintha odore pulegii. G. E. 687- Dry banks, ivay sides, on chalk. S?n. Ensham, on the road to Stanton Harcourt. Sb. Bank on the side of the Abingdon Road, going through Bagley Wood. Bx. Per. August. Stems ascending, square, rough. Ls., stalked, egg-shaped. FL- stalks axillary, repeatedly forked. Cal.-hairs closing it Uke a mouse-trap, very closely. Cor., variegated with pale pur- ple, and white. Ls., smaller than in Thy., Calamintha. Plant pungent, smelling like Penny -royal, (Mentha Pulegium,) used as a stomachic tea. SCUTELLARIA. Skull-cap. Cal. when in fruit, like a box with a fixed lid, or a helmet with its crest. S. galericuldta. Coimnon S. Leaves spear-shaped, notched, rugged ; heart-shaped at the base. Flowers axillary. E. B. 5%"^. C. 3. 36. Lysimachia galeri- culata. G. E. 477. Margins of rivers, ditches. Per. July. Stem erect, about one f., and a half, thickly clothed with Is., to the top, square, roughish. Ls., opposite, spreading, stalked. Fl., almost stalkless, a little drooping. Cal. on the upper side with a small, concave scale, enlarged after the fall of the cor. Cor., blue, the palate streaked with white, tube pale, purphsh. Stam., and sty., white. Stig., simple. The cal., becoming dry divides into two parts, and thus the seeds are discharged. Plant bitter. (S. minor. Less S. Leaves egg-shaped, nearly entire ; heart-shaped, and occasionally lobed, at the base. Flowers axillary. E. B. 524. C. 4. 43. Gratiola latifolia. G. E. 581. Moist heaths on gravel. Sm. Packington, Warwickshire. Tur. Per. July, August. Scarcely one third the size of the former Sp. Ls., broader. Plant three to five inches. FL, pale, reddish purple, or delicate pink. Lower lip white, dotted with red.) DID YN AMI A ANGIOSPERMIA. Rhinanthus. 173 PRUNELLA.' Self-heal. P. vulgaris. Common S., or Slough-heal. All the leaves egg-oblong, stalked. Teeth of the upper hp of the calyx scarcely discernible. E. B. 961. C. 4. 42. Prunella. G. E. ^m. Meadows, pastures. Per. June. Stems six to ten inches, square. Spikes terminal, solitary, cylin- drical, blunt, close, with a pair of stalkless Is., at their base. Whorls each with a pair of kidney-shaped, purple edged, fringed iract. Cor., violet, sometimes red, or white. Ls. opposite. Astringent. Asteroma Prunellee, a new species found on this, by Mr. Haines, RadcliiFe Library. Since found by Mr. Baxter. See Bax. Stir p. Crypt, 0.ron. No. 79. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. BARTSIA.* Bartsia. B. Odontites. Red B. Leaves spear-shaped, saw- toothed y the floral ones alternate. Flowers forming clusters, leaning one way. Stem square, branched. Root fibrous. E. B. 1415. Euphrasia Odontites. C. \. 44. Sb. 192. Crateeogonon Euphrosine. G. E. 91. Meadoivs, pastures. An. July. . Stem oppositely branched. Ls. stalkless, spreading, opposite, except the smaller tloral ones. Fl.-chisters, long, leafy. Cor. rose-colour. Cal. purplish. Antli. lobed, acute. Whole plant reddish, RHINANTHUS.* Yellow Rattle. ^ R. Crista-galli. Common Yellow R. Stem slightly branched. Leaves spear-shaped, saw-toothed. Calyx smooth. Style concealed by the upper lip. Seeds with a dilated membranous border. E. B. 657* C, 5. 43. » Die Braune, quinsy, German, from its healing sores in the throat. 2 Named after a Prussian botanist. H. ■* Rin, nose, and anthos, flower. Or. " From the ripe seeds rattling in the capsules. 174 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Melampyrum. Meadows, pastures. An. June. Stem four-cornered, often spotted with red. Ls., opposite, stalkless, beneath grey, with a curious net-work of green veins. Spike terminal, leafy. FL, on short stalks. Cor,, twice as long as the calyx, yellow, upper lip compressed, tipped with two blue spots. C'al., bladdery, with strong ribs, and a net-work of veins, pale greenish -yellow, mouth contracted. Cattle not fond of this plant, EUPHRA'SIA. Eye-bright.' E. officinalis. Common E. Leaves egg-shaped, fur- rowed, deeply toothed. E. B. 1416. C. 5. 42. Euphrasia. G. E. QQS, Heaths, mountainous pastures. An. July. Stem mostly branching from the bottom, often purplish. Ls., stalkless. Fl., about the top of the stem, axillary, stalkless, soli- tary. Cor., generally white, striped with purple, and stained with yellow in front. A weak astringent, in repute formerly in complaints of the eyes. The spot in its cor., something like a pupil, according to the exploded doctrine of signatures, an indication of marvellous virtues. See Sa.vifraga granulata. F. T. MELA'MPYRUM." Cow-wheat. (M. cristdtum. Crested G. Spikes four-cornered. Bracteas heart-shaped, closely tiled, finely toothed. E. B. 41. Woods, thickets. In a field that goes oif Moreton Green in the road from Wendover to Ellesborough, Bucks. Tur. An. July. Cor. yellow, upper lip purple.) (M. arvense. Purple C Spikes conical. Bracteas lax, spear-shaped, wing-cleft. Calyx-teeth longer than the tube. Corolla closed. E. B. 53. M. cceruleum, G. E. 90. Cornfields, light soil. Packington, Warwickshire. Tur. An. July. Cor., yellow, tipped with purple. Bract., purple. Ls., spear- ' Deserving of such an appellation from its bright eye-like blossoms. ^ Melas, black, puros, wheat. The authority for accentuation, adopted ia this work, in general, isJoIm Beckmann's Lexicon Botanicum, Exhihens Etymo- logiani, &c. 8vo. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Lathreea. 175 shaped ; one or two of the upper pairs, wing-cleft at the base, occasionally. A beautiful plant in fl.) M. pratense. Common Yellow G. Flowers axillary, stalkless, in partly distant pairs, leaning to one side. Corolla closed ; lip direct, (straight.) Leaves spear- shaped, upper floral-ones toothed at the base. E. B. 113. Cratseogonon album. G. E. 91. Woods, bushy places. Copse under Shotover Hill. Stow Wood. Tar Wood. Sb. An. July. Stem slender, divided into several opposite, spreading branches. Cor. pale at the base, deep yellow towards the tip. Lip lower one straight, not bent downwards, as in M. sylvaticum : palate with two deep yellow, raised plaits. Antli., cohering at their tips. Discrim. Fl. of Mel., sylvaticum, smaller, and mouth of cor. more gaping. Ls. shortly stalked, spear-shaped, taper-pointed. Upper Fl.-leaves, with long, awl-shaped, turned back teeth, ending in an acute spear-shaped point. Cor. in M. pratense, four times as long as the closed calyx, lower lip proti'uded. H. Where this plant abounds, the butter ^said by Linn., to be yellowest, and best. Swine fond of the seeds, and hunt for them. Fl. JSuec. (M. sylvaticum. Wood C. Flowers axillary, in distant pairs, turned to one side. Corolla gaping •, lip bent downward. Leaves nearly all entire. E. B. 804. Mountainous woods, among firs. Sm. Wick Cliffs, Gloucester- shire. Ttir. An. July, August. Ls. entire. Cor. deep yellow.) LATHRiEA.' Tooth-wort.* L. Squamdria. Great T. Flowering branches erect, simple. Flowers axillary, on one side of the stem, drooping ; lower lip in three lobes ; upper cloven. E. B. 50. Dentaria major Matthioli. G. E. 1585. Dry, shady jilaces, where the sun's rays can scarcely penetrate, at the roots of hazels, or elms. Woodstock Park. Woods near Ashford Mills. Sb. (Copse close to Cumnor Hill.) Y. Per. April. Root or lower part of the stems scaly, tiled, fleshy. Ls., root-ones none. Stems succulent, (Is., membranaceous, coloured.) Flor.- 1 Lathraios, Gr. hidden, from its partly hidden stem. - From the resemblance of the scaly roots to teeth. 176 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. Is., roundish, oval, one at the base of each fruit stalk. Cal., bellying. Cor. pale purple, except the lower lip. The real root fibrous and parasitical. ? PEDICULA'RIS.' Louse-wort,* or Red Rattle. P. palustris. Marsh L.y Tall R. R. Stem solitary, branched. Calyx egg-shaped, hairy, ribbed, in two unequally notched, crested lobes. E. B. 399. Marshes, boggy meadows. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Behind Headington Hill. Southleigh Meadows. Sb. Per. June. Stem twelve to fifteen inches. Ls. scattered, here and there oppo- site, leaflets winged, wings egg-shaped, notched, with blunt seg- ments. Fl. axillary, solitary, dark-rose-coloured, handsome, fl.-stalks short. Cal., inflated, can hardly be styled five-lobed. Cor. tube white, lip, upper much compressed. Caps., egg- shaped, when ripe, projecting beyond the permanent cal. Plant acrid, not acceptable to cattle. Blossom sometimes white. V. sylvdtica. Pasture L.y Dwarf R. R. Stems seve- ral, spreading, simple. Calyx oblong, angular, smooth, in five, unequal, notched segments. E. B. 400. Pe- dicularis. G. E. lOyi. Moist, heathy pastures. Shotover Hill. Southleigh Heath. Sb. Per. Sm. May. Root thick. Stems many, short, three or four inches, central one erect. Ls., alternate, winged, leaflets acutely notched or saw- toothed. Fl.-ls. less compound. From the crown of the root, a circle of egg-shaped, undivided, curved back, notched Is. Fl. axillary, solitary, rose-coloured. Cal. with four larger, and four smaller angles alternately. Cal. nearly half as long as the cor. The expressed juice, an injection in sinuous and fistulous ulcers. Fl. Suec. G. E. ANTrRRHINUM.3 Toad-flax, or Snap '^-dragon. * Leaves dilated. Stems limber. A. Gymbalaria. Ivy-leaved Sn. Leaves broadly heart- shaped, five-lobed, alternate, smooth. Stems trailing. ' From pediculus, a louse. 2 From a supposed quality of producing scab, and lice, in sheep, which feed on the plant: others say, because the plant destroys lice. Chiefly an Alpine genus. 3 Anti,a.nd rin, Gr. nostrils ; so called from the seed resembling the nostrils of a heifer. Plin. * The corolla when pressed, laterally, between the finger and thumb, gapes, and when let go, elastically recloses. i3IDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. 177 E. B. 502. C. 1. 45. Cymbalaria italica. G. E. 530. Old walls ; from Italy originally. Per. June. Herb smooth, shining, often purplish. Sterna very long. Ls. smallest with three lobes, on longish foot-stalks, often purple beneath. Fl. solitary, on simple, axillary stalks, purple ; palate yellow, downy ; spur as long as the cal. pale. €aps, bursting at the top. Seeds wrinkled. The trailing branches of this elegant plant variously interwoven form a thick and beautiful kind of tapestry on old walls. Fl. sometimes white. A. spurium. Round-leaved Fluellin^ or Sn. Leaves roundish-egg-shaped, downy, chiefly alternate. Stems traiHng, hairy. E. B. 691. C. 3. 37. Veronica foemina. G. E. 6^5. Cornfields. Cowley. Southleigh. Sb. Between St. Clement's and Cowley Marsh. Between Bullingdon Green, and Shotover Hill. Bx. An. July. Ls. on short foot-stalks, broad, (roundish,) pointed, hairy, mostly entire. Fl.-stalks axillary, solitary, hairy, single-flowered. Cal. segments egg-shaped, pointed. Cor, spur curved back ; the upper Up violet, the lower yellow. Ijower fruit-stalks generally shorter, upper ones, longer than the Is. Fl. of this sometimes monstrous, as in Antir. Linaria, var. Pelo- ria. Seeds of Ant. spurium, and of An. Elatine beautifully covered with net-work. Bx. A. Elatine. Sharp-pointed Fluellin^ or Sn. Leaves chiefly halberd-shaped, alternate ; lovi^ermost egg- shaped, opposite. Stems trailing, hairy. E. B. 692. C. 1. 46. Elatine altera. G. E. 625. Cornfields, on gravel or chalk. Sm. Headington. Southleighi. Sb. Between St. Clement's and Cowley Marsh. Between Bullingdon Green and Shotover Hill. Bx. An. July. Stems and general habit resembling Ant. spurium. Cal. segments approaching to spear-shaped. Cor. yellow, upper lip violet. Fl. occasionally regular, five-cleft, as in Ant. Peloria. A quaint case, quoted by Gerarde from Lobel, where this plant proved eminently successful in saving an ulcerated nose, con- demned to be cut off with one consent by divers eminent physi- cians and surgeons. Plant astringent. * * Leaves narrower. Stems upright. A. repens. Creeping, ■ Sweet-scented, Pale-hlue Toad- jlax. Leaves linear, glaucous, scattered \ partly N 178 DIDYNAML\ ANGIOSPERMIA. Ajitirrhinum. whorled. Stem panicled. Calyx smooth, the length of the spur. E. B. 1253. Chalky hanhs. Between Ewelme and Swincombe. Sb. Shooter's Hill. Pangbourn, Berks. R. W. In a clay pit, near a lane, leading off the Theale road, Berks, to Mr. Wilder' s, Purley. R. W. On a chalk hill, Henley. Dillen. and Sm. Per. July. Stems numerous, erect, branched. Herbage smooth, glaucous. Ls. entire, stalkless, narrow. FL in terminal spikes. Fl.-stem stiff, upright, Fl. in some states of the atmosphere, fragrant. Cor. spur, and lower lip whitish, upper lip, and tube striped with greyish blue. Spur conical, shorter than the Jl.-stcdk. A var. has been found near Southamj^ton, with fi. like those of Ant. Linaria, var. Peloria. A. Linaria.^ Common Yelloiv T. Leaves linear-spear- shaped, crowded. Stem erect. Spikes terminal. Flowers tiled. Calyx smooth, shorter than the spur. E. B. 658. C. 1. 47- Linaria lutea vulgaris. G. E. 550. Hedges, borders of fields on gravel. * Sm. Stanton Harcourt. Southleigh. Dorchester. Sb. Near Summer Town. Near Stonesfield. Bx. Per. August. Stems erect, two f., leafy, scarcely branched. Ls. entire, spread- ing, little glaucous. Spike erect, many-flow^ered. Bract, spear- shaped. Cor. large, bright yellow, handsome, masqued, with downy, orange coloured mouth. Spur awl-shaped, five times as long as the cal. A deformed var. found with regular, tubular blossoms, mouth closed and pursed vip, five eqvial stamens, with two to five spurs, termed Peloria. E. B. 260. C. 6. 41. §. : its roots planted in a barren soil, return to Ant. Linaria, but the seeds of Peloria sown in a rich soil preserve the monstrous appearance of the var. Willd. Other species of Ant. liable to the transformation. Ls. in infusion diuretic, purgative : in ointment with lard, mixed with the yolk of an e^^ for pain in haemorrhoids. The expressed juice mixed with milk, poison to flies. A small glass of the distilled water, with a drachm of the bark of Sambucus 'Ebulus in powder, powerfully diuretic in dropsical cases. C. A. minus. Least Sn. Leaves spear-shaped, blunt, downy, mostly alternate. Stem much branched, spread- ing. Calyx longer than the spur. E. B. 2014. C. 5. 41. A minimum repens. G. E. 549. > From the leaves resembling linum, flax . DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Scrophularia. 179 Sandy fields, Southleigh, Stanton Harcourt. Sh. Between St. Clement's, and Cowley Marsh, Between Bullingdon Green, and the Asylum. Bx. An. J^me, Root small, zigzag. Stem various in height, leafy. Ls. clammy. Fl. -stalks numerous, axillary, solitary, simple, somewhat longer than the Is. FL small, inconspicuous, purplish, under lip white, three-cleft, palate yellow. Cal. segments unequal, battledore- shaped, with prominent, clammy hairs. Caps, egg-shaped, blunt. Seeds curiously furrowed. *** Corolla without a prominent spur. A. majus. Great Sn. Corolla with a rounded promi- nence at the base. Flowers in a dense cluster. Leaves spear-shaped. Segments of the calyx, egg-shaped, blunt. E. B. 129. An. purpureum, sive album. G. E. 549. Old walls. Sb. New College Lane. Jesus College Walls, &c. R. W. Bien. July. Stems short, spreading, rod -like, leafy, Fl. -stems twelve to eighteen inches, smooth below, hairy, and clammy above. FL stalks, short, with a concave hract. at their base, and sometimes a pair of narrow-spear-shaped bract, close to the cal. Cal.-ls., brown and clammy on the outside. Cor. rose-coloured, some- times white ; a large, yellow spot on the protuberant part of the under lip. A deep crimson var. in gardens. Ls. dark-green, smooth, entire, on short foot-stalks, alternate ; branch-Is. opposite. The plant continues to live long enough to produce flowers, only in dry situations. Dioscorides reports two wondrous properties of Antirrhinum, the latter of importance, even in the present day ; that, hanged about a person, it preserves him from witchery, and that it maketh a man gracious in the sight of peo]:)le I G. F. SCROPHULA'RIA.' Fig-wort, S. nodosa. Knotty-rooted F. Leaves imperfectly heart- shaped, acute; three-nerved at the base. Stem four- cornered. Root tuberous. E. B. 1544, S, major, G. E. 7I6. Hedges, ivoods, thickets. Per. July. Root thick, beset with small knobs. Stem two to three f , upright, simple, leafy. Ls. upper ones nearly stalkless, spear-shaped, lower ones opposite, stalked, saw-toothed, shining, dark-green ' From supposed virtues of the plant in scrophula. N 2 180 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Digit41is. above; paler beneath. Fl. -stalks axillary, terminal, forked, each with a pair of spear-shaped hract. ; all together forming a compound, upright panicle. Cor. dull-green, with a livid, pur- ple lip. Blossom-tube filled at the base with a honey-like liquor, whence the delight of wasps : as also Scr. aquatica. An ointment with the root, formerly used in piles, and scrophula. Scabby swine washed with a decoction of the Is. Infusion of the plant sudorific. Plant hung about the neck, or carried about one, supposed to keep a man in health, as, according to Old Gerarde's remark, " divers do rashly teach." G. E. Bruised plant fetid, like elder. The knotty form of the root might suggest the notion of its use in glandular, and scrophulous swellings, agreeably to the doctrine of Signatures. See Saxiiraga granulata. jS. Paler-flowered variety of Bobart, at Cumnor, near Oxford. S. aquatica, IVater F. Water Betony. Leaves heart- egg-shaped, bluntish, on foot-stalks running down the stem. Stem winged. Root fibrous. E. B. 854. C. 5. 44. Betonica aquatica. G. E. 715. Watery places,, margins of pools, and rivers, wet meadows. Per. July. Stem upright, nearly simple, three or four f., square, smooth, leafy, Ls. opposite, stalked, egg-oblong, heart-shaped at the base, saw- toothed. Fl. in small, forked panicles, oppositely compounded into a long, leafless, bracteated bunch. Cor. tube greenish, in- flated, its larger lip, dark, dull blood-colour. Planted with advantage near bee-hives. Bruised herb fetid : in poultice for scrophulous, and cancerous sores. A beautiful plant when variegated. C DIGITALIS.' Fox-glove.' ly. purpurea. Purple F. Segments of the calyx egg- shaped, acute. Corolla blunt ; its upper lobe scarcely cloven. Leaves downy. E. B. 1297- C. 1. 48. G. E 790. Pastures, hedges, hanks, on gravel, or sand. Sm. * Stokenchurch. Between Nettlebed and Henley. Sb. Copse just above Childs- well Farm. Bx. Mixbury. Mr. Roundell Palmer, Trin. Coll. Oxford. Bien. .Tuly. Stem upright, wand-like, leafy, three or four f Ls. alternate, egg- shaped, or elliptic- oblong, notched, rugged, veiny, root-ones largest. L. -stalks half embracing the stem. Spike teripinal, 1 From its resemblance to a thimble. Beckman. 2 From the name of a German botanist, &c. or from the Anglo-Saxon, foxes-glofe. See Benson's Anglo-Saxon Vocabularium. DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERINIIA. Orobaiiche. 181 erect, simple, of numerous, large, drooping_^s. each with a short stalk, and bract. Cor. one inch and a half, bell-shaped, purplish crimson, beautifully speckled with eye-like spots inside ; margin slightly lobed. Stam. bent. Caps, egg-shaped, sharp-pointed. A direct sedative ; to be used with caution. Infusion, Tincture, or Powder. Mat. Medica. Important for alleviating the distress- ing symptoms of hydrothorax, or water on the chest. Combined with squill and blue pill, it enables the patient to hold out a consi- derable time. See the valuable Treatises on Digitalis, of Drs. fV^ithering, and Hamilton. Var. with milk-white _^. in our gardens. A stately, and elegant plant. LIMOSELLA.' Mud-wort. L. aqudtica. Common M. Leaves spear-shaped, or battle- dore-shaped ? Foot-stalks twice as long as the flower- stalks. E. B. 357. H. L. 62. Muddy spots, where water has stagnated during winter. * Binsey Common. Noke. Sb. Port Meadow. Cowley Marsh. Bx. An. July. A diminutive plant escaping the notice of all but the scrutinizing observer. Stem prostrate, or root with naked runners. Ls. root-ones smooth, entire. Fl. solitary, from the root, small. Fl.-stalks simple, as the fruit ripens, bent in. Cal. segments sharp. Cor. without, whitish ; inside, red. Caps, globular, grooved in its upper side. Stam. four, two a little higher. OROBANCHE.^ Broom-rape. * Bracteas solitary. (O major. Great Br. Stem simple. Corolla inflated ; upper lip slightly notched ; lower with acute, nearly- equal segments. Stamens quite smooth in the lower part. Style downy. E. B. 421. C. 4. 44. Rapum genistse, sive Orobanclie. G. E. 1311. ? Bushy places on gravelly soil, on the roots of broom, or furze. Sm, Allesley, Bickenhill, Leek Wootten, Warwickshire. Bree, Pn. Flora. Per. June, July. • From limus, mud. 2 i. e. Strangle tare, Gr. Orobon anchei. The Orobanches are not altoge- ther parasitical ; they acquir^^ sustenance, and stability, not only from the foster-plant, but also from the soil, by their root-fibres: their taste is acrid, and astringent. Rev. Dr. Sutton. Ivlich^li mentions that the Orobanche is proscribed by public edict in Tuscany, on account of its ehoking the neigh- bouring plants. Curtis. 182 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanclie, Stem twelve to eighteen inches, simple, erect, succulent, with scatter- ed, upright, spear-shaped, leafy scales ; its base bulbous-formed, and more scaly. FL stalkless, spike terminal, rather close-set, upright. Cor. dull, purplish yellow, soon turning brown, and withered. Bract, solitary, spear-shaped, mostly shorter than the fl, Cul.-aeyments spear-shaped, acute. Stam. rather shorter than the tube. Stig. of two, yellow, separate globules. O. eldtior. Tall Br. Stem simple. Corolla funnel- shaped ; lower lip with acute, nearly equal segments. Stamens downy. Styles smooth. E. B. 568. O. major, of Sb. 191.' Never on the roots of broom, or furze. * Rev. Dr. Sutton. Fields near the road between Oxford and Woodstock, left hand, near the half-mile trees. Bx. Mr. Baxter gathered a specimen with a spike of sixty-five flowers. Near the Parks. Stanton Harcourt. Henley. Sb. Per. July, August, This species first well distinguished from Orob. major, by the Rev. Dr. Sutton, in Linn. Trans. : as common as Orob. major, iu some counties. Discrim. from O. major as taller, more of a yellowish colour, the spike of fl. much longer, more numerous, sometimes above one hundred. Cor. less inflated, border much curled, and fringed. Stam. downy on the inside from the bottom upwards for half their length, but smooth in the upper part. Stig. inversely heart-shaped. Cal.-ls. united at the base before. O. minor. Less Br. Stem simple. Corolla nearly cylindrical ; lower lip with curled segments, the middle one largest and lobed. Stamens fringed. Style smooth. E. B, 422. Clover fields. In a clover field (Trifolium pratense,) near Buck- land, Berks. Dr. Williams, Professor of Botany, Oxford. Woods about Ewelme. Tlie Rev. Dr. Lloyd, late Bishop of Oxford. Bx. Above Headington Wick Copse. R. W. 1832. An July, August. Smaller than Orob. major, more purplish. Stem more inclined to be zigzag. By-act. solitary. Stam. in the lower part, fringed with projecting hairs. Stig. purple. • Dr. Williams, Prof. Bot. Oxford. TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. Lepidium. 183 Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Stamens 6. Order I. SILIGUL OS A, Pistil 1 . DRABA. AVhitlow-grass. D. verna. Common IVTiitlow-grass. Stalks imme- diately from the root, naked. Petals deeply cloven. Leaves spear-shaped, some^yhat notched, hairy. E. B. 586. C. 1. 49. Paronychia vulgaris. G. E. 624. Walls, banks, dry, waste ground. An. March. Fl. -stalks two or three inches, erect, simple, leafless. Fl. white, small, in a cor;)Tnb of many_^., soon lengthened into a some- what zigzag raceme. Pouch elliptical, smooth, crowned with. the permanent, stalkless stij. Ls. flat on the gi'ound, in a circle round the root ; hairs simple, and forked also. TMs unattractive plant, with its small, starry blossoms is viewed with pleasure from its early appearance : somewhat pungent, said to be good as a salad. Stalk and fl. drooping in the night, and in rainy weather. The true ^Yhitlow-grass is not easily ascertained. CAMELFNA. Gold of Pleasure.' * C. sativa. Common G. Pouches inversely egg- shaped, margined, style simple. Leaves spear-arrow- shaped. Alyssum sativum. E. B. 1254. Myagrum. G. E. 273. Cultivated fields. * Third field past Joe PuUen's tree, to Heading- ton Hill. R. W. 1832. An. June, July. ~ Plant two f. or more; more or less panicled above, i^/. small, pale yellow. Seed-pouches pear-shaped, large, on long foot- stalks, tipped with the styles, wliicli are, according to Smith, commonly longer than represented in E. B, LEPrDIUM. Pepper-wort. L. campestre. Common Mithridate P. Pouch scaly, with glandular dots, notched ; bordered at the summit. Style very short. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. Thlaspi campestre. E. B. 1385. C. 5. 45. Sb. 199. /3. G. E. 262. T. vulgat. Cultivated fields. Southleigh. Stanton Harcourt. Sb. Between BuUingdon Green, and Shotover Hill. B.r. An. June. ' A pompous name not at all applicable to this homely species. 184 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. TeesdaHa, Whole plant more or less hoary. Stem erect, about one ^.^ branched above, leafy. Ls. lower spear-inversely-egg-shaped, stem-Is. clasping the stem. FL small, white, in small corymbs, soon lengthening into very long spikes. Pet. battledore-shaped, scarcely longer than the cal. Pouch roundish, protuberant. Var. with smooth Is. (L. ruderdle. Narrow-leaved P. E. B. 159<5. Thlaspi minus. G. E. 262. Almost every where about Bristol, Gloucestershire. Tur.^ See Appendix. (^Hutchinsia petrcEa. Rock H. H. L. 31. Lep. petrseum. E. B. 111. St. Vincent's Rocks, Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke Coll. Oxford.) (TEESDA'LIA.' Teesdalia. T. nudicauUs. Naked -stalked, or Irregular T. Petals unequal. Iberis nudicauhs. E. B. 327- C 6. 42. Bursa pastoria minima. G. E. 276. Dry^ harren, gravelly fields.* * Pond bank, near Tubney, Berks. Y. Coleshill Heath, Warwickshire. Purt. FL An. May. Ls. lyre-shaped. Fl. minute, white.) THLASPI.* Shepherd's Purse. Mithridate Mustard. T. arvense. Mithridate Mustard, or Penny Cress. Pouch flat and round, shorter than its stalk. Leaves smooth, oblong, toothed. Stem erect. E. B. 1659- C. 6. 43. T. Dioscoridis. G. E. 262. Cultivated, or waste ground. Near Stow Wood. Stanton Harcourt. Southleigh. Sh. Broughton-Pogges. Dr. Goodenough. Field near Cowley Gate, &c. An. June. Plant smooth. Stem erect, about one f., leafy, branched in the upper part. Ls. alternate, arrow-shaped, and clasping the stem at their base. Fl. many, extremely small, white. Pouch very large, erect, borders very broad, figure almost circular: the short style in a notch on the top. The seeds, an ingredient formei'ly in the Mithridate confection. Taste pungent : flavour of plant like garlick : gives a taste to the milk of cows which feed on it. Seeds abound with oil, formerly in use for rheumatism. 1 After Mr. Robert Teesdale, F.L.S. ob. 1804. 2 From Gr. tlilao, to break, because the fruit is in form rugged, and, as it were, broken. TETR ADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. Cochlearia. 185 T. perfolidtum. Perfoliate Shepherd^s Purse. Pouch inversely heart-shaped. Stem-leaves heart-shaped, rather sharp at the base, clasping the branched stem. Style very short. E. B. 2354. H. L. 46. T. rotun- difolium. G. E. %m. Limestone pastures. * * Old stone quarries between Burford and Witney ; Burford Downs. Sb., and Hooker. 1818. An. April. Stem in a rich soil branched from, the bottom ; four to six inches, spreading, smooth, leafy. Ls. glaucous, smooth, shghtly toothed : root-Is. stalked, egg-shaped, blunt ; the rest alternate. Fl. white, small, not much longer than the cal., heads close, cor^^mbose, gradually lengthened into long clusters of seed- vessels. Pouch crowned with the sticjf. Cal. purplish. T. Bursa Pastoris. Common Shepherd's Pursed Hairy. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, not bordered, somewhat triangular. Root leaves wing-cleft. E. B. 1485. C. 1. 50. Bursa Pastoris. G. E. 276. Capsella genus, of DC. Waste, and cultivated ground, way sides. An. April. Root branched. Stem variable in height, branched, leafy. Fl. on branches, a corymb, and at length shooting into a spike-like bunch, small, white. Ls. root-Is. spreading, generally sharply toothed : stem-Is. oblong, stalkless, stem clasping, their base spear-arrow-shaped. Pouch margin scarcely dilated, crowned with the style. Seeds pendent. The seeds and young ii. eaten by birds : plant found in almost every part of the globe. Ls. root-ones sometimes entire. Plant diseased by a minute, white, parasitic fungus, Uredo Thlaspi. Taste not pungent. COCHLEA'RIA. Scurvy-grass. (Horse Radish.) (C. officinalis. Common Sc. Gr. Root leaves roundish ; stem-leaves oblong, stalkless, sinuated. Pouch round. E. B. 551. H. L. 148. C. rotundifolia. G. E. 401. Rocks and muddy places by the sea-coast, as also upon high mountains. Packington, Warwickshire. Tur. An. May. Ls. succulent, smooth, shining. Fl. white, in corymbose tufts. Pouches obscurely veined, style-tipped.) * C. Armordcia. Horse-radish. Root leaves oblong, notched ; those of the stem lengthened out, spear- ' From the shape of the poMc/t. 186 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. Ib^ris. shaped, either cut or entire, stalkless. E. B. 2323» Raphanus rusticanus. G. E. 241. Common, as the refuse of gardens. Sides of the Canal, near High Bridge. Banks of the Isis, near Iffley. Sb. Per. May. Root very long, cylindrical, white, strongly pungent, and acrid, deep-rooted in the ground. Stems two f., erect, branched, leafy. Ls. root-ones resembling those of a dock, large, long-stalked, veiny, wing-cleft occasionally. Fl. white, numerous, corym- bose, at length racemose. Pouch elliptic, compressed, with a short style, and large stigma. Fruit seldom perfected. Root scraped, a condiment at table, anti-scorbutic : its infusion in cold milk, an excellent cosmetic. In palsy, and dropsy, a powerful stimulant, as compound spirit, Armor : and infusion com- pound. Strong infusion of the leaves, or root, emetic. Ls. in in- fusion dye straw-colour. SENEBIE'RA.' Wart-cress. S. Coronopus.^ Common TV. Swine' s-cr ess. Pouch undivided, crested with Httle sharp points. Style pro- minent. Leaves wing-cleft, subdivided. Coronopus Ruellii. E. B. 1660. G. E. 427. Waste ground, way sides. An. June. Stems prostrate, depressed, branched, leafy. Ls. alternate, seg- ments mostly half-wing-cleft, along their fore-edges; terminat- ing one linear spear-shaped, entire. Fl. clusters opposite the Is. corymbose, stalkless, lengthened out as the fruit swells. Cor. very small, white. Pouch kidney-heart-shaped, crowned with the short style, large, compared with the fl. Plant somewhat glaucous, taste mustard-like, acrid. The ashes an ingi'edient in Stephens's once too much celebrated remedy for stone, and gravel. The whole plant is nauseously acrid and fetid, and must require much boiling to render it eatable. Sm. IBE'RIS. Candy-tuft. I. amdra. Sitter G. Stem herbaceous. Leaves spear- shaped-linear, acute, partly notched. Flowers in oblong- clusters. E. B. 52. Chalky fields.** Henley. Nettlebed. Mungewell. Sb. About Henley and other places in Oxfordshire. Hudson. About Wallingford, Berks. E. Fl. Between the Asylum and Bul- ' From Senebier, of Geneva, a physiological botanist. ' Raven's foot. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Cardamine. 187 lingdon Green. Between Ipstone and Penley Hangings. B.i\ Goring. Mr. L, Darwall, Trin. Coll. Cambridge. An. June. Stems spreading, numerous, each ending in a raceme of fl. Fl. showy, millc-white. Pouch sharply notched at the end. In gardens among our hardy annuals : smaller than lb. umbel- lata. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. (DENTARIA. Coral-wort. D. hulbifera. Bulb-bearing C. Lower leaves winged ; upper leaves simple, with a bulb growing in their axils, (i. e. in the angles formed by the leaf-stalk, and stem.) E. B. 809. G. E. 984. Moist woods, rare. Woods at Loudwater, between Beaconsfield, and High Wycombe, Tur. Per. April, May. Axillary bulbs, dark purple, scaly, propagating the plant. Root toothed. FL, rather large, purple.) CARDA'MINE.' Ladies'-smock,^ or Cuckoo-Flower.^ * Leaves loinged. C. hirsuta. Hairy L. or C Leaves winged, without stipulas ; leaflets stalked, roundish-oblong, notched. E. B. 492. C. 4. 48. Waste and cultivated ground, moist, shady places. Southleigh Heath. Sh. A weed in garden ground, at Headington Quarry ; also in several gardens, Warwickshire, B.r, An. April, Stem three to twelve inches, erect, branched, leafy, zigzag, with scattered hairs. Ls. in a circle on the gi'ound, alternate, lower- most leaflets round, or heart-shaped, the rest oblong, all of them notched, hairy, with stalks, opposite or alternate, rarely quite smooth. Fl. small, white, numerous. Corymb terminal, soon lengthening into a spike. Stam., two often deficient. Silique filiform. As a salad in its early state, tasting like water-cress. C. pratensis. Meadow L. or Go Leaves winged, with- out stipulas ; leaflets of the root-ones roundish and ' The i made long by Bonichius. Beckmann. 2 The profusion of the white fl. of the C. pratensis gives the appearance at a distance of linen bleaching. 3 From the early appearance of the fl. about the time the cuckoo arrives. 188 TETRAD YNAMI A SILIQUOSA. Nasturtium. toothed ; those of the stem-leaves spear-shaped, entire. Petals with a tooth upon the claw. E. B. 776. C. 3. 40. Cardamine. G. E. 259. Meadows, moist pastures. Per. April. Root sometimes toothed. Stem about one f., simple, leafy. Fl. white, or pale purplish, in a handsome corymb, terminal, length- ening out. The dried fl. in dose from half to two drachms, have been used in epilepsy, probably with little effect, from the obstinate nature of the disease. See Med. Tr. Ls. acrid. Far. with double fl. in gardens; handsome, propagating itself by the leaflets. Ls. in salad with other herbs. C. amdra. Bitter L. of C Leaves wing-ed, without stipulas ; leaflets of the lowermost roundish ; of the rest toothed or angular. Stem creeping at the hase. Style obliquely lengthened out. E. B. 1000. C. 3. 39. PP^atery places, the sides of rhiers and brooks.* Near Gosford Bridge. On the banks of the Thames, about three miles from Reading. Sb. Side of the Canal between Oxford and Wol- vercot. The Rev. Dr. PVhately, Protestant Archbishop of Dublin. Side of the Towing-path between High Bridge and Heyfield's Hut. Bx. Between St. Clement's and Marston. Banks of the Cherwell. Mr. T. TV. Weaver. Per. May. Immediately distinguished by its violet-hued anth. and broad- toothed angulate leaflets of the upper Is. Fl. large, in a termi- nal corymb, white or cream-coloured. Ls. much resembling those of the water- cress : pungent, nauseous, bitter, may be mixed in salads. The caterpillar of the pretty Pap. Cardamines feeds on the different species. Suckers springing, but not always, from the bosom or axil of the leaves. NASTURTIUM.' Cress. N. officinale. Common Water- Cr. Leaves winged ; leaflets roundish-heart-shaped, wavy. N. aquaticum, sive Cratseve Sium. G. E. 257- Sisymbrium Nas- turtium. E. B. 855. C. 6. 44. Sb. 206. Clear springs, rivulets, ponds. ,, ■, Per. Sm. June. Bien. Sb. • Name applied originally to some plant stimulating the nostrils. Plin. This genus separated from Sisymbrium by BR. : the accumbent cotyledons, and short, thick swollen pods affording a clear character. TETR ADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Nasturtium. 189 Stems spreading, for the most part floating, branched, leafy, strik- ing root from the under side. Ls. lower ones large, alternate, somewhat lyre-shaped, terminal leaflet largest. FL white, in a flattish corymb, at length growing into a spike. Pods shortish, slender, curved upwards. Fruit-stalks horizontal. Young Is. warm, pungent, agi-eeable to the taste : in salad : the expressed juice with that of brook-lime, and scurvy-grass, anti-scoi- butic, stomachic : near London regularly cultivated. B. T. N. sylvestre. Creeping Yellow G. Leaves winged ; leaflets spear-shaped, deeply saw-toothed, or cut ; those of the uppermost nearly entire. Root creeping. Sisymbrium sylvestre. E. B. 2324. C. 3. 41. Sb. 206. Eruca aquatica. G. E. 248. Gravelly, wet meadows, margins of rivers, ditches. Banks of the Canal beyond High Bridge. Port Meadow. Binsey Common. Otmoor. Sb. Per. June. Stems erect, one f., or more, leafy, zigzag, furrowed. Ls. alter- nate, leaflets of the lower ones running down the stem, elliptic- oblong, deeply cut, or toothed ; those of the upper ones nar- rower, deeply saw-toothed, or entire. Common-footstalk chan- nelled. Fl. bright yellow, numerous, in clusters, in a kind of panicle about the stem tops, each cluster soon lengthening out greatly, and becoming zigzag. Pods seldom come to perfection, the plant increasing much by root. N. terrestre. A.nnual Yellow C. Leaves wing-cleft, lyre-shaped, unequally toothed. Root tapering. Petals scarcely so long as the calyx. Pod curved, swollen. Sisymbrium terrestre. E. B. 1747. C. 5. 