■ I mm SECOND REPORT COMMERCIAL RELATIONS FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. SILKS $ WINE. BY JOHN BO WRING. Ih-tScntcti to botf) Rouses of JJarltamtnt b» Command of fWajestij. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 1835. i II 38 Z CONTENTS. REPORT ON SILK AND SILK GOODS . . . Rage 3 APPENDIX TO DITTO 53 REPORT ON WINES 93 APPENDIX TO DITTO 126 LIST OF APPENDIX TO REPORT ON SILK. No. Page 1 Manufactured Silks Exported to England . . .53 .(From French Custom House Return.) 2 An Account, showing the Net Quantities entered for Home Consumption in the United Kingdom, of the several Ar- ticles enumerated, for the Years 1829, 1830, 1831 . . 53 (From English Custom House Return.) 3 Duty on East India and not East India Manufactures, in the five Years ending 5th January, 1832 . . . 54 (From the same source as No. 2.) 4 An Account of the Real Value of Silk Manufactures entered for Home Consumption in the United Kingdom, in the Years 1830 and 1831 54 (From the same source as No. 2.) 5 Silk Manufactures Exported from France — Special Com- merce ......... 54 (From the French Ministry of Finance.) 6 Manufactured Silks Exported from France . . .55 (Extracted from French Custom House Reports.) 7 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Plain Goods . 5 6 (From the Director General of French Customs.) 8 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Wrought Silks 56 (From the same source as No. 7.) 9 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Stuffs Embroi- dered with Silk ....... 57 (From the same source as No. 7.) 10 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Stuffs Embroi- dered with Gold or Silver . . . . . .57 (From the same source as No. 7.) 11 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Stuffs Mixed with Thread, Cotton, and other Materials . . .58 (From the same source as No. 7.) 12 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Silks Embroi- dered with Tinsel ....... 58 (From the sa7ne source as No. 7.) 13 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Counterpanes . 59 (From the same source as No. 7.) 14 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Hosiery . . 59 (From the same source as No. 7.) 15 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Gauze of Silk . 60 (From the same source as No. 7.) 16 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Crape . . 60 (From the same source as No. 7.) 17 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Silk Net . 61 (From the same source as No. 7.) 18 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Lace . . 61 (From the same source as No. 7.) 19 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Haberdashery with Gold and Silver 62 (From the same source as No. 7.) 20 Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Haberdashery with Tinsel 62 (From the same source as No. 7.) No. 21 31 32 33 34 35 Page Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Haberdashery. 63 (From the same source as No. 7.) Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Silk Haber- dashery with Gold and Silver . . . . .63 (From the same source as No. 7.) Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Silk Haber- dashery with Tinsel ....... 64 (From the same source as No. 7.) Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Silk Haber- dashery with Thread, Cotton, &c. . . . .64 (From the same source as No. 7.) Manufactured Silks Exported from France — Ribands . 65 (From the same source as No. 7.) Importations into France of Manufactured Silks . . C5 (From French Custom House Return.) Number of Looms in the Town of Lyons . . . .65 (From the Prefect of the Rhone.) Quantities of Silk Imported from Foreign Countries which have Entered the Bonded Warehouses of the Town of Lyons, up to the 1st January, 1832; showing also the Quantity Entered for Home Consumption, and Exported to other Countries ....... 66 (From the Director of the Lyons Custom House.) Lyons. — Weight of Silk submitted to the Condition . . 66 (From the Lyons Chamber of Commerce.) Mairie de la Vil/e de Lyon, — Tarif au Minimum des Prix de la Facjon des Etoffes de Suie, librement debattu et con- senti entre les Delegues des Fabricans et des Ouvriers, dans la seance de la Chambre consultative des Arts et Manufactures de Lyon, du 25 Octobre, 1831, a laquelle assistaient le Maire de Lyon et les Membres du Conseil des Prud'hommes, et qui etait presidee par le Piefet du Departement du Rhone, pour recevoir son execution a partir du 1 Novembre prochain . . . . .67 (From the Mayor of Lyons.) Octroi of the Town of Lyons (intra muros) . . .72 (From the same source as No. 30.) Budget of the Town of Lyons for 1833 . . . . 73 (Furnished by the Municipality.) Petition to the Chamber of Deputies from the Silk Manufac- turers of Lyons. — Petition to the Minister of Commerce from the Council of Prud'hommes of Lyons. — Reply of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons to the Circular of the Minister of Commerce. — Reply from the Chamber of Commerce at Lyons, to the Questions contained in the Circular addressed bv the Minister of Commerce and of Public Works, of the 27th August, 1833, to the Chambers of Commerce, and Chambers of Consultation (Chambres Consultatives), in the Kingdom. (Sitting of 29th October, 1833.) . 81 Silk Goods Exported from France, in the Year 1832 . . 88 (From French Custom House Returns.) Importation of Silk Goods into France, for 1832 . . 90 (From French Custom House Report.) o LIST OF APPENDIX TO REPORT ON WINES. 00fr sold at 30 s. . . ) ' Reeling 1 lb. per day, 20 days| gig^s 11 oz. of eggs cost Consumed 23, 100 lbs. of leaves, at 5 fr. Cost of rent, fuel, &c# . 15fr. 1,155 220 employed 1,390 185 Profit to breeder. ] ,793-75 Produced 87^1bs, Profit 1,575 silk at 25 fr. Cost 2, 187- 50 fr. 393-75 1,793-75 BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 5 be anticipated ; and, with that increased production, a decline in price to a very considerable extent. As it is, notwithstanding the enormous addition to the de- mand for silk manufactures, the tendency in the price of the raw material has been constantly downwards, not arising so much from an accumulation of stock, as from a rapid increase in production both in Europe and Asia ; and as that production still continues to give much beyond the average rate of profit, its extension may be safely calculated on. It is probable that the decline in price of the raw material will bring a much larger number of consumers into the market, and that a large increase of the silk manufactures of France, Switzerland, and England will be the infallible consequence. The check upon production produced by the prohibition on the export of raw silk from France being now about to be removed, another impulse will be given to the growers of the mulberry, and to the breeders of the silk- worm. A slight rise may be anticipated in the price .of those peculiar qua- lities of silk of which France has had the monopoly, but this rise will naturally and necessarily lead to an additional production of the superior material. Of the silk of the Cevennes it is supposed that not more than 400,000 lbs. per annum is now produced, and of that silk the tendency of price has been decidedly towards diminution, notwithstanding an undoubted increase in consumption. Taking in the average of the last ten years, (see Table I.) it will be found, that from 1822 1 The average value of ) [ And the average value l"57ifr. to 1825 1826 to 1828 1S29 to 1831 the cocoon was per Alais pound of the raw silk, per Alais pound l-56f 1-40 26-06^fr. 23-75 22-33i The Alais pound is about 21 per cent, less than the half kilogramme, or 11 per cent, less than the English pound avoirdupois. It will be seen by the Table above referred to, that the value of the Cevennes silk in the French market has undergone a decline of nearly one-third since 1822. In 1822, the price of the cocoon, was 1-70 per Alais pound, and of the raw silk 31 fr. ; but as that year was one of very bad recolto, it can hardly be properly made a standard of comparison. In 1825 and 1826 the price of cocoons rose to the price of 1822 in consequence of the extraordinary rage for speculation in the first year, and of the opening of the English ports to French manufactures in the. second; but the raw silk did not, in 1825, within 10 per cent., nor in 1826 within 20 per cent., reach the prices of 1822 ; and neither cocoons nor raw silk have before fallen so low as in 1831. The price of the silk of Cevennes in the Lyons market is at this period (1832) from 58 to 60 fr. per kil. It is sold, like all other silks, at a discount of 12£ per cent. ; and at these prices, and an exchange of 25 fr., its cost will be from 18*. 5d. to 19*. Id. per English pound avoirdupois. The Vivarais silks sell from 22 fr. to 27 fr. the pound marc (2044; lb. marc == 100 kilogrammes). The Vaucluse sells at 14 to 17^ fr. the local pound, which is equal to 35 to 42 fr. per kilogramme. The Table (II.) gives the state of the Lyonnese market for silks during the last twelve years, and will also afford the means of comparing the relative value of the silks of France as contrasted with those of Italy. The tendency of the prices to decline will be obvious, as the following details show. The quotations are of the month of January in each year, and in the poids de marc. Years. Organ zines of 24 to 25 Deniers. Trams of 28 to 30 Deniers. Piedmont. Italy. France. France. Italy. 1821 fr. fr. fr. fr. fr. 43 3S None. 33 32 50 1822 41 39 39 35 34 1823 40-50 39 39- so 40 39 1824 35 32-25 33- 50 31-50 31 1825 49 40 43 36-50 35-30 1826 43 38-50 42 37 34 1827 37 33 34- 50 34 33-50 1828 39 • 50 35-50 38 34-50 34 1829 37 35 36 34 33 1830 34-50 32 33- 50 31-50 30 1831 30 28 29 28 27 1S32 32-50 31 al- 50 28-50 25 Table I. 6 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS The average for the years 1821 to 1826 will therefore be Oiganzines of 24 to 25 Deniers. Trams of 28 to 30 Deniers. Quality of French Silk. Removal of the Prohibition of Ex- port of French Silk. Raw Silk. Imports and Exports. Piedmont, fr. 41-91 Italy, fr. 37-79 France. fr. 39 • 40 France. fr. 35-50 Italy. fr. 34-30 and for the years 1827 to 1832, 35-08 32-41 33-75 3T75 30-83 The French have adopted a system of security against fraud in the sale of silks, by submitting it to examination and experiment in an establishment called the Condition. Silk exposed to a humid atmosphere, and yet more to wet, Avill imbibe a considerable quantity of humidity without undergoing any perceptible change in external appearance. This establishment, of which there is one at Lyons and ano- ther at St. Etienne, receives about 3-4ths of the whole consumption of silk. It is submitted during 24 hours to a temperature of from 18 to 20 degrees of Reaumur, C72J to 77 of Fahrenheit,) and if the diminished weight be from 2| to 3 per cent, the application of the high temperature is continued during another 24 hours. On a certificate granted by the Condition as to its true weight, the invoice is made out. The means of correctly ascertaining the real humidity of silk are now the subject of investigation at Lyons, and it is believed that the purity of the material will, ere long, be as accurately tested, as is that of metals by an assay. The quality of silk is estimated by deniers, which represent the weight of 400 ells wound off on a cylinder; the number of course increases with the fineness. The Alais silk is sometimes reeled from only from 3 to 4 cocoons, and weighs only from 8 to 10 deniers ; sometimes from 7 to 8 cocoons, which will give 18 to 20 deniers. Of French organzines the quality varies principally from 20 to 36 deniers, and of French trams from 26 to 60 deniers. I need scarcely state how anxious the English Commissioners were to obtain from the French Government, its consent to the exportation of the native raw silk from France. A strong impression existed among English manufacturers that they were subjected to a great disadvantage while competing with the French, in being ex- cluded from the power of purchasing the raw material which is peculiar to France ; and we deemed it a fair subject of complaint to be urged on the French adminis- tration, that our manufacturers were compelled to struggle against the manu- factured article of a country that did not allow them to purchase the raw material. It might encumber this Report to refer to the numerous communications, both oral and written, which we made on a subject whose importance we deeply felt ; and it is with much satisfaction we state that the consent of the French Government was finally obtained, accompanied by an assurance that, as the close of the Session pre- vented the Chambers from immediately discussing the subject, it should be brought forward as a Government measure on the re-assembling of the Legislature.* What- ever temporary influence an increased demand, may have on the prices of French silk, that demand will soon be supplied by increased production. Temporarily, perhaps, the French manufacturer will suffer from the advance of native silks, forming as they do 3-4ths of his whole consumption, while in England the in- creased importation will probably lead to a decline in prices. But the markets will not be long in regulating themselves, and it cannot be doubted that the removal of the restrictions upon the exports of French silks will, like the removal of any other restriction, tend to place the fabrics of the two countries in a more sound and natural state, and give an additional motive to each for directing its attention pecu- liarly to those branches in which the prospects of success are most assured, and of abstracting capital and labour from those fabrics which present the greatest number of irremovable difficulties. Taking in a period of seven years, from 1825 to 1831, the average general im- portation of raw and thrown silk into France may be estimated at about 1,000,000 of kilogrammes, of which somewhat more than one half is re-exported, principally to England. Of this importation about 9-10ths is of Italian silks. The average importation from Turkey is about 90,000 kilogrammes per annum. That from England, of East India and China silks, not more than 2000 kilogrammes yearly ; while the whole of the direct importation from India and China is only between 3,000 and 4,000 kilogrammes. The importation from Spain does not exceed 2,000 kilogrammes ; so that, as a general result, the importation of foreign silks into France, has place particularly in those superior qualities for which her own growth is distinguished. * An ordinance has been since issued, allowing the export of raw silks at a duty of 3 fr. per kil., of thrown silks at 2 fr. per kil., and. of dyed silks fit for manufacture at 6 fr. per kil. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 7 Of the whole amount of foreign, raw, and thrown silk which France exports, England is the receiver of more than 6-7ths — being on an average of seven years (from 18*25) above 560,000 kilogrammes per annum. Switzerland receives through France an annual average of about 13,000 kilogrammes, but transmits to France an annual average of 17,000 kilogrammes. The detailed Tables of importation and exportation Avill be found in statements in the Tables III. and IV. Tables III. and IV. The exportations to England from France are, since 1828, almost wholly con- fined to the ports of Calais and Marseilles ; and from Marseilles the quantity shipped is, on an average of three years, (1828 to 1830,) only 23,821 kilogrammes; while from Calais the average is 565,963 kilogrammes. (For Custom House returns, see Table V.) Table V. Though the statements of the importations of foreign raw silk into France thus Raw Silk Imports present a gradually increased demand, it will appear that the relative proportions int0 France ' betvieen raw, thrown, and waste silks have not, for the last twelve years, undergone any considerable change. There has been less of fluctuation in the consumption of Italian thrown than of Italian raw ; the maximum importation of thrown silk (in 1829) having been 371,416 kilogrammes; while the minimum importation (in 1823) was 234,474, being a difference of about 137,000 kilogrammes ; while in raw silks the highest amount imported (also in 1829) was 396,520 kilogrammes, and the lowest (in 1821) only 77,314, being a difference of nearly 320,000 kilo- grammes. The average imports for home consumption, in a period of twelve years, appears to be, — 11,902 kilogrammes in cocoons. 167,390 ,, raw. 306,643 thrown. 679 , , dyed. 168,047 ,, waste. 654,661 kilogrammes. The impression that the average prices of the silk markets of France are con- siderably beneath those of other countries, would appear to be incompatible with the fact that the importation of foreign silks has gone on increasing during the last thirty years. I beg to submit the following results drawn from the different official Tables. Importation of Foreign Silks of all kinds into France for Home Consumption. Years. Weight Imported. Average. Value Imported. Average. Kilogrammes. Kilogrammes. Francs. Francs. 1800 Not reported. 2,368,700 2,368,700 1805 Do. • 4,599,618 4,599,618 1815] to V 1817J 1,169,210 389,733 58,498,510 19,499,502 1818] to [ 1819J 928,920 464,460 49,163,535 24,581,767 1820] to \ 1822J 1,590,315 530,105 79,354,153 26,450,384 1823] to \ 1825J 1,954,185 651,395 95,976,497 31,992,166 1826] to \ 1828J 2,063,918 687,737 105,710,421 35,236,807 1829] to \ 1830J 2,247,513 749,171 Value not stated. See Tables VI., VII., and VIIL 8 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Table IX. Table X. Table XI. The changes which have taken place in the tariff on the introduction of foreign silks into France, since 1815, are as follows: — From 1815 to September 1817 Sept. 1817 to 31st Dec. Jan. 1818 to 31st July Aug. 1818 to August 1820 Aug. 1820 to the present time . Raw. Thrown. 102 fr. ' 204 fr. 13 50 1-10 1-10 13 51 110 220 per 100 kilogrammes. to Avhich a decime, or 10 per cent., must be added.* The average amount received by the French Government, on a calculation of six years, from 1825 to 1830, reduced to English money, is £41,393 sterling, on an average quantity imported of 1,191,609 lbs. English. The highest year of duty was 1829, when £54,286 sterling was paid on 1,693,353 English lbs ; and the lowest year 182§, when £29,479 sterling was paid on 825,360 lbs. Details will be found in the statement (Table IX.) In the year 1832, the imports of silk into France (Table X.) were as follow*: — Cocoons Douppions Raw silk Thrown silk Dyerl do. Knubs, raw , , carded Floss Dved floss Total Whole Importation. 11 ,679 kil. 1,745 593,795 443,432 16,001 273,082 58,775 104,502 194 Home Consumption. 11,774 kil. 718 197,921 366,854 1,502 183,402 1,487 103,655 122 1,503,205 Or about 3,307,050 lbs. 867,435 1,908,357 lbs. The exports of silk (foreign) for 1832, are (Table XI.)- Raw Thrown . Dyed tapestry silk 194 Do. sewing silk 27,960 Knubs . 77,980 391,340 kil., in all of which 77,072 362,758 to England. 67,268 6 78 69,643 574,546 kil. Or about 1,264,000 lbs. 499,753 kils. 1,099,450 lbs. the exports to England being about rVVths of the whole amount. * The same ordinance which allows the export of French silk reduces the duty on foreign silks to 50 fr. per 100 kil. raw, and 100 fr. thrown. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 9 TABLE I. Price of Cocoons and Raw Silk of Cevennes, at the period of the Harvest, during; the last Ten Years. Years. Price of Cocoons, per Alais lb. xilCe OI rvilw D11K, per Alais lb. Francs. Francs. 1822 1-70 31-00 1823 1-50 22 '25 1824 1-40 23-00 1825 1-70 28-00 1826 1-70 25-00 1827 1-50 23-00 1828 1-50 23-25 1829 1-45 23-00 i 1830 1-40 22-50 1831 1-35 21-50 j [Chamber of Commerce — Lyons.] TABLE II. French Silk Trade. — Statement of the Fluctuations in Silks in the Market of Lyons, from 1821 to the present Time. JANUARY, 1821. JANUARY, 1822. ORGANZINES. TRAMS. Piedmont. Italy. France. France. Italy. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Den. Fr. Fr. 22—23 . . 44-50 22—23 . . 39-50 22—24 . . i 26—28 . . 34-00 33-75 23—24 . . 44-00 23—24 . . 39-00 24—25 . . 28-301 32-50 24—25 . . 43-00 24—25 . . 38-00 25—26 . . 30— 32 J . . 33-00 32-25 25—26 . . 42-50 25—26 . . 37-50 26—28 . . _c ■ 32—34 . . 32-50 31-50 26—28 . . 42-00 26—28 . . 37-00 28—30 . . "S (3 34—36 . . 32-00 31-00 28—30 . . 41-00 28—30 . . 36-50 30—32 . . 36—40 . .• 31-00 30-50 30—32 . . 40-50 30—32 . . 36-00 32—34 . . 40—50 . . 30-50 29-50 32—341 32—34 . . 35-00 34—36 . . J 50—60 . . 29-50 28-50 34—36} 40-39-50 34—36 . . 34-50 36— 40j 36—40 . . 34-00 Note. — These prices represent the lb. marc, and are reckoned subject to a discount of 12J per cent. The Italian Trams from 28 — 30 to 50 — 60 are less regular than those of France. In 1821 there was a fluctuation of from 1 fr. to 1 fr. 50 c. per lb. At the close of the year they fell to the prices of the beginning, Italian Organzines excepted, which remained from 75 c. to 1 fr. above the January prices. JANUARY, 1822. ORGANZINES. Piedmont. Den. 21— 22 22— 23 23— 24 24— 25 25— 26 26— 28 28—30 30—32 32—341 34- 36- u — oz 2—341 i— 36 V 5— 40j Fr. 42-50 41-75 41-00 39-50 38-50 37-50 36-50 35-50-50 Italy. Den. 22— 23 23— 24 24— 25 25— 26 26— 28 28—30 30—32 32—34 34—36 36—40 Fr. 40-50 40-00 39-00 38-50 38-00 37-00 36-00 35-00 34-00 33-00 France. Den. 22—24 24— 25 25— 26 26— 28 28—30 30—32 32—34 34—36 Fr. . 40-00 . 39-00 . 38-00 . 37-50 . 37-00 . 36-00 35-34-50 . 33-50 TRAMS. France. Den. 26—28 28—30 30-32 32—34 34—36 36—40 40—50 50—60 Fr. 35-50 35-00 34-50 33-50 33-00 32-50 31-50 30-50 Italy. Fr. . 36 00 . 34-00 . 33-00 . 32-00 . 31-50 30-50-30 30- 0-29 . 28-50 Note. — There was an increase in the value of Organzines in the middle of the year of 6 fr. to 8 fr. per lb., and on Trams 6 fr. 6 c. to 9 fr. At the end of the year there was a fall, leaving the advance, one of 2 fr. to 3 fr. on Organzines, and 4 fr. to 5 fr. on Trams. c 10 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS TABLE II. continued. JANUARY, 1823. ORGANZINES. TRAMS. Pie DMONT. Italy. France France. Italy. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Fr. 21—22) 22—23 . . 40-00 22—24 . . 40-50 26—28 . . 41-00 39-50 22—23 J 23—241 24—25 . . 39-50 28—30 . . 40-00 39-00 23—24 . . 41-50 24— 25 V . . 39-00 25—26 . . 39-00 30—32 . . 39- 00 38-50 24—25 . . 40-50 25—26, 26—28 . . 38-00 32—34 . . 38-00 37-50 25—26 . . 39-75 26—28 . . 38-00 28—30 . . 37-00 34—36 . . 37-00 36-50 26—28 . . 38-50 28—30" . , 37-00 30-32 . . 36-00 < 36—40 . . 36-00 35-00 28—30 . . 37-50 30—32 . . 36-00 32—34 . . 35-00 40—50 . 34-33-00 '. 34- -33-00 30—32 . . 36-50 32—34 . . 35-00 34—36 . . 34-00 50—60 . 32-31-00 31-00 32—341 34—36 . . 34-50 34—36} 35-34-50 36—40 . . 34-00 36— 40j Note. — In May of this year prices rose, but fell again, so that at the end of the year there was a decline from 4 fr. to 5fr. per lb. on Organzines, and 6fr. to 7f'r. on Trams, Italian excepted, which not having advanced so much declined less. , TRAMS. Piedmont. Den. Fr. 21—22 . . 38-00 22—23 . . 37-00 23—24 . . 36-00 24—25 . . 35-00 25—26 . . 34-50 26—28 . . 33-50 28—30 . . 33-00 30—32 . . 32-50 32—34 •. . 32-00 34—30 . . 31-50 36—40 . . 31.00 ORGANZINES. Italy. Den. Fr. 22—23 - . . 33-50 23—24 . . 33-00 24—25 . . 32-50 25—26 . . 32-25 26—28 . . 32-00 28—30 . . 31-00 30—32 . . 30-50 32—34 . . 30-00 34—36 . . 29-50 36—40 . . 29-00 JANUARY, 1824. France. Den. Fr. 22—23 . . 34-50 23—24 . . 34-00 24—25 . . 33-50 25—26 . . 33-00 26—28 . . 32-50 28—30 . . 31-50 30—32 . . 31-25 32—34 30-50 34—36 . . 30-00 JANUARY, 1825. France. Den. Fr. 26—28 . . 32-00 28—30 . . 31-50 30—32 . . 31-00 32—34 . . 30-75 34—36 . . 30-50 36—40 . . 30-00 40—50 . . 29-50 50—60 . . 23-50 Fr. 32-00 31-00 30-50 29-50 28-50 28-00 27-50 27- -26-00 Trams remained all Note. — In this year, there was a gradual advance of 2 fr. 50 c. to 3 fr. per lb. on Organzines. the year at about the same price, not fluctuating more than 50 c. ORGANZINES. Piedmont. Den. 21— 221 22— 23 23— 14j 24— 25 25— 26 26— 28 28—30 30—32 32—34 34—36 36—40 Fr. . 49-00 . 47-50 45-44-00 . 43-50 . 41-50 . 40-50 . 39-50 . 38-50 Italy. De 22- 23- 24 2E 26- 28 30 32 34 36 —251 —26/ Fr. . 41-00 . 40-50 . 40-00 . 39-00 . 38-00 . 37-00 . 36-50 . 36-00 35-34-50 France. Den. 22— 23 23— 24 24— 25 25— 26 26— 28 28—30 30—32 32—34 Fr. 44-00 43-50 43-00 42-50 41-00 40-50 40-00 38-50 TRAMS. France. Den. 26—28 28—30 30—32 32—34 34—36 36—40 40—50 50—60 Fr. . 37-00 . 36-50 . 36-00 . 35-50 . 35-00 . 34-00 33-32-00 . 31-50 Italy. Note. — During this year, the fluctuations were not more than 1 fr.per lb. except Italian Organzines, which rose from 2 fr. to 3 fr. at the end of the year. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 11 TABLE II. continued. JANUARY, 1826. ORGANZINES. TRAMS. Piedmont. Italy. France Fhance Italy. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Fr. 21—22 . . 45-00 22—23 42-00 22—23 . . 43-00 26—28 . . 38-00 35-00 22—23 . . 44-00 23—24 41-00 23—24 . . 42-50 28—30 . . 37-00 34-00 23—24 . . 43-50 24—25 40-00 24—25 . . 42-00 30—32 . . 36-00 33-00 24—25 . . 43-00 25—26 38-50 25—26 . . 41-00 32—34 . . 35-00 32-50 25—26 . . 42-00 26—28 37-00 26—28 . . 40-00 34—36 . . 34-00 32-00 26—28 . . 41-00 28—30 36-50 28-30 . . 39-00 36—40 . . 33-00 31-50 28—30 . . 39-50 30—32 35-50 30—32 . . 38-00 40—45 . . 32-00 31-00 30—32 . . 39-00 32—34 . 34-33-00 32—34 . . 37-00 45—50 . . 31-50 30- 00 32—34 . . 38-50 34—36 32-50 34—36 . . 36-50 50—60 . . 30-00 \ '. 29- -28-00 34—36 . . 38.25 36—40 . 32-31-50 36—40 . . 38-00 Note. — Prices in this year fell successively, so that at its close Organziaes were from 6 fr. to 7 fr. 50 c. lower than at the beginning. Trams fell, however, only 2 fr. to 3 fr. per lb. JANUARY, 1827. ORGANZINES. TRAMS. Piedmont. Italy. France. France Italy. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Fr. 21—22 22—23 . . 35-50 22—23 . . 35-50 26—28 . . 34-50 34 00 22—23 . . 38-50 23—24 . . 35-00 23—24 . . 35 • 00 28—30 . . 34-00 33-50 23—24 . . 38-00 24—25 . . 34-00 24—25 . . 34-50 30—32 . . 33-00 '. 33- -32-50 24—25 . . 37-00 25—26 . . 33-00 25—26 . . 34-00 32—34 . . 32-50 32-00 24—26 . . 36-50 26—28 . . 32-50 26—28 . . 33-75 34—36 . . 32 00 31-50 26—28 . . 36-00 28—30 . . 32-00 28—30 . . 33-00 36—40 . . 31-50 31-00 28—30 . . 35-00 30—32 . . 31-50 30—32 . . 32-50 40—45 . . 31-00 .* 30- -29-50 30—32 . . 34-00 32—34 . . 31-25 32—34 . . 32-00 45—50 . . 30 00 29-50 32—34 . . 33-50 34—361 34—36 . . 31-00 50—60 . . 29-00 28-50 34—36 . . 33-00 36—40/ * ' 30-50 36—40 . . 32-50 Note. — In this year there were many variations, principally in advance, so that at the close, Organzines had risen from 2 fr. to 3 fr. per lb., and Trams from 1 fr. 50 c. to 2 fr. JANUARY, 182S. ORGANZINES. Piedmont. Italy. France. France Italy. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Fr. 21—22 . . 42-00 22—23 38-00 21—22 . . 41-00 26—28 . . 35-50 35-00 22—23 . . 41-50 23—24 37-00 22—23 . . 40-00 28—30 . . 34-50 34-00 23—24 . . 40-50 24—25 36-00 23—24 . . 39-00 30—32 . . 33.50 33-00 24—25 . . 39-50 25—26 35-50 24—25 . . 38-00 32—34 . . 33-00 .' ! 32-50- -32-00 25—26 . 39-38-00 26—28 34-50 25—26 . . 37-00 34—36 . . 32-50 31-00 26—28 . . 37-75 28—30 34-00 26—28 . . 36 00 36—40 . . 32-00 30-00 28—30 . . 35-50 30—32 33-75 28—30 . . 35-00 40—50 . . 30-50 29-50 30—32 . . 34-50 32—34 32-75 30—32 . . 34-50 50—60 . . 29-00 28-75 32—34 . . 33-50 34—36 32-50 32—34 . . 34-00 34—36 . . 33-00 36—40 32-00 36—40 . . 32-75 TRAMS. Note. — A fall took place in this year of 2 fr. to 3 fr. on Organzines, and. 1 fr. to 1 ■ 50 fr. on Trams. D 12 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS TABLE II.— continued. JANUARY, 1829. ORGANZINES. TRAMS. Piedmont. Den. 21— 22 . 22— 23 . 23— 24 . 24— 25 . 25— 26 . 26— 28 . 28—30 . 30—32 . 32—341 34—36/ ' 36—40 . Fr. 38-50 38-00 37-75 37-00 36-50 36-00 35-00 34-50 34-00 33-50 Italy. Den 22— 23 23— 24 24— 2 25— 26 26— 28 28—30 30—32 32—34 34—36 36—40 Fr. 37-00 36-50 35-00 34-50 34-00 33-75 33-50 33-50 33-00 France. Den. 21— 22 22— 23 23— 24' 24— 25 25— 26 26— 28 28—301 30— 32 J 32—24 34—36 Fr. 37-50 37-00 36-50 36-00 35-50 35-00 34-50 34-00 33-50 France. Den. 26—281 28—30/ 30—32 32—34 34—36 36—40 40—50 50—60 31-: Fr. 34-00 33-50 32-50 32-00 31-50 30-00 29-50 Italy. Fr. 33-50-33 33-32-50 32-00 31-50 31-00 30-00 28-50 Note. — Organzines and Trams fluctuated this year about 1-50 fr. per lb., and at the end of the year they remained at about 1 fr. higher than at the beginning. JANUARY, 1830. ■ ORGANZINES. TRAMS. Piedmont. Italy. France. France Italy. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Den. Fr. Fr. 21—22 . . 37-50 22—23 . . 34-50 21—22 . . 36-00 26—28 . . 32-00 31-00 22—23 . . 36-50 23—24 . . 33-00 22—23 . . 35-00 28—30 . . 31-50 30-50 23—24 . . 35-50 24—25 . . 32-50 23—24 . . 34-00 30—32 i . 31-00 30-00 24—25 . . 34-50 25—26 . . 32-00 24—25 . . 33-50 32—34 . . 30-00 29-50 25—26 . . 34-00 2G— 28 . . 31-50 25—26 . . 33-00 34—36 . . 29-00 29-00 26—28 . . 33-00 28—30 ) 26—23 . . 32-00 36—40 . . 28-50 28-50 28—30 . . 32-50 30—32} . . 30-50 28—30 . . 31-50 40—45 . . 28 - 00 27-50 30—32 . . 31-75 32— 34 J 30—321 45—50 . . 27-00 27-00 32—34 . . 31-00 34—36 . . 30-00 32—34/ ' * 31-00 50—60 . . 26-00 26-00 34—36 . . 30-50 36—40 . . 29-50 36—40 . . 30-00 Note. — There were few variations in 1830, but a general tendency to a slight decline, so that at the end of the year prices had fallen from 1 -50 fr. to £ fr. 1831.— OBSERVATIONS. In 1831, the demand for Silk goods having slackened, there was a fall of from 4 fr. to 6 fr. on Organzines, and 3 fr. on Trams ; at the close of the year a slight advance of 1 fr. to 1-50 fr. took place. The lb. marc (which is the weight by which Silk is sold at Lyons) is in the proportion of 102 lbs. 2 oz. to 40 kilo- grammes. The price of Trams was long far beneath that of Organzines, as inferior Silks was mostly employed for them ; but the demand for better and lighter Stuffs has led to a demand for finer Trams, and the rate of difference has become much less. The Piedmontees had long a great advantage over other Italian Silk, it was more_regular, cleaner, and better pre- pared ; of late, however, the general character of Italian Silk has improved. Trams op France. Fr. 24 Deniers per lb. 29-50 26 , , 29-00 28 , , 28-50 30 , , 28-00 32 , , 27-50 24 , , 27-00 36 , , 26-50 38 , , 26-00 40 , , 25-75 45 , , 25-50 50 , , 25-00 55 , , 24-75 60 , , 24-50 65 . , 24-25 70 , , 24-00 MAY, 1832. Organzines of Piedmont. Fr. 20 Deniers per lb. 34-00 22 33-00 24 32-50 26 31-50 28 30-50 30 ,, 29-50 35 27-50 40 27-00 45 26-00 50 25-00 Organzines of France. Fr. 20 Deniers per lb. 33-00 22 32-00 24 31-50 26 31-00 28 30-00 30 29-50 35 28-50 [Furnished by the Brokers at Lyons, through the Chamber of Commerce.] BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 13 TABLE III. Importation — General Commerce. RAW AND THROWN SILK. Countries whence Imported. Quantities Imported. 1823 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 England Low Countries . . . Austria Germany Switzerland . • . . Sardinia Tuscany Naples and Sicily . Spain Turkey Egypt Barbary States United States . . . . China and Cochin China. English India. . . . French India . Total . . . Kil. 40,872 13 455,686 666 15,488 277,316 6,911 45,126 42,673 59,481 764 123 Kil. 62,836 26,487 229,411 2,129 10,207 411,546 1,259 48,575 10,480 84,334 308 3,435 4,153 'l,227 139 Kil. 2,655 3,550 607,678 86 16,182 368,127 4,882 49,200 25,024 70,054 673 3,375 1,262 2,119 23 436 Kil. 764 164,802 542,041 313 17,566 276,264 5,038 39,735 18,547 127,334 12,286 348 140 ' 1,054 Kil. 14,897 53,696 612,113 464 15,273 335,556 8,141 57,250 9,227 138,637 551 79 *8,234 2,811 Kil. 8,393 9,912 560,401 82 18,671 344,683 4,863 40,898 10,325 128,744 3,759 2,113 945,119 896,526 1,155,326 1,206,232 1,256,929 1,132,848 Kil. 3,173 4,133 645,478 986 25,379 296,652 1,854 30,439 23,104 25,858 1,480 244 6,146 435 1,878 1,067,239 [French Official Return from Custom House.] TABLE IV. Exportation — General Commerce. RAW AND THROWN SILK. Countries to which Exported. Quantities Exported. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 England . Low Countries Prussia . . Germany . Switzerland . Tuscany and Roman States Spain . . Portugal . Turkey . Egypt • • • Algiers . . . Barbary States United States . Mexico . . Brazils. Sardinia . . Kil. 466,814 6.711 228 2,784 8,027 416 31 570 137 654 '2,994 Kil. 216,687 4,157 '2.002 5,147 379 643 380 1,806 579 395 20,369 Kil. 701,490 5,585 20 5,907 14,771 1,974 63 137 1,534 'l,941 8 2,977 Kil. 773,340 6,097 147 3,650 8,792 3,358 4 7,120 3,335 Kil. 396,260 4,660 13 2,780 10.746 668 37 218 4,558 '80 "l,230 Total 489,366 252,544 736,407 805,843 421,250 Kil. 609,497 4,065 '2,702 28,447 2,527 396 487 227 ' 1,368 563 2,634 73 8,328 661,314 Kil. 669,605 3,094 317 1,858 13,150 745 121 106 126 3,724 598 818 1,812 9,141 705,215 [French Custom House Official Return.] 14 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS TABLE V. Quantities of Raw Silks Exported from France for England during the following Years. Ports of Exportation. Years. 1828. 1829. 1830. Calais . Le Havre . Marseilles , . Total . . Kilogrammes. 751,947 488 20,175 Kilogrammes. 375,772 li ,961 Kilogrammes. 570,171 39^326 772,610 387,733 609,497 All the above are Foreign Silks, and principally Italian, the Export of French Silks being prohibited. [French Custom House.] TABLE VI. Account of the Values of Raw Silks of all Sorts Imported from the Year 7 to the Year 14, and of the Quantities and Value from 1815 to 1819. Years. Years. 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 Francs. 7 1,789,500 8 2,368,700 9 13,267,000 10 11,008,632 11 3,022,948 12 4,583,014 13 4,599,618 14 8,311,304 Quantities. Kilogrammes. 289,432 387,164 492,614 464,722 464,198 Value. Francs. 14,793,690 17,328,740 26,376,180 24,862,136 24,301,399 [French Minister of Commerce.] BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 15 TABLE VII. Weight of Silk Imported for the Consumption of the Kingdom of France, from 1620 to 1831. Amo unt in Kilogrammes. Years. Cocoons. Raw. Thrown. Dyed. Waste. 1820 1,960 130,312 322,381 745 115,332 1821 2,914 77,314 251,406 668 85,299 1822 20,302 170,730 248,863 600 161,489 1823 4,062 118,439 234,474 333 168,323 1824 7,851 120,027 367,874 903 243,384 1825 22,496 145,407 337,770 740 182,102 1826 9,041 285,806 343,587 740 160,610 1827 14,031 130,430 338, 94S 873 186,309 1828 19,549 131,330 242,971 409 199,284 1829 14,177 396,520 371,416 380 239,374 1830 12,011 190,399 327,786 585 170,085 1831 14,428 111,968 292,232 1,170 104,982 [French Official Return.] TABLE VIII. Account of the Importation of Silk for Home Consumption, from 1820 to 1831. Years. Description and Value. Cocoons. Raw. Thrown. Dyed. Waste. Total Amount. 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Francs. 5,880 8,742 60,906 12,186 23,553 67,488 27,123 42,093 58,647 42,531 36,033 Francs. 5,510,858 3,074,680 6,805,334 4,723,012 4,774,680 6,520,347 12,854,340 9,203.602 9,247,756 19,873,092 7,611,394 Francs. 21,963,890 17,483,616 17,362,198 16,376,676 29,703,988 23,616,468 24,020,310 23,699,108 16,943,998 29,991,168 22,900,992 Francs. 7.0,779 63,460 97,000 31,639 89,789 70,300 70,300 82,939 38 ,-899 36,100 99,979 Francs. 2,039,608 2,082,980 2,724.196 2,813,391 4,042,109 3,104,871 2,770,437 3,279,948 3,370,921 3,933,781 2,983,441 Francs. 29,591,015 22,713,478 27,048,824 23,956,904 38,634.119 33,379,474 39.742,510 36,307,690 29,660,221 53,876,672 33 : 631,839 Total . 385 , 182 90,199,095 244,062,412 ■ 751,184 33,145,683 368,542,740 Average . 35,017 8,199,917 22,187,492 68,289 3,013,244 33,503,886 .[French Official Return.] TABLE IX. Report of the Importations of Raw and Thrown Silks, and of the Duties levied during the following' Years, reduced to English Weight and Measure. Years. Quantities Imported. Duties levied. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Total . . Average lbs. 1,065,856 1.387.856 1,035,012 825,360 1,693.353 1,142,633 £. 39,202 46,278 38,593 29,479 54,286 40,511 7,150,070 248,349 1,191,678 41,392 [Commissioners.] SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS TABLE X. Quantities of Silks Imported into France in the Year 1832. From whence. Total Amount. Home Consumption. •{ Austria . Sardinia . . . Kil. 346 11,333 278 11,496 11,679 1.1,774 Official Value . . Fr. 35,037 35,322 Duty received . 142 r Douppions 1 ; Spain English India . French „ . . Kil. 566 745 238 155 41 343 324 10 41 1,745 718 Official Value • ■ r r. 41,880 17,232 Raw Gregio 1 ? < Duty received • 402 Other. . . < \- Russia . • » Switzerland . Austria . . , Belgium • • England Spain ... Sardinia Two Sicilies . Tuscany. Greece • • Turkey . . . Egypt . . . Algiers . China . . United States . • Jvil. 1,160 244 393,245 12,311 347 9,503 18,028 56,703 9,913 270 88,094 126 1,624 2,227 157 80 808 12,036 251 13,720 59,631 49,893 4,254 45 53,128 121 534 3,016 247 593,795 197,921 Official Value . . Fr. 23,751,800 7,947,000 Duty received . • • 228,585 Douppions Sardinia . . Switzerland , , .Kil. 12 49 no 49 61 159 Official Value . . Fr. 2,074 5,406 Thrown Duty received . 89 Other. . . < England Sardinia Two Sicilies. Tuscany Switzerland . Germany . . United States . .Kil. 1,841 1 101,483 310,407 16,679 215 11,580 1,160 66 930 142 341,712 13,364 18 9,462 1,160 66 443,432 366,854 Official Value . . Fr. 31,040,240 25,679,780 Duty received . 886,021 Prussia . . . Holland. . . Belgium . Spain . . . Sardinia. Two Sicilies Tuscany . . Switzerland . . Germany Turkey . .Kil. 0/ O 3 4 491 1,041 12,322 932 219 83 330 0/ O 3 4 14 597 7 34 178 82 7 16,001 1,502 Official Value . . Fr. 1,520,095 142,690 Duty received . 5,439 [French Official Return.] BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. TABLE X.— continued. t Denomination of Articles. From whence. Total Amount. Home Consumption. Raw Spain . Sardinia Two Sicilies Tuscany Switzerland Germany . • Turkey . Kil. > > > > > > > > 454 161 ,976 94,293 2 , '93 1,266 9,731 3,062 7 269 98 872 78',517 1 332 '280 3,820 312 273,032 183,402 Official Value . Fr. 3,276,984 2,200,824 Duty received j > 2,150 Kuubs < Carded r Austria. Sardinia . Switzerland Germany • • Kil. j j J ! 48,839 8,351 1,585 115 392 980 53,775 1,487 Official Value . Fr. 705,300 17,844 Duty received . 1 .472 Floss . . . < r [ England Sardinia Switzerland Germany . English India . Kil. 19,026 802 83,695 979 19,126 844 83,494 191 | 104,502 103,655 .Twist .< Official Value . Fr. 2,090,040 _ 2,073, 100 Duty received . 100,917 1 . Dyed Fleuret . < Sardinia Switzerland Germany . T/" ' 1 JviJ. J ? ? J 5 183 6 5 | 111 6 1 194 122 Official Value . Fr. 5,238 3,294 Duty received . i ? 436 TABLE XI. Quantities of Silk Exported from France in the Year 1832. Denomination of Articles. To whence. Total Amount. Home j Production. 'Douppions . Germany . Kil. 977 Official Value Fr. 23,448 | Raw . < f Gregios ■< .Other . . < Russia . Holland . . Belgium England . Sardinia Tuscany Switzerland Germany . Algiers. Barbary States United States . Mexico Kil. ) J J J 5 J J J > ? ' J 3 J ? ) > ? ? J : j 1,978 123 4,707 362.758 3,364 770 6,6S6 171 4,559 2,841 2,003 1 ,380 J > None. 391,340 Official Value . Fr. 17,610,300 Thrown pious other than Doup-^ Prussia . Belgium England . Spain . Sardinia Switzerland Germany . United States . Kil. > > 5 J J J > ) ) ; y i 888 472 67,268 1,940 1,733 4,609 154 > None. I 77,072 \ Official Value . Fr. 5,395,040 18 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS TABLE XI.— continued. Denomination of Articles. To whence. Total Amount. Home Production. Tapestry Silk Sewing Silk Knubs, raw and fleuret Russia . Prussia Holland Belgium England Sardinia Switzerland Germany Cuba . Chili . Official Value . Duty received . Russia . . Prussia . . Hanseatic Towns Holland . . Belgium . England . Spain . Sardinia . . Tuscany Switzerland . Germany . Algiers . . He Maurice English India . United States . Haiti . . . Cuba . . . St. Thomas . Brazils . Mexico . Columbia . Peru . . . Chili . . . Rio de la Plata Martinique . Bourbon . . Senegal St. P. et Miguelon Official Value , Duty received . England . Sardinia Switzerland Algiers . United States . Kil Fr. Ki 5 3 5 59 6 38 6 16 2 54 194 18,430 157 44 2 2,5& 78 40 161 11 341 236 1 13 15 20,382 126 39 26 284 187 255 364 1,953 161 31 123 50 2 27,960- Fr. 2,656,200 Kil. 69,643 6,879 185 331 942 77,980 Official Value , Fr. 935,760 5 3 5 59 6 38 6 16 2 11 151 14,345 171 157 31 2 314 2,537 78 40 101 11 155 236 1 13 15 8,813 50 39 26 284 146 255 364 1,953 161 31 123 50 2 15,! 1,518,860 1 1,736 None. [French Custom House Return.] BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 19 FRENCH SILK MANUFACTURES. I have deemed it desirable to take one branch of French manufacture, and to follow it into its minuter details, so many of which will be found illustrative of the general state of manufacturing labour in France, that it will not be necessary to pursue the same course with respect to other departments of industry. That branch which is the most important in France itself, and which, at the same time, is the most important in the mutual commercial relations between France and England, — the Silk trade, — has been made the subject of more particular investi- gations, whose results I have herewith the honour to submit. And in order to present the different considerations in what appears the most convenient form, I shall first examine the general topic, and afterwards pursue it in detail through its more special ramifications. The superiority of the silk manufactures of France is, as respects quality, almost Cause of French wholly referable to the superiority of taste they exhibit ; their superiority of taste, su P enon J - to education, habit, national and local institutions, and especially the direction of taste into manufacturing channels. It has been long observed, that throughout France a much greater and more attractive display is made with the same amount of capital than in England. The furniture of French houses is more tastefully arranged. Catholic countries have brought their inhabitants more immediately and constantly into the presence of works of art, as there is scarcely a church undecorated with the productions of eminent masters. Again, the public collections are really public ; they are accessible to all without difficulty or expense, and the places which possess them are resorted to by great numbers of the labouring population. At Lyons the manufacture is brought into the regions of superior education. The producers of those novelties on which the reputation of their silk manufacture depends, are instructed in all those elements out of which grow gracefulness of form and harmony of colour. The School of Arts is employed to create those artists which the manu- facture afterwards engages and absorbs. At the same time the large foreign demand keeps up superiority, by bringing the taste and judgment of the world into the French markets, both to purchase and to criticise. Four-fifths of the silk manufactures of France are exported, which is in itself a remarkable evidence of the general superiority of their production. Yet further development of the manufacture is greatly checked by the duties on foreign raw silk, for the protection, as it is called, of the native grower ;* on foreign thrown silk, for the protection of the French throwsters ; on foreign iron, for the benefit of the French iron masters ; on foreign timber, for the sake of the French forest proprietor ; on foreign machinery, for the profit of the French machine-maker ; and by all those fiscal regulations, whether national or local, which raise the price of goods, and interfere with the freedom either of trade or of labour. The Custom House returns of the exports of the manufactured silks from France to England, give the following results : — Cheeks upon im- provement. Years. Whole Amount. Average. Remarks. From 1818 ' to I- 10,0(J0,614fr. 2,500, 153 fr. 1821 1822 to 1825 16,379,066 4,094,766 1 These are the years immediately preceding / the opening- the Ports to manufactured \ silks. 1826 ' to 1830 1- 62,056,515 12,411,303 Exports to England. The exportations under their separate years are given in the Appendix. (No. I.) Appendix No. I. As the systems adopted in France and England in preparing the Custom House * Since this was written, an ordinance has admitted raw silks at 5 centimes, and thrown silks at 10 centimes per kil. equal to about ^d. and Id. sterling per lb. ■ F 20 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Appendix No. II. Smuggling of French Silks. Appendix No. III. Appendix No. IV. returns are very different, it is not easy to obtain the elements for establishing the means of accurate comparison between them. It may, however, be desirable to present such statements as we do possess ; and I have therefore extracted from the official documents of the two countries the total exports from France to England, and the quantities Avhich were entered at the Custom House in England for the year 1831. Comparison of ° French and English i Returns. French Official Account. Articles. Value. Plain Goods Worked do. (fa(;onnes) Embroidered with Silk , , with Gold Stuffs, Silk with Cotton , , Tinsel Silk Hosiery , , Gauze , , Crape , , Net , , Lace Gold and Silver Haberdashery Tinsel ditto Haberdashery, wholly Silk , , mixed with Gold , , with Tinsel Ribands Francs. 12,992,2S0 911,940 17,640 37 , 600 10,260 14,200 9,296 227,696 24,800 160,692 18,090 270 49,300 900 23,400 1,949,760 16,448,124 English Official Account. Articles. Plain Silk or Satin, including- ] Ribands J Figured do Gauze and Gauze Ribands . Crape Plain Velvet, including Ribands Figured do Ribands embossed or figured ) with Velvet .... J Fancy Net or Tricot . Weight. lbs. 66,659 15,614 33,480 0 19,667 4 11,135 14 1,074 6 345 0 95 12 148,071 9 And 54 , 1 17 square yards of Silk Net or Tulle. [Appendices No. VI. to XXV.] [Appendix No. II.] It appears that before the legal introduction of French manufactured goods into England, the exports from France had gone on progressively from an amount of 1,744,105 fr. in 1818, to 6,104,103 fr. in 1825. (Appendix No. I.) The difference in the cost of production at that time was hardly less than 40 per cent., so that the amount of smuggling did not represent a less sum than £340,000 per annum. It appears by the English Custom House returns, (Appendix No. III.) that in 1826, £58,996 was received by the English Revenue ; and by the French returns, that 7,596,421 fr. was the amount exported : if 40 per cent, be added for the difference of cost, the import into England would represent the value of £420,000. If 25 per cent, were therefore collected for duty in England, it would seem that about £180,000 of silk goods were illegally introduced in 1826; so that the change of system immediately put an end to about one-half of the contraband trade. In 1830, the exports of France were 15,204,388 fr., and if 35 per cent, be added for difference of cost, the amount will be £800,000 of silk goods on the English market : the amount of duty paid was £135,160, which, estimated at 25 per cent., will leave about £300,000 for the value of silks clandestinely introduced, showing that the present state of the smuggling in silk manufactures is not far removed from its position in 1825, being the last year of absolute prohibition. (See Appendix No. III. and IV.) The English Custom House returns for 1830, give an estimate of real value, for 1830, of £425,236 regularly imported ; which, according to the preceding cal- culations, would give a surplus of more than £300,000 for illicit introduction. The estimated exports of 1831 are, according to the calculations obtained at Lyons, about 18,000,000 fr., say £720,000. It would appear that the amount of duty received was only £140,195 on all the European importations; if 30 per cent, be added for additional value, the amount entered would have been about £930,000: according to the Custom House statements it was only £451,000. But admitting the estimate to be too low, and supposing the difference of value be- tween England and France to be less than 30 per cent., it appears that the amount of smuggling in 1831 was probably not less than £400,000, and that it may be safely stated to be not less than from £250,000 to £400,000 for an average year. In a word, it is evident that the duty is higher than can be collected, and would probably be much more productive if it were reduced from its present rate to 20 per cent, ad valorem ; while such a reduction would serve to legalize an existing and irrepressible irregular importation. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 21 I have submitted the amount of smuggling in silk goods to another test, which shows th,at the foregoing estimates of the extent of the contraband trade are not excessive The exports from France for 1829 and 1830, amount to 25,688,105 fr., which, taking the Custom House rate for official value of 1201V. per kilogramme, will give 214,067 kil., or 460,947 lbs. avoirdupois ; i e. an average export from France of 230,473 lbs. Now, it appears by the Custom House returns that the weight which paid duty was, In 1829 121,515 lbs. In 1S30 125,958 Allow for 224,000 square yards paying by measure 10,000 257,473 The average would be 128,736 lbs. So that it would appear, as far as these weights allow of an approximation, that the clandestine introduction is about 100,000 lbs. per annum; and taking the average rate of duty at 18a-. per lb., that the Revenue is annually defrauded of at least £90,000. According to the esti- mate of the French Custom House, given in the First Report, (Appendix No. LIX.) it would appear, that the difference of weight between the manufactured Appendix No. L1X. silks exported from France and those regularly imported into England from First Report. 1825 to 1831, averages 61,102 kils., equal to about 134,400 lbs.; and that from 1829 to 1831, the average was 63,987 kils., equal to about 140,000 lbs. It will be obvious that any estimate can only be approximative to the fact, but of the enormous extent of clandestine importation there can be no doubt whatever. Since 1825, the export trade of France in manufactured silks has increased from Exports of French 120,000,000 fr. to 130,000,000 fr. per annum. In 1827, it made a very considerable Silks - start, since which period it has been nearly stationary, its fluctuations not having exceeded 8,000,000 fr. or 9,000,000 fr. per annum. The Appendix (No. V.) will Appendix No. V. show the vicissitudes of three years, from 1828 to 1830, as respects the different importing countries ; and the Appendix (No. VI.) represents the changes which Appendix No. VI. have taken place in the different species of manufacture from 1825 to 1831. It is worthy of note, that the demand from England in 1826 did not immediately increase the exports from France ; on the contrary, the whole amount exported was a diminution of more than 2,000,000 fr. as compared with the previous year ; and though in successive years England appears as a large buyer in the market, several other countries since 1826 have diminished their imports very considerably. But as by the courtesy and confidence of the French Government the Commis- sioners have been furnished with detailed statements of the changes which the several branches of the silk trade have undergone since 1825, I shall make a few remarks on the different documents which will be found in the Appendix, marked Appendices No. VII. to XXV. No. VII. to XXV. The Appendix No. VII. represents the exports of the plain silks of France. Appendix No. VII. This class comprises half the value of the silk manufactures of that country, and has fluctuated in amount from 40,000,000 fr. to 60,000,000 fr. in the last seven years. But the term uni, which I have translated plain, is more extensive in its significa- tion than the English phrase, and by no means excludes the introduction of patterns into the fabric. Of this class of goods the United States are by far the largest purchasers, as they generally take one-third, and in some years nearly half of the whole of the export. Up to 1826, the Netherlands were second in the list of importers, but since that period England has become so, the Netherlandic demand not having been for the last two years one-half of its amount in 1825 and 1826. In 1825, England took 4,884,000 fr. : the demand was not increased by the admission of French goods in 1826, but it has fluctuated from 7,000,000 fr. to 13,000,000 fr. between C 1827 and 1831. The demand for Germany has for the last three years lessened one-third of its amount from 1825 to 1827, varying from 3,500,000 fr. to 6,000,000 fr. That of Spain has continued stationary at about 3,000,000 fr. Anglo-India, which from 1826 to 1830 had always taken from 500,000 fr. to 1,000,000 fr., took in 1831 less than 200,000 fr. The French colonial demand exhibits a similar falling off ; but the most remarkable diminution is that of South America, which took, in 1825, 3,673,560 fr, in 1826, 3,458,520 fr., and in 1831 only 931,920 fr., including the Brazils, Chili, Peru, and Buenos Ayres. The increase in the United States' demand, which was 28,000,000 fr. in 1831, may partly explain the decline in that of other American countries : the purchases of the North Americans exceeded by nearly 12,000,000 fr. their purchases in any pre- Plain Silks. 22 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS vious year. It was their presence in the Lyons' market which relieved it of super- fluous stock ; and we were given to understand that a small reduction, say from 5 to 15 percent., was always a sufficient inducement to bring them into the market.* Figured Silks. Of figured stuffs (Jugonnes) the manufacture would appear to have considerably diminished since 1825, when the export was about 27,000,000 fr. In the following year it fell off 13,000,000 fr., which is solely attributable to the altered demand for the United States, which took 14,000,000 fr. in 1825, and in 1826 only 4,000,000 fr. In 1825, England purchased scarcely any figured silks from France; only 71,500 fr. is reported as the amount of export. From 1826 to 1831, the export to England has fluctuated from 500,000 fr. to 1,100,000 fr. Next to the United States, whose average purchases (though very variable from year to year) are from 7,000,000 fr. to 8,000,000 fr. per annum, Germany is the principal importer, her purchases amounting to from 3,500,000 fr. to 5,500,000 fr. per annum. The Netherlands follow, but their purchases, which average 1,500,000 fr. from 1826 to 1828, were not quite 270,000 fr. in 1831. A more remarkable decline has taken place in the demand from Spain, which in 1825 was 2,000,000 fr., and in 1830 and 1831 about an average of 280,000 fr. The Mexican orders have gone on with unvarying increase from 29,640 fr. in 1825, to 1,330,000 fr. in 1831 ; and the same may be said of Switzerland, which from 7,000 fr. in 1825, has been, since 1828, a purchaser to the extent of from 600,000 fr. to 800,000 fr. per annum. The Sardinian demand has been a very fluctuating one, being from 236,000 fr. to 1,255,000 fr. The export to British India has varied from 6,500 fr. to 11 5,000 fr. per annum; but though the amount is small, it is greater than the average importation of French Appendix No. VIII. figured silks in the French colonies. (Appendix No. VIII.) Embroidered Silks. Of the silk embroidered goods the fluctuations of demand have been very re- markable. In 1826, the exports were 3,275,710 fr. ; in 1831, only 200,100 fr. The English demand, which was 141,970 fr. in 1826, had wholly ceased in 1831. The United States, which took for 1,100,000 fr. in 1826, took for less than 5,000 fr. in 1831. The Netherlands purchased for the amount of above 800,000 fr. in 1826, and in 1831, only for 1,690 fr. Germany bought, in 1826, to the amount of more than 760,000 fr., and, in 1831, not of 29,000 fr. Spain, in 1831, was by far the largest purchaser, though her purchases were for less than 80,000 fr. Appendix No. IX. (See Appendix No. IX.) Of silk goods embroidered with gold and silver, the manufacture has increased nearly four- fold since 1827. The principal purchaser is Turkey; which, from 11,000 fr. in 1827, has gradually increased to 167,800 fr. in 1831. The pur- chases of England were, in 1827, 9,240 fr., and, in 1831, 17,640 fr. The United States, which are the great buyers of silk goods from France, bought only for Appendix No. X. 960 fr. in 1831. (Appendix No. X.) Mixed Silk Stuffs. From 5,000,000 fr. to nearly 8,000,000 fr. have been annually exported, since 1827, of silks mixed with thread, cotton, and other materials. In these the pur- chases of England are comparatively small, having never exceeded 111,280 fr. (in 1829,) and having, in 1831, been only 37,600 fr. The United States are the prin- cipal buyers : from 1828 to 1831, they have taken for the value of from 1,000,000 fr. to 2,000,000 fr. per annum ; and the demand has gone forward with progressive increase. In 1827, it was only about 334,000 fr. Next to the United States, Sardinia is the largest buyer in amount, her annual purchases being from about 800,000 fr. to 1,100,000 fr. (1829) per year. Germany is also a consider- able purchaser, her annual demand varying from 400,000 fr. (1831) to nearly 1,200,000 fr. (1829.) The demand for the Netherlands, which, in 1831, was less than 290,000 fr. was, in 1829 and 1830, above 1,100,000 fr. The Russian pur- chases, from 78,660 fr. in 1829, gradually declined, and had wholly ceased in 1831. The average annual purchases of Spain vary from 300,000 fr. to about double that amount, having in this article, as in most others, a constant tendency Appendix No. XI. to diminution. (Appendix No. XI.) Silk stuffs embroidered with tinsel have been exported from 1827 to 1831 to an annual amount, varying from 123,100 fr. to 334,960 fr., the smallest sum being the exportation of 1*831. The demand from England is inconsiderable : in 1827, it was for 2,880 fr., and in 1831, 10,260 fr., having been 32,000 fr. in 1828. The Brazils have sometimes purchased for from 60,000 fr. to 70,000 fr. ; at other times almost nothing. Germany is the country to which the supply is most regular, Appendix No. XII. vary j ng f rom 25,000 fr. to 44,000 fr. (Appendix No. XII.) * It is not unlikely that a larger quantity of silk manufactures is reported under the head uni, as the duty on exportation is somewhat less. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 23 Of silk counterpanes, the export return is very unimportant. The almost exclu- Silk Counterpanes, sive demand was for the Hispano- American provinces ; and that demand had wholly ceased in 1831. (Appendix No. XIII.) Appendix No.XIII. The exportation of silk hosiery (bonneterie) from France is diminished by more Silk Hosiery, than one-third of its jflmount since 1825. It was then about 3,400,000 fr. ; in 1831, somewhat more than 2,000,000 fr. In 1825, England took, by illicit introduction, 94,800 fr.; the amount was diminished to about one-third (28,200 fr.) in 1826, and in 1831, was only 14,200 fr. By far the greatest buyers are the United States ; in 1825, they took nearly two-thirds of the whole amount exported, being a sum nearly equal to the total exportation to all countries in 1831. The smallest export to the United States was in 1826, being 779,800 fr. ; the largest in 1825, 1,913,800 fr. ; and the average of seven years, 1,100,000 fr. The exports to the Low Countries, which, from 1825 to 1829, were from 70,000 fr. to 90,000 fr. per annum, fell, from 1830 to 1831, to about half that average amount. Germany, Avhich, in 1825 and 1826, took from 120,000 fr. to 136,000 fr., was reduced, in 1830, to 96,800 fr., and in 1831, to 51,900 fr. Spain and Portugal, to which the exports, in 1825, were about 174,000 fr., received, in 1830 and 1831, an average of less than half the sum. Next to the United States, Mexico ranks in importance. To it the ex- ports have varied from 80,800 fr. in 1829, to nearly 300,000 fr. in 1830 ; the average for seven years being somewhat less than 200,000 fr. a year. To the South American States the export had almost ceased in 1831, the amount being for all only 61,500 fr.; whereas, in 1825, it was 343,600 fr., and, in 1826, 415,300 fr. The average exportation from 1825 to 1828 is about 2,585,000 fr., that from 1829 to 1831 only 1,892,000 fr. per annum. (Appendix No. XIV.) Appendix No. XIV. The amount of silk gauze exported from 1825 to 1831, fluctuates between silk Gauze. 972,600 fr. and 1,344,000 fr. In 1825, the United States took two-fifths, and, in 1831, seven-tenths of the whole amount; it being about equal (say 1,000,000 fr.) in these two years. The English demand has been exceedingly variable ; in 1827 it was about 230,000 fr. ; in 1831, only 9,300 fr. The German demand, which is still second in importance, has, however, declined yearly from 346,000 fr., which it was in 1825, to less than 80,000 fr. in 1831. With the solitary exception of the United States, the demand of every country had greatly diminished in 1831. Russia, which in 1827, received for above 60,000 fr., in 1831 received nothing. Portugal took, in 1826, 43,792 fr., and, in 1831, only 3,360 fr. The Barbary States, about 36,000 fr. in 1826, and but 8,300 fr. in 1831. (Appendix No. XV.) Appendix No. XV. The manufacture of crapes for exportation has increased from somewhat about Silk Crapes. 2,700,000 fr. in 1825, to about 4,000,000 fr. in 1831. Here, too, the United States are the absorbing purchasers, their least amount being 1,700,000 fr., (1826,) and their general amount from 2,600,000 fr. to 2,900,000 fr. per annum (1827, 1828, 1829, and 1831) . England has been generally the second buyer in importance. In 1825, she took for only about 44,000 fr. ; but from 1826 to 1831, her purchases have fluctuated from 200,000 fr. to 500,000 fr. per annum. Her heaviest purchases were in 1829 (497,112). In 1831, they were 227,696 fr. Next to England comes Germany, whose annual demand varies from 160,000 fr. to 930,000 fr. In 1831, it was 211,992 fr. There has been an increase in the supply to the markets of Turkey. It was about 190,000 fr. in 1825 ; gradually fell to less than 60,000 fr. in 1828; and then again rapidly and progressively rose to 299,000 fr. in 1831. The Egyptian demand followed exactly similar influences ; it was about 93,000 fr. in 1825, fell to less than 1,600 fr. in 1827, and then mounted in a constantly in- creasing ratio to 1831, when it was nearly 128,000 fr. (Appendix No. XVI.) Appendix No. XVI. Since 1825-6, the export of tulle (silk net) from France has diminished two- Silk Net. thirds. It was then from 1,200,000 fr. to 1,300,000 fr. ; in 1831, it was less than 400,000 fr. and the diminution has been progressive at the rate of nearly 200,000 fr. per annum. In 1826, 7, 8, and 9, England was by far the largest purchaser of this article, having regularly imported from one-third to one-fourth of the whole export. But from the amount of 308,000 fr., which it had reached in 1827, it had fallen in 1831, by regular yearly decrease, to 24,800 fr. I have ascer- tained, however, that the quantity smuggled into the United Kingdom is very large. At the present moment Spain is the largest buyer, though her purchases are only for 111,600 fr. In 1825, the United States took 342,880 fr., but in the next year the demand dwindled to a fourth of that amount, and has since never passed the amount of 101,920 fr., which it was in 1831. The demand for the Hispano- American States, which was, in 1825, 177,600 fr., and in 1826, 1-98,800 fr., in 1831, had been reduced to 15,360 fr. That of the Netherlands, which, from 1825 to 1827, varied from 15,000 fr. to 23,000 fr., was only 3,000 fr. in 1831. The country which has been exposed to the least fluctuation is Spain, whose minimum import 24 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Appendix No. XVII. Silk Lace. Appendix No. XVIII. Appendices No. XIX.— XXIV. Appendix No. XXI. Silk Haberdashery. m Ribands was 84,800 fi\ in 1830, and whose maximum was 182,320 fr. in 1826. (Appen- dix No. XVII.) The vicissitudes of the silk lace trade have been less remarkable. England has almost invariably been by far the largest buyer, though her imports in 1831 are only half what they were in 1825. The highest amount 6f total exports from France was in 1827, when it nearly reached 1,000,000 fr. In 1831, it was only three-fifths of that amount. The second purchaser of importance has been Ger- many, whose largest importation nearly reached 200,000 fr., (in 1827,) but it was only about 67,000 fr. in 1831. In 1825, England took 332,351 fr., the whole of course for illicit introduction. In 1826, her purchases fell to 142,000 fr., and they have never since exceeded the amount of 21 1,336 fr. (in 1830.) The average of importation since 1825, is only about one moiety of its then amount. The United States' demand in 1831 (102,914 fr.) was, however, nearly quadruple that of 1825; (28,396 fr.;) and the Mexican has risen from 6,800 fr. to 114,843 fr., making that country second to England in the amount of its purchases for 1831. The purchases of Spain have been between 24,000 fr. and 68,900 fr. per annum. Those of Sardinia have fallen regularly and rapidly, from year to year, since 1825, when they were 107,000 fr. to 33,000 fr. in 1831. Those of Switzerland from 62,000 fr. in 1827, have dropped to 9,000 fr. in 1831 ; and those of Russia, which, in 1828, were nearly 79,000 fr. had, in 1831, been reduced to 3,500 fr. (Appendix No. XVIII.) In the different Returns obtained from the French Government under the head of Haberdashery, (Passementerie,) England is little interested as an importer ; but to complete the whole Returns, and as an evidence of the friendly anxiety on the part of the French Government to furnish us with even the most minute informa- tion, I beg to refer to the Appendix No. XIX. to XXIV., for all the details respecting this branch of French exports. The Appendix No. XXI. is the most important, showing the state of the exports of the haberdashery of pure silk, such as threads, cords, fringes, &c. In 1825, the amount of exports was about 3,560,000 fr. ; they fell to less than 2,000,000 fr. in the following year, and have since that period gradually risen to about the amount of 1825, principally owing to the United States' demand which took, in 1831, a considerably larger amount than had been exported to all countries together in any year between 1825 and 1831. The fluctuations of the United States' demand have been very great. In 1826, it was 661,100 fr., in 1831, much more than four times that amount (2,820,300 fr.) The English purchases were 13,900 fr. in 1825, their maximum in 1830, 141,400 fr. In 1831, they were less than in any year since the admission of French silks. (49,300 fr.) The South American States took, in 1825, 593,500 fr. and in 1831, 76,900 fr. But it is not improbable that a considerable portion of the extra sup- plies taken by North America, may have an ultimate destination to the Southern American States. The exports of ribands represent remarkable fluctuations, and if 1825 be taken as a point of departure, there would seem to have been a considerable decline in the trade ; but that year was one of extraordinary demand for the United States, which purchased to an extent of more than 14,000,000 fr . beyond their purchases in the following year (1826.) The export trade of France in ribands may be estimated at an average amount of about 25,000,000 fr., or £1,000,000 sterling (official value) ; and England may be fairly calculated to import about one-fifteenth of the whole pro- duction in quantity, though, perhaps, from one-tenth to one-twelfth in amount, as her purchases are principally confined to the superior classes of ribands. The imports of England were — Exported to Eng- land. Date. In 1825 1 year 1826] to \ 3 , , 1828 J 1829] to \ 3 , , 1831J Amount. Average, fr. 437,400 . fr. 437,400 4,146,240 . 1,382,080 4,818,840 . 1,606,280 by which it would appear the present export from France of ribands to England is somewhat less than four times its amount before the opening of the ports. To United States. The fluctuations of American demand range from about 4,000,000 fr. in 1826 to 18,142,000 fr. (1825.) In seven years, from 1825 to 1831, France has exported to the United States for the amount of 70,976,640 fr., being an average export of 10,139,520 fr., or about six times the average export to England, from 1829 to 1831. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 25 Ribands exported to Germany. To the Netherlands. Germany follows next in importance to the United Slates. Her smallest impor- tation from France, during the last seven years, was abonf 4,000,000 fr. in 1825 ■ — her largest about 10,000,000 fr. in 1827. The whole amount of ribands exported to Germany, from 1825 to 1831, is 47,936,200 fr., being, on the seven years, an average of 6,848,030 fr. per annum. The Netherlands take the third rank in importance. The largest amount exported from France was nearly 3,000,000 fr. in 1826 — the smallest rather more than 1,000,000 fr. in 1831. The whole exportation in seven years was 13,377,360 fr., or 1,911,051 fr. per annum average. In the same period there was exported to England 9,485,880 fr., being an average of 1,355,126 fr. Spain is the fifth importer, and her demand has undergone far less fluctuation To Spain, than any other. It has never reached 2,000,000 fr. ; it has never been so low as 1,000,000 fr. From 1825 to 1831 France exported to Spain 9,427,120 fr., which gives for annual average 1,346,731 fr. To Mexico the export has been considerable. The year of largest amount was To Mexico 1825, 1,048,320 fr. ; that of smallest amount 1829, 223,080 fr. In 1831, the sum was 978,640 fr. From 1825 to 1831, the whole amount exported was 4,836,560 fr., which gives a yearly average of 690,937 fr. The relative importation of French ribands which thm remaining Countries exhibit will be seen as follows : Other exports of ribands. No. Countries. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Sardinia . . - . Brazil. Switzerland . Peru .... Colombia . French Colonies . Danish Islands British India . Spanish Islands . Naples and Sicily Chili .... Tuscany and Rome Russia Haiti .... Poitug-al . . Turkey China .... All other Countries Exports from 182;) to 1831. Francs. 4,697,880 4,409,080 4,019,680 3,407,560 2,213,400 1,915,520 1,704,240 1,261,720 1,201 ,360 1,151,760 951,960 688,600 627,400 518,360 498,000 248,560 88,800 2,799,560 Average. Francs. 671,126 629,869 574,240 486,794 316,200 273,646 243,463 180,246 171,623 164,537 135,994 98,371 89,657 74,051 71,143 35,508 12,686 399,937 Maximum. Year. 1827 1828 1S2S 1826 1825 1827 1826 1828 1828 1826 1S28 1828 1828 1827 1S25 1830 1827 1825 Francs. 962,200 969,400 996,960 1,248,720 898,600 603,840 477,120 317, 280 323,640 199,360 202,920 202,920 138,240 112, 0S0 148,200 91,480 63,960 991,760 Francs. 447,960 289,240 369,840 4,800 37,800 126,480 96,000 49,720 31,080 77,040 69,280 4,080 1,960 16,920 10,320 6,600 Nil. 161,040 One point worthy of attention grows out of the above comparison — that in coun- tries near to France the great discrepancies are in adjacent years — as the difference between supply and demand are of easy adjustment, while in remoter markets many years frequently elapse before the supply and demand are regulated. (Ap- pendix No. XXV.) The imports of foreign manufactured silks into France have considerably in- creased during the last three years. The statement will be found in Appendix No. XXVI. The two principal exporting countries to France are Prussia and England ; but while the importations from Prussia have been nearly stationary, Sil ^ Goods im V™t- and those from other countries are diminished more than one half, those from Eng- ed mt0 France - land have increased more than five-fold, and amounted, in 1830, to more than one half of the whole of the importations into France. The importations of 1830 were Appendix No. XXV. Appendix No. XXVI. From England Prussia Other Countries Kil. 5852 4268 234 Fr. value 643,720 469,480 25,740 10,354 1,138,940 These articles are principally bandannoes, for which there is reason to believe the demand is increasing in France. Those manufactured at Lyons are inferior in quality and higher in price than those which Manchester furnishes. G 26 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Probable conse- quences of the prohibition of French silk goods in England. • I cannot here avoid referring to some of those results which present themselves as the necessary consequence of a successful attempt to re-enact in Great Britain the former prohibitions of the silk manufactures of France. I have been favoured with the following calculations from one of the principal members of the Chamber of Commerce at Lyons, which I give as exhibiting some curious and valuable estimates. If the Importations of Silk Goods from France into England amount to . It may be deemed that the raw material enters into the cost for Manufacturing labour . . . . . • Profit, &c Influence of French on English silk goods. Quantity of silk pro- duced in France. £800,000 550,000 200,000 50,000 800,000 Now, if the cost of production in England be 25 per cent, more] than in France, the value of these goods when imported Avould bej which at 20 per cent, would yield to the Customs and a fair average profit to the Importer is 10 per cent. "300,000 The articles in which payments are made to France, whether of cotton, woollen, steel, or iron, are all of them such as are at least trebled in value by labour ; but say, Raw material . . . 200,000 1,000,000 ~200,000 100,000 Manufacturing labour Profit 550,000 50,000 800,000 Now, supposing England herself manufactured the silk goods she imports from France — She would import of foreign raw material . She would employ in manufacturing labour Profit 550,000 380,000 70,000 1,000,000 The result of prohibition would therefore be that England would lose 'in Revenue .. . £200,000 Manufacturing labour . 150,000 Profit . . 80,000 In all £430,000 per annum. In the course of my examination of the silk manufactures of France, I found, at every step, spontaneous, and often unexpected, testimonies to the great improve- ment which had taken place in England since 1826. On several occasions Eng- lish patterns were exhibited which, I was assured by the manufacturers, had suggested to them ideas of improvement, and sometimes, in particular articles, they informed me that they could not exceed in quality, nor produce at a cheaper price. During the prohibitory system the backwardness of the English silk manu- facture was a subject of frequent congratulation among the Lyonnese ; they met the English as rivals and competitors nowhere ; they state iioav that they meet them every where. In 1826, the most intelligent and disinterested observers estimated the average difference, on the whole silk manufactures of France and England, as 40 per cent, to the disadvantage of England, and, in 1832, the relative disadvan- tage has been reduced to from 20 to 25 per cent. So various and contradictory is the evidence as to the quantity of silk produced in France, that M. Moreau de Jonnes, a very industrious collector of statistical facts, in his ' Commerce du 19me Siecle,' states the yearly produce, for 1825, at 15,500,000 fr., which, at an average of 22 fr., would give only 670,000 lbs. ; while Armand Carrier, in the 'Annales de 1' Agriculture,' 1828, values the produce of silk, in France, at nearly four times this amount, namely, at 60,000,000 fr., which, at the same estimate per lb., would give 2,730,000 lbs. That France will, in a few years, produce a quantity of silk beyond her own powers of consumption is, I think, inevitable. The large profits which its cultiva- tion has been long giving ; the facility with which the mulberry tree is propagated, and its adaptation to those soils which will not produce corn; the great excellence of the leaf which the climate of Southern France furnishes from the Morusalba; and the increased and increasing annual produce ; all serve to show that France will almost certainly become, in a few years, the principal silk-producing country. Even at this moment it is probable she is so ; but the impulse of a foreign demand would soon, undoubtedly, place her in the first rank. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 27 If France produce, as undoubtedly she does produce, silk of a very superior qua- 9^ alit y of French lity, so also is much of her silk of an inferior order. ' We employ,' say the bl manufacturers of Lyons, in their Address to the Minister of Commerce, in 1829, '•the common silks of France, because they are cheaper; but their imperfections ' make the use of them, at every step of manufacture, tardy and difficult. There ' is always a great waste, and this especially encourages the frauds which make the ' waste greater. When placed in the looms there are frequent delays to repair ' broken threads or to remove imperfections, and it often happens that the weaver ' requires an additional hand to assist him in his multiplied cares. The manufac- ' turer, too, knows that he must watch with double assiduity the progress of the ' article, lest the defects of the primary materials should accompany its progress. ' Hence loss of labour and loss of time, and additional expense, and the false ( economy which has employed the cheap material is corrected by the production of ' the imperfect stuff.' — p. 23. Silk is sold in the Lyonnese market at a credit of three months, with a discount Manner of sale of of 11 per cent. When cash is paid, 12^ per cent, discount is allowed. Some- French Sllk * times it is sold by kilogramme, sometimes by pound (poids de marc) ; while the raw silk of the Cevennes is sold without discount, and by the Alais pound. For the clearer understanding of the mode of sale, I give copies of invoices of different qualities of silk, which represent real transactions. Lyons, 6 April, 1S32. No. 1. — Organzine of Messrs. Drs. to I Bale Onranzine delivered, payable at 3 months, under discount of 11 per cent. , No. 151. Wein;ht after condition . . 53*70 kil. ^ Before condition 34'07 kil. ) 33.59 j" 87*29 kil. at 67*20 fr. . . l'r.5, 865*90 Loss ... *48 f Lyons, 13 April, 1832. No. 2. — Dauphiny Raw ( ) Messrs. Drs. to 1 Bale fine Country Silk, payable at 3 months, discount ] 1 per cent. No. 38. Net weight 42*65 kil. at 57*50 fr. per kil fr. 2,452*35 No. 3. — Cevennes Raw (Gard.) Drs. Messrs. to per John de Gard. For Silk purchased for their account, and sent to Lyons by fly waggon, no discount, payable in 30 days. I B c 110. 227 bundles 97*0 kil.) 111. 60 , , 68*8 } 215 *8 kil. 112. 107 ,, 50*0 J which make 518* 13 lbs. yellow raw § cocoons at 21 fr. . . 10,895*05 \ e ln „ Qr . nri Don. 1 percent. . . . lOS'Oo j Brokerage . . . . 25*90 1 icm.cn „ . °. 1C1 „ n } 187*60 Commission . . . . 161*70 J fr. 10,974*60 The weights by which silk is sold in different parts of France are various Weights employed, and perplexing ; for though the law has refused to recognise or to employ officially any but the kilogramme, the local usages have maintained their ground. In the southern districts, (Le Midi,) i. e. in Herault, Gard, Vaucluse, &c, cor- responding to the old Languedocean and Provencal departments, silk is sold by the Montpellier, or table pound, sometimes called poids d' Alais, of which 240 lbs. make 100 kils. In Dauphiny, the departments of Drome and Isere, 232 lbs. make 100 kils., and there are various other weights, ignorance of which has probably been the principal causes of the incongruities respecting prices and quantities, which have so often embarrassed inquiry. The reeling from the cocoons is generally done by the peasantry, and it is esti- Reeling mated that the cost is about 4 fr. per kil. It fluctuates, however, from 3 fr. to 5 fr. A very industrious reeler who winds off 1 lb. per day, will get from 25 to 30 sous, and the turner of the Avheel probably two-thirds of that amount. The reeling season commences as soon as the cocoons are gathered together. In some cases the peasantry reel the cocoons they have themselves produced, in others they sell H 28 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS the cocoons. Reeling is generally in a rude state, and there have been many- attempts on the part of the manufacturers, and of the Chamber of Commerce at Lyons, to obtain the introduction of improvements by legislative interference.* It is to be desired, that the reeling should (as it probably will ere long) have the benefit of greater capital, and of that selection of cocoons which is impossible to the peasant, whose whole production is too small to enable him to reel together those threads which are best adapted for turning out the most perfect article. The principal improvement in the art of reeling in France has been the employ- ment of Gensoul's apparatus, but its expense has prevented its general introduc- tion. In the address of M. Dugas-Montbel (the delegate from Lyons) to the Committee of Commercial Inquiry, in 1829, lie says, ' Of all silk-producing countries, France ' is that where reeling is least advanced. Divided among a multitude of small pro- ' prietors, who breed their own worms, and who reel 6, 10, 15, or 20 lbs. of ' silk, the reeling offers no guarantee either for quality or strength ; so that the % ' throwsters, who are obliged to buy in the market their raw silk from such a ' variety of sources, cannot produce proper assortments ; nor can their thrown silk ' have that regularity of thread which is so essential to the manufacture of the ' stuff. Reeling is thus delivered over to all the chances, or rather to all the ' frauds of petty interest. Peasants will mingle gum or grease with their threads, ' or, by some other heterogeneous matter, increase its weight and change its value, ' &c.' The Piedmontese Government has, for the last 100 years, regulated all the proceedings of reeling and throwing by special legislation. The imperfection of the reeling in France has been frequently spoken of as one of the most serious disadvantages under which the silk manufacture labours. ' The negligence and retardation of the reeling process ' are complained of by the manufacturers of Lyons in their representation to the French Government in 1828. £ The number of small proprietors Avho reel their silk is immense ; more than half ' of the whole of the growers ; and their reeling is most defective ; they have ' nothing but the rude instruments of ancient days. They employ their ordinary ' servants, or members of their household, who have little practice, and, in conse- ' quence, none of the aptitude that grows out of practice ; and the silk obtained c being in quantities generally of only 1 kil. and seldom amounting to 20, (that ' is from 2 to 44 lbs.,) differently reeled, the throwster cannot produce an equal ' thread, and the imperfection cannot be got rid of in the future progress of the ' manufacture.' p. 25. To remove the reeling from the cottage to large reeling establishments is deemed a great desideratum. Some of those which do exist, in the departments of the Gard, Herault, Ardeche, and Drome, are, on the whole, more advanced than the reeling establishments of Piedmont ; and it is asserted that the staple of the French silk is really very superior to that of Italian. Silk throwing. In France there are three methods adopted by the throwster in his bargains with the proprietor of the raw silk. Sometimes a price is agreed upon ; the waste, be it what it may, being for account of the owner, who receives back the net produce of the mill. Sometimes the waste is for account of the throwster, who returns the full weight, or makes an allowance at an understood price ; and sometimes a per centage for waste is agreed upon between the throwster and the OAvner, and the difference, more or less, is for the throwster's account. The average cost of throwing silk in France is estimated at 3^ fr. per pound. There is a great difference in the waste, and, of course, in the cost of throwing the various qualities of silks : its average loss varies from 4 to 10 per cent. Silk of very beautiful quality, and very carefully reeled, has been thrown almost without any diminution of weight. The general estimate for throwing organzine is 10 fr. to 1 1 fr. per kil. when the loss is for the throwster, and about 6 fr. to 7 fr. when the loss is for the owner. On tram the estimate is 6 fr. to 7 f., (reckoning waste,) and 4 fr. to 5 fr., not reckoning it. The throwing mills in France are commonly believed to be susceptible of con- siderable improvements. They are seldom in the hands of capitalists, and they * They have proposed as a model the Sardinian law of the 4th April, 1724, which requires that every reeling establishment shall be licensed by the government, and submitted to the inspection of the authorities. It regulates the number of threads, the manner of winding, of tying the broken thread, the weight of the reel, its size, the weight to be produced, the manner of skeining, the changes of the water, the form of the chimney, the size and shape of the ovens, in a word, it goes into the minutest particulars of the business, and allows of no variation. It prohibits all payment per job, and requins that every reeler shall receive daily wages. It directs the seizure of all badly-reeled silks, which are to be publicly burnt, and imposes a fine on those who, knowing their existence, do not denounce them. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 29 produce only small quantities. The reputation of some is established, particularly those of Ganges, St. John du Gard, Alais, and that of Bonnard and Co., of Lyons. In many of the smaller mills fraud is frequently detected, and gums, oils, wax, and other foreign objects are introduced to add to the weight of the silk. An investi- gation, which took place some time ago, showed that an adulteration of 30 per cent, had been practised on organzines, and of 28 per cent, on trams. The experi- ments of the condition only act upon the humidity, but do not detect the presence of extraneous incorporated substances introduced for the purpose of adding weight to the silk. Another evil complained of by the manufacturers is the irregularity of the skeins. In 1828, the manufacturers of Lyons applied to the Government to enforce by penal legislation, that all silk should be thrown in skeins of a fixed length — pro- posing 2,500 metres. There exists already in France a statute, requiring cotton twist, woollen yarn, &c. to be spun of a determined length. The ground on which it is asked to be applied to silks is, that any fraud would be instantly detected. It Legislation as to may well be doubted, whether the evil of legislative interference with the proceed- leri S tn of Skeins, ings of manufacture would not be far more pernicious than useful. The state of the cotton twist mills and woollen yarn factories of France would aiford no encou- ragement to apply the legislation with which they are edged round to any other classes of manufacture. In 1829, a Royal Ordonnance introduced sundry regulations into the throwing mills, and requires that silks shall be reeled in hanks (echeveaux) of five skeins (echevettes) of 500 metres each ; ten (echeveaux) hanks t(* make one bundle (mat- teau), and they are to be numbered with a figure, showing how many skeins make a kilogramme. For example, the hanks of No. 128 would weigh 7 WW; those of No 190, 5 tW, &c. The throwsters are to attach their names to the produce of their mills. The litre of the silk will also be found in the number ; for, as the litre is grounded on the length of 400 ells, which are equal to 475 metres, the hank of 500 metres will be nearly the litre of the silk. Thus, if a skein of 500 metres weigh 1 T WV grammes, the hank of five skeins will weigh 5rWV grammes, and 180 skeins 0*994 grammes, say 1 kil. Hence No. 180 gives the litre of 11 decigrammes, equal to 21 grains ; and the litre of 180 is 21 deniers fine, as deniers are (by custom) used to represent grains. The throwing mills are, for the most part, the property of the throwsters, though there are a few rented. There are also a small number of silk dealers who have throwing mills. Taking the average of all the raw silks of France, and the average of all the imported raws, there is a loss on throwing the French of about 4 per cent, more than the loss on the foreign. The profit on throwing is not estimated on the long- run to exceed 2 per cent, to 3 per cent. One of the largest throwing mills in France is at Valence. It cost 50,000 fr., equal to £2000 sterling ; its annual produce is from 6000 lbs. to 7000 lbs. of organ- zines. It employs eight men and thirty-seven women and girls. The hours of labour are fourteen (i. e. sixteen, with an allowance of two hours for meals). The wages are paid per month, from 30 fr. to 40 fr. to the men, average 35 fr. ; to the women 15 fr. to 18 fr., average 16 fr. The profits of such an establishment do not probably exceed 50 c, equal to five-pence per pound on all the silk thrown. The smaller throwsters buy the reeled silk of the peasantry in parcels of from 2 lbs. to 50 lb. They have a little advantage in gathering up many parcels, from that turn of the scales which is called the bon poids, and which is estimated at from 1 to 2 per cent. The failure of the attempts in France to throw East India silk without loss, and the great waste to which it has always been subjected in France, will, it is believed, create a demand for English-thrown East India silk. A very considerable manu- facturer writes, 'We imagine here that the removal of the many restrictions which ' impede communications between France and England would, in France, as well as ' in neighbouring countries, produce a demand for silk thrown in England, espe- ' cially silk of oriental origin.' The silk manufacturer of France is subjected to many disadvantages. He pays Difficulties to a higher price for the raw and thrown material than either his Swiss or Italian which the French competitor,* and a higher price for labour. He bears a considerable burthen of fs^ed!*^ 1 ' 61 " local taxation, and is interfered with by many trade regulations, which are very * There have been repeated demands from the Chamber of Commerce for the introduction of oreiirii silks without duly. See Note, p. 2. 30 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Opposition to im- provement. Disadvantages of Lyons. Cause of establish- ment of silk trade in Switzerland. unfriendly to the developement of his capabilities. Many of the articles he employs in his manufacture, if of foreign origin, are either wholly prohibited, or so heavily loaded with duties as to be effectually denied to him. The cotton twist and woollen yarn of England are absolutely excluded.* The long wool of England is visited with a duty of 33 per cent., and they are both materials of the greatest importance to him. He buys his iron at 150 to 200 per cent, advance on English prices ; his fuel at an enor- mous advance ; and he has to contend with all the difficulties of an anti-commercial system for his returns. There are few countries from whence he can import goods in payment for his exports ; as the French commercial policy has loaded all arti- cles, not the produce of her colonies, with intolerable imposts. If he Avant indigo from England he must pay two freights ; so must he, if he desire to purchase East India or China silk in the British market. In fact, at every step there is some im- pediment in the way of his success, which has been created for the benefit of some partial interest or other. Notwithstanding this, the silk manufacture of France is the least protected of all the branches of French industry. It stands therefore on more safe and solid ground, its growth being natural and unforced ; and if another system of legislation should remove the impediments which press upon the silk trade, there can be little doubt but that it would be very considerably extended. In France, as elsewhere, every improvement has had to struggle against vehement opposition. The proprietors of old machines look with jealousy and dislike upon those who introduce any changes likely to diminish the value or supersede the use of those in which their property is invested ; and these improvements are most difficult of introduction when they are either completely new, or of foreign origin ; as, in that case, the whole of the existing interests are against their introduction. In a protected trade, and in the exact proportion of the efficiency of protection, im- perfect instruments will be employed ; the motives to adopt better modes are almost wholly destroyed, and the interest of the existing manufacturers is to combine against the intrusion of improved methods of fabrication. The Jacquard loom, the bar loom, and the machinery which adapts the broad loom to riband weaving, would never have been forced upon France but from the improvement-creating pressure of foreign competition. The Jacquard machinery subjected its inventor to be almost hunted out of society ; the introducer of the bar-loom died in an hospital ; and the late employment of the common loom for riband weaving would never have been sanctioned, had not the riband trade absolutely departed from Lyons, and forced the manufacturers there to new exercises of ingenuity in order to win it back again ; and in this, to a considerable extent, they have succeeded. The manufacturers of Lyons complain severely of the disadvantages under which they labour, as compared with Switzerland and Germany. In a representation to the Minister of Commerce, made in 1829, they state, that in three years (from 1826 to 1828) the exports from Tavergis, (Savoy,) for New York alone, had increased in amount from 600,000 fr. to 1 ,400,000 fr. ; and they put forward, as an into- lerable grievance, their being subjected to the duty of fr. 121 (b\d. per lb.) on raw, and fr. 2*42 {\§\d. per lb.) on thrown foreign silks. They state that the removal of duties, both on raw and thrown silks, in 1818, had been of the most essential benefit to their manufacture, and that its re-establishment in 1820 had diminished their production more than 10,000,000 fr. Another complaint is general at Lyons ; it is the robbery of silk in its progress through the hands of the dyer, winder, weaver, &c, as their different operations are carried on beyond the inter- ference of the master, by independent and isolated workmen. The loss to the trade by this species of fraud, called piquage donee, they estimate at from 3,000,000 fr. to 4,000,000 fr. per annum. (Mem. p. 18.) In Switzerland the laws classify this offence under the same head as domestic robbery. In France it is punished as breach of trust, abus de confiance, but it is not specially provided for by the criminal code. The original cause of the introduction of the silk trade into Switzerland is, by the Lyonnese manufacturers, attributed to the prohibition of Swiss muslins in France. The Swiss muslin-manufacturers, having the outlet closed to the article they produced on the one hand, and the diminished export of Swiss articles leading to the diminished import of French, (the infallible consequence of restrictions and prohibitions,) took to the production of the very articles they had been accustomed to receive from France, and now, in many departments of the silk trade, are become very formidable rivals. In fourteen years, the silk looms of Switzerland are supposed to have increased four or five-fold. * The projet de loi of the 3d February, 1834, proposes to admit cotton twist above the metrical No. 143. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 31 That the French silk trade (as a whole) has been greatly benefited by foreign Competition, competition, is a fact which I found the most intelligent and unprejudiced of the manufacturers very willing to acknowledge. Those of the manufacturers whose productions were most in arrear, very naturally and necessarily suffered ; but the more active and sagacious have been pressed forward, and have turned to good account the suggestions which any superior foreign manufacture brought with it. Several species of manufacture are understood to have owed their origin solely to the introduction of the foreign article. That was the case with China crapes, which now form an important branch of the Lyonnese fabric, to the almost total exclusion of the foreign article which first taught the French manufacturer to produce it. One of the largest manufacturers of Lyons thus expresses himself: — * Nothing but our competition with foreign silks could have advanced us to our ' present position. Before Zurich had increased in importance and in perfection, ' no one dreamed that Gros de Naples could be produced at less than 3-25 fr. ' That was the price four years ago ; and now we can make a similar quality at ' 2-75 fr., and even 2*50 fr. : and not only has this competition lowered price, but ' it has improved quality. The article that now sells for 2-75 fr. is certainly ' superior to that which, in 1826, was worth from 3' 50 fr. to 4 fr. We owe this to ' the impulse received from Switzerland and Rhenish Prussia.' The very rapid production of new patterns is the real source of French supe- Advantages from riority. It is estimated, that not more than twenty-five pieces are, on an average, ^t^g 011 of new manufactured of the same design ; and there are a great number of patterns woven for samples, which, not being approved, are never transferred to the piece. For the most part, the fancy trade of Lyons is a trade of orders ; the patterns having been exhibited to the buyer before the manufacture of the article is undertaken. Hence stocks are low, as are average profits, on account of the smallness of the risk. There are, of course, many remarkable exceptions in these regions of taste and fashion, where a large price is willingly paid for any production that is pre- eminently beautiful. But the capitals employed in the silk manufactures of France are, for the most part, moderate. The factory system has been hitherto tried only on a small scale : there is little concentrated labour. Almost every stage of production is independent of the rest. The mulberry-tree grower, the silkworm trainer, the reeler, the throwster, the winder, the dyer, the artist, the com- panion, the master Aveaver, the manufacturer, the merchant, each stands (for the most part) isolated from the rest ; and there is no general superintendence exercised in the production of a piece of silk goods. It may be doubted, if the division of labour in France is altogether judicious ; whether the relationship between the throwster and the silk grower, between the loom proprietor and the compagnon, between the manufacturer and the dyer, might not be improved by change. In some parts links appear to be wanting, and in others to be crowded to excess. Increasing capital, and the pressure of foreign competition, will inevi- tably lead to many beneficial changes. Experiments are already being made. At St. Vallier, silk is reeled, thrown, and woven, on the same premises. In Lyons, we are told, only four manufacturers wind, warp, and fold their own goods. Among the many advantages that Lyons "possesses, the school of St. Peter, where Schools of Art. a course of instruction in the different departments of art is gratuitously given to about 180 students, must not be forgotten. The course lasts five years ; the classes open at nine and continue till two o'clock. The students must be of French birth, and Lyonnese are to be preferred. The city of Lyons pays 20,000 fr. annually for the support of the school, and the Government gives 3,000 fr. from the budget of the Minister of Commerce. A botanical garden, a hall of sculpture, a museum of natural history, and an anatomical theatre belong to the establishment. There are professors of the different branches of the fine arts, and one whose particular busi- ness it is to teach their application to manufactures, and to instruct the students in the manner of transferring the productions of the artist to the loom of the weaver. The students who are advanced, are generally easily located as draughtsmen or pattern producers among the manufacturers,' and the school constantly pours forth a supply of talented young men, whose taste is specially devoted to the production of novelties, and who very frequently are admitted to partnership in the principal houses, if their creative or inventive powers are of a distinguished order. The gain of an artist is from 3fr. to 10 fr. or 12 fr. per day, and in some cases, of very high merit, considerably more. The preparation of new patterns is the great con- cern at Lyons ; it commences many months before the season approaches for which they are intended. The success of the most prosperous of the manufacturers may 32 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS be traced to the arthtical skill of some one of the partners or dependents. Lyons is constantly sending forth and creating novelties, and receiving fresh impulse from every part of the world which her beautiful productions reach..* The question between manufacturer and weaver which is most commonly the source of misunderstanding, is the change of patterns. The interest of the manu- facturer is that the change should be frequent — of the weaver that it should be rare. When there has been no special agreement in the matter, disputes frequently arise. The cost of mounting a new pattern is, on an average, about 25 fr. The expense is generally understood to be for account of the master weaver, and if the ■ pattern is an unsuccessful one, the weaver is the victim of his employer's bad taste. I was given to understand that the Conseil des Prudhommes were about to introduce some regulations, requiring the manufacturer either to take from the weaver a certain number of ells, when he had mounted a particular pattern, or to allow him a fixed indemnity should the quantity he received be less. Situation of Lyons. The geographical situation of Lyons is singularly favourable for the silk manu- facturer. It stands at the point of junction of two large rivers, (the Rhone and the Saone,) by means of which it communicates with a vast extent of inland country, and with the Mediterranean sea. The districts which produce the largest quantities of native silk are immediately adjacent, and it is the natural depot and place of transit for the silks of Italy in their way to the great manufacturing countries. Added to which, the manufacture has had its principal seat in Lyons for some centuries, and though it has been frequently disturbed by political events, and once or twice nearly annihilated, it has afterwards returned again to take up its position in its ancient haunts. Notwithstanding the depression of some of its branches, particularly those with which the manufactures of Switzerland and Germany interfere, the quantity of silk goods produced in Lyons and its neighbourhood was probably never so great j^ P XXVII as a * P resen ^ time. The quantity of looms existing in Lyons (intra et extra muros) is about 35,000, (see Appendix No. XXVII. for the official Return,) and the number which are employed may be considered to fluctuate from 25,000 to 30,000. In 1825, Lyons is stated officially to have contained — 5,408 houses. 36,827 families ; averaging- therefore about seven families to a house. 137,075 population, averaging- somewhat less than four individuals to a family. 8,600 barracks, hospitals, and prisons. 145,675 persons in all. There were 8,526 workshops, and 20,101 looms. * The School of Art at Lyons has undergone of late some remarkable improvements. A distin- guished professor (M. Bonnafond) is now at its head, and I owe to him the following- account of its present position. (March, 1S34.) There are now 200 students. They are divided into seven classes, under the direction of seven professors. These classes are — - 1. The elementary class. 2. The bust-copying- class, or that in which the study is solely devoted to inanimate objects. 3. The animate-object class, in which the studies are all of living models. 4. The ornamental class. 5. The architectural class. 6. The botanical class — flower drawing, painting, &c. 7. The mise en carte and sculpture class — in which the application of art to manufacture is the object of instruction. Since the Revolution of July, two additional classes have been instituted, to each of which a Pro- fessor is attached. 1. Engraving. 2. Anatomy, comparative and picturesque. The anatomical professor is also the keeper of the cabinet of natural history. There is also a library and museum accessible to the students, consisting of works of art, draw- ings, models, &c. The students are allowed to study in the gallery of the museum. In the centre of the school is a depGt of all the materials necessary for the students, from which they are supplied. The morning lessons last five hours — the evening lessons two hours. The whole of the studies are carried on under the same roof; but a separate building is being erected to serve for the exhibition of the works of Lyonnese artists. The works which have been crowned, or recompensed with the first prizes, are to be collected in a separate apartment, and so arranged as to exhibit the progress of the school from its first foundation. * Great progress is making in the ornamental classes, whose combinations are susceptible of so many varieties. A botanical garden is attached to the school, which furnishes a supply of plants and flowers to the students throughout the year. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 33 The supply for home consumption of foreign, raw, and thrown silk to the Raw silk— Lyons. Lyonnese market, for the last ten years, will be found in Appendix No. XXVIII. N £?xvni. Of silk, the yearly average during the whole of that period, from 1822 to 1831, is Lyons Market for Kilogrammes. silk. Raw . . . ' . . . • 77,008 Thrown 302,601 Waste 1,636 381,245 The average from 1822 to 1825 gives — - Raw 49,562 Thrown 283,961 Waste 1,183 334,706 Average before admission of foreign silk manufactures into England 334,706 The average from 1826 to 1828 gives — Raw 73,878 Thrown 300,693 Waste 3,663 378,234 From 1829 to 1831 — Raw 116,734 Thrown 329,374 Waste 214 446,322 Average since the admission of foreign silk manufactures into England 412,278 But while the consumption of foreign silk has thus increased since the opening of the English ports to silk manufactures at the rate of about 1 12,000 kilogrammes, say 250,000 lbs. per annum, the exportation of foreign silk through Lyons to other countries, and principally to England, has increased in a far more rapid pro- gression. The average quantities which have entered the bonding warehouse of Lyons for Bonded silk at Lyons, exportation, from 1822 to 1831, is Kilogrammes. Raw 378,194 Thrown 126,225 Waste 54,572 558,991 The average from 1822 to 1825 is— Raw 333,737 Thrown 30,707 Waste 18,757 383,201 Average before the admission of foreign silk manufactures into England 383,201 From 1826 to 1828— Raw ... ... 427,764 Thrown 184,804 Waste 56,087 668, 65 5 From 1829 to 1831— Raw 388,903 Thrown 194,964 Waste . . . . . . 100,811 684,678 Average since the admission of foreign silk manufactures ^76^666 So that since 1825 there has been an increased exportation of about 300,000 kilogrammes, or 660,000 lbs. English. And on a comparison of the whole of the averages before and since the admission of foreign silk manufactures into England, it appears that France has imported through Lyons of foreign silks, for her own consumption, 1 l^TZT" since 1826, an average amount of . . . . . . > 412,278 Her consumption before 1826 averaged ....... 334 706 Difference . 77,572 34 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Appendix No. XXIX. Condition at Lyons. Dyeing. The average Lyonnese exports of foreign silks to other countries, principally England,) since 1826, average .......... J Her exportations before 1826 were . . . . . . . Difference Average annual increase of foreign silk exported since 1826 from the bonding ware- 1 houses of Lyons, for the consumption of other countries . . . j Average annual increase of foreign silk delivered from the bonding warehouses of J Lyons for the consumption of France ....... J Kilogrammes. 676,666 383,201 293,465 293,465 77,572 215,893 annual average 379,765 kil. 397,475 , , 444,642 , , 554,179 , , which makes a difference of annual increase in favour of the countries importing foreign silks through Lyons of 473,864 lbs. as compared with the increase of French demands. The weights of silk submitted to the Condition of Lyons for the last twenty-six years will he found in Appendix No. XXIX. The average results are these : — 1806 to 1811 . 6 years . 2,278,593 kil. 1812 to 1817 . 6 ,, . 2,384,847 ,, . 1818 to 1822 . 5 ,, . 2,223,212 ,, . 1823 to 1825 . 3 ,, . 1,662,536 ,, . Since the opening of the English ports to silk goods : — 1826 to 1828 . 3 years . 1 ,643,658 kil. . annual average 547,886 kil. 1829 to 1831 . 3 ,, . 1,731,589 , , . ,, 577,196,, The average on the whole period of twenty-six years is 458,632 kil. or 1,008,990 lbs. per annum. The admission of the silk manufactures of France into England did not imme- diately lead to any increase in French production. In fact, 100,000 kils. less passed through the Condition, in 1826, than had passed in 1825, and the quantity, in 1825, was 66,000 kils. less than in 1824. There has been an undoubted in- crease in the silk manufactures of France, but the quantity of silk wrought at Lyons has, it will be observed, augmented little since 1825. The tendency of the Lyonnese productions has been more and more towards the superior and more costly materials, while the manufacture of plain and inferior goods has been con- siderably diminished. As a corroboration of the estimate, that the consumption of raw silk in France is about 4,000,000 lbs., I beg to mention that the average quantity of silk which passes through the Condition, at Lyons, taking in the three last years, is 577,196 kil. Add one-fourth for the quantity which does not pass the Condition Now supposing the number of looms in France to be 70 .000, which is the general estimate, and that 2S,000* may be taken as the average at work at Lyons, the remaining 42,000 would at the same rate employ 1,269,S31 lbs. 317,458 1.587.289 ,, 2.381.290 ,, 3,968,579 ,, Of the dyeing establishments, at Lyons, some are wholly engaged in the pro- duction of blacks, others of fancy colours. There is scarcely an example of a manufacturer being the dyer of his own goods. And there are great complaints of the frauds practised among the dyers, for the purpose of adding to the weight of the silk, by the use of absorbable dyestuffs. Many of the silk manufactures of France suffered severely in foreign markets by the detection of these irregularities. In fact, in 1824, an address was presented to the King of France, from the French Brazilian merchants, stating that the markets of South America would be lost to the silks of France, unless this reproach could be got rid of. The fair average * The latest report (March, 1834) which I have received from Lyons, gives the following estimate of the number of looms there : — In the town . . . . . 