MAN DORA MARABOUT L I B R.A R.Y OF THE U N I VERS ITY Of ILLINOIS Received by bequest from Albert H. Lybyer Professor of History University of Illinois 1916-1949 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NAVAL AND MILITARY OPERATIONS IN EGYPT From 1798 to 1802. LONDON: PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, st John’s square. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE NAVAL AND MILITAET OPEEATIONS IN EGYPT FROM 1798 to 1802. BY Lieut.-Col. SIR JOHN M. BURGOYNE, Bart. 3rd BATTALION, THE BEDFORDSHIRE REGIMENT. Honttmt : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, AND RIVINGTON, CROWN BUILDINGS, 188, FLEET STREET. 1885. [All rights reserved.~\ 944',-aj- CONTENTS. V 3 <\ V CHAPTER I. Preface — French army assembled at Toulon — Em- barkation of Greneral Bonaparte — Capture of Malta — Landing in Egypt — Capture of Alexandria — Battle of the Pyramids — Bona- parte enters Cairo ..... CHAPTER II. Bonaparte suddenly decides to return to France — Secret arrangements for his embarkation — Hands over the command to Kleber — Em- barks, and sails — Lands in France, and pro- ceeds to Paris — Correspondence regarding an attempted negotiation with England . PAGE 22 VI Contents. CHAPTER III. PAGE Nelson ordered to proceed in pursuit of the Trench fleet — Battle of the Nile, and destruc- tion of the Trench fleet . . . .41 CHAPTER IY. Events in Egypt after the departure of Bonaparte — Negotiations between Trance and Turkey prevented by the British Government . .68 CHAPTER Y. British expedition ordered to Egypt — Assembles at Minorca and Malta — Lands in Egypt — Severe action— Battle of Mandora — Actions in front of Alexandria . . . .88 CHAPTER VI. The Battle of Alexandria — Death of Sir Ralph Abercromby . . . . . .108 CHAPTER VII. Operations on the Nile — Surrender of Cairo — Murder of General Kleber — Convention for Contents. vii PAGE conveyance of French troops to Europe — March of both armies to Alexandria . .121 CHAPTER VILE. Brigade from India, under the command of Sir David Baird, ordered to Egypt— March of the 86th Regiment from Suez to Cairo — March of the Indian Brigade from Kossir to Kinneh — Events before Alexandria — Re- turn of part of the Brigade to India . .139 CHAPTER IX. Operations in front of Alexandria — Siege of the town — Capture of Fort Marabout — Capitu- lation of the French army — Embarkation of both armies — End of campaign . . .159 Appendix . 177 A SHOET HISTOEY OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS IN EGYPT, Fi'om 1798 to 1802. CHAPTEE I. Preface — French army assembled at Toulon— Embarka- tion of General Bonaparte — Capture of Malta — Landing in Egypt — Capture of Alexandria — Battle of the Pyramids — Bonaparte enters Cairo. The important events which are now taking place in Egypt cause me to think that some of my brother Officers, and per- haps a certain portion of the public, may be interested to read again of the campaign in Egypt, from 1798 to 1802, when British soldiers and sailors added a most brilliant page to history in that country. B '' 7 2 A Short History of the It is not ray intention to enter into the political intrigues and combinations, which brought about a long period of warfare between Great Britain and the French Republic and Empire during the closing years of the last century and the first fifteen years of the present one ; my object being simply to recount — I am well aware very imperfectly — the military events in Egypt in the days of Bona- parte. The French Republican armies had over- run Italy, Switzerland, a large part of Ger- many, and the Low Countries; but on the seas France was powerless to cope with the English, and English influence enabled the enemies of France to maintain a stolid resistance to her, and even nations that had been altogether crushed, rose with enthusiasm against their conquerors upon hearing of the frequent defeats of the French at sea by the British sailors. Military Operations in Egypt. o Unhappily for the peace of Europe, France, under whatever form of govern- ment she has been ruled, has always had a longing eye to British possessions in the East, and she has never forgiven us for having supplanted her in India ; and to carry out her ambitious views, Egypt has always been the stepping-stone upon which she hopes to crush British commerce, and to re-establish herself in the East. It is recorded that many years before, in the days of Louis XVI., a detailed plan for the seizure of Egypt was drawn out and submitted, by the Comte de Vergennes, to the council of Ministers, who considered it seriously, and the plan was only abandoned because of complications elsewhere. Here is a curious fact, the French car- ried off from Milan the celebrated “ Brera ” library ; when the books arrived in Paris it was found that nearly every volume re- lating to the East had been enriched with b 2 4 A Short History of the marginal notes, in Bonaparte’s Land- writing. During the year 1797 the French Direc- tory had made great preparations, it was said, for the invasion of England and Ire- land, and on our side vast armaments were collected on the coasts to repel the threat- ened invasion, and a large force was pre- paring to crush the rebellion which the French had instigated in Ireland, and which they afterwards supported by landing a military force. But towards the beginning of the next year it was evident that this “ Army of England ” had another destination, and very soon the large force collecting in Toulon harbour attracted the earnest atten- tion of the British Government. A large naval and military force was collected, with the utmost secrecy and despatch, in the neighbourhood of Toulon, and on the 9th of June, 1798, a French Military Operations in Egypt. 5 fleet, with an expeditionary force onboard, under the command of General Bonaparte, arrived off Malta, then held by the Knights of St. John. • A pretext was made that the ships were short of water, but this was considered by the Grand Master to be so suspicious, considering that they had only left Toulon a few days before, that he made a stipulation that only two ships at a time should enter the harbour. This was taken by the French Admiral as a refusal, and on the following morning the fleet commenced an attack upon the forts, which made little or no resistance, and the island capitulated, and was taken possession of by the French. Leaving a sufficient force to hold Malta, Bonaparte, after having plundered the knights of everything of value he could lay his hands upon, sailed for his ultimate desti- nation on the 20th of June, 1798, arriving on the coast of Egypt on the 1st of July. 6 A Short History of the The first thing Bonaparte did upon land- ing in Egypt was to issue a proclamation to the people, informing them that the French came as friends and not as enemies, and to relieve them from centuries of oppression. On the 2nd, 4300 men, under Generals Bon, Menou, and Kleber, were landed, and next day Bonaparte ordered Admiral Brueys to take the fleet round to Aboukir Bay for safety, and, having summoned Alexandria to surrender, marched at half- past two in the afternoon, in three columns, upon the city. The batteries immediately opened fire, and Kleber was badly wounded, but the troops scaled the walls, and entered by the Rosetta gate, General Menou being also wounded. The governor, Mohammed Coraim, then surrendered. Having established himself at Alexandria, and having fortified the outworks of the city, Bonaparte left on the 6th, in three Military Operations in Egypt. 7 columns, Kleber being left in command of Alexandria. The French army began to suffer much from dysentery and ophthalmia, and were continually much harassed on the march by the bold attacks of the Mamelukes. On the 12th a large force of these horsemen attacked the French near Rahmanieh, but they were repulsed, with great loss, by General Desaix. The French advanced as far as the springs of El-Hanka, when the Arabs made another desperate attack, and succeeded in carrying off two Officers, whom they murdered. On the 22nd the French army arrived at Omedinar, in sight of Cairo, and here they heard that Mourad Bey, at the head of a large force, was wait- ing to give them battle. It should be explained that Egypt was under the rule of Turkey, and governed by twenty-four beys, of whom Mourad was the chief. 8 A Short History of the On the 23rd, Bonaparte drew up his troops, and addressed them in the well- known words : “ Soldats, vous allez com- battre aujourd’hui les dominateurs d’E- gypte ; songez que du haut de ces monu- mens quarante siecles yous contemplent.” Generals Desaix and Regnier commanded the right, Duqua the centre, and Vial, Bon, and Rampon the left. As soon as Mourad saw the French army he advanced upon their right with his cavalry ; but his wild horsemen could make no impression upon the French squares, by whose fire they were nearly destroyed. The whole of Mourad’s force broken, and fled into the desert, and lost over 2000 men, while the French loss was not 300. This action was styled by the French, “ Bataille des Pyramides.” Next morning Bonaparte entered Cairo. After a halt of twelve days, Desaix was Military Operations in Egypt. 9 ordered, on the 2nd of August, to follow up the enemy into Upper Egypt, while Bonaparte, with Regnier, Kleber (recovered from his wound), and Menou, marched towards Belbeys. After an action with Mamelukes on the 11th, he retraced his steps towards Cairo on the 14th, leaving Regnier to construct a fort at Salayeh ; and on the day before his entrance into Cairo, Bonaparte received intelligence of the destruction of Admiral Brueys’ fleet in Aboukir Bay. Notwithstanding the destruction of the French fleet at Aboukir, and the impossi- bility of being able to obtain reinforcements from Europe, Bonaparte strengthened his army from the seamen of the fleet, as has been before described, and by enrolling native troops. Enormous taxes were imposed upon the people, and supplies of everything required by the army had to be rendered in kind. i o A Short History of the Bonaparte determined at this time upon an expedition to Syria, and organized a force of 13,000 men, under Generals Kleber, Bon, Lannes, and Regnier ; the cavalry being commanded by Murat, the artillery by Dommartin, General Caffarelli being chief engineer. On the 4th of February, 1799, this army advanced, and captured El-Arisch. On the 17th, Bonaparte arrived from Cairo, having lost a good many men on his way, as he was attacked by the Arabs and constantly harassed during the whole march. On the 26th the French took the fortress of Gaza without resistance ; and on the 29th of February the army advanced to Jaffa (the ancient Joppa) on the coast. This place was strongly fortified, and offered considerable resistance, but was stormed, and, to the infinite disgrace of Bonaparte, its garrison of over 3000 men Military Operations in Egypt. 1 1 were bayonetted ; but tbe French losses were very heavy, and are believed to have been nearly 1000 men. On the 9th of March, Bonaparte wrote a long despatch to Ghezzar Bashaw, the Governor of Syria, calling upon him to sur- render the country and the fortress of Acre, but the gallant Turk sent the follow- ing brief verbal reply by an officer : — “ I have not written to you, because I am resolved to hold no communication with you. You may march against Acre when you please. I shall be prepared for you, and will bury myself in the ruins of the place, rather than let it fall into your hands.” On the 20th of March, the French opened the first parallel in front of Acre, and on the 15th, the English squadron, under Sir Sidney Smith, arrived off the coast, and on the following day destroyed a French flotilla, which contained nearly the whole of their heavy guns. 1 2 A Short History of the The French, made their first breach on the 30th of March, and endeavoured to assault the town, but were repulsed with much loss. Bonaparte then brought up some guns which he had taken at Jaffa, but his re- peated assaults were unsuccessful. The Turks held out so manfully, and harassed the French so much by constant sorties of the garrison, that the siege operations made no progess, and the English squadron was of enormous service to the defenders ; and after heavy losses on both sides, on the 20th of May the French raised the siege, and commenced to retreat. There can be no doubt that the real reason of Bonaparte’s abandonment of the siege of Acre was the serious losses that he had sustained, and that the discipline of the French troops was impaired by the con- stant defeats they had sustained before that place. The French in retreating Military Operations in Egypt. 1 3 destroyed the bridges, and threw large quantities of ammunition into the sea at Cantoura, and on the 22nd of May the army halted for rest at Caesarea, and on the 5th of June it arrived at Jaffa. The grossest cruelties were practised upon the inhabitants of the villages on the line of retreat, and the houses were wantonly burnt everywhere. On the 3rd of June, Bonaparte arrived at El-Arisch, where he left a garrison, and ordered strong fortifications to be made. On the 14th of June the army arrived at Cairo, by way of Cathieh and Salihieh, having since they left Egypt lost by disease 700 men, 500 killed, and 1800 wounded. It is worthy of mention that during the time Bonaparte was in Syria, an emissary from Africa appeared in Egypt, calling himself El Mahdi, announced in the Koran, and he was one of the causes 14 A Short History of the of the spirit shown throughout the country- in resisting the French. Bonaparte appears now to have occupied himself with matters concerning the civil administration of the country. Difficulties soon arose ; cut off from France, without means of obtaining reinforcements or ne- cessary supplies for his troops, he was compelled to enrol native troops, and thus to make his army dependent upon the country. It is computed that at this time the French had in Egypt about 50,000 troops, French and native, and orders were issued enjoining the most scrupulous care with regard to cleanliness and sanitary matters, at the same time enjoining upon them the necessity of treating the inhabitants with kindness and consideration, and of paying a proper respect to their religion. On the 19th of August, 1798, Bonaparte issued the following proclamation : — Military Operations in Egypt. 1 5 “ Bonaparte to the Pasha of Cairo. “ The intention of the French Republic in taking possession of Egypt, is to drive out the Mamelukes, who were both rebels to the Porte and declared enemies to the French Government. At present, when master of it by the signal victory which its army has gained, its intention is to preserve to the Pasha of the Grand Seigneur his revenues and appointments. “ I beg, then, you will assure the Porte that it will suffer no kind of loss, and I will take care it shall continue to receive the tribute heretofore paid to it.” Notwithstanding all these high-flown words, there appears to have been a deeply -rooted di slike of the French throughout the country, and serious out- breaks and massacres of French soldiers constantly occurred both at Cairo and Da- mietta, as well as at several other places. 1 6 A Short History of the This is not to be wondered at, as the manner in which Bonaparte treated many of the rich- merchants of Cairo was more fitting for a brigand chief than the General in command of the troops of a civilized nation. Native merchants were tried by courts martial upon absolutely false charges, and sentenced to pay in money almost the whole of the fortunes they were known to possess, and in default of payment they were bastinadoed and, in more instances than one, shot ; and it was not surprising that when warfare was carried on in this barbarous manner that the people re- taliated, and murdered French soldiers whenever they got a chance. Although Bonaparte issued orders to his troops as to their behaviour, his own conduct was about as disgraceful as it could be ; he deliberately seduced the wife of a young Officer of his army, and Military Operations in Egypt. 1 7 then sent the Officer in question to France to get rid of him ; but it happened that the ship he embarked in was captured by the English squadron, and when the story was told to the Admiral, he ordered the Officer to be landed at Alexandria ; but he was at once placed under arrest by Bona- parte’s orders, on the ground that he had disobeyed orders in not returning to France. This shameful proceeding has been authenticated without a shadow of doubt, and is one of the many proofs in existence that, however great a commander Bona- parte may have been, he had no notion of gentlemanlike behaviour. On the 14th of June, 1799, Bonaparte received intelligence at Cairo which con- firmed what he had heard in Syria, as to the embarkation of a force from Turkey, and he accordingly began to reorganize his army. Colonel Courles was ordered to El- c 1 8 A Short History of the Arisch with 600 men, and Junot to Katieh with 600 more. The coast defence was entrusted to Kleber, and Marmont was appointed Governor of Alexandria ; Desaix was ordered to keep Upper Egypt clear of Mamelukes, while D’Estaing watched the movements of Mourad Bey. On the 15tli of July the Turkish army landed in Aboukir Bay, and on the 25th it was attacked by Bonaparte and entirely routed with enormous losses. It happened that two pieces of cannon which had been presented to the Grand Seigneur by the Court of London, fell into the hands of the French, and Bonaparte issued the following characteristic order of the day concerning them : — “ Army of the East, “ July 27th, 1799. “ The General-in-chief, wishing to give a mark of his approbation to the brigade Military Operations in Egypt. 19 of cavalry of General Murat, which covered itself with glory at the battle of Aboukir, orders the commandant of artillery to send to the brigade the two English pieces of cannon which had been sent by the Court of London as a present to Con- stantinople, and which were taken in that battle. “ On each cannon there shall be en- graven the names of the three regiments composing the brigade, as well as the names of General Murat, and that of Adjutant-General Roire ; there shall be written round the touch-hole, — ‘ Battle of Aboukir.’ ” Having obtained a footing in Egypt, Bonaparte turned his attention to his schemes regarding India, and having occupied Suez in December, 1798, with a small force under General Bon, he went there himself on the 22 nd of that month, 0 2 20 A Short History of the and from that place despatched a mes- senger to Tippoo Sultaun, who had for a long time continued a successful resistance to the British, with the following letter : — “ Bonaparte, to the most magnificent Tippoo Sultaun, our greatest friend. “You have learnt my arrival on the shores of the Red Sea, with a numerous and invincible army, wishing to deliver you from the yoke of the English. “ I take this opportunity to testify my desire for some news relating to your political situation by the way of Muscatti and Morea. “ I wish you would send to Suez or Cairo an intelligent and confidential person with whom I might confer. The Most High increase your power, and destroy your enemies.” It may be here remarked that at the end of the year 1797, Tippoo Sultaun had sent two different ambassadors to the Military Operations in Egypt. 