49. Sb. 207. Banks of ditches. * Near the Diamond House. Sb. Merton College Meadow. Near Medley Lock. Otmoor. Bx. An. June. Stem about one f., nearly erect, branched, leafy. Ls. alternate or opposite, lobes confluent, i. e. run in with the mid rib of each 1. Fl. racemed, yellow, numerous, small. Fruit-stalks in cylindric clusters, partial stalks alternate, horizontal, each with a shortish, swelling pod. N. amphibium is peren. has pet. larger, pods smaller, style longer. (^Discrim.) from N. sylvestre by its wing-cleft Is. minute pet. and more swollen pods. N. amphibium. Amphibious Yellow C. Great Water Radish. Leaves oblong, spear-shaped, wing-cleft, or saw-toothed. Roots fibrous. Petals longer than the calyx. Pod elliptical. Sisymbrium amphibium. E. 190 TETR ADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sisy'mbrium. B. 1840. Sb. 207. Raphanus aquaticus. G. E. 240. Rivers, ditches. Per. Jul^/. Roots long, perpendicular. Ste7n crooked at the joints. Ls. root- ones stalked. F"/. yellow, St^le lengthened out. Pods short, small, pointing upwards. Fruit-stalks longer than the pods, at length bending downwards. Grows to a gi-eat size, with long, floating stems, and comb-like Is. under water : in dryer sitiiations of a smaller form, and broader Is. Ends of the general fl. -stalk often sw^oUen into a purplish sub- stance, cauliflower-like. Ls. variable in form ; those under water deeply wing-cleft, otherwise deeply saw-toothed. SISYMBRIUM. Hedge-mustard. S. qfficindle. Common H. Pods pressed close to the main stalk, awl-sliaped, downy. Upper leaves mostly runcinate, hairy. Stem rough with bristles bent back. Erysimum officinale. E. B. 735. C. 5. 50. Sb. 201, E. Dioscoridis LobeUi. G. E. 254. Waste grotind, hy road sides and on banks. An. July. Stem two f. Easily known by its long, spreading branches, set with numerous, close-pressed seed pods, and terminating in a small, dense cluster of lemon-coloured fl. Branches widely spreading, ascending. Ls. lower ones somewhat winged, upper ones halbert-shaped ? terminal lobe nearly at the end, in both large, in former /s. rounded, in the upper oblong. Raceme very long. Fruit-stalks very short. Infusion of the herb, or seeds, formerly recommended in asthma, and hoarseness : superseded by better remedies. S. 'Irio. Broad H. M. London Rocket. Leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth as well as the stem. Pods erect. E. B. 1631. C. 5. 48. Waste ground, banks, heaps of rubbish,** {chiefly about London.) Under Merton Wall. Rose Lane. Sb. and Bx. (1818.) Naturalized in the Botanic Garden. Bx. Covered rubbish in the spring, after the gi'eat fire of London. Sm. E. F. Morison, in his Preeludia Botan, : seems to argue for its produc- tion by spontaneous generation, from the fixed and volatile salts, sulphur, &c. An. July. Stem about two f, branched, round. Ls. alternate, wing-cleft, lobes recurved ; lower Is., generally terminated by a long, halbert-shaped lobe ; upper ones usually simple, spear-shaped, wHth one or two teeth towards the base. Fl. small, yellow. TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Ery'simum. 191 Siliques numerous, long, slender. Fruit-stalks short in compa- rison with the siUques : seeds protuberating a httle through the valves, giving the appearance of a slightly jointed silique. Flavour of the plant like mustard. S. Sophia. Fine-leaved H.^ or Fliw-weed.'^ Leaves doubly wing-cleft, leaflets linear, a little hairy. Petals smaller than the calyx. E. B. 963. Sophia Chirur- gorum. G. E. 1068. Rubbish, dry banks, ivaste ground, dunghills. An. June. Stem about two f., erect, branched, very leafy. Ls. alternate, spreading : last segment of leaflets spear-shaped, acute, entire, terminal ones largest. Fl. very small, pale-yellow. Corymb soon growing into a very long spike of numerous slender siliques, parallel to the stalk, which are erect on spreading stalks. The feathery segments of the Is. not devoid of symmetry. The pods retain the seeds all winter : food for small birds. Vermifuge. Strength of gunpowder said to be increased, by adding to it a tenth of the seeds. Fl. Suec. BARBARE'A.* Winter^cress. B. vulgaris. Bitter TV, Yellow Rocket. Lower leaves lyre-shaped, the terminal lobe romidish ; upper inversely egg-shaped, toothed. Barbarea. E. G. 243. Erysi- mum Barbarea. E. B. 443. Sb. 202. Moist, waste ground, about hedges, or in marshy meadows. Per. May. Stem two or three f., simple, or branched, erect, angular. Ls, all alternate, deep, shining gi'een, strongly veined, upper Is. stem- clasping : leaf-rib broad. Fl. in terminal corymbs, soon length- ening into a spike, numerous, yellow ; cal. also partly coloured. A winter salad of the young Is. Var. double fl. in gardens. ERY'SIMUM.3 Treacles-mustard. E. cheiranthoides. JVorm-seed Tr. Leaves spear- shaped, obscurely toothed, roughish, with starry, three- > Flix-ioeed, i. e. flux, from its supposed quality in the seeds, (dose one drachm,) of curing fluxes of the bowels. Formerly called " Sophia Chirurgo- rum," " the wisdom of surgeons." Ger. observes the Paracelsians do brag very much of an herbe called Sophia, &c. We must be content to accept of this for the true Sophia, until some one point out the true one, &c. 2 From St. Barbara. 3 From eruo, Gr. to preserve, on account of its excellent qualities, * From its entering into the exploded Theriaca, or Venice Treacle. 192 TETRAD YNAMI A SILIQUOSA. Cheiranthus. partite hairs. Siliques erect, on horizontal stalks. Stigma almost stalkless. E. B. 942. Camelina. G. E. 273. Turnip fields, gardens, osier holts, hedges. * * Osier Holts, near Goclstow. Southleigh, in the fields adjoining Tar Wood. Sb. Near Godstow Nunnery. Bx. An. June. Stem erect, varying in size, and branching, leafy, angular. Ls. stalkless, sometimes quite entire. Fl. numerous, small, yellow, lengthening into a spike-like corymb. Cal. yellowish, erect. E. yillidria. Garlick Tr. Mustard; Jack by the Hedge ; or Sauce alone. Leaves heart-shaped, broadly toothed, stalked. E. B. 796. C. 2. 48. Alliaria. G. E. 794. An. April. Bien. Sb. Stem upright, about one f., or more, leafy, branched slightly in the upper part. Ls. alternate, deep, shining green, smooth. Fl. small, white. Siliques erect, spreading, long. Stam. glands four. Bruised plant, a strong garlic smell : Is. may be eaten. For- merly used for seasoning : praised as an outward application in gangrene, considered as diaphoretic, diuretic : when fowls eat the Is., their flavour rendered very rank : boiled, when near its fi. -state, an excellent green, for food. Seeds brviised provoke sneezing. CHEIRANTHUS.' Wall-flower. C. fruticulosus. Wild IV, Leaves spear-shaped, acute ; most hoary beneath, with simple, close hairs. Stem shrubby. Branches angular. Style prominent. E. B. 1934. Ch. Cheiri. Sb. 202. H. L. ? Old walls. Shrubby. May. Roots and stems somewhat woody : branches green, numerous, angular, tufted, erect, leafy. Fl. in a corymb, simple cluster, bright golden ; delightfully fragrant. Ls. crowded, mostly entire, stalked. Cal. often purplish, or brown. Siliques erect, hoary. Var. numerous in gardens. HE'SPERIS. Dame's-violet. H. matrondlis. D. V. Partial flower-stalks the length of the calyx. Leaves egg- spear-shaped, toothed. 1 Anthos, a flower, and cheir, a hand, Gr. TETR ADYNAMIA SILTQUOSA. Arabis. 193 Stem upright, slightly branched. Pods smooth, irre- gularly swollen, equal-sided, nearly upright. H. ino- dora. E. B. 731. Viola matronalis. G. E. 462. Hilly pastures, near rivulets, but rare. Fringford. Mr. Roundell Palmer, Trinity Coll. Oxford. (Near Cheltenham, on the Cotswold ridge.) Sin. Frequent in gardens. . • Per. May, June. (Somewhat hoary. Fl. terminal, corymbose, pale purple, or white ; very fragrant in the evening. Sm. Pods without thickened margin. 'ARABIS.' Wall-cress, or Rock-cress. A. thalidna. Common Wall-cress. Leaves hairy, more or less toothed ; root-ones somewhat stalked, spear- oblong. Stamens not much shorter than the petals. Stem branched. Pods pointing upwards. E. B. 901. C. 2. 49. Sisymbrium thalianum. of H. Br. Fi. Walls, dry, sandy ground. An. April . Root tapering. Stem solitary, slender, upright, two to ten inches, branched, leafy. Ls. root- ones close to the ground, the rest alternate, stalkless, smaller. Fl. white, corymb-stalks small, growing at length into a lengthened out raceme. Cal: bristly upwards. Honey-bearing glands very minute, at the base of stams. Siliques slightly curved. Plant pungent : soon withers away after seeding. A. hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress. Leaves toothed and bristly. Stem rough, with simple spreading hairs. Pods quite erect, with slightly keeled valves. Turritis hirsuta. Sb. 204. E. B. 587. Old walls, stony banks. * * Rewley iVbbey . yS?>. Holton Park wall. R. W. Bank on Shotover Hill. B.i\ Per. June. Root woody. Stems many, one much stronger than the rest, erect, one f, and a half, leaty, branched. Ls. root-ones inversely egg- shaped, slender at their base, stem-Is. halbert-spear-shaped, partly embracing the stem. Fl. small, v.diite, corymb becoming racemose. Siliq. numerous, in a long spike, beaded as it were by the projecting seeds, crowned with the almost stalkless stigma. By cultivation becomes almost smooth. A. Turrita. Tower W. Upper leaves toothed, clasp- ing the stem. Flower-stalks the length of the calyx, each with a leafy bractea. Pods linear, flat, thick- ' Chiefly of a northern lieinispheie. O 194 TETRAD YN AMI A SILIQUOSA. Brassica. edited, curved back in one direction. E. B. I78. H. L.^176. Tiirritis major. G. E. S?^. Old tvalls. * * Magdalen College Myalls. Sh. and Rev. Mr. White, Fellow of Magdaleii Coll. Oxford. April, 1832. It grew formerly within the Old Quadrangle. R. W. Bien. May. Root woody. Stems full one f., simple, upright. Ls. pale green, root-ones rough, egg-shaped-oblong, lengthened out at the base ; stem-ones regularly decreasing upwards in size, somewhat saw- toothed. Fl. pale sulphur, in a leafy spike. Siliq. very long, at first erect. Fl.-stalks short compared with the siliq. TURRFTIS. Tower-mustard. T. glabra. Smooth T. Root leaves toothed, rough ; the rest entire, clasping the stem, smooth. E. B. 777« C. 4. 47. Turritis. G. E. 272. Banks, road sides, gravelly soil. * * Stow Wood. Sb. An. June. Stem straight, smooth, wand-like, two f., or more, leafy, at first simple. Ls. root ones in a tuft, spear-shaped ; stem-Is. alter- nate, stalkless, upright, arrow-shaped. Fl. sulphur, numerous, small, in a corymb, soon becoming a spike. Siliq. long, linear, opening at the base, approaching the stem, tiled. BRA'SSICA. Cabbage, Turnip, &c. B. Napus. Rape, or Cole-seed. Root spindle-shaped. Leaves smooth ; upper ones spear-shaped, heart-shaped at their base, clasping the stem ; lower ones lyre- shaped, toothed, smooth. E. B. 2146. Bunias sylves- tris, &c, G. E. 235. Cornfields, ivaste ground. Bien. April. Root forming a kind of trunk above ground. Stem branched, about two f., spreading, leafy, smooth. Ls. light green, somewhat glaucous : stem-ones alternate, broader ; stalk-ones stalkless. Fl. bright yellow. Cal. yellowish, much spreading. Siliq. on slen- der stalks, spreading, beaded, with an angular point. Expressed oil from the seeds for the wool-comber : the seed cake remaining an excellent manure, half a ton to an acre, and for fattening cattle. According to Martyn, Fl. R. it is the residue of the lint-cake, (flax-seed c.) which is used for the latter purpose. B. JRapa. Common Turnip. Root stem-like, fleshy, round, depressed. Root leaves lyre-shaped, rough j ' Angf. Sax. TETRAD YNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sinapis. 195 those of the stem smooth ; the uppermost entire, or shghtly toothed. E. B, 2176. Rapum majus. G. E. 232. Cultivated fields f and their borders. Bien. April. Root a continuation of the stem. Stem upright, branched, ieafy, one to three f., and more smooth. Ls. upper stem ones, heart- shaped, embracing the stem, tapering to a point, somewhat "glaucous : root-ones stalked, deep green. Fl. bright yellow, numerous, rather large, in terminal corymb, lengthening. Cat. widely spreading. Siliq. cylindric, veiny, smooth, sub-erect. Root winter food for cattle, and for the table : rendered sweet by cultivation. Aperient, flatulent : the fermented juice by distil- lation becomes an ardent spirit. The roots in a cellar, or in sand, send out winter sprouts for salad. Introduced into this country as an agricultural object of extent, by Lord Towmsend, in the time of George the First. Root of extraordinary size occasionally ; viz. thirty-six pounds, and four turnips together of an hundred weight, Martyn. Turnip poultice useful application to broken chilblains. The Swedish turnip surely a distinct species. ^. campestris . Common TVild Navew\ Root tapering. Root leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; stem-leaves smooth, clasping, oblong, partly wing-cleft ; all somewhat glau- cous. E. B. 2234. Sides of rivers, marsh ditches. Between Cropredy and Morlington. Fl. Br. An. June, July, Stem slender, erect, branched, leafy, one to two f.,'somewhat glau- cous. Ls. stem-ones heart-shaped-arrow-shaped at the base, uppermost entire, tapering to a point. FL yellow, pet. roundish in the limb. Siliq. upright, cylindric, or obscurely four-cornered, veiny. Seeds slightly project. Beak awl-shaped, slightly furrow^ed, square at the base. Var.fl. white. SINA'PIS." Mustard. S. • arvPMsis. Wild M, Charlock. ^ Siliques ^vith many angles, swollen, rugged, much longer than their own awl-shaped beak. Leaves toothed ; partly lyre- 1 Naveau, Fr. 2 Seque lacesseuti fletum fdctura sinapis. Columella. 3 Cerlice, Ang. Sax, o 2 196 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sinapis. shaped, or halbert-shaped. E. B. 1748. C. 5. 47- Rapistrum arvorum. G. E. 233. Cornfields. An. Jtme. Root tapering, stiff. Stem one to two f., more or less branched, slightly furrowed, leafy, rough. Ls. harsh, stalked ; upper ones stalkless. Cal.-leaves linear, pale green. Cor. bright yellow, rather large. Pet. always yellow, veinless. Siliq. about eight- angled. Seed mixed with, or instead of mustard. Anno^dng weed in the cornfields, of course, to be weeded early before seeding. Seed will vegetate after having lain many years deep in the ground. Young plant may be boiled and eaten. S. alba. Wliite M. Pods bristly, rugged, spreading, shorter than their own broad and long sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyre-shaped. E. B. 1677. C. 5. 46. Sinapi album. G. E. 244. Cultivated, and waste ground. An. June. Root small, tapering. Stem one to one ft. and a half, branched, leafy, slightly furrowed, rough. Ls. rough, jagged, toothed, lowest deeply wing-cleft, terminating segment very broad. CaL- Is. linear, green, horizontal. Cor. yellow, claws long, rather large. Fr.-stalks long, ascending. Seeds globose, yellow. Pod beak rough. Young herb in salad, with cresses, Lepid. sativum. Seeds culi- nary, medicinal. See Cidlen, ^c. S. nigra. Common M. Siliques four-cornered, smooth, slightly beaked, close-pressed to the stalk. Lower leaves lyre-shaped, wing-cleft ; upper linear-spear- shaped. E. B. 969. Sinapi sativum pr. G. E. 244. Fields, waste ground. An. July. Root small. Stem three to four f, upright, much branched, spread- ing, smooth, leafy. Ls. lower, lobed and toothed, rough ; Is. of the smaller branches hanging down. Fl. many, bright yellow. Cal. somewhat yellow. Seeds round, smooth, brown. FL- stalk short. Useful stimulant in cookery, and in medicine ; its continued use not to be recommended. Powdered seeds, the common mustard for the table. Yield an oil not of much acrimony. A table spoonful of the whole seeds aperient : powdered, curdle milk, bruised infused seeds emetic ; in cataplasm, as a stimulant applied to the soles of the feet, in sinking stage of fever : topically, in rheu- matic pains. Ls. in spring may be boiled, and eaten. See Cullens Mat. Med. MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. Erodium. 197 RATHANUS. Kadish.' R. Raphanistrum. Wild R. Jointed Charlock. Pods jointed, slightly furrowed, of one spongy cell. Leaves stalked, lyre-shaped. E. B. 856. C. 4. 46. R. sylvestris. G. E. 240. Cornfields, troublesome. An. June. Root spindle-shaped. Stem, one to two f., branching, glaucous, bristly, leafy. Ls. toothed, rough, uppermost simple, oblong. Fl. large, lemon, white, or violet-coloured, streaked with veins, M'liich become dark-purple as the fl. advances in age. Cal. slender, bristly upwards. Siliq. erect, tapering, beaked, smooth, joints falling off separately. Linnaeus supposed the seeds eaten in bread to produce Raphania, a convulsive disease. Taste of the plant acrid. Were the seeds dangerous, they would make great ravages eaten elsewhere : this is not the case. Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Filaments combined in one set. Order I. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5. ERO'DIUM.^ Stork's.bill.3 E. cicutarium. Hemlock St. Stems trailing, hairy. Stalks many-flowered. Leaves winged ; leaflets stalk- less, wing-cleft, sharply cut. Stamens simple. E. B. 1768. Geranium cicutarium, C. 1. 51. G. cicutae folio inodorum. G. E. 945. 7. Erodium pimpinellse folium. Sb. 211. Waste ground, y. Fields, Headington Hill. Cowley. Sb. Head- ington. R. W. An. May, June. Stems mostly branched, leafy. Ls. alternate towards the root, often opposite near the extremity of each branch : leaflets mostly alternate, hairy. Stip. in pairs, acute, egg-shaped, mem- branous. Fl. opposite to the Is. or axillary, lengthened ont, umbellated, rose-coloured ; pet. inversely egg-shaped. Plant not inodorous. Appendages of the seeds in Erod. cicutarium, and Erod. Mos- ' ilasdic, Ang. Sax. 2 Erodios, Gr. a heron. H. ' Beaks twisted like a cork-screw, bearded within. Abbot. 198 MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Geranium. chatum contract into a spiral form when dry, and straighten themselves when moist : its different movements may be seen by alternately moistening and drying them, on a white plate before the fire. Var. y. the Erod. pimpinelleefolium of Sb. has two or three of its pet. marked with a green depression near the base : a variable mark. * E. moschatum. Musky /St. Stems depressed, hairy. Stalks many-flowered. Leaves winged ; leaflets nearly stalkless, elliptical, unequally cut. Perfect stamens toothed at the base. E. B. 902. Geranium moscha- tum. G. E. 941. Mountai7ious pastures. On Shotover Hill, near Oxford. Good- enough, Bishop of Carlisle, in E. Fl. From some garden pro- bably : found in gardens, in, and near Oxford, occasionally. R.W. An. June, July. Strong musky smell. Plant very like Erod. cicutarium, more hairy. Ls. broader. Fl. smaller, more numerous, in a roundish head. Stems swollen, and crooked at the joints. Ls. leafl. terminating one three-cleft. MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. GERA'NIUM. Crane's-bill. G. pratense. Blue Meadow Gr. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves in about seven deep segments, sharply wing- cleft and saw-toothed. Capsules hairy all over. Sta- mens smooth, much dilated at the base. E. B. 404. C. 4. 49. G. batrachoides. G. E. 942. Rich, moistish pastures, thickets. St. Clement's. Marston. South- leigh. Sb. Mr. Morrell's meadow, Headington Hill. R. W. (Meadows near the Devil's Backbone, going to South Hinksey.) Ditch side between the Diamond House, and Woodstock Road, &c. Bx. Per. June. Stems two f or more, erect, round, red and swollen at the base, branched above in a forked manner, with a 1. or two at each sub- division, with one or two pairs of brown, spear-shaped stip. Ls. root-ones on long foot-stalks. Fl.-stalks long with four bract, at their division. Pet. very large, inversely egg-shaped, veiny, fine blue. Cal. awned, drooping and closed after flowering. Style longer than the stam. Discrim. Ls. in G. sylvaticum much less deeply cut. Its large pm-ple^. and many and deeply divided Is. MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Geranium. 199 P^ar. Fl. white. G. robertianum. Stinking Gr. Herb Robert. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves three, and five-cleft, thrice- wing-cleft, somewhat pedate (bird-footed,) outline five- angled. Calyx with ten angles. Capsules wrinkled, simply keeled. E. B. 1486. C. 1. 52. G E. 939 Waste ground, walls, banks, hedges. An. June. Stems spreading, round, red, esj^ecially in exposed situations, and in autumn with the Is. Ls. opposite, long-stalked, in threes, exterior leafl. running one into the other at the base. Fl. on long, cloven, axillary, and terminal stalks. Partial 1. -stalks short. Cal. hairy. Pet. purple, undivided, a hand-shaped white mark at the base. Herb rank smelling, fleshy. Astringent : smell of the bruised Is. to drive away bugs : infu- sion for cattle in hsematuria. Perhaps recommended by the doctrine of signatures from its red Is. G. lucidum. Shining Gr. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves five-lobed, roundish. Calyx bellying-pyramidal, trans- versely wrinkled. Capsules wrinkled, thrice-keeled. E. B. 75. H. L. 32. G. saxatile. G. E. 938. descr. n. S. Walls, shady places. An. June. Stems branched in a spreading manner, swelling at the joints, glossy, succulent, often red. Ls. opposite, shining, stalks long, lobes three-cleft, blunt. FL rose-red, small. An elegant and delicate plant. G. molle. Dove's-foot Gr. Stalks two-flowered, alter- nate, opposite the leaves, which are rounded, or kidney- shaped, many-lobed, notched, and downy. Capsules numerously wrinkled, smooth. Seeds without dots. E. B. 778. C. 2. 50. G. columbinum. G. E. 938. Meadows, pastures, way sides. An. 3Iay. Stems spreading or trailing, reddish, hairs expanding horizontally. Ls. roundish, lobed, segments broadish. Fl.-stalks solitary. Fl. erect, larger than those of G, pusillum. Pet. cloven. Stip. two-partite. " Smell musky." Var. Fl. white. Discrim. In G. rotundifolium the seeds are dotted, and pet. entire. G. pusillum. Small-Jiowered Gr. Stalks two-flowered. 200 MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Geranium. Leaves kidney-shaped, hand-shaped, cut, downy. Cap- sules keeled, even, clothed with erect hairs. Seeds without dots. Anthers only five. E. B. 385. G. parviflorum. C. 6. 36. Sb. 213. Gravelly fields, tcaste ground. All. June. Stems trailing when unsupported, branched, variable in luxuriance. Ls. mostly linear, sharp segments. Fl. small, pale purple. Cal. awnless. Discrim. From G. molle, by its even, downy seed-coat : from G. rotundifolium, by the downiness of that part being close- pressed, pointing upwards, and by its smooth seeds : the pet. scarcely exceed the calyx, not so deeply cloven as those of G. molle. G. pyrendicum. Perennial Dove^s-foot Cr. Stalks two-flowered. Petals twice the length of the calyx. Leaves kidney-shaped, lobed. Capsules keeled, even, somewhat downy. Seeds without dots. E. B» 405. C. 3. 42. Meadoivs, pastures. Per. June. Stems erect, two or three f., branches spreading, hairy. Pet. deeply cloven, lobes roundish. Fl.-stalks axillary. Fl. pretty large, bluish purple. Discrim. From G. molle, by the seed-cases, being even, not wrinkled. Fl. much larger. Var. Fl. white. G. rotundifolium. Soft Round-leaved Cr. Stalks two- flowered. Petals entire. Leaves kidney-shaped, cut, downy. Capsules even, hairy. Seeds veined like net- work. E. B. 157. fVaste ground, barren pastures, walls, banks. An. June. Stems straggling, downy. Ijs. downy, somewhat pale, roundish. Fl. small, rose-coloured. Cal. awned. Discrim. Seeds dotted, petals entire, rounded. G. dissectum. Jagged-leaved Cr. Stalks two-flowered. Petals cloven. Leaves in five, deep, jagged segments, nearly to the base of the foot -stalk. Capsules hairy. Seeds veined like net-work. E. B. 753. C. 6. 45. G. columbinum majus, dissectis foliis. G. E. 938. Gravelly, waste ground, hedges, fallow fields. An. June. /Si!em branched, straggling. Ls. lobes narrow. -P/.-ito/A:* axillary c short. Cal. pointed. Pet. pale-crimson, notched. MONx\DELPHTA POLYANDRIA. Malva. 201 G. columhinum. Long-stalked Cr. Stalks two-flowered, thrice as long as the leaves, which are in five, very deep, jagged segments. Capsules quite even and smooth- Seeds veined like net- work. E. B. 259. Fields, dry banks, on a gravelly, or limestone soil. Sm. Cowley. Between Witney and Burford. Sb. (North Hinksey.) Rev. Mr. Round, Balliol College, Oxford. Near Headington Wick Copse. Field near the path, between Tagg's Farm, and Forest Hill. R. W. An. July. Plant slender. Ls. segments linear. Fl. delicate, pale purple. Antli, blue. Seeds vvith minute dots. Discrim. Its long fl, -stalks, large, five-angled cal. awned ; hairs of the stem and stalk point downv/ards, the rest upwards. MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. MALVA. Mallow. M. sylvestris. Common M. Stem upright, herba- ceous. Leaves with about seven acute lobes. Foot- stalks and flower-stalks hairy. E. B. 67I. C. 2. 51. G. E. 930. Hedges, road sides. Per. June. Stem much branched, spreading, round. Ls. alternate, somewhat heart-shaped, saw- toothed, plaited. Cor. pet. inversely heart- shaped, longer than the eal. rose-coloured, veined with deeper purple than in the next, shining. Discrim. From M. rotundifolia, by its upright, bushy stem, and large purple fl. Mucilaginous, emollient, but less so than the Althaea officinalis {Marsh Malloiv.) Fibres of mallows beautiful, finer than camel's hair. M. rotundifolia. Dwarf M. Stems trailing. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, about five-lobed bluntly. Stalks when in fruit bent downwards. E. B. 1092. C. 3. 43. M. sylvestris pumila. G. E. 930. Waste ground, way sides in towns or villages. Per. June. Stems short, straddling, not much branched. I^s. notched, plaited, slightly lobed : foot-stalks very long, hairy. Fl. on shorter stalks, axillary. Cor. twice the length of cal. notched, pale. purple, or lilac, smaller than in M. sylvestris. Mucilaginous, emollient. 202 DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. Fumaria, M. moschdta. Musk M. Root leaves kidney-shaped, cut ; the rest in five, deep, wing-cleft, jagged segments. Calyx hairy ; its outer leaves linear-spear-shaped. E. B. 754. C. 4. 50. Grassy hoi'ders of fields, way sides, on gravelly soil. Sin. * Culham Heath. Southleigh. Between Witney and Burford. Sb. Headington. Mrs. Lorina Walker. N.E. corner of Cowley Marsh, &c. Bx. Mixbury, and Finmere. iv. Pr. Per. June. Stems about two f. round. Ls. root-ones on long stalks : stem-Is. on shorter stalks. Fl. axillary, on long stalks, large, rose-coloured. Pet. abruptly jagged. A beautiful plant during the hot months diffusing a musky odour. Var. White ^. in gardens. Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Filaments combined in two sets. Order L HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6. FUMA'RIA. Fumitory. * Pod with many seeds. Nectary single. (F. solida. Solid JBulboiis F. Stem mostly simple, erect. Leaves twice in threes. Bracteas hand-shaped, longer than each flower-stalk. E. B. 1471. Radix cava minor. G. E. 1091. Groves, thickets, sparingly : perhaps a doubtful native. Sm.. Woods near Studley, Warwickshire. Pn. Fl. Per. April, May. Root bulbous, solid. FL tipped with purple.) (* F. lutea. Yellow F. Pods nearly cylindrical, shorter than their stalks. Stem angular, erect. Bracteas minute. Spur short, rounded. E. B. 588. G. E. 1088. Old JValls ; perhaps naturalised. Caversham, near Reading, Berks. Mr. L. Darwall, Trin. Coll. Cambridge. Broadway Hills, Gloucestershire. Pn. FL Per. May. Root fibrous. Fl. lemon -coloured, with yellow tips.) * * Pod single-seeded. Nectary single. DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA. Poly'gala. 203 F. officinalis. Common F. Cluster rather lax. Pods single-seeded, globose, abrupt, on upright stalks, twice as long as the bracteas. Stem spreading. Segments of the leaflets spear-shaped. E. B. 589- C. 2. 52. F. purpurea, G. E. 1088. An. May. Stem much branched, spreading, leafy. Plant smooth, glaucous, somewhat fleshy. Ls. doubly winged, principal divisions mostly alternate. Clusters of _^, opposite the /*., simple, many-flowered. Fl. alternate. Bract, small. Fl. rose-coloured, keel green to the upper and under pets, which are deep red at the summits. Spur short, blunt. Tonic. Expressed juice dose two ounces twice a-day, to cleanse the skin from leprous disorders. Oullen. Infusion of the h. a cos- metic, and to remove freckles. F. capreoldta. Ramping F. Cluster rather lax. Pods single-seeded, globose. Stem climbing by means of the twisting foot-stalks. Leaflets wedge-shaped, lobed. E. B. 943. C. 6. 47. Cultivated fields . Behind the Parks. Sb. Garden ground, Head- ington. R. W. An. June. Stem three or four f. Pet. pale red, tipped with deep red. Discrim. From F. officinalis by its (F. capreoL) greater size, less glaucous hue, twisting foot-stalks, paler, less gaping fl., spur more projecting, larger cal.-ls. pods more globose. DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA. POLY'GALA. Milk-wort. P. vulgaris. Common M. Flowers crested. Bracteas three, at the base of each flower-stalk, deciduous. Wings about equal to the corolla. Stems ascending, simple, herbaceous. Leaves linear-spear-shaped. E. B. 76. Polygala. G. E. 5QS. S. 4. 564. 5. Gravelly, heathy pastures. Per. June. Stem lying down, and ascending. Ls. deep green, smooth. Fl. blue, white, flesh-coloured, or purple, always marked with green lines, in terminal bunches. Crest of the cor. elegantly fringed. Cal. permanent, becoming gi'een, wrapping up the young pod. Cal.-wings about as long as the cor. FiL in two sets, 204 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Genista. like two expanding hands, with four fingers to each. Antk. yellow. Plant bitter ; in infusion, about a quarter of a pint, daily in the morning fasting, expectorant in catarrhous cough : in powder, dose of the root three grains. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. SPA'RTIUM. Broom. S. scopdrium,^ Common B. Leaves in threes, or soli- tary. Branches angular, without thorns. Filaments all in one set at the base. Legume fringed. E. B. 1339. C. 5. 52. Genista. G. E. 1311. Dry, yraveUy thickets, fields.* Henley. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Bx.) Stem strong, tough. Branches numerous, straight, smooth, ever- green. Ls. deciduous, often simple on the upper end of the branch. FL mostly solitary, axillary, drooping, large, bright yellow, often orange outwardly. Stam. monadelphous at the base, four long, and six short. Style twisted almost into a circle. Seeds polished. Broom tea, a useful remedy in dropsy. The seeds, and ashes) have been also used with the same indication. Young ^., some- times pickled. The black, ripe pod discharges its seeds by an elastic movement. A flaxy substance has been procured from thi& plant. The twigs for carpet brooms. GENISTA. Green-weed. G. tinctoria. Dyerh Or. Wood-waxen. Leaves spear-shaped, smooth. Branches round, slightly fur- rowed, erect, without thorns. E. B. 44. Genistella tinctoria. G. E. 1316. Pastures, thickets, dry borders of fields. * Under Headington Wick Copse. Southleigh. Henley. Sb. Finmere. R. Pr. Head- ington Copse. (Beyond South Hinksey. Bx.) Shrub. June. Branches low in growth. Fl. bright yellow. Pod nearly cylin- dric, Ls. alternate, stalkless, undivided. Fl.-ls. shorter than the blossom. Seeds mildly purgative. Plant dyes a good yellow colour ; with woad a good green. Milk of cows feeding upon it is rendered bitter. Ray. G. dnglica. Needle Gr. Petty Whin. Thorns nearly ' From Scopa, a broom. DIADBLPHIA DECANDRIA. Ononis. 205 simple. Flowering branches unarmed. Leaves egg- spear-shaped. E. B. 132. G. aculeata. G. E. 1320. Moist, hnggy heaths. * Kidlington Common. Ensham Heath, Sh. CA little beyond Childswell Farm. Bx.) Shrub. May. About one f., woody. FI. small, lemon-coloured. Standard yellow. Pods oval, swollen. Old branches without Is., beset with thorns. ULEX. Furze.' U. europcens. Common F. Wliin^ or Gorse.^ Teeth of the calyic scarcely observable, converging. Bracteas egg-shaped, lax. Branches erect. E. B. 742. Ge- nista spinosa vulgaris. G. E. 1319- Sandy, gravelly heaths, commons. Shrub. April ; and occasionally at all seasons. Stem shrubby. Branches dense, green, thorny. Ls. awl-shaped, solitary, pungent, deciduous. FI. axillary, large, bright yellow. Pod oblong, downy. Blossoms make a brilliant appearance, spread over our heaths ; Linneeus fell on his knees at such a brilliant appearance, on view- ing this plant in full blossom in England. Impatient of cold. Team horses supported by this plant, cut young, with the thorns bruised in a mill. Blossoms honey scented. The wood is very hard. The chief use of this slirub is to afford firing for the poor. Its full growth is attained in four years, and it ought not to be cut more frequently. Sm. (U. nanus. Dwm'f F. Teeth of the calyx spear-shaped, spreading. Bracteas minute, close-pressed. Branches reclining. E. B. 743. Genista aculeata minor, sive Nepa Theophrasti. G. E. 1321. Dry, elevated heaths. Coughton Park. Dunnington Heath. Studley, and Ashwood Commons. Pn. FI. Shrub. August, October. Scarcely half the size. FI. smaller, and paler.) ONO'NIS. Rest-harrow." O. arvensis. Common R. or Cammock.^ Stem hairy. Branches at length thorny. Flowers mostly solitary. Leaves generally simple ; entire towards their base. E. B. 682. E. B. Suppl. 2659- Sb. 220. ^. O. ' Ang. Sax. - From its strong, woody roots stopping tlie harrow. 3 Ang. Sax. 206 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Orobus. spinosa. Sb. 220. Anonis sive Resta bovis. G. E. 1322. Barren jxtstures, sandy road sides. Per. June. Root strong, woody. Branches in a barren soil, and on an old root terminating in a spine. Ls. alternate, stalked, lower ones often in threes. Fl. axillary, short stalked, rose-coloured. Stayidard twice as long as the wangs, and keel. Smith considers Ononis spinosa of some authors as a var. of this, in an older, or more starved state. ANTHYLLIS. Kidney-vetch. A. vulnerdria\ Common K., or Ladies' Jinger. Her- baceous. Leaves winged, unequal. Heads of flowers in pairs. E. B. 104. A. leguminosa. G. E. 1240. Chalky limestone, dry pastures. Sm. * Bullingdon Green. Bur- ford Downs. Stokenchurch Hills. Sb, Various places in the neighbourhood of Headington. R. W, Per. June. Stems not quite erect, leafy, terminated by two heads of thick-set, stalkless yellow fl. Bract, fingered. Cal. membranous, hairy. Filam. their structure singular. FL sometimes scarlet, or white. Herbage, good pasturage for sheep. 'OROBUS. Bitter-vetch. O. tuberosus. Common B. Heath Pea. Leaves winged, elliptic-spear-shaped. Stipulas half-arrow- shaped ; toothed at the base. Stem simple, erect. E. B. 1153. C. 1. 53. Astragalus sylvaticus. G. E. 1237. Woods. * Between Caversham and Mapledurham. Near Henley. Sb. Shotover Hill. R. Pr. (Bagley Wood. Mr. F. T. Scott, Worcester Coll. O.vford.) Roots tuberous, outwardly black. Stems one f. Ls. the common stalk projects beyond the leaflets. Fl. purple and red, in long- stalked, axillary clusters. Pod tipped with a permanent, chan- nelled style. Highlanders said to chew the sweetish roots, which will for a long time repel the attacks of hunger; and brew a sort of liquor from thcjn. This supposed to be the nutritive Chara mentioned in Ceesar's Commentaries, and by Dio. An elegant plant. ' From its supposed vulnerary qualities. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Lathyrus. 207 LA'THYRUS. Vetchling, and Everlasting Pea. * Flowers mostly solitary. L. 'Aphdca. Yellow V. Stalks single-flowered. Ten- drils without leaves. Stipulas between heart and arrow-shaped. E. B. II67. Pn. fig. C. 5. 51, Aphaca. G. E. 1250. Borders of sandy, or gravelly fields. ** Under the hedge, south side of the road, going fi-om St. Clement's to Cowley Marsh. Hedge on the south side of the same Marsh. B.%\ Between the Roman Catholic Chapel, and the Asylum. Meadow near the Iffley Road. R. W. Between Caversham and Mapledurham. Sb. An. June. Ls. none. Tendrils springing from a pair of large, opposite, stalk- less, leaf-like stipulas of an oblong triangular form. FL droop- ing, lemon-coloured, stalks long. Herbage glaucous tinged. Seeds of this, and the other species nutritious. L. Nissolia. Crimson V. Grass Vetch, Stalks mostly single-flowered. Leaves simple, without tendrils. Stipulas awl-shaped. E. B. 112. C. 6. 51. Ervum sylvestre. G. E. 1249. Bushy places, grassy borders of fields* * Nuneham, on the right hand side of the London Road, near the four mile stone. Southleigh. Sb. Between the old and new road to Ensham, about half a mile from the Bridge. Near old stone-pits about half a mile, S.W. from South Hinksey. Bx. An. June. Distinguished by its simple, grassy Is. Fl. rich crimson. Pods long, linear. Plant, unless in flower, easily overlooked : beau- tiful plant in blossom. * * Flowers numerous on each stalk. L. pratensis. Yellow Meadow V. Stalks many- flowered. Tendrils mostly simple, each bearing a pair of spear-shaped leaflets. E. B. 67O, C. 3. 44. Meadows, pastures, thickets. Per. June. Stems angular, smooth, two or three f. Stip. unequally arrow- shaped, stem-embracing. Fl. large, bright yellow, on long, erect stalks. This vetch supplies excellent fodder, early and late, makes good liay, and thrives on a clay soil. First sow the seeds, then part the roots. Said, however, not to be agreeable to cattle : besides pro- ducing very few seeds. L. sylvestris. Narrow-leaved, Everlastiny P. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing a 208 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Vicia. pair of sword-shaped leaflets. Stem winged. E. B. 805. C. 6. 52. Groves, thickets, moist hedges. In a Copse under Shotover Hill. Sb. Side of the ditch round HeadLngton Copse, not far from Marston Lane. Bx. (About Bagley Wood. Bx.) Per. Jiaie. Stems smooth, five or six f. Fl. many together, on long, axillary stalks : variously tinted with purple and violet, with a gi-een tinge. PVings violet. (L. latifolius. Broad-leaved Everlasting P. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing a pair of elliptical leaflets. Stem winged. E. B. 1108. L. major latifohus. G. E. 1229- TVoods, rare ; by some supposed a doubtful native. Spernal Park. Warwickshire. Pn. Fl. Per. July, August. Larger, smooth, Fl. large ; pet. all rose-coloured.) L. pahistris. Blue Marsh V. See Appendix. VrCIA. Vetch. * Stalks lengthened out, many-floivered. V. sylvatica. Wood V. Stalks many-flowered. Leaf- lets elliptical. Stipulas crescent-shaped, deeply toothed. E. B. 79. TVoods, hedges. * Medley Grove. Sb. Hedges by the side of the road, going from Burford to Wychwood Forest. Between Ful- brook, and the Hit or Miss public-house. Bx. Per. June. Stems very numerous, weak, zigzag, slightly furrowed, six to seven f. Stip. tipped with a minute bristle. Fl. whitish, elegantly streaked vvntli a purple, and greyish blue. An elegant plant. V. Cracca. Tufted V. Stalks many-flowered. Flowers tiled. Leaflets spear-shaped, downy. Stipulas half- arrow-shaped, mostly entire. E. B. 1168. C. 5. 54. Hedges, thickets, osier grounds, low meadows. Per. June. Stem when climbing, three or four f. Each leaf consists of many spear-shaped, entire leaflets. Fl. numerous, violet. Pods hang- ing down, light-brown. Rather an ornamental plant, with its close long spike of purple flowers. At the extremity of the keel, two deep purple spots. * * Floivers axillary, nearly stalkless. V. sativa. Common V. Flowers nearly stalkless, DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Vicia. 209 mostly in pairs. Leaflets elliptic-oblong ; lower ones abrupt. Stipulas with a blackish depression beneath. Seeds round, smooth. E. B. 334*. Cornfields, cultivated grounds. 'J An. June. Ls. winged ; tendril terminating the leaf-stalk branched. Pet. purplish crimson. Plant varies in size, and in the form and breadth of the Is. Sown as pasturage for horses. Seeds food for pigeons. V. angustifolia. Narrow-leaved Crimson V. Flowers solitary, nearly stalkless. Leaflets linear ; lower ones inversely heart-shaped. Stipulas with a pale depres- sion beneath. Seeds round, smooth. Sb. 224. E. B. Suppl. 2614. Grassy pastures, on chalk, or gravel. Sm. Shotover Hill. Stow Wood. Sb. Hills between Wytham and Ensham bridge. B.v. An. June. Plant smaller than any variety of Vicia sativa : of a slender, delicate habit, distinguished by its very conspicuous, elegant, crim- son fli., white at the keel, and lower edge of the wings, and rather large in proportion to the other parts. E. Fl. (V. lathyroides. Spring V, Flowers solitary, nearly stalkless. Leaflets elliptic-oblong ; lower ones inversely heart-shaped. Tendrils simple, shorter than the leaf- lets. Seeds cubic, warty. E. B. 30. Fallow fields, gravelly soil, chalky pastures, dry hanks. Sm. Side of the bridle road from Spernall to Studley, Warwickshire. Pn. Fl. An. April, May. Stem three to four inches, downy. Fl. bluish purple.) V. sepium. Common Bush V. Flowers about four together, in short axillary clusters. Legumes upright, smooth. Leaflets egg-shaped, blunt ; the upper ones gradually smaller. E. B. 1515. V. maxima dume- torum. G. E. 1227. Thickets, hedges. Per. May. Stems about two f. weak, climbing with tendrils. Stip. more or less crescent-shaped, and toothed. Cor, variegated with blue, dull purple, and greenish white. Has been recommended as excellent food for cattle. ERVUM. Tare. E, tetraspermum. Smooth-podded T. Flowers mostly P 210 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Hippocrepis in pairs. Legume smooth, with four seeds. Leaflets oblong, bluntish. E. B. 1223. C. 1. 55. Cor7ifieIdsy hedges, thickets. An, June. Stem branclied, weak, climljing, square. Le(^. numerous, alter- nate, their common stalk ending in a branched tendril. Fl. on long-, slender, axillary stalks, drooping, pale blue, veiny. Cal. hairy. The names Smooth Tare, and Hairy Tare, are applicable to the pods alone, for the herbage is most hairy in the Erv, tetrasper- mum, or Smooth Tare. E. hirsiitum. Hairy-podded T. Clusters many-flowered. Legumes hairy, with two seeds. Leaflets abrupt. E. B. 970. C. 1. 54. V. sylvestris, sive Cracca, minima. G. E. 1228. Cornfields, and other cultivated ground. An. June. Stems branched, nearly smooth, climbing by branched tendrils. Leafl. numerous, alternate, elliptic, notched at the end. FL from about five to seven, on short partial stalks, on a longish, axillary, common stalk, small, pale blue, with a dark spot on each side of the point of the keel. Pods, drooping, short. ORNI'THOPUS. Bird's-foot„ O. perpusillus. Common JB. Leaves winged. Flowers in heads, accompanied by a leaf. Legumes curved inwards, beaded, E. B. 369- C. 6. 53. Ornitho- podium minus. G. E. 1241. Sandy, gravelly pastures. * Between Shotover and Cuddesdon. Sb. An. June. Stems more or less trailing, leafy. Ls. winged, with an odd leaf- let, small. Fl. stalkless, in little terminal heads. Standard, and wings elegantly striped with red and white, Iceel greenish. A small, and beautiful plant. HIPPOCRETIS. Horse-shoe-vetch. H. comosa. Tufted H. Legumes umbellate, rough ; their joints bowed, serpentine, neither dilated, nor bor- dered. E. B. 31. Dry, chalky banks. Bullingdon Green. Stokenchurch Hills. Burford Downs. Sb. Headington Quarry. Henley. Sx. Per. 3Iay. Stems numerous, traihng. Fl. pale yellow, streaked with brown. The singular figure of the pods must strike the most casual observer. DIADELPHIA DECJANDRIA. Astragalus. 211 HEDYSARUM. Saint-foin ' * H. Onobrychis. Common Saint-foin. Leaves winged with an odd one, nearly smooth. Legume single- seeded, toothed at the margin and ribs. Wings of the corolla not longer than the calyx. Stem lengthened out. E. B. 96. Onobrychis seu caput gallinaceum. G. E. 1243. Dry, dialky hills, open downs. Per. June. Plant lying down, two to three f. Fl. spiked, crimson, varie- gated. Standard egg;-shaped, with a little tooth in the notch at the end, red in the middle, with eight or ten deeper coloured lines, white at the edges, and mottled with red : wings red and wliite ; keel reddish, with deeper coloured lines. Valuable for feeding cattle ; grows luxuriantly where grass or corn would yield but small produce. ASTRA'GALUS. Milk-vetch. A. glycyphyllos. Sweet 31. TFtld Liquorice. Stem prostrate. Legumes obscurely triangular, curved inwards. Leaves longer than the flower-stalks ; leaf- lets oval. E. B. 203. Hedysarum glycyrrhizatum. G. E. 1233. floods, thickets, borders of fields, on gravel or chalk. * Sm. (Be- tween the two Hinkseys : beyond South Hinksey, not uncom- mon. Bx.) Side of a ditch round Headington Copse, near Marston Lane. R. W. Cuddesdon, near the Palace. R. W. Per. July. Stem two to three f., more or less zigzag. Ls. alternate, leajl. roundish or oval, with an odd one. Stij). egg-shaped, pointed at the base. Fl.-spikes axillary, _/?, pale sulphur coloured, often with a brownish tinge. Pods reddish. Chewed Is. of a sweetish taste, changing to a somewhat unplea- sant bitter. A. hypoglottis.^ Purple Mountain M. Stem prostrate. Flowers in round heads. Legumes egg-shaped, deeply channelled along the back, compressed, hairy ; hooked at the point. Leaflets blunt. E. B. 274. Downs, dry pastures. * * Burford Downs. Sb. Under a wall on the side of the road between Witney and Bm-ford, about three or four miles from the latter place. Bx. Per. June. 1 Sain-foin, Fr. 2 i. e. with Is. somewhat tongue-shaped, p 2 212 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Trifolium. Stem zigzag. Ls. alternate, spreading, winged with an odd one : leaji. elliptic-egg-shaped, gradually lessening, with the terminal one smaller, hairy beneath, nearly smooth above. Fl. heads erect, axillary, scarcely longer than the Is. until after flower- ing. Stalk and cal. clothed with black hairs, mixed more or less with white ones. Cor. fine violet. Var. Fl. white. TRIFO'LIUM. Trefoil, Clover, and Melilot. The^. of all the species, dried and powdered, may be made into bread. Ls. in all the British species in threes, hence the name trefoil, three Is. * Flowers hi clusters, or spikes. Seeds one or more. Melilotus. T. officinale. Common Melilot. Clusters on one side of the stem only. Legume prominent, acute, trans- versely wrinkled, hairy, with two seeds. Stem erect. Stipulas awl-shaped. E. B. 1340. Thickets, hedges, borders of fields. An. June. Stem branched, leafy. Ls. in threes, rarely more, stalked : leafl. upper ones inversely egg-shaped, narrow, saw-toothed. Fl. yellov/, in long, axillary stalked spikes, with small bracteas. Standard folded. A newly observed Melilot species with white flowers, described, in H. Br. Fl., Melilotus leucantha. The leaves when dry, and seeds have a flavour approaching to that of bitter almonds ; hence a bad weed among bread-corn. Fresh Is. taste and smell like hay. * * Flowers in heads. Seeds several. (T. ornithopodioides. See Appendix.^ T. repens, TVhite T. Dutch Clover. Heads globose, resembling umbels. Flowers somewhat stalked. Le- gume within the calyx, four-seeded. Stems creeping, solid. E. B. 1769. C. 3. 46. T. pratense. G. E. 1185. Meadows, pastures. Per. il%. '** Ls. alternate, on long, \ipright stalks : leafl. on small, partial stalks^ inversely heart-shaped, or roundish, finely toothed, smooth. Ls. generally stained after flowering, the fl.-heads spread out- wards and dowmwards, like an umbrella. Fl. cream-coloured, rarely reddish, (sometimes become leafy,) hanging down in decay. Valuable fodder for cattle in the dry, autumnal months : an ex- cellent bottom in pastures. Where this plant abounds spontane- ously, an indication of a good soil. ^ ** Seeds single. Calyx generally hairy. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 213 T. subterrdneum. Subterraneous T. Heads hairy, of about four flowers. Involucre central, bent back, rigid, starry, embracing the fruit. E. B. 1048. C. 2. 54. Dry, gravelly pastures, barren heathy places. * * Shotover Hill, by the road to Cuddesdon. Sb. and Bx, An. June. Stems trailing, spreading close to the ground, almost concealed by the broad, sheathing stip, of the numerous Is. Leafl. inversely heart-shaped, entire. Fl.-stalks at first erect, before the fruit ripens, bent to the ground, producing from their extremities white thick fibres, star-like at their tips. The long slender milk-white petals rtjnder this plant conspicuous. Cal. teeth long, hairy. T. pratense. Common Purple Clover.^ Honey-suckle TrefoiL Spikes close. Stem ascending. Petals unequal. Calyx hairy, four of its teeth equal. Stipulas egg-shaped, bristle-pointed. E. B. 1770« Meadows, pastures. Per. June. Stems about one f., slightly branched, leafy. Leafl, elliptic, more or less acute, with a pale, crescent-shaped, angular mark. Spikes terminal, solitary, between a pair of nearly stalkless Is. Fl. many, fragrant, light purple, petals united at the base, and to the stam. Var. Fl. white. Most valuable for fodder or hay ; most nutritious of its tribe. The " holy trefoil's" leaf formerly supposed a potent charm against witches, probably from its three leaves being emblematic of the Trinity. The heads dye woollen green, with alum, or copperas. T. medium. Zigzag T. Spikes lax. Stems zigzag and branching. Petals nearly equal. Stipulas taper- ing, converging. Two upper calyx-teeth rather the shortest. E. B. 190. Rlevated, dry, chalky, or gravelly pastures. Sm. Per. June. Differs from Trif. pratense, in its lax head of fl., longer and narrower stip., and more unequal calyx, and its remarkably iigLa.^ stem. Fl.-heads rather larger. Pet. purple. Leafi. spear-shaped, with minute serratures invisible to the naked eye. T. arvense. Hare^s-foot T. Spikes close, egg-shaped, cylindrical, very hairy. Stipulas spear-shaped, bristle- pointed. Calyx-teeth longer than the corolla, perma- nently bristle-shaped. Leaves linear-inversely-egg- shaped. E. B. 944. C. 6. 50. Lagopodium, Pes leporis. G. E. 1193. *■ Ang, Sax, 214 DTADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Tiifolium. Sandy, barren fields . An . July. Stem mostly erect, much branched, somewhat zigzag. Ls. stalked, leafl. nearly stalkless. Fl. numerous, pale reddish. Cor. almost concealed by the teeth of the ml. A weed, not worthy of cultivation : aromatic when dried. T. scabrum. Rough Rigid T. Heads stalkless, axil- lary, also terminal and egg-shaped. Calyx-teeth une- qual, spear-shaped, rigid ; finally curved back. Stems trailing. E. B. 903. C. 6. 48. Chalky, dry, sandy fiehk.* Near Jericho, on the road side, going to Port Meadow. Sb. Side of the road between the Asylum, and Shotover Hill. Old stone-pits on Bullingdon Green. B.v. Shotover Hill, by the old London Road. R. W. An. June. Stems four to seven inches, stiff, round, hairy. Leafi. inversely egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped, toothed. Stip. spear- shaped. Fl.-lieads of many thick-set, white, or pale blush- coloured fl. Segments of the cal. in its seeding state most remarkably bent back. T. striatum. Soft Knotted T. Heads stalkless, both axillary and terminal, egg-shaped. Calyx elliptical, furrowed, hairy ; with straight bristle-shaped teeth. Stems trailing. E. B. 1843^ Dry, barren, sandy fields, and pastures. * Jericho. BulUngdon Green. Wychwood Forest. Sb. Bullingdon Green. JB.r. 1831. An. June. Stems often downy, zigzag. Ls. alternate, distant, the lower on long, the upper on short stalks. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped, finel}^ toothed, downy. Stip. egg- shaped, broad, pointed. Cal. with ten deep furi-ows, and five green teeth tapering, which are lengthened out after flowering. Cor. pale rose-coloured. Discrim. The ribs of the cal. and the cal. itself rounded, nearly globular in shape : by the downy softness of the plant. * * * * Calyx of the fruit inflated, bladdery. T.fragiferum. Strawberry -headed T. Heads roundish. Calyx finally inflated, bent back, with two terminal teeth. Stems creeping. E. B. 1050. C. 2. 55. G. E. 1208. Moist meadows, pastures. Per. August. Ls. on long stalks. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped, sharply toothed. Stip. spear-shaped, large, acute. Fl. -heads roundisii. Pet. rose-coloured. Cal. greatly inflated in the upper side, tinged with crimson. Plant, the habit of Trif repens. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Lotus. 215 Produce late, and inconsiderable. ***** Standards bowed archwise, dry and membranous. T. proctimbens. Hop T. Heads oval, tiled, many- flowered. Standard finally bowed archwise, furrowed. Stems spreading, or trailing. Common leaf-stalk longest at the base. E. B. 945. T. agrarium. C. 3. 45. Dry, gravelly fields and pastures. An. June. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, notched at the end, toothed. Ft. lemon-coloured, permanent, at length brown, and membranous, and distinguished by its broad, furrowed standard. Acceptable to cattle. T, minus. Less, Yellow, T. Heads hemispherical. Flower stalks straight, stiff. Standard nearly even. Stem trailing. Common foot-stalk of the leaf very short. E. B. 1256. T. procumbens. C. 5. 53. T. luteum minimum. G. E. 1186. T. dubium, Sb.231. Dry, gravelly fields and -pastures. An. June. Stems little branched, six to twenty four inches. Ls. the central leaflet on a more partial stalk than in TV. procumbens, or m Tr. filiforme. The leafl. of all three species inversely egg-shaped, notched at the end, and toothed. FL twelve to fifteen, yellow, standard not broad. T.jiliforme. Slender Yellow T. Clusters lax, of few flowers. Common stalks hair-like, wavy. Standard even. Stems trailing. Leaflets all nearly stalkless. E. B. 1257. Sandy, or gravelly, grassy pastiires. Sm. Bullingdon Green. Southleigh Heath. Sb. An. May. Plant very slender. FL three to eight, leaning one way, yellow, small. LOTUS. Bird's-foot-trefoil. L. corniculdtus. Common B. Heads flattened at the top, of few flowers. Stems lying down, pithy. Legumes spreading, nearly cylindrical. Claw of the standard inversely egg-shaped. Filaments all dilated. E. B. 2090. C. 2. 56. Trifolium siliquosum minus. G. E. 1190. Open, grassy pastures. 216 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Medicago. Per. June. Stems much spreading, leafy, angular, with close-pressed hairs, Li. alternate, hairy, leafl. in threes: a pair of leafy stip. at the base of their common stalk. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, acute. Fl.-stalks axillary, solitary, very much longer than the Is. Fl. two to five, fine yellow, as they fade, turning orange, a leaf at the base of the fl.-head ; keel pale yellow, striped with red at the base. CaL-teeth, spaces between rounded. Leyume shining purple. FL greenish when dried ; plant worthy of cultivation, pasturage for sheep : makes good hay. L. major. Great B. Heads flattened at tlie top, many- flowered. Stems erect, tubular. Legumes drooping, cylindrical. Claw of the standard linear. Shorter filaments not dilated. E. B. 2091. Var. C. villo- sus. Sb. Wet, busily places, osier holts, hedges. Per. June. Stem one to tw'O, or three f., hairy, like the Is. FL six to twelve, duller orange than in Lot. corniculatus. CaL-teeth, spaces between, narrow and acute, not rounded, as in Lot. cornicu- latus. L. tenuis. (H. Br, Fl.) Slender B. Heads depressed, umbellated, from six to ten flowers. Stem prostrate, slender. Leaflets spear-shaped. Flower-stalks very long. Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. E. B. Suppl. 2615. L. decumbens. Smith's E. Fl. Meadows, fields. * In the broad, green-swai'd path, leading off the Cowley road, near the gate up to the Asvluni. R. W. 1832. Per. June, August. Discrim. The general slenderness of the plant, and its spear- shaped leaflets, from L. cornic. and L. major. MEDICA'GO. Medick. (* M. sativa. Purple M. or Lucerne. Clusters upright. Legimies spiral. Stem erect, smooth. E. B. 1749. TrifoHum Burgundiacum. G. E. 1189. Hedges, pastures, borders of fields. Grafton, Warwickshire. Pn. Fl. Per. June, July. Fl. violet. Perhaps a variety of ]\L falcata.) M. lupulina. Black 31. or Nonesuch. Spikes egg- shaped, erect. Legumes, (pods) kidney-shaped, rugged POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA Hypericum. 217 and veiny, single-seeded. Stem trailing. E. B. 971' C. 2. 57. Trifolium luteum lupulinum. G. E. 1186. Meadows, pastures, cultivated fields. An. June. Stems several, widely spreading', leafy. Ls. like those of a trefoil, leajl. inversely egg-shaped, finely toothed at the front edge. Fl. small, bright yellow. Pods very black, with traces of a spiral structure. In Norfolk called Nonesuch, usually mixed for a crop with rye grass (Lol. perenne.) Excellent fodder for sheep. M. maculdta. Spotted M. Stalks two, or three flowered. Leaflets inversely heart-shaped, spotted. Stipulas dilated, sharply toothed. Legumes, spiral, depressed, fringed with long, spreading bristles. Sb. 232. M. polymorpha. E. B. I6I6. C. 3. 47. Trifolium cordatum. G. E. 1190. Gravelly soil. Sm. Near the Physic Garden. Sb. Christ Church Meadow. Bx. Between St. Clement's and Iflley, growing near Salvia verben. R. W. An. June. Fl.-stalks axillary, solitary, slender. Legumes coiled up into a ball, like a snail's shell, brown. Fl. yellow. Fodder for cattle. Class XVIIL POLYADELPHIA. Filaments combined, iJi more than two sets. Order I. POLYANDRIA. Stamens numerous, HYPE'RICUM. St. John's-wort.' H. Androscemum.^ Tutsan,^ or Park leaves. Styles three. Capsules pulpy. Stem shrubby, compressed. E. B. 1225. C.3.48. Clymenon Italorum . G.E.543. ' St. John's Wort, in former times, considered as powerful for the expulsion of witches, for the prognostication of the fates of young men, and maidens. In Lower Saxony, girls gather sprigs of it on Midsummer night, and fasten them-to the walls of their chamber. If the sprig, tlie next morning, remain fresh, a suitor may be expected, if it drop, or wither, the maiden is destined to an early grave. Hyp. perforatum was the species used in this country. Fl. B. T. Transparent dots of the Is. lodge an essential oil. 2 i. e, andros, aiina, man's blood, as if the plant flowed, when bruised, with a juice like blood. 3 Tout sain, Fr. all-heal. 218 POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Hypericum. Moist, shady lanes, thickets and woods.* Shotover Plantations. Stokenchurch. Nettlebed Woods. Sb. In a ditch on the top of Shotover Hill, a little before you come to the gate leading to Mr. Schutz's. Bx. Shrub. July. Stem woody, perennial. Ls. opposite, stalkless, wide-spreading, egg-shaped, or rather heart-shaped, entire, veiny, smooth, as the rest of the plant. Panicles terminal, more or less accurately three-forked. Pet. and stam. yellow. Styles of the same colour changing to purple. Fruit purple-black, elliptic. Discrim, Its shrubby stem, large fl., and black fruit. H. quadrangidum. Square S. IV. St. Peter' s-wort. Styles three. Stem herbaceous, with four sharp angles. Leaves with copious, pellucid dots. Segments of the calyx spear-shaped. E. B. 370. C. 4. 52. H. quadrangulare. Sb. ^^05. Moist meadows, thicliets, and about the banks of rivers. Per. July. Stems perfectly erect, two f. Ls. opposite, elliptic, or egg-shaped, each pair crossing those next to them. Fl. small, pale yellow. Odour of bruised plant, lemon-like. H. perforatum. Common Perforated S. W. Styles three. Stem two-edged. Leaves blunt, with copious transparent dots. Segments of the calyx spear-shaped. E. B. 295. C. 1. 57. Hypericum. G. E. 539. Groves, thickets, hedges. Per. August. Stems about two f., perfectly erect, leafy. Ls. opposite, each pair crossing those below them, oblong, somewhat elliptic, entire. A short, simple, leafy branch from the bosom of each 1., the upper ones bearing fl., and forming a forked, leafy panicle, terminating the stem. Fl. bright yellovv'. Edges of the cal. and pet. as well as their outward surface, marked with dark purple spots and lines, containing a red, essential oil, staining the lingers. The fl. tinge spirits and oil of a fine purple. (H. dubiwn. See Appendix.) H. humifdsu7n. Trailing S. IV, Styles three. Flowers somewhat cymose. Stem compressed, trailing. Leaves elliptical, smooth. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped, leafy. E. B. 1226. C. 3. 50. H. supinum glabrum. G. E. 541. Sandy, gravelly, heathy, ratJier boggy pastures. Sm. * Bullingdon Green. Southleigh Heath. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) B.v. Road side, between Shotover Hill, and Ciiddesdon. R. W. Per. June. POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Hypericum. 219 Stems several, slender. Ls. stalkless, opposite, dotted, thin, mem- branous. Fl. axillary, also terminal, mostly solitary, yellow, in a soi't of forked corymb. C'al. edges toothed with purple glands, as also the margins of the pet. Sfam. stales, and germ, yellow. Fruit turns red, as it ripens : lower Is. assume the same hue. Discrim. Small size, slenderness, few flowers. A pretty plant. H. montdnum. Mountain S. W. Styles three. Calyic with close, prominent, glandular serratures. Stem erect, round, smooth. Leaves egg-shaped, naked, clasping the stem. E. B. S7I. Wild, busily hills, ijravelly, or chalky woods. Sm. * Stokenchurch. Henley. Wapledurham. ;S'^. Per. July. Steins two f. or more. Ls. opposite, their margin dotted with purple beneath. Fl.-panicle terminal, upright, of few, length- ened out, forked branches, destitute of Is. Bract, opposite, spear-shaped, fringed with a row of brown, stalked glands. Pet. lemon-coloured. The fringed cal.-ls. give the fl, some resemblance to the moss-rose. An elegant plant. Distinguished from Hyp. hirsutum by its smoothness, and the panicle quite destitute of Is. H. hirsutum. Hairy S. Styles three. Calyx spear- shaped, with glandular serratures. Stem erect, round. Leaves egg-shaped, downy. E. B. 1156. C. 3. 49- Ascyrum. G. E. 542. Thickets, hedges , Per. July. Stem about two f., leafy, more or less hairy, panicled in the upper part. Fl. yellow, very numerous. Bract, cal.-ls. and tips of the pet. fringed with blackish stalked glands. I^s. in cross pairs. A. handsome plant. H. pulchrum. Small Upright Handsome S. TV. Styles three. Calyx egg-shaped, with glandular serratures. Stem erect, round. Leaves clasping the stem, heart- shaped, smooth. E. B. 1227. C.l. 5&. Woods, and husliy, heathy places. Bullingdon Green. Shotover Hill. Southleigh. Sb. Per. July. Whole plant smooth. Ls. in distant pairs, stalkless, mostly bent downwards. Fl.-pet. golden yellow, outwardly tipped with scarlet, their edge glandular. Anth. red. An elegant plant, with its tall, straight, slender, panicled stems, bearing numerous, yellow buds, tipped with red, intermixed with already expanded fl. 220 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Tragopogon. (H. elodes. Marsh S. TV, Styles three. Calyx blunt, glandular. Stem trailing, creeping, round, shaggy, like the roundish, blunt leaves. Panicle of few flowers. E. B. 109. H. tomentosum. G. E. 540. Ascyron supinum elodes. G. E. 542. Sponcjy, especially ratlier 'mountainous, hogs. Sm. Coleshill bog, and pool, Warwickshire. Pn. FL Per. July, August. Stems spongy. FL lemon-coloured with green lines.) Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers compound. Order L POLYGAMIA j^QUALIS. Florets all perfecty Jive stamens each., and one pistil, producing one seed. Obs. A compound flower is enclosed by one common calyx. Surface of receptacle concave, or flat, or convex, or p;)Tamidal, or globular. Sometimes naked, i. e. marked only with small dots, or cells ; or hairy, or chaffy, for separating the florets. Plants of the class Syngenesia generally bitter, but few poisonous. Purtons Fl. A natural h'ibe, consisting of the genuine Compound Flowers, having a common calyx, and combined anthers. Sm. * Florets all strap-shaped; a natural order. TR AG OPO'GON. Goat's-beard. T. pratensis. Yellow G. Calyx about equal to the corolla. Leaves keeled, tapering ; dilated and some- what wavy at the base. Flower-stalk cylindrical. E. B. 434. T. luteum. G. E. 735. Grassy pastures and meadows. Bien. June. Plant eighteen inches to two f , very milk}'. Fl. solitary, termi- nal, bright yellow, opening at day-break, and closing before noon, unless the weather be cloudy ; hence called, " Go to bed at noon." Ls. grass-like, sheathing the stalk at the base, alter- nate, sharp pointed, widening at the base. Seeds with feathery crowns, lightly cohering like a cobweb. Cal. in Huntingdonshire specimens always exactly equal with the corolla, Norfolk ones invariably exceeding it. fVoodward in JViih. Germ., with a tuft of hairs at the summit. SYNGENESIA POL YG AMI A JEQ. Sonchus. 221 The root cultivated in gardens for Asparagus. Linn, in Fl. Suec. Before the stems shoot up, the roots, boiled like Asparagus, have the same flavour, and are nearly as nuti'itious. With. Gerarde, in his Herbal, observes, that in delicate taste, they far surpass either carrots, or parsneps. The spring shoots eaten in the same manner : but the Trag. porrifolius. Salsify, was usually culti- vated for culinary purposes. PICRIS.' Ox-tongue. P. echioides. Bristly 0. Outer calyx of five, broad, prickly scales. Down stalked. Leaves wavy. E. B. 972. C. 3. 51. Buglossum luteum. G. E. 798. Hedges, borders of fields. An. July. Plard covered with stiff" spines, each growing out of a white tuber- cle, bright, shining green. Fl. bright yellow. Upper Is. heart-shaped, clasping the stem ; lower spear-shaped, inner col. of eight equal leaves, each producing a winged, pui'plish awn. Seeds appear beautifully wrinkled when magnified. Fl. some- times remains open until nine at night. JVith. Agi-eeable pot herb when young, aperient. P. hieracioides. Hawkiveed 0. Outer calyx of nume- rous scales, much shorter than the inner. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy, embracing- the stem ; root-ones toothed. Down stalkless. Stem rough. E. B. I96. Hieracium asperum. G. E. 298. Dry bunks, borders of fields, yravelly, or clialky. Sm. Headington Wick, Bladon. Stanton Harcourt. Sb. (Between Ferry Hinksey and Cuninor Hurst. Bx.^ Near Headington Wick Copse. R. W. Between Headington and Shotover. R. W. Bien. July. Plant rough with short hairs, dark green. Fl. bright yellow, with spear-shaped bracteas. Branches fuiTOwed, purple on the upper side, and in their axils. Fl. from the side of the stem, rising on branches lengthened out above that which terminates the central stem. Fl. corymbose. Fruit-stalks loosely scaled up to the cal. Globe of seeds and feathers a perfect ball. SONCHUS. Sow-thistle. S. arvensis. Corn S. Flower-stalks and calyx bristly, somewhat umbellate. Leaves runcinate, finely toothed, upper ones heart-shaped at the base. Root creeping. E. B. 674. C. 4. 53. S. arborescens. G. E. 294, 1 So called from the bitterness of the plant, picros, Gr, bitter. 222 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Lactuca. Cornfields^ hedges, chalky soil. Sni. Per. July. Figure of the Is. various. Plant three to four f. Cal. flower- stalks, and upper part of stem clothed with brown, glandular hairs. Cor. large, deep yellow, sometimes outwardly reddish. Ls. the uppermost of all entire. Cal. after flowering swelling at the base. L.-segments triangular. A troublesome weed from its creeping root of oblong, fleshy branches. The flower follows the course of the sun very regularly. Flowers close between eleven and twelve at noon. Horses fond of it. Hairs of cal. and fruit-stalks pale green, terminated by yellow globules. S. olerdceus. Common S. Flower-stalks cottony. Calyx smooth. Lower leaves runcinate, toothed. E. B. 843. C. 2. 58. S. lavis. G. E. 292. Cultivated, and waste ground. An. July. Shape of the Is. variable. Young flower-stalks clothed with a white, cottony web, soon falling off". Cal. smooth, at first cylin- drical, afterwards swelling much at the base. Flower-stalks both axillary, and terminal, cymose. Cor. yellow. Upper Is. oval-spear-shaped, saw-toothed on the edges. Stem brittle. May be used as a cooling cataplasm. Young leaves in some countries are boiled, and eaten. Flowers open about six, or seven, shut at eleven, or twelve. Linn. Fl. Suec. Horses and rabbits very fond of this plant. LACTU'CA. Lettuce. L. virosa. Strong-scented L. Leaves horizontal, finely toothed ; their keel prickly. E. B. 1957. L. sylves- tris major, odore opii. G. E. 309. Hedges, borders of fields. * Marston Lane. Sb. Side of the New Road, going from Botley to Ensham. B.r. Between Dunchurch and Southam, Warwickshire. B.r. Bien. July. Ls. deep green. Whole plant abounds with a milky juice, smelling like opium : this issues on the slighest touch from the calyx, and more tender leaves. Root-leaves inversely egg- shaped, the rest, smaller, clasping the stem, waved, or indented (toothed.) Floral leaves, heart-shaped, pointed. FL small, palish yellow, their stalks with numerous small bracteas. Root- leaves broad, entire. Light/. One leaf at the base of each flowering branch. FL opens about seven, closes about ten, forenoon ? The extract useful in di'opsy, in doses from eighteen grains, to three drachms, in twenty-four hours. It proves laxative, promotes urine, and gentle sweats, abates the thirst. Collin. According SYNGENESIA POL YG AMI A JEQ. Leontodon. 223 to Swediaur it is sedative, and diuretic, and useful in dropsy, as opium often proves. See Mai. Bled. PRENANTHES. Wall-lettuce. P. murdlis. Ivy -leaved IV. Florets five. Leaves run- cinate. E. B. 457- C. 5. 58. Sonchus Isevis mura- lis. G. E. 293. Old walls, woods, chalky soil. Sm. On the top of Stanton Harcourt Kitchen. Stokenchurch Woods. Sb. Mae^dalen College. Long Wall, &c. R. W. Per. July. Plant smooth, brittle. Fi. bright yellow, small. Ls. wing-cleft, with sharp lobes pointing backwards ; root-Is. on footstalks, the rest embracing the stem. It varies with entire leaves on the stem. Ls. often purplish beneath. Terminal lobe of the leaves five-angled, three-lobed. Uppermost leaves spear-shaped. FL buds drooping. LEO'NTODON.' Dandelion.\ L. Taraxacmn. Common D. Outer scales of the calyx bent back. Leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth. E. B. 510. C. 1. 58. Taraxacum officinale. Sb. Dens Leonis. G. E. 290. Meadows, pastures. Per. August. Plant stemless. Fl. solitary, large, bright yellow. Fl.-stalks simple, round, hollow, brittle. Whole plant milky, bitter. Fl. open in the morning, and in fine weather only. Down on a long footstalk. By culture, and especially by blanching, this herb sufficiently mild to be eaten in a salad. Sm, Eng. Fl. Leaves early in spring, an excellent ingi-edient in salads. The French eat the roots, and blanched leaves, with bread and butter. Many of the inhabitants of Minorca, subsisted on this plant, after the destruc- tion of their harvest. Small birds fond of the seeds. An excellent deobstruent in visceral obstructions. Mr. Purton recommends prescribing with it, Fumaria officinalis. May be blanched by the simple process of laying a tile upon the plant. Tylat. Med. in Extr. and Decoct. ( T. palustre. See Appendix. ) 1 i. e. Lion's tooth, from Le6n, odous, Gr. 2 Deyit de lion, Fr. From the supposed resemblance of the leaf, to the tooth of the lion. 22-J SYNGENESIA POLYGAIVIIA ^Q. Apargia. APA'RGIA. Hawkbit. A. hispida. Rough H. Stalks naked, single-flowered. Leaves runcinate, sparingly toothed, rough. Florets hairy at their orifice ; glandular at the tip. Seeds scarcely beaked, all with feathery down. Hedypnois hispida. E. B. 554<. Leontodon hispidum. C. 5. 56. Sb. 239. Hieracium dentis leonis folio hirsutum. G. E. 303. Pastures, especially on chalk, or limestone. Sm. Per. July. Root spindle-shaped, black. Fl. bright yellow, drooping in bud, in flower erect. Seeds uniform. Ls. generally covered with forked, stiff hairs. Stalks upright, hairs forked. Florets their summits terminate in five teeth, at the back of each a triangular cluster of brown glands. Fl. opens about four in the morning, shuts at three in the even- ing generally. Linn. Fl. Siiec. A. hirta. Deficient H. Stalks naked, single-flowered. Leaves toothed, rough. Calyx nearly smooth. Outer row of seeds crowned with scales only. Hedypnois hirta, E. B. 554. Leontodon hirtum. C. 6. 59. Sb. 238. Thrincia hirta. H. Br. Fl. Gravelly lieaths, commons. Sm. Per. July. Root abrupt. Fl. smaller than in Apargia hispida, without its yellow hairs at the orifice, and without the brown glands at the back of the tip of the florets. Fl. droop before flowering. Cal. nearly smooth. Fl. reddish beneath. A. autumndlis. .Autumnal H. Yellow Devil's Bit. Common stalk branched ; partial ones scaly. Leaves spear-shaped, toothed, or wing-cleft, nearly smooth, leaf-stalks swollen beneath the flower, tapering down- wards. Hedypnois autumnalis. E. B. 830. Leon- todon autumnale. Sb. 238. Hieracium minus, sive leporinum. G. E. 296. Meadoivs, pastures. Per. August. Fl. bright yellow, small, often redchsh outside, numerous. Cal. and top of stalk slightly downy. Root abruptly bitten off, with long, simple fibres from its sides. Flower-stalks scaly, hollow, each containing a small tuft of very w^hite cotton. The root becomes abrupt in the second or third year of the plant's growth. SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JRQ. Hieracium. 225 Seed-down of central flowers sometimes tapering out into a kind of short, small foot-stalk, feathered, brownish white, which colour readily distinguishes it from Hypocheeris radicata. HIERA'CIUM.' Hawkweed.^ ^ H. Pilosella. Common Blouse-ear H> Leaves elliptical, entire ; cottony beneath. Scyons creeping. Stalks single-flowered, naked. E. B. 1093. C. 4. 54. Pilosella repens. G. E, 638. * Stalk naked, single-jioivered, immediately from Hie root. Dry, open pastures, banks. Per. June. Florets pale yellow above, elegantly striped with red beneath. According to Gerarde powerfully astringent. A cochineal insect (coccus,) found on the roots, according to Linn. Fl. Suec. ** Stem leafy. H. muTorum, Broad-leaved Wall H. Stem corymbose, with a solitary leaf. Leaves egg-heart-shaped, wavy, with radiating teeth chiefly at the base. E. B. 2082. Pulmonaria gallica, sive aurea latifolia. G. E. 304, Old walls. Sm. Magdalen College Walks. Bx, Per. June. Smith in Eng. Botany, under plant figured for Hier. murorum (2082) observes: Hier. sylvaticum t. 2031, we presume to be the murorum of all our local Floras. " The Hier. murorum of Dr. Sihthorp's Fl. 0.von. is, undoubt- edly, the H. sylvaticum of Sir J. E. Smith's Eng. Flora, which is now (September, 1831) growing in gi'eat plenty on the walls of Wadham College garden, but where 1 could not find a single plant of H. murorum. There are no specimens of perfect plants, that I know, of Dr. Sibthorp's in the Sherardian Herbarium ; but when he arranged that collection according to the Linnsean arrangement, he appears to have considered the H. murorum, maculatum, and sylvaticum of Smith as mere varieties of the same species." B.v. H. sylvaticum. Wood H. Stem simply racemose, many-leaved, solid. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, toothed chiefly about the base ; teeth pointing forward. E. B. 2031. H. murorum. Fl. Br. 830, a. Sb. 241. Dry, chalky ivoods, dry banks, old park ivalls. Sm. Wadham College Wall. Stow Wood. Sb. Magdalen College Walks. Bx. Per. July. * A most intricate and difficult genus. - Ang.-Sax. Q 226 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Crepis. Hier. sylvaticum differs from Hier. murorum in the root-leaves being spear-shaped, and shghtly toothed ; the leaf -stalks being longer in shape, the stem-leaves more than one, and the whole plant considerably lai'ger. With. ed. 1818. p. 898, Root slender, slightly creeping, with long, simple fibres. Stem panicled. H. sabaudum. Slirubhyt Broad-leaved H. Stem erect, copiously leafy, many-flowered. Leaves egg-spear- shaped, sharply toothed, rough-edged, somewhat clasp- ing ; hairy beiieath» Flowers corymbose, E. B. 349- Coppices, groves, thickets. Per. July. Plant some\vhat shrubby, rongh, stiif. Fl. numerous, bright yellow, open in the forenoon only. Ls. alternate, Ijroad, acute, dark green, almost smooth above ; paler, somewhat glaucous, A^'ery l)airy beneath : lower ones spear-shaped elliptical, length- ened out at the base ; greater part of those on the stem egg- spear-shaped, half embracing the stem. Flower-stalks erect, downy, forming a thin corymb, liable to many different ap- pearances. In shady places, plant sometimes smooth, but always stiff. Stems two to three f. or more. Stigmas covered with blackisli hairs. H. umheUdtum. Narrow-leaved H. Stem erect, leafy, almost solid, imperfectly umbellated. Leaves scattered, linear, slightly toothed, nearly smooth as well as the calyx. E. B. 1771 . C. 6. 