16,000, of which 4,000 for figured stuffs. Faubourgs ....... 9,000, about half for figured. Country to the extent of 12 to 15 leagues . 7,000, almost all plain. 32,000 But at every crisis a certain number of weavers leave the town for the country. Those who remain are the most intelligent and highly-paid workmen. In the opinion of those who have been most attentively watching the vicissitudes of the Lyonnese trade, the only classes of weavers who will be able long to support the extra expense of town existence are those employed on figured stuffs, shawls, and the richer sorts of plain goods. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 35 allowance to the dyer for the loss is 4oz. on 15 oz., or about 27 per cent. This loss is, of course, increased, if the silk have been charged with any heterogeneous matter before it reaches the dyer's hands. Rose, lilac, yellow, pale blue, and green, and generally the light colours, lose from 1^ to 2 per cent, less, and white from 3 to 4 per cent. Supples render 14-l5ths of their weight. Heavy colours, weight for weight. Gall blacks render 16 to 18 oz. for 15 oz., and heavy blacks, 18 to 22 oz. for 15 oz. The charge for dyeing averages about 3 fr. per kil. for common colours. White, 6-50 fr. Cherry (fine) 24 fr. Ponceau, 42 fr. Black (gall) 4 fr. Black (fine) 3fr. The rate of dyers' wages (workmen) is from 2 fr. to 2^ fr. per diem. Their food and drink are supplied them by their masters. The price charged for winding the tram is estimated at Id. per ell. In a return Winding, from a manufacturer now before us, taken from his books, he charges for winding the organzine, 4 fr. per kilogramme. But it fluctuates from 3 to 5 fr., according to the character of the silk. The warper (ourdisseuse) receives the silk from the winder (devideuse.) The Warping, charge for warping is from 1 fr. to 2 fr. per kilogramme. On satin I find it charged at 1*50 fr., on common goods only 1 fr., and if for fancy goods the cost is double. I have to refer to the Tariff (Appendix No. XXX.) as the most authentic evidence Weaving, for showing the prices of weaving. There have been, and are, many fluctuations, No P XXX but, on the whole, no better testimony to the average prices can be obtained than this document, which was, in fact, arranged between the weavers, a large portion of the masters, and sanctioned by the authorities as a fair representation of the value of labour. It will be observed, that the Chamber of Arts and Manufactures, the Mayor of Lyons, and the Council of Prudhommes, were a party, in October, 1831, to the arrangements of this Tariff. The Tariff is not, by any means, of compulsory operation ; bargains between master and workman, for the workman's services, being made quite independently of any understood rate of wages. The Cornell des Prudhommes, from time to time, draw up a document, called a Mer- curiale, of the Average rate of Wages paid, and, in cases of dispute between manu- facturer and weaver, it is referred to as a guide. In the only large factory establishment at Lyons, we were informed the average Factory at Lyons, earnings of the people employed were from 40 to 45 sous per day, i. e. 20d. to 22\d., and that the weavers generally earned from 2 50fr. to 4fr., i.e. 2s. Id. to Ss.Ad. per day. The weavers whom we had an opportunity of consulting (and they were very numerous) stated that their average daily earnings were from 2fr. to 3'50fr. Weaving wages are, at Lyons, St. Etienne, and other places, divided between Weaving wages, two individuals. Half goes to the owner of the looms, half to the labouring- weaver. The loom owner is called a maitre ouvrier, or chef d 'atelier, the subordi- nate weaver, a compagnon. About three-sevenths of the looms are worked by mattre ouvriers, one-seventh by children and apprentices, and three- sevenths by compagnons. For the lower-priced plain stuffs a great number of women are employed as weavers, and as the wages are exceedingly low, this quality of goods has been mostly abandoned by men. Formerly there was a difference of nearly half in the earnings of the weaver engaged in figured goods over the weaver of plain goods. The Jacquard mechanism, by simplifying the work, has nearly equalized the two. The master weaver who has three looms is supposed to receive from the two which he does not himself work about 900 fr. per annum, £36. His rental will be about 150 fr. : cost of lodging his two compagnons, 80 fr.: remains, 670 fr. The weavers who are most prosperous are those who, with three or four looms, can employ their children to weave on them, and so receive the whole of the wages paid by the manufacturer. Three looms will clear to a family from 1500 fr. to 1600 fr. per annum, £60 to £64 per year. The maitre ouvriers represent that their net receipts from the looms, after the payment of the expense of mounting, winding, quills, &c, is not more than one- fifth of the sum paid by the manufacturer, i.e. if 10 fr. be the sum gained by the loom, 5 fr. will be received by the compagnon, 3 fr. will be spent in the different charges, &c., and 2fr. will go to the proprietor of the loom. At an estimate of 3 ells per day the compagnon's average earnings will be about 30 sous. On new articles, however, his gains are from 2 to 3 francs, and those of the maitre ouvrier will be increased in proportion. K 36 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS In some of the lower articles, in which the winding of the tram is for account of the manufacturer, and not for that of the maitre ouvrier, two-thirds of the weaving price is paid to the compagnon. On the whole there has been a considerable tendency to decline in the rate of wages at Lyons. Though the manufacture has undoubtedly increased, the increase of population has gone on faster than the increase of demand for silk goods. In the last twenty years the lowering of the average earnings of the weavers can hardly have been less than 30 per cent. There has been some compensation in the im- proved methods of fabrication, and relief has also been given by the large demands of the conscription, and by considerable migrations of artisans from the towns to resume agricultural labours which they had abandoned. The number of strangers is also considerable amidst the manufacturing population, and these, in urgent cases, are sent away by the authorities. Agriculture offers great resources in France, the minute division of the soil, (more than six millions of properties being rated to the land tax,) enables any person to invest a very small sum in freehold, and a very small freehold will give the means of support. A few mulberry trees and a shilling's worth of silkworms' eggs are a protection against absolute Avant, and there has never been a period in which their produce has been difficult of sale. The winding of the tram, the preparation of the quills, and the folding, are for account of the weaver. For the superior ribands, woven in Lyons, the compagnon can, at present, earn from 2 fr. to 2*50 fr. per day. The use of the broad loom, with the Jacquard me- chanism, as now applied, in Lyons, to weaving of four breadths of ribands, has, united with the superior taste of the Lyonnese artists, given him considerable advantage over the riband makers at St. Etienne, and has attracted back again to Lyons a portion of that demand which, till lately, had abandoned them. I have inserted, at the end of the Tariff, (Appendix No. XXX,) an explanation of the technical terms employed. The allowance to the weaver for waste, as sanctioned by the old authorities, called Maitre-gardes, and by the existing Conseil des Prudhommes, is On dressed and supples . . 3 or 12 deniers per lb. On waste and wool . . . , , 18 , , On heavy black and cotton . . 3f , , 15 , , On undyed silk for china crape, &c. lj , , 6 , , Habits of weavers. The average expense of a Lyonnese weaver, who takes his meals abroad, is, for food, 30 sous, equal to 1*. 3d. per day ; with this he pays for breakfast, dinner, supper, and half a litre, or about a pint of wine. The compagnon, who lodges and boards with the master weaver, generally consumes 1^ lbs. of bread, 30 c. ; quarter litre wine, 12^ c. : dinner, 25 c. ; cheese, 10c; supper, 10 cents; — say from 80 to 90c. (Sd. or 9d.) per day. There are many cases in which he bargains to be nourished, paying from 45 c. to 55 c. (4^/. to 5Jf/.) per day. Apprentices are sometimes fed, lodged, and washed for three or four years. They are expected to produce two-thirds of the average work of a compagnon, and for any excess they receive half the weaving price. The spirit of independence is strong among the weavers, as are their domestic attachments, and the love of their looms, and pride in their more beautiful produc- tions. An atelier, or workroom, is, in fact, a little kingdom governed by a chief, in which four or five gradations of society frequently exist. The maitre ouvrier, the compagnon, the apprentice, the winder of the warp, and the maker of the quills ; the domestic superintendence being left to the wife, who prepares food for all, and who sometimes takes a share in the general labour. The master weaver has no other lien on the compagnon than that of mutual agreement. Their engagements are entered into and broken at will ; the law only requiring that the compagnon shall finish the work he has in hand. Rents have much fallen at Lyons, in consequence of overbuilding. A weaver obtains an habitation now for 100 fr. to 150 fr. a year. The edifices are, for the most part, very large, and contain a great number of families. The weavers of Lyons go seldom to the theatre. They visit the cabaret (public house) when they leave their homes ; but this is seldom, except on Sundays and Mondays, when they frequently go to drink wine beyond the barriers for the pur- pose of saving the octroi. Savings' banks are not popular among them. There are few of them who deposit there what they have economized. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 37 Most of the maitre-ouvriers are married ; the assistance of a woman is more valuable than the additional expense is burthensome. Of the maitre-ouvriers the greater number can read and write, as they have accounts to settle with the manu- facturer. Of the compagnons, a great proportion of whom come from the agricul- tural districts, less than half are able to read and write. Their readings are prin- cipally confined to newspapers and romances. Associations are rare among them.* They have a few benefit societies, but even these are seldom to be found among any but those who are tolerably well off. A very intelligent weaver describes the situation of his fellows in the following terms : — 'The chef d'atelier occupies his own home. The furniture and utensils are his, ' with the exception of the remisses and reeds, which, in plain goods, almost always ' belong to the manufacturer. Some master weavers have remisses, but they are ' the least numerous, especially among the satin weavers. The compagnons * and apprentices generally dwell with the master, who furnishes them whatever ' they require for food, light, &c. When the compagnon has his meals provided ' by the master weaver, he generally pays from 9 to 1 1 sous (equal from 4M. to 5%d.) ' The consumption of the weaver is usually one-half litre of wine when his work ' is heavy, and one-quarter litre when it is light : his meal employs half an ' hour, and his day's work is from sixteen to eighteen hours. There is too much ' of confraternity between the master and the compagnon.' The average produce of the looms in the Lyons district is about 3| ells per day. produce of looms. An estimate, on an extensive scale, gives 357 ells for 100 looms : thus — Draps de Soie, or Gros de Naples. The daily produce of different goods from sixteen hours' labour is thus esti- mated : — Of a first-rate Workman. Of a second-rats Workman. Velvet -ii . f ,0 |- e l' s P er ( I av • \ to g e " s - Drap de Soie . 4 to 5 , , . 3 to 4 , , Satin . . 5 , , . 3 to 4 , , Gros de Naples . 5 to 6 , , . 3 to 4 , , Crapes . . 5 to 6 , , . 3 to 4 , , Taffetas . . 4 to 5 , , . 4 Florence . . 7 to 9 , , . 5 to 6 , , 30 looms, at 3 ells per day, 90 ells. 40 3w , , 140 ,, 20 ,, 4 80 ,, 6 ,, 4* 27 „ 4 5 20 ,, 100 3i , , average, or 357 in all.t There are instances of one ell more than these being made by very superior weavers. The difference between first and second-rate workmen is calculated as three to two. The average gain per loom per day is generally reckoned at 3 fr. The value of a loom is from 100 to 400 fr. The cost of a Jacquard machine for the production of a figured silk of 18 to 22 inches is from 250 fr. to 300 fr. In more complicated articles of manufacture, such as Cashmere shawls, its cost sometimes reaches 1,500 fr. The mounting and dis- mounting patterns for expensive goods of this sort is very costly : I found the expense in some cases as great as 1,000 fr. The average hours of labour at Lyons and its neighbourhood are sixteen; but Hours of labour, when the demand is active, it is usual for the weavers to work eighteen or twenty. In answer to many inquiries on this head, I find fourteen, fifteen, and sixteen hours stated as the average term. In summer, they usually rise at 4 o'clock and go to bed at 10 o'clock. In winter they rise at 6 or 7 o'clock, and lie down at 11. They breakfast at 8 or 9 o'clock on bread and cheese ; they dine at 1 o'clock on soup, animal food, and potatoes, and sup at night generally on cheese and bread. They eat salad with most of their meals in the vegetable season. The finishing of satins costs about 20 c. per ell ; that of gauzes, crapes, &c. Finishing, varies greatly, according to the width and quality of the stuffs. * This is no longer true. Two very extensive unions have lately irrown up for the purpose of effecting a rise in wages. They have taken the names of Muluellistes and Vtrandinicrs. (March, 1834.) t The legal ell is 120 centimetres, but the selling ell at Lyons varies from 114 to 120. according to the country for which the goods are intended. The ell employed for England is 116 centimetres. 38 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Cost of manage- ment. Taxes (octroi.) Appendix No. XXXI. Lyons — Prudhommes. The expenses of a manufacturing establishment at Lyons have, on a pretty large survey, been estimated thus : The first class of houses return annually fr. 1,500,000 to fr. 1,800,000 . expenses 3 percent, second ,, 1,000,000 3* to 4 , , third ,, 500,000 ,,5 fourth , , 300 , 000 6 fifth ,, 100,000 ,, 8 and taking the trade of Lyons as a whole, the expenses of management may be rated at from 4 to 6 per cent. The octroi, which is the municipal tax collected chiefly on food and fuel, presses heavily on labour ; and it is estimated, that the annual contribution of the weaver to the State is more than £2 per annum. On a rental of frlOO., the direct im- post is fr. 12 - 50. On a half litre of wine per day the duty is 16^ c. — say 183 litres, altogether fr. 53'95. The Tariff of the octroi of Lyons, {intra mnros,)with its actual produce for 1830, amounting to fr. 2,307,330*32. will be found in the Appendix No. XXXI., and it will be seen that the principal sources of local revenue are the articles of food and drink ; wine alone producing nearly half the whole amount of receipts. It is hence estimated that the price of labour beyond the reach of the octroi is nearly one-fourth less than within its influence. The population of Lyons (intra muros) was, at the period of the last census, 160,460 inhabitants. The amount of local receipts for 1831 was estimated at fr. 4,038,098-59 equal to £161,524. ,, ,, local expenditure ,, ,, fr. 4,026,908-38 equal to £161,076. Of these revenues the octroi was calculated at 2,400,000 fr. equal to £96,000 ; being, on the whole population, 16^ fr. equal to 13*. Qd. per head. The cost of the collection of the octroi is about 10 per cent.* There is an institution at Lyons, as well as in all the principal manufacturing towns of France, which is found of great value for the settling of questions between manufacturers, as to copyright and other disputes, between manufacturers and artisans, whether as regards wages, manner in which work has been done, or otherwise, or between masters and apprentices, &c. This is the Cornell ties Prudhommes, who are chosen by annual election, and consist of nine councillors nominated by the manufacturers, and eight by those weavers who possess four looms. They hold their sittings in the evening, after the labours of the day are over, and have the power of settling all questions to the amount of lOOfr. without appeal ; and for any greater sum, with the reservation of the right of appeal to the Tribunal of Commerce. But the appeals are rare. They are vested with the power of summons, of seizure, and with that of imprisonment to the extent of three days : they act in the first instance rather as a court of conciliation than of judicature, examine parties, suggest remedies for grievances, and prevent much vexation and expensive litigation. The number of weavers at present represented is 778, of whom 1 has 13, 4 have 12 looms ; 2, 10 ; 2, 9 ; 12, 8 ; 8, 7 ; 53, 6 ; 82, 5 ; and 614, 4 ; making in all 3,435 looms ; so that only about one-ninth of the looms of Lyons, and about one-fortieth of the weavers are really represented in the Council. The number of weavers represented has however been greatly increased. Before the present year, the weavers who were privileged to vote did not amount to more than 60 ; so that the constituency has been increased thirteen-fold since the events at Lyons in November, 1831. The Conseil des Prudhommes had its origin in a decree of Buonaparte, dated in 1806, and has undergone sundry modifications' since its first establishment. The Council at Lyons, when complete, consists of 5 manufacturers 4 master weavers 2 manufacturers 2 master weavers 2 manufacturers 2 artisans 2 master hatters 2 workmen ditto 21 members Section of broad silks haberdashery and narrow silks silk, hosiery, tulles, &c. hat makintr Etoffes de Soie. Passementerie. Bonneterie. Chapellerie. * In order to give a more accurate view of the local receipts and disbursements of Lyons, I have obtained the municipal budget for 1833, which will be found in Appendix No. XXXII. It exhibits a great collection of interesting local facts, which will serve to throw light upon the action, of the authorities over various topics of public interest. — Paris, March, 1834. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 39 One-third of whom are renewed yearly, and at each election a president and vice- president are chosen by ballot. An Ordinance of 21 January, 1832, has in- creased the number of the councillors, who represent the broad silk section, to 17. The number of cases that are yearly decided are from 4,000 to 4,500 ; the number of appeals less than 100 ; and of the appeals very few have led to a reversal of the decree of the Council. In examining the state of the Lyonnese manufactures, and the intimate con- nexion which exists between our importation of silk goods from France, and the general situation of the commercial relations between the two countries, I cannot avoid referring, with great satisfaction, to the very altered tone which the presence of the English buyer has produced among the authorities of that place, and to the earnest desire they have exhibited that the whole of the custom house system of France should be subjected to a thorough examination and revision, with a vieAV to the removal of those prohibitions and the modification of those restrictions which impede free intercourse between two countries each so fitted to administer to the wealth, prosperity, and happiness of the other. And I consider this circumstance one so interesting and important, that I cannot deny to myself the gratification of appending to this Report some of the representations of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons, and of the manufacturers and workmen of that great city, which do honour to their enlightened views, and which give encouragement to the hope, that the period is not far distant in which effect will be given to their wishes, by the exten- sion of that mutual liberality whose progress it is so delightful to anticipate. Appendix (Appendix No XXXIII.) No. XXXIII. There are about 200 riband manufacturers at St. Etienne. Their foreign trade is St - Etienne. almost wholly one of orders, and they seldom ship goods for their own account. It is Generalia - estimated that the present annual produce is of the value of 32,000,000 fr., of which three-fourths are exported. In 1828, the produce reached 37,500,000 fr. It fell somewhat in 1829, and yet more in 1830 ; but has, since that period, been steadily on the advance. The production of ribands, in the St. Etienne district, embraces nearly nine-tenths of the whole French manufacture of the article, towards which Lyons contributes about 1,500,000 fr. per annum. Three principal places are the seat of this manufacture in the department of the Loire; St. Etienne, St. diamond, and St. Didier, the first being, by far, the most important. Ribands were formerly manufactured at Lyons, and the neighbouring districts, and some, not very considerable quantities, about St. Etienne ; but the great impulse was given by the introduction of the bar loom, by which several pieces of riband are woven at once. This improvement found its way from Swit- zerland to St. Etienne, in the middle of the last century ; and it must not be for- gotten, as one of the leading causes of the prosperity of St. Etienne, that manu- facturing industry was there disembarrassed of many of the regulations (falsely called protecting) which encumbered Lyons, and other manufacturing towns. Before the invention of the metier a la harre only one piece of riband was woven Improvements, at the same time, whereas now, of the narrower qualities, twenty or thirty widths are made by one stroke of the shuttle. The bar loom was established by two Swiss weavers, named Auzerre, who were very ill received by the people, and, like many other essential benefactors of their race, treated as intruders and enemies to the prosperity of the trade. At the period of the invasion of the bar loom, the population of St. Etienne, and its neighbourhood, was very scanty, or, there is great reason to believe, the bar loom would never have subdued the prejudices which were opposed to it. It diminished necessarily the value of the existing looms, so many of which it superseded. The improvements that require the intro- duction of new machinery encounter, for the most part, vehement opposition ; the improvements which make existing machinery more efficient are readily welcomed. This has been the case with a late discovery, by which broad looms are applied to the weaving of ribands by a very ingenious application of other shuttles. This invention has withdrawn, at Lyons, from 800 to 900 looms from the manufacture of broad stuffs to apply them to the production of ribands, and has, in consequence, reinstated Lyons in the possession of a portion of the riband trade, the whole of which had shifted to St. Etienne, and its neighbouring districts. At present Switzerland has considerable advantage in the manufacture of silk Advantages of (especially plain) ribands over France; having no duty on the raw or thrown Switzerland, material, importing it without the intervention of a dealer, and paying less for Comparison be- tween St. Etienne and Coventry. Silk consumed. Throwing. Price of Silk. Marabout. 40 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS labour in all its stages. The duties on foreign ribands, in France, are 817 fr. per 100 kil., being from 12 to 16 per cent., and, at this duty, there is a consi- derable importation from Switzerland.* In an inquiry of the Chamber of Commerce of St. Etienne into the differences of the cost of production between that place and Coventry, the opinions resolved themselves into the following results : — ■ That the price of labour in England is about 30 per cent, higher than at St. Etienne. That this difference would produce a difference of only 10 percent, in the cost of the goods, as, on the whole production, labour cannot be estimated to reckon for more than a third. That the great and important superiority Avas in the better taste, the variety and constant reproduction of patterns, the creation of fashion, in all which particulars England was much in arrear. At a meeting, held on the 2d May, 1832, at St. Etienne, a number of English patterns were produced. They were literal copies of French designs, and the prices at which they were sold were under those at which the same articles were originally sold at St. Etienne ; but they were not new. The English patterns were behind the fashion. The leading manufacturer of St. Etienne stated, that only one single element was wanting in England — taste ; and that, if that were accessible, he, were he established in England, would defy any French rivalry. The silk used in the riband trade is principally of the superior qualities. The whole manufactured production of the district of St. Etienne is estimated at 350,000 ells per day, and, giving 300 days per annum for average labour, that would give 105,000,000 ells for the yearly quantity of ribands produced, or say 130,000,000 yds. The quantity of silk consumed annually in the riband manufacture of St. Etienne is about 400,000 kil. Lyons . . 20,000 „ 420000 „ or about 925,000 lbs. English. In the year 1780 a worm was imported from China whose silk is of peculiar clearness and fineness. It is principally known in the neighbourhood of Bourg, Argental, and Sorbere. This peculiar quality is sometimes called Sina and some- times Nankin ; it is employed for the manufacture of Blonde, and sells as high as 50 fr. or 40*. per lb. It has been known to produce double this price. The cost of throwing organzine is from 7 to 9 fr., the loss being for account of the owner. Of trams from 5 to 6 fr. The throwsters who buy the raw silk in small parcels from the farmers generally send their thrown silk, on consignment to St. Etienne, to be sold for their account. The number of labouring throwsters employed in the mills of St. diamond, St. Paul, and St. Etienne, is estimated at 2000. The number of mills is about 120, and the average number of work-people from 15 to 18. Their average wages rate from 75 cents to 1 fr. per day. The price of yellow French organzine, from 20 to 24 deniers, is 60 fr. per kil. ; of white organzine, 30 to 34 deniers, 62 fr. ; of French tram, 42 fr. ; yellow Pied- montese organzine, 30 to 35 deniers, 53 fr. ; white, 30 to 34 deniers, 61 fr. ; Italian organzine of 20 deniers, 60 fr. ; foreign tram, 40 fr. French silk is generally pre- ferred, and sells from 1 to 2 fr. per kil. more than foreign. The finest Marabout silk, used for gauze ribands, sells from 68 to 72 fr., say 70 fr. as an average. Its cost, when sent to the Aveaver, is as follows : — In the raw, per kilogramme . . . . . . fr. 70'00 Deduct 12i per cent, discount ..... 8'75 oT 7 ^ * The following is a manufacturer's statement of the cost of labour on twenty-four pieces, No. 3, plain sarsenet riband, at St. Etienne: — Winding . . . . fr. 7*00 Warping . . . . .5 '00 Weaving . . . . 48 '00 Cutting and finishing . . 1'20 ~6l 7 20 which, he asserts, would cost in Switzerland fr. 48 only. This would be a difference of more than 20 per cent., and as labour in much of the riband trade enters for nearly one half into the cost, the differ- ence in labour alone would be 10 per cent, on the price of production. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 41 Average of throwing:, which ranges from fr. 7 ■ 50 to 9 . fr. 8 *25 69-50 Loss on weight 4 per cent. ...... 2'78 72-28 Dyeing 4-00 76-28 76-28 = Ex. 25 fr. to 6b'. = 27s. 8jd. per lb. English.* Of the consumption of St. Etienne, about two-thirds is French and one-third foreign silk. Of the French a great portion comes from the Cevennes and the South. There is a Condition, at St. Etienne, charged with the verification of the humi- Condition. dity of silk. It is not considered merchantable if it lose 3 per cent, on exposure to 22 degrees of Reaumur during 24 hours. The average quantity of silk that has been sent to the Condition, at St. Etienne, is 3,970 bales, which, at the rate of 150 lbs. per bale, gives 595,500 lbs. per annum. Those which are sold without passing through the Condition amount to 1,780, or 267,000 lbs. per annum. These latter are mostly foreign silks, which, as they are received from the bond- ing warehouses of the custom house, are less subject to any fraudulent adulteration. When the silk has left the Condition it is delivered to the dyer. The dyeing Dyeing, works of St. Etienne are almost all ranged along the banks of the river : a few manufacturers send their silks to Lyons for dyeing, but the greater number have them dyed at St. Etienne and St. diamond. The allowance for loss is 277 grammes per 1,000 on common colours ; that is to say, the dyer, out of 1,000 lbs. of silk, is expected to return 723 lbs. ; so that the loss is 27f 0 ths per cent. Frauds are very frequent, by the introduction of foreign substances into the silk, and a variety of tests are employed by the manufacturer, though I could not ascer- tain that any test hitherto discovered offers a complete security. The price for dyeing is from 3 to 4fr. per kilogramme. There are 45 master dyers in the St. Etienne district. After dyeing, the silk is sent to the winders, who are mostly women and children. Winding. They wind the chain by large and small spinning-wheels, at 12, 16, 24, and 32 winders, and they receive from 1 fr. to 1 fr. 50 c. per lb., which is more than an average day's produce. The number of women employed in winding is about 2,500. The tram is wound by the weaver at his own expense. The silk, of which the warps are to be formed if intended for gauze, is sent to Warping, the throwsters after winding, to receive the additional twist, which is called maraboutage. The warping (ourdissage) is generally done in the workshops or warehouses of the manufacturers, and immediately under their inspection. But there are warpers who are independent, and who undertake the operation at a given price, generally 1 fr. per kil. The number of warpers, mostly women, is about 3,000, and their earnings are from 1 fr. to 2fr. per day. At St. diamond both the winding and the warping are done in the house of the manufacturer, and the labourers are paid per day. There is no school of art at St. Etienne as there is at Lyons, and taste can hardly Patterns, be said to be so far advanced. A riband does not offer so wide a field for the in- troduction of novelties ; but there are at St. Etienne no less than fifty-eight artists employed in the production of patterns. At Lyons there are about forty riband- pattern makers, but these are also employed in drawing patterns for broad goods. The transfer of patterns to the Jacquard mechanism {la raise en carte) is some- times done in the workshops of the manufacturer by persons paid by the day ; at others by the draughtsmen themselves. Those who prepare the cartons are called liseurs, and their number at St. Etienne and St. diamond is forty. The production of patterns is perpetually active. Every manufacturer has looms specially applied to this purpose : and while this is no doubt one of the main causes of improvement and variety, it is not less so of constant expense. It is estimated that the cost of producing new patterns is at least from 2,000 fr. to 4,000 fr. per year to a manufacturer ; and that it increases the cost of his establishment from five to ten per cent, on the whole of his productions. Though* the official value of the exports of French ribands is less than in Looms. 1825, it cannot be doubted that the quantity produced is very considerably more. * I have given this calculation as I find it stated by a witness before the silk committee, (Mr. Ratliff,) that the price of Marabout in France is only 22s. 3d. per lb. — accompanied by a statement that this difference is ' an absolute fact,' and comes from ' the best authenticated information.' p. 98. L 42 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Produce of looms. The number of looms has greatly increased during the present century, and has more than doubled since 1812, when it is calculated to have been almost 8,000 There are three sorts of looms now in use — the old single loom, {basse lisse,) which is still principally employed by the peasantry in the mountainous districts, and which are probably not less than 18,000. Their cost is so small (from 12fr.to20fr.) that they are accessible to the meanest peasant, and are employed by him when agricultural labour is slack. The basse lisse looms are applied to the weaving of ordinary ribands. The second class of looms are the haute lisse, of which there are about 500 at St. Etienne. They are principally used for the production of large patterns ; and it is to them that the Jacquard machinery, when used, is applied, as is the case with about 100 looms. Of the third sort, the bar looms, {metier a la barre,) the number is about 5,000, of which 800 are employed in sarsenet ribands. 200 , , velvet , , 700 sarsenet galloons. 800 , , various satin ribands. 500 , , striped gauzes. 2000 , , with the Jacquard mechanism. The whole amount of looms is therefore about 23,500, of which the quantity habitually at work is about 16,000. At St. diamond there are from 250 to 300 looms a la Jacquard. The changes which have taken place in the production of St. Etienne since 1828 may be estimated from the following return of the bar-looms, their produce, the gains of the weaver, &c. at that period. Of the number of looms it was then esti- mated that one-third were unemployed. These wages represent the whole amount paid to the passementier, or master, of which one-half was received by the labouring weaver. No. of Looms. Sort of Ribands. Quantity produced. Average Value. Passementier's earnings, (half to be given to the j Weaver.) 1 Francs. Francs. 250 Velvet . . . 32 850 4 ' 50 per day. 920 Galloon Taffetas . 28 550 3-50 800 Light Satins 22 652 3-50 274 Facon a Tambour . 14 880 4 to 6 , , 350 Facon a Petit Jeu . 12 750 3 to 5 , , 716 Strong Satins . 12 700 3 to 4 840 Ordinary Taffetas . 14 680 3 to 4 490 Jacquards . 12 1,000 3-50 tol2 , , A weaver stated to us that a chain of riband of 150 ells, (taffetas uni,) No. 3, which is No. 6 English, took him 25 days' labour with the common bar-loom, i. e. at the rate of 6 ells a day. At 40 sous per piece of 13 doz. gave him 48 fr., which is about 13 fr. per week. The quantity of pieces made by the bar-loom at the same time, are Of No. French. 1 to 11 English. 1 to 2 28 to 30fr.l 2 3 4 6 24 26 4 5 7 8 20 22 6 7 10 12 16 18 9 16 14 16 12 20 12 14 13 21 6 8 Average Produce per Day. 8 ells. 6 ells. 4 to 5 ells. From St. diamond we have the following return No. 9 12 16 22 30 12 to 14 fr. 10 12 10 8 6 but these are stated not to be invariable. The hand-looms are understood to produce from 4 to 6 ells per day average ; the bar-looms from 1 to 4 ells, according to width. These calculations refer prin- cipally to the figured articles, which are the leading ones at St. diamond. The following table gives the numbers of the different sorts of ribands manu- [ BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 43 factored, their width, the width of the reeds, and the number of teeth of which the reeds consist : — TABLE OF THE DIFFERENT SIZES OF THE REEDS USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ALL SORTS OF RIBANDS. Varieties of ribands. Width Calcu- No. of the of the Width of lated at Ribands. Riband in the Reeds. 4 Teeth 4% leeth. 4^- leetn. d leexn. P. * TYn.+Vi 0;y i.eein* 7 Tao+li / i6etn. lignes. HP V li IT YIP Mil 1 _ 1 1 * ■ 1 li 2i 3* 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 s 3i 11 12 13 15 17 19 21 i 41 16 17 18 20 24 26 28 H J. J. 5 51 22 23 25 28 32 36 40 ]l 6 26 28 30 33 40 44 48 2 7* si 10* 32 34 36 41 48 53 57 3 41 43 46 51 61 68 71 4 12 13 50 53 56 64 74 84 98 5 15* 164 63 66 70 80 96 106 124 6 17t iy 72 75 80 90 108 118 130 7 19* 21 80 85 90 loo 120 130 140 g 22 24 92 97 102 113 132 148 154 9 24 26 99 104 110 125 150 160 172 10 26 28 108 114 121 134 162 176 188 12 29 31 120 127 134 150 180 200 212 14 32 34* 130 140 148 165 198 214 234 16 34 371 144 153 162 176 216 234 254 18 38 40i 156 165 174 194 234 252 270 20 41 44 168 178 188 210 252 272 292 22 44 47 180 191 202 226 270 294 316 24 47 50 192 204 216 246 2S8 316 348 30 54 57 220 234 248 276 330 358 389 40 60 64 248 263 278 310 372 402 432 50 66 70 270 288 306 340 406 440 474 60 72 77 298 316 334 372 446 484 520 VELVET RIBANDS MANUFACTURED BY THE BAR-LOOM, IN DOUBLE PIECES. Velvet ribands. Numbers . 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 j 14 Lignes . . 1* 2 2* 3 3* 4* 5 5* 6 Teeth. . . 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 22 Numbers . 16 18 20 24 30 40 50 60 70 Lignes . . 6i 7 H 8 9 10 11 12i 14 Teeth. . . 24 26 28 30 32 35 38 41 46 Numbers . 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Lignes . . 15* 17 18* 20 21* 23 24* 26 27* Teetli . . . 51 56 61 66 70 75 80 85 90 Numbers . 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 Lignes . . 29 30* 32 33* 35 37* 39 41i 43 Teeth . . . 95 100 106 112 120 130 140 150 160 The prices of riband weaving at St. Etienne are as follows : — TABLE OF THE WAGES PAID TO THE WORKMEN, PER TWELVE ELLS, FOR WEAVING. Prices for weaving. English . No. 2 4 6 7 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 40 50 French .... li 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 12 16 22 30 40 j Satins and Taffetas . . Fr. •20 •30 •40 •50 •60 •75 •90 1 • 1-25 1-50 1-75 2- 2-25 Cojds (Cordons) " J 5 2-50 3- 4- 4-50 5- 5-50 6- 6-50 Striped Gauzes. . • ) ) 1- 1-25 1-50 1-75 2- 2-50 3- Figured , , • J J 1-25 1-50 2* 2-503- 3-50 4- The rate paid for clipping is as follows :— • 50, -50, -75, 1'0, M0, 1-25, 1-30, 1*40 fr. per dozen. The finishing and watering of riband is performed in private workshops ; the price for finishing is 0'5, 0-5£, 0-6, 0"6i, 0-7, 0-8, 0-8$, 0-9, 0'9§, 10, 11, 13 fr. per dozen. When the watering is done by the roller, it is paid at the same rate as the finishing, (cilindrage,) when by the press, it is paid one-third more than the fixed rate. M 44 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS These are the current rates, and the fluctuations above or below are incon siderable. In Lyons the prices paid are, for No. 1 6, 45 c. 30, 60 c. These are the only numbers which are being manufactured there at the present time. Weavers' gains. The average daily gain of the weaver at St. Etienne and neighbourhood is Monthly expense. In No. I fr.1'25 No. 7 fr.2-00 1 1 1 "30 9 2-10 2 1 "40 12 2-25 3 1 ' 50 16 2'40 4 1-60 22 2*50 5 1-70 30 275 6 1-90 40 2*90 1 his is on common ribands. On superior he will earn JNO. o fr.2'20 No. 12 fr.3'00 7 O • ^0 & OKI OO q • on 9 3-40 40 3-40 On striped gauzes, No. 6 fr.2-25 No. 16 fr.3'20 7 2-50 22 3-40 9 2-75 30 3-70 12 3-00 40 3-90 And on the richest gauzes, No. 6 fr.2-50 No. 16 fr.3-70 7 2-90 22 3-90 9 3 20 30 4-25 12 3-40 40 4-40 So that the wages of the weaver range from 1*. to 3*. Sd. per day. The ave- rage may be estimated at 2fr., or 1*. 8^. per day. This average is less than that earned in most of the other trades at St. Etienne and its neighbourhood ; but the principal cause of its low rate is, that the riband- weaving is used by the peasantry as an auxiliary, in which they occupy their leisure hours. Riband-weaving is domestic labour, and leaves to the weaver the disposal of his own time : the greater quantity of freedom which it gives him, he deems more than an equivalent for the greater rate of pay which he might else- where receive. The neighbourhood of St. Etienne is at present little pressed on- by an excess of population, and the fluctuations in the value of labour are not very great, nor are their tendencies decidedly downwards. A passementier of the name of Drivon, calling himself a meneur de barre, (the common term for a master weaver at St. Etienne,) has published the following estimate of his monthly expenses, which, at the same time, will throw light on the manner of life pursued by the riband-weavers : — f'r.37-50 5-25 Reed maker to supply two looms fr.S •67 1 Rent . . . . " Ji 5 •00 Keeping loom in order .... 5 00 Stitching cartoons .... 2 00 Interest on cost of loom, fr. 1,500 7 50 Soup twice a day, and lodging of weavers . 6 00 , , reedmaker 3 00 Soap ....... 00 33 . To which add for winter, 51b. candles, at 75 c. 3 75 1 Fuel for warming 1 50 J 42-75 Calculating the summer months at two-thirds of the year, the annual monthly 3rage will be 39 fr. Of the monthly produce of 4 looms, Drivon gives the following account : — 1st loom, producing 6 pieces No. 30. per 6 doz. at fr.4"00 2d. 8 22. 3-00 3d. ,, 12 12. T75 4th. 14 ,, 9. 1-25 fr.144 144 126 105 519 earned for weaving. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 45 Thus divided, No. 1. Half to weaver fr.72 00' Expenses as above 39 00 . fr.144 • Profit to Passementier 33 00 No. 2. As No. 1. 144 No. 3. Half to weaver 63 00' Expenses 39 00 . 126 > Profit 24 00 No. 4. Half to weaver 52 50 Expenses 39 00 . 105 - Profit 13 ■50 to the master weaver then the monthly profit will be No. 1. fr.33-00 2. 33-00 3. 24-00 4. 13.50 If in addition, he used a loom himself, on which the monthly profit would 1 be fr. 105, the yearly return would be . . . . . - J 103-50 per month, or fr. 1242 " 00 per annum. 1260-00 2502-00 Od. 9 or about £100 sterling 1 per year, net. Drivon states the monthly profit on 3 looms to be 99 fr. and on 2 looms 90 Of the above, he quotes the daily earnings of the weavers on 1st and 2d looms . 48 sous per day . 2-i. 3d , , . 42 , , .1 4th 35 , , .1 He states the average production of the weaver at 4 ells per day. A state of things very like that at Lyons exists in many respects at St. Etienne. When the labouring weaver, who is called at St. Etienne the ouvrier, uses the loom of a master weaver, who is called the passementier, he allows to the passe- mentier half of his earnings. The ouvrier' s gains are small ; he takes three meals a-day, principally of soup. The passementier eats animal food twice a-day, and drinks usually a bottle of wine, of the value of 30 c, or 3d. English. The proprietors of the 18,000 single-hand looms are little farmers, inhabiting the mountainous district around St. Etienne, St. diamond, and St. Didier : some of them dwelling at a distance of as much as 30 miles from the abode of the manu- facturer. There are few cottages without one loom or more, and the occupation of weaving fills up the hours which are not employed in the business of the small farm. The looms are rude and cheap, averaging perhaps not more than 15 fr. to 16fr. in value, and will continue to render less and less to the agricultural weaver as improvements are introduced into the looms of the towns, and as improved machinery alters and shifts the value of hand-labour. The greater dexterity too of the weaver, whose pursuit is uninterrupted, will interfere more and more with the mountain peasant, whose time and attention are drawn upon by different claims. The passementier is gradually becoming a little capitalist ; he possesses, on an average, from 2 to 5 looms, and some have as many as 10 or 12 : he is more prone to introduce improvements, more immediately acted on by the competition and con- versation of his neighbours; he is far more advanced in civilization, his existence is more social, he reads more and thinks more, and has many more objects of desire and of ambition. Pastoral manufacturing must, I think, be more and more interfered with : its cheapness will be more than compensated by the skill of the intelligent artisan. The farm, as more productive, will absorb the little earnings of the agricultural weaver, while the accumulations of the passementier will all go towards manufacturing improvement. Some advantages are attached to the basse-lisse loom. The weaver has a more direct control over his work ; he can more easily apportion the pressure of his foot and the throwing his shuttle to the momentum required : and it may long continue in use as the means of extracting something from the leisure hours which agricul- ture necessarily leaves unemployed. The hours of labour in the St. Etienne district are twelve in summer and ten in winter : the riband-weaver stands, in order to have a more decided mastery over his work, while the weaver of broad goods sits. The Jacquard loom, a simple and beautiful invention, (in fact its beauty is in its simplicity,) has been quietly revolutionizing the trade both of St. Etienne and Lyons. It has given facility to the transfer of the most complicated designs of art to manufacture, and like many other discoveries has made mechanism do the work of thought, and that with a precision which any attention of the mind could never, for a continuance, have accomplished. It has put the common weaver of plain goods nearly on a level with the most dexterous master of his profession, and has allied perfection of fabrication with economy of cost. Manner of life of riband weavers. 46 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Clipping. Manufacturing la- bour in ribands. The clipping is paid at a price varying from 30 c. to 2fr. per piece of 12 ells. At St. diamond, for very fine and complicated work, as much as 5 fr. has been paid. Some manufacturers have the clippers in their warehouses at daily wages ; but it is said this is a less economical plan than to allow the clipping to be done at the houses of the labourer. A clipper's average earning is about 1 fr. per day. The art of finishing ribands by the cylinder was imported from England at the end of the last century. There are sixteen cylindrers at St. Etienne and St. Chamond, and their charge is 7 c. per doz. the common, and 9 c. the Marabout gauze. The ribands made at St. Etienne may be thus classed : — 35 per cent, striped gauzes. 25 ,, clipped do. 10 „ gros de Naples. 4 ,, gros grains. 12 „ belts. 14 ,, satin and other sorts of riband. 100 Of these the English demand falls mainly on the highest qualities ; France takes a portion of almost every sort produced. For the north of Europe the demand is principally in clipped, striped, and figured gauze. The United States take of all these, and also not inconsiderable quantities of satins and taffetas. The demand for Spain and Italy is principally for articles of fashion. I obtained the accompanying returns as to the quantities of labour and other additions to the value of the raw material in the progress of the manufacture. SATIN OR SARSENET RIBANDS 1000 kilogrammes at 70 fr, Dying . . 4 Winding . . 3 Warping . . 1A Weaving . Finishing . GAUZE RIBANDS 1000 kilogrammes at 73 fr. Dying . Winding Warping Maraboutage Weaving Finishinff 70,000fr. 4,000 3,000 1,500 52,000 1,500 132,000 73,000 fr. 4,000 3,000 1,500 3,000 56,000 1,500 142,000 and about 20,000 fr. of additional labour is given to figured gauzes of the most expensive quality. In the value of 1,000 fr. SATIN OR TAFFETAS RIBANDS. The raw material would be . fr. 531] Added value in wages, &c. . 469 | ,jfr. 1000 STRIPED GAUZE. Raw material Wages, &c RICH FIGURED GAUZE. Raw material . . . fr. 450 Wages, &c. . : : } 1000 550 fr. 1000 In another calculation the relative proportions are thus stated : STRIPED GAUZES. Raw material . . . fr. 50 to 55 Added value for labour, &c. . 45 to 50 SUPERIOR GAUZES. Raw material . . . fr. 40 to 45 Labour, &c 55 to 60 COMMON RIBANDS. Raw material . . . fr.65 Labour, &c. ... 35 BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 47 The Council of Prudhommes at St. Etienne is constituted according to the Pmdhommes. Ordonnanees of the Imperial Regime. To it are confided the protection of copy- right, the questions between manufacturers and workmen, and generally all those matters of local concern connected with trade and Jabour. The number of mem- bers is 15, 13 exercising the habitual functions of councillors, and 2 supernumera- ries (adjoints). They represent the following professions, 8 being of the class of manufacturers, and 7 artisans : — 5 riband makers. 3 armourers. 1 hardware maker. 1 dyer. 2 engineers or machinists. 3 haberdashery makers. The population of St. Etienne and the adjacent district is about 60,000, of whom Octroi, about half are believed to be connected with the riband or silk haberdashery trade. The octroi of St. Etienne last year was fr. 340,000 for local services, and ISO, 000 for state expenses. 520,000 being 8-66 fr. equal to 7*. per head. This is not much more than half the amount of the Lyons octroi. On wine it is 5 -50 at Lyons, and 3' 50 at St. Etienne. On cattle , , 21-50 , , 15-00 The annual consumption of St. Etienne, according to the octroi returns for 1827, Consumption, was on a calculation of five years preceding, 37,582 hectolitres of wine- 155 ,, of brandy. 2,787 horned cattle. 8,415 calves. 31,734 sheep. 3,500 lambs. 2,383 pigs. This, of course, makes no allowance for clandestine introduction. During ten years preceding 1827 the births had exceeded the deaths by 15,611 ; of the births in 1827, 5,552 were legitimate, and only 258 illegitimate. The manufactures of Nismes are principally silk hosiery and shawls. The' silk Nismes. consumed is almost wholly that of the adjacent country. Nismes is situated in the midst of a silk district ; but many of the manufactures of Nismes have cotton, linen thread, and woollen mixed with them. The export trade is small ; most of the productions of Nismes being in exclusive possession of the French market by heavy duties or prohibitions on the foreign article. The consequence is, that the industry of Nismes is sluggish and retarded. On the part of the manufacturers there was great unwillingness to give informa- tion ; and the Chamber of Commerce of Nismes came to a formal and unanimous resolution that it was ' dangerous to communicate the secrets of their industry,' in answer to a series of questions submitted to them through the authorities. Perhaps no better evidence of backwardness could be given : a striking contrast to the liberality and intelligence of Lyons ! The number of looms at Nismes is between 7,000 and 8,000. The average wages of labour from 25 to 30 sous per day. (12^. to I5d.) The reputation of the silk hosiery of Nismes has suffered much from the fraud of the dyers, who have been known to add 8 to 12 ounces to the pound of black silk. J acquard looms are much in use : the cost of one with 600 crotchets is about 120 fr. The expense of mounting, on an average, is about 25 fr. There is a Conseil de Prudhommes at Nismes constituted like that of St. Etienne. Its president is of the Hebrew faith. The following statement, furnished by the house of Thomas Freres, at Avignon, Avignon, is so complete in all its parts, that I do not scruple to present it as the most authentic and valuable document that has been prepared on the manufacture of the Vau- cluse department ; and I have especial pleasure in communicating it as evidence of the frankness and courtesy with which the most intelligent manufacturers of France assisted our inquiries. 48 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Observations on the Cultivation and Manufacture of S^lk in the Department of Vaucluse. Furnished by Messrs. Thomas, Brothers, of Avignon. May, 1832. 1. How much silk is produced in the department of Vaucluse? — In the absence of all good statistical details for this department, it is not easy to give a precise answer to this question ; restricted to isolated facts, which are not susceptible of corroboration by any connected inquiries embracing all the various branches of industry, and the different places which contribute to the products under consideration., positive exactness cannot be looked for in any estimates ; nevertheless, it may be regarded as not far from the truth, if the production of silk in the department of Vaucluse be reckoned at 12,000,000 fr. 2. What quantity is required for its own manufactures? — It manufactures, that is, it employs in its fabrics a nearly like sum of 12,000,000 fr. of thrown silk, of which 7,000,000 fr. to 8,000,000 fr. are of Avignon and its neighbourhood. 3. How much does it send to Lyons and elsewhere? — The remainder is sent to Lyons, except a small quantity, which goes to Nismes; that which is sent out of the department in the shape of raw silk, may be considered as compensated by that which it derives from the neighbouring districts. 4. What fluctuations has this branch of industry experienced in the last fifteen years; and to what causes may such fluctuations be attributed ? — For the last fifteen years this branch of industry has been constantly on the increase. Were we to judge of its progressive increase by that which the manufactures of Lyons and Avignon have experienced, as shown by the number of looms employed and by the plantations of mulberry trees, we might estimate the increase at one-fourth as compared with the quantity produced at the former period. The revolution of 1830 arrested its progress, and even occasioned it to retrograde for a time, as it regards the manufacture ; but it has already regained its former vigour. 5. What is its present state, and what its future prospects? — The circumstances which may prove favourable to it, and which may tend to the increased consumption of silk goods, are, the improved condition of the working classes, and the increased appetite for luxuries which has arisen out of the general prosperity to which their improved condition has led ; the passion for French fashions and productions which our connexion with the various nations of Europe during the late war contributed to footer, and, finally, the superiority of some of our silk manufactures, such as the figured silks (lesfapons) of Lyons, the ribands of St. Etienne, &c. which insures a demand for them without any fear of foreign competition. The increased produce of silk, as a raw material, suited to our manu- factures, may be the more confidently calculated on, since, being still obliged to draw one-third of our supply from foreign countries, which costs much more than it would cost us to produce, there would be little trouble in finding a market for an augmented production. 6. What effect would the free exportation of raw silk have on the growth and on the manufacture at Avignon? — The free exportation of silk would be a great advantage to agriculture, and would pro- mote an increased production ; but since the demands for our manufactures offer already sufficient inducements to the producers, notwithstanding the exportation is prohibited, we do not consider this measure at all necessary. We should rather deem the free importation of foreign silk, while it would be advantageous to our manufactures, would give a fresh stimulus to our silk growers without injuring the mulberry planters, since the price of the cocoons would remain sufficiently high, notwith- standing the competition of foreign silk, and the spinners would be excited to improve their qualities in order to maintain that preference under similar circumstances, which the superior intrinsic quality already secures them. The entire French agricultural and manufacturing interests could not fail to be gainers by this step towards a greater freedom in the silk trade. 7. What is the present price of the silk of the country ? — The standard of the silks of the depart- ment of Vaucluse varies from the regular numbers of 15 to 25 deniers the thread. Those of 15 to 18 deniers are worth from 17 fr. to 17*50fr. per lb. (41'50fr. to 42 - 50fr. per kil. ;) of 18 to 20 deniers from 16 fr. to 16'50fr. per lb. (39 fr. to 40 fr. per kil.;) and of 20 to 25 deniers from 14 fr. to 15fr. per lb. (35 fr. to 36 fr. per kil.) 8. Do the proprietors of the mulberry plantations in general rear the silk-worms themselves? — ■ The cultivation of the mulberry trees was for a long period only an accessory branch of the income derived from their estates by the little as well as by the larger proprietors ; their cultivation, as com- pared with that of grain, forage, and other articles peculiar to certain districts, such as saffron and madder in the country, oil and tobacco in Provence, &c. was the less thought of, because the rearer of silkworms, notwithstanding the great importance of the article, considered as a whole, in the south of France, was so much under the influence of long standing practice, prejudices, and ancient absurdities, that the management of their business was unintelligible, and its productions most uncertain; whereas, had they proceeded, as they at length did, on sound principles, guided by the simplest elements of chemistry, they would have rendered these harvests more certain than those of any other crop. These rearers of silkworms differed materially in their method of proceeding ■ sometimes the farmers sold the mulberry leaves, or gave them, in consideration of a participation in the profits, to some rearer of silkworms, who devoted his particular attention to the worm alone; sometimes the leaves were sold to other rearers, who, from the excessive numbers they hatched, were not able sufficiently to provide them with leaves. Within so late a period as twenty years back, so imperfect were the methods pursued, that on a farm furnishing leaves for ten or twelve ounces of silkworms' eggs, which should produce from eighty to one hundred pounds of cocoons per ounce, it was considered a good crop if five or six pounds altogether were produced. It was not until towards the close of the reign of Napoleon, when the active spirit of the nation sought other fields for exertion than the field of battle, that, guided by the studies and examples of some enlightened agriculturists, and amongst others those of Dandolo, and stimulated by the high prices to which silk had been advanced, our people of the south devoted themselves, with that ardour which marks their character, to the cultivation of the mulberry tree, and to the rearing of the silkworm. Many of the large proprietors united their efforts to those of a multitude of little planters of the mulberry tree and rearers of the silkworm ; and it was then that establishments were formed, which, by their importance, and the certainty and value of their results, would have excited astonishment at the commencement of that age. 9. Do the growers of the silk also spin it? Have they mills for throwing? What price is paid k BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 49 for spinning and throwing? — It has not yet become a general custom in our department and the more southern ones, such as the Bouches du Rhone and the Var, for the proprietors and silk growers to do as in the department of Ardeche, (which alone furnishes more than 20,000,000 fr. of the raw material for our manufactures,) to reel the silk, because their establishments are not yet on so large a scale as in this neighbouring department ; but many, however, do so, and many others contemplate so doing. Silk throwing forms a branch of business quite distinct from that of the growers of silk and of the spinners; the latter are not in the habit of throwing their silk; they sell to those who pursue this particular department. The price for reeling is about 2fr. per pound of the country, or 5fr. per kil. ; that for throwing varies from 3fr. to 4fr. per kil. for trams, and 7fr. to 9 fr. for organzine. The waste in throwing varies from 4 to 8 per cent, according to the quality of the silk. 10. What are the average wages of the labourers employed on the mulberry plantations, and also of the rearers of the silkworm? — The labourers who are employed on the farm by the year receive from 250 fr. to 300 fr., and food and lodging is found them ; *.heir keep is estimated at 250 fr. to 300 fr. per annum. Those who are paid by the day receive in money only from 1 "25fr. to l'50fr. during the six months of the dead season of the year, and from l'75fr. to 2 fr. during the other six months. These workmen perform, without distinction, all the work that may be requisite in the operations in which they are engaged. 11. How many hours per day do they work? What are their expenses for food, lodging, clothing', and recreation ? — They work generally from sunrise to sunset, out of which they are allowed two hours in winter and three to four hours in summer for their meals or for rest. Their food, whether they are hired by the year, or whether they provide for themselves out of their daHy wages, consists of black bread and various kinds of vegetables or potherbs, the principal of which are beans, potatoes, onions, together with any small portion of lard supplied from the pigs which may be kept on the farm, or among the daily labourers who are rather better off than others. Their drink consists of a small quantity of tolerably good country wine, equal to about half a litre per man. Their lodging costs but little, say from 40 fr. to 50 fr. per annum for themselves and their families, to those whose wages are paid wholly in money. Their clothing formerly consisted of a coarse woollen cloth ; but now that the finer productions of our manufactories, by their low price, are placed within the reach of all classes, they dress in smarter clothes of linen, woollen, or cotton, according to the season of the year. The taste for dress amongst the men, as well as amongst the women, constitutes one of their main sources of expense. Balls for the latter, and the wine-houses for the men, too often consume on the Sunday the savings of the week. 12. Required all the information relative to the quality of the silks produced, the nature of the soil suited to its production, the progress which this most important branch of industry has already made, or ot which it is susceptible ? — All soils possessing a temperature in which early vegetation is not fre- quently liable to destruction by white frosts in the spring of the year, if they be not too moist, and at the same time admit of being watered in the summer, are suited tor mulberry plantations, their growth in such soils of course being subject to the variations occasioned by the greater or less degree of rich- ness ; but light, sandy, or gravelly soils produce the best quality, the silk from the leaves grown in such soils being lighter and more brilliant. In the richer soils, on the other hand, vegetation is much more vigorous, and the trees in a few years become large and highly productive; but the quality of the silk produced from these leaves is of much less value. It is to the lightness of a great proportion of the soil of Provence, where the silk most prized for its fineness and colour is collected, that this reputation is owing. 13. How many looms are there in Avignon and its neighbourhood ?— The manufacture of Avignon employs about 5,000 loo ms, ot which about 3,500 are in the town, and 1,500 distributed over the country in the smaller towns and villages, included in a radius of four or five leagues. 14. What are the descriptions of manufactures? — The manufacture of plain silks, called Florentines, (Florences,) is nearly the only one in Avignon as it regards weaving. The other branches of industry are the preparation of madder, printing, tanning, &c. 15. Are all the looms worked by hand? — All the looms are hand looms. 16. What prices per ell are paid to the weaver for each sort of work? — The prices paid to the weaver vary from 45 c. to 60 c. per ell, according to the number of threads, or the strength of the stuffs, which are all of one kind, viz. all plain silks ; but according to their stoutness and the number of threads they are denominated as follow : — Florentine, 1 thread, is paid 40 c. to 50 c. per ell. , , 2 threads, , , 45 to 55 Marcelinettes, 2 , , , , 50 to 60 Marcelines, 3 , , , , 55 to 65 , , The breadth of these stuffs is generally if, which, however, does not exceed 20i to 21 inches. Some off are also made, being from 25 to 26 inches. 17. What is the price paid for winding and warping ? and is it paid by the manufacturer or by the weaver? — As it is the manufacturer who performs the winding and warping, it is he who pays for the same. The price paid for the first depends on the quality of the organzine, being from 2 fr. 75 c. to 3 fr. 25 c. per kil. ; that of warping, for pieces of 100 to 110 ells, where the number of portees varies from 29 to 36, is 1 fr. 50 c. per piece. 18. What number of pieces are annually made at Avignon on an average? — The number of pieces annually made may, on an average, be reckoned at 60,000, measuring about 55 ells each, or about 3,300,000 ells, of an average value, when manufactured, (calculated on the great fall in the value of silk within the last three years,) of 2 fr. 50 c. per ell, or 8,000,000 fr. to 9,000,000 fr. 19. What effect has the opening of the English market had on the manufacture of Avignon? — The effect which the opening of the English market to our silks had, was to put an almost instant stop to the remaining smuggling trade which was then carried on in the English channel. _ 20. Before the opening of the English market to French silk goods, was any contraband trade car- ried on in them, and to what extent? — At the period when the importation became legal, this trade was trifling compared to what it was during the latter years of the reign of Napoleon ; the article of our manu- factures then most in demand for the British market was the £ wide of the Marceline and Marce- linette qualities; and as, since the importation has been permitted, we have found the demand, which the remains of the contraband trade then occasioned, has ceased, we infer that the English have been N 50 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS able to supply from their own fabrics those silk articles which we formerly furnished. This opinion is further corroborated by the documents which our depots at Lyons and at Paris are daily supplying; for out of the silks of our manufacture, to the amount of many millions, which they annually sell, we find very few sales made to the English, either directly or indirectly. It would be difficult to estimate the extent of the demand for the contraband trade while in a state of activity ; but we may, without hesitation, affirm, that during the years from 1810 to 1814 Avignon despatched one-fourth of its manufacture to the points from whence the contraband trade with England was carried on; it is true, that this manufacture did not then give employment to more than one-half of the looms now in operation. Allowing, then, for the smaller quantity of goods manufactured, and their high price, owing both to their quality and the cost of the raw material, we may take the sale of the town of Avignon for this trade at fr. 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 per annum. * 21. How many ells can a workman make per day? What is the proportion of women and children employed in the manufacture? — The quantity of work which a workman can get through varies con- siderably, both on account of the great difference in skill amongst those who are employed in this work, which does not form the only occupation of most of them, and on account of the idle disposition of the population of the southern provinces. In general a good workman can make from four to six ells of silk per day ; and yet, when a general estimate is made of the work performed by the workmen of any tolerably extensive factory, say one of 500 to 600 looms, the average of 300 working days does not give more than an ell and a half to an ell and three quarters per day for each loom. The sort of goods produced at Avignon requiring rather care, patience, and cleanliness, than skill or strength, they are suited belter t9 women than to men : they, however, employ about an equal number of each sex. Both in town and in the country it is generally those of weak and delicate habits who embrace this trade. The class of silk-weavers, properly so called, that is, those who follow this trade from father to son, do not constitute one-half of those who are required for the number of looms. The fluc- tuating part of this trade is composed of multitudes of individuals, who embrace or quit it according to their fancy, or as their necessities may compel them, when their other trades are no longer agreeable to them, or insufficient for their support. The children are generally employed in preparing the shoots : it is in this way they begin to learn weaving. We may reckon one child to three looms. 22. How many hours do they work per day? — The silk weavers are not employed in a body as in the large cotton works, but they follow their trade at home. Their hours for working are very various ; it is in fact to this state of perfect independence of subjection to rules for the improvement of manufactures that we must attribute the little progress made by those of our town. We may, however, reckon that a good workman, who likes his trade, and making daily from four to five ells of silk, will work from five o'clock in the morning to seven o'clock in the evening, of which time three hours may be occupied in meals and rest. 23. What are their habits, and the state of morality amongst them ? What proportion of the work- men know how to read and write ? — -The habits and morals of the workmen of Avignon are, in general, better than many other manufacturing towns, such asNismes, in its vicinity, and Lyons also; they are less disposed to licentiousness, and very little given to drinking, as their union, as a body, is less complete than in most other manufacturing towns, on account of the fluctuating portion of the workmen, which cannot be classed as essentially manufacturing ; and further compared with the population of our town, and the importance of its industry, their number is not considerable. They are little given to combinations ; and less inconvenience has been experienced from this source than by most manufacturing towns. The tendency of the easiest and least expensive processes of our manufactures to the country and the villages in the vicinity, where the workmen can live more agree- ably, more wholesomely, and at a cheaper rate, and which, at the same time, offers greater resources by the union of agricultural pursuits on extraordinary occasions, should at all times diminish the chances of disturbance, and those excesses which we have so often to lament, where large masses of a purely manufacturing population exist, and should still further supply our manufacturers with facilities for encountering the competition of foreign rivals. Instruction, which in general is in a much more backward state in the southern than in the northern departments, is more especially so amongst the class of weavers; there are consequently very few who can read and write, still less among the women. The proportion amongst the men may be one in three, of the women scarcely one in ten. 24. What are their earnings per day, per week, per month, and per year, the maximum, the minimum, and on the average? — The answer to the twenty-first question would generally meet this. The best workmen may gain from 2 • 50 fr. to 3 fr. per day ; the next class may gain from 1 ■ 50 fr. to 1*75 fr. ; and the inferior workmen from 1 fr. to l"25fr. ; which is equivalent to 80 fr. to 90 fr. per month for the first, 45 fr. to 50 fr. for the second, and 30 fr. to 35 fr. for the third; or 800 fr. to 900 fr. as a maximum, 300 fr. to 400 fr. as a minimum, and 500 fr. to 600 fr. as an average of annual earnings. 25. What is the proportion of the different kinds of goods manufactured at Avignon? — Avignon being possessed of only one description of manufacture, the quantities made of each quality vary according to the demand ; that of -|4, two threads, and Marcelinettes, however, form the bulk of its manufacture. 26. At what rate of duty would the silks of Avignon find their way into the English market? — We are not sufficiently informed as to the prices at which our silks are sold in England, nor those at which the manufacturers of the country could enter into competition with them, to give a definite answer to this question. The most direct competition that we are aware of is that with the manufac- turers of Zurich, in Switzerland. We are satisfied that their preference in foreign markets, on account of their low price, would not hold good against a reduction of 10 per cent, or 15 per cent, upon those at which we can sell, even in spite of the existing Custom House duties ; and such a reduction does not appear to us impossible, with some improvements and some diminution of the wages for labour, if labour were less burdened with indirect taxes. Our relative position, compared with the Swiss manufacturers in the Dutch markets, where the productions of the two countries come into direct competition, sanctions this opinion. 27. What kind of silk is made use of in the manufactures of Avignon ? Is any foreign silk used ? — The manufacturers of Avignon principally use home grown silk, and particularly those of the best portions of the neighbouring provinces. Lustre, body, and lightness are requisite in its fabrics; and these silks possess such qualities in a degree surpassing all others yet employed. In the absence of the silk of Provence, use is also made of the finest qualities of nearly all countries, whether India, BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 51 Italy, and even the Levant, since the establishment there of some spinners on the French and Piedmontese methods. 28. Have any improvements been introduced in the loom at Avignon ? Have any attempts been made to introduce the lever loom or the power loom ? — The loom for weaving at Avignon is the same, or nearly so, as it originally was at the time this branch of industry was first introduced ; in one sense it has been improved, inasmuch as the rough and imperfect materials of which it was made have been replaced with better, and it has been rendered lighter and neater; for cane reeds, those of steel of the best known factories have been substituted; the harness, which was of linen thread, by silk strings ; the enormous wooden leys have given place to others of a lighter description, with bars of iron attached, in order to combine the same momentum with more elegance of appearance ; the beam on which the warp is wound, and the piece itself as it is made, have been reduced to dimensions better proportioned to the width of fabrics they are intended for. During the last ten years various unsuccessful attempts have been made to introduce the lever loom, worked by horse or water power, but not by steam ; these attempts have proved fruitless. To warrant a hope of success with mechanical looms, it would be necessary to use a more perfect thread than those our present filatures produce; and further, to employ some additional means to those already employed in fabrics in imitation of cottons, in order to obviate some difficulties which would appear to be owing to a difference of mate- rials ; this appears to us by no means impossible to effect, if some manufacturer, possessed of mechanical knowledge, would seriously apply himself to bring forward all the improvements which the difficulties experienced have pointed out. 29. Where is the silk dyed ? What is paid for dyeing the different colours ? What is the loss or gain during the operation of dyeing? — The silk is dyed in Avignon. The dye-houses are situated on one of those streams of fine water from the fountain of Vaucluse which traverse our town ; they produce colours equally brilliant with those of the finest establishments known either at Lyons or St. Etienne, although there is yet room for improvement on the part of our dyers, as it regards the theore- tical and chemical knowledge that distinguishes the principal dyers of the two above mentioned towns. The price paid for common colours is about 2*25 fr. to 2" 50 fr. the kilogramme ; whilst at Lyons, the same colours cost 3 '25 fr. to 3 ■ 50 fr. ; fine colours, such as scarlet, cherry, crimson, cost from 12 fr. to 18 fr. per kilogramme ; rose, Hortensia, lilac, green, blue, fine grey, orange, &c. cost from 4 fr. to 6 fr. As our silks are not sold by weight, and the more silk is deprived of its gummy particles, the more it gives to the fabrics of Avignon those qualities of body, lustre, and lightness by which they are distinguished, those are in general alone made use of which have been thoroughly boiled, by which they become reduced in weight from 24 to 26 per cent. ; the dye-stuffs afterwards cause them -to regain 2 to 3 per cent. ; sometimes, on the contrary, those dyed with acids, or very light colours, will lose 1 or 2 per cent, more ; so that it is reckoned that 100 kilogrammes of silk, when boiled and dyed, will render from 76 to 77 kilogrammes only. Of late years it has been the custom to use supple silks for the warp, dyed, for the inferior qualities. This innovation has not tended to the improvement of our fabrics ; in preserving certain portions of the gummy particles to the silk, it gives it a certain degree of crispness or strength ; but what it gains in weight it loses in lustre and substance, which reduces the apparent advantage to the manufacturer to next to nothing: these silks render nearly their weight, that is, 100 kilogrammes of raw w ill render 98 kilogrammes of dyed supple. In 1831 the importations and exportations of silk goods in France were as imports and Ex- follows : — ports in 1831. IMPORTATIONS. Stuffs, Shawls, and Handkerchiefs . . l£ laln \ ' Kl1 \i igured . , , Gauze of pure Silk , , Crapes . ,, Blond Lace Fr. Ribands and Velvet Ribands Kil. Amount .... Valued at Fr. 110-00 1-20-00 112-00 64-00 120-00 For Home Consumption. Quantity. Kil. 10,354 312 83 1 29,33!) 13,259 53,348 Value. Fr. 1,138,940 37,440 9,296 64 29,339 1,591,080 2,806,159 EXPORTATIONS. Kil. fPure Stuffs [Plain •! Figured (.Brocade J With Silk . . . [Gold and Silver|^ ( Mixed with Thread, Cotton, &c , Blankets , Silk Gauze , Crapes • , Tulles , Blond Lace Fr Gram. Kil. Hosiery )ld and Silver . . . [Pure ' Haberdashery \ Silk i Mixed with Gold and j Fine [ Silver .... \False Silk and other materials . . . Ribands and Velvet Ribands Kil. Gram Kil. Gram Kil. Amount Fr. 120-00 130-00 130-00 0-24 180-00 80-00 40-00 112-00 88-00 80-00 100-00 0-30 30-00 100-00 0-18 120-00 70-00 120-00 Kil. 427,792 146,320 2,117 1,729,050 1 222 74^426 276 11,168 36,421 7,630 749,480 16,173 1,816,080 3,290 26,811 268,565 1,378 639 190,590 5,509,428 Fr. 51,335,040 19,021,600 275,210 414,972 219,960 5,954,080 11,040 1,250,816 3,205,048 610,400 749,480 1,617,300 544,824 98,700 2,681,100 48,342 165,360 44,730 22,870,800 111,118,802 Duty. Fr. 190,165 7,237 2,876 25 4,841 119,229 324,373 Fr. 9,302 3,220 40 761 50 1,608 6 245 794 162 2,054 341 789 144 583 115 58 14 4,156 24,442 [Return from Ministry of Finance.] o 52 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Appendix No. XXXIV. Imports of Silk Goods in 1832. Appendix No. XXXV. The main portion of the Report which precedes was written immediately after my personal visit to those districts to which it has reference. I beg to add to it the statement of the exports of silk goods from France for 1832, which is the latest document which has been prepared by the French Custom House. (Appendix No. XXXIV.) In 1832 the imports into France of plain silk manufactures, paying duty for home consumption, had increased, since 1830, 6,363 kil. in amount, and 809,930 fr. in value. The importations from Prussia had continued stationary since 1828, when the amount was 4,593 kil., while in 1832 it was 4,637 kil. ; while the importations from England had increased ten-fold : namely, from 1,087 kil. representing 119,570 fr. in 1828, to 10,808 „ „ 1,188,880 fr. in 1832: a progress and an evidence of improvement not frequently witnessed. The value of plain silks imported into France from England in 1832, for exportation and home consumption together, amounted to 2,473,680 fr. in all, or about £100,000 sterling. In Appendix No. XXXV. the details will be found. Paris, March 31, 1834. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN 53 SILK MANUFACTURES. APPENDIX No. I. Manufactured Silks Exported to England". | Years. Francs. 1818 1 ,744,105 1819 2,713,583 1820 2,727,748 1821 2,815,178 1822 3,516,828 1823 2,901,670 1824 3,856,465 1825 6,104,103 1826 7,596,421 1827 11,460,119 1828 17,311,810 1829 10,483,777 1830 15,204,388 [French Custom House Return.] APPENDIX No. II. An Account, showing the Net Quantities entered for Home Consumption in the United Kingdom, of the several Articles enumerated below, for the Years 1829, 1830, and 1831. Year. Plain Silk or Satin, (including Ribands.) Figured Silk or Satin, (including Ribands.) Gauze and Gauze Ribands. Crape. Plain Velvet, (including Ribands.) Figured Velvet, (including Ribands.) Ribands embossed or figured with Velvet. Fancy Net or Tricot. Plain Silk Net or Tulle. 1829 lbs. oz. 48,729 6 lbs. oz. 15,896 13 lbs. oz. 20,052 4 lbs. oz. 22,786 11 lbs. oz. 12,711 15 lbs. oz. 1,031 1 lbs. oz. 303 2 lbs. oz. 3 12 Square Yards. 109,729 1830 35,983 13 15,433 9 30,241 3 28,880 4 13,475 0 1,372 6 529 3 42 11 114,381 1831 66,659 1 15,614 4 33,480 0 19,667 4 11,135 14 1,074 6 345 0 95 12 54,117 j [English Custom House Return.] APPENDIX No. III. Duty on East India and not East India Manufactures, in the five Years ending 5th January, 1832. SILK. j Years. East India. Not East India. 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 91.340 33,346 35,503 24,392 21,071 24,332 58,996 137,798 197,865 143,690 135,160 140,195 [English Custom House Return.] 54 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. IV. An Account of the real Value of Silk Manufactures entered for Home Consumption in the United Kingdom, in the Years 1830 and 1831. Years. SILK MANUFACTURES. Of India. Of Europe. Total. 1830 1831 £. s. d. 96,083 11 7 114,590 7 3 £. s. d. 425,236 8 0 451,400 3 1 £. s. d. 521,319 19 7 565,990 10 4 [English Custom House Return.] APPENDIX No. V. Silk Manufactures Exported from France — Special Commerce. Value Exported. Countries of Destination. 1828 1829 1830 Total. Average. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. United States .... 33 ,746,407 33,711,312 37,563_ 665 105 ,021 384 35,007,128 Germany 18 ,285,633 19, 374, 80S 18,309 636 55,970,077 18,656,692 England 17 311,810 10,483,777 15,204 388 42 ,999,975 14,333,325 Netherlands .... 10 601,110 11,175,956 7,837 704 29 ,614 770 9,871,590 Spain 6 184,268 7,253,207 4,673 174 18 ,110 649 6,036,883 Sardinia 5 ,549,754 5,390,308 5,750 118 16 ,690 180 5,563,393 Switzerland ., . 3 028,089 . 2,697,179 2,877 726 8 ,602 994 2,867,664 Brazil 2 ,737,118 2,448,351 2,935 853 8 ,121 322 2,707,108 Mexico 1 ,590,086 1,352,966 4,140 017 7 ,083 069 2,361,023 Peru . . . . . 2 ,967,410 2,524,882 824,350 6 ,316 642 2,105,547 Other Countries . 13 ,465,833 14,743,021 11,002, 171 39 ,211 025 13,070,342 Total . . . 115 467,518 111,155,767 111,118 802 337 742 087 112,580,695 [French Ministry of Finance.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 55 & i— * iO O O O O O 00 00 i-i i-h oo O CO o o CI to H (M ooocoi— i n< i co co © ffl 00 N CO to fcs OOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOC1 ^ CO (^ CO 00 00 CO CO © © © CM CO O 00 CO CO OS co cm oo^noorHcjNQOC4ifl 00 i—i CO CM T CM © »n co CO CM CO <^ oo lO -+i cf CO o> CM CO CD i— i co *n 00 O O O 00 o 00 CO T CO O O .O © CO CM i— ■ CO CM i— i CO CO CM oaooot— iooo © co © T I— I r-l (s. s OCOOOOOICOOOO-COOOOOO CO CO OlAHOOlA'iOCOTjiiOCO CM CM 00 lO © O CM 00 00 CO "d" (N CS CM CO CM CM CO cm cd in h CJ 00 N *cT O CM CO CO i— I 00 CO CO OS o o o © O i — 1 CD CO CO CM CO O O Ol CM o r— t 0 1 CO 00 © i-O CO CO CO CO DOOTtiCMOOCMOCO M 1^ O 00 CM i— 1 cr O CO -f o o O 00 rfi CO o o <^ >^ m cm o n n> oo o eg. s h oi Bcitoinncs^ncBii Ol CO CO 51 o o o 00 © ^ o 53 X I— I a H Ah PL, < o Ph w Q H s H u < bt z O Tf O i-l O • ^ 00 CO 00 ^i o oo m co oo en oo • m w co co r— »o ^i Ol 1" N O CO ~H »_o CM CD i-h i—i CO i — ' CM CM CM O 00 O — I CO CD CD) t>» o 00 CO OO TP O CM i— i 00 CO CD uO i— I © i— i i—i CM m CO J* be 2 o cu Q SB 3 o a o ^ ^ a 56 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. VII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. PLAIN GOODS. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. • 1825 1826 1S27 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England 4,884,000 4,901,760 7.936,720 13,336,680 7,532,040 11,637,720 12,992,280 Netherlands 7,060,800 5,408,280 9,963,920 4,890,120 6,284,040 3,791,280 2,326,680 Russia . 32 280 119 880 1 738 960 1 115,280 1 01 1 000 643 390 Prussia .... 88^800 53,280 337,920 196,600 'l66^680 144,600 163,440 Germany 6,169,360 5,050,920 6,178,0S0 4,793,700 4,199,160 4,357,680 3,998,960 Switzerland . 1,294,360 ,1,389,000 1,763,920 1,191,480 1,057,080 1,316,640 911.640 Sardinia 3,886,960 2,905,920 1,970.200 1,839,760 2,135,760 2,483,280 1,639,720 Tuscany and Roman States 209,080 136,320 978,760 469,480 440,520 251,640 898,080 Naples and Sicily . 878,080 829,320 788,680 800,400 851,640 943,080 681,120 Spain . 3,972,400 2,165,520 2,830,200 2,793,400 3,504,240 2,373,960 2,790,160 Portugal 332,280 477,120 379,720 379,800 456,480 254,280 228,120 Turkey .... 411,960 291,360 239,080 109,840 193,080 299.040 616,560 947,920 Barbary Powers 292,720 215,880 296,680 233,760 96,840 409,240 Danish Islands 460,440 344,400 127.960 201,240 351.000 147.000 130,320 Spanish Do. 464,880 563,640 649.080 917,440 486.000 255,240 183,120 United States . 16,496,280 8,536,080 19,330,960 12,099,400 11,009,880 15,659,760 28,114,960 Mexico .... 1,323,840 1.460,640 1,071,480 601,080 685,200 2,187,240 1,608,960 Brazil .... 979,080 909,600 1,123,800 1,293,480 828,960 1,208,640 399,960 Chili .... 247,800 79.680 291,480 296,960 364,800 163,560 272.400 Peru .... 989,840 1,356.000 904,720 1,979,120 1,043,040 430,920 68,160 Buenos Ayres . 1,860,840 1,113,240 139,720 169,720 262,200 79,800 239,800 British India 442,200 512,280 699,920 727,320 1,035,120 615,360 192,840 Spanish Islands 16,440 83,040 French Colonies 986,920 772,920 622*800 708,480 844*920 602,040 218,920 Other Countries 1,399,000 1,199,040 1,971,840 790,480 937,560 690,480 370,680 Total . . 58,164,200 40,792,080 62,336,600 52, 022, 4*40 46,124,400 51,335,040 60,513,840 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. VIII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. WROUGHT SILKS. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. 1825 England Low Countries . Russia . Hanseatic Towns Austria . Prussia . Germany Switzerland . Sardinia Tuscany and Roman Naples and Sicily Spain . . . Portugal Turkey . . . United States . Mexico . Brazil . Chili . . . Buenos Ayres . Peru . . . English Isles . French Colonies Other Countries Total . States Francs. 71,900 62,920 11,960 " 13*390 2,600 9,999,200 7,280 239,820 7,280 90.390 2,019,130 39,910 10,400 13,993,890 29,640 196,300 13,390 103,480 99,280 *30*030 78,910 27,121,100 1826 Francs. 741,260 1,969,980 390 3,728,140 329.000 1,299,800 *99*940 942,890 142.480 10,010 4,160,130 131,170 249 ,730 96,990 196,690 137,190 6,900 40,960 171,340 14,454,990 1827 Francs. 1,124,900 1,282,840 927,800 '70*200 4,810 4,638,400 419,900 1,102,140 28,080 171,730 1,293,240 46,670 3,120 8,039,820 184,860 398,710 41,210 48,100 97,330 17,990 16,380 161,980 20,120,210 1828 Francs. 860,730 1,606,020 400,790 49,630 94,290 2,730 4,793,490 804,310 1,229,910 102,970 369,330 1,140,880 134,680 6,900 9,099,210 214,900 916,100 312,690 26,000 326,430 112,320 13,690 184,470 22,802,470 1829 Francs. 960,300 961,480 379,730 94,730 79,930 7,190 9,929,990 671,970 661,180 99,120 370,370 962,690 91,480 9,460 9,430,100 290,900 449,410 240,760 2,470 239,980 113,880 187,330 133,770 26,368,220 1830 Francs. 768,690 747,760 393,860 38,480 121,810 11,700 9,986,360 708,110 869,830 91,480 288,340 237,910 29,390 10,920 7,460,970 720,690 918,830 86,490 21,840 123.630 119,090 194*080 1831 23,950.260 [Director General of French Customs.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 57 APPENDIX No. IX. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. STUFFS EMBROIDERED WITH SILK. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Low Countries 809,870 92,130 46,190 32,370 8,840 1,690 Prussia '9,200 910 690 920 Germany 122,200 761 ,940 29b ,790 1/11 (?Crt iv I ,()bU no At\i\ OO (Hilt Switzerland 77,610 21,060 96,290 46,800 32,240 10,930 27,160 Sardinia . 32,110 99,770 11,700 9,990 11,970 18,330 Spain 11,310 39,910 8,970 129,090 71,240 79,990 Hayti 7,020 260 Spanish Isles *3,290 2,600 ]' 0,010 4,940 *3,900 1,990 United States 274,990 1,114,880 117,000 13,260 64,090 9,100 4,940 Mexico 122,980 27,820 1,990 4,030 9,490 18,720 Brazil 14,820 30,940 79,170 22,230 9.890 260 Chili 3,640 33,190 8,490 3,290 Buenos Ayres 143,260 89,930 177,980 4,680 Mauritius Isle ' 1,040 8,320 390 England Sweden and Norway . 16,640 141,970 130,390 8,980 10,790 12,870 3,290 Russia ....... 19,340 19,0S0 2,210 3,900 Austria 9,360 8,970 4,420 390 Naples and Sicily .... 13,000 4,810 2.340 780 Danish Colonies .... 4,680 16,770 9,330 10,930 Peru *9,790 86,980 11,700 7,800 27,990 British India '8,840 13,000 French Colonies .... 17,940 '2,340 9,200 390 *8,190 40,820 8,490 Other Countries .... 29,390 30,810 17,810 3,380 4,160 Total .... 719,130 3,275,710 1,078,660 338,890 569,570 280,170 200,100 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. X. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. STUFFS EMBROIDERED WITH GOLD OR SILVER. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 V 1826 1S27 1828 1S29 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England 9,240 27,240 3,840 4,800 17,640 Netherlands 7,192 31,704 40,944 16,368 1,260 Prussia 2,640 2,880 240 780 Germany 17,920 33,898 39,000 27,984 28,680 Switzerland 7,272 6,976 16,092 6,144 Sardinia 30,928 111,864 126,180 107,616 19,176 Tuscany and Roman States . 127 31,320 1,320 2,808 Spain 10,320 19,000 13,680 10,320 Turkey 11,040 19.840 43,608 119,112 167,820 Barhary States 6,360 80,232 82,896 4,0S0 3,600 Dutch Colonies " 720 United States 16,900 6,144 20,160 12,720 960 Mexico 12,240 29,920 37,440 83,040 Brazil 720 19,120 6,480 Peru 17,040 2,640 French Indies 2,400 Martinique 9,934 8,160 Austria 600 11,904 480 Egypt 10,944 3,648 Chili 12,000 26,400 720 Mauritius Isle 720 Russia 960 240 Other Countries .... 672 *7,680 240 10,272 Total .... 104,039 405,768 472,588 414,972 350,892 [Director General of French Customs.] P 58 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XI. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. STUFFS MIXED WITH THREAD, COTTON, AND OTHER MATERIALS. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England 34,200 98,080 Ill ,280 71 ,920 37,600 Netherlands 942,764 837,840 1,106,240 1 ,162,080 289,920 Russia 78,660 17,440 94,000 12,320 Austria . 91,240 94,000 120,900 84,000 122,960 Prussia 11,440 12,480 20,960 33,280 28 720 Germany ...... 687,303 740,960 1,177,280 648' 000 400^000 Switzerland 76,460 101,440 121,760 131,280 92,960 Sardinia .•••». 877,321 842,720 1,126,960 932,800 989,040 Tuscany and Roman States . 261,470 199,280 89,680 81.840 299,440 Naples and Sicily .... 49,740 106,320 104,880 83.120 76,640 Spain 439,720 399,600 997,120 384,480 288,240 Turkey 630,990 190,800 100,240 222,640 329,920 Egypt 24,440 21,280 2,720 11,920 44,960 Hayti 9,200 12,070 Spanish Isles ..... 22,240 19,000 19,760 11,840 720 United States 333,880 1,126,000 1,927,040 1 ,924,080 2,093,280 Brazil 7,200 18,640 4,240 20.880 2,000 Colombia 29,600 3,200 Peru 40,400 201,360 22,320 British India *8,000 18,240 19,920 160 Bourbon ...... 7,200 6,800 92,320 47,920 13,360 Martinique 79,280 6,720 14,640 13,200 6,960 Guadaloupe 111 ,440 14,000 160,720 16,240 Other Countries . . , . 144,339 11,760 116,960 39,360 108,960 Total .... 4.928,527 [4.965,470 | 7,731,040 5 958,880 5,225,680 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. SILKS EMBROIDERED WITH TINSEL. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 18*68 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England ...... 2,880 32,040 7,920 10,080 10,260 Netherlands 1,620 8,100 7,380 9,760 720 Austria 1,080 360 940 720 1,800 Germany 28,440 37,440 42,840 24,660 43,920 Switzerland 4,320 8,100 10,800 4,320 4,900 Sardinia 21,240 12,240 900 12,420 96,880 22,900 Tuscany and Roman States . 1,080 Spain 1,800 93,820 1,800 2,160 Hayti 2,700 United States ..... *4,860 28,800 14,940 21,960 11,340 Mexico 12,240 6,300 1,800 Brazils 26,640 61,380 73,980 30,960 4,900 Peru 8,640 21,420 9,000 1,800 British India 7,200 3,600 Martinique 1,080 21,780 6,840 Guadaloupe . 720 3,780 8,280 Buenos Ayres 940 720 Prussia . 900 720 1,800 Naples and Sicily .... 1,440 720 Turkey 720 180 10,080 6,480 British Isles 18,000 Spanish Isles '2,700 1,080 360 Chili *9,000 6,300 12,780 9,760 Other Countries .... 60,300 19,300 720 Total .... 182,700 229,860 334,960 263,960 123,100 [Director General of French Customs.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 59 APPENDIX No. XIII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. COUNTERPANES. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Switzerland Spanish Isles ..... Spain ....... United States China and Cochin China . Danish Isles Francs. 2,600 • • Francs. 2,440 6,840 31,320 1,480 3,120 ' 640 Francs. 8,120 80 960 3,200 Francs. 1,200 3,800 3,000 12,120 800 Francs. 160 23,000 Francs. 6,000 200 4,800 40 Francs. 300 Total .... 2,600 45,840 12,360 20,920 23,160 11,040 300 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XrV. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. HOSIERY. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. 94,800 28,200 36,600 91,100 17,400 20,300 14,200 82,600 72,200 91,600 70,900 82,880 46,200 33,600 1,000 2,600 2,000 1,200 9,400 4,400 100 120,900 136,900 99,400 93,900 90,300 96,800 91,900 37,600 31,900 17,900 19,900 43,900 22,000 21,800 44,900 72,800 43,200 37,900 26,400 62,900 20,800 Tuscany and Roman States . 10,200 9,600 9,900 31,300 29,600 17,300 2,200 136,200 70,100 100,200 78,400 107,200 91,100 86,900 38,200 33,400 43,800 10,900 9,000 12,600 8,600 7,400 9,900 9,400 1,900 9,400 3,000 4,800 British Isles 1,000 8,900 1,200 4,900 94,400 6,800 48,900 47,600 90,100 20,900 2,200 80,200 20,400 36,000 38,400 44,600 27,600 21,900 78,000 67,600 76,900 111,100 73,300 33,100 90,800 779,800 1 ,469,600 1,009,400 809,900 976,800 1,337,900 119,800 200,600 233,900 232,400 80,800 297,700 194,400 101,700 103,900 101,100 112,700 199,200 142,900 32,700 97,000 61,900 23,800 29,600 14,000 17,700 86,000 93,900 32,900 46,600 34,100 8,400 1,800 98,900 199,600 31,200 192,400 170,900 33,600 9,300 2,300 2,900 13,600 38,900 20,600 14,100 1,900 19,400 14,300 46,200 20,100 31,800 11,900 300 French Colonies .... 41,700 81,600 42,400 109,300 110,100 67,400 20,000 Other Countries .... 104,300 33,900 14,400 29,400 47,820 33,900 48,300 Total .... 3,411,300 2,135,800 633,800 2,426,900 2,173,200 2,058,900 2,064,100 [Director General of French Customs.] Q 60 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XV. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. GAUZE OF SILK. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England 23.072 110,544 229,916 148,960 91,840 190,192 9,296 Netherlands ■ « • . • 1 Utl . uo<± 1 97 "XAA oD jOOO 97 77fi Russia 2,912 60,368 36,288 24,080 3,136 Hanseatic Towns .... 'l,792 14,000 50,848 7,380 6,048 8,912 '9,920 Austria 448 7,904 8,736 4,480 Prussia *8,912 19,600 7,840 6,160 7,392 9,192 'l,968 Germany ...... 349,896 257,152 198,464 166,432 33,488 190,080 194,336 79,184 Switzerland 7,972 42,224 30,688 29,312 29,936 10,640 Sardinia 39,992 73,136 59,696 90,176 37,072 30,976 12,944 Tuscany and Roman States . 960 336 17,808 12,880 12,880 4,368 4,704 Naples and Sicily. 9,896 3,472 8,400 1,120 1,968 4,032 4,480 Spain 39,424 18,704 54,880 31,024 CO, 640 33,824 19,232 Portugal 8,736 43,792 9,528 9,744 4,704 9.936 3,360 Turkey 7,280 2,016 2,016 28,896 9,600 Barbary States .... 9.040 35,952 ' 1,260 '7,904 12,208 21,392 8,288 Danish Isles 896 672 10,640 3,360 Spanish do 20,272 17,584 20,048 9,968 90,848 38,792 44,464 United States 426,720 277,200 385,168 267,496 423,984 638,176 761,600 Mexico. ...... 1,792 20,160 6,944 2,128 11,424 3,920 3,696 Brazil ....... 22,912 12,992 5,052 2,912 9,744 22,400 3,472 Chili 6,944 10,528 32,032 7,840 1,680 British India ..... 2,240 6,608 17,148 '8,400 7,728 French Colonies .... 12,208 9,296 4,816 9,920 14,112 2,240 336 Other Countries .... 28,672 47,264 4,030 448 1,792 6,160 9,920 Total 1,089,772 1,123,584 1,300,682 972,592 1,152,608 1,344,096 1,026,560 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XVI. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. CRAPE. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England 43 960 194 304 304 832 349,184 497 112 429,480 227,696 Netherlands 89 232 103 048 149 600 127,248 93 104 61,776 80,168 Russia ....... 24 112 11,880 26 928 19,888 13, 22S Hanseatic Towns .... 176 3,960 440 Austria ....... 33 528 23,096 14 696 9,720 9,984 Prussia ....... 968 i2 672 528 440 6,688 4,136 9,944 Germany 162 624 934 912 165 792 233,640 309 984 317,680 211,992 Switzerland 19 272 19 448 27 896 90,248 19 448 20,992 1,936 Sardinia 97 896 132 264 102 520 127,160 98 736 94,384 89,760 Tuscany and Roman States . 3 920 1 408 17 952 11,616 16 368 16,896 19,224 Naples and Sicily .... 92 712 7 696 11 968 32,120 19 400 41,008 4,928 Spain ....... 23 736 119 808 72 336 30,888 64 680 74,096 63,360 Portugal 4 792 20 768 1,848 176 Turkey 190 696 93 104 70 136 99,488 134 288 148,808 299,416 Egypt 92 888 30 624 1 584 3,960 20 768 40,968 127,912 Barbavy Powers .... 9 368 20 944 46 728 28,600 21 472 9,896 96,496 Danish Islands ..... 9 280 4 400 2,112 9 944 3,344 2,640 Spanish do. ..... 6 ,600 "l 496 8 008 11,928 13 464 44,392 1,760 United States 1,807 168 1,741,960 2 621 080 2 949,840 2,670 800 1,873,784 2 699,360 Mexico 3 920 17 072 7,696 4 792 1,232 7,744 Brazil 16 192 17 776 *3 432 23,672 28 072 10,648 1,232 Maurice Isle 13 640 11,792 2,904 1,096 French Colonies .... 36 ,784 19 888 13 288 42,992 29 128 27,280 264 Other Countries .... 22 704 40 832 23 496 2,728 31 328 7,920 Total .... 2,734,712 3,543 664 3 703 392 4 ,228,136 4,131 ,200 3,253,928 3 ,978,060 [Director General of French Customs.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 61 APPENDIX No. XVII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. SILK NET. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England ...... 194,080 279,840 308.400 266,880 177,120 82,720 24,800 Netherlands 14,880 19,600 23,200 12,720 27,840 23,440 3,040 Austria 2,080 19,360 4 , 1 oU 1 Q A ft l , o4U 1 , 120 Prussia 160 '9,360 80 1,440 880 960 320 Germany 18,160 43,920 56,720 39,200 46,400 67,280 29,280 Switzerland 94,720 62,240 20,320 10,800 1,840 17,920 4,720 Sardinia 39,760 193,920 85,280 67,760 41,280 30,960 31,440 Tuscany and Roman States 14,320 12,400 7,600 1 ,040 4,960 18.720 Naples and Sicily .... 28,160 34,080 29,760 26,880 22,000 14,240 9,600 111,600 Spain 71,920 182,320 171,600 130,960 122,320 84,800 Portugal 10,240 480 9,200 1,040 4,000 Turkey 12,480 4,880 17,600 *9,040 4,000 39,680 21.000 Danish Isles ..... 67,120 10,320 12,480 10,000 13,840 1,000 9,600 Spanish do 10,080 31,920 26,480 14,400 27,360 2,880 7,920 United States 342,880 88,880 99,600 40,480 99,120 90,160 12,800 101,920 Mexico 70,240 33,920 3,760 38,160 1,280 6,160 Brazil 36,960 11,680 18,720 22,320 69,120 44,240 6,080 Buenos Ayres Colombia 21,680 13,600 6,960 320 3,120 13,200 90,S80 26,160 29,920 6,960 2,320 Peru 39,920 89,120 22,320 30,320 7,120 7,600 Mauritius Isle 6,000 1,040 2,400 720 3,120 3,360 480 British India 29,920 30,240 2,320 29,200 20,960 99,200 French Colonies .... 9,760 11,920 14,480 11,680 30,320 21,920 6,800 Other Countries .... 13,920 32,720 16,240 11,200 31,920 4,480 Total .... 1,160,560 1,276,880 981,600 831,040 767,000 659,200 402.800 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XVIII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. LACE. Ports of Destination. England Netherlands .... Sweden and Norway . . Russia Hanseatic Towns . Austria Prussia Germany Switzerland Sardinia Tuscany and Roman States Naples and Sicily . Spain Portugal Hayti Danish Isles .... Spanish do United States .... Mexico Brazil Peru British India .... French Colonies Other Countries Total . . . 1825 Francs. 332,391 29,602 *3,940 10,290 16,948 109,794 29,309 107,296 327 28,260 29,386 1,630 2,000 4,388 1,400 2S,390 6,800 2,000 891 7,820 752,868 Value Exported. 1826 Francs. 142,083 64,218 40 3,410 18,409 106,679 48,919 99,363 29,300 23.890 14,070 800 20,623 30,008 42.909 7,792 1,128 8,300 661,941 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. 183,488 192.926 169,949 211,336 160.692 09,786 04^061 81,812 33,270 17,226 2,148 232 20 68,248 78,694 70,972 29,169 3,929 39,717 7,399 12,464 3,743 4,294 13,333 16,096 1 1 , 900 6,994 10,081 9,998 8,907 18,087 19,408 6,490 197,276 124,376 173,234 170,406 66,787 62.468 19,171 10,981 13,419 9,399 82,928 74,398 61,740 48,707 33,210 29,216 43,947 21,618 30,908 7,966 20,122 11,860 12,892 16,604 3,940 39,916 36,471 48,237 68,934 49,379 3,600 100 640 49 4,290 190 900 832 600 360 37,328 41,616 9,802 4,440 10,346 69,329 31,307 23,108 38,479 102,914 30,476 IS, 792 17,680 49,329 114,843 8,872 8,164 2,390 9,729 1,100 9,464 2,000 2,000 400 2,724 637 2.090 *2,990 2,622 1,699 2,900 2,362 9,603 19,119 3,829 1,810 990,011 792,900 770,907 763,100 607,378 [Director General of French Customs.] 62 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XIX. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. HABERDASHERY WITH GOLD AND SILVER. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England ...... Naples and Sicily. . . . 33,000 23,000 22,390 9,290 18,090 190 13,690 Netherlands *2,430 131,179 109,600 61,989 134,969 Austria ...... 9,820 Prussia 490 600 Germany ...... 9,700 24,929 29,690 9,360 1,800 Switzerland ..... 13,900 60,180 79,600 43,690 92,969 Sardinia 78,129 379,386 396,710 270,349 211,980 Tuscany and Roman States . 8,400 61,110 33,930 14,890 13,800 Spain 300 1,390 2,290 600 Turkey 13,990 42,390 36,490 90,700 41,290 Egypt 7,900 9,700 190 2,100 9,190' Barbary States .... 97,690 197,090 99,820 41,100 93,940 Hayti 3,300 6,900 Danish Isles . . ' . 300 1,900 8,400 United States 10,090 49,600 28,690 27,600 19,200 Brazil 1,900 27,300 8,700 9,400 Colombia ...... 1,440 3,300 3,600 9,700 Peru 600 1,200 French India 23,100 6,600 780 French Colonies .... 900 829 6,900 600 British India *3,ioo 600 10,200 Total .... 284,459 1,035,544 885,749 592,948 671,418 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XX. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. HABERDASHERY WITH TINSEL. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. England ...... 4,390 9.310 3,060 1,170 270 j Netherlands 3,910 12.870 3,190 3,210 6,270 | Germany 3,378 11,880 12,660 6,360 9,490 Switzerland ..... 3,090 11,820 17,070 10,390 4,620 Sardinia 9,796 37,690 36,810 19,890 18,600 Tuscany and Roman States . 120 1,200 2,970 270 930 Naples and Sicily 240 1,980 790 Spain ....... 2,610 3,090 7,140 9,990 690 Barbary States .... 1,200 9,010 60 2,070 United States 9,600 30,970 29,230 29,890 17,490 Brazil 2,980 790 9,400 990 Chili 1,170 360 Peru 420 790 210 30 Mauritius Isle 2,010 870 British India 300 19,300 British Isles in America . 1,390 Hayti 490 j French Colonies .... 180 Total .... 38,754 131,610 118,650 115,260 60,140 [Director General of French Customs.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 63 APPENDIX No. XXI. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. HABERDASHERY. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 England ..... Hanseatic Towns . . . Netherlands .... Russia Prussia Germany ..... Switzerland ..... Sardinia Tuscany and Roman States Naples and Sicily . Spain Portugal Turkey Hayti ...... Danish Isles and America . Spanish do United States .... Mexico Brazil Buenos Ayres .... Colombia Peru ........ French Colonies Other Countries Francs. 13,900 439,600 13,600 200 48,100 92,000 91,000 9,900 2,200 70,000 4,700 9,400 22,500 51,100 12,100 1,976,800 15,000 128,800 240,700 31,600 192,400 58,000 41,100 Total 3,564,700 Francs. 104,300 2,800 368,300 7,500 6,300 56,400 147,700 153,700 2,600 1,200 89,200 1,300 3,600 10,700 19,900 42,300 661,100 95,600 47,400 39,200 4,300 27,800 19,900 20,100 1,933,200 Francs. 108,400 38,000 403,400 46,900 1,100 73,100 109,700 191,400 4,200 1,700 47,000 11,400 7,900 9,700 2,700 62,800 1,961,800 9,900 40,800 3,800 20,300 29,600 34,400 Francs. 107,900 14,700 364,700 3,200 3,700 104,700 103,400 82,900 4,000 800 80,900 22,000 1,900 1,200 6,900 64,100 1,406,900 11,600 96,900 1,900 2,600 84,900 13,400 29,200 Francs. 64,300 22,400 321,900 4,900 9,100 73,400 112,900 61,000 4,900 4,000 136,900 11,100 9,100 3,400 1,600 43,000 1,748,000 13,100 92,600 12,000 4,900 29,600 29,100 18,900 Francs. 141,400 98,600 236,900 900 2,200 119,900 73,000 83,100 1,900 100 167,700 9,000 1,200 4,900 6,400 92,400 1,986,300 13,800 36,000 31,400 2,900 10,900 33,200 16,600 Francs. 49,300 17,800 127,300 1,900 2,900 39,800 99,900 92,600 8,900 48,700 300 6,000 7,700 17,400 2,820,300 29,300 13,300 200 63,400 4,000 12,600 3,220,000 2,614,400 2,832,100 3,170,700 3,463,600 [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XXII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. SILK HABERDASHERY WITH GOLD AND SILVER. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Netherlands .... 33,768 43,304 30,648 19,929 46,423 Prussia 360 2,880 180 324 Germany 8,694 2,142 180 180 Switzerland 27,901 720 1,332 2,987 927 Sardinia 121,999 1,260 270 Spain ...... 8,640 9,629 990 3,780 Turkey 3,690 144 360 90 940 Hayti 29,269 916 10,800 2,700 Danish Isles and America . 936 *1,980 720 360 2,920 Spanish do 10,980 3,241 14,326 4,680 United States .... 28,620 9,360 1,260 2,160 11,700 Brazil ...... 8,820 1,170 2,479 360 British India .... 34,380 720 180 3,600 720 French Colonies 7,831 1,980 3,600 1,192 2,430 England 1,998 180 900 Russia 3,420 2,160 720 Tuscany and Roman States 7,110 Naples and Sicily . 180 Mexico ...... 6,390 900 3,600 Buenos Ayres .... 1,800 1,260 323 Barbary States .... 1,000 Colombia 810 Total .... 346,786 81,500 57,441 52,782 75,303 | [Director General of French Customs.] 64 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXIII. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. SILK HABERDASHERY WITH TINSEL. Value Exported. Ports of Destination. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. 1 England 19,840 7,920 8,040 2,040 23,400 Netherlands 34,680 39,000 31,960 8,400 43,320 Prussia 240 120 240 720 Germany 49,140 2,040 2,040 10,200 3,360 Switzerland 46,140 1,320 480 1,960 3,000 Spain 41,640 49,200 24,600 7,920 10,920 Portugal 1,320 7,200 1,920 Danish Isles and America . 9,600 9,600 Spanish do 34,920 33,720 12,960 720 2.760 United States 186, ISO 83,040 88,200 96,160 89,920 Brazil ....... 43,030 19,680 8,040 98,080 22,200 j Buenos Ayres 2,640 1,080 2,160 720 Peru 720 1,800 9,160 China and Cochin China . 3,000 French Colonies .... *9,i20 4,960 23,040 6,000 7,320 Sweden and Norway . 960 j Hanseatic Towns .... 720 1,200 I Sardinia ...... 99,764 1,320 480 1 Turkey 24,840 1,680 Hayti 9,400 *7,440 600 Mexico ....... 22,800 480 240 British India 7,200 Colombia *3, 960 Other Countries .... ■ Total .... 637,744 263,080 218,080 249,760 208,720 [Director General of French Customs.] f-'f half . n ■ APPENDIX No. XXIV. Manufactured Silks Exported from France. SILK HABERDASHERY WITH THREAD, COTTON, &c. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1S29 1830 1831 Netherlands ..... Switzerland ..... Spain Spanish Isles and America United States ..... Buenos Ayres ..... j Mauritius Isle 1 Sardinia Turkey I Total .... Francs. 15,400 1,470 36,540 'l,540 6,580 Francs. 23,660 280 37,590 3,500 910 Francs. 73,640 210 51,450 8,400 5,250 4,410 4,410 Francs. 14,630 420 29,680 Francs. 9,800 39,270 61,530 65,940 147,770 44,730 49,070 [Director General of French Customs.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. APPENDIX No. XXV. 65 Manufactured Silks Exported from France. RIBANDS. Ports of Destination. Value Exported. 1825 1826 1 Q\>7 loZ/ 1828 loon 1830 loo I Francs. Francs. b rancs. Francs. v rancs. Francs. r rancs. 437,400 992,960 J. ,oJd 5OOU 1,798,320 1 0 1 (\ t A A 1 , /1U ,440 1 093 040 1 Q 40 7fUt 1 , J4'; • / OU 1 ,084.800 2 ,997,900 0 old Inn wjiiJ , 4 U U 2 229,640 1, 900 000 I jU/O ,4UU 92,640 1,900 ,949,680 13S,240 no a an 74,040 1 O , 0 UU ,999.400 9 7 064,760 7 acih a nn / ,4Jo , oUU 6, 693 600 A 7&1 7fih 4 j / 0 1 , / OU 369,840 003,300 631,440 996,960 484,080 499 720 374,280 447,960 840,480 643,080 646.960 902,200 087 000 469,600 9,720 4,080 29,640 202,920 192,600 102 720 146,920 193,680 199,300 77,040 190,360 194,920 100 440 123,960 1 ,219,320 1 ,813,200 1,389,120 1 ,323,120 1,398,880 1 062 720 1,220,760 148,200 114,600 69,129 10,320 48,360 67 920 39,480 17,920 20,800 49,600 0,600 32,760 91 480 29,400 91,920 10,920 112,080 60,120 71,640 96 040 69,040 442,080 477,120 128,760 137,400 247,920 96 000 174,960 144,000 294,600 199,480 323,640 117,360 91 200 31,080 18 ,142,080 3 ,918,720 9,302,160 10 ,098,040 9,720,000 7 960 360 12,269,280 1 ,048,320 938,920 426,600 422,640 223,080 798 360 978,640 929,120 289,240 379,440 909,400 092,700 809 160 339,960 898,600 724,920 134,280 97,920 199,040 117 840 37,300 100,440 79,080 191,080 202,920 119,440 69 280 189,720 260,880 1 ,248,720 288,120 019,200 791,040 194 800 4,800 24,840 63,960 81,600 10l'920 291,280 317,280 300,480 119 ,440 49,720 199,840 389,760 003 , 840 144,960 249,280 201 ,360 120,480 991,760 489,760 108,600 384,240 388,080 220 ,080 101,040 31 ,376,360 26 ,508,120 28,919,200 28 ,491,960 27,077,520 28 878 ,800 24,722,240 States England . Low Countries . Russia Germany- Switzerland . Sardinia . Tuscany and Roman Naples and Sicily Spain Portugal . Turkey . . . Hayti . . . Danish Islands . Spanish Isles . United States Mexico Brazils Colombia Chili .... Peru .... China and Cochin China British India French Colonies Other Countries Total [Director General of French Customs.] APPENDIX No. XXVI. Importations into France of Manufactured Silks. Countries whence Imported. Quantities and Value Imported. 