21 French governor of Mauritius, with whom he had for some time carried on a secret correspondence, with the object of enabling and encouraging French subjects to enter his military service, with a view to expel the English from India. This correspondence, however, fell into the hands of the English. Throughout this campaign Mourad Bey so effectually resisted the advance of the French that, except in the immediate neighbourhood of Alexandria and Cairo, they never had any real hold upon the country, and in the repeated skirmishes that took place they suffered so severely, that orders were issued to avoid as far as possible marching small detachments about the country for fear of being attacked by the Mamelukes, who were ever on the look-out to cut off stragglers. 22 A Short History of the CHAPTER II. Bonaparte suddenly decides to return to France — Secret arrangements for his embarkation — Hands over the command to Kleber — Embarks, and sails — Lands in France, and proceeds to Paris — Correspondence regarding an attempted negotiation with England. Early in August, 1799, Bonaparte decided to desert his army in Egypt, and many different reasons, both of a public and private nature, have been given by his- torians for his sudden departure from Egypt. The following is the order issued to the army, dated on the day after he sailed : — “ Alexandria, August 23rd, 1799. “ In consequence of news from Europe, I have determined immediately to return Military Operations in Egypt. 23 to France. I leave tlie command of the army to General Kleber. “ They shall hear from me speedily. “ This is all I can say to them at present. “ It grieves me to the heart to part from the brave men, to whom I am so tenderly attached. Bat it will be only for an instant, and the general I leave at their head is in full possession of the confidence of the Government, and of mine.” It was very evident that at this time Bonaparte was much troubled in mind from various causes, and was impatient to return to France, as we read that cor- ruption was making sad inroads into the Government of the Republic, which was fast becoming unpopular with the masses of the people ; and the organization of a much larger army was a matter of neces- sity. 24 A Short History of the Bonaparte concealed until the last moment, even from his most trusted Officers, the time that he intended to leave Egypt, and those who afterwards accompanied him were in entire ignorance of his plans. He communicated his desire at last to General Berthier, and to him only, and gave orders to Vice-Admiral Gantheaume to prepare for sea two frigates and two sloops ; he then addressed letters to those whom he intended to accompany him, with orders not to open them until a certain day at a given hour, and at a place upon the coast. The day appointed was the 22nd of August, and these persons were ordered to embark immediately. Even the names of the passengers and crews were called over before sailing, and two men on board one of the frigates, not authorized, were landed. There can be no doubt that these pre- Military Operations in Egypt. 2 5 cautions were taken to prevent the British cruisers becoming aware of Bonaparte’s embarkation. On the 22nd of August, Bonaparte wrote a despatch to General Kleber, to be opened twenty-four hours after the departure of the ships, conferring upon him the chief command of the French troops in Egypt, and upon General Desaix the command in Upper Egypt. No blacker or more iniquitous act was ever done by a soldier than an order given to General Kleber by Bonaparte in the despatch in question. This is the order : — “ Our ships of war will certainly make their appearance this winter, either at Alexandria, Brulos, or Damietta. “ You must have a battery and a signal- tower at Brulos. “ Endeavour to get together five or six hundred Mamelukes, in such a manner that, when the French fleet arrives, you 26 A Short History of the may be able to lay your hands upon them at the same instant of time, either at Cairo or in the other provinces, and send them off immediately to France. “ If you cannot procure Mamelukes, such Arab hostages, “ Sheiks el Beled,” as may then be in custody, no matter on what account, will answer the end as well. “ These people landed in France, and detained there for a year or two, will contemplate the grandeur of the nation ; they will acquire in some degree our manners and language, and when they return to Egypt will prove to us so many partisans.” Kleber sent a copy of this shameful despatch to the Directory, but it fell into the hands of the British fleet, and it has been preserved as a monument of disgrace to Bonaparte. The following is the list of Officers and Military Operations in Egypt . 27 persons who accompanied Bonaparte to France : — Duroc, La Vallette, Beauharnais, Merlin, Aides-de- camp. Fauvelet Bourrienne, Secretary. Berthier, General of Division. L’Huillier, Aide-de-camp. Andreossi, Lannes, Murat, Marmont, Generals of Brigade. Montesney, Aide-de-camp. Bessieres, Chief of Guides. Monge, Bertholet, Members of Institute. Denon (Yivant), Perceval, Egyptian Institute. The ships left Aboukir Hoads on the 24th of August, and sailed for Ajaccio in Corsica, where they arrived on the 30th of September, and were detained there by head-winds until the 6 th of October. On the 6 th they were ten leagues from Toulon, when in the evening they sighted a British squadron of eight sail. It was proposed to run back to Corsica, but Bonaparte refused to allow this to be done, and with a heavy press of canvas the ships 28 A Short History of the succeeded in getting ahead of the British squadron, and all four of them anchored on the following morning at St. ftapheau, near Frejus. It happened that, in consequence of the plague raging in Egypt, all ships arriving in French ports at this time were subjected to be placed in quarantine ; but Bonaparte paid no attention to the remonstrances of the quarantine Officers, or to any law which for a moment stood in his way, and persisted in landing, for which flagrant breach of the sanitary laws he narrowly escaped being prosecuted and punished. The people received Bonaparte with frantic joy, which was repeated in every village and town on the road to Paris. Ho sooner did he arrive in Paris than he set to work, with his characteristic energy, to complete the formation of another army corps, as well as with questions of diplomacy. Military Operations in Egypt. 29 Probably one of the most curious letters ever written by this extraordinary man was one addressed to the King of England, dated 25th of December, 1799 : — “ Sire, — Called by the wishes of the French nation to occupy the first magis- tracy of the Republic, I think it proper, on entering into office, to make a direct communication to your Majesty. “ The war, which for eight years has ravaged the four quarters of the world, must it be eternal ? “ Are there no means of coming to an understanding ? “ How can the two most enlightened nations of Europe, powerful and strong beyond what their independence requires, sacrifice to ideas of vain greatness the benefits of commerce, internal prosperity, and the happiness of families ? “How is it that they do not feel that 30 A Short History of the peace is of the first necessity, as well as the first glory ? “ These sentiments cannot be foreign to the heart of your Majesty, who reigns over a free nation, and with the sole view of making it happy. “ Your Majesty will see in this overture - only my sincere desire to contribute effica- ciously for a second time to a general pacification, by a step speedy, entirely of confidence, and disengaged from those forms which, necessary perhaps to disguise the dependence of weak States, prove in those which are strong only the natural desire of deceiving one another. “ France and England, by the abuse of their strength, may still for a long time, for the misfortune of all nations, retard the period of their being exhausted ; but I will venture to say it, the fate of all civi- lized nations depends on the termination of a war which involves the whole world.” Military Operations in Egypt. 3 1 According to the rules of British diplo- matic etiquette, this overture was not answered personally by the King, but in reply to it the following “ Note ” was sent by Lord Grenville, Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the Marquis de Talleyrand, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs : — “January 4th, 1800. “ The King has given frequent proofs of his sincere desire for the re-establishment of secure and permanent tranquillity in Eu- rope ; he neither is, nor has been engaged in any contest for a vain and false glory. “ He has had no other view than that of maintaining against all aggression the rights and happiness of his subjects. “ For these he has contended against an unprovoked attack, and for the same objects he is still obliged to contend, nor can he hope that his necessity could be removed by entering at the present moment 2,2 A Short History of the into negotiations with those whom a fresh revolution has so recently placed in the exercise of power in France, since no real advantage can arise from such negotia- tions to the great and desirable object of peace, until it shall distinctly appear that those causes have ceased to operate which originally produced the war, and by which it has since been protracted, and in more than one instance renewed. “ The same system, to the prevalence of which France justly ascribes all her pre- sent miseries, is that which has also in- volved the rest of Europe in a long and destructive warfare of a nature long since unknown to the practice of civilized nations. For the extension of this system, and for the extermination of all esta- blished Governments, the resources of France have from year to year, and in the midst of the most unparalleled distress, been lavished and exhausted. Military Operations in Egypt. 33 “ To tliis indiscriminate spirit of de- struction the Netherlands, the United Provinces, the Swiss Cantons (his Ma- jesty’s ancient friends and allies), have successively been sacrificed. “ Germany has been ravaged, Italy, though now rescued from its invaders, has been made the scene of unbounded rapine and anarchy. “ His Majesty has himself been com- pelled to maintain an arduous and burden- some contest for the independence of his kingdoms. “ Nor have these calamities been con- fined to Europe alone ; they have extended to the most distant quarters of the world, and even to countries so remote both in situation and interest in the present con- test, that the very existence of such a war was perhaps unknown to those who found themselves suddenly involved in all its horrors. While such a system continues D 34 A Short History of the to prevail, and while the blood and trea- sure of a numerous and powerful nation can be lavished in its support, experience has shown that no defence but that of open and steady hostility can be availing. “ The most solemn treaties have only prepared the way for fresh aggression, and it is to a determined resistance alone that is now due whatever remains in Europe of stability for property, for personal liberty, for social order, or the free exercise of religion. “ For the security, therefore, of these essential objects, his Majesty cannot place reliance on the mere renewal of general professions of pacific dispositions. Such professions have been repeatedly held out by all those who have successively directed the resources of France to the destruction of Europe ; and whom the present rulers have declared to have been all, from the beginning and uniformly, incapable of Military Operations in Egypt. 35 maintaining the relations of amity and peace. “Greatly, indeed, will his Majesty rejoice whenever he shall be satisfied that the necessity for resistance is at an end ; that, after the experience of so many years of crimes and miseries, better principles have ultimately prevailed in France ; and that all the gigantic projects of ambition, and all the restless schemes of destruction which have endangered the very existence of civil society, have at length been finally relinquished ; but the conviction of such a change, however agreeable to his Majesty’s wishes, can result only from experience, and from the evidence of facts. “ The best and most natural pledge of its reality and permanence, would be the restoration of that line of Princes which for so many centuries maintained the French nation in prosperity at home, and in consideration and respect abroad ; such 36 A Short History of the an event would at once have removed, and will at any time remove all obstacles in in the way of negotiation or peace. It would confirm to France the unmolested enjoyment of her ancient territory, and it would give to all other nations of Europe, in tranquillity and peace, that security which they are now compelled to seek by other means. “ But, desirable as such an event must be, both to France and to the world, it is not to this mode exclusively that his Majesty limits the possibility of secure and solid pacification ; his Majesty makes no claim to prescribe to France what shall be the form of her government, or in whose hands she shall vest the authority necessary for conducting the affairs of a great and powerful nation. “ His Majesty looks only to the security of his own dominions, and those of his allies, and to the general safety of Europe. Military Operations in Egypt. 37 Whenever he shall judge that such security can in any manner be attained, as resulting either from the internal situation of that country, from whose internal situation the danger has arisen, or from such other cir- cumstances, of whatever nature, as may produce the same end, his Majesty will eagerly embrace the opportunity to concert with his allies the means of immediate and general pacification. “ Unhappily, no such security hitherto exists, no sufficient evidence of the prin- ciples by which the new Government will be directed, no reasonable ground by which to judge of its stability. “ In this situation it can for the present only remain for his Majesty to pursue, in conjunction with other Powers, those exer- tions of just and defensive war, which his regard to the happiness of his subjects will never permit him either to continue beyond the necessity in which they originate, or to 38 A Short History of the terminate on any other grounds than such as may best contribute to the secure enjoyment of their tranquillity, their con- stitution, and their independence. (Signed) “ Grenville. “ Downing Street, January 4, 1800.” There can be no doubt that this masterly despatch caused very great irritation to Bonaparte, as he had evidently intended his professed wish for peace only to strengthen the hands of a small peace party in England, who had been en- deavouring to oppose the votes in Parlia- ment for the necessary supplies ; and with this object in view he persisted further, and on the 14th of January Talleyrand replied to Lord Grenville’s note, urging most peaceful assurances, and suggesting a suspension of hostilities, and for pleni- potentiaries from the great Powers to be sent to Dunkirk to confer upon the subject. Military Operations in Egypt. 39 The motives for Bonaparte’s duplicity, and for his pretended desire to enter into negotiations with the English Government, may be discerned from the following secret despatch from Monsieur de Pousselgue. which was intercepted by the British : — “ Cairo, October 10, 1799. “ At all events it is indispensable to open negotiations in the most earnest manner with the English and the Porte, even if no other advantage should result from them than gaining time and giving offence to Russia ; such offence as should induce her to declare war against the Grand Seigneur, to an opportunity of doing which she seems to look forward with impatience.” The British Cabinet refused to enter into any negotiations at all, in a despatch dated the 20 th of January. Still later, however, on the 4th of Sep- 40 A Short History of the tember, 1800, several Powers entered into negotiations for an armistice, and a “ Projet ” was drawn up ; but England refusing to enter into it, it was aban- doned. Military Operations in Egypt. 4 r CHAPTER III. Nelson ordered to proceed in pursuit of the French fleet — Battle of the Nile, and destruction of the French fleet. Early in the spring of 4 1798 the British Government had received information as to the immense preparations which were being made at Toulon, and the Admiralty ordered Lord St. Vincent, commanding in the Mediterranean, to detach a few ships, under Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, to watch that port. Nelson, after his severe service at Santa Cruz, had a short period of leave of absence for the benefit of his health, but he rejoined the fleet off Cadiz on the 29th of April. On the 2nd of May he parted company 42 A Short History of the from the fleet in the Vanguard, and pro- ceeded to the Mediterranean. At Gibraltar he was joined by the Orion and Alexander, both 74 guns, the Emerald and Terpsichore (50), frigates, and the Bonne Gitoyenne, sloop. On the 17th he captured a privateer, from whom he heard that there were fifteen French ships of the line ready for sea in Toulon harbour, and that Bonaparte, at the head of a large body of troops, was expected to embark, but that no one knew his destination. On the 19th a heavy gale of wind came on, which continued until the 21st, and the ships under Nelson’s orders were much damaged, and most of them were compelled to part company, and the Vanguard anchored for shelter and repairs in St. Pietro Bay, Sardinia. Nelson, in a letter to his wife, writing from St. Pietro Bay, gives an account of this gale of wind, and adds, “ I ought not Military Operations in Egypt. 