58. H. intybaceum. G. E. 298. Groves, gravelly thickets. Per. July. Fl. yellow, on long il. -stalks, in a corymbose umbellated form, ter- minal. Points of the outer segments of the calyx turned back. Plant used to dye wool of a fine yellow colour. Linn, Fl. Suec, * H. amplexicaule. See Appendix. CRETIS. Hawk^s^beard. C tectoriim. Smooth H. Smooth Succory Hawk- weed. Root leaves runcinate ; the rest clasping, spear- shaped, and arrow-toothed. Stem smooth. Calyx rough. Seed-down stalkless. E. B. 1111. C, 5. 55. Hieracium aphacoides. G. E. 297' Dry pastitres, meadows, waste ground, thatched roofs. An. June. ■ Root tapering. Herb very various in size and luxuriance. Stem u})right, smooth, rarely a little hairy, generally stained with purple just above each branching. Panicle upright, forked, corymbose, and with small leaves. Fl. rather small. Down SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Cichorium. 227 rough, stalkless. Cal. furrowed, sprinkled lengthways with clammy hairs. Styles, as soon as they have passed through the anthers, brown. HYPOCH^RIS. Cafs-ear. H. maculatai and H. glabra. See Appendix. H. radicdta. Long-rooted G. Leaves runcinate, blunt- ish, rough. Stems branched, naked, smooth. Flower- stalks scaly. Down of all the seeds stalked. E. B. 831. C. 3. 52. Hieracium longius radicatum, G. E. 298. Pastures f ivaste ground,. Per. July. Ls. all from the root, close to the ground. Fl. large, bright yellow. Root very long. Recep. beset -with long, sharp, chaffy scales among the florets, the character of the genus. Down on the stalk feathery, rough. Flor. purplish on the outside. Flower- idalks thickest nearest the flower. Cal. -scales roughish at the keel. Scales spear-shaped, one at the base of each branch, with a few white, bristly teeth at the base on each side. . , LATSANA. Nipple-wort.' L. communis. Common iV. Calyx of the fruit angular. Stem branched, panicled, leafy. Leaves egg-shaped, stalked, toothed. Flower-stalks cylindrical, even, slender. E. B. 844. C. 1.59. Lampsana. G. E. 255. fVaste and cultivated ground. An. July. Ls. slightly toothed. Root-Is. lyrate, the rest egg-shaped, alter- nate, stalkless, pointed, fl. -stalks alternate, erect, with a small pointed bractea at the base of each. FL small, bright yellow. Cal. smooth, permanent. The young Is. in spring, taste like radishes : eaten by the inha- bitants of Constantinople, raw as a salad. In some parts of England, boiled as greens. Liglitf. Fl. Scot. L. pusilla. See Appendix. CICHO'RIUM. Succory. C. 'Intybns, Wild S. Flowers in pairs, both nearly stalkless. Root leaves runcinate. E. B. 539. C. 4. 56. C. sylvestre. G. E. 284. Borders of fields, road sides. Per. July. Stem two or three f , hard and tough, alternately branched, with lateral flowers from the side of the stem, mostly in pairs, with ' From its supposed virtue in the cure of sore nipples. ' Ang.-Sax. q2 228 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA MQ. Arctium. small, stem- clasping leaves. Fl. large, handsome, brilliant sl^y-blue. Cylinder of the anthers striped blue, and white. The Is. blanched, a salad in spring, and the roots niay be eaten at table. This plant different from Garden Endive, Cich. Endi- via. Roof roasted, a substitute for coffee in some parts of Ger- many, said, when dried, to have served to make bread. The herb in a cultivated state, excellent early fodder for horses and cows. Flowers found white, but rarely. * * Florets all tubular, with afire-cleft spreading limb ; a natural order. 'ARCTIUM. Burdock.' A. Lappa.^ Common B. or Clot-bur. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, wavy, without prickles. Calyx when in seed nearly smooth. E. B. 1228. C.4 . 55. Bar- dana major. G. E. 809. Waste ground, way sides, dunghills. Bien. July. Plant branched, spreading. Stem erect. Ls. on hollow foot- stalks, very large, when full-sized. Fl. numerous, nearly stalk- less, purple. Cal. of numerous narrow scales, each tipped with an incurved hook, by means of which the whole calyx, laden with ripe seeds^ easily separating from its stalk, adheres to clothes or tlie coats of animals, a curious provision by which the seeds are dispersed, the calyx being rubbed to pieces by the animals attempting to remove the encumbrance. Recept. bristly. Cor. tube white, bordered. Anth. bluish purple. Root and stalks eatable, and nutritive : the stalks should be cut before the plant flowers, the rind peeled off, and then boiled ; or they may be eaten raw as a salad. Lightfoot. Decoction of the roots a good substitute for that of Sarsaparilla. Has been given in success in dropsy. Seeds food for birds : recommended to fatten poultry. C. A. Bardana- Woolly-headed B. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, nearly entire and even, without prickles. Calyx when in seed cottony. E. B. 2478. Waste ground, way sides, rubbish. (Bagley Wood. Bx.^ Lane leading from Bullingdon Green to Cheney Lane, nearly opposite the windmill. Bx. Bien. July, August. Like the foregoing in size and habit. Is. less waved, (undulated) more downy beneath. Stem of a dull red. Cal. globose. Sm. This species raised from seed is found constant. Willd. Blos- som purple. I Ang.-Sax. > From labein, Gr. (to seize :) from its taking hold of soft clothes, &c. Mixta tenax segeti crescere lappa solet. Ovid. SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Carduus. 229^ SERRA'TULA. Saw-wort.' S. tinctoria. Common S. Leaves with copious, bristly serratures, wing-cleft, somewhat lyre-shaped ; terminal lobe largest. Seed-down roughish. E. B. 38. Ser- ratula. G. E. 713. Groves, thickets, grassy pastures. Per. Juii/. Ls. smooth on both sides : lower ones generally undivided, some- times all. Plant firm, rigid. Fl. purple, sometimes white ; somewhat corymbose at the top. Down of the seed glossy, with a brown, or gold tinge. Cal. scales of an elegant brown colour. Globular form of the florets resembles an old fashioned wine- glass. Ls. half embracing the stem. Stit/ma forked deeply. Plant dioecious in effect. Aifords a yellow dye for coarse woollen : used in Sweden for that purpose. This plant untouched by cattle. CA'RDUUS. Thistle.^ * Leaves running down the stem. C. nutans. Musk T. Leaves not running all the way from one leaf to another, thorny. Flowers solitary, drooping. Calyx-scales spear-shaped j their upper part spreading. E. B. 1112. WojSte ground, fallow fields, dry, harr en pastures. An ? July. Stem tw^o or three f, slightly furrowed, slightly cottony. Ls. alternate, green on both sides. Fl. smell strongly of musk in warm weather. 1' I. -stalks woolly, round, naked. Cal.-scales leafy points, sHghtly cottoned. Ls. with a white rib. Styles bent back towards the side. Fl. musky, especially in the even- ing. Linn. Cal.-scales dull red : the outward spines wide and open, the inw^ard ones erect : terminate in a strong, yellow thorn. Pollen grey, globular, set with fine points. Small stalks naked. The dried flowers of this, and of Car. lanceolatus, used in some countries for a rennet to curdle milk. Many kinds of moths hover over the flowers at night. The down of this may be used as a material in making paper. C. acanthoides. Welted T. Leaves running down the stem, sinuated, very thorny. Flowers crowded, some- what stalked. Calyx globose ; scales linear, partly curved back. E. B. 97^. C. polyacanthos. C. 6. 54. Sb. 245. Polyacanthos. G. E. 1173. Thistle upon Thistle. ' Ang.-Sax. = Ang.-Sax. 230 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Carduus. Hedges, dry, waste ground. An. July. Three f., or more : more green than Card, tenuiflonis : clothed on every side with scalloped leafy wings : edges of these, as well as of the leaves, fringed with numberless straddling thorns of various lengths. The lengthened out flowering-branches termi- nate in irregular clusters of purple, erect flowers, less than those of Card, nutans. Cal.-scales slightly woolly. Partial flower- stalks thorny : inner calyx-scales coloured ; not close as in Cnicus palustris. Discrim. from Card, nutans, by its upright calyx. Florets cloven half way down, the lowermost segments separated nearly to the base. C. tenuiflorus. Slender -jiowered T. Leaves running- down the stem, sinuated, thorny. Flowers crowded, stalkless. Calyx nearly cylindrical ; scales egg-shaped at the base ; somewhat curved back at the point. E. B. 412. C. 6. 55. Dry, sandy ground. Sm.* Dorchester. Bensington. Sh. Yarnton, near the Church. Bx. An. Jidy. Root-Is. on short footstalks, somewhat lyrate, and a little cottony beneath, (as are the upper ones.) Fl. long, clustered, ei'ect, pale rose-coloured. Ca/.-sc«Zes with a membranous margin, and strong yellow terminal thorn ; pale in their lower part, green at the tip. Florets ten to fifteen, or more. Plant three or four feet high. * * Leaves stalkless. C. maridnus. Milk T. Our Lady's Thistle. Leaves wavy, thorny, clasping the stem ; root ones \Adng-cleft. Calj'x-scales leafy, curved back, channelled ; thorny at the margin. E. B. 976. C. 3. 54. C. Mari^. G. E. 1150. Waste ground, banks of ditches, * Near Abingdon. Bx. An. June. Ls. shining, deep green, elegantly marbled along the veins with white, which botanists of the dark ages report to have been caused by the milk of the Virgin Mary falling upon a plant of this species. Fl. large, purple, solitary, at the end of each branch. Cal.-scnles each terminating in a long, bent back, strong thorn, fringed at its base with smaller spines. Four or five feet high. Cal. stem naked. When young, eaten as salad. The young stalks peeled and soaked in water, excellent. Scales of the cup as good as Arti- chokes. Root good to eat, early in the spring. TVitli. An emul- sion may be formed from the oily seeds. ^ SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA .^Q. Cnicus. 231 CNICUS. Plume-thistle. * Leaves running down the stem (decitrrent.^ Stem winged. Cn. lanceoldtus, Spear P. T. Leaves running- down^ the stem, wing-cleft, hispid, -with variously-spreading, thorny lobes. Calyx egg-shaped, shaggy. Stem furrowed, hairy. Carduus lanceolatus. E. B. IO7. Sb. 2M. Carduus lanceatus. G. E, 117^. Waste ground^ hanks by road sides. Bien. July. Three or four f. Fl. terminal, erect, large, piirple. Stem covered Kke the back of the leaves and calyx with a cotton-like web. Cal.-sc:ales spear-shaped, thorny, spreading. Point of the leaves long, very sharp. Ls. green, rough on the upper side, ]ioary underneath. Cal.-scales innermost bristly, dry, unarmed. Recept. hair^^, conical, A shelter for other plants : one of the first to grow where other plants would not thrive. The fl. like those of the artichoke curdle milk. Larva of Cin. Cardui' feeds on this. iVlmost all the species of Card, and Cnicus, may be eaten, when young. Bien- nial weed, readily destroyed by mowing it before it seeds. Cn. palustris. Marsh P. T. Leaves running down the stem, wing-cleft, toothed, thorny, rough. Flowers crowded. Calyx egg-shaped, minutely thorny, nearly smooth. Carduus palustris. E. B. 974. C. 6. 56, Sb. 245. Moist meadows, pastures, watery spots hy road sides. Bien. July. Stem erect, three to six f., very straight, with long, wand-like branches, deep green, often purplish. Ls. dark green. Fl. terminal, deep purple, sometimes white. Cal. with abrupt, close scales, tippped with small, short, harmless prickles. Cal.-scales woolly, green, tipped with deep purple, without a rib along the back. ^* Leaves stalkless, or partially running down the stem. Stem not winged. Cn. arvensis. Creeping P. T. Cursed Thistle. Leaves stalkless, wing-cleft, thorny, nearly smooth. Stem panicled, solid. Calyx egg-shaped ; outer scales thorny. Root creeping, tuberous. Carduus arvensis. E. B. 975. C. 6. 57. Sb. 245. C. vulgatissimus viarum. G. E. 1173. ' Jermyn's (nowMrs. Ford's) Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum : a pleasing, useful work, on British Butterflies. 12nio. 232 SYNGENESIA POL YG AMI A JEQ. Cnicus. Cultivated fields, way sides, very common, troublesome weed. Per. Jtily. Root deeply creeping, very tenacious of life. Stem panicled, solid, angular, smooth, three or four f. Fl. palish purple, sometimes white. The burnt plant yields good ashes for glass-making. Ray. The down, a useful ingredient in paper making. JVitli. Cn. eriophorus. Woolly -headed P. T, Leaves stalk- less, wing-cleft, with two-ranked, thorny segments ; bristly above. Calyx globular, densely woolly, leafy at the base. Carduus eriophorus. E. B. 386. Sb. 246. C. eriocephalus. G. E. 1152. Dry pastures, road sides. Bien. July. Stem three f. or more, erect, much branched, many angled, hairy. Ls. with two ranks of oblong, straddling segments, alternately pointing upwards and downwards, and armed with very strong thorns. Upper side of leaves rough : under, cottony, i^/. soli- tary, terminal, erect, very large, six or eight inches in circum- ference. Cal.-scales mostly terminating in a linear, blunt, leafy appendage, fringed, thorny. Fl. sometimes white. Ls. lower spreading on the ground, often two feet long. Cal. as long as an e^g. Recept. eatable like the artichoke. Cn. pratensis. Meadow P. T. Leaves stalkless, spear- shaped, wavy or lobed, fringed with unequal prickles ; loosely cottony beneath. Stem downy, slightly leafy, single flowered. Calyx cottony, with tapering, small scales, closely tiled. Carduus pratensis. E. B. 177' Sb. 246. Cirsium anglicum. G. E. 1183. C. mon- tanum anglicum. G. E. 1183. f. 5. Low, wet pastures, meadows. Per. June. Root fibrous, creeping. Stem slightly furrowed, one to two f. Lower Is. somewhat cut. Differs from Cn. heterophyllus by the leaves not being woolly underneath, but downy. Generally one flower, and two stem-leaves, half embracing the stem. FL red. Antli. with five horny, yellow, spear-shaped points. Cn. acauUs. Dwarf P. T. Stalks immediately from the root, single-flowered, shorter tlian the smooth calyx. Carduus acaulis. E. B. l6l. Carlina acaulos minor, flore purpureo. G. E. 1158. Pastures, meadoii's. Per. July. Ls, wide-spreading, depressed close to the ground, smooth, shining. SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Carlina. 233 wing-cleft, very thorny. Cal. -scales narrow, smooth, rather blunt. Fl. erect, deep crimson. Plant nearly stemless. The leaves spread, and exclude other plants from gl-o^\'ing beneath them. The different Cnici and Cardui afford nourish- ment to the larvas of several insects. When cultivated, and without cultivation, Cn. acaulis acquires a stem. ONOPORDUM. Cotton-thistle. O. Jlcanthium. Common C. T. Calyic-scales awl- shaped, spreading in every direction. Leaves egg- oblong, sinuated, woolly on both sides. E. B. 977- C. 5. 57, Acanthium album. G. E. 1149. Waste ground, hedge hanks, road sides. Bien. July. Hoary green, five f. high, clothed with a white, cottony web. Stem winged up to the calyx. Ls. completely running down the stem, edged with large, unequal thorns. Fl. terminal, solitary, purple. Cal. thorns in the lower part bent back. Cal. globose. Lower Is. with deep, triangular teeth, which are again toothed, each tooth terminated by a sharp, whitish thorn. Upper Is. spear-shaped, with a few distant teeth. The receptacle, and young stems may be boiled, and eaten. The ancients supposed this plant a specific in cancer. Fl. Suec. The seeds a favourite food of small birds, particularly gold-finches. Heads of this, and Card, marianus, used by bird-catchers as a decoy to small birds. CAKLrNA. Carline-thistle. C. vulgaris. Common C. T. Stem corymbose, many- flowered. Flowers terminal. Outer calyx-scales wing- cleft ; inner whitish. E. B. 1144. C. sylvestris major. G. E. 1159. Dry, sandy, heathy pastures, fields. Bien. July. Stem one f., stiff. Fl. erect. Cal.-scales, inner, long, linear, smooth, radiating, yellowish white, everlasting, like the rays of flowers in Polygam. Superf. Anth. with two bristles at the base. Ls. alternate, sinuated, very thorny, veiny ; two yellow spines to each small tooth. Florets central, tubular, purplish. The dry plant will remain standing a year and more, battered and bleached, a miserably looking skeleton. Linn. Fl. Suec. Presence of this plant indicates a very barren soil. Said to be useful in hysteria. Amcen. Acad. Named after the Emperor Charlemagne, because reported that a Carlina was pointed out to him by an angel, to cure his 234 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Eupatorium. army of the plague. Root pungent, bitter, tonic ; the flowers close before rain ; retain this property for a long time. * * * Florets all tuhular, level generally ; flowers mostly with no ray^. BIDENS.' Bur-marigold. B. tripartita. Three-lobed B. Leaves in three seg- ments. Bracteas unequal. Bristles of the seeds two or three, erect. E. B. 1113. C. 4. 57. Eupato- rium cannabinum foemina. G. E. 71 !• Watery places, sides oj" ditches arid ponds. An. Augiist. Stem two or three f. Ls. opposite, toothed, cut into one large lobe with two or three smaller at its base. Fl. solitary, termi- nating each branch, rather drooping, surrounded with several simple, spreading, entire, rough-edged leaves. Cal.-scales streaked with browm. Ls. upper simple, oval-spear-shaped. Cal. leafy at the base. Woollen and linen iiiay be dyed yellow with a decoction of this plant. The Cyprinus auratus, gold-fish, has been destroyed by the seeds adhering to the gills and jaws. B. cernua. Nodding B. Leaves spear-shaped, deeply saw-toothed. Flowers drooping. Bracteas nearly- equal, entire. Bristles of the seeds about four, erect. E. B. 1114. C. 3. 55. Ditches, ponds. y. Bidens minima, i. e. smallest. Dry places lohere water has been, and margins of ponds. A starved specimen of this plant found on the north side of Shotover Hill. Sb. An. August. Stem less spreading than in Bid. tripartita. Ls. embracing the stem, undivided, FL large, brighter yellow than in Bid. tripar- tita. FL sometimes with large, radiant, strap-shaped female florets, is the Coreopsis bidens oi Linn. EUPATO'RIUM.^ Hemp-agrimony. E. cannabinum. Common H. Leaves opposite, in three, or five, deep, spear-shaped segments ; the middle one longest. E. B. 428. E. cannabinum mas. G. E. 711. Watery, boggy places. Per. July. Stems two or three f. or more, reddish, erect, branched, downy, ' From the two teeth in the genus. 2 From Eupator, King of Pontus. Plin, SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Artemisia, 235 leafy. Fl. very numerous, light reddish purple, in a thick, ter- minal, clustered corymb. Florets about five, or six, with pro- jecting, long, cloven styles : silvery bristles crown the germen and seed, separating the florets. Plant slightly aromatic. Leafl. towards the point very entire. Fl. sometimes white. Germ. with minute, shining globules. In young plants, the upper Is. simple. Decoction of the roots violently emetic, and cathartic ; a rough medicine in jaundice, and dropsy. An infusion of the plant used to foment ulcers with by Boerliaave. Toiirnefort mentions that the Turks cure the scurvy with this plant. One ounce of the juice, or one drachm of extract, a dose. Lightf. See G. E. SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERFLUA. * Discoid flowers (rayless.') TANACE'TUM. Tansy. T. vulgare. Common T. Leaves doubly wing-cleft, deeply saw-toothed, naked. E. B. 1229. Tanace- tum. G. E. 650. Hilly pastures, hedges, road sides* Shotover Hill. Southleigh. Sh. Per. July. Stems erect, one or two f. Ls. numerous, alternate. Fl. in a terminal, flat corymb, yellow. Perfect florets of disk tubular, five-cleft: of the ray, few, strap-shaped, with three teeth ; these florets often wanting. Plant strong-smelling, very bitter : the seeds to destroy worms, the leaves used to flavour a kind of pudding. A curled 7)ar. found in gardens, more grateful to the stomach. One drachm of the dried flowers beneficial in hysteria arising from suppressions. Lightf. A green dye from this plant. The fly avoids meat rubbed with this plant. ARTEMI'SIA.' Wormwood, and Mugwort.^ A. Absinthium. Common TV. Leaves in many deep segments, clothed with close silky down. Flowers drooping, hemispherical. Receptacle hairy. E. B. 1230. Absinthium latifolium sive ponticum. G. E. 1096. Waste ground, villages. Per. .August. ' So called from Artemisia, Queen of Halicarnassus, wife of Mausdlus. 2 Ang.-Sax. 236 SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. GnapMlium, Stems hard, in tufts about one f., furrowed, leafy. Plant pale^ whitish green. Ls. alternate, doubly wing-cleft, edges entire. Fl. in a leafy panicle, broad. Plant intensely bitter, and strongly aromatic. Ls. root-ones thrice wing-cleft. Stalk-Is. twice wing-cleft ; floral spear-shaped, undivided. Ls. green above, white underneath. A substitute for hops. The oil used to destroy worms. The leaves destroy the sharpness of sour beer, as does the salt. Infu- sion of the leaves, combined with a salt, strongly diuretic in some dropsical cases. The long continued use of bitters, destroys the tone of the stomach. See C'ullen. The flesh of sheep, and the milk of cows, rendered bitter, by eating this plant. Turkies fond of it. A fomentation of the plant, steeped in boiling w^ater, good recent and repeated application to a bruise. Witli. Sfc. Smell of the plant will drive away ants. Scopoli. Often laid in drawers and chests in the covmtry to drive away insects. A. vulgaris. Mugwort, Leaves wing-cleft, flat, cut ; (segments long, opposite,) downy beneath. Clusters simple. Flowers egg-shaped. Receptacle naked. E. B. 978. A. mater'herbarum. G. E. 1103. Waste ground, hedges, borders of fields. Per. August. Stems three or four f., leafy, branched, with numerous, longitudi- nal, purplish ribs. Ls. alternate, somewhat lyrate, smooth, and dark gi-een above ; cottony and very white beneath ; three- lobed at the end. Fl. in axillary, simple, leafy spikes, or clus- ters, erect, or straddling, egg-shaped, stalkless. Floral-Is. undi- vided, linear, spear-shaped. Florets longer than the calyx. Stems sometimes green. Plant weakly aromatic, shghtly bitter. Pliny, according to Gerarde, ascribes an extraordinary influence to this plant, worthy the attention of modern travellers, if they could believe, or feel its power : " The traveller or wayfaring man, that hath the herb tied about him, feeleth no wearisomeness at all!" G. 1104. The cottony covering of the herbage, rubbed off, forms the moxa of the Japanese, for performing actual cautery. Lightfoot remarks that the moxa is prepared from the pith, (me- dulla) of the stalk. The young leaves eaten as a pot-herb by the Highlanders. Light/. Moxa prepared by beating, and rubbing the dried tops and leaves of this plant between the hands, until only the fine, internal, woolly fibres remain, which are then combed and formed into little cones. Sheep fond of this plant. GNAPHALIUM.' Cudweed.^ *' Caly.v white, or reddish. G. dioicum. Mountain C. Shoots trailing. Stem 1 So called from gnuphalon, Gr. down, or vvoolliness. - From its supposed power to excite rumination in cattle. Ray. SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Gnaphalium. 237 unbranched. Corymb simple, terminal. Flowers dioe- cious. Seed-down feathery, various. E. B. 267- G. montanum purpureum et album. G. E. 640. Dry, mountainous, or heathy pastures. ** Woodcot Heath. Sb. Per. June. Ls. battledore-shaped, pointed, enth'e, bright green, and smooth above ; beneath yery white, and cottony. Ls. of the traiUng shoots mostly opposite. Flowering stem three or four inches, with alternate, spear-shaped leaves, half embracing the stem, terminated by a simple corymb of four or five flowers, w^hite or reddish ; of the nature of the flowers, styled Everlastings. * * Calyx brown, and less ornamental. G. rectum. TJpriglit Wood G. Stem simple, erect, panicled, many-flowered, leafy. Leaves linear-spear- shaped, naked on the upper side ; silky beneath. E. B. 124. G. anglicum. G. E. 689. Groves, thickets, pastures, in a soil ivhich is dry, or gravelly. Per. August. One and a half to two f. Cal. brown with a blush-coloured hue. Fl. terminal, and also axillary, stalkless, spiked. Fl. -stalks very short, from the sides of the stem, from the bosom of the leaves, from one to five, or more flowers, the lowermost some- what distant, the upper crowded. G. idiginosum. Marsh G. Stem much branched, spreading. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, somewhat embracing the stem, cottony on both sides. Flowers in close, terminal tufts, shorter than the leaves. E. B. 1194. G. vulgare. G. E. 639- Sandy, watery places, or where water has stood during winter. An. August. Stem three to nine inches : distinguished by its very numerous, spreading branches, each terminated by a close head of yellow- ish brown, shining flowers, encompassed wdth many leaves. branches erect at their extremities, alternately subdivided. Cal. -scales spear-shaped, acute, dark, shining brown. G. minhnum. Least G. Stem erect, branched. Leaves spear-shaped, acute, flat. Flowers conical, in small side and terminal tufts, longer than the leaves. E. B. 1157. Filago montana. Sb. 262. F. minor. G. E. 641. Barren, sandy, or gravelly soil. Shotover Hill, near the road to Cuddesdon. Sb. An. June. Stem a few inches, slender, simple, naked below, forked, corym- bose above. Ls. alternate, pressed to the stem, woolly on both 238 SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Erigeron. sides. FL small, stalkless, often solitary. Cal.-scales awl- shaped, keeled. G. germhiicum. Common C Stem erect, proliferous at the top. Leaves spear-shaped. Heads globose, many- flowered, from the side in the axils of the branches, as well as terminal. Calyx-scales bristle- pointed, smooth. E. B. 946. H. L. 43. Filago germanica. Sb. 262. F. sive Herba impia. G. E. 642. Pastures, fields, waste ground^ on gravelly soil. Sm. An. July. Easily distinguished by its proliferous stem or two or more branches springing from a single head, and as it were overtop- ping its parent ; hence according to Gerarde, called Herba impia, or f flicked Cudweed. Ls. numerous, alternate, erect, waved, woolly on both sides. Cal. live-cornered. Bt-anches horizontal, mostly two, and sometimes three from below the head terminating the main, and thicker stem : rising above the main stem. The plant is astringent : the powder and decoction have suc- ceeded in dysentery and diarrhoea. Light/. CONY'ZA. Spikenard. C. squarrosa. Ploivman*s S. Leaves spear-shaped, downy, notched. Stem herbaceous, corymbose. Calyx- scales leafy, curved back. E. B. 1195. Baccharis monspeliensium. G. E. 792. Chalky, or limestone situations. Sm. Bien. August. Plant downy, bitter, sUghtly aromatic, upright, two or three f. Stem reddish. Ls. wrinkled ; root-ones large, tapering at the base, notched ; upper ones entire. Fl. in a terminal, leafy corymb. Cal. egg-shaped, outer scales with green tips, the inner erect, reddish, fringed. Florets dusky purple, or yellow. The root-leaves resemble somewhat in shape those of the Fox- glove. Recept. tuberculated. Fl.-ls. small, one on each fruit- stalk. * * Radiated flowers. ERI'GERON. Flea-bane.' E. acris. Blue F. Stem racemose. Stalks mostly single-flowered. Leaves spear-shaped, or tongue- shaped, stalkless. Ray erect. Seed-down as long as the florets of the ray. E. acre. E. B. 1158. C. 1. 60. Conyza ceerulea acris. G. E. 484. ' Ang.-Sax. SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Tussilago. 239 T)Ty, gravelly, or clialky pastures. Sm. Bien. Jidy, August. Sometimes in April. Ray. Stem one or two f., upright, straight, furrowed, purplish, hairy. Fl. many in a racemose form, in long, bi'acteated, alternate footstalks. Ls. scattered, the lowermost inversely egg-shaped, often coarsely saw-toothed. The flowers appear delicately streaked with blue, from the numerous, linear florets of the ray, encompassing the disk. Seed-down copious, longj rough, by which the plant is easily recognised. Taste of the plant acrid. TUSSILA'GO.' Colt's-foot,* and Butter-bur. T. Fdrfara. Colfs-foot. Stalks single-flowered, clothed with scaly bracteas. Flowers radiant. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, angular and toothed. E. B. 429. C. 2.60. Tussilago. G. E. 811. Moist, sliady situations, clialky or marly soil. Sm. Per. March. Fl. terminal, sohtary, in bud drooping; in expansion erect, lemon- coloured. Cal. of several simple, parallel, equal scales ; a few scattered scales at the base. Ls. on long foot-stalks, from short, side branches. Ls. very smooth above, cottony, and veiny beneath. Younger Is. rolled back. The leaves appear after the flower. Leaves bitterish, mucilaginous, astringent. Troublesome weed from its deep, creeping root. Roots destroyed by cutting off the crown of them in March. Basis of herb-tobacco. Plant recom- mended by Cullen in scrophula, in decoction. Cul. Mat. M. and Fuller. Med. Gym. With. &c. The roots consolidate clay on the banks of rivers. Linn. Custom of smoking this plant through a reed, very ancient, mentioned by Pliny, as a remedy for cough. A room may be cleared of gnats, by opening the windows, and smoking or burning this plant, or tobacco. Curtis. The cotton impregnated with salt-petre, makes good tinder. Sherard, and With. The leaves, either smoked like tobacco, or taken in infusion, reputed good for coughs. T. PetasitesJ Butter-bu7\ Thyrsus close, egg-oblong. Flowers tubular, discoid. Leaves heart-shaped, un- equally toothed, approximating, three-ribbed at the base. E. B. 431. C. 2. 59. Petasites. G. E. 814. Moist, hoggy meadows, rivulets, margins of rivers. Sandford Lane. Sb. and R. W. Per. April. ' From tussis, a cough, the plant being reputed good in coughs. 2 From the shape of the leaf. ^ Ang.-Sax. ' So called from its large leaves, supposed to resemble a pctasus, or cap. 240 SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Sen^cio. Fl. -stalks ten or twelve inches, simple, purple, scaly, rising before the leaves. Florets pale red, all hermaphrodite, in appearance. Ls. on long foot-stalks, g:rowing to two or three feet in diame- ter, downy beneath. Cal. of four series of reddish, spear-shaped scales. Planted near bee-hives, as an early flowering plant, by some Swedish economists. The root in the spring resinous, aromatic. SENE'CIO.' Groundsel/ or Ragwort. * Flowers without rays. S. vulgaris. Common G. or SimsonJ Flowers dis- persed, without rays. Leaves wing-cleft, toothed,- segments blunt, smoothish ; clasping at the base. E. B. 747. C. 1. 61. Erigerum. G. E. 278. Cultivated, or waste ground, dry banks, tops of walls, very common. An. At almost all seasons. Plant slightly fleshy. Fl. terminal, somewhat corymbose. Florets all tubular, yellow, hermaphrodite, so that the species belongs strictly to Polyg. eequalis. Seed-down stalkless, rough. Cal.- scales spear-shaped, at the base ; at length spreading, and star- like in appearance. Ls. alternate. A strong infusion of the plant emetic. The bruised leaves a suppurative application to boils : the plant is good against worms ; the juice may be given to horses for this end. Birds in cages, fed with the young buds, and leaves. * * Fl. with rays, hecoming rolled back. S. viscosus. Stinking G. Rays rolled back. Leaves wing-cleft, clammy. Outer calyx lax, almost as long as the inner. Stem with many spreading branches. E. B. 32. Erigerum tomentosum. G. E. 278. Waste ground, chalky, or sandy soil. Sm. * * Near Baldon. Sb. An. June. Whole plant covered with a clammy, fetid liquor, arresting insects, &c., hairy. Stem straggling, not simple, as in Sen. sylvaticus. Fl. twice as long as those of sylvaticus. Cal. hairy. Cal.-scales approaching at the top. Fl. in loose umbels, of two or three. S. sylvaticus. Mountain G. Rays rolled back. Leaves stalkless, wing-cleft, lobed and toothed. Outer calyx short, with bluntish discoloured tips. E. B. 74*8. Bushy, heathy, places, gravelly, or sandy soil. Southleigh Heath, Ensham Heath. Sb. An. June. ' From Senex, an old man, because the seeds are downy, and hoary, like the grey locks of age. Plin. '^ Ang-Hax. 3 Corruption of the Fr. Sencfon. SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Senecio. 241 Fetid, hairy, clammy. Stem straight, upright, wand-like, about three f. Upper Is. more finely divided than in Sen. viscosus. Fl. corymbose, numerous, small, pale, with short, small, curved back rays. Ls. segments alternately large, and small. * * * FL with spreading rays. Leaves wing-cleft. * S. sqiidlidus. Inelegant Ragwort. Rays spreading, elliptical, entire. Leaves smooth, wing-cleft, with distant, and somewhat linear, segments. E. B. 600. Plentiful on almost every wall in and about Oxford. Dillenius sent seeds of this to Linnaeus, from the Oxford garden, perhaps the plant, originally a native of Sicily, and South of Europe. An. June, October. Stem erect, branched, sometimes slightly hairy. Ls. embracing the stem, flat, rather fleshy, often purplish beneath. Fl. soli- tary at the end of terminal, straggling, bracteated, corymbose stalks. Cal. smooth, almost hemispherical, its outer scales few, small. Smell somewhat resembling tansy. Fl. bright golden colour, large. Florets broad. At first sight, much like a var. of Sen. Jacobaea. S. tenuifolius. Hoary R. Rays spreading, oblong. Leaves wing-cleft, somewhat rolled back ; paler, and downy beneath. Stem erect, loosely cottony. E. B. 574. S. erucifohus. C. 5. 64. Woods, hedges, road sides, chalky, or gravelly soil. Sm. Per. August. Stem simple, erect, wand-like, one to three f., leafy, furrowed, downy, white. Ls. alternate, the uppermost with linear seg- ments, little toothed. Fl. corymbose, bright yellow. Cal.- scales broad, green, more or less woolly, with a white membra- nous border. Rays soon become turned back. Ls. wings linear-awl-shaped: lower Is. on long leaf-stalks. 3Iid-rib of the Is. underneath protuberating. No plant is more variable in the appearance of its leaves. The plant is found with but little hoariness, lower Is. stalkless, segments rather broad. S. Jacohcea^ Common R. Rays spreading, oblong, toothed. Leaves doubly wing-cleft, somewhat lyre- shaped, with spreading, toothed, smooth segments. Stem erect. Seeds of the disk hairy. E. B. 1130. Jacobcea. G. E. 280. Pastures, waste ground, road sides. Per. July. Stem erect, two or three f., furrowed, leaiy, corymbose. Ls. alternate, deep, shining green ; lower, on stalks, the I'est em- ' From Jacobus, Lat. for James ; in reference to the Saint of that name. R 242 SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. SoHdago. bracing the stem. Fl. numerous, in terminal, upright corymbs, bright golden colour. Seeds of the ray smooth. Cal. and flo'^ver- stalks often covered with a cottony web. Bruised herb, fetid. Ls. less segments broader towards the end. A decoction of the flowers dyes yellow : larva of the handsome Phal. Jacobaese feeds on tliis. S. aqudticus. Marsh R. Rays spreading-, elliptic- oblong-. Leaves lyre-shaped, saw-toothed ; the lower- most inversely eg-g-shaped, and undivided. Seeds smooth. E. B. 1131. Marshes, watery places. Per. July. Ls. smooth, variable in form, from egg-shaped, to deeply wing- cleft, of a lighter colour than those of .Sen. Jacobsea. Fl. also fewer, larger than S. Jac. Ls. terminal segment largest. * * * * Fl. radiant. Leaves undivided. * ? S. saracenicus. Broad-leaved R. Rays spreading, nearly entire. Flowers corymbose. Leaves spear- shaped, saw-toothed, minutely downy. Stem solid. E. B. 2211. Soli dago sarracenica. G. E. 429. 3Ioist meadows, and pastures, watery lanes, rare. Sm. Shotover Plantations. Bx. Per. July, August. Three to five f., smooth. Fl. yellow. Seeds mostly smooth. SOLIDA'GO.' Golden-rod. S. Virgaurea. Common G. Stem slightly zigzag, angular. Clusters downy, panicled, crowded, erect. Leaves partly saw-toothed. E. B. 301. Virga aurea. G. E. 430. Groves, thickets, grassy lanes, heaths. * * Per. August. Stem branched above, from ten inches to three f., curved below, then erect, leafy. Ls. roughish, paler beneath on winged foot- stalks, root-ones inversely egg-spear-shaped, saw-toothed to notched. Stem-Is. alternate, rolled back, more entire. Fl. yellow, in terminal, and axillary clusters. Bracteas spear- shaped, downy. Rays of the flower from five to nine or ten. Bruised herb smells like \\'ild-caiTot. Cal.-scales spear-shaped, with a green line along the back, and a membranous border. Valuable plant near bee-hives, flowering late, and thriving on a poor soil. Esteemed vulnerary, diiu-etic. See Gerarde, and his sti'ange commendations of its virtues. ' From a supposed vulnerary power of solidating wounds. SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Inula. 243 INULA. Elecampane, and Flea-bane. * ? I. Heleniurn,^ Elecampane, Leaves egg-shaped, rugged, clasping the stem j downy beneath. Calyx- scales egg-shaped, leafy. E. B. 1546. Helenium. G. E. 793. Moist meadows, pastures. * * Stanton St. John's. Sb. Near a foot-path leading from the new to the old road to Ensham, about three miles from Oxford. R. W. Meadow near the Plough Public-house, Horton. R. W. Stems a yard or more, thick, leafy, branched above, downy. Ls. alternate, large, more downy beneath, slightly saw-toothed, veiny; root-ones on stalks; the rest clasping the stem. Fl. very large, terminal, solitary, bright, golden. Rays of very numerous, linear, spreading florets. Seeds four-angled. Whole plant of large dimensions. Lower Is. spear-shapedo Root useful to promote expectoration. Decoction of the root cures sheep of the scab. Bruised and steeped in urine, with balls of ashes and whortle-berries, it dyes blue. L dysenterica. Common Flea-bane. Leaves oblong, downy, clasping the stem \vith their arrow-shaped base. Stem woolly, panicled. Calyx-scales bristle- shaped, hairy. E. B. 1115. C. 3. 