1828 1829 1830 \ | Other Countries .... Total .... Kil. 1,087 4,593 596 Francs. 119,570 505,230 05,560 Kil. 3,507 3,439 329 Francs. 385.770 378.290 36,190 Kil. 5,852 4,268 234 Francs. j 643,720 469,480 1 25,740 | 6,270 690,360 7,275 800,250 10,354 1,138,940 j [French Custom House Return.] APPENDIX No. XXVII. Number of Looms in the Town of Lyons. Plain Jacquard . , Velvet Gauze and Crape Tulles Ribands Not at work Total Deduct, not at work Remains . . The looms are distributed among 7,000 workshops, in which the masters work 7,000 remaining 6,854 are worked by companions. The suburban communes immediately adjacent to Lyons, which consist of La Gu estimated to contain a number of looms' about equal to those intra muros. 10,855 2,911 711 359 614 473 1,358 17,281 1,358 15,923 their children and apprentices 2,300, and the .lloliere, Croix Rousse, Calaire, and Vaize, are [Prefect of the Rh5ne.] R 66 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL s a Es o 03 E a C3 O 4= O 'J « P o H ■* H e-> ci g -a o s-. z a |h cs ■§ r° = « .§ o e o Cfi gj fee W o -3 43 (72 t*-. ' " O (N „ CO 12 B ST -a! 3 D 1= I— I CD > s X X 6 X o w p.. Ph rS "S d =« bo .ocMr-it-^t^cooo 1—1 CM KTco ; O O-l (M O (N O CO X K CO O GO > 2 . . 1-25 7-8 125 } ) J 2 . . 1-40 1-40 a 1-60 3-4 100 no J 3 J 2 . . 1- 5 1-20 1-25 3-4 80 90 J 3 -1 2 . . -95 1-50 1-10 3-4 00 70 3 3 J 2 . . -90 1- 1- 5 5-S 70 80 3 > * 2 ; •80 •90 5-8 50 60 3 1 1 2 •70 •75 7-12 70 ? j J 2 •80 7-12 50 60 3 i 1 2 •70 •75 1-2 70 J J 1 2 •80 1-2 50 60 3 3 ^ 2 •65 •70 1-2 40 45 5 3 •55 •60 1-2 33 35 ) J 1 •45 •50 GROS GRAINS. 7-S de 100 a no portees 3 3 de 4 a 6 bouts 1 80 3-4 90 100 3 5 ,, ... 1-40 a 1 60 3-4 80 90 ; ? 3 5 ,, ... 1 40 5-S 70 80 s > 3 4 „ ... 1-20 1 25 1-2 50 60 1 > 3 4 ... 1 10 PAR APLU.I E S. 5 8 de 50 a 70 port.doub.etsimpl.de 2 bouts .... -90 7-12 50 60 2 . . . . -80 7-12 45 55 2 ,, . . . . '75 13-24 40 45 „ 2 ..... . -75 1-2 40 45 2 ..... . -65 7-16 30 40 2 . . . . -55 a -60 VELOURS FAgONNES, UNIS ET PELUCHES. f 1 Iat 1 f 1-2 aune Velours plein fagonn6, fond Batavia, 55 fers au pouce 12 lats >Un corps { [ 3 lats J [ {a mouches, de 38 a 40 fers au pouce 1 | a bouquets , , > 1 lat I ciseie tout le long , , J SUn corps , , tout frise, corps plein, fond taffetas 1 lat I , , coupe, lisere, dit paysan, corps plein 2 lats suivis J , , plein faconne, fond Batavia r D [ , , ciseie. fond taffetas, a bouquets > 1 lat j u < , , ,, ciseie tout le long J ' cor P s ^ Chaque lat en plus 50 cent, d' augmentation pour les articles designes ci-dessus. Velours fa^oane coupe, fond satin "1 ,, ciseie, fond satin, a moucbes I .„ „ TT ; i bouquets | fers au pouce Un corps , , tout au long, fond satin ' , , ciseie, fond satin, a bouquets de 38 a 40 fers au pouce ....... 1 Deux f ,, ,, ciseie tout le long, de 38 a 40 fers au pouce > < , , fond satin, tout coupe, de 40 fers au pouce J cor P s Fr. 8-25 8- 75 9- 25 7- 50 8- 8- 50 6- fi- ll- 9- 50 10-50 7- 8- 8- 9- 9. 10- 9- ARTICLES VELOURS UNIS. 1 poil trame cru, de 22 portees, de 60 a 65 fers au pouce 5- 1 1-24 Velours unis 1 poil 1-2 , 3 3 3 22 3 3 00 65 3 3 o u 33 3 3 22 3 3 60 65 ! 3 9 u 3 3 cuit, 22 ; 3 60 65 3 3 9 ^ ? 3 cru, 25 3 3 60 65 3 3 o cuit, 25 3 3 60 66 3 3 2 w 3 3 cru, 28 a 30 3 3 60 65 3 3 •2 3 3 cuit, 28 30 ) 3 60 65 3 3 5- 50 6- 6- 50 Les couleurs a discutcr entre Maitres et Fabricans. 11-24 Velours ras frise de 24 a 20 fers au pouce 2 11-24 ,, a 2 coups, 36 40 ,, 3' 1-2 aune 4 ,, 24 26 . . . 3' Velours armures et couleurs tendres a discuter entre les Maitres et les Fabricans. Pelucbes pour cbapeaux, de 18 a 20 fers au pouce 3' Au-dessus de 20 fers, 25 cent, d'augmentation. Petites pelucbes, de 12 a 14 fers au pouce .......1' 50 •50 50 25 75 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 69 APPENDIX No. XXX.— continued. POPELINES FACJONNEES, COURANTS POUR GILETS ET COURANTS DIVERS. Genre d'Etoffes. Largeur. Chemins. Lats. Bouts. Coups au Pouce. Milles . i PAune. PrixaJ Mille. Prix ft l'Aune. POPELINES FACJONNEES. Pouces. De De De Fr. Fr. Fr. Popelines trainees coton . 9 9 ' • 15 a 18 o U r. 1 _1 bout coton. fin h on a 7(1 2,640 ft 3 , 080 • la 40 a *a0 19 25 fi o g 1 9 9 60 70 2,640 3, OSO • 20 50 •60 Popeline Moskovite pour gilets IS 22 1 fl 1 9 9 50 fid ou 2,200 2,G40 70 •80 , , coton pour gilets . 15 18 0 a o 1 9 9 <} o GO 2,200 * , 010 "25 GO •75 COURANTS POUR GILETS. Courants soie forts . • • • 15 -18 7 9 1 1 et 2 bouts. 100 120 4,400 5 280 •20 90 1-05 , , gilets soie . . • 19 22 10 12 1 2 3 ,, 101) 120 4,400 5 280 •25 1 1-25 11 ? ) ... 26 22 13 15 1 12,, 120 150 5,280 5. 600 •30 1 40 1-75 9 1 J 9 . . • 22 13 15 1 3 4 ,, 120 140 5,280 G 1G0 •35 1 75 2- ,, gilets simules. 17 2'^ i a i \i 1 £ o 1 soie, 1 coton. 711 oil 3 080 3 520 •45 I 25 1-50 Veloute pour gilets . . • 20 22 10 12 1 1 coton. 80 100 3^520 4 400 •30 75 1- , , bossele 20 22 10 12 2 coton gros fin. 100 4,400 •35 1 50 , , , , lance . . . 20 22 10 12 2 1 coton, 1 soie. 90 3,9G0 •40 1 60 Gilets lance suivi .... 20 2° 1 1) 1 \t 19 2 soie 2 et 3. 1UU 4,400 5 280 •35 1 50 1*75 , , . 20 22 1 Q io 1 ft 2 3 4. 1 f\(\ 1 9fl 4.400 5 280 •40 1 75 2- , , gros de Tours lance 11 11 • 20 22 1 M J U 1 9 2 2 4. ijj) 5,280 6,160 •40 2 2-25 20 13 15 2 ,,2 4. 120 140 5,280 6 160 •45 2 25 2-75 Velours simule dit mosai'que . 20 22 9 12 3 lance soie et coton. 70 80 3,080 3 ,520 • 50 1 50 I '75 Gilets a corps et lisses . 9 9 ... 20 22 10 12 1 soie 2 et 3. 100 120 4,400 5 280 •40 1 75 2* 20 22 13 15 1 ,,3 4. 100 120 4,400 5 ,280 • 45 2 20 22 12 15 2 2 3 120 140 5,280 6 ,160 •55 2 •75 3-25 Courants lames 1 liage 17 18 9 12 lame et soie. 120 140 5,280 6 ,160 Dlf 2 •75 *3 • Oft , , sans liage . 17 18 9 12 2 i ? 120 140 5,280 6 ,1G0 •35 2 •60 3- 19 99 - • 17 18 9 12 1 1-2 9 9 100 120 4,400 r. ,280 •50 2 •10 2-40 9 9 > 9 17 18 8 10 2 9 9 110 120 4,840 5 ,280 •50 2 •30 2-50 9 9 > 9 17 18 8 10 1 1-2 9 9 100 110 4,400 4,840 •45 1 •75 2- COURANTS DIVERS. 1G 17 6 7 1 1 et 2 bouts. 100 4,400 •80 , , mandarine 18 22 6 8 1 soie. 90 100 4,000 4 ,400 •20 •80 •90 Ombrelles corps plein . 17 20 7 10 1 1 et 2 bouts. 110 120 •20 •90 22 27 Bordure. 1 2 bouts. 90 100 4,000 ' 4 '400 •35 1 •20 Augmentation de 5 centimes par mille dans les Courants et Gilets pour chaque Lat au-dessus de 2 Lats, 5 centimes pour chaqne Rou- leau au-dessus d"un Rouleau, et de 5 centimes par mille pour les metiers montes en 600. Reductions de 1 fr. pour les Lames satin a deux coups de fond et un coup de lame, et de 50 centimes pour ceux a un coup de fond et un coup de lame. C HALES BOURRE DE SOIE. Bordures 5-4 en 400 ou 600 a fils, 5-4 400 600 6-4 400 600 5-4 400 600 a 6-4 400 600 5- 4 ou quart sim|>le 6- 4 ou quart en 1,200 ou 1,500 6-4 oil quart a. rosace 1,500 6^1 , , 1,800 le mille 35 cent. 40 ,, s 9 45 , , 99 50 99 55 , , , , 55 , , 62 65 67 1-2. 1-2. TISSUS DITS CHALY. Largeur. Mecauique. Pouces. Coups. Prix. 5.280 a 37 cent. 1-2 le mille. 5,280 5,280 5.280 5,280- 5,280 5,2S0 5,280 5,280 5,280 TISSUS DITS THIBET. Largeur. Croisure. Pouces. Coups. Prix. 5-4 12 1-4 192 8,448 a 35 cent, le mille. 4-4 12 1-4 192 8,448 25 3-4 12 1-4 192 8,448 15 ,, 5-4 400 120 5-4 600 120 4-4 400 120 4-4 600 120 3-4 400 120 3-4 600 120 5-4 uni 120 4-4 ,, 120 3-4 ,, 120 1-2 ; , 120 40 27 ,, 1-2 30 ,, ; j 22 ,, 1-2 25 35 , , 25 ,, 20 ,, 15 ,, Largeur. FICHUS MANDARINES. Porlees. 26 a 28 pouces 30^ k 35, sans tringles, a 25 9 1 a 9 » 30 34 a 38 pouces 48 sans , , 33 ; ' a 91 35 44 a 49 pouces 70 sans , , 45 ; 9 9 1 ^ ) 50 Prix. 1-2 MOUCIIOIRS BRILL ANTINES, 400 et 600. 24 a 26 Pouces. Mouclioirs brillantines fond et bordure liseres, ft 2 fils. 'SOlemouch. > 7 J ) 4 ■60 ? ? , , avec bordure poiltraiaant 9 w ? 5 •60 ; ? 4 „ •70 ; 3 28 ft 29 Pouces. Mouchoirs brillantines fond et bordure liseres 2 ,,' ■70 5 3 11 11 , , avec bordure poil trainant 4 80 3 3 0 " 1 9 85 5 ? 99 11 4 ,, 90 3 3 30 ft 33 Pouces. Mouchoirs brillantines fond e'e bordure liseres 9 9 )! 2 ,, 4 ,, 85 90 5 3 3 3 , , avec bordure poil trainant 19 99 9 " 9 1 1 J ) 4 ,, 1 10 3 3 36 ft 39 Pouces. Mouchoirs brillantines fond et bordure liseres 2 1 20 3 ) 99 11 , , avec bordure poil trainant 9 9 9 1 4 1 30 3 3 2 1 •30 J } 4 9, 1 •40 3 3 27 a 28 Pouces. Cravates fond uni ft bordure ft poil . . 1 , Bandes satin et filets canneles . . .J 4 „ 90 3 J 31 a 33 Pouces. 99 1-20 70 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXX.— continued. 11-24 ETOFFES POUR MEUBLES. Satin lisere pour tenture de 80 a) , 100 portees .... J , , 2 lats pour ornement , , Damas sans envers, belle qualite , , qualite ordinaire Damas trois couleurs .... Gallon broche Guirlande brocb.ee et lancee .Gourgourand avec 12 lisses devant 25 l'aune 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 MARABOUS SUR 400 ou 600. Les courants marabous a. poil trainant a 30 cent, le mille L'echarpe marabou 25 , , cru . 20 Le tout sur un 35 a 45 portees de peigne"! en 11-24 le courant marabou a. poil > 35 de 90 dents a 100 au pouce . . J L'echarpe marabou 30 , , cru 25 ,, MOUCHOIRS 26 a. 28 POUCES. D'un 50 a un 62 portees de peigne 3-4 le mouchoir avec bordure ou petit poil , , a poil trainant . D'un 63 a 70 portees de peigne 3-4 le mouchoir avec bordure ou petit poil ........ , , avec poil trainant . D'un 71 a. 80 portees toujours 3-4, l'augmentation est de 5 cent, en plus au mille . Les articles en cru .... 32 cent. 1-2 le mille 35 37 40 CHALES BROCHES ET LANCES LAINE. Large 6-4 ombre Large 6-4 . . Large 5-4 ombre Large 5-4 . . Large 4—4 ombre Large 4-4 . . Large 3-4 . . Mecanique 400 a. 82 c. 1-2 le m: lie. ,, 600 85 ,, 900 87 1-2 400 72 1-2 600 75 ,, 900 77 1-2 400 67 1-2 600 70 900 72 1-2 400 57 1-2 600 60 900 62 1-2 400 47 1-2 600 50 400 40 „ 600 42 1-2 ,, 400 25 600 27 1-2 FICHUS CREPON. 26 a 28 Pouces 34 a 38 Pouces 45 a 49 Pouces ■f a. chemin tringles lisses . chemin tringles lisses . chemin tringles lisses . a. 25 c. le m 30 35 35 40 45 40 45 50 lie. CHALES 6-4. Fond Satin, Indiens et Ptruviens. Larg. 3- 4 | 4- 4 5- 4 6- 4 3-4 3-4 Qualites. CREPES DE CHINE Nombre de coups Unis . . . faj.onnes a tringles . , , corps et a. lisse Unis faconnes a. tringles , , corps et a. lisses Unis fagonnes a, tringles , , corps et a, lisses Unis faconnes a tringles , , corps et a lisse zephirs unis (crepes unis 1 mouch. avec cadr. au pouce. 66 a 68 a 70 ET ZEPHYRS, Nombre de milles au mouchoir. 2000 2870 lisere en 900, 1 lat, a 60 c. le mil ? ) 1200 1 >, 70 ? ? 1800 1 „ 75 lance en 900 '2 75 j > 1200 2 85 j ? 1800 2 ,, 95 ) ) 900 4 75 5 J 1200 4 85 ) ) 1800 4 } , 95 Prix Prix lie. du mille. du mouch. 86 a 90 ,80 a 84 3640 j ? 4340 2490 2600 30 c. . fr.O 60 37 75 40 80 35 '. 1 00 45 1 25 50 1 40 57 1 90 65 2 25 70 2 50 65 o 75 75 3 00 80 3 25 20 0 50 12 0 30 ECHARPES CREPE ZEPHYR, FAQONNEES. le mille le mille pour pour le fond, le lance. De 22 a 26 pouces a petites bordures poil lie, de 80 a. 90 dents au pouce, sur 400 ou 600 cordes 25 c. 40 c. , , bordure, poil trainant sur 400 ou 600 cordes 30 40 MOUCHOIRS CREPE ZEPHYR, FAQONNES. Petite bordure poil lie de 80 a 90 dents au pouce sur 400 a 600 cordes de 33 pouces ... 25 c. 40 c. De 33 pouces a petite bordure poil lie de 80 a. 90 dents au pouce sur 750 a 900 cordes ... 30 40 , , bordure poil trainant, sur 400 a. 600 cordes 30 40 ,, ,, 750 900 35 40 , , poi Hout au travers, sur 400 600 , , 60 De 44 pouces a. petites bordures poil lie, sur 400 600 ,, 35 60 750 900 , 40 60 , , bordure poil trainant, sur 400 600 , , 40 60 750 900 ,, 45 60 ,, poil tout au travers, sur 600 70 De 55 pouces a petites bordures, poil lie, de 400 600 ,, 40 70 750 900 45 70 , , bordure poil trainant, de 400 600 , , 45 70 ,, ,, 750 900 ,, 50 70 , , poil tout au travers 90 Les colliers a deux sur la largeur entreront dans la categorie des Mouchoirs 3-4 zephirs ci-dessus. Les coups de broche sont assimiles aux coups de lance. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 7] APPENDIX No. XXX. — continued. MOUCHOIRS 4-4, ou de 37 a 39 POUCES. D'un 70 a 80 portees en 4-4 avec bordure ou petit poil a 55 cent, le mille. A poil trainant 60 , , Et progressivement de 5 cent, d' augmentation par 10 portecs de peigne plus reduit. Les lances en 18 a 20 pouces 40 cent. 26 29 ,, 50 , , 37 39 ,, 60 Lance 2 lats 5 cent, de plus. Le broche assimile au lance. L'article damasse sera paye 10 cent, le mille en plus que les articles marabous en toute largeur. Satin de 110 a 120 coups au pouce. No. 30, 2 lats en 900 a 70 c. l'aune. 10 50 Satin de 100 a 120 coups au pouce. No. 30, 2 lats en 600 a 60 c. l'aune. 16 ,, 45 Satin de 90 a 100 coups au pouce. No. 30, 1 lat en 900 a, 50 c. l'aune. RUBANS FACjONNES. Taffetas de 100 a 120 coups au pouce. No. 30, 2 lats en 900 et 600 a 70 c. l'aune. 16 35 Satin de 90 a. 100 coups au pouce. No. 30, 1 lat en 600 a 45 c. l'aune. 16 30 16 , , 400 30 ,, 16 50 Taffetas de 70 a. 80 coups au pouce. No. 30, 1 lat sur remisse, a poil a. 50 c. l'aune. 16 35 Cordons de 100 a 120 coups au pouce. No. 12 et 10, 2 lats en 900 a 60 c. l'aune. ,i 600 100 a 120 coups au pouce. No. 12 et 10, 1 lat en 900 a 45 c. l'aune. ,, 600 No, 12 et 10, corps et remisse en 600 et 400 a. 40c. l'aune. Certifie par le Conseiller d'Etat, Prefet du Departement du Rhone, et par le Maire de la ville de Lyon. A Lyon, le 26 Octobre, 1831. Le Maire, BOISSET, Adjoint. Le Prefet, DU MOLART. [Mayor of Lyons.] Lyon, Mai 1832. — Explication de quelques Termes du Tarif. Broche Une ou plusieurs navettes en sus de celle qui travaille pour le corps de l'etoffe. Bout ...... 1, 2, 3 etc. fils de trame. Corps TTn corps, deux corps ; — une ou deux chaines qui peuvent faire une etoffe double a, l'oeil. Chemins ..... Largeur du dessin dans les faijonnes. Cm Soie teinte sans etre cuite, comme les marabous, etc. Coups 100, 120 coups au pouce ; — 100 ou 120 fois le passage de la navette sur un pouce de longueur. Double Les fils de la chaine ourdis (or warped) deux a la fois. Dent Les fils de chaine passant dans les dents du peigne. 1, 2, 3 et 4 fils en dent. Fond Le corps de l'etoffe, pour le distinguer du travail ajoute dans les faijonnes. Fers 38 a 40 fers au pouce ; pour le travail des Velours on compte la reduction par le nombre de fers. Lance Voyez au mot Brochi. Lats 1, 2 et 3 lats, ou navettes qui peuvent tramer chacune d'une couleur diffeiente. Lisses (Leishes) la reunion des lisses s'appelle remisse. Marabout Soie ecrue montee pour gaze (on appelle aussi l'etofTe gaze, marabout.) Meuble Gros de Naples ou taffetas pour teintures d'appartemens ou de meubles, et qu'on fait en 15-16 ou 7-12 d'aune de largeur. Mille Prix au mille le passage de la navette repete mille fois dans les fa<;onnes. Poil Poil trainant la chaine soie cuite qui travaille sur un fond gaze ou autre pour l'effet de fagonne. Poil 1 poil, \ \ poil, 2 ou 3 fils de chaine ourdis ensemble. Portee 80 fils de chaine ils sont simples ou ourdis par deux fils, alors portees doubles ou par trois qu'on appelle portees triples. Rouleau (Roller) sur lequel est roule la chaine. Remisse La reunion des Lisses (voyez au mot Lisse.) Rubans et Cordons . . Les metiers en rubans a Lyon font toujours 4 pieces a la fois, ainsi un ouvrier qui fait 2 aunes par jour fait 4 fois 2 aunes, ou 8 aunes a 60 centimts, 4 fr. 80 c. Satin pour la main . . On appelle ainsi les satins sans appre"t. Simple Chaine ourdie a un seul fil. Triple Chaine ourdie a 3 fils ensemble. J, 11-24, 7-16, etc. . . S'entend de la largeur des etoffes lainsi £ est la moitie d'une aune, etc. 600, 400, 900 . . . Nombre des fils qui levent la chaine dans les mecaniques a la Jacquard. English pound weight is 454 French grammes. APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXI. Octroi of the Town of Lyons, (intra muros.) ] Year 1830. B Number. Tax. Francs. Oxen . 1 1 QQl 21 •50 per head > > Calves . ■60 , 40 I 5 50 Sheep . 119,509 1 •50 Lambs . 3,508 75 > y Pigs . 12,199 9 00 Butcher s Meat 166,281 20 per kil. ] !'';■;: i.. Hard Wood. stere JjL , l / 0 3 •oo per stere White Wood & , DOo 2 •oo Branches . per 1 00 J 5 4 , 591 4 •oo per 100 j Loads . 14,900 2 00 Fagots . 5 ) 129,435 •50 J J Turf . . per 1000 - 4,201,200 •25 per 1000 j Charcoal 176,286' '40 Drink. | Wine in wood 190,268 5 50 per hectolitre I , , in bottle 454 10 00 Vinegar 4,421 5 50 Spirits . 780 14 70 Beer (home) . 13,049 10 00 , , (foreign) 742 15 00 Licht Wine . TOO 5 40 Forage. Hay . CCQ hO *7 10 Straw . O £i£i , JoO 61 Oats . AO o q o 50 \ Materials. I Lime . 42,577 50 Mortar. 8,046 20 Plaster 21,477 20 j Cut Stone 4,747 ' 3' 00 I Rough Blocks 2,370 2" 00 perlOOO j j Building Stones 30,462 25 j Paving Stones 2,008,630 1 50 | Bricks . 1,811,740 2 ' 00 j Building Wood 11 ,395 2- 00 Planks. 142,367 5 ' 00 I Oak Planks . 6,358 8- 00 5 Deal Planks . 406,208 1- 50 Total Proceeds for the Year 1830 :- Gross Revenue Expenses on Collection, &c. Net Revenue . fr.2, 307, 330-32 280,362-53 fr. 2,026,967- 79 [Mayor of Lyons.] RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 73 APPENDIX No. XXXII. Budget of the Town of Lyons for 1833. Head I.— EXTRAORDINARY MUNICIPAL RECEIPTS. Nature of the Receipts. Sums proposed by Sums admitted by the King. Observations, e The Mayor. The Municipal Council. The Prefect. 1 2 3 4 4a 5 (i 7 8 9 10 11 Premium upon military insurances for the year 1831 . Former sales of ground at Perrache, sum to receive Sale of a part of the Garden of Augustin's and of Sale of Oriental Pavilion of the Jardin -des-Plantes . . Sale made to the State, of a lot of land at Loyasse . . . Sum to receive for higher value for houses upon the Sums to receive for higher value for houses of Quai Expected product of the sale of duplicate or odd Reimbursement by the proprietors for works corn- Call for the remainder of the loan of 1,878, OOOf.autho- fr. c. 24,155-25 171,283 60,000 140,000 25 \ 000 35 000 40,000 181,680 10,000 6,162 178,000 fr. c. 24,155-25 171,288 60,000 Note. 140,000 25,000 OJ ,uUU 40,000 175,000 10,000 6,162 178,000 fr. c. 24,155-25 171,288 60,000 Note. 140,000 25,000 35 000 40,000 175,000 10,000 6,162 178,000 fr. c. 24,155 25 171 ,288 00,000 Note. 140,000 25,000 35,000 40,000 175,000 10,000 6,162 178,000 • ( Dependent on 1 the law for the \ collection of (.the said taxes. 12 DEFICIENCIES OF 1830. Upon the sales of land at Perrache super- 2,802-87 2,802-87 2,802-87 2,802-87 874,088-12 867,408-12 867,408-12 867,108-12 Head II.— ORDINARY MUNICIPAL RECEIPTS. Nature of the Receipts. Sums allowed by the preceding Budget; Sums proposed by The Mayor. The Munici- pal Council. The Prefect Sums granted by the King. Ob- servations. Communal centimes added to land tax Ditto on personals Ditto to those of patents 'Stock of the State, at 5 per cent Interest paid by private persons Interests of the stock deposited in the service chest.. Letting houses in the city, and farms in the peninsula of Perrache Letting general entrepot for salt FARMINGS. Farming of public weights , Ditto measuring w oods and coals Ditto measuring grain Ditto weighing of hay Ditto cleaning ditches of soil Ditto for the standing of beasts of burden Ditto of moviug boals Ditto of chairs under the lime-trees, and of a cafe on the meadow of the Place de Louis le Grand .... Ditto of stalls of roasters of chestnuts Duty on mooring on a bath upon the Rhone Ditto fishing boats Ditto fixed boats Ditto extracts of public acts Ditto magazines for colonial produce Ditto depot of designs for the Council of Prud'- hommes Delivery of certificates of character to workmen Permission for common sewers Ditto stallage upon the highway Ditto hackney coaches, cabs, and omnibuses Aid of Government in the expense of the Royal School for Drawing * . . Sale of lands for private burial grounds Gross produce for service of interring Fines of municipal police, of the highway, and of correctional police OCTROI, OR MUNICIPAL DUTY. Presumed gross receipts for 1833 Agreements with divers contractors for an additional office, established at Port Neuville PARTICULAR ACCOUNTANCIES. Provisional Institution of the Martiniere Retiring fund for those employed in the Mayoralty Court Retiring fund of the employes in the collection of the municipal duties Grognard Endowment Institution fur Young OrphanV By the order of the Minister of the Home Depart- ment, these subjects are only brought forward as a memorandum in the city budget, seeing that they have each their particular budget. Total of Ordinary Receipts , RECAPITULATION. Extraordinary Receipts Ordinary Receipts ] Grand Total of Receipts fr. < 39,000 55,000 584 160 3,000 112,919 20,000 1,000 15,000 3,000 3,200 40,500 9,100 1,400 1,200 6,800 300 460 650 1,200 14,000 500 1,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 3,100 19,831 45,833 4,000 2,000,000 12,000 fr. , 39,000 20,000 55,000 584 160 8,000 113,012 20,000 400 4,000 3,000 3,200 40,500 9,100 1,400 1,200 6,800 300 528 700 1,200 14,000 500 1,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 3,100 20,000 46,000 4,000 2,100,000 12,650 2,545,334 874,088-12 2,545,334 3,419,422-12 fr. ( 39,000 20,000 55,000 584 160 8,000 113,012 20,000 600 4,050 3,000 3,200 40,500 9,100 1,400 1,200 6,800 300 528 700 1,200 14,000 500 1,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 3,100 24,000 51,000 4,000 2,150,000 12,650 2,604,584 867,408-12 2,604,584 fr. < 39,000 20,000 55,000 584 160 8,000 113,012 20,000 GOO 4,050 3,000 3,200 40,500 9,100 1,400 1,200 6,800 300 528 700 1,200 14,000 500 1,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 3,100 24,000 51,000 4,000 2,150,000 12,650 2,604,584 3, 471, 992 12 867,408-12 2,604,584 3,471,992-12 fr. , 39,000 20,000 55,000 584 160 8,000 113,012 20,000 600 4,050 3,000 3,200 40,500 9,100 1,400 1,200 6,800 300 528 700 1,200 14,000 500 1,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 3,100 24,000 51,000 4,000 2,150,000 12,650 2,604,584 867,408-12 2,604,584 3, 471, £92-12 T 74 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. Head III.— ORDINARY MUNICIPAL EXPENSES. Nature of Expenses Sums allowed by the preceding^ Budget. Sums proposed by The Mavor. The Munici- pal Council The Prefect. Sums granted by the King. Chapter I. EXPENSES OF ADMINISTRATION, SALARIES, &c. Expenses of Mayoralty Court, salaries of those em- ployed, md first money for the retiring fund New clothing persons attached to the Mayoralty Court, and the keeper of the library Salary of the municipal treasurer Salaries of architects, surveyors, those employed in the architects' and surveyors' offices, and expense of office Salaries of chiefs of workshops, secretary, deputy, expense of office of scientific men Salary of comptroller of the receipts of duties on warehousing of colonial produce Salaries of sundry porters Expenses of law proceedings Jettoons of city arms Expense for funerals, and letting depot for the dead at St. Paul POLICE. Salary and other expenses of central commissariat, of the commissioners and agents of police, of a field guard, and of the keepers of the halls of arrest. . , . Ditto of watchmen Ditto of pump guards Ditto of inspectors of ports, of the corn hall, and of cleaning , OCTROI. Expense of collecting Expense of additional office on account of various comptrollers „ Return to the employes of the octroi, after l,80u,000 fr. of gross receipt Return to the administration of indirect contributions for the receipts which it encashes on account of the city Chapter II. CONTRIBUTIONS, KEEPING IN REPAIR AND MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC BUILD- INGS, HIGH AND BYE WAYS, SAFETY, PUBLIC HEALTH, POLICE. Contributions for public buildings Deduction of 7 fr. per man and 3 fr. per horse from garrison troops Compensation for a part of personal and movable contributions 10 per cent, upon the net product of the octroi, under the deductions authorized by the laws Management of the public buildings and of the peninsula of Perrache Keeping in repair the buildings and furniture of Hotel de Ville, of Palais St. Pierre, of the Royal College, and of other public buildings Ditto of clocks * Ditto of pavement of the city Ditto of the walls of the city, gates of entry, rivev tolls, and boats, from the octroi Ditto of market halls, markets, quays, ports, squares, steps, common sewers, &e Ditto of walks Ditto of pumps and fountains in the interior of the city Ditto of pumps by the rivers Ditto of fire pumps Rental of divers depots for fire pumps Supply of water for the city Lighting of the city Cleaning and watering the city Endowing the Board of Health Various expenses of municipal police Secret expenses of police Funds at the disposal of the mayor for gratuities to divers agents employed by the police Chapter III. MILITARY EXPENSES.— NATIONAL GUARD. Salaries, pay, expense of office Letting kjzping in repair fuel and lighting guard- house Repairing the hotel of the lieutenant-general com- manding the division Repairing and renewing furniture of the said hotel . . Chapter IV. AIDS TO THE ESTABLISHMENTS OF CHARITY; DIVERS PENSIONS. Hospitals of the Hotel Dieu and de la Charite.... Assistance for foundlings Hospital de 1' Antiquaille, for insane persons, gee;.. Offices of benevolence Carried forward • fr. c. 76,000 19,000 7,000 600 1,050 2,000 33,930 92,484 29,541 24,400 4,600 220,000 12,650 15,000 6,350 10,000 50,000 320,000 140,260 300 22,500 1,680 20,000 6,000 5,000 2,500 4,000 500 .1,000 2,000 157*000 39,228-75 1,000 7,000 12,000 2,000 5,493 11,000 500 500 370,000 30,000 50,000 48,000 76,000 1,000 15,000 19,000 8,700 600 1,400 2,000 Note. 34,300 66,250 29,100 24,400 3,600 220,000 12,650 25,000 6,350 10,000 50,000 360,000 157,865 2,000 21,000 1,680 15,990 6,000 7,000 2,500 4,000 500 3,000 2,000 17,000 157,000 39,228" 1,000 7,000 10,000 3,200 45,100 11,000 500 500 370,000 30,000 50,000 48,000 76,000 1,000 15,000 19,000 8,700 600 1,400 2,000 Note. 38,000 89,100 29,100 24,400 3,600 230,000 12,650 30,000 6,350 10,000 50,000 320,000 155,365 2,000 21,000 1,680 15,990 6,000 7,000 2,500 4,000 500 3,000 2,000 17,000 157,000 39,228-' 1,000 9,000 10,000 3,200 19,725 11,000 500 500 370,000 30,000 50,000 48,000 76,000 1,000 15,000 19,000 8,700 600 1,400 2,000 Note. 38,000 89,100 29,100 24,400 3,600 230,000 12,650 30,000 6,350 10,000 50,000 320,000 155,365 2,000 21,000 1,680 15,900 6,000 7,000 2,500 4,000 500 3,000 2,000 17,000 157,000 39,228-7 1,000 9,000 10,000 3,200 19,725 11,000 500 500 370,000 30,000 50,000 48,000 fr. 76,000 1,000 15,000 19,000 8,700 600 1,400 2,000 Note. 38,000 89,100 29,100 24,400 3,600 230,000 12,630 30,000 6,350 10,000 50,000 320,000 155,365 2,000 21,000 1,680 15,990, 6,000 7,000 2,500 4,000 500 3,000 2,000 17,000 157,000 39,228-75 1,0IJ0 9,000 10,000 3,200 19,725 11,000 500 500 3/0,000 30,000 50,000 48,000 1.878,413-75 L,954,088-75 1,954,088-75 1,954,088-75 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 75 APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. Head III.— ORDINARY MUNICIPAL EXPENSES, continued. Sums allowed by Sums proposed by Sums Ob- servations. the preceding Budget. The Mayor. 'lie Munici- ml Council. L10. 1 ECltSUv. granted by the King. fr. c. 4' 000 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,500 6,000 fr. c. ,878,413-75 4,000 1,000 1.000 2,000 1,500 6,000 2,400 fr. c. ,954.083-75 4,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,500 6,000 2,400 fr, c. ,954,088-75 4,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,500 6,000 2,400 ft. c. ,954,088-75 4,000 1,000 1,000 2,600 1 ,500 6,000 2,400 11,528-28 10,703-30 10,703-30 10,703-30 10,703-30 30,000 3,000 20,000 24,000 3,000 23,000 24,000 3,000 23,000 24,000 3,000 23,000 24,000 3,000 23,000 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,000 1 000 1 000 1,000 *200 2,000 200 2,000 200 2,000 200 2,000 200 100 1,080 100 1,080 100 1,080 100 1,080 100 1,030 2,500 s , 000 7.300 8,000 37,000 9,000 1,500 1,200 600 600 3,000 8.000 7,300 8,600 34,000 12,000 1,500 1,200 600 600 3,000 8,000 7,300 8,600 37,000 12,000 1,500 1,200 600 600 3,000 8,000 7 .300 8,600 37,000 12,000 1,500 1,200 600 600 3,000 8,000 7,300 8,600 37,000 12,000 1,500 1,200 600 600 6,000 3,832 900 6,000 2,190 1,800 6,000 2,190 1,800 6,000 2,190 1,800 6,000 2,190 1,800 • • 4,000 4,000 4,000 7,583 1,200 600 7,583 1,200 600 7,583 1,200 600 7,583 1,200 600 7,583 1,200 600 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 10,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 2,104,470-5 2,187,145-5 2,187,145-5 2,187,145-5 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 lOf 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 I 25a 126 127 128 129 Nature of Expenses. Brought forward , House of Refuge Maternal Society Society tor Incurable Girls Dispensary Society Savings' banjc Endowing Mendicity Depot Letting tour asylum halls DIVERS PENSIONS. Among which 3,000 fit, to M. Jacquard, , 130 131 Chapter V. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. FINE ARTS. Disbursements to Royal College Disbursements to Deaf and Dumb Institution Royal School for Fine Arts Aid from Government in the expenses of the same school Funds of encouragement for the improvement of painters in natural history Expenses of exhibition, and funds for the purchase of the production of Lyonnese artists Keeper of the cabinet of natural philosophy Housekeeper, and petty expenses of a course of astronomy Course of practical geometry Ditto of picturesque anatomy and cabinet of natural history Conservatory and library of the Palace of Arts City Library Botanical Garden Primary schools (Catholic) Primary schools for mutual instruction Primary Protestant school Endowment of the Academy of Sciences Ditto of the Agricultural Society Ditto of the Society of Medicine. . . , THEATRE. Insurance against fire Service of pump guards Annual salary of guard of the material of the theatre Repairing of building, for furniture, and for providing fuel, lighting, and ventilation Chapter VI. CHURCH. Habitations for the clergy of the city in the parishes where there is no parsonage House for the second Protestant minister Ditto for the third Protestant minister Provision for a clergyman at each of the parishes of St. George, St. Just, and St. Irenee Chapter VII. PUBLIC FETES AND UNFORESEEN EXPENSES. Annual public festivals Unforeseen expenses at the will of the mayor to dis- pose of on the authority of the prelect Total of the ordinary expenses Head IV.— EXTRAORDINARY MUNICIPAL EXPENSES. Nature of Expenses. Sums allowed by the preceding Budget. Sums proposed by The Mavor. Tile Municl pal Council, The Prefect Sums granted by the King. 132 133 134 135 130 137 Chapter I. EXTRAORDINARY CHARGES OF THB ADMI- NISTRATION, PURCHASES, POLICE, HIGH- WAY, &c. Loan of four millions, reimbursement, viz. — To private persons, l-12th 250,000 fr. ") To the Institution de la Martiniere. .. . 7,686 -67c. j Interest of loans contracted by the city Interest of 80,000 fr., making the balances of the purchase of Chazots Interest to the heirs of M. Rey Gerard, upon the sum of 6,000 fr. retained for the performance of bas-reliefs to the western front of the Place Louis le Grand ,.. Interest upon 16,500 fr. remaining in trust at the chest of the city for the purchase of the Marly property Fund for benefit of labourers Carried forward 333,333-33 243,685 4,000 300 825 fr. c. 257,666-67 274,044 4,000 300 825 Note. fr. c. 257,666-67 266,314 4,000 300 825 Note. 257,666-67 266,314 4,000 300 825 257,666-67 266,314 4,000 300 536,835-67 529,105-67 529,105-67 529,105-67 u 76 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. Head IV — EXTRAORDINARY MUNICIPAL EXPENSES, continued. 138 Nature of Expenses. Brought forward THEATRE. Interest upon 75,000 fr. clue to the Baron Duchant, for the purchase of the ancient building of the great theatre Construction of theatre (seventh credit") Indemnification to director to 21st April, 1833 General expenses for execution of works OPENING OF STREETS AND FORMATION OF NEW SQUARES. First charge for the new street leading from the Place St. Vincent to the street des Anges, and expenses of proceedings Continuation of the street leading from the Place St. Jean to tlu? Place St. Georges Second charge for the new street de la Prefecture. . . . Completion of the works at the Slope, aud at the road des Fantasques, according to agreements with M. Vespre COMPENSATIONS FOR THROWING BACK OF BUILDINGS. Provisional credit, awaiting the decisions of the coun- cil of the Prefecture upon the reports of the ex- aminers Cost of purchases in consequence of the throwing back of buildings, payment of legal mortgages, fees to counsel, attorneys, &c Chapter II. PUBLIC WORKS. THOSE OF WHICH THE EXPENSE IS DI- VIDED BETWEEN THE TOWN AND THE GOVERNMENT OR DEPARTMENT. Third charge for the works of the new quay d'Orleans, including the repayment of 5000 fr. to be made to M. Laubreaux The second sixteenth of the sum of 550,000 fr. for the city's portion of the building of the new Palace of Justice First charge for the new quay of the bridge of Tilsit at the arsenal Remuneration to engineers for works under their di- rection • THOSE UNDERTAKEN AT THE SOLE EX- PENSE OF THE TOWN. NEW PAVEMENTS. Required by the removal of houses in different parts of the town New street de la Martiniere New streets in the North district South ditto ■ — East ditto • Cost of paving the street Masson, reimbursement to M. Gourd Paving the site of the cattle market at St. Just THE PENINSULA PERRACHE. Continuation of the works Levelling the rubbish brought from the interior of the town VARIOUS WORKS. Construction of a guard-house on the quay des Ce- lestins Construction of part of an aqueduct on the Saone, in the direction of the street de St. Picrre-le-vieux . , , PUBLIC BUILDINGS. HOTEL-DE-VILLE. Repairing pavement of principal court PALACE OF ARTS. Works for strengthening the stairs of the Belvidere, and restoring the central wing Apparatus for heating the building ENTREPOT FOR SALT. Cost of construction, (seventh credit) BOTANICAL GARDEN. Purchase of the herbal of M. Seringe, first payment . ENTREPOT FOll COLONIAL PRODUCE. Hiring of a chapel of ease for an entrepot for foreign oil Brought forward Sums allowed by the preceding Budget. i'r. 3,562-50 250,000 10,000 10,000 49,449 4,945 55,000 91,666 2,000 1,000 2,800 2,000 4,000 527-20 250,000 1,500 100,000 3,120 Sums proposed by The Mayor. fr. c. 536,835-67 3,750 74,000 39,809-55 15,000 15,000 Memo 10,000 1,600 44,000 4,400 The Munici pal Council. 45,000 91,666 Memo 3,000 1,000 2,8u0 1,500 2,000 500 2,000 3,000 120,000 1,500 5,000 1,300 1,000 15,200 6,000 90,000 3,000 3,000 fr. c. 529,105-67 3,750 64,542 39,809-55 20,000 15,000 randum. 10,000 1,600 44,000 4,400 1,142,861-22 45,000 91,666 randum. 3,000 1,000 2,800 1,500 2,000 500 2,000 3,000 120,000 1,500 5,000 1,300 1,000 15,200 6,000 90,000 1,000 3,000 The Prefect. 1,128,673-22 fr. 529,105-67 3,750 64,542 39,809-55 20,000 15,000 10,000 1,600 44,000 4,400 45,000 91,666 3,000 1,000 2,800 1,500 2,000 500 2,000 3,000 120,000 1,500 5,000 1,300 1,000 15,200 6,000 90,000 1,000 3,000 Sums granted by the King fr. 529,105 67 3,750 64,542 30,809-55 20,000 15,000 10,000 1,600 44,000 4,400 45,000 91,666 3,000 1,000 2,800 1,500 2,000 500 2,000 3,000 120,000 1,500 5,000 1,300 1,000 15,200 6,000 90,000 1,000 3,000 1,128,673-22 1,128,673-22 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 77 APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. Head IV. — EXTRAORDINARY MUNICIPAL EXPENSES, continued. XI Sums allowed by Sums proposed by Sums Ob- servations. a Nature of Expenses. the preceding Budget. The Mayor. The Munici- pal Council. The Prefect granted by the King. ft. c. 1,142,861 -22 fr. c. 1,128,673-22 1,128,673- C 22 fr. c. 1,128,673-22 169 170 SUPPLY OF WATER TO THE TOWN. Construction of a reservoir in the ancient " Nauma- 10,000 28,300 10,000 28,300 10,000 28,300 10,000 28,300 171 172 173 174 175 176 TIIE CEMETERY OF LOYASSE. Interest upon the purchase money for the ground be- longing to the Abbe Caille, intended for the enlarge- Payment of the principal of the above purchase money. Purchase of the close attached to the huuseof Madame Fayolle, for the enlargement of the cemetery ; second Third charge for the enclosure and laying out of the cemetery ; renewal of a credit annulled in 1832 , , . . CITY TOLLS. FIRE ENGINES. 610 15,000 12,000 13,200 640 16,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 Memo 640 16,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 randum. 640 16,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 640 16,000 10,000 12,000 4,000 177 Chapter III. MILITARY EXPENSES. National guard, cost of its first establishment, nnfore- • • 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 178 Chapter IV. EXTRAORDINARY RELIEF TO CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. • • 20,000 Memo randum. 179 180 181 Chapter V, PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.— THE ARTS. Purchase of the picture ordered of M. Orsil — " Moses Expenses attending the sale of duplicate and odd books ; purchase of new books for the public libra- First charge for the purchase of a picture from M, 2,000 10,000 2,000 5,000 10.000 2,000 5,000 10,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 2,000 182 183 Chapter VI. RELIGIOUS WORSHIP. « 10,000 1,000 133-21 555 613-90 315 4/0 600 1,100 20,000 2i802-87 10,000 1,000 133-21 613-90 315 475 600 1,100 4,000 241*30 228-23 2,802-87 10,000 1,000 133-21 613-90 315 475 600 1,100 4,000 241-30 228-23 2,802-87 10,000 1,000 133-21 613 -90, 315 475 600 1,100 4,000 241-30 228-23 2,802-87 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 Chapter VII, ARREARS. Payment to MM. Savy and l'erratony of balance of accounts for 1830, which could not be cleared off on Subscription towards a complete copy of the " Lives of Illustrious Men," by Plutarch, parts not deli- Payment for the pavement of the street Imbert- Payment to M. Molinary for work done in the year Repayment to M. Sertilange, lately receiver of tolls, for improvements useful to the collection of the revenue Repayment to MM. Farge and Faliavart of money paid by them for insurance of the tempurary Reimbursement to M. Bonnardet for completion of the levelling and paving of the stieet des Petits-Peres, Payment to the Institution de la Martiniere of the Cost of proceedings in the case of the inheritors, Feltz, MM. Coquet, &c, respecting the title to the site of Reimbursement to the commune de la Croix Rousse, of a sum received by the town of Lyons, over and Paymeut to the town lawyer of various expenses of • • 1,306.396-20 1,256,122'73 1,256.122-73 1,256,122-73 RECAPITULATION. • • 2,104,470-05 2,187,145-05 2,187,145-05 2,187,145-05 1,306,396-20 1,256,122-73 1.256,122-73 1,256,122-73 3,410,866-25 3,443,267-78 3,443,267-78 3,443,267-78 78 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. GENERAL RECAPITULATION. According to the Propositions According to the decision of his Majesty. Of the Mayor. Of the Municipal Council, Of the Prefect. fr. c. 3,419,422-12 3,410,866-25 ft. c. 3,471,992-12 3,443,267-78 ft. c, ; 3,471,992-12 3,443,267 78 fr. c. 3,471,992-12 3,443,267-78 8,555-87 28,724-34 28,724-34 28,724-34 (An exact Copy.) Hotel de Ville, Lyons, 28th February, 1833. The Municipal Council of the town of Lyons, in its sitting of this date, agrees to the present Budget for the year 1833, for the following sums: Receipts, ordinary and extraordinary, three million four hundred and seventy-one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two francs twelve centimes ; Expenses, ordinary and extraordinary, three million four hundred and forty-three thousand two hundred and sixty-seven .francs seventy-eight centimes; leaving a balance in favour of the Receipts to the amount of twenty-eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-four francs thirty-four centimes. Vachon Imbebt, Mayor of the town of Lyons, &c. Approved provisionally the present Budget, amounting in Receipts, ordinary and extraordinary, to three million four hundred and seventy- one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two francs twelve centimes ; and in Expenses, ordinary and extraordinary, to three million four hundred and forty-three thousand two hundred and sixty-seven francs seventy-eight centimes ; leaving a balance in favour of the Receipts to the amount of twenty-eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-four francs thirty-four centimes. Gasp akin, Prefect of the Rhone. (Duplicate Copy.) Examined and proposed by us. Secretary of Slate for the Department of Commerce and Public Works, for annexation to the Royal Ordinance, dated 31st May, 1833, numbered 2807. (Signed) A. Thiers. Edmund Blanc, Maltre desRequetes, Secretary General. SUPERANNUATION FUND, Fort Persons Employed under the Mayoralty of Lyons. RECEIPTS. DISBURSEMENTS. 1 2 3 On the 1st January, 1833, the fund possessed rentes, annual and perpetual, yielding interest Mem. — The bonds of these rentes are depo- sited at the office of Deposits and Consign- ments, and amount to 161.940 fr., paying interest at 5 per cent. Approximate amount of deductions from the salaries of persons employed in 1833, at 2£ per fr. c. 1,051-91 8,097 6,000 3,116-09 Chapter I. Pensions granted previous to the 1st January, 1833. [N.B.— Of the pensions the largest is 3000 fr. to the ancient architect of the town ; the smallest, 87 fr. 50 c. to the widow of a policeman; the number of pensioners, 18 ; the average is therefore about 740 fr., or £30 sterling per annum. — J. B.] fr. c. 4 Produce of vacant situations, retrenchment upon expenses of administration, and other extraordi- 13,348-25 Chapter II. Estimate of sum necessary for pensions which may be granted in 1833, in accordance with decisions of the Municipal Council, approved by the Government; 4,916-75 18,265 18,265 The present Budget for the year 1833, presented by the Mayor of the town of Lyons, has been approved by the Municipal Council in its □gs of the 2nd May, 1833. to... „ T o (Signed) Vachon Imbebt, Adjoint Mayor of the town of Lyons, &c. Examined and approved the present Budget, amounting to eighteen thousand two hundred and sixty-five francs, and the same amount of Receipts, liable to the charge of the pension of the former commissary of police, according to our special warrant of 19th May, 1832, until that pension shall have been entirely paid off. r (Signed) Gasparin. > RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. 79 No, SUPERANNUATION FUND, For Persons Employed in the Receipt op Tolls at Lyons. RECEIPTS. Balance on the 31st December, 1832 Thisbalance is composed of the following sums: — Balance on 31st Dec, 1832, in the chest of Deposits and Consign- ments 6,077'06 Deduct amount of pensions due for the last quarter ofl832 6,064-20 Remainder 12*80 There has been paid into the same chest, subsequently to 31st Dec, 1832 Amount of deductions from salaries for the last quarter of 1832 795 - 49 Balance of deductions of 20 per cent, on the amount of per centage al- lowed by the town to persons in its employ 1,927 Deduct ions of 20 pel cent.on amount of per centage allowed by the Board of Indirect Contributions to the above persons 882 * 15 Retrenchment in expenses of collec- tion in 1832 3,398-82 Amountof forfeitures and lines during the same year 1,734-87 8,751-13 On the 31st Dec. 1?32, the fund was possessed of annual and perpetual rentes, to "lie amount of 122,000 fr., bearing interest Approximate amount of deductions, at 4 per cent, from the salaries of persons employed, and other deductions to be made by internal ar- rangements in 1833 Deduction of 20 per cent, on per centage, or al- lowances granted to persons employed in the collection of the gross revenue of 1 ,800,000 fr. ; vhich per centage was carried to the budget of the town for 1833; the fifth of that sum, of 30,000 fr., would be Deduction of 20 per cent, on per centage allowed by the Board of Indirect Contributions, calcu- lated, on an average, at 4,000 fr Vacancies, retrenchment in expense of collection, and other miscellaneous receipts The town's share, being an entire half, of seizures, forfeitures, and fines Total fr- c. 8,751-13 6,100 10,000 6,000 800 3,000 1,500 36.151-13 DISBURSEMENTS. Chapter I. Pensions granted previous to 1st January, 1833. [N.B. — The largest pension in this list is 1470 fr.; the smallest, 112 fr. 50 c.; the number of pensioners 42; hence, the average about 620 fr., or .£25 sterling. — J. ».] Total of Pensions payable at the commencement of 1833 Chapter II. Estimate of sum necessary for pensions which may be granted in 1833, in accordance with decisions of the Municipal Council, and approved of by the superior authorities • 26,118-45; 10,032-68 Total. 36,151-13 Examined and approved the present Budget, amounting in Expenses to thirty-six thousand one hundred and fifty-one francs thirteen centimes; and in Receipts to the same. Gasparin, Prefect of the Rhone. The present Budget, presented by me, Mayor of the town of Lyons.has been approved by the Municipal Council, in its sitting of 2d May, 1833. Vachon Imbekt, Adjoint Mayor of the town of Lyons, &c. INSTITUTION OF LA MARTINIERE, School of Arts and Trades. Sums proposed Sums No. NATURE OF RECEIPTS. By the Council of Ad- ministration. By the Municipal Council. admitted by the Prefect. RECEIPTS. fr. c. fr. c. fr. c. 1 2 3 4 5 Rentes, annual and perpetual, yielding, upon a capital of 305, 000 fr., at the rate of 5 per Interest on 792,000 fr. remaining due from the town to the Institution, part of the million borrowed, at the interest of 5 per cent Interest on 20,000 IV. due from the town to the Institution, to make up the interest from 4 to 5 per cent, for 1830 and 1831, viz :— 10,0001'r. due on 31st Dec. 1830, to 31st Dec. 1833, 1,500 fr.? Portion of capital to be repaid by the town in 1833, being balance of the purchase money for the cloister of the Augustine Monks. (See the budget of the town, No. 132.) ARREARS. 16,246-16 15,253 39,600 2,500 7,666-67 16,246-16 15,258 39,600 2,500 7,666-67 16,246-16 15,258 39,600 2,500 7,666-67 6 Sum deposited with Messrs. Lee and Son, of London, for the expenses of carrving into effect the will of Major-General Martin, £1,360 Is. 9d. at the Exchange of 25 fr. per 34,000 34,000 34,000 115,270-83 115,270-83 115,270-83 The presentBudgetfor the year 1833, presented by the Council of Administration of the Institution of La Martiniere, School of Aits and Irades, has been approved by the Municipal Council, in its sitting of the 18th April, 1833. Vachon Imbhrt, Adjoint Mayor of the town of Lyons, &c. 80 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXII. continued. INSTITUTION OF LA MARTINIERE, continued. No. 22 NATURE OF EXPENSES. ORDINARY EXPENSES. Salary of the director, who is at the same time, the professor of mathematics and mechanics, for eight months, at the rate of 5,000 fr. per annum director to he appointed, for four months, at 3,500 fr. per annum professor of mathematics who resigns the direction, four months, at 3,500 fr. per annum , second professor of mathematics, three months, at 3,500fr professor of chemistry, three months, at 4,000 fr., and nine months, at 3,500 fr ■ professor of drawing professor of grammar and writing, two months, at 1,000 fr — professor of the theory of the manufacture of stuffs, two months, at 1,000 fr r mechanician, director of the workshops, and 1 •J keeper of the museums > Paid by M. Eynard ( 0 f hj s assistant , J — manager of the school, nephew of the founder — secretary and keeper, at 1 ,800 fr. per annum , , inspecting keeper of stores , principal inspector, for two months, at 900 fr pupils acting as teachers , , , , — porter, for six months, at 800 fr. per annum , — labourer, for six months, at ditto ■ annual expenses, rewards, expenses of actions at law, of office, insur- ance. &c. • , EXTRAORDINARY EXPENSES. Balance of expenses incurred by the institution in 1832 , t Sum due to the department for purchase of the cloister of the Augustine monks. . , Repairs required by the above building to fit it for the reception of the Institution , Paid by Messrs. Lee and Son, according to their account transmitted to the mayor of Lyons on 1st June, 1832, £297 4-s, 6c?., amounting, at the exchange of 25 fr. to about , Estimate of law expenses at Loudon and Calcutta in carrying the will into effect. Balance of the 3-4,000 fr., amounting to about £1,062 16*. 8(2 26,570 fr. Supplementary credit for the same law expenses, in case of an insufficiency of funds, . ,430 fr. Total Expenses , Sums proposed Sums By the Council of Ad- ministration. By the Municipal Council. admitted by the Prefect, fr. c. fr. c. fr. c. 3,333-34 1 , 166 ■ 66 3,333-34 1,166-66 3,333-34 1,166-66 1,166-66 8?5 1,166-66 875 1,166-66 875 3,625 1,500 16G-66 3,625 1,500 106-66 3,625 1,500 166-66 166-66 166-66 166-66 3,500 1,800 900 150 525 400 400 3,500 1.800 9U0 150 525 400 400 3,500 1,800 900 150 525 400 400 7,123 7,123 7,123 250-86 7,000 41,221-99 250-86 7,000 41,221-99 250-86 7,000 41,221-99 34,000 34,000 34,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 115,270-83 115,270-83 115,270-83 Lyons, 23d April, 1833. Examined and approved, Gaspakin, Prefect of the Rhone. INSTITUTION OF LA MARTINIERE. Liberation op Prisoners for Debt. No. RECEIPTS. EXPENSES. 1 2 Remaining from the amount raised in 1831 Endowment of the establishment on 31st Dec. 1832, in rentes, bearing 5 per cent, interest. , . . fr e. 238-63 12,345 To liberation of prisoners confined for debt, at different times of the year, according to orders granted by the fr. c. 12,583-63 12,583-63 12,583-63 The present Budget, for the year 1833, presented by me, the Mayor of the town of Lyons, has been approved by the Municipal Council, in its second sitting, of 2d May, 1833. Vachon Imbert, Adjoint Mayor of the town of Lyons, &c. Examined and approved the present Budget, amounting in expenses to the sum total of twelve thousand five hundred and eighty-three francs sixty-three centimes. Lyons, 3d July, 1833. Gaspakin, Prefect of the Rhone. ESTABLISHMENT OF GROGNARD. No. RECEIPTS. No. EXPENSES. 1 2 Annual and perpetual rentes, bearing 5 per cent., being the endowment of the institution ; amount fr. c. 4,500 575-47 1 2 3 Payment to the Royal College at Lyons, for the board of two pupils, sons of unfortunate mer- fr. c. 1,500 971'82 2,603-65 Balance of service, 1831, according to account, showing the administration of that service , , . . Distribution of medals, as rewards to pupils in the Royal School of Drawing and the Arts, born at Lyons, and expenses attending the distribu- Balaneeof the sameestimate notemployed > Price of busts and portraits of .painters, artists, or learned men connected with the town of Lyons, which may be hereafter ordered by the*mayor, and executed by agreement, including the ex- 5,075-47 5,075-4/ The present Budget for the year 1833, presented by me, the Mayor of the town of Lyons, has been approved by the Municipal Council, in its Sitting of the 2d Mav, 1833. Vachon Imbert, Adjoint Mayor of the town of Lyons. Examined and approved the present Budget, amounting in expenses to the sum of five thousand and seventy-five francs forty-seven centimes; -and in receipts to the same. Lyons, 3d J uly, 1833. Gaspauin, Prefect of the Rhone, RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 81 APPENDIX No. XXX II. continued. INSTITUTION FOR ORPHAN CHILDREN, Founded by Madame Fortiek, n^e Denuzieue. No. RECEIPTS. No. EXPENSES. 1 Sum undisposed of, after balancing the account fr. c. 1,459-95 5,400 61-21 1 Amount of the land-tax, including the centimes fr. c 527-84 2 3 Annual rent of the. house, No. 2, rue du Platre, according to lease granted by Madame Fortier to M. Marieton.on 24th June, for twelve years, to commence on 24th June, 1833, and cease in Repayment by M. Marieton of the sum paid on his accouut to the house and window taxes. . , . 2 150 6,921-16 677-84 RECAPITULATION. Amount of Receipts fr. 6,921 -16 Expenses 677 '84 Excess of Receipts fr. 6,243-32 The present Budget for the year 1833, presented by me, has been approved by the Municipal Council, in its sitting of the 2d May, 1833. Vachon Imhert, Mayor of the town of Lyons. Examined and approved the present Budget, amounting in Expenses to six hundred and seventy-seven francs eighty-four centimes ; and in Receipts to six thousand nine hundred and twenty-one francs sixteen centimes; leaving an excess of Receipts of six thousand two hundred and forty-three francs thirty-two centimes. Lyons, 3d July, 1833. Gaspakin, Prefect of the Rhone. [Furnished by the Municipality.] APPENDIX No. XXXIII. Petition to the Chamber of Deputies from the Silk Manufacturers of Lyons. We, the undersigned silk-manufacturers of Lyons, trusting that the law for modifying the duties of customs, so eagerly expected by the manufacturing interests of France — but which your important labours of last session prevented you from carrying through all its legislative stages — will be one of the very first objects of your' consideration ; and learning besides that extensive changes in our commercial relations with England are in course of preparation, beg leave to submit to your serious attention some observations relative to the French silk-trade. You are aware, Gentlemen, of the great importance of this branch of our commerce, that its annual exports are very nearly 100,000,000 francs, and that our populous city is almost wholly engaged in it. Neveriheless, the trade of Lyons is just now far from being in a prosperous condition, and its future prospects are not calculated to free us from anxiety. To preserve the ancient outlets or markets of our industry, to increase their importance, to open new ones, and to enable us to vary more the nature of our products, are the only certain means in your power of assisting us. England, in 1826, advanced a great step in our favour in the path of commercial liberality. Our silks, till then prohibited from entering the ports of Great Britain, were admitted at a duty just suffi- cient to protect the British manufacturer. The consequences of this change in the commercial law of England were the creation of an outlet the most advantageous to us. A new impulse was imparted to our industry, and our looms multiplied; but it was soon begun to be felt that the new opening which the English market thus afforded was only sufficient to balance the loss of that of Germany, heretofore one of great importance to Lyons, and which., from day to day, was passing away from us, the Germans having successfully applied themselves to the manufacture of silks. The trade between Lyons and London has not slackened ; since 1826 it has gradually increased and become more regular. At present the exports of our silks to England are worth not less than 25,000,000 francs ; that is to say, not less than one-fourth of our entire exports enter the English market. And yet this most beneficial trade is threatened with destruction ! What, let us ask, is to become of our artisans, whose precarious "and unprosperous condition has recently been so painfully demonstrated to the world, if, instead of zealously cherishing the means of their prosperity, one of the. most important markets for the produce of their industry is at once shut up ? The English manufacturers would appear to have been alarmetl by the introduction of our silks. A parliamentary inquiry has recently been the result of their complaints; and it is to be feared that that inquiry may lead to the fatal decision of a change of the existing facilities to the introduction of our fabrics. The most zealous advocates of free trade in England complain loudly of a total absence of reci- procity on the part of the French Government. ' We were the first,' say they, ' to open the path of commercial liberty to France; the amount of French imports shows how extensively we applied the principles of free trade in her favour. We have acted thus liberally for six years, but we have acted alone. France has not responded to us in a spirit of enlightened reciprocity. While we, on the one side, have been admitting her silks, which we could very well have dispensed with, she, on the other, has shut her doors on the produce of our industry and toil; though some of them are so indispensable to her, that her Government is actually obliged to sanction their contraband introduction.' There is no replying to these statements except in one way, — by imitating the liberal policy of the English Government. It would be a work of supererogation to endeavour to impress upon you, Gentlemen Deputies, so constantly occupied with the interests of state, the conviction of the tendency of commercial ties to ■strengthen political alliances. England and France now present to the worWthe rare spectacle of the close union and perfect conformity of the political views of two great nations. This salutary alliance of the two Governments will in a manner be rendered indissoluble, if it is at the same time X 82 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL made to rest upon the private interests of their respective inhabitants, as must be the case if the commercial relations between the two countries are augmented on an extensive scale, so that the traders, no less than the rulers of France and England, will have a common interest in cherishing peace and friendship with each other. France and England, leaders in the march of European civilization, thus animated by the same enlightened principles of policy, would by their union render a serious war in Europe a matter of impossibility; and peace, the great condition of the prosperity of national industry, would be for generations secured. Let, then, the French Government follow the example so nobly set it by the Government of Eng- land ; and, convinced by the spirit of just reciprocity manifested by us, let not the advocates of a liberal commercial policy in England have to repent them of their first concessions ; satisfy them that we are disposed to make others in return. We have reason to believe that the Minister of Commerce is anxious to follow in the enlightened path which has been opened to him by the British Government, and to labour to place the commer- cial intercourse between the two nations on the broadest, and thence the most mutually beneficial basis. We humbly beg of you, Messieurs the Deputies, to support him in his design, and (as far as it may appear practicable, to you) to substitute a well-devised scale of duties for the system of prohi- bition at present in force. In so doing you will enrich the Treasury by the large sums (which it will be thence enabled to employ in more beneficial channels) required at present to prevent smuggling; you will impart to commerce those facilities of intercourse which it now so much requires ; and thus add to the means of increased production, and its correlative increased consumption. We feel it necessary particularly to fix your notice upon the important benefits which such a re- moval of the fetters of commercial intercourse as that we now propose would confer on our manufac- tures, by enabling us to vary their products, to multiply the number of our fabrics, and consequently to render our artisans less exposed to those fatal interruptions and suspensions of employment of which we have had too many instances. We cannot too earnestly or too often remind you of the fact, that the great source of the precarious condition of our workmen is the uniformity, the same- ness, the want of variety of our manufactures, and that this uniformity is mainly owing to the too long cherished system of prohibition. The silk manufactures are almost the sole means of employ- ment to our numerous population ; any interruption, therefore, in that one branch of manufacturing industry is fatal to a population to whom no other channel of employment is open. But in praying the Chamber to adopt the principles of free trade frankly and openly, we owe it to ourselves to state that we are prepared to make the personal sacrifices which are inseparable from its adoption, and that it is not in our own favour alone that we are now addressing you. At present we possess the monopoly, so advantageous to us personally, of the silk trade of France. Nevertheless we say abolish the prohibition on it. Let all French silks, raw and worked, be exported at a rate of duty nearly equal to that imposed by other states who are also producers of silk — that is at a moderate duty, just sufficient to prevent a sudden collision with some rival producer. Let the advantages of the foreign market be open to all the branches of the silk trade; to the grower, the refiner, the throwster, and the manufacturer equally. We most willingly assent to the change. We go further, and entreat you to adopt it. We conclude, Gentlemen Deputies, in praying you to support by your votes every measure that may tend to remove the shackles which fetter the commercial intercourse between France and England, and to substitute for the present system of prohibitions a well-devised system of duties. Here follow the signatures of 100 of the principal manufacturers of Lyons. Petition to the Minister of Commerce from the Council of Prudhommes of Lyons. Your enlightened zeal, M. le Ministre, for the public good, your interest in the prosperity of our manufacture, entitle us to calculate on your support. By ourselves, and by our representatives, we entreat that our relations with England may only be changed by being more and more liberalized and extended. We ask it alike for the manufacturer and the labourer, whose deputies and interpreters we are. When some time ago we called on you to prohibit the exportation of French machinery, the pre- servation of which was so important to our industry, your refusal was based on the unwillingness to give to commerce an illiberal tendency; and we were convinced and converted when it was repre- sented to us how fatally such a system would operate in. England. We felt the fear that measures of reciprocal character might be adopted by that country; but we now call upon you to give effect to your own convictions, in order to prevent evils of which no one can estimate the extent — evils with which we shall be inevitably surrounded if this prohibitory system be not broken down. Freedom of trade, Sir, is now demanded by our industrious population. Freedom of trade is in- dispensable to their existence. Freedom of trade is required by the nation. It is, above all things, necessary for our security and our well being. Reply of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons to the Circular of the Minister of Commerce. Monsieur le Ministre, — Lyons, 20th October, 1834. We have to regret that the too short interval between the time when we received your circular of the 20th Sept. and the time fixed for the opening of the Commercial Inquiry, of which it states the objects, did not allow us to nominate a delegate, who could dispose of his time so as to answer to your appeal. We will endeavour to supply his absence by addressing some observations on the questions to which your circular refers, and shall be happy if we can throw any light upon a subject so controverted, and if we can furnish you, Sir, with arguments strong enough to encourage you to advance more boldly in the path which the wants of our port seem imperiously to indicate. We are of those wM5 have expressed a wish to see duties take the place of prohibitions. All our answer of 29th October, 1S33, to the circular of your predecessor of 27th August of the same year is grounded upon this principle, and demand its application^ We^persist in our views, not only because RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 83 we wish the Treasury to receive the profits of the contraband trade, but because we are convinced that duties on imports, established and graduated so that the proprietors of manufactories which have arisen under the prohibitory system may realize the capital employed, can cause no perturbation, and ought not to be seriously opposed. It is necessary trade should know that prohibitions can no longer be calculated on, and that it would be imprudent to engage capital in operations based on the prohi- bitory system. But the passage from a prohibitory to a liberal regime should not be rapid. Government must neglect nothing for preparing men's minds for the transition ; and here we recognise the utility of the Inquiry. But it appears to us it would have been more properly directed if opinion had been fixed as to the fate of raw materials. How, indeed, can an estimate be formed as to how French manufacturers can struggle against foreign competition without knowing beforehand what ameliorations may be introduced, or the price or quality of those articles, in consequence of the modifications which must infallibly alter the conditions on which the raw materials are to be imported ? Thus, for example, how can an opinion be formed on the glass manufacture — one of the first to be inquired into — until the question of coals is decided? The high or low price of this combustible must exercise a great influence on the cost of production. And it is only when the glass-maker knows what is to be his situation as to this important article of his consumption, that he will be able to estimate how far the power of purchasing foreign coals will relieve him from the sacrifice demanded of him by the modification of the duties on foreign glass. And so as respects woven goods; for if there be a serious intention of modifying the tariff which concerns them, and that with all forethought and prudence, it is necessary that the prohibitionjuf a raw material should not be followed by a duty almost equally prohibitory, or so elevated as to encourage the smuggler by large profits. Nor must the admission be so restricted as, while it appears a conces- sion to the claims of the interested parties, it should be in reality only an illusory relief. That is the case with the ordonnance of 8th July last respecting cotton twist. Its dispositions are altogether defective on two grounds. 1st. Because the duty of 7 francs per kil. established on cotton twist above the No. 142 represents from 27 to 33 per cent, on the value, independent of the cost of carriage, while it is well known the premium on smuggling does not exceed from 18 to 20 per cent. 2nd. Because by limiting the permission to Nos. above 142, the ordonnance has not accomplished the purposes we proposed, which was to give to the manufacturers of Lyons, St. Etienne, and Nismes a somewhat important dimunition in the selling price of an article of which their consumption is so larire. These manufactures generally employed twist of lower Nos. than 100. Before the ordonnance, these Nos. were rare and dear ; they are become more so ; since the ordonnance, by admitting only the high Nos., has implicitly re-established the monopoly of which the spinners are in possession for the lower Nos., and which for a moment they expected to lose. Is it not physically impossible that in the production of articles of silk and cotton, the demand for which is constantly increasing, that we should compete with the fabrics of Rhenish Prussia, which, in a duty of from 5 or 6 per cent., can provide themselves with foreign and especially English twist, of which the patterns exposed in our exhibition showed a difference in price varying, as compared with the twist of France, from 45 to 75 per cent. The benefits of the royal ordonnance have thus been narrowed. It has only brought with it a reduction of 10 to 15 per cent, on high Nos. ; but we believe French production would be most use- fully stimulated if inferior Nos. were admitted as follows : — From 20 to 50, at 2 francs per kil. ; 100 to 142, at 4 francs ; and all above at 5 francs. This is our strong desire, and we recommend it to all your solicitude. We proceed to the question of wools. The excessive duty to which foreign wool is subjected has not contributed to raise the price in France. Agriculture has not, as is feared, derived any benefit from the present state of things. In fact, it has happened, on one hand, that the foreign manufacturer, no longer being rivalled by us in his own markets, has been able to purchase, and consequently to produce, at a much lower price than when we went to dispute the supply with him. He has been able, at the same time, to send his produce to the consumer abroad, who formerly ad- dressed himself to us, with a reduction proportioned to that which he obtained on the raw material. Deprived of the fine qualities of wool which they formerly used in weaving the stuffs which they sold to foreign countries, our manufacturers have insensibly seen their produce restricted to the internal con- sumption of France, and thus lose, in deplorable progression, the importance which they had formerly acquired. On the other hand, by confining themselves to the demands of French consumption, our manufac- turers have wonderfully reduced their purchases of indigenous wool, seeing that they have no longer been, as before, in a position to turn to account any part of them by mixture for exportation. It has followed, in consequence, that the price of this produce of our agriculture has itself expe- rienced a fall, and that there will be no hope of seeing it rise again so long as we ourselves shall be the only consumers of our manufactures. The fact which we state, Sir, has not escaped your deep penetration : you have signalized it yourself in a manner not less formal than energetic, in your report to the King on the ordonnance of the 8th July last. The duty on wools, you have said, has not been serviceable to the interests of agri- culture, as those hoped who caused it to be established ; it has had no influence upon the variations in the price of wools, whose value has been augmented or diminished by causes independent of the tariftl You must allow us to be surprised that after a profession of faith, so clear and so explicit, you have nevertheless stopped at the reduction to 20 per cent., increased by a tenth, the duty on raw wool ; and that you have seen no inconvenience in maintaining either the duty of 30 per cent, with the addition of the tenth, which bears upon combed wools, or the absolute prohibition, which rejects all foreign spun wools, from whatever place they may come, (goats' hair excepted.) We have vainly endeavoured to understand the motives of the contradiction which exists between the considerations appealed to in the report which we have quoted, and the regulations by which this report has been followed. From the moment it is acknowledged that a duty established for the purpose of protection, at the Y 84 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL same time that it does not attain this end, essentially injures other interests, it does not enter into the mind that the suppression, or at least a considerable diminution of this duty, can become the subject of doubt; and nevertheless the contrary of this result has been recognised by the ordonnance of the 8th July. Have they been deterred by fiscal considerations drawn from the necessity of not weakening one of the resources of the state? We can scarcely admit such a supposition, now that it is thoroughly proved, especially by the history ot'legislation on wools and all raw materials in general in England, that the produce of a moderate duty always surpasses that of an exorbitant one. Since it follows from what we have just exposed, that the impediments attending the introduction of foreign wools, have given no advantage to the growers of French wool, and that they have sensibly affected the industry which employs that material, is it not quite reasonable to conclude that to re- establish the liberty of introducing it, is to open to this same industry new sources of labour? It is, in fact, certain, that with abundance and variety in their supplies of wool, our manufacturers might devote themselves either to the imitation of many things woven exclusively by foreign manu- facturers, and which have a profitable sale, or to the creation of other articles which the lively and fruitful imagination of our workmen might successfully oppose to foreign rivalry, and with which they are forbidden to occupy themselves by the privation of an important raw material. Our French wools might by mixture be employed in these new productions, and open to themselves by this means opportunities which they now want. Thus, by the combination which we point out, a double advan- tage would be obtained : one for our manufacturers, who would increase the amount of their export, and with them the profits of the workmanship ; the other for agriculture, which, by the greater con- sumption of its wools which would take place, would apparently derive better prices for them, and a more assured sale. Amidst all these causes, Sir, it is our opinion that foreign wools in grease, already burthened, to the profit of our people, with the difference of the expense of transport, should be henceforward admitted into France on payment of a nominal duty ; and to compensate the loss of the produce which the state would suffer, we propose the suppression of the premium of exportation or drawback which woollen stuffs receive, and the existence of which, experience does not allow us to doubt, is an incessant source of fraud, at the same time that it constitutes a charge for the tax-payers. But seeing that, if it may even be considered certain that agriculture will not have to suffer from that modification to the tariff of our customs, as much cannot be said with regard to the high-num- bered twist manufactures under the present system of absolute prohibition of woollen twist, and an almost entire prohibition of combed wools ; we see nothing but what is equitable in the admission of these two" qualities of produce remaining temporarily subject to a protecting duty, by help of which the owners of the aforesaid twist manufactures will be able to obtain again progressively the amount of outlay advanced by them. And as it appears to us incontestable that the French spinners do not dread foreign rivalry for combed wools in the high numbers, whilst they fear it in the low numbers, and for carded wools, we think that both should be subject to one duty, which would seem to us sufficiently high in fixing it at 3 francs per kil., with an additional tenth. We believe the spinners to be too enlightened not to understand that under this new system, the free competition which would arise between their produce and that of foreign countries, will not be more prejudicial to them than that which they have to support under the present system of com- petition against smuggling. And besides, is it not to be earnestly desired that our manufacturers should be freed from the rigorous necessity of having recourse to means which morality and delicacy condemn to supply themselves with raw materials which are indispensable to them ? Has not the Trea- sury itself a great interest in that the premiums paid to fraud, and of which we can prove that the pressure in some instances is not less than 50 to 60 percent, on the goods introduced, converted into a moderate duty, should bring to the Treasury new resources calculated to bring about a proportion- ate alleviation in the charges of so many other kinds which oppress the tax-payers? Such, Sir, are the observations which, in our meeting of this day, we have resolved to submit to you relative to cotton and woollen goods. As long as these observations shall not have given rise to a categorical solution, it will be impossible for us to decide on the conditions on which the introduction of woven goods may be allowed. Till that time we shall abstain from expressing an opinion on this question ; and we are pleased to think, that, appreciating the motives of our reserve, you enable us, Sir, to offer you our views on the admission either of woven goods, or of all other articles manufactured in foreign countries, by com- bining this permission with that of raw materials now subject to absolute prohibition, or even to quasi-prohibition, which enter into the production of all alike, such as cotton-wool or twist, wools in grease, spun, or combed, coal, iron, dye-stuff, and generally every thing that French industry would vainly seek from our soil, for its numerous fabrications. (Signed,) L. Dugas, President, Vachon Imbert, Secretary. Reply from the Chamber of Commerce at Lyons, to the Questions contained in the Circular addressed by the Minister of Commerce and of Public Works, of the 27th August 1833, to the Chambers of Commerce, and Chambers of Consultation (Chambres Consultatives) in the Kingdom. {Sitting of 29th October 1833.) The Chamber of Commerce of Lyons, fully sensible of the importance of the questions to which the Minister of Commerce, by his Circular of the 27th August last, calls its attention, r and upon which he requests its opinion, has occupied itself seriously and conscientiously with the consideration of its reply, keeping constantly in view the general interest of the country. He will observe by its answers that the abolition of the monopoly of French silk, for which the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons petitioned, is a precedent, to the principle of which it remains true, and which it offers as an example to those branches of industry which, doubtless as exceptions to the general rule, would demand a monopoly for their own productions and liberty for all others. The most legitimate ground of complaint which can be alleged against the system of customs RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 85 followed in Europe, and part icularly in France, since the time of the Empire, is that it is mainly based upon the supposition that each people should satisfy its own wants, that each should find in its own soil and in its own industry, every thing of which it stands in need. This fundamental hypothesis i; the exaggeration of a true principle ; namely, that every nation ought, as much as possible, to take advantage of all the resources offered by the soil upon which God has placed it. But it' this principle is true, there is another which is no less so, namely, that different nations are under the influence of particular circumstances, and that each of them is more fitted for this or that production, this or that industry : in one will flourish the iron trade and manufactures of woven goods ; in another the cultiva- tion of vines ; one country produces corn, another rice, a third cotton or silk; here, objects of art and taste are carried to perfection ; there, objects of utility, mechanics, &c. It is the interest of each not to do all, but to do principally what it is best skilled in. If this were carried into practice, if this division of labour were established between nations, if each country were to apply itself to the production, not exclusively, but only principally, of this or that manufacture, this or that commodity, it is clear that it would have found out the most advantageous course [for the whole world ; for the extent of its exchanges having become thereby as great as it is possible to conceive, commerce, will have attained the maximum of its developement. We must not despair of seeing this system established ; but it can only be by little and little and gradually, for it will not be possible until many of the prejudices which at present separate nations shall have been removed. However, even in advancing toward this object, the jjositive utility of the customs must not be over- looked as a source of public revenue, and as a protection temporarily necessary for the preservation of certain branches of trade, which have been raised entirely upon the faith of this protection. But how shall we establish a tariff of customs' duties? What rule shall we follow in fixing those duties? To what extent may our tariffs be carried ? The contraband trade, which holds the balance in its hand, is here the surest and the easiest guide to follow. Whenever a duty, is unable to prevent a contraband trade, whenever it can be shown that for a premium the smuggler is able to introduce merchandise rated to a duty, the reasonable limit of that duty has been passed. And the best proof that our present tariffs are in general too high, and that our prohibitions are unreasonable, is that smuggling by wholesale — organized smuggling — iscarried on like any other branch of trade, without exciting that sentiment of reprobation with which public opinion visits every other unlawful act; and that it has its offices for business, its fixed and published prices. Every body knows that the introduction of Indian cachemires by this means costs 10 per cent.; of clock-work and jewellery from 5 to 12 per cent.; of certain cotton twist from 18 to 25; of English net from 15 to 18 ; of bulky woven goods from 15 to 25 percent., &c. Such a state of things is highly injurious to morality ; it provokes and encourages irresistible dis- obedience to the laws ; it is ruinous to regular commerce, without advantage to any industry, and espe- cially onerous to the tax-payers, who if they were to pay to the Exchequer what ultimately they pay to the smuggler, would be to that extent relieved in the amount of their taxes. High duties or prohibitions tend to constitute a monopoly. Now a monopoly for the advantage of the state is easily understood, because the state is every body, is the whole country; but a monopoly for the benefit of one class of producers savours of privilege, and of that nature of privilege which the present age is the least likely to tolerate. To these general reflections, intended for the elucidation of what follows, succeeds naturally the examination of the particular questions proposed in the Circular of the Minister of Commerce. Q. 1. — Are there still existing any prohibitions of foreign productions, which may be abolished with- out incurring the danger of violently disturbing those trades for the protection of which it was thought necessary to establish them ? A. — The Chamber of Commerce of Lyons is convinced that it would conduce to the general interest, which should alone guide the Ministry and the Chambers, to substitute, instead of every prohibition such duties as shall be below the known premium for smuggling; but amongst those which are the most directly injurious to trade in general, and particularly to that of Lyons, the Chamber would quote cotton twist of all numbers, and long English wool. Cotton twist, because it is incontestably proved that it is, as may be said, a raw material indis- pensable to branches of trade which are prevented, by its scarceness, its dearness, or inferiority, from developing themselves. Long English wool, for the prohibition of which there never was any reason, because France does not possess flocks yielding similar qualities of fleeces, would, with cotton twists, afford an abundant source of employment to our manufacturers, which opinion is strengthened by the following example. Some years ago, licences for the importation of a certain quantity of English wool were granted to the^manufactory of la Savonnerie, carried on by M. Sellieres and M. Charles Depoully. The posses- sion of these new materials gave rise to the manufacture of a number of new articles, but it led to no further result, because when this stock of wool was consumed, it was impossible to replace it by French wools, which do not possess the same properties, and produce goods less beautiful and dearer than similar goods imported clandestinely from England. Q. 2. — Are there not certain raw materials upon which it would be expedient to reduce the duties, such as dyewoods, shumac, oils applicable to purposes of manufacture, &c. A. — With a view to the general interest of producers and consumers, it would be expedient to re- duce to a simple duty of balance all the duties imposed upon raw materials in general, and especially, among others, upon dyewoods, boxwood for utensils, oils applicable to manufactures, wool of all countries, cotton wool, &c. Besides these articles, there are especially two others, which with regard to the trades of which they are the main support, and to the works of which they are the cause, are almost more than raw materials, and yet are placed on a worse footing by our customs' laws than if they were objects of the most frivolous luxury ; we mean coals and iron. We do not exaggerate in saying that coal is more than a raw material alone ; it gives of itself rise or value to many raw materials, it is as much an object of absolute necessity as bread or wood, and as long as there are individuals in France susceptible of cold, so long, under the present system, will coal be too dear or employment too scarce. The possession of coal at a moderate price is so essential to trade, that in England the exportation is restrained by high duties ; a government therefore which would encourage the increase of employment, and the welfare of the poorer classes, ought rather to grant it a premium upon importation than to impose a duty upon it. And what is singular and truly 86 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL inexplicable is, that upon the coast, where there are no mines to -protect, the duty upon coal is 1 fr. 10 c. per 100 kilogrammes, whilst upon the Belgian frontier the duty is only 33 c. ; and yet even there they complain, and with reason. This system is a complete bar to steam navigation. A vessel with engines of 150 horse power (the Sphynx has two of 80 each) consumes daily, at the rate of five kilo- grammes per hour for each horse power, 18,000 kilogrammes, the duty upon which, at the rate of 1 fr. 10 c. per 100 kilogrammes, amounts to 198 fr. daily. With respect to iron, the duty of 275 per ton is equal to a prohibition, solely for the benefit of the proprietors of forests, who raise their pretensions in proportion as the prices of iron advance. Whether these duties so unjust and hurtful to the country be reduced or not, the iron forges will have to undergo a crisis, were it to arise solely from the domestic competition of furnaces worked with coke. In 18:28, at the time of the Commission of Commercial Inquiry, the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons advocated the progressive reduction of the duty upon iron ; at present, acquiring additional force from the complaints of agriculture and commerce, whose developement this burthensome mono- poly arrests, the Chamber implores the Government to rid the country of it, not hastily but progres- sively, and by an annua! reduction of 10 per cent, to commence in 1834, so that hVJa definite period the subsidy which the country pays to the proprietors of forests and forges should be reduced to little more than a nominal duty. Q. 3. — Is there any particular necessity for reducing the import duty upon saltpetre coming from the East Indies below the rates fixed by the ordonnances of the 13th of May, 1831, and 16th June, 1832, upon all saltpetre without distinction coming. from countries out of Europe, namely 52 fr. 50 c. per 100 kilogrammes in French bottoms, or ought the objections of the manufacturers of saltpetre in the interior to prevail, and no alteration to be made in the duty upon this article ? A. — The manufacture of saltpetre in the interior is forced, artificial, and burthensome to the country, which might procure it from India and Chili at a third of the price. The objection raised against its admission at a moderate rate of duty appears to have little founda- tion. The manufacturers of saltpetre, it is alleged, will throw up their trade, and in the event of war,and particularly a maritime war, the country would be without a supply. In reply we wouldobserve ; First. — That we must be at war with the whole world before we shall be prevented from procuring saltpetre, by some means or another, either by sea or by land. Second. — In the event of war, the supply which we at present possess would last for a considerable time. Third. — In the event of war, nothing would be easier than to re-establish the present saltpetre works. It is a manufacture of the simplest nature. In a fortnight the works might be re-constructed, and the workmen initiated in their business. We may appeal for the truth of this assertion to our first revolution, and since that time sciences, and particularly chemistry, have made immense progress. Q. 4. — Amongst those articles which, although they enter directly into general consumption, are taxed upon importation without any view to the protection of any national production, there are some upon which the duties have been several times reduced with a view to discourage smuggling, which has been found to take place when the rate of duty has exceeded a certain proportion to the value of the article. Can the Chamber point out any articles in this predicament the duties upon which can be reduced ? A. — The question here proposed has been already treated in a general point of view in the reply to the query No. 1 ; the Chamber has no particular example to point out. Q. 5. — In general, the petitions addressed to the Government upon the subject of the tariff of cus- toms demand a reduction of duties. Some however pray for an increase, in order to augment, for the benefit of certain branches of trade, the protection which they declare to be insufficient. The prin- cipal in this class are table cloths and napkins. Added to these are oleaginous seeds, fresh olives, the leaves, flowers, fruit, and oil of orange, cetric acid, artificial tans, flax and hemp combed, goats' hair cut, cork, rattans split, sawed marble, and wrought alabaster. Has the Chamber any observa- tions to make upon these petitions? A. — The present duties upon table cloths and napkins are already too high, and the rarity and in- feriority of these objects in France in comparison with other countries are sufficient proofs of their being too dear. Neither can the Chamber approve of any increase of duties upon flax and hemp combed, and goats' hair, which should all be considered as raw materials. Q. 6. — Would it be advantageous to permit the introduction into France of certain articles which have yet one or more processes to undergo, upon the condition of their being re-exported within a limited period ? Such a request has been made for plain foulards, for the purpose of printing ; for bobbin net for the purpose of embroidering, unbleached linens for bleaching and dyeing, seed oils for purifying, and even seeds for the purpose of converting them into oil in our mills. A. — The Chamber is of opinion, that all articles which require any further process ought to be con- sidered raw materials, that is to say, a source of employment. With respect to unbleached foulards, though manufacture of the Indies, of Great Britain, and indeed of all countries, although they would enter into competition with similar goods made by our own manufacturers, of whom this Chamber includes several among its members, yet it does not hesitate to assert that their introduction at a very moderate rate of duty, even without the troublesome and completely illusory condition of re- exportation, would only tend to increase our elements of industry, by giving a stimulus to our manu- facturers of woven goods, by affording a new aliment to the trade of printing upon silk, which has recently been making rapid strides in France ; and by adding another article to our assortments of goods whose rich variety ought to make this country the emporium of the whole world. Q. 7. — By maintaining the prohibition of foreign net, and guarding strictly against its illegal intro- duction, would the Government be enabled to take it out of the list of those articles of which a cer- tificate of origin may be demanded in the interior, by virtue of the law of the 28th of April, 1816 ? The exemption would be founded upon the circumstance of French net being at present so nearly equal to foreign, that when once introduced there is great reason to apprehend mistakes in distinguish- ing it. A. — -The power of demanding the origin of goods, when once admitted into the interior, only gives rise to vexatious proceedings without putting a stop to smuggling; the maintenance of the prohi- bition of foreign net, by guarding the frontiers strictly, would be the means of promoting not our manufactures but the trade of the smuggler. The sole remedy in the present instance, as in all others, is to substitute instead of the prohibition a duty less than the premium of the smuggler, which may be very easily learned at Calais or at Valenciennes. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 87 Q. 8. — The principle established by the 22nd Article of the same law of 1816, which confines the importation of certain articles to maritime parts, has been warmly defended against every attack. But the important manufacturers in the East represent the extreme disadvantage under which they labour from being alone prevented from importing by land the cotton of the Levant and of Egypt. How far is this representation worthy of attention? A. — The principle established by the 22nd Article of the law of 1816, which confines the impor- tation of certain articles of consumption to maritime ports, may very probably have been warmly de- fended against all attacks by towns in that class, but it must also have been warmly attacked by the frontier towns, and particularly the manufacturing towns of the East. If the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons were only to consult the interest of its own district it would support the unjust preten- sions of the Commissioners from the sea-ports; but in this question, as in all the others which have been proposed to it, it considers before all things the general interest and justice. But in the present in- stance, these seem to be united. Without entering into the details of the question which the Cham- bers of Strasburg, Mulhausen, Col mar, and Mentz are better qualified to treat of than that of Lyons, yet this Chamber will assert that it must be injurious to the consumers not to be able to avail them- selves of opportunities of purchasing in foreign markets, when the prices there render it advantageous to do so. Q. 9. — With a view to the interests of navigation and the encouragement of distant voyages, the duties upon merchandise imported in French vessels are graduated according to the countries whence they are brought, whether from the East Indies, from countries beyond Europe, or lastly from the EntrepOts. But between the several articles thus taxed there exists in this respect such differences that it is impossible to reconcile or to account for them. What principle might be followed in gradu- ating these differential duties upon a uniform system which would be applicable to all productions? Must the actual distance of the countries whence they are brought be taken as a guide? Or ought they to depend upon the rate of freight? A. — The rate of freight, like the cost of carriage by land, depends upon the extent of the commer- cial relations of a country. An active trade reduces the freight. It is impossible to foresee what will be the rates of freight between French ports and countries with which at present we have no inter- course. Freight then cannot serve as a guide for fixing the tariffs. On the other hand, the mere distance of a country is a very imperfect rule, because the difficulties and expenses of a voyage depend upon other and very different circumstances. The mean duration of voyages, which it would be possible to determine by the trade of certain ports, as for instance, the trade between Liverpool and New York, might be a less uncertain guide. But again it often happens that this or that political circumstance might recommend preferences, and induce an excep- tion to the general rule which might be laid down a priori. Q. 10. — Mi^ht not the same reason which has influenced the rating of duties upon goods coming from the East Indies, and those from the shores of the Pacific, in comparison with those coming trom other countries not in Europe, render it expedient to adopt another scale, and to grant additional favours, greater than those already accorded to goods coining from Bengal, to goods coming from beyond the Straits of Sunda, in order to encourage expeditions to Australasia and China ? A. — The commerce of China might become of much greater importance than that of India, if the Chinese Government were to become less rigorous. The population of China is much greater than that of India, it is richer, and it is more industrious, consequently it has more objects to offer in ex- change. Every thing, therefore, which is of a nature to extend our trade with China is really of greater importance than measures of the same kind applied to India. As the Minister of Commerce has remarked, the object of the 9th and ICth Questions is the ex- tension of our marine. It is, in fact, essential to a nation which is bounded on the North, the East, and the South by the seas, to take advantage of its position; and the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons congratulates the Government upon its sincere efforts to bring about this result. But all its efforts would prove ineffectual, if our custom-house laws, established under the influence of the anti-maritime, anti-commercial spirit of the continental system, were not to be extensively mo- dified. In order to possess a maritime commerce, in order to have any commerce at all, it is necessary to buy much and to sell much, to make exchanges. But how can we exchange if we shut our ports against foreign goods ? In this point of view the question of saltpetre acquires quite a new impor- tance, and in the same manner hemp, leather, hides, tallow, wool, timber, coals, iron, &c. become doubly important. An excellent means of increasing our marine, and of giving a new impetus to the trade of our ports, which is now in a languishing condition, would be to multiply the relations of France with that country, which may, by way of distinction, be called the maritime nation— we mean England. Ac- tuated by this sentiment, the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons commends the repeated efforts of the Government to cement this alliance. But it must not be forgotten that this alliance can only acquire solidity by being based upon the commercial interests of the two nations, offering mutual and equal advantages to each other ; and hence arises necessarily the indispe usability of exchange ; and the im- portant question presents itself of our wines and brandies and the cast and wrought iron of Eng- land ; of our silk goods and objects of taste, and of the cottons, cotton goods, and wools of England, &c. &c. Thus all these questions are immediately connected with each other, and it is impossible to moot one of the principal among them without involving all the rest. Upon this subject the Chamber would observe that the English Government, whilst protesting its liberal views in matters relating to the Customs, has not, at least in the instance of our branch of trade, liberally applied its theories : thus the law which fixes the duties upon our silk goods at 30 per cent, is so interpreted in England, that the actual duties sometimes amount to 55 per cent. ; the con- sequence of which is that of about 25 millions of francs worth of French silk goods, which annually find their way into England, not more than 9 or 10 millions pay any duty. As the Chamber is well convinced that even if England did not frankly join us in adopting a system of commercial liberty, it would always be our interest to do so, it does not refer to the above circum- stance in the spirit of accusation, but only to enable the Minister of Commerce to avail himself of it in the consideration of our reciprocal relations. The Chamber cannot conclude without expressing its ardent desire and its reasonable hopes of at length seeing crowned with success the efforts of Government to obtain from the Chambers an en- lightened and profound discussion and deliberation upon a Customs' Law, in harmony with the wants and with the intelligence of the country. 8S APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL 1 pq CMcoinico-^^t-^co-fcocMooco CM i-< w CM CM CM t"^ CM i— i O C5 CM i-h 1-1 03 to KO-fOSOCl O CO O O O 1— 1 CO O TP CM in O CO CO -f O CO COOCfl CD l-l 1-^ Tt< co in csno^rwcor-coio cc cm 00 >n n cn co co o o o 00 o o K O Ol M in o o 1.0 Oi CO CD in o tN. OS CO CO CO r~* 1— ' COTK7>mN ^J< CM BJ rl< CM ri >— o CO CM O CM ih^pih CO CM O 00 CM -f CO MrtOICO CO CO 1— < CD O 'Ct* r-i COCOrt CO co O i-C 01 cS 1— iCMN- i^HGOCOCO^COOCMO OO NTfOC0CKC300N,01iDO!0 CM CO CO f-i CO CO CM ■— 1 CO CM CD ^" m i-H t-» cr> 00 co co CO CM 1— 1 OJ co CO CO § Ph o -t* CO CM 1— J CO o co 00 in co co CM in 1 — 11 — 1 CO o 00 CM CO o i-H TP r-t o co in in CM CM 1— 1 00 1-1 CO K ff! GO GO (M^O^OOtNOOOKMOOJlH f— 1 CI rn CO LOO^KOir-cOCOtNOH M CO OlO O O tO O H (M CO K uO SKCOHtOO iO O (N CO O CM OA CO ^ h CO 0 0 0 00 0000=00 O m O O O O O lO -cr co cm o in 0 o 0 co 0 0 0 0 in o c co 1— I o 00 t>. CO ■— ' o 1— CO OC! CO « CO COO^TOKHCC^O'XiOO OiiiOWOKOOi-iSHK UDICOCOCONHK-iCCO ■^ -2 C CO CO co -2 .tS ^»-._q Et" 1 5s fc; So' 2 g w 9 S3 56 o 3 S 03 ^ _ '2 o a a a to { ; • -. its -a is ^MgcjwQ^^WoccmSopHmopJejswcoOcoO RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 89 to M co id .a -3 .3 3 B ' 9 a 3 m cj a PSPhMSxHcoO O a 13 « al 13 CO CO CO to f O "f O CO CO i-i Hrt to co co -f -p T T i— i CO CO o s n m ci OinsN-tKNCiH'Min^oco rp co ^ in in co -t o o M n o o CM 05OOCCJNCIN10CMC0C0 •— i to to "* i-h co -* O CO CO o O i — K CI CO O rH r-i CM CM CO CI CI O CO 50 CO in CO t-^ 00 C I CO EN CO 'XI CO iCCO CO I— 00CMOC0-r00l^.C0 ■-I CI CO CM CO n in co ci k co o CO O CO O -f i-i i— i 1^ 1^ r— 1 tO i— I "5 "O OD a 0 rt o »n o o O O O iO o -a 1 oci o o CI CO 00 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o CO o o o o o A 3 « GO OOCOOOO^fCO hhOlOIsCPHO i-i O CO CO CO CO CI CO CI O kf3 C3 C4 t-» CM CM OlTjl I-I r-l -f CO O O O CI ClOCOrtON »o i— I O i— ' CO CO CO ' CO CO < CO to I c/j 13 J-i 75© .-3. C3 a. >>13 O C2 IS™ a* 14 o o o o — o ■cooooooo OiCOOOOOO O O CO O O O CI o I CO Sf CO CI ■cf CNCOO ■-h -cr GO I III 3 5 n os co a a, c5 "S SB .2 § £t~ « a o b. M W 3h co ^3 ' S 'cSr iHnaal : 3 bc3 pa Si 09 i < « " 2 3 : ^ .2 a &, 5 "3 a a j3 a a S o X _3 cti = ct) > . m- 13 13 S3 rc3. h 3 o -a co, g a* a — . SB O '3 o ns a ^ SUB Q> CU o a fl« aj a * o 5 OJS.B = 5 * -J z 90 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL fa C5 to SB s . o o m o to ci i-H to o o CO o r-l M O r-l O 00 oo o CO CO 00 Oi O © t>. Ill N rH r-i IM CM eo to co eo cm o *>. *> 00 o 00 co o OS t» to 00 eo CO CM 00 CM -*f to o to o oo i4 in © i— i © — < 00 cm co to o co oi p-toor— ( eo o to w n co >n co fo o co cm CM C-J-^t^ O if) r-i CI H O to — < to w ; •.•.■■**•••(/].•• _/i o £ • • 0> • « • • • r?^? s-g.s .fc-3 I? 'i « . « H ^ o o) c 3.2 s & m^j ci £ a a &r £? eo 00 eo 00 © CO TJ1 t© 1-4 O) P) (N O O CO © CM to o cj to P4 s o a s © o to o ts rrjl Ol r-4 H CM CO r-l 00 CO CO CO CO CO «0 I CO 00 00 00 CO rf cm ej> CO .......... . feP^H .......... . *- .......... to a>" rr! -S £ 3 ,'.'«.. ig •. * •, o 13 'S3 ».S ° C.3 cj n fl co j § fee U-S "2 S g .-B J RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 91 WINE. 92 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 93 WINE. The sources from whence the following facts have been derived are both official and extra-official. Those of a local character I collected principally in the depart- ment of the Gironde, taking care to ascertain their accuracy as far as the means of information was accessible. But it is necessary to premise here, as in other cases, that the collection of statistical facts, agricultural and commercial, is always at- tended with many difficulties; inasmuch as men's prejudices and interests naturally and necessarily interblend themselves with their opinions and their statements. The desire, however, of furnishing me with correct details was universal; the spirit, alike of the authorities and of the merchants and winegrowers, universally frank and friendly. Of the important exertions of the south and south-west of France, for the commercial emancipation of the country, I shall have again occasion to speak. Their advocacy of free trade has been placed on the highest ground of general principle, and they have pursued the topic with unabated zeal, and I must add, with convictions strengthened by laborious investigation and perpetual discussion. In the year 1827, M. Cavoleau obtained the prize of the French Institute for his (Enologie JFrangaise, a work exhibiting elaborate and instructive details as to the vineyards and wines of France. The quantity of vineyard-land was, in 1806, according to his estimate — ■ 1,674,480 hectares, or about 4,142,600 English acres, and, in 1827, 1,736,056 do . . 4,265,000 do. According to the documents existing for the years 1804 to 1808, he says, the whole amount of the produce of France gives an average yearly amount of 36,945,820 hectolitres, equal to 812,808,040 gallons ; so that every hectare of land, equal to 2tvUU acres, gives as its average produce, 22 hectolitres, 6 litres, and iV, or 514 imperial gallons English. His calculation of the whole value of the yearly produce of wine in France, is fr. 540,389,298, or £21,615,572 sterling ; while other estimates value it at fr. 718,941,675, or more than £28,500,000 sterling. He reckons the quantity converted into brandy at 5,229,880 hectolitres, equal to 115,057,360 gallons ; and the average export at 1,155,074 hectolitres, equal to 25,411,628 gallons : but, the general result, as to the quantity really consumed in the country, though he has mentioned his exact estimate for loss, waste, leakage, &c, is nearly approximate to the statement before given. The following Table shows the produce of the vineyards of France, (according to M. Cavoleau) : — Departments. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 13 19 20 21 Ain Aisne . , Allier . Alpes (Basses) Alpes (Hautes) Ardeche . Ardennes . Ariege . Aube Aude Aveyron . Bouches du Rhone Calvados Cantal . Charente Charente Inferieure Cher Correze . . Corse Cote d'Or Cotes du Nord . Hectares of Vines. Hectolitres of Wines. Value, 16,418 373,828 5,617,120 8,494 271,717 6,211,090 15,243 288,866 5,113,350 3,600 99,800 1,596,800 5,850 108,900 1,633,500 14,929 224,322 3,816,190 • 1,960 55,540 1,110,800 • 8,843 117,453 1 ,761,795 22,586 572,870 9,858,232 36,064 601,775 6,326,136 m 13,714 291,435 4,260,996 • 27,338 590,244 8,803,302 * 5 100 1,500 400 4,320 51,841 136,124 1,826,092 17,008,844 85,107 1,791,610 18,986,060 13,054 332,832 6,666,356 15,804 286, 6S2 4,012,148 10,485 310,730 4,660,950 25,351 578,252 15,473,530 Vineyard Lands. Produce of French vineyards, according to M. Cavoleau. 94 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Produce of French vineyards. Departments. Hectares of Vines. Hectolitres of Wine, Value 22 Creuse .... 23 Dordogne 64,316 660,704 11 ,913,854 24 Doubs . . , 6,625 139,978 2,566,812 25 Drome .... 28,212 507,908 9,918, 152 26 Eure .... 1,780 59,240 1 ,356,096 27 Eure et Loire . s 5,496 109,920 2 198 400 28 Finisterre . . . 29 Gard .... 51,198 1,041,651 10,949,833 30 Garonne (Haute) . # 47,902 467,723 6,248, 122 31 Gers .... 73,785 1,094,612 10,309,462 32 Gironde .... 137,002 2,805,476 49,177,454 33 Herault .... 91,941 1,713,600 17,797,407 34 Ille et Vilaine . . 93 h . 73 d . 2,757 33,084 35 Indre .... 16,625 282,560 3,921,510 36 Indre et Loire ... 28,310 665,224 10,993, 136 37 Isere .... 10,665 368,861 6,106,079 i 3S Jura . . . . 16,487 308,297 5,025,979 39 Landes .... 20,052 511,209 6,209,000 40 Loir et Cher . . , 22,769 647,360 8,062, 120 41 Loire .... 11,254 276,162 5,517,430 42 Loire (Haute) . v. / • 4,445 88,900 1,264,140 43 Loire (Inferieure) . 28, 643 812,794 7 219 755 44 Loiret .... 28,591 693,304 11,420,230 45 Lot .... 49,759 566,859 9,566, 112 46 Lot et Garonne 38,483 579, 187 10,972,069 47 Lozere .... 995 14,925 268,650 48 Maine et Loire . 26,401 493, 542 8,239,495 49 Manche .... 50 Marne .... 19,066 422, 4S7 11,235,397 51 Marne (Haute) 12,183 509,790 7,292,880 52 Mayenne . . . 681 9,494 151 ,904 53 Meurthe . , 13,592 688,358 9,430,296 54 Meuse .... 12,250 546, 523 9,093,656 55 Morbihan ... 221 5,876 76,388 56 Moselle .... 5,254 260,759 4,698,662 57 Nievre .... 8,054 161,664 3,083,816 58 Nord .... 59 Oise .... 4,369 108,316 3,449,566 60 Orne .... 61 Pas de Calais . . . 62 Puy de Dome . . . 21,436 352,859 7,335,760 63 Pyrenees (Basses) . , 20,483 333,330 5,270,433 64 Pyrenees (Haute) . . 14,296 278,063 3,271,814 65 Pyrenees Orientales . . 29,913 343,968 7,164,612 66 Rhin (Bas) . 13,087 464,807 8,366,526 67 Rhin (Haute) . , . 11,694 347,335 4,869,145 1 68 Rhone .... 18,126 458,000 10,366,400 69 Saone (Haute) . . 10,698 232,378 4,338,S84 70 Saone et Loire . . 30,708 660,942 13,027,079 71 Sarthe .... 9,689 148,753 2,172,650 72 Seine .... 2, 504 99,117 1,958,120 73 Seine (Inferieure) . . 74 Seine et Marne • • 16,517 557,516 8,462,740 75 Seine et Oise ... 16,298 849,718 14,775,880 76 Sevres (Deux). . • 15,825 264,236 3,399,262 77 Somme .... 62 690 13,800 78 Tarn 20,631 433,297 5,411,160 79 Tarn et Garonne . . 23, 168 264,360 3,035,700 ! SO Var .... 15,895 693,448 8,303,780 81 Vaucluse ... 22,038 362,208 6,519,744 82 Vendee .... 13,374 336,982 3,369,820 : 83 Vienne .... 21,423 435,451 4,881,130 84 Vienne (Haute) . 2,351 36,506 512,922 85 Vosges .... 3,116 101,808 1,905,720 86 Yonne .... 