43 to call it by the cold name of accident ; I believe firmly it was the Almighty’s good- ness to check my consummate vanity. I hope it has made me a better officer, as I feel confident it has made me a better man. Figure to yourself, on Sunday evening at sunset, a vain man walking in his cabin, with a squadron around him, who looked to their chief to lead them to glory, and in whom their chief placed the firmest reliance that the proudest ships of equal numbers belonging to France would have lowered their flags ; figure to yourself, on Monday morning, when the sun rose, this proud man, his ship dismasted, his fleet dispersed, and himself in such distress, that the mean- est frigate out of France would have been an unwelcome guest.” Owing to this accident the French fleet slipped unobserved out of Toulon, and sailed for Malta. By the indefatigable exertions of the 44 A Short History of the crews of Nelson’s ships, their damages' were repaired in less than four days ; and on the 27th of May the squadron again went to sea, arriving off Toulon on the 31st. Nelson was by this time aware that the French fleet had sailed, but did not know its destination. On the 5th of June the Mutine brig joined, reporting that she was detached from a squadron of ten sail of the line and one frigate, on its way to join Nelson’s squadron, and she brought also orders to proceed in pursuit of the French fleet. Nelson immediately went to sea, and on the following day fell in with fifteen sail of richly-laden Spanish merchantmen. The Alexander and Orion each took one, but Nelson signalled to them not to molest them, but to continue their course. Nelson was further reinforced three weeks after this by a squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Roger Curtis, the fleet now consisting of Military Operations in Egypt. 45 the Vanguard , Orion , Culloden, Bellerophon, Minotaur, Defence, Alexander, Zealous, Go- liath, Majestic, Siviftsure, Theseus, seventy- fours, and the Leander, fifty. The orders received by Nelson from the commander-in-chief were, “ to proceed in quest of the armament preparing by the enemy at Toulon and Genoa, the object whereof appears to be either an attack upon Naples or Sicily, the conveyance of an army to some part of the coast of Spain for the purpose of marching towards Portugal, or to pass through the Straits with a view of proceeding to Ireland.” Additional instructions were subse- quently received, “ to pursue the enemy to any part of the Mediterranean, Adriatic, Morea, Archipelago, or even into the Black Sea.” It is quite clear by this that the British Government had no idea as to Bonaparte’s designs upon Egypt. 46 A Short History of the On the 12th of June, Nelson was off Cape Corse, in Corsica, and in the evening “ lay to ” off Elba, whence the Mutine was despatched for intelligence to Civita Yecchia. On the 17th the squadron entered the Bay of Naples, and Nelson sent Cap- tains Troubridge and Hardy, in the Mutine, to confer with the British minister, and from him information was obtained that the French fleet had sailed for Malta. Nelson at once sailed for the Straits of Messina, and there heard that the French had captured Malta ; and on the 22nd a Genoese brig told the Mutine that the French fleet had left Malta on the 18th, apparently steering for Egypt. Nelson crowded on all sail, and on the 28th sighted Alexandria, where no signs of the French fleet were to be found, and on the following day the fleet left Alexandria, standing to the northward. It is a curious fact, that two such large Military Operations in Egypt. 47 fleets should have passed one another unseen by either, and it is only to be accounted for by the width of the Mediter- ranean at this part, and by the direction of the wind at that particular time. On the 19th of July, Nelson put into Syracuse for water and provisions, of which his ships stood in much need. Concerning this circumstance hangs a matter about which there has been much controversy. By virtue of a treaty, dated the 28th of March, 1801, between the French Republic and the King of Naples and Sicily, British ships of war were not to be allowed to provision in Sicilian ports ; but, whatever may have been the relations between Nelson and the unfortunate and beautiful Lady Hamilton, the wife of the British minister at Naples, it is a matter of history that, solely owing to her influence, it is said, with the Queen, the British ships were 48 A Short History of the allowed to take in provisions and water at Syracuse, thus enabling Nelson to pursue the French fleet ; and as a reward for her devotion to her country, to the perpetual disgrace of the Government of the day, and of the family of Lord Nelson, this unhappy woman, whose name Nelson murmured with his last breath, was allowed to die a pauper in Boulogne Hospital. The British fleet left Syracuse on the 24th and 25th of July, for the coast of the Morea ; and on the 28th the Gulloden visited Coron, the Turkish governor of which place informed Captain Troubridge that the French fleet had been seen four weeks before off the coast of Candia, steering S.E. S.E. was the- course at once signalled by Nelson ; and on the 1st of August, Alexan- dria was again sighted, this time with the French flag flying on its walls. Soon after noon the Zealous signalled that seventeen Military Operations in Egypt. 49 of the enemy’s ships were at anchor in Aboukir Bay. It is related that Nelson had been very nervous and anxious, for fear that the French fleet might have escaped, but when this signal was reported to him he ordered dinner, and invited the principal officers of the Vanguard, to dine with him, and on rising from the table, remarked, “ Gentle- men, by this time to-morrow I shall have gained a peerage, or Westminster Abbey.” It may not be out of place to give a list of the French fleet : — L' Orient, 120, Yice- Admiral Brueys, Bear- Admiral Gantlieaume, Commodore Casa Bianca. Franklin , 80, Bear- Admiral Blanquet. Guillaume Tell , 80, Bear-Admiral Yilleneuve. Tonnant , 80, Commodore Petit Thouars. Aquilon , 74, Commodore Thevenard. Genereux , 74. Conquerant , 74. Heureux , 74. Guerrier , 74. Me r cure , 74. 50 A Short History of the Peuple-Souverain , 74. Spar Hate, 74. Timoleon, 74. Diane, 40, Rear-Admiral Deeres. Justice, 40. Artemise , 36. Serieuse, 36. Alerte , Railleur, brigs. H ercule, Salamine, bombs. And several gun-boats. The Bay of Aboukir, now well-known to the British army and navy, is twenty miles to the E.N.E. of Alexandria, and extends in a semicircular direction from the Castle of Aboukir to the Rosetta mouth of the Nile. It seems that on anchoring, Admiral Brueys ordered the admirals and captains of the fleet on board the flag-ship, and asked their opinions as to getting under weigh or remaining at anchor, in the event of being attacked by the English fleet. With the exception of Rear-Admiral Blan- quet, they were unanimous in favour of Military Operations in Egypt. 5 1 remaining at anchor; and Admiral Blan- quet, on finding himself alone in his opinion, asked to be allowed to shift the berth of his flag- ship, the Franklin, to alongside the flag-ship of the commander-in-chief, which was acceded to. The audacity of two British frigates deserves to be again recorded. On the 21st of July the Seahorse and Terpsichore, with orders to reconnoitre Alexandria, coolly sailed into Aboukir Bay, and “ hove to ” within a mile of the French fleet ; the Seahorse hoisting some signals she had obtained a knowledge of from the French frigate Sensible, which she had taken a short time before, and the Terpsichore hoisting French colours over English, to make the French think she was a prize to the other frigate. This deception succeeded, for the French never attempted to molest them, and having obtained the information they equiredr, e 2 library UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 52 A Short History of the both frigates sailed away under their own colours. There is good reason for believing that the French admiral thought that the British fleet was in the immediate neigh- bourhood of Alexandria, but declined to attack on account of want of sufficient strength ; so that when the Hewreux, at 2 p.m. on the 1st of August, signalled that an enemy’s fleet of twelve sail of the line was in sight to the N.H.W., the ships were lying at single anchor, and with a large number of their men on shore. In an instant the “ general recall ” was hoisted, and the frigates were ordered to send some of their men on board the line- of-battle ships. At 3 p.m. the French admiral made the signal, “ Prepare for action,” and the Alerte and Railleur brigs were detached to endeavour to decoy the British ships upon the shoal off Aboukir Island. Up to this time but twelve ships Military Operations in Egypt. 53 had been sighted, but at 4 p.m. two other line-of-battle ships were seen coming up under a press of sail, thus convincing the French that the British were equal to them in number. Admiral Brueys had received orders from Bonaparte if possible to escape, and to avoid an action with the British fleet, and he ordered his ships to cross their topgallant yards as if intending to go to sea, but upon observing the movements of the British fleet he signalled that he should remain at anchor. He then ordered each of his ships to lay out an anchor to the S.S.E., and to send a stream cable to the next ship astern, so as to spring her broadside towards the enemy. This was rendered necessary by the fresh N.N.W. wind then blowing. We now come to the movements of Nelson’s fleet. At 2.15 p.m. the Alexander 54 A Short History of the and Swiftsure, which were astern, were recalled by signal, and at 3 p.m. the signal was made, “Clear for action;” at 4 p.m., when the centre of the French fleet bore S.E. by S., distant nine miles, the signal was made, “ Prepare to anchor by the stern,” and preparations were also made to make fast to a spring on the stern cable. Shortly after, signal was made, “ Pre- pare for action,” and another, that the admiral intended to attack the enemy’s van and centre. As the British ships approached the bay the two French brigs stood out to reconnoitre, and the Alerte, on getting within gunshot of the leading ship, bore away across the rocky shoal off Aboukir Island ; but the English captains saw through the ruse and took no notice of her, and at 5.30 p.m., when the fleet was abreast of the shoal, signal was made, Military Operations in Egypt. 55 “ Form line of battle ahead and astern of admiral.” Nelson bailed the Zealous , and asked her captain if he thought they were far enough to the eastward. Captain Hood replied that he was in eleven fathoms, and had no chart of the bay, but that he would bear up, and by careful sounding carry the admiral as close to the shoal as possible. The Zealous then bore up, with the wind on her port quarter, and on rounding the shoal brought the wind on to her star- board quarter, and stood direct for the centre of the French fleet. All the leading ships now “ hove to,” in order that the sternmost ships might come up ; aud at 6 p.m. the signal was made to “ Fill and bear down.” The rapidity and precision with which this was executed is said to have elicited the admiration of the French naval officers. Soon after, the British ships hoisted 56 A Short History of the their colours and “jacks ” in several parts of their rigging. At 6.20 p.m. the French ships hoisted their colours, and the Gonquerant opened fire upon the Goliath and Zealous , and the mortar batteries on the island, now called Nelson Island, which had been thrown up by the French, commenced to throw shells. The Goliath stood for the Guerrier, letting go her stern anchor close to that ship’s bows, at the same time pouring a raking broadside into her ; but the anchor did not hold, and she ran past the Guerrier, and was brought up abreast of the Gon- querant. The Goliath commenced a furious en- gagement with the Gonquerant, occasionally firing a shot at the Serieuse frigate and Hercule mortar-ship. The Zealous closely followed the Goliath and engaged the Guerrier, and in five Military Operations in Egypt. 57 minutes that ship’s fore-mast went by the board. The Orion followed next, firing at the Guerrier as she passed her. The Audacious and Theseus ran in between the Guerrier and Conquerant, and anchored ; and the Theseus engaged the Spartiate. The Orion, on rounding to, ran across the Serieuse and sank her, and haying done this, dropped her anchor and veered her cable till she was abreast of the Peuple-Souverain. The Vanguard edged away towards the outer side of the French line, exposed in passing to a heavy fire from the French van, and at 6.40 p.m. anchored about eighty yards from the Spartiate' s starboard beam. The Minotaur anchored just ahead of the Vanguard, and the Defence brought up abreast of the Peuple-Souverain, the Bellerophon and Majestic following, with the intention of attacking the enemy’s centre and rear. 58 A Short History of the In order to prevent any confusion 'in the night attack, every British ship had been directed to hoist at her peak four horizontal lights, and each ship flew the white ensign. The Majestic soon lost her captain by the fire of the Tonnant, and at 9 p.m. the Guerrier surrendered to the Zealous, and was found to have lost from 350 to 400 men ; and a few minutes later the Con- querant hauled down her colours to the Audacious, and the Spartiate, reduced to a mere wreck, surrendered about the same time. A short time after, the Aquilon struck to the Minotaur, and the Peuple- Souverain slipped her cable and dropped out of the line. The Bellerophon lost her main and mizen-masts early in the action, and had to haul out and anchor outside in the bay. The Leander, Orion, Swiftsure, and Alexander attacked the two flag-ships Military Operations in Egypt. 59 li Orient and Franklin, and after a very short time L’ Orient was on fire, and at 10 p.m. blew up with a tremendous explosion. The Franklin was much ham- pered by large pieces of the wreck of If Orient being blown on to her decks, and so great was the amazement in both fleets, that not a gun was fired for several minutes. The Franklin was the first to recom- mence the fire, and she opened upon the Defence and Swiftsure with her lower-deck battery. This was returned by heavy broadsides, and the Franklin waited until her main and mizen-masts had been shot away, when she struck her colours. The Tonnant was at midnight the only French ship whose guns continued to fire, and at 3 a.m. on the 2nd, her heavy and unremitting fire brought down the Majestic’s main and mizen-masts, but shortly afterwards, all three of her masts 60 A Short History of the went by the board, and this compelled her to cease firing, but she refused to strike. At 4 a.m. on the 2 nd, just as day broke, firing recommenced between the Tonnant, Guillaume Tell, Genereux and Timoleon, and the Alexander and crippled Majestic. This soon brought up the Theseus and Goliath. The French frigate Artemise fired a broadside at the Theseus, and then struck her colours ; a boat from the latter went to take possession, but she was dis- covered to be on fire, and soon afterwards blew up. The four French line-of-battle ships and two frigates inside of them kept dropping to leeward, and were soon out of gun-shot of the British ships at anchor. At 6 a.m. the Zealous, Goliath, and Theseus got under weigh, and the Zealous chased the French frigate Justice, which Admiral Villeneuve had ordered to attack the Bellerophon, which was supposed to be on shore at the bottom of the bay. Military Operations in Egypt. 6 1 In the meantime the Goliath, Theseus, Alexander, and Leander stood towards the Eeureux and Mercure, which after ex- changing a few shots, surrendered ; and the Justice gave up her design upon the Bellerophon. The absence of these British ships enabled the Genereux, Guillaume Tell, Justice, and Diane to get under weigh and sail to the N.E. The Timoleon tried to do the same, but ran on shore, losing her fore-mast by the shock. The Zealous endeavoured, single-handed, to stop the four French ships from escaping, and received passing broadsides from all of them, and her sails and rigging were so much cut up, that she was unable to engage them ; and for his gallantry Captain Hood received the thanks of the commander-in-chief. Of thirteen French ships of the line, one 62 A Short History of the was blown up, eight had surrendered, and two had escaped ; of the remaining two, the Timoleon was on shore, with her colours flying, as was also the Tonnant; but on the 3rd, on the approach of the Theseus and Leander, the Tonnant hauled down her colours, and on the evening of the same day, the crew of the Timoleon escaped on shore, and the ship was blown up. The losses of the British were very heavy, and Nelson received a bad wound from a splinter, over the eye, early in the action. The Culloden ran ashore on the shoal off Aboukir Island early in the day, and the Mutine was sent to her assistance, and, letting go an anchor outside the shoal, and veering three cables on end, passed the cable to the Culloden. The swell was so heavy that the Culloden' s cables parted, her rudder was unshipped, and she was Military Operations in Egypt. 63 much strained and leaked dangerously, and it was not until 2 a.m. on the 2nd, that she hauled off by the Mutine's anchor, and was then reported to be making seven feet of water an hour ; a spare top-mast was quickly made into a jury rudder, and after much exertion the leak was stopped. On the 5th, the Leander was sent with Captain Berry, of the Vanguard, to Cadiz with despatches for Lord St. Vincent, but about twelve days afterwards was fallen in with by the French Genereux (74), and, after an action highly creditable to the frigate, was captured. The ships of the squadron at anchor in Aboukir Bay now set about repairing their damages with all possible speed, and every exertion was made to take the captured ships to England. The prisoners taken were sent on shore in a cartel, upon the usual terms ; but Bonaparte, to show how he respected treaties and the laws of 64 A Short History of the honourable war, formed them at once into a battalion, which he called “ Legion nautique,” and gave the command of it to the late second captain of the Franklin, Jules Francois Martinencq. On the 13th, the Mutine sailed for Naples, with the duplicate of Nelson’s despatches. On the 14th, the Orion , Bellerophon, Minotaur, Defence, Audacious, Theseus, and Majestic, with the prizes, Franklin, Tonnant, Aquilon, Conquer ant, Peuple-Souverain, and Spartiate, got under weigh and left the bay. The Heureux and Mercure were burnt. Bonaparte heard of the loss of this fleet on the 14th of August, in a despatch from Admiral Gantheaume, delivered by one of Kleber’s aides-de-camp. He is said to have read the despatch without changing countenance, and then he called to the aide-de-camp and asked for details; and Military Operations in Egypt. 