5Q, Conyza media. G. E. 482. Watery places hy road sides, clear ditches. Per. Augusts Stem one f. or more, upright, branched in a corymbose manner, woolly, ^vith alternate, oblong, spreading leaves veiny, their under side more densely clothed with hoariness. Fl. numerous, terminal, solitary, bright yellow. Anth. with two long bristles at the base. Seeds rough. Plant exhales a soapy smell. Ray. Russian soldiers cured of a dysentery by this herb, according to General Keith's report. Linn. Fl. Si/ec. I. puUcaria. Small Flea-hane. Leaves clasping the stem, wavy. Stem much branched, hairy. Flowers hemispherical ; ray scarcely longer than the disk. E. B. 1196. C. 3. 57. L uliginosa. Sb. %5Q. Co- nyza minima. G. E. 482. Moist, sandy, heathy spots, where water has stagnated during ivinter. * Noke. Sb. Horton road, leading on to Otmoor. R. W. > An. August. Stein near two f., erect, spreading, or lying down, often purplish, zigzag, leafy. Ls. spear shaped, or oblong, cm-ved back, hairy > From having been said to spring from the tears oi Helen. Plin. See also Ger. R 2 244 kSYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. Bellis. on both sides, fetid. Fl. mostly solitary, soon overtopped by other flower-branches, erect, hemispherical, dull, pale yellow. Rccept. tuberculated . Cal. hairy. Anth. bristles very small. CINERA'RIA. Flea-wort. C integrifolia. Mountain FL Flowers simply and imperfectly umbellate, with several spear-shaped brac- teas resembling an involucre. Root-leaves elliptical, obscurely toothed ; the rest spear-shaped ; all shaggy. Stem unbranched. E. B. 152. Sb. ^55. C. cam- pestris. H. L. 7-5. Clialky downs. Sm. * * Downs of Dorsetshire, and Oxfordshire. Hooker. Mungewell, on Grime's Dyke. Burford Downs. Sb. Downs, near tStreatley, Berks, Bx. Per. Mai/. Root long, thready. Root-Is. spreading on the ground, egg-shaped, battledore-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, lengthened out at the base, generally bent back at the margin. Ste?n-h\ alternate. Stem six to twelve inches, erect, simple, furrowed, woolly. CaL- scales with a membranous margin. Florets of the ray generally broadest in the middle. FL bright yellow, three or four. BELLIS. Daisy.' B. perennis. Common D. Root creeping. Flower- stalk immediately from the root, one-flowered, naked. E. B. 424. C. 1. 62. B. sylvestris minor. G. E. m^. Pastures, meadows, almost every where. Per. May, November. Sm. Tufts of leaves spreading in a star-like form upon the ground. Ls. inversely egg-shaped, blunt, notched, slightly hairy, all chiefly from the root. Stalks three or four inches, generally upright, round, hairy. Cal. dark green, spreading : scales in two rows. Ray of several spreading, somewhat linear florets, notched at the tip, polished white, mostly tinged with crimson at the end, especially underneath. Disk yellow, tubular. Recept. very conical, hollow. Taste of the leaves somewhat acrid. Not acceptable to cattle, or to geese. Gerarde makes this strange observation : the juice of the leaves and roots " given to little dogs with milk keepeth them from growing great." The leaves indeed are aperient. Schroder imputes to them similar powers. Double, as well as proliferous, daisies, red, white, or speckled, common in gardens. ' From its closing at night. SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Py'retlirum. 215 CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. Ox-eye, * Rays white. Ch. Leucdnthemum. Great White 0. Moon Daisy. Leaves clasping the stem, oblong, blunt, cut ; toothed in a wing-cleft manner at the base ; root-ones inversely egg-shaped, stalked, saw-toothed, inclining to notched. E. B. 601. C. 5. m. Belhs major. G. E. 634. Pastures, ivay sides. Per. June. Stem erect, two f., farrowed, with red, intermediate ribs. Ls. lower stem ones on long foot-stalks, saw-toothed, cut : the rest stalkless, embracing the stem, alternate, oblong, jagged, toothed, in a winged form about the base. Fl. handsome, large, solitary at the end of each branch : disk flat, yellow, r-ays pure white, elliptical, two ribbed. Seeds black, with white, elevated ribs. The young leaves may be eaten in salads. * * Rays and disk yellow. Ch. segetum. Yellow 0. Corn Marigold. Leaves clasping the stem, glaucous ; jagged-saw-toothed upwards ; toothed at the base. E. B. 540. C. 6. 60. G. E. 743. Cornfields, turnip fields, abundant. An. June. Stem tv/o or three f., erect, alternately branched, leafy, smooth, and glaucous. Ls. alternate, oblong, pointed, more or less cut, and jagged, three-cleft frequently at the end. Fl. solitary, ter- minal, their branches gi'adually thickened upwards, large, hand- some, bright golden. Ray -florets in a single series, inversely heart-shaped. A law obliges the farmer in Denmark to root up this very hand- some weed. Dried, is eaten by horses : it dyes yellow. PY'RETHRUM.' Feverfew.^ This genus distinguished from Chiysanthemum by the crown of the seed. P. Partheniu7n.^ Common F. Leaves stalked, com- pound, flat ; leaflets egg-shaped, cut ; the uppermost running one into another at the base. (With.) Flower- stalks corymbose. Stem erect. Rays shorter than the diameter of the disk. E. B. 1231. Matricaria. G. E. 6.52. M. Parthenicum. Sb. 258. ' Purtthron, Gr. = Feferfuge, Ang.-Sax. ' From Minerva. Plin. 246 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. STJPERF. Matricaria. Waste ground, hedges, ivalh. * Headington, near the Black-boy, on a wall in the lane, leading to Barton, R. W. Walls of St. John's College, Oxford. Bx. Per. June. Stem branched, leafy. Ls. alternate, simply, or doubly winged, segments running down the L-stalk, dull, paUsh green. Fl.- stalks long, thickest towards their summit. Jta?/ sometimes wanting. Fl. often double, the florets of the disk all becoming strap-shaped, and white. Leafl. two or three pairs, a large one terminating, wedge-shaped, with lobes, the middle of which is three-cleft, the side ones scalloped; magnified leaflets appear . sprinkled with minute spangles. Anti-hysteric, drunk as an infusion. Expressed juice vermi- fuge. Light. Plant bitter, aromatic, yields an oil by distillation. P. inodSrum. Corn F. Scentless Mayweed. Leaves stalkless, two-winged ; in numerous, hair-like, pointed segments. Stem branched, spreading. Crown of the seeds entire. E. B. 676. H. L, 101. Chrysanthe- mum inodorum. Sb. 257. Cultivated fields, ivay sides. An. July. Stem about one f., branched, leafy, smooth. Ls. winged in a lyrate manner. Fl. terminal, solitary, large, much resembling Chry. Leucanthemum. Stalks naked. Disk yellow, ray white. Cal.-scales smooth. Recept. conical, naked. Seeds with a mem- branous, undivided border. Py'rethrura distinguished from 'Anthemis, by a naked recept, and from Matricaria by its crowned seed. From Matric. chamo- milla by its larger flowers, and its seed crowned at the top, with a ver^^ shallow, whitish, membranaceous border. MATRICA'RIA. Wild-Chamomile. This genus differs from Pyrethrmn in the total want of a crown to the seed, and in the sharply conical, nearly cylindrical, recep- tacle. Sm. M. Ghamomilla. Common Wild-C. Leaves mostly- smooth, two-wing-cleft; leaflets linear, simple, or divided. Rays spreading. Calyx-scales dilated, blunt- ish. E. B. 1232. C. 5. ^Q. Cham^melum. G. E. 754. Cultivated, and waste grounds, dunghills, road sides. An. June. Stem about one f., much branched, very leafy, smooth. Ls. stalk- less, clasping the stem, smooth, twice wing-cleft in the lower, often simply wmged in the upper leaves. Fl. numerous, termi- nal, solitary, about the size of the ^nth. nohilis, or Common SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. 'Anthemis. 247 Chamomile, partaking of a somewhat similar smell. Recept. between a conical, and cylindric form, smooth, naked. Disk greenish yellow. Ruy white. Distinguished from Anth. arvensis, by its smooth, and naked recept. Anth. arven. also more hoary in its appearance. Anth. Cotula, distinguished from M. Chamomilla, by its fetid smell, lighter hue, and narrow, bristly scales of recept. Properties similar to those of the common chamomile. Light- foot observes that twenty or thirty grains of the flowers, are sudo- rific : a blue oil obtained from the flowers. 'ANTHEMIS. Chamomile. * Rays white. *A. nohilis. Common C, Leaves doubly winged, semi- cylindrical, acute, a little downy. Stem trailing-. Scales of the receptacle membranous, blunt, shorter than the florets. E. B, 980. Chamsemelum roma- num. G. E. 755. Open, gravelly pastures, commons.^ Southleigh Heath, near the Hill Houses. Otmoor. Sb. Per. July. Stems about one f,, branched, soft-haired. Leaji. slender, entire, or two and three-cleft. Fl. terminal, solitary, white, with a yellow disk. Whole plant intensely bitter, but not disagreeable in smell. The cold infusion of the flowers, stomacMc : the warm, excites vomiting. The tonic, powdered flowers have succeeded in ague. Leaves and flowers for antiseptic fomentations. The double flowers weaker in power than the single. A. arvensis. Corn Ch. Receptacle conical ; its scales spear-shaped, acute, keeled, prominent. Seeds crowned with a four-angled border. Leaves doubly wing-cleft, hairy ; segments parallel. E. B. 602. Cultivated fields. Cornfields. Sb. * Near Botley Pound. Mr. James Benwell,^ and Bx. Tunbridge field, Stanton St. John's. ' James Benwell, employed many years in the Botanic Garden, a very intelligent, although uneducated man, singularly conversant with the Botany, and localities of Oxfordshire plants, and well acquainted with the practical part of some other branches of Natural History. He died Oct. 7, 1819, aged 84 years. John Ireland, M.D. liberally honoured his memory with a respect- able funeral : some of the principal scientific persons, in Oxford, attended his remains, at the Doctor's request ; carrying in their hands sprigs of rosemary, to throw into the grave of this humble son of science. A print, I am told, a striking and characteristic likeness, was published of Mr. Benwell, in his 82nd year ; and a short memoir may be seen in Jacksoris Oxford Paper, from the pen of Dr. Ireland. R. Vf . " Mr. Benwell's integrity, and industry, and a natural pi'opriety, and civility of manners, gained him general respect. Though in a humble station, his merits, like those of Willisel,the companion of Ray, deserve commemoration " — Oxford Journal, Oct. \dth, 1819. 248 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. Achillea. R. W. Field, near Ireton Hill, Bayswater. Headington, near the London Road. R. W. An. or Bien. July. Plant with hoary pubescence. &tem upright, about one f., much branched. Ls. alternate. Herb covered with soft, cottony hairs ; little or no smell. Fl. terminal, disk yellow, ray broad, white, becoming curved back. Cal. woolly, its inner scales broad, and membranous at the edge. Leafi. cut into two, or three narrow segments. Fl. pleasantly scented. A. Gotiila. Stinking Mayweed^ or Ch. Receptacle conical ; its scales bristle-shaped. Seeds without any border. Leaves doubly wing-cleft, slightly hairy ; segments spreading. E. B. 1772. C. 5. 61. Co- tula foetida. G. E. 757- Cornfields, ivaste ground. An. May. Stem a foot and a half, upright, much branched, leafy, smooth. Ls. alternate, two or three wing-cleft, stalkless, Hat, bright, palish green, nearly smooth. Cal.-scales narrow, slightly bor- dered. Fl.-disk lemon-coloured, convex. Rays white, three toothed. Bristle-shaped scales of the recept. shorter than the florets. Plant strongly fetid ; acrid, covered with minute glands, so as to blister the hand of the reaper. Said to drive away fleas (^Linn, Fl. Suee.) by its abominable smell. ACHILLE'A.' Yarrow. The short, broad, rounded florets of the ray afford a good dis- tinction of this genus. Sm. A. Ptdrmica.^ Sneeze-wort Y, Goose-tongue. Leaves linear, pointed, equally, and sharply saw-toothed, smooth. E. B. 757. C. 5. 60. Ptarmica. G. E. 606. fVet hedges, thickets, hanks of rivers. Per. July. Root creeping'. Stems firm, erect, about two f , smooth. Fl. in a corymb of several flowers ; disk and ray white. Fl. rather few, somewhat large. Ls. stalkless, alternate. Florets of the centre very short, dhty yellov/. Juice apphed to the mouth provokes the saliva. The dried plant powdered occasions sneezing. Young tops pleasant in salads. A. Millefolium,. Common Y. or Milfoil.^ Leaves * From Achilles, the pupil of Chiron. ' From ftairoy Gr. to sneeze. * Milk, a thousand, from its numerously divided leaves ; Jeuille, a leaf. SYNGEX. POLYGz\M. FRUSTR. Centaurea. 249 doubly wing- cleft, slightly hairy ; segments linear, toothed, pointed. Stem furrowed. E. B. 758. C. 6. 61. Meadows, pastures. Per. July. Distinguished from Achil. Ptarmica, by its compound leaves and smaller, corymbose flowers, generally white ; often with a reddish, or purplish ray. Stem erect, furrowed, about one f. Leafl. numerous, three to five- cleft, variable. Ls. compounded of twenty or more wings, each of which is subdivided into three or seven pairs of smaller wings, which are again cut into three, or five-cleft, spear-shaped segments. Leaves aromatic, astringent. An ointment made of the leaves to heal up wounds. A leaf thrust up the nostril occasions bleed- ing; hence the old English name, nose-bleed. The plant mixed by the Dalecarlians in beer, during fermentation to increase its intoxicating powers. The bruised leaves applied to wounds for healing them. SYNGENESIA POLYG. FRUSTRANEA. CENTAURE'A.' Knapweed ; and Blue-bottle ; and Star-thistle. * Calyx-scales fringed. C. nigra. Black K. Calyx-scales oval, fringed with upright, hair-like teeth. Lower leaves somev/hat lyre- shaped, with angular lobes ; upper ones egg-shaped. Flowers discoid. Seed-down very short, tufted. E. B. 278. Jacea nigra. G. E. 727. Var. 0. with radiant flowers. Pastures, road sides. /3. Near Oxford. Dill. Between Bladon and Yarnton. Dill. Southleigh. Shotover Hill. Sb. This var. not uncommon. R. W. Per. July. Stem rough, firm, stiff, angular, about tv.-o f. Branches alternate. Ls. hard ; lower, spear-shaped, many of them somewhat li^Tate : upper entire ; all alternate, but a little clustered under the flowers. Fl. terminal, solitarj'^, red, hermaphrodite, commonly without a ray, tubular. Cal. -scales black. A decoction of the heads of this, said to have afforded relief in diabetes. f'Fith. C. Cyanus. Corn Blue-bottle. Calyx-scales saw- ' From the Centaur, Chiron. 250 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. FRUSTR. Centaurea, toothed. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, entire ; lower ones toothed towards their base. E. B. 277« C. 6. 62. Cyanus vulgaris. G. E. 732. Cornfields. An. July. Stem two, or three f., erect, angular, much branched alternately^ Ls. stalkless, light greyish green, with three ribs, and somewhat cottony beneath ; lower owes generally toothed ; root-ones (in the young plants) entire. Fl. solitary. Cal.-scales with brown indentations. Flor. of the ray, bright, shewy blue, horizontal, very large ; of the disk, smaller, purplish. Filam. just below the anth. with a fringe of silvery hair. Fl. dye sugar blue. Linn. Fl. Suec. White and dark-purple varieties introduced into our gardens, but not permanent. The flowers afford a blue colour; the expressed juice mixed with cold alum water. The separate ^orei in F7i(]f. Bot. coloured with this, by way of experiment, has stood well for thirty years. Sm. C. Scabiosa. Greater Kn. Calyx-scales egg-shaped, fringed, somewhat downy. Leaves wing-cleft ; seg- ments bluntly spear-shaped, roue^hish, partly toothed. E. B. 56. Jacea major. G. E.^727. Borders and ridges of cornfields, way sides. Per. July. Stem hard, about two f., erect, alternately branched, leafy. FL solitary, on long foot-stalks, she\\'y. Cal.-scales triangular, acute, comb-like in the margin, tipped with black. Cal. globu- lar, permanent, becoming bent back, very conspicuous from its silvery hue. Ls. alternate, root-ones on long foot-stalks. Fl. purple, very large, sometimes white. Seeds food for small birds. (C. solstitidlis. Yellow St. T, Not far from Cirencester. Bobart, in Tur. See Appendix,) CtYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. 251 Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated either on the style, or ge7'7nen. Order I. MONANDRIA. Stamen, or Stalkless Anther, I. * Anther of two, distinct, vertical cells, fixed to the summit of the column. ORCHIS. Orchis. The three outer leaves of the flower, in the Orchis tribe, are termed the calyx, the two inner leaves, petals, by Sir J. E. Smith. See his Introduction to Botany, p. 461. Salep is prepared from the different roots of Orchises ; nourish- ing, and supposed invigorating. Mr. Moult describes his method of making Salep in Phil. Trans, v. 59. p. 1. See also Perciml's Essays, Pt. II. p. 37. Mr. Salisbury assures us that he found no difficulty in making the seeds of various Orchideoe germinate, and raised plants in this way. See his Latin Paper in Linn. Trans, v. 7. p. 31. Other persons have also succeeded in raising plants of this tribe from seed. * Knobs of the root roundish, undivided. O. btfolta. Butterjiy 0, Knobs of the root oval, taper- pointed. Lip of the nectary spear-shaped, entire, about half the length of its very long spur. Side calyx- leaves spreading downwards. E. B, 22. C. 6. 65. O. hermaphroditica. G. E. 211. Groves, thickets. Shotover Hill. Tar Wood. Sb. Fields, near Begbroke. (Bagley VN'ood, Bx.) Per. May. Ls. immediately from the root, oval, two, sometimes three. Those on the stalk resemble spear-shaped stipulas. Spike long, lax. Fl. palish white, greenish, very fragrant, especially morning, and evening. Ls. resemble those of the Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis.) O. pyramiddlis. Pyramidal 0. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary in three, equal, entire lobes, vidth two pjotuberances above ; spur long and slender. E. B. 110. H. L. 106. Cynosorchis major. G. E. 205. Grassy hills, chalk hanks. Sm.** Wych wood Forest. Between Woodstock and Enstone. Caversham Warren. Sb. (Old Stone- 2r)2 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. pit, about half a mile west of South Hinksey. Road side between Witney and Burford. Bx.) Slope of the hill, opposite Basildon Grotto, Berks. R. W. Per. June. Ls. spear-shaped, acute, five or six. Plant silky, glossy, palish green. Spike close, with buds erect, assuming a pyramidal form, whilst the flowers are expanding. F'l. purple, but are sometimes found white, fragrant. Flowers later than most of the orchis tribe. Bract, coloured, the length of the germen. O. Morio.^ Green-winged Meadow 0. Knobs of the root oval, double. Lip of the nectary four-cleft, or three-lobed, somewhat notched ; spur blunt, ascending. Calyx many-ribbed, converging. E. B. 2059. C, 3. 59. Cynosorchis morio foemina. G. E. 208. Meadows and pastures, in somewhat moist (/rass. Per. 3Iai/. Root-knobs nearly globose. JLs. spear-shaped, deep green. Spike rather loose, from four to eight, or ten flowers : colour from pale, to reddish purple, but in all the varieties, the calyx-leaves pre- serve their green-rihbed markings. Disk of the lip pale, dotted with purple. Common stalk, bract, and germ, more or less tinged with purple. The calyx-leaves converge, and form a vaulted arch over the stamens. Stem six inches to a foot. O. mdscula. Early purple 0. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary three-cleft, notched, middle lobe two- cleft ; spur blunt. Calyx-leaves three-ribbed ; two side ones bent upwards. E. B. 631. C. 2. 62. Cy- nosorchis morio mas. G. E. 208. Pastures, groves, dells. Per. April. Ls. root-ones spear-shaped, broad, generally more, or less spotted. Stalk a foot high, with a large, loose, upright spike of purplish red flowers : bract, of the same hue. Lip spotted at the base. Discrim. Its early bloom, and spotted leaves. From Or. Morio, by its taller stem, numerous flowers, side calyx-leaves bent upwards. F'l. rarely white. Roots of this species said to be used particularly for the making of Salop : the roots of the other species probably equally well adapted. Salop is thus made : the largest and soundest bulbs are gathered, skinned, and boiled over a gentle fire for half an hour ; afterwards they are strung upon a thread, and hung up to dry in the shade : these, reduced to powder are the restora- . tive and nutritious Salep. ' Morio, in allusion to the shape of part of the flower. Gerarde in his Herbal observes in regard to another species. IVlorio mas, (the Or. mascula) that the flowers are " in shape like to a fooWs hood j" hence the name of 3Iorio, a fool, or jester. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. 253 O. ustulata. Dwarf Scorched-flowered 0. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary three-lobed, the middle one two-partite, longer, rough with small points. Spur blunt, not half the length of the germen. Calyx approaching at the top. Leaves spear-shaped. E. B. 18. H. L. SQ. Cynosorchis minor pannonica. G. E. 207. Dry, open, chalky spots. Sm.* Burford Downs. Caversham Warren. Sb. Streatley Downs, Berks. B.v. Road from Ensham to Abingdon. Benwell, and Wh. Per. May. The upper part of the ftower, purple brown, lower part, or nect. white, sometimes sliglitly tinged with purple, and speckled with dark brown points. The iiowers on a cursory view, especially before expansion, appear as if scorched, or blackened by heat. Ls. five or six. Stem four to eight inches. Spike short, close set. Helmet of the flower has a burnt appearance. O. militdris. Military 0. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary five-lobed, downy ; two middle lobes dilated, rounded. Spur blunt, not half the length of the germen. Caljrx approaching at the top, taper-pointed. E. B. Suppl. 2675. Tr. L. Soc. 12. 31. Chalky hills. Sm. * On hills by the Thames, near Cawsham (Caversham) bridge, a mile from Reading, and on several hills, on the other side the water, towards Wallingford ; first observed by J/r. Broivn. Merrett, Ray. At Streatley, between Reading and Wallingford ; also at Penley Hangings, Stoken- church, where Dr. Williams first found it. Mr. Bicheno. Sm. in Eng. Fl. Beech Woods between Fawley Court, and Bix- gibwen, about a mile and a half from Henley. Professor Dau- heny, and B.v. Per. Alay. Chief character of this species, the regular, linear, incurved seg- ments of the lip, broader than in Or. tephrosanthos, and not notched and ragged as in Or, fusca, but much naiTower. Bi- cheno ill Tr. Linn. Soc. 12. 32. Fl. distinguished by their silvery ash colour, and the total want of the dark ribs, or stains in Or. fusca. (Or. mihtaris, E. B. 16.) Sm. E. Fl. Discrim. Tapering points, and grey hue of the calyx, and the more lengthened out lip, contracted in the middle. O. tephrosanthos.^ Monkey 0. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary downy, in five lobes ; four of them equal, linear, entire. Spur blunt, not half the length ' From its ash-coloured spike, lephros, ashes. Gr, 254 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. of the germen. Calyx approaching at the top, taper- pointed. H. L. 82. O. militarise E. B. 1873. Sb. 10. Chalky hills. Sm. * Found by Mr. Brown, between Wallingford and Reading. Blerrett. On Riclgway hill, near Mapledurham, Oxfordshii'e. Dr. Lamb. Among bushes on the rising ground to the west of the great chalk-pit, near Caversham, facing the Thames. Mr. Bicheno. Caversham Warren. Sb. Goring, near Reading. BIr. L. Darwall. Per. May. Lip three-partite, smooth, segments hnear, the intermediate one two-cleft, with a sharp point between, petals (^caly.v-ls.) acute. Sptir somewhat incui'\"ed, twice as short as the germen. Bract, verj short. W. This plant easily known by the narrow seg- ments of the lip, and the petals (caly.v-ls.) tapering to a point. A delicate plant, smaller than Or. militaris, or Or. fusca. Spike remarkably abrupt in its termination. Bicheno in Trans. Linn. Soc. 12. 34. Smith in E. Fl. is doubtful with regard to this species and Or. mihtaris, both of which differ from Or. fusca, in their taper- pointed calyx. All three smell like Woodruff in drying. E. Fl. * * Knobs of the root tapering, clustered. O. viridis. Frog 0. Knobs tapering, clustered, hand- shaped. Lip of the nectary linear, with three teeth ; the middle one much the smallest. Spur very short, slightly cloven. Satyrium viride. E. B. 94. Sb. 11. Habenaria viridis. H. L. 130. Serapias batra- cliites altera. G. E. 224. Bloist pastures, meadows. Shotover Hill. Southleigh. Cornbury. Burford Downs. Sb. Per. Jn7ie. Fl. pale, gi'eenish. Caly.x-leaves approaching, forming a helmet in shape. Stem five to eleven inches. Bract, awl-spear-shaped, keeled, much longer than the flowers, somewhat incurved. Stem-Is. spear-shaped, pointed, lower ones broadish, blunt. Nect. sides purplish red, inner part yellow. * * * Knobs of the root hand-shaped (^palmate?) O. latifolia. Marsh Broad-leaved^ Palmate 0. Knobs imperfectly hand-shaped. Lip of the nectary convex, notched, slightly three-cleft, sides bent back ; spur conical. Bracteas longer than the flowers. Stem hollow. E. B. 2308. C. 5. Qd. Palma Christi mas. G. E. 220. Serapias palustris latifolia. G. E. 222. Marshes, moist meadows. - ^- ■ GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. 255 Per. May. Stem leafy, one to two feet. Ls. sheathing, spear-shaped, broadish, commonly unspotted. Spike close, many-flowered. Bract. erect, leafy, sometimes coloured. Fl. pale flesh-colovired, or full rose, or crimson ; the spreading calyx dotted. Lip its middle variegated. Spur bent downwards. Cal. two outer segments bent back. Discrim. Its scarcely three-cleft lip, broad, nearly erect, sharp- ened leaves, and by its bracteas longer than the germen. O. maculdta. Spotted Palmate 0* Knobs hand-shaped, spreading. Lip of the nectary flat, notched, three - lobed ; spur cylindrical, rather shorter than the germen. Bracteas shorter than the flowers. E. B. 632. H. L. 112. Palma Christi foemina. G. E. 220. Meadows, jjastures, woods. Per. Jtine. Plant slender. Stem leafy, simple, twelve to eighteen inches. Ls. spear-shaped, keeled, spotted on both sides. Spike egg-shaped. Bract, pui'plish, awl-shaped. Ground of the flower, in general, white, tinged with a purple blush, the spots deep purple. Lip intermediate segment, small, and sharp. Fl. sometimes white. Cal. three inner segments approaching at the top, the side ones spreading. The Or. Morio, and Or. mascula, have also fre- quently, spotted leaves. The bulb destined to bear the next year's plant will sink in water ; that from which the present plant springs will, from its comparative lightness, swim in the water. Linn. Fl. Suec. O. conopsea.^ Aromatic 0. Knobs hand-shaped. Lip of the nectary in three entire, equal lobes ; spur very long and slender, twice as long as the germen. Calyx widely spreading. E. B. 10. Serapias minor, nitente flore. G. E. 222. S. gariophyllata. G. E. 223, Moistish meadoivs, pastures. * * Rough pastures adjoining Cowley Common. Sb. Bogs under Headington Wick Copse. 3Ir. Thomas Perry, Headington. (N.W. of Wytham Wood. B.v.) Per. June. Stem twelve to eighteen inches, angular above. Ls. spear-shaped, pointed, lower stem-leaves sheathing, upper ones stalkless. Spike long, lax. Fl. flesh-coloured, or pale purple, very fragrant. Calyx-Is. two outer spear-shaped, at right angles with the lip. Spur semitransparent. Fl. sometimes white. Discrim. Great length of the almost bristle-shaped sptir, and its hand-shaped root, sufficient. ' From an imaginary resemblance of an insect genus, called conops. 256 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Oplirys. HERMFNIUM. Musk-Orchis. This genus clearly marked by the petals and lip nearly resem- bling each other, being all three-lobed. Sm. H. monorchis. Green Musk-0. Root leaves two, spear-shaped. H. L. 138. Ophrys monorchis. E. B. 71. Testicuhis odoratus. G. E. 218. Chalky banks, hillocks, not common. Sm. Stokenchurch Woods. ./. Oglander, Esq. Purtons FL Found also in Berkshire. Sm. E. FL Bank, near Rodborough Common, Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke Coll. Oxford. Near Great Kimble, Bucks. Miss Mainstone and B.t. Per. June, July. This species has, to the casual observer, but one bulb : the bulb for the following year, being slowly and distantly formed at the end of one of the root fibres : one of the least species of the Orchis tribe. Stem lour or five inches high. Stalk nearly naked. Lip of nectary cross-shaped. Fl. yellowish -green, • sweet. Ls. root ones sheathing : stem-Is. one, or two, stalkless. Bract, spear-shaped. OPHRYS. Insect-Orchis. O. muscifera. Fly Ophrys. Lip twice as long as the calyx, with four, expanded lobes, somewhat downy; the disk polished. Petals linear. Column blunt. E. B. 64. H. L. 31. Orchis myodes. G. E. 313. Chalky pastures. * * Near Wormsley. Sh. Several parts of Berkshire. Sm. E. Fl. In a Beech Wood, near Henley, near the road to Fawley, almost opposite Fawley Court; in Ji. May 23rd, 1831. B.v. Per, June. Cal. widely spreading, green. Pet. ascending, linear, resembling the feelers of an insect,, very narrow, chocolate colour. Lip oblong, blackish purple, with a blue band, below the upper lobes. Stem nine to fifteen inches. Ls. three or four, spear- shaped, many-veined. Bract, spear-shaped, sheathing, longer than the germen. Linn, considered all those species of Ophrys which resemble insects, as var. of one species. O. apifera. Bee Ophrys. Lip the length of the calyx, swollen, with five, bent back, marginal lobes ; the ter- minal one awl-shaped ; the rest hairy above. Calyx . coloured. Column with a hooked point. E. B. 383. C. 1. (^^Q' Baxter's (Generic,) plates, 8. Testiculus vulpinus secutidus sphegodes. G. E. 212. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA Neottia. 257 Meadows, pastures, on chalh. Sm. * * Penley Hangings. Sb. (Near some old stone-pits, S.W, of South Hinksey, Bx.) South side of Shotover Hill. JB.v. Appleton, Berks. 3Iiss Hoskins. Near Nuffield. Rev. Mr. Gore, Mayd. Coll. O.vford. Stem leafy, a foot high. Neet. purplish brown, spotted with yellow. Caly.v-ls. rose-coloured. Discrim. Most allied to Oph. aranifera, from which it differs in having the three calyx-leaves reddish, and a nect. of five lobe^ instead of three : the central lobe (a hooked proboscis,) also forms a recurved point, compared by some, to the sting of the bee. The plant fi'om the curious resemblance of its flower to the bee, is too generally rooted up with avidity by florists, as are other similar species. Every true botanist will gather with a sparing hand, whatever rarity he may meet with. O. aranifera. Early Spider Ophrys. Lip the length of the calyx, swollen, hairy, rounded, with four shallow, bent back, marginal lobes. Column acute, curved inward. Cells of the anther near together. Petals linear, smooth. E. B. 65. O. fucifera. C. 6. &J. Orchis andrachnitis. G. E. 21 6. Dry, clialtcy, limestone, or grar-elly pastures, and pits. Sm.** Old Stone Quarries, near Wheatley. Between Witney and Burford, on the road side near the four mile stone. Caversham Warren. Sh. Not found about Wheatley, in 183]. B.v. Per. April. Stem less tall than Op. apifera. Cal.-leares, and petals, green, shorter than the nect. Nect, slightly notched at the end, hairy, except the spot towards the base, dusky, with greenish margin, green underneath, Discrim. From Oph. apifera, by its large middle lobe of the nect. simply notched, and not ending in three recurved points : it also flowers two or three months earlier. Curtis in Flor. Lond. gives his mode of successfully cultivating this species. * * A ntlier parallel to the stiyma, permanent. NEOTTIA. Ladies' Traces.^ N. spiralis. Sweet Ladies' Traces. Leaves egg-shaped, stalked. Spike spirally twisted, on one side only of the stem. Bracteas downy, swollen. Lip egg-shaped, entire. Ophrys spiralis. E. B. .541. C. 4. 59. Triorchis. G. E. 218. ' The protuberant germens, placed one above the other, somewhat resemble plaited hair, whence perhaps the name : traces for tresses. S 258 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Listera. Open pastures, chalky, or gravelly soil, meadows. Sm. On the south side of Shotover Hill. Sb. Shotover Hill. R. W. 1831. Per. August. Bulbs several, oblong. Stem single, five or six inches, with a few- small, sheathing leaves. Spike terminal, erect, of many, small, greenish- white, stalkless, sweet-scented flowers, leaning to one side, but arranged in a spiral line, each overshadowed by a con- cave, pointed bractea. Calyx-leaves, three glued together appearing as one. Generally found with three bulbs, and a small rose of leaves, and the stem almost bare to the flower-spike. LISTERA.' Listera, or Twayblade. L. ovdta. Common Twayhlade.^ Leaves elliptical, opposite. Nectary with two linear-oblong, nearly parallel, lobes. Column with a posterior hood, and with an appendage, in which is placed the anther. Ophrys ovata. E. B. 1548. C. 3. 60. Ophris bifo- lia. G. E. 402. Groves, tliickets, meadows, pastures. Stow Wood. Shotover. South -Leigh. Sb. Per. May. Root fibrous, perennial. \^^ole plant greenish. Stem a foot, or eighteen inches, with a pair, generally, of sheathing, elliptical, ribbed, smooth leaves, like those of plantain. Below the leaves, • the stem angular, smooth ; above them, round, downy, termi- nating in a long spike of numerous green flowers, each on a foot-stalk, with an acute bractea, not half the length of the ger- men. Cal. lightly tinged with brown. Fl. fragrant. Seed- vessel globose. L. Nidus avis. Bird's-nest L. Leaves none. Stem clothed with sheathing scales. Nectary with two spreading lobes. H. L. 58. Ophrys Nidus avis. E. B. 48. Satyrium abortivum, sive Nidus avis. G. E. 228. Shady woods, especicdly beecli, on chalk, or loam. Sm. * * Most abundantly in the fine beech woods about Hurley, Berks. Sm, Eng. Fl. Tar Wood. Stokenchurch Woods. Sb. (Bagley Wood. B.i\ and Rev. Mr. White, Fellow of Magd. Coll. Oxford. Wood, near Cumnor Hill. Y.) This plant in habit nearly approaches to the genera Orobanche, Lathrsea, and Monotropa, found among decayed leaves. Bulbs in bundles. Whole plant pale brown. Bract, sheathing, ' After Dr. Martin Lister, the conchologist. - From its two leaves, Iway, or tico, for twain. G^NANDRIA MONANDRIA Epipactis. 259 dry, scaly.. Pjwt fixed on one side only. Stem brittle, twelve to fifteen inches, thickest at the base. Spike cylindrical. Small turned up fibres of the root somewhat resemble a bird's-nest. *** ^4nther terminal, fibred. EPIPACTIS. Helleborine. E. latifolia. Broad-leaved H. Leaves egg-shaped, clasping the stem. Lower bracteas longer than the drooping flowers. Lip shorter than the calyx, entire, with a minute point. Germen downy. H. L. 102. Serapias latifoha. E. B. 269. Helleborine. G. E. 442. Shady woods, thickets.** North-Leigh. Stokenchurch Woods. Sb. Beech Woods, between Fawley Court, Bixbrand, and Henley, May 23rd, 1831. Bx. (Bagley Wood. B.r.) Per. July. Root creeping horizontally. Stem simple, erect, nearly two feet, Ls. many, alternate, all the leaves strongly nerved, thin, some- what stiff. Spike erect, many flowered. Fl. on short stalks, brownish-green, or dark-purple. Cal. and pet. egg-shaped, green, tinged with purple. Smell of the flower faint, aromatic. Ls. and floral-Is. gradually narrower, as they are placed higher on the stem. Nect. margin purplish, disk dull red, or tawny. E. palustris. Marsh H. Leaves spear-shaped, clasping the stem. Flowers slightly drooping. Lip rounded, blunt, notched, as long as the petals, with a notched protuberance on the disk. H. L. 89. Serapias palus- tris. E. B. 270. S. longifolia. Sb. 14. Watery places, swampjy vieadoivs, especially on chalk or gravel. Sm.* North side of Shotover Hill. Bogs near Stow Wood. Combe. Sh. Bogs under Bullingdon Green. Bx. Between the old and new road, going to Ensham. Bx. Per. July. Root creeping. Stem erect, simple, twelve to eighteen inches. Ls. lower ones, inclining to egg-shaped, upper, spear-shaped, all rib- bed. Spike erect. Bract, spear-shaped, about equal to the germen. Fl.-stalks and germ, downy, purple. Fl. larger than in Ep, latifolia. Pet. internally white, striped, and streaked with crimson, and a yellow, central line. Germ, long', narrow : in Ep. latifolia, it is short, and inversely egg-shaped. E. (jrandijiora. Large White H. Leaves elliptic-spear- shaped. Bracteas longer than the smooth germen. Flowers stalkless, erect. Lip abrupt, shorter than the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. E. pallens. H. L. 76. Serapias grandiflora. E. B. 271. Woods, thickets, chiefly on chalk. Sm.