33,630 886,604 23,639,4)86 Total 1,736,056 35,075,689 540,389,298 ! As examples of the very different estimates presented of the value of the vine- yards of France, and their extent, I have taken the following details from the authorities referred to : — Chaptal (formerly Minister of the Interior) supposed, in 1819, the vineyards to occupy 1,613,939 hectares, or 3,991,447 acres, to produce 35,358,890 hectolitres, BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 95 or 778,237,384 gallons, of the value of fr. 718,941,675, or £28,757,667, or an average of about 9d. per gallon. In 1824, the Department of Indirect Taxes state the produce of wines to be 35,000,000 hectolitres, and the extent of vineyards to be 1,728,000 hectares, or 4,274,398 acres, and the value of the wine to be fr. 538,000,000, or £21,520,000, being an average of 6|c?. per gallon. M. Cavoleau, (1827,) as above, gives 36,945,820 hectolitres as the produce of France, making imperial gallons 813,165,195, to which he gives the value of fr. 540,389,298, or £21,615,572, which would represent an average price of about 6%d. per gallon. The Minister of Commerce stated, in 1828, to the Chambers, that he believed the produce of France to be 40,000,000 hectolitres, or above 886,000,000 gallons, of a value of fr. 600,000,000, or £24,000,000 sterling, showing a value of Q±d. sterling per gallon. The last returns are those published in 1831, by the Statistical Society, exhibit- ing a produce of nearly 45,000,000 hectolitres, or about 1,000,000,000 gallons, of the value of fr. 700,000,000, say £28,000,000 sterling, at an average of 6fc£. per gallon. (Appendix No. I.) Appendix No. I. I owe to the courtesy of M. Boursy, the Director of the Administration of Indirect Taxes, the return which will be found in the Appendix No. II. of the Appendix No. II. estimated wine production of France from 1829 to 1833, and which gives as an average about 27,000,000 of hectolitres. As this statement is grounded on the receipts of the Administration, or the reports of the subordinate collectors, there can be little doubt that it comes far short of the real produce of the vineyards of France, — as it is generally known a large quantity of wine escapes all fiscal contri- butions. As a means of comparison, however, the document is highly interesting and valuable. The annual sale of wine in France is estimated at fr. 300,000,000, making £12,000,000 sterling, which supposes to every individual in France an average consumption of wine to the extent of about eight shillings sterling per annum.* There are three sorts of duties paid on wines in France.^ Circulation. — Recovered when the wine quits the producer, and 1 r 0 onn AAn _ . . , i j j. r i en i j_ i *i ( fr' 8,800,000 Duties paid on wines charged at II*. I ■ 50 per hectolitre . . . J in France. Entry. — Recovered on the entrance into different toAvns, varying j ^ g AA q AA in amount according to their population J ' ' Retail. — Fifteen per cent, on the sale price .... 36,300,000 Paris. — A local duty . . . . . . . . 11,300,000 72,000,000 Or about £2,900,000 sterling. The Recoltans, or growers of wine, are calculated at 1,800,000 persons, and the sellers ( Caharetiers) at 240,000. % It has been estimated that of 40,000,000 hectolitres produced in France, not more than 14,000,000 pay the duty, so that 26,000,000 of hectolitres, or 572,000,000 gallons escape : but it appears according to the official returns, that only 4,000,000 hectolitres, or 88,000,000 gallons are fraudulently abstracted from duty, and the following Table has been given as approximative to the real facts. § Hectolitres. Gallons. The whole Produce of France is stated to be . . . 42,000,000 924,000,000 And it is thus disposed of : — Consumed by the proprietors, not being subject to duty . 9,000,000 198,000,000 a Employed in the manufacture of Brandy . . . 6,440,000 141,680,000 6 Loss and waste among the growers .... 4,152,000 91,344,000 c Do. in conveyance, and in the hands of dealers. . . 2,000,000 44,000,000 d Exported 1,115,000 24,530,000 e For the manufacture of Vinegar . . . . , 500,000 11,000,000 / Duty recovered on consumption is .... 14,000,000 308,000,000 g And the fraudulent consumption is .... 4,793,000 105,466,000 h If these statements are correct, and they are official statements, it would appear that the consumption in France, taking the population at 33,000,000, and estimat- ing ag h as the amounts consumed, (viz. 601,446,000 gallons,) that the annual average consumption of wine is about 18 gallons per annum per individual. * M. Pasquier's (Administration of Indirect Taxes) ' Statement,' p. 11. t ' Commission institute pour examiner les Impots sur les Boissons,'p . 13. X Ibid. p. 20. § Ibid. p. 22. 96 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS In the United Kingdom, taking 1830 as a guide, the whole consumption was 6,464,853 gallons, which, estimating the Avhole population at 23,000,000, gives a little more than one quart per head, or a seventieth part of the pro rata consump- tion in France ; i. e. the average consumption is seventy times greater in France than in England. It appears that France exports to foreign countries about -aVth part of her production, viz., 1,115,000 hectolitres; of that quantity England consumed, in 1830, 316,078 gallons, or 14,367 hectolitres, being about T Vth of the whole amount exported, and W^rd part of the whole of the produce of France, that is to say, France produces nearly three thousand times the quantity of wine that she exports to the United Kingdom. The disproportionate consumption of the towns to the open country in France is very remarkable : — 7,500,000 inhabitants of towns consume 8,670,293 hecto- litres, or nearly 26 gallons per individual ; 25,500,000 inhabitants of the country consume 19,122,707 hectolitres, or about 16^ gallons per individual: — that is, supposing all the wine which enters the toAvns pays the duty ; but as there is good reason to believe that one-third, at least, escapes, the average consumption in the towns may be estimated as double that of the agricultural districts, though so Loss by evaporation, large a proportion of that consumed in these districts (a) is duty free. The loss by evaporation only (c) is very variously estimated, and in Sauterne it is calculated at 12 per cent, per annum on the small, and only 5 per cent, on the large casks. In the Garonne district, 10 per cent, on the small, and only -nhr on Fluctuations. tne vei T large vessels, such as the fouclres of 150 hectolitres, or 675 gallons.* The fluctuations of the demand for the wines of France in England, is one of the most remarkable proofs which commercial history furnishes of the manner in which taste and habit become subservient to the fiscal regulations of the Tariff. From the Norman conquest downwards, the wines of France were the principally imported beverage of England; a very natural result of their adjacency, and the consequent facility of introduction. In 1669, it appears that the consumption of French wine was two-fifths of the whole importation into England. In 1830, it was only one-twentieth part; for the importations of the first period were 20,000 tuns of French, and 25,000 tuns of Rhenish, Spanish, Portuguese, and all other wines, while, in 1830, it was 316,000 gallons of the French, and 6,148,775 gallons of other wines. In 1832, the consumption of French wines was only -sVth part of the whole. In 1693, the first distinction was made in the duties of French and other wines, by an increase of £8 per tun ; that increase was made £25 per tun in 1697, and, in 1708, the Methuen treaty gave a final blow to the trade in French wines. In 1721, of 23,000 tuns of wine imported into England — a diminution, be it observed, of more than half of the importation of 1669; and, notwithstanding the increase of the population, only 999 tuns, or about Ard part, were imported from France. It would thus appear that the average consumption had been progres- sively diminishing under the pressure of high duties, so that, in 1784, the whole importation of England was 15,542 tuns, of which only 435 were French wine, or about rath of the whole importation, which was one-third only of the importation of 1669. The duty Avas greatly reduced on all Avines in 1786, (on those of France from £99 8*. 9d. to £49 4*. Id. per tun,) and the consumption, with the produce of duty, increased as follows : — Years. France. Portugal. Rhine. Spain. Total Importation. Duty Paid. £ 17S4 435 12,220 126 2,761 15,542 619,523 1785 470 12,698 155 2,831 16,132 642,519 1 1786 485 12,255 187 3,265 16,192 614,247 | 17S7 1 , 86S 16,619 177 4,314 22,978 644,219 1 17S8 1,445 19,114 138 4,744 25,441 640,906 1789 1,114 22,128 117 4,054 27,413 696,955 1790 1,117 22,911 116 5,037 29,181 804,167 During the Avar of 1793 to 1795, the aA^erage importation Avas 29,552 tuns, of which 516 tuns Avere French wines. In 1796, an additional duty Avas laid, and the importation from 1796 to 1798 averaged 20,961 tons, of which only 260 tuns were of French Avine, namely, about one-fifteenth part of the consumption in 1669, the * (Enologie, p. 402. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 97 population having increased four-fold, and the public wealth in a far greater pro- portion ; the result being that the consumption of French wine, in 1798, was, at an average, only about one-sixtieth part of what it was 130 years before. In 1803, the importation had amounted to 910 tuns of French, and 30,619 tuns of wine of other countries. An additional duty was laid on in 1803 — 1804, and the importation decreased from 31,524 to 18,148 tuns. The duties at the higher rate produced in consequence some hundreds of thousands of pounds less to the Treasury than the lower duties. The fluctuations in the demand for French wines in England, demonstrate that Fluctuations of the amount of duty, and not the national taste, has been the predominating cause deraand - .of the various amounts of importation. In 1669 the wine imported from France was .... 20,000 tuns. The duty being the same on French and Portugal wine. In 1697, the duty being 4s. 0^d. on French, and Is. 8d. on Portugal wine, it was only ...... From 1678 to 1706 the average importations were From 1707 to 1744, the duty being 4s. A^d. on French, and 2s. Ojjd. on Portugal wine, so that the proportionate differ- ence is somewhat less, the importations averaged, on the average of 38 years ....... From 1745 to 1762, the duty raised on French wines from 4s. 4^rf. to 5s. O^d., and on Portugal wines from 2s. 0^d. to 2s. 4d. being an advance of 8d. on French, and 3jrf. on Portuguese, the average importation in 18 years was . From 1763 to 1777, the duty being, on French wines 5s. 7£d. •on Portuguese 2s. 9|d. the average importations were in the i 5 years . France. Tuns. 614 Portugal. Tuns. 4,774 7,642 878 11.3SS 398 11,316 496 13,007 In 1778 1779 . . From 1780 to 1781 1782 to 1785 1786 to 1794 In 1795 . . From 1796 to 1802 In 1803 . . From 1804 to 1806 1807 to 1810 In 1811 and 1812 1813 From 1814 to 1820 French, 6s. 3jd. 6 7 7 4 6 8 10 11 8 3i 10 oi 4 H 5£ Portugal, 2s. llfd. , , 3 Si 11 7i 21 9i 11 7 (Licences granted for French wines) > > > » (Accounts destroyed.) 595 363 377 414 1,263 1,347 1,674 1,445 3,137 7,625 4,276 11,871 10,127 17,107 10,865 19,508 25,286 20,018 27,682 16,567 23,486 12,133 1,838 13,372 Of the quantity of French wine which paid duty for home consumption, the fol- lowing is the return : 1786 to 1794 1795 1796 1797 to 1S01 1802 1803 1804 1805 to 1814 1815 to 1820 Average 857 Tuns 458 162 212 479 645 77 433 745 Duty £b0 16 80 16 per Tun. 110 16 6 132 9 0 144 7 6 The consumption, therefore, had diminished to the extent of nearly one-eightn in 34 years, the duty having been nearly trebled, while for Portugal wine" of which the consumption was : — From 1784 to 1786 1815 to 1820 4 per Tun. 0 Average 12,391 Tuns Duty £49 14 .-. 12-006 ,, 95 11 and from 1784 to 1820 the Average was 19,909 Tuns at a Duty of £32 16 6 per Tun There will be perhaps, some interest in tracing the state of the wine trade in Aver, periods Methuen Treaty, and in comparing it with two subsequent tion - The wine exports of France were, according to the official value,-- '* From 1787 to 1789 fr.96, 656,600 Average years fr.32,215, 533 819 to 1821 175,334,500 58,444 833 lnl832 * 47,931,794 Showing an increase of fr. 26,229,300 on the first period, and of fr 15 716 261 S^o^o8l^ M '*-** Bi " i ^ ° fficial ValuC ' betWe6n 1819 -182l/ai»d Of French wines exported to Great Britain, the official value, in 1787—1789 2B age Exporta- 98 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS was nearly one-seventh of the whole export; in 1819 — 1821 it was only one- nineteenth of the whole, and in 1832 one-twelfth of the whole. The exports were — * From 1787 to 1789 fr.13,238,000 Average years fr.4,412,666 1819 to 1821 9,258,500 3,086,166 In 1832 . . ... . . . . 4,154,114 Showing a diminished exportation in value, in the first period of fr. 1,326,500, and in the second of fr. 258,552. Of the valuation of 1832, the official calculation is made at fr. 3*30 per bottle for fr. 3,000,000 of the amount, while the highest estimate of export to any other country is 56 cents per bottle According to the statement by the wine growers, laid before the French Committee of Inquiry into the duties on Iron, which will be found reduced into gallons in the Appendix No. III. Appendix No. III., it would appear that the average annual exports before the Revo- lution, i.e. from 1787 to 1789 were 21,469,565 gallons, and the average exports since the peace, from 1815 to 1829, being a period of 15 years, 22,654,765, being an increase of about 5 per cent. The largest year of exportation appears to have been that (1815) which immediately succeeded the peace, when the quantity was 29,595,345 gallons, an amount never reached since that period within more than 2,000,000 of gallons. The quantities of wine retained for home consumption from 1786 to the present time, with the fluctuations which have taken place in the rates of duty, are exhi- Appendix No. IV. bited in a Return furnished by the English Custom House, (Appendix No. IV.,) the years of largest consumption were 1792, 1803, and 1825, in each of which more than 8,000,000 of gallons paid duty. Those of smallest consumption, after two successive augmentations of the duty, which reduced the quantity paying duty to less than 4,000,000, were 1797. 1805, and 1816, being about 4,500,000 gallons. The largest amount of revenue received on foreign wines was from 1806 to 1810, averaging about £2,400,000 sterling, while from 1826 to 1832 the average is £1,567,711 sterling. It appears by the statement of exportation from the port of Bordeaux, that while the exportation to England for 1829 was only . . . 431,509 gallons, that to the Netherlands was . . 2,515,193 „ being six times the amount, and as the population of the United Kingdom may be estimated at four times the amount of that of the then United Provinces, the average consumption in England of Bordeaux wine is only about one-twenty-fourth part of that of Holland and Belgium. From Cette, the port second in importance for the exportation of French wines, the exportation to England in the year 1829, was . . 33,796 gallons, . And to the Netherlands 520,845 „ So that of the wines of Languedoc, about the same proportion rules. To the United States the exportation, in 1829, was — From Bordeaux 511,589 gallons, „ Cette . . . . • . • . 110,875 „ being, notwithstanding the difference of population of the two countries, a difference of more than 20 per cent. The export to the Hanseatic towns, in 1829, was more than six times the quantity exported to England. From Cette • • ' • 422,389 gallons. „ Bordeaux 2,280,812 „ The export to Denmark is nearly equal to that to Great Britain, namely, in 1829, From Bordeaux 287,167 gallons. „ Cette 82,629 „ The fluctuations which the wine trade of France has undergone since the peace, show a decrease in the amount of general exportation, which decrease bears "prin- cipally on the wines of the Gironde department. The details will be found in the Appendix No. V. Appendix No. V. On an average of 6 years, from 1818 to 1823, as compared with the same period, from 1824 to 1829, the export of Bordeaux wines diminished at the rate of 70,630 hectolitres, or 320,000 gallons per annum ; while those of the other classes of wines increased at the rate of 24,593 hectolitres, or about 110,000 gallons. Of wine in bottles an average increase is exhibited of 17,258 hectolitres, above 78,000 gallons. The total average export of wine is about 1,000,000 hectolitres, or about 22,000,000 gallons, 1 " of an average value of nearly £2,000,000. I have availed myself of my visit to the Bordeaux district, in order to BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 99 obtain, what I hope will be deemed, satisfactory details as to the wine cultivation of France. The facts stated in the sundry documents with which I have been furnished by the most intelligent persons in the department of the Gironde, will prevent the necessity of pursuing as a detailed examination into other wine districts. I endeavoured, in the questions I submitted, so to generalize the investigation as to exhibit, on a large scale, the situation of that great portion of the agricultural population of France which is engaged in the cultivation of the vine. As a dis- trict, I selected that whose comparative production is by far the largest. As a canton in that district, I chose that which produces the finest qualities of wine, and in which the cultivation is undoubtedly the most advanced ; and in that can- ton I have gathered up the minutest details from one of the most intelligent managers of one of the most valuable estates. According to the statement (Appendix No. VI.) of one of the most distinguished Appendix No. VI. members of the Chambers of Commerce of Bordeaux, the extent of vineyard cul- tivation in the Gironde is between 130,000 hectares and 150,000 hectares, average equal to 350,000 English acres. The average produce being 260,000 to 280,000 tuns of four hogsheads, or 912 litres, equal to about 200 imperial gallons, of which he calculates about five-eighths to be red, and three-eighths white wine ; the whole, or nearly so, being suited to foreign demand, that is to say, the department of the Gironde would alone be able to furnish for export between 50,000,000 and 60,000,000 of imperial gallons, being about ten times the amount of the whole consumption of the United Kingdom. The difficulties of classification by district, or by quality would, in the judgment Classification by of this authority, be invincible ; but he thinks a classification by value would be value - by no means impracticable, leaving to the custom-house officer the right of seizure in case of suspected fraud. He suggests the four following divisions : — Wine of a value lower than fr. 1,000 or £10 per hogshead. Do. do. from fr. 1 ,000 to fr.2,000 or from £ 10 to £20 per hogshead. Do. do. 2,000 3,000 £20 £30 Do. above the value of 3,000 . above £30 And he imagines that wine capable of enduring the voyage might be sent from Bordeaux for foreign use at fr. 250 per tun, i. e. 50s. per hogshead, or less than 1*. per imperial gallon. Such wine would require to be kept for 2^ years after the vintage in order to be fit for shipment. The wines ordinarily shipped for the Netherlands, Germany and the United States undergo no previous preparation. They are not strengthened by other wines or spirits. The habit of doing this for the English market is gradually disappearing. The lowering the duties on French wines in England has not brought them within the reach of the most numerous classes of consumers, and to the prejudices created by the presence of the cholera in 1832 and 1833, a slackened demand is attributed. The Appendix No. VII. gives answers to a series of questions I proposed to Mr. Appendix No. VII. Joannot, the intelligent librarian of the town of Bordeaux, and exhibits the results of inquiries which have occupied a Jong, laborious and useful life. Of somewhat more than 1,000,000 hectares in the department of the Giroude, 2,500,000 acres, it appears that 141,221 hectares, about 352,000 acres, or about -nnr of the surface of the soil, are dedicated to vine cultivation, and produce on an average about 274,000 tuns of wine, say 1,096,000 hogsheads per annum. In very favourable years nearly 1,500,000 hogsheads have been produced, of which about two-thirds red, and one-third white wine. The Appendix No. VIII. gives the statement furnished by the Administration of Appendix No.VHI. Indirect Taxes of the estimated wine produce of the Gironde department, during a series of years. The amount is, no doubt, considerably under the real quantity vintaged, as the wine-growers have a strong fiscal motive for concealing the true state of things. As a guide to the value of vineyard property of the highest character, I submit (Appendix No. IX.) a statement of all the sales made in the Medoc district since Appendix No. IX. the year 1800, with the names of the sellers and the buyers, the extent of the estates, and the prices at which they have been sold. The highest price obtained was for the Mouton estate, sold in 1830, consisting of 135 English acres, and which produced fr. 1,200,000, being fr. 8,900, or £356 per English acre. The estate of Laffitte, consisting of 262 acres, was sold, in 1803, for fr. 1,200,000, being fr. 4,580, or £183 4*. per English acre. SB.' . 2C » 100 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS The whole amount of the sales of Medoc wine estates, in the present century, consist of 5,154 acres, producing fr. 8,371,000, or £334,840 sterling, being an average of about £64 per acre. The difference in the value of wines of different years, even of the first vineyards, of the very first reputation, is enormous. While in the most favourable seasons, known at Bordeaux by the name of English Year, " Annee Anglaise," the pro- duce of Laffitte, Latour, and Chateau Margaux, will produce fr. 3,000 per tun, or £30 per hogshead, there are years in which its value is not more than fr. 400, or £4 per hogshead. A classification of the principal wine of the Gironde department, which I owe Appendix No.X. to the intelligence of Mr. Exshaw, will be found in the Appendix No. X., and it exhibits the maximum, minimum, and average prices at which the new wines of the different vineyards have been sold after vintage by the owners. The different grades of reputation in the market, the quantities ordinarily produced, and the prices are given in considerable detail. The export of the fine wines does not ordinarily take place till three or four years after the vintage, and about 45 per cent, must be added for interest, ullage, and other charges incurred before they are ready for shipment. It will be seen that the whole produce is estimated by Mr. Exshaw at about 200,000 tuns of red wine, and about 28,000 tuns of white wine, say about 1,000,000 hogsheads in all, of which about 10,000 tuns, of price exceeding in good years, when new, . ,-. , £10 per hogshead, . for shipment, £14 10*. Average years . . 6 „ . „ 8 14*. But the average value of this class of wine can hardly be estimated at less than £12 per hogshead, or £17 86'. on board. Of a secondary class of wine, such as is commonly shipped for Germany and the Netherlands, and which comes under the denomination of good cargo wines, the quantity produced is estimated to be about 90,000 tuns, or 360,000 hogsheads, of which somewhat less than half is ordinarily exported to foreign countries, and the rest consumed in France. Of this the lowest price for good years is fr. 400 per tun, and the highest about fr. 800, so that fr. 600 may be taken as an average rate of cost for the new wine, say £6 per hogshead, or £8 14*. on board. The ordinary red wine of the Gironde sells from fr. 150 to fr. 300 per tun, i. e., from 30*. to 60*. per hogshead, and is shipped to the extent of about 46,000 tuns out of 100,000 produced. Its price when on board may be valued at from 50*. to 80*. per hogshead. The English demand for the white wines of the Gironde has very greatly de- creased; and that of Northern Europe, which till within a few years was ordinarily 20,000 tuns a year, has diminished to less than half. Of the very finest qualities the average produce is about 450 tuns, the average value about fr. 700, or £7 per hogshead; the price in the best years fr. 1,100, and in bad years only fr. 300. The fluctuations of price, though very great, are never equal to those of the red wines of Medoc. For instance, in what may be deemed the second quality of the first class, the price in a bad year will be about one-third of that of a good one, though in the first crus of red wine the difference is sometimes nine-tenths. Nearly one-half of the white wine produced sells when new at from fr. 80 to fr. 150 per tun, which is from 16*. to 30s. per hogshead, but of the lowest qualities the Appendix No. IX. export is small. (Appendix No. IX.) The superior wines ordinarily shipped for England are, according to the state- ments furnished to me by the principal brokers, comprised under the four classes, or crus, and form the highest qualities of claret wine, the quantity produced being from 2,000 to 3,000 tuns. They are distinguished for that peculiar aroma of high priced Bordeaux wine, which the French call bouquet, and for a delicacy and vivacity of flavour rather than by their strength or body. The most renowned vineyards for those wines are those of Laffitte, Latour, Margaux, and Haut Brion. Shipping price from fr. 2 to fr. 6 per bottle. Of the second order of wines, which are commonly shipped for other countries than England, the quantity is about 5,000 to 6,000 tuns from the Medoc district, and from 1,200 to 1,500 from the other side of the Garonne, called the Graves; these latter are stronger in body, and when mingled with hermitage have some re- semblance to port wines. Those of St. Emilion have a distinguishing fragrance, and a strong flavour and body. They are of low price. Shipping price from fr. 1 to fr. 2 per bottle. A third order embraces those wines of which the average price is from fr. 600 to fr. 800 per tun, and the quantity produced very large. They would comprise BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 101 the ordinary Medoc wine, thin des Cottes, Bourg, the district immediately around Bordeaux, and such, it is believed, would come into ordinary consumption, the price of shipment being from Id. to 1(M. per bottle. On the above three leading divisions it is thought that a regulation and diminu- tion of duties in England would principally bear. The progress of the wine cultivation in France, according to the documents col- lected and arranged by the Statistical Society of Paris, (Appendix No. I.,) is thus Appendix No. 1. exhibited. The amount of hectares planted in vineyards : — In 1788 1,574,432 hectares 1829 2,026,219 The produce : — In 1788 27,761,280 hectolitres 1829 44,951,484 equal to about 3,988,800 acres. 5,104,S00 ,, about 610,750,000 gallons. 998,932,900 The average production per hectare : — In 1788 21 hectares. 1829 27 T W ,, The value of the wine produced : — In 1788 fr. 356 ,493, 059 or about £14,260,000 sterling. 1829 700,979,908 £28,040,000 The consumption by the inhabitants of the vine districts, in 1829, is stated to have been — hectolitres 16,179,256, in gallons 355,944,000. The quantity con- sumed by French, buyers, and employed for the production of brandy, in 1829 — ■ hectolitres 28,772,223, about 632,988,900 gallons ; and the whole number of vine- yard proprietors, 2,249,246. The strong terms employed by M. Joannot, as to the situation of the cultivators of the vine, are to a great extent borne out by the different investigations and in- quiries which have been directed to the subject. He says, that there can be no durable improvement except as the consequence of a change in the commercial policy of France ; that ruin is inevitable unless the great wine interests really awaken the attention of government. The following statement is taken from a representation of the wine growers of Representations of the Girondeto the Chamber of Peers in 1829, and was brought forward because S^^™ of the details were all within the cognizance of the Chamber, inasmuch as the estate 1829. of Chollet belongs to the Chamber itself, which was, therefore, invited to verify all the particulars put forward. CHOLLET DOMAIN. SITUATED IN THE COMMUNES OF GALENEO AND VESSAR. HAUT-BRION WINE. Extent, 60 days labour, or 20 hectares of vineyard. 9 , , 3 , , meadow and other lands. 69 , , 23 about 58 acres. Estimated value, fr. 120,000. Cost of Cultivation. Land Tax ........ 100 doz. osier works, at fr. 21 . . . . 100 packages of willow, at fr. 3 40 loads of manure for the layers and garden, at fr. 7 Bread, meat, &c. for the vintage Repair of buildings, lodging of labourers, and charges on vessels 8 doz. and 4 new barrels, at fr. 160 60 days, vine plants, at fr.72 Day labour for leaf-stripping Labour for repairs of buildings Coopers . Vintage expenses . Kitchen garden, &c. Agent for management . Interest on advance at 5 per cent. fr. 1 , 630 2,100 300 280 200 250 1,333 30 534 100 200 300 400 300 800 13,397- 30 669- 85 fr. 14, 067 '15 102 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Brought forward (cost of cultivation) . . fr. 14,067*15 Annual Produce. Straw . fr.250 25 tuns of wine at fr. 270 net . . . . . 6,750 7,000 7,067-15 Interest of capital at 5 per cent, on fr. 120,000 .■ . 6,000 Annual loss . . fr. 13, 067 '15 A large mass of evidence, showing the general deterioration of vineyard pro- perty, was elicited by the inquiry which took place in 1829, as to the operation of the duties on the different articles of beverage. M. Gautier, the then president of the Bordeaux Chamber of Commerce, and now a peer of France, stated that an estate of the estimated value of fr. 15,000 per annum in the last generation, produced absolutely nothing now.* He even declared that there was scarcely an acre of vineyard culture south of France which paid the cost of cultivation.^ The cost of cultivation is estimated by M. Rambuteau,J at double the value of the rental, while the average production of the other objects of agriculture is estimated at two-fifths of the rental. Of the situation of the vine growing country, the representations of the proprie- tors to the Minister of Finance, give a melancholy picture. " The value," say they, " of our productions is almost wholly destroyed, — our properties perish, — thousands of families are precipitated into misery, and given up to despair ; already large districts of land, where nothing but the vine flourishes, are abandoned to their ancient sterility." It appears that in 1788 the vineyards of France covered 1,555,475 hectares of land ; in 1830 the proprietors say they cover 1,993,307 hectares, which is an in- crease of about 28 per cent. At the same time the population of France has increased from 25,000,000 to 33,000,000, which is an increase of 32 per cent., so that, in fact, not only have more than forty years of added labour, added nothing to the means of enjoyment, as represented by the expenditure of that which is, in France, perhaps, the best representation of enjoyment, but the increased production has not even kept pace with the increase of population. Notwithstanding the almost unrivalled excellence of the wines of France — and the great aptitude of the country for their increased cultivation— the accumulation of wealth in France has added nothing to con- sumption of an article which it would be naturally supposed to influence most sensibly ; nor has the enormous increase of the wealth of England, the United States, or any other country, produced the slightest advantages to France in that branch of industry which would seem capable of almost boundless developement. The means of enjoyment would appear to have been doubled in France — at least, the amount of the State revenues has been doubled — and, in as far as an estimate can be formed of the general expenditure, its amount was less by half in 1788 than it is at the present moment, but the wine producing interest has benefited little by the general prosperity. The principal cause of this state of things is to be found in the prohibitory system of France, which has diverted the capital of France from the objects in which her superiority is undoubted, and to those where her inferiority has been most signally demonstrated. Her wines would have been bought by other nations, but the tendency of her commercial policy has been to produce what other nations would not buy. The average exportation of wines, from 1787 to 1789, is represented to have been 1,000,000 hectolitres to which add one-third for exportation to the colonies, not included in the official statement 1,333,000 The average exportation of wine from France, from 1816 to 1826, was 1,066,000 hectolitres, including the colonies, so that there is a diminution of 267,000 hectolitres per annum since 1788. In 1830, the exports of French wine were only 900,000 hectolitres, a diminution of 30 per cent, on her exports 45 years ago. * M. Gautier's Statement, p. 6 of the ' Rapport de la Commission institute pour examiner les Imputs sur les Boissons.' t Ibid. p. 49. % Ibid. p. 8. 333,000 BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 103 The proprietors of vineyards of the mouth of the Rhone, (1828,) in their re- presentation to the House of Peers, say : — " In four years our exportations to the United States are fallen from 4,319,128 litres to 1,601,122 litres; in three years from 519,357 litres to the Netherlands they are declined to 118,194 litres; in two years those to England are from 1,863,999 litres, sunk to 913,965 litres ; Sweden, which took from us in 1820, 227,673 litres, received, in 1828, only 95,517 ; the exportation to Russia is diminished 30 per cent. Our prices are fallen 40 per cent. Our cellars are overflowing, and to whom should we sell ? To the North ? We prohibit its hemp and its iron. To Russia? We prohibit its wheat. To Piedmont? We prohibit its rice and cattle. To the Netherlands ? We prohibit their woollens," pp. 8 and 9. It appears by the statement of this department, that the revenues of its vineyards have diminished considerably more than half since 1821. In 1821 it produced 646,000 hectolitres, at fr. 11 fr. 7, 006, 000 1824 ,, 445,010 ,, S 3,560,000 1827 ,, 367,000 ,, 8 2,936,000 and the proprietors add, that they have been compelled to sell large quantities at 5 francs per hectolitre, which is about 2d. a gallon, or less than \d. per bottle. The inhabitants of Beaujolais, in their representation to the two Chambers, give the following statement of the net proceeds of 100 hectolitres of Avine, the produce of 4 hectares, or 91 acres of land. Sold in Paris, at fr.58 per hectolitre fr. 5,800 Cost of culture, — Manure . . . . fr.120 Rent and repairs .... 80 Cooper, 50 barrels . . . . 750 Carriage, at fr. 7 . ... . 700 Allowance on sale to dealer . . 580 Direct taxes (Impot Foncier) . . 93 Indirect do. at fr. 1 -75 . . 175 j2 675 Octroi and transit, at fr. 0-25 . 2,500r' the vine-growers in 1829 to the Cham- 4,998 fr. 802 of which half goes to the landlord, and half to the tenant, giving to the former a rental of £16, or about fr. 32 an acre for vineyard land. The representations to the Chambers of the wine growers of the Gironde, Representations of (1829,) signed by 19,701 vine growers, are even more striking ; they state that 750,000 tuns of wine are accumulated in their cellars, being a stagnation of bers. fr. 150,000,000 : that they havefr. 400,000,000 invested in their lands, making an unproductive capital of fr. 550,000,000 ; that their annual loss by cultivation is fr. 8,000,000 ; that with interest and other expenses the department is visited by an annual loss of fr. 40,000,000. That of fr. 65,000,000 a year which the vine- yard produces, nearly two-thirds are paid to the labourers. Hence they report that their own situation is deplorable, and that of the rustic population distressed in the highest degree. The growth of the Gironde is about 4,000,000 of hectolitres per annum, which they estimate at fr. 13,000,000. The proprietors state the exportations of their department alone were greater in 1789, than the exportations of the Avhole of France in 1829 ; and that the apparent increase in the money amount of expor- tations grows out of the fact that, in 1823, the hectolitre was estimated in the Custom-House accounts at fr. 25, and that, in 1829, it was raised to fr. 48 per hectolitre : the wine had really diminished in value considerably. The petitioners trace their sufferings immediately to the change of Tariffs intro- duced in 1822, when the duty on iron was raised from 15 to fr. 25 per quintal, and the duties on linens, hemp, cattle, &c. considerably increased. They complain that the wine growers, who represent 6,000,000 of inhabitants, and fr. 700,000,000, of capital, have been sacrificed to the iron masters, who employ only 70,000 labourers, and produce only fr. 73,000,000. These fr. 73,000,000 being- raised under the shadow of a monopoly which costs the consumer fr. 25,000,000 a year, independently of the ruin which has visited other producers by the destruc- tion of the external trade, and with all the destructive consequences which grow out of an enormous monopoly price of a material of prime necessity. They state that their lands, arid by nature, and really unproductive under the existing system, pay a heavier tax than is paid by the richest soils. That the 104 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS misery of the population of the south excludes them from purchasing either the productions of France or those of other countries ; that thus, they who represent the peculiar riches and capabilities of France, are sacrificed to the vain attempt to' create what Providence has denied to their country ; that all the certain and un- doubted elements of industry and wealth have been abandoned in the pursuit of inaccessible benefits and assured disappointment. In a word, that they are the unfortunate victims of a determination to surrender a possessed and prosperous reality, for an unobtainable and ruinous chimera. Independently of the operations of the protective system on the exports of wine, the heavy internal duties, and the manner of their collection, are subjects of heavy complaints in France. " For us," say 300 dealers and sellers of wine at Bor- deaux, in their representation to the Chamber of Peers in 1829, " for us, freedom in our transactions is but a word, — the inviolability of our abode a delusion, — and the common law an exception." Though the details given of the proprietors of vineyards, in 1829, must be re- ceived with the hesitation which naturally attaches to the statements of those who conceive themselves wronged and oppressed, the evidence of deterioration of pro- perty is very striking. The wine growers of the department of the mouths of the Rhone, assert that, since 1821, their produce is diminished from — 646,000 hectares, of a value of fr. 7,000,000 to 367,000 „ „ 2,936,000 and that they had been compelled to sell their wine at fr. 5 per hectolitre, which will not give \d. per bottle. Those of the Moselle declare that their sales had been effected at fr. 3.75 per hectolitre, or less than If d. per gallon. Of all the productions of France, next to that of wheat, wine is incomparably the Appendix No.I. most important. The vineyards of France occupy (Appendix No. I.) about 2,000,000 of hectares, out of 52,000,000 of which its whole surface is composed, which is one-twenty-sixth part of the whole ; but they produce to the revenue half as much in amount as the land-tax (impot foncier) on the whole French territory, and one-tenth of the whole fiscal resources of the State. It will be seen that the estimates, emanating from different sources, as to the produce of the vineyards of France, vary considerably. M. Chaptal, who took for his elements of calculation the official documents of 1804 to 1808, calculates (in 1819) that 1,613,939 hectares of land are applied to the growth of the vine, and that their produce, in amount and value, is as follows : — 15,855,890 hectolitres at fr. 7*50 bring fr. 118,941 ,675 8,000,000 ,, 10-15 ,, 97,000,000 6,000,000 ,, 20-30 ,, 147,000,000 4,700,000 ,, 35-50 ,, 196,000,000 800,000 ., 200-00 ,, 160,000,000 35,358,890 718,941,675 In 1824, the Department of Indirect Taxes, states that the produce of wine was 35,000,000 of hectolitres, and the extent of vineyards 1,728,000 hectares, and the value fr. 538,000,000. In 1828, the Minister of Commerce reported to the Chamber of Deputies, that he calculated the yearly value of the wine of France at fr. 600,000,000, which, at the rate of 40,000,000 of hectolitres, give fr. 15 per hectolitre, or about l\d. ster- ling per gallon, which is about If d. per bottle. Whatever deduction may be made for those strong representations which grow out of extreme suffering, the state of the vineyard provinces has, for a long time, been distressing, and the application of capital to the production of the grape disas- trous. The proprietors of vineyards of the Gironde, in their petition to the Cham- ber of Deputies, (1829,) say that they are losing 12 per cent, per annum on the cost of cultivation. The Toulouse petitioners aver that their vineyards do not give them a return of | per cent, for interest of money ; those of the Moselle declare that the hectolitre of wine does not give them (net) more than fr. 3*75, or less than lf^. per gallon, being a little more %d. per bottle. From the Cote d'Or they represent that they losefr. 1*10, on every barrel of winethey produce. From the Basses Pyrenees they show that they lose fr. 50 per annum on every hectare of vineyard land. The inhabitants of the Bouches du Rhone avow that f to 1 \ per cent, is the highest interest they obtain from their vineyard land. The vine growers of the Oriental Pyrenees, states that the cost of cultivation of a hectare of vineyard land is fr. 98, and the produce only worth BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 105 fr. 96 : and this state of tilings is aggravated by the fact, that for the most part the vineyards of France cannot be diverted to any other sort of cultivation ; they are mostly sterile lands, which, under a changed system of commercial intercourse, might and would be made more productive than the richest soils, but which, if they produce no profit to the wine growers, are obviously condemned to abandonment and ruin. The imports into England, in 1830, were 324,405 gallons, producing in duty £116,477 sterling, at 7*. 3d. per gallon, now reduced, from July, 1831, to 5*. 6d. per gallon. The exportation of wine from France, in 1830, is : — Litres. , . , J Gironde . . 27,030,224 in casks 4 Qther _ 53,866,116 Common i j g.,^ ^ . 1,703,869 * ; n casKs \ other . . 2,846,306 Superior, in casks ..... 4,716,321 Vin de Liqueur, in bottle. . . . 3,38 90,501,165 of which England took 1,473,773 litres, being about one sixty-second part of the whole. The estimated value of wines exported from France is fr. 38,147,354. pS^i^ By parliamentary paper 98, (1831,) it appears that the stock of wine in Eng- land, in French. Cape. Other Wines. 1830 was 605,444 gallons 317,091 gallons 6,368,229 gallons 1831 549,236 436,834 6,364,772 So that, while the stock of French wine had diminished one-ninth, that of Cape had increased more than one-third, and that of all other wines, had continued stationary. French. Cape. Other Wines. In 1829 duty was paid on 421,796 gallons 589,096 gallons 5,331,298 gallons 1830 316,078 576,952 5,573,823 Showing a diminution of demand for French wines of about one-fourth, while nearly double the amount of the diminution on French wines was added, to the general consumption. The exportations of wines from France to England, since 1825, according to the French statements, have been as follows : — Gallons. Value. In 1825 1,435,500 £538,000 sterling. 1826 913,491 245,954 1827 703,886 ' 189,033 1828 948,741 335,294 1829 792,189 284,791 1830 605,916 235,169 5,399,723 1,828,474 Annual Average 899,954 gallons Value £304,746 sterling. I have given a statement for three years, from 1828 to 1830, of the ports whence French wines were exported to Great Britain, and the quantities shipped from each, reduced into English imperial gallons, compared with the English official returns for the same period : there appears a very large defalcation in the quantity imported. French Exports. British Imports. 1828 948,729 gallons 550,949 gallons 1829 792,171 ,, 498,320 ,, 1830 605,908 ,, 352,136 2,346,808 1,401,405 Tables of Revenue, &c. p. 132, Average 782,269 467,135 .. XT VT Appendix No. XI. Appendix No. XI. Average deficiency . . 315,134 gallons. But from this deficiency must be deducted the consumption of Gibraltar, Malta, and the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, &c. An interesting account of the fluctuations of the exports of wine and brandy from France to all countries of the world, during a period of six years, 1823 to 1828, has been published by the French Statistical Society. (Appendix No. XII.) Appendix No. XII. The countries are averaged in the order of their importance as regards consump- tion ; and the average increase or demand is exhibited against each. The decline 2 D 106 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS is greatest in the case of Great Britain ; the augmentation greatest in that of the Netherlands. The United States, Spain, Sardinia, and Haiti, present a consi dr- able falling off ; while the Brazils, Switzerland, the Mauritius, Tuscany, Mar- tinique, and the Hanse Towns, exhibit an important increase of demand. As a general result, the wines and brandies of France appear to be exported to the four quarters of the world in the following ratios : Europe . . . 70f per Cent. Asia • • . • 1 g- , , Africa . . . . 4f- , , America .... 23£ , , While of the exportation to Europe, the northern nations receive 83 per cent. ; the southern nations receive 17 per cent. A statement of the relative importance of different countries as regarded the consumption of French wines, was prepared by the French Government in 1829, Appendix No. XIII. on an average of six years, namely, from 1822 to 1827. (Appendix No. XIII.) It would thence appear that the largest consumer of them were the Netherlands, to which about five times the quantity was exported that was shipped to the United Kingdom, and four times the quantity to the Hanse Towns ; to Sardinia much more than double the quantity ; to the United States and to Martinique a large quantity more ; to Russia, Prussia, and Tuscany, a small quantity less. Appendix No. XIV. The exportation of wine from France in 1832, (Appendix No. XIV.,) amounted to:— Litres. Wine of the Gironde, in casks 48,248,492 Other wines 74,378,977 Gironde, (ordinary,) in bottles ..... 2,790,912 Other ,, 3,391,532 Liqueur wine, in casks . . . . . . 1,617,933 , , in bottles 351,982 130,779,828 or, in English imperial gallons, 28,761,600. Of Bordeaux wines in casks, Great Britain took only in quantity 896,420 litres, being less than one-fiftieth part of the whole export, and not one-eighteenth part of the quantity exported to the Hanse Towns, about one-seventh part of that consumed either in Prussia or in Holland, not a fourth part of that consumed by Belgium, a third of that of Russia, a half of that of the United States of America, and only two-thirds of that of the small kingdom of Denmark ; in a word, far less than any northern European country, with the exception of Sweden and Norway, whose limited consumption is two-thirds of that of Great Britain and Ireland. British India imports about two-thirds of the quantity exported to England. Of other French Avines in casks the export to the United Kingdom is only 709,884 litres, or about 156,000 imperial gallons ; being considerably less than one- hundredth part of the whole exportation, not a fifteenth part of the export to Algiers alone, about one-twelfth of the consumption of either Switzerland or Sardinia, one- ninth of the consumption of Brazil, a sixth of that of either the Hanseatic Towns or Belgium, a fourth of that of Holland, and less than one-seventh of that of the United States of America ; to Greece, to Denmark, to Cuba, larger quantities are exported than to England, and of this quality of wine both Spain and Egypt take nearly as much as Great Britain. Of Bordeaux wines in bottles, the whole quantity exported was 2,790,912 litres, of which more than one-quarter (686,235 litres) was exported to British India, about the same quantity to the United States, and about one-twelfth to the United Kingdom ; Mexico and Colombia each approaching nearly the amount of British consumption ; but the whole consumption to northern Europe being less in quantity than that shipped to Great Britain. Of other French wines in bottle, according to the French official returns, such as Champagne and Burgundy, the United States take one-fifth, and Great Britain one-sixth of the whole exportation, Russia about one-seventh, Prussia one-ninth, and Germany about the same amount. The exportation of vins de liqueur in casks, is principally to the United States,, which consume considerably more than half the whole amount exported, while Great Britain does not take one-fiftieth of the whole, and only about one-fifth of the consumption of Russia ; and of this class of wines in bottle, the proportion taken by England is even far less considerable, it being only 1315 litres out of 351,982, while the United States take 126,519 litres, Brazil 54,871 litres, and Sardinia 22,137 litres. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 107 Of the whole amount exported from France, in 1832, the quantities shipped for Great Britain were — Litres. From the Gironde, in casks .... 896,420 , , other places , , , , Gironde, in bottles , , other places , , Vin de Liqueur, in casks , , in bottles 709,884 235,593 538,773 27,855 1,315 2,409,840 Making, in imperial gallons, 530,164, or about one fifty-fourth of the whole exportation of France. The exportation to the United States for the same period was — Litres. . 2,012,440 From the Gironde, in casks , , other places , , , , Gironde, in bottles , , other places , , Vin de Liqueur, in casks , , in bottles 5,220,119 678,469 659,162 890,873 126,519 9 , 587 , 582 being more than one-third of the whole exportation of France, and four times the quantity shipped for the United Kingdom, notwithstanding the great difference in the population of the two countries. According to the official returns, (Tables of the Revenue, &c, p. 29,) the impor- tations into Great Britain, for 1831 and 1832, show the following results . — 1831 1832 Increase. Decrease. Cape . . 428,154 278,848 149,306 French . 351,102 311,448 39,654 Portugal 2,763,211 2,116,245 646,966 Madeira 356,514 288,783 67,731 Spanish 2,605,328 2,446,050 159,278 Other sorts 612,561 577,106 35,455 7,116,870 6,018,480 1,098,390 Showing a decreased importation in 1832 of nearly one-seventh on that of 1831, or about 15 per cent. ; the decrease being : — On Cape French . Portugal . Madeira . Spanish . Other wine about 35 . . 11 . . 23 . . 19 . - . 6 nearly 6 per cent. The export trade on foreign wines rather increased, it being- Cape . French . Portugal . Madeira . Spanish . Other sorts 1831 30,942 76,152 235,129 128,858 377,128 166,716 1,014,925 1832 24,762 80,416 265,201 140,406 522,813 236,985 1,270,583 Increase. 4,264 30,072 11,548 145,685 70,269 261,838 Deduct 6.180 255,658 Decrease. 6,180 being an increased exportation of about 25 per cent. The detailed statements of the export of French wine from the United Kingdom, from 1825 to 1832, are given in Appendix No. XV. The diminished export, Appendix No. XV. as concentrated with the averages before the peace of 1814, is to be accounted for by those direct shipments made by the French merchants themselves to foreign countries, which were formerly supplied from the English bonding warehouses. No small proportion of French wines shipped to England, is annually sent back again to France. The East India demand, which has greatly increased, is now pro- vided for by direct exports to Calcutta. 2 E 108 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS The comparative consumption of the United Kingdom was as follows : — Cape . . French Portugal . Madeira . Spanish . Other sorts 1831 539,584 254,366 ,707,734 209,127 ,089,532 411,921 1832 514,262 228,627 2,617,405 159,S98 2,080,099 365,251 Increase. Decrease. 25,322 25,739 90,329 49,329 9,433 46,670 6,212,264 5,965,542 246,822 Showing a decrease, in 1832, on the consumption of the previous year of nearly 4 per cent., bearing in the following proportions on the different classes of wine : — r per cent. The proportions of the different wines consumed in 1832, are, therefore . — per cent. Cape 5 French . . 10 Portugal . 31 Madeira . . 24 Spanish . • s> Other wine . . 11 J Cape • ° 1 0 French . Q 8 • °To" Portugal • 43tV Madeira . Spanish . Other wines. "1 0 J 100 The amount of duty received in 1831 was £1,535,484 ,, ,, 1832 1,566,758 Increase 31,274 and an additional duty on wines not French, in dealers hands, of £149,054. The comparative situation of the bonded stocks in London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull, in 1831 and 1832, is as follows : — Cape . . French . Madeira Port . . . Rhenish Spanish Increase . Decrease 1S31 Gallons. Pipes, j Hhds. Cases. Casks. Butts. 488,011 4121,436 340,681 . . | 536 1,493 395,548 300: 316 2,246,904 11681,438 48,529 169 2,596,214 . . 2,259 795 172,559 6, 28S, 446 1,880 6, 538 l,493i 169 1,352,908 49! 289 63! 126 1832 Gallons. Pipes. Hhds. Cases. Casks. 222,985 352,569 361,594 1,576,837 47,037 2,241,538 132,978 ■595 354 499 588, 858 1,430 4421 1,099 . . 3,293 143 307 43 Butts. 1,133 795 438 4,935,538 | in 1832 1,591 6,5S7 1,430 43 1 , 133 The increase of wealth and of population in this country has not led to an increased consumption of wine. A century ago the average quantity consumed was about 5,000,000 gallons, which, for a population of 8,000,400 inhabitants, gives nearly three-fifths of a gallon per individual of annual consumption. At present, with a population of above 24,000,000, the average consumption does not exceed 6,000,000 gallons, which does not amount to one-quarter of a gallon per individual, while the consumption of ardent spirits amounts to more than one gallon annually per individual. Had the demand for wine increased with the in- crease of the population, the consumption would have been 10,000,000 of gallons per annum more than it now is. The tendency to diminished consumption of wine in Great Britain for the last 40 years is thus exhibited : In 1792 the consumption was 8,082,249 gallons 1802 ,, ,, 6,355,749 1812 ,, ,, 5,136,490 1822 ,, ,, 4,606,999 imperial gallons. 1832 ,, ,, 5,965,542 notwithstanding the great increase of the population. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 109 For the last eight years the decline has been considerable. In 1825, above 8,000,000 gallons paid duty; the average of 1831 to 1832 is only 6,000,000 gallons. From 1820 to 1824, the average consumption was, Totals. Imperial trillions. Averages. Imperial (rallons. Per (.■entcigc. Cape. French . Portugal. Spanish . Madeira . Other sorts ■ . 2,752,595 851,614 . 12,084,735 . 5,15S,940 . 1,717,097 . 1,190,539 550,519 170,323 2,416,947 1,031 ,788 343,419 23S,108 Hi n 50 r V 21* n 5 23,755,520 4,751 ,104 100 From 1825 to 1830 Cape. French . Portugal Spanish . Madeira . O' hpr sorts . 3,766,794 . 2,275,674 . 19,115,312 . 11,505,099 . 1,67S,601 . 2,367,339 627,799 379,279 3,185,885 1,917,516 279,767 394,556 H 47 28J- 4^ H AC) 7fl£ SIQ 6 784 802 100 And in 1831 and 1832, Cape. French . Portugal . Spanish . Madeira . Other sorts . . 1,053,S46 482,993 . 5,325,139 . 4,169,631 369,025 777,172 526,923 241,497 2,662,569 2,084,816 184,512 3SS,586 4 43# 344, 3 6 J- 12,177,806 6,088,903 100 Hence it appears that of Cape wines there has been a progressive decrease in consumption from 1820 ; that of French wines the demand considerably augmented after 1825, when the duties were lowered ; but that the consumption fell again in 1831 and 1832, — probably in consequence of the cholera; that of port wines there has also been a constantly diminishing demand, and of Spanish wine a far more than counterbalancing increase ; so that, in the latest period, the quantity of sherry consumed is not considerably less than that of port. Of Madeira the consumption has also remarkably declined, it being now much less than half the average proportionate consumption of 1820 to 1824. Of other wines, principally Rhenish, the fluctuations have not been considerable, though there has been a slight but constant tendency to increase. In the two last years the consumption of French wines was only one twenty-fifth of the whole quantity of wine which paid duty, while port and sherry constitute more than three-fourths of the whole demand. The consumption of Cape wine was more than double that of French wine, and treble that of Madeira. The consump- tion of sherry constitutes somewhat more than one-third of the aggregate con- sumed. I believe there is little to be added to the interesting details which will be found in the Appendix No. XVI., as to the social, domestic, and moral condition of the Appendix No. XVI. agricultural population of the wine districts, their wages, habits of life, modes of expenditure, characteristic qualities, and other topics explanatory of their general conduct, usages, and character. The Appendices Nos. XVI. and XVII., form an Appendix unpublished Report made to the Academy of Bordeaux by M. Joubert, an intel- No - XVII « ligent manager of one of the most important vineyard properties in the Medoc district. It is a complete history, practical and financial, of wine culture, and ex- hibits in minute details, every step in the progress of that branch of agricultural industry. The returns from the Bordeaux Custom-House, (Appendix No. XVIII.,) ex- Appendix hibit a considerable decline in the quantities shipped. The average from 1825 to No ' XVIIL 1828, being 2,071,590 litres, and from 1829 to 1832, 1,539,850 litres, making an average export of 8,061 hogsheads, or 2,0154; tons. A. great variety of opinion exists as to the increase of consumption in the United Kingdom, which would follow a diminution of duties upon the lower qualities of French w T ines. On this subject my colleague and I obtained through various channels the views of intelligent persons in the principal towns in England, and 110 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS the most important wine districts of France. In France generally the notion pre- vails, that an enormous augmentation of demand would follow any considerable reduction of the duty ; and the correspondence of the wine departments with the government, shows that they would deem large concessions to the industry of England as only a fair equivalent for a concession to France so important as the facilitating in this country the general consumption of her wines. Some of the letters express the conviction that the United Kingdom would become the largest foreign consumer ; being, at the present moment, with reference to our wealth and population, by far the smallest of northern European nations. The duty of 5s. 6d. per gallon, is more than 500 per cent, on the average cost of wine in France; and the reduction to that rate from the differental duty of 7s. 3d. per gallon, (in 1831,) has not had the effect of calling the inferior wines into the market, — almost all of the English demand being confined to the costly wines of Bordeaux, Champagne, Burgundy, and Hermitage. I have obtained from a thoroughly instructed grower an estimate of the real cost of claret of good quality, with all the charges that attach to it. At a duty of £16 per tun, it would be delivered to the dealers at about lOd. per bottle, and Appendix No. XIX. retailed to the consumer at ISd. (See Appendix No. XIX.) There is an opinion prevalent in France, that any considerable reduction on duty here, would bring into our markets the strong bodied wines of the Rhone and the south-eastern piwinces. Of the qualities ordinarily shipped at Cette, for example, the primitive cost is about fr. 300 per tun, or £3 sterling per hogshead, which would be about \0d. per gallon. They state that at an additional cost of fr.100 per tun, say £4 per hogshead in all, or less than 13d. per gallon, a wine could be shipped imitative of port and Madeira, which they presume would be suitable to English tastes. From the wine districts of Provence the communications are unanimous in stating that the lowering the duty in England has produced no increase whatever of de- mand. They express great desire for the introduction of wines in this country at an ad valorem duty, on certificates well verified by the British authorities at Marseilles, Cette, or other ports of shipment ; and add, that the opening of the English markets to them would improve qualities by recompensing the small cultivator, and be of the greatest importance for the relief of their agricultural interests. The letters we received from Scotland state the consumption of clarets in that country is generally three-fourths of superior, and one-fourth of secondary qualities. There is a considerable difference of opinion among the best informed persons as to the probable effect of diminished duties on consumption. Several of the leading houses in the wine trade apprehend that no price, however low, would create a de- mand for the ordinary classes of French wine, while the very superior would be con- Appendix No. XX. sumed by the opulent whatever their price might be. I give in Appendix No. XX. the opinions and documents furnished by an eminent Scotch importer. Some of the most distinguished of the wine merchants mention that they have made several attempts to introduce new qualities of French wines, but with no success, and in most cases re-exportation to Hamburgh and Holland had been the result. But other communi- cations assert that some of the lower growths of claret have come into demand, and a decided expectation is expressed of a considerable extension of that demand. The importation of French wine into Ireland was formerly very great, and its consumption almost universal among the opulent classes. Long after the heavy duties had diminished, or almost annihilated legal imports, there was an enormous clandestine supply ; Dublin alone imported four or five considerable cargoes ; the present demand is supplied by two small vessels. The reduction of duty has slightly increased consumption in England. Some letters speak confidently of a great augmentation of demand were the ordinary qualities of French admitted at low duty. Other communications doubt whether even a considerable reduction in cost would be sufficient to restore the ancient tastes of the country. At present the reduction of duty has scarcely lowered price to the consumer, while it has hardly furnished a sufficient motive for experiments in im- porting wines of a low price and quality. From the Custom-House in Dublin, I am informed that the importations of claret, from 1825 to 1831, was 181,975 gallons, or about 576 hogsheads, of which 8,946 gallons, say about 200 hogsheads in all, was exported during the seven years, principally to regiments in the West Indies. In all qualities of wine the diminished consumption in Ireland is remarkable. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. Ill paying duty was — French. Portugal. per gallon. S. tt. per gallon. S. a. Imperial /' ,11,1,^ vi ill ions . From 1787 to 1790 3 1 + 2 1 1 117 556 1797 1800 5 Of 3 3§ 1 ,238, 512 1807 1810 8 9| 5 10£ 1, 127,200 1817 1S20 13 8b 9 li 501,016 1824 1826 13 9 9 U 573,776 1827 1830 7 3 4 10 806,079 1S31 1832 5 6 5 6 757,527 The decrease of consumption therefore, during the present century, is 50 per cent, upon that of the last quarter of the century preceding ; and as the population cannot be now estimated at less than double its amount in 1780, the decrease is more mani- fest. In the first period, the general consumption must have exceeded 25 gallons annually per 100 inhabitants, while, at the present moment, it appears to be less than 10 gallons per 100 inhabitants. On the other hand, the average consumption of home-made spirits has increased from 2,500,000 gallons in 1790, to nearly 9,000,000 gallons in 1832, giving, in the first period, a consumption of 60 gallons per 100 individuals, and, in the second, a consumption of 112 gallons. The opinion generally expressed by the leading merchants is, that the lowering the duty to 5s. 6d. from 7*. 3d. per gallon, was not a sufficient reduction to bring the ordinary wines of France within the regions of popular demand. Long habit has created a taste in favour of the wines of the peninsula, which, it is believed, could only be changed, and that slowly, by the presence of wines of a much lower price than the public have been accustomed to pay. On both sides a change would operate. Low prices would probably create additional consumption in England* and a more thorough acquaintance with, and more attentive study of the peculiarities of British preferences would lead to the production of an article more in accord- ance with them. In the representation made to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 1831, by the merchants engaged in the importation of Spanish and Portuguese wines, the follow- ing classification was suggested : — s. d. Claret, Burgundy, Champagne, and all French wines, about ,£15 per hogshead 7 3 per gallon Port, Madeira, Sherry, and Rhenish wines . . . . . . 4 10 , , All other wines, as Lisbon, Spanish, and Mediterranean, with French wines 1 2 6 under £15 per hogshead . . . . . . . . J ' ' The obvious objection to this classification is, that it really represents a differen- tial duty, and a differential duty pressing peculiarly on France, and made to bear most lightly on the wines of Spain and Portugal. The memorialists, while they agree that an ad valorem duty on foreign wine could not be levied, state that an approximation to an ad valor-em value, by a system of classification, would be perfectly attainable since it is practised in all other countries. It is not quite correct to state that such a plan has obtained in all other countries, but it is undoubtedly employed in many, and has been persisted in after long experience. This representation is accompanied by some very interesting statistics, which I cannot refrain from referring to, as having so direct a bearing on this important question. They state that of the population of Great Britain about three-fourteenths, pos- sessing incomes exceeding £100 a year, may be assumed to be wine drinkers, or likely to become so if wine were at a moderate price. Their estimate, founded on the population returns of 1824, is as follows : — Persons. Families. Incomes. Total. £. £. £. 2,800,280 583,791 100 to 1,000 180,000,000 247,170 51,709 1,500 5,000 135,000,000 18,3 20 3,833 7,500 101,000 60,000,000 3,065,770 639,333 assumed to be wine drinkers 375,000,000 11,004,107 2,300,000 £2 5 to £90. 105,000,000 14,069,877 2,939,333 480,OOo7oOO And they estimate that the daily consumption of Great Britain, in 1821, was 54,560 gallons, which among 639,333 families, gives to each family (beginning with an amount of income, £100, from which upwards all the gradations exist from comfort to extreme opulence, whose total aggregate represents between £500 and 112 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS £600 a year) a consumption of only one-fifWn+Ti nf Q fc r r day. And they add, tha? this state ^ Ingf" ren ad 'bie" ff ^1 P f consumption of wine, notwithstanding the great nc ease both of w hi . ^ tion nearly exceeds what it was a century go f ^ and P°P ula " The population returns of 1831, gives a population of For England and Wales 13,089,338 Scotland . . 2,365,807 15,455, 145 In Ireland . . . 7,784,536 So that, estimating the same proportion of individuals to a family as in 1821 thP total number of families would be about 3,228 700 and tbp tLl ^ i £528,000,000; and calculating the ^^pf^te^^^^T ^ incomes would enable them t/drink ^iCr^i^ number of wme consuming families in Great Britain would be 702 270 ' ' 6 il2mT^ Q r UrnS ° f 1831 ' the r*"**" ° f the Unite ' d Kingdom was fe^I42b4 gallons, being an increase of consumption unon lftsfl T the whole kingdom 4,686,885 gallons, or about 32 per S while he trZ *5 CftS Bifcct- 18^5 ^^^^ traced b ut if one-fifth JtJ^IZ ^i^H^X^ ns 1 'to itlZT 3 1 T Umei ' S i f W ' the ^ -timaCf five per-" sons to a tamily be allowed, they would amount to about 930 000 familip* s. iu this W ^ that the P resent habits have ™ 7 V thems f lve !' «°ce the taste for the strong bodied and brandied wines of southern Europe is wholly of modern date, and has not introduced itself except under the influence of heavy differential duties. Where such differential duties do not exist, the Miles of France still preserve an undoubted ascendancy. Of the exports from Oporto m 1830, 19,333 pipes were shipped to Great Britain, and only Tsi pipes to all the rest of the world ; viz., 52 to Sweden, 46 to Hamburg, 19* to Bra- zils 4 to Denmark, 3 to Geneva and Newfoundland, 2 to Gibraltar, and I3i to the .Netherlands. * The general opinion expressed both by the French authorities and by the French dealers m wme is, that the reduction of the duty to 5s. &fc a gallon will not lead to a very large consumption. The strong bodied wine of the south, which of the low priced wines would pro- bably be that best suited to England, would cost in the country about fr. 150 per pipe, or £6 sterling, while the duty at 5s. 6cl would be more than four times its BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 113 primitive cost. Of these wines it appears, that though none are now shipped to England, considerable quantities are shipped to Guernsey and Jersey. The information we have collected from sundry sources in England, Scotland, and Ireland, convinces us that at the duty of 5*. Qd. per gallon, the demand for French wines would not be very greatly extended. The effect of prices on consumption has been most strikingly illustrated byour inquiries into the local taxation of France.* Lyons, for example, is partitioned into four divisions, in which there exist four several rates of octroi or municipal duty. In the Croix Rousse, where the octroi is fr. 0'85c. the yearly consumption is 281 litres, per individual. Guillotiere ,, 125 ,, 259 Vaize 1-50 235 Lyons (intra rnuros) , , 5-50 ,, 152 ,, The average rate of octroi on wines is 2 fr. 85 c, and the average consumption in the towns of ""France is 115 litres per individual. But it will be found that in almost all cases where the octroi is high the con- sumption is diminished, and wherever it is low the consumption increases. In Mont de Marsan the octroi is . fr. 1 - 60c. and the consumption is 419 litres per individual. Soissons , , 1-55 204 St. Quentia , , 6 0 , , 34 , , Lille 14-0 12 Caen , 10-50 7 St. Lo 5-0 , , 5 The Appendix No. XXI. exhibits the consumption of all the principal towns of Appendix No. XXI. France, with a reference to their population, according to the returns made to the Administration of Indirect Taxes. The whole quantity of Bordeaux wine, of the very first growths, does not exceed 300 to 400 tuns, i. e. 1,200 hogsheads to 1,600 hogsheads. This can well afford to pay the duty of 5s. Qd. Its average value is from £30 to £40 per hogshead. After examining a variety of evidence, to which we can only refer in mass, the English Commissioners have come to the conclusion that a large consumption of French wine would take place in England if the duty were regulated at some- thing like cent, per cent, on value, and we think there would be little difficulty in classing the Avines of France under these heads : — s. d. Wine not exceeding in value fr. 600 per tun, i.e. £2i sterling 1 , on which) , D a duty should be levied of . } 1 8 per gallon. Do., not exceeding fr. 1,200, or £48, on which a duty should be levied of 3 4 , , And all wines above that value, the present duty of . . . .56 , , In my visit to Bordeaux and its neighbourhood, my attention was naturally called to some local productions which might hereafter become objects of extensive commer- cial demand. The resinous products of the pine trees, for example, of which it is estimated that in the maritime districts to the south of the Gironde the extent is not less than 100,000 hectares, or 257,361 acres ; and of this extent not less than two-thirds are, it is calculated, in a state to produce turpentine or other resinous substances ; and as, with appropriate attention, an hectare will yield five cwt. per annum, a quantity exceeding 10,000 tuns might be furnished by the Landes. The average price of sale in the markets of Bordeaux and Bazas of fr. 8 per cwt., and the cost of cultivation (see Appendix No. VII.) is about fr. 6. Appendix No. VII. There would seem no sufficient reason to doubt that improved means of communica- tion would bring the pine forests of the Landes into more profitable use. No port has suffered more than Bordeaux in its commercial relations with Great Britain through the many interruptions of war, and the new direction consequently given to the trade of the two countries. The expectations that with the return of peace the ancient intercourse would be revived, have, to a great extent, been dis- appointed. In the month of April last, at a public meeting of the merchants, an active and most intelligent committee was formed, charged with the task of investi- gating the causes of the decline of British intercourse, and with the suggestions as to the modifications of the tariffs of the two countries likely to revive it. Their Reports, embodied in their Address to the Legislative Chamber, will be found in the Appendix No. XXII. : their suggestions have been and must be received with all Appendix that regard and consideration to which the most assiduous attention and thorough No. XXII. * In ancient Rome, it is estimated by Prosny that the annual consumption per individual was '264 litres = 60 gallons, at a cost of 10 centimes, or Id. sterling, per litre. 2F 114 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Appendices No. XXIII. to XXVI. Appendix No. XXVII. Appendix No. XXVIII. mastery of the subjeet can entitle them. Bordeaux has taken the lead in the demand for a more liberal commercial system, and I am sure the statements ^and representations of the merchants and wine growers of that important- port and district will be read with great interest. (Appendices No. XXIII. to XXVI.) Of the navigation of Bordeaux, it appears (Appendix No. XXVII.) that there cleared outwards in Appendix No. XXIX. FRENCH VESSELS. BRITISH. FOREIGN. Transatlantic Trade. Sundry'Parts. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1829 226 53,169 2,750 165,000 84 13,248 403 59,839 1830 197 47,785 2,725 163,500 87 14,272 312 45,772 1831 219 54,317 2,230 133,800 53 7,546 194 28,752 Entered inwards : — 1829 222 53,120 2,757 165,420 91 14,142 424 64,311 1830 222 53,847 2,727 163,620 85 14,072 249 46,183 1831 198 49,625 2,240 130,400 51 7,110 180 25,693 showing a continued tendency to decline. The tonnage belonging to the port of Bordeaux amounts in all to 1,716 vessels, gauging 66,490 tons, with 3,094 men. That employed in 1832 was 54,897 tons, with 2,845 men. (See Appendix No. XXVIII.) The duties received at Bordeaux, in 1831, were : — In 1832.- Customs entry , , export Navigation duties Salt . Customs entry , , export Navigation duty Salt . fr. 9,990,836-56 199,065-03 203,582-76 3,346,270-80 13,739,755-15 fr. 9,549,15097 232,105-45 350,261-09 3,011 ,854-33 13,143,371-84 The average prices of corn at Bordeaux, from 1822 to 1832, may be calculated from the following Tables furnished me by the Prefect, showing the highest and the lowest prices per hectolitre during the whole of that period : — Wheat. Barley. Oats. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. Fr. 1822 18-76 15-85 12-44 10-46 8-17 7-10 1823 21-08 17-01 13-89 10-67 10-66 7-75 1824 19-85 15-36 1259 9-33 8-60 7-60 1825 15-91 14.37 11-00 8-99 8-81 7-60 1826 17-71 14-28 1117 9-31 8-60 7-27 1827 21-30 16-21 14-27 11-26 9-31 7-71 1828 24-65 18-36 15-35 11-48 8-21 6-96 1829 25-12 19-33 15-37 11-08 9-69 7-81 1830 22-99 20-31 15-08 12-60 10-26 8-65 1831 25-37 21-64 18-31 14-52 9-34 7-54 1832 27-48 16-82 19-98 11-49 8-44 7-49 The average rate of interest at Bordeaux cannot be estimated at more than 3^ per cent. This low value of money has led to many investments for public works, of which I have given a list, (Appendix No. XXIX.,) showing the various enter- prises undertaken by those companies since 1824. Of these the greater portion nave been decided failures, and a large part of the capital may be considered as irretrievably lost. In the attempts to establish manufactories, the high prices of fuel, growing out of the enormous duties on sea-borne coal, is an ever-present cause of non-success. The last statistics of the manufacturing industry of the Gironde department of which I am cognizant is that for the year 1829, of which the details are given in Appendix No. XXX. the Appendix No. XXX. Generally speaking, these manufactures are in a feeble and unsatisfactory state, and since the list was made up several have ceased to exist. In fact, the consequence of the oppression of a prohibitory system upon a port and district, whose primary element of superiority is its agricultural produce, might have been well anticipated. The power of consumption in the French colonies is ex- ceedingly small, but to it the large part of extra European commerce has been sacrificed, the enormous differential duties having made returns impossible. To the iron monopoly of France, the wine trade with Great Britain, formerly very considerable, has been offered up, and similar results have followed the prohibitions of British and Irish produce. There is no reason, except from fiscal impediments, BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 115 why Bordeaux should not become a large deposit of foreign productions. It is solely the rejection of an importing that has destroyed an exporting trade. For the document, (Appendix No. XXXI.) with the valuable facts attached to Appendix it, I am indebted to the kind co-operation of Mr. Scott, late his British Majesty's No - XXXI - Consul at Bordeaux. By him, as by his son and successor, every aid was given to me that zeal and attention could dictate. The remarks made by Mr. Scott have emanated from the best sources of information, and throw much light on the impor- tant subject of the classification of wines for ad valorem duties, which, with certain broad distinctions of quality, I am much disposed to recommend as most equitable to the consumer — most favourable to commerce — and most productive to the re- venue. In some matters of detail, the views entertained and the facts mentioned by Mr. Scott vary from those given by other authorities ; but collected, as I believe they have been invariably, in good faith and with all diligence, I have thought it even more useful to give contradictory than concurring opinions. Appendices No. XXXII. and XXXIII. exhibit the principal articles of the Appendices No. imports and exports of Bordeaux from and to Great Britain, as furnished by the Custom-House authorities there. The details given by Mr. Joannot as to the influence of soil, situation, manner of cultivation, and other elements in the culture of the vine, will be found both interesting and important. Possessing such peculiar aptitude for the production of an article of universal demand, it is an irresistible evidence of a false system of social economy, that of the various sources of agricultural prosperity the vine cul- tivation should be among the least successful and productive — that its average pro- fits should be so low — the condition of the peasantry employed in the wine districts so generally miserable,— in a word, that an article adapted to all the markets of the world should be excluded from so many of them by the reaction of pernicious com- mercial legislation. CHAMPAGNE. As to the produce of the champagne vineyards and the state of the labouring Champagne wines, and agricultural population in that part of France, I can hardly do better than transcribe the communication with which I was favoured by the Chamber of Commerce of Rheims : — [Translation.] CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AT RHEIMS. Sir, Rheims, 23d Sept. 1834. We have received your letter of 28th August last, and after having^examined the questions Rheims. contained in it, we have the honour of transmitting to you the following information in the order which you fixed on. The produce of our vineyards consists of red and white wines, whose distinction and classification will be hereafter pointed out. We estimate at 20,600 the number of hectares planted with vines in the Department of Marne, which comprehends all the ancient province of Champagne, considered as Champagne vineyards. On an average, the vintage gives from 28 to 30 hectolitres for each hectare. For the last 40 years the produce of our vines is remarkably increased, although the quantity of these same vines is di- minished: and indeed the number of hectares was in 1789, and for our Arrondissement only, 10,290, — in 1829 it was 9,450, a decrease of 840. The augmentation of produce is owing to the improved cultivation of the grounds, to the manure laid on the vines, and to the thicker planting of the trees. Our red wines, of the first quality, are exported to Belgium, for the most part; and ^the white are sent off to England, Russia, Germany, the Levant, to Greece, and to the Colonies. A state of peace has procured for us, during 20 years, a very considerable sale in America. We shall fix the home consumption by taking for its basis the year 1832. The vintage of that year produced 480,000 hectolitres, to be divided as follows :— 50,000 hectolitres, converted into white wines, sparkling or still. 310,000 ,, common red wines, or of middling quality, intended for home consumption. 120,000 „ choice red wines, as much for exportation as for the wealthy class in the inland departments. This state of things continues the same. Nevertheless, it is to be presumed, that the quality of the approaching vintage will materially increase the quantity of wines fit for exportation. There exist, without doubt, Sir, many variations in the demands from foreign countries upon us; but you know as well as we do, that they proceed sometimes from the taste of the purchaser, sometimes from good or indifferent vintages, and frequently also from the fear of war or internal troubles, as from all other chances of prosperity or adversity. 2G 1 116 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS llheims. Cultivation is in our country carried to such a degree of perfection, that, unless in years of great abundance and excellent quality, like those of 1811, 1818, and 1825, an augmentation in the produce of our vines cannot reasonably be expected; but if we were to obtain important and assured sales, the vineyards converted into arable lands would be replanted, beginning by the spots which offer most ad- vantages. You ask from us also the amount of salaries paid to all classes of workmen. Unmarried labourers are hired by the year by the growers, (proprietors or farmers,) and their wages amount to from 250 to 300 francs, besides their food. The vinedressers, on the contrary, are paid by piece work ; 60 to 90 francs an arpent, or ^ of an hectare, according to the locality. The weavers are also paid by the piece, at so much for each piece woven ; and their actual salary may be estimated at from 1 fr. 25 cs. to 1 fr. 50 cs. a-day, according to their abilities and the excellence of the work which they have to manufacture. Spinners gain from 1 fr. 50 cs. a-day to 2 fr. 25 cs. a- day ; locksmiths, masons, and carpenters, from 2 to 3 fr. a-day ; some even 3 fr. 50 cs., or 4 francs. Women and children are scarcely ever employed directly, except in our spinning and manufacturing workshops. The salary of the women varies from 75 cs. to 1 fr. ; that of children from 50 ces. to 75, according to their powers. We believe that we have already answered the questions you asked us on the arrangement of the Champagne wines in the different categories, and the quantity of each of them in average years. As to prices, they are in their nature so variable, the preservation of our wines calls for so much expendi- ture and occasions so many losses, that they cannot be accurately fixed. For instance, the expenses of cultivation at Ay and in the surrounding communes amount to 900 francs per hectare, and in the other vineyards to 600 fr. In this are comprised repairs and props, but not stamps and taxes. The selling price of vineyards also, by the hectare, is Average price, ........ 5,000 fr. Maximum, 24,000 fr. Minimum, 2,500 fr. In the arrondissement of Rheims, according to a statistic report of the 1st September, 1829, the number of vine proprietors is 11,903, including 400 proprietors domiciliated at Rheims. This large number of owners is evidently owing to the divisions of property, divisions so much the more multi- plied, as there is not a single vinedresser working at piece work who does not possess some plot of vineyard. This estimate may vary from year to year, but every thing shows that for the whole of the department the number of holders of vineyards is from 22,000 to 23,000. The proprietor who is enabled to wait 2 or 3 years for a propitious moment for the sale of his wines draws a good profit from his property ; otherwise it may become burthensome to him. As to the small labouring proprietors, they are generally burthened with families and not well off. They form in society a very interesting and very laborious class, making the best appearance they can, by severe economy. As soon as there is a promise of a good harvest, they purchase some vineyard ground, often without prudence and beyond their means ; afterwards, if bad years come on, they borrow to free themselves and often hasten to their ruin, if, in order that they may not mortgage their little property, they have recourse to usurers, for whose advantage they sign and renew bills on very disadvantageous terms. In short, if they borrow on mortgage, the rate of interest is nominally 5 per cent, to the profit of the lender ; but in reality from 6 to 7 per cent, at the cost of the borrower, on account of the expenses of the transaction, and according as they are to be repaid on an inconsiderable capital and in 2 or 3 years. This, Sir, is all the information required of us by your respected letter. It only remains for us to assure you of the satisfaction which we have experienced in corresponding with a person so distin- guished by science and by talent. Accept then, Sir, the respects and the high consideration with which we have the honour to be, &c. Your devoted servants, The Members of the Chamber of Commerce, Assy Villain. OUDIN DeBRY. Lecointre. Thurot Guillaume. To Dr. Bowring. , Jos. Henriot. Appendices No I * iave given in the Appendix (No. XXXIV. and XXXV.) the answer fur- XXXIV. & XXXV. nished by the directors of indirect taxes in the districts of Rheims and Epernay, which will be found to corroborate to a great extent the statements of the Cham- ber of Commerce, and to contain many interesting facts on the subject. The value of some of the vineyard land in Champagne is enormous, and the fact that some of the most fortunately situated spots had been sold as high as 50,000 francs an hectare, equal to £800 sterling an acre, came under my personal cognizance. These are followed by sundry statements of the cost of production and other par- ticulars, with Avhich I was favoured by one of the leading proprietors and mer- \pv>endixNo chants of Rheims, who was formerly the mayor and deputy of that city. (Ap- " XXXVI. ' pendix XXXVI.) I am enabled, by the courtesy of a very intelligent wine merchant at Rheims, to present an approximate estimate of the present and probable future demand for sparkling champagne. He calculates that Great Britain and her colonies are the largest purchasers now, but that in the course of five years the demand for the United States will exceed that of the United Kingdom/ The annual exportation Mr. Schubarth deems now to be 2,689,000 bottles, and that an increased demand to the extent of 230,000 may be reckoned on in the course of the next five years. BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 117 (Appendix XXXVII.) The average loss by breakage is not less than 15 per cent. In some years it amounts from 30 to 40 per cent., and taking into account acci- dents of all sorts, nearly one-third must be estimated as lost between the time of bottling and that of exportation. Of Sillery wine the production is small. The extent of the vineyards does not exceed 50 arpents, which give on an average 6 casks of 210 bottles each per arpent. The wines of Verzenay are the next in quality of this district. The sparkling wines of Ai are generally reckoned the best of their class. The value of the soil is from 5 to 12,000 francs an arpent. The extent of vineyard land producing the superior wine is about 200 arpents. There is a great sub- division of vineyard property — many of the vineyards not being more than one- tenth of an arpent in extent. In Appendix XXXVIII. I have given a statement of the produce of the de- partment of the Aube, from 1828 to 1833, furnished by the administration of in- direct taxes. The average produce appears to have been 530,609 hectolitres, of which — 107,804 hectolitres paid duty on transit. 200,822 „ paid duty on consumption, and 36,846 „ were consumed by the producers. This table exemplifies, in a striking manner, the great uncertainty of vineyard production. In 1828 the department gave 1,036,599 hectolitres, and two years afterwards only 135,999 hectolitres, or about one-ninth of the amount ; while, in the arrondissement of Nogens, the produce in 1830 (4003 hectolitres) was only one twenty-fifth part of that of 1828. In some years the average is more than doubled,-^-in others the quantity does not amount to a sixth of the average crop. Appendix No. XXXVII. Appendix No. XXXVIII. Aube. BURGUNDY. The principal wine-producing departments of Burgundy are the Cote d'Or and the Saone and Loire. Of the Cote d'Or, the arrondissement of Beaune is the most productive, giving on an average about 320,000 hectolitres, or above seven millions of gallons, of which more than half is of superior quality, and fitted for foreign demand. The arrondissement of Dijon produces a yearly average of about 133,000 hectolitres, say somewhat less than three millions of gallons, of which not more than one-third is suited for exportation. The qualities collected from the vineyards of the arrondissement of Semur and Chatillon, amounting together to about 110,000 hectolitres, are never bought for foreign account. The average produce of the whole department, on an estimate of nine years, is 563,903 hectolitres. The fluctuation of production will be seen to be enormous. The Dijon district, which gave 285,219 hectolitres in 1826, produced only 30,487 in 1830. The Beaune district rendered only 81,144 hectolitres in 1825, and 621,226 in the following year. Other details of production, as furnished by the administration of indirect taxes, will be seen in Appendix XXXIX. I owe to the zealous courtesy of M. Ballard, Director of Indirect Taxes of the Saone and Loire, the very interesting document on the produce of that depart- ment, which is given in Appendix XL. By this it appears that the average vintage is about 775,632 hectolitres, but that the fluctuations are less remark- able than in some of the districts of the neighbouring department of the Cote d'Or. The quantity of spirit produced on average years is about 15,000 hectolitres. The average number of retail dealers in wine about 4,000, who sell on an average 120,811 hectolitres of wine, and 1626 of spirits, or only l-74th part of the con- sumption of -wine. Now, the average price of brandy cannot exceed Sd. to 10c?. a bottle, so that the low price has certainly not induced a very great demand. In the year 1833, 26,775,520 gallons of spirits, and only 6,207,770 gallons of wine, were consumed in the United Kingdom, that is to say, four bottles of spirits were drunk to every bottle of wine ; while, in the department of Saone and Loire, 74 bottles of wine are consumed to every bottle of spirits. The number of whole- sale dealers in wines and spirits in the department varies from 270 to 381. The number of distillers appears to have gradually declined from 128 (in 1824) to 54, which existed in 1833. The Land Tax Department states (Appendix XLI.) that of 857,678 hectares, Burgundy wine. Appendix No. XXXIX. Appendix No. XL. Appendix No. XLI. 118 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Burgundy wines. of which the Saone and Loire consists, the quantity planted in vines is 36,000 hectares ; in 1803, the quantity was supposed to be 34,700 hectares, but the esti- mate is now believed to have been considerably exaggerated. The average produce is calculated at 19 hectolitres per hectare, which should give 684,000 hectolitres for the whole department. The estimated value is 13 fr. per hectolitre, making 247 fr. per hectare, thus giving an annual gross revenue of about nine millions of francs, on which there is an outlay of 60 per cent., leaving to the proprietors a net revenue of about 3^- millions of francs. The statements of the Mayor of Beaune, as to the produce of the department, the various qualities and prices of wines, and other useful information, are given in Appendix Appendix XLII. No. XLII. The best quality of Burgundy wine is undoubtedly that of Romanee Conti, a small vineyard, Avhose produce is not brought into the market. Its extent is about If hectare, and it was sold to M. Ouvrard for 80,000 francs. The Clos Vougeot of 50 hectares produced 1,200,000 francs. On the subject of the wines of a very important part of Burgundy, I can hardly do better than transcribe the following : — Notes on the Wines of Macon and Beaujolais, in Answer to the Questions addressed by Dr. Bowrincj to Mr. A. Delahante, Receiver General of the Department of the Rhone. The wines of Macon and the Beaujolais hold a middle rank between the fine wines of Burgundy \ and the heady wines of the borders of the Rhone. They are generally fit for drinking at the end of eighteen months or two years, but they are still better when older, and keep perfectly well, on an ave- rage, for seven or eight years. Their peculiar character is that of bearing an admixture of water better than any other French wine. When mixed with water, they do not lose their vinous taste, and do not become flat and insipid like most other wines. This quality, added to their moderate price, renders them, as common wines, more in use for all persons who seek an agreeable and healthy beverage, and whose taste is not destroyed by the use of spirituous wines, and of strong liquors. These wines are subdivided into the wines of the Maconnais and of the CSte Chalonnaise, in the Department of the Saone and Loire, and into wines of the Beaujolais, in the Department of the Rhone (the arrondissement of Villefranche only). As to the wines of the Lyonnais, properly so called, that is to say, of the arrondissement of Lyons, they are usually wines of an inferior quality, which are consumed only on the spot. The wines of the Cote Chalonnaise more nearly resemble the fine wines of Burgundy than the wines of Macon, and are lighter with water. The red wines of the Beaujolais are generally rather better than those of Macon. The white wines of Macon, known under the general name of wines of Pouilly, are superior in qua- lity to the red wines, and fitter for exportation to a distance; but the vintage is much smaller in quan- tity than that of the red wines. The principal exportation of the wines of Macon and of the Beaujolais, as generally speaking of all the wines of Burgundy, was formerly to Belgium. This commerce was entirely lost by the separation of Belgium and France, or at least on the establishment in Belgium of duties equivalent to a prohibi- tion. The present sales are limited to the Northern Departments in France, Flanders, Artois, Picardy, a part of Normandy, and particularly Paris. For some years past, Lyons, which consumed only the hot wines of the South, returning to its sober and temperate taste, has hegun also to consume many of the wines of Macon and Beaujolais, but generally of an inferior quality. The cultivation of the vine in the Maconnais and in the Beaujolais is greatly improved within a few years. Many uncultivated grounds have been planted. The produce of the existing vines has been increased by a better method of training. The application of manure has been better under- stood, and there is no doubt that the quantity produced has become more considerable. But there would be great increase in vineyard planting if the sales were more considerable, and especially if the exportation into foreign countries could receive an important increase. The cultivation of the vine is carried on by an equal division of the produce between the proprie- tors and the cultivators; these latter are, indeed, a species of participating colonists, who are termed Vignerons. This method, by establishing a community of interest between the proprietor and the labourer, tends to render their relations frequent and paternal. It attaches the cultivator to the ground, equally with the proprietor himself, and in some respects removes him from the class of dependent workmen. From it also arises a numerous population of men patient, laborious, obedient to the laws, and who offer every moral guarantee for the public tranquillity ; and we may also observe that, in every circumstance of political change, the peaceful and loyal habits of the Vignerons have not been inter- rupted. This class in general is not unprosperous. All those who have the habits of labour and economy live at their ease — it is certain that within the last twenty years civilization has made great progress amongst them. There are few of the old people who know how to read, and few of the young who cannot do so. They begin to live rather better than they formerly did: their wants are attribut- able to the dearness of articles of consumption, of which they are deprived, such as meat, which they very rarely eat, and iron, of which they use large quantities for their farming. They sometimes suffer from the want of sale for their productions. According to the statements of the Administration of Survey, (Cadastre) the vine in the Depart- ments of Saone and Loire occupies an extent of 47,000 hectares. This information is wanting for the Beaujolais. Each hectare of vines represents a capital of from five to six thousand francs on an ave- rage. The expense of cultivation may be estimated, everything included, at about 200 francs the hectare. The labour of each Vigneron comprises nearly two hectares, and occupies a whole family, BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 110 which may be computed at five individuals. This thru makes a population of 117,500 inhabitants for 47,000 hectares; which is one of the noblest results of civilization that could be obtained. There is no doubt that if the English people, renouncing - the use of strong- liquors, should become more sober and more temperate, and acquire a taste for an agreeable and wholesome beverage, water and wine, the wines of Macon would become a considerable object of importation into England as into Belgium, always with the understanding that they might be introduced on such conditions as would not prevent their consumption. Wine is an article fitly chosen for taxation, because it may be very exten- sively used, without being absolutely necessary, and because its value is so inconsiderable as to allow a duty to be added to it without restricting its consumption. This principle of taxation upon articles of consumption is applicable to all countries — to England as well as to others. In order to produce all that it is capable of producing, the tariff must be calculated so as to allow consumption to take all the extension of which it is susceptible. A duty on the consumption of wine ought to be still more pro- ductive in England than any where else, supposing always that the consumption might become general there, inasmuch as this production being foreign, the duty would be collected on its importa- tion — hence, the collection would neither be so difficult nor so burthensome as in the countries where it is produced, and fraud would be in some measure impossible. The only fraud to be apprehended would be that of importation by smuggling ; but the bulk of this commodity is too considerable to allow such an introduction to be very easy ; and, besides, if the duty be moderate enough not to injure the con- sumption, it would at the same time be too inconsiderable to offer a sufficient premium to contraband trading. It is not possible to establish au ad valorem duty on wines. Their value is too hypothetical and too arbitrary. The most skilful connoisseurs cannot recognise the immense quantities of imperceptible shades, and essentially varying differences, which exist amongst the multifarious qualities of wines. Whatever may be the reasonings of theory, they fall completely before experience — all tasting for the sake of fixing the quality and the value of the wine, and consequently the amount of duty to which it would be liable, is illusory and impossible. The administration of indirect taxes has long since aban- doned it in France, and acknowledges the impossibility of returning to it, notwithstanding the ignorant and sterile avidity of its fiscal ideas. The only possible method of taxing wines is then on the quantity, without regard to quality. There is even a fiscal advantage in thus acting, because an ad valorem duty would become too considerable on wines of a higher price, and would prevent their consumption. The only distinction which it would be possible to establish, if desired, and it is done in France at the entrance into the towns, is that of wines in cask and wines in bottle. The latter are rightly supposed to be of superior value to the former, and might be more highly taxed, but great care must always be taken that the duty shall be moderate enough not to injure its consumption. It is asserted that the quantity of wines of Macon fit for exportation may be estimated at from 40 to 50 thousand hectolitres a year. In this number are comprised only wines of the first quality, or, at least, those of the first and second. For the last fifteen years, with the exception of one or two years of very remarkable qualities, the prices have experienced no great variations. A considerable fluctuation in the prices is commonly only the result of a year of dearth, which raises them, or an absence of quality, which lowers them. Notwithstanding the two very abundant vintages of 1833 and 1834, the stock is not excessive — the low price of wines having singularly augmented the home consumption. There are few old wines, but the new wines remain wholly in the cellars of the producers. 12th September, 1834. The department of the Drome produced, according to the returns of the admi- Drome, nistration of indirect taxes, In 1831 . 205-500 hectolitres 1832 . 187-500 1833 . 300-900 693-900 Average 231 -300 hectolitres. To this department belong the famous hermitage wines, whicli are grown on an elevation behind the town of Tain. Portions of the vineyards there have been sold at 70,000 francs per hectare. The produce of the Cote is from 900 to 1,400 hogsheads per annum. Of the department of the Bouches du Rhone, the following are the returns furnished by Mr. Allaire, the director of the indirect taxes for the arrondissements of Marseille, Aries, and Aix. I Years. Marseille. Aries, . Aix. 1 1825 239,934 104,000 150,000 1826 190,000 60 , 000 120,000 1827 195,000 80,000 120,000 1828 200,000 95,000 160,000 1829 210,000 84,966 150,000 1830 196,500 40,382 120,000 1831 190,500 69,920 157,000 1832 200,000 51,947 131 ,000 1833 240,000 103,827 170,000 1834 260,000 110,000 not returned. 2,121,934 800,042 1,278,000 Average 212,193 80,004 142 000 120 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Gard. Appendix No. XLIII. Herault. Appendix No. XLIV. Appendix No. XLV. The department of the Gard ranks fourth in wine production, giving on an average about 1,200,000 hectolitres. Bitter complaints exist there of the conse- quences of the prohibitory system, which, while on the one hand it closes foreign markets to the wines of France, compels the Avine growers on the other to enormous sacrifices on the articles they consume. In June 1834, a committee was formed at Nismes, for the purpose of obtaining relief from the vexations of the fiscal laws of France, and for co-operating with other committees for the extension of com- mercial relations with foreign countries. The declaration and resolutions of the vineyard proprietors of the Gard are given in Appendix XLIII. The department of the Herault produces an annual average of from two to two and a half millions of hectolitres of wine, one-third of which is sold for consumption and export, and two-thirds are converted into brandy. The primitive price of the former in the hands of the wine grower does not exceed eight francs per hectolitre, which is less than fourpence per gallon. The price of brandy on first hands is less than sixty francs per hectolitre, which is somewhat less than 2s. 3d. per gallon. Details as to price of produce furnished by the authorities are in the Appen- dix XLIV. Cette is the principal port of shipment for the Herault department. It has naturally lent its co-operation (Appendix XLV.) for obtaining an extension of the foreign relations of France. What follows are the opinions of one of the principal houses (Lichtenstein and Vialars) as to the facilities it offers for the exportation of wines. " The wines of France exportable from the port of Cette are as follow : — 1. — MUSCADELS. Rivesaltes produces from 60 to 70 hogsheads of 90 veltes, say from 5,000 to 7,000 veltes. It fetches a high price on account of the smallness of the production. Frontignac produces from 300 to 400 hogsheads of 90 veltes, say 27,000 to 36,000 veltes. In 1829, the hail-storms injured the vineyards considerably, and reduced the quantity produced. The wines of Frontignac do not fetch a price equivalent to that obtained by those of Rivesaltes. Lunel produces 120 to 150 hogsheads of 90 veltes, say from 10,000 to 14,000 ; a richer, but not so strongly bodied wine as the Frontignac. Bezieres and its neighbourhood give 600 to 700 hogsheads of 90 veltes, say 54,000 to 63,000 veltes in all. Among them are superior muscadel wines, particularly from Maraussan, which resemble those of Rivesaltes and Frontignac. Many of the lower wines are very agreeable if immediately used, but suffer much by keeping. 4 Red Frontignac; the quantity is small, not exceeding 10 to 15 hogsheads, or from 900 to 1,300 veltes. Its rarity creates for it a considerable demand. 2. — FINE RED WINES. Chateauneuf du Pape gives 1,200 hogsheads of 90 veltes, or 108,000 veltes. Chateau la Nerthe . 45 to 50 . . . 4,000 to 5,000 , , Langlade produces St. George , , St. Drezeri , , Tavel St. Gilles Roussillon 3.— RED TABLE WINES. 1,500 to 1,600 to 400 to 1,500 to 12,000 to 15,000 20,000 to 25,000 1,800 hogsheads of 90 veltes, 1,800 500 1,600 r 135,000 to 140,000 to 36,000 to 135,000 to 1,080,000 to 1,350,000 1,800,000 to 2,250,000 162,000 veltes. 162,000 , , 45,000 , , 144,000 , . Roussillon Piccardan and La Marine La Montagne Laudun Clairette of Calvisson neighbourhood . 4.— WHITE WINES. 200 hogsheads . 3,000 1,000 to 1,200 300 and | 300 18,000 veltes. . 270,000 90,000 to 108,000 27,000 27,000 These are the principal natural and superior wines of the district. But wines intended to imitate Port, Sherry, Madeira, and Figueiras, are made in large quantities from the lower qualities, and are principally the result either of volcanic strata, of the introduction of the Portuguese and Spanish grapes, and of the mode of cultivation en echalas instead of being trained on espaliers close to the ground, as is the ordinary practice in France. The management of the fermentation — of the casking — exposure to the sun — and a large admixture of alcohol, have given to these wines a character analogous to those which form the great consumption of the British islands. It is estimated that the production of the wine-growing departments in the neighbourhood of Cette is not less than — BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 121 Herault Gard Aude Oriental Pyrenees 500,000 hogsheads, or 45,000,000 veltes. 