65 when he had heard them, he remarked, “We have no longer a fleet ; well, we must either remain in this country, or quit it as great as the ancients.” The prize ships reached Gibraltar in the middle of September, and the Peuple- Souverain was found not fit to proceed further. The Government paid to the fleet as prize-money, 20,000/. for each of the 74-gun ships taken. The Aquilon became in the Royal Navy the Aboukir, the Franklin the Canopus, and the Spartiate retained her old name. It is impossible to describe the effect the “ Battle of the Nile ” (called by the French the “Battle of Aboukir”) had in Europe. The French Government and people had been for some time in a state of exuberant excitement at the constant victories of their army under Bonaparte, and at the capture of Malta and the 66 A Short History of the seizure of Egypt. The news that a great disaster had befallen the French fleet in Egypt was for some days, at the end of September, 1798, rumoured in Paris, and when it became known through the official despatches of the British Government that their fleet had been destroyed, and that the army in Egypt under Kleber was cut off from France, and in the greatest danger and difficulty, the general consternation knew no bounds, and expressions of rage and revenge were freely given way to. Losses of British Ships at the Battle of the Nile, August 1st and 2nd, 179S. Goliath Killed. 21 Wounded. 41 Zealous 1 7 Orion 13 29 Audacious 1 35 Theseus 5 30 Vanguard . 30 76 Minotaur 23 64 Defence 4 11 Bellerophon 49 148 Military Operations in Egypt. 67 Majestic . Killed. 50 Wounded. 143 Swift sure . 7 22 Alexander 14 58 Leander . 0 14 Total . . 218 678 p 2 68 A Short History of the CHAPTER IY. Events in Egypt after the departure of Bonaparte — Negotiations between France and Turkey pre- vented by the British Government. As soon as Bonaparte had left Egypt, and General Kleber had assumed the command of the army, that officer wrote a somewhat strongly worded letter to the Directory, reporting that the army was in a deplor- able condition, wanting nearly everything, that it was reduced to half its former strength, and was in the most depressed state, that no means existed to supply stores or ammunition, and that General Bonaparte, so far from leaving any money behind him to maintain the troops, had bequeathed them a debt of 12,000,000 Military Operations in Egypt. 69 francs, or more than a year’s revenue of the whole province ; that the soldiers were 4,000,000 francs in arrear of pay ; that the Mamelukes were dispersed, not de- stroyed, and that a large Turkish force of 30,000 men had landed at Acre. “ Such are,” he wrote, “ citizens di- rectors, the circumstances under which General Bonaparte has laid upon me the enormous burden of the army of the East. He saw the fatal crisis was approaching ; your orders doubtless prevented him from attempting to surmount it. “ That the crisis was at hand is attested equally by his letters, his instructions, his negotiations. “ It is notorious to all the world, and, unhappily, as well known to our enemies as to the French in Egypt. “ In these circumstances, I think the best thing I can do is to continue the negotia- tions commenced by Bonaparte, even if it jo A Short History of the should lead to no other result than to gain time. “ I have annexed the letter I have written to the Grand Yizier, sending him at the same time the duplicate of that of Bonaparte.” This letter no doubt was written under a strong feeling of irritation at having been, as he conceived, deserted by Bona- parte ; and for some time before, no very cordial understanding existed between the two generals. This despatch, however, fell into the hands of the British, and after being copied by the British Government was for- warded to the First Consul. It is related that upon one occasion at a Council of War, Bonaparte laid before it a proposal, to which Kleber made some objection, upon which Bonaparte jumped up in a great rage, and exclaimed, “ What is there in common between Kleber and me?” After Bonaparte’s departure Monsieur Military Operations in Egypt. 71 de Pousselgue, Minister of Finance in Egypt, examined the military chest, and found that it contained two sous, the whole of the money provided for the pay of the army having been carried off. Upon assuming the command, General Kleber issued the following general order to his troops : — “ Headquarters, Cairo, “ August 31st, 1799. “ Soldiers, — Motives of the most im- perious nature have determined the com- mander-in-chief, Bonaparte, to return to France. The dangers incident to a voyage undertaken in no very favourable part of the year, on a narrow sea, covered with the enemy’s fleets, were too feeble to arrest him. “ Your happiness was at stake. Soldiers ! a powerful reinforcement, or a glorious peace, is at hand ; a peace worthy of you, and of your achievements, is on the point of restoring you to your country. 72 A Short History of the “ In taking upon myself the charge with which Bonaparte was intrusted, I was neither unaware of its importance, nor of the toil and danger attending it; but, on the other hand, when I considered vour gallantry, so often crowned with the most brilliant success ; your unwearied patience in braving every calamity, and supporting every privation ; when I considered, in short, all that might be done or attempted with such soldiers, I lost sight of every- thing but the advantage of being at your head, and the honour of commanding you, and I felt myself inspired with new vigour. Soldiers ! rely upon what I say ; your urgent wants shall be the never-ceasing object of my earnest solicitude. (Signed) “ Kleber.” Notwithstanding Kleber’s gloomy views, he set to work energetically to strengthen his position, and to repel the threatened attack of the Turkish army. Military Operations in Egypt. 73 The French were stationed at El- Arisch and on the eastern frontier of Syria to watch the movements of the Turks; while 6000 French were scattered on the Nile, from the cataracts to the sea, to check the inroads of the Mamelukes. On hearing of the approach of the Grand Vizier, Mourad Bay emerged from the desert, at the head of 2000 Mamelukes, but was attacked by Desaix, in August, near Syout, and was forced to retire. Kleber, mounting infantry on dromedaries, pursued him, and the Mamelukes, thinking they had cavalry to deal with, charged with much bravery, but the “ mounted infantry ” at once dismounted, and placing their dromedaries in the centre, formed square, as at the Battle of the Pyramids. The fire of the square nearly destroyed them, and they fled in disorder into the desert, and did not appear again during the war. The Turkish force which Bonaparte destroyed at Aboukir was but the ad- 74 -A Short History of the vanced guard of a large force which Turkey had collected to recover Egypt ; their main body consisted of 20,000 Jani- zaries and regulars, and 25,000 irregulars, and these arrived at the end of October near Gazah, on the border of the desert between Syria and Egypt. Eight thou- sand Janizaries under convoy of Sir Sidney Smith were landed at the mouth of the Nile, and took possession of Fort Bogaz, but they were attacked by General Verdier with 1000 men, and were routed, losing five guns, and all their standards. After this victory, Kleber again nego- tiated for an armistice, but without suc- cess, and early in December, assisted by a few British officers, the Grand Vizier laid siege to El-Arisch, and on the 29th of December the garrison, being nearly starved, surrendered, and in spite of the exertions of the English officers, over 300 French nrisoners were murdered. Military Operations in Egypt. 75 In the autumn of 1799, Lord Elgin, the British ambassador at Constantinople, reported to his Government that the French general in Egypt had been en- deavouring to enter into a convention with the Porte with a view to a cessation of hostilities in Egypt, under a stipulation that the French troops, with all their arms, ammunition, and baggage, should be conveyed back to France. It would appear that Lord Elgin, being without instructions from his Government, rather favoured these proposals, and is believed to have offered to arrange that the ships carrying French troops to France should be pro- vided with a passport to protect them from capture by the British cruisers. Upon intelligence respecting this pro- posed convention reaching England, the Government at once expressed to Lord Elgin their disapproval of any such pro- ceedings, and ordered him to inform the 7 6 A Short History of the Porte that Great Britain would not agree to any convention between Turkey and France which had for its object the return of the French army from Egypt to France. In order to ensure that this policy might be strictly carried out, the following secret order was issued by the Admiralty to Vice- Admiral Lord Keith, commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, dated the 15th of December, 1799 : — “ Whereas the Right Hon. Lord Gren- ville, one of his Majesty’s principal Secre- taries of State, has acquainted us by his letter of this day’s date that a despatch has been received from Lord Elgin, his Majesty’s ambassador at Constantinople, stating that the commander of the French army in Egypt had made proposals to the Turkish Government, offering to evacuate that country upon condition of being suffered to return to France ; that the Military Operations in Egypt. 77 Turkish Government appeared to acquiesce in this offer, and that application had been made to his lordship, requesting him to grant passports for this purpose. “ And whereas, in consequence of this information, Lord Grenville has signified to us his Majesty’s commands, that instructions should be given to the com- mander of his Majesty’s fleet in the Mediterranean, enjoining him not to con- sent on any account to the return of the French army to France, or to their capitu- lating in any other manner than jointly to the Allied Powers, whose forces are employed against them, or upon any other terms than that of giving up their arms, and surrendering as prisoners of war to the allied forces so employed. “ Your lordship is hereby required and directed, in pursuance of his Majesty’s commands as above signified, to govern yourself accordingly; and on no account 7 8 A Short History of the to consent to the return of the French army in Egypt to France ; or to their capitulating, excepting on the conditions above specified. “ In case of the surrender of the army on those terms, your lordship is on no account to admit of the return to France of the officers or any part of the army, or an engagement not to serve until exchanged, the fallacy of all such engage- ments and the bad faith with which they have been observed by the enemy, having been proved by repeated instances, particularly in the case of the seamen taken at the Battle of the Nile, and after- wards landed in Egypt ; but in any such capitulation, to take care that a stipulation be made for the actual detention of the officers and men as prisoners of war, in some part of the territories of the Allied Powers until they shall be exchanged. That vessels of every description belonging Military Operations in Egypt. 79 to the enemy in the port of Alexandria shall also be surrendered, and be divided amongst the Allies in proportion to the naval force which each of them may have employed at that time in the blockade of Alexandria, or in any other operations against the enemy. “ If it should so happen that his Majesty’s ambassador at Constantinople should have granted passports before his Majesty’s pleasure in this respect can have been signified to him, your lordship is in such case to direct the commanders of his Majesty’s ships of war under your orders, who may fall in with any vessels having on board any of the enemy’s troops, and being furnished with such passports, to declare to the commanding officer of such troops that the said passports are of no validity, not being given, as the laws of war require, by persons having any authority for that purpose ; but that in this case they shall 80 A Short History of the not exercise any other act of hostility against such ships, or the troops therein embarked, than what may be necessary in order to compel the vessel to return with the troops to Alexandria. “ Your lordship is to communicate these determinations by a flag of truce, with as little delay as possible, to the French army in Egypt, unless you or the officer em- ployed by you for that purpose shall have certain information that the whole negotiation has been broken off, and that there is no longer any question of such separate and unauthorized capitula- tion. “ Given under our hands the 15th of December, 1799. (Signed) “ Spencer, “ J. Gahbier, “ W . Young. “ By command of their lordships, (Signed) “Evan Nepean.” Military Operations in Egypt. 81 On the 29th of December, 1799, pre- liminaries for the execution of a convention were entered into by General Kleber and Commodore Sir Sidney Smith, on condition that the French should be allowed to return to France, and that Turkey restored to France certain territory she was alleged to have taken from the Kepublic. This was signed by Mons. de Pousselgue, General Desaix, and Sir Sidney Smith. A somewhat curious matter followed, as on the next day Sir Sidney Smith, upon reading over the clauses of the proposed convention, came to the conclusion that he had rather exceeded his instructions, and he at once wrote to General Kleber to say that no further steps could be taken until he had received orders from Lord Keith upon the subject ; and he at once des- patched a frigate, on board of which Mons. de Pousselgue was sent, to obtain orders from the admiral. G 82 A Short History of the On the 8th of March, 1800, General Kleber received a letter from Lord Keith, informing him that he had orders not to allow the French troops to return to France under the convention whieh had been entered into with the Turkish Government. General Kleber at once issued the fol- lowing bombastic order of the day to his army : — “ Kleber, commander-in-chief of the army of the East, Cairo. “ 17th Ventose (8th March, 1800). “ Soldiers ! behold the letter which I have received from the commander of the English fleet in the Mediterranean. “ On board H.M, ship Queen Charlotte , “ January 8th, 1800. “ ‘ Sir, — I inform you that I have re- ceived positive orders from his Majesty not to consent to any capitulation with Military Operations in Egypt. 83 the French troops under your command in Egypt and Syria, at least unless they lay down their arms, surrender themselves prisoners of war, and deliver up all their ships and stores of the port of Alexandria to the Allied Powers. In the event of this capitulation, I cannot permit any of the troops to depart for France before they have been exchanged. I think it equally necessary to inform you that all vessels having French troops on board, and sailing from this with passports from others than those authorized to grant them, will be forced by the officers of the ships which I command to remain in Alexandria ; in short, that ships which shall be met re- turning to Europe with passports granted in consequence of a particular capitulation with one of the Allied Powers, will be retained as prizes, and all individuals on board considered as prisoners of war. (Signed) “ * Keith.’ g 2 84 A Short History of the “ Soldiers ! we know how to reply to such insolence by victories. Prepare for battle. (Signed) “ Kl^bek. “The General of Division, Chief of the Staff, “Damas.” Kleber now concentrated his army, which was now largely reduced, owing to the large number of them that were in the different hospitals, and it is said that he had at this time only about 12,000 French soldiers in the ranks. On the 19th of March, 1800, Kleber ordered the troops to be formed in four large squares on the plain of Koubbe, near the Ruins of Heliopolis ; the cavalry were posted in the intervals, and the artillery at the angles of the squares. The Turkish force was much' scattered, and extended over a long front nearly to the banks of the Nile. At daybreak General Friant advanced Military Operations in Egypt. 85 straight into the village of Matarieh, while Regnier moved upon the Ruins of Helio- polis. Ho sooner did the French approach, than the Janizaries rushed forward with drawn scimitars upon the French columns, and commenced an attack upon the squares. But, as has been proved more than once in our days, Asiatic valour is of no avail against European discipline, and in a few minutes the Janizaries were routed with enormous loss, and a charge of French cavalry cut down the fugitives. The Grand Yizier moved forward to restore the day, at the head of 40,000 men, and after a heavy cannonade on both sides the Turks made a charge with their whole line, but nothing would break the steadi- ness of the French troops, and after a most frightful carnage the Turks broke, and fled all over the country, and Kleber at once advanced to El-Kanka, which he occupied, 86 A Short History of the and before night captured the whole of the Turkish camp, with all the treasure. The Turkish division under Ibrahim Bey, de- fending Cairo, surrendered upon hearing of the defeat of Heliopolis ; but the city was not occupied by the French until the 15th of April, when, after a slight defence from some insurgents who refused to agree to the surrender, the French entered the citadel on the 18th of April. A Turkish division which was landed in the Delta, was driven into Damietta, and surrendered to General Belliard; andMourad Bey, seeing all hope of resistance at an end, entered into a convention with Kleber, by which he was allowed to retain command of Upper Egypt. Thus within a month after the battle of Heliopolis the French remained in posses- sion of nearly the whole of Lower Egypt. The troops lately so desponding, were joyous and triumphant; stores and ammu- Military Operations in Egypt. 87 nition were replaced from the spoils of the enemy, and contributions levied on the country supplied means of obtaining clothes for the troops. Cairo had to pay a sum of 480,000?. A considerable number of Turkish sol- diers, chiefly horsemen, were incorporated with the French army. 88 A Short History of the CHAPTER V. British expedition ordered to Egypt — Assembles at Minorca and Malta — Lands in Egypt — Severe action — Battle of Mandora — Actions in front of Alexandria. Early in 1800 it became evident that the Turks were unable, without assistance, to hold their own against the French in Egypt, and negotiations were entered into by Lord Elgin, the British ambassador at Constanti- nople, for British troops to be landed in Egypt, to clear that country of the French. Orders were soon after issued to collect an expeditionary force at Malta, and at Minorca. It may be here remarked, that Malta had been closely blockaded by an English Military Operations in Egypt. 