* Shotover Plantations. S2 200 GYNANDRTA HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. Stokenchurch ^Yoods. (Ray adds : not far from the way lead- ing from Oxford to London. Ray's Synopsis.) Sb. Plentiful, along with Orchis bifolia, in the beech woods above Hurley, and Bisham Abbey, Berks. Sm. Eng. FL Per. July. Rout creephig;. Stern about a foot. Ls. ribbed, various in breadth, half sheathing. Fl. three to eight, large, white. Bract, lower ones, like leaves in form. Germ, long, nearly stalkless, slender, deeply furrowed. Pet. not much expanded, enclosing the lip of the nect. (E. ensifoUa. Na/rrow-leaved White H. Leaves spear- shaped, pointed. Bracteas minute, much shorter than the smooth germen. Flowers stalkless, erect. Lip abrupt, half as long as the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. H. L. 77. Serapias ensifoha. E. B. 494. and Purton's Fl. fig. vol. ii. p. 428. Moiintainoits ivoocls, hut rarely. Sm. Oversley Wood. Ragley Woods. Purton's Fl. Coleshill, Leek Wootten, and Allesley, Warv,'ickshii'e. Bree in Pn. Fl. Per. June. Stem one f., very leafy. Ls. narrow, two-ranked. Fl. white.) (E. rubi'a. Purple H. Leaves spear-shaped. Bracteas longer than the downy germen. Flowers stalkless, erect. Lip tapering to a point, with elevated undulat- ing lines on the disk. Serapias rubra. E. B. 437. Ilelleborine angustifolia sexta Clusii. G. E. 442. Stony, mountainous woods, very rare. Sm. Steep Bank, sloping to the South, Hampton Common, Gloucestershire. Tiir. Per. June, July. Fl. purple. Lip white.) ( Cypripedium Calceolus. Lady's Slippe7\ E. B. 1 . found in Gloucestershire, by a Botanist, resident at Woodchester. See Turner' s^ &c. Bot. Guide, and Appendix to Floi^a.) GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA, ARISTOLO'CHIA. Birthwort. A. Clematitis. Common B. Leaves heart-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers crowded, upright. Calyx grow- ing on one side only. E. B. oQS. H. L. 149. A. Saracenica. G. E. 847. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 261 Woods, thickets, ruins of nunneries, and abbies. Near the walls of Godstow Nunnery. Sb. On the mound, south and west of Godstow Nunnery. Sept. 1832. /. H. Near Kencott. Rev. Dr. Goodenougli. Garden ground, at Sir Alexander Croke's, Studley Priory. R. \Y. 1832. Per. July. Stems nearly two feet, round, erect, slightly furrowed, zigzag. Ls. alternate, stalked, entire, the side nerves branching in a pedate manner. Fl. axillary, on shortish stalks, pale yellow. Cal. of one leaf, globose at the base with six furrows, then funnel- shaped, ending in a tongue-like figure. Stamens very short and thick, grow out of the style. It rarely ripens its fruit, (in fine fruit at the Oxford Potanic Garden, 1832. B.v.) except by the assistance of some small insect, Tipula pennicornis, which enters the flower, and being imprisoned there, brushes the pollen about the stigma. This insect observed within the globular base of the flower by Mr. Baxter, Oxford, several times. Purtons Fl. See Sm. Introd. to Botany, pp. 256, 257. edit. 3. An abbey plant; among those formerly cultivated in their gardens. Roots bitter, acrid, emmenagogue ; violently emetic. An in- gredient in the once celebrated Portland Powder for gout, now de- servedly exploded : the long continued use of bitters very injurious to the stomach. See Cullen Mat. Med. Leaves smell like tinc- ture of Opium, (Laudanum.) Class XXI. MONOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers, on the same plant. Order I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1. EUPHORBIA.' Spurge. What in this genus was formerly considered as a single flower, is now denominated an involucre including one central, pistil-bear- ing flower without anthers, and several anther -b earing , monandrous ones : each stamen is in itself considered as an imperfect flower. The number of the stamens is inconstant. Best specific characters from the shape of the nect.-leaves, and involucres : number of rays in the umbel, variable. H. * Umbel of three branches. E. Peplus. Petty S. JVart-wort. Umbel mostly three-branched, repeatedly forked. Bracteas ^gg- ' So called from Euphorbus, physician to King Juba. Pl'in. 25. 7. 262 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. sJiaped. Leaves inversely eg'g -shaped, stalked, entire. Nectaries crescent-shaped. Seeds dotted. E. B. 959' C. 1. 35. Peplus sive Esula rotunda. G. E. 503. yl CO nunc n iveccl. An. July. Root tapering. Stem erect, mostly branched at the base, leafy. Ls. or partial involucres, opposite, nearly stalkless, Seeds marked with depressed dots. Plant light-green. Dkcrini. From Euph. helioscopia, by being rather more slender, by its entire leaves, horned nect., and three-cleft vimbel. Juice of this, and especially Euph. helioscopia used for destroy- ing warts. E. exigua. Dwarf S. Umbel mostly three-branched, forked. Bracteas spear-shaped. Leaves linear-spear- shaped. Nectaries horned. Seeds wrinkled. E. B. 1386. C. 4. 36. Esula exigua. G. E. 503. Gravelly cornfields. Sm. An. June. Root small. Stem one, or moi'e, erect, three to six inches, leafy. Plant slender, smooth, pale green. Ls. alternate, stalkless, upright, acute, entire. Nect. each with a pair of green horns. Seeds four-angled. Fl. yellow. Umbel of three, four, or five rays. Involucre of two, three, or four leaves, somewhat bent back. 7/2 !"o/«ce//«m of two leaves, hollowed out. * * Umbel of four branches. *?(E.L(itht/ris. Caper S. Umbel four-branched, forked. Leaves opposite, four-ranked, stalkless, entire ; heart- shaped at the base. E. B. 2^55. Lathyris seu Cata- putia minor. G. E. 503. Dry, stony thickets, probably naturaUzedt In several places about Ufton, near Reading, Berks, springing up periodically for a year or two after the bushes have been cut, and until choked by briars, &c. Rev. Dr. Beeke, Dean of Bristol. Bien. June, July. Erect, two to three feet, purplish. Fl. iu the forks.) *** Umbel of five branches. E. helioscopia.^ Sun S. Common IVart-ivort. Umbel of five, then three-cleft, then forked branches. Brac- teas inversely egg-shaped, leaves wedge-shaped, both , saw-toothed. Nectaries four, entire, roundish. Cap- sule smooth. E. B. 883. C. 1. S^. Tithymalus helioscopius. G. E. 498. ' From its umbel being turned to the sun, as the flower of most other plants. MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Zaimicliellia. 263 ^ commori weed. An. July. Main stem upright^ generally with side branches at the base. Ls. scattered. Nect. at first green, then yellow. Involucellum of three leaves. Plant bright green. The corrosive, ulcerating juice applied to remove warts, should be used with caution, near the eyes. The plant gives a disagree- able taste to the flesh of cattle, feeding on it. Linn. Fl. Suec. * ** * Umbel of sir, or more branches. E. amygdaloides. JVood 8. Umbel of about six forked branches ; with numerous long, axillary flower-stalks beneath. Bracteas rounded, perfoliate. Leaves blunt, hairy. Capsule smooth. E. B. ^5^. Tithymalus characias amygdaloides. G. E. 500. Woods, groves, thickets. Per. April. Stems several, two feet, curved, round, downy, often red, leafy above. Ls. thickset, alternate, spreading, inversely egg- shaped, spear-shaped, blunt, paler beneath, downy. Fl. small, yellow. Nect. crescent-shaped. The leaves almost evergi-een, although of a delicate texture ; the plant is elegant in appear- ance ; somewhat shrubby. A var. with variegated leaves in gardens. ZANNICHE'LLIA.' Horned-pondweed. Z. palustris. Common H. Anther of four cells. Stig- mas entire. E. B. 1844. Ponds, ditches. * Between Headington and the Wick. Sb. In the stream of water that divides Cowley Marsh from Bullingdon Green. Bx. An. Ju7ie. Plant with the habit of a Potamogeton, floating, rising to the sur- face when in flower. Stem thread-shaped, much branched, leafy. Ls. opposite, linear, narrow, acute, entire, grassy. Bract, axillary, tubular, including a pair of flowers. Germ. oblong, compressed, mostly toothed at the back. Stigma much dilated, target-shaped. The collective capsules somewhat resemble a bird's claw. ' So named, in honour of a Venetian apothecary. 2. Per. July. Ls. in fives, lower ones comb-hke ; upper, comb-like-wing-cleft, > From its numerously divided leaves. 31ille, a thousand. 2S0 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Arum. Stem, upper part raised above the surface of the water, clothed to the top with leaves, less finely cut than those under water ; all whorled. Fl. axillary, pale green, sometimes hermaphro- dite, but lower ones mostly pistil-bearing ; upper, stamen- bearing. Stig. four, short, finely tufted. SAGITTA'RIA. Arrow-head. S. SagittifSlia. Common u4. Leaves arrow-shaped, tapering to a point. Stalk simple. E. B. 84. Sagitta major et minor. G. E. 416. Ditches, ponds, margins of rivers. Per. July. Stems and footstalks triangular, spongy. FL pistil-bearing, few, forming one or two of the lowermost whorls. Ls. on long foot- stalli^s; those under water linear. FL three in a whorl. Bract. one at the base of each flower oval, spear-shaped. FL white, with a purplish tinge at the claw of the petals, which are very transient. A bulb at the lower part of the root. This a considerable article of food among the Chinese, who cultivate the plant. FL Suec. Very ornamental plant. A var. with small Ls: |3. parvifolia. Sb. Dorchester. Sh. Sa- gitta aquatica omnium minima. Ray. 258. ARUM. Cuckoo-pint. A. maculdtum. Common G. or iVake Robin. Stem none. Leaves halbert-arrow-shaped, entire. Spadix hollow, club-shaped, blunt. E. B. 1298. C. 2.^3. A. vulgare. G. E.~834. Groves, bushy places, borders of fields, hedge banks. Per. May. Ls. root ones generally spotted with black. Stalk immediately from the root, simple. Sheath erect, large, acute, hollow, pale green, sometimes spotted, enfolding the pillar of fructification, whose summit is cylindrical, blunt, purplish, spongy within : below this several rows of glands tipped with. fl. then a crowded band of purple anthers, below which stand numerous germens. The scarlet spike of berries appears conspicuous in the autumn, without leaves. The root abounds with a mucilage, which aiFords (an acrid, G. E.) starch : the fi-esh root very acrid : mild by dry- ing. The root dried and powdered used by the French to wash the skin, and called Cypress powder ; a good cosmetic. The dried root aifords a wholesome nourishment, like flour. The naked summit of the flower-stalk gives out considerable heat, (R. W.) MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Querciis. 281 for several hours subsequent to the first opening of the sheath. See Sm. Intr. Sot. p. 70. Roots of the plant taken up after the leaves decay, continue acri- monious for a long time. The root has been substituted for soap. The berries acrimonious. POTKRIUM. Salad-Burnet. P. Sanguisorba. Common Salad B. Thorns none. Stem somewhat angular. Stamens much longer than the calyx. E. B. 860. C. 2. 64. Pimpinella hor- • tensis. G. E. 1045. Chalky hills. Sni. Per. Jujie. Stems upright, branched, leafy, smooth. Ls. winged with an odd one ; Leaflets round, saw-toothed. Ft. in round heads, foot- stalks long, upright, terminal. Stamen-bearing flowers below, pistil-bearing flowers above: this unusual, ^'^om. hang out oi the flower, like purple silk. Anth. yellow. Stig. purple, radi- ated. Habit of Sanguisorba officinalis. Taste of the leaves resembling cucumber ; used in salads. Has been cultivated for cattle : bears mowing three times during the summer : it does not answer. QUERCUS. Oak. Q. Rohur^ . Common British Oak. Leaves deciduous, (falhng oflf,) inversely egg-shaped, oblong, broader towards the extremity ; sinuses of their indentations rather acute ; lobes rounded. Fruit-stalks lengthened out. E. B. 1342. Q. vulgaris. G. E. 1339, 1340. Woods, hedges. Tree. April. Ls. alternate, nearly stalkless, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, deeply sinuated, lobes blunt. Fl. stamen-bearing ones in slen- der, drooping, stalked, yellow clusters : pistil-bearing three or four, their stalk long: Caly.v of these latter, entire, scaly, subse- quently the cup of the acorn. Tree remarkable for its picturesque appearance, slowness of its growth, bulk, and longevity. Thrives on a hiily soil of marl or loam. Roots deep ; does nol bear much lopping. Wood hard, tough, somewhat flexible : preferred for our glorious navy in ship- building, as not easily splintering. Oak saw-dust used for d^^-ing fustian, of a drab, or brown colour. The black obtained from the ' Strength : classical name for the oak. 282 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Querciis. oak apples, bright, but not durable : that from the genuine galls more durable. Bark for tanning leather : from its astringency valuable in medicine, e. g. in ague, &c. The galls, used in making ink, or balls on the leaves, arise from a small insect, a Cynips, depositing an egg on the perforated leaf: the ball grows with the insect worm hatched in its centre. This lan^a or worm changes to a four winged insect, hke its parent. The larvas of various butterflies and moths feed on the leaves. The oak in a rich soil, and suitable climate, nearly triples its value of timber in about nine years. An oak in about fifty years becomes fit for the dock-yard, and ship-building. The oak derives its chief nourishment from its tap root, which should, there- fore, be preserved from injury. fVith. The acorns formerly the food of Britons I ! Pheasants and hogs eat the acorns also. Tim- ber of this species better than that of Q. sessiliflora. See Ger. Em. 1341. I. Strange remarks on oak apples. " Dr. Stukeley, in his Itinerarium Curiosum, thus notices the oak which very many inhabitants of Oxford remember to have stood near the entrance of the Water-walk in Magdalen College. ' The old oak is still standing nigh to which the founder ordered his college to be built.' The foundation of the college was in 1448. The tree must have been old and large when the founder assigned the northern boundary to be near the great oak. If we suppose it to have been then between three and four hundred years old, it may have been planted about the time of the Norman conquest. It fell in 1789. It had become hollow, and was much deca^-ed at the root. Its girth was twent^'-one feet nine inches ; the height about seventy-two feet." — /. S. Duncan s Botanical Theology. Edit. 2nd. p. 84. Evelyn in his Sylva mentions that this oak may be " seen, whose branches shoot sixteen yards from the stem." Evelyns Sika, (an. 1662.) hy Hunter, p. 498. Edit. 1776. Plot in his Oxfordshire (edit, anno 1677.) observes of this once gigantic tree: that " there might 256 horses stand under that ^;-ee; or allowing two square feet for uman, 3456 men. Plot, pages 158, 159. An oak to supply the place of the abovenaentioned celebrated tree was planted, April 8th, 1807, by Mr. Robert Penso?!, Gardener^ 0.vford, " on the left as you enter the walk on the spot where the large oak grew." — Robert Penson, Oct. 1832. Q. sessiliJlSra. Stalkless fruited oak. Leaves on stalks lengthened out, falling off, oblong ; with opposite, acute sinuses. Fruit stalkless. E. B. 1845. IVoods, less common tlian the first. In Bagley Wood, and divers Other places, first obsers^ed by Mr. Bobart. Ray. (Bagley Wood. B.v.) I found two vars. of this species, one with stalkless leaves; and another with longish, tiled (imbricated) scales, the first at Stanton St. John's ; the second, between Shotover and Cuddesdon, An eminent Botanist to whom the MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Betula. 283 specimens were sent, informs me, that Q. sessiliflora "varies with sessile (stalkless) leaves, and that the acorn-cups, in the second var. are in a curious state, producing its scales in the form of abortive leaves." R. W. 1832. Tree. April, May. Wood far inferior. Ls. more equally wing-cleft ; in var. 0. downy. FAGUS. Beech, and Chestnut. * F. Castdnea. Sweet C. Leaves spear-shaped, sharply saw-toothed ; smooth beneath. Prickles of the outer calyx compound and entangled. Stigmas six. E. B. 886. Ohstanea. G. E. 1442. fVoods, plantations. Tree. May. The Spanish Chestnut, Fagus Castanea, occurs, but we presume not as indigenous. F. sylvdtica. Common B. Leaves egg-shaped, indis- tinctly saw-toothed. Prickles of the outer calyx simple. Stigmas three. E. B. 1846. Fagus. G. E. 1444. Woods, on chalky hills. Sm, Tree. April. Bark very smooth. Ls. shining, waved, finely fringed. Fl. in small, round, hairy tufts, long-stalked, with spear-shaped bracts. Cal. of the fruit egg-shaped, silky. Nuts sharply triangular. A beautiful tree, bears lopping well, but allows no verdure to flourish under it : thrives in a rich soil : retaining its old leaves during winter, it forms excellent cut hedges for shelter. The wood brittle, soon decaying in the air : under water durable : burnt affords a large quantity of potash. The leaves gathered in autumn form tolerably good mattresses. The nuts, when dried and powdered, make wholesome bread : they fatten swine. The poor in Silesia use the expressed oil of the nuts for butter. The branches and leaves of this tree feather almost to the gi'ound. The var. with purple foliage very ornamental in shrub- beries. The boards of this thinly splitting wood formerly used by the bookbinder for covers of books. Fat of hogs fed on the mast not solid. Linn. Ccesar (De Bella Gallico,) lib. 5. c. 12. asserted, that there was no beech timber in Britain, nor fir. BE'TULA. Birch. B. alba. Common B. Leaves egg-diamond-shaped, acute, unequally saw-toothed, nearly smooth. E. B. 2198. Betula. G. E. 1478. Woods. Tree. April. Bark of the trunk white, with paper-like outer bark (epidermis) 284 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Corylus. rugged and dark, when old. Branches elegantly drooping. Ls. alternate, stalked. The foliage in autunui of a full yellow. There is a var. with more drooping branches. This a very hardy tree. Wood firm, tough, white. The slender twigs formed into brooms and rods : or as Mr. Light- foot expresses it : " answer the purposes of cleanliness, and correction." The leaves dye yellow. Hats, surtouts, and cups made of the bark, in the North of Europe, also shoes, cover- ings for houses, torches, A hole bored in the tree in spring, exudes a sweet sap, which properly fermented, with sugar added, forms a pleasant wine. Bark may be used for tanning, and for rope -making. Canoes made of it. The inner bark anciently used to write upon. The knotty excrescences a beautifully veined wood. Lightfoot in Fl. Scot., recommends Birch-wine as a sub- stitute for the " poisonous whiskey," and subjoins a receipt for the wine. Horse harness made of the twisted boughs of the birch in some parts of the Scotch Highlands. Garnett. CA'RPINUS. Hornbeam/ * C. Betulus. Common H. Bracteas of the fruit flat, oblong, saw-toothed, with two side lobes. E. B. 2032. Betulus sive Carpinus. G. E. 1479. Woods, hedges. Tree. May. A low, I'igid, elm-like tree. Sm. CO'RYLUS. Hazel-nut. C. Avellana. Common H. or Stock-nut. Stipulas egg-shaped, blunt. Leaves roundish, heart-shaped, pointed. Young branches hairy. Calyx of the fruit bell-shaped, torn at the edge, shorter than its nut. E. B. 723. H. L. I7. C. sylvestris. G. E. 1438. Hedges, copses. Small ti-ee. 3Iarch. Ls. produced after the iiowers, doubly saw-toothed, veiny. The catkins fall off entire. Styles vivid crimson, twelve or fourteen. Makes good charcoal. Regular revenue raised from nut-woods, cut every sixteen years : freeholders of £15. or £'20. per annum, make regularly £'60. a-year by their nut-woods. (^fVith.) The wood for fishing-rods, hoops ; the shoots for springles to fasten down thatch, and for hurdles Chips of hazel put into turbid wine to clear it. Twigs of hazel, twisted together, so as to be full of chinks, and steeped in ale during its fermentation, then hung up to dry, put into wort, instead of yeast. An oil from the nuts, used by painters. The dirining rod, for the supposed discovery of water-springs, and metal, taken from the young forked twigs. See ' Ftom the hardness of the wood. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 285 Evelyn's Sylva, by Hunter, p. 223. See Quarterly Review. No. 44. in Article " Popular Mythology of the Middle Ages," pages 373, 374. and '^ Curiosities for the Ingenious." Duod. pages 155. to 161. " The divining-rod when held in a certain position, and under certain circumstances, is said to discover the situation of metals, &c. in the earth, by dipping as it approaches the place beneath which they immediately lie." Class XXII. DIOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate Jlowei^s, on different plants. {MONANDRIA. Stamen I.) Several willows. Sm. DIANDRIA. SALIX. Willow, Sallow, and Osier. Linnaeus observes, that the species of this genus are made out with very great difficulty. Sp. PI. 1449. The differences found in the germens, styles, and stigmas, toge- ther with the shape of the leaves, afford good specific marks for the discrimination of Salices. Seasons for studying the Salices, or Willows, are 1st. their flowering time : 2ndly, the early part of summer, to observe their stipulas, before the leaves come to their full size, and 3rdly, w^hen the leaves come to their full size. Tliey must be observed in their growing state for several seasons, to be well discriminated. The flowering period of willows is of short duration, during the greatest part of the summer we have no flowei's to assist our investigations. The willows afford food for a great variety of insects. The large excrescences, on the branches and leaves of willows, are the nests of different species of insects (the Cynips.) The stamen -bearing willows should alone be planted in walks : the pistil-bearing ones multiply too fast, and form a thicket. • * Full grown leaves saw-toothed, smooth, or nearly so. S. triandra. Long-leaved Triandrous IV. Leaves linear-oblong, saw-toothed, smooth ; rather unequally- sloping at the base. Stamens generally three. Ger- men stalked, egg-shaped, compressed, smooth. Stig^ mas nearly stalkless. E. B. 1435. Wet woods, hedges, osier-grounds. 1 The Botanist will find a valuable collection of Grasses, British AVillows, and Roses, cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Oxford. Several Willows have been lately planted round Christ-chureh Meadow. 28f) DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. Tree. May and August. Sm. If suffered to grow, becomes a large tree. Ls. smooth on both sides, the base narrow, and sloping off, towards the stalk, Catk. cylindrical, yellow, with hairy, blunt scales. NecL very blunt. Stiff, spreading, cloven. Stam. twice as long as the scales. It casts off its bark annually in large portions, like the plane- tree. Bark lightly astringent, bitterish, has been found service- able in the cure of agues : in doses of one or two drachms. Sa. amygdalina very much resembles this species. The nar- rower-leaved willows generally named osiers ; this one of the most valuable for white basket work, producing rods eight or nine feet long, tough, and very durable. Sm. S. Hoffmannidna . Short-leaved Triandroiis TV. Leaves eg-g.shaped-oblong, saw-toothed, smooth ; shghtly rounded at the base. Stamens three. Germen stalked, e^g-shaped, compressed, smooth. Stigmas nearly stdkless. C. 6. 72. E. B. Supp. 2620. BanJcs of rivulets. " Common almost every where about Oxford . Frequent also about Rugby, Warwickshire, 1831." B^v. Shrub, or small tree. May. A handsome species, growing from ten to fifteen feet high, casting its bark in the autumn like the other triandrous willows. Ls. egg-shaped, or egg-spear-shaped, with a very taper point ; the under side light green, scarcely glaucous. Differs from Sa. triandra in its humbler gi'owth, in the leaves being rounded at the base, and in the larger, rounded, ear-shaped stipulas : and from Sa. amygdalina in the leaves being not glau- cous underneath, and in wanting the deep furrows of the young twigs, so remarkable in that species." Bx. (S. amygdalina. Broad-leaved Triandrous TV, ; or Almond-lea^jed TV. Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed, smooth ; rounded and unequal at the base. Stamens three. Germen egg-shaped, compressed, smooth j its stalk almost as long as the scale. Stigmas nearly stalkless. Young branches furrowed. E. B. 1636. Banks of rivers and ditches. Pn. Fl. Shrub, or small tree. April, May ; and again in August. A large, bushy shrub, casting its bark.) * S. pentandra. Sweet Bay-leaved TV. Leaves egg- shaped, pointed, notched, glandidar, smooth. Foot- stalks glandular at the summit. Stamens five, some- times less or more, hairy at the base. Germen egg- shaped, tapering, smooth, nearly stalkless. E. B. 1805. Near rivers. Banks- of the Cherwell, Christ-church Meadow, Oxford. Br. Tree. June, July. DTOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 267 Ls. broad, shining, closely notched, smooth on both sides. Foot- stalks short, glandular. Stipulas scarcely any. Catk. stamen- bearing, yellow, handsome, fragrant, rather thick. Ls. alter- nate, ascending. From fifteen, to twenty feet high. Deserving of cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Known by its broad, odoriferous leaves, whose serratures exude a yellow resin, and by its numerous stamens. The leaves afford a yellow dye. The down may be used for cotton, mixed with cotton. Down of willows, a lining for the nests of some kinds of birds. * S. nigricans. Dark -broad-leaved TV. Leaves elliptic- spear-shaped, acute, notched, smooth, with a downy rib above ; glaucous beneath. Stamens two, thrice the length of the hairy scales. E. B. 1213. Fens, osier -grounds. Banks of the Cherwell, Christ-church Meadow, Oxford. Bx. Shrubby. April. Ls. a little rounded at the base, dark green. Foot-stalks very broad at their base. Catk. thickish, with inversely egg-shaped, brown, hairy scales. Brandies brittle, dark coloured. Scarcely forms a tree. Ls. in drying become black. Ls. in the pistil- bearing plant shorter, and less notched, more tapering towards the base. S. vitelUna.^ Yellow TV. or Golden Osier. Leaves spear-shaped, tapering to a point, with cartilaginous serratures ; smooth above ; glaucous and somewhat silky beneath. Stipulas minute, spear-shaped, falling- off' (deciduous,) smooth. Germen stalkless, egg-spear- shaped, smooth. Scales linear-spear-shaped, acute, fringed at the base, longer than the pistil. E. B. 1389. Osier-grounds, swamps. Tree. May. Branches yellow, shining. Ls. alternate. Catk. cylindrical, acute, appear with the leaves. Known at a distance by the yellow colour of its branches. A handsome tree of a moderate height, conspicuous for its gracefully drooping, golden twigs. The down of the seeds has been made into paper : the bark used for dying. Used for palms at Easter in the Greek Russian churches. A tough and flexible osier. Wood tough and white. The lopped pistil-bearing branches become straight. * S. decipiens. White Welsh, or Varnished W. Leaves spear-shaped, pointed, saw- toothed, very smooth ; ' From vitcUus, tlie (yellow) yolk of an egg. 288 DIOECIA— DIAXDRIA. Salix. floral ones partly inversely-egg-shaped and cui^ed back. Foot-stalks somewhat glandular. Germen tapering, stalked, smooth. Style longer than the cloven stigmas. Branches smooth, highly polished. E. B. 1937* Loiv meadoivs, moist hedges, osier-grounds. Christ-church Meadow, Oxford. B.V. Tree. May. " There is a large tree of this species of willow, growing by the side of the ditch round Christ-church Meadow, about a stone's throw from the junction of the Cherwell and Isis. I should guess, from its size, that it cannot be less than fifty years old, and fifty feet high. The trunk, near the ground, measures six feet ten inches in girth. It has been confounded with Sa. fragilis, by some botanists, but it is very distinct from that, and may readily be dis- tinguished from most other willows, by its cane-coloured shining twigs, as if varnished, and when not in leaf, having much more the appearance of a poplar, than a willow ; whence it has been called the poplar-ivillow, and sometimes the cane-willow. The Rev. Dr. Walker, in his History of the Hebrides, voI.n ii. p. 267, * thinks it may probably be the Sa. amarina, of Pliny. Hoffmann appears to have been the first who distinguished this as a species. He has described, and figured it in his Historia Sdlicum, published in 1785 — 7. The tree in Christ-church Meadow must, I think, have been growing there prior to that time." " ^.r. Oct. 23, 1830. S. f raff His. Crack W. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, pointed, saw-toothed throughout, very smooth. Foot- stalks glandular. Germen egg-shaped, abrupt, nearly stalkless, smooth. Scales oblong, about equal to the stamens and pistils. Stigmas cloven, longer than the style. E. B. ISO?. Marshy grounds, hanks of rivers. Tree. April. Catk. appearing with the leaves, coming forth at the base of the foot-stalk, with two or three very small leaves. Branches with a slight blow break off. Catk. stamen-bearing ones, cylin- drical, scales inversely egg-shaped, villose (with soft hairs.) Nect. of two glands, yellow, the largest between the stamens and spike-stalk (rachis,) the smallest between the stamens and scale. Several other smooth \\-illows are also brittle. Remarkable for the crookedness of its branches, and its large, broad, dark, shining leaves. Bees fond of the stamen-bearing flowers of this, and other willows. Caterpillar of the white satin moth, (Salicis) feeds on the leaves. Roots boiled for a considerable time, used by the Swedes to stain eggs purple. Fl. Suec. A similar ancient prac- tice, in Scotland, at Easter. See Anemone Pulsatilla. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA, Salix. 289 (S. Russellidna. Bedford W. Leaves spear-shaped, tapering at each end, saw-toothed throughout, very smooth. Foot-stalks glandular, or leafy. Germen tapering, stalked, longer than the scales. Style as long as the stigmas. E. B. 1808. Banks of rivers, and ditches. Pn. FL Tree. April, May. A more handsome tree, of a brighter hue. Branches slender and straight, not angular at their insertion like Sa. fragilis. Tim- ber and bark very valuable.) Sm. * S. purpurea. Bitter Purple TV. Branches trailing, lying down. Leaves partly opposite, inversely egg- spear-shaped, saw-toothed, very smooth ; narrow at the base. Stamen one. Stigmas very short, egg-shaped, nearly stalkless. E. B. 1388. C. 6. 71. f. 5. Low meadows, banks of rivers and ditclies. In a, ditch round Christ- church Meadow, Oxford. Bx. Shrub. March. Branches long, slender, tough, frequently purplish. Catk. stanien- bearing ones, very slender, nearly stalkless. Scales black at the tip, hairy. Anth. orange-coloured, double, or four-lobed. Pistil-bearing catk. same in size and form. Germen stalkless, small, egg-shaped, silky. Leaves and twigs extremely bitter. Discrim. Differs, according to Sm. from Sa. Helix, by its spread- ing, decumbent habit, never becoming a tree ; by its purple branches, smaller, and more slender catk. by its small, egg- shaped, blunt, nearly stalkless stigmas. More rare than Sa. HeHx. Hoffmann unites the species Sa. piirpurea, and Sa. Helix, under the name of Sa, monandra, followed in this by Curtis, and approved by Hooker in Fl. Scot. But see H. British FL 1830. Valuable osier for fine basket-work, but more especially for platting in a growing state into low, close fences, to keep out hares and rabbits, the leaves and bark being so bitter, that those animals will not touch either. S. Helix. Rose fV Branches erect. Leaves partly opposite, oblong-spear-shaped, pointed, slightly saw- toothed, very smooth ; linear towards the base. Stamen one. Style nearly as long as the linear, divided stig- mas. E. B. 1343. S. monandra. C. 6. 71- Sb. 16. Marshes, osier-cjrounds, banks of rivulets. ' So called, because the tops of the branches are sometimes expanded into little scaly heads, somewhat resembling roses ; this is the effect of an insect. Curtis. U 290 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. Tree. May. Discrim. Nine to ten feet. Ls. more truly spear-sliaped, and taper- pointed than those of Sa. purpurea. Catk. pistil-bearing ones, somewhat longer, twice as thick, stand on longer stalks. Germen stalkless, egg-shaped, silky. Style considerably lengthened out, smooth, and naked. Sti(/. linear, lengthened out. Ls. also less glaucous, and not so bitter as in Sa. purpurea. SrcmcJies pale yellowish, or purple ash. Ls. much lengthened out. Planted to keep up gi'avelly banks of rivers. Sa. purpurea, a more rare plant than this. S. Lambertiana^ Boyton W. Branches erect. Leaves partly opposite, inversely egg-spear-shaped, pointed, saw-toothed, smooth ; rounded at the base. Stipulas none. Stamen one. Stigmas egg-shaped, blunt, notched, very short, nearly stalkless. E. B. 1359. Low meadows, osier-grounds, hanks of rivers. At Harley Ford, near Henley-upon-Thames. Eng. Fl. and Turn, and Dillwyn, Bat. Guide. Tree. March, April. In height, and appearance resembles Sa. Helix, but -with shorter leaves, foot-stalks short. Catk. smaller than in Sa. Helix ; scales round, black ; stig. different in shape. The young branches, and leaves much resemble those of a honey-suckle in their glau- cous hue, with a purplish tinge, in their upper part. Ls. broad, spear-shaped, dilated above the middle, broader and shorter than those of Sa. Helix. S. rubra. Green-leaved Osier. Stamens combined below. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, lengthened out, acute, smooth, with shallow serratures ; green on both sides. Stigmas egg-shaped, undivided. E. B. 1145. Low meadows, osier-grounds ; rare. Between INIaidenhead and Windsor. /. Sherard. Tree. Ajyril, May. A small tree, with long and naiTow" tawny brown leaves. ** Full grown leaves entire, more or less silky. S. repens. Creeping Dwarf W. Leaves elliptic-spear- shaped, straight, somewhat pointed, nearly entire ; almost naked above ; glaucous and silky beneath. Stipulas none. Stem depressed, with short, upright branches. Germen stalked, egg-shaped, do\\Tiy. Cap- sules becoming smooth. E. B. 183. S. depressa. Sb. 16. Sandy, mountainous heaths, where the ground is rather moist. Sm. ' Found by Mr. Lambert, abundantly, near his family seat, at Boyton, Wilts. A good osier. Considered by Dr. Hooker, as a very slight variety of Sa. purpurea, or Sa. Helix, in Fl. Seotica But see his Br. Fl. p. 414. 1830. DTOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 291 Shrub. May. Young twigs woolly. Ls. egg-shaped, or ovally oblong. Catk. from the sides of the stem. Seed-vessel somewhat red. Ste?ns taking root, Ls. with short foot-stalks, terminated by a short point. Caik. numerous, alterna,te, short, bhuit, scales inversely egg-shaped, blunt, hairy, reddish. Root thick, creeping, knotty, blackish. Ripens its caps, in June, and July. Smallest of our common willows. Sa. cinerea. See Appendix. S. aurita. Round-eared^ Trailinq Sallow. Branches trailing. Leaves somewhat saw-toothed, convex, in- versely egg-shaped, blunt, with a small, hooked point ; hairy, and netted with veins, on both sides. Stipulas roundish, convex, toothed. Germen silky, stalked. Stigmas nearly stalkless. E. B. 1487- Moist tvooJs, and thickets. Shrub. April. Very branching, small tree, with hoary, brownish, ash-coloured branches. Ls. alternate, with short foot-stalks, when fully grown, curled, and w'aved. Stip. more frequently rounded, toothed, soft-haired, veiny, and persistent. Catk. from the very short side branches, solitary, cylindrical, scales brown, more or less hairy. Smallest of the Sallows ; not so general as Sa. aquatica : covered with small catk. in April, or May, while the leaves are just budding. Branches shoot horizontally to a great extent. Ls. vary much in size : known by their great ruggedness, inversely egg-shaped, or blunt form, and hooked point. S. aquatica. Water Sallow. Stem and branches erect. Leaves slightly saw-toothed, inversely egg-shaped- elliptical, minutely downy, flat ; rather glaucous beneath. Stipulas rounded, toothed. Germen silky, stalked. Stigmas nearly stalkless. E. B. 1437. S. cinerea. With. S. acuminata. Sb. 17* Wet hedye-ro7A)s, woods, swamps, banks of ponds, or rivers. Shrub, or small tree. April. Ls. with short foot-stalks, more or less acute, even, scarcely rough, all soft, ash-coloured green, the upper surface ultimately becom- ing smooth, underneath sea-greenish, veiny, and a little hairy. Nearly allied to Sa. aurita ; much smaller in all its parts, than Sa. caprea. Catk. cylindi'ical, with small, brown-tipped, hairy scales, an oblong neet. to each. Ls. vary in size and shape, more or less inversely egg-shaped, downy, and veiny ; thin, soft, pliable, flat, and not crisped, or waved, in which latter par- ticulars they differ greatly from those of Sa. cinerea, and Sa. aurita. u 2 292 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. Dr. Hooker unites Sa. cinerea, and Sa. aquatica into one spe- cies. Fl. Scotica. But see his Br. Fl. p. 424 — 5. One of the most common of all our willows. The bark has been made into coarse paper, and pasteboard ; the wood excellent for fuel, also for stakes, and hurdles, and for waggon staves. S. cciprea.^ Great Round-leaved S. Stem erect. Leaves roundish, egg-shaped, pointed, saw-toothed, waved ; pale and downy beneath. Stipulas somewhat crescent-shaped. Catkins thick and oval. Germen stalked, egg-shaped, silky. Stigmas nearly stalkless, undivided. Capsules swelling. E. B. 1488. Woods, hedges. Tree. -April. Twigs downy. Ls. variable in shape, alternate, foot-stalked, upper surface somewhat bare, and smooth. Stamens yellow. Seed-vessels foot-stalked, oval, bellying out at their base, shaggy. Stip. only to the uppermost leaves. Its showy, copious, yellow blossoms make a cheerful appearance in early spring. Its bark bitter, and astringent ; has been recom- mended as a substitute for the Peruvian bark. Its wood useful for hurdles. Its bark may be used for tanning, and for dying linen yarn black. The wood tough, makes good charcoal for gun-powder, and for crayons. The catkins early food for bees. Discrim. Easily known by its large, broad, roundish leaves, waved at their edges, and clothed beneath with a thick, white, cottony down. Catkins very thick, and blunt. Scales of the flower-buds silvery before expansion. Succeeds best in a dry soil. The catkins vulgarly called goslings, from their similarity of colour, and appearance, about the time when goslings are hatched : covered with blossoms before the leaves appear. Wood used for cutting-boards and whetting -boards of shoe- makers, to smooth their knives upon. Lightfoot. S. acuminata f * Long-leaved S. Stem erect. Leaves spear-shaped-oblong, pointed, wavy, finely toothed ; glaucous and downy beneath. Stipulas half-egg- shaped ; then kidney-shaped. Catkins cylindrical. Germen stalked, egg-shaped, hairy. Style as long as the undivided stigmas. E. B. 1434. S. caprea lati- folia. G. E. 1390. leaves. ' Literally goat's (willow,) from supposition of goats browsing on it. * " Sibth. seems to include under this species, the Salix cinerea, and Sal. aquatica of the Eng. FL, both very common about Oxford. I have not yet met with the true Salix acuminata of S/ft. FZ. Bri^. Oct. 1830." Bx. S. acu- minita var. rug6sa. Sm. Common about the Cherwell. Christchurch Meadow. Bx. With smaller, more rugged leaves. Sm. DIOECL\— DIANDRIA. Salix. 