250,000 „ 22,500,000 „ 400,000 „ 36,000,000 „ 200,000 „ 18,000,000 „ 1,350,000 1:21,500,000 The consumption of these departments, according to the returns of the octroi, which, however, only exhibit that portion of the consumption which has paid duty, show, upon the whole of the population, an average of 30 veltes per annum per individual, that is somewhat more than two-thirds of a bottle per day; and therefore more than one-fifth of the whole produce is drunk in the localities. About one-half of the whole is distilled into brandy, for which purpose the lowest qualities are selected ; about three-tenths are therefore left for foreign demand, and there would be no difficulty in shipping 100,000 hhds. or 9,000,000 of veltes, for distant markets, of wines similar to Sherry, Madeira, Fi- gueiras, Port, &c. Demand is alone wanting, and the reduction of duties in England, which would at once awaken attention, and bring with it those modifications in the culture, preparation, and ship- ment of our wines, which are necessary to suit them to British tastes. There has been little motive hitherto; but an impulse would soon be given, production would spread, quality would accommodate itself, and a large extension of trade would be the inevitable con- sequence. We believe, that of the qualities most approved in England, Cette alone would be able soon to furnish 50,000 pipes annually, at a price very much lower than that paid at present by the consumer. The whole of Languedoc would be brought into competition, and its various qualities and charac- teristics would soon dispute the palm with the wines of Bordeaux and Burgundy. Motive is wanting now — the motive of remunerating prices. The English market would give that motive. An arpent of 30 ares for wine in a thirsty soil, as that of St. George, Langlade, St. Drezeri, &c. will produce one hogshead of the value of 60 francs. An arpent of corn land given to ordinary vine cultivation will produce, per 30 ares, 5 hhds., which, at 45 francs, render 225 francs. The expenses are about the same for the thirsty soil as of difficult cultivation, and cannot be esti- mated at less than 40 francs. Thus the owner of the land which produces common wine will get 185 francs of annual revenue, and the owner of the superior producing land only 20 francs. It is every man's obvious interest, there-- fore, to raise the inferior article, and will be so till the foreign demand comes for the superior. Eng- land would render us this immense service ; — England, whose encouragement has been the primary cause of the great advance on the value of the Me'doc wines, and which might communicate the same beneficial results to the Languedocian districts. Thus would be a very obvious classification for the wines of Languedoc : — 1. Wines of high price — Vins de Luxe. 2. Wines as ordinarily shipped. 3. Wines in imitation of the strong-bodied wines of Spain and Portugal, strengthened by alcohol. Vins de Luxe — Rivesaltes Frontignac Lunel Red Lunel fr.350 per 30 veltes 250 240 280 Ladies' Wines. Chateauneuf du Pape Chateau de la Nerthe Ordinary Wines — Langlade St. George St. Drezeri Tavel . St. Gilles Red Roussillon Dry White Roussillon ,, Picardan Sweet „ Laudun Calvisson Claret ^240 Fr3 ! VelteS } C!firets - fr.120 per 45 veltes] 120 ,, I Clarets. 115 „ J fr. 125 per 36 veltes Resemble Burgundy. fr. 125 per 45 veltes] T) , , „ , , _.. 150 1 > Resemble Portugal Wines. 150 160 130 150 Largely consumed in Ger- many. fr. 125 per 36 veltes] 124 45 Table Wines. Imitative Wines — Sherry Madeira Figueiras Port fr. 110 j per pipe, of 96 to 100 gallons Imperij 300] and brandied for consumption. prepared 2001 Wines to which the Portuguese mode of culture and 275] preparation has been applied. Old Yellow Brazilian Wines, fr. 1301 per pipe, of 115 gallons, strengthened with New Red „ 120] brandy." The department of the Aude, of which Carcassonne is the capital, has become of late a large distilling district ; its produce in wine has fluctuated from 606,000 (1834) to 967,000 (1830) hectolitres within the last five years. The small vintage of 1834, is, however, attributed to the frost of the month of April, which did serious injury to the budding vines. The number of hectares in cultivation in Aude. 2 H 122 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS Appendix No. XL VI. Appendix- No. XLVII. Upper Garonne. Appendix No. XLVIII. Appendix No. XLIX. Appendix No. L, Appendices No. LI. to LVII. 1830 was 49,691, (Appendix No. XLVI.) the average production 831,049 hecto- litres, so that the vintage gives as a general result about 18f hectolitres per hectare. In 1833, 460,960 hectolitres of wine were converted into spirits in the depart- ment of the Aude, and in the first nine months of 1834, 365,370 hectolitres. . The wines of the arrondissement of Limoux are employed for the table, and seldom dis- tilled except (as in 1833) the quality has been deteriorated. (Appendix No. XLVII.) The department of the Upper Garonne produces, on an average of ten years, 438,967 hectolitres of wines. (Appendix No. XLVIII.) The wine is of middling quality, excepting that of Fronton, Villandrie, and a few other cantons, whose pro- duce is superior to the rest. The arrondissements of St. Gaudens and Villefranche do not produce enough for their own consumption, which is completed by supplies from Lower Languedoc and the neighbouring districts. The arrondissement of Muret produces more than it consumes. In that of Toulouse the supply and demand are about equal ; but the town of Toulouse is a considerable depot for Languedocian wines. The wines of Fronton and Villandrie are in favourable seasons purchased by the Bordeaux merchants to mix with their clarets. It scarcely answers to convert the wines of the Upper Garonne into brandies. They are little celebrated for their spirituous qualities, and from 14 to 15 hectolitres of wine must be used to obtain one hectolitre of alcohol. A few distilleries in the Toulouse and Muret districts convert from seven to 8000 hectolitres of wine into 450 to 509 hectolitres of alcohol. In 1833, the abundance of the vintage, the bad quality and low prices of the wine, led to the distillation of brandy, which has been either consumed for domestic uses, or employed for strengthening the inferior wines. Of late the habit of distilling spirits for their own consumption is much adopted by wine growers, and this species of conversion naturally escapes the cognizance of inquirers. The transit trade of Toulouse is great. Its position at the extremity of the Southern Canal, and on the Garonne, when the river is navigable, makes it one of the principal points of supply for Bayonne, Bordeaux, Havre, Orleans, and Paris ; but of the wines so expedited, only a small part are of local production. The merchants at Toulouse have come to resolutions favourable to free trade. (Appendix No. XLIX.) As illustrative of the situation to which the port and trade of Bayonne have been reduced by local circumstances, and by the operation of existing custom-house laws, I have inserted in the Appendix No. L. the report made to the Government in 1834, by the Chamber of Commerce. It contains many particulars illustrative of the state of trade in its details, and I have given it as an example of the rest of reports which are made from time to time by the Chambers of Commerce to the public authorities. I have had frequent occasion to refer to the great change which has taken place in France with respect to the results of the protecting and prohibitory system, and the anxious desire that has been expressed for its correction and modification. In the Appendix I have collected a series of interesting documents from the principal commercial authorities, to which I refer with peculiar satisfaction, because I have had personal intercourse with most of those intelligent and enlightened men who have taken the lead in discussions of such deep and general interest — men who desire that the peace so happily established between two great and once-opposing nations should bring with it its natural consequence — the common prosperity, — men whose influence is daily spreading — whose labours are better and better appre- ciated, Aid whose motives are more and more highly honoured. The merchants of the various parts of France — the most intelligent of the manufacturers — the en- lightened agriculturists and wine-growers, have co-operated in the furtherance of .the great objects which would replace the legislation of hostility and monopoly, by that of peace and liberty. To the labours of the different Committees and Chambers of Commerce of Havre and Boulogne I venture especially to call the attention of your Lordships as to the representations of the wine-growers, of which I have introduced some additional and interesting examples. (Appendices No. LI. to LVII.) The modifications which have taken place during the year 1834 on the custom- house tariff of France will be found in the two reports from the Minister of BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 123 Commerce to the King of the French, dated the 2d June and 8th July, 1834. (Appendices No. LVIII. and LXX.) These exhibit further advances in the way of Nq Lvin d &LXX commercial liberality, and promise a new era when apprehensions and misrepre- sentations shall be disarmed by the irresistible evidence of substantial tacts. The Inquiry which has been instituted by the Minister before the Supreme Council of Commerce will infallibly be useful in its results ; and may be regarded as one of the consequences of that changed state of opinion which is obvious to all observers. I did not feel myself warranted in introducing the proceedings of the Council into this Report while the investigations were incomplete, and the immediate results undecided ; but the known and often-avowed opinions of the Minister of Com- merce — the state of the public mind — and, more than both these, the great national and popular interests of France, will, it may be hoped, be found mighty enough to overthrow a state of things in which enormous sacrifices are made by the many to the few, by which the wealth, the intelligence, and the activity of a great nation are misdirected from their natural and productive channels into those of narrow interests, pre-emption, and monopoly. A summary of the trade between the United Kingdom and France for the years 1831, 1832, and 1833, I owe to the unwearied diligence of Mr. Irving. (Appendix Appendix No. LX.) The document represents only the direct trade with France, but it gives No - LX - evidence of a tendency to increase which cannot but be satisfactory to the com- mercial interests of the two countries. The diminished amount of imports, which in 1833 were about half a million less than in 1831, is to be attributed to the non-importation of corn, of which £230,153 were imported in 1831, and only £1142 in 1833 ; and to the diminished importation of thrown and dyed silk, of which £736,760 was imported in 1831, and only £259,034 in 1833 ; while of brandy, raw silk, silk manufactures,g loves, &c, there has been an increase in the following proportions : — 1831. 1831. 1833. 1833. Brandy £183,063 = 1 ,337 ,959 «;als. £328, 392 — 2,410,711 gals. Raw Silk .... 498,355 = 1,150,584 lbs. 552,941 = 1 ,316,257 lbs. Silk Manufactures . . 416,195 510,086 Gloves 29,234 = 1 , 169 , 377 pair. 35,569 = 1 ,422,634 pair. Of the exports to France there is the same progress of improvement, as the following examples will show : — 1831. Value. 1833. Value. Coals, 33,686 tons .... £ 31,833 Coals, 45,218 tons .... 109,419 . 190,025 9,761 16,939 Wool, 3,847 cwts 15,387 Wool, 12,716 cwts Cotton Twist, 2,616 lbs. . . . 234 Cotton Twist, 98,193 lbs. . . 8,767 Linen Yarn, 17,503 lbs. . . . 938 Linen Yarn, 867.288 lbs. . . 46,462 Thrown Silk, none Thrown Silk, 1,218 lbs. . . . 1,218 Silk Yarn and Twist, 21,600 lbs. 21,600 Silk Yarn and Twist, 65,607 lbs . 65,607 Steel, 1,775 cwts 2,529 Steel, 3,849 cwt 5,485 Tin Plates Cotton Goods, 2,221,150 yards . 97,697 Cotton Goods, 6,290,743 yards . . 262,642 Hardware, 3,901 cwts. 10,783 44 18,476 3,366 1,184 Silk Goods 33,402 Raw Silk, 780 lbs 614 Raw Silk, 20,976 lbs. . . . 78,360 I have given in Appendix No. LXI. a document showing on an average of seven Appendix years, from 1824 to 1830, the bearing of the custom-house tariff on the different No. LXIs parts of France, and the relative proportion between the amount of duties paid, and the extent of soil and population. The following is the result of the comparison: — 2 I 124 SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS REGIONS. TOPICS. North. West. Centres. East. South. Total. 0,528 0,094 0,022 0,356 1 ,000 1 0,420 0,042 0,063 0,475 1,000 0,530 0,093 0,023 0,354 1,000 0,442 0,098 0,086 0,107 0,267 i,oooj Number of Inhabitants per 1000 hec-| 1,410 528 429 697 597 „ 600 0,338 0,108 0,115 0,101 0,338 1,000 0,539 0,084 0,060 0,095 0,222 1,000 0,504 0,107 0,068 0,075 0,246 1,000 0,560 0,074 0,055 0,106 0,205 1,000 J Appendix Before I conclude, I beg reference to a statement (Appendix No. LXII.) bearing No. LXII, closely alike upon the questions of agricultural and manufacturing industry of France. It is a table of the exports and imports of wheat during 45 years, namely, from 1778 to 1833. It would appear that during the whole of this time, comprising 16,425 days, the whole balance of wheat imported amounts to only 64 days' consumption, or in other words, to 4-1 OOOths of the wheat employed. That in the year (1789), when the largest importation took place, the whole importation did not exceed 14 days' consumption, while the largest exports of France (in 1780 and 1814) have never gone beyond ten days' consumption ; but in a period of 45 years the whole amount of importation has been a consumption for 212 days, while in the same period the whole amount of exportation did not exceed the con- sumption of 148 days. The estimated value of the imports over the exports is 634,132,738 fr., or about £25,000,000 sterling, which, spread over a period of 45 years, and a population of 27,000,000, gives for each individual a payment to the foreign grower of 4f d. per annum for the total sum of foreign wheat introduced. I cannot conclude this Report without expressing my grateful sense of the im- portant assistance rendered me on every occasion by Earl Granville, the British Ambassador at Paris, — assistance, without which any exertions of mine would have lost their efficiency and value. Paris, November 18, 1834. 125 ■r APPENDICES TO SECOND EEPOET ON THE COMMEECIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. W I N E. 126 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX Results published by the " Societe de Statistique" of the Number of Hectares planted with Vines; with a Series of Comparisons previous Ordinal Numbers. Names of the Departments in alphabetical order. Number o planted vi i 1788 " Hectares ith Vines a 1829 1 I Iu Hectolitres in the folio 1786 to 1788 Produce on an average, wing Years, 1826 to 1828 Per each in Hec that 1788 Hectare tolitres, s, in 1829 Hectares. Hectares. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. 1 Ain .... 13,346 18,992 333,650 626,736 25 32 2 Aisne .... 8,566 7,897 248,414 284,302 29 36 3 Allier .... 10,843 14,960 173,488 430,100 16 28 4 Alpes (Lower) . 5,138 5,631 69,363 92,911 13 16 5 Alpes (Upper). 5,130 4,750 83,790 95,000 16 20 c O Ardeche. 12,800 24,406 256,000 610,150 20 25 7 Ardennes 1,746 1,828 84,688 96,884 48 53 8 Arriegc .... 6,896 7,232 89,648 108,480 13 15 9 Aube .... 15,471 16,084 355,833 651 ,402 23 40 10 Aude .... 29.312 51,079 359.072 664,027 12 13 11 Aveyron. 9,821 13,957 205^410 297,856 21 22 12 Douches du Rhone . 32,672 37,867 416,829 530.138 12 14 13 Cantal .... 153 388 3,672 11,640 24 30 14 Charente 75,000 112,640 775,000 1,745,920 10 15 15 vviidi cli lc 1 H 1 1c I lc LIT c 1 • 81 000 1 701 OOO 0 qq.> c.00 21 28 16 Cher .... 9! 904 11 ,694 183,224 284,544 18 24 17 Correze . . . 10.995 13,893 148.432 201,448 13 14 18 Creuse .... 8.861 11,908 234,816 291.746 26 24 19 Coted'Or 17.658 20,548 314,203 519.522 17 25 20 Dordogne 56,000 70,000 448^000 700.000 8 10 21 Doubs .... 7,400 8,500 140,600 233,750 19 27 22 Drome .... 16.250 24.371 154,375 316,823 9 13 23 Eure .... 1,973 1 ,679 19.730 29,628 10 18 24 Eure et Loir . 4.696 3.318 314,632 262,122 67 79 25 Gard .... 51,151 69,525 741,689 1,181,925 14 17 26 Garonne (Upper) 40.500 54,000 324,000 486,000 8 9 27 Gers . . 62,000 80,000 802,000 1,120,000 13 14 28 Gironde .... 135,000 140-000 2,700,000 2,800,000 20 20 29 Herault .... 63,650 124,800 1,129,811 2,766,285 17 22 30 Ille et Vilaine . 148 145 3,990 4,350 27 30 31 Indre .... 14,020 18,000 227,825 333^000 16 18 32 Indre et Loir . 26,000 37,657 372,666 753,140 14 20 33 Isere .... 9,137 10,956 328,578 393,320 35 36 34 Jura .... 15.155 17,041 284,156 602,115 18 35 35 Landes .... 15,475 19,230 232,125 365,370 15 19 36 Loir et Cher . 22,473 22,854 284,298 959,868 26 42 37 Loire .... 6,778 13,556 54,224 135,560 8 10 38 Loire (Upper) . . 4,800 5,184 81,600 88,128 17 17 39 Loire (Lower) . . . 30,000 35,000 900,000 1,610,000 23 46 40 Loiret .... 32,446 36,340 648,920 1,526,280 20 42 41 Lot .... 36,500 44,500 310,250 467,250 8 10 42 Lot et Garonne 55,000 71,000 522.500 1,029.500 9 14 43 Lozere .... 2,020 1,928 48,480 53,502 24 27 44 Maine et Loire 26.797 31,790 401 .905 540,430 15 17 45 Marne .... 20,354 19,589 651.328 901,094 32 46 46 Maine (Upper) 11 .847 14,936 331,716 712,318 28 47 47 Mayenne . . 1,600 780 17,600 8,580 11 11 48 Mnurthe. 12,710 15,990 571,950 975,390 45 61 49 Meuse .... 11,858 12,746 341,669 641,548 30 50 50 Morbihan . . 100 51 Moselle .... *4,938 5,301 229, 148 315.359 '46* 59* 52 Nievre .... 8,816 9,897 227,012 341,343 25 35 53 Oise .... 3,695 2,525 115,776 81,641 31 32 54 Puy de Dome . 17,112 21,160 290,904 465,520 17 22 55 Pyrenees (Lower) . 18,525 23,175 • 310,630 428,737 17 18 56 Pyrenees (Upper) • . 12,338 15,297 246,760 367,128 20 24 57 Pyrenees Orientales . 26,000 39,526 195,000 355,734 7 9 58 Rhin (Lower). . . 11,601 13,019 487,242 650,950 42 50 1 59 Rhin (Upper) ... 9,415 12,572 386.015 733,366 41 58 60 Rhone .... 22,948 30,452 550,752 837,430 24 27 61 Saone (Upper) . . 12,809 13,850 262,584 533,225 26 26 62 Saone et Loire 30,000 38,872 780,000 1,020,390 20 38 63 Sarthe .... 8 .780 10,453 98 ,775 148,955 11 14 64 Seine .... 2,828 3,017 107,464 150,850 38 50 65 Seine et Marne 13,750 12,970 458,333 562,033 33 43 66 Seine et Oise . . . 15,451 13,331 563,961 549,237 36 41 67 Sevres (Deux) . 13,700 20,150 191,800 327,437 14 16 68 Tarn .... 25.500 30,594 255,000 336,534 10 11 69 Tarn et Garonne 25,000 40,000 275,000 480,000 11 12 70 Var 41,027 50,726 697,459 1,014.520 17 20 71 Vaucluse 31 ,000 37.000 189,100 230,700 6 6 72 Vendee .... 12.500 16,471 162,500 263,536 13 16 73 Vienne .... 20,518 28,491 400,101 758,257 19 27 74 Vienne (Upper) 2.031 9,643 42,651 183,217 21 19 75 Vusges .... 2 932 4,246 73,300 166,443 25 39 76 Yonne . . . 32' 168 37,212 739,864 1,116,360 23 30 Totals for the 76 Wine "1 Districts . . . / 1,574,432 2,026,219 27,761,280 44,951,484 21 27-J-A- RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 127 No. I. the Number of Vineyard Proprietors; the Produce of Wine in France; its Value and Consumption ; to and since the Revolution. Number of Sold in the Number OBSERVATIONS. Approximative Value Hectolitres Home and of the The following Districts are ranked in of the consumed Foreign Proprietors each Department, according to their ap- Production of the Wines by the Trade, or of Vineyards proximative produce of Hectolitres of in Inhabitants distilled into on the Wine, on an average from 1826 to 1828. in 1829 Brandy, in 1st January, The figures represent thousands : — 1788 1829 1829 1830 read Belley 266,000 hectolitres, &c. Francs. Francs. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Proprietors. 4,759.368 10,314,615 294,376 332,360 22, 120 Belley 266, Bourg 214. Chateau Thierry 125. 3,115,460 6,814,376 221 ,648 62,654 16,579 2,314,447 7,813,428 182,060 248,040 16,409 Gannat 157. 914,219 1 ,489,316 92,911 • 12,329 856,863 1,336,208 95,000 10,838 Gap 58, Embrun 36. 3,454,316 10,473,108 189,475 420,675 43,300 L'Argentiere 301. 1,346,488 1 ,892,768 96,884 • 6,871 Vouziers 51, Bethel 37. 910,579 1,618,216 108,480 • 10,360 Pamiers 92, Foix 9. 4,734,723 11,221,262 326,419 324,983 21,727 Bar sur Seine 332. 2,619,814 7, 149,450 289,119 374,908 47,826 Narbonne 287. 3,251 ,762 5,351 240 297, S56 15,168 Villefranche 92, Rodez 87. 5,198,782 8,318,640 261,762 268,376 42,556 Marseille 141. 35,048 139,688 11,640 • • 520 6,865.215 16,212,119 498,552 1 ,247,368 92,936 Angouleme 812, Cognac 730. 14,423,157 32,639,418 715,443 2,277,057 35,000 Larochelle 926, Saiotes 734. 2,863,412 5,714 080 156,213 128,331 28,850 Bourges 109, St. Amand 102. 1,596,218 3,254,711 153,771 47,677 15,196 Brives 185, Tulles 16. 2,817,352 4,429,567 173,259 118,487 14,509 7,816,395 14,769,365 314,615 204,907 32,600 Beaune 211, Dijon 142. 5,749,182 12,623,923 319,479 380,521 79,323 Bergerac 251, Sailat 175. 2,017,782 4,263,929 233,750 • 17,600 Besanjon 181, Baume 47. 2,328,536 5,932,613 245,633 71,190 48,000 Montelimar 197, Valence 179. 405,291 684,276 29,628 • • 2,000 Les Andelys 14, Evreux 8. 5,263,109 5 , 139, 144 197,267 64,855 8,593 6,914,026 12,306,190 319,826 862,099 53,767 Nimes 847, Uses 157, Alais 11. 4,017,558 6,933,819 241,469 244,531 36,750 Toulouse 201, Muret 162. 5,976,846 11 ,258,436 433,895 686,105 69,340 Condom 468, Auch 248. 36,917,673 49,102,324 361.761 2,438,239 60,000 (Libourne 928, Bordeaux 657, 1378, \ Montpelier 910. 9,485,628 30,194,358 231,319 2,534,966 76,071 34,931 52,176 4,350 633 2,724,634 5,412,158 159,457 173,543 20,000 Chateauroux 121, Issoudun 93. 4,819,581 12,453,410 316,410 436,730 19,000 Tours 488, Chinon 195. 4,781,297 7,048,156 239,351 153,969 8,700 Grenoble 137, Vienne 129. 5,715,635 9,974,187 131,742 470,373 26,000 Lons le Saulnier 290. 2,106,417 4^517,228 175,218 190, 152 11,745 St. Sever 238. 6,047,953 12,784,596 149,305 810,563 22,000 Blois 697, Vendome 192. 923,136 2,701,048 121,316 14,244 20,000 Roane 69, St. Etienne 34. 876,128 1.247.382 88,128 • 10,035 6,915,752 14,028,625 291,312 1,318,688 30,000 Nantes 1,171, Paimboeuf 187. 8,710,667 27,147,196 260,119 1,266,161 31,040 Orleans 786, Pithiviers 417. 5,194,372 8,794,762 207,311 259,939 31,000 Cahors 786, Figeac 108. Marmande 539, Agen 211. 8,159,821 20,714.225 318,524 710,976 58,521 641,319 915,672 53,502 • • 2,370 6,314,395 10,106,782 131,052 409,378 43 , 040 Saumur 206, Angers 178. 12,579,610 25,307,579 272,106 628,988 27,018 Reims 384, Epernay 328. 3,815,231 9,873,182 195,218 517,100 31,313 Chaumont 274, Langres 206. Chateau Gontier. 194,850 123,521 8>,580 1,250 6,175,662 13,124,187 451,316 524,074 35,140 Toul 422, Nancy 356. Bar le Due 349. 4,795,187 10,374,195 309,428 • 332,120 30,190 1 ,476 Vannes. 3,216,953 5,744,219 194,226 121,133 15,050 Mets 235, Thionville 61. 3,546,915 6,673,081 189,223 152, 120 21,570 Cosne 131, Clamery 93. 3,069,133 2,672,838 81,641 • 29,801 Compiegne 40, Beauvais 21. 4,810,460 9,718,395 193,415 104,953 272,105 52,000 Clermont 206, Issoire 124. 3,681,509 6,579,156 323,784 26,671 Orthez 137, Pau 107. 2,438,187 4,641,266 112,370 254,758 23,880 Tarbes 306, Bagneres 58. o,4/U,319 T .1*7 1 A r\ t 7,471,431 189,534 209,437 166,200 26,800 Perpignan 279, Prades 75. 7,378,257 12,073,256 441,513 39,171 Seblestat 284, Strasbourg 167 4,107,580 10,544,607 237, 118 496,248 36,266 Colmar 596, Altkircb. 89. 9,074,360 18,586,030 119,315 718,115 29,163 Villefranche 522, Lyon 314. Oj / D.J j 1ZO 1U ,3'J 1 ,0/ 1 211,120 322, 100 26,165 Gray 284, Vesoul 170. Maion 436, Chalons 372. 3,075,851 19,549,369 212,359 808,031 47,190 1,367,020 2,180,320 148,955 16.350 La Fleche 62, Le Mans 41. 1,634.832 2,817,316 150,850 5,580 5,017,343 8,617,190 253,196 308,837 27,100 Meaux 191. Melun 151. 8,233.416 9,743,638 426,671 122,566 94,838 Versailles 324, Pontoise 115. 1.476,218 3,812,670 170,388 157,049 8,450 Niort 135, Bressuire 121. 2,346,118 4,232,691 194,312 142,222 39,276 Gaillac 166. Alby 97. 2,914.370 5,560,310 179,654 300,346 10,000 Castel Sarrasin 240. 6,718,329 12,096,412 315,119 699,401 55,586 Toulon 482, Brigivdles 268. 1,974,558 3,847,613 192,516 38,184 39,280 Orange 84, Apt 57. Fontenav 143. Les Sables 68. 1,218,476 2,753,460 263,536 72,375 3,592,588 8,319,280 239,715 518,542 53,080 Loudon 204, Poitiers 183. 538,256 2,627,318 183,217 3,436 Bellac 93, Limoges 54. 1,014,711 3,015,626 166,443 12,670 Neufchateau 66, Mirecourt 64. 18,316,448 30,618,415 262,718 853,642 41,365 Auxerre 492, Joigny 192. 356,493,059 700,979,908 16,179,256 28,772,223 2,249,246 128 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL CO K .O O C5 CO -T 1 Ol CO OS Ol >— 1 GO © 0 CO 0-3 K ^ to O CO 01 CO O CM , l W O CO o i, CO h O C) K J^H OS -f Tt 1 (— < © Occocoho tl r- ^ © . c c i\ o 5» OS CD CO "nI* CM ?i O CO K CO tC O O K r; lo co co ? KKOK CO 2; co © © co co %d r — - o tO k o O Ol CO CO r-i CO CO O CM N CO C5 'O O N O »0 COCOOOOOcOCTiGO CO "f 01 Ol C! H O O Ol -O O CO «N ^ CO CO t>. CM ' — 1 ' — ' ©©t-^oi©©©© O iO Ol K O O CM —V CO'O-^COOO'TPCO to (O i£5-CJ O COOK o co co lo b*. r->» CO CO T sT" CO CM Ol ooocooooio O I 1 © CO O Ol O CO 0 l K h O O GO O iO 01 Ol CO CO H .C> N f>» CO © rM © In. Ol CM CO CO <-< COOtCOOOOiO COCOOOCOCOH Ol r- 1 Ol h O CO iO i— i £s OS 01 i Ol CO CO 1 HH *>tf I OOCDOCCCOCK^KI-K OiOOCOKOOlO^OCO GO^lOOOOIOICOOOI^OI 1* lO Cl K CO CO N 1< O-l O I'l'HOtM-f^COOC^ CMOlf-iCOOlOl^rOlco tnotoccHOSHCAOo oiooci»ncococoooH ^ciOcoKuovOiairrcoo COCOiH-irHKOOOCCMr-lOl CO GO ^t* © © CO r— ' CM 00 Ol © CMCOhCMo^CDiOOhh eo©©©©©co.— iin©*w iO C O CO r- o .o oi >o o ^ OOlOt-fOHOl^iOl' Ol O >— t to CO ITS CO ""t* CO CO — fi ih.qo in o r- eo ^ to os w to OlCO^COCMCMTf^Tj* OiflOO'l'O^OCCOOl """7* CO in O r— i O © Ol o Ol »o tD CO ^ uO ^ lO O O O Cl iO coo o oo »n O © CO iO CO © GOCOOi— < © CO © in © ts CiiOOOlO-tOiOOCOOlCOO COCMOKOlKCOCiLOCnCOcO^t lOOOlCONCiCOCOOHCOCOH COCO© COOlCOCOOO^OliOOl © © © OCOOlOiOOlr— r— Q5 CO CO rH COCMKr- 1 CM CO r— I Tj< ts»ts.O»fO)r-(©Kf5©QOfcfO>©t>*© Ol O O ci O iO O CO CI O Ol CO KCMOi-COONKOCMCOOCOlO 00 © CM »— 'OltsOlOlCOinr-HOO© © CO CO -f Ol K lO Ol CO CO Ol CO ifi^CN CO © CM "3* ^ CMOS co r-< © t s © © © © © oi © -r © uO©©©i-h©lO©C0In.©(^.i— I CO^OKK-fOlOTfTjc-lCdn CO CS O0 CO©OlO100f— 'OlOl© co © oi © co »n oo co <— 1 <— * i—t Ol 01 Ol CO © i— I Ol CO <— i CO HH'OOOOtOOOWOHO N O O ifl O O'O.tO ^ OO'OiO iO CO C © O O © © r-i © © CO -f Ol ©OSTtCOOliOCO-fCO ©i— -f CO'— ' CO OS CO r- «r— i CD CO CO CO H CO 01 N i — i r— i CM ^ X Ol CO © CO co £ CM CO © © i-h h CO O l O O f *Zl CO © CO CO © _2 co ti< © i— i 5 © 03 rH © CO ""F 0O © t-» © CO OOKOOOOCO © is oi -cm © co © go CMi— l©OCl©00©©©«0 OTOOOIOCOOOH CDt>.Ol©©©C0ts©01© r-*r-*oOOCCKO>OONO bs. © i.C0 © © © Ol ts. ^ © CO co b>.t^©i>»©LO'— '©-rr©©kOl^. i.O rs Ol vO © Ol CO »0 CO ""T CO co -c? © © K O CS CD Ol Ol CO© CM i « WO i— I r— ( r- 1 • © o o o to O O i— I CO ^ CO O Ol OOJOOOOOO T» O W LO N O CO O CM o o so o o - J a o o -"|< CS O CCOi'j C-1 CO rH iO CO o -ttDO CO Is. o I in CO 01 i— I 1 GO CO > Co sT CM — ts, ci «# co CO CO 0-1 CO Is in in in co i — i i — < CO CO o j-r O GO CO iO Is. CO -t* o cs cnuootMOOOi— iKi^ono ts O i-h lODOHONOOCCtlCOCOn o i in >-* o co o co o cs o r- >n n co ph o GO 0-1 Is. COCOCOHl'NiAOOKS^O CO CO CI CM Ca Tf Cs CO Cs — > r^ OS coo Is ^Cf CO CM CO CO in CM CO CO i— I CO X 2 »3 CP 1 ' O to 0 UOJ T3 M ^ cd 31 Pi d £> cu CD a rtl a CP So cj J . ^ ctc; iV3P Oh 1 © £> 5 ^.-d cp cu p a 5 to 2 ^H^SSrtSS^^S^'^^boSS fCpTd-TS Z ^ ^ £ £ S w £ w w & ^ > > >> > > — F © ts cs — r © oo oo »o cs i— i © os © i.o co © CO CO iC >0 K CO Ol CO «0 O CD CO "^f -Cf Ol © ^Ti k >x go co co cm t-s. co >n oi -Tp r— < ts oi oi © co H CM i-H OS 05 iO GO © Ol (s co in © co uo O CD Ol CT. O r- -f K -t O iO Ol CD CO O O CO O CS Ol Ol -h K ^ CO CO O CO OO iO o r—> © © CO Ol © ts CO © © ""CP < — 1 i* - iO f -1 co .rs CO Ol O O 'fS OJ CO CO K CD Cl C0-r©00u0©OllN.Oli— i K lO rH rH i- < Ol Tj< © r— i t-ji 01 iO CO rH CO "-H *S © CO >— i ts © © —l «—l CO CO CO CO CM i-H KriK.nKCtNCONOlpHTto-1'' © iO CO Ol © -rf © Is iO riOSCO'-OON-fCOOOi rH oi i— i *n © i-h — * oi co oi oi oi ^ I-* * • © © i — i Ol CO Ol O "f O K i — ' ~ © CM © t>. © CO CO CM © i— ' CO Ol H K CO CD K -t 1 01 iC CD ^ ^ CO iO iO CO o >o © © -f © CM © r-M CO r-H co © © © -r co © © -n 4 © © © Ol © © c-i © co © 'O © © © — r oi © © © © © as co i—i co co ijO -t co oo 'O oi »n oo co OOOKCDOOlCOCOrHrHfO'l'KOSCO i — ■ O CO CO N K Ol Ol CO CO CD i — i CO _pCOOCOOCOr-ioOS-M001 Ol 01 Ol i-h Ol © © Ol uO iO 'O *^ N Ol ClKr-iO Ol © CO oi -V © © ICO -t 4 © v-O © Ol iO CO CO CD-tCOK-fCOKCOOlCO-l'-tX'XOCD OOCKCOrHr-sDi-'OOOlNK'^COCO ©r>.iN.©© co © 'cf t-^. >— i in. i— i r ;co©-^©co-r©©»oco©h>. ^rHOOlKCOCO'OiOCDKC^ ^CONCOCiCOOOKiOCOKH © CO © © © © © CM © t^. CO »o CS i — i © © GO liO «— < • ©co©oo©©oi©©t^.r^.©©©coco © oi >o © © in © © © co oi © © oi © >n © © CM r— ir^-stoo©»n©in»n©-sf© •KCiCCOKOCOcrs^iOOOOS : © -r ~r O >n Ol © »o r— O i— i rH rH r— r-H Ol Ol ^ i-r-Hcsco i — I O l CD K i-H CO I-H r-H 00 CO K K CO Ol CO CM iO TV r-H r-H © co © © © © oi © © ~r oi io -v r-H © oo oo in -v* cot ift © co »n co oi co oi CO © © iO OO CM rj< CO CM CO CO — i GO CO .." i-^ Ol b» © © © CO © © CO Ol © a; co © © © © in o >o © —Y in »n _gtOOOeONOOOi05Nifl05iH O^ rH K CD CO iO CO vO CO CS ^ CO 3 GO 1^- © © Ol ts. i-H Tji CO CM O -Hr-H Ol "CTDHm © © © © in CM OS © CO -r cd © © co CD©©in^ © © © © © iT. © Ol h>. -f iO © © © oi © © © in m cm CKCHOrHrc-ro^-fHDCcis in co oi 'rf © © oi in oi oi oi © co © in. oi © © tn in © 0 »0 CO iO iO 1" -f i!S rH P0 CO K iO CO D CO 00©©'^© C0t^.CO'stCO©Q0COOICO 01 co co cd oo co oi r— i"H H co in .„©r-.t^©©©.n-r-r©©© SCOKrHOO^NCSHOcOO So'lOCOKOrHOlKOCDOO CD CS CO i — 1 K O 01 CO C K CO CS 4^©01"—i©Tt© CO CO © © iO O CO C-1 Is o o OOiC CO o GO (s. co o in oi o o o o co o yj CM — Ol OO CO o in Oi o O CM — CJS ts. CO 1C OS M o CI iC- O O C-1 -f co -r in c-i ■n- CO o as o O st-cT cn OC'CC^OOOOC-lTf i— 01 — H O CO cn o in ■<* -r o ■sf Cs oi co oo ts. o-i in cs — i as CO CO CM CO CO Is. O CO CO'-'b^cOCOC-lCsO-lCO-cf' CM r-H :cm o CO in CM t-h r-H CM CMH •LOCOCOOCCO-TKOlrH-f-,-! " © © «^ m © co co co © © © oi £os©ast^©©'— ioocoh^co © ITS © © © i — i CD CO O l CD Ol CO i — i Ol © in co oi oi O CM O ts iO C K D, K rn ©iN.ioco©©<—i©in©©©©©oico CKr-COOOrHrHOlOlCOCCDCO-f 00 LC O O CO Ol Ol N CO K o as CD ci •^-o 1 p-) to co i-h go co ty GO t>. © >n O m iO CO N lO "f CO CO Ol CO K O ir! r\! M iM CM Tfn-iTf © CO CO © © CO CO © Ol ■'C* CO Ol Ol »n oi © oi cd in co — © oo oo © © ~7* oo co in © CO © CO © i-h © i-h Ol CO O i-h CO O © © iO CN CO co CO CO CO rH !>. © >H K rS .rJ CU CJ CO !-3- c o ; Jj C3 JJ CU ! ^ CO rt rt rj r; rj O CO - T3 > *5 ^3 ire -9 S cs cu .53 »S JJ , rH ' --3 £3 . co cu cu -5 -3 , cu cl? 03 as .S .3 S r£-£-"5 c fc = ■ «^^^<<<^<^-5* 1815 1816 1817 Gallons. 21,372,978 22,886,490 20,149,228 Hectolitres. 971,499 1.040,295 915,874 CO 01 I >* ts, CO OS GO 00 00 ts I s Is RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 129 6 'S Oh s, CO to o « co co CO X 00 Jl Cl C/D O O r-l r-H Q N X CI 3) -org cs crs . 03 M O CO 3 0 a to ts co OS OS O K X O -In o co Ol CM hHMc* -lo> h|ci HlCl ~ 00 CN to T CM to cm ts *rs to CO oo 00 CO CS CM CO CO •Scoot ts O o O O CM CO CO CO cs CO CO ts ts o OS OS CO 05 CS ..O co co 00 cm -r CO i— < Ol cs to -r — < ts -r eo is is go GO i—l oo CM IOCS K CO Ol Cd . -cr ' r-H r— I H h h ri 0) CM !N CM CI (M CI ^ (N CI T- N CSJ rH CI CN 01 rH CI H OI o O Ol ' N CO t o NCDC0 0 0 01CSOCOOICOCSCOM , OCSC l l-rCOOK Hi CO CO O iO iC CO C I N S in CI m CO N CO Is H T (M O ^ O 'tOUNCOCiOKCOCHMOifSCSOC^COCOO-fCDin GO GO CO OS CM r-H Is CM ICS s* CO CI CO CO CM Cs O GO -f GO CS >i--r CO 'X CI CO lO Is CS CD CO Ol O O CO COCOO O r-H CI CD r-i CI 00 00 GO CO Cs O Is CO st Is CM -r -r o co CO CO -f hlOO -* T o I CM Ol Ol O) rH 0» CM tl CM CM CM CS CM US CM CI i — I CI CI rH i-H r— l i — I i — i CM r-H i — I i — I r-H i — 1 -Hi — I r-H -fcOlsCSO-fi.OOlOlCOHKCONHHOLOi'lCOOH •CS O GO O CM CO CM O 00 CO CO CI xf ~T to r-< i n CO CS CO r-H CO • O CO OS -sf O CM CM i— i ts 00 its OS in CO O CM ^ CO ts, O O 00 mcoHCSoHtOH-tH-jcscoonHoan-fsH/H CO Is CI hlsCOCONOIT'T.-f L -)CSC|iCOCO-r-'0)r-.COCO CM >C CO OOCOCS-froocOKiHLOOSrH-fOliriCOTrHCO ^ r-< lo k rf -f to >n CO CO lC i •OOlOSOOr-H^COCSCO' i s° in "a o as ch od ^ a as |D Ph.S on ^-TcoGooK^-f'/iO'-co-foiOsDi'-'Mcocoo i-v. wcm ots^ in co eft to cfliifj in ft o eo h to N »n cn ;n ^ ^ Oi CO Ol O O tsiM tO CO OtO tf) h iH CO OS O N Is Is CiCmKKOCOC^'HrHQO(«^coD^-ror^.ln-P^O•1 , r— (OOf— 'CO — O h ry) (O cj) lO 00 "f Q ."O C K Ol i.O h h N o in.o in rt h co s to to co oi s h,im >n N n k co • in to c. to >r. co to x ci k lq w i— « oi oo rH oi to co 01 co h q ^ lo o i* n ci in lo to o to in o o co o :i k -t oi in ci cj ci so co cun ~r co rn r/j o -r cc o o oj c -h ph 0 OsCO^COOOr^oOOOCOCTDOwOCOr^CI^ClCl rfCCOtOKNtO-OXLOCOiOtONtOKXLO^uOtCtO »n tOuOOl'^^-fOOtl'^l'I'OOOtOtCKOCCOin CTj03r^oo.ococoi^coco»r5-t ci OH^ococOrMcon CO K K O O r- O K iO 'fi M in CO O ^ ^ W C) K iO CO , o-i ^ ^ co c-\ ^ to C. CO O ffi Ol sC N Tf O CO N O H ,0 C5 H r-i NiOOC^OHtCOOinrH-rOICOtOONOQCOrHCOOJ ^KrH^f^CTl^KrHC^OlsOCrO^Xr-KONXrHO O i-H CO 00 tD CI COOCOKOOOIrHC?. tO.OCOrH-fKCO t^* ts. co » XOXXH^OOX^^O^tOX-sfNiTjKXrHcriK yjoo)»r:o^cot^ocot^ooo»co)i^ in Otc^^in^co^ini'^^^'st^NLn'OtOLCtDoin ^r r jCICI-fOin^XNOKtO^ClCCQKTf'XCOKc , OCl Cft C3 m N Ol "t q q X O CI i— CO Tj 1 CO K X Ol CI CI O CI •^ClXNXKOlO^KtOOO>XOXCIXO^KOOI CO ™h ci co err; r-H o ci k o in %& o oo iO to ci o o cr> S KOLOtOtOCOCOCIrO CM HOIOjHHrtOJH H sO k x o o — i ci co -f i o to kco a o h o] co-^ o t-~. xxxxocjicTjoc^Qo^c^aaiooooooooo NKNt^KKlSNNKKKKNXXXXXXXXX OCOXr^CCXKCIXtOCIClClrHNONOOto-sfcON Olr-KOOHOKKrHOlcOXX-vrKOXCXCoOCl lO Ol *t CI K O O O rH CO CJ "T K O "J 1 lO N OI -t X CI X CO Ol O X tO K O X O O X i- O CO -i K lO X rH .o x -f CO r- iTJ rf oo CO O O! O rl o lO tO N CO CI •1' rl Ol tO O tO CI ^_^,^_, c <| r -H P _ cTtcifr^^rHrtocotro^cxjcocici OHCIX^«OtOKXCriOrHClXTfintOSXCOOrHCl i — I i — l r-H r-H rH i— i i — 1 rH rH i — i CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CM CO CO CO xxxxxxcoxxcoccxcocoxxxxtxcoxxco 2 K 130 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL o Q p< O. Oi CO i— I O in i — i CO l-H £ o a S5 es CP C CO CO u o a, C CS c 3 O S 3 cS CO cu "3 o co H3 ^3 3 C Eh til CO - ? "-a 3 o=3 g 2 J3 .2 CO S PQ ^^CitM^^fXOT^H^NCOinrM si co nin^coooHcooOH ioiak dNCOn-n?l!»-01NrHr^OON. CO CO CO CS ITS CM CM 00 J— I 00 in -iv -© to ph oo — i ■— • qo CM 00 OS CO W ■* CM b, 00 ^ S GO Ol C"l hh-hM 00 as OS Is. CO « ^ © cm oo in p— t cm ift cc co ao r-t © in co -h< co irs co NifJTf OK N O tM T "H« OS CS CS "Hp CO*" CO CO CO H? N» i— I -r CS 00 l-H CC cs co oo CO )OCOO)Or-i!OOONCOKXinS'-< ,iflC?sWCOCOC001t£5t\ef50NOH tQ0tsfN«0)OaC)K^^)OOCl OSCOtnWCOSrHr^KOIXCOM^ OClOSinfNtM^CCSKKWJ!^ CM O ~ CO M OS f !N OS o oi -i- c-1 os co in o os t* CO —i CS o CO CM cs r-H CO o -r & a a "3 o °H . X CO > .S °J cS -5 CH ro &H P o .5 p-3 tCOKCMf>3CiOOCOOsKKO^fK^' OjCIOOTI'OXl'S^CIf- in co co ^ in »o cs in cs 00 CM CO CO OS co co »N ifi x go n cs WlfS CC NCS mnoqo" O cn. cs 00 co K 00 Ol CO lO, •cff COCOtM 00 CO O CM CO CS 1— 1 CM 1— 1 CO CS OS O 00 o if} o 1— 1 -r ri ^J 1 -H 00 CO 00 K CO o o 00 1— < irs ts. m 1— 1 CO ri cs CO CM »TS GO CM CM CS CO CS '-f CO CS CM CS co »n co co t> -f O CM t>» CS 1 CO CS CD -cf N L C !fs iC O ^1 K Ol rrcM-T^rCM05K'^C0CSOOCM"H< 1 10 10 k K n h 19 o — 1 O (M K O i-H CO kfi O © CO co N >-> C N T CO CO CS © CO <— 1 CS CO CS - cfi Ci CD -t CM CM > CM "I* CM K 1 1.0 lO K N S iO 1 — | CON.'1't-'1 , 0-t lrH j ) ^ l Mi — 1 ^ N (N CO W ^ iO N o ifi CM CM CO T) 1 © i—< -r co ri co cs 1— 1 ^oco^^.n>oc>lcOTt , NC3Ttcri--rif5 O K N CO CO to h' W so 00 h Cs »n .»f5 ■HNNCOrHCO^COCOOO'TKONCN ^ CS CM CS CO CJ r— I O CS 1— * — I rHCOCOKOCJKrfTf •^©co-r^cstCMro'Ti* d © i™l 00 CS © CS i—H © w CO lO CO » CO K O iO' CO 01 O tO O O Cs CJCOKCMOCOGOCOHCOinCO?OKCOi.O ^O^r— I^CM-— r— CN'-H-^lCO©©^'-^ 1 ^r^co^^Tr^cNt^co©con , t^.coao iO O O CO C O -P CO i-H K CO O CD CM OcONCOvI'CDCOCOcoiK^incOOCO'O! jlN.Oift'^'X^l^t-.kroC-ICOGO-^© i cqooooociincoo-t'OiNo 'CNt>*CO^OCN^CO^C^C^I>*kOCC| .OCO^COClOiOiONOl^OLOtO ir-ic^ocoTf , coiococoa)HcotOr-i i^i-iO^OOCO^COCO^^'n - '^ OCOSOOrHOiHlMCiJ-tifiOSOOOS ^ r H--.^iN'MCl(NcS101cNIN!NN 000000000000000000000000000000 OO . CO K N M CM CS O LO 00 CM iTS ITS CO CS 1— CM T CO i-O O CO ht -H- CM m co co hi n CM ICS CO l-H co KOCOCOD r— 1 CM CM CM CM 00 00 00 00 00 O 00 i-H " -*-> CO 3 ?- .2 - <» - 5 5 3 3.3 S <* § - 2 01 co P.M a ^ 5 5 I 0) 00 J5 © «G O *S O la a S» 5 P< > ~j 4a O CU S . -a B a 3 § a J i r" cu »» ■Z, & -3 '.5 .2 t» *j ° « 6 3 a CU cu £ .2 C~ "2 « ' 3 cu 3 h .5 g.a 2 ° CU D cu > at tJ rS 3 cO . O 05 CO OS ; tp tp co i-h — < ;3 co en ro ci co o oi CO to O) ^ 1 ■g 00 M N O Cl 6 -J, »o O CO © i— I cu 01 01 co ?i en ^3 CO CO K X CD •5 CO O O N Ol .2 — < © © © © JCOlONOit) 1 j © OS Ol CO CO . CO th O CO CI ^ 'M O O MS 5 CO CI N CO -f CJ r-1 CN i-H r-H CI 0 S » 5 PS m CO O 00 O O CU 00 CM 00 00 Cn £ CO rH OS i— ' CM ■5ocosp-o ^3 CO CO Tl* Oi CJ CO Ol CM CI CO pq ^ CO O N N cS CO TP CM 00 © CO © X © TP CIT'KOKCO _H CO 3} GO TP © cj CM -h rH ci CM • O (N K CM CO JO Ol CO Ol CO © g C5 © © CO ;3 -r co I** oo r— » O CM © i — 1 CM CM "el t—t rH i-h t—t CM • i— i CO © o © 7 CM K CO K £ C5 X N rr CO — OS 00 © © O 1^ CO ^ TP © "G TP CO © CD O0 pq © © © © © — i © © © CM TP l>* TP © © t>. © TP CTJ CO CO CO © 31 © © O © © O © O © © CO 00 »h TP © © © 1^ © © t>« © 3 © © © © O © TP © © © © © © © © OCOTN CI CM © © © © © © © © © © © GO © © © CM CO CO © CD . rH i-H CO CI © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © TP r— i © © i-< CM CO TP o © © o O © © OS. © © © © -r >ps © oo © © © © © CO 00 CO 00 oo nj T rH t i-h r-1 © © © © © © © '00 © © © rn r- CO rH CO -P TP © TP © 00 o h oi co CO CO CO CO GO CO CO 00 o o C/J a o (73 H «) H oo W 25 o o u o 5 W Pi P- ^3 CO ooooooooooooooooocso ooooooooooooooooooo i-h C OOOOOOOOOOOOtfiOOOtfi >n cc in i.o «n o ~f >n o o o o m CM »n ^ 3 3 a> O CD : CJ 5 ? I o -I ^ g Wr^m >-3 i 5 rt co ^3 P3 -2 3 2 o c o 4fe a I* ho ■O 2 rJ S 3 g ■ tl tj M J Ja J (j [J si jj cu« 1 □ (J 9 8.if-s o -a b £3 CO rJ -3 3 to cu « oi-l-cU 3 . o o » 3 3 CJ 3 "3 5 rS =3 "z, go Ol © TP 1 — I Ol »o © CI CO © »o © »C0 1 — 1 © »C0 © © ~ P © CO rH CM CM CI 1 — ' CO © CO CI i— ' CI CO CI CI CI r—t CI COCOCOC/JCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO O K f L o Ol r. -H Ol Ol iO Ol CO -H 50 f CO K 10 t£> cnto-rr-ococoKtocoOLOOKcO'iCLOOirH CO CO TP CI TP rH CO CI T 1 — I 1 — 1 rH CJ I — i C4 CO CO CI TP »rs iO iC © CO to © T © CS TP Ol CI CI OO Ol CM TP © 00 CO CI tCO CO >C0 CO CM © TP .o CO O xn r-H ^ TP TTOCOOrHOOCOrHrHrHCMCOr-HCOTPTPCl -a CJ I f 5 cj « ^ -a <« -3 3 I I «5 "§ Sbig 3 S: « o ^ 5 g rg ,3^2 Cxvcj-o o co ca,3 « co o u d ^ OSOOnlOhJrlSfllHOfWOfqrlO 3 J2 cr 1 ^ >>-=> S a to u p r-J a „-5 - 2M 138 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. X.— -Classification of the Wines of the Gironde Department, with Average Prices at which, since the Peace, they have been sold by the Growers when new. ME DOC. Laffitte Latour Chateau Mar Rausan . Durfort . Lascombe Leoville . B ramie Mout Larose . Gorce Kirwan . Chateau d' Malescot Brown . Ducru Tichon . Cabarrus Cosse Calon Giscours Toujet . Loyac Lacolonie Lorlagune Daleure . Dubignon Ferriere . Durand . Palmer . Desmirail St. Pierre Duluc Bechevelle Mandari . Montrose Daux Pontet Canet Bedout . Ducasse . Grand Pui Turine . Darmaill'ac Montpelou Batailly Duliard . Croiset . Garnet . Coutanceau Pop . . Perganson Tronquoy Morin . Lebose . Of the good parishes, as St. Estephe, Pauillac, Soussan, Margaux, Cantenac, &c. . Other lower qualities of the same parishes . Common wines of the same parishes, and all Lower Medoc Good Year. 3,000 •2,700 2,400 1,800 Middling, Bad. Tuns. fr. 1,750 1,400 1,200 1,000 1,500 Quantity of Tuns ordinary year. RED GRAVES. Hautbrion .... Second Class . Third Class . . . Common .... ST. EMILLON. First Class .... Second Class PALUS, COTES, &c. Good Cargo Wine . Lower CargoWine,and ) other common sorts J 1,000 600 450 produced 900 400 350 325 00 300 600 400 300 in Medoi 2,700 1,500 800 500 700 450 400 300 1.600 700 500 300 400 280 250 200 280 250 220 300 620 650 750 1,100 350 300 280 250 225 200 180 150 Total produce of the Department in ordinary years 6,000 20,000 20,000 49,420 60 200 3,000 10,000 1,000 3,000 30,000 100,000 196,680 Since the peace, none but the best wines of the best years are exported to England. Northern Europe receives about 35,000 tuns of Medoc wine, and 40,000 tuns of superior qualities. The rest is consumed in France. Export to oriental countries is very inconsiderable. WHITE WINES. Yguem . Coulet . Durvi La faurie Binaud . Dayme . Perot Dert Guiroux. Baptiste. Carle Pern and . Cave Latoure blanche Duboscq Riousec . Boucheraud St. Brice Filhau . Hersoc . Fiton . Emerigon Darche . Mareilhac Laffbnt . Laborde Moufaillis Dlles. Duboscq Brun Ordinary Wines of Barsac, Sauterne, and Preignac Cerons . Podensac Fargues . Toulains Virelade. Avbales . Pujns . St. Pays . Blanquefort Villenave Leognau Flas . . Landiras Budos . , St. Seve. St. Medard , St. Morillon Labrede. Cast res . St. Crcix Loupiac. Langoiran . Boreche . Tabanac. Paillet . . Rioms . Begage . Cadillac. Cambers Quinsac . Camblanes , Bouillac. Florae . ; Jeuac The country between the Garonne and the Dordogne, called Enlre deux mers Good Year. Middling Bad. fr. 1,100 950 600 450 500 400 270 700 600 400 300 350 250 200 Tuns fr. 300 300 240 200 180 170 450 700 427 1,600 2,400 550 135 160 150 140 120 110 90 Average produce of White Wines in the Department 8,000 2,000 12,000 28,127 For the five or six last years, England scarcely imports any of these white wines ; the demand therefore for English account is almost annihilated. The average exportation to the North used to be about 20,000 tuns, but it is now reduced to from 8,000 to 10,000 tuns. The remainder is consumed in France. The above prices are those paid to the proprietors immediately after the vintage, en nouveau, as it is called. They are not shipped to England till three or four years after,* so that an average addition of 45 per cent, must be made to their cost, for interest of money, removal of the lees, warehouse, and coopering charges. Bordeaux, 27th March, 1833, J. Exshaw. * ' Tlie time during which wine will keep, without losing its most valuable qualities, varies considerably. I have tasted clarets of the years 1786 and 1789, which had preserved their characteristic merits. (Enologie, p. 409. M. Jaubert de Passa, of the Department of the Eastern Pyrenees, mentions that he still possesses wine of the vintage of 1659, which is strong in flavour and fragrant in smell.' J. B. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 139 APPENDIX No. XI. Quantity of Wine Exported from France into England during the years 1828, 1829, 1830. Ports of Departure. 1 ooo 1 O O Ci 1830. iTrn 1 1 n n « V 1 illU'll.>. ■3 B 1 iHTIQ viul luiia • f^ill ntl VJul 1UU3 Bordeaux • . • . > 508,149 431 596 352,624 Nantes •••••• 3, 102 6,748 414 Rouen B • • • 914 1 , 177 1,683 Le Havre . . . . . 20,989 24 ,571 18,084 Boulogne 13,584 11,883 10,906 Calais ....... 128,952 101,966 86,668 ]MarseilIe • . • 59,796 54 464 95 349 Cherbounr . ... 5,609 4^871 5,086 Granville 5 119 10 T~)ienne 4,920 918 994 Saint Malo 13 ',796 9,478 6,709 Paris . ..... 1 , 246 695 734 Honfleur 145 1,821 Cette 161.639 86,241 20,877 Libourne 1,046 6,277 Blaye 240 542 Charente 2,06S 2,972 680 Caen 241 102 Toulon 166 588 Agole 15,621 Dunkerque 960 7,266 2,570 Bayonne 323 135 La Rochelle .... 5,818 975 111 Salins d'Hyeres .... 14,244 Perpignan 8,999 Marbonne 5,793 Aigues Mortes .... 9,543 Total . . . 948,733 792,17) 605,908 [Reduced into English Measures from the French Custom House Returns.] 2N 140 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX The Expoutations from France of Wines and Names of the Principal Countries to which the Exports were made. Wine and Wine-Brandies. Wines of all kinds. n a "3 _c -3 O 182G to 1828 03 s 3 a -5 O 1823 to 1825 I for Increase. T> for Decrease. m 1 a «3 6 1826 to 1828 00 & B 3 iz; O 1823 to 1825 I for Increase. D for Decrease. Low Countries ...... Hanseatic Towns ..... Great Britain ...... Switzerland ...... United States ...... Sardinia ....... Tuscany and the Roman States . Martinico. ...... Brazil ....... Prussia ....... Russia ....... Cuba and British West Indies Former Spanish Colonies .... Isle of Bourbon ..... Guadaloupe ...... Sweden and Norway ..... Denmark ....... German States ...... Mauritius ...... Spain ....... Foreign Settlements in India . . . Senegal ....... Haiti Austria ....... Cayenne ....... Egypt Turkey .... . . States of Barbary ..... French Settlements in India . . China and Cochinchina .... And to all the Countries of the World, including 1 Seizures, Salvage, and Trade, without specifi- > cation of destination .... J That is to say — Foreign Countries ..... French Colonies in Asia, Africa, and America Exportation to — Europe — Countries situated in the j g^jjj * Asia — States or Establishments j p°g^^ n Africa- |£ orei f 1 French ..... America [foreign States and Colonies ^ n |s^' u r ^ (French Colonies .... The Trade to the former Spanish Colonies was Exportation to — Europe Asia ....... 1 Africa 1 America ....... 1 To all the Countries of the World, including "1 1 Seizures, Salvage, and Trade, without specifi- > 1 cation of destination .... J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 Hectolitres. 672,841 552,759 425,098 379,890 302,937 266,691 179,285 160,939 157,052 136 ,299 118,423 117,898 105,475 97,384 91,904 63,725 60,231 59,810 57, 133 50,465 52,657 33,176 30,423 23,285 19,453 15,567 13,719 5,053 4,224 2,908 1 3 2 6 4 5 7 10 15 9 11 13 12 16 14 7 18 20 29 8 21 22 19 26 23 24 28 27 30 25 Hectolitres 552,494 520,769 522,575 305,719 385,444 337,161 130,878 114,063 71,472 119,566 108,585 95,191 96,126 69,453 74,523 68,133 63,727 54,627 3,687 125,272 32,537 26,751 56,166 8,176 17,429 11,960 4,915 7,046 3,537 8,245 I I D I D D I I I I I I I I I D D I I D I I D I I I I D I D Hectolitres 120,347 31,990 97,477 74,171 82,507 70,470 48,407 46,876 85,580 16.733 9^838 22,707 9,349 27,831 17,381 4,408 3,496 5,183 53,446 68,807 20,130 6,425 25,743 15.109 2,024 3.607 8,804 4,993 687 5,337 1 2 11 3 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 15 13 14 19 17 16 18 21 20 23 22 27 24 25 26 28 29 30 Hectolitres 626,112 517, OS] 113,190 339,614 117,104 241,338 154,718 149,179 140,820 128,564 117,370 108,387 71,351 90.670 89^819 37.706 55,720 58,353 54,339 31,158 34,033 26,204 30.205 5,654 19,279 15,314 13,045 3,901 3,210 2,483 1 2 6 4 5 3 7 8 16 10 9 11 12 15 13 20 17 19 27 14 21 22 18 30 23 24 26 28 29 25 Hectolitres. 514,946 494,890 154,639 281,829 174,542 319,736 112,427 109,625 61,914 104, 121 107,567 93,295 74,569 63,784 73,430 45,889 56,501 52,679 3,355 73,073 30,592 22,502 55,787 2,337 17,311 11,846 4.880 3,709 2,471 8,189 I I D I D D I 1 I I I I D I I D D I I D I I D I I I I I I D Hectolitres. 111,166 22,191 41,449 57,785 57,438 78.398 42,291 39,554 78,906 24,443 9,803 15,092 3,218 26,886 16,389 8,183 881 5,674 50,984 41,915 3,441 3,702 25,582 3,317 1,968 3,468 8,465 192 739 5,706 4,262,704 3,996,227 I 266,477 3,502,921 3,188,518 I 314,456 3,960,885 406,980 3, 770 , 105 305,756 I I 196.780 101,224 O 1 OA CIO O , 1 li , 0 1 3 378,361 O Qflo oor. z, o'jy , jya 298,123 I 1 225,218 89,238 •• 2,492,361 521,133 55.565 4,224 77,753 130,460 502,712 211,073 272,296 •• 2,324,371 604,641 40,782 3,537 22,693 96,204 563,458 140,941 206,015 I D I I I I D I I 167,990 83.508 14,783 687 55.060 34,256 60,746 70,132 G6,281 1,999,364 443,902 36,516 3,210 73,554 116,874 284,822 183,045 258,277 1,815,498 513,017 38,781 2,471 18,910 86,286 336,308 123,799 200,366 I D D I I I D I I 183,866 69,115 2,265 739 54,644 30,588 51,486 59,246 57,911 105,475 96,126 I 9,349 71,351 74,569 D 3,218 3,013,494 59,789 208,213 986,081 2.929,012 44,319 118,897 910,414 I I I I 84,482 15,470 89,316 75,667 2,443,266 39,726 190,428 726,144 2,328,515 41,252 105,196 660,473 I D I I 114,751 1,526 85,232 65,671 4,267,577 4,002,642 I 264,935 3,502,974 3,188,518 I 314,456 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 141 No. XII. Brandies to the different Parts of the World from 1823 to 1828. Wine-Brandies. Wines of all kinds. In Wood. In Bottle. en CD a 3 12! a ■3 6 1826 to 1828 CO •~ eu *£> 6 3 "cS a 6 1823 to 1825 I for Increase. D for Decrease. CO M 0> a 3 "3 a •3 6 1826 to 1828 CO M CD g 3 c ■3 M o 1823 to 1825 I for Increase. D for Decrease. cn M CD .0 6 3 M O 1826 to 1828 CO a CO O 1823 to 1825 I for Increase. D for Decrease. 3 5 1 4 2 8 10 14 13 1 2 • 5 6 18 21 7 19 22 20 9 11 17 29 12 30 28 26 23 25 27 Hectolitres. 46,729 35,678 311,908 40,276 185,833 25.353 24,567 11,760 16,232 7,735 1,053 9,511 34,124 6,614 2,085 26,019 4,511 1,457 2,794 25,307 18,624 6,972 218 17,631 174 253 674 1,152 1,014 425 4 5 1 6 2 10 9 16 12 11 24 21 98 16 22 7 13 19 26 3 20 17 25 14 27 28 30 18 23 29 Hectolitres. 37,548 25,879 367,936 23,890 210,902 17,425 18,451 4,438 9,558 15,445 1,018 1,896 21,557 5,669 1,093 22,244 7,126 1.948 332 52,199 1,945 4,249 379 5,839 118 114 35 3,337 1.066 56 I I D I 1) I I I I D I I I I I I D D I D I I D I I I I D D I Hectolitres. 9,181 9 , 799 56,028 17,386 25,069 7,928 6,116 7,322 6.674 7,710 35 7,615 12,567 945 992 3,775 2,615 491 2,462 26,892 16.679 2,723 161 11,792 56 139 639 2,185 52 369 1 2 12 3 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 17 13 14 19 15 18 16 20 26 22 21 27 23 24 25 28 30 29 Hectolitres. 621,664 511,863 85,722 332,740 99,860 240,025 153,084 137,174 136,283 123,803 104,154 100,853 49,756 84,340 72,132 36,731 55,007 45,924 51,825 30,277 11,998 25,729 27,854 5,131 18,286 14.949 12.291 3,578 1,005 1,770 1 2 6 4 5 3 7 8 15 9 10 11 14 16 13 19 17 20 27 12 22 21 18 28 23 24 25 26 29 30 Hectolitres 510,483 481,520 129,925 280,794 162,995 318,222 110,918 104,866 59,307 100,387 97,254 79,959 . 62,671 59,090 70,536 44,317 56,112 42,265 2,918 70,703 18,895 21,782 51,586 2,017 16,186 11,446 4,455 3,553 936 465 I I D I D D I I I I I I I) I I D D I I 1) D I D I I I I I I I Hectolitres. Ill ,181 30,343 44,203 51,946 63,135 78 ,197 42,166 32,308 76,976 23,476 6,900 20,894 12,915 25,244 1,596 7,586 1,105 3,659 48.907 40,426 6,897 3,947 23,732 3,114 2,100 3,473 7,836 25 69 1,305 14 15 1 10 4 20 19 7 13 12 5 9 3 11 8 22 25 6 16 23 2 28 17 27 21 29 24 30 18 26 Hectolitres. 4.448 4.220 27,408 6,874 17,244 1,311 1,634 12,005 4,537 4,701 13,216 7,536 21,585 6,330 7,087 975 713 12,428 2,514 881 22,473 475 2,351 523 993 395 754 323 2,205 713 12 2 1 23 6 20 21 10 16 15 8 3 4 11 14 18 25 7 26 17 5 24 13 29 22 28 27 30 19 9 Hectolitres. 4,463 13,370 24,714 1,035 11,547 1,514 1,509 4,759 2,607 2,733 10.313 12,336 11,898 4,488 2,894 1,572 489 10,414 437 2,370 11,697 720 4,201 320 1,125 400 425 156 1,535 7,724 D JJ I I I T \ l) I I I I T I D I I I D I I I D I D J) I D D T 1 I T 1 D Hectolitres. 15 o i c; n y , lou 2,754 5,839 5,097 203 125 7,246 1,930 968 2,903 4,801 9,687 1,842 4,793 597 224 2,014 2,077 1,489 10,776 245 1,850 203 132 5 329 167 670 7,011 870,891 887,343 D 16,452 3,220,869 2,987,200 I 233,669 184,730 155,825 I 28,905 842,272 28,619 870,710 16,633 D I 28,438 11,986 2,882,203 338,666 2,713.798 273,402 I I 168,405 65,264 155.035 29,695 140,304 15,521 I I 14.731 14,174 SU ■• MMARY. 492.997 77,231 19,049 1,014 4,199 13,586 217,890 28,028 14,019 •• 508,873 91,624 2,001 1 .066 3,783 9,918 227,150 17,142 5,649 D D I D D I I 15,876 14,393 17,048 52 416 3,668 9,260 80,886 8,370 1.922.797 438,067 13,768 1 ,005 70,322 110,069 248,195 166,411 227,592 •• 1,745,074 505,976 19,360 936 17,917 80,878 304.683 111,835 191,588 I D D I I I D I I 177.724 67,909 5,592 69 52,405 29,191 56,488 54,576 36,004 75,766 5,835 23,186 2,205 3,232 6,805 30,024 16.624 20,685 70.423 7,041 19,421 1,535 993 5,208 30,625 11,904 8,778 I D 5,143 1 , 206 3,765 670 2,239 1,597 6,003 4,660 11,907 34,124 21,557 I 12,567 .. | 49,756 62,671 D 12,915 21,585 11 ,898 I 9,687 SU MMARY. 570,228 20,063 17,785 259,937 600,497 3,067 13,701 249,941 D I I I 30,269 16,996 4,084 9,996 2,360,864 14,773 180,391 642,198 2,251,050 20,296 98.795 608,106 I D I I 109,814 5,523 SI .590 34^092 81,401 25,391 10,037 73,937 77.464 20,956 6,201 51,307 I I I I 3,937 4,435 3,836 22,570 870,891 887,343 D 16,452 8,230,869 2,987,200 I 233,669 184,730 155,825 I 28,905 Paris Statistical Society. 142 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XIII.— Average Exportation of Wines from France, from 1822 to 1827. Countries. Total Exportation. Average for Six Years. Countries. Years. Total Exportation. Average for Three Years. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. England . , '248, 145 41,357 Foreign Antilles . 1822—1824 73,707 24,569 Low Countries . . 1,179,940 196,656 Danish , , 1825—1827 9,732 3,244 Sweden and Norway . 85,154 14,192 -cmgusn , , • ) 5 345 115 Denmark . 104,164 17,360 Spanish , , ) > 95,242 31,747 Russia 231,375 38,562 ,, Colonies. Mexico 1822—1824 66,917 22,305 Hanseatic Towns 954,546 159,091 1825—1827 33,117 11,039 Austria . 7,522 1,254 Buenos Ayres ) > 13,538 4,512 Prussia . . . 212,139 35,366 Columbia . . > > 16,305 5,435 Germany. . 115,520 19,253 Chili 2,706 902 Switzerland 652.075 108,679 Peru > ! 10,668 3,556 Sardinia . . . Tuscany and Roman States 579,383 197,858 96,564 32,976 Naples and Sicily 4,405 734 Spain . . , 104,252 17,375 Portugal . . 448 75 Turkey . 9,681 1,613 Egypt . 23,300 3,883 Barbary States . S,026 1,338 St. Domingo 97,041 16,173 United States . 295,919 49.320 Brazil . . . 105,705 17.617 China and Cochinchina 10,907 1,818 French India 5,991 998 Martinique 253,563 42,260 Guadaluupe 153,731 25,622 Cayenne . 36,603 6.100 Senegal . 50,059 8,343 Bourbon . 178,933 29,822 Fisheries . 5,707 951 French Return. APPENDIX No. XIV.— Wines Exported from France in the Year 1832. Countries to which Shipped. Other Giron el 6 Other Liqueur Tjiniipnv a-i IUUC Li I Wines in Wines in Wines in Wines in Wines in Wines in Casks. Casks. Bottles. Bottles. Casks. Bottles. Litres. Litres. Litres. Litres. Litres. Litres. Russia 2,831,680 1.643,623 32,363 469,096 147,449 553 Sweden . . 232,608 466,705 10.693 13,710 12,805 184 Norway . . . 374,863 67,712 1,649 5,368 20 Denmark 1,339,177 774,344 5,747 15,187 8*332 422 Prussia 6,933,948 2,216,385 22.208 354,167 64,220 Hanseatic Towns . 16,457,564 4,4S1,650 76,127 108,212 87,191 1,420 Holland 6,585,346 3,110,255 18,962 25,691 89.483 1,032 Belgium 3,982,433 4,488,094 10,566 119,049 32,391 England . . 896,420 709,884 235,593 538,773 27,855 1,315 Portugal 46 7,937 1,198 409 Spain. 33,350 648.162 16,298 16.090 2,300 4,951 Austria . . 4,256 64,752 2,830 30,821 8,705 1,883 Sardinia 9,470 8,063,994 1,669 51,930 109,385 22,137 Two Sicilies. 448 42,973 20,461 294 Tuscany 3,926 574,640 1*502 44,419 *58*,010 378 Switzerland . 8,788,130 50,799 Germany . . 972,980 328,997 5,392 Greece 843,417 9,301 331 Turkey . . 227,202 23,911 1,290 Egypt 564.718 17,811 531 Algiers 35,840 10,201,194 2 ',700 40,168 l',341 2,899 Barbary States 220,297 2,088 Maurice Island . . 816*326 620,810 *74*,817 1,184 Coast of Africa 8,993 8,928 2,142 India — English . 259,099 ' 29 ,086 686,235 6,292 4,224 ,, Dutch 32,480 6,844 33,297 1,368 *220 300 , , French . China 3,120 Philippines . . 1*023 2,481 United States 2,012*440 5,220,119 678*469 659,162 890,873 126,519 Haiti .... 366,984 510,610 37,878 33,516 8,980 16,932 Guinea — English . 9,714 9,045 773,313 6,300 1,872 Cuba .... 752,550 186,547 40,202 2,206 20,412 St. Thomas . 323,521 456,601 46,989 33,643 10,356 Brazils 413,346 6,597,564 75,360 25,737 *31*325 54,871 Mexico . . , 72,185 196,126 9,274 593 Columbia . . . 18.592 *56*250 23,434 27,280 8,568 ' 3*400 1,572 Peru .... 164,294 34,169 4,812 3,125 Chili . 122,632 91,682 38,856 10,272 852 Rio de la Plata 228,642 642,009 37,920 23,368 " 8*662 19,764 j Guadaluupe . . . 753,536 3,119,723 28,376 17,920 1,200 15,440 Martinique . 404,161 3,720,460 58,749 161,650 366 19,026 Bourbon . . . 1,293,585 1,903,959 72,004 22,889 4,922 11,119 Senegal . . . 288,645 173,536 253,064 21,294 10,312 7,905 2,532 Cayenne . . 321,671 1,038 22,638 2,320 3,569 St. Pierre and Miquelon. 11,856 642,662 175 2,652 695 1,130 Total 48,248,492 74.378,977 2,790,912 3,391,532 1,617,933 351,982 French Custom House Return. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 143 ,j=: B 3 O O fee B O in CO e o be B 3 B Q H (SI O 111 X W w z s o z W IS! > H H Z ■< D z o u s < CM CO CM in CO IfS co co CM a CO CO 1 — 1 iO GO ■<* CO CO o CM os CO CO CO -p CO co co o co o CM rf © CN ■«3< CO if5 1 — 1 o X -* CO t- 3 CO CO CO co GO 13 CD l-H CO CO OS r-H -# CM co t- CO J — 1 CO CM CO" CM l-H OS cn C pH J> o OS Tt< fc» CM ~ -t OS CO OS CO i-H OS CM Cft a CO o en CO OS co -P CO O! GO os £- >* CM cm OS OS OJ o os -p i — i O CM CO lf5 r-H CM OS r-H o o its lO o o in CM 00 eg a CO CO CO O! CO r— 1 CM l-H CO CM "* OS 1 — 1 o r-H co CO CM o t- f> ©J t- © t- OJ t> o CO T CO CO CO CO — CO o t- o CO in OS CO 1 Gal o O! 1 — 1 o l-H CO CO r-H ** CM l-H r-H 1 — 1 CO l-H 1 — 1 CO J i!5 0000tOC>)!0^0*HiciifflO!COrHt> a «i>coooi«oiW'f©T|icc-Hco KeocooiH/ ,2 0STPC0i-HOT«OI>i-HCMCOiflC0^t»C0OSWC0o;ococoinino COOSCOiOOGOCOOSOSCOl^ O^HCDOHb^fHiBiO ^* t> o CM rH CO t-CMCM-rFrH©OSe0rHC0 00)Ht»o-*i-»'*ininoH/int>'^ l OHitcfM CO t> in C> O CM-^CMOsCSCOCMCSt-t-^COOOS co in cm co CM in l-H CM r-H CO CM in CM i-H CO cot>co^t-cocMoeocMcocooi-t | cocococooco coincooincMcoc5c-cM-Hinococoint-coi>t~ co cm in co r— i r-H H/t-TfTfrnmiMHt-com -*l>(00 r-H in co o co CO r-H CM rH OS CM fi CO l> CO — (IXCfOCClOOCOOMt'MMCO'* a COCOt-COinCMt»CMO— 'CMOinot-OCMCMCMOS ~ C- O CO CO 'J t- HHNHCO'OO'l'HISt'l'.i 1 r-H -h CO CM r-H i-H t-CMCO-rF W CO r-H CP o- O 3 W B o> 2£ c w -a E S o> PL, o T3 O c O 0> o. O 03 03 fc£;3 3 03 ™ 03 S S? « « O oi _c - CO >,,o; 03 • X 01 >> - Ol 03 01 3 C_ 03 O k5! 3 03 03 -0 IS 03 Oi Ol QJ ■o 'O 03 CS ^ CO — 111 S <1 -5 ^3 o 03 O Oi go fe- _03 * 03 C/2 03 r^i .SP'g 3 o Ohh o 144 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XVI. What are the average wages of a labourer in the canton per annum ? — A married labourer receives fr.135 in money, and 14 hectolitres of barley, the average price of which is fr.13, making fr.182 ; further, 4 barrels of small wine, of which two are of the first running and two of the second; these four barrels of wine may be calculated altogether at fr 50. "100 faggots of firewood, of the average value of fr.8, 50 fagots of secaille, which, at fr.15 per 100, makes fr.7. 50 c. 1000 of sarment at fr.l. 25 c. per 100. This labourer is furnished with lodging, and has a garden allowed him large enough to supply him with vegetables, and, besides, a quantity of land suited for the growth of hemp, to supply himself with linen. His employer pays for medical attendance and medicines for him and his family. The unmarried labourer receives fr.135 in money, and fr.45 is paid for his board with the head labourer, together with 7 hectolitres of barley ; his supplies of small wine and wood are about the same. How do they lay out their wages? — They expend about fr. 60 in clothing-, fr. 25 to fr. 30 to procure salt, bacon, and lard, &c. the rest is principally spent at the public-house. What is the state of education amongst them? What proportion of them know how to read and write? Do they attend the primary schools of their own accord? — Education is at the lowest ebb amongst them. Fanaticism is prevalent; they read nothing but the Catechism and Prayer-book, and this only while they are very young ; at a more advanced age they no longer think of reading for want of books ; the proportion of those who know how to read and write at the utmost does not exceed one-fifth or one-sixth. They would willingly attend the primary schools from the 1st of November to the end of March. How do the labourers pass their evenings after their work is over? — They have no source of amusement, no work for their evenings, they go to bed early. Which are the most unhealthy months ? — The months of July, August, and September. What is the proportion of sick? — For the year the proportion is from one-twentieth to one-twenty- fifth ; but, during the three above mentioned months, it is from one-eighth to one-tenth. What is the average duration of life ? — Sixty years. What are the amusements of the labourer? — The public-house. What the most common crimes ? — It may be asserted that no serious crimes are committed in the canton. Mem.— The above questions have reference only to the cultivators; (laboureurs ;) this class, however, forms only one-sixth of the population, the bulk of which belongs to the class called vine-dressers, (vignerons.) A vine-dresser who is the head of a family, and whose wife works, receives from fr. 450 to fr. 500 per annum in money, he is furnished with four barrels of small wine, with lodging, a garden, and land to grow hemp, with medical attendance and medicines, and he has one half of the refuse wood of the vineyard, such as the sarmens and secailles. The preceding questions and answers will also apply to them ; the domestic arrangements are in general bad, and of household economy, the source of household comforts, they are utterly ignorant. [From the Regisseur of a large wine property in Medoc] APPENDIX No. XVII. Canton of Pauillac. — Replies to the Three Series of Questions proposed by the Academy of Bordeaux, on the Cultivation of the Vine. DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE DEPARTMENT. Before replying to the questions proposed by the Academy of Bordeaux, relative to the cultivation of the vine, I should observe, that my answers are strictly applicable only to the best communes of the canton of Pauillac : this canton contains six communes — Pauillac, Saint Julien, Saint Estephe, Vertheuil, Saint Sauveur, and Cissac ; the most celebrated growths are those of the first three, they occupy the gravelly slopes of the left bank of the river. In these three communes the soil is generally of a light and stony description ; the stones are roundish, about the size of an egg, mixed with sand and earth. They are chiefly quartz, frequently semi-transparent, and sometimes quite clear; this gravelly crust varies in thickness from eighteen inches to three and a half feet, it rests sometimes on a sand slightly mixed with ochre, at others on ' alios,' a local name for ferruginous pudding-stone, (poudingue a ciment ferrvgineux,) and sometimes on clay. 1. When it is proposed to establish a vineyard in your canton, what exposure is preferred? — As the whole of the land of the canton produces in general wines of a good quality, no particular attention is paid to the exposure, the only preference that is given, is to the nature of the soil, those lands which contain the largest quantity of gravel, (grave,) and which rest upon ' alios,' produce the best wines. 2. What preparation does the land undergo ? Is the ground laid out in beds or in furrows ? — The ground undergoes no preparation if it has already been planted, if it has been waste, it is trenched, manured, and grain and potatoes grown upon it for two or three years. 3. Is it cultivated on the joualle system or the contrary ? If the two methods are followed, which is the most common ? — The land is divided by trenches. k 4. What space is left between each row of vines? — Three feet. 5. What is the distance from one plant to another? — Forty inches. 6. In thejoualles what is the general custom as it regards the number, and the distance of the rows of the vines, and the breadth of land left for the growth of corn or forage? — It has been stated above, that the cultivation in joualles is never pursued in this canton. 7. What is the mode of planting in the canton ? Is it in trenches, or a la batar ? (in drills.) Are plants with roots used or not? Does the mode of planting differ according to the nature of the soil ? Is manure used at the time of planting ? — The manner of planting pursued is the same throughout RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 145 the canton ; it consists in trenching-, so that the earth below is placed uppermost ; this process is called ' turning the earth.' 2. Plants with roots are rarely used. 3. There is no difference in the mode of planting- except the greater or less depth of trenching, that is to say, if the ' alios' is too near the surface of the soil to admit of a proper turning, this stony bed is broken up, as it would be impene- trable, and would stop the flow of the sap, which is essential to the growth of the vine. Some of the proprietors have it entirely broken up by the pick-axe, and this is the best plan ; others, after having - dug the necessary trenches for planting, make a hole with a drill, and place in it the plant, or 1 crosette.' A crosette is a shoot of the] second year, having a spur ; in the latter case the hole must pierce the whole thickness of the stony bed. The following is the method generally pursued in the canton ; it is that which I follow at St. Julien : to every acre (journal*) of land which is to be planted, 40 loads (tombereaax) of dung, and 80 loads of good soil, obtained from the cleansings of the ditches, are carted ; the labourers commence by digging a trench to the depth of eighteen inches, and three feet wide ; this trench, which extends in a right line the whole length of the intended plantation, having been dug, the place for each plant is marked out, observing a distance of forty inches between each. The men then being- furnished with iron rods or drills, make a hole of about a foot for each plant, which is thus sunk to the depth of 30 inches. All the plants are placed and supported by a prop; (carassonne ;) three or four handsful of good earth are immediately given to each plant, taking care to supply the hole made by the drill well. After this operation, dung is put to the plants, and immediately over the dung, the earth which has been previously carted to the plantation, to each plant about a quarter de bayard is put. These operations having been finished, a second trench is dug-, the earth of which serves to fill up the first, taking care to put the surface earth at the bottom of the trench, so that the ground may be thoroughly turned. The planting being finished the plant is set up, and after having cut it down to within three buds of the ground, it is bound with a withe (yime\) to the support; [carassonne f) the plant is not pruned until the vine is in leaf, that is after the planting, the object of which was a sort of ridge or cleft in the middle of which the bud appears. The planting generally is performed in the months of January, February, and March, and may be delayed without any very material injury until April; I had my planting done in this way in 1831 and 1S32, at the rate of 15c. ' brasse courant,' by the labourers of the country, who are na- turally indolent and slow; they earned fr.l 60c. a day, while labourers from other places, accustomed to hard work, will earn fr. 2 to fr.2 25c. It frequently happens that the proprietors only have the dung conveyed to the plantation ; in this case they pay 12c. per ' brasse.' The first consideration in a vineyard should be to provide an effectual drainage, for nothing is so prejudicial to the vine as wet. For this purpose, trenches or drains must be constructed ; if the drains are at a sufficient depth they may be formed of fir, and they will last for a long time ; if near the surface the wood would speedily rot, and the drain would on that account prove very expensive ; stone watercourses would in that case be preferable. 8. What attention is paid to the young plants ? — During 2 and sometimes 3 years, they receive 6 borings annually, viz. 3 to lay open the furrows, and 3 to fill it up ; the greatest possible care must be taken to destroy all weeds, which would infallibly choke the young plant if this were neglected. 9. At what age does the vine bear? — At 5 years old. 10. When is it in its greatest vigour? — At 12 years. 1 ] . At what age does a vineyard require to be replanted ? — To enterinto all the varieties of soil, and other causes which affect the lesser or greater duration of a vineyard, would extend the reply to this question. In the canton of Pauillac, there are vines that are probably 200 years old, and which are still good, there are others which are not yet 50 years old, and in a state of decay. In those soils which have a gravelly bottom where the vine can spread its root without meeting too great a degree of moisture, it will attain a great age ; it is the same in live sand, (sable vifj but when the soil reposes on a bottom through which the vine cannot force its way, and which does not permit the water to escape, the roots of the vine lying near the surface are liable to injury from moisture, cold, and excessive heats, and thus becomes subject to early decay. There is also a description of sand known in the canton by the name of ' sable mort,' in which the vine will not last above twenty or thirty years, and even then of a very indifferent quality. In the ordinary description of soils which may be considered as properly suited to the growth of the vine, its average duration is from 100 to 150 years, but to insure this it is necessary when the vine has reached 7 or 8 years, at which period its growth is extremely active, to give it a good manuring- according to the nature of the soil ; that is, should it be a cold or rather clayey soil, to manure with chalk and a top dressing of light earth, whilst for a light and naturally hot soil, it should be manured with good short dung, and a top dressing of a strong earth that would retain the wet. The proper manure having been given, the vine is ploughed up, and the stock laid bare to the first roots, and four or five spadesful (jointees) of dung, with about a quarter of a bayard of earth, are put to them. This having been done, the vine is again earthed up by the plough. The best season for manuring- is in the month of November. Repeating the manuring every ten years, if the dressings have been properly done and at the right season, the vine will prove abundantly productive of fruit of an excellent quality, and will last at least 150 years. 12. At what period of the year should the vine be pruned ? — The pruning- of the vine usually is begun towards the end of October. As soon as the wood is mature, and the leaves begin to drop, the pruning- may be commenced. It is very desirable to finish pruning before the frosts set in, that the wood may have time to heal over before the cold weather. The art of pruning is, questionless, the most difficult, and that which requires the greatest judgment on the part of the workman. 13. Does the vinedresser of the canton understand suiting the pruning to the variety of the vine and of the soil ? — Good vinedressers are scarce; there are however some to be found who do understand adapting the pruning to the nature of the soil, of the species of the stock, and to the quality of the wood. I say to the quality of the wood, because the shoot (I'aste) which is left too near the old wood, would not produce fruit. The pruning is generally performed on the shoot ; it however often happens * Land in the canton is measured by ' sadons,' ' reges,' and square feet ; 4 sadons are rather more than the Borde- lais acre, ' journal the difference is 35 square metres. _ f Vime is another name for the osier, it is distinguished into the white and red, the last is preferred ; the carassonne is either a piece of chestnut wood, acacia, or pine. 2 O 146 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL that the same stock is pruned in various ways, for when it becomes necessary to trim a plant, to renew its branches and to prevent its running too much to head, and to give it a desired form, the stock (pied) must be pruned at the shoot, (I'aste,) side shoots, (cot,) and suckers, (tiret.) 'L'aste'isa long branch so situated that it may be bent over, and spread so as to attach it to the laths. The 'tiret' is a shoot which grows out from the earth, or near it, and which the vinedresser leaves to tow to a considerable length, in order to fasten it in an upright position to the laths; the vinedresser leaves on this branch the three buds nearest to the stock, and cuts off all the rest. The tiret is intended to replace, at a subsequent period, the most defective branches from the stump of the vine. The ' cot ' is a branch coming out from the old wood, which is cut off at the second or third bud, and is also intended to supply the place of a badly placed or weak branch. With regard to the number of buds that should be left on the shoot (i'aste) that will depend upon the distance between, bearing in mind that this branch must always be long enough to be bent and fastened to the laths ; the number of buds is from 6 to 8. The greatest care must be taken in pruning, to cut out all useless wood, all those sjnall branches which give birth to gourmands, which exhaust the vine and prevent its bearing. .14 and 15. How many borings does the vine get annually ? At what time are they given ? Are they given with the plough, the spade, or the pick-axe ? — The vine receives 4 tillages, all with the plough ; the first takes place directly after the frosts have gone, which is generally about the 20th of February] this first tilling is called opening out the vine, (ouvrir la vigne,) it is performed with a plough called a ' caba ;' the object of it is to open the furrow in the centre of which the stock of the vine is planted, and to carry this furrow between the rows of the vine; for this purpose the labourer ploughs on both sides of the vine-row, so that the coulter of the plough (oreille de la charrue) may turn the earth between the rows, and form a furrow. As the labourer in this ploughing cannot turn up the earth between the roots of the vine, there always remains between these roots a quantity of earth, which in the country is called ' cavaillons,' but while the plough is at work, a number of men and women dig up the cavaillons with the spade, and spread the earth in the furrows. This first tilling should be finished by the latter end of March, and in April the second is begun, which is also performed with the plough, but not of the same kind ; this, which is called a ' courbe,' differs from the first in the form of the beam, (perche.) The use of the cabat being to lay bare the vine, has its beam bent in such a manner that the share may get as near as possible to the roots of the vine; the 'courbe' on the contrary, being intended to cover up the vine, has its beam so bent that the share may break up the furrow formed by the first tilling, and that the earth may be conveyed to the root of the vine; in this second tilling a woman, furnished with a hoe, follows the ploughman, in such a position as may enable her to observe the layers that have struck, and with her hoe hinder from being covered over with the earth ; to effect this, she interposes.the hoe between the layer and the share of the plough at the moment it passes along. In the beginning of May, the third tilling is begun ; this is an exact repeti- tion of the first with the ' cabat:' the fourth should be begun as soon as (he third is finished, and should be got through quickly ; it is performed like the second with the ' courbe.' I say that this last tilling should be done quickly, although it ought not to be continued during the blossoming; in fact, if it was not speedily done, as the object of it is to cover the roots of the vine, should any hot weather set in, the vine would be injured, and the fruit greatly deteriorated; it frequently happens even that many of the roots are killed. It may perhaps be objected that should the vine be covered up too soon, and the summer prove wet, the weeds would choke it. This is no doubt true ; but it is easy to root out the weeds that might prove injurious to the ripening of the grape, and consequently to the quality of the wine ; of the two evils we should choose the least, and certainly to delay the covering up too long might cause irreparable injury. Mem. In the questions addressed to me by the Academy, it would seem that in speaking of the operations they refer only to the guerats to be done to the vine. As there are many other indis- pensable labours included in the tilling, I shall proceed to describe them in detail. 1. In pruning, the intelligent workman shmild observe whether on the side of the root which he is about to prune, there is any want of ceps ; if there is, and the root to be pruned is vigorous, and fur- nished with a branch long enough to be laid, it should be preserved to serve as a iayer to supply the place of the root that is defective. The layers are generally made in the month of February. A trench is dug to the depth of 18 or 20 inches, in the direction of the defective root ; at the bottom of this trench the branch that has been preserved for this purpose at the time of pruning is laid, two or three large spadesful of rich mould are thrown upon it, and the trench is filled up ; if the branch that has been left should not be long enough to reach the place which the defective root occupied, the layer is formed in 2 years ; in the first year it is carried as far as the length of the branch will ad- mit, and in the second year, the trunk is prolonged, the new root is bedded, and it is made to occupy the place of the old one. As the layers weaken very much the stock from which they are formed, this stock is laid bare to the main root, to which two or three shovelsful of good mould are given, the same as to the layer. A workman that understands his business should make an incision on the layer in the second or third year; this is called weaning the layer, (sevrer le provin,) and in the third or fourth year he cuts it off entirely, in order to separate it from the main stock that it may not weaken the latter too much. 2. Dog grass (chien dent) proves in the highest degree injurious to the vine ; the eradication of it is, therefore, considered in the canton as a tilling: it is in the months of January and February that the labourers pass carefully through all the rows for the purpose of pulling it up. 3. Cutting out, in the month of May, all the superfluous wood (bois gourmand) is another of the annual labours. This is an operation that requires great care on the part of the workmen, for among the wood which is often considered superfluous, there may be some which, from its relative position to the root, should be preserved, in order to supply the place of some brancff of that root, or to give it a good shape. 15. Are there any particular labours which are not annual, but which are bestowed on the vine every second, third, or fourth year? If so, describe them, and the object of them. — I have before observed, that existence of wet is extremely injurious to a vineyard. To promote the escape of the water, every second or third year the earth thrown up by the plough into the borders, called in this part of the country ' capvirades,' which are at the end of the plantation and serve for cattle walks, (tournee aux bceufs,) should be taken away ; these borders should be so arranged that the water may escape freely ; they should be kept a little lower than the plantation. The earth taken from these borders is carried to the lowest parts of the vineyard in order to raise them, and thus facilitate the RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 147 escape of the water. If there should be no hollows, this earth is put to the foot of the vine for the whole length of the row, if there is sufficient for that purpose. This clearance of the earth from the borders should take place before vegetation has . begun. Another labour which should be performed every four or five years, but to which, although of great utility, few proprietors pay sufficient attention, is to clear away^fle moss. The grand evil of the moss is that it furnishes a shelter to a vast quantity of the eggs or larvte of insects, which injure the vine. The moss should not be taken off until after the frosts have ceased. 16. Is the practice of thinning out, or stripping the vine followed? What is the general practice in this respect? — The leaves are thinned in the month of July, and the branches of the vine shortened in order to promote a freeer circulation of the air, and that the unripe grapes, (verjits) especially, may better receive the effect of the sun's rays. Besides, as the vine in the canton is very low, it always happens that in this last operation some of the unripe grapes (verjus) get covered with earth ; to obviate this inconvenience a number of women and children examine every one of the vine stocks and raise up the unripe fruit, exposing it as much as possible to the influence of the sun. 17. Are all the vines propped up in the canton? What is the average height at which the vines are kept? What is the height of the props? Are they of various kind, such as paux, carassonne, &c? If so, pray describe them and their use. — Yes. The average height at which the vine is kept is about 15 inches. They are supported by the carassonne and laths; the average length of the carassonne is about 2 feet, and the lath is from 10 to 1 1 feet. The support for the vines forms an espalier, or trellis, extending from one end of the row to the other: the sharp end of the carassonne is driven into the ground to the depth of 7 or 8 inches ; three or four are usually put to each stock of the vine, one to the stump, to keep it as upright as possible, and to support each branch ; when the branches are long they require two carassonnes. The carassonnes having been driven into the earth, the laths are laid on and fastened by a split willow to the end of the carassonne. The espalier being thus formed the vine is fastened to it, giving always such a form as may be best suited to the root and branches, and at the same time expose the fruit best to the influence of the sun. The vine is fastened with willow ; (vime ;) it is split for the shoots (astes) and young branches, but those parts which offer a strong resistance are bound with small round osier twigs. 18. What sort of wood is used for the support of the vine ? Chestnut, acacia, pine, or other wood ? — The carassonne is of chestnut wood, and' the laths of pine. As hazlewood and acacias are to be found in this country, the carassonne and the laths are also made of the first of these woods, although it is of an inferior description. The acacia is the best sort of wood for the carassonne, only care must be taken not to use it until it has been well seasoned ; it ought to be very dry, and it is even best that it should be dried in the shade in an outhouse if possible. The use of hazel wood and of the acacia is so small, that the supports of the vine may be stated as consisting of carassonnes of chestnut with pine laths, at least in the canton of Pauillac. 19. Where is the wood obtained that is used in the canton for the vine supports? — The carassonne is wholly obtained from the Perigord, the laths are principally brought from the mountainous districts. The canton could supply all the laths required. The proprietors have already begun to plant their lands with pine, and they will soon cease to be tributary to the mountainous districts for that article. The willow is principally obtained in the arrondissement of Bordeaux. The canton produces at the utmost but one-tenth of the quantity required. The proprietors, better acquainted with their own interests and their own lands, might ere long be able to supply themselves with the requisite quantity of osiers, by devoting a part of their marsh and meadow land to the growth of this article. 20. W hat is the price of the vine support of the carassonne, of osiers, &c, delivered at the vine yard ? Good merchantable props (carassoyme) should be 2 feet long, 13 to to 14 lines broad, and 7 or 8 lines thick, the squarer the better: it should be made of sound billet wood. The carassonne costs, delivered at the nearest port to the vineyard, fr. 6^ to fr. 7 per 1,000. The pine laths of the district cost fr. 15 per 1,000 ; they are of inferior quality. Osiers of the best quality cost fr. 3. 21. Do any of the proprietors of the canton endeavour to diminish their expenses by doing away with the supports for the vine, and introducing into their vineyards a mode of pruning which would allow of this saving without injury to the fruit? — Almost all of them strongly feel the necessity of diminishing their expenses of cultivation, which cannot be done without introducing a new mode of pruning, but no one has ventured on any change. The principal cause which has deterred the pro- prietors, -is the ignorance of the labourers ; they are so much the slaves of routine that their opposi- tion to any innovation would prone an almost insurmountable obstacle. 22. What are the accidents to which the vineyards of the canton are most liable ? — The only acci- dent to which the vineyards of the canton^are liable is hail. This evil is of very rare occurrence in the canton. _ ®-*z^-:< 23. Are frosts in spring or autumn of frequent occurrence in the canton? Are they attributable to local causes? Is any endeavour made to prevent their evil effects? — Instances of damage done by spring or autumnal frosts are very rare. 24. Is the falling of the fruit (la couture) common in the canton ? To what cause may it be in general attributed? Have any attempts been made to cure this disease? — It is very common. It is attributed to the fogs which arise from the river and marshes and which spread over the vineyard. If the fog disperses, and it turns out rainy or cloudy, there is no fall of the fruit ; if, on the contrary, the fog is followed by very warm weather, the fall of fruit (la coulure) is very great. The same happens when during the days slight dews arise followed by strong sunshine. No attempts have been made to prevent this disease. 25. What are the insects which cause the greatest injury to the vine ? — There are three kinds which commit very extensive ravages. First, the snails, (escargots,) which eat up the young buds as soon as they begin to open ; they continue their ravages till the wood and leaves have acquired sufficient hardness to resist their attacks. Second, the vinefretter, (pvceron,) called in this part of the country the ' barbot.' This insect is of a golden-green colour; its ravages are also felt immediately after the developement of the bud ; it sucks the sap of the young wood and the leaves, and the effect is seen in a species of burn. Third, the green attelabe, (attelabus Bacchus,) which is of a golden green. This insect, known in many places under the names of ' coupe bourgeon, of ' lisette,' is.called the ' chev' in Medoc. It is unquestionably (he most destructive of any that infest the canton ; it cuts off the shoots or branches of the vine even when they have attained to a considerable growth. At a later period, towards the month of June, it deposits its eggs on the upper surface of the leaves, where the larvae breed which 2 P 148 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL surround them, upon which they prey, and there conceal themselves from their enemies. All these leaves speedily die, leaving - the wood and the fruit in consequence of their indispensable nourishment. It is difficult to form an idea of the appearance presented by a vineyard suffering- from the ravages of this insect. These insects are collected with g-reat care, which is attended with very considerable expense. The two last are collected in tin pails filled with water. When the nests or the last-named insects have been collected, the leaves which cover them are all gathered together and burnt outside of the vineyard. 26. What, according to the season, is the most favourable temperature for the vine ? — For winter, when the frosts are not too severe, 7° or 8° Reaumur below zero may be suffered by the vine without injury, if there have not been heavy rains before the frosts. It may even be asserted that such frosts are useful, from the quantity of insects they destroy. During the spring-, a mild and slightly moist tempe- rature ; heavy rains not only render the operations of the vineyard difficult but they multiply insects in an astonishing- degree ; the latter end of the spring and the beginning- of summer should be dry but not too warm — this is the period of blossoming. The rest of the summer should be at a pretty high tem- perature. Light rains from time to time are highly essential, especially immediately after blossoming-, and at the time when the grape is about to turn. In order that these rains may prove beneficial, they should be followed by cloudy weather if they take place in the day, for after blossoming-, day rains followed by a burning- sun blacken and cause the unripe fruit (ve.rjus) to fall off. At the time when the grape changes colour they occasion them to shrivel or completely to dry up, and shrivelled grapes make very bad wine. The commencement of autumn should be dry and warm ; abundant rains would cause the sap to rise again. Towards the end of autumn some slight frosts are useful, as they hasten the fall of the leaves, and thus favour the beginning of the cutting. 27. At what period, in an average season, does the vintage commence in the. canton ? Do the red and the white grape ripen at the same time? Are the ' graves' and the ' palus' gathered at the same time ? Describe the difference, if any, in the canton. — In the first fortnight of September. In the canton of Paulliac, red wine only is made, and the graves only are taken. 28. Do strangers come to gather in the vintage in the canton ? From whence do they come ? What are they paid ? and what agreements are made with them ? — The quantity of vines in the canton is so great that it is necessary to employ many strangers. They come principally from Saint- onge and the neighbouring communes of the Landes. They come also from the Pyrenees ; the latter pass the winter in the country, and perform all the heavy labours of digging in consideration of their board and lodging. With respect to wages they vary annually, being for men from 70 cents to fr. 1 20 cents, and sometimes fr. 1 50 cents per day ; women and children receive half what is paid to the men. The men who work the presses generally receive 5 centimes per day more than the others. 29. How is the vintage gathered in the canton? — The labourers are arranged in the following man- ner : — the women and children are set to gather the grapes ; they must pick out all the bad and un- ripe fruit, and all that which is withered or decayed. One picker is allotted to each row of vines ; the pickers place the grapes in baskets ; to eight rows of vines two baste carriers are allowed. (The 'baste' is a small tub holding about 12 pots.) Thirty to thirty-two bastes constitute about a charge; the charge is composed of two small casks, called in this part of the country douilles. These two casks are placed on the cart ; when full they may yield about 2 to 2j barrels, according to the quality of the vintage. A basket emptier receives from each vintager or gatherer his basket, which he empties into the baste as soon as it is full; at the same time the baste carrier treads the grapes, taking care not to crush them too much, that the must may spill in carrying the baste. As soon as it is full the baste bearer takes it on his back, on a sort of cushion of twisted straw, and proceeds to empty it into the douilles that are placed on the cart. There is an overlooker to every 12 rows. These over- seers, while hastening the pickers, are chiefly employed to see that none of the grapes are left un- gathered. The two douilles on the cart being full, the carter carries his load to the vat. 30 and 31. Are the whole or part only of the grapes stripped from the stalk ? How is the tread- ing performed? (describe the press.) — Before replying to these two questions, it is as well to explain how the men are occupied in the tun room (cuvier.) There are generally from three to five to each press, according to the quantity of grapes to be stripped from the stalks (egrappe.) One man is em- ployed in carrying away the rape (rapes) as fast as the stones are separated : the rape is placed in the press to drain. Men are also engaged in carrying to the vat; their number varies according to the extent of the gathering. One man is also occupied in levelling the vendange in the tuns as it is thrown in ; for this purpose he is furnished with a long handled rake. Whe» the vendange is brought to the tuns, the pressmen turn over the douilles and empty them into the press. Stripping (egrappage) is pretty generally practised : by some it is performed with rakes ; others rub the grapes over a wire, (gervis,) the frame of which is supported on four legs, and forms a table, the top of which is hollow. This plan appears to me better than the former, because in this way the whole of the vendange passes through the hands of the pressmen, and it is much easier to pick out that which is bad, besides, no seeds are left in the rape. The rape being separated, the seeds are taken up in a heap and the treading commences, which is done by stamping. I should observe that in the front of the press there is a hole through which the must passes as the treading is performed. The must falls into a large tub called a ' gargouille ;' the. wine bearers empty this must with rather deep buckets, which are called 'comportes.' These buckets are crossed in the upper part with a long stick that they may be carried by two men, who empty the must into the tufts. The pressmen having finished treading, each takes a baste and carries this vendange to the tun. I should remark that the following precautions are generally taken to season the wine vessels, the presses, the douilles, gargouilles, &c. They are first cleaned several times with cold water in order to free them from any bad smell. The night before the vendanges, every thing is thoroughly drained, wiped out, and afterwards sponged with brandy of good quality. The barrels are scalded and imme- diately set to drain; when they have drained for one or two days they are placed in the store or cellar ; before putting them in their places they are rinsed out with about a glass of brandy, and are then care- fully bunged. This preparation of the casks should take place before the vendange, in order that the wood may have time to absorb the brandy employed in rinsing them out. The filling the tuns should, as far as possible, be so managed that the filling of a tun should be begun in the morning and finished by the evening, especially when the weather is warm and the vintage thoroughly ripe. It is dangerous to till the tuns too full, as there is a risk of losing a good deal of wine when the fermentation is at the height : there should be a space of 15 to 18 inches left empty. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 149 Presses. — A press is generally about 8 or 9 feet square in the inside ; it is made of oak wood ; it is composed of four planks, with 15 or 16 inches fall, and 4 inches thick, mis de champ, and bound to- g-ether at right angles ; the joinings are dovetailed, or else fastened together with iron pins ; the latter appears the best, but it is not so cleanly. The frame is fonce' with square joints. The entire press is raised from 26 to 28 inches above the ground. It is set up so that there is a slight inclination in front. It is supported on strong joists called (clefs,) which rest on strong stories or on masonry ; the press is placed in the pressroom (pressoir.) The country presses are very defective ; they are formed of two strong iron screws, with iron boxes, copper worm, and two or three large iron wedges (clefs.) They work to the left. The box of the press is formed of joists and planks not bound together, which occasions a great loss of time, and the pressing is very badly done. 30. What, is the average time for tunning ? What are the signs by which it is known that the pro- cess of vinification is complete? — The proprietors have not adopted any fixed rule for the duration of the tunning; some keep it in the tuns for 15 or 20 days, others much less. I believe, however, that the majority do not leave it in the tuns more than from 8 to 12 days, according- to the temperature of the atmosphere, and the greater or less degree of ripeness of the vintage. The vinification is known to be complete when the fermentation is no longer observed, and the wine begins to get cool. For this purpose, before the casks are filled, a cock with a key is driven in about 3 feet from the bottom of the tun, and the different degrees of fermentation are noted at various times in the course of the day. 31. Are several sorts of wine made from the same gathering? Is the mark pressed? Is the mark used in making small wine (piquette) after pressing it ? Describe the principal processes. — Two or three different sorts of wine are generally made. The first is composed of the vendange of the old vines, and in general of the vines that have a good exposure, the grapes of which bas e acquired a per- fect maturity. The second is composed of the vendange arising from the vines situated in moist lands having a bad exposure, and producing a fruit of inferior quality. 1 he third class of wine is made from the bottom of the tuns and the vins de marc. The mark, after having been pressed, is frequently used for making small wine (piquette.) To cask the wine we proceed in the following man- ner : — the barrels being arranged in the cellars, an estimate is made of the number of charges con- tained in the first tun to be racked off, each charge being calculated to yield from 2 to 2\ barrels of wine, or 200 to 225 pots ; the whole contents of this tun are distributed in equal quantities to all the barrels which it is computed the entire gathering will fill. The first tun serves as the basis forjudging what all the rest of the tuns will yield, bearing in mind the quality of the vendange with which it has been charged. In proportion to the yield of each tun, the satne proceedings are followed as with the first, distributing an equal quantity of the wine it contained amongst all the barrels. When a tun has to be run off, a wire sieve should always be placed beneath the cock to prevent any of the stones, which might escape from the tun, from falling into the wine, which is received into a large tub called a gargouille. The man who attends to the cock of the tun ought to take care that the wine flows in an equal and uninterrupted manner; when it is supposed that the tun is nearly empty he should watch very carefully, and turn the cock as soon as the wine begins to run foul. As the wine falls into the tub it is measured before it is distributed amongst the barrels, and poured into the comportes to be afterwards conveyed and poured into the barrels. In charging the barrels he should also mind to begin sometimes at one end of the cellar and sometimes at the other ; by thus alternating he prevents the beginning of some of the tuns being mixed in some of the barrels with the endings of others. In fact, the utmost precaution must be taken to insure the equal distribution of the wine in all the barrels. When the wine which was in the tub has been taken, the cock is again turned, and the wine that remains in the tun is left to flow. This wine is called bottoms, (fond de cuve,) and is generally mixed with the vin de marc, or the refuse from the press. The same process is followed for the second ■wines. When it is intended to press, the rape is taken out of the tuns as soon as it is well drained and carried to the press. When it is sufficiently pressed the marc is placed in the tun, and every third or fourth day water is poured upon it to make the first small wine; (piquette ;) to have this piquette of good quality it ought not to exceed one-third of the wine made. When it has fermented for 15 or 20 days, another portion of water is added to the marc, taking care not to put it all at once, in order not to drown the rape and prevent the fermentation. This is also left for 15 or 20 days, and the second piquette is drawn off. The rape is then taken from the tuns, and they are cleaned out. 32. Are new barrels always used for the wine of the vintage ? — New barrels alone are used. What is the average cost of barrels per dozen ? — One hundred and fifty francs. Where are the staves obtained? — From the north. 33. How is the filling up (ouillage) performed ? — During the month following the running off the wine, it is necessary to fill up every 3 or 4 days, during the second month every 8 days, and afterwards every 12 or 15 days, till the last drawing, which takes place at the end of March ; this leakage filling up from the drawing off the wines to the month of March is 3 months. The wine is always filled up with wine of the same quality. When a cask is broached for this purpose, if it is expected to last a long while, it is racked into small quarter casks, in order that the wine may not deteriorate from the ullage that would exist in the cask. When the quantity of wine required for filling is so much that a barrel would be used in two or three fillings, all that is necessary is to expel the internal air by burning a match in it. 34. When is it racked off? how often ? and at what times? — The wines are racked off twice a- year, in the months of March and October. There is no fixed time for this. [Mem. The preceding questions, both as it regards the cultivation of the vine and the vintage, are applicable both to white wines and red wines. Answers are requested separately for each colour.] 35. What are the expenses of cultivation, per Bordelais journal, an acre, and what is the average produce ?•— - The expenses of cultivation in the canton are so heavy, that I consider it absolutely neces- sary to give them in detail that I may not be accused of exaggeration. The detail of these expenses is formed on accounts which have been kept with the most scrupulous exactness. The journal of the canton of Pauillac contains 4000 square pans. 150 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL The pan is 2 feet 8 inches 8 lines. The journal is equal to 4 sadons, or 40 reges. The sadon equals 10 reges. The rege is 100 paces long- by 1 foot wide. The vineyards of the canton are divided amongst the labourers by prixfaits. These prixfaits are generally 8 or 9 acres (Journaux) of vineyard. The tillage by the prixfaiteur and his wife are classed and paid for as follows : — Fr. Fr. For pruning the vine 55 For collecting the cuttings and dead wood, binding and conveying them from) _^ the vineyard j For putting down vine props and laths 25 For fastening the vine 20 For twice drawing the cavaillons 30 The work above-mentioned, therefore, amounts to, per prixfaits . . . 150 [The prixfaiteur has also half of the clippings and dead wood ; he receives four barrels of piquette, of which two are of the first and two of the second making; he has his lodg- ing and a garden provided him ; but I shall carry into the account only the money expended, the rest merely by way of memorandum.] A well-kept vine requires 2,000 carassonnes annually per prixfait, ; carassonnes of) g^ chestnut wood are frequently used, at fr. 7 per 1,000 ) A hundred large props for the end of the rows ... 3 For pointing the required quantity of props 6 About 100 bundles of laths per prixfait are required, at 80 cents per bundle . . 80 [These laths are generally of pine of 11 or 12 years.] Twenty sheaves of willows of the first quality, at fr. 3 per sheaf 60 For each prixfait about 1,000 layers are set, at the rate of fr. 25 per 1,000 ... 25 Rooting out the dog-grass, per prixfait 25 Splitting oziers 3 Clearing (bois gourmand) 10 Uncovering the unripe grapes which have been covered with earth at ploughing . 8 Wages of the head vine-dresser may be reckoned, per prixfait, at 30 Wages of workmen come to about 120 Fr. It is far less expensive to hire teams and drivers by the year than by the) job ; in fact, giving four ploughings to the vine will require, at least, 32 days' J- 160 work of a pair of oxen per prixfait ; if reckoned at fr. 5 per day, this would bej The hire of a team, per prixfait, for 15 days is necessary for carting earth,) ^ dung, dead wood and clippings, and the vintage J Making a total of ' 235 Wages of men for turning and mixing the dung and earth, digging the earth, for) ^ carrying and making plantations, &c j For the expenses of cattle, interest on their cost, accidents, and wear and tare, con-1 sumption of fodder, and pasturing . J Repair of carts and tumbrils, reckoning interest on outlay, and wear and tare . 20 Repair of ploughs, (coufbes and cabats,) yokes, &c , 20 The smith is paid fr. 40 per pair of oxen for repairing the coulters of the ploughs) during the four ploughings, making per prixfait J The smith is also paid fr. 50 a-year for each pair of oxen for shoeing, making per) jg prixfait . j Rushes for litter for oxen, cost fr. 9 per load, each pair of oxen requiring 10 loads,) ^ making, per prixfait, about J Expenses of vintage, food, wages, &c ■ 100 Enclosure of vineyard, and watching at the time the grapes are ripe 15 Barrels, at 50 the tun, per prixfait 200 Repair of tuns and utensils required for the vintage, brandy for cleansing, &c. . . 20 Destruction of insects 40 Clearing ditches, repairing hedges and watercourses 20 Every three or four years it is necessary to cart away the earth which the ploughmen"! constantly deposit on the capvirades, or borders of the vineyard, which costs > 15 annually about, per prixfait j Every ten years it is necessary to manure with short dung mixed up with earth,) ^ which costs, per prixfait, annually J To the smith for the repair of various tools, and supplies of ditto 30 All the men servants being lodged, the repair of their houses may be reckoned an-1 gQ nually at j Repairs of cattle-sheds, granary, tun-house, cellar, &c . 30 Taxes for offices, houses, vineyards, &c 150 For stripping or thinning, and raising the vines so as to expose the grapes, and fori g clearing it from moss, per prixfait J For eradicating weeds 30 For changing props and broken lath$*after the first putting down, and raising the vines 6 1704 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 151 Interest on advances. Brokerage 2 per cent, on sales of 4 tuns at the average price of Discount to the purchaser, 1 year at per cent. Duty at per tun Information on the estimates for the keep of the men-servants and their wages, purchase of oxen and their keep, purchase and repair of carts, tumbrils, and ploughs, &c. : — A man-servant or ploughman, when married, receives the following wages, — fr, 135 in money, 14 hectolitres of barley, 4 barrels of piquette or small wine, of which two of the first and two of the second runnings, 100 bundles of faggots, 50 faggots of secaille, and 1,000 vine stalks. The unmarried ploughman gets the same sum of fr. 135 in money, the same quantity of piquette, 7 hectolitres of barley, 100 faggots of firewood, 25 faggots of secaille, and 500 of vine stalks, 1 pound of soap, 100 sardines at Lent, and a pound of salad oil, and fr. 45 for board with the head ploughman. The oxen, as far as possible, are selected from those of the country ; their price varies from fr. 600 to fr. 800. I reckon them to be fed 7 months in stall "and 5 months pastured, which is the usual practice. When stall-fed they are allowed 30 lbs. of hay a day, or 60 lbs. per pair. Hay, in average years, is worth from fr. 30 to fr. 35 per load of 1,200 lbs. to 1,300 lbs. During the 5 months of pasturage each ox consumes 5 lbs. to 6 lbs. per clay, or 12 lbs. per pair; the pasturage is reckoned at fr. 12 per month per pair. A cart, with wooden axle, costs fr. 200, it will last 12 to 15 years, the axle requires to be renewed every year or every 2 years ; the cost of tumbrils is about the same, only the body of the tumbril will last only 6 or 7 years. Ploughs. — The courbe and the cabat cost fr. 18, they will last about 5 or 6 years; the handle or guider costs fr. 1, and lasts 2 years ; the share or coulter costs fr. 3, and will last 6 or 7 years ; a pair of quilles cost fr. 7, and lasts for 6 or 7 years ; the ring or crognon costs fr. 3, and lasts only 2 years ; the beam costs fr. 6, and lasts 5 or 6 years ; the coutirler costs fr. 7, and lasts 14 or 15 years ; a coutre costs fr. 6, and lasts 4 or 5 years ; a yoke costs fr. 5, and lasts 4 or 5 years ; ^landix and a fourcat cost fr. 5, and last 2 years ; cart and tumbril bolts fr. 40 50 cents; a dungfor* or pitchfork fr. 7, and lasts 6 or 7 years. The prixfaits are generally 8 acres ; it follows that the cost of cultivation per acre is fr.213 25 cents. 36. Do the wines of the canton find a market ? — Yes, all. 37, 38, 39, and 40. — Are they converted into brandy ? Does the canton possess any distilleries ? On an average, what number of prices of brandy are made in the canton ? What is the average quantity of brandy obtained from a given quantity of wine of the canton ? — These last questions will not apply to the canton of Pauillac, all its wines being of a superior quality. APPENDIX No. XVII I Administration of Bordeaux — Principality of Bordeaux. Statement of Wines Exported from Bordeaux to England ^uring the undermentioned Years, Years. Wines Ej Casks. ported in Bottles. Total. | 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 Total Barrels Tuns . Litres. 3,088,493 1,193,062 899,408 2,063,056 1,677,625 1,299,014 1,148,606 896,470 Litres. 890,020 275,256 218,265 259,802 295,361 313,915 292,838 235,593 Litres. 1 3,377,513 1,468,318 1,117,673 I 2,322,858 f 1,972,986 1 1,612,929 f 1,441,444 1,132,063 I 12,265,734 2,180,050 14,445,784 | 54,757§ 13,689 If bar. 9,732 4 2,433^ 64,490 16,122 2 bar. [Bordeaux Custom House.] 152 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XIX. Account of Purchase, Cost of Keeping, and Sale of One Hundred Tuns of Wine bought at the Wine Press, Cellared during three years, and Shipped for Exportation. Purchase of 100 tuns wine, at 300 francs per tun EXPENSES OF FIRST YEAR. Entry, carriage, and charges, 30 francs per tun Three drawings at 1 franc 50 ces. Cellarage, loss 10 tuns . SECOND YEAR. Two drawings or 90 tuns Cellarage do. Cask repairs, &c. at 8 francs ; loss 41- tuns THIRD YEAR. Two drawings on 85-V tuns Cellarage Cask repairs, &c. at 10 francs Fr. 30 450 1200 270 1080 720 256 50 1026 855 Fr. 1680 2070 2137.50 300 100 6287 . 50 1237. 50 Extra charges Insurance ffom fire CHARGES OF SHIPMENT. Casks, &c. ; double hoops, cartage, brokerage, &c. at 15 francs per ) tun, or S2i tuns J Interest on 30.000 francs, at 6 per cent, for 3 years 6287.50 ■ at lido. Cost of S2h tuns This makes the tun cost . Allow merchant's profit, 10 francs Cost on board Freight and charges of delivery Say 630 per tun delivered in London. Estimate 400 for duty at the rate of 16 per tun. 1030 for 1000 bottles, which would come out at about lOd. sterling per bottle. 5400 565. S5 527.11 52.71 579.82 50 ^29.82 Allow for Carriage Cellarage for 6 months Interest at 5 per cent. Allow profit to the dealer Corks and bottling expenses . Sundry charges Profit to the retailer, 15 cents per bottle, 1 All other expenses Say 1 franc 30 cents per bottle, or 13c?. sterling. 