89 squadron ever since it was taken by the French, and that its garrison being reduced to the last extremity, and constantly attacked and harassed by the Maltese, sur- rendered on the 15th of September, 1800, to a squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez, returning home with French prizes. By the terms of the Treaty of Amiens (25th of March, 1802), Malta was restored to the Knights of Jerusalem, on condition that no English or French “ langues ” should be allowed in the island ; but Malta was again taken by a French fleet, and re- taken by the English, and at the Peace of 1814 it was proposed to restore it to France, but the Maltese refused to agree, and asked to remain a British possession, which it has been ever since. On the 18th of August, 1800, the brigade of Guards embarked ; the Coldstream Guards at Cork, in two 74-gun ships, the 90 A Short History of the 3rd Guards at Ramsgate, to join an expe- dition against Vigo, under Sir James Pul- teney ; but this was abandoned, and the Guards and troops composing the force were ordered to proceed to Malta, where they disembarked. The troops stationed in the island of Minorca, under the command of Lieutenant- General the Hon. H. E. Fox, consisted of the 1st and 2nd battalions 17th, 1st and 2nd battalions 20th, the 31st, 36th, and 82nd Regiments ; Colonel Ross’s light in- fantry battalion, the Ancient Irish Fen- cibles, and Captain Miller’s company of the Royal Artillery to a man volunteered for service in Egypt. A large Turkish army, under the com- mand of the Grand Vizier, was ordered to assemble in Syria, and to co-operate after- wards with the British force in Egypt. We read that Bonaparte saw with the greatest anxiety this vast preparation, Military Operations in Egypt . 91 which was destined to sweep away all vestige of French ambition from Egypt. The troops selected for this service, nnder the command of Major-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, were finally all ordered to rendezvous at Malta. British Force landed in Egypt. Brigade of Guards. — 1st battalion Coldstream Guards, 1st battalion 3rd Guards : Major-General the Hon. G. Ludlow (1st Guards). ls£ Brigade . — 1st (Royal) Regiment, 2nd battalion 54th Regiment, 92nd Highlanders : Major-General Eyre Coote. 2 nd Brigade. — 8th (The King’s) Regiment, 13th Regiment, 90th Regiment : Major-General Craddock. 3rd Brigade . — 2nd (Queen’s) Regiment, 50th Regi- ment, 79th Highlanders: Major-General the Earl of Cavan (Coldstream Guards). 4 th Brigade. — 18th Regiment, 30th Regiment, 44th Regiment, 39th Regiment : Brigadier- General Doyle. Foreign Brigade. — The Minorca Regiment, De Rolle’s Regiment, Dillon’s Regiment : Major-General Stewart. Reserve Division. — Flank Companies 40th Regi- ment, 23rd (Welsh) Regiment, 28th Regiment, 42nd Highlanders, 58th Regiment, Corsican Rangers, De- g 2 A Sjhort History of the ) . tachment 11th Light Dragoons, Detachment Hom- pesch’s Hussars? : Major-General Moore. Cavalry brigade. — 12th Light Dragoons, 26th Light Dragopns: Brigadier- General Finch. Royal Artillery Pioneers : Brigadier- General Lawson (Royal Artillery). The' Pioneers were 500 Maltese, who were/ attached to the Royal Artillery, and all officers were ordered to take with them Maltese servants, so as to leave as many men in the ranks as possible. The trans- ports left Malta, under convoy, on the 20th of December, and arrived in Marmorice Bay on the 28th ; the second division leav- ing on the 21st, and arriving on the first day of 1801. The troops were at once landed ; and the expedition here waited for the arrival of the brigade from India, under Sir David Baird, as well as for their Turkish allies, under the Grand Vizier, from Syria. It may perhaps be of interest to give the detail of the numbers and strength of the Military Operations in Egypt. 93 French troops which disputed the landing of the British army : — At Rosetta and Fort St. Julien. Infantry. Cavalry. 3 companies 61st Infantry . 150 At EdJco. 1 battalion 75th Infantry, 1 com- pany 25 th Infantry . 300 Detachment 3rd Dragoons . 150 At Aboukir. 2 battalions 61st Infantry 700 2 battalions 75th Infantry . 700 Half-battalion 51st Infantry. 150 Half -battalion 25th Infantry 100 18th Dragoons .... 100 Detachment 20th Dragoons . 80 Total 2200 330 On the 8th of February, one of the most violent storms of wind, thunder, and hail broke over the bay, and continued for two days and nights. The camps were flooded, and everything and everybody washed out 94 A Short History of the of them, causing considerable loss as well as discomfort to the soldiers. The trans- ports at anchor suffered a good deal, several of them dragged their anchors and went on shore, and H.M.S. Siviftsure had her mizen-topgallant mast destroyed by light- ning. On the 16th, General Moore, who had been sent to the Grand Vizier’s army at Jaffa, returned, reporting “ that it was weak, undisciplined, and diseased, and its co-operation scarcely offered an apparent advantage.” The Grand Vizier was asked to parade his troops for General Moore’s inspection, but as each chief drew for as many rations as he chose to demand, and as not half of those returned were present, a few shots were fired at the Grand Vizier’s tent on the morning of the intended inspection, which was immediately countermanded. It may be here mentioned that there was Military Operations in Egypt. 95 a considerable amount of sickness amongst the troops, in a large measure owing to the length of time they had been on board ship ; not, it must be remembered, trans- ports like those of the present day, but small vessels rarely exceeding 250 tons, and at the date of landing in Aboukir Bay the returns show that nearly 1000 men were on the sick-list. As Sir Ralph Abercromby heard nothing of the arrival in Egypt of the Indian Brigade, and as he had little assistance to expect from the Turks, he decided, on the 23rd February, 1800, to attack the French, though they were superior in numbers ; and orders were given to embark the troops who had landed, and for the transports to weigh anchor ; and although the pilots declared it was impracticable to go to sea in such bad weather, the ships went out under convoy of the Admiral. On the 1 st of March the fleet of 96 A Short History of the transports anchored in Aboukir Bay, the place where Nelson had destroyed the French fleet two years before, and where the remains of that terrible battle were still visible ; and it is said that H.M.S. Foudroyant anchored, and fouled one of the anchors of li Orient, and recovered it. The sand-hills on the shore were already covered with cannon and with French troops in position, and the men on both sides were anxious to measure their strength in a contest in which all knew that the eyes of Europe were upon them. Bad weather continued until the 6th of March, and rendered any attempt at landing impossible ; and it was not till the 7th that all preparations could be com- pleted . At 2 a.m. on the 8th, 1 50 boats of the squadron, containing the reserve division, under Major-General Moore ; the brigade of Guards, under Major-General the Hon. Military Operations in Egypt. 97 George Ludlow ; and part of tlie first brigade, composed of the 1 st battalion, and 200 men of tlie 2nd battalion, 54th Regiment, the whole force, about 5500 men, under the command of Major-General Eyre Coote, assembled ; and at 3 a.m. the signal was made to proceed to the ren- dezvous close to the shore. The only military writer who has de- scribed this landing, states : “ Here let the reader pause for a moment to dwell on this solemn scene, and imagine to himself the feelings, the impatience, the suspense which agitated every mind ; the hopes and fears which distracted the spectators ; the anxiety of the gallant Sir Ralph Aber- cromby for the success of this hardy enterprise, and the fate of the intrepid men who so cheerfully engaged to execute his orders. “ The heart of the brave man will beat high with enthusiasm ; and may those who H 98 A Short History of the have hitherto with indifference regarded the service of the army, from this moment pay it that tribute of respect which is the recompense of the soldier. “ May those young men who are devoted to the military life seriously consider its important duties and seek to render themselves capable of commanding ; ever remembering that, in the course of their service, the fame and lives of such soldiers must be hazarded to their judgment.” The right .flank of the boats was protected by gunboats, and the launches of the fleet, under the orders of Sir Sidney Smith, had on board field-pieces ; and the coolness and alacrity with which the sailors landed the guns, dragged them through the sand, and returned the heavy fire of the French batteries, elicited the praise of the French as well as of our own people. At nine o’clock the boats were ordered Military Operations in Egypt. 99 to advance, under a heavy fire opened by the fleet and mortar-boats. The French, who had been long before prepared, now opened fire from their batteries, and their troops formed up behind the sand-hills. The sea was so cut up by round-shot and grape that it appeared as if no boat could pass through it. Several boats were sunk and many men drowned, but the survivors pressed on, and at last touched the beach, when the 23rd and 40th, quickly forming into line, rushed up the heights without firing a shot, and charging two French battalions which crowned them, took a battery with three guns. The 42nd, as soon as they were on shore, at once carried another battery, in the face of the fire of a strong battalion and two guns. Upon gaining the heights they were charged by 200 dragoons, but repulsed them. The brigade of Guards had hardly H 2 i oo A Short History of the landed, and liad not had time to form, when they were charged by the French cavalry, and for the moment were thrown into confusion ; but the 58th, which had formed up on their right, threw in a volley and checked the enemy, and gave time to the Guards to get clear of the boats, when they beat off the cavalry with considerable loss. The 54th and Royal Regiment being in the boats of the transports, did not land so soon as the others, but landed at the moment when a column of 600 infantry was advancing against the left flank of the Guards. Seeing the ' 54th, the French hesitated, fired a volley, and retreated. The exulta- tion of the English soldiers cannot be described. Finding the British in possession of the heights, and General Coote advancing with the Guards and his brigade, the Military Operations in Egypt, ioi enemy retired from the sand-hills, and for an hour and a half maintained a scattered fire, when they were finally obliged to retreat, having lost 300 men, eight guns, and a great many horses. The boats then returned to the ships, and by evening the whole force was landed. Sir Balph Abercromby landed in the afternoon, and at once issued an order thanking the troops for their gallant behaviour. Before night the British army took up a strong position, three miles from the sea, with their right upon it, and their left resting upon Lake Madieh. After the action the troops suffered much from want of water, and wells were dug near date-trees, as Sir Sidney Smith had discovered that wherever these trees grew water was always to be found. The French commander of Aboukir Castle having refused to surrender, the 102 A Short History of the 2nd (Queen’s) Regiment, and the dis- mounted men of the 26th Light Dragoons, were detached to blockade it. The Action op Mandora. On the 9th of March the army advanced a short distance, and bivouacked for the night in three lines. On the 10th some slight skirmishing between the advanced posts took place, and on the same day the boats of the squadron went up Lake Madieh as far as the canal of Alexandria, and discovered a column of French troops entering the town. On the 12th the troops were ordered to advance four miles, during which the advanced guard skirmished with the French cavalry all the way. They then halted for the night close to Mandora Tower. On the 13th the French were posted Military Operations in Egypt. 1 03 on the heights, upon which the British army was afterwards encamped during the blockade of Alexandria, and had re- ceived a strong reinforcement, which made their strength up to about 6000 men, including 600 cavalry. Sir Ralph Abercromby determined to attack them and to turn their right, and advanced his army in two lines of columns from the left, the reserve covering the movement, and keeping parallel with the first line. The launches of the fleet supported the advancing columns. The advance had not begun long when the French moved down from their right, and opened a heavy fire upon the 92nd, which formed the advanced guard of the left column. At the same time the cavalry, under the orders of General Bron, charged down on the 90th, forming the advanced guard of the right column. 1 04 A Short History of the The 90tli firmly stood its ground, and allowing the cavalry to approach, gave them such a steady and well-directed volley, that they retreated in great disorder A few of their dragoons, it is said, were bayonetted in attempting to break the ranks. Colonel Latour Maubourg was desperately wounded in this charge. Major-General Craddock, on seeing the attack of the French, instantly ordered the regiments of his brigade to form line, which was done with the utmost good order, although they were all the time under a very heavy fire. The 92nd was exposed to a tremendous fire, but never gave way one inch, and maintained its ground until the battalion of Marines came up in sup- port. These were the battalions which the French general, Regnier, in his most un- truthful account of the action, impudently states laid down their arms ! The whole of the British infantry were Military Operations in Egypt. 105 now in line, except the reserve division, which remained in column, the Guards in rear of the right, and General Doyle’s brigade in rear of the left ; and it is recorded that the foreign brigade was quite as steady under fire as the British. In this order the army advanced, under constant fire, and the French commenced a retreat into the lines on the heights of Alexandria. But before they could effect this, Dillon’s regiment, which had moved to its left, charged a battery and took two guns, near the Alexandria Canal, and at once turned them upon the enemy. Sir Ralph Abercromby, deciding upon driving the French off the heights, ordered General Hutchinson, with the second line, to move towards the left, and secure a projecting height in the front ; and General Moore was ordered to the right, with directions to attack at the same time. Hutchinson advanced, detaching the 44th 106 A Short History of the Regiment to carry a bridge over tbe canal, which was immediately effected, the enemy opening a heavy cannonade from all the guns they could get into action. General Hutchinson’s column got a little shelter from the rough ground, as did also the reserve ; but the centre was totally exposed, and for several hours they re- mained under this destructive fire, without the slightest unsteadiness. At length Sir Ralph Abercromby deemed it prudent not \to continue the attack in the face of such heavy batteries, and the attack was dis- continued at sunset. There has been considerable controversy amongst military writers as to the details of this action, and blame has been cast on this and that general for the heavy losses, and for the want of success; but I shall simply state the facts as I glean them from the several accounts and official reports of the action. Military Operations in Egypt. 107 The British loss in killed and wounded was 1100 men. The French had 500 men killed, but their loss was not so severe. The British took four guns, and Sir Ralph Abercromby had a horse killed under him. On the 14th a general order was issued by the commander-in-chief, thanking General Craddock’s brigade for its gal- lantry, and especially mentioning the gallant and meritorious conduct of the 90th, 92nd Highlanders, and Dillon’s regiment. The battalion of Marines was also officially thanked, and afterward^ ordered to march to Aboukir, and to be attached to Lord Dalhousie’s brigade. io8 A Short History of the CHAPTER VI. The Battle of Alexandria — Death of Sir Ralph Abercromby. The position occupied by tlie British, army was a strong one. The right was advanced nearly a quarter of a mile, to the ruins of an old Roman palace near the sea, on some high ground. The left rested on Lake Madieh. The . centre had in its front low sand-hills. The British gunboats on the lake and on the sea aided in protecting both flanks. On the left was a redoubt, in which twelve guns were mounted, while two were placed in the Roman palace, and in the centre earthworks were thrown up to protect the infantry. Upon this ground, Military Operations in Egypt. 109 with 11,500 men, and thirty-six guns, Sir Ralph Abercromby awaited the attack of the enemy. The French position extended from the sea to the canal of Alexandria, with Fort Cretin in the centre, and Fort Caffarelli in the rear of their left. General Menou reached Alexandria on the 18th of March, and on the evening of the 19th, the French troops, exclusive of those in Alexandria, 11,000 strong, with forty-six guns, were drawn up in this im- posing position. On the 20th the castle of Aboukir sur- rendered, with its garrison of 190 men. On the 21st the British army was under arms before daylight, expecting an attack, and a thick mist covered the plain and concealed the movements of the troops of both armies from one another. On the 20th of March information had been received by Commodore Sir Sidney 1 1 o A Short History of the Smith that General Menou had entered Alexandria, and that it was his intention to attack the British on the following morning. At daylight on the 21st a shot was heard from the advanced picquets, on the left of the line, which was quickly followed by a heavy fire of musketry and artillery. General Moore at once ordered Brigadier- General Stewart to march his brigade to support the advanced picquets, but counter- orders were almost immediately sent, and the brigade was halted, as it was evident that the French were making a general attack along the whole front. The French first came upon the 58th Regiment, commanded by Colonel Houston, which opened such a steady fire upon them, that they were forced to swerve to their left, where they came across the front of the 23rd Regiment, which checked their further advance, and inflicted heavy losses upon them. Military Operations in Egypt. 