293 Rather moht woods and hedges, frequent . Sm. Tree, jipril. Tree scarcely so large as Sa. caprea. Ls. three to four inches, by one inch. S. viminalis. Common Osier. Leaves linear, very long, inclining to spear-shaped, lengthened out, taper- pointed, entire, wavy : snow-white and silky beneath. Branches straight and slender. Germen stalkless. Style as long as the linear, undivided stigmas. E. B. 1898. JVet meadows, osier-grounds, hanks of rivers. Tree-like. May. Branches very long, silky. Ls. scattered, with short foot-stalks, somewhat erect : under side of the leaves with an elevated nerve, and numerous, diverging, somewhat parallel veins. Style lengthened out, and thread-shaped. Ls. longer than in any other species, nan-ow, almost linear. Caps, stalkless, egg- shaped, silky. Many varieties of this species, cultivated in osier-grounds : the value of the common-osier, for basket-work is universally known : is used also for hoops. Planted to keep up the banks of rivers. In thriving situations, and where osiers are in demand, osier-grounds have been known to pay an annual rent of ten pounds an acre : ordinarily, if properly managed, they pay four or five. TVith. The specific distinctions of Sa. stipularis, and Sa. mollissima, rest, according to Dr. Hooker, upon very slight grounds ; so nearly allied are they to Sa. viminalis. Fl. Scotica. But see his Br. Fl. p. 423. Discrim. Silvery appearance of the leaves underneath, the long, and slender neci. of the stamen-bearing flowers, and the very long style of the pistil-bearing flower. Osiers differ from sallows in their long, straight, flexible, and mostly tough twigs ; their generally stalkless germens, and length- ened out styles and stigmas. Sm. (S. Smithiana. Silky-leaved Osier. Leaves spear- shaped, pointed, slightly wavy, minutely toothed ; soft and scarcely visibly downy above ; whitish and silky beneath. Stipulas crescent- shaped, minute. Catkins egg-shaped, Germen stalked. Style shorter than the linear, deeply divided stigmas. S. molhssima. E. B. 1509. Meadows a7id osier-grounds. Pn. Fl. Shrub. April, May. Shrub, with reddish, wand-like, but brittle twigs.) Sm. (S. stipularis. Auricled Osier. Leaves spear-shaped, pointed, slightly wavy, obscurely notched j soft and 204 DIOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Ruscus. nearly naked above ; white and downy beneath. Sti- pulas half-heart-shaped, stalked, very large. Nectary cylindrical. Germen egg-shaped, nearly stalkless, as well as the linear, undivided stigmas. E. B. 1214. Osier-beds. Pn. Fl. Shrub. Blarch. Shrub, with upright, downy, reddish, tall, but brittle twigs. Ls. about a span, almost upright.) S. alba. Common White W. Leaves elliptic-spear- shaped, pointed, saw-toothed, silky on both sides ; the lowest serratures glandular. Stamens hairy. Germen smooth, almost stalkless. Stigmas deeply cloven. Scales rounded. E. B. 2430. Salix. G. E. 1389. Moist woods, low pastures, meadows. Tree. May ; often again in July. Sm. Ls. alternate, with short foot-stalks, taper-pointed, acutely and regularly, finely saw-toothed. Catk. lengthened out, slender. Scales elliptically spear-shaped, brown, downy. Stamens yellow, a little longer than the scales. When allowed to gi'ow without lopping, becomes a very large and lofty tree ; soon decays, if lopped. The wood is white, agree- able to burn, as not smoking, and affording a regular heat : from its whiteness preferred for making milk-pails, and butter-firkins : used also for flooring, for chests, and boxes. The bark, boiled with water, in a copper vessel, will dye wool or silk of a blood-red ; with the addition of a little alum, of a cinnamon colour. The bark recommended in the cure of agues by the Rev. Mr. Stone, Phil. Tratis. v. 53. p. 195. a drachm of the powdered bark, given every four hours, between the fits. The bark of the Sa. triandra, Sa. fragilis, and Sa. caprea, have the same properties. See White's Observations, Sfc. on the Broad-leaved Willow, (^Sa. caprea,) Bath, 1798. This species one of" the best in the genus for tanning : of very rapid growtli : a good tree to plant in avenues, for its agreeable shade, and the beautiful, silvery appearance of the leaves. The inner bark has afforded a miserable substitute for bread. DIOECIA TRIANDRIA. RUSCUS. Butcher's-broom.' R. aculedtus. Common B. Leaves egg-shaped, with very sharp-pointed thorns, flowering on the upper side without a leaflet. E. B. 560. Riiscus. G. E. 907. Hedges, woods. Between Caversham and Mapledurham. Sb. ' From its use. DIOECIA— PENTANDRIA. Hamulus. 295 Woods in Counties of Oxford, and Berks ; not far from Read- ing. Bobart in Rail St/ti. Per.? llfarch. Biennial? evergreen for one -vinnter, herbaceous. Stems about two feet, round, branched, stiff, slightly fun-owed. Ls. dark green, alternate, spreading, twisted, hard, entire, tipped with a sharp thorn ; bearing a solitarj flower about the middle, on the upper side. Berry globular, large, scarlet. FL in reality, on a foot-stalk, from the bosom of the leaf, yellowish white. Bacon and cheese defended from the mice, by its sharp, prickly leaves and boughs placed round them. DIOECIA TETRANDRIA. VISCUM. Mistletoe. J^, album. Common IVliite M. Leaves spear-shaped, blunt. Stem forked, with stalkless, intermediate heads, of about five flowers. E. B. 1470. Viscum. G. E. 1350. Parasitical on the Apple-tree, Oak, &c. Near Bland's Court. Sb. Ipston. Bx. Small Shrub. May. Stems straddling, repeatedly forked, pale greenish. Ls. opposite, entu-e, smooth, permanent, colour of the stem, leathery. FL in small, axillary heads, stalkless, yellowish. Antli. pitted over. Berry globose, white, semi-transparent, full of clammy pulp. Bird-lime from the berries, and bark. The berries eaten by the Thrush, Fieldfare, &c. pass through them, and adhere to the bark of trees, where they vegetate. Plant eaten greedily by sheep. This the sacred plant of the Druids.' Used to dress up churches and houses at Christmas.^ Formerly prescribed in epilepsy. DIOECIA PENTANDRIA. HU'MULUS. Hop. H. Lupulus. Common Hoj). (One sp. only known.) E. B. 127. Lupus saUctarius. G. E. 885. Thickets, hedges. Per. June. Stems twining, fr-om right to left, angular, rough, leafy. Ls. oppo- site, foot-stalked ; upper heart-shaped, undivided ; lower ones, three, or five-lobed, saw-toothed, veiny, rough. Stip. bent back. Fl. greenish-yellow, pistil-bearing ones, bitter, fragi-ant. ' See History of Druidism, in Henry's England, vol. i. ' See " Selection from Gent. Mag." vol. i. p. 245. 296 DIOECIA -OCTANDRIA. Populus. Its climbing twigs, vine-like leaves, and clustered, and catkined flowers ornamental. The use of the catldns of the hop in beer, first introduced in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and then considered as an adulteration of the liquor. Coveiing hop-grounds with stones recommended to prevent the breed of insects, (aphides) upon them. The young shoots eaten in the spring. Cloth, and paper, may be made from the stalks, steeped in water and beaten. The plant will dye wool yellow. Tinct. and extract of hops, mild opiates. Pillow of hops said to have the same opiate eifect. Linn, in Sp. PL puts this strange question under H. Lupulus : what is that electric murmur, like very distant thunder, when the wind agitates the hop-poles ? Seeds used in constipation. F7. Suec. DIOECIA HEXANDRIA, ' TAMUS. Black Bryony. T. communis. Common B. Leaves heart-shaped, undi- vided, acute. E. B. 91. Bryonia nigra. G. E. 87I. Hedges, thickets, groves, woods. Per. June. Root blackish outwardly. Stems slender, long, twining, though without tendrils. Ls. dark green, variable in shape, from kidney, to heart-spear, and triangular-spear-shaped,, and to halbert-shaped. Fl. greenish. Berries red. The tawny leaves, and red berries, a decoration to our hedges, in autumn. Root acrid, formerly used as a stimulating plaster. The young shoots eaten as asparagus. DIOECIA OCTANDRIA: POTULUS. Poplar. P. alha. White P. Abele-tree. Leaves lobed and toothed ; somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; snow- white and densely downy beneath. Fertile catkins e2:g-shaped. Stigmas four. E. B. I6I8. G. E. 1486. Moist woods. * ■ Tall ti-ee. 3farek. J?ooi creeping, with abundance of suckers. Bark smooth : branches 1 See Sm. Introd. Botany, p, 482. DIOECIA— OCTANDRIA. Populus. 297 horizontal. jL*. nearly triangular, alternate, more or less deeply cut into rather acute lobes ; above dark green, smooth. Stip. on young branches, linear-spear-shaped, toothed. Scales of the catk. hand -shaped, hairy, jagged. Ardh. violet. Leafstalks flat, grooved on each side. Fl. like those of Pop. tremula. Ls. roundish in the yovmg trees. Ls. without glands at the base and serratures. Linn. Eaten by horses, sheep, and goats. Of very quick growth, at maturity in some places in twenty years. For avenues in moist grounds. Wood not easily liable to take fire, nor to blaze. The wood is white, soft, tough, and of a close grain, serving for wain- scotting, floors, laths, packing boxes, &c. P. canescens. Grey P. Leaves roundish, deeply waved, toothed ; hoary and downy beneath. Fertile catkins cylindrical. Stigmas eight. E. B. I6l9. P. alba, foliis minoribus. G. E. 1487. TVet, turfy meadows. Sm. Tree. March. Branches more upright and compact than in Pop. alba. Trunk grey, silvery, wood much firmer. Ls. rounder, much less white, less deeply or acutely lobed, than those of Pop. alba. Pistil- bearing catk. longer, scales more cut and hairy. Stig. spread' ing in two opposite directions. P. tremula. Aspen^ or Trembling P. Leaves nearly round, toothed ; smooth on both sides. Foot-stalks compressed. Young branches hairy. Stigmas four, erect, with an ear-appendage at the base. E. B. 1909. P. Lybica. G. E. 1487. Moist woods. Tree. March. Ls. with a little point, bluntly toothed, entire at the base, quiver- ing with almost every breath of air, by their long, vertically flattened foot-stalks. Sti}). bristle- shaped, visible on the most luxuriant shoots only. Catk. scales of the pistil-bearing flowers hand-shaped, jagged. C^ermew short, thick. Stig. crimson . At the base of the young leaves, two united glands. Leaves beset sometimes with red globules, the nest of a Tipula, (an insect.) Bark smooth, green, used for torches : favourite food of beavers. Fl. Suec. Drives away crickets. FL Suec. Grows in all situations, and in all soils. Wood light, woolly, soft, durable in the air. The Highlanders, according to Lightfoot, suppose our Saviour's cross made of this tree, and that hence its leaves never rest. P. nigra. Black P. Leaves deltoid, pointed, saw- toothed, smooth on both sides. Catkins all lax and 298 DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. Mercurialis. cylindrical. Stigmas four, simple, spreading. E. B. 1910. G. E. 1486. Watery flaces, hanks of rivers. Tree. March. Footstalks only half as long as the leaves. Ls. trowel-shaped, deep green. Catk. drooping. Germ, lengthened out, slender, egg-shaped. Wood not apt to splinter : for gun-stocks. Bai-k to support the nets of fishermen. The red berry-like substances on the leaves, occasioned by an insect. Grows rapidly ; bears cropping. Inner bark has been converted into bread, in Kamtschatka. Paper may be made of the cotton-down of the seeds. Roots dissolve into a jelly-like kind of substance, formerly used for bringing on a callus in fractured bones. DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. MERCURIA'LIS. Mercury. M. perennis. Perennial Rough 31. Stem perfectly simple. Leaves rough. Root creeping. E. B. 1872, C. 2. 65. Cynocrambe. G. E. 333. Banks, bushy places, groves. Per. April. Stems one foot high. Ls. rough, opposite, stalked, egg-shaped, saw-toothed, dark green. Supposed nect. very nan-ow, rising above the styles. Stamen-bearing spikes longer than the leaves. Caps, rough, haiiy. Fl. gi-een. Fetid, very poisonous. Sir H. Sloane, in Raii Syn. Has been recommended as a pot-heib : its vi:-ulence diminished by boiling-. In drying, turns blue : steeped in water, affords a fine, deep blue, not fixable. Lightfoot mentions that the infusion has been taken to bring on a salivation : the experiment dangerous with so poison- ous a plant. M. annua. Annual Smooth M. Stem with branches crossing. Leaves oblong, smooth. Root fibrous. Bar- ren flowers in numerous, spiked, alternate tufts. E. B. 559. C. 5. 68. M. mas et foemina. G. E. 332. PFaste, or cultivated ground. * * ? An. August. Plant darkish, fleshy, shining green, fetid. Ls. egg-shaped, acute, saw-toothed. Pistil-bearing flowers axillary, on simple footstalks, about two together, sometimes wBth a stamen-bearing^. Caps. double, prickly. DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. Juniperus. 299 Qualities similar to those of M. perennis, but less virulent : removes warts : mucilaginous : purgative, as a syrup. HYDRO'CHARIS. Frog-bit. H. Morsus ranee. Common F. E. B. 808. C. 3. 64. Morsus ranee. G. E. 818. Ditches, ponds. Per. Juli/. Fl. proceeding from brown, membranous stip. w^th straight, sim- ple roots. Plant smooth. Ls. floating, kidney-shaped, entire, often purple underneath. FL white, centre yellowish, sometimes with six pet. The removal of the outer skin of the dry leaves, dis- covers a beautiful net- work of veins. Plant increases by runners. DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. JUNI'PERUS. Juniper. J. communis. Common J. Leaves three in each whorl, tipped with a thorn, spreading, longer than the ripe fruit. Stem erect. E. B. 1100. Juniperus. G. E. 1372. Hills, heathy downs. Stokenchurch Hills. Sb. Between Blen- heim and Ditchley. Mr. Woodward. Juniper Hill. E. B. Headington Quarry. B.v. Near the Grotto, Basildon, Berks, R. TV. Low shrub. May. Stems and branches intricate, widely spreading. Ls. sharp-pointed, linear, smooth, evergreen, glaucous on the upper side. Catk. axillary, small, stalkless, with tiled bract. Berry round, green ; when ripe, in two years dark purple, with a glaucous tinge, sweetish. Juice of the plant resinous. Plant variable in growth. Easily transplanted. Wood hard, durable, for veneering, &c. Bark for ropes. From the berries gin, diuretic. Gum Sandarach, or Pounce, from this shrub. The true Geneva, a malt spirit, dis- tilled a second time, with Junipers added. The berries, according to With., left out, and the flavour given to the spirit by oil of tur- pentine. Berries eaten by thrushes and grouse, give the flesh a pitchy taste. Infusion of the berries with gin, for dropsical patients. A Beer from the berries, among the Swedes. Juniper w^ood cinders keep light a long time. Oil of Juniper acts on the kidnies powerfully like turpentine. 300 POLY G AMI A MONOECIA. A'triplex. TAXUS. Yew'. * T. baccdta. Common Y. Leaves two-ranked, crowded, linear, flat. Receptacle of the barren flowers globular. E. B. 746. Taxus. G. E. 1370. Woods. Churchyards. Cornbury Quarry. Sb. A very ancient Yew, in Iffley Church Yard. /. H. Tree. March. Trunk straight, smooth, with deciduous bark. Ls. dark green, smooth, evergreen. Fl. axillary, with tiled bract. Stamen- bearing Jl. sulphur-coloured, without cal. Pistil-bearing ones with a small, green cal., which at length becomes of a fine red colour, waxy, and soft, surrounding the seed. Wood hard, beautifully red grained : at present, for inlaying, and for mill-wheel cogs. Planted in church yards for its funeral appearance, and for archers' bow^s anciently. Bears clipping well, hence suited to the now obsolete Dutch taste of gardening, and cut into various grotesque shapes. Makes excellent screen-hedges. The berries sweet, innocent : the green leaves deadly poisonous. Tree said to attain more than four hundred years. Tree of great diameter : one mentioned by Lightfoot, and seen by Pennant, of fifty-six feet and a half in circumference. Bears transplanting when old. Berries of the yew, sweet, mucilaginous, eatable. R. W. Seeds poisonous? J. H. See Richard, Botanique Medicate. Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Order I. MONOECIA. A'TRIPLEX. Orache. A. patula. Spreadintj Halbert-leaved 0. Stem her- baceous, spreading. Leaves triangular- spear-shaped, somewhat halbert-shaped. Calyx of the fruit (warty) tuberculated at the sides. E. B. 936. A. hastata. C. 2. QQ. Sb. go. A. sylvestris vulgaris. G. E. Cultivated, and waste ground, dungliills. An. A.u(just. Root fibrous. Ls. alternate, stalked, mealy beneath : lower ones halbert-shaped, one of the auricles sometimes wanting, deeply, irregularly toothed ; the upper more naiTOw, spear-shaped, mostly 1 Ang. Sax. See some fine lines to the " Yew," in Mr. Gillet's pleasing little volume, entitled the " Juvenile Wreath," &c. p. 37. Duod. 1832. See also, " Selection from Gent. Mag." vol. i. p. 346. POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. A'triplex. 301 entire. Fl. clusters terminal, and from the side, long, interrupted, somewhat leafy. Valves of the seeds toothed only at the edges. Seeds dotted. Sometimes vised for a pot-herb, hke spinach. Ls. and stem beautifully studded with shining particles, when covered with early dew. A. angustifolia. Spreading Narrow-leaved 0, Stem herbaceous, spreading. Upper leaves spear-shaped, entire ; the lower ones somewhat halbert-shaped. Calyx of the fruit halbert-shaped, slightly warty at the sides. E. B. I774. A. patula. Sb. 90. A. syl- vestris angustifolia. G. E. Q^^. Cultivated and waste ground. An. August. Stems more straddling than in Atr. patula; deep, glaucous hue, slightly furrowed. Ls. lower ones, halbert-shaped, not toothed, nor sinuated : upper, spear-shaped, entire, all spreading horizon- tally. Cal. valves entire at the edge, disk either smooth, or with only a few tubercles. Seed half the size of Atr. patula, scarcely dotted. Considered by Hooker as a var. of Atr. patula, in Fl. Scotica. Doubtfully distinct : not constant to its characters. Greville. Found with Atr. patula : both species conspicuous by their long, straight, straddling branches, with enlarged calyx, by which last mark, an Atriplex is distinguished from a Chenopodium. END OF THE PH.ENO'gAMOUS' FLORA OF 0:SF0RDSHIRE, AND ITS CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES. ' Phanogamous plants, are flotvtri7if( plants, in coutradistinctiou to Mosses Lichens, &c. of the Class Cry ptogumia. APPENDIX^ (mostly plants op the contiguous counties.) * Fraxinus heteropliylla. Simple-leaved Ash. Leaves both simple and compound, with tooth-like serratures. E. B. 2476. Woods and hedges. See Flora, page 3. Tree. April, May. Ls. occasionally in threes, or even of five leaflets. A variety of Fr. excelsior? Sm. Galium anglicum. Wall Bed-straw. Leaves about six in a whorl, spear-shaped, pointed, fringed with prickles. Stem straggling-, rough. Flower-stalks cloven. Fruit granulated, without hairs. E. B. 384. Walls, and dry, sandy ground. Warwickshire. Pn. Fl. An. June, July. Scarcely a span. Fl. few, pale yellow. Sm. Rubia peregrina. Wild Madder. Leaves four or more, in a whorl, elliptical, shining and smooth on the upper side. Flowers five-cleft. E. B. 851. Thickets, on stony, or sandy ground. St. Vincent's Rocks, Glou- cestershire. Turner. Per. June, August. Ls. evergreen, broad. Berry black. Sm. Lonicera Xylosteum. Upright Fly Honeysuckle. Stalks two-flowered. Berries distinct. Leaves entire, downy, E. B. 916. Periclymenum rectum germanicum. G. E. 1294. Thickets, and rocky places ; rare. Edgbaston Park. P.Warwick- shire. Withering in Tur. Shrub. July. Stem erect, bushy, four to five feet. Fl. small, reddish, or cream- coloured. Sm. Ribes alpinum. Tasteless Mountain Currant. No prickles. Clusters always erect. Bracteas longer than 304 APPENDIX. the flowers. Leaves polished at the back. Berries smooth. Stem erect. E. B. 704i. Woods, rare. See Flora, p. 67. ShrulD. May. Berry red, insipid, mucilaginous. Sm. Ribes nigrum. Black Giirra7it. No prickles. Clusters hairy, drooping-, mth a separate flower-stalk at the base of each. Flowers oblong. E. B. 1291. R. n- 3. G. E. 1593. Sandy swamps and thickets, banks of rivers. See Flora, p. 67. Shrub. May. Ls. strongly scented when rubbed. Berry black. Sm. Pimpinella dtoica. Dwarf Burnet-saxifrage. Leaflets all nearly linear. Umbels panicled. Flowers dioecious. E. B. 1209. Peucedanum pumilum. G. E. 1054. Limestone rocks ; rare. See Flora, p. 83. Per, May, June. Glaucous, even, about a span high. Sm. Scilla autumndlts. Autumnal Squill. Leaves linear, numerous. Cluster slightly corymbose. Flower. stalks without bracteas, ascending, the length of the flowers. E. B. 78- C. 6. 25. Hyacinthus autumnalis minor. G. E. 110. See Flora, p. 94. Dry 2'Mstures. Per. September. Stalk three inches. Ls. channelled, numerous. Fl. rose- coloured. Stam. reddish; pistil hlue. Sm. Oxy'ria reniformis. Kidney-shaped Mountain-sorrel. Rumex digynus. E. B. 910. Near mountain rills. See Flora, p. 101. Per. June. Stem erect, eight inches. Ls. kidney-shaped, abrupt. Sm. Andromeda polifolia. Marsh Andromeda. Clusters terminal. Leaves alternate, spear-shaped, rolled back ; glaucous beneath. E. B. 713. Mossy boys, Iver Heath. Bucks. Tur. Shrub. June. Six to nine inches, evergreen. Fl. white, or reddish, drooping. Sm. Silene nutans. Nottingham Gatchjiy. Panicle with drooping, partly forked, branches ; from one side of the stem only. Petals deeply cloven, with linear-segments, and an acute, cloven scale. Leaves elliptic-spear-. APPENDIX. 305 shaped, downy. E. B. 465. Lychnis sylvestris alba nona Clusii. G. E. 470. Limestone rocks. See Fiora, p. 122. Per. June, July. Cal. half an inch long, its ribs downy. Fl. white, fragi'ant in the evening. Em. Sedum rupestre. St. Vincenfs Rock Stonecrop. Leaves glaucous, spurred at the base, those of the branches awl-shaped, erect, in five close rows. Flowers imper- fectly cymose. Calyx segments, elliptical, blunt. E. B. 170. Mocks, rare. See Flora, p. 127, Per. July. Reddish, eight to nine inches. Ls. closely tiled, P£t. yellow. Sm. Rosa spinosissima. Gurnet Rose. Flower-stalks with- out bracteas, mostly smooth, as well as the simple calyx. Fruit globose, abrupt, somewhat depressed. Prickles of the stem straight, unequal, numerous, inter- mixed with glandular bristles. Leaflets roundish, smooth, with simple serratures. E. B. I87. Sandy heaths. See Flora, p. 138, Shrub. July. Of humble growth. Pet. white. Fruit black. Sm. " Rosa sepium. Small-leaved Sweet-briar. Prickles numerous, larger curved, smaller, awl-shaped. Leaflets small, doubly saw-toothed, hairy, acute at each end, glandulose beneath. Calyx-segments and pinnse length- ened out. Fruit smooth, (ovate)'* LindL Syn. p. 101. De Cand. Fl. Fr. ed. 8. v. 6. p, 538. Near Bridport, Warwickshire. Rev. TV. T. Bree. Shrub. June. A densely branched bush, about three feet high, distinguished in the common French plant by long, slender, flexuose twigs, with large, nearly straight, or falcate, or even uncinate, prickles, and small, distant, spear-shaped leaflets, mostly seven, acute, (mostly, but not invariably,) at the base as well as at the point. The petioles are glandulose, sometimes hairy, and bear a few straightish or curved prickles. The peduncles and calyx- tuhe are usually naked, but occasionally both, or the former only, bear setae, which are larger on the base of the tube, although less remarkably than in R. rubiginosa. The calyx- segments axe variously glandulose, and the narrowly spear- shaped pinnae issue more or less exactly at right angles, and have little sharp divaricated, gland-tipped teeth. The X 30(5 APPENDIX. styles are included, and very slightly hairy. In Mr. Bree's plant, which I have seen only under cultivation, I find but little difference, except that the ramuli are less flexuose, and the leaf- lets not remarkably distant, rather larger, and more hairy, almost shaggy beneath. The pinnce of the calyx are less divari- cated, and have glands on the edges only, (as they have in a spe- cimen gathered by Mr. Woods, at Troyes, which, also, has larger leaflets.) The flowers are white, clustered or solitary, according, as usual, to their situation on the bush. The fruit is scarlet, egg-shaped, (rounded at the base,) when sohtary : I have no note of its shape in the bunches.' The prickles, which have a few setce among them, are numerous, the larger ones strongly hooked. Whether setce exist in the foreign plants I know not ; I find none in my limited number of specimens. Desvaux, Journ. de JBot. for 1813. v. ii. p. 116. assigns to this species nine vca-s. and describes five of them as wanting glands, or bearing them only on the petioles. He expresses a strong persuasion that both R. sepium and R. rubiginosa pass into R. canina." Hooker s Brit. Fl. v. 1. p. 235, 236. Potentilla verna. Spring Cinquefoil. Root leaves of five or seven inversely-egg-wedge-shaped, partly saw- toothed, furrowed leaflets ; bristly at the edges and ribs beneath. Upper stipulas dilated. Calyx-segments partly three-ribbed. Stems trailing. E. B. 37. Pen- taphyllum incanum minus repens. G. E. 989. Elevated pastures. See Flora, p. 145. Per. April, May. Stems spreading all round. Pet. yellow. * Stratiotes aloides. Water Aloe^ or Water-soldier. Leaves sword-shaped, channelled, with a prominent rib, and sharp marginal prickles. E. B. 379. Militaris aizoides. G. E. 825. Pools, and ditches. In the Isis, near the cottages, Nuneham Park. Mr. Heidett, Botanic Garden, Oxford. Fen ditches, Northamp- tonshire. Morton in Turner, &c. See Flora, p. 152. Per. July. Putting forth suckers (stoloniferous,) floating. Fl. white; some imperfect. Sm. 'Ajuga Chamce'pitys, Ground Pine. Yellow Bugle, Stem spreading, branched. Leaves in three, deep, linear, entire segments. Flowers solitary, axillary, shorter than the leaves. E. B. 77' Chamsepitys mas. G. E. 525. ' De Candolle describes the fruit of the French plant as longer than that of R. rubiginosa. APPENDIX. 307 Sandy fields, rare. See Flora, p, 160. An. Jlpril, May. Hauy, glutinous, aromatic. Fl. yellow. Mentha rotundifolia. Round-leaved Mint. Spikes in- terrupted, somewhat hairy. Leaves eUiptical, blunt, wrinkled, sharply notched, shaggy beneath. Bracteas spear-shaped, E. B. 446. Moist, waste ground, rare. See Flora, p. 163. Per. August, September, Green, viscid ; smell acrid. Stam. prominent. Sm. Mentha riibra. Tall Red Mint. Flowers whorled. Leaves egg-shaped. Stem upright, zigzag. Flower- stalks, and lower part of the calyx, very smooth ; its teeth hairy. E. B. 1413. M. sativa rubra. G. E. 680. Ditches, and watery places. See Flora, 'p. 164, Per. September. Smoothish, four to six flowers. Fl. large, reddish. Sm. Lepidium ruderdle. Narrow-leaved Pepperivort. Sta- mens two. Petals none. Leaves smooth ; lower ones wing-cleft, toothed ; upper, linear, entire. Pouch notched. E. B. 1595. Thlaspi minus. G. E. 262. Waste ground, muddy, or calcareous soil. See Flora, p. 184. An. June. Plant one foot. Ls. fleshy. Fl. minute. Sm. Hutchinsia joe^r<:E«. Rock Hutchinsia. Leaves winged, entire. Petals scarcely equal to the calyx. Stigma stalkless. Seeds two in each cell. H. L. 31. Lepi- dium petrseum. E. B. 111. Limestone rocks, and ivalls. See Flora, p. 184. An. March, April. Stem branched, two to three inches, smooth. Fl. small, white. Sm. Lathy rus palustris. Blue Marsh Vetchling. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing seve- ral elliptic-spear-shaped leaflets. Stipulas spear-shaped. E. B. 169. Boggy meadows and thickets. \A''ood near Abingdon, Berks. Tur. Per. July, August. Plant four feet, stalk winged. Fl. variegated with blue and purple. Sm. TrifoUum ornithopodioides. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Flow- X 2 308 APPENDIX. ers about three together. Legume prominent, eight- seeded, twice as long as the calyx. Stems reclining. E. B. 1047. C. 2. 53. Barren, gravelly pastures. Near Oxford. Ray. An. June, July. Fl. slender, pale reddish ; keel very small. Sm. Hypericum duhium. Imperforate St. John*s wort. Styles three. Stem obscurely four-angled. Leaves blunt, nearly destitute of transparent dots. Segments of the calyx elliptical. E. B. 296. Rather mountainous groves and thickets. Near Meriden, Warwick- shire. Tur. Per. July, August. Young- root shoots bright red. Fl. yellow. Sm. Leontodon palustris. Marsh Dandelion. Outer scales of the calyx shorter, tiled, egg-shaped. Leaves sinuated and toothed, not quite smooth. E. B. 553. Low, boggy meadows. Rare. Bog in Windsor Great Park, Berks. Tur. Per. June, .July. Smaller. Fl. stained with red outside. /Sm. Hieracium amplexicaule. Stem-clasping Hawkweed. Glandulous hairy. Stem corymbose. Leaves toothed : root ones oblong-egg-shaped, with leaf-stalks ; stalk- leaves heart-shaped at the base, clasping the stem. Allionii Flora Pedemontana, tab. xv. f. 1 . SuppL E. B. 2690. Walls. Naturalized on the walls of Oxford Garden. Mr. Bicheno observes, that it has an equally good right to a place in the British Flora as Senecio squalidus, and some other plants. Per. August, A most distinct and well marked species, every where clothed with brownish glandular hairs, most thick on the peduncle and invdiucre. The lower stalk-leaves are more or less oblong, the upper ones truly heart-shaped. Hooker s British Flora. The plant smells like tallow. B.v. Hypochferis maculdta. Spotted Cat's-ear. Stem soli- tary, nearly naked, mostly simple. Leaves egg-shaped- oblong, undivided, toothed. E. B. 225. Hieracium primum latifolium. G. E. 301. Chalky hills. Bernak Heath. Ray in Tur. Per. July. APPENDIX. 309 Ls. rough, spotted. Fl. large, yellow. Sm. Hypochseris glabra. Smooth Cafs-ear. Nearly smooth. Calyx oblong, regularly tiled. Stems branched, some- what leafy. Leaves toothed or sinuated. Down of the marginal seeds stalkless. E. B. 575. C. 3. 53. Gravelly yround. On the gravelly grounds near Middleton, War- wickshire. Ray. Washwood Heath, near Birmingham. Wither- ing in Tur. An. June, August. Various in size. Fl. small, bright yellow. 8m. Lapsana pusilla. Dwarf Nipple-wort. Swings Suc- cory. Stalks immediately from the root, leafless, sub- divided ; swelling and tubular at the summit. Leaves inversely-egg-shaped, rough-edged, toothed. H. L. Q5. Hyoseris minima. E. B. 95. H. mascula. G. E. 288. Gravelly fields. Sandy fields, Spratton, plentifully, Northampton- shire. Morton in Tur. An. June. Ls. depressed. Fl. small, yellowish. Sm. Centaurea solstitidlis . Yellow Star-thistle. St. Barna- by's thistle. Flowers terminal, solitary. Calyx-scales doubly thorny. Stem winged, from the spear-shaped, unarmed leaves running down the stem (decurrent); root leaves lyre-shaped. E. B. 243. Carduus solsti- tialis. G. E. 1166. Cultivated fields, hedges ; rare, ^ee Flora. p.2oQ. An. July to September. Stem one foot and a half to two feet. Fl. bright yellow. Sm. Cypripedium Calceolus. Common Lady's Slipper. Stem leafy. Appendage to the column elliptical, blunt, channelled. Lip somewhat compressed, shorter than the petals. E. B. 1. H. L. 42. Calceolus Mariee. G. E. 443. Mountainous woods ; very rare. See Flora, p. 260. Per. June. One foot. Fl. of a lich dark brown ; lip swollen, ^^ellow. Sm, Carex curta. White Carex. Spikelets about six, ellip- tical, slightly distant, scarcely bracteated. Scales egg- shaped, membranous, about as long as the egg-shaped, swollen, smooth fruit. E. B. 1386. Host. V. 1. 37. 48. Schk. Car. 43. t. C. 13. 310 APPENDIX. Watery meadows, borders of pools and ditches. At Virginia Water, Windsor Forest. Bp. of Carlisle. Sm. E, Flora. Per. June. One foot. Spikes short, of a silvery hue. Sm. Carex Oederi. Oederian Carex. Sheaths and flower- stalks all very short. Fertile spikes, roundish-egg- shaped. Fruit globular, triangular, direct, smooth, with a straight cloven beak. Stem smooth. E. B. 1773. Wet comm.ons. See Piirt. Flora. Per. July. Of humble growth, and less yellow than C. tlava. Sm. Carex fulva. Tawny Carex. Sheaths tubular, length- ened out, shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile spikes, egg-shaped, erect. Scales pointless. Fruit egg-shaped, triangular, direct, smooth, with a straight, cloven, rough-edged beak. Stem rough. E. B. 1295. Schk. Car. 101. t. T. 67. Boggy meadows. Virginia Water, Windsor Forest. Rev. Dr. Goodenough, in Tur. Per. June, July. Slender, twelve to fifteen inches. Spikes tawny brown. Fruit brownish. Sm. Carex binervis. Green ribbed Carex. Sheaths tubular, lengthened out, shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile catkins cylindrical, distant ; partly compound. Scales pointed. Stems smooth. Fruit with two principal ribs. E. B. 1235. Schk. Car. t. R. r. r. 160. (Schkur's Carices is styled by Smith an admirable and most correct work.) Dry heaths. Black Park. Windsor Great Park, Berks. Tur. Per, June, Larger and stouter. Spikes blackish. Sm. Carex IcEvigdta. Smooth-stalked Beaked Carex. Spikes cylindrical ; fertile ones stalked. Scales all pointed. Sheaths very long. Fruit triangular, with a cloven beak. E. B. 1387- Schk. Car.^t. S. ss. 162. V^illd. C. patula. Ibid, t, B. b. b. 1 1 6. C. sethiopica. Ibid. 107. t. Z. 83. Marshes and boggy thickets. Bog in Great Windsor Park. Tur. Per. June. Bright green, smooth, three feet. Fruit green. Sm. APPENDIX. 311 Ca.rexJiliforjms. Slender leaved Gar ex. Fertile spikes, egg-shaped. Scales pointed. Sheaths nearly equal to the short flower-stalks. Fruit egg-shaped, hairy, with ;j a deeply cloven beak. Leaves linear, channelled, i! smooth. E. B. 904. Schk. Car. 82. t. K. 45. j Soggy meadows, not common. Short wood near Pucklechurch, ! Gloucestershire. Tur. . i Per. June. \ About two feet, smooth. Ls. narrow. Spikes blackish. Sm. \ Salix rubra. Green leaved Osier. Stamens combined below. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, lengthened out, acute, smooth, with shallow serratures ; green on both sides. Stigmas egg-shaped, undivided. E, B. 1145. Low meadows, osier-grounds, &c. Between Maidenhead and i Windsor. J. Sherard, in Sm. E. Fl. I Tree. Ajml, May. A small tree, with long, tawny branches. Ls. long and narrow. Sm. DIFFERENCES OF NOMENCLATURE. Sb. Sibthorp. E. B. English Botany. C. Curtis Fl. Lond. H. Hooker Fl. Lond. Chara hispida, is the Chara tomentosa of Sb. f Callitriche aquatica, is the C. aquatica of E. B. Cladium Mariscus, is the Schoenus Mariscus of E. B. Fedia Genus, formerly part of the genus Valeriana of E. B. &c. Rhynchospora Genus, formerly part of the genus Schoenus of E. B. &c. Scirpus caricinus, is the Schoenus compressus of E. B. Eleocharis genus, part of the genus Scirpus of E. B. &c. Phalaris arundinacea, is the Calamagrostis colorata of Sb. Phleum asperum, is the Phleum paniculatum of E. B., and the } Phalaris paniculata of Sb. j Alopecurus agrestis, is the Al. myosuroides of C. I Agrostis vulgaris, is the Agr. tenuis of Sb. Aira cristata, is the Poa cristata of Sb. Holcus avenaceus, is the Av^na elatior of C. Glyceria genus, is part of the genus Poa of Linn. &c. Glyc^ria fluitans, is the Festuca fluitans of Sb. I Triodia decumbens, is the Poa decumbens of E. B. and the ( Festuca decumbens of Sb. Festuca ovina, is the Fest. tenuifolia of Sb. gigantea, is the Brom. giganteus of C. and Sb. sylvatica, is the Bromus sylvaticus of E. B. pinnata, is the Bromus pinnatus of E. B. Bromus racemosus, is the Bromvis pratensis of E. B. and Bromus arvensis of E. B. — asper, is the Bromus hirsutus of C. and Sb. Galium saxatile, is the Gal. procumbens of Sb. 314 DIFFERENCES, &c. Galium tricorne, is the Gal. spurium of Sb. Mce'nchia erecta, is the Sagina erecta of E. B., C, and Sb, Myosotis palustris, is the Myos. scorpioides palustris of C. versicolor, is the Myos. nana of Sb. Primula vulgaris, is the Pr. acaulis of C, and Sb. veris, is the Pr. officinalis of C. Villarsia nymphseoides, is the Menyanthes nymphseoides oi E. B. and Sb. Anagallis ceerulea, is the An. arvensis, var. /3. of Sb. Erythreea Centaurium, is the Chironia centaurium of E. B, and C. Chenopodium ficifolium, is the Chen, viride of C, and the Ch. serotinum of Sb. olidum, is the Ch. Vulvaria of Sb. acutifolium, is the Ch. polyspermum of C. and Sb. Ulmus montana, is the Ulmus effusa of Sb. Cuscuta Epithymum is the C. Europsea of E. B. and Sb.? ToriHs Anthriscus, is the Caucalis Anthriscus of E. B., C, and Sb» infesta, is the Caucalis infesta of E. B. and C, and C, arvensis of Sb. nodosa, is the Caucalis nodosa of E, B. &c. Anthriscus vulgaris, is the Scandix Anthriscus of E. B., C, and Sb. Myrrhis odorata, is the Scandix odorata of E. B. and Sb. temulenta, is the Chserophyllum temulentum of E. B., C, and Sb. Bunium flexuosum, is the B. Bulbocastanum of C. Slum inundatum, is the Sison inundatum of E. B. &c. CEnanthe Phellandrium, is the Phellandrium aquaticum of E. B. &c. Pimpinella dissecta of Sb. is a var. of P. saxifraga of the Fl. of Oxfordshire, &c. ' Cnidium Silaus, is the Peucedanum Silaus of E, B. &c. Pastinaca sativa, is the Past, sylvestiis of Sb. Scilla nutans, is the Hyacinthus non scriptus of C. and Sb. Juncus compx'essus, is the J. bulbosus of E. B. &c. acutiflorus, is the J. articulatus of E, B. and the J. ne- morosus of Sb. Juncus lampocarpus, is the J. compressus of Sb. Luciola genus, is part of the genus Juncus. Rumex sanguineus, is the Rumex acutus of C. Rumex (3. viri- dis of Sb. is a var. of R. sanguineus of the FL of Oxfordshire. DIFFERENCES, &c. 315 Rumex Hydrolapathum, is the R. aquaticus of E. B. &c. Epilobium parviflorum, is the Epilob. villosum of C. and Sb. CaUuna vulgaris, is the Erica vulgaris of E. B., C, and Sb. Poly'gonum lapathifolium, is the Pol. pensylvanicum of C. Po- \yg. salicifolium of Sb. is a var. of Pol. lapathifolium of Sm, Py'rola minor, is the Pyr. rosea of E. B. 2543. Silene inflata, is the Cucubalus Behen of E. B. and Sb. Stellaria media, is the x\lsine media of C. &c. glauca, is the Stel. media of Sb. uliginosa, is the Larbrea aquatica of DC. Lychnis dioica, comprises the Lych. diurna, and Lych. vespertinay of Sb. Both these species of Sb. considered by Sm. as var. of Lych. dioica. Cerastium vulgatum, is the C. viscosum of C. and Sb. viscosum of C. the vulgatum of C. and Sb. Prunus Cerasus, and Prunus 'Avium, See Fl. of Oxfordshire. Mespilus Oxyacantha, is the Cratsegais monogyna of Sb. Pyrus torminalis, is the Crataegus torminalis of E. B. and Sb, aucuparia, is the Sorbus aucuparia of E. B. Rosa tomentosa, is the R, villosa of Sb. ? micrantha, is the R. rubiginosa /3. of H. Fl. Lond. Borreri, is the R. dumetorum of E. B. and the R. rubigi- nosa inodora of H. L. sarmentacea, is the R. canina of C. sepium, is a var. of R. rubiginosa, Lindley Ros. sy'styla, is the R. coUina of E. B. Potentilla Fragariastrum, is the Fragaria sterilis of E. B., C, &c. Tormentilla officinalis, is the Potentilla TormentiUa of Sb. reptans, is the Potentilla procumbens of Sb. Nuphar lutea, is the Nymphsea lutea of E. B., Sb., &c. Tilia Europsea |3. rubra of Sb. is a var. of T. grandifolia of the Fl. of Oxfordshire. Anemone Pulsatilla, is the An. pratensis of Sb. Ranunculus aquatilis, contains Sibthoi'p's R. heterophyllus, R. aquatilis, R. circinatus, and R. fluviatilis, under it as varieties. Mentha hirsuta, is the M. aquatica of Sb. Mentha sativa of E. B. is a var. of M. hirsuta of Sm. E. Fl. Galeobdolon luteum, is the Galeobdolon Galeopsis of Sb. Thymus Calamintha, is the Melissa Calamintha of Sb. . Nepeta, is the M. Nepeta of Sb. Bartsia Odontites, is the Euphrasia Odontites of C. and Sb. 316 DIFFERENCES, &c. Orobanche elatior, is the Or. major of Sb. (Dr. PViUiams^ Prof. Bot. Oxford.) Camelina sativa, is the Alyssum sativum of E. B. Lepidium campestre, is the Thlaspi campestre of E. B., C, and Sb. Hutchinsia petreea, is the Lepidium petrseum of E. B. Teesdalia nudicaulis, is the Iberis nudicauUs of E. B. and C. Senebi^ra Coronopus, is the Coronopus Ruellii of E. B. Cardamine hirsuta, is the C. flexuosa of Withering. Nasturtium officinale, is the Sisymbrium Nasturtium of E. B., C, and Sb. sylvestre, is the Sisym. sylvestre of E. B. &c. terrestre, is the Sisymb. teiTestre of E. B., C, and Sb. amphibium, is the Sisymb. amphibium of E. B. and Sb. Sisymbrium officinale, is the Ery'simum officinale of E. B., C, and Sb. Barbarea vulgaris, is the Erysimum Barbarea of E. B. and Sb. Cheiranthus fruticulosus, is the Ch. Cheiri of Sb. Hesperis matronalis, is the Hesp. inodora of E. B. 'Arabis thaliana, is the Sisymb. thalianum of H. Br. Fl. hirsuta is the Turritis hirsuta of Sb. and E. B. Erodium cicutarium y., is the Erod. pimpinellsefolium of Sb. cicutarium, is the Geranium cicutarium of C. Geranium pusillum, is the Geranium parviflorum of Sb. and T, Trifolium procumbens, is the Trif. agrarium of C. minus, is the Trif. procumbens of C. Lotus major, is the Var. ^. villosus of Sb. tenuis, is the Lotus decumbens of Sm. E. Fl. Medicago maculata, is the Med. polymorpha of E. B. and C. Hypericum quadrangulum, is the Hyp. quadrangulare of Sb. Leontodon Taraxacum, is the Taraxacum officinale of Sb. Apargia hispida, is the Leontodon hispidum of Sb. and C, and the Hedy'pnois hispida of E. B. hu'ta, is the Hedy'pnois hirta of E. B. and Leontodon hirtum of C. and Sb. and the Thrincia hirta of H. Br. Fl. autumnalis, is the Hedyp. autumnalis of E. B. and Leontodon autumnale of Sb. Hieracium sylvaticum, is the Hierac. murorura of Sb. Carduus acanthoides, is the polyacanthos of C. and Sb. DIFFERENCES, &c. 317 The Genus Cnicus, made part of the genus Carduus of Linn. Gnaphalium minimum, is the Filago montana of Sb. germanicum, is the Filago germanica of Sb. Senecio tenuifolius, is the Sen. erucifoUus of C. I'nula pulicaria, is the In. uUginosa of Sb. Cineraria integrifoha, is the Cin. campestris of H. Py'rethrum inodorum is the Chrysanthemum inodor. of Sb. Orchis tephrosanthos, is the Orchis mihtaris of Sb. and E. B. — ■ — viridis, is the Saty'rium viride of Sb. and E. B. and Ha- benaria viridis of H. Herminium monorchis, is the Ophrys monorchis of E. B. Epipactis latifoha, is the Serapias latifoha of E. B. palustris, is the Ser. palustris of E. B. and Ser. longi- foUaofSb. grandiflora, is the Epipactis pallens of H. L. and Ser. grandiflora of E. B. ensifolia, is the Ser. ensifolia of E. B. rubra, is the Ser. rubra of E. B. Typha latifolia, is the Typ. major of C. angustifoha, is the Typ. minor of C. Carex stellulata, is the Ca. echinata of Sb. ovahs, is the Ca. leporina of Sb. intermedia, is the Ca. disticha of Sb. muricata is the Ca. spicata of Sb. recurva, is the Ca. flacca of Schkr. acuta, is the Ca. gracihs of C. and Sb. paludosa, is the Ca. acuta of C. and Sb. riparia, is the Ca. crassa of Host. — - - ampullacea, is the Ca. rostrata of Sb. Alnus glutinosa, is the Betula x\lnus of E. B, and Sb. Sahx Helix, and Salix purpurea, are united by Curtis, and Hoff- mann, under the single appellation of the Salix monandra. Salix repens, is the Salix depressa of Sb. aquatica, is the Sa. acuminata of Sb. ? and Sa. cinerea of With. Smithiana, is the Sa. mollissima of E. B. Atriplex patula, is the Atr. hastata of C. and Sb. - — angustifolia, is the Atr. patula of Sb. INDEX PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES. Page Abele-tree 296 Acorus, or Sweet-flag 95 Adonis-flower 154 Agrimony 132 Hemp 234 Alder 277 Buckthorn G6 Ale-hoof 164 Alexanders 81 Alkanet 49 • Bastard 49 All-heal (Tutsan) 217 Aloe, Water 152, 3 Andromeda, Marsh 304 Anemone 152 Angelica 82 Apple-tree 136 Archangel 165 Yellow 167 Arrow-grass 104 head 280 Asarabacca 131 Ash 3, 303 Mountain 137 Asparagus 95 Aspen 297 Asphodel, Bog, Lancashire 94 Avens 146 Barberry 101 Barley 32 Bartsia 173 Base-rocket 133 Basil, Wild 170 Bastard-Alkanet 49 Cyperiis 270 Stone-parsley 79 Toad-flax 68 Beaked-parsley 76 Beak-rush 12 Beam-tree, White 137 Bear's-foot 159 Bed-straw 37, 303 Beech 283 Bee-nettle Bee-Orchis (Ophrys) Bell-flower Bennet Herb Bennet Way Bent-grass Betony Paul's Water Bilberry Bindweed Birch Bird's-foot Bird's-nest — trefoil (carrot Birthwort Bistort Bitter-sweet Bitter-vetch Blackberry Black-Bindweed Bryony Horehound Thorn Bladderwort Blinks Blue-bottle Bog-Asphodel bean rush Borage Bramble Brank Brome-grass Brooklime Brookweed Broom Butcher's rape Bryony, Black Red-berried Buck-bean Biick-thorn Page 167 256 56 146 32 18 167 3 180 109 55 283 210 215 117 74 260 112 63 206 142 115 296 169 135 7 34 249 94 52 12 50 142 115 28 4 64 204 294 181 296 278 50 65 320 INDEX OF THE Buck- wheat Bugle Bugloss Viper's Bull ace Bull-rush Burdock Bur-marigold reed Burnet ; Burnet-rose , Salad Saxifrage Bur-parsley Butcher's-Broom Butter Bur Butter-cups Butter-wort Cabbage Calamint Caltrops, Freshwater Cammock Campion (Catchfly) (Lychnis) Canary-grass Candy-tuft Carex Carline-thistle Carrot Catchfly Nottingham Cat-mint Cat's-ear Cat's-tail-grass (Reed-mace) Celandine Celery, Wild Centaury Chaffweed Chamomile Wild Chara Charlock Jointed Chequered Daffodil Cherry Chervil Needle Chestnut Chickweed Germander Mouse-ear . Plantain-leaved ■ Small water Chironia Christmas Cicely Cinquefoil Marsh Cistus Page Page 112 Clary 8 160 Cleavers 39 51 Clot-bur 228 51 Clover 212 134 Club-rush 12 12 Cockle 128 228 Cock's-foot-grass 25 234 Codlings and Cream 107 264 Cole-seed 194 41 Colt's-foot 239 138 Columbine 152 281 Comfrey 50 83, 304 Coral-wort 187 75 Cornel 41 294 Corn-marigold 245 239 Corn-salad 11 156 Cotton-grass 14 6 Hare's-tail 14 Cotton-thistle 233 194 Couch-grass 33 171 Cow-berry 109 44 Cow-parsley, rough 77 205 • ■ smooth 76 121 Cow-parsnep 85 128 Cowslip 52 16 Cow-wheat 174 186 Crab-tree 136 265 Cranberry 109 233 Crane's-bill 198 74 Cress 188 121 Penny 184 304 Rock 193 161 Swine's 186 227 Wall 193 16 Wart 186 264 Water 188 147 Winter 191 82 Crocus 11 64 Cross-wort 37 41 foot 154 247 Cuckoo flower 187 246 n^*^4- 280 1 Cudweed 236 195 Currant 66, 303, 4 197 Cursed-thistle 231 92 Cyperus, Bastard 270 134 Cypress-grass, Millet 14 76 76 DaflFodil 91 283 92 122 Daisy 244 5 Moon, or Ox-eye 245 129 Dame's-violet 192 124 Dandelion 223 34 Dane-wort 86 64 Darnel 31 43 Dead-nettle 165 77 Deadly-nightshade 62 144 Devil's-bit 35 147 Yellow 224 151 Dew-berry 144 PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES, 321 Dock 102 Dodder 72 Dog-rose 140 Dog's-tail -grass 25 Dog-wood 41 Drop-wort 137 Water 80 Duckweed 7 Dwale 62 Earth-nut 77 Eglantine 139 Elder 86 Water 86 Elecampane 2-13 Elm 71 Enchanter's Night-shade 3 Eringo 74 Everlasting 236 Everlasting-Pea 207 Eye-bright 174 Featherfoil 53 Fescue-grass 25 Feverfew 245 Field Madder 36 Figwort 179 Flag, Sweet 95 Flax • . 88 Toad 176 Flax-seed 46 Flea-bane 238, 243 Flea-wort 244 I'lix-weed 191 Fleur-de-luce 11 Flowering- rush 117 Fluellin 177 Fly-honeysuckle 303 Fool's-parsley 79 Forget-me-not 46 Fox-glove 180 Fox-tail-grass 17 French-willow 106 Fringed Water-lily 53 Fritillary 92 Frog-bit 299 Fumitory 202 Furze 205 Garlick 91 Gentian '73 Geranium 198 Gerarde, Herb 82 Germander 160 chickweed 5 speedwell 5 . . Mountain 4 164 Gill Gipsy-wort Goat's-beard 220 Golden-rod saxifrage Goldilocks Gold of Pleasure Gooseberry Goose-corn foot grass tongue Gorse Gout-weed Grass, Arrow Barley Bent Bi'ome Canary Cat's-tail Cock's-foot Cotton Couch Dog's-tail Fescue Fox-tail Goose Hair Hare's-tail Cotton — Heath Knot Lyme Mat Meadow Malic Millet Millet Cypress Oat of Parnassus ■ poly ■ Quaking Rye — Scorpion — • Scurvy Soft Sweet Timothy Vernal — Wheat Whitlow Great Water-radish Greek-valerian Green-weed Grey-mill, or Millet Gromwell Ground-ivy Ground-pine Groundsel Guelder-rose Hair- grass Hare-bell Hare's-ear Hare's-tail-grass Page 242 118 155 183 66 97 69 38,39 248 205 82 104 32 18 28 16 16 25 14 33 25 25 17 38,39 r 19 14 24 112 32 15 23 21 18 14 30 87 132 24 31 46 185 21 22 16 9 33 183 189 56 204 48 48 164 306 240 86 19 94 84 14 322 INDEX OF THE Hart-wort Haver Hawk-bit Hawk's-beard Hawk-weed Hawthorn Hazel-nut Wych Heart's-ease Heath grass Hedge-mustard parslej- Hellebore Helleborine Hemlock — — — Less Hemp-agrimony Hemp-nettle Henbane Hen-bit Small Herb-bennet Gerarde ■ Paris Robert two-pence- High-taper Hog-weed Holly Hone-wort Honey-suckle Fly Hooded-milfoil Hop Horehoundj Black Water White Hornbeam Horned-pond weed Hornwort Horse-radish Horse-shoe-vetch Hound's-tongue Houseleek Hutchinsia Hyacinth Wild Insect-orchis Iris, Yellow-water Ivy ■ Ground Jack-by- the-hedge Jacob's-ladder John's-wort, St. Jointed Charlock Juniper Kidnev-vetch Page 85 30 224 226 225 135 284 72 60 110 24 206 190 75 158 259 80 79 234 166 62 166 6 146 82 116 199 54 61 85 43 79 65 303 7 295 169 8 169 284 263 279 185 210 49 133 184 94 94 256 95 95 164 192 56 217 197 299 206 Page Kipper-nut 77 Knapweed 249 Knawel 120 Knot-grass 1 12 Lady's-finger 206 Lady's Traces 257 Lady's Bedstraw 37 Mantle 42 Slipper 260 Smock 187 Thistle 230 Lamb's Lettuce H Lancashire Bog-Asphodel 94 Larkspur 152 Laurel, Spurge HI Less-Hemlock 79 Lettuce 222 ^Vall 223 Lily of the Valley 95 Lilv, Water, White 149 Yellow 149 Lime-tree 150 Linden-tree 150 Ling 110 Liquorice, Wild 211 Listera 258 Live-long 125 London Rocket 190 Loosestrife 54 ' Purple 131 Louse wort 176 Lychnis 128 Lyme-grass 32 Madder, Field 36 Madder, Wild 303 Mad wort. Mountain 4 Mallow 201 Mantle, Lady's 42 Maple 112 Mare's-tail 1 Marigold, Bur 234 Corn 245 Marsh 159 Marjoram 170 Marsh Andromeda 304 Cinquefoil 147 Marigold 159 Penny-wort 84 Trefoil 52 Mat-grass 15 May 135 May-weed 246, 248 Meadow-grass 23 ' rue 153 saffron 105 — sweet 137, 138 Meadows, Queen of the 138 Medick 216 Medlar 135 PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES. 323 Melic-grass Melilot Mercury Mezereon Mignonette, Wild Milfoil Hooded ■ Water Milkwort Milk-vetch Millet-Cy press-grass Millet-grass Mill, or Millet, Grey Mill Mountain Mint Cat Horse Mistletoe Mithridate Mustard ■ Pepper wort Mcenchia Money-wort Moon Daisy Moschatell Mountain Ash ' Germander Mad wort • Sorrel ■ Speedwell Mouse-ear (Myosotis) chickweed Mouse-tail Mud-wort Mugweed Mugwort Mullein Musk- orchis thistle Mustard Hedge Mithridate Tower Treacle Narcissus Navel-wort Navew, Wild Needle-chervil Shepherd's Nettle Bee Dead Yellow Hemp Stinging Nightshade Deadly Enchanter's Nipple-wort Ni)nesuch Page 21 212 298 111 133 248 7 279 203 211 14 18 48 88 162 161 162 295 184 183 46 54 245 116 137 4 4 101, 304 4 46 129 90 181 37 236 61 256 229 195 190 184 194 191 91 125 195 76 76 277 167 165 J 67 166 277 63 62 3 227 216 Nottingham Catchfly Nut, Earth Hazel Kipper Pig Oak Oat, or Oat-grass Olive, Spurge Orache Orchis Insect Orpine Osier Our Lady's-Thistle Ox-eye Daisy Ox-tongue Pansy Paris, Herb Park-leaves Parnassus, Grass of Parsley Bastard Stone Beaked Bur Fool's Hedge Piert Rough Cow Smooth Cow Parsnep Water Pasque flower Paul's Betony Pea, Everlasting Heath Pearl-\vort Pear-tree Pellitory of the Wall Penny-Cress royal Penny-wort, BlarsU Pepper-saxifrage .— Wall wort Mithridate Periwinkle Persian-willow Persicaria Peter's-wort, St. Petty-whin Pheasant*s-eye Pig-nut Pile-wort Pimpernel Water Yellow Pink Plantain VA'ater Page 304 77 284 77 77 281 30 111 300 251 256 125 285 230 245 221 «0 11« 217 87 «2 79 76 75 79 75 42 77 76 «4 78 152 3 207 206 45 136 42 184 164 84 83 126 183 183 €8 106 112 218 204 164 77 155 54, 304 64 54 121 40 105 324 INDEX OF THE Page Page Plantain leaved Chickweed 124 Rye-grass 31 Plowman's Spikenard 238 Plum 134 Saffron, Meadow 105 Plume-thistle 231 Sage 8 Pond-weed 43 ^Vood 160 263 296 Saintfoin Saint John's-wort ^11 217 Poplar Poppy 148 Saint Peter's-wort 218 Potentilla 144 Salad, Burnet 281 Prickwood 66 Corn 11 Primrose 52 Sallow 285 Print, or Prim Print 3 Sandwort 124 Privet 3 Sanicle 74 Purple-loose-strife 131 Yorkshire 6 Purse, Shepherd's 184 Sauce-alone 192 Purslane 101 Saw-wort 229 Saxifrage 119 Quaking-grass 24 Burnet 83, 304 Queen of the Meadows 138 Golden 118 Quicken-tree Quinsy-wort (see Squinancy- 137 -r>„ 83 35 Scabious wort) 36 Devirs-bit 35 Radish Horse 197 185 58 46 Scorpion-grass Great Water 189 Scurvy-grass 185 Ragged Robin 128 Sedge 265 Ragwort 240 Self-heal 173 Ramsons 92 Septfoil 145 Ranunculus 154 Service, Wild 136 Rape 194 Setter-wort 159 Raspberry 142 Sheep's-bit, scabious 58 Rattle, Red 1T6 Shepherd's-needle 76 Yellow 173 purse 184 Red-rattle Reed 176 51 „<-„fr 34 36 Sherardia Reed-mace - 264 Silver-weed 144 Rest-harrow 205 Skull-cap 172 Rib-wort 40 Slipper, Lady's 260 Roan-tree 137 Sloe 135 Robert, Herb 199 Slough-heal 173 Rock-cress 193 Smallage 82 Rocket 133 Smooth Cow-parsley 76 Base 133 Snake-weed 114 London 190 Snake's-head 92 Yellow 191 Snap-dragon 176 Rock-rose 151 Sneeze-wort 248 Rose-bay 106 Snow-drop 90 Rose 138 Soap-wort 120 ■ Burnet 138 Soft-grass 21 Dog 140 Soldier, Water 152 Rock 151 Solomon's-Seal 95 Rough Cow-parsley 77 Sorrel 102 Rush 96 Mountain 101, 304 , Beak 12 Sheep's 104 Bog 12 Wood 127 Bull 12 Sow-bane W Club 12 Son'-thistle 221 . Flowering 117 Speedwell, Germander 5 — — Spike 14 Speedwell, Mountain 4 Twig 9 Spikenard, Plowman's 238 ■ Wood 99 Spike-rush 14 PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES. 325 Spindle-tree 66 Spirasa 137 Spurge 261 — Laurel 111 Olive 111 Spurrey 130 Squill 94, 304 Squinancy-wort 36 Star of Bethlehem 93 earth 40 thistle 249 wort Water 2 Stinging-nettle 277 Stitchwort 122 Stock-nut 284 Stone-crop 125 Stone-parsley, Bastard 79 Stork's-bill 197 Strawberry 144 Succory 227 Sulphur-wort 80 Sun-dew 89 Sweet-Briar 139 Flag 95 grass 22 Swine's-cress 1^6 Sycamore 1 12 Tansy 235 Tare 209 Teasel 34 Teesdalia 184 Thistle 229 Carline 233 Cotton 233 Cursed 231 Musk 229 Our Lady's 230 . Plume 231 Star 249 Thorow-wax 84 Thyme 170 Timothy-grass 16 Toad-flax 176 Bastard 68 Tooth-wort 187 Tormentil 145 Tower-mustard 194 Traveller's-joy 153 Treacle-mustard 191 Trefoil 212 Bird's-foot 215 Tulip 92 Turnip 194 IMtsan 217 Tway-blade 258 Twig rush 9 Two-pence, Herb 54 Valerian 10 Valerian, Greek Valley, Lily of the Venus' comb Vernal-grass Vervain Vetch Bitter Horse-shoe Kidney Milk Vetchling Villarsia Violet Dame's Water Viper's-bugloss Wake Robin Wall- cress flower lettuce pellitory pepper Wart-cress Wart-wort Water Aloe Betony Chickweed, small Cress ■ -— Dropwort Elder Horehound Iris, yellow Lily, fringed — Lily, (white and yellow) Milfoil Parsnep Pimpernel Plantain ■ Soldier ■ Starwort Violet '— wort Way-bennet Wayfaring- tree Weasel-snout Weed, Green Weld, or Yellow-weed Wheat, Buck Cow grass Whin Petty White-beam-tree Horehound rot thorn White Water-lily Whitlow-grass Whortle-berry Wild Basil Page 56 95 76 9 162 208 206 210 206 211 207 53 59 192 S3 51 280 193 192 223 42 126 186 262 162 180 34 188 80 86 8 95 53 149 2T9 78 64 105 152 2 53 116 32 86 167 204 133 112 174 33 205 204 137 169 84 135 149 183 109 170 326 INDEX OF THE &c. Wild Celery Chamomile • Hyacinth — — Liquorice Madder Mignonette Navew Oat, or Haver Pear-tree Tansy Willow herb Winter-cress green Woodbine WoodruflF Wood-rush Wood sage ~-— • sorrel 82 246 94 211 303 133 195 30 136 235 285 106 191 118 65 36 99 160 127 Wood waxen Worm-seed Wormwood Woundwort Wych elm Hazel Yarrow Yellow-Devil's-bit Pimpernel Rattle Rocket W^ater-lris lily weed, or weld wort Yew Yorkshire Sanicle Page 204 191 235 168 71 72 248 224 54 173 191 95 149 133 108 300 6 NDEX THE GENERA. N. B, Figures in first columns refer to the Introduction pages. Page Page Acer 109 J 12 Atropa 100 62 Achillea 127 248 Avena 95 30 Acorus 108 93 Adonis 116 154 Ballota 117 169 Adoxa 110 116 Barbarea 120 191 j^^opodium 104 82 Bartsia 118 173 jEthusa 105 79 Bellis 126 244 Agrimonia 113 132 Berberis 106 101 Agrostemma 112 128 Betonica 117 167 Agrostis 94 18 Betula 132 283 Aira 94 19 Bidens 126 234 Ajuga 117 160 Borago 135 50 Alchemilla 97 42 Brassica 121 194 Alisma 108 105 Briza 95 24 Allium 107 91 Bromus 95 28 Alnus 130 277 Bryonia 130 278 Alopecurus 94 17 Bunium 103 77 Anagallis 99 54 Bupleurum 104 84 Anchusa 98 49 Butomus 110 117 Andromeda 111 304 Anemone 116 152 Callitriche 91 2 Angelica 105 82 Calluna 109 alio Anthemis 127 247 Caltha 116 159 Anthoxanthum 93 9 Camelina 119 183 Anthriscus 102 76 Campanula 100 56 Anthyllis 123 206 Card amine 120 187 Antirrhinum 118 176 Carduus 125 2-29 Apargia 125 224 Carex 129 265 Apium 104 82 Carliiia 125 233 Aquilegia 115 152 Carpinus 131 284 Arabis 120 193 Caucalis 103 75 Arctium 125 228 Centaurea 127 249 Arenaria 111 124 Centunculus 97 41 Aristolochia 128 260 Cerastium 112 129 Artemisia 126 235 Ceratophyllum 131 279 Arum 132 280 Chaerophyllum 102 76 Arundo 96 31 Chara 91 1 Asarum 113 131 Cheiranthus 120 192 Asparagus 95 Chelidonium 115 147 Asperula 97 36 Chenopodium 101 69 Astragalus 123 211 Chlora 109 108 Atriplex 135 300 Chrysanthemum 127 245 328 INDEX TO THE GENERA. Page Page Chrysosplenium 111 118 Fraxinus 92 3 ,303 Cichoriura 124 227 Fritillaria 108 92 Cineraria 127 244 Fumaria 122 202 Circaea 92 3 Cistus 115 151 Galanthus 107 90 Cladiuui 92 9 Galeobdoloa 117 167 Clematis 116 153 Galium 96 37 ,303 Clinopodium 117 170 Genista 122 204 Cnicus 125 231 Gentiana 101 73 Cnidium 104 83 Geranium 121 198 Cochlearia 119 185 Geum 114 146 Colchicum 108 105 Glechoma 116 164 Comarum 114 147 Glyceria 95 22 Conium 103 80 Gnaphalium 126 236 Convallaria 107 95 Convolvulus 99 55 Hedera 101 67 Conyza 126 238 Hedysarum 123 211 Cornus 97 41 Helleborus 116 158 Corylus 131 284 Heracleum 105 85 Cotyledon 112 125 Herminium 128 256 Crepis 124 220 Hesperis 120 192 Crocus 93 11 Hieracium 124 225 Cuscuta 101 72 Hippocrepis 123 210 Cyuoglossum 98 49 Hippuris 91 1 Cynosurus 95 25 Holcus 95 21 Cypripedium 128 260 Hordeum 96 32 Hottonia 99 53 Dactylis 95 25 Humulus 133 295 Daphne 110 111 Hutchinsia 119 184 Datura 99 62 Hyacinthus 107 94 Daucus 102 74 Hydrocharis 134 299 Delphinium 115 152 Hydrocotyle 104 84 Dentaria 120 187 Hyoscyamus 99 62 Dianthus 111 121 Hypericum 124 217 Digitalis 118 180 Hypochseris 124 227 Dipsacus 96 34 Draba 119 183 Iberis 119 186 Drosera 106 89 Ilex 97 43 Inula 127 243 Echium 98 51 Iris 93 11 Eleocharis 94 14 Elymus 96 32 Jasione 100 58 Epilobium 109 106 Juncus 108 96 Epipactis 128 259 Juniperus 135 299 Erica 109 110 Erigeron 127 238 Lactuca 125 222 Eriophorum 94 14 Lamium 117 165 Erodium 121 197 Lapsana 125 227 Ervum 123 209 Lathra3a 118 175 Eryngium 102 74 Lathyrus 123 207 Erysimum 121 191 Lemna 92 7 Erythraea 99 64 Leontodon 125 223 Euonymus 101 66 Lepidium 119 183 Eupatoriuni 126 234 Leucojum 107 90 Euphorbia 129 261 Xiigustrum 92 3 Euphrasia 118 174 Limosella 118 181 Linum 106 88 Fagus 131 283 Listera 128 258 Fedia 93 11 Lithospermum 98 48 Festuca 95 25 Lolium 96 31 Fragaria 114 144 Lonicera 100 65, 303 INDEX TO THE GENERA. 329 Page Page Lotus 124 215 Plantago 97 40 Luciola 108 99 Poa 95 23 Lychnis 112 128 Polemonium 100 56 Lycopsis 98 51 Polygala 122 203 Lycopus 92 8 Polygonum 110 112 Lysitnachia 99 54 Populus 134 296 Ly thrum 113 132 Potamogeton 98 43 Potentilla 114 144 Malva 121 201 Poterium 130 281 Marmbium 117 169 Prenanthes 125 223 Matricaria 126 246 Primula 99 52 Medicago 123 216 Prunella 117 173 Melampyrum 118 174 Prunus 113 134 Melica 95 21 Pyrethrum • 127 245 Mentha 116 162 Pyrola 111 118 Menyanthes 99 52 Pyrus 114 136 Mercurialis 134 298 Mespilus 114 135 Quercus 131 281 Milium 94 18 Moenchia 98 46 Radiola 98 46 Monotropa 110 117 Ranunculus 116 154 Montia 96 34 Raphanus 121 197 Myosotis 98 46 Reseda 113 133 Myosurus 106 90 Rhamnus 100 65 Myriophyllum 130 279 Rhinanthus 118 173 Myrrhis 103 77 Rhvnchospora 93 12 Ribes 101 66 , 303 Narcissus 107 91 Rosa 114 138 Nardus 94 15 Rubia 303 Narthecium 107 94 Rubus 114 142 Nasturtium 120 188 Rumex 108 102 Neottia 128 257 Ruscus 133 294 Nepeta 117 161 Nuphar 115 149 Sagina 98 45 Nymphaea 115 149 Sagittaria 131 280 Salix 132 285 CEnanthe 103 80 Salvia 92 8 Ononis 123 205 Sambucus 106 86 Onopordum 125 233 Samolus 100 64 Ophrys 128 256 Sanguisorba 97 41 Orchis 128 251 Sanicula 102 74 Origanum 117 170 Saponaria 111 120 Ornithogalum 107 93 Saxifraga 111 119 Ornithopus 123 210 Scabiosa 96 35 Orobanche 118 181 Scandix 102 76 Orobus 123 206 Schoenus 93 12 Oxalis 112 127 Scilla 107 94 304 Oxyria 108 101 304 Scirpus 93 12 Scleranthus 111 120 Papaver 115 148 Scrophularia 135 179 Parietaria 97 42 Scutellaria 117 172 Paris 110 116 Sedum 112 125 Parnassia 106 87 Sempervivum 113 133 Pastinaca 105 84 Senebiera 119 186 Pedicularis 118 176 Senecio 127 240 Peplis 107 101 Serratula 126 229 Phalaris 94 16 Sherardia 97 36 Phleum 94 16 Silene 111 121, 304 Picris 125 221 Sinapis 121 195 Pimpinella 103 83, 304 Si son 103 79 Pinguicula 92 6 Sisymbrium 120 190 330 INDEX TO THE GENERA. Page Page Slum 103 78 Tragopogon 125 220 Smyrnium 104 81 Trifolium 123 212 Solanum 100 63 Triglochin 108 104 Solidago 127 242 Triodia 95 24 Sonchus 125 221 Triticum 96 33 Sparganium 129 264 Tulipa 108 92 Spartium 122 204 Tussilago 127 239 Spergula 112 130 Typha 129 264 Spiraea 114 137 Stachys 117 168 Ulex 122 205 Stellaria 111 122 Ulmus 102 71 Stratiotes 152 ,340 Urtica 130 277 Symphytum 98 50 Utricularia 92 7 Tamus 133 296 Vaccinium 109 109 Tanacetum 126 235 Valeriana 93 10 Taxus 135 300 Verbascum 99 61 Teesdalia 119 184 Verbena 117 162 Teucrium 117 160 Veronica 92 3 Thalictrum 116 153 Viburnum 105 86 Thesium 101 68 Vicia 123 208 Thlaspi 119 184 Villarsia 99 53 Thymus 117 170 Vinca 100 68 Tilia 115 150 Viola 101 59 Tordylium 105 85 Viscum 133 295 Torilis 103 75 Tormentilla 114 145 Zannichellia 129 263 #V' < INJDEX PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL TERMS, &c. WHICH OCCUR IN THE INTRODUCTION. Page Page AcERINEffi 65 Bundle 34 Acotyledonous plants 55, 56, 59 Calyx, 13 Aculeus 33 acute 15 AIa3 16 augmented 14 Albumen 36 blunt 15 Alburnum 41 caducous 15 Algae 22 ciliated 15 Alismaceae 60 deciduous 15 Amarlllideas 61 double 14 Amentaceae 68 entire 15 Amentum 14 imbricated 14 Anther 17 lopped 15 Apetalous plants 56,57 many-flowered 14 Apocyneae 63 obtuse 15 Aquifoliaceae 67 persistent 15 Arillus 36,50 prickly 15 Arista 14 serrate 15 Aristolochieje 61 single 14 Aroideae 60 squarrose 14 Asparagineae 60 tiled 1^ Asphodel! 60 wanting 1* Atripliceae 62 Cambium 40 Awn 14 CampanulacecB 63 CaprifoliaceaJ 64 Beard 16 Capsul e 18 Berberideas 65 cell 18 Berry 18 column 18 Betulineae 67 dissepiment ^W Blossom 15 loculament 18 Boragineae 63 partition 18 Brae tea 33 suture 18 Buds 45 valve 18 Bulb 25, 45 Caryophyllcce 66 coated 25 Catkin 14 scaly 25 Celastrineae 67 solid 25 Cell 18 Bulbils 45 Celtideae 67 Bunch 33 Characeae d9 .332 INDEX TO THE Page Chenopodeje 62 Chorisanthery 64 Cichoraceae 64 Cisteae 66 Clasper 33 Classes 21, 58 Linnaean 21, 22 Classifications 53 Cluster 33 Colchicaceae 60 Columella 50 Compositae 64 Cone 19 Confervas 59 Coniferae 68 Convolvulaceae 63 Corolla 15 bell-shaped 15 butterfly-shaped 16 caducous 17 campanulate I5 ciliate 17 crenate 17 cross-shaped 16 cruciform 16 deciduous 17 denticulate 17 dipetalous 16 folded 16 fringed 1 7 funnel-shaped I5 gaping 16 hexapetalous 16 marcescent I7 monopetalous 15 notched 17 papilionaceous 16 persistent 17 personate 16 plicate 16 polypetalous 16 re volute 17 ringent 16 rosaceous 16 rotate 15 salver-shaped 15 serrate 17 toothed 17 twisted 17 undulate 16 waved 16 wheel-shaped 15 Cortical layers 40 Corymb 34 Corymbiferae - 64 Cotyledonous plants 55, 56 Cotyledons 36 Crassulaceae 66 Cruciferae 66 Cucurbitaceee 66 Culm 26 Page Cup, (see Perianth and Calyx) Cupuliferae 68 Cyme 34 Cynarocephalae 64 Cyperaceae 60 Dicliny 67 Dicotyledonous plants 61 Dicotyledons 55,56 Dipsaceae 64 Dissepiment 18 Down 33 Droseracese 66 Drupaceae 67 Drupe 18 Embryo 36,52 Embryonate plants 55,59 Endocarp 50 Epicarp 50 Epicorolly 64 Epidermis 39 Epipetaly 64 Epistaminy 61 Ericineae 63 Euphorbiacese 67 Fasciculus 34 Ferns 22,59 Filament 17 Flags 22 Floral-leaf 33 Floret, ligulate 20 radiate 20 tubulose 20 Flower-cup 13 Flowers 19 aggregate 19 compound 20 glumose 20 ligulate 20 radiate 20 simple 19 tubulose 20 umbelliferous 14 Flower-stalk 26 axillary 26 clustered 26 opposite to a leaf 26 scattered 26 terminal 26 Fluviales 60 Fragariaceas 67 Frond 26 Fructification 13 Fruit 50 Fulcra 33 Fumariaceae 65 Funguses 22 Gemmule 52 Genera 24 PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL TERMS, &c. 333 Page Page Gentianeae 63 Leaf, chaffy 32 Genus 54 channelled 30 Geraniaceae 65 comb, like 28 Germen 17 conjugate 30 Germination of seeds 52 connate 32 Gland 33 cordate 27 Glume 14 costate 30 Grafting 44 erenate 29 Gramineae 60 crescent-shaped 27 Gross ularieae 66 cuneiform 27 curled 29 Hair 33 cylindric 30 Halorageae 66 dagger-pointed 29 Helmet 16 decurrent 32 Hepaticae 22 decussate 33 Hilum 36,52 deltoid 27 Honey-cup 17 demersed 32 Husk 14 dentate 29 Hydrocharideas 61 depressed 32 Hygrobieae 66 diamond-shaped 28 Hypericineae 65 digitate 30 Hypocorolly 62 doubly-winged 31 Hypopetaly 65 doubly ternate 31 egg-shaped 27 Ilicineae 67 elliptic 27 Inembryonate vegetables 55 emarginate 29 Inflorescence 33 emersed 32 Integument, herbaceous 39 ensiform 30 Involucre 14 entire 29 partial 14 equitant 32 universal 14 erect 31 Irideae 61 fasciculated 33 fiddle-shaped 26 Jasmineae 63 fingered 30 Junceae 63 fleshy 30 Junci 60 furrowed 30 halbert-shaped 28 Keel 16 hand-shaped 28 Kernel 36 hastate 28 heart-shaped 27 Labiatae 63 horizontal 32 Leaf, acerose 27,32 imbricated 33 acuminate 29 jagged 28,29 acute 29 jointed 29 alternate 32 keeled 29 amplexicaul 32 kidney-shaped 27 arrow-shaped 27 laciniate 28 awl-shaped 27 lanceolate 27 battledore-shaped 27 linear 27 bijugate 32 linguiform 30 bilobate 28 lobed 28» binate 30 lopped 29 bipartite 29 lunulate 27 bipiunate 31 lyrate, or lyre-shaped 28 bipinnatifid 28 mucronate 29 biternate 31 natant 32 blunt 29 needle-shaped 27,32 bundled 33 notched 29 canaliculate 30 oblong 27 carinale 30 obovate 27 cauline 31 obtuse 29 334 INDEX TO THE Page Page Leaf, orbiculate 26 Leaf, three-lobed 28 oval 27 thrice-ternate 31 ovate 27 tiled 33 palmate 28 tongue-shaped 30 panduriform 28 toothed 29 partite 28 triangular-shaped 27 pectinate 28 trilobate 28 pedate 32 trowel- shaped 27 peltate 31 truncate 29 perfoliate 32 tubular 30 pinnate 30 tufted 33 abruptly 31 tripartite 29 alternately 31 twice-ternate 31 decursively 31 two-ranked 33 interruptedly 31 undulate 30 oppositely 31 unequal 29 with an odd one 31 vaginant 32 pinnatifid 28 veiny 29 doubly 28 verticillate 32 plaited 29 waved 30 pointed 29 wavy 29 praemorse 29 wedge-shaped 27 quatern 32 whorled [32 quinate 30 wing-cleft 28 quine 32 winged 30 radical 32 abruptly 31 reniform 27 alternately 31 repand 29 decursively 31 retuse 29 interruptedly 31 rhomboid 28 oppositely 31 ribbed 30 with an odd one 31 round 26 wrinkled 29 roundish 26 Leaf-stalk 26 rugged 29 Leaves 26,46 rugose 29 compound 26,30 runcinate 28 determinate 26,31 sagittate 27 simple 26 savF-toothed 29 Legume 18 semi-amplexicaul 32 Leguminosae 67 semi-cylindric 30 Liber 40 seminal 31 Lichen 22 sene 32 Lilia, and Liliaceae 60 serrated 29 Lineaj 65 doubly 29 Linnsean classification 20 sessile 32 Liverwort 22 sharp 29 Loculament 18 sheathing 32 Lorantheae 64 sinuate 29 Lysimachese 62 spatulate 27 spear-shaped 27 Malvaceae 65 spreading 31 Medullary tube 41 starry 32 Meisocarp 50 stellate 32 Monocotyledonous plants 59 strap-shaped 27 Monohypogyny 59 striated ^ 30 Monoepigyny 61 subrotund 26 Monoperigyny 60 subulate 27 Monopetalous plants 56,57 sulcate 30 Mosses 22 sword-shaped 30 tern 32 Narcissese 61 ternate 30 Natural familioe, Juss. method of 54 PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL TERiMS, &c. 335 Page Page Natural families, Key to 58 Raceme 33 Nayadeae 60 Ranunculaceae 65 Nectary 17 Receptacle 19 Nut 18 bristly 19 Nutritiou 37,48 chaffy 19 Nymphaeaceae 61 common 19 Onograrise 66 naked 19 Orchidcce 61 of flower 19 Orders 22 of fructification 19 Angiospermia 22 of fruit 19 Gymnospermia 22 of seeds 19 Polygamia aequalis 23 proper 19 frustranea 23 Resedaceae 66 Decessaria 23 Rhamneae, Rhamni 67 segregata 23 Ribesiea3 66 superflua 23 Root 24,38 Siliculosa 23 bitten 25 Siliquosa 23 branching 25 Organs of reproduction 49 bulbous 25 Orobanchcce 62 creeping 25 Oxalideae 65 fibrous 25 fusiform 24 Palate 16 granulated 25 Panicle 34 premorse 25 Papaveraceae 65 ramose 25 Paronychieae 66 repent 25 Pediculares 62 spindle-shaped 24 Peduncle 26 tuberous 25 Perianth 13 Rosaceae, Rosese 67 of the flower 13 Rubiaccce 64 of the fructification 13 of the fruit 13 Salicariese 67 Pericarp 18, 36, 50 Salicineas 67 Perichaetium 14 Sanguisorbieae 67 Pericorolly 63 Santalaceag 62 Perigonium 49 Sap 48 Peripetaly 66 Sarcocarp 36,50 Peristaminy 62 Saxifrageae 66 Petiole 26 Scape 26 Pistil 17 Scrophulariae ? Scrophularineae ^ 62 Germen 17 Stigma 18 Seed 19,52 Style 17 coat 36 Pith 42 cotyledon 36 Placenta 50 eye, or scar 52 Plantaginea3 62 Semperviveae 66 Plantule 52 Sheath 14 Podosperm 50,51 Silicle 18 Polemoniaceae 63 Silique 18 Pollen 17 Solaneae 63 Poly galeae 65 Spadix 14 Polygoneas 62 Spatha 14 Polypetalous plants 56, 57 Species 24,54 Pomaceae 67 Spike 33 Pome 18 Spikelet 34 Portulaceae 66 Spine 33,48 Potameae 60 Spiraceae 67 Potamophileae 60 Stalk 26 Prickles 24, 33 Stamens 17 Primulaceae 62 anther 17 Props 33 epigynous 56,57 336 INDEX TO THE &c. Page Page stamens, filament 17 Synanthereae 64 hypogynous 56,57 perigynous 56, 57 Tendril 33 pollen 17 Thorn 33,48 Standard 16 Throat 16 Stem, angular 26 Thymeleae 62 climbing 25 Thyrsus 34 creeping 25 Tiled 14 dichotomous 26 Tiliaceae 65 diifuse 26 Tissue, cellular 35 erect 25 vascular 35 flexuous 26 Trees 25 forked repeatedly 26 Trophosperm 50 jointed 26 Trunk 25 lax 26 Tuft 34 procumbent 25 Turio 45 proliferous 26 Typhaceae, Typhae 60 radicant 25 repent 25 Umbel 14,34 rooting 25 partial 14 round 26 universal 14 scandent 25 Umbelliferce 64 straight 25 Umbilicus 36 trailing 25 Urticeae 67 turning 26 twining 26 Vaccinieas 63 upright 25 Valerianeae 64 winged 26 Valves 18 zigzag 26 Varieties 54 Stems 39 Verbenaceae 63 Stigma 18 Violarie?e 66 Stipe 26 Volva 14 Stipula 33,47 Straw 26 Whorl 33 Strobije 19 Wide-spreading 14 Style 17 Wings 16 Supports 24, 25, 33 Wood 41 Sutures 18 •1 'tv. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page 9. To C. Mariscus—add E. B. 950. G. E. 29. Cyp, long. inod. sylvestris. For Thames, read Thame. Page 11, Fedia olitoria — add : Not uncommon about Heading- ton. R. W. Page 15. E. pubescens— add E. B. Suppl. 2633. Page 17. For P. paniculata, read Phalaris, &c. Page 40. Expunge the first i, in Plaintain. Page 49, After Anchusa, * *. Page 57. C. rapunculoides — add Near Add erbury, Road-side, Mrs. Roundell. Page 59. For Viola, read Violet. Page 87. Add, TVliite berried elder . Sir Joseph Lock's Grounds, Headington, near the London Road. R. W. Page 91. Expunge Bx. habitat, for Narcissus Pseudo, &c. Page 97. Top — ^for Oetandria, read Hexandria. Page 116. Expunge Elatine tripet : and description. Page 118. Andromeda, &c. — for Over Heath, read Iver, &c. and expunge Mr. Sandys' habitat. Page 124. A, tenuifolia — add Headington, on a wall; and on the gi-ound. 1832. R. W, Page 127. S. album — add Islip, Bx. Page 130. Expunge under C. aquat. Larbrea of DC. Page 148. Papaver hybrid. — iov JEnsham road, read f-Voodstock, &c. Page 152. After Banhury, add Road. Page 162. Mentha sylvest. — add Cuddesdon, by the VVheatley Road-side, near the Palace. R. W. Page 168. S, sylvatica — for Ls. minute, read acuminate, (i. e. taper-pointed.) Page 178. A. repens — add after chalky hanks, an *, for scarce. Page 178. A. Linuria — add Path between the Asylum, and BuUingdon Green. R. W. Page 182. O. elatior — add Field between Barton, and SandhilL R. W. 2 a 338 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page 187. On the first a in Dentaria, place an acute accent. Pag;e 217. In note to St. John's-wort — for drop, read droop. Page 223. For T. palustre, read L. &c. Page 246. After College, add Gardens. Page 280. In Sagittifolia, substitute a small s. Page 282. For 1448, read 1458. Page 299. After Hydrocharis — add i. e. delighting in water. Gr. Page 300. Taxus — for funeral, read funereal. P. Ixxxii. For pinnatified, read, pinnaiifld. Page civ. For White-root, read JVhite-rot. Drummond' s Letters, &c. A few passages in this interesting little work, to be read with caution and explanation. The following is a list of several plants, mentioned in Sir Alex- ander Croke's critical and elegant edition of the " Regimen Sani- iatis Salernitanum." Taiboys, Oxford, 1830: — Sage, Wormwood, Poppy, Fennel, Mallows, Mint, Primrose, Tansy, Mustard, Violet, Nettle, Chervil, Elicampane, Penny-royal, Celandine, Sallow, Vervain, Henbane, Respecting the Elsfield habitat for Lonicera Caprifolium, Flora, p. Q5. See Lady Smith's interesting Memoir and Correspondence of the late Sir J. E. Smith, 1832. vol. i. p. 438. See also in the same work, vol. i. a concise Memoir of the scientific and munifi- cent Professor, Dr. J. Sibthorp, with three of his letters, &c. Any mistakes pointed out by the reader or critic, will be corrected in a future Supplement to this TVork. Number of Plants, introduced into the Flora of Oxfordshire, and its Contiguous Coun- ties, about eight hundred, and ninety -four. Callitriche ; see more in H. Br. Fl. and Arnott in Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Sc. vol. i. p. 426, &c. L. rugosum, naturalized between Oxford and Iffley, and in Christ Church Meadow. Bx. Antirrhinum purpureum, not uncommon on old walls in Oxford. R. W. Insert after Aquilegia, p. cxv. Gen. Char, of Stratio'tes. Sheath two-leaved. Cal. three-cleft. Cor. three-petalled. Berry angular, six-celled. N. O. Hydrocharidese, Richd. — Page 152. THE END. Edited hy the same Author. ARISTOTELIS doctrintE moralis epitome, PER THEOPH. GOLIUM. Oxonii: Typis N. Bliss, 1814, duod.— Little more than a hasty reprint of a once scarce work. ANTONII RICCOBONI PARAPHRASIS IN RHETORICAM ARISTOTELIS. AD EDITIONEM HA\C ACCESSERUNT, MURETI SUMM.^ BRBVIORES. LONDINI, 1820. 8vo. By the same Author. PLAIN AND CURSORY THOUGHTS ON CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION, &c. BY CHAS. MACK LIN, ESQ. 1829. A FRIENDLY LETTER, &c. BY PHILIPPUS ANTI-OSIANDER, S.T.P. Oxford, 1831. See Christian Remembrancer, May 1831. p. 282. A FEW WORDS IN FAVOUR OF PROFESSOR POWELL, AND THE SCIENCES, 8fc. BY PHILOMATH : Oxoniensis, 1832. See Gent. Mag. for December 1832. p. 450. Latin TVorks pi'eparing for publication^ by the same Author. 1. SPECIMENS OF LATIN STYLE, from the earliest exist- ing Records of the Language, to the Extinction of the Western Empire; with a short Critical, and Biogi'aphical Account of the several Authors, whose works are quoted.^ 2. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM OF WAYNFLETE, FOUNDER OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD, includ- ing a Sketch of the Manners, Customs, Literature, and general State of Society, in the Age in which the Founder lived. Printed by J. Munday, Oxford. k -fj'V;-^'"'"', ,■„■;. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 581.94257W15F C001 THE FLORA OF OXFORDSHIRE, AND ITS CONTIG 3 12 009943777