1 6 15.75 "22T75 31.25 20 20 Fr. 30000 7525 37525 5965.85 43490~.85 1030 40 150 54 1084~ 190 1274 26 1300 APPENDIX No. XX. 30th January, 1834. The general import of my argument was, that the reduction of the rate of duties on French wine, in 1831, would not have the effect of increasing the consumption; and certainly this has been fully con- firmed by the subsequent returns. I am aware that for a time the dread of cholera had the effect of lessening the consumption of French wine, but I do not think that this feeling had any influence on the returns to the 5th of January, 1833. There is now before me a return to the House of Commons, dated 10th June, 1833, which gives the quantity of each kind of wine retained for home consumption for the previous ten years, and which shows an annual decrease in French wine since 1828. Judging from what I have seen in my own business, I should expect an increase in the French wine in the pre- sent compared with the previous year ; but I see nothing which indicates that the general taste of the country is turning to French wine. Expectations were entertained that when the duties were equalized, the lower priced French wines would come into demand — the extent to which they have done so, I believe to be a mere trifle, I know that my own house has given this description of wine a fair trial — RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 153 we have had it of all prices — some of it we have at a lower price than our port wine, and excellent wine of the kind, sound, well flavoured, and agreeable, — during- the few months of summer some people were induced to try it, and we disposed of a few hogsheads of it in bottle, but, with the excep- tion of the mess of one dragoon regiment, no one returned a second time for it, and the demand very soon ceased entirely — and from anything I can see, I do not think that the demand for that descrip- tion of French wine would be much increased if the duty were taken off altogether. In confirmation of this view of the case I inclose some statements which I have made up from (he Parliamentary returns, shewing the proportions in which the different kinds of wines have been con- sumed in this country for a good many years back, from which it appears that the general taste of the consumers is so decidedly against French wine, as to leave scarcely a hope of turning- the tide in its favour. What can be done for any wine which stands so low as lour per cent, in the quantity con- sumed ? The measure of equalizing the duties is therefore a total failure as regards French wine — the addi- tional duly on wines not French has had the effect of reducing the consumption of these to the extent of six per cent, but in the face of the reduction of the rate of duty in favour of French wine, the con- sumption has decreased to the extent of eighteen per cent. And in respect of the revenue this measure has not been much more successful — the duties, in 1 832, at the new rates, give only ,£42,348 more than the old rates gave in 1830, and for this increase to the revenue the country has paid £162.655, being the additional 8d. per gallon on all wines not French, on the diminished consumption of 1832 — after giving credit for the reduction of Is. 9d. on French wine. I enclose a statement of this. RETURN OF WINES, On which Duties were paid for Home Consumption in the following Years. Year. Cape Imperial Gallons. French. Imperial Gallons. All Others. Imperial Gallons. Being per Cent. 1822 1823 1824 1825 1820 1 1827 1S28I 18291 133oJ 2.285.875 3.237.G55 903.205 2.181.398 1G. 755. 710 29,895,004 Proportions of these nine Years. Cape. French. All Others. 11.40 4.53 84. 1 100. 9.79 6.18 84. 3 100. 10. 5.40 84.60 100. RETURN OF WINES, On which Duty for Home Consumption in the United Kingdom was paid in the Year ending 5th January, 1831. Imperial Gallons. Net Duty. Proportion. Madeira .... Portugal .... Spanish .... Rhenish .... Sicilian, &c. 537,188 337,093 228,221 2,933.176 2,153,031 71,423 105,875 2,780 259,709 £ 64,399 110,417 55,318 692,905 502,011 16,447 25,615) 666 V 62,77lJ 8-14 p. ct. 5" 3-44 ,, 44-25 32-63 ,, 1- 5-54 ,, Total gallons 6,623,496 1,524,177 100- p. ct. 154 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL WINE ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION In the United Kingdom in the Year ending 5th January, 1832. Quantity upon which Duty has been paid for Home Consumption. Description of Wines. Imperial Gallons. Proportion. Madeira Portugal I Total a4U,oo/ 278,863 219,102 2,762,925 2,161,743 60,568 97,269 3,844) 262,006/ 8 - 46 p. ct. 4-34 ,, 3- 41 ,, 43-40 ,, 33-81 •93 1-50 4- 15 6,386,687 100- p. ct. WINE ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION In the United Kingdom in the Year ending 5th January, 1833. Quantity upon which Duty has been paid for Home Consumption. Description of Wines. Imperial Gallons. Proportion. Cape French c Madeira Portugal Spanish Rhenish Canary Fayal Sicilian, &c Total 514,262 228,627 159,898 2,617,405 2,080,099 38,197 72,803 1,1671 253,084} 8.60 p. ct. 3.81 2.67 43.85 35.00 .62 ., 1.20 ,, 4.25 ,, 5,965,542 100. p. ct. Cape French Other Sorts Gallons DUTIES AT FORMER RATES IN 1830. 535,255 at 308,294 „ 5,590,896 „ s. d. 2 5 per Gallon 7 3 4 10 £ 64,676 111,656 1,351,133 1,527,465 Cape . Gallons Other Sorts DUTIES AT PRESENT RATES IN 1832. £ 70,711 1,499,102 s. d. 514,262 at 2 9 per Gallon 5,451,280 „ 5 6 Increase of Revenue Additional Duty of 4d. per Gallon on Cape in 1832. Ditto ,, of Sd. ,, on wines not V French or Cape, J Deduct Is. 9d. per Gallon on French wine Paid by the Country for the above increase Total of all wines except French per Return to 5th Jan. 1832 to 5th Jan. 1833 Being 6 per cent. French wine to 5th Jan., 1832 „ to 5th Jan., 1833 Decrease Being 18 per cent. Gals. 514,262 5,222,653 228,627 1,569,813 £42,348 £ 8,571 174,088 182,659 20,004 £162,655 Gals. 6,107,824 5,736,915 Decrease 370,909 Gals. 278,863 228,627 50,236 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 155 APPENDIX No. XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF INDIRECT TAXES. Statement of the Quantities of fermented Liquors consumed annually in the principal Towns in France. Quantity of Hectolitres Total consumed in 1833. Departments. Districts. Communes. Popula- tion. Wines. Cider Perry, and Hydiomel. Alcohol. Am Bollr ff Bourg 8 , 424 12,557 2 193 Aisne . Laon Laon 8,400 7,558 6,782 350 > j • r> • • Chauny . . . . 4,295 1,331 14,739 246 Chateauthierry Chateauthierry 4,697 6,074 61 181 , , . . . . St. Quentin St. Quentin 17 ,686 5,004 10,587 1,162 Soissons Soissons . . . . 8, 149 13.348 4,805 505 Aiiier • Moulins Moulins . • . . 14 ,OZO 23,069 317 Gannat Gannat . . . . 5 ,246 5,741 41 3 3 .... Montlucon Sisteron Montlucon 4,991 7,082 2 81 Alps, Low . Manosque . . . . 5 ,543 466 46 Alps, High . Gap Gap 7,015 9,735 141 Ardeche .... Tournon Aimonay . . . . 8 , 277 7,144 243 Ardenues Charleville Charleville. 8,300 2,004 1,449 389 j j • Rethel Rethel 6,335 3,169 6,697 418 3 3 ... Rocroy Givet 4,220 480 43 208 ) ) ... Sedan Sedan 1 2 , 448 2,979 329 632 Arriege .... roix, Farmers, and St. Girons . Troyes and Arcis sur Aube . Pamiers . . . . 6,048 12,242 J J 77 Aube . . . . Troyes 23,719 39,256 1,161 839 Aude .... Carcassonne, and . . . . Carcassonne . 1 5 ,. 755 25,030 j •> 58 > , .... Castemaudary Castelnaudary 9 , 987 6 , 783 18,413 ) 7 68 , , .... Limoux Limoux . 11,365 ' ) 21 , , .... Aveyron , , ... Narbonne Narbonne . 10,246 7,019 5 J 39 Rodez Rodez 8,788 20,684 77 161 Milhau, and Milhau 8,714 6,814 79 , , . • • St. Aff'rique St. Affrique 4,304 6,341 36 ,3 ... Villefranche Villefranche . . 9,540 14,967 3 119 Bouches du Rhone Marseille Marseille . 149 ,115 169,997 198 529 5 3 3 3 La Ciotat . . . . 5 , 237 4,750 •> 3 13 ) 3 Aix Aix 23, 132 22,490 J 3 49 ) 3 > > Martigues 7,533 6,928 J J 21 ) > 3 3 Salon 5,947 4,105 J > 37 3 3 Aries Aries 20 , 236 17,136 3 3 69 J ) 3 3 ' ■ * Tarascon . . . . 10,967 12,568 3 ) 43 Calvados , Caen Caen 38,161 2,925 91,201 800 33 ... Bayeux Bayeux . 10,303 884 36,010 457 33 ... Falaise Falaise 9,581 471 26 , 009 150 3j ... Honfleur Honfleur . 8,888 991 18,584 548 33 ... Lisieux ... . • Lisieux . ■ . . 10,706 741 23,913 140 3 3 ... Vire Vire . . • . . 8,500 645 22,063 406 3 3 ... Cantal • j 3 . . . ■ • . . . Condo 5,438 276 17,471 157 Aurillac and Mauriac . . Aurillac . • . • 9 , 180 9,550 52 261 ) 3 .... Charente 01. ± itiui uiii ivxnret . • . oil r leui .... C C /I A o , o4U 7,183 93 Angouleme and Kuttec Angouleme 15,025 30,956 3 3 3 3 219 Charente, Inferior JLa Kocnelle La Rochelle . 18,500 32,148 27 79 j > St, Jean d'Angely .... St. Jean d'Angely ■ 6 ,242 6,348 1 11 ) 3 Rochefort and Murennes . Rochefort . . • 1 6 , 200 32,916 77 180 > > Cher Saintes Saintes . 10,274 14,761 3 3 48 Bourges and Sancerre . . , Bourges . • . • 19 ,500 27,172 7,203 23 535 33 .... 3 > 3 3 ... St. Amand Vierzon . 4,706 16 121 St. Amand .... 6,000 3,781 121 Correze • Tulle, Brives, Ussel • • . . 1 uile 8,097 11,532 3 J 95 155 3 3 3 3 • Brives . . . 6,801 11,722 5 60 Coted'Or '. '. '. Dijon Dijon . 25 ,500 24,095 13 438 > j . • Beaune ..... Beaune . 9,366 9.280 118 3 3 ... Semur ....... Semur 4,121 3,605 3 3 48 ot. xJrieux St. Brieux .... 10,342 1,743 3 3 25,962 379 J 3 * 3 3 • Lamballe . 4,445 557 16,753 130 3 3 " « 3 3 Quintin . 4,635 477 7 QfiQ / , uVo 1 Li) 33 • • Dinan ...... Dinan 8,030 1,030 39,941 240 " -* Guingamp Guingamp . . . 6,100 1,102 13,530 254 Creuse .... Lannion Lannion .... 5,269 1,448 3,684 255 Aubusson, Bourgneuf . Aubusson .... 4,847 4,442 11 106 Dordogne . . . Perigueux Perigueux .... 8,400 20,027 7 170 j j • • • Bergerac Bergerac .... 8,557 10,813 75 3 3 ... Doubs .... Surlat Surlat 6,056 6,423 3 3 62 Besancon Besancon .... 28,795 32,852 3 3 6 957 3 > .... Pontarlier Pontarlier .... 4,549 3,239 310 3 3 .... Drome .... Montbelliard and Baume Montbelliard . . . 4,605 4,679 3 3 > 3 3 3 166 Valence and Die Valence .... 9,805 18,964 305 3 ; » . . . 3 3 ..... Romans .... 8,887 11,966 185 3 3 • . * • Eure .... Montelimart and Nyon . Montelimart . 7,161 7,558 J 3 141 Evreux Evreux .... 9,963 4,184 15,343 685 J 3 .... Pontaudemer Pontaudemer . 5,300 691 14,978 629 3 3 «... Louviers Louviers .... 9,885 2,920 10,541 698 3 3 .... Bernay Bernay .... 6,600 640 17,877 552 Eure et Loire . Chartres Chartres .... 14,000 19,114 4,216 795 Chateau d'un . . . ... Chateau d'un . 6,461 6,952 1,991 302 > j • • Dreux Dreux 4,249 5,285 3,157 388 2R 156 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Departments. Districts. Communes. Total Popula- tion. Quantity of Hectolitres consumed in 1833. "Wines. Cider, Peri y, and Hydromel. Kure et Loire Finistere Gard Garonne Gers Gironde J 5 Herault Hie and Vilaine Indie Indie and Loire Isere . J 5 • 9 ) ' Jura . Landes Loir et Cher Loire Loire, Upper ? j Loire, Inferior Loiret Lot . 9 ? * Lot and Garonne Lozere . Maine et Loire Manche Marne Maine, Upper 9 9 J > ! ; Mayenne Nogent le Rotrou Quimper and Quimperle Morlaix . Brest .... Nismes . Alaix and Levigan Uzes Toulouse and Muret Auch and Lombet Bordeaux Libourne . Montpellier and Lodeve Beziers and St. Pons Rennes and Montfort St. Malo . . . j ? ... Vitre and Fougeres Chateauroux Issoudun Tours 9 9 • • Chinon Grenoble . ' j • • Vienne . > Lons le Saunier Dole . . . Poligny » St. Claude Dax . . Blois and Romorantin Vendome Montbiison Roanne St. Etienne Le Puy and lsse Brioude . . Nantes Orleans . Gien Montargis Cahors Figeac Agen and Nerac Lonneihs . Villenenve Mende, Florae, and Mar Angers and Segre Chollet . . Saumar . St. L6 . . Avranehes and Morta Cherbourg Coutances Valognes . Chalons and St Epern.iy . Rlu-ims Vitry le Francais Chaumont Langres . Vassy Laval and Chate Meneh uld iu (rentier Mayeune Nogent le Rotrou Quimper Morlaix Brest . Nismes Beaucaire St. Gilies Alaix . Anduze Levigan St. Hippolit Uzes Bagnols St. Esprit Toulouse Auch . Bordeaux Libourne Montpellier Cette . Lunel . Meze . Gan ges Lodeve . Clermont Beziers Ayde . Pezenas Bedarieux Rennes St. Malo St. Servan Vitre Fougeres Chateauroux Issoudun Tours . Amboise Chinon Grenoble Voiron . Vienne . Lons le Saunier Dole . Poligny Arbois . Salins . St. Claude St. Esprit Dax . Blois . Romorantin Vendome Montbrison Roanne. St. Etienne St. diamond Rive de Giers Le Puy Brioude Nantes . Orleans Beaugency Gien Montargis Cahors . Figeac . Agen . Marmande Villenenve Mende . Angers. Chollet Saumur St. L6 . Avranches Grandville Cherbourg Coutances Valognes Chalons Epernay Sejanne Rheims. Vitry le Francais Chaumont Langres St. Dizier Laval . Chateau gontii Mayenne . 6,825 9,800 9.781 29,800 39,063 9,933 5,586 10,252 5,454 4,671 5,364 5,612 4,987 4,764 53,319 9,670 99,002 9,838 35,842 10,000 5,943 4,146 4,105 9,842 6,110 16,515 7,840 8,295 5,047 29,668 9,949 9,661 8,844 7,880 11,541 11,664 23,235 4,613 6,859 23,000 7,158 14,079 7,918 9,847 6,005 6,600 6,407 5,222 4,986 4,710 13,138 0,985 7,975 5,265 9,260 33,064 7,475 9,706 13,318 5,486 87,191 40,340 4,920 5,177 6,568 18,224 6,153 12,631 7,085 10,652 5,820 32,743 7.406 10,454 8,271 6,966 7,125 18,570 9,037 6,940 12.500 5,080 4,100 34,802 7,194 0,487 7,400 0,147 10,401 0,143 9,797 1 ,259 3.635 4,191 27.608 64,259 9,570 2,007 10,021 3,853 5,857 3,759 9,314 3,892 6,588 109,089 19,557 50,057 13,612 44,343 13,606 7,023 280 4,324 16,843 5,261 6,238 2.837 3,350 7, 150 7,673 1,880 1,314 912 990 9,163 14,125 40,055 4.870 9,450 41,300 083 23,355 11,490 12,630 2,095 I, 022 2,735 5,532 9,525 13,286 25,293 4,895 10,556 8,977 11,551 41,840 10,621 16,269 15,316 4,707 103,502 42,197 3.997 6,007 11 ,842 6.812 6,511 26,914 7,011 9,300 6,109 48 . 0S2 7,309 29.598 648 836 641 3,610 605 473 16,838 5,730 6,229 31,700 8.500 II, 341 15,815 0,194 3,587 2,479 1,277 15,214 7,850 2,586 3,742 118.839 34,932 33,248 26,536 25,919 15 637 25 123 9 12 121 3 J 145 10 911 23 21 43 1 > > 1 4,674 138 1 5 1,138 1 5,164 . . 7. 206 23,340 22,701 20,213 47,290 17,092 16,004 1,062 80 40 2,782 35 5 2 37,888 13,805 15,037 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 157 Quantity of Hectolitres Total consumed in 1833. Departments. Districts. Communes. Popula- tion. Wine. Perry, and Hydromel, Alcohol. jyieunne • , . X> tXllK. y UHU X OU1 • . * • JN aucy • . • . • 29 783 33,889 6 549 , , • • 3 5 J 3 .... Toul 7 . 53:i 8,552 ; i 3 > 209 5 j • • 3 3 < 33 •••• Luneville » . , . PO 11 1~ il-IIl OUM SOn a a 7 213 6,799 166 3 3 ... Luneville ri's^ii 21,614 9 721 iU • • • a Hsu* 1*> Dnr 1 ■ pit i ii i 'Mi .•■■■* 1-i it V 1 r» 1 1 P J J i 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 i L . a a 12 520 9,599 37 319 j j • a a Com mercy ••••*• St Miphipl |J|, :»ltl MM | ... 5*567 9,714 , , 172 j j « ■ ■ ex* d ww V erdun . * . . 9 982 11 ,824 363 699 Morbihan • • • Vamies . V ulillCS • .... 11 289 7,266 13,572 431 Lurient Lorient ■ 18,322 3,741 31 ,206 709 j ; • • « t-l iitiTiflinn .1 1 1 , i M t i ■ 1 1 1 1 . . a a 4 ,896 467 12,234 136 j • • • • Moselle • x I'liiivy ..■...* Pontivy .... 4 850 665 19,821 275 Metz . . . . Metz 45 276 33,885 43 1,766 ? j • • • • Ssi rrPi n i Pin i n ps i_'tii i c 1 1 c in i in. a •« •'•■ Sarreguemines ... 4 ,186 2,235 13 232 Thionville .... Thionville . 5,645 6,000 18 447 -NiOvre • . . .N e v e rs ?, evuls 1 5 782 21,107 1 321 ? j .... C lamecy . ... ijlamecy .... 5 ,539 9,219 3 71 Cosne ..... 5 823 8,503 37 52 J J • • • * Nord T t ( 1 ri 'l ri + Li ij.t ' llitl 1 It. . • . • 5,302 7,255 3 3 84 Lille . . . \ ! . ! ! Lille 10,860 178 2,021 j j • ■ • • 3> Koubaix • ■ • . 13 132 1.396 42 713 3 3 • • • • 3 3 ....... iurcoinuj* « . . . 16 628 3,056 28 796 ) ) ....... A.rmeuticres ... 6 ,398 627 68 312 3 3 • ■ ■ • 3 3 ....... Vaztmmes .... 7 170 853 36 338 3 3 • • . . Avesnes IVIaubeuge . . * 6 241 1,018 111 437 3 3 • " • • ("'•i TTi lirn V ■ i i 1 1 i 1 i 1 \ a , , . . a Cambrui • . * . 17 r,4t\ 3,608 596 1,193 3 ) • « • • 33 Lo Gateau • , , . 5,946 448 191 317 )J Soltsmes . . • . 4 995 186 44 132 J 3 .... Douai # Douai ...... 19 880 4,421 165 1 ,353 D unkertjue • • » • . lj u ii K i 1 rciu e ... 24 517 3,180 23 115 Bergues . . ~5 ,'788 657 22 326 H azebrouck Hazfbrouck . . . 7 522 572 3 170 3 3 • • . . R'i illMul 1 > • 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 a , t , 9 ,823 521 , , 232 3 3 V alenciemies Valenciennes . 20,221 g .389 1,482 216 612 3 3 .... 3 ) V * Ii I 1 i yj . . , a * 420 49 240 Owe ! ! ! \ ' J t ^ t A m Hwl 9,142 363 21 177 Beau vais . . . . . » Beauvais • . . 1 , ouj 8,215 20,096 716 Compiegnc • . . . , , Compiegne . . . ft ft7Q 11,483 9,046 811 3 3 5 946 3,214 9,228 240 Ome ! ! i Senlis ^''Y' 11 5 049 5,742 2,454 258 .A. If neon • >...., , , t j n ib j*\ icncon . a . • A. r gc nt an a . . . 13 ,517 1,789 39,506 568 3 5 . A vge ii t a n • . , , jVIortagne ... ■ 5 ,899 449 19,751 180 3 3 • IVI ort&ff ne » s . . 5 ,405 633 17,295 297 Pas de Calais ai ^ e f , 7 1 566 14,011 268 Arras' Arras . • , . , Zl' 1 J -O 3,128 186 1,365 9 9 • • Rc*T h nn a JL#C Lll 11 11 lj . '*.... Bethune . . . f: ftft'i D • 00 J 1,091 50 553 3 3 • ■ Boulogne ....... Carvin 4,932 189 19 117 3 Knu , , < r i i • X * ULMU" lie . , a • 20, 856 3,959 867 1,540 3 3 " . 3 3 St Piurrp 6 802 753 21 475 3 3 • • 10 J '1 7 3,929 116 1,518 3 3 • • ul. V/lIlcL ....... ot. timer . . . . la ,OOo 3,874 283 481 3 3 ) » 8 ,923 914 38 553 Puy de Dome . Montreuil. . IV'T nnlriJiiiI l\l Ulillcllll . » . . 4 194 630 983 523 Clermont * 33 Clermont . . . . Kill (tm 1 *' 'Ill ... « s 9ft 9 r . 7 4 , 766 9,378 6.039 26 3 3 90 8 3 3 • 3 3 1 ssoire . a • a a 8,188 3 3 14 Riom ..... 14,256 3,842 7 72 Pyrenees, Low . Thiers ] Xriiers 9 ,846 15,095 22 ) 3 45 Pau . ! . Pau 11 7fil 17,016 99 Bayonne Bayonne • ■ a . 13 .498 26,415 147 523 Oleron O'ero n . . 6 ^ 458 8,680 3 3 36 3 3 Orthes Orthes Pi 8'i4 10,801 3 3 88 Pvren6es,Hieh . 33 Tarbes and Argele • . , 7 fii7 6,017 11 Tar be s " * " 9,706 21 , 294 3 3 3 3 110 Pyrenees, Oriental . Bagneres XJil Li llClvb. a a a 7 ,586 11,580 3 3 48 Perpignan, Ciret, and Prades Perpignan 15 ,357 24,142 3 3 116 82 Rhin, Lower Strasbourg Strasbourg 49,712 19,433 1,201 3 3 •.«••. I ! 9 iriitiTil 11 iiut: uciiilU . . . 9,697 3,505 50 178 . ! ! 3 3 ..«•.. K it^(*ii wil!f»r <; 097 1,344 36 70 Saverne S '1 1 ' w 1" Tl Ofi\ ei llC • • • • 9 , 1 uo 4.488 12 17 ; , ... U^llEICSlclUl **•*.. S/'l-lML.ctmlt o en e Losiau i a . . O A A r. j , 040 9,273 3 3 61 3 3 W issemboure? ... flnprnjiv vy uci ii j La Croix Rousse • • 0 , 1)1) U 25,481 3 3 58 , , . . • )?•■•«.... La Gruillotiere . • 14,300 35,112 3 3 123 Tr ?X°^. s ■ • • • ■ 0 , 9UU 3,821 3 3 63 Villciranche • Villeiranche . ■ . Oil 9 , 1)4 1 2 428 3 3 52 Saone et Loire . Xciraie . • ■ • • 7 ft /I / , C549 6^377 7 105 Macon Macon 10,965 12,896 3 3 281 , , . . . . Autun Tournus . 5,151 6,322 3 3 97 Autun 9,936 13,626 3 3 273 , , • . • . Saone, Upper . Chalons and Louhans Chalons sur Saone 11,625 19,841 3 3 239 Vesoul Vesoul . 5,269 12,586 3 3 261 > > • Gray Gray 5,934 9,397 2 130 Sarthe . Le Mans and St. Calais Le Mans . 19,792 13,590 20,555 48'7 , , • • . La Fleche La Fleche . 6,421 8,203 2,352 80 158 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Quantity of Hectolitres Total consumed in 1833. J-"- I'llL I 1 111, 11 L 3 ■ TV * • t JL/istricts. \_omm tines. PrtTM i 1 ■ i ruuui a- tion. Wines Cider, Perry, n ml Hy drome]. AlcohoL Sarthe . Manners Mamers . . . . 5,822 726 9,653 242 Seine . Paris Paris 774,338 817,859 16,535 33,656 i , . . . . , , Batignolles 6,850 19,246 747 314 ; ; . • > j Belleville . G,300 46,479 709 1,167 > , • . • J 3 • * Boulogne . 6,228 6,930 261 197 j 5 • • 3 3 LaVillette. . . . 4,941 24,443 745 607 ) , • 3 3 Montmartre . . . 5,225 25,875 364 303 , , • • . . 33 • • • • ' • • * St. Denis . . . . 7,535 15,352 1,332 519 , , • • • ■ 3 3 Vaugirard . 6,000 23,310 215" 235 Seine, Inferior . Rouen Rouen 87,000 20,299 110,823 5,371 3 3 • • 3 3 Darnetal . . . . 5,800 578 13^887 557 i'l . 3 3 Elbeuf 9.100 3,511 31.659 1,390 3 3 • Dieppe Dieppe 16,016 2,573 18.645 2,012 KJ • • Le Havre Le Havre . 24,488 6,046 33,495 2,878 3 3 • 3 3 Fecamp . 7,000 873 5,396 790 3 3 • 3 3 * * Bolbec 6,379 8.12 6,820 1 ,063 3 3 • • 3 3 Ingouville . . . , . . 4,721 1,251 11,973 464 3 3 • Yvetdl Yvetol 9,021 1,248 4,622 882 3 3 • ■ 3 3 St. Valery . . . . 5,328 338 5,436 334 Seine and Marne . Melun Melun 7,192 14,244 648 587 j i Foutainebleau Fontainebleau . 7,400 12,667 204 437 3 > 3 3 Montereau . 4,198 8,870 54 257 Meaux Meaux 8,537 12,183 422 598 Provins Provins . 5,631 10,181 283 438 Seine and Oise . Versailles Versailles . 28,477 32,312 3,117 1,548 >> • • , , St. Germain 10,671 15,772 777 469 3 3 Argenteuil. 4,542 3,951 170 151 > > • ■ Etampes Etampes . 8,109 11,144 232 303 Pontoise Pontoise . 5,340 6,406 2,296 342 Sevres, Two. Niort and Melle Niort 15,499 27.813 2 135 Somme . , , St. Maixent 4,128 9.339 5 92 Amiens and Doullens Amiens . 41,107 8.714 5,224 2,278 , , .... Abbeville Abbeville . . . . 19,520 2,065 7,552 1,399 Tarn . Alby • Alby 10,993 23,350 174 3 5 • • • Castres . ■ Castres . . . . 16,418 19,965 91 5 , .... Gaillac and Lavaur . Gaillac 7,725 5^832 74 ,5 » ••• • : • 3 3 Lavaur 7,179 8,722 75 Tarn and Garonne . Montauban Montauban . . 25,600 35.778 130 9 3 ■ Moissac and Castelsarrazin . Moissac . . . . 9,486 11,277 61 Var . . . . Toulon Toulon 28,419 61,869 8 505 S3 . 3 3 ' Hyeres 10,142 10,532 24 ,5 • . . . La Seyne .... 6,732 6,974 20 , , .... , , Cuers 5,106 1,473 16 5 , .... Draguigrian Draguignan 9,304 11.293 64 3 5 «... Lergues .... 5,444 2,310 20 Brignolle Brignolle .... 5,550 7,307 } 28 .... Grasse Grasse 12,716 9,190 92 3 1 .... , , Antibes . ... 5,565 9,338 9 5 41 Vaucluse Avignon,Carpentias, and Orange Avignon .... Carpeutras. 29,889 61,816 444 3 3 3 3 9,817 13,692 y ) ' 104 , , • . . 3 3 3 3 L'Lsle 6,052 7,538 3 ? 40 , , . . . 3 3 3 3 Orange .... 9,123 6,376 ; 3 35 5 , • • ■ ■ Apt 5,707 5,432 5 J 52 Vendee .... Fontenay .... 7,493 15,864 j 3 104 . , , • • . . Vienne .... Les Sables . . • 4,698 12,484 J 3 72 Poitiers and Loudun Poitiers .... 21,315 40,303 41 223 , , .... 3 3 .... Loudun .... 5,130 10,600 26 15 5 3 .... Chatellerault . 9,183 20,736 34 95 VlPIITlD TmllOl 1 V i* li IH , KJ UUCi • . | Limoges, Rochechouart and I J-jimoges .... Li j \)i U 27,280 704 456 Vosges .... Epinal and Remiremont. 3 3 3 3 • Epinal 7,941 9,644 5 545 J j .... Rambervillers . 4,934 3,575 3 132 J 5 • • . . 3 3 3 3 • Remiremont . . 4, 148 2,467 ? J 241 55 . . . . Mirecourt .... 5.565 5,575 J 3 171 5 j .... St. Die St. Die. . . . . 7,707 2,982 3 3 194 Yonne .... Auxerre .... 11,439 8,362 24 181 5 J .... Avallon .... 5,315 6,064 2 171 5 5 .... Joigny .... 5,176 4,182 313 166 5 3 .... Sens 8,718 11,481 839 336 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 159 APPENDIX No. XXII. ADDRESS OF THE MERCHANTS OF BORDEAUX TO THE LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS. FIRST PART. — NECESSITY OF A COMMERCIAL REFORM. Gentlemen of the Chamber of Deputies, At the moment when public attention is directed to the organization of the industry of France, and when the points connected with it are about to form the subject of your discussions, we, mer- chants of the city of Bordeaux, have thought it our duty to assemble, and to lay before you our views on this important matter. Order alone constitutes the prosperity of a country. By order we do not mean solely the peace and tranquillity of the people, but a state in which the productive powers are sure of equal liberty, or are simultaneously directed towards a social end. Protection implies the fact of choice, and proceeds on the principle of exclusion. To form out of it a system of government is to constitute inequalities, privileges originating from opposition, and a struggle between the interests which it espouses and those which it rejects. On this vacillating basis, however, it is, that French political economy has been established since the year 1667. The principle of ancient monarchy, which by the utmost possible extreme of exclu- sions held the king to be the state, the revolutionary government in its alienation from European society, and the conquering genius of the empire aiming at the monopoly of thrones, did no more than it was likely they should do, by following a similar system of commercial policy. But if reasoning is the misfortune of a bad government, it is also the salvation of those which have a national origin. That which we have at the present day, established by the unanimous wish of the country upon the liberal principles of the constitution of 1830, ought of necessity to adopt a policy entirely liberal and just. During three years, however, since our revolution has been accomplished, we are still awaiting its results upon our commercial legislation. Our system of economy still persists in its exclusions ; while, on the contrary, our political organization progressively proceeds to abandon those which appertain to it. Against such a state of things we wish to protest. The time is come when it is no longer allow- able to separate institutions from interests. They are reciprocally obligatory on each other. By its results the protective system displays itself in open opposition to our fundamental laws. It establishes among the various branches of industry categories and distinctions. Some are protected, while others are neglected. Some obtain the supplying of a market, whilst others are deprived of it. Some, encouraged at great expense, increase beyond measure; and others, being unassisted, fall into decay as a matter of course. Thus the manufacturers of the same country respectively following their occupations, either gain or lose, according to the system which prevails. Thus the different parts of the kingdom prosper or pine under this arbitrary system, according to their position and their natural resources. But where is the equality, where the harmony, that ought to be the result of a law common to all ? The institution of political privilege was national. In order to enjoy it, a condition derived from feudal succession and entails was required from individuals, and was guaranteed free from all invasion. Commercial privilege, less logical, applies to a certain kind of industry, and not to a class of indi- viduals. Thus it would seem, in order to acquire it, sufficient, at the first glance, to apply oneself to the different kinds of industry endowed with it. But as it is an object of great competition, it falls to the lot of those who possess the largest capital ; for, on the one hand, the limits of the wants of the consumer, and, on the other, the price which the manufacturers, &c. put upon their privileged pro- ductions, form the barriers behind which the privilege becomes entrenched, and against which the efforts of small fortunes are most commonly unsuccessful. What is then organized by the system ? — Anarchy ! To make a monopoly is to provoke civil war amongst manufacturers. Each is willing to profit by the advantages which it holds out; and to accomplish this, endeavours to take up a position in the protected circle. Capital, science, and enterprise all lean to the same side. National competition becomes stronger, from the knowledge that nothing is to be feared from that of foreigners. Manu- factory is erected against manufactory, iron works against iron works. This rivalry gives to the branches of industry, which are the object of it, the appearance of the greatest activity, but which, in fact, is only a state of disorder, that ends in bubbles and destruction to those who had hoped to realise from it a present and a future fortune. What instances might not be cited of such catastrophes ! Hence the prohibition. Economists have been obliged to admit, as an inevitable fact, that these commercial crises, which return in periods of five years, come and destroy our commerce. Besides these direct results, monopoly produces effects equally disastrous. It draws off to its own profit all those means of production which, spread through a country, would increase its immense resources. It exhausts them in order to give life to fictitious industry, and then real industry perishes for want of proper support. It puts under contribution all kinds of industry ; some by the charges which it directly imposes upon them, and others by rendering labour dearer, and the existence of the manufacturer more wretched by the surcharge which it always imposes on the different articles of consumption. In a word, it destroys the social equilibrium by drawing towards particular trades all the chances of fortune, and leaving the rest in a state of complete inferiority, which is, in fact, tanta- mount to an unequal division of taxation, as it gives more to some, and diminishes, from others, the means of paying the public burdens. But, if equality be only a fiction under a system called " protective," is freedom more real ? Commercial science consists in buying cheap and selling dear; at least, hitherto we know of none other. This is only a Utopian theory amongst a people where a restrictive commercial system pre- vails. In reality, the merchant (the intermediate party between the consumer and the producer) 160 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL knows well where he is likely to find an article at the lowest possible price ; he also knows where he ought to send it, to obtain for it its greatest value. But to what purpose, if custom house laws and fiscal regulations are to clog his movements? He can no longer act judiciously ; he is deprived of the means ; he acts under the most violent despotism, inasmuch as his seller is forced upon him, and the choice of his purchaser is denied him. Despotism does not stop here. If the intermediate party is not free in his business, how can those who depend upon hi in escape the counter-check of such oppression? The merchant, by being restrained in his operations, is the cause of all the distressing effects of such restraint falling upon the producer and the consumer, who are at his mercy. The consumer is limited in his wants to a quan- tity which he could well exceed; and sometimes even this limit encroaches very severely on his existence. He is also subjected to an article of inferior quality, when a better could be easily procured for him. He is forced, in short, to pay an exorbitant price for an article as compared with its true value, if he had obtained it from the place where it is most abundant. The producer is not less unfortunate, He is obliged to produce, without having at his disposal all the elements for his work. He is obliged to use certain tools, because he is deprived of such others as would better suit his con- venience. The law constitutes itself judge in his stead, as to the means of his manufacture. Atone time it refuses him such as would render his work complete, or diminish the cost of production ; at another it compels him to make use of unfavourable materials, or of disadvantageous processes ; and often it prescribes a circle beyond which he is not allowed to seek an outlet for his commodity. In order that the word liberty may have its whole value in society, it is not sufficient that political laws should render it sacred. It is moreover necessary that it should be applied to its economy in such a manner that individual inclination, in the industrious branches, may meet with as little check as possible. Public law is composed of restrictions placed upon the rights of individuals; and these restrictions are both just and necessary, at all times, when social interest requires it. Let it be proved that the protective system is for the public good, and we will recognise its legitimacy. Some individuals, well skilled in the prohibitive system, have endeavoured to establish this fact by quoting Great Britain as an instance, the prosperity of whose industry is, according to them, the result of a protection which has been continued for several centuries. But would it not be more fair to admit that this prosperity has developed itself in spite of fiscal obstacles, and under favour of some particular circumstances upon which other nations cannot reckon ? Thus the immense possessions of England in India and America have always insured to her large importations of articles of the first necessity; and consequently her manufactures have withstood, without suffering too severely, the exclusion of foreign supplies. Besides, the superiority of her naval force favouring the adventurers of her maritime commerce in the new world, caused her to obtain advantages which were refused to the flags of other nations. In a word, her insular position affording no other means of importing exotic productions but by sea, gave rise to her Navigation Act, so prejudicial to other countries, and which has constituted her the principal emporium for colonial merchandise. Can France, in a like successful manner, count upon a prohibitive system? Did she not in vain make such an attempt, when the greatest portion of the European continent, subjugated by her arms, appeared to offer a favourable opportunity? Besides, the history of the prohibitive system does not date from yesterday. Colbert also thought that our manufactures would not prosper except they were protected against all foreign competition; and his Tariff of 1667 prohibited the importation of manu- factured articles. Since then, what have been the results derived from this policy? France has paid for the merchandise she has consumed (taking into consideration its price and quality) from 50 to 200 per cent, more than England and Holland have paid for the same articles.* And now, as a return for this enormous expense, can it be said that she has arrived at a manufacturing state, worthy of the rank which she occupies among nations ? But why should England give up her protecting duties if they caused her prosperity ? It is because she perceives that the circumstances which rendered them endurable exist no longer. North America, a new commercial power, disputes with her the supremacy of the seas ; and the colonies, which submitted so tractably to her yoke, begin to have a feeling of independence, which can only be repressed by allowing them more freedom in their relations with other people. We are not ignorant that some financiers have considered this system merely as an excellent source of revenue. Fiscal enactments were looked at by them as a good means of supplying the exchequer ; and reasoning thus, they imagined that duties levied on articles, and especially on those coming from a foreign country, would have the double advantage, 1st, of guarding similar productions of our own against vexatious competition ; and, 2dly, of furnishing abundantly for the public service. They sought out, therefore, the most appropriate articles for this species of taxation. The best, according to this view, are necessarily those which are the most productive ; and the most productive are those which are generally most wanted. But the results of this calculation have deceived those who made it. It establishes an amount of receipts; but this amount is, for the most, only liable to decrease, because, instead of promoting the consumption of the article upon which it is founded, it incites, and often forces, people to do without it. To produce an augmentation of the revenue of a state by its custom house laws, it is necessary that advancement should take place in the general ease of the community in such a manner, that the prices of those productions which are raised, by reason of heavy duties, may become accessible to a great many individuals. But how will this advancement be possible in a state of things which stops or fetters the most powerful means of accomplishing it. One circumstance alone cannot raise small fortunes within the reach of exotic productions of high price, on account of prohibitory duties; but it may cause indigenous productions to fall to their level, and that is when national manufacturers carry their competition so far, that having no longer any regard to the value of the return for their labour, they part with it at a low price. But this is a symptom of a crisis in the industrious branches that is dangerous to the state, which loses more than it gains by this forced and momentary increase in the consumption. Supposing that a restrictive system of legislation adds largely to the resources of the exchequer, yet is it not prudent to examine whether the other modes of taxation are not altered, or do not suffer by its enforcement. The taxes on land, patents, goods, doors and windows, would be continually increasing, if the middle class, who pay the major part of them, could add to their numbers from the inferior ranks of society. But if articles of the first necessity be scarce, and if others which add to the * Financial Reform, by Sir H. Parnell. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 161 comforts of life, and economise the efforts of man, by facilitating the execution of his labours, cannot be procured hut at an exorbitant price, the progressive rise of the inferior classes becomes embarrassed ; for in that case it is only by fortuitous events that they can emerge from the condition of persons receiving wages, and belonging to the lowest orders of society. We could quote a great many articles of common use, the consumption of which, thanks to this state of things, by a comparison of our population, does not reach to a third, nor to a fourth of that which takes place in England, Holland, Belgium, and even Prussia. The political economy of the present day is not to abstain from accumulating riches, but to consume in order lo produce; and the wealth of nations at the present moment grows out of that tendency. Were we to continue to examine, in every point of view, the consequences of the fatal system which has been adopted, might we not ascribe to it the poverty of our internal commerce, the immense tracts of our soil devoid of culture, that listlessness in intercourse which, for a long time, will render it impos- sible to form any rail-roads in our country? Might we not also impute to this the absence amongst us of a spirit of association, the dislike of great capitalists to embark in public enterprises, their back- wardness to invest capital either in manufactures or in simple commercial allairs ? Is it not the exclusive spirit of our Legislature which encourages them to be exclusive themselves, and to reserve their riches and their credit either for the gambling of the Stock Exchange, or for privileged invest- ments, such as purchases of forests, manufactories of sugar from beetroot, and extensive iron works? Is it not attributable to the same cause, if France, in its unity of territory, presents extravagant absurdities, which may end in wounding public feeling? Some departments prosper because their lands contain the elements of a protected manufacture. Others suffer and complain, because that which makes the fortune of their neighbours is only to be obtained at the sacrifice of their spirits and wines, which they are obliged to keep on hand a long time unsold! In the midland country, some of the people vegetate, because their position forces them upon agricultural employment, and because agriculture, without the means of economical transport, without articles of the first necessity at a low price, without a progressive development for consumption, is in a state of plethory which destroys it. Thus some towns are encumbered with population, whilst others are deserted. Some are pushed on to a state of precocious civilization, while others are held back in ignorance and stupidity. We are aware that natural circumstances act more or less upon the wealth of countries, as upon that of individuals ; but it is precisely because they exist that it is impolitic to add to them a capricious impulse or systematic partiality. Even should justice not require it, is it not prudent to remedy a state of things which from one moment to the other awakens jealousies, excites recriminations and hatred from department to department, from province to province, from the north to the south of the kingdom ? In a contention of party politics, let either possess itself of one of these great injured interests, and it will obtain possession of a lever that will overturn all ! Let it not be said that we have overcharged the colouring of this picture! The discussion of the details which the Customs' Laws will lead to will exhibit in all their deformity the evils which we have pointed out. If the results of the system which we deprecate are fatal in the interior, they are not less so exter- nally in our relations with other nations. Every country possesses advantages peculiar to itself on account of its topography, its climate, and the characteristic intelligence of its inhabitants. But these peculiar conditions place it in a less favourable position with regard to the territorial resources and natural aptitudes, which are the cha- racteristic distinctions of another country. To establish prohibitions in such a position is to prevent the necessity of a reciprocal exchange being felt among the people. No person certainly would think of requiring that our provinces should be separated by fiscal barriers. It is too well known that under the ancient regime France owed the tardiness of her progress, in industry and commerce, to the privileges and prerogatives of certain states, and to the farming and passage duties which kept each of its divisions isolated from the others. If that free movement in the interior tended to produce national good, is it not unreasonable to arrest its progress on the frontiers, whence its benefits might proceed still further? The differences which exist between the productions of adjoining provinces are much more decided in those of distant nations. Character, manners, and the degree of civilization of mankind at a great distance from each other, occasion habits and wants, which form a striking contrast between them. In this relative position, each ought to be useful to the other ; it. is a principle of union which, for the good of mankind, it would be wise to cherish. But no ! Prohibitions annihilate this union, as they are only upheld through the error of party spirit, which is accustomed to consider the word ' foreign' as synonymous to 'enemy,' and to maintain a continual distrust, of every thing that is not national. It is time that nations should open their eyes to their true interests, and quit that road in which they have only met with ruin up to the present moment. Would not each country be happier and richer if the intelligence of man found its way into it, under the greatest variety of form, and in the most extensive supplies of natural productions ? Is it not essential to France, placed as she is by her acts, her glory, and the fame of her emancipation, like a radiant light-house in Europe, that num- berless vessels should resort to her ports from all parts of the world, bringing their productions, which it will be for her to perfect, and for which she will have to pay in other superabundant produc- tions of her own, which will disseminate throughout the globe the fruitful germ of her civilization ? In the times in which we live, the conquests of commercial genius are those alone worthy the ambition of a great people. SECOND PART— PROJET FOR A NEW COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION. In the expose which we have just made to you, Gentlemen of the Chamber of Deputies, of the anomalies and the fatal consequences of a prohibitive system, we have omitted to quote some parti- culars which are furnished by the actual state of our national industry. But each of you, in the sphere of his particular interest, is able, from the most authentic sources, to verify the accuracy of our assertions. Moreover, the Customs' Laws will give rise to that discussion of all the circumstances concerning which our Chamber of Commerce has already addressed a memorial to the Government, which has the whole of our support, and which bears on the question in its most important points of view. Our object is to state the general principles of the subject. 2 S 162 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Now that we have pointed out to you the disunion existing- between our established political eco- nomy and our constitutional rights, we think that it is your duty to endeavour to reconcile them. The departments which you represent will never prosper, except by the union of their ideas and interests. Reform in our political economy is a measure of fundamental necessity ; but it is not our wish that it should come suddenly into operation. The commercial legislation by which we are now governed affords protection to a great number of industrieus branches ; and those speculations in which immense capitals are invested have for their prosperity a claim on our consideration. Our commerce, on the faith of its being- maintained as it now exists, has taken a course which could not be hastily changed, except by great losses ; and not to attend to the actual position of the various interests at stake, would be an act of injustice which we are far from advising. But we think it is indispensable that Government should proclaim free trade as the point to which all its efforts should be directed in future. And we are inclined to believe that the exclusive system of old France, which constituted the economy of a former period, must now give way to the adoption of an opposite course by new France, namely, that of admission. So extensive and important a theory as this ought only to be applied progressively; for, to desire at once to bring such a system into operation, would be contrary to the teaching of facts and experience. It is necessary then that the labours of the Legislature should have constantly in view the gradual freedom of all the industrious branches of trade. Thus in future all regulations, ordinances, and laws should be conceived in this spirit. One g-eneral feeling will then animate them, and the unity which must result from it will, by strengthening all parties, re-establish order in the midst of that chaos into which we are now plunged. In expressing ourselves thus, we wish it to be understood that we do not agree with those who are for the unlimited ' laisser f aire' and ' la hsrr passer' system. Liberty established after such a fashion is only a denial of all government, and must end in anarchy. We desire, on the contrary, to preserve to the Government its due influence, in order that it may direct the activity of mankind in all its industrious branches ; but let it do so impartially, and having only in view the general good. Indeed, to it alone belongs the care of removing those natural obstacles which present themselves on every side, and to equalize the various means of production, in order that they may not clash with each other in their application. The enlightening of the industrious classes rests also with it, and the furnishing them with foreign supplies suited to their respective trades, in such a manner that, by being always assisted, they may always be making fresh progress. We do not admit that a Government should always be a protector or a sinecurist; but that, being deputed by the people, it should always act upon the purest principles possible. Some persons also think that our commercial reform may be accomplished by commercial treaties, and have proposed that overtures should be made to certain foreign powers. We do not recognize this advice ; for, in its adoption, the result would be quite different from the object sought. A treaty of commerce is arranged upon a scale of duties differing according to the mutual interests of the contracting parties ; but the advantage which each concedes of not prohibiting the importation of any production of its ally is an unfriendly act towards a third party possessing the same articles, which are thus forced back upon them, or condemned to a heavier duty. Thus a treaty of commerce is always considered by those nations not joining in it as a provocation ; and by means of retaliatory measures they raise barriers and close their markets against those states which have concluded it. Thus recurrence is had to all the abuses of a restrictive system. But such proceedings as these give rise to other inconveniences. Concessions, which were very suitable to the times in which they were granted, become inconvenient in the course of events. The execution of the contract ceases to be equally agreeable to both parties, and its revision becomes indispensable. But what are the obstacles ? On one side are interests which have grown up under favour of a treaty demanding the continuance of the treaty ; on the other a-re declining interests, not less urgent in their demands, complaining and supplicating for new regulations. Irritation begets contention ; and war is frequently the only means of putting a stop to the contest. We are of opinion that each state should preserve its independence in respect of its commercial system. The revision of our Tariffs would be sufficient to effect the reform in France which we desire. Let them be examined into with a view to the general interest. Let their contents and arrangement be so modified as to be subservient to the general good, without any particular regard or ill-will towards those branches which are the most, interested therein ; and most especially let every thing of a political nature be kept aloof from the arrangement of our Customs' Laws ; that is to say, all manifestations of a bias towards certain cabinets, and of disinclination towards others. In a question which lias for its object the advancement of each interest, the great interest only ought to be permitted to pre- dominate. And our epoch, viewed in its true light, affords this advantage, that the problem thus stated will produce benefit in its result to an enlightened people, and mischief to those who are much less advanced, or in a state of thraldom. By such a step many persons are fearful we should throw ourselves into a new course without having previously ascertained that other nations would reciprocally join and support us in it, both as to opinions and interests. This fear does not appear to ns to be well founded. What are the irre- sistible facts arising out of a reduction of duties ? From the moment that our frontiers shall be open, our importations will greatly increase; but as these importations must be paid for, the countries whose productions we receive will be obliged to take ours in return ; and in those cases where pro- hibition prevents this necessary interchange, will smuggling fail to make up the balance? We ground the truth of our argument upon recent experience. Is it not through the admission, to the amount of 30,000,000 of their silk stuffs, that England has rendered the wish popular among the manufacturers of Lyons, that you should be petitioned to allow the exportation of raw silk? Is it not the result of a similar feeling that a demand is made from all parts of France, that the two-thirds of our importations into Great Britain may cea?e to be paid for by fraudulent means? The cautious reduction of duties on the other side of the Channel, during the last three years, has driven us to this alternative, either to make an equivalent reduction in order to cause direct payment, or to continue to pay, through smuggling, at a rate of duty higher by one-fourth. Certain fixed bases are submitted for the purpose of remodelling our Tariff. We shall proceed to notice those which appear to us the most important to adopt. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 163 As a fundamental rule, we propose dividing all articles of importation into four classes ; the first to embrace the most important articles of food, such as — Corn of all sorts* Dried and Salt Provisions Rice Wheat Flour Bacon and Pork Salt, &c. &c. &c. Cattle Fish, Salt and Fresh The second to consist of articles of the first necessity to our agricultural and commercial industry, such as — Sheep's Wool Raw Sugar Drugs for Dyers' use Cotton Wool Copper Skins Iron Wood Seeds of all sorts, &c. Lead Pit Coal The third to include articles which have already under some preparation, and are fit for the com- pletion of any manufactures, such as — Loaf Sugar Leaf Tobacco Soap Cotton Yam Flax Straw Plat Worsted Yarn Tallow Chemical Preparations Coffee Hemp (Spun) Prepared Dyes, &c. The fourth to contain those articles of luxury which have reached their highest state of perfection, such as — Tissues of all sorts Tea Clocks Ironmongery, fine Silver Plate Furniture, &c. Jewellery Gold and Silver Ornaments > We shall not decide upon the duties to which the above four lists of productions ought to be sub- jected, for such a calculation can only be made by ascertaining the public demand for them respec- tively, and we are in want of data on the subject. But we are inclined to think that Government should graduate and proportion them according to the importance which they command in society. According to this mode of regulation, the justice of which no one can dispute, it is clear that the first of the four divisions has a right to the most extended admission. It concerns all classes, for it is important to all, that articles necessary for existence should be at the lowest, possible price; first, on account of the direct good which results from it to all consumers ; and secondly, because the opera- tive, in expending less for his food, gives his labour on better terms, or himself participates in the con- sumption of other productions out of his surplus wages which are not spent in food. The second class is likewise of very general utility, and serves for the basis of the industrious branches. It is superfluous to state, that the more abundant the raw material, the more' manufac- tures increase and branch out. It is not only essential for a country that the greatest possible number of hands should be employed, but that the same should be employed profitably; and on this account Government ought to allow free importation to every thing that makes labour productive. Another consideration deserves notice. It is, in this second class particularly, that a nursery for our naval merchant service is to be found. Our commercial marine, which is the promoter of all industry, will increase according as more or less liberty is afforded it to fill its intermediate functions between us and foreign countries. In principle, sound policy would require that this second class, like the first, should not be taxed ; but it is probable that we are not yet in a situation to effect such an object. Until, however, a more favourable opportunity shall occur, Government should only impose the most moderate duties possible on the articles comprised in this class. With regard to the third class, the greater part of arguments used in favour of the second might be recapitulated. However, we beg to observe, that there is an important difference between them, which has given rise to the classification we have assigned to each. The one comprehends those articles still in their primitive state as to manufacture, and which consequently present a boundless space of action to the inhabitants of the countries importing them. The other, on the contrary, is composed of articles which have already undergone some preparation, which at once determines their use, and therefore leaves less range to their applicability to the productions of industry. Besides, this preparation has enhanced their value, and affords room for the charge of some duty upon them, because they can bear it. Moreover, the use of such articles is not popular; the value which a partial manufacture has given them has put them out of the reach of the lower orders of the people. The fourth class only contains those articles of luxury not absolutely indispensable to consumers. We shall consider this class as the one the most taxable. Here the Tariff touches articles completely finished, and which can be of no use for national labour, if there be no cause for competition. Their ■value also is quite arbitrary; so much so, that it might be increased without putting them out of the reach of those for whose enjoyment they are destined. Sometimes it happens that this extra charge is a sure means of increasing their repute. An objection will, without doubt, be made, that this conces- sion invalidates the general rule which we have laid down for the freedom of exchange ; but we beg to remark, that if the public service requires some sacrifices, it is only just to require them from those classes who are in the easiest circumstances, and who enjoy, moreover, in their social position, so many exemptions. We do not point out the duties which each of the classes should pay. The two first should only be taxed according to our financial position ; and therefore, Genilemen, we trust, that in your wisdom you will take care that the same shall be extremely moderate. You w ill not lose sight of their useful- ness as a criterion for affixing their proportions of duty ; and you will be pleased so to graduate the scale of our Tariffs, that articles of food and of the first necessity may be the most favoured. A further rule may also afford you some guide in fixing the said duties on taxable articles. It is that which furnishes the cost of insurance paid to the smuggler on their importation. In removing * Corn belongs to this mode of classification. However, in stating so, it is for the purpose of better tracing out our plan, for it is possible that an exception may be required in its favour. The providing a country with this commodity is so essential, that it would perhaps be imprudent to leave the supplying of a large portion of it open to the competition of foreigners, since, according to political events, we might be left at then mercy. 2 T 164 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL the facility which is given to smuggling by our present Tariffs, (he importation of merchandise will be increased, for it will be effected without any risk of the great loss to which an illicit trade is always exposed. The smugglers' gains will pass into the Exchequer, and taxation will be relieved to a similar amount. If freedom in its widest sense is to be the bounds to which our political economy is henceforth to extend, it is important that the course which it is about to run should be previously defined. It seems to us, then, necessary that our Customs' Laws should be placed, in respect of duties, upon a scale ' decreasing annually,' so that one might calculate very nearly, if not positively, on the moment when their extinction will arrive at that point where they will no longer be felt. This progressive decrease should be more or less rapid, according to the greater or less utility of the importations to which it has reference. We must, therefore, be understood to wish for the immediate reduction of the duties on those productions which are consumed by the greatest number of persons ; and to reduce them, by degrees, on those articles which have merely reference to taste, and are of limited use. There are branches of industry which give employment to a large portion of the population ; others for which considerable capital is collected ; and many which originate and prosper in the free air of liberty, provided they be not too hastily exposed to the competition of similar branches of industry, which may have become completely developed in neighbouring countries. These peculiar circumstances also deserve your greatest attention, and will, of course, come under your most serious consideration when you have to regulate the gradual removal of that protection with which these branches of industry are at present favoured. It will be of the greatest possible advantage to define the periods at which our Tariffs shall be decreased. Undoubtedly the most valuable faculty for benefiting the labouring classes is foresight ; but the same, confined to the power of a single person, is only exercised in a narrow circle, and has almost no object. Is it not, therefore, essential that Government should, in its legislative capacity, extend its sphere of action? Is it not the duty of a Government, placed at the head of society, and directing its operations, to take care to make known beforehand those changes and modifications which are necessary for the public good, and to which all private interests ought to yield ? Is it not essential that the minds of the people should be prepared beforehand; for events anticipated lose much of their evil influences? How many private losses would thus be avoided, and how many catastrophes averted! At present what is the cause of the timidity observable in all our enterprises? Is it not owing to the fear of those who, having capital at command, refuse to invest it in speculations not likely to become successful ? They fear the sudden change of our Customs' Laws, the marches and counter-marches of Government, and those half measures which, adopted in secrecy, burst all at onca on the commercial world. For the true development of our commercial prosperity, it is necessary that this state of uncertainty should cease. This object is gained by the system which we propose. By its harmonising qualities, the future will contribute to the advantages of the present moment. Is it not, in truth, by means of a sound policy that the operations of commerce are carried into effect with equal certainty, both as to time and extent? There are some descriptions of manufactures which we have not included in the foregoing classes, namely, machinery, tools, looms, books, scientific instruments, &c. &c, because they appear to us to require a particular classification. They are the most direct results of the intelligence of man, and the most, powerful promoters of his advancement. If any communication become prosperous through its rapidity, it is owing to the intervention of the above articles between the idea which produced them and the thought which applies them to a trade. To burden them with heavy duties is to clog the productive energies of the people. It is under these circumstances that we request a sensible reduction of the duties upon these articles, and a rapid decrease of them, so that they may enjoy, as speedily as possible, that freedom of admission which they so much deserve. It is due to them not only on account of their utility, but also because they express most powerfully the ingenuity of mankind. It would be a great political error were France not to adopt this measure, destined as she is to accomplish the renovation of old Europe, not by her arms, as some impatient persons have imagined, but by the peaceful conquests of her arts and sciences. We kncfW by experience that the importations which she would then be able to make would excite improvement, and occasion a powerful stimulus to civilization. France is, as it were, the intellectual summit of the civilized world, and she must make innovations in order to accomplish the glorious propagation of her system. In our opinion it is not necessary that the principles which we lay down should be adopted by other nations in order to become effective. Most of the sovereigns of Europe are prepossessed with mistrust as regards us, and from them we ought not to expect any spontaneous measure in proof of a better disposition. Would it not, however, be the effectual means of bringing them to a lasting peace, namely, to gain their people by the interest which would result to them by the increase of their relations with us, and the more extensive admission of their merchandise ? In our days there is no form of government which could, however absolute, compel people to war against each other, who perceive that they are mutually necessary for the development of their real welfare. The theory we have herein laid before you has been already practised in England. Since 1820 she has commenced a reform in her commercial system by diminishing her heaviest duties, which, far from injuring her finances, has been the means of improving them. It is probable, that if she sees us entering the path she has opened, her zeal for freedom will be encouraged, and she will then make further reductions in her Tariffs. Thus, without any particular arrangements, or diplomatic embar- rassment, reciprocal concessions will be found aggrandizing the commerce of the two countries. England will receive our wines in large quantities, as well as our brandies, oils, soap, silks, and our various other articles so much sought after by the fashionable world, and we, on our part, shall be enriched and benefited by her pit-coal, metals, cottons, machinery, and looms, and by all those different articles she possesses in such abundance, and which imported into France, at a low price, would give a double stimulus to labour. The most enlightened minds on the other side of the Straits have their attention fixed upon us, and the very first show of a good understanding in this respect on our part will induce them to resume their endeavours to follow up and accomplish the freedom of their commerce. Such, Gentlemen of the Chamber of Deputies, are the reflections which have occurred to us rela- tive to the labours which this Session imposes upon you. They are unconnected with all local selfishness, for although we have, in our individual locality, many subjects of complaint, we refrain from mentioning them, in order that we may confine ourselves to what Ave consider to be for the RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. public good, and worthy of that national feeling 1 which ought to govern you in your deliberations. Our reserve will not, perhaps, find many imitators. Many complaints will be made to you, and many private interests will endeavour to influence you in your discussions, contrary to the general weal. Some will persuade you that freedom of commerce will prove destructive to our manufactures ; some, will pretend that foreign competition will be injurious to our agricultural interests ; and, in short, those who have no private grievances to complain of, will vaguely maintain that this change of system will give rise to a general panic. Be assured, however, Gentlemen of the Chamber of Deputies, that tempered as our propositions are, as to their mode of operation, such fears are only chimerical, and are solely put forward to check the dictates of reason. Should our agriculture meet with formidable competition from foreigners, it will be compensated by obtaining, at a cheaper rate, all those articles necessary for its improvement, and by procuring more extensive outlets for its industry. Should our manufactures have to withstand the competition of richer and better manufactures, they will soon be enabled to counterbalance this advantage, because machinery, &c. will be imported at reduced duties, and the keep of the labourer will become less expensive. In short, if the capitalist be deprived of his monopolies, which attract him by exaggerated profits, he will be indemnified by the opportunities for good investments which would then be laid open to him, in different branches of national industry ; and as his risk would be divided, he would no longer have to fear those crises which so often occasion ruin. Neither would the changes which we request be injurious to the State. The increase in our importations would make up for any deficiency of duties, and our revenue, instead of decreasing, would be in a fair way of improving. The lower classes would acquire more comforts, and would, consequently, pay the various taxes with greater regularity ; prosperity would be diffused throughout the country; a fresh impetus would be given to internal commerce; and those artificial channels of communication, now so generally employed, might at last be accomplished in France. Then would a state of good order reign throughout our country, — not of that kind which results from stupefaction, but that which proceeds from well-directed industry. There are many points and matters which have, during a long period, engrossed the attention of some of the most enlightened minds, in a moral, political, and social point of view, but which, after all, have come to nothing. We are convinced that their solution would be very much accelerated by the application of that modern system of economy which the existing state of society so much demands. Such, Gentlemen of the Chamber of Deputies, are the wishes of citizens whose ambition solely consists in the welfare and happiness of their country. MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE. Messrs. P. F. Guestier, Jun., President Messrs. David Johnston Messrs. L. Lafitte Mestrezat, Vice-President Stanislas Ferriere J. Exshaw Henry Galos, Secretary C. Klipsch D. Brown Henry Fonfre'de J. Violett Wustenberg P. A. Bouscasse, Sen. N. Johnson Signed also by 452 mercantile houses at Bordeaux. APPENDIX. Our first intention was to present, in support of the address of the merchants of Bordeaux, a memoir, embodying facts and calculations as to the general state of the commerce of France; but we soon discovered that this work could not be accomplished without an inquiry which would embrace every branch of industry ; and we were not prepared to undertake this. We have therefore renounced our design. We have limited ourselves to examples within the range of our own interests; but if they are peculiar to our locality, they acquire an undoubted authority from their bearing chiefly upon our relations with England, which, of all Europe, is the country most advanced in commercial freedom. If each great trading community do as we are doing, and add to our remarks whatever may be sug- gested by its own relations, we shall offer to Government a collection of facts and observations which will establish, by its importance and correctness, the doctrines and general principles of which we are the organs. IMPORTS INTO FRANCE FROM ENGLAND* War had almost destroyed the commercial relations which formerly existed in so extensive a manner between our city and the various ports of Great Britain. Peace, which appeared likely to re-establish them, from the circumstance of almost every article of our commerce being every where borne down by prohibitions, or by duties equivalent thereto, has not been able to restore to us the former state of things, although twenty years have passed since the renewal of these relations ; far from having recovered its vigour, our trade has considerably diminished, and yet the general increase in Europe of industry, of capital, and the wants of mankind, ought to have had over it an influence quite of a different character. * I have given this document, correcting a few inaccuracies which had escaped the attention of its authors. J. B. 166 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL But is not the time now come that all Governments should understand that relief from custom- house dues is as essential to the welfare of their people, as peace is to their armies ? The duties of export in England are generally half per cent, ad valorem, with the following exceptions : y Pit Coal, large 3s. Ad. per ton. , , small . . . . . 2 0 , , Hare and Rabbit Skins . . . 1 0 the 100 skins. .Sheep and Lambs' Wool, uncombed . 10 per cwt. Hare and Rabbits' Hair . . . 10,, Articles manufactured of Wool . . 1 per cent. Corn and Flour (1)< Cheeses Prepared Mustard Potatoes (2) Salt Provisions (3) Wheat and Flour of Barley and Flour of Rye and Flour of O.its and Flour of ARTICLES OF FOOD. Import Duties into France. 27| c. 27* . 16 fr. 50 c. :i . 27 50 ... 55 from 33 fr. to 36 50 per 100 kil. the price of hect. exceeding 24 fr. per 100 kil. per 100 kil. the price of hect. exceeding 17 fr. j j >j j j 10 fr. per 100 kil. OBSERVATIONS. 1. The rate of duties on these enumerated products refer to the second class, in which the port of Bordeaux is placed. The duty increases at the rate of 1 fr. 50 c. per 100 kil. on the decrease of one franc in the price of wheat. The duties upon other descriptions of grain are imposed at a rate proportioned to their lesser value.' 2. The duty on potatoes is high, inasmuch as it is equal, at least, to 15 or 20 per cent, of the usual value of this vege- table. At a time of scarcity it would aggravate public distress, and in ordinary cases it would be of little importance at what amount it is fixed, as scarcely any are imported. Under these two considerations, we are of opinion, that the actual impost ought to be reduced to a nominal duty of 5 c. per 100 kil. 3. The duty on salt provisions is at once excessive, prohibitory, and unnecessary. Previous to 1789 we procured fro Ireland as much as 50,000 barrels of salt provisions in exchange for 20,000 casks of wine, but it must not be understood that this large importation was absolutely necessary for our ship-owners. On the contrary, it appears that our produce has always been sufficient for our shipping ; but the wants of St. Domingo raised our prosperity so high, they called for a foreign supply, which passed through Bordeaux. In the present day the inspection of various price currents shows that our curers of provisions have nothing to fear from foreign competition ; and, finally, we maintain in principle that, if it. were otherwise, the duty ought not the less to be taken off, or exchanged for a duty on the weight, in consideration of the inter- ests of our extensive navigation, and more so to force, by a greater abundance, a diminution in the price of an article of such daily consumption among the poorer class of our population. ARTICLES NOT MANUFACTURED. Import Duties into France. Arsenic in Powder or Lump (1) . . . . . 16 fr. 50 c. per 100 kil. , , Metallic Brun Rouge (2) red brown .... Pit Coal (3) . . c i t f of Europe . Copper unmanufactured < n . 11 I of other parts Dye Woods ....... Stags' Horns ...... rr- r , s | of India, unmanufactured Tin (-i) < ~ ' , , v ■ { oi other parts do. Tortoiseshell ...... 7 n . ( of 400 kil. at least Iron, Cast | ^ _ ■ # _ _ Whalebone, unmanufactured { ?, ien ."' 1 s ^ ra S- [ t oreigu do. Manganese, rough ..... Lead in Pigs (5) ...... Zinc, unmanufactured, mineral, or run in masses. Tallow (6) . 18 70 2 20 10 2 20 '. '. 1 10 from lfr. 10 c. to 11 0 5 50 0 55 2 20 from 110 fr. to 220 0 9 90 prohibited. 0 22 0 33 1 10 5 50 0 11 16 50 OBSERVATIONS. 1. Arsenic is consumed in France more particularly for agricultural purposes, and on that account it would be advan- tageous to it if the duty of 16 fr. 50 c. (25 per cent, ad valorem) was greatly reduced. Besides this direct advantage, we should find that of exb-nding our commerce with Holland and England, which produce this article. 2. Brun rouge is a colouring earth produced only in England, where it is most extensively used. It is sold at 3 fr. per cwt. It is very little used in France, the trade not being able to procure it under 8 fr. Its admission at a nominal duty on the weight would be very desirable. 3. There is no article that affords more ground for complaint than pit coal. Our geographical position prevents our being able to avail ourselves of the national mines, and we are constrained to pay a duty of 1 fr. 10 c. for 100 kil. for coal coming from England and Belgium, from whence we could easily and at all times supply the manufacturing establish- ments that we are making the greatest efforts to naturalize. On the contrary, we can procure no coal from the north, when the cost of freight from Donkirk exceeds 10 fr. (the highest freight that the article can bear). And as to the coals of Aveyron, during ten months in the year they cannot reach us for want of sufficient water for the navigation ; and when there is sufficient water the expenses of transporting them as far as this exceed 2 fr. per hect., as is the case with those of Gaillac. When we can obtain coal at the lowest price possible, then only can we resume the useful project of regular com- munications with our principal ports by means of steam vessels. The trial which has been made, and has lately failed, affords a lamentab'e opportunity of determining to a certainty the expenses of a steam vessel of about 150-horse power, which, in making a certain number of voyages in the year, will expend 69,120 fr. in drawing its supplies from England, whilst, when obliged to submit to the present system, it will have to bear a charge of 138,240 fr., and this difference, of about 70,000 fr. per ann., is equal to more than 48 per cent, of the interest and profit upon the capital employed! Sup- ported by the principles of political economy generally acknowledged, we cannot but ajk for the entire abolition of all import duty upon foreign coal, which we look upon as an object of the most imperious necessity. If, however, for conside- rations which it is not our province to discuss, some duty ought to be retained, we have to urge that it should not exceed 30 c. per 100 kil. We require that the steam vessels may supply themselves from the entrepots, and that this measure may be extended to all establishments making use of steam engines. We are thoroughly convinced, in drawing up these requisitions, that if our own coal mines are likely some day to supply all our wants (which we confidently expect), nothing RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 167 could be better adapted for hastening their progress and abridging the period that must necessarily intervene, than by rais- ing up a competition more brisk than what now exists. If the French Government should testify a willingness to establish a more liberal system in our relations with England, we have no doubt but that power will hasten to meet it, first, because in that she will follow up the principles ot the policy she has adopted for many vears; and lastly, because it would be in accordance with 'lie well-understood interests of her com- merce. Thus we are assured that in consequence of the reductions we may make in the duties upon her produce she will hasten to abolish the export duty upon coals, which is from 2s. to 3s. 4d. per ton, or 35 per cent, on the selling price. It is the only export duty now existing in the English Tariff-, and it will surely disappear upon their first revision. 4. The ordinance of the 29th of June, reducing the duties upon tin, will no doubt be confirmed by law to the satisfaction of the trade. . 5. Lead is a product of England, hut Spain, where we procure it cheaper, supplies us with it to the extent ot more than 9,000,000 of kd. in the year; the reduction of the duty might facilitate its use in works in which its deficiency is some- times sensibly felt; the Government must feel the Inconvenience equally with private individuals. This metal is found only in one single spot in France, the quantity produced is trifling, and the expenses attending its production raise it to an extravagant price. G. This article is the element of a great trade in England, which exports large quantities in a manufactured state. We should be able to compete with her if our Tariff allowed us to receive the original substance of this branch of trade at a very low duty. SUBSTANCES HAVING UNDERGONE A FIRST PROCESS. Import Duty into France. f L'n wrought .... Steel (1) \ Cast [ Wrought .... Wood or J of more than 10 centimetres Planks \ of less do. ^ f in Bars Copper (2) | ^ pkteg .... Tin Plates (3) Iron (4) ( » • ■ ' * v J \ Wrought .... Iron Wire . .... Brass do. ...... Litharge (5) ..... Minium ...... Ivory Black ...... Lamp Black (6) ..... Laminated Lead ..... Do. Zinc ...... f Beaten or Laminated . Tm { Wrought from 66 fr. to 77 ft 132 154 prohibited. 16i<:. 1 fr." 10 c. per 100 kil. per stere. . from 44 fr. per 100 9 J 88 77 5 J !7 fr. 50 c. to 55 fr. i ) prohibited. 66 fr. ) J prohibited. 10 fr . J ) •26 fr. 40 c. > J 6S 20 ! ) 13 20 J > 26 40 ; > 55 fr. > ! 66 > 5 prohibited. OBSERVATIONS. 1. If we would produce, it is essential to have at the lowest price possible implements for labour ; steel for this purpose is indispensable to us, and yet it is burtbened with duties which would be prohibitory if the necessity for its use were not greater than the obstacles to its introduction. Thus, notwithstanding a tax of 66 fr. per 100 kil., we import 525,000 kil. of foreign unwrought steel, of which 69,000 comes from England. Our workmen bear with these duties, but they fall again Upon our manufactures. This state of things deserves consideration ; and with respect to the numerous tools which are pro- hibited, such as files, scissors, &c, they are obtained through fraud. This scourge it should be time to remove, especially when, to accomplish it, it is only necessary to follow the wise steps of an enlightened political economy. 2. We consider that in France the expenses of the manufacture of copper are about 20 c. per lb., whilst in England they are only rid. per lb. It appears to us unjust to protect by duties so enormous, to the great detriment of our navy and of our manufactures, a branch of industry which evidently does not belong to us. We require, consequently, if not the entire abo- lition of duties, at lea-t a reduction the most considerable possible upon copper in bars and in plates. 3. Tin Plate is still an article that we seek in vain to naturalize to the detriment of our commerce with England. How many elements are contrary to its production in France ! On one side the total absence of tin, which we draw principally from Eneland; on the other our iron in sheets, which we must employ, costs three times that of our neighbour. To protect an insignificant branch of industry which is foreign to us, an exorbitant duty of 77 fr. per 100 kil., or 100 per cent, ad valorem, was imposed on the entry of foreign tin ; and it is in consequence of this protection, for which a nation of 32 millions is made to pay double the value of all utensils, so numerous and so indispensable, composed of tin, that 'hey have contrived to manu- facture in France an article of very inferior quality : such facts speak for themselves. When we expose such results to eyes even the most prejudiced, is it necessary to add a single word, and to sue for a reduction of duties, when the facts themselves imperiously command it? 4. What shall we say of iron and cast iron which has not been repeated to satiety for many years? We regard their pro- hibition as the chief cause of the decline of our city and of its commerce. The nations where iron appears the principal pro- duction were, in effect, precisely those which consumed the most of our productions. As an object of universal necessity it is inconceivable that a great nation should submit to pay treble the value of a metal which her neighbours offer in exchange for commodities with which she overflows. If the mines of Aveyton present us already a slight diminution in the price, and lead us. to hope for one more consi- derable, we must not forget that the expense of production is double the cost of English iron, and its transport from the mines in ships to Bordeaux two-thirds dearer than the freight from England to Bordeaux. Now let any one judge of the disadvantages that will always result to us in being obliged to supply ourselves from the produce of Decazeville, seeing that the company, in order to fabricate iron of a superior quality, is obliged to procure cast iron from England, and to melt it again, at considerable expense, at their works situated 100 leagues from the sea. Here are facts which pass before our eyes, and which speak more loudly than the most skilful arguments in favour of our deplorable system of protection. France ought now to see if she can reckon upon her own resources, and whi ther it is not time to restore the ancient relations which caused the prosperity of her southern districts, by freely admitting the products of nations which offer her such advan- tageous exchanges. We think then that it is urgent, if financial considerations, of which we are not qualified to judge, do not allow a complete abolition of duties upon iron, that our Tariffs should be reduced to the most moderate rate, and that iron should be admitted almost free at all times when its importation shall be justified by the wants of any enterprise of public interest, such as rail roads, canals, suspension bridges, &c. This advantage is a matter of right from the instant that the increase of the public means of activity and general prosperity becomes concerned. Our maritime position induces nsto turn our attention to anchois and chain cables, which we receive from England. The first pay from 11 fr. to 16 fr. 50 c. per 100 kil. This duty is an additional tax upon our navigation, as if it had not to struggle ahead}' against too many disadvantages ! English large anchors of a superior quality and better made than ours are almost indispensable for large ships; ch^in cables being prohibited we cannot make any observations upon the duty paid. They are smug- gled : but we are too well assured of the repugnance experienced by those who are obliged to have recourse to this extre- mity, not to call for a change which may relieve them from that unpleasant position. 5. Litharge and minium being extracts of lead are evidently the exclusive property of countries which possess rich mines of this metal. It is not therefore wise wilfully to burthen with exclusive duties articles which we cannot produce, and which are highly necessary to arts and commerce. 6. Lamp black pays 13 fr. 20c. per 100 kil.: this would be an object of commerce worthy of some attention, and which in providing freights for our ships, by means of a small capital, would often facilitate adver-tures, if the excessive custom- house duty, to which it is subject, were materially reduced. 168 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURED ARTICLES. Import Duties into France. Arsenic, in Powder or Lump Anchors ..... Glass Bottles, empty- Jewellery ..... Blacking ..... Wrought Copper .... Glue f Felt .... Hats i Hair .... [ Straw .... Sugar Boilers .... White Lead .... {Plain Lead cased in White Wood cased in Cedar . . . Chain Cables and others. ■c it. ,t\< Common Stone . Earthenware (In „. n Coal Tar Musical Instruments . Mathematical and Nautical Instruments Agricultural Instruments, Scythes . Other do , Files | £ omm °n .... I Fine .... Mercery { y™™" ' Steam Engines .... Machinery (2) .... Tools Wrought Lead .... Perfumery ..... Pictures (colours to be specified) White Paper. .... o ( Common .... \ Perfumed, transparent, in Cakes Cloths ...... Do. Table Linen . ... Carpets (3) \ °" V ° o1 f 1 ' 1 Thread 1 v ' I other sorts Carriages . • t • • • Wrought Zinc .... 16 fr. 60 c. from llfr.to 16 fr. 50 c. prohibited, from 11 fr. to 22 fr. 135 fr. 30 c. prohibited. 38 fr. 50 c. from 3fr. 30 c. to 6fr. 60 c. 271 c. from 27Jc. to 1 fr. 37Jc. prohibited. 33 fr. 11 fr. 110 fr. 220 fr. prohibited, from llfr. to 16 fr. 50 c. prohibited. 5 It. 50 c. from 63 c. to 400 fr. 33 per cent. 165 fr. 88 fr. 88 fr. from 220 fr. to 275 fr. 110 fr. 220 fr. 33 per cent. 15 per cent, from 50 fr. to220fr. 25 fr. 40 c. from 18 fr. 70 c. to 202 fr. 40 c. 38 fr. 50 c. 165 fr. prohibited. 180 fr. 40 c. from 33 fr. to 385 fr. 275 fr. to 440 fr. 330 fr. prohibited. per 100 kil. per hecti per 100 kil. the piece. per 100 kil. the piece, ad valorem, per 100 kil. ad valorem, per 100 kil. OBSERVATIONS. 1. We cannot too strongly draw attention towards pottery and earthenware ; a duty of 11 fr. to 16 fr. 50 c. is imposed on the common qualities. The fine are prohibited. An immense interchange of products with England might be effected by means of these articles, and their conveyance add considerably to the support of our navigation ; and not only as objects of commerce do we demand their free admission, but because they are household utensils of the first necessity, of which thousands of French families are deprived. In fact, a dozen common earthen plates cost in England only 6d., whilst in France the price varies from 2fr. 50 c. to 3 fr. ; see then to what the question reduces itself: has the prosperity of our potteries been such for many years that we could hope to obtain their products at an early period at the sixth, or even one-fourth, of their juice; or shall we deprive, for ever, the mass of the poorer class of Frenchmen of an article so indispensable, and which they might obtain so cheap ? Those who uphold the existing state of things are not affected by the evil brought under notice, but there is no one who has not been disgusted at the deplorable condition of most of our cottages, and it is only by encouraging the introduction of products necessary to the comfort of the poor, no matter whence they come, that we can hope to change a state of things which appears to us an outrage on our countrymen whom fortune has less favoured than ourselves. 2. The Government provides itself with foreign machinery, — what can we allege stronger against the duties which hinder its introduction for private purposes ? Is it at a time when our manufactures require assistance to aid their means of working and of competition with foreigners, that we would oppose the introduction of machinery which cannot be pro- cured in France, either so well executed or so cheap ? Certainly not ; instead of duties a premium should be offered for an importation so desirable. 3. In proportion as the love of ease manifests itself fresh wants are created altogether unknown to the good citizens who were our fathers; woollen carpets are every day ceasing to be an object of luxury only, and the consumption of them would be immense but that a duty of 330 fr. per 100 kil. is a barrier insurmountable. We ask with so much the more confidence that the duty should be considerably reduced, because we believe that our manufactures of certain qualities are in a state to compete with foreigners without, much disadvantage, and that definitively a reasonable competition can- i not but hasten the improvements which remain to be made in them. Note. There are a considerable number of articles which are made in France, but which we should nevertheless prefer getting from England if it were not for the prohibitions and excessive duties. Irish linens are in this latter situation ; and as to English tulle, called bobbinet, and cotton twist, we join all those who have any knowledge of the transactions which take place in these articles in deploring bitterly, that in consequence of a system which we will not denominate, these prohibited articles have been for many years clandestinely introduced in immense quantities, instead of having con- tributed by a duty, established on justice and reason, to the revenue of the Treasury. We are convinced that this state of ■•things is on the eve of a close, but it is 15 years too late ! EXPORTS FROM FRANCE TO ENGLAND. The reform which we ask for will not only have the happiest effect upon our internal commerce, but must necessarily lead to a beneficial result in our exports to other countries. In conformity with the principle we have established, the more we open our frontiers to foreign merchandise, so much the more shall we obtain advantages from other States; for, without any diplomatic intervention, they will be constrained to provide us with the means of paying for the products of all kinds that we may take from them. We have given a table of the most burdensome duties charged in England upon a great number of articles, the produce of our soil or manufactories ; and by this single reference it may be conceived what immense advantages we have to look for as the consequences of a reduction of our Tariffs. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 169 But in the list of our exports we shall have to point out the impediments attending our Custom > some heavy duties on exportation. We cannot conceive how such a state ot things can continue to exist. Should not our Government, on the contrary, be eager to fecilitate and enlaroe all our external communications? It is what England has long smce done. With her the duties on exportation are generally fixed at one half per cent, on the value, excepting, however, on very high duty, for the English are afraid that the produce of their coal mines - f and probably in a very nit coal, which pays a very lug., should be exhausted by foreign consumption ; but this error becomes daily effaced from their nd nrobablv in a very short time this article, like all others, will be exported without restraint. mind, ARTICLES OF FOOD.* Export Duties from France. Almonds, Sweet (1) { {vithoutthe shell' Fruits (2) Bitter Prunes, Dried a i f Fresh A PP les |Drie Fears ied f Fresh \ Dried . Chestnuts . . . Walnuts . . • Preserved with Sugars Brandy . . . 5 , Vinegar . . . {Wheat Barley, Maize R y e Oats {Millet Mustard Coriander Onion Carrot {Beans French Beans, Pulse . Olive Oil Olives Onions Truffles Capers Wines (3) Import Duties in England. Fr. 20 0 27A Per 100 kil 0 27* 1 7 6 10 10 0 n\ 55 271 0 10 0 2 0 2 Per Cwt. or 50 kil. Per Bushel. Present Rates. 1834. £. s. d. Prunes 7s. Plums 20s. 1 0 6 0 271 Hectolitre. 0 11 0 8 0 15 1 0 0 10 8 0 2 0 3 0 2 6 0 6 5 6 2 0 2 0 Per Gallon, besides the duty on the Glass and Fruit. ? » Per Imperial Quarter, price exceeding 73s. Ditto 41s. Ditto 46s. Ditto 31s. Per Cwt. Per Bushel. Per Cwt. Per lb. j > Per Imperial Quarter, the price exceeding 46s. Per Bushel. Per Tun. • Per Gallon. Per Bushel. Per lb. Per Gallon. 4 4 0 0 1 0 OBSERVATIONS. 1. Almonds are generally exported in the shell, and pay on export 2fr. 20 c. per 100 kil. gross, which comes to 3fr. 4Sc. upon the shelled fruit. This duty upon an article of little value and subject to a heavy freight, almost trebled by the in- cumbrance of the shells, is the more injurious, inasmuch as the almonds are taxed in England at the excessive duty of £1. (25 fr.) per 50 kil. The reciprocal reduction of these duties is very desirable. Bitter almonds pay in England only 4s. (5 fr.) for 50 kil., but the duty of 60 per cent, imposed on almond paste prevents any shipments. 2. The trade in fruit is too important in our departments to allow us to be indifferent to a change in the amount of duties and of the mode in which they are charged in England. As to their amount, it may be asked, why our dried prunes, containing a kernel which weighs one half of the fruit, should be charged with a duty of 27s. (id. (35 fr.) per cwt., whilst raisins, free as they are from kernels, pay only 20s. (25 fr.) : with reference to the mode of charge it is inconceivable that it should be the same upon all kinds of prunes, for the value of the ordinary kinds differs, as regards the superior plums, in the proportion of one to six, seven, or eight, and it follows that the superior kinds are scarcely charged at 20 per cent., whilst the duty upon common plums exceeds sometimes their prime cost by 300 or 400 per cent. ! It would be futile to advance the difficulty of discriminating between the qualities, the least practised observer can never be deceived; the appearance of the fruit is very different as well as the form of the kernel; it is long and flat in the superior, but round in the common plum. Apples, walnuts, and chestnuts, are too heavily taxed to become the objects of a considerable exportation. The reduc- tion of the duties upon them would increase the shipments, and be as favourable to English navigation as to our own. 3. There was a time when France shipped 20,000 tuns of wine for England, whose population did not then exceed five million souls. That was in 1669. Things then followed their natural course. Colbert had not then rushed headlong into a system of fostering manufactures, without troubling himself as to what was to become of agriculture and commerce, which he afterwards so much neglected. The duties in England were very moderate at that time, and the same for wines of all countries; and this quantity of French wines did not represent more than four-ninths of the whole consumption of the country. But in 1697 things changed much. The duty upon French wine was fixed at 4s. per gallon, and at Is. 8d. only upon that of Portugal. This difference of duties (joined to the means of exchanges that existed between England and Portu- gal, which had no manufactures, whilst France and England combined a commerial war with an actual war) produced one very much greater in the consumption, which was of French wine to Portugal, as 2 is to 774 ! From 1707 to 1744 the duties were in the same proportion, that is, 4s. 4d. upon French wines and 2s. upon those of Portugal ; but peace favouring a little our commodities they were consumed in the proportion of 878 tuns of French wine to 11,388 tuns of the growth of Portugal. From 1745 to 1762 the duty upon our wine was raised to 5s. 2d., and this increase of duty of 20 per cent, produced a diminution of 55 percent, in the consumption, which was 398 tuns of French against 11,316 of Portugal. Up to the present time it has always been considered that an increase or diminution of duties upon merchandize extended or lessened their consumption, which is very true, as we have just proved ; but the duty is not the only influ- ential cause, the ease or difficulty of making exchanges has a good deal to do with it. We ceased to sell our wines in England the moment we became desirous of producing or manufacturing at home those articles she had been accus- tomed to bring us, taking in return our wines : and as Portugal has given a marked preference to English productions that we no longer had a desire for, England, on her side, is just as unwilling to take our wines, and has favoured those of Portugal in the same proportion as Portugal favoured her manufactures. * Since this document was prepared considerable changes have taken place in the duties levied, and I have added another column exhibiting the present rates. — J. B. 2U 170 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL We will adduce a very remarkable example in support of this assertion : during the time that England abandoned our wines, because we refused her productions, the wants of our colonies, and above all those of St. Domingo, compelled us to supply ourselves with nearly 50,000 barrels of foreign salt provisions : those of Ireland being the best, we continued to import them from that country, and this was the result : whilst England took from us 400 tuns of wine, and from Portu- gal 11,500, we can prove, by reference to old accounts of the houses at Bordeaux, that we shipped for Ireland (whose population was about 3,000,000 souls), to the ports of Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Belfast, and Limerick, at least 5,000 tuns of wine ! and, by a comparison which can be fairly made, the weight of the barrel of salt provisions being 180 to 200 lbs., it may be said that Ireland took from us exactly the same number of tuns of wine as we took from her tons of salt provisions, and nevertheless the duties 'were in the same proportion in Ireland and England ! After the treaty of Methuen the wines of Portugal were taxed in England only at a rate equal to two-thirds of the duty imposed upon French wines. In Ireland the duty upon French wines was lower than in England, but the difference of duty between the wines of France and those of Portugal, as above referred to, was maintained ; our wines paid in England higher duties than those of Portugal ; but Ireland having little intercourse with Oporto, whilst she had much with Bordeaux, and the results of a good understanding, created by the interchange of commerce, compensated for the excess of the duties. England traded with Portogal and received her wines, Ireland with France and preferred ours. With St. Domingo we lost our trade in salt provisions, and with that the considerable outlet for our wines that had existed in Ireland. In drawing towards our own era it remains for us to refer to the results of some variations in the rates of duties. By the treaty of 1786 they were reduced, and the consumption of our wines increased 70 per cent.; but it was 70 per cent, upon 400 tuns. In 1792 the duties were fixed thus: 3s. 9d. upon French wines and 2s. 5d. upon those of Portugal, and then the general consumption of the country rose from 12,000 to 33,700 tuns. In 1S02 the new Tariff was 8s. lOd. upon French wines and 5s. lOd. upon those of Portugal. The consumption was reduced to 25,000 tuns. In 1812 a fresh increase to lis. bd. upon French wines and 7s. Id. upon those of Portugal. Consumption 20,000 tuns. In 1822, with the same duties, the consumption remained the same, being nearly 400 tuns; but as soon as the duties were reduced the consumption recovered its vigour ; and in 1830, when the duties were uniformly fixed at 5s. 6d. upon all wines, it exceeded 30.000 tuns, that is to say, it returned to very nearly what it was in 1792. But how times are changed with us, if we compare 1669 with the present epoch ! England, with 5,000,000 of inhabit- ants, drew from us 20,000 tuns of our wines; in 1825 Great Britain and Ireland, reckoning 23,000,000 souls, took from us only 1,800 tuns, which, taking into account the increase of population, is 75 tuns that we ship now against 4000 shipped by our forefathers. The amount of duties and commercial usages contributes much towards the relative difference of consumption in the various countries of the north of Europe. Thus, in 1825, England, nearly the whole of whose productions were by our Tariff refused admittance, took from us 1,800 tuns of wine for the consumption of 23,000,000 of inhabitants ; and the Netherlands, which provided us with more commodities than we could return them, purchased of us 11,600 for the supply of 6,000,000 of Belgians and Dutch. In the same year the United States, with English habits, nevertheless, imported from Bordeaux 2,200 tuns of wine, that is, 400 tuns more than England, for a population less numerous by one half. But the Hanseatic Towns, for themselves alone, carried off 10,000 tuns of our wines ; and Denmark, which contains but the twelfth part of the population of the United Kingdom, took from us above 1,200 tuns, or two-thirds of what sufficed 23,000,000 English. Hut in these several countries the duties are lower than in England, and they take from us wines of a lower price, which would also suit very well the bulk of the English population, as they inhabit a similar climate ; but this quality of wine paying in England the same duty as those of a higher price, its cost is enhanced by 200 or 300 per cent., and it is observed that English consumption is not directed to any wine on which the duty exceeds 50 per cent, of its own market value. From this brief statement, we learn how very disadvantageous the present posture of our relations with England is to France, and particularly to the department of the Gironde, being not only embarrassed by the Tariffs of her neighbours, but still mure so by her own; for, as we have before proved, our exports to Great Britain exceed, by two-thirds, our legal- ized imports of English products. It is therefore essential that we should abandon a state of things so overwhelming to us, and seek to recover all the former advantages of our trade. The best means to attain this end is the greatest possible reduction of the duties which press heavily upon metals, machinery, coal, and salt provisions; for, in spite of the interests of the great capitalists and brewers, if we adopted this measure England would inevitably be led to reduce, on her part, the duties on our wines, and especially upon those of the second and third class. That she would do so there can be no doubt, lor otherwise she would deprive us of our most convenient mode of re-payment, and would take upon herself, in her turn, all the inconvenience of a contraband trade. The experience our condition affords her, and, what is still more, the principles of a wise political economy, which she has been the first to promulgate, will surely save her from a similar error. RAW MATERIALS* Antimony, crude (1) Cautharides (2) . Rags Oak bark (3) . . Gum from Senegal ('4) Madder (5) {^ nd Clover Seeds of (6V fFish Oils of-; Seeds to be named. [Vitriol . . . . Argol Cork in Planks (7). . . Marble in the rough (8) Ochre in the rough. {Lamb and Goat . Sheep . . . Hare and Rabbit Annatto (4 Bij.) Gentian Root . Roots of drugs to be named Turpentine in paste (10) Tartar (11) Export Duties in France. Import Duties in England. Duties 1834. in Fr. c. £. *. d. £. s. d. 1 10 per 100 kil. ? j 0 15 0 Per Cwt. 0 8 0 0 m 0 3 6 Per lb. 0 1 0 Prohibited. 5s. to 7 6 Per Ton. 8 Per Cwt. 0 27J 3 j 0 12 0 ; J 0 6 0 1 10 j 3 0 1 6 ? S 0 0 6 0 55 ! 3 0 6 0 ? J 0 2 0 27J 3 3 ' 1 0 0 -* ? 1 0 0 0 5 0 ? J 0 2 0 0 1 0 Per' Qr. 1 10 3 3 0 0 6 1 10 ) 3 3 3 0 1 0 PerCwt. 1 10 26 12 0 Per Tun. 0 55 3 ; 3 3 50 per cent. Ad valorem. 39 18 0 0 27i 0 0 6 Per lb. 7 85 3 3 2 0 0 Per Ton. 0 10 0 1 10 3 3 0 8 0 Per Cwt. 0 5 3 3 0 1 0 Per Cubic Foot. Free. 0 27* 3 3 0 1 0 Per Cwt. 22 0 3 3 0 0 4 Per 100 Skins. 50 60 J J 0 1 0 Per 12 ditto. Prohibited. 0 1 0 Per 100 ditto. 0 55 3 3 0 0 2 Per lb. 1 per" cwt. 0 27£ 0 0 6 3 J 0 4 0 20 percent. Ad valorem. r 'io 3 3 AsAd.-bsAd. PerCwt. 7 85 ! 3 0 0 6 ) 3 * See note, p. 169. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 171 OBSERVATIONS. 1. We used to export a very considerable quantity of antimony to England a few years since ; but this trade has ceased, because the article is burthened with very high duties, especially regulus of antimony, which pays 40s. (50 fr.) per 50 kit. 2. France produces cantharides of a very good quality, but the duty, 3s. del. (4 fr.) per lb. limits the demand for it.* 3. Our forests furnish tan or oak bark in abundance, which is partly consumed as fuel, or more generally perishes without profit to any one. If the prohibition laid on its exportation were taken off, it is probable it would yield a revenue to the proprietors of woods, and an important support to our shipping. The duty which it pays in England is 8d. (80 c.) per cwt. 4. Our extensive trade with Senegal introduces into Bordeaux almost all the gum which is exported from thence. England, in consequence of its numerous manufactures, consumes the most of it, and we must here notice the absurd regulation regarding this commodity, as well as annatto, enforced by the English navigation law, enacting, that, on their leaving a French port, these articles should be carried to some place out of Europe, to be afterwards brought into Eng- land, and there to be entered for consumption ! This system is injurious to our ship-owners, who are forced to deduct from the sale price of the articles the heavy expenses of this double voyage. In 1832, the French Government granted permission to export direct from Senegal in French ships. Many cargoes have been thus admitted into Liverpool at the lowest rate of duty, 0s. (7 fr. 50 c.) per cwt., which is still too high for an article so indispensable to manufactures ; but without the impediment of a navigation law, which, since the treaty of reciprocity of 1826, extends to our ships ; in pro- portion as England might increase her wants, we could, by coasting, supply them, to any extent, with gum, which might be brought here at a price almost as low as it is at Senegal, because our ships have no other returns, and we should thus profit by the transit of merchandize through our entrepot. 5. Madder is cultivated largely in the environs of Avignon. Trials made in our department have completely suc- ceeded. Ground madder pays 6s. (7 fr. 50 c.) per cwt., and madder root Is. Gd. (or 2 fr.) 6. The trade in seeds is capable of a great increase. We might easily export every year 1 0,000 bales of clover seed to England, instead of 400 or 500, if the duty of 20s. per cwt. (50 fr. per bale) were considerably diminished. As England cannot raise, but in small quantities, a seed often damaged by the humidity of her climate, we think, that but few efforts would suffice to obtain a change which might be profitable to both nations. The same observations may be applied to the seed of lucern. Woad, until the ordonnance of 29th June last, paid an export duty of 6 fr. 60 c. per 100 kil., and the exportation had entirely ceased. This duty, reduced to 1 fr. 10 c, is still too high, since it is as much as 6 or 7 per cent, ad valorem. Let us hope that our neighbours, who have learned to do without a colouring matter which we have denied them, may now have wants which will induce them to return to our market. 7. Cork is abundant, and of superior quality in our neighbourhood ; considerable quantities were exported to England, but this trade diminishes every day, under the influence of an export duty of 1 fr. 10 c, and of an impost of 8s. or 10 fr. per cwt., which is excessive upon an article of so great a bulk, subject to so much waste and to considerable charges. As to corks, the importation is impeded by a duty of 7s. or 9 fr. per lb. !!! that is to say, by an almost entire prohibition. Cork-cutting is nevertheless a branch of trade altogether French, which the high price of labour in England prevents them from carrying on with advantage. 8. See page 172, note 7. 9. The trade in lambs' and goats' skins, already important between France and England, would become much more so, if the duties of exportation, like those of importation, were better arranged. On the exportation fiom France, undressed skins pay 22 fr. per 100 kil. ; and on their importation into England, dressed skins pay 10s. (12 fr. 50 c.) the 100 skins. A- reduction on both sides would be the means of increasing considerably the transactions in this article. 10. Our department produces a great deal of turpentine. We exported a considerable quantity of it to England until 1823 ; hut the demand is nothing at the present day, on account of the duty of 4s. Ad. (5 fr. 50 c.) per cwt. on an ordinary quality, and not valued above 12s. (15 fr. ) that is, more than 35 per cent. When the valuation of the quality is beyond 12s. per cwt. the duty is 5s. 4d. (about 7 fr.) Ought not the export duty of 1 fr. 10 c, equivalent to from 8 to 12 per cent, upon the value, to be also entirely abolished ? 11. Tartar also is a product peculiar to our district, and it is against the French export duty that we object ; it is no less than 7 fr. 85 c. the 100 kil. on the gross, that is to say, to 8 fr. 80 c. upon the net weight, which renders the expor- tation of it almost void. The import duty into England is only 60 c. per cwt. ARTICLES HAVING UNDERGONE A FIRST PROCESS. Ex port Import Duties 1834. in Duties in France. Duties in England. Fr c. £. s. d. £. s. d. 1 10 Per 100 kil. 2 0 0 Per Cwt. 0 16 0 0 55 ? ? 0 2 0 0 55 3 ? 0 0 8 Pe'r'lb. 0 55 > ? 0 0 10 2 20 ? ) 0 4 0 0 1 4 Oils of , 2 20 5 ! 0 4 0 0 1 4 Linseed and Hemp .... 0 55 ; > 39 18 0 Per Tun. 2 20 > > 0 4 0 Per lb. 0 1 4 2 20 5 J 0 2 0 2 20 ? ; 0 4 0 Grindstones (2) 11c. to 2f. 75 c. 3 16 0 Per lOo'pieces. 0 10 0 Skins of Lambs and Goats, Tawed (3) . 0 11 Per lOo' Skins. 0 10 0 Per 100 Skins. , , Chamois, Tawed with Oil . . 4 0 0 Ochre in 0 'm Per Too kil. 0 1 0 Per'Cwt. Verdigris (4) 0 1 0 Per lb. Varnish 2 *20 > » 30 per cent. Ad valorem. OBSERVATIONS. 