1 1 j The British gunboats now opened a destructive fire upon the advancing French columns, which had succeeded in forcing the British line, and General Lanusse was struck by a round-shot and had his thigh broken. This discouraged his troops, and they commenced to fall back under a galling fire from the British infantry. At this moment the 23rd came up, fol- lowed by the 42nd, and they were none too soon, as the 28th and 58th were both fighting to the front and rear, and a French battalion which had advanced too far, after losing half its men, laid down its arms. General Menou contented himself up to this time with observing the battle from some high ground, but seeing that things were going badly with his troops, he descended into the plain, and ordered the cavalry brigade of General Ronge to 1 1 2 A Short History of the the front, to repair the fortunes of the day. The brave general remonstrated at the impossibility of cavalry alone, unsupported by infantry, being able to make any im- pression upon the enemy ; but being ordered, he returned to his brigade, and thus addressed them, “ Mes amis, on nous envoie a la gloire et a lamort ; marchons.” The first line of these cavalry, com- manded by General Broussard, advanced, but got entangled in the encampment of the 28th Regiment, and got into some dis- order, but charging onwards they over- whelmed the 42nd, and passed into their camp, but there the horses fell into the holes that had been dug for kitchens, and the 40th coming up at this moment, broke them into utter disorder ; and the colonel of the 40th had to order his men to cease firing, as the men of the 42nd were mixed up with the French cavalry. Military Operations in Eygpt. 1 1 3 To the credit of the 42nd, it is worthy of being remembered that, although their ranks were broken, owing to the cavalry coming upon them from behind a sand- hill before they had time to get into square, the men of their own accord “ formed groups,” and succe ssfully beat off the French horsemen. The 28th remained in line, and held their own against both the infantry and cavalry in their front, but were suddenly startled to hear French officers shouting to their men to advance in their rear; upon which, with the utmost coolness, the rear rank turned about, and poured volley after volley into their assailants, and for some time maintained this extraordinary mode of fighting. To commemorate this, the old 28th were always allowed to wear their number both in front and rear of their head-dress, but alas ! recent changes have removed all pride which Regiments 1 1 1 4 A Short History of the used to take in their hard-earned dis- tinctions. It was in this melee that Sir Ralph Aber- cromby received his death- wound. Having sent all his staff with orders, he was left without any officer near him, and, in con- sequence of a wound in his thigh, had dis- mounted, when a French officer rushed at him, and engaged him with his sword. Sir Ralph wrested the Frenchman’s sword from him after a severe struggle, in the course of which a private of the 42nd came up, and bayonetted his assailant. Sir Sidney Smith was the first officer who came to the General’s assistance, and by some accident he had broken his sword : the old General seeing this, immediately presented him with the sword he had so gallantly taken. “ I w r ill have it placed on my monument,” replied the gallant sailor. “ Sir Ralph was, however, badly wounded Military Operations in Egypt. 1 1 5 from a gunshot wound in the thigh, and had also a bad contusion on his breast ; but no entreaties could make him leave the field. At this juncture the Minorca Regiment came up to support the 42nd, when the second line of French cavalry, headed by General Ronge, made a desperate charge. The British regiments wheeled back sec- tions to let them pass, and then reforming line, turned about, and poured such heavy volleys into them, that men and horses fell by scores, and amongst them their brave leader, General Ronge. This last attack terminated the day, which had lasted for six hours, and General Menou, finding that he could make no im- pression upon the English infantry, ordered a retreat, which was effected in good order, upon the heights of Nicopolis. The British loss was 1500 killed and wounded, and that of the French over 2000. 1 2 1 1 6 A Short History of the Several standards were taken by the British troops, and one, which belonged to a regiment of grenadiers, styled “ Les In- vincibles,” was embroidered with the badges, — “ Le Passage de la Scrivia,” “ Le Passage dtj Tagltamento,” “ Le Passage de l’Isonzo,” “ La Prise de Gratz,” “ Le Pont de Lodi.” This standard was first taken by Ser- geant Sinclair of the 42nd Highlanders, but it was retaken by the French, and finally taken by Private Antoine Lutz, of the Minorca Regiment. This latter regiment was composed of foreigners, many having been prisoners of war taken from the French, and was com- manded by Colonel Lindenthal. The French, though driven out of the camp, by no means gave up the contest, and a second charge of cavalry by their Military Operations in Egypt. 1 1 7 reserve against the foreign brigade com- pletely failed, and the remnants retreated in the utmost disorder. To their great credit it should be even now recorded that a squadron of French cavalry, which had been posted at a bridge over the Alexandria Canal to protect their right flank and prevent a movement of the English right, steadily maintained their position, though exposed to the fire of two English guns, and only got the order to retreat just in time to avoid being cut off, and probably cut to pieces, by the advancing British troops. It was not until he saw the French in full retreat that Sir Ralph Abercromby could be induced to have his wounds attended to, and as the wound in the thigh compelled him to dismount, he walked to a redoubt on the right of the brigade of Guards, where he remained for the rest of the day, but towards evening he became 1 1 8 A Short History of the faint and exhausted, and was first carried on a stretcher, by men of the Guards, to a field hospital, and later on board Lord Keith’s flagship ; next day he bore a pain- ful operation for the extraction of the bullet with great fortitude, but mortifica- tion ensued, and he died on the 29th. The remains of this brave and popular officer were conveyed to Malta in the Flora frigate, where they were temporarily in- terred on the 29th of April, 1801, and a handsome monument, of black marble, was erected to his memory by Lieutenant- General Richard Pigot, then commanding the troops in the island, but the body was afterwards conveyed to Scotland and buried in Aberdeenshire. The battle of Alexandria delivered Egypt from France, and may be truly said to have decided the fate of Europe as well. It showed that the hitherto “ invincible ” soldiers of Republican France were no Military Operations in Egypt. 1 19 match, for the cool and disciplined soldiers of Great Britain, and it caused continental nations to redouble their efforts to throw off the yoke imposed upon them by French armies. Bonaparte at once saw the consequences of this defeat, and received the news from Egypt with the greatest anguish. Marshal Junot relates that Bonaparte intended to have made Egypt the point from which the destruction of the British Empire was to come, and that after the despatch from Alexandria had been received, Bonaparte sent for him, and said, “ Junot, we have lost Egypt. My projects, alike with my dreams, have been destroyed by England.” He was destined to be further awakened from his dreams by the same Power in the next few years. For many days after the battle both sides were employed repairing their losses, and attending to their wounded ; and several 120 A Short History of the military historians have blamed Major- General Hutchinson, who succeeded to the command of the expedition, for not having followed up the French; for owing to the delay which occurred, the French were able to throw up earthworks on the heights of Nicopolis. Upon the arrival of a contingent of 6000 Turkish troops (Albanians), Colonel Spencer was ordered to take the 2nd (Queen’s) Regiment, and to attack Rosetta, at the mouth of the Nile. Upon the ap- proach, however, of this force, the French abandoned it, and its garrison retreated to El-Hamed and to Fort St. Julien. Fort St. Julien was a short time after- wards invested by a combined Turkish and British force, under Lord Dalhousie, and after a spirited defence, surrendered on the 19 th of April. Military Operations in Egypt. 1 2 x CHAPTER VII. Operations on the Nile — Surrender of Cairo — Murder of General Kleber — Convention for conveyance of French troops to Europe — March of both armies to Alexandria. At the end of April the British army was reinforced by the arrival of 3000 men, and General Hutchinson resolved to commence active operations. It is recorded that serious dissensions broke out amongst the French generals, which for a time prevented any organized plan for the defence of Egypt against the English being decided upon. General Regnier strongly urged leaving strong garrisons in Alexandria, Cairo, and at a few other points, and concentrating the 122 A Short History of the whole of the rest of the troops at Rahum nieh ; hut nothing would induce Menou to take any advice. He detached 4000 men to relieve Rosetta, who, however, arrived too late to save it, and he himself remained in Alexandria, believing that the Turks would never cross the desert, and that the English would not remain in the country. General Hutchinson, as soon as he assumed the offensive, cut the isthmus which separated Lake Madieh from the dried bed of Lake Mareotis, and let the sea- water into it, and thereby nearly cut off the garrison of Alexandria. It is stated that this plan was carried out in conse- quence of certain papers which were found upon the dead body of the French General Roize, after the battle of Alexandria. As soon as General Hutchinson heard that the Turkish army, under the Grand Vizier, hadl anded, and was preparing to march upon Cairo, he ordered General Military Operations in Egypt. 1 2 3 Coote to protect the position in front of Alexandria, and he proceeded up the Nile with a strong flotilla. Menou at this time expected a large reinforcement from France, and also a convoy of supplies from Cairo ; Lord Keith’s fleet made the one impossible, and General Hutchinson fell in with the con- voy coming down the Nile, and captured it. General Hutchinson now advanced, and attacked a French division of 4000 men, under General Lagrange, at Bahmanieh, but when that general heard that a Turkish force of 25,000 men had got between him and Cairo, and entirely prevented his re- ceiving any reinforcements from that quar- ter, he abandoned his flotilla on the Nile, with all his stores and supplies, as well as the whole of his military chest, containing over 100,000 francs, all of which fell into the hands of the British troops. 124 ^4 Short History of the General Menouhad gone from Alexandria to Cairo, and was now entirely cut off from tlie rest of his army and from the sea ; and on the 9th of April marched towards Rah- man ieh, to endeavour to effect a junction with General Lagrange. On the 17th his force was attacked by Brigadier-General Doyle, with the 12th and 26th Light Dragoons, and an infantry brigade — Royal Regiment, 50th, 92nd, 'and 30th — with two guns ; but to the surprise of the English soldiers, a French officer, with a flag of truce, came to ask if terms of surrender would be accepted, and on General Hutchinson arriving on the spot, Colonel Cautier and 560 men grounded their arms, under a stipulation that the officers and men should be sent to France, with their private baggage, and should not be considered prisoners of war. As soon as Menou heard of this capitu- lation he issued a furious order, terming it Military Operations in Egypt. 125 “ Une capitulation en rase campagne la plus honteu^e qui est jamais ete signee.” For some time there had been a general dislike of General Menou throughout all ranks of the French army, and some of the superior officers openly talked of de- posing General Menou, and appointing General Regnier in his place ; this coming to the ears of Menou, caused him to order Generals Regnier, Damas, Boyer, and Daure to be arrested, and he sent Regnier and Boyer as prisoners on board the brig Lodi, which managed to escape the British cruisers, and arrived at Nice on the 28th of June. I cannot help here mentioning a rather curious, though, I own, trivial matter. I well remember, when the British army landed at Scutari, in May, 1854, at the beginning of the Crimean War, we were surprised that whenever we met a Turkish regiment their men always shouted out 126 A Short History of the to us, “ Bono, Johnny ! ” No one then could account for this singular salutation, but in looking over all sorts of books, re- cords, and papers to collect materials for this book, I found that in 1801 — in the joint expedition up the Nile — the Turkish soldiers used to encourage the English soldiers by shouting to them, “ Tieb (i.e. very good), John,” to which our men replied, “ Bono, John and there is very little doubt that this was handed down by the men of the Turkish regiments until the two armies met again in 1854. Early in June, 1801, General Hutchin- son received a visit from Osman Bey, who had succeeded Mourad Bey in the command of the Mamelukes in Upper Egypt, Mourad having died of plague on the Nile as he was descending the river to join General Hutchinson. Osman made arrangements to attach a strong force of Mameluke cavalry to the Military Operations in Egypt. 1 2 7 British army, with a view to cut off ary French reinforcements. General Hutchinson had received in- telligence of Sir David Baird’s landing at Kossir, and he had therefore no fear of General Belliard’s division retiring into Upper Egypt. Sickness increased in a most alarming manner amongst the British troops, and large numbers of them died of a had type of fever. On the 4th of June the army moved to Lockmas, and next day about ten miles to Shubra Shaabi ; here the sickness of the troops increased to such a degree, that it became necessary to establish a very large hospital near Rosetta. On the 7th a move was made to El- Gatta, where for the first time the Mame- lukes attached to the British army were compelled to form a camp, and to submit to discipline. 128 A Short History of the By the 15th of June the army had reached Finesh, and on this day General Hutchinson despatched a Mameluke pri- vately to General Belliard, urging him to consider the position in which he placed the inhabitants of Cairo by holding out, and subjecting it to an assault by the Turks, at the same time offering terms of an honourable capitulation. The Mameluke returned, the letter having been taken by a French officer to General Belliard, who refused to enter into any negotiation. On the 16th the combined British and Turkish armies advanced and occupied the villages of Conlachnar, Bashteel, and Im- baba, ■ the latter being the scene of the defeat of Mourad Bey by the French, and here they halted and sent out reconnoitring parties. While at this place they heard the French guns in Cairo firing a salute, and Military Operations in Egypt. 129 the British troops were immensely amused to hear it was to celebrate — “ The Capture of Ireland ” ! ! ! The Mamelukes patrolled to Gizeh, but would go no further, and Captains Murray and Lutchins, of the 11th Light Dragoons, passing through the desert, reached the heights of Mokattan, and penetrated to an old mosque above the Citadel, but were observed by the French, who vainly at- tempted to cut them off. On the 17th of June a French sergeant- major of hussars deserted, and gave most useful information to General Stewart. On the 19th an attempt was made to cross the Nile by a bridge of boats, but after the boats had been collected, it was countermanded. On the 21st of June an attack was made upon the enemy’s outposts in front of Gizeh by the Minorca Regiment, under K 130 A Short History of the Colonel Lindenthal, which drove in the French cavalry, killing several of them, and afterwards retired in excellent order. During the next day or two, batteries were made at Talbia, and the army was reinforced by the arrival of the 28th and 42nd Regiments, under General Hope, from Alexandria. On the 22nd a French flag of truce came to the outposts and was taken to the general; the officer conveyed a request that a British officer might be sent to a conference. General Hope was ordered upon this duty, and he was met by a French colonel of engineers. Next morning General Moran met General Hope, each general being attended by an escort. General Belliard it was who insisted upon each officer having an armed escort, but General Hutchinson, while giving way upon the subject, replied “ that an armed Military Operations in Egypt. 131 escort, in such a case, ought not to be required amongst civilized nations.” General Moran stated that he was in- structed to negotiate for the evacuation of Cairo, and the return of its garrison to France; on the 24th, the preliminaries were agreed to, and two days afterwards, definite articles were signed. The French tried to get two million livres from the Turks, but this was refused. It was arranged that the French troops embarked during the passage to France, in either British or Turkish ships of war, were to give up their arms. This bold advance of General Hutchin- son secured Egypt, and sealed the fate of the French army in that country. The sickly state of the army was now most serious ; the hard work the men had undergone in very hot weather had begun to tell very severely upon them ; they were without anything but water, and that bad K 2 132 A Short History of the to drink, their boots and clothing were worn out, and dysentery and blindness had made great ravages amongst them. The tents issued to them were unfit for the climate, and they had no other shelter from the sun ; in addition to which they were four months in arrear of pay ; yet to their infinite credit, they bore every hard- ship without a murmur, and not a man was guilty of the smallest excess. A short time before this, General Kleber was assassinated in the garden of a house in the Place Bequier, Cairo. This terrible crime will for ever remain a mystery, and all that history knows is that he was stabbed by an Arab as he was walking upon the terrace of his house. Horrible as it is to relate, the assassin was publicly impaled, and his hands cut off, yet he continued to live for three days, cursing those who had betrayed him into committing the murder. Military Operations in Egypt. 133 General Kleber was of German origin, and was probably one of the most upright and estimable officers of high rank of the Republic. To the last, he never forgave Bonaparte for his desertion of the army, and he had passed his word to take ample vengeance to redress the wrong which he conceived had been done to French soldiers. His remains were buried on the 6th of July, and on the French guns commencing to fire minute-guns, they were immediately answered in the same manner by the British artillery, and many English officers attended the funeral ; for which compli- ments to the memory of a General who was universally beloved by the entire French army, General Belliard sent in a letter of thanks. During the night of the 10th the French troops evacuated Cairo, and on the follow- ing morning the British took possession of the Citadel. 