1. The essence or oil of turpentine is not more encouraged in England than turpentine itself ; a duty of 8d. (80 c.) per lb. effectually prohibits the admission of it. 2. In our neighbourhood, we find excellent grindstones, which we sometimes send to England ; but the import duty of £3 16s. (96 fr.) for 100 pieces completely prevents a trade, which might otherwise prove advantageous to navigation. 3. See page 171, note 9. 4. The south furnishes a great deal of verdigris ; it would give rise to some mercantile transactions, if it had not to pay 2 fr. 20 c. on leaving France, and Is. or 25 sous per lb. on its introduction into England. This last duty is the half of what it was ; but the reduction is not sufficient, and the French duty ought to be altogether taken off. * But at the moment we are writing, we have the satisfaction to learn that the English Government has just reduced the duty on these two articles ; that upon regulus antimony to 1 6s. per cwt., and upon cantharides to 60 c. per lb. See Note, p. 169. ; 2X 172 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURED ARTICLES. Corks (1) . . . Bottles (2) {f^fy Bronze f U , nwrou 8 ht 1 Manufactured ..... Essences (3) , , employed in Chemistry, without) any other distinction Perfumery Orange-flower Waters. Brandy (4) Nut Oil Clock-work, Fine . . . Cases for ditto . . . Liqueurs (5) . Macearoni and Vermicelli Honey (6) Marble, Wrought (7) . . Mercery {Primary . . Furniture Paper, White . j j Grey . . . . , , Stained .... 2 20 0 in Pastils Silks f Plain . \ Figured c f Common P (Perfumed Cloths, Cambric , , Ticking Sail . , , Plain . ,, Printed. Vinegar (8). Handkerchiefs 1 10 {Vary with the kinds. Trifling. Ditto. 0 271 0"27J Per 100 kil Dozen. Per 100 kil. Ditto. Per hect. Per 100 kil. Per kil. } Per hect. Per 100 kil. Ad valorem. Per 100 kil. :: } Per hect. Import Duties in England. £. s. d. 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 2s. to 4s. 6d. 0 4 0 ("According to Ad valorem. Pe'r'lb. i j Per Square Yard. Per Cwt. Ad valorem. > > Per Cwt. Per Piece of 8 yards. Per Square Yard, to date from 5th Jan. 1834. Per Tun. OBSERVATIONS. 1. See page 171, note 7. 2. The high duty which is paid in England on glass bottles, although filled, cramps more than can be imagined the trade in French wine, liqueurs, and fruits preserved in brandy. If it were not for this obstacle, many consumers who cannot burthen themselves with a barrel of wine would supply themselves with it in bottles. It is to our interest that this restraint should be speedily removed. Our light wines would almost always be imported in bottles, but for the desire of the consumers to avoid the duty of 2s. per dozen on full bottles, and the loss of 3 to 5 per cent., which they are subjected to in reckoning only six bottles to the imperial gallon. 3. We export essences to almost every country, and this would be a subject of important transactions with England, if so enormous a duty, which varies from 2s. to 4s. 6d. (2 fr. 50 c. to 6 fr.) per lb. did not impede the importation of the greater part of the various descriptions of this article. 4. The exorbitant duty of 22s. 6d. per gallon, about 25 fr. the demi velte, has the double inconvenience for us, of con- fining the consumption of the English to the higher orders, and of limiting our exportations to the superior brandies of Cognac. Duties less prohibitory, by favouring consumers of a lower rank, would draw the demand to the brandies of Armagnac, which belong more particularly to our port. If the present position of this article were changed, the consump- tion of the English would become immense, and would be more profitable than injurious to the revenue of our neigh- bours. We cherish a hope to see at length the removal of all trammels from a trade which is capable of so much extension. 5. Liqueurs are charged with a duty still more excessive than that of brandy, for it is 30s. (38 fr.) per gallon, and our exportations of this article, now altogether abandoned, would become somewhat extensive if the duty in England was moderate. 6. Our environs produce honey of only an ordinary quality, not being worth more than about the half of that from Narbonne, which is much whiter and of a finer flavour. Nevertheless, we might export this product, but for the excessive duty of 15s. (19 fr.) which it pays in England ; where honey from the English colonies is admitted at a duty of 5s. (6fr. 30 c.) 7. The manufactories of marble from the Pyrenees are increasing in a remarkable degree, and there is little doubt that an important demand for it would arise in England, if she were to repeal her heavy duty of 3s. (3 fr. 90 c.) per cwt. which she lev es on wrought marble. 8. The excessive duty of £18 18s. (472 fr.) per ton which attaches to vinegar, is the only cause which prevents this liquid from assuming a first rank in the list of our exports to England ; and those who are acquainted with the bad quality of all the unwholesome drugs which are improperly used in England in the manufacture of an article of such general consumption, are astonished that a duty no less hurtful than deplorable should have been allowed to exist so long. The small quantity of vinegar which is shipped to England is not intended for consumption there, and is nearly all re-exported. Both Governments are highly interested in putting down the abuse which we have pointed out. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 173 Abstract of the principal Articles Imported into Bordeaux from England, from 1825 to 1832. Merchandize. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1 QOO looU loo 1 Tallow, Raw Kil. 25,498 24 , 633 43 , 119 24 ,1 17 3,157 3,544 3,405 307 130 529 1 ,00/ Whalebone, Rough 1 ,000 3 , 020 300 017 • • • • • • • * • • • * Q/i 7 in Rytj titid AI.'li/a' • • ■ ■ • , , 6,861 Wood, Sawed, of eight centimetres! 30,942 1,205 120 2,057 230 1,460 Dye Wood Kil. o , UUU il ,40J O j \JO/ 2,325 500 6 ,248 on cio JfiJ ,c>lo O 1 Afl Z j 1 uu 4 ,yuu ZU , OOU Pit Coal Kil. 7,670,955 5,357,095 11 1 OA f~\ /~* t 1 11,139,962 ^ ill ni o 7,111 ,918 O A A *9 Ail/ 1 8,947 ,926 lA All /107 10,911 ,437 - TA\ ),/2&,/43 Iron, Cast, of 400 kil. at least . ,, 30,970 92,756 195 ,532 183 ,294 146 , 903 , , Bars, of 458 millimetres orl 57,944 3,025 2,804 11,063 1,009 , , Square, 22 lignes or more . , , 22,995 ;> 1 , 08o 7Q(i /ay 00 ,, ,, 15 to 22 lignes . ,, , , Round, 15 lignes or more . , , 373 7 33,682 7,487 ,, ,, less than 15 lignes. ,, , , Tinned , , Steel, forged in Bars 33 • • OOO 43,321 129 ,771 HA Ql\ 1 04,094 fir ill ob , 141 4 J , / 40 ,0/0 0 , / 0 j 381 • • 192 90 640 923 192 794 188 Pure Copper, melted in lumps . , , 12,479 • 1 2,044 10,402 5,036 490 ■JO O /1 1 03 ,001 84,442 63 ,097 1 , 020 23,174 13,543 12,715 16,849 15 ,369 15 ,489 V "TOO / ,/o8 1 , JUU Zinc, melted in Lumps . . . , , 3,888 o , Uoo , , in regular Plates , , 2,016 • j 55 888 217 1 ,118 7 ,891 1 ,659 1 ,683 492 8,637 1 ,984 792 4 , t>2U 3,873 46,792 39,101 59,297 20,285 13, 598 6,332 11 O A 1 •• 610 2,733 176 1 ,053 21 112 2,693 15,918 19,494 12,321 17,766 20 ,604 1 1 ,98c 22,641 CtT OAC 27 ,84b Beer Lit. %4,26£ 3,376 2,073 4,771 3,494 1 , 1 15 1,35£ 390 Carpets, Woollen and Thread . Kil. 162 24 36 407 212 126 406 512 Steam Engines .... Value fr. 186 72 5€ 167 458 0 1 0 1 17,850 50,000 67,00t 69,500 110,142 202 ,292 17 , 578 31 ,770 7,45£ 30,65( 42,856 4 , 922 34 ,99r 1 1 ,092 5 ,440 Anchors, Iron Kil. 5 , 55C 625 77 ,32( 89,307 led lot 2, 706 Mathematical Instruments . Value fr. 756 1 ,650 1 ,454 1 ,05(1 1 ,31C 8C 84( 700 34,028 6 Lambskins in the Wool . . . , , 3,504 26 35,867 12,227 11,22: 35,768 10,976 , , Dried, without the Hair , , 17,117 4,893 294 Dried Skins, small . . . . , , 2,468 2,03c Wool, Fine, cold washed . . , , "■ 49c , , hot washed ... , , 2,682 164 226 20C ' 387 13S ' 325 19^ .. 222 1,19C 67C 1,210 512 1,33? 962 84-2 764 Abstract of the principal Articles Exported to England from Bordeaux, from 1825 to 1832. Merchandize. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 6 418 199 163 876 4,831 8,954 3 ' 1,428,224 3,047,830 80 2,082,523 3 3 24 ,250 371,285 500 159,048 1,030 3 3 166,849 3,726 ,194 200,270 1 , 125 44,024 2,629,399 3 3 466 664 466 664 69,029 Grain of all kinds .... 3 > 59 435 177 521 121,516 352,280 27,932 *4 548 525 355 934 378 100,857 934,129 2,214 236,629 710 Chestnuts, large and small . 3 3 33 886 11 305 4 385 68,163 22,264 7,205 3,110 7,226 Alpiste and Millet .... J ? 50 408 321 450 2,403 2,019 3 3 *6 152 3,091 5 691 5,440 8,441 4,321 14,236 7.319 > 3 68 340 66 625 10,430 100,156 531,070 9,666 15,428 14,495 38,389 , , Dried 3 3 567 622 470 383 609 702 246,423 372,545 705,307 231,623 ' J 71 410 7 871 13 482 17,719 23,517 31,390 12,488 12,848 J 3 122 043 68 961 61 181 133,853 103,332 124,794 64,863 86,712 4,942 3 3 32 071 14,926 14,894 86 9,619 5,427 7,979 3 ) 6 800 *8 840 5 000 5,910 3,144 9,166 Juniper Berries . . . . _ . 3 J 3 > 12,000 100,849 13,869 240 90 917 307 "7 391 6,370 7,929 7,641 8,698 5,232 123,570 3 3 409 824 47 449 320 279 438,075 156,329 356,555 327,622 3 3 1 200 2 165 902 11,304 12,605 763 2,055 , , Essence .... 3 3 124 913 26 563 66 547 46,910 29,955 26,690 1,024 3 3 460 65 3 895 10,356 Oils, Volatile 3 3 238 62 848 606 1,854 2,088 9,756 3 3 1 006 1 182 811 399 284 257 688 3 J 345 2 704 657 402 881 Lavender and Orange Flowers . 3 3 J J 145 539 548 133 100 452 68 149 97 763 72,840 131,302 129,400 79,944 102,366 3 3 8 825 3 612 3 385 2,940 2,647 11 075 3,156 1,344 934 > ) 42 351 673 3 3 3 3 16 ,669 *5 247 3 850 26,056 8,772 39,678 35,944 35,829 3 285 3 000 2,095 981 3,290 6,632 3 3 110 184 222 332 103 211 196 Oil Cake (Tourteaux,) &c. . 3 3 14 ,800 'i 025 3,475 1,000 1,010 Marble, Sculptured or Polished . 3 3 325 10 450 1,005 4,009 2,036 1,037 * 174 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Abstract of the principal Articles Exported to England from Bordeaux, from 1825 to 1832, continued. ; Merchandize. 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 Stones, useful to Arts and Trades Kil. 57 ,899 46,856 8 ,484 45,752 14 11,960 24 , 1 1 1 1 ,746 20 ,359 484 102 ,428 74,664 6 057 25,438 27,409 30 330 42 632 21,067 44 ,881 10,727 34 539 40,216 33,758 22 227 39 ,650 5 534 5 666 15 436 14,332 10,916 20 629 14 260 2 ,340 955 1 132 2'oi5 1. 607 1 ,660 6,649 5,833 125 227 561 957 676 204 222 162 827 75 105 72 378 507 318 556 Wine, Ordinaryj in cask . • t ;+ . Lilt. 3,088 493 1,195,013 899 408 2,063,056 1,677 625 1 ,299,014 1,148,606 896 420 f ? ? , in bottle , « 5 ? 289 020 275,366 218 265 259,802 297 361 313 915 292,838 235 ^93 , , Rich, in cask . • > > 7 272 3 , 685 2 029 2,664 1 980 450 230 345 ■ j j in bottle ■ • * 1 > 2 770 4 192 1 589 1,070 222 231 33 5 j Vinegar, in cask . ? } 75 986 41^731 103,026 117,572 170,796 83,621 113,633 63,822 j , j , in bottle • ) > 2 132 342 444 278 353 14 99 Brandy ■■' • * • « • 525 913 281 ',396 293 166 1,673,327 1,042 451 , 488,002 228 019 426 740 5 745 3,120 4 396 4,985 5 011 3 , 003 2,059 307,098 1 w\ 1 , oo o 295 969 290,162 233 233 277,489 314 758 331,590 260 331 ,, Empty . . . . . Kil. 130 4,695 155 16,561 2 537 1 650 166 1 jUOU Silks, Plain Stuffs . . . , , Figured Stuffs . , . • > 5 48 268 119 49 125 w • J J 15 \ a u 30 18 35 111 537 75 257 997 15 119 4 462 70 / V 2 246 772 1 146 816 359 " 345 •'462 75 . Skins 1 225 Skins of Groats, Tawed . 6,744 3 000 13,598 1,234 , , Lambs , , . . 33 251 23,592 12 000 7,108 9 100 12,798 13,332 Pendulums . . . '. Kil. 248 277 127 309 297 435 157 378 Toys 58 107 10 16 Mercery, Common . . . 10 136 4 5 24 *3 270 7,174 3 ,085 '8,581 8 397 10,330 2,995 3,577 DECLARATION OF THE MERCHANTS AND OTHERS INTERESTED IN THE TRADE OF BORDEAUX RESPECTING THE PROPOSED NEW CUSTOMS' LAW. We, the undersigned merchants, ship-owners, and traders of the town of Bordeaux, after having examined the expose' of the Minister of Commerce, relative to the projet of the Customs' Law pre- sented to the Chamber of Deputies : — Considering that this projet, far from laying down a wide and solid foundation on which commerce, manufactures, and agriculture, could simultaneously develope themselves, leaves these three branches of occupation in a complete state of anarchy. That this neglect of all systems, and of all principles, instead of setting those interests free, subjects them to a despotism the most arbitrary, by introducing into our system of public economy the grossest empiricism. That a projet of law like this, without rules and without plan, cannot possibly pretend to direct their steps, since it has neither a point of departure, nor a marked course, nor any perceptible object. Considering that without regard for the equal distribution of the taxes guaranteed by the constitu- tion, and which calls upon the Government to give the same assistance or the same privileges to each branch of industry, this projet shows partiality, makes distinctions, maintains privileges, by devoting certain trades to fruitless labour, and even to inevitable ruin, in order to ensure the prosperity, and what it calls the triumphs (conquetes) of other trades. That by this systematic partiality the Government calls upon us, the inhabitants of the south, to bear all the expenses of a commercial war in favour of coals, iron, cottons, and sugars, to lock up our wines in our cellars, to give up all foreign trade, to annihilate all our territorial resources, and to renounce all the advantages of our geographical position. Considering that this projet, contrary to the commonest principles of justice, far from seeking to raise production to the level of the wants of the consumers, confines consumption within the bounds of production, so that in proportion as produce is more artificial, more foreign to our soil, or to our peculiar capabilities, it imposes upon us in its favour sacrifices more burthensome and more extensive. That by such a combination it sacrifices the rule to the exception, public good to private interests, the prosperity of many millions of the French to the advantage of some thousand individuals. Considering that this projet sets every theory at defiance, rejects all facts, despises the results of experience, since it infers, from causes that are similar, results in opposition to each other ; as thus, whilst it admits the production of wool and the manufacture of cloth, obtained for our free trade with Spain during the wars of the empire, a degree of prosperity which enabled us to rival the best wools of Saxony and the finest cloths of Europe, it persists in disbelieving that the same results would arise if the admission of the raw material, at a lower price or of superior quality, could be brought to the assistance of several of those branches of our national industry which are similarly situated. That it admits the enormous extent of the charges and privations to which it subjects the whole nation, in order to realize those pretended commercial conquests, when it declares that its principal aim is to ensure the production (so inadequate to the wants of the country) of coals and indigenous iron; that is to say, that for these doubtful advantages it would necessarily ruin our navigation, our agriculture, and the chief part of our manufactures, which, if left to themselves, would produce a hundred times more than the value of those articles. That such a system of political economy is so much the more hopeless, since one cannot foresee the time when it will cease to exact sacrifices equally intolerable, because, according to it, the progress of industry being thus ensured only by prohibitions, such prohibitions cannot be withdrawn until the protected articles shall have attained such a degree of perfection that they will have nothing to fear from the introduction of similar foreign productions into our markets; that to hope for such a state of things, in regard to some branches of our trade, is to suppose an impossibility, since our rivals, who RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 175 now exclude us, continuing- to extend their natural resources, and we being able only to avail ourselves of means purely factitious, will always leave us in the back ground. Considering that this projet, by such professions, checks our commerce with other nations, since it repels whatever advantages they might offer, and prevents them from procuring from us what we produce in abundance or manufacture with success. That thus it revives the ancient commercial hostility, rejects all alliance, all peace with other people, all approximation towards them, all mutual participation in the means of promoting civiliza- tion, of happiness or enjoyment of all kinds, in order to fetter them with narrow-minded national pre- judices, or to place them one against the other in the field of battle. Considering that this projet, by one of its most unfortunate errors, keeps up differential duties, thereby condemning that portion of the kingdom which is situated on the sea coast to pay double and triple the real value of the greatest part of the protected article, as it subjects the sea ports to a tax triple that of the tax levied on the frontier for the same foreign articles. That this system of partial legislation throws back on those localities the burthen of our system of political economy; for, already isolated from the great markets of consumption and from the capital by the difficulties which attend our public means of communication, it isolates them also from foreign countries, by depriving them of the opportunities of exchange which external commerce would furnish. That these differential duties are as prejudicial as impolitic; prejudicial, for they lay us open to the reprisals of other states; impolitic, for they are directly hostile to the two nations with which our interests and our policy are most consonant, England and the United States, whose productions can only be brought by sea. Considering, lastly, that all the ameliorations which this projet attempts are incomplete and insuffi- cient, since, by its own confession, its reductions are imperceptible ; that it respects the monopoly of the owners of iron foundries, of coal mines, of forests, &c. ; that it provides a considerable opening for contraband trade in cotton yarns, chain cables, cigars, linens, &c. ; that it closes the foreign markets against the sale of our wines, brandies, &c. ; that it checks our maritime trade by its exclusion, its differential and its protecting duties ; that it goes the length of keeping up the absurd duties on the exportation of tartars, turpentine, hides, dyed silks, essences, &c. All these evils and errors being considered, we, merchants, ship-owners, and traders of the town of Bordeaux, pledge ourselves, by this declaration, to persist, with a stronger conviction than ever, in the principles which were advanced in our Address to the Legislative Chambers. That incase the Government (which we cannot suppose) should support this projet, and should call upon the Chambers to adopt it, we reserve to ourselves the right to enter into a more minute dis- cussion of its details. And, lastly, should this projet be established as the law, to engage ourselves to pursue its revision at the next meeting of the Chambers with the energy and perseverance which justice inspires. Members of the Commercial Commission, Messrs. P. F. Guestier, junior, President; D. G. Mes- trezat, Vice-President ; Henri Galos, Secretary; Henri Fonfrede, D.Johnston, Stanislas Ferriere, Wustenberg, J. Violett, N. Johnston, C. Klipsch, J. Exshaw, Louis Lafitte, D. Brown, Bouscasse, sen. In the original, presented to the Chamber of Deputies, there follow the signatures of 508 commer- cial houses of Bordeaux. APPENDIX No. XXIII. The Members constituting the Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux to the Minister of Com- merce and of Public Works. Sir, — When the spirit of foresight, dictating your circulars of the 27th August, 1833, invited the assistance of the several Chambers of Commerce in the kingdom towards framing a Customs' Bill, we had reason to hope that their intervention in these important matters would infallibly be signalized by extensive and important results ; we entertained a strong belief that the system of restrictions, of privileges, and monopolies, was at length about to fall before these broad and liberal principles, towards which, for the last twenty years, the simultaneous wishes of our agricul- ture, our manufacturing industry, and our commerce, have been directed. Standing before you as the representatives of a province essentially maritime and wine-growing, which has so long been suffering with respect to its only productions, its only means of exchange, we had every reason to hope that our voice, raised in favour of liberty for all, in an equal and wise propor- tion, would not at the present time be drowned by the scruples of a vain and fruitless caution, as formerly it was overwhelmed by the exigencies of certain privileged interests. These hopes have been dissipated by the statement of reasons, (Expose des motifs,) and the Pro- jet de Loi recently submitted by you to the Legislative Chambers. Being daily sufferers from the present system, we have made long and painful struggles against it. Adopting alternately the language of argument and of complaint, we have never despaired of the final success of our cause, because it rests upon the indestructible foundation of sound economy, upon the justice of our claim, and upon our ardent desire to see our commercial institutions shape them- selves at length to the manners of the country, and the wants of the present times. We deplore the painful necessity which compels us still to persevere in the struggle ; but the efforts which we have already made will be a sufficient guarantee of our possessing conviction and energy enough to sustain it. Such are the first effects, Sir, of your projet de loi upon the important questions of coals, iron, and sugar, that we are still occupied with the inquiry, whether it would not be more advantageous to the general interests of commerce, that the discussion should be deferred to another Session. It is not our intention to point out all the complaints to which it has given rise, all the expostulatio-is which it has provoked. It is a great error to assimilate political institutions to the laws which govern com- merce : the former affect intellectual interests, and should follow the slow and measr.red march of 176 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL time ; the latter govern material interests, and should, to a certain extent, anticipate the wants of the people. The moderation, in which consists the wisdom of the former, is essentially hurtful to the action of the latter ; and when an obstacle presents itself to these in their developement, a stron"- hand ought not to fear to break it. Nevertheless, Sir, your projet de loi contains, besides these fundamental principles, certain proposed ameliorations of details, which it is important to introduce as soon as possible into our Customs' Law. There are some of these which rectify actual abuses, which open a new course for the adjustment of our Tariffs, which promote our manufacturing industry, and encourage our navigation. We accept them with an eagerness proportioned to the length of time for which they have been desired. We consider that it would be advantageous to all interests, if these regulations were carried into execution by means of ordinances, if, as we hope, your entire projet cannot this year receive the sanction of the Chambers. It is this course we now solicit you to adopt. It would have the effect of satisfying a small part of our wishes ; it would open the approaching discussion under favourable auspices ; and lastly, it would afford you, by its very first results, the experience, albeit but too late, that upon our commercial eman- cipation alone depend at once the prosperity of the people and the glory of the Minister. We have the honour to be, &c. Desired Changes. Amongst the proposed changes, we would point out particularly a measure for reducing the duties on saltpetre, pepper, cloves, dyewoods, tallow, turmeric, Quercitron bark, &c. &c. &c. The result of the reduction of these duties would be the increase of our commerce and of our means of exchange. We will also point out that for allowing the importation of fine cotton twist, and of cachemires at a fixed rate of duty, observing that the duty established by the Tariff is still too high to prevent smug- gling; in fact, when the duty upon a shawl amounts to 500 fr., when that upon cotton twist amounts to 40 per cent., we fear that little advantage will result from the change ; it appears to us that, in gene- ral, the Government does not sufficiently take into account the effects of the contraband trade ; it en- courages instead of weakening it, whenever it imposes duties higher than the premium at which clandestine importations are effected without risk. The proposed changes with respect to cattle and wool do not affect our particular interests ; they will doubtless be considered insufficient by those whom they more immediately concern ; with respect to ourselves, we consider them as favourable, because they exhibit a progress towards a reasonable system of commercial liberty. The encouragement given to the productions of China, Cochin -China, and the Philippine islands, will be still more advantageous to commerce, if it is freely extended to the productions of all countries situated on the other side of the Straits of Sunda; but we cannot approve of the exception made to the prejudice of sugar; it is the only commodity which can form the bulk of a cargo ; by subjecting it to the proposed duty, we drive it from our ports, and destroy in a great measure the good effect of the proposed enactment. We will only refer to the article of sugar from Pondicherry, to demand that all the precautions which the Government shall think necessary shall be taken in India, in order that when the vessels arrive in France, the owners of the sugar may not meet with any impediments, which it was not in their power to foresee before sailing ; it is the duty of the Government to examine closely into the conditions im- posed upon these importations, and to learn to whom it entrusts its confidence, otherwise merchants of character will not embark in this trade. It will also be useful to place Muscovado sugar upon the same footing as raw sugar, in order that the loaf sugar produced from it may be exported with a drawback calculated upon the presumed quantity yielded; — but we consider that the obligation of certifying that the sugar exported is the pro- duce of Muscovado, is at least useless ; this certification is almost impracticable; the operations of a refinery are all carried on together, and it is impossible to distinguish exactly the produce of such and such kinds of raw material ; all that concerns the Treasury is, as it seems to us, that it should only pay a drawback proportioned to the duties received ; this principle has already been acknowledged, for the 2nd article of the law of the 26th April, 1833, only requires, in order to enjoy the drawback upon exportation, the proof by receipts of the payment of duties in proportion to the drawback claimed. We regret that the import duties upon mahogany have not been reduced in the projet de loi, and we call 1 the attention of the Minister of Commerce to the subject, which can be as well effected by an ordi- nance, and which is of importance to our maritime commerce, since the importation of this wood would give employment to a great number of vessels, if it were promoted by a reduction of duty. The change proposed in the admeasurement of vessels, and the prohibition against changing the names of vessels, are ameliorations which we demand for the advantage of our navigation, and of which the importance is obvious. The reduction of duty upon the superior kind of cinnamon from Ceylon ought not to be accom- panied with an increase of the duty upon the inferior sorts, when they do not come direct from coun- tries situated beyond the Straits of Sunda; by the present Tariff", this inferior cinnamon, coming from Calcutta or Bombay, pays 66 c. per kilogramme, and by the projet de loi it will have to pay 1 fr. per kilogramme. If the Government should think fit to introduce some changes in the duties on Indigo, the duty upon that coming from countries beyond Cape Horn ought not to be increased, with the view of en- couraging distant voyages. We take this occasion of expressing our regret, that the expression " Countries out of Europe" is retained in the Tariff ; as it has given rise to great discussion, for the Customs treats a cargo coming from Africa as one arriving from the Entrepots of Europe. The test of the law alone should determine the limits of the several duties, and the power should not exist of adding to the law by notes inserted in the Bulletins des Lois, or in the official Tariff pub- lished by the Customs. The reduction in the number and price of Custom stamps (plombs) will be beneficial to com- merce ; but, instead of fixing the price at 25 c. in some cases, and 50 c, in others, it would be better to fix a general and uniform charge of 25 c. As it is acknowledged by the Customs in the statement RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 177 which it has lately published, (hat the stamps affixed in lS32,cost only 6 c. each, including all expenses, there will still remain a considerable profit for the officers. In fact, 1,600,000.000 of stamps affixed in 1832, produced 74S,000 fr. and cost 95,000 fr. leaving a profit of 653,000 fr., which would still be considerable, if the price were reduced to "25 c. It is always impolitic to allow officers to transact business on their own account; their interest thus finds itself opposed to that of the person who is indebted to the revenue, and serious disputes maybe the consequence. It would add much to the personal respectability of the clerks, if their salaries were fixed by the Government, and were comprised in the Budget. Bordeaux, 2nd March, 1834. APPENDIX No. XXIV. Petition of the Wine Growers of the Department of La Gironde to the Legislative Chambers. Until the year 1830, the wine growers of the department of La Gironde and of the South of France have been constantly complaining of the system of custom-house duties and the indirect tax upon liquors. Since that time, sacrificing their private interests to their public duties, they have made every allow- ance for the embarrassments of a rising government, and their patriotic resignation has silenced the utterance of their grievances until that government, having triumphed over all hostile factions, has at length firmly established itself. If the necessities of the moment imposed upon them the reserve of silence, just and powerful motives animated their hopes. In fact, a revolution which brought back to the summit of power a more liberal principle of action, gave reason to hope for more liberal proceedings in the organization of the several systems established for carrying on public affairs. The triumph of political and religious liberty should have brought along with it the triumph of a wise commercial liberty. The system, more sincere and more true, of equality in civil and political matters, promised us similar ameliorations in the regulation of our material interests. A more equal division of duties permitted a more equitable distribu- tion of charges. Have events justified our reasonable expectations ? Some modifications, it is true, were introduced in 1831, in the system of indirect contributions; but have we not seen, since last year, the treasury stretching out its hand to seize the prey which the exigency of the revolutionary crisis had snatched from it? And the imprudent threat of an increase of twenty millions upon the duty on liquors, has it not revealed to us the regret with which the relief which had been extended to this branch of public contributions is viewed ? Thus there has been no return to liberal principles, which we for a time expected. With respect to the present prohibitive or protective system, nothing announces the reform of its economy essentially restrictive. On the contrary, the recent declaration of the Minister of Commerce contains the deplor- able avowal that the errors of the empire and the restoration will be persevered in under the reign, and by the present ministers, of Louis Philippe. We now protest against these fatal measures, ex- cited, as we are, by the remembrance of the past which has ruined us, of the present which over- whelms us, and by the prospect of the future which fills us with alarm. The ground of our complaints has never been understood, or persons have pretended not to under- stand it. They would consider them only, according to an expression equally unsuitable and unjust, as the clamours of a particular industry, thwarted in its egotistical pretensions; and they conceive that time, that general remedy for those who will not exert themselves to employ any, would alone put an end to those sufferings, which it was impossible that time could relieve, and which it has only aggra- vated. Our representations, and those of the other wine-growing districts, have found an echo. The com- merce of the South has not been long in feeling the ill effects of the unprosperous condition of our agricultural interests, so vital, so predominant in the country. The cry of distress raised by the mari - time towns has proclaimed the sympathy of interest which unites their own destiny to our lot; and the decline of our prosperity has been the signal for the ruin which has been proved to be general in the South of France. Our question therefore is not confined to a narrow and isolated circle; it is the cause of the whole country, to which your deliberation and discussion are invited, and upon which your sagacity and your prudence are called to decide. In our attack upon the viciousness of the prohibitive system and of our internal financial laws, we shall find, in undeniable facts, powerful arguments against the fatal principles of public economy by which we are at present governed. Our losses and our misery will denounce the causes by which they have been produced. The prosperity and wealth of another part of the kingdom will demonstrate the partiality of a system of legislation, which should borrow from the necessary condition of its unity the no less imperative condition of rigorous justice. The department of La Gironde, like most of the southern departments, is essentially agricultural, and its productions are principally wine and brandy. Manufactures only exist there in a very limited number. With the exception of grain, with which we supply the north and foreign countries, we want almost every article of manufacture, which we obtain from abroad or from the northern departments of the kingdom. The south, then, is compelled to import. Nature and our industry, in bestowing upon our provinces an abundant production of spirituous liquors and fruits, flirnish us with the means of paying with the natural productions of our soil for the immense supplies which the extent of our population, and the progress of luxury and of civilization, render indispensable to us. Our wines and brandy, the sole means of exchange which we possess, are destined to procure, by their sale in the north of France or 2 Y 178 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL in other parts of Europe, the productions which those countries offer, and which we do not possess. There are our markets ; there are our purchasers. The south of France therefore is essentially an ex- porting- country. Its maritime commerce lives by having free liberty upon the sea, and by the con- tinuance of peace ; and promotes by the operation of its capital and of its speculation, that extent of relations which is afforded to the whole world by a vast agricultural country which ought to be rich, and a great consumer, because it can purchase and pay for all it requires with the surplus of its natural productions. Such is the economical condition of the south. Its very existence depends upon the facility of ex- change, the importation of foreign productions, and the exportation of its own agricultural produce. How has this situation been understood ? What has been done to develope the elements of wealth in our southern provinces, or rather what has not been done to arrest its progress? On the frontier, a tariff of customs levies high or prohibitive duties upon all kinds of foreign produce. By this, certain retaliation is provoked on the part of those countries which used to receive our produce. In the interior, a fiscal legislation, favouring one class at the expense of another, shackles our produce with multiplied burthens, fetters it with exorbitant and almost prohibitive duties, thus giving to it in the home market the character and the disfavour of a foreign production. Reduced then by the nature of our soil and of our climate, as we have shown, to buy almost all we want, we are deprived of the power of selling, or are reduced to the double necessity of selling cheap and buying dear. We have stated that custom-house tariff had. by the inevitable reciprocity of prohibitions, excluded us from foreign markets which were formerly open to us. England used to export to our country its coals, its iron, and some of its manufactured goods. Holland furnished us with its linens, hemp, flax, tobacco. Russia, Sweden, and Denmark found with us a market for their iron, their timber, and their hemp. Prussia sold us wool, iron, steel, and various metals. Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck, those great entrepots of Germany, had important relations with this part of the country. And in ex- change for the articles which w,e received from these different parts of Europe, we exported to them the produce of our soil, to such an extent that, in 1789, the quantity of liquors exported from the province of Guienne alone amounted to 100,000 tuns, or 1,000,000 hectolitres. At present, when tbe consump- tion of every article of produce has so considerably increased, that of our productions, so far from in- creasing with the rest, is falling off every day in the most alarming manner. At this moment Prussia has succeeded in inducing several of the German states to adopt her tariff, and barriers still more im- passable will shortly meet and repulse our wines upon their frontiers. Everywhere our markets are cut off, and our commercial relations are interrupted. Everywhere, in consequence of tariffs which exclude our produce, artificial and fermented liquors come into consumption instead of our liquors; vines are planted in the Crimea ; their cultivation extending in Africa in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, while it is increasing in the south of Germany : new tastes are forming, are establishing themselves, and shortly, perhaps, the evil against which we may now successfully combat will become for ever irreparable. We know that very little attention has been paid to the decrease of our exports. In order to dis- prove the supposed injury caused thereby, a minister of the restoration, M. de Saint Cricq, thought to triumph over us, by showing, in juxtaposition with the large amount of internal consumption, the com- paratively trifling amount of our exportations. His inference was, that as the great mass of produce found its chief market in the interior, the advantages of exportation interested but a small class of pro- ducers. This view of the subject is wanting in commercial and practical truth. First, it is not logical to object that the amount of our exportations is small, because that very circumstance arises precisely from the viciousness of the prohibitive system of economy against which we are arguing. Upon the ground of the injury which they have already inflicted upon us, our adversaries claim the right of in- creasing the amount of that injury. Secondly, it is not merely as affects the quantities not exported that consists the detriment caused by the falling off of the exportation. Exportation must be considered both as an active means of disposing of a surplus production, and as a powerful agent in sustaining and raising the price of the article generally by the competition of purchasers. The mass of indigenous productions are maintained at a fair price, or reduced below their value, according as the excess of the internal consumption finds an easy or restricted sale in foreign merchants. Thus, for example, the 35,000,000 hectolitres of wine annually supplied by the vineyards of France, can be, and are, greatly interested in the exportation of a part of that quantity, a part unfortunately loo greatly reduced at pre- sent, because by means of the sale of this part, the price of the rest is enhanced, and an equilibrium is created between the production and the consumption ; whilst the want of this equilibrium causes a glut in the markets and a general reduction of prices. This principle acquires new force from the fact established by experience, that the price of wines of a superior quality generally regulates those of an inferior quality, and that exportation, absorbing princi- pally the best qualities of wines, gives to the inferior classes a value almost always in proportion to the prices of the best. Besides, this doctrine has been so well understood by the framers of the protective system, that whilst by prohibitions they monopolized the home market in favour of national manufac- tures, they provided for the contingency of a glut by generously granting premiums for exportation to these very manufactures. Need we here defend these principles upon national grounds, and repeat what has been so often advanced: that foreign commerce is the great pivot of public wealth when civilization is far advanced; that without it production would be confined to the wants of the locality ; that it is that which stimu- lates the production of a surplus, and that this surplus being exported becomes indispensable to foreign nations ? It is thus that it forces all countries to produce in an equal proportion, and to pro- duce a surplus, and that by continual exchanges, which neither time nor space can arrest, it spreads everywhere immense capitals by means of which internal commerce supports itself, grows vigorous, and extends itself. We have shown how the legislature treats us with respect to our relations with foreign countries ; does it treat us with less rigour with regard to our internal relations with our own country? The north of France brings into the market 2,000,000,000 fr. of agricultural produce, and more than that amount of manufactures. We receive them free from obstacles, free from duties. Our pro- ductions, on the other hand, are stopped at the gate of every city by multiplied lines of custom-houses. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 179 Innumerable impediments hinder their circulation. Duties amounting sometimes to more than 200 per cent, are calculated according to the distance of their destination, and the population of the towns to which they are brought ; in such a manner that obstacles to consumption rise up in the very places where we ought naturally to find a favourable market. Such is the situation of our commerce with the interior. To the consequences of this state of things we have for many years repeatedly, but vn vain, called the attention of those individuals who hold in their hands the destiny of the country. Misery riots on our estates- usury devours them; onerous loans have covered them with mortgages which leave us the illusion of possessing property with all the realities of penury. Our power of consumption is be- coming less, and thus our distress is reflected upon the manufactures which are supported by our wants. 0 An abundant harvest is a calamity for us ; we dread it as much as any of the scourges which visit us but too frequently. The cultivation of the vine is attended with certain ruin ; and yet our soil, our climate rejects every other kind of culture. Our sea-ports are distressed, and our merchants have disposed of the shipping which formerly filled our harbours. A future remedy for this general impoverishment of the south of France has been offered to us, namely, new channels of communication, canals, rail-roads, manufactures. Assuredly we accept these brilliant promises of an uncertain and too distant future. But, at present, our canals, our rail-roads, are the sea. A wise commercial liberty, an internal circulation free from obstacles, exempt irom duties; these are the channels which our productions imperiously demand. Our manufactures, they are our wine-presses and our vineyards, true and ancient establishments which want neither favour nor protection, but only justice. Of what use will canals and rail-roads be to us, if we cannot sell our produce? What shall we buy, what shall we receive, if we cannot pay ? We have stated the causes of the evils from which we suffer. In pointing out their recent origin we shall prove that they have not the authority of ancient possession. Until 1789 the southern provinces remained free from the customs' duties levied on account of the five Treat farmings, (cinq grosses fermes,) and from the King's Aids, (droits d' aides,) which were no other than the consolidated duties (droits re'unis.) Most of these provinces had formerly released themselves by the payment of considerable sums from the yoke of this fiscal legislation, or had, with arms in their hands, preserved these exemptions under the title of privileges, and as it were the condi- tion of their being annexed to the kingdom of France. The duties levied on account of the five great farmings, and the'King's Aids, were scarcely in force on this side of the Loire. And the kingdom still present, in 1789, this division into two classes, of conquered and free provinces ; or French provinces and provinces reputed as foreign.* This form of government in financial matters shows of what importance liberty of exchange with the foreigners, and the circulation of their produce in the interior, were to the southern provinces. It is only since the time of the empire that the combined system of customs' duties and consolidated duties (droits reunis) has been organized ; since then it has been constantly extending itself. The pro- hibitive system became the necessary consequence, the corollary, of the continental blockade. Imme- diately there arose in the north those numerous branches of manufacture, which were intended to sup- ply those articles, the importation of which was no longer possible. War created this system ; peace ought to put an end to it. And if the government of the Restoration continued the application of it so fatally for our provinces, the reason was that motives of policy dictated some concessions to the people of the northern provinces who were hostile to their cause, whilst the alliance of the southern provinces was considered secure. The governments of the empire and the restoration reaped in unpopularity the harvest of misery and deception which they had sown in the whole of the southern provinces. In order to justify the necessity of, or persisting in the errors of the protective system, although re- pudiating the principles of prohibition followed by the empire and the restoration, the present govern- ment meets our representations with the arguments of vested rights, of immense capitals being en- gaged upon the faith of the existing legislation, of the necessity for preserving national establishments from foreign competition. Never, we declare, have we asked for any modifications in our system of customs likely to injure private fortunes. What we desire is a progressive and real advance towards a state of things more in harmony with the interests of all, without commotion, without confusion. We desire that an honest legislature should understand that it is not just to sacrifice to one portion of the country which is opposed to importation, another portion which depends upon it as the condition of carrying on an export trade. We desire that it should be convinced that changes, contemptible for their trivial importance, can no longer satisfy the exigency of our situation. We wish in fine that, if the present season cannot offer a cure for our wounds, we may know that the time is not far distant when we shall come under a law of universal protection. For we too have immense capitals invested, and rights of longer standing, together with a labouring population dependent upon us for support ; and shall these considerations never have weight but in one scale of the balance? Political economy is not without its juste-milieu, and have not those who have been suffering for thirty years a right to demand that others should prosper a little less ? The north, in fact, possesses a territorial revenue nearly equal to that of the south. It contains the principal iron forges and fur- naces, the principal mines, the trade in cattle, manufactories of cotton, of linen, of cloth, of beet-root sugar, in fact, almost the whole of our manufactures. All these are exorbitantly protected by the tariff's, whilst all our productive resources are crushed by taxes. The seat of government is in the north ; the inhabitants of the north hold in their hands five-sixths of the public debt, and are the creditors of France for the enormous sum of 5000 millions of francs. In 1830, sixty millions were granted by the Chambers for the support of commerce and trade; scarcely more than a few hundred * (Administration of the Finances by Necker.) We here protest against the patriotic declamations which the term foreign may furnish to the rhetorical supporters of the prohibitive system. We are as much Frenchmen, as patriotic, as they ; but we cannot endure that they should make use of their pretended patriotism as the means of oppressing us ; am- bition, privilege, fortune, are in their opinion synonymous terms for the word nationality, whilst they would use the very word as a heavy chain wherewith to bind us down as subjects for their usurpation. We, however, on the contrary, would have the word nationality synonymous with justice and true liberty. 2 Z 180 APPENDIX TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL thousands reached the south; the capital, and places in the north, absorbed it all. More recently, 100 millions were voted for carrying on public works; the north swallows up the whole sum, and the Minister is compelled to acknowledge at the tribune thai the. south has been overlooked. On the one hand is an accumulation of privileges, of wealth, of civilization ; on the other, exclusion from common rights, misery, and retrogradation ; these facts are proofs more convincing than our assertions of the partiality of that legislation which has produced such results. Who does not see in the constant triumphs of the interests which are opposed to us, the power of a formidable league? It lays siege to the ruling powers, avails itself of their blindness or their weak- ness, and compromises them in the affection of the people. It is that, it is the coalition of the owners of forges, of the proprietors of mines, of forests, of flocks, of the manufacturers of the north, which subjugates and binds the economic legislation to its fortune. It peoples the capital, it invades the ad- ministration which it sways by its influence; whilst we, removed from the centre of government, can scarcely make our distant voice heard, unsupported, as it is, and stifled by our adversaries, who are above all things skilful in usurping the right to judge of our complaints, and to decide upon our representations of grievances. Having thus shown the evils under which we suffer, and their origin, we demand a modification of the tariff of customs' duties, based upon the principle of the admission of foreign productions at mo- derate duties. This modification would consist of an annually progressive decrease in the duties, and would fix the period at which the tariffs, deprived of their prohibitive and delusively protective character, should become simply a means of supplying the wants of the Exchequer. We demand that henceforward France should meet the favourable dispositions displayed by several of the Northern Powers, and obtain for us, by means of reciprocal concessions, the extension of our markets for our productions in those states. That with this view the Government should reduce our tariffs in favour of the produce of Russia, Great Britain, Holland, Belgium, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and Ger- many ; particularly the duties upon coals, cast iron, iron, cotton twist of certain numbers which we cannot manufacture, steel, common earthenware, leather, hemp and flax, linen cloths and wool. We recommend to their attention the importance of the relations which France might possess with the vast states of America. Lastly, we demand the suppression of the indirect tax upon liquors, or its repartition among all agricultural and manufactured productions, from which, by an unjust privilege, a charge which ought to be common to all is thrown upon us alone. If, in spite of our endeavours, our wishes are not attended to; if our wants are not understood ; if, by a fatal blindness, it shall be thought not possible to deprive the north and its manufactures of that spoliating protection which bestows liberally upon one class what it extorts violently from another ; if it shall be clearly proved that the present legislation is incapable of reconciling the conflicting inte- rests of the northern and southern provinces ; in this case we should declare without disguise, that the only hope of safety left to our provinces, would be the establishment of a line of inland custom- houses, which, without withdrawing them from the same legislative government, should leave to these two divisions of France the power of deciding upon what terms their agricultural and manufacturing- interests shall be placed. Then, as heretofore, the north would find itself protected from the exces- sive importation of foreign goods ; but the elements of its prosperity would no longer be inseparable from the principle of our ruin. Prudence dictates this measure to the wisdom of the government, whose duty it is to foresee and to guard against the catastrophes which would arise from the incom- patibility of material interests in different classes of the same nation. Does not the history of our own times exhibit this incompatibility stirring up Belgium against Holland, South Carolina against the federal union of the United States? Such important events as these teach a profound lesson, at which our patriotism takes alarm, and which our patriotism offers to the consideration of the individuals who hold the reins of government. As long ago as 1S23, a warning, a solemn warning, for it was pronounced in the National Assem LI v, exposed the dangers of the system against which we have ever since been striving. At that period an honourable deputy for the town of Bayonne declared, and we conclude with the quotation of his words : — " That if, in consequence of the partiality shown to one part of the kingdom, the other should find itself so injured, that its natural and reasonable existence would be really compro- mised, the reflection which must inevitably occur to those who are so aggrieved is, to renounce an asso- ciation of which the effects have become intolerable.'' Signed by the Members of the Committee of the Proprietors of Vineyards in the Department of La Gironde. APPENDIX No. XXV. Declaration of the Merchants of Bordeaux. The undersigned merchants, comprising the Commercial Commission, think it incumbent upon them to present the following Declaration to their fellow-citizens as exhibiting their principles, their intentions, and their expectations. The prejudices of ignorant times presided over the first legislative act by which the commercial relations of nations were regulated and fettered. Under the systems of exclusions, oppositions, and hateful rivalries, the results of these prejudices, privileged and invading interests have established themselves, and under the plea of national protection have alone absorbed the productive powers of the country. But as civilization has advanced, and the general wants of consumption have arisen more and more apparent, these privileged interests, reared on false foundation, have been rendered more arid more pernicious to the general weal. Notwithstanding this, they appeal to the general interest of the country. They dare to contend that the prohibitions which force the nation to pay for their manufactures more than their real value, are for the national good. They dare to contend that a system which raises the price of every element RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 181 of production — which paralyzes the natural action of labour — which deprives a people of the powerof buying in foreign countries the articles it is interested in possessing- cheaply, and to sell to foreign countries what it might sell with profit — they dare to contend that such a system has for its object the public good, and for its results the increase of the general prosperity. The "undersigned merchants have already represented to the country and to the legislature, by the press and by petition, their remonstrances against these false and usui ping pretensions of privi- leged industries. Nor have their efforts been without result, for in spite of the disdainful assurance of the enemies to the commercial emancipation of nations, the reasoned declarations of the Petitioners of the Gironde have filled them with alarm. ■ A project of custom-house law, based on the most absolute doctrines of the protecting system, was presented to the Legislative Chambers in the last session. This law, which proposed to recognise the principle of restrictive abuse as the eternal basis of the economic system which it proclaimed, would have found in the Chamber of Deputies a majority cha- racterised by the choice and by the report of the Committee. But this law sunk down under the weight of its own intolerance — it died before its birth; smitten by a sort of intuitive and national obloquy, awakened by those commercial representations of which the petitioners of the Gironde had given the signal. But this is not all; for those mighty influences which had suggested the principal disposition of the project, though still as influential and as closely connected with the Government as before, have not ventured to use it for the introduction of another project in the same spirit as the former one. The Minister of Commerce, undecided and uncertain in his course, without any avowed system or decided object, has manifested an intention of consulting the country in order to decide by the facts which may be elicited out of the Inquiry, as to the direction which is to be adopted in future for com- mercial legislation. This Inquiry, an illusory homage to necessity, is but a fruitless step, if only its immediate results be considered. But, as a symptom of disorganization and weakness in the restrictive system, which hitherto has triumphed without balance or bounds, it may give some hopes to the friends of social progress and trading emancipation. The undersigned merchants think they ought to point out to public attention this double character of the Inquiry instituted by M. Duchatel before the superior Council of Commerce. The Inquiry is essentially vain and sterile. It will only group together without order, or object, or systematic link, a number of isolated, exceptional, and hostile facts, presented by opposing interests, and which, born out of a system of privilege, will ask the continuation of the privilege as an integral part of their existence. Such an Inquiry will not bring facts to light; it will only darken them. The interests born of commercial liberty are expiring — stifled by the restrictive system; theirs are but recollections and regrets, — while the privileged interests, on the contrary, are in all their strength and energy: they are in possession of the field — of the ear of power — and of the support of the capitalists most closely connected with the government. The contest is too unequal. On their side there is wealth ; on ours, there is justice. Their influence must rule in the Inquiry. In the midst of the passionate clamours of these privileged interests, the Minister, in order to carry a general law, and to move in a true direction, will want alike a compass and a starting point : he cannot grant a protection without destroying a liberty, nor recognise a liberty without destroying a protection. Floating uncertain between the principle that admits and the principle that prohibits, he will fall into the most embarrassed position which a legislator had ever the imprudence to choose. His illusory project of replacing prohibitions by protecting duties will then appear what it is — a mockery of protection for some — a mockery of freedom for others. Not that commercial freedom can be established without the aid of duties; but it is necessarv, before the amount of such duties is discussed, to ascertain on what principle they are to be founded, and what is the object they propose. Is it to protect? For this they must be elevated enough to prevent the introduction of foreign articles — to shut out from your markets the competition of strangers. But then you neither increase your exports nor your imports — you continue a sentence of death* upon our foreign trade: for protecting duty must exclude the foreign production, and even in this case, as tariff will often be less efficacious than prohibitions, they will perhaps only protect the smuggler in consequence of their elevation. But should the tariff just allow the introduction of foreign articles, — in such a case there would be some progress indeed ; but that is precisely what you will not consent to ; for then protection exists no longer, or becomes so feeble and precarious, that you would have the evils of both systems and the real benefit of neither. In a word, if your duty is high enough to protect, it destroys all liberty to import; ift is low enough to enable you to import, it will not protect the industry of the country. In truth, prohibition and liberty, protection and competition, are irreconcilable. No facts, no inquiry, will bring about a conciliation that is in itself impossible ; inquiry will but the more demon- strate its impossibility. Its demonstration will undeceive those who have established the Inquiry, and in its demonstration the undersigned recognise the first ground of hope for the futurity of their country. This is their sound view of M. Duchatel's measure. And when public opinion shall be once thoroughly convinced by the result of this Inquiry, that the commercial policy of the country cannot be subjected at the same time to the double principle of privileged protection and free admission, it will be forced to conclude that a definitive choice must be made between the two opposite principles ; for a legislation without principles, or what is worse, a legislation founded on principles which destroy one another, would be at once a shame and a scourge. When the question is thus established, a large and fertile field will be opened to us. For legislation to adopt as its magnet and lighthouse the restrictive principle, which has no moral base but in past ages, and which becomes every day more and more repulsive to civilization ; the human mind, instead of being strengthened, must retreat, must progress backward, if the phrase be allowed. But this cannot be. The eternal laws of human nature will not be changed. * Thus iron and coals are not protected by prohibition, but only by duties. Does that avail us ? 182 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Therefore do the undersigned persist, with profound conviction in the principles they have formerly avowed, in taking no part in the Inquiry established before the Superior Council of Commerce. They will not participate in irrational investigation, leading to no possible result, but they will use the Inquiry against the Inquiry, gathering out of the pretensions of monopoly and privilege new argu- ments in favour of commercial liberty. And when the Legislative Chambers shall be assembled, they will again represent their principles and their grievances : they will address themselves to public opinion by every constitutional organ ; they will show that a system of free trade is alike philanthropic and national : they will exhibit how a tariff on foreign goods ought to have not a protecting but a financial principle, analogous to that which rules the collection of house-duties: they will explain by what calculated gradations freedom of trade may be introduced without embarrassment on the commercial legislation of the country : they will explain, not how to graduate a tariff of protection, an absurd attempt which destroys with one hand what it creates with the other, but how, having solemnly proclaimed the principle of commercial liberty, by temporary arrangements, by conditions and delays invariably regulated beforehand, those sinister interests which struggle against that liberty may be gradually obliged to abandon these privileges and to blend themselves without a check in the general interests of ihe trade. Bordeaux, 20th October, 1833. The Members of the Commercial Committee. APPENDIX No. XXVI. The Chamber of Commerce of St. Malo to the Members of the Commercial Commission of Bordeaux. Gentlemen, We thank you for the communication which you have been so good as to make to us of a copy of the address which you have presented to the Legislative Chambers upon the subject of commercial liberty. We adopt in general, but with certain modifications, the principles which you have laid down, and we are, like you, persuaded that sound political economy demands the establishment, if not suddenly, at least gradually and progressively, of commercial freedom. We are Sec. St. Malo, 4th March, 1834. APPENDIX No. XXVII. An Account of Ships Entered at the Port of Bordeaux during each of the three Years ending with 1831. Nations. 1829 1830 1831 Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage. Number. Tonnage. French, Transatlantic Trade 222 53,120 222 53.847 198 49,625 , , Coasting Trade 2.757 165,420 2,727 163,620 2,240 130,400 British ..... 91 14,142 85 14,072 51 7,110 Americans .... 44 10.966 27 6,509 14 3,534 Prussians .... 49 9,787 46 11,350 8 1.429 Swedish and Norwegians . 61 9,152 53 9,360 38 5,100 Dutch . . . . . 63 6,29S 33 3,336 26 2,332 Danish ..... 42 5,834 21 3,227 1,642 22 3,186 Hanoverian .... 62 7,694 15 24 3.146 Bremen ..... 22 4,265 17 3,010 17 3,322 Lubeck ..... 14 2,740 13 2,160 4 . 770 Hamburg .... 26 3,500 21 2,188 12 1,624 Spanish ..... 21 996 12 1,371 9 524 Portuguese .... 3 151 4 449 1 60 Oldenburg .... 8 1,170 2 180 Russians . . . , 4 966 3 400 Mecklenburg .... 5 792 3 *545 1 181 Neapolitan .... 1 265 Sardinian .... 1 291 Belgian ..... 1 85 3,494 296,993 3,283 277,722 2,669 212,828 An Account of Vessels (not Steam Vessels) belonging to the Port of Bordeaux. An Account of such Vessels as are actually employed. Employment. No. of Vessels. Tonnage. No. of Crews. Employment. No. of Vessels. Tonnage. No. of Crews. Foreign and Great Coasting) Trade . . . J Internal Trade . River Navigation — Boats, &c. 305 11 1,400 61,900 590 4,000 3,050 44 Transatlantic Trade . . Coasting Trade Coast and River Fishing . 192 86 54 48,506 6,294 97 2,204 516 125 1,716 66,490 3,094 332 54,897 2,845 J V CI V V C.^SCIS UCiUIIJ^lilg IU lltin AUlLdlC CUIJJIUJ ill VV/H A XOllllAj^i, 111CIL ' 1 I ( 1 1 'I 1 l.-l Li UL Ub KOI.V1 1U11H.UI There are none employed at Whale Fishing. The Tonnage belonging to the Portof Bordeaux has neither increased nor diminished during five years, ending with 1831. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 183 APPENDIX No. XXVIII. An Account of Ships Cleared from the Port of* Bordeaux, during eacli of the three Years ending with 1831. Flags. French Transatlantic Trade Coasting Trade . British . Russian . . Prussian Dutch . Swedish and Norwegian Danish . . Hanoverian . Oldenburg . . Hamburg . , Bremen . . Lubeck . . Mecklenburg . Belgian . . American . . Spanish . , Portuguese . . Neapolitan . . Sardinian . • Destination. Mavtinico . Guadaloupe Cayenne . . Senegal Newfoundland Bourbon . East Indies Coasts of Coromandel and Malabar Brazils " . . United States Buenos Ayres Monte Video Columbia . Mexico . . St. Thomas Havannah and Cuba Haite London Rotterdam. Algiers Ge noa and Trieste South Seas China and Cochinchina Sundry Places . Great Britain Ireland Canada Mauritius . Charente (France) Cadiz and Gibraltar Cadiz Odessa California . Caoe Verde Islands Halifax (N. S.) . Calcutta . Miramachi Tampico . St. Petersburg . Bayonne (France) Nassau (N. P.) . Seviila Marans (France) Mazatlan . Antwerp San Bias . Madeira Madeira, St. Thomas, Ghent Hamburg » United States Lisbon . Faro (Portugal) Barbadoes Trieste Stettin 1829 and J No. 34 39 8 16 6 16 25 2 2 2 7 19 7 14 12 1 Tonnage 8,859 10,099 1,297 2, 142 1,340 4,952 6,275 468 442 715 1,730 945 4,868 1,024 2,999 1,305 3,394 315 1830 1831 No. 26 38 7 17 5 16 15 5 2 2 1 3 22 5 11 9 Tonnage 7,222 9,812 1,194 2,321 986 4,052 4,967 i ,364 599 505 225 410 5,308 1,024 2,709 1,931 244 358 2,554 226 I 53,169 I 197 2,750 1165,000 J2,725 2,976 218,169 j2,922 47 16 North of Europe United States Spain . . Portugal . Mediterranean 5,929 2,885 2,427 599 712 116 209 84 166 155 118 132 13,248 3 56 51 61 37 55 7 24 26 15 4 42 19 3 403 666 9,440 4,856 8,837 4,838 6,690 1,010 3,655 4,885 2,930 648 47,785 163,500 No. 41 55 8 11 4 9 8 2 3 16 4 1 2 24 2 12 5 1 1 2 7 1 219 2,230 211,285 2,449 Tonnage.j 12,091 j 14,416 1 ,267 1,268 667 2,475 j 3,227 480 j 587 3,905 | 713 186 331 5,406 518 3,029 873 154 I 72 154 2,211 287 54,317 133,800 188,117 4,571 2,132 2,268 1,664 640 90 388 206 164 115 171 135 133 149 62 232 149 204 162 79 128 239 191 87 14.272 53 4,249 806 1,393 309 299 247 119 124 7,546 10,330 903 151 59,839 6 57 43 52 24 21 4 21 21 13 3 29 12 4 1 1 312 1,795 12,581 4,562 9,642 3.647 2,730 390 2,843 3,841 2,310 545 7,746 1,337 247 265 291 54,772 4 14 35 37 23 20 12 19 7 1 13 194 560 2,905 | 3,153 4,990 3,541 2,546 1,505 4,442 1,310 85 3,066 589 60 28,752 184 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXIX. An Account of the Sums subscribed, in Shares of Fr. 1,000, for the following purposes at Bordeaux. Purposes. Amount of the sums subcribed. Foundery fr. 1,200,000 Baths 1,100,000 Cotton manufacture 900,000 Blanket manufacture 200,000 Several small manufactures, since 1824 . . . 1,000,000 Bordeaux bridge 2,000,000 Five bridges 5 , 000 , 000 Bridge at Libourne 600,000 Entrepot (warehouse) 1,200,000 Gas works 200,000 13,400,000 All of which shares pay, upon the principal subscribed, from 4 to 5 per cent, interest. H. SCOTT, His Britannic Majesty's Consul. APPENDIX No. XXX. An Account of Manufactories in the Department of the Gironde, at the end of the year 1829. Remarks. In shares, since 1824. WOOLLEN. Description. One manufactory, by machinery, for making- woollen blankets, employs) from 80 to 100 hands, and uses about 40,000 lbs. of wool annually, j One manufactory of flannel employs about 30 hands, and uses about 40,000 lbs. of wool. One hundred and fifty hand looms for making- common coarse woollen and mixed stuifs ; employs about 700 hands. COTTON. A manufactory for spinning and weaving by machinery, worked byl g; nce 1824 steam, containing 120 looms ; employs 200 hands. J Four manufactories for spinning, worked by machinery by water, em- ploying about 400 hands. One spinning manufactory for blankets. In shares, since 1824. Two manufactories for making wadding lining. Five cotton printing manufactories. FLAX AND HEMP. One manufactory for spinning thread by machinery. Eighteen rope houses, employing 700 to 800 hands. VARIOUS. Fifteen ship building yards, employing S00 to 900 hands. Two manufactories of ivory black. Six breweries of beer. Fifteen manufactories of turpentine. Seventeen hat manufactories. One hundred and sixty tile kilns, employing about. 500 hands. Six white earthenware manufactories. Forty-eight potteries, employing about 200 hands. One manufactory of sulphuric acid. Fifty tanners' yards. Four parchment ) Two gut string > manufactories. Ten glove skin J Four glass houses, employing 250 hands. One floor-cloth manufactory. Ten manufactories of potash. Increased since 1824. Much increased since 1824. On a srreat scale since 1824. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 185 IRON AND METALS. Description. Remarks. Four foundries, employing about 240 hands. Since 1824. One large foundery, at Belleste, in the Landes, capable of working any size. One foundery and steel manufactory, employing 40 to 50 hands. One foundery for the manufacture of steam engines and chain cables. Since 1824. Three small founderies, employing about 15 to 20 hands. Four small copper founderies, employing about 30 hands. One letter-press foundery. Two shot manufactories. One copper rolling machine. One lead rolling machine. Seven steam engines for manufactures. Since 1824. Thirteen steam boats, one of which, 60-horse power, was made at Bor-1 t-,. ,„„, , ' » t- > > iive since 1824. deaux. j H. SCOTT, His Britannic Majesty's Consul. APPENDIX No. XXXI. Remarks on the Wine Trade at Bordeaux. The wines at Bordeaux, for different markets, may be classed as follow : — • First class — Great Britain and Ireland. Second class — Holland and the north of Europe, first quality. Third class — Holland and the north of Europe, second quality. Fourth class — Cargo and interior consumption. The first class includes the four first growths of the best quality only of a good year. The second class takes those growths in quality immediately after the English wines in a good year, and, when there is demand, it takes the higher growths of an inferior year, at low prices. The third class comprehends ordinary wines of a superior description in good years. The fourth class includes the ordinary and common wines according to prices, and not to seasons. " For the prices of the four classes a reference is made to Return marked No. 1 , of the prices for the last 50 years. For the quantity of wine exported from Bordeaux to Great Britain and Ireland, a reference is made to Returns marked Nos. 2 and 3, of wine exported from 1815 to 1830. In the first class, the trade is generally in the hands of English houses of great respectability and wealth, and, as there is sufficient competition amongst them, the most scrupulous attention is paid, by most of them to quality ; for the difference between wine of a good character and of one not good is so great, that none of the first houses purchase wine unless the vintage turns out good. The fluctuation in the price of wine for the English market depends chiefly on the season and on the quantity of wine ; a first growth, in a good vintage, has been sold for fr. 3,500 per tun ; and wine of the same growth of a bad vintage has been sold for fr. 600 per tun. It sometimes happens that speculators purchase these wines of inferior vintage at low prices, and, by making them up with stronger wines, pass them off as wine of a different vintage, which accounts for the complaints of acidity in claret which are often made. The wines for England of a good vintage are usually kept at Bordeaux 3 years, sometimes 4, 5, or 6 years, before they are shipped, during*which time the greatest care and attention are paid to them in fining and drawing ofF the lees and preventing fermentation, the cost of which is estimated at from 50 to 74 per cent, according to circumstances. The second class of wine, sent to Holland and the north of Europe, is of a lower quality than that for the English market, and is sent away quite new on the lees. It is said that the Dutch make up their wines after they receive them. The highest price paid for these wines is about fr. 800 per tun. The wines of the third class are also for Holland and the north of Europe, but are inferior in quality to the second class. The prices of them are from fr. 400 to fr. 600 per tun. They are the ordinary wines of superior description in good vintages. The fourth class includes the ordinary and common wines according to prices and not to seasons, from fr. 400 downwards. In these wines there is often fluctuation of prices depending wholly on the quantity in hand and the demand. The quality of the wine and the season influence very little the prices, and in ordinary years the difference at the vintage is not more than from fr. 10 to fr. 50 per tun. These wines are brought into consumption the year following the vintage, and are taken very little care of, their value not repaying any extraordinary expense. Proprietors of vineyards on which these wines are grown pretend that they can be shipped at fr. 300 per tun, but no merchants would ship them on their own account at that price ; and if such wines are to be put into a state to bear the voyage, and to be fit for consumption on their arrival, they can sel- dom be shipped for less than fr. 400 per tun. Hitherto very little'of the low-priced wines has been shipped to England with profit, for in the year 1825, at the reduction of the duties, many cargoes of them were sent by speculators on which very ^reat losses occurred. Many of these wines of a good vintage, well taken care of, and shipped at the proper time, would be 3 A 186 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL sound and wholesome beverage, and might suit the palates of persons in England likely to purchase low-priced wines ; but the taste of the people in England must undergo a great change to induce them to drink sour wine either with or without water. The inhabitants of the wine countries in France are from their infancy accustomed to drink piquette, which is made by pouring water over the stalks and residue of the grapes after the juice is extracted, and, in some instances, after the stalks have been pressed in the wine presses, so that piquette is often nothing but water that has passed through the cask in which stalks are put ; but this acrid, acidulated beverage, better or worse according to circumstances, the poor drink ordinarily, and it will be easy to account for the acidity in wine of a bad viutage not being of such consequence to the natives as to foreigners, and why none but good vintages are bought for exportation. The department of the Gironde is said to produce, in an average crop, 250,000 tuns of wine, of ■which, in a good year, the purchases may be reckoned as follow : — Tuns. For Great Britain and Ireland 5,000 Holland 12,000 The north of Europe 1 5,000 Cargo and common wines 200,000 At the present rate of duty in Great Britain and Ireland, it can hardly be expected that common wines of France will have an extensive consumption ; but if the duty on wine in Great Britain was reduced to 2s. 6d. an imperial gallon, so as to enable the consumer in Great Britain and Ireland to drink common wine at from Is. to Is. 6d. the old wine quart, at which price good sound wines might be sold there, one might fairly calculate on as great a consumption there as in Holland ; and one is confirmed in this calculation by the knowledge that before the increase of duty on wine in Ireland 20,000 hogsheads of wine were annually exported from this port to Ireland, on return for about 50,000 barrels of salt beef, pork, and butter. Suppose duties paid — £ On 40,000 hogsheads at 2s. 6d. per gallon 235,000 On the same quantity of first class as paid duty .in 1826, and 1826 averaging 9397 hogSheads, at 2s. 6d. per gallon 290,201 Instead of the duty at 5s. 6d. per gallon on 9,397 hogsheads .... 121 ,443 Annual increase of duty 168,758 But one has a right to suppose that the first class wines, at reduced duty of 2s. 6d., would have in- creased consumption, for, in 1824, the duties on French wines were paid on 5874 hogsheads, and, in 1826, on 10,418 hogsheads. In the view here taken for reducing duties and increasing consumption, the lowest calculation is made, for if 200,000 persons were to drink 10 gallons a year each of cheap wine, above 40,000 hogs- heads would be consumed. An additional consumption of 10,000 tuns of superior ordinary wine would give a great relief to the proprietors of vineyards in this department, without increasing the prices of wine. The expense of the vine culture in this department is reckoned, one sort with another, at fr. 200 the journal, three of which make a hectare, not including the cost of barrels, which, of course, depends on the quantity of wine made. The produce of vineyards in this department may be reckoned, in an average year, high priced wines J a tun per journal, common wines from 2i tuns to 5 tuns per journal. From an account of the imports into France from England, and the exports from France to Eng- land, in the year 1766, which I have obtained from the representatives of a former intendant of the province of Guienne, it appears that there were exported in that year to England 14,818 hogsheads, and 11 ,380 bottles of wine. A Return, marked No. II., of the quantity of wine exported from Bordeaux to Great Britain and. Ireland, from the year 1815 to 1824, both included, is sent herewith. The export of wine in the year 1814 is not sent, as wine was only exported in part of that year ; and the year 1825 is put separately at the foot of Return marked No. II., as a year in which not only the duties were reduced from 13s. 9d to 7s. 2hd. per gallon, but in which very great speculations were made in wines, most of which brought great losses. The export of wine, from 1826 to 1830, is in Return marked No. III. The department of the Gironde contains 1,077,552 hectares, of which there are about 130,000 hec- tares under vine culture. From the best calculation I can make, a labourer and his family are employed on each 8 or 9 journals of vineyard. 55,201 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 187 No. I. A Statement of the Lowest and Highest Prices of the Four Classes of Markets referred to in the detailed Information required by the last Paragraph of the Memorandum contained in the Consul General's Letter of the 13th December, 1831. Years. First Class. Second CI ass. Third CI ass. Fourth CI ass. Observatio ns. Francs. Frauc> Francs. Francs. Quantity. Quality. 1 7ftl 290 to 700 200 to 260 150 to 180 130 to 140 Abundant. Good. 1 782 700 1,500 450 , , 600 250 350 1 80 200 Middling. Bad. 1 78^ 700 1,350 430 ,, 600 250 400 200 220 Ordinary. 1 784 700 1,250 450 , , 600 260 400 150 240 Abundant. Superior. 1 781 600 1 ,100 350 480 250 300 120 220 \ prv :i hi i i i/I *i n t Ordinary. 1 786 700 1,300 430 , , 600 240 350 1 80 200 1787 600 1,400 350 ,, 550 200 300 140 1 80 Small. Bad. ' 1 7R8 650 1,420 400 , , 500 250 300 150 210 Vpvv 'ihnnniTit' v ci y • 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 id 1 1 . Ordinnrv 1 7fiQ 700 1,200 400 600 250 330 180 220 lVTulfllintr J.VX i U. tlllHg | Vptv hud 1 7Q0 900 2,200 450 , , 700 380 400 280 350 ■9 9 O rd i n a vv 1791 876 1 ,898 438 , , 730 328 401 262 292 ' * Good. 1792 552 1,104 345 , , 483 276 310 220 248 t t Ordinarv 1 793 1 1 794 J No Prices fixed, on account of the Stat e of Public Affairs. 1795 1,200 2,400 600 ,, 800 350 A r \(\ 200 * * Good. 1 796 750 1,600 450 , , 700 300 400 270 290 (Ird i n i i* v \ji < 1 1 1 1 . ( i y • 1 797 800 1,800 480 ,, 750 390 A^O 300 o o yJ vprv ctnill v ci y oiiiuii. Vpru nan * CI Y UaUi 1798 800 1,500 450 , , 700 300 400 Mid fllincr SllPlPVlfii* 1 799 550 1,600 310 , , 500 220 300 150 260 1 » V tl y UclU.. 1 800 750 2,000 420 , , 600 300 l fin ) > ( 1 Y(\ inopi; v./ 1 Li i iicii y • 1801 1,000 2,500 550 , , 900 450 500 370 a fin i yj u XXUUIl(J.dllL. Superior. 1802 700 2,400 400 ,, 600 300 350 230 Mirldlinrr Cli*f 1 1 n i ru \J i u 1 1 ,. i i y . 1803 750 1 ,400 480 , , 700 260 a n n 1 o U 1 804 600 1,600 400 , , 500 270 o J U 1 Qfi 1 oV (ISA it JU Very abundant. V .' V 1 V cry ban. 1805 500 1,300 300 , , 400 200 tM O \J 1 Qfl i yu ( iTi aw 1 806 400 600 300 , , 400 250 300 100 200 TVTidfllin o- lVllUllllIlg. jj au. 1807 1,000 2,400 600 , , 900 350 500 180 300 Good. 1808 400 1,500 300 , , 350 220 280 130 200 \/ Di*ir q niiTin nnl V cl V tl Li UlltlclUl. lj aU, 1809 300 600 200 , , 250 150 170 110 130 Middling. Very bad. 1810 400 750 220 , , 350 180 200 135 1 70 Sm all. Ordinary. 1811 420 800 250 , , 380 150 200 80 120 A/T i A A 1 i n rr IVilUUimg. Superior. 1812 600 1,200 330 , , 500 200 290 125 180 Ordinary. 1813 650 800 400 , , 550 300 360 240 290 Abundant. Inferior. 1814' 1,000 3,000 600 , , 800 320 550 250 300 Middling. Good. 1815 1,000 3,100 500 ,, 800 350 450 250 300 , > Superior. 1816 400 500 300 , , 400 200 300 120 150 Very small. Very bad. 1817 800 1,200 500 , , 625 450 500 350 450 Small. Inferior. 1818 1,000 3,350 600 ,, 900 350 480 240 330 Middling. Good. 1819 800 1 ,500 400 , , 600 300 350 150 270 Abundant. Ordinary. 1820 1,000 2,000 600 , , 750 450 550 250 350 Middling. 1821 500 600 300 400 300 350 220 250 Inferior. 1822 1,200 2,500 660 , , 800 400 500 160 300 Good. 1823 800 1,500 560 , , 700 400 500 140 250 Abundant. Inferior. 1824 600 1 ,200 400 , , 500 300 350 180 230 Small. Bad. 1825 1,500 3,350 800 ,, 1,200 450 550 300 400 Middling. Superior. 1826 700 1 ,400 400 , , 550 300 370 160 210 Ordinary. 1827 800 1,600 400 ,, 600 200 300 150 200 > j Abundant. 1828 700 1,400 400 , , 550 200 250 120 180 > > 1829 Nil. Nil. Nil. Nil. 1830 1,000 2,000 500 , , 700 300 380 210 » > 200 Very small. Bordeaux, H _ SCOTT. January 27, 1832. 3 B 188 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL No. II. Return of the Quantity of Wine Exported from Bordeaux to Great Britain and Ireland, from the year 1815 to 1824, both years included, and also for the year 1825. Years. TO GREAT BRITAIN. TO IRELAND. Hogsheads. Bottles. Hogsheads. Bottles. 1815 4,728 68,175 802 8,280 1816 4,927 36,766 421 14,896 ! 1817 2,160 29,526 226 13,818 1818 6,641 70,051 612 8,872 1819 4,731 48,297 960 28,207 1820 2,858 60,236 193 11,964 1821 2,863 61,745 447 9,333 1822 3,681 71,743 364 10,530 1823 3,893 103,896 367 11,952 1824 3,064 99,496 406 24,019 1825 12,475 244,682 2,045 39,230 Bordeaux, January 27th, 1832. H. SCOTT. No. III. A Statement of the Quantities of Wine, Brandy, and Vinegar, the Produce of France, Exported from Bordeaux to Great Britain and Ireland, from the year 1826 to the year 1830, both included. TO GREAT BRITAIN. TO IRELAND. Years. Wine. Brandy. Vinegar. Wine. Brandy. Vinegar. Hogsheads. Bottles. Gallons. Gallons. Hogsheads. Bottles. Gallons. Gallons. 1826 2,922 206,292 12,959 5,998 651 46,032 11,196 3,887 1827 2,800 197,796 68,116 3,721 398 26,256 14,498 2,260 1828 6,117 198,096 203,795 5,653 1,044 30,516 9,746 6,757 1829 5,350 266,280 109,838 20,790 1,007 37,774 6,763 14,687 1830 2,575 253,764 20,308 6,026 558 40,044 10,914 7,277 Bordeaux, January 27th, 1832. H. SCOTT. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 189 > 00 c a s © O 00 © In <3" >n *n o «N CO PH i-i 00 In 00 CI CO O CO to o oo oj co -r o o Ci 00 i— I ■ in • o CO — T,-i Ol H W OlOU HMO r-< M O OJ -sf OJ Ci OJ o • CO • In TP . CO • I-H O CO ■ O lf5 >-o oo CO In. CO o CO CO i— I i-H CM t 00 Ol * ■hMhO ■H> In 00 Cl • os oj CO i-H CO IN. . In IN In OJ CO CO ■— I • CI CO T ~H CO N ro CO CD -H K Ol CJ Tf CO in oj ci go t— i co Mocn oi n • N • Ol • © O 00 © CO 01 ^* IN ■ "H- CO - o o ' .O IN 00 In. 00 In. CI »n TJ 1 •— o m O in © CI © Cl OJ -f •Hjt in. -r In •CO tP T n co oo oo In fH to •00 • © OJ 190 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX Statement of Goods Shipped from the Description of Goods. 1825 lozo 1827 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 3,504 26 35,867 • • 17,116 • • 4,893 • * • • * • i i on • • 670 1 210 * * 199 163 * * • " ! 94 950 * 166,849 3,726,194 . - • • 466,664 • 466,664 • • • • 59,435 177 521 * 1 , D4o • 525,355 QQ4 Q7Q * OO ,000 • • 11,305 • • * * • ^0 O , 13 Z "3,091 O , D J 1 * * oo , o4U • • 66,625 * * DO/ ,OZZ 470,383 fiOQ 709 ouy , / u-i 71 /1 1 ft / 1 ,41U • • 7,871 1 *3 d£9 l oo A/i o 1 ii , U4o • • 68,961 fil 1 ft 1 • * QO A7 1 OZ ,U/ 1 1 A QOfi Aft , y • * 0,oUU '8,840 * * OA AIT yu,y i/ 307 / ,oy 1 • • * ■ 4Uy , oZ4 47,449 *}90 970 1 , 200 • 2,165 009 yu^ • • iZ4,y io * * 26,563 66 547 * /I C A 4oU • • 65 O , OVO * ■ zoo 62 * * 1 AA£ i , uuo ■ • 1,182 811 * 045 • « 9 704 100,452 68,1*49 97,763 • • 8,825 • • 3,612 Q QS^ 0 , 00 J * * 1 1 A * ■ . 184 325 0 • 10 OA Q^A 484 1 09 498 42 , 632 | 21,067 dd. 881 HHt , OO 1 oy , oou * * 5,534 t 5 666 * * O Q/1 A Z,o4U 955 0 1 132 125 • • 227 *561 • • 827 75 105 3,088,493 1,195,013 . 899,408 269,020 275,366 218,205 2,770 3,685 2,029 2,770 4,191 1,589 2,132 342 75,986 41,731 103,026 535,913 281,396 293,166 4,745 3,120 4,396 295,969 290,162 233,235 130 4,695 155 48 268 119 # 30 *18 537 75 257 2,246 772 1,146 1,225 6,744 33,251 23,592 12,000 248 277 127 3,270 7,174 3,085 Lamb Skins in the Wool . . kil. , , undressed and dried Kid Skins .... Fine Wool, cold washed . , , warm ditto Cheese ...... Honey ..... hect. Wheat .... Wheaten Flour . Barley and Maize . Oats ... Other kinds of Grain . , Dried Pulse. . . , Chestnuts .... Millet .... Maccaroni, &c. (Pates d'ltalie) Green Fruit Dried Fruit .... Preserved Fruit . Almonds .... Nuts . . . . . . Aniseed .... Juniper Berries . . Garden Seeds . . Seeds. .... Turpentine Paste. Spirits of Turpentine Pitch. .... Essential Oils Salad Oils .... Seed Oils .... Lavender and Orange Flower . Cork Wood. Corks. . . . . ■ Truffles .... Marble, polished and sculptured Argol > . « kil. Cream of Tartar . Verd and Sec Perfumery . Mustard . Distilled Waters . Common Wines in Cask . . lit. , , in Bottle Cordial Wines in Cask , , in Bottle. Vinegar, in Bottle , , in Cask , Brandy Liqueurs Bottles, full. , , empty . Silk Manufactures, plain , , figured Ribands White Paper Coloured , , Playing Cards Kid Skins . Lamb , , . Clocks Furniture . . RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 191 No. XXXIII. Port of Bordeaux to Great Britain, from 1825 to 1832. 1828 Quantity. 12,227 513 1,428,224 20,270 121,516 100,857 68,163 408 5.440 100,156 531,070 17,719 133,853 14,894 86 12,000 6,370 438,075 11,304 46,910 10,356 848 399 657 145 72,840 222 450 74,664 10.727 15,436 2,015 957 72 2,063,056 259,802 2,664 1,070 444 117,572 1,673,327 4,985 277,489 16,561 15 35 997 816 Value. 1829 Quantity. Value. 1,337 876 3,047,830 371,285 1,125 69,029 352,280 934,129 22,264 321 8,441 9,666 246,423 23,517 103,332 9,619 100,849 7,929 156,329 12,605 29,955 606 284 402 131,202 2,647 332 1,005 6,057 34,539 14,332 1,607 676 378 1,677,625 297,361 1,980 222 278 170,796 1,042,451 5,011 314,758 2,537 49 15,119 359 1830 Quantity. 11,225 963 4,831 80 100 44,024 2,214 7,205 450 4,321 15,428 372,545 31,390 124,794 5,427 5,910 13,869 7,641 356,555 763 1,854 539 129,400 3,156 103 4,009 25,438 40,216 10,916 1,660 204 507 1,299,014 313,915 450 231 353 83,621 488,002 3,003 331,590 1,650 166 1 111 Value. 1831 1832 Quantity. 35,768 842 2,082,523 159,048 2,629,399 27,932 236,629 3,110 2,403 14,236 14,495 705,307 12,488 64,863 7,979 2,144 *8,698 327,622 26,690 2,088 257 548 79,944 1,344 211 2,036 27,409 33,758 20,629 6,649 222 318 1,148,606 292,838 230 33 14 113,733 228,019 2,059 307,098 125 6 Value. Quantity. 10,976 164 764 8,954 1,030 710 7,226 2,019 7,319 38,389 231,623 12,848 86,712 4,942 9,166 240 5,232 123,570 2,055 1,024 9,756 688 881 133 102,366 934 196 1,037 30,330 22,227 14,260 5,833 162 556 896,420 235,593 345 22 63,822 426,740 1,555 260,331 1,061 23 Value. 192 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXIV. For Dr. Bowring, Cjommissioner from the English Government. Quantity of hectares cultivated ? The only information on this point that I have been able to obtain exists at the Sous-Prefecture, but it is not later than the year 1792. Since this period, in France, but more particularly in Champagne, the soil has undergone such multiplied metamorphoses — so considerable a number of lands have been cultivated, that the inform- ation cannot be considered as positive. I give it however as it stands. It exhibits 147,076 hectares cultivated. How many are applied to the growth of wine ? At my urgent request, my subordinates have collected from the mayor of each commune, and with the assistance of the Assessed Tax List and the Survey, the number of hectares planted with vines. The amount is 9,857 hectares. This result, compared with that given in a work deposited in the archives of this Direction, eighteen years ago, shows that the cultivation of the vine has a tendency to diminish in this locality, on those points on which the defect of quality renders the production more hazardous and less beneficial. Average produce of an hectare of vines? Fifteen hectolitres. Quantity produced ? According to an extract embracing 30 years, we obtain an average of 197,380 hectolitres. Is it possible to obtain an estimate of their value by a classification of their quality ? There exists so decided a variety in the quality of our wines, grown on the territory of the same commune — this difference is likewise so enormous between the products of the different declivities of the arrondissement — that it appears to be almost impossible to give an average price for the 197,380 hectolitres, at which this vintage is estimated, still less so can be a classification of quality — and the reasons are these : — Let Ay be taken as an example : This year, on account of a quality greatly superior, there are wines sold at from 150 fr. the hectolitre down to 30 fr., but how much at these prices, or at any intermediate price, it is wholly impossible to calculate. This difference exists, though not to the same extent, in all the communes whose wines possess any reputation. In 1834, this state of things still exists — but if we consider that for eight years we have not had one vintage approaching in quality near to that of the present year — that there has been a real deprecia- tion in the value of the produce — even at Ay a very small number of hectolitres during the same period have obtained a price above 150 fr., while the surplus has been delivered at 40, 30, and even 20 fr. —it would be acknowledged that a valuation must necessarily want exactness; that, above all, it cannot be established by distinctions of quality. AH points considered, I calculate in consequence that we may estimate at 40 fr. the hectolitre the average value of our wines in cask, which would give a value of 7,895,200 fr. But I beg you to observe, that this value is susceptible of increase, as regards sparkling white wines, a particular branch of industry, producing, to those who know how to carry it on, immense profits. For exportation of this kind of wine, our merchants establish three classes; but I am credibly and accurately informed that the first only is sent to England. What is the proportion consumed in France? If a million and more of bottles sent to England and to Germany had been produced entirely in this district, it would be sufficient to add to it the small quantity of red wines delivered to the Belgians and to the Dutch, in order to discover the quantity which remains, and which would then form the con- sumption of the country. But the merchants of Rheims goto purchase large quantities in the district of Epernay; the merchants of the latter town go to Ay, to Sillery, &c. &c. to lay in their stocks. On which side hangs the balance, it is impossible to affirm on this head. Let us cut through the difficulty by saying, that it appears certain ^ths of the wines of this locality are consumed here. What are the respective proportions sent to foreign countries ? An examination carefully made shows that the exportation of Champagne wines in bottles from this arrondissement exceeds a million. Public opinion I know estimates it still higher; the facts I have gathered are undoubted ones. The shipments provided by the merchants have no other mark than "for foreign countries." We had hoped to obtain from them, by extra-official communications, the information required. These merchants seem to fear that it might be misused. There exists for us, however, a species of publicity as to the major part of its distribution, and we are led to believe that 300 and some thousand bottles are despatched to England, — the surplus is divided into two portions, nearly equal, between Russia and Germany. What is the consumption in the city of Rheims ? Average year 23,000 hectolitres. (Population 36,000.) (Signed) The Director of the Arrondissement of Rheims, Dumesnel. APPENDIX No. XXXV. Sir, Epernay, 3d September, 1834. In the year 1820, I co-operated with all the directors of indirect taxes, in answer to the demand of M. de Barante, then our director-general, to furnish materials for the French Oenology, published by M. Cavoleau, but I was occupied on this subject only for the arrondissement of Epernay, and I am not prepared to supply the information which you request, for the whole of the department. I shall, however, attempt to correspond with you on the most important of your questions. I take them up in the margin : — RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 193 What is the number of hectares, in the department of Marne, applied to the cultivation of the vine? — The List, No. I., which I find at the end of the French Ocnology, brings this number to 19,0(36 hectares. Its produce in wine? — Producing on an average (taking ten successive years) in wine 422,487 hectolitres. The value of this produce? — Of the value of 11,235,397 francs. These statistical results merit con- fidence. The number of hectares has not sensibly varied. % For a long time past every part of the soil proper for the vine has been planted, and the calamitous abundance of the years 1S26, 27, 28, and 29, (a continuity never seen twice in a century,) being now over, has prevented the turning vineyards" into arable land. The value of the produce has augmented in the arrondissement of Rheims and Epernay, in which sparkling champagne is now made from the black grapes, of which, before 1S20, only red wine was produced. The increasing demand for sparkling champagne for northern Europe and the United States has naturally led to an increased production of that particular quality. Houses of business state that they have been able, by the exertion of their travellers, to extend their connexions more easily than in Great Britain. Produce in white and sparkling champagnes? — The quantity made — the quantity bottled — and the quantity exported — vary from year to year. I believe the exportation to be about three or four mil- lions of bottles, and you will remember this was the estimate given by one. of our most intelligent pro- ducers. The exports bear the proportion of one to three to the stocks in hand. Independently qf our merchants we have many proprietors who bottle their own wines and even buy from their neighbours, — and who wait for the moments of active demand, when they can deliver twentv, thirty, or even fifty thousand bottles. They can sometimes lay in their stocks at f. 1 • 50 1 'SO, 2 f. and 2 25 per bottle. Other proprietors, and considerable ones, who are unwilling to incur the cost and trouble of bottling, keep their wines in casks, and thus replenish the stocks of" the dealers. These wines, if kept to the coming vintage, will not sparkle when bottled alone, but do so when mixed with new wine, whose quality they serve to improve. These reserves, both in bottles or casks, are the principal cause of the erroneous estimates some- times made both of the amount produced and the stocks on hand. I furnished M. Cavoleau with my estimate for 1818, for the arrondissement of Epernay, at 3,708,000 bottles, and taking an average of ten consecutive vintages at 2,370,500 bottles per * annum. But since 181S there has been a great increase. The large purchases of one house (Clicquot) have converted the produce of whole vineyards, which formerly gave red wine alone, into sparkling white. And even the red wines, which had a great reputation, are made no longer, the grape juice being used for white champagne. For this latter the sale is constant and little capricious, while red wines remained unsold and were uninquired for 5 an increase of demand for white champagne would soon annihilate the red wine production. Sale of sparkling champagne in France ? — The exportations from the department to the interior of France do not exceed half a million of bottles annually. Other departments now produce sparkling wine. They are cheaper too — some to the extent of a third, and others of a half. Value of vineyard property? — It is difficult to concentrate the whole value in any accurate way. There are cantons where the hectare of vineyards sells from 4 to 12,000 francs, and others where the average prices are from 1,000 to 2,400 francs. There are among the vineyards of Ay and Hautvillers, at a distance of half a league from Epernay, portions which fetch from 20,000 fr. to 25,000 fr. per hectare, and even 50,000 fr. when divided into very small portions. The rage for purchase is immense. Price of wines? — Tn 1816 and 1817 there was a dearth of sparkling champagne, and the prices rose to 4, 5, and 6 francs per bottle. The average price of good quality is from 3 to 3*50 fr. The reputation of certain houses enables them to sell their wines on better terms, but the market value is what I have stated. I am, &c. The Director of Indirect Taxes, Peuard. .. — , — APPENDIX No. XXXVI. In reply to the questions which have been referred to us, we estimate that the sparkling wines of Champagne are exported in about equal quantities to Russia, Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. They may be considered as classed in three qualities, and that in pretty nearly equal proportions. The value of the first quality, 3 fr. to 4 fr. per bottle. ,, 2d ,, 2-50 to 3 , , , , 3d , , 2 to 2 " 50 , , The quantity produced might be increased by new vine plantations. The average produce per hectare is from 12 to 15 hectolitres. The vineyard proprietor who possesses five or six hectares, and who either cultivates them himself, or carefully watches over their cultivation, may get a return of about six per cent, on his capital. But he must be diligent and economical, and have a small fund in reserve to help him over vicissitudes. 3 C 194 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL The cost of cultivation of an arpent of vineyard at Ay is as follows : Labour ........ Vine plants, supports, and other charges . 16 Days of provignage (for layers) 25 Days of winter labour, uprooting-, planting, &c. at 80 cs. Cost of vintage ....... IS Carts for vintage, at fr. 1* 50 cs. . . ., 3 Dung carts employed at fr. 3 "50 cs. 12 Bundles of props (echalas) .... Straw ........ Annual Taxation ...... fr. c. 90 11-20 19' 20 50 27 10' 24 4 16 20 50 40 fr. 101-20 171-10 272-30 The wine-dressers of Champagne represent the average instruction of the French people, but they are more sober and orderly than the manufacturing classes in general. The fluctuations in the value of Champagne wines are inconsiderable — a difference of 10 or 20 per cent, is of rare occurrence. RUINART DE BrIMONT. Rheims, Aug. 26, 1834. APPENDIX No. XXXVII. Computation of the Quantity of Sparkling Champagne Exported from the Department de la Marne, during the last Twelve Months. To England and the East Indies Bottles. Russia German States . 202,000 Prussia . . . 177,000 Austrian Dominions GO, 000 United State3 of America, Ca- nada, and West Indies . Poland .... Italy Belgium .... Holland .... Sweden and Denmark Switzerland South America . . Spain and Portugal . Turkey .... France 467,000 400,000 439,000 400,000 102,000 60.000 56,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 20,000 5,000 REMARKS. 2,069,000 620,000 2,639,000 A further increase is not very probable, unless the Consignments from English merchants to the East Indies (of which not a few were lately made) answer particularly well, which I am inclined to doubt. A further reduction of the Duty in England might lead to some in- crease of importation, but not to a very considerable one. The quantity imported is subject to fluctuations, and depends a great deal on the presence or absence in and near Petersburgh and Moscow of the Guards. A great increase over the quantity stated is not probable. In the German States and Prussia, the consumption is rather decreasing in consequence of higher duties, and sparkling wines of German growth being now manu- factured in different places. These latter will scarcely come into 'vogue' in other countries. Champagne wines become more known there every day; the consumption is increasing very rapidly, and the United States alone promise in some years to import a greater quantity than any other country. On the decrease, the sales depending on the reve- nues of the nobility and on the presence of the Russian army. Importation increasing, but not rapidly. Importation decreasing. Importation decreasing. Subject to fluctuations, depending on the success of selling their articles of export. Consumption decreasing. They make now sparkling wines in Switzerland. Increasing, but slowly. Increasing — Champagne wine coming now, though but slowly, into fashion. Consumption decreasing, as higher prices can be ob- tained in foreign countries. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 195 APPENDIX No. XXXVII. continued. Probable Increase and Decrease of the Consumption of Champagne Wines, in the different .Countries, in the course of the next Five Years. (In Five Years together, not annually.) Increase. Decrease. REMARKS. England and East Indies German States . . 1 Prussia .... J Austrian Dominions . United States of America Canada and West Indies Poland Italy Sweden and Denmark South America . . . Spain and Portugal . France •••••• 50,000 500,000 30,000 CO, 000 10,000 150,000 100,000 30,000 15,000 25,000 100 ,000 I calculate the consumption there will, during the two next years, increase l-10th annually, and during the three follow- ing' years 1-20 th annually. Perhaps much more, if the currency of the countries come into a more settled state. \ Increase . 650,000 420,000 Decrease deducted from the increase . Increase . 420,000 230,000 Bottles. During 5 years together, not annually. B. T. SOHUBARTH. APPENDIX No. XXXVIII. Produce of the Vintages of the Department of the Aube, and the Destination given to them. Troyes. Bar sur Aube. Bar sur Seine. Nogent. Total. /1828 148,030-00 288,629-00 540,223-00 59,717-00 1.036,599-00 1829 78,080-00 103,197-00 213,915-00 34,000-00 429,192-00 1 1830 18,822-00 25,124-00 88,050-00 4,003-00 135,999-00 Vintages of \ 1831 56,568-00 96,133-00 234,985-00 26,020-00 413,706-00 1832 55,948-00 92,473-00 98,541-00 7,603-00 254,565-00 11833 149,000-00 224,000-00 507,000-00 33,600-00 913,600-00 Total of the six years 506,448-00 829,556-00 1,682,714-00 164,943-00 3, 183,661-00 One-sixth, or average year 84,408-00 138,259-00 280,452-00 27,490-00 530,609-00 /•1828 26,927-51 35,351-48 70,743-35 17,438-11 150,460-45 1829 28,020-05 31,140-04 55,386-56 18,495-80 133,042-45 Quantities subject to 1 1830 27,725-36 23,626-03 52,491-80 14,192-77 118,035-96 transit duty. , 1831 22,044-52 18,247-74 36,332-78 8,689-00 85,314-04 ' 1832 19,823-14 19,200-90 34,052-06 7,771-67 80,847-77 .1833 18,153-68 24,887-94 27,480-13 8,607-31 79,129-06 Total of the six years 142,694-26 152,454-13 276,486-68 75,194-66 646,829-73 One-sixth, or average year 23,782-00 25,409-00 46,081-00 12,532-00 107,804-00 rl828 27,421-18 39,459-82 152,218-52 8,826-93 227,926-45 Quantities purchased by 1829 29,331-39 32,597-66 132,643-71 10,706-14 205.278-90 retail dealers, and sub- 1S30 25,615-10 27,585-40 175,585-78 8,512-45 237.298-73 ject to consumption 1 ! 1831 18,968-01 25,551-18 117,494-69 5,62855 167,642-43 duty. 1832 17,872-38 33,560-13 140,449-42 5,580-55 197,462-48 1833 19,291-40 38,284-04 104,754-04 6,999-33 169,328-81 Total of the six years 138,499-40 197,038-23 823,146-16 46,253-95 1,204,937-80 One-sixth, or average year 23,083-00 32,839-00 137,191-00 7,709-00 200,622-00 1828 13,072-66 14,372-97 v 51,557-55 2,390-18 81,393-36 Quantities employed by 1829 8,605-64 14,747-58 36,403-69 3,765-96 63,522-87 wine-growers for their 1830 4,154-76 7,042-46 8,641-63 385-55 20,224-40 own use, not subject to] 1831 2,885-14 3,676-86 7,807-33 708-48 15,077-81 duties.. 1832 2,168-05 4,074-58 5,723-56 187-50 12,153-69 1833 4,439-51 7,726-82 15,499-36 1,043-39 28,709-08 Total of the six years 35,325-76 51,641-27 125,633-12 8,481-06 221,081-21 One-sixth, or average year 5,887-00 8,607-00 20,939-00 1,413-00 " 36,846-00 [Administration of Indirect Taxes.] 3 D 196 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XXXIX. Approximative Statement of the Vintages in the Department of the Cote d'Or, from 1S25 to 1833 inclusive, with an Estimate of Average Produce. Years. Products of the Vintage by Arrondissement. Total Produce of Department. Average Produce on an Estimate of 9 Years. Dijon. Beaune. Semur. Chatillou. 1825 1826 1827 1S28 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 Total . 1834 Annual I Average j Hectolitres. 64,467 285,219 225,088 215,655 155,433 30,487 36,892 37,203 146,274 Hectolitres. 81,144 621,226 610,171 536,571 365, 169 87,548 135,472 164,400 281,900 Hectolitres. 13,573 40,213 175,382 137.297 103,245 9,082 13,537 38,568 79,750 Hectolitres. 27,025 54.957 52,761 77,735 56,097 4,365 14,955 16,929 78,740 Hectolitres. i86,209 1,001,615 1,064,002 967,258 679,944 131,482 200,856 257,100 586,664 • 1,197,318 133,035(1) 2,883.601 381,600 320,400(2) 610,647 67,849(3) 383,564 42,618(4) 5,075,130 563,903 [Administration of Indirect Taxes.J (1) Of these it is estimated one-third would be suitable fjr exportation. (2) Of these one-half would be fit for foreign markets. (3) and (4) Not suited to foreign demarnd. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. < E-t H O W « t— 4 Q 53 o 53 O I— 1 H PS 5 H D a o P- CD o o z t-H Q c CO 53 o H H. n d p. a* 5 „»Si *J "5 cj . 91 o o p x, a s 3 O 2 "3 «b hs s £ -= — * _§ 3 *H HJ Q "J | & 4? S« a d a ■ ■h cu o — « "*- cj CO — ^ x O C 2 * o Q cJ -2 if .