134 A Short History of the On the 15th the British and French armies commenced their march for Rosetta, and the Nile was said to have been covered with the vast number of boats descending the river. General Moore was in command of the troops which accompanied the French army. The French showed a great want of discipline on the march, and straggled all over the country, and refused to obey their officers; while the good order and discipline displayed by the English regi- ments excited the outspoken admiration of the French officers. El-Hamed was reached on the 28th, which is about four miles from Rosetta, and here a large camp was formed; and the records of those who were present leave a curious account of the proceedings previous to the embarkation of the French : horses, swords, and hundreds of black girls were exposed for sale by the French, Military Operations in Egypt. 135 and British sailors might be seen scrubbing a black girl whom they had bought for a few shillings. Traffic in black girls was dull, and at last the French were obliged to offer a premium to get any one to take care of them ; these poor creatures sat piteously weeping the loss of their masters, and for the too certain punishment they would re- ceive for their intimacy with Christians. The British provost-marshals had the greatest difficulty in preserving order, and the Arabs used to shout with delight when they saw any French soldiers marched in as prisoners by the English picquets for irregular behaviour. In making arrangements for transport, owing to the impossibility of obtaining correct returns from the French, the whole of their men were made to defile between two British officers, of the quartermaster- general’s department, to count them, and 136 A Short Histoi'y of the after the stories that had been told of their largely-reduced numbers, no little surprise was caused when it was found that they had upwards of 10,000 French soldiers, and fifty guns. The total number of French troops that embarked was 13,754, exclusive of women and children; of these about 240 were natives, and 600 Greeks and Copts. The whole of their ammunition was thrown into the sea, as the commanders of the men-of-war refused to take it on board. Much trouble was caused to the naval officers on the voyage to France by the constant complaints which were incon- siderately made by the French officers of the rations regularly issued to them, and some of the troops on board the trans- ports behaved in such a disorderly man- ner, that Lord Keith was compelled to declare he would fire into the first ship Military Operations in Egypt. 137 on board of which he heard a tumult, a step which at once produced the desired effect. General Hutchinson’s health at this time gave way, and he was obliged to go on board Admiral Keith’s flag-ship, and General Coote assumed command of the troops before Alexandria. General Coote’s army was in remarkably good order, and in the beginning of July had been reinforced by the 28th Light Dragoons, a detachment of the Guards, two battalions of the 20th Regiment, the 24th, 25th, 26th Regi- ments ; the Ancient Irish Fencibles, drafts for several regiments, and the foreign regiments of De Watteville and Les Chas- seurs Britanniques — in all about 1 800 men. General Coote’s energy had been unremitting ; he had day and night ener- getically endeavoured to keep up the spirits of his men at a time when the ravages of disease had been so bad, that he had in 138 A Short History of the his division, at one time, only 3200 men fit for duty. A great deal of nonsense was published in France about their army in Egypt, such as : “ The paternal solicitude which sobbed over even the remembrance of the army of the east, and which was to consider every day misemployed wherein something was not done for the real bene- fit and happiness of the army.” So wrote Bonaparte ; but all the aid he sent them was, not soldiers, but a company of actors, who happened to be taken by an English frigate, and when they were offered to the garrison of Alexandria by Lord Keith, they were refused admission by General Menou. Military Operations in Egypt. 139 CHAPTER VIII. Brigade from India, under the command of Sir David Baird, ordered to Egypt — March of the 86th Begiment from Suez to Cairo — March of the Indian Brigade from Kossir to Kinneh — Events before Alexandria — Beturn of part of the brigade to India. There is probably no circumstance con- nected with the expedition to Egypt in 1801 of greater interest in the present day than the extraordinary march across the desert, from the Red Sea to the Nile, of the troops ordered from India to co- operate with the force under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby. It happened that two separate bodies of British troops undertook, and successfully accomplished this hazardous and trying march. 140 A Short History of the The first detachment which joined the army in Egypt from India was the 86th Regiment, under the command of Colonel Lloyd, which unexpectedly marched into Cobra, where Major-General Stewart’s division was encamped, on the 10th of June, 1801. It is recorded that upon arrival this . regiment was in a terrible condition from tlhe privations the men had been exposed to, amd the sufferings they had undergone in thej burning sand of the desert at this time oif the year. They had received no rations .since leaving Suez, but a small supply of. biscuit ; the plague had com- pelled them to burn their uniforms, and it is said that they had lost everything, ex- cept their arms'* knapsacks, belts, and their discipline. The)? were an unusually fine body of men, mostly old soldiers, and they excited the surprise' and admiration of the whole army for the courage and perse- Military Operations in Egypt. 1 4 r verance they had displayed in overcoming almost unheard-of difficulties. At the end of the year 1800, Sir Home Popham, the admiral in command of the East Indian station, was ordered to embark a military force, to take Suez from the French ; and in the last week in the year. Admiral Blankett left Bombay with the 86th Regiment on board his squadron. After touching at Mocha, in the Red Sea, the squadron reached Jeddah early in February, but was nearly three months beating up the Red Sea, owing to persis- tent head-winds, and the squadron did not arrive at Suez until the end of April, 1801. The French had then evacuated the town, and the 86th were landed and occupied it. Fever had broken out amongst the soldiers and crews of the ships, and a good many men died. 142 A Short History of the Colonel Lloyd had so often expressed an eagerness to join General Hutchinson’s army, that permission was given to him to attempt the hazardous task of crossing the desert. On the very day, the 7th of June, that he received his orders, this gallant and enterprising officer commenced his march, with an allowance of three pints of water only per man for forty-eight hours, and this could not be depended upon, as many of the water-skins leaked. Arab sheiks, provided by the Grand Yizier, acted as guides on the march. Although the actual distance from Suez to Cairo is about sixty miles, in order to avoid the French the column was obliged to go about fifteen miles out of the direct road. The day had been very hot, the thermometer in the tents standing at 109°, and at night at 94°. At nine at night, three officers were unable to proceed, and Military Operations in Egypt. 143 at eleven p.m., after marching twelve miles, the troops halted for two hours, when the thermometer falling to 86°, the march was resumed, and continued until seven a.m. the following morning. The heat now became intolerable, and Colonel Lloyd ordered the tents to be pitched, and the men rested during the day. At ten p.m. the guides advised im- mediately proceeding, and at eleven o’clock, with the thermometer at 1 09°, the march was resumed. Captain Cuyler rejoined in a very feeble state, and soon fainted again, and two men and a camel were left to bring him on. Finding that the men were falling out fast, the column halted at one a.m. on the following day, and Colonel Lloyd cut off his own baggage from the camels, which example was followed by all the officers, and as many men as was possible were carried upon the camels. 144 -A Short History oj the At two a.m. tlie thermometer marked 116 °, and a strong south wind began to blow. Colonel Lloyd, however, persevered until four o’clock in the afternoon, when he was forced to stop, as many officers and men were seized with giddiness and loss of sight, while most of the men fell down, gasping for breath, and calling out for water. It was then found that the fierce heat of the sun had cracked the water-skins, and that all that remained was a thick puddle, full of maggots ; ne- cessity, however, compelled the men to drink it, and violent vomiting and pains in the bowels was the result. A small supply of Madeira wine, which the officers had brought with them, was now served out to the men. They were warned that half the journey had not been performed, and that on their prudeuce depended the accomplishment of the rest. The wine refreshed the men, and the Military Operations in Egypt. 1 4 5 march was resumed, and at eleven o’clock at night they again halted. Upon this night some prowling Arabs entered the camp and carried off a trunk containing money for the payment of the men. Continuing the march at four a.m. on the following morning, by the most plucky exertions the regiment arrived at El Hanha springs at four o’clock in the afternoon, and here halted, both to rest the men and to obtain intelligence from the front. On the 9th of June eight out of seventeen men who fell out on the march rejoined, but of the others nothing was ever heard. Captain Cuyler, and Lieutenants Morse and Goodfellow, who were left in the desert seriously ill, managed to get back to Suez, and rejoined the regiment by a caravan, a few days after its arrival at Cobra. At nightfall, Colonel Lloyd hearing that L 146 A Short History of the General Stewart’s division was before Cairo, immediately proceeded on bis march, and on the 10th of June marched into the British lines, thus accomplishing a march under circumstances which deserve the greatest tribute of praise it is in the power of military history to bestow. March of the Indian Brigade, under the Command of Major-General Sir David Baird, from Kossir to Kinneh. On the 6th of October, 1800, Mr. Secre- tary Dundas wrote to Lord Wellesley, Governor- General of India, ordering him to send a force of European and Sepoy troops to Egypt, and requesting that they might assemble at Bombay. This was received in India on the 5th of February, 1801. Sir David Baird was at this time under orders to proceed with a small body of Military Operations in Egypt. 147 troops for the reduction of Batavia, but on the 10th of February received orders to proceed to Bombay forthwith, to take the command of the force ordered to Egypt. The force consisted of 2400 Europeans and 2100 Sepoys ; and the 61st Regiment, a dismounted troop of the 8th Light Dra- goons, and a company of the Royal Ar- tillery were ordered from the Cape of Good Hope to join this force. On the 31st of March, Sir David Baird arrived at Bombay in H.M.S. Wasp, and immediately assumed the command of the expedition. As has been before stated, the 86th Regiment had already proceeded to Suez in the squadron under the command of Rear- Admiral Blankett. On the 18th of May, Sir David Baird arrived at Jeddah, and on the evening of that day received intelligence of the land- ing of Sir Ralph Abercromby in Egypt, of l 2 1 4 8 A Short History of the the victory of the 21st of March, and of the death of Sir Ralph Abercromby. On the 26th of May, Sir David Baird em- barked on board Rear-Admiral Sir Home Popham’s flag-ship, H.M.S. Romney, and on the 8th of June she anchored off Kossir, at which place there is a very bad an- chorage, and where there is generally a heavy ground-swell, and when the wind is at all easterly ships cannot remain there. The greatest activity was now displayed to land the troops and stores, and on the 15th of June despatches were received from General Hutchinson, dated the 13th of May, from Rahmanieh, warning Sir David Baird to take every precaution to avoid villages on the march across the desert, because of danger arising from the plague. On the 1st of July, 1801, the 10th Regi- ment commenced its march, in the division under the command of Colonel Beresford, Military Operations in Egypt. 149 and no better description of tlie hardships which the troops underwent can be given than that by the Count de Noe, a French nobleman holding a lieutenant’s com- mission in the 10th Regiment. “At 4 p.m. we began to move from Kossir, and at two o’clock on the following morning arrived at the first springs, six- teen miles from that place. Not the smallest trace of vegetation was visible. It was only when we reached the springs that we saw a few stumps of a plant. Some of the rear guard who had straggled were obliged to quicken their pace to keep up. They had to endure the scorching rays of the sun and all the miseries of excessive thirst. They rejoined, exhausted by fatigue, and one died soon, after his arrival. “We here made a melancholy discovery : one of our officers found the corpses of five English marines, completely dried up. 150 A Short History of the They had. belonged to H.M.S. Fox, which had landed them at Kossir. “ The springs were nearly dry, and we had frequently to wait till they refilled, and notwithstanding the great heat, only two and a half bottles of water could be spared daily for each man. The only thing to keep off thirst was to keep a pebble in the mouth, and a green gauze veil was found the best protection to the eyes. “ Colonel Carruthers, commanding 600 men of the 61 st Regiment, left Kossir on the 20 th of July, and the interesting accountsof this march state that when water was not to be found at the halting-places, camels conveying water were brought from the last springs, and then sent back to meet the next detachment. For three days the column marched along the bed of an old river to Moilah, at which place, and at Legaitta, depots of provisions, under a Military Operations in Egypt . 1 5 1 Sepoy guard, were left, and the Sepoys were employed to dig wells. “ It is recorded that the 68th Regiment, which came from Bombay, was chiefly composed of boys, and that on the passage fever broke out amongst them, and that they lost nearly half their number, and continued so unhealthy that they were re-embarked and sent back to Bombay, while the 61st were nearly all old soldiers ; and owing, it is said, to the strict dis- cipline and care of Colonel Carruthers, although they were over 900 strong, and had been sixteen weeks on board ship, when they landed at Kossir had only one man on the sick-list. “ On the march a very little water flavoured with vinegar was found to be the best thing to quench thirst, and the strictest orders were given to prevent men from falling out on the line of march. “ From Moilah to Barimba the desert 152 A Short History of the was of a hard, gravelly soil, and very uneven, and no great difficulty was found in getting the guns, which were drawn by Indian bullocks, across the desert. “ Barimba is the first town on this line of march, and not even a hut had been seen previously. Here the troops got a good supply of milk, eggs, and poultry. “ On the 29 th of July, Colonel Carruthers arrived at Kinneh, with the loss only of one drummer. “ The order of desert was — the march across the Kossir to wells 11 miles. Water. Half-way to Moilah . 17 33 Ho water. To Moilah 17 3 3 Provisions and water. Advanced wells 9 33 Water. Half-way to Legaitta 19 33 Ho water. Legaitta . 19 33 Provisions and water. Barimba . 18 33 Water. Kinneh . 10 33 The Kile. 33 120 Military Operations in Egypt. 153 “No words can describe tbe joy of the soldiers when at Eensch they first came in sight of the Nile, flowing in majestic stream in the plain at their feet ; discipline was unavailing to prevent men, horses, camels, and oxen when they reached its banks from plunging into its waters.” At length, by great efforts, the whole division was collected at Thebes, and in a short time quite forgot the arduous service they had undergone. It is related that when the Sepoys came to the monuments of ancient Egypt at Thebes they fell down and worshipped the images ; another proof, among the many which exist, of the common origin of these early nations. The whole of the arrangements for the transport and march of the troops were made by Colonel Montresor. On the 27 th of June, Sir David Baird received intelligence from Bombay that 154 A Short History of the Colonel the Hon. Arthur Wellesley, who had been appointed second in command of the expedition, was compelled through ill- health to relinquish it. Colonel Wellesley at the same time sent a “ memorandum ” concerning the operations in Egypt, the clearness, foresight, and wisdom of which were all very remarkable, and the advice given was of the greatest use in conducting the march across the desert. On the 31st of July, Sir David Baird embarked at Kinneh for Cairo, leaving Colonel Murray in command of the troops left in Upper Egypt, with orders to maintain a communication with Kossir until the rear of the troops had arrived at Kinneh ; and on the 8th of August he arrived at Gizeh, and on the 16tli he established his headquarters on the Island of Rhouda, on the Nile, between Gizeh and Cairo. All arrangements for the march of the Military Operations in Egypt. 155 brigade to Alexandria having been com- pleted on the 27th of August, the march commenced, and Sir David Baird left Rhouda Island, and on the evening before his departure he received news that General Hutchinson was investing Alexandria. On the 29th of August the advanced guard of the Indian brigade reached Rosetta, and on the following day Sir David Baird arrived, and was most anxious to take part in the siege of Alexandria ; but, to his disappointment, he received an order from General Hutchinson to halt, as the French garrison had sent in a flag of truce to treat for a surrender ; and the men of the brigade were much depressed that after all their toils and privations they should have arrived just too late to take an active part in the campaign. A considerable amount of jealousy and ill- feeling unfortunately soon arose between the troops on the British and Indian estab- 156 A Short History of the lishments, which was augmented by orders from England to put the two forces under one command, and also to take from the King’s regiments on the Indian establish- ment their Indian pay and allowances, and this led to Sir David Baird resigning his command ; but, acting under the orders of General Hutchinson, he retained his position pending reference of the matter to England. When General Hutchinson returned to England, Major-General the Earl of Cavan assumed the command of the whole of the British forces in Egypt, and Sir David Baird was appointed second in command. In April, 1802, orders were issued for the 10th, 61st, and 88th Regiments, forming part of Sir David Baird’s brigade, to return to England, and for the 80th and 86th to return to India ; and at the same time men of certain regiments at Malta and Minorca were allowed to enlist for service in India. Military Operations in Egypt. 1 57 Sir David Baird left Alexandria on the 7th of May, and arrived at Cairo on the 11 th. The brigade crossed the desert to Suez in five days, arriving there on the 25th of May, with the loss only of three men. After seeing most of his troops on board ship, Sir David Baird embarked on board H.M.S. Victor on the 5 th of June, and orders were given to the transports to convey the troops to the Presidencies to which they belonged. On the 6 th of July he arrived at Madras, and on the 30th at Calcutta; on the 31st he issued a general order thanking the troops. A very interesting work on the medical details of this brigade was published in 1804, by Surgeon-Major Sir James Mac Grigor, who was attached to tbe brigade, and it shows that at times the troops suffered much from fever and dysentery, especially in the neighbourhood of Alex 158 A Short History of the andria, and that a good many men died of the plague. This most useful book, I have reason to know, was carefully studied by the Medical Department before the troops embarked for Egypt in 1882 and 1884. We have heard a good deal lately of the wonderful originality of troops embarking in whale-boats, of mounted infantry, of cavalry mounted on camels, of the move- ment of troops on the desert in large squares, with cavalry in the intervals and guns in the angles ; but the preceding pages show very plainly that all that has been done lately with much flourish of trumpets, was per- formed quite as successfully with one- eighth part of the means a little over eighty years ago. Military Operations in Egypt. 159 CHAPTER IX. Operations in front of Alexandria — Siege of the town — Capture of Fort Marabout — Capitulation of the French army — Embarkation of both armies — End of campaign. The British army was now in an entrenched camp, and most of the regiments erected huts made of boughs of trees. For several weeks no fighting occurred, and all hostile operations were suspended. On the 7th of July the French paymaster-general applied to be sent into Alexandria under a flag of truce, but General Menou refused to receive him ; changing his mind, however, twenty-four hours afterwards, he sent to say he would agree to his being sent, but it was too late, as this officer had then sailed for France. 1 60 A Short History of the General Menou heard of the surrender of Cairo early in July, and displayed the greatest fury at the terms of the capitula- tion ; and issued an order relating to it in the style then prevalent with the generals of the Republic, “ that he intended to be buried in the ruins of Alexandria,” &c. Menou appears to have been considered by his army as a mountebank, and even the sol- diers at the outposts, who by this time had got into the habit of continually conversing in a friendly manner with the English officers and sentries, only laughed at the vagaries of their general. General Menou had made himself ridiculous with the troops, had espoused the Mohammedan re- ligion, and, as a matter of course, had married another wife, and was generally very unpopular in the French army. On the 9th of August, General Doyle’s brigade joined from Cairo, and on the 11th, General Moore came in with the Military Operations in Egypt. 161 reserve division. On the same day the boats of the fleet attacked some French gunboats in Lake Mareotis, but these latter hauled in shore, and anchored under the batteries, and avoided an action. Colonel Anstruther and Captain Brice, however, went in a small boat and recon- noitered the heights under Fort Marabout. On the 15th of August, General Hutchin- son rejoined the army, and decided upon attacking Alexandria. On the evening of the 16th, General Coote’s Division, com- posed of the Guards, 25th, 27th, 44th, 26th, 54th, and 100 men of the 26th Light Dragoons, was embarked in boats ; and in order to cause a diversion in their favour, General Craddock was ordered to be in readiness at daybreak on the following morning, with the 50th, 92nd, and 30th, to act on the right. The orders given were to storm the Green Hill on the French right, and to M 1 62 A Short History of the occupy Nole Hill. At daylight General Doyle (though very ill) moved his brigade to the front, the 30th Regiment' advancing against the left of Green Hill, the 50th to the right of it, the 92nd remaining in reserve ; these regiments met with very little opposition in carrying out their orders. General Moore advanced on the right, and occupied Nole Hill under a heavy fire from the French batteries. At 7 a.m. a body of French troops suddenly advanced from the right of General Moore’s brigade, and attacked the 30th Regiment, which was in skirmishing order ; seven com- panies, however, instantly closed, and charged the French with the bayonet, driving them back and routing them. It is recorded that this charge was witnessed by the whole army, and the nearest regi- ments loudly cheered the 30th. Seeing that he was baffled, General Military Operations in Egypt. 163 Menou withdrew his infantry, and con- tented himself with keeping up a fire from his guns upon the British troops. General Coote had intended to have landed between Marabout Fort and Alex- andria, but seeing a strong force of French troops upon the isthmus, proceeded three miles further up, and there landed with- out opposition, and Fort Marabout was invested. In the evening the French abandoned their gunboats, and set fire to some of them. On the night of the 17th the first parallel was opened, and the cavalry and all horses sent to the rear. By the 18th two batteries were esta- blished, and opened fire upon Fort Mara- bout ; and a company of the 54th was posted upon a projecting rock, from which they kept up a heavy musketry fire upon the French gunners in the fort. m 2 164 A Short History of the One of the French gunboats drifted on shore close to the English lines, and the 54th Eegiment got a prize of several cases full of dollars. At noon on the 20th the walls of Mara- bout fell in, and four companies of the 54th were ordered to be ready to assault it. Anxious to prevent unnecessary bloodshed, General Coote sent Colonel Duncan to demand the surrender of the fort, which the commandant, after some discussion, agreed to, and ten guns and 168 men were taken. On the morning of the 22nd of August, General Coote advanced from Marabout against a force of 1200 men, under General Eppler, who was in position on a ridge of sand-hills immediately in rear of the canal, which originally joined the sea and Lake Mareotis. General Coote divided his division into three lines, marching in three columns of Military Operations in Egypt. 165 half-brigades ; the right column moved between the lake and the sand-hills, the centre through the sand-hills, and the left, under Major-General the Hon. G. Ludlow, on the flat near the harbour. The 27th Regiment, and a detachment of Lowenstein’s Chasseurs, under Major Pepongay, with 200 of the light companies of the Guards, under Colonel Joliffe, formed the advanced guard. The gunboats of the fleet supported the movement on the lake and in the harbour. Soon after daybreak the advance was ordered, and the advanced guard almost immediately fell in with the French picquets. The smart action of a Turkish corvette is here mentioned. A French battery was annoying the British advance, and this corvette stood in under sail until she was close to the battery, not returning a shot, when she suddenly poured in a broadside, 1 66 A Short History of the and the battery never fired another shot during the day. The cannonade on both sides was now incessant ; but upon the British advanc- ing the French retired, abandoning their guns. On the right the Guards advanced, under a murderous fire of grape, driving the French out of a battery in front of them, the advance was continued, and the French camp was taken ; and as the retreat of the French was noticed to begin to be dis- orderly, two squadrons of the 26th Light Dragoons were ordered to charge them, but they had not proceeded far when they came upon a battalion of infantry drawn up in good order; this battalion fired a volley, but, curiously enough, not a man or horse of the 26th was touched, and they retreated without loss. The army advanced to within 1400 yards of Alexandria, when, as Fort des Bains Military Operations in Egypt. 167 was too strong to be assaulted, orders were given to halt. The army waited in this position for several days, to enable heavy guns to be brought to the front ; and on the 24th General Menou sent a letter addressed to General Hutchinson, thanking him “ for the humanity shown to his wounded officers and soldiers ; recommending the garrison of Marabout to a brave and loyal army, and concluding with a request for the admission of his brother-in-law into Alexandria, as well as some things be- longing to his wife.” Oil the evening of this day a brilliant feat of arms was accomplished by the advanced troops. General Coote, being anxious to advance his batteries, ordered a detachment of the 26tli Dragoons, and the 1st batta- lion 20th, to advance and take some sand- hills in their front, without any firing. The 20th advanced in line, and gettingpast the 1 68 A Short History of the French outposts on their left, wheeled by companies to their left, surprised the out- posts, and took several officers and seventy men prisoners, without firing a shot, up- wards of thirty more being bayonetted. The cavalry charged almost up to the walls of the town, surprising a picquet, killing a great many of them, and taking some prisoners. The French were greatly exasperated, and made a desperate attempt to recover the ground, but after an hour’s fight the enemy retired behind Fort des Bains. On the morning of the 26th the English guns opened, and by mid-day the French fire was silenced ; and in the evening the first aide-de-camp of General Menou came with a letter, demanding an armistice for three days, that the terms of a capitulation might be agreed upon. On the 29th the aide-de-camp returned, but instead of capitulation he proposed Military Operations in Egypt. 1 69 only the continuation of the armistice for thirty-six hours. General Hutchinson re- plied that he should commence hostilities at midnight, and at 9 p.m. the aide-de- camp returned, with an assurance that proposals should be sent by two o’clock the next day. At one o’clock on the following day an aide-de-camp and a general of brigade arrived at headquarters, bearing articles of capitulation, many of which were re- fused, but the intention to surrender was confirmed. On the morning of the 1st of September the terms of the capitulation were agreed to and- signed, and General Hope went to Alexandria and had an interview with General Menou. In the evening of this day the brigade of General Baird arrived at Rosetta, having descended the Nile in boats ; the 89th Regiment had suffered very much 1 70 A Short History of the from dysentery and ophthalmia ; and the luxuries of the regiments from India were a curious contrast to those of the regiments which had been for the last six months in Egypt. At eleven o’clock the grenadier com- panies of every regiment present paraded, and with colours flying, marched in three columns, into Alexandria, and on arriving at the base of the hill leading to the town, all tbe bands struck up “ The British Grenadier s.” At noon the French flag was hauled down ; but the French, on purpose to prevent the English Union Jack being hoisted in its place, cut the halliards, but the sailors in a very few minutes rove new ones. Indeed, there is no feat of activity these men are not capable of, and before the British had been three days in Alexandria some blue-jackets succeeded in flying a Military Operations in Egypt. 171 kite oyer “ Pompey’s Pillar,” to which they attached a rope, by which means they climbed to the top, where they found pieces of iron, no doubt the remains of a statue which once ornamented the summit of it. On the 5th of September, Sir Sidney Smith and Colonel Abercromby were sent home with despatches in the Carmine frigate ; and a few days afterwards General Craddock’s division was ordered to embark. Lord Keith sailed on the 12 th of Sep- tember, and on the passage fell in with a ship having on board Lord William Bentinck, from England with despatches; and, in consequence, the admiral signalled the squadron to proceed to Malta. General Coote was ordered to proceed to Gibraltar, taking with him 6000 men, General Moore was ordered home to England, and Major-General the Earl of Cavan was left in command of Egypt. 172 A Short History of the General Hutchinson returned home, and General Fox was appointed to the command of the troops in the Mediterranean. . The division of French troops embarked at Aboukir on the 14th of September, and continued to embark and sail for France as fast as ships could be provided, and as there was some difficulty in getting sufficient ships, General Menou applied to be allowed to fit out some small ships which had been taken from the French, and to man them with French sailors. This request was granted, on condition that the vessels should be returned to Minorca ; and this, with most discreditable want of good faith, the French failed to do. On the 18th of September, General Menou sailed for France in the English frigate Dido, and on the same day Lord Cavan handed over to the Capitan Pasha the keys of Alexandria. The Peace of Amiens brought about for Military Operations in Egypt. 173 the moment the cessation of hostilities between England and France ; but it was destined to be of short duration. In commemoration of these brilliant services Major-General Hutchinson was invested with the Order of the Bath, promoted to be a lieutenant-general, and created a peer of the United Kingdom. Lord Keith was created a peer of the United Kingdom. Major-General Coote was made a K.C.B., and all the regiments engaged were allowed to carry upon their colours the “ Sphinx,” and the word “ Egypt ;” in addition to which the 90th and 92nd were allowed the badge “ Mandora,” and the 54th “ Marabout.” The Turkish Government established the Order of the Crescent, which was given to the superior officers. To the field officers gold medals were given; to cap- tains, smaller gold medals ; to subalterns, 174 A Short History of the still smaller gold ones ; and the Sultan built a palace at Constantinople as a future residence of British ambassadors. Thus ended this remarkable and brilliant campaign, of which perhaps more has been forgotten, and less generally known, than of any of England’s numerous wars of the present century. Its effect in Europe was enormous, and even in these days cannot be over-esti- mated. It proved England’s power at sea, and, moreover, that she was able to land an army in distant countries composed of soldiers with whom the hitherto vic- torious soldiers of France were altogether unable to cope ; and that, in addition, she could support her armies by sending almost any number of troops from India for the defence of her interests and possessions. At the present time, when the eyes of all the world are once more turned to Military Operations in Egypt. 175 Egypt, and when a British army again occupies that country, I venture to think that it may interest some portion of the public, and many soldiers and sailors, to read over again a few rough sketches of what our forefathers did in Egypt in the early part of the century. I waited for many months in the hope that some more capable officer would undertake the task, and I have with considerable diffidence occupied myself in producing these pages, which I trust will be indulgently criticized by the Public, and by the Service. APPENDIX. RETURNS OF KILLED AND WOUNDED IN THE EXPEDITION TO EGYPT, 1801. Returns of Casualties , March 8th, 1801. Regiment. Officers. Sergeants. Rank & File. Killed. CD PI 3 o & Missing, | Killed. Wounded. Missing. | Killed. | Wounded. j Missing. 1 Bn. Coldstream Guards . 1 5 11 17 58 6 1 Bn. 3rd Guards 1 2 4 38 8 1 Bn. 1st Royals . 4 1 3 11 40 1 Bn. 54th .... 1 1 2 3 5 2 Bn. 54th .... 1 1 1 9 23rd 2 1 6 37 1 28th , 1 5 33 42nd 8 1 7 23 141 58th 1 2 4 9 41 5 1 Bn. 40th .... 1 2 8 19 2 Bn. 40th .... 1 6 11 Corsican Rangers 1 1 2 1 4 22 33 Total 4 26 1 4 34 1 94 455 53 Action of March 13 th, 1801. Regiment. Details not given . Royal Marines Officers. Sergeants. 1 Rank & File. K. W. M. K. W. M. K. W. M. 6 67 6 61 144 953 1 2 4 2 1 22 29 March 18 th. :l .1 il II 12th Light Dragoons 26th Light Dragoons . N 7 5 i ;8 Appendix. Action of March, 21 st, 1801. Regiment. Officers. Sergeants. Rank & File. K. W. M. K. W. M. K. W. M. 11th Light Dragoons 3 12th Light Dragoons 6 26th Light Dragoons 3 Hompesch’s Hussars 2 Royal Artillery 5 14 40 1 1 Bn. Coldstream Guards 1 7 52 1 Bn. 3rd Guards . 1 3 3 8 38 145 2 Bn. 1st Royals 4 1 9 68 1 Bn. 54th .... 1 9 2 Bn. 64th .... 1 2 3 39 92nd 2 3 37 8th 1 2 13th 1 18th 2 90th 1 27th 1 5 50th 4 2 1 35 79th 1 1 18 2nd Queen’s .... 1 3 7 30th 2 3 4 21 44th 1 1 1 14 89th 2 1 2 7 Stuart’s 3 10 1 7 40 145 13 De Rolle’s 2 3 5 i 9 52 8 Dillon’s 5 1 2 12 40 23rd 1 1 5 12 28th 4 2 4 18 46 4 40th 1 4 2 42nd 4 8 6 48 247 58th 1 2 1 1 19 2 Corsican Rangers . 2 3 Total .... 10 60 3 9 48 224 1086 28 Nominal Return of Staff Officers wounded at the Rattle of Alexandria , March 21s£, 1801. Major-General Sir Ralph Abercromby; Major-General John Moore. Brigadier-General Hon. J. Hope (Adjutant- General); Briga- dier-General Oakes ; Brigadier-General Lawson (Royal Artillery). Captain Doyle (Brigade- Major). Appendix. Action of May Qth, 1801 . 179 Regiment. Officers. Sergeants. Rank & File. K. W. M. K. W. M. K. W. M. llth Light Dragoons 1 1 26th Light Dragoons 1 Royal Artillery 2 3 1st Royals .... 3 8th 2 58th 1 79th 1 1 89th 5 8 Total .... 4 1 5 19 Action of August VWi , 1801 . Regiment. Officers. Sergeants. Rank & File. K. W. M. K. W. M. K. 3 1 5 W. 22 1 3 1 12 M. 30th 60th 92nd . . . Stuarts Ancient Irish Fencibles Rifle Corps .... 1 1 2 1 Total . . , . 2 3 9 39 Action of August 22nd , 1801 . Regiment. Officers. Sergeants. Rank & File. K. W. M. K. W. M. K. W. M. Royal Artillery 1 Bn. Coldstream Guards 1 Bn. 3rd Guards . 25th 26th 1st 27th 2nd 27th 2nd 54th Rifles 1 1 1 2 3 2 5 4 1 7 2 7 9 Total .... 1 1 3 40 i8o Appendix \ Affair of Advanced Posts, August 2bth, 1801. Officers. Sergeants. R ank & File • Regiment. K. W. M. K. W. M: K W. 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