— 3 here is u CO Cl c o o *f o io -r to Cfi n M eJ- m 2 "a a "Si C ca — m Q t- 31 "I - 1* O CC O O ' — ' i — I ^COCCC"?C^-3*o©OOICO '-^ 01 ^ CO ^ CI C O lO CO o _°. co co m o i—i ~ ,n — oo U COlH-fTf Tn -l„ClCO 01 CM O co -r on CN C-1 CN O) o -t 1 ci o. oi -f tl ffl H lO -f O Ol i ^ m uo r- -r o rjS M K N i- 1 iC Cl (O CO CN u oi o oi to c c: n I OS Oi CI Ol o S . — . £ 'S~ 2 lONCNOOCt^-H NtfliHOlO)i-*r^X00H COCOOOOIQOOIM coo = £'1 g hH — * s s . BhS'o"^ ■2.2 a" =2 a: CJ C ri S .SP£ 3 g'a *; »n o to ■— * Ol »o >.o co t— ^ C < r. Q *T 00 j0 00 CO K S000l0tr-<n "O fO CO N O N K O CO Ol O ^-fi-to-rcoKcocoinco Kff>iO— KKCONO-1-hK oicococo-T^T'^roicoco fintONCO^O-IMCO Ol CM Ol Ol Ol Ol CO CO CO CO 00 CO 0C GO CO CV/ X 00 CC' 00 lOOfOTOffOONO COCOHONOOTCO co — i oi cr> t-^ oi oi o oi -r u k -r co >n a n ri co co Ol CI 01 r~ r— i Ol CliO-— 'OOOCOCOOOCO -fiOJCPOrH-j-coCNO CO CO CO W CO CO CO ^ so ^ COOOrf C5HOOCOOO --"COCOOQOCOOQOO T, CO O CO CO .n O K 00 o ci-rcocoovotc^oco K iT. CO ^? X "T O CO N m CO O'i 1 CO 1* 00 m (01 CO -i CI CI CO CO CO 01 CM Ol Ol OlO^r^co00-t .co-t , CMCOC^'Xh.COKCO-pT CC 'O C U CO CO ts N K K KOCiCJCOi'HCOCON C0G0<— i O'i— 'COOtO-Jr- < i.O Ol O K 01 p- ?5 f O CO .OtOtOOCftCNaCiNOl ci (N o-i t «r. o o oi oi co ^ift^OO^^-COCCCT:^ -to^c-tco — ccoNN CNClCOCO^-NCNCOOO -fiOONCOQO-OirO Ol Ol Ol CM Ol Ol CO CO CO CO oooooooocooooooooooo ta 3 .g H a 198 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL cn O H < > pi W co « O a B o p C 1— c a) ca "5 6 CO r j, |oo Is a) « >. 5 W B 3 «H'.«.tS & O « * a 5= p< "8 .S >n co co CO CO 00 o i—i CO c-f £ -a 1^. vO CO -r K h o C CO t£ o o o o II CI O - (M O K O C K in iT-tOr— -fLOOr-HOOn- < CO 'o'so ^m --r -rf i— i uo io ci oo "H CO CQ CI « — * i — * CO CO X K i— i CT1 CM O CO 00 COCC:(NOC5iOCOCOTf CM CI O O O CO X T i-O o i— » • o »ri krt *n co c-un o ci ts oi w CMCMCMCOCOCOCCCMCMCM "iBOHMcooioiocos tiOO-SWMiOOWOOri « CM Tf 00 i— iOOKm OJ If uCOKKCDjDiOCDOOtO ^Oifloco^roocooo • O !5 C5 C O t£ i': h tI* K 'S Ol OJ CO "fl QO Ol 00 00 CO ^ -*-0l1 , 00KC0G0CCC)L0O ^ Ci M Ci CO K i.': 5; O0 h lO ^^o^totooo^ouo B 3 03 'H • r2 £ ■- CO t-toco^cco-fi 1 CiOr-CoKCDCO-f^T co "3* ^ iro t->. to ■ *n in s s .'a cu ^ . .« -g Q "2 .-« = 3 5T2 £ S "Si OGO^CiNCOKCO-f CO ^OCOCCOCOOCOr-O WcCOOlKOOOKKriTt if3iO-t*COOOCOOOCOC0 ^OCOOCOi-OOOhc •hK r- t to CO O O to CO Cf) m GO CO lO lO O K O lO C5 ^ C>1 C5 C^l CO CO O CO CO CO O m o co CC h o OOHTCO^-l*C:KK Ol 0-4 CO CO CO co co ci Ol CM tows W N 00 N eo O iO f - " N i.O CO iT5 "t >C5 0"! r- :J CO CM Ol Ol Ol CM Ol CI vd l-O Ol CO Ol to to i— i — o CO"^GOC003KCCOlLnfO COCOCOO-fCOCOK cooo-^mocooooo h oo »n co ^'N o o its o 00 lO h C CO O l O O to CO CO Ol O O CO M iO CO Ol >noococooo>rjOQco o ^ c-i oi i— n o-j ~r xt* o oi -f -f co en o o -t r— oo COTiOKOmh i.O — ' id i.o (\ o »o o o o c o in O O tO K - CO Ol - ..O "f ooo-^ocoococoo I'O^OOOlKMaC . O C O CO Cl Ci i!0 if) X K f-H r— i CO v-O O l CO t— i CO Ol CO r- 1 ^ (M c oj o ir; lo q o i" oi G> rfj Ol O O Ol -f Ol Ol CO MCOO - Ol CO CO Ol CO Ol p- 1 01 CO CO CO CO CO CO Ol 01 CO CO Ol m lO Ol K m Ol C H U CO « Ol O Ol Ol Ol Ol O) Ol CI .O O CO O -f CO O K Or- I r- tO O tO O tC! r- i i— I Ol i— * Ol i — I H i — ii — i CI CO oi o CO r. r- c o i 1 H H OOCOOOOOJNrtKOlO uO ^ rH Cl CO Ol tO CO CO N tO K K K O O OO Ol OlOlOON-tOtOrjHKOl O O CO Ol O O O O Ol Ol TOCO^OinOCOCO'T CO O CO Cl <— i c o to -f to Ol K CO CD K CO Ol K K rH CKNOlOiflr-iClCH cococo^TfTr^coco^r "t m CO -h C CM CO Ol 01 O CO K K O K K iO ri Ol OrlOltOGOr-iClCONOl K CO Ol >0 h K Ol K rn f0 CO O 'O O K lO Ol CO Ol O l CO -Tf tC O »JO r— Cl LTO tC CO Ol Ol GO O GO i — 1 Cl ci ci k cn i — I to ci to to OKKQOlO*OKCOGO -f .O C K CO Ol C -i Ol CO Ol Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CO CO CO CO COCOCOGOCOQ000 00 00CO Q *tiOCN00ClO-H01C0 Ol Ol CM Cl CM Ol CO CO CO CO CO GO GO 'X) CO GO CO CO CO TjO t .O tO K CO Cl O H Ol CO Cl CM CM CM Cl Cl CO CO CO CO cocoaocooooocooocrjoo o PS 1-1 « Q CP 4 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 199 APPENDIX No. XLI. DEPARTMENT OF SAONE AND LOIRE. Division of territory into different species of cultivation. Hectares. Cultivated Lands ...... 449,864 Meadows and Pasture 143,136 Vines ..... 36,000 Wood '. 120,000 Gardens, Orchards, &c. ..... 12,000 Places occupied by Courts and Buildings . . . 5,000 Lands untitled and Waste Lands .... 33,000 Surface not taxable ...... 58,678 Total ..... 857,673 Number of Houses ...... 101,827 Number of Manufactories ..... 1,300 Population ....... 524,124 Macon, \%th September, 1834. H. Vitalis. The surface of the department of Saone and Loire is . . 857,678 The part surveyed comprises 652,851 hectares, of which in Vines . 33,300 The part not surveyed, which has only one Vineyard parish, 204,827 hectares ; hence in Vines, by approximation . . . 2,700 Total of hectares in Vines . . . 36,000 Some researches made inT803 estimate the territory then cultivated in Vines at 34,700 There is reason to suppose that the amount was exaggerated, for it would only indicate an increase of 1,300 hectares in the space of thirty-one years, and every thing seems to prove that it has been more considerable. The department produces only common wines ; some of them superior, but the greater part of middling quality. It follows from the several documents furnished by the Survey, 1st, That the average produce, before being in casks, is 19 hectolitres per hectare (0,752 hectolitres per Coupte). Francs. Hectolitres. That is to say, for 36,000 hectares .... 684,000 2dly, That the average price of the hectolitre taken on the snot, and the cask not included, is ...... 13 Which makes the produce in money amount to, per hectare . . 247 And for 36,000 hectares . . . . . . 8,S92,000 Of this sum, 60 per cent, representing the expenses of every kind, the casks not included, at 40 per cent, is . . . . 3,556,800 The net revenue of the proprietors. Macon, 30th September, 1834. H. Vitalis. According to some notes which I find in my archives, the products verified by the Administration of Indirect Contributions have been for the year 1804 up to 1815, at 7,417,007 hectolitres, which gives an average year of 61S,084 hectolitres. APPENDIX No. XLII. Beauny, 2d November, 1834. What is the produce in your department in hectolitres of wine? — 500,000 to 600,000 hectolitres. Can they be classed according to their qualities, and what would be the quantity of each class? — Wines may be classed in four grand divisions — 1st, The Cote de Nuits, where they collect those of the finest quality, such as Chambertin, Ro- mance, Clos de Vougeot, Tache, St. Georges, Richebourg, &c. &c. 2dly, The Cote de Beaune, comprising the finest qualities of Gorton, Vollenay, Pommard, Aloxe, Beaune, Meursault, Monthelie, and Auxey. 3dly, The C<3te de Chassagne, Santenay, St. Aubin, Marange. 4thly, The remaining Cotes. Each of the three first divisions may also be divided into three classes. The first qualities of Cuvee, which form a third part, and which are wines of the first order and wines for the second course. (V ins oV entremets.) The second Cuvees, which form another third — wines for roast meat. {Vins de rotis.) The remainder are the third Cuvees, or the vins grands ordinaires. The wines of the back hills, forming the fourth class; very strong common wines. What is the present price, and the price on an average of a certain number of years ? — The prices of the finest qualities of the Cote de Nuits are commonly, in years in which the wines are allowed to be of fine quality, from 5 to 600 fr. the barrel of 2 hectolitres 28 litres ; in common years, from 2 to 300 fr. 200 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Those of the first quality of the Cfite de Beaune are commonly from 300 to \3b0fr.; in middling years, from 150 to 200 fr. Good common wines are commonly from 100 to 150 fr. per barrel. Which are the countries which make the most considerable purchases, and would it be possible to estimate with tolerable exactness their relative proportion ? — The departments of the North, of the Straits of Calais, and Belgium, are the countries which take the most of our wines. Germany, and particularly Saxony, Bavaria, Prussia, and Westphalia, consume large quantities, but they are obliged to renounce them since the application of the prohibitory system of Prussia. The greater proportion of secondary and good common wines are consumed on the spot, and are almost without value for want of demand. England receives but little of our wines, in consequence, of the enormous duties, which compel the English merchants to bond them in the docks, that they may not make too large advances. It follows from this circumstance that the wines which are detained too long in bond can have no care bestowed upon them, and their quality frequently deteriorates. Could the wine produce be considerably increased if the foreign demand became greater; and do you think that the increase in the foreign demand would materially increase the price of our wines? — There is no doubt, that if the duties were lowered in England, our exportation might become very considerable. We could deliver for English consumption more than 200,000 hectolitres of wine of satisfactory body and quality; which would not cost more than 75 cs. the bottle. (7jd. sterling.) As to the wine produce, it would be increased only by improved cultivation, all the grounds capable of producing wine being planted with vines. Would the sea-voyage and the English climate, considering the manner of treating wine with us, affect your wines unfavourably? — The sea-voyage is not injurious to our wines ; the English climate would not be unfavourable to them, if the wines were better taken care of there, and better lodged than they now are. To what would you attribute the limited consumption of your wines in Great Britain? — The limited consumption of our wines in England is caused by the merchants not being able to bond in their own houses in order not to advance heavy duties; 2dly, The wines remaining in the docks, without being able to receive any care, are speedily injured ; 3dly, English merchants often take advantage of this position, so unfavourable to us, by menacing us with a refusal, which is always disastrous to us, to acquiesce in the conditions which they impose on us. Would it be practicable to classify your wines in two or three categories, if an ad valorem duty were in question? — It would not be practicable to class wines in different categories for the establish- ment of an ad valorem duty, without obstacles almost insurmountable. Is the production of sparkling wine susceptible of great developement? — The production of spark- ling wine would be susceptible of a great increase of consumption if the duties were diminished. Is there any direct correspondence established with the English colonies? — We have no direct cor- respondence with the English colonies. — We almost always send our wines through some interme- diate channel. Have your wines succeeded there? — Yes; the red and sparkling wines sent to the most dis- tant countries have perfectly succeeded there. At the present moment I am making another ship- ment to New Holland of several thousand bottles. I assure you that all the above information may be considered as exact. Poulet Denuys, The Maire of Beaune. APPENDIX No. XLIII. Nismes, 23d June, 1834. The undersigned electors, proprietors of vineyards : Whereas the price of their wines is reduced because there is no demand for them ; that this want of a demand does not arise from an excess of production, but that it results evidently from the obstacles of every nature, and duties of every kind, with which this commodity is loaded, as well in the home as in the foreign trade ; so that the common wines which should be in general use, at least in France, are absolutely an article of luxury for the greater part of the residents in our large towns, and even in the country, and are sold at as much as 3 fr. a bottle in towns where their intrinsic value, if freed from duties and other burthens, would not be as much as 50 cs. And whereas, notwithstanding the equality of all Frenchmen in the eyes of the law, and the equal distribution of public charges, principles which are established in all our charters, the growers of vines are subjected to a special legislation evidently hostile to the prosperity of their domestic as well as foreign interests; that, standing alone amongst all our productions (with the exception of tobacco, of which Government has reserved to itself the monopoly), the produce of the vineyards ceases to be free from the moment it is carried from the field which has produced it; that it cannot be transported with- out a regular passport, encumbered with petty and vexatious forms, the omission of any one of which subjects it to seizure ; that it can stop nowhere, pass through no town, without being subjected to ex- pensive and vexatious formalities; that it cannot be delivered to the rich consumer without paying enormous duties, nor to the poor consumer (that is to say, the greatest number) without paying in- comparably more, and without running the risk of being deteriorated and often spoiled; for the re- tailer is obliged to draw it from a barrel which speedily becomes sour. Whereas, moreover, the desire of naturalizing certain foreign manufactures, however laudable in itself, has had the result only of encouraging a small number of privileged trades; that it has caused the adoption of a system of customs' duties in a manner prohibitive, which has given rise to retaliation on the part of neighbouring nations, which has cost France almost the total exclusion of her wines in most of the European markets, — double source of loss to us, who no longer find that rapid sale for our produce which formerly gave animation to our commerce, and who, at the same time, are com- pelled to buy from these favoured monopolists certain articles indispensable to agriculture, such as implements of iron and steel, sickles, &c. of an inferior quality, and at exorbitant prices, which articles were formerly brought to us at moderate prices, and of excellent quality, by our neighbours, who took in return our wines at reasonable prices. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 201 For all these reasons, and others which are too long to enumerate, the undersigned have adopted the following resolutions : — 1st, A Committee of the proprietors of vineyards shall be formed at the principal town in the de- partment. 2d, This Committee shall immediately put itself into communication with that at Bordeaux, and successively with all those which exist at present, or may hereafter exist. 3d, It will transmit to the deputies, whoever they may be, and whatever opinions they may enter- tain upon the subject, the formal requisition of the electors, proprietors of vineyards, calling upon them to demand — \st, Absolute freedom of commerce in the trade with the interior, neither more nor less than that allowed to all other agricultural and manufactured productions ; 2d, Treaties of commerce sind exchange with neighbouring nations, founded upon the reciprocal advantage of the contracting parties, and upon the abolition of all those privileges and monopolies which ruin agriculture to make the fortunes of a few individuals. 4th, The Committee will enter into a regular correspondence with the deputies, to require informa- tion from them as to the result of this requisition, and it will communicate to the electors every month the result of this correspondence. APPENDIX No. XLIV. INDIRECT TAXES. — DEPARTMENT OF THE HERATJLT. Statement of the Quantities of Wine vintaged in the Department of the Herault, from 1829 to 1833, with their Average Prices. § "3 S g "1 c CO Observations. Years. 1829 1S30 1831 1832 1833 Totals of Vintage Average Hectoli'res. 863,000 COO, 920 740,7/0 710,600 1,035,950 Hectolitres. 1,310,000 708,610 890,000 822,200 1,471,000 Hectolitres. 323,000 178,640 204,400 259,700 308,680 Hectolitres. 90,000 51,000 60,030 56,600 99,000 Hectolitres. 2,586,000 1,539,170 1,895,200 1,849,100 2,914,630 j-3,951 , 790,24 240 8 5,201,810 1,040,362 1,274,420 254,884 356.630 71,326 Average wholesale price, per bee- \ 1. Wines for distillation . .1 tolitre,\vhen bought ot'the pro-V 2. Table wines for consump-J ducer without casks . . J tion and exportation . 10,784,100 2,156,820 Fr. Cs. 5 40 7 90 The rigorous winter of 1829-30 caused the destruction of some and the damage of many vineyards, and reduced the produce of the then suc- ceeding years beneath the average rates : — According to our best cenolo- gical information, the production may be estimated at 2,500,000 hec- tolitres, of which about one-third is fit for the table, and two-thirds for distillation. The average produce, per hectare, is 24-34. Our distilleries give about 150,000 hectolitres of alcohol. The average price per hectolitre, of the strength of 85 centesimal degree (which is the g- of merchants) being 59 fr., which gives for pure alcohol a value of 69 fr. 40 cs. One hectolitre of alcohol is pro- duced from 9 to 10 hectolitres of wine. Certified by the Director of Indirect Taxes, MACANEZ. Monlpellier, 7 th October, 1834. APPENDIX No. XLV. The merchants of Cette have recently signified to the Chamber of Deputies their adhesion to the address from the merchants of Bordeaux. This declaration is signed by the principal merchants of the town, and is expressed in the following terms: — To the Members op the Chamber of Deputies. The trade of Bordeaux has lately presented an address to the Legislative Chambers representing the fatal effects of the present system of customs laws, and the immense advantage which the whole of the commerce of France would derive from the adoption of a new system, more liberal, and in better harmony with the wants of the age as well as with the institutions under which we live. Being fully convinced of the truth and the importance of this representation, the undersigned merchants of the town of Cette think it their duty to declare openly their full and entire adhesion to the principles and wishes therein contained, and they feel confidence in laying before you the expres- sion of their sentiments. 3E 202 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL APPENDIX No. XLVI. INDIRECT TAXES. — DEPARTMENT OF THE AUDE. Approximative Statement of the Vintages in the years 1830 to 1834. Arrondisse- Number Qf Hectares Vintages of ments. in Vines, (1830.) 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Hectolitres. Carcassonne . 15,134 245,000 242,000 195,000 216,000 163,000 Castelnaudary. 3,850 56,400 55,500 45,000 49,000 37,000 Limoux 7,230 65,600 68,250 55,300 62,300 56,000 Narbonne . 23,477 600,000 583,793 420,000 588,900 350,000 Total . . 49,691 967,600 949,543 715,900 910,200 606,000 Average 831,049 Hectolitres. APPENDIX No. XLVII. INDIRECT TAXES.— DEPARTMENT OF THE AUDE. Statement as to the Manufacture of Brandies and Spirits. Arrondisse- | ments. Year 1833. Nine first months of 1834. Average of the quantity of wines used to obtain ouej hectolitre of alcohol. Wines distilled. Produce in alcohol. Brandy from dregs. Wines distilled. Produce in alcohol. Brandy from dregs In 1833. In 1834. Carcassonne . Castelnaudary. Limoux Narbonne . Total . . 1 Hectolitres. 82,320-00 378,6-40-00 Hectolitres. 8,987-00 47,211-00 Hectolitres. 75-00 Hectolitres. 106,160-00 3,120-00 256,090-00 Hectolitres. 10,684-00 315-00 31,730-00 h. L 9-16 S-02 h. 1. 9-90 9-90 8-07 460, OOO-Oo'sO, 198-00 1 75-00 365,370-0042,729-00 Observations. — The wines of the arrondissements of Limoux are all destined for table use. In 1834 some were distilled, but they had been injured by the falls of rain during the harvest of 1833. And this accounts for the increased distillation of Carcassonne, while the wines of Narbonne have been drawn upon, to supply the deficiency of the other arrondisse- ments. The distillation of the stalks and skins (marcs) of the raisin is of small importance. The Cogniac proof at 22 degrees of Carlier, at the temperature of 12 centigrade degrees, correspond to 60-50 alco- bolique degrees at the temperature of 15 degrees, which is that adopted in the system of GayLussac, so that the 42,729 hectolitres of alcohol represent 70,611 hectolitres of brandy, Cogniac proof. In this department, nothing but 3-6ths are manufactured. They are of 85 degrees, which equal 33 of the old grade of Carlier. One distillation suffices. APPENDIX No. XLVIII. INDIRECT TAXES. — DEPARTMENT OF THE UPPER GARONNE. Statement of the Vintages of the different Arrondissements, during a period of Ten Years. Arrondisse- ments. Average. Vintages for the Years 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. Toulouse . Hect. 191,888 ' Hect. 139,701 Hect. 160.829 Hect. 161,037 Hect. 190,167 Hect. 236,768 Hect. 121,850 Hect. 179,139 Hect. 271,450 Hect. 325,470 Hect. 132,470 Muret . . . 125,265 88,643 70,185 120,350 143,500 180,000 79,890 103,730 163,444 213,580 84,330 St. Gaudens . 69,254 73,320 72,600 76,783 77,540 73,220 45,100 66,010 80,530 68,100 59,334 Villefranche . 52,560 57,100 42,063 46,966 46,298 62,889 27,580 41,400 67,599 96,942 36,760 433,967 358,764 345,677 405,136 457,505 552,877 274,420 395,279 583,023 704,092 312,894 Observation.— The Return for 1834 is approximative — all the Documents not having been yet delivered to the Administration \ RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 203 APPENDIX No. XLIX. Adhesion of the Merchants of Toulouse, and of the Proprietors of Vineyards in the Depart- ment of La Haute Garonne, to the Address and the Petition of Merchants of Bordeaux, and of the Committee of Wine Growers of the Department of La Gironde. We, the undersigned Merchants at Toulouse and Proprietors of Vineyards in the Department of La Haute Garonne, having read and considered the Address of the Merchants of Bordeaux, and the Petition of the Proprietors of Vineyards in the Department of La Gironde, to the Legislative Chambers ; Being of opinion that of all the ameliorations called for by the country, the most urgent, the most equitable, the one the most immediately to be realised, is the reform of the deplorable com- mercial system, which the Restoration, inheriting from the empire, has bequeathed to the Government of July ; Considering that the continuance of the principle of restriction in our system of Customs is not less contrary to sound principles of social economy than to the interest of the majority of the French nation ; Considering that, although the immediate suppression of the Duties of Customs would be at once an act of injustice and a calamity, nevertheless it is one of the first duties of the Government to establish as the base of our commercial system, not the revolutionary principle of unrestricted com- petition, but the organic principle of commercial liberty applied gradually, and at fixed periods, to all branches of trade ; Considering that if the general interest of the majority of the French people, in the North, as well as in the South, demand the important amelioration above pointed out, yet the particular circum- stances of our Southern Departments, their climate, their soil, the nature of their productions, make it more peculiarly their right and their duty to call for the only measure which can open foreign markets to their productions, and give a new life to their languishing commerce ; Entertaining these opinions, we declare our full adhesion to the principles and wishes contained in the Address of the merchants of Bordeaux, and in the Petition of the wine growers of La Gironde; we undertake to assist them by all legal means in pursuing with the most resolute perseverance the commercial reform, of which they have been the first to raise the standard. Toulouse, \Sth March, 1834. APPENDIX No. L. Report on the State of Commerce and Industry in the Arrondissement of Bayonne, in March, 1834. The very extensive commerce, which, from time immemorial, Bayonne has carried on with Spain both by sea and land, is totally paralysed and annihilated by various causes, of which the prin- cipal are : — 1st. The prohibition, introduced by the Spanish Government since the 4th of July 1830, of our national flag, in consequence of a diminution of duties, on their cargoes, for Spanish ships proceeding from Bayonne. This prohibition is common to vessels from the ports of Bordeaux and Marseilles. Marseilles has found a means of evading it by forwarding its expeditions from the neighbouring port of Ciotat; it is not very important to Bordeaux, but it falls with its whole weight on Bayonne; the Chamber of Commerce in this town has never ceased to importune the French Government to demand a stop being put to their unjust exception. Negotiations appear to have been entered upon long since for this purpose : recent accounts from Madrid seem to allow a hope of a near and favour- able issue to them : but this hope is still very precarious, in consequence of the multiplicity and importance of the objects which at this moment occupy the Spanish Cabinet. 2nd. The Carlist insurrection, which has introduced and still maintains civil war in the four provinces of Navarre, Alava, Biscay, and Guipuzcoa, since October 1833. From this epoch, all regular communication has ceased between France and those provinces, and correspondence with the other places, and with the capital of Spain, is carried on through Avignon with considerable delay. Shipments of merchandise are become quite impracticable, because bands of insurgents impose arbi- trary duties in all places where they rise upon the conductors. All commerce is consequently at an end in these provinces — and Bayonne suffers greatly from this cessation. The few shipments that might take place by sea are impeded by the third cause, which we are going to relate. 3rd. The scarcity of rain and snow during the present winter has left the waters of the Adour and of its tributary streams so low, that the descending current has lost a great part of its force. This circumstance, added to the state of the sea, which has been constantly bad in the gulf, as it has been this winter everywhere, has contributed to the accumulation of great quantities of sand in the mouth of the Adour, which have rendered this passage so narrow and difficult of access, that the most deplorable catastrophes are to be feared. During the two months of January and February, there has not been a possibility of sending one ship out of port. About sixty have got together at the lower part of the river, of which many have been laden since the month of December ; amongst which are reckoned ten vessels belong to the cod- fishery, forty ships destined for the Channel and the States of the North, three for England, two for the Mediterranean. These vessels were at length able to put to sea, at different times, from the 13th to 17th March ; but several of them struck upon the bar, jind were even run aground upon the coast for some instants. One of them could not get off without throwing into the sea its cargo of salt for the fishery. There still remain in the river some vessels, whose depth of more than ten feet has hitherto rendered it impossible to get away. A vessel measuring less tluin eight feet has just got aground on entering the port. Even as long since as the last autumn, a collection of sand at the mouth of the Adour, within the bar, had demonstrated the urgent necessity of prolonging the low banks on the two shores. A sum of'95,000 fr. is found in the estimate of 1834 for these works; but the delay opposed to the application of this credit exposes us to the danger of losing the summer of 1834, without these works being completed. It is deplorable and depressing to the inhabitants of the locality to see, 3 F 204 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL that at an epoch in which the labours ought to be commenced, there have been no steps taken to provide materials, nor any contract entered into for furnishing them, nor even a project prepared for the works to be undertaken. The coasting trade of Bayonne with the ports of France suffers also from the obstacles which impede the navigation of its port. Nevertheless, continued relations are maintained with the ports of Britanny principally, and also with Marseilles by the furnishing resinous substances, dry vegetables, and other articles. The maritime commerce with the States of the North, independent of the obstacles caused by the unfavourable opinion, which has been conceived, and not without foundation, on the difficulties of the bar of the Adour, is almost reduced to nothing in consequence of our custom-house tariff, which, in repulsing the produce of these States, has provoked reprisals which exclude our wines and brandy. Formerly Bayonne exported from eight to ten thousand tuns of these liquors ; — latterly the average of these exports does not amount to a thousand tuns. The cod-fishery is falling off equally. It employs only about ten ships of two hundred tons, manned by about four hundred seamen, and the profits of this fishery decrease from year to year. This is the deplorable condition of maritime commerce and that of exportation at Bayonne. We say nothing of our importations, because the situation of Spain has rendered them almost null in the last six months. We will now show the present situation of the town and of the arrondisse?nent, with respect to com- mercial industry. In the highest rank of the industry of the town of Bayonne we must always place ship-building; for it is, without doubt, the most important, and that which, by its greater or less developement, causes a greater or less activity in almost all others; amongst others, the manufacture of ropes and all the arts which are concerned in the construction of ships. This business was represented to be in great activity in our letter of the 20th of last September. This activity has been kept up ever since. Without saying any thing more of the eight ships, gauging together 1,615 tons, which we there designate as being then on the stocks, though they have been completed and launched during the period of which we are speaking - , we shall say that there have lately been constructed on the same stocks six ships, gauging together 1,231 tons, and worth, at the rate of 250 francs per ton, 307,750 fr. ; and that there are now building five other vessels, gauging together about 8S5 tons, and which, at the same rate, would be worth 221,250 fr. This business continues then to be in a prosperous condition : but it is to be feared that this prosperity will diminish, if the government do not effect something speedily to re-establish the reputation of the bar of Bayonne, seriously compromised by what is taking place there at this moment. The greater or less degree of activity in ship-building influences, as we have said above, many occupations which belong to it in any way, such as rope-makers, blacksmiths, sail-makers, pulley- makers, joiners, rigging-makers, painters, tinmen, and coopers. It may be affirmed, that these different occupations contribute in the following proportions to the construction of ships, and must even bear their proportion in the 530,000 fr. or thereabouts, the total value of the building here quoted. Rope-makers, from 16 to 18 per cent, on the launch Sail-makers .9 , , , , Pulley-makers 4 to 5 , , , , Joiners . .3 Rigging, &c. . 2 , , , , Painters, tinmen, coopers, each about 1 per cent. , , , , Besides the large proportion which rope-making has in the building of ships, as may be seen in the preceding list, this branch of business finds at least equal occupation in its contracts for the other ports of France, and its exports for Spain. The abundance and the low price of resinous materials gives Bayonne, in this respect, great advan- tages over the other localities, and it has been able to bring itself to an equal state of perfection with hand labour, by the introduction of machines for all that can be fabricated by these means. Of the four rope-walks of Bayonne, three are carried on by machinery; another rope-walk exists at St. Esprit, in the department of the Landes, and rivals those of Bayonne. Bayonne possesses alone, besides the greatest portion of workshops for the manufacture of chocolate, distilleries for the manufacture of Andaya and other liqueurs, manufactories for the preparation of leather and firs for oars, one stonemasonry, and two shops for polishing its works, and others of the same nature. Amongst the occupations common to the whole arrondissement, we must mention, in the first class, the fabrication of shoes, (de pacotille,) whose principal manufactories are at Hasparren and at Bayonne. This manufacture has lost its principal and important sale in America, but it has succes- sively extended its contracts in the interior of France, and its relations spread far and wide. The manufacture of woollen cloths conies next, called Marreques or Limousines, almost all collected together at Hasparren. This business may have great increase by the lowering of entrance duties, proposed by government on the common wools of Spain, which are necessary to supply the deficiency, of those of the country to furnish this manufacture. The same cause will without doubt give a greater activity to the manufacture of woollen caps and stockings knitted and milled, which is exclusively possessed by Labastide and Clairence. This business makes daily progress, and increases in importance, in proportion as the demands of the interior of France and of Spain are multiplied. Tan-yards are spread over the whole of the Basque country, but the greatest number are found in the communes of Hasparren ; Urcuray, which is joined to it ; and Cambo, which touches Urcaray. In our former communications, we have not spoken of a trade, which is nevertheless very pro- ductive in the country, because its produce does not go beyond local consumption. We ought, how- ever, to mention it, because it occupies many hands, and supports numerous families. It is the trade of weavers. There is no village in the arrondissement which does not contain two or three, and in many there are still more ; they manufacture, with the flax produced in the country, and four or five cargoes annually imported from Havre, very fine linens, used almost exclusively by the inhabitants of our agricultural districts, and also in considerable quantities by those of the towns, and almost the whole of the table-linen used in the arrondissement. The latter article furnishes even some exporta- tion for Spain. Tunnies and anchovies are likewise prepared at St. Jean deLuz. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 205 We annex a table, presenting the detailed notes on the state of trade. We shall only point out here the increase which has taken place in the number of labourers employed in ship-building, on account of the extension it has received. Tliev reckon at the present time, — 74 Rigging-makers, and 150 Rope- makers. 175 Ship carpenters, of whom 25 are apprentices 63 Borers , , 3 , , The number of workmen and the rate of wages in other trades have not varied of late, not- withstanding the continuation of the great works of military engineers, which employ about 400 men on the works themselves, and a great many besides for stone-cutting, principally in the quarries of Bidache, and the transport of materials to the place where they are to be employed. The management of the salt-works of Briscout still remains to be spoken of. This branch of business, abandoned to efforts better or worse guided, having to conquer all the obstacles of a moun- tainous country, and without any practicable road, hitherto presents nothing but very variable and uncertain results. At this moment there are twenty-eight pits contracted for with the Custom-house, but only four or five are well conducted. Some amongst them are so abundant that one alone would suffice for the whole supply. The quantity of water used varies as the demand becomes more or less brisk. The following is a "sketch of what it has been in the three last months : — December 1833, they have drawn 1,216 hogsheads of water, which have paid 19,466 fr. in duty. January 1S34 ■. . . 2,405, which have paid . . . 36,418 February 1834 . . . 1,194, which have paid . . . 18,533 ,, The water is weighed on being drawn out of each hogshead. The duty is paid in proportion to the degree of saltness, and has been fixed, till the law is passed which is expected, at 75 cents, per degree, and for the hogshead of 300 litres, so that a hogshead of water of 20 degrees pays 15 francs duty, and if of 21 degrees, 19 francs 75 centimes. Fifty- seven "manufacturers have made a declaration for the Custom-house, but there are scarcely a dozen who have begun to manufacture. The salt of Briscout is sold at 15, francs the 50 kilogrammes. At present it is for the interest of the manufacturers to renounce all profit, in order to circulate their salt, to make it known, and to combat, by these means, the prejudices and the repugnance of the consumers, habituated to the exclu- sive use of marine salt. Some demands have been already received from the neighbouring depart- ments, and even from the department of Arriege. The navigation of the Adour and of its tributary streams as far as Mont-de-Marsan and St. Sever must naturally give to the salt-works of Briscout the supply of all these countries. The local administration should henceforward facilitate this branch of business, by rendering the salt-works accessible at all times by passable roads. The repairs of the road, so urgently demanded long since, from Bayonne to Bidache, would in a great measure accom- plish this end, for a short road branching from it would unite to it the salt-works. Another would be necessary to join the salt-works to a navigable stream, and which is only at the distance of a league from it, and this canal would likewise require some labour in order to perfect its navigation. The importance of this branch of business and the considerable revenue which it brings to the public treasury would sufficiently merit that these expenses should be incurred in its favour, even if they were not demanded by the imperious wants of the arrondissement of Bayonne, and to repair the injustice by which it has hitherto been deprived of any kind of roads, whilst the other arrondissement? of the department are furrowed by them in every direction. As we are led to speak of the roads, we cannot refrain from demanding also in the interest of the commerce of our arrondissement, the complete repair, as far as the frontier of Spain, of the road from Bayonne to Amhoa. We may venture to affirm, that it is one of the roads of France where the greatest quantity of merchandise passes, for it is the only one which can be used for the numerous exports from France for Navarre and Arragon in manufactured objects, in colonial produce, and others of great bulk, and for the transport of wools, liquorice juice, and roots, skins, and other articles which Bayonne receives from Spanish Navarre. It is said, that military considerations are opposed to this road being classed as a departmental road ; but must we then sacrifice beforehand and for ever the interests of a state of peace to those of a state of war, always uncertain and transitory ; and has this state of war ever been less probable for this country than now ? We say nothing here of smuggling, which continues to be the bane of industry and of the morals of our country ; because we know that the project of a law submitted to the Chambers proposes a lowering of duties, which will reduce the profits of this perilous undertaking. But nevertheless, we are far from finding the reform sufficient, and our desires would call for one more complete. We are con- vinced that the results of the first experiments will speedily cause more efficient reductions on duties. Every one will perceive, that in occupying ourselves here with the interests of the commerce of Bayonne, we are also assisting those of the whole of the department, and even its agricultural interests, for it would be impossible for any of them not to suffer loss by decrease of the consumption, which the industry of Bayonne and its population, the most considerable of any in the department, demand. We shall finish this statement by calling the attention of the government to the improvements of which our commercial relations with Portugal are susceptible, which formerly received from the depart- ment of the Lower Pyrenees a great Ojiiantity of salt provisions, maize, dry vegetables, resinous matter, and ropes. We repeat what we said on this subject, in our letter of the 20th September, 1833, that nothingwould be more easy than to obtain, by diplomatic means, facilities for the re-establishment of this commerce, because England cannot rival France in any of these articles. In fine, our most urgent wants are : — 1. The improvement of the bar of Bayonne by works at the mouth of the Adour, till the embankment of this river is commenced between Bayonne and the village and Lazaretto de iloucou ; probably the only effectual means of permanently improving the entrance of the port. 2. To repair the road from Bayonne to Bidache, principally with a view of rendering the salt-works of Briscout accessible, and thus completing the communication of these salt-works with the Adour. 3. To continue and to improve the works on the road from Bayonne to Amhoa, as far as the Spanish frontier. 4. To obtain from the Spanish Government the revocation of its decree of the 4th July, 1830. 5. To negotiate stipulations with the Portuguese Government, to re-estabiish the commerce which it formerly held with our department. Bayonne, March 21st, 1834. Report of the state of industry in the arrondissement, sent by the Chamber of Commerce to the Sous-Prcfet. 206 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL "3 .2 c ■8 S u . fc- ^ art a K 0> > £ a 2 ca "H cu 5 a5 ca — CD 3 '3 C ci .5 >J U ca n 5 2 d i-i erf h-) o ca 5 ca 5 -a J B O -S a-s o •ri PP cc >, a ao •a x .a a "■''13 ° a J- = a 'a .9 a 02 is 02 t3 ° 2 13- Cjj ^5 cj 35 gj &> >> >» "a Ph -3- Ph J= £cj pa pqS . o o 3 o o o c/3 3 3 O 3 3 3 " o o t-* -a* o o o o o o o o • o o 3 o o o o 3 o So 2 t; o 3 = O O O ~ " Z M ~ S © * o o o „o o © t cs -r & o n3 CJ o o * o cu OJ t*N <— . o o c£i o »^ CO "ca T3 Ph co aj 05 < O c _ o< _ c ^taauSu^d fJ vJ J C c <-> Cj K 3) waca w 5 3 O > — Q3 OJ ►"-< 3 ^ S 3 P-S J 3 I 02 ta Ph § £ "3 5 ►j a 03 a s h 5a 3 a O .3 s co - c ™ 01 3 — -o i> o a s .3 E>* fcc'^ m ca ■C a.H -b-Oh B "C M ca 32 u -9 i; a ca k f. t *-' a ° p a « « Q >>-?- ca " IS a a "a H Ph cs a o £ j- ca a 3 >.2 H pqU E QJ OJ 3 r3 ■*» O o © o o CI o to O CI o O O O O 35 O O O O to o o o o o Ph Ph Ph r J" ~ ^ B 3 tu 3 to ^ j- in co ;y t^ ^! ^=5 "ca ca ca o Ph Ph ca 2 o o a ' O -a . to ^2 o S ■is a "ca o 02 O 02 O <=> - - °- C 0; 0 o m t=> »n rHOO o o o o -a O O O 3 I 3 3 3 03 o"oo"o"S CN! 3 3 3 '-J, H M CO CI O 3 52 > 3 O 2 r» 3 i II s a aa 3 >? a $ P o > warren, Hasj - 3 a o o § ! l c ca So w nne Ditto Bayonne, Cambo Bajfc ca PP Ph ta 02 t> CO 3 ° 35! ca CP -H-T t^ 1 f3 o : ."13 a "S * pa p PP <3£> •sdoqs^io^ aqj jo jaquin^j CO CM r-H «PP 173 CH be "3 .3 a *ca g ca 03 J ir co CO Ph o S > ,tu as * ^1 Etc s t«3 tj 12 jS £P § ^ Co ca ^ ca " -3 ca o o ^ ca ^a •3 02 I 3 M « M fco ca a> . : — ! S ta * to?? I" O to c !^ ^ a *o — 02 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 207 NOTES. 1. Oak employed in Ship-building. — Its price varies from 90 c. to 2 f. 50 c. the cubic foot, according to the size of the pieces. It is thus that the wood for a large vessel costs more in proportion than a small one. The estimate of the value of wood used for ship-building has been determined by an average proportion as exact as possible. 2. Rape-making. — The produce here mentioned is independent of all that it has provided for ship building, and exclu- sively destined for the places pointed out in the table. •,- 3. Sail-cloth. — It is impossible to state exactly the quantity of flax used for this purpose. The greater orless supply depends upon the number of ships built. The value of the manufacture may have been nearly estimated ; because it bears a constant proportion to that of the cost of vessels. 4. Pulleys and Forges. — The same observations apply to these two branches of trade, the necessity for which cannot be estimated in primary materials, and whose produce has been estimated from the cost of the vessels. 5. Oars, Tan-yards, and Skin-dressing. — It has been impossible to obtain an exact estimate of the primary materials used for these trades. It is of little importance with regard to oars, whose value entirely depends on the workmanship. It is very variable for the other trades, according to the high or low price of cattle. 6. Sorted Shoes. — The estimate of materials employed for this business is to be found, in a great measure, in that of the produce of the tan-yards and of skin-dressing of the country above mentioned. The increase which it may experience for some other accessary materials is of very small importance. 7. Marble-cutting. — The nature of the produce of this business, and of the primary materials used for it, are not susceptible of estimate : hitherto they are very unimportant. 8. Wool-washing. — It is equally impossible- to estimate, either before or after washing, the quantity of wools cleaned in these establishments. It will be sufficient to know, that each quintal of 100 kil. of washed wool which comes out of them has produced about from 7 to 12 f. at the establishment, and that this expense consists almost entirely in the salaries of the workmen and the profits of the proprietors, for they scarcely ever wash them in hot water, and there is consequently scarcely any expense whatever. 1 9, Salt-works. — The estimates given here for the supposed produce of a year are founded on the extraction of water during the months of December, 1833, January and February, 1834 ; but these results are still very precarious, and we are informed, that at this moment, the manufacture is almost entirely standing still; probably, because the demand is lessened. Bayonne, March 2\st, 1834. Signed by The Members composing the Chamber of Commerce. APPENDIX No. LI. Address from the Commercial Committee of Havre to the Peers of France, and to the Members for the Departments. Having expressed our full and entire adherence to the principles laid down in the address lately pre- sented to you by the merchants of Bordeaux, and having at the same time stated our opinion that the • Customs' Law' proposed by the Minister of Commerce was not, by any means, adequate to our pre- sent wants, we have thought it our duty to offer to you, gentlemen, some explanations in support of the opinion so expressed by us. Above all things, however, and as far as it is possible for us so to do, we decidedly protest against any intention to oppose that law on political grounds, that may be imputed to us. We have adhered to the principles set forth by the mercantile body of Bordeaux, because they may be briefly expressed in those considerations which ought, in our opinions, to form the basis of our pre- sent constitutional Government: — ' A system of commerce which creates* inequalities among the in- ' habitants of a country subject to the same political laws, and to the same public imposts, is a viola- 4 tion of the rights and of the reciprocal obligations which unite together the different portions of the ' state; on the other hand, labour being the principal source of property, and property being the basis ' on which every sound political institution ought to be founded, a system of legislation which, in ' favouring only particular branches of industry, has, in the first instance, the effect of diminishing • production, and the increase of capital, and, in the second place, prevents the spreading thereof, to ' the fullest extent, among the great mass of the community, acts in direct opposition to the object ' which a representative government must ever have in view ; for, being founded on the interests ' of the majority of the people, such a government will necessarily facilitate equally to all the means, ' not only of providing for their subsistence, and the increase of their happiness, but also of acquiring, • by their labour, the necessary means of obtaining political rights.' Is there any one who would venture to maintain that our system of industry is calculated in its present state to promote, as far as it might do, the attainment of the object we have just pointed out? It would be easy to us to prove that manufacturing or commercial privileges are a hundred fold more pernicious to a country than those of an aristocratic nature ; but to demonstrate this would carry us too far, and would lead us into a train of argument foreign to the object contemplated in this address. We think it unnecessary to add any thing further on this first branch of the subject. We shall speak more at length with reference to the newly-projected ' Customs' Law.' The appearance of this law, we state it with respect, has caused us no less surprise than disappoint- ment. We seek in vain among the statement of the grounds on which the law is founded for any one of those great principles, or of those lofty considerations, which should have accompanied a discussion of such importance. The question is considered, neither with reference to an increase of revenue, which a reduction of the import duties on several foreign commodities, such as sugar, coffee, cocoa, &c, would naturally produce, from an increased consumption of those articles, as from the suppression of the smuggling which is daily carried on ; neither with reference to the advantages to be derived by our navigation f from such an increased consumption ; neither with reference to other advantages to various branches * We use the word create, because it does not belong to any system to remedy natural inequalities with reference to general industry, which may be found to exist between different parts of the same country. We state this explanation, to prevent any false interpretation being put on our sentiments on this important point. f It is not only our mercantile marine that should be considered on this occasion, but our military marine also ; for if the first is the active instrument of our industry and civilization, the second is also an important means of defence and of power, and which more particularly deserves the attention of a constitutional government, inasmuch as it is more dan- gerous to liberty. 20S APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL of industry, such as sugar-refining, the internal conveyance of the articles both by land and water carriage, naturally resulting from such operations. Neither is the question considered with reference to our colonial system, which so urgently demands revision, not only as it regards the interests of the mother country, but as affecting the interests of the colonies themselves ; nor, in the last place, with a view to those political effects always resulting from the commercial relations between nation and nation.* The statement of the reasons for the proposed law, in which it is impossible to discover any trace of the high capacity of the minister of commerce, appears to us to be nothing more than a mere official compilation, full of common-places, of prejudices, and of that profound ignorance in matters of com- merce and national industry, which has characterized all the official reports which have been made either during the time of the empire, or during the Restoration. If the author or authors of the production in question have occasionally alluded to^ome general principles, it has been for the purpose only of not acting upon those which are well founded, or of adopting, on the other hand, those which are false. To justify the first of these assertions, we do not think it necessary to have recourse to any quota- tion. It is enough to read the statement of the grounds on which the projet is supported, to be struck with the numerous contradictions which it offers in this respect. One of the principles, or rather of the errors, to which our second assertion applies, is that which consists in considering prohibition, or high import duties equivalent thereto, as a necessary and effi- cacious mode of first establishing, and subsequently carrying to their fullest extent, branches of manu- facture not already existing in a country. Now to us nothing appears to be more ill founded than such .an opinion. We might as well contend that because the ideas of liberty now enjoyed in France originated and developed themselves under the absolutism and corruption of the ancient regime, it is to these last that we are indebted for our liberty.f But let us leave such wordy logic, and proceed to facts. Who is there at the present moment that does not know, that it is to the invention of machinery, and to the immense power of production which it has acquired by combination with the more than human power of steam, that England is solely indebted for the degree of perfection to which she has carried, in a very few years, the spinning and weaving of cotton ? That it is to the application of coal to the manufacturing of iron, to the favourable position of the beds of coal and of the iron ore,| and to the cheap mode of conveying iron from the iron foundries to the place of shipment, that England is further indebted for the means of furnishing that metal at a cheaper rate than any other country ? It is stated, among the grounds for the proposed law, that England, during forty years, protected her iron manufactories by high duties;§ — be it so — but without a combination of the several causes we have just enumerated, England might have continued those protecting duties for ages without any better effects than have been produced by the duties with which our administration have protected the proprietors of the iron forges in France. Who is there also who does not know that France, during several years past, has been overwhelmed with various sorts of silk and cotton manufactures from Switzerland, Prussia, Saxony, || &c, some of which have net been protected by any duty at all, and others only by very low duties ? That Belgium, whose cotton manufactures while it formed a part of France were protected by a prohibitory system, soon after it passed under the dominion of Holland found itself able to compete with the cotton goods of England, under the protection of moderate duties only, and now, when in consequence of her separation from Holland, she has been deprived of the privilege she enjoyed in the trade with the Dutch colonies, finds herself enabled to pursue that branch of manufacture as success- fully as she did before that separation. What other conclusion can be drawn from the facts above stated, than that it is neither prohibition nor protection such as have been established by our Administration, but competition, whereby inge- nious and industrious nations are excited to imitate and rival each other in the pursuits of industry ; that is the real cause of the original establishment of all branches of manufacturing industry, and of their progress to the highest degree of perfection, it being understood, however, that in . s such cases each nation is permitted to carry on its operations upon equal terms, that is to say, so far as regards the cost of raw; materials, and of the several charges incurred in manufacturing. Here again we shall appeal to facts in support of our conclusion. The silk manufactures of England, while labouring under the prohibitory system, remained in a languishing condition. The English Parliament removed that prohibition, and in a moment that branch of manufacture made a powerful effort, and now contends on equal terms with many articles of silk manufactures produced in other countries. In France the manufacturers of beet-root sugar at their first establishment could not, even with great difficulty, produce that article for consumption at less than six francs per lb. ; at present they furnish it at a tenth part of that price, having been forced by the competition with foreign sugar to improve their manufacturing processes ; and, according to the declaration of some of the persons * If Befgium, for example, with a view to its manufacturing and commercial interests, were to become a member of the Prussian commercial confederation, can we suppose that its political connexions with France would not be broken the first moment that she might have occasion to choose between those interests and the mere relations of neighbour- hood with France ; or can our present connexion with England be considered as placed on a solid foundation, so long as it is not cemented by considerations of a more powerful character than those arising out of mere political feelings ? f There was a time also, wht*n it was supposed in England, that because several branches of manufacture had ex- tended themselves under a prohibitory system, such extension was owing to the system; and although Mr. Huskisson completely overturned this supposition in Parliament, the system followed by England, at a time when she was less advanced in the science of political economy, continues still to be quoted as an example by our Government. The fact, however, is, (a fact now placed beyond all doubt,) that it is to the discovery and employment of means till that time unknown (machinery and steam) in the manufacture of cotton, aiid the application of coal to the manufacture of iron, that England is indebted for the superiority she acquired in a short period in those two branches of industry. X In many parts of England the iron ore is found even in the soil which covers the coal mines. § Those duties, however, have never been carried beyond 175 francs per ton, while in France the duties which protect the manufacture of iron rise, according to the different descriptions of the article, from 250 to 500 francs, or generally 375 francs, and with the additional decime 412 francs 50 centimes per ton. || Notwithstanding all the impediments thrown on the transit trade, a pretty considerable quantity of cottons and silks arrive daily at Havre from those countries, to be embarked for different foreign markets, where they come in competition with similar articles of French and English manufacture. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 209 engaged in that manufacture, they have not yet arrived at the lowest price at which, in consequence of further improvements, they expect to be able to produce this article.* We will now consider the principal arguments which have been urged in support of the proposed law, answering each as we proceed. 'All absolute systems are completely false.' A curious reflection, indeed, on the part of an Administration whose commercial system is one of the most absolute that can possibly be conceived. But we will pass over this way of considering the argument. In questions of policy, which fall within the province of philosophy, every one is necessarily at liberty to confine the exercise of his imagination, as well as of his judgment, within a circle more or less limited; we conceive it may be truly said, that an absolute system must be a false system ; but in questions of a commercial nature, which do not admit of argument as a substitute for the positive language of arithmetic, is the above maxim well founded? We reply that it is not, so long as it remains incontestable that in questions, the solution of which depends on pure mathematical reasoning, there can be no middle term between truth and error. Thus, then, if the epithet false is admissible in reasoning on questions of this description, it cer- tainly is applicable to this first argument in support of the proposed law. 'We know of but one country which has contented itself with producing merely those articles * which it can produce more advantageously than any other country, and supplying the remainder of • its wants from foreign sources, and that is Portugal ; but is hers an example to follow ?' Yes, her example is incontestably a good one to follow, for who would undertake to prove that if Portugal employed in producing the various manufactures which she procures from England and other foreign countries, the same amount of labour that she employs in producing the wine with which she pays for those manufactures, it would be more advantageous for her to abandon this com- mercial interchange of merchandize? No, that is not the cause of the misery of Portugal ; her misery arises from the extreme idleness produced by the system of monkism and of mortmain, which benumbing all the faculties of that unfortunate country, prevent her extending the cultivation of the soil to the fullest extent to which it might be carried, in order to meet, in the first place, its own wants, and, in the next place, to furnish an increased supply of articles to be exchanged with foreign countries. ' In 1786, a celebrated treaty, drawn up under the influence of persons actuated by the spirit of a ' theoretical system, exposed our national industry to a ruinous attack. A violent reaction was the 4 consequence of this precipitate measure; and it became necessary to have recourse to prohibitory 4 laws, which would have been avoided had a less hasty course been pursued in the first instance.' It is perfectly true, that the moment this treaty removed the barriers which till then had opposed the introduction of British produce and manufactures into France, a considerable importation of those articles took place ; but before we decide (as has been done in the expose' of the proposed Customs' Law) that those importations were disadvantageous to France, let us consider what were the immediate consequences of them ; for those first results will afford the means of forming a correct judgment as to the probable ultimate consequences of that treaty, which is always held up as a bugbear to the country. It should in the first place be remarked, that the value of the manufactured goods of England imported under the operation of that treaty, which in 1787 amounted, according to the Custom House returns of that period, to 35,000,000 livres tournois, in 178S amounted to only 27,000,000, and in 1789 was reduced to 23,000,000. Now, to this first and important observation we will add another, which will not be contraverted by any of those persons living at that time who have watched attentively, and without prejudice, the effects of that treaty. Those effects were as follows : From the first year in which those English manufactures began to be imported into France they were imitated, not very well at first, but afterwards more successfully, and it is from that epoch that we may, in fact, date the first establishment or the improvement of several branches of industry, such as cotton-weaving, articles of knitting, silk hosiery, hat-making, boots and shoes, saddlery, carriages, cutlery, hardware, and earthenware. In several of these branches France now equals her neighbours ; and she would soon equal them in all other branches that are consistent with her climate and the nature of her soil, if competition, aided by the patterns which the admission of foreign manufactured articles at moderate duties would enable our manufacturers to procure, should thereby become the only stimulus necessary to drive them on to that point at which they would no longer have occasion to fear foreign rivalry. It is, however, always to be understood, that to those conditions should be added the permission to introduce into France all descriptions of foreign raw materials at such rates of duty as would place our manufactures on as favourable a footing in that respect as those of foreign countries. Let us consider the commercial treaty of 1786 in another point of view. We have before stated, that according to the official documents of that period, the importations of British manufactured goods into France in the year 1788 presented a total of 27,000,000 livres tour- nois ; but in that sum we must include India manufactures to the extent of about 8,000,000, so that on the whole the importations of British manufactured articles' in 1788 did not amount to more than 19,000,000. We will now state, on the other hand, what was the amount of some of the principal articles exported from France to England in that year. French manufactured goods ... .... liv. 4,786,200 Produce of the French colonies, consisting principally of the returns fori . „,„ .„„ French manufactures exported to those colonies . . j ' ' Liquids 13,492,200 23,216,800 So that these exportations set against the 19,000,000,t being the amount of the importation of British manufactured articles, in 1788, present during that year a balance of more than liv. 4,000,000 in favour of France, which, added to other articles exported from France to England in that year, * It is only as an example of the effects of competition that we here allude to the beet-root sugar manufacture, which, so far as regards economy, we consider to be very disadvantageous to the country, inasmuch as it cannot maintain itself without the help of the high duties which are imposed on foreign sugars. t 19,101,900 livres is the exact amount of the importations into France, in 1788, of English manufactures, properly so called, according to the public returns of that date. 3 G 210 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL furnished France the means of paying on her part for other articles imported from England, and which she must at all events have imported, as they consisted of materials necessary for manufactures, liquors, eatables, drugs, spices, cattle, horses, tobacco, and other less valuable articles.* Such, then, were the consequences to France of this much talked-of-treaty of 1786, which is still referred to with alarm by many persons, who either could not, or would not, give themselves the trouble to ascertain the real state of the case by a diligent consideration of the facts we have just stated. We now ask all who are possessed of common sense, and are uninfluenced by prejudice, whether it has not been proved incontestably by those facts, that if the treaty of 1786 had not been broken in the sudden manner which occurred, and if it had remained in force a sufficient time to produce the effects which might naturally have been expected from it, we ask, we repeat, whether the result would not have been that all the branches of British industry, of which the establishment in France was not ren- dered impracticable by physical causes beyond the control of human powers, would gradually have been established in France, without burthening her with the immense sacrifice t which has been occa- sioned by the establishment of a prohibitory system ? J To maintain that such results would most assuredly not have taken place in the course of time, would be to suppose that in point of genius and industry the French people are inferior to the Swiss, the Prussians, the Saxons, and other nations, who, without the assistance of a protecting system, have, as has already been observed, not only been enabled to equal France, but have even surpassed her in the cheapness of their cotton and silk manufactures. In making these remarks, our object has been to throw the light of truth upon the points in discus- sion ; but having fulfilled this duty, which was indeed imposed upon us by the necessity of placing the question on its true ground, we are anxious to declare, that having thus pronounced our decided opinion against the false principles of the system which has been, and which still continues to be followed, we freely admit that some regard is due to the various interests which have sprung up under that system, and we should not be disposed to object to their being treated with every degree of consideration which strict justice may require on the one hand, and which the general interest of the nation may have a right to demand on the other. But that we may not confine ourselves to vague declarations on this head, we shall, after making a few preliminary remarks, point out in what respects some of those interests may be attended to. If there were no taxes in France, it might be a question how far it would be advisable to admit all foreign productions free of duty ; but we are not in a situation to discuss such a point. But there exist taxes in France, by which the State, in order to provide for its wants, takes away a portion of the wages and profits of those by whom the national industry is carried on ; it would, there- fore, be an evident injustice to those parties, were we to permit foreign productions to be brought into consumption in France, without subjecting them to duties, equal, at least, to a fair proportion of those taxes. It would be difficult to determine the precise amount of that equivalent, but an approximation might be effected. The gross amount of the income of France being about eight milliards of francs, and the annual amount of taxes being only one milliard, it follows, that the latter form an eighth, or about 12 per -cent, of the general income of the country. But as this income includes that arising from capital, § which may be reckoned at one-third of the general income above mentioned, and capital being in effect an inert value until it is put into activity by employment, whence it may be said that it is labour which alone furnishes aliment to the revenue, the sum levied in France upon the profits of national industry would be from 18 to 20 per cent.|| * The following is a detailed statement of the commerce between England and France in 1788. Importations from England into France in 1788 : — Kaw Materials for Manufactures Liv. 18,799,900 Liquids 271,000 Eatables . 9,992,300 Drugs ......... 1,995,900 Groceries . 1,026,900 Cattle, including Horses 702,800 Tobacco 843,100 Other Articles of smaller value . . . . . 187,200 33,819,100 Manufactured Articles, the fabric of countries other than! England (more particularly India Goods} . . / ' ' Manufactured Goods made in England . . . . 19,101,900 Exportations from France to England in 1788: — Raw Materials fur Manufactures ..... 1,169,300 Articles of French Manufacture 4,780,200 Articles of Foreign Manufacture ..... 2,015,100 Liquids 13,492,200 Eatables 2,215,400 Cotton Wool, the growth of French Colonies _ . . . 4.297,300 Other Articles, the produce of French Colonies . . 641,100 Drugs 759,100 Cattle, including Horses 181,700 Tobacco " . . . 733,900 Other Articles of smaller value ..... 167,400 ^ In estimating at fifty millions only the annual misapplication of capital which has been occasioned by the prohibi- tory system in Fiance, this loss of capital, calculated at .five per. cent, compound interest for forty years only, would present a total loss to France of more than seven milliards, (7,000,000,000 livres,) a sum equal to more than twice the amount of her national debt, deducting the sums redeemed by the sinking fund, and almost equal to the gross annual income of the kingdom. J We do not deny that the treaty of 1788 occasioned at the time some disturbance in France in particular districts, but that is not the question here ; for the point now to be decided is whether at that time the treaty was or was not favourable to the general interests of the country ; and in the second place, whether, as is observed in the text, it is not certain, that if it had remained longer in force its effect would not have been to naturalize in France various branches of manufacture, which have been established there by the help only of a vicious system of restrictions, and of the great sacrifices which that system has occasioned to the country. § Under this head we include not only real property, but all other immovable property of whatever kind. , || If these calculations, which have been hastily framed, shall be found to be erroneous, they may easily b€ corrected. Ia making use of them our only object has been to establish, as a principle, that the protection to be given to our national RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 211 This, then, would be about the rate which we think it would be advisable to adopt as the maximum of duty to be established hereafter on the importation of all foreign productions into France, with the exception, however, of raw materials, which being the elements of industry, should be subject to a different treatment. With respect to these last articles, we should recommend the adoption of the scale established by the lowest foreign Tariff, with the view of placing our manufacturers on as advan- tageous a footing in this respect as those of the most favoured foreign country. Reverting to the above rate of 18 to 20 per cent, as the maximum of duty, we should consider its adoption the more advisable, as it is the rate beyond which smuggling is always introduced as an in- fallible corrective of excessive duties or prohibitions. These principles being admitted, the next point to be considered is the mode of carrying them into execution. Two modes of doing this present themselves. The first is a gradual and general reduction of our import duties ; the other an immediate reduction of the duty on raw materials, and a simultaneous diminution, at the earliest possible period, of the imposts on all articles overburthened with duty. By one or other of these modes, old existing interests, as well as new branches of industry, might prepare themselves to meet the effects of any changes which might be determined upon, and of which notice might be given. We should, however, prefer the second mode, as being more open and more rational. In point of fact, the first mode, although apparently more satisfactory, would, in our opinion, be less so in reality ; for we should consider it to be an irregidar system, as little favourable while it lasted to those ancient interests which it was intended to protect, as to those of a more recent date, to which it was to afford a just degree of protection. The new arrangement which we propose should be considered in another point of view, that is, with respect to the revenue ; now, unless all the lessons of experience in such matters are to be re- jected, it appears to us to be most certain that an important increase in the receipts of our customs' duties would follow the adoption of the plan we propose, resulting on the one hand from the de- struction of smuggling, and on the other from the great increase which would take place in the con- sumption of various articies of foreign production. Added to which, the various branches of industry which would be established or extended, owing to the reduction of the duties on raw materials, would secure to the revenue, in various ways, and in anticipation, that degree of compensation which would be necessary to it, whenever those reductions which might be expected seriously to affect it might take place. It would now remain for us to enter into some details with respect to the newly-proposed Customs* Law itself ; but having, after mature deliberation, already expressed our opinion that this law does not by any means meet the wants of the nation, we shall content ourselves with adding to this declaration our conviction that the present projet should be withdrawn, and that in the ensuing session a new projet should be introduced, better calculated to meet the demands which have for some time past been so generally and so solemnly brought forward, that they can no longer be resisted. We are further of opinion, that when the fundamental principles which we have laid down shall have been fairly adopted, it will be advisable to proceed without precipitation, for it is only by esta- blishing a new Tariff, which shall in all respects be conformable to those principles, that a satisfactory arrangement on this subject can be effected ; an arrangement which we are satisfied cannot be com- pleted in a moment, but which must, on the other hand, be confided to hands far more capable of conducting it to a successful conclusion than those to which, since the revival of the French commerce, the interests of her commercial industry have been entrusted. In the mean time the administration might, by royal ordonnance, carry into effect those practical ameliorations which are proposed in the new Customs' Law. Upon the whole, gentlemen, we are quite satisfied that all those branches of industry whose exist- ence in France is possible, would not only maintain themselves, but would even prosper then under a scale of import duties on foreign productions which should not exceed the premium required for the introduction of those articles by means of smuggling. If our government shall refuse to adopt this course of proceeding, it will be clear to us that in persisting to uphold in its full extent the existing system of protection, it can have no other object in view than to afford a most exorbitant degree of protection to a few privileged individuals, such as the proprietors of iron foundries, of coal mines, and forests, at the expense of the general interests of the country. This, in our opinion, gentlemen, is the whole of the question which you are called upon to decide. We beg you will accept the assurance of our high respect and consideration, and we have the honour to remain, &c. &c. &c. J. B. Delaunay, President, F. Perquer, Vice-President, Th. Baltazard, Secretary, And eleven others. Havre, 10th March, 1834. APPENDIX No. LII. Extract from the Proces Verbal of the Commercial Commission of Havre, dated 10th March, 1834. After reading the projet of the proposed address, and having examined the principles on which it is founded, the President consults the members of the Commission. 1. As to the maximum of duty to be imposed on articles not being raw materials. 2. As to the preference to be given to a system by which the existing duties shall be generally but gradually lowered, or to one by which those duties should be simultaneously reduced, at a fixed and as early a period as may be possible. 3. As to the advantages of immediately reducing the duties on raw materials. industry against foreign competition ought not to exceed the amount to which those persons who carry on that industry contribute to the public revenue. A principle which ought further to be limited by the rate of premium at which foreign productions may be smuggled into the country. 3 H 212 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL After having seriously considered these questions : — • Considering that beyond 20 per cent, there is a always a risk of smuggling-, and that such a duty,, adding thereto the other charges which must necessarily fall on foreign articles brought into our markets in competition with similar articles of French production, would be more than sufficient to pro- tect those branches of national industry which have in themselves the elements of success. Considering that a gradual lowering of duties, which would progressively diminish the protection enjoyed under the existing Tariff, would leave fewer resources towards preparing for a change of system ; — that such lowering, if gradual, ought in justice to be adjusted in strict proportion to the advantages enjoyed by different branches of industry; — that the execution of this mode of proceeding applied to our colonial regime, for example, would create very considerable, if not insurmountable dif- ficulties; — that a gradual lowering would, in the last place, expose the public revenue to a deficit greater in amount, and longer in duration, than a simultaneous reduction, which preserves a due equilibrium between the different interests which might be called upon to act under the new Tariff, and would soon bring about an increase in the revenue of customs. Considering that it is absolutely necessary to reduce, without loss of time, the duties on raw materials, in order that the different branches of industry may be enabled forthwith to avail them- selves of the new powers which increased means of supply would occasion, whereby they would be- enabled to prepare beforehand, and to a very important extent, those sources of compensation which the State would expect to derive from the proposed changes in the present system of raising the- revenue. The meeting unanimously agree — That they adopt the proposed address, with its conclusions, tending — 1. To effect a reduction at once, and at a period to be fixed. 2. To adopt the rate of 20 per cent, as the maximum of the new duties. 3. To reduce immediately, to a very moderate rate, the duties on raw materials, more particularly those on coals, cast metals, iron and steel, wool, &c. They further determine that the address shall be presented for signature to the whole commercial body of Havre ; that it shall be printed, and then forwarded to the members of the Legislative Chambers, to all the maritime and manufacturing towns, and that the deputies for this department be requested to give it their support. (Duly certified.) Theodore Baltazard, Secretary. APPENDIX No. LIII. Extracts from the Correspondence between the Havre Chamber of Commerce anal the Minister of Commerce. Havre, \Uh October, 1834. We have never lost an opportunity of urging on the Government the necessity of instituting com- mercial inquiries; — we grieve that they have been so often attended with fruitless results. On the late occasion the exclusion of the grave and important questions of iron and coals has much disappointed us. If we were authorized to hope that the Government had determined to propose a large reduction of duty, we should abstain from observations, — but if the unwillingness to inquire farther is meant to imply that the present state of things is to be continued, we beg to state that there is much yet to be said; for there is not a single branch of industry which is not deeply interested in obtaining these articles on the most advantageous terms — no branch which has not its own facts to produce in corroboration of the demands for reduction which crowd from all sides. Whether or not the questions of iron and coals form part of the inquiry, we are sure it will furnish new reasons for a change of Tariff, as respects these important articles. Prohibitions were established for shielding our national manufactures from foreign competition when the foreigner could offer articles of better quality or lower prices. No one can deny that they restrain commerce, and that it is the duty of Government to check them whenever they are not de- manded by the interests of industry. We see with pleasure your attempt to ascertain the real wants and interests of manufacturers — but it appears to us that before the removal of prohibitions our manu- facturers should be placed, as far as depends upon the Government, in a situation to compete with their rivals. Thus, for example, in the raw materials of the cotton and woollen fabrics, the English manufacturer pays on the United States cotton only 2s, \\d. per cwt. 7 fr. 19 c. per 100 kilogrammes, whilethe French pays 22s. In England the duty on wool cannot exceed T \ of its value, i. e. 8^ per cent., while foreign wool pays 20 or rather 22 per cent, on its value. Let the English duties be compared with ours in all the objects employed in manufactures, and the difference will be found more or less considerable. The comparison has been made, and we refer to it again, especially with reference to matters so vitally im- portant as coals and iron. It may be said that, without lowering the Tariff on the articles employed on manufacture, the manu- facturers may be equally protected by heavy duties on foreign articles. We do not think there is fit compensation on such a system, for heavy duties only encourage fraud, and nothing can be more op- posed to the interests of our manufacturers than the clandestine import of foreign goods, as that de- stroys all the arrangement of regular trade. * # * * * ANSWER OF THE MINISTER OF COMMERCE. Gentlemen, Paris, l&th October, 1S34. I have read with care and attention your answer to my circular of 20th September, and thank you for the observations and information it contains. In recognizing the utility of the in- quiry you give evidence of a discreet and wise spirit, for, living as we live under the regime of publicity, and with our constitutional usages, there would be little of propriety, or even of equity, if the Government pronounced on the grave matters which concern our commercial system, without seeking all information, and calling upon the different interests to express their wishes. If it had acted differently you may be sure it would be subject to bitter reproaches, and for once they would be well founded. I hope the painful sentiments which you say you experienced on not seeing iron and coals among RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 213 the objects of inquiry will have been dissipated by farther reflection. You will have understood that their exclusion from the custom-house project need not be a consequence of their exclusion from the preliminary inquiry, since the ordinary means of information possessed may suffice without the delay which would be caused by a supplementary inquiry. But I did not intend to say that the inquiry might not throw much light on the subject of coal and iron. As raw materials they are closely con- nected with the cost of production of various articles. The connection is obvious, and the facts to which you refer will be duly investigated. I shall make the same observation on what you say respecting raw materials. There is so close a connection between the matters employed by a manufacturer and the situation of that manufacturer, that any inquiry must necessarily embrace both. All is bound together, and it appears to me, that instead of seeing in an inquiry into manufactures the exclusion of raw materials, it would be perhaps more material to find there an opportunity of showing the influence which the duties upon those materials have upon industry. I shall add that it cannot escape your capacity how much the distinc- tion between raw and manufactured materials is arbitrary and relative : the products of the soil are as much the result of labour as the products of manufactures, and there are few articles which are not of the same manufactures, if regarded with a reference to the labour which created them, and raw ma- terials with reference to their ulterior application. Manure, pasturage, &c, are the raw materials of wool — raw wool is the raw material of woollen twist — woollen twist of woollen stuffs — and woollen stuffs are subjected to many transformations before they reach the consumer. The Minister of Commerce. T. Duchatel. * * * * * APPENDIX No. LIV. Report made to the Commercial Commission of Havre, on the differential Duties in favour of French Navigation. From the moment in which it was decided that foreign goods imported into France by foreign vessels should be admitted for consumption, the differential duties, whatever they may be, established in favour of our navigation, even when the goods do not belong to the owner of the ship, are not in reality of any use to our navigation ; they have certainly no other effect than that of assuring to it the preference of the freight. The protection granted by England to its navigation is much more positive; it has been created by a Parliamentary law of that country, known under the name of the " Navigation Act," which goes back as far as the Government of Cromwell. According to this Act, no foreign produce was admitted for consumption in England, except when coming direct from the place of its growth, and imported by English vessels or vessels from the pro- ducing countries, and besides with differential duties on these latter importations, independent of the exceptions stipulated by particular treaties. At the present time the Act in question subsists in all its force, with the exceptions introduced by treaties of reciprocity, which England has concluded with different countries. Neither the state of public opinion on this subject in France, nor the principle which we have avowed in our address to the Legislative Chambers, would permit us to adopt on this question the legis- lation of England, and especially as numerous representations are now made, even in that country, against this system. On this subject the United States of North America have, from the beginning, adopted a very simple principle. As a protection in favour of their navigation, they have increased at a rate of 10 per cent, the amount of duties to which foreign produce is liable when not imported under the flag of the Union. If we examine the low rate of duties of the first Tariff of the United States, under the government of General Washington, it will be immediately discovered, that it is not to these means that the com- mercial shipping owes the immense developement which it has acquired, since the independence of that country. On the other hand, the Americans having now treaties of reciprocity with almost all other maritime nations, it may be said in the actual state of things that their commercial navigation has no advantage over that of other nations, if it b'e not that given to it by the singular position of the United States, and the industry, activity, and intelligence which distinguish that country. Under these various considerations, particularly the three latter, it cannot but be acknowledged that France has the power, with a better system than the present, of striving at least on an equal footing, not only with the United States, but with any other rivals whatever. In all these cases, the adoption of the English Act of Navigation for France being a thing out of question, the differential duties are the only practicable means to enable our navigation to enjoy the protection to which it has a right, even in looking upon it only as an ordinary speculation. Besides, this measure is that which is recognized by our present legislation on this subject. Changes, indeed, ought to take place in this legislation, to make it harmonize with the principles which we have proclaimed in our address to the Legislative Chambers. But, first, let us examine what this legislation is. For the protection of our navigation, it has established several categories. For the European coasting trade, i.e. for the navigation between France and all the other countries of Europe, it has created differential duties, which are not the same as those for long voyages. And for the latter it has created differential duties, which vary according to the countries out of Europe to which our navigation extends. This legislation is not only very complicated, but it is impossible to discover the principle which has served as a basis for the assessment of differential duties, for those duties which in that which concerns our long voyages have been specially determined by our custom-house laws or ordonnances. This case excepted, the principle adopted for fixing the duties equally, hvthat which concerns our long voyages, is this : — The duty by French vessels is increased, namely: — 1st, Up to 50 francs, by a tenth of the duty. 214 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL 2d, From 50 up to 300 francs by a twentieth of the second part of this duty ; but beyond 300 francs no augmentation is admitted. As to the navigation between France and the other countries of Europe, it is not easy to discover on what bases the differential duties have been established. In the present state of things, these duties on sugars, coffee, and cottons, which may be considered as the three principal articles of maritime commerce, on account of their importance as provisions for consumption and as bulky merchandize, are : Upon raw materials exported from the bonding ware- houses of Europe into France : — For foreign ships ........ fr. 105 per 100 kil. For French ships 100 per 100 kil. Difference in favour of the French flag .... 5 per 100 kil. In estimating thus as we have done, for the assessment of the new duties on this article, all the sugars, other than white, at fr. 75 per 100 kil., it follows that the above difference established in favour of our navigation in Europe a protection of about 6| per cent, on the value of the merchandize. On coffees imported from the bonding warehouses of Europe into France, the duties are — For foreign ships ........ fr. 105 per 100 kil. For French ships ........ 100 per 100 kil. Difference in favour of the French flag ... 5 per 100 kil. In estimating at fr. 120 the 100 kil. in common, the value of coffees in the bonding warehouses, tin's difference establishes in favour of our navigation in Europe a protection of about 4^- per cent, on the value of the merchandize. On cottons imported from the bonding warehouses of Europe into France, the duties are — For foreign ships ....... fr.35 per 100 kil. For French ships ....... 30 per 100 kil. Difference in favour of the French flag .... 5 per 100 kil. In estimating at fr. 160 the 100 kil. the average value of cotton at the bonding warehouses, this differ- ence establishes in favour of our navigation in Europe a protection only of about 3^- per cent, on the value of the merchandize. These three amounts of protection give an average of about 4f per cent. Let us now see what is the protection granted to our flag on these same articles in long voyages. Before we proceed to this comparison, we shall first remark, that being of opinion that there ought, henceforward, to exist only two categories of differential duties in favour of our navigation, one for the importations from countries out of Europe generally, and the second for importations from the bond- ing warehouses of Europe, we have, for the comparison in question, adopted the list of the present highest duties. Thus, On the raw sugars imported from countries beyond Europe, the duties are — For foreign ships ....... fr. 110 per 100 kil. For French ships ....... 95 per 100 kil. Difference in favour of the French flag ... 15 In estimating, as above, at 75 fr. the average value of the 100 kil. of sugar at the bonding ware- houses, this difference establishes in favour of our navigation beyond Europe a protection of 20 per cent. On coffees imported into France from countries beyond Europe, the duties are — For foreign ships ....... fr. 105 per 100 kil. For French ships ....... 95 per 100 kil. Difference in favour of the French flag .... 10 In estimating, as above, at 120 fr. the average value of the 100 kil. of coffee at the bonding ware- houses, this difference establishes in favour of our navigation beyond Europe a protection of 8^- per cent. On cottons imported into France from countries beyond Europe, the duties are — For foreign ships . . . . . . . fr. 35 per 100 kil. For French ships ....... 20 per 100 kil. Difference in favour of the French flag . . . . 15 ' In estimating thus, as above, at 160 fr. the average value of the 100 kil. of cotton in the bonding warehouses, this difference establishes in favour of our navigation beyond Europe a protection of about 9J- per cent. These three lists of protecting duties united give an average of about 12^ per cent. To cause the various anomalies, which this system presents, to disappear, a protection calculated generally on the value of the goods appears to be the most rational and j ust plan that can be adopted. Thus, we repeat, by establishing only two categories of differential duties, one for navigation be- yond Europe, and the other for navigation in Europe, we shall adopt for the first the rate from 15 to 20, and for the second that from 5 to 10 per cent., or at which, in its operation, would allow of an average in round numbers, for the rate of differential duty on every species of merchandize. On the other hand, the rate for the navigation beyond Europe, once determined, might be adopted for that of the duty on importation by land (taking into account the necessary limitations, as a security against smuggling, relative to the points of importation) of foreign articles, as desired by many of our frontier towns. In fine, the preceding propositions would establish three classes of duty, namely — First Class. The primitive French duty, applicable to our navigation by long voyages with all countries beyond Europe, without distinction. Second Class. The exceptional French duty, applicable to our navigation with all countries in Europe, also without distinction. Third Class. Foreign duty, applicable to the navigation of all countries under a foreign flag (inde- pendent of the exceptions in virtue of treaties of reciprocity), as well as to the entrance of foreign pro- duce, which in future would be admitted by our land frontiers. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 215 APPENDIX No. LV. From the Chamber of Commerce of Boulogne-sur-Mer to the Minister of Commerce. M. le Minjstre, The Chamber of Commerce has read your circular of 20th September, by which, while you state your intention to institute an inquiry before the superior council of Commerce, in order to consult the different interests on the question of prohibitions, you request it will submit its observations to you, either directly or by the intervention of a delegate. The Chamber of Commerce has thought that it would be sufficient to represent to you the opinion it has long since formed on this question, and which experience has only served to confirm. The Chamber thanks you, in the name of that commerce of which it is the organ, for treating this question openly, and for summoning the different interests to be heard — giving publicity to their state- ments, in order that they may be properly judged by the country. The Chamber had felt the necessity of this publicity, and was the first to demand the printing of the proceedings of the councils-general of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. A good cause has every thing to gain from these dis- cussions ; for impartial and enlightened men will now distinguish between the pretensions of private interest and those based on the general interests of the country. The Chamber will not imitate some maritime towns, which, in their discouragement, have seen in the inquiry a measure which repels all improvement on our custom-house system ; nor some manu- facturing districts, which anticipate the ruins of our fabrics. It has too much confidence in your knowledge and patriotism to share such fears, and is persuaded that you will be able to conciliate the demands of liberality with the regard due to existing interests. We have not at our disposal the facts necessary to furnish the details as to the cost of production of the different articles of French manufactures, toward which the inquiry directs the public attention, and to compare them with the cost of foreign articles. We shall confine ourselves to some general observations. The question of prohibitions had appeared to us to be judged by public opinion, and we did not ex- pect it to be defended as it has been. That is, however, to be explained when we recollect with what pertinacity the introduction of French silk goods was combated in England, as well as the exaggerated and absurd predictions which arrived from all the manufacturing districts. Our manufacturers have hitherto but too much followed this example. It is to be hoped that they will not imitate the English, who burnt in effigy the illustrious Huskisson, but that they will submit themselves to the law that will be passed, and redouble their efforts for improving the produce of their manufacture, and reduce its price. We have few doubts of the removal of prohibitions, but we cannot see without regret the con- tinuance of visits in the interior for the seizure of goods, whose entrance is allowed. This inquisito- rial measure produces nothing, for the custom-house has no means of interference in the interior; all those of which it can dispose being concentrated on the frontier. Why then introduce into our laws impracticable and useless measures ? — measures demanding domiciliary visits, which public opinion re- gards as a veritable inquisition, and one of whose least inconveniences will be to expose merchants of integrity to ever new frauds and innovations ? We cannot, then, insist too strongly, that this exception to the present laws, due to the prohibitory genius of some manufacturers, should not be received and may not become, as it happened in the law of transit, an obstacle introduced into the new law in order to prevent commerce from benefiting from it. If no system of duties subsisted already, if it were proposed to create one, we should certainly be of opinion that it should be as comprehensive as possible, and if the necessities of the State permitted it, that it should give unbounded liberty in our relations with those countries which should offer us re- ciprocity; for the population would have every thing to gain, in a system which would permit it to purchase the objects of its consumption, wherever they are to be found, at the lowest price ; and agri- culture and industry, instead of directing their efforts towards productions to which the soil and the character of the inhabitants are opposed, would employ them in producing those which offered chances of success. But we must take things in the state in which they are found, and seek that system which is most suitable to the country. This system, sir, appears to us to be that which, whilst it sufficiently protected our trades against foreign importations, should substitute, for prohibitions, duties equal to the difference of the cost prices in France and those in other countries, still leaving to French industry the amount of the expenses of transport, commission, insurances, and other expenses. But this pro- tection should be only temporary, and should cease in a few years for all trades which, remaining sta- tionary, should not find themselves in a condition to compete with foreign countries with a duty of 30 per cent, at most on manufactured produce, and of 5 per cent, on primary materials, independent of the expenses of transport, &c. ; for a business, that with such a protection cannot support itself, would not deserve that the interest of all consumers should be any longer sacrificed to it. We shall now answer the principal objections of our manufacturers to this system. The English have, as they say, 150 years of experience, and we have only thirty. But is it neces- sary for us to make all the experiments made by them, in order to arrive at the same conclusions to which they have now advanced ? Why not set up the results obtained by them as a point to start from? What prevents us from adopting their plans, which are no mystery to anybody; from intro- ducing their improvements amongst us ? And is not this what we have been doing every day, and what we shall still better effect, when we shall be stimulated by rivalry? Our manufacturers are already agreed that the machines made in France are equal to the English machinery, and are not more expensive. The English workmen are said to be ill off. It is not the inferiority of their wages which causes this misery; for these workmen are generally paid at a higher rate than ours. It depends on other causes. We have nothing to do here with the condition of the workmen, which is brought forward in very unseasonable moments. Far from wishing to diminish their gains, we should seek on the contrary to increase the mass of labour. It is important to reduce the enormous profits which are made by certain producers, and to compel others, by foreign rivalry, to make improvements which will cause a reduction of prices. The workmen will be the first to enjoy this diminution in the value of all the articles of their consumption. Thus that would happen which has already happened in consequence of the use of machinery, which has compelled all the existing establishments to adopt it or to close their affairs. There has 216 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL never been any rivalry more powerful than that. The same result will follow the rivalry with foreign countries. There will be some partial evil amongst those whom internal rivalry has already partly de- stroyed, but as to the general ruin with which we are threatened, it is not to be feared. What reason- able man, indeed, will believe that the English are going to employ several hundred millions of francs, in order to destroy the French manufactures? Supposing that such an absurdity were possible, that all the manufacturers of a kingdom could agree together to form such an association, and that men were to be found insane enough to risk, in such a manner, enormous sums, would Frenchmen, Americans, and Englishmen ever be wanting, sagacious enough to come to our markets to purchase back the merchandize, which would be sold in them at a loss, and to export them to foreign markets to sell them there, in rivalry with the produce of the same manufacturers ? And if a league so contrary to reason were possible, would not the Government be able in an instant to reject it by the power which is entrusted to it of raising the duties by ordonnances, when the general interest of the country de- manded it? There would certainly never be an idea entertained of opposing the creation of establish- ments, which strangers might desire to form in France, notwithstanding the rivalry which they would enter into with existing establishments. Wherefore, then, oppose the importation of foreign produce, with a sufficient protection? Would not the result be precisely the same? In short, the protecting duty being equal to the difference of the expense of production in the two countries, independent of the advantage which would still result for the French manufacturer, expenses of transport and its ac- cessories, the position would become the same. But, it will be said, the foreign produce does not bear such burthens as ours. If you ask what advantages he derives from it to fabricate at a lower price ? we reply, that he bears the burthens of his own country. If it be said that he does not con- tribute to the national wealth"; we answer, that he pays his portion into the treasury by discharging very high custom-house duties, and that he enriches his country by furnishing it with the articles of its consumption at prices which enable it to employ in other purchases the capital which it economises. Our produce is every where prohibited, industry itself declares it to be so : it demands that Govern- ment should favour its exportations. This is what we also require. But how should our produce not be prohibited when we do not admit that of other countries? How can commerce engage in ex- ports without any means of exchange for its returns ? It is not with you, sir, that we have to com- bat these exaggerations of some manufacturers, who accuse the merchants of the ports of disdaining labours which offer them only a moderate produce, and that in the face of a rivalry which scarcely leaves them the interest of their capitals. The exaggerated language proves one thing only, which is that they are defending a bad cause. But you will no more allow yourselves to be intimidated by the menaces of manufacturers, who will feel, when once tha law has passed, that it is their interest as well as their duty to submit to it, by instructing their workmen instead of deceiving them as to its effect. England has begun the work. She has diminished the duties on our wines and our brandies; she has admitted our silk goods for a duty of 30 per cent., and she is disposed to concede still more to us, if we cease to prohibit her produce. For reciprocity is necessary ; and we allow with our manufac- turers, that in the present state of our industry we ought to make concessions only to those countries who make them to us, with some exceptions, demanded by the interest of France, for articles which we are obliged to obtain from foreign countries. We know only one class, which has any interest in the maintenance of any prohibitions ; it is that of smugglers, who, under the prohibitory system, will always brave our armies of custom-house officers. We have experience to prove it. But in demanding, in the interest of the consumers, in that of commerce and agriculture, in that already well understood of the manufacturers themselves, the abolition of all prohibitions, and re- placing them by moderate protecting duties, we cannot too strongly insist on the reduction of the duties on primary materials, necessary to their fabrication. This question cannot, according to us, be separated from that of the free entrance of coals, iron, and wool, for example. For if it is easy to abolish prohibitions, it is impossible to establish the list of duties on entry before the decision of that reduc- tion of duties on primary materials, which it seems to us ought to precede every other. We must then begin by iron, coals, and wool — these three articles, the principals of almost all our manufactures. We may say of agriculture what we have said of manufactures — their interest well understood is the same as that of commerce. It is necessary for all to procure at the lowest possible price the articles of their consumption; all have an interest in the greatest possible developement of interior labours. To obtain this result by reciprocal concessions, which do not sacrifice to the desire of producing every thing in France our exports to foreign countries, without which it is impossible to dispose of the excess of our produce. And do not believe, sir, that it will be possible to satisfy public opinion by a slight reduction of the duty upon iron, such as 5 francs per 100 kil., which was proposed, in the space of five years. It is a reduction of at least 10 francs, and immediate, which can alone calm general impatience. We shall not enter into long details on this subject; but we shall confine ourselves to the renewal of the proof that with a duty of 15 fr. per 100 kilogrammes, French iron, in bars, might still come to Paris, which we con- sider as the centre of consumption, at from 9 to 23 per cent. less than English iron. In effect, it has been acknowledged that the cost of French iron, taken at Creuzot, an establishment founded under unfavourable conditions which have caused its fall, amounted, without profit, to 30 fr. the 100 kilogrammes. Since then it has been proved, by a public adjudication made at Paris, that a con- siderable quantity had been treated for at 27*50 the 100 kilogrammes, sold at Paris. In fact it has been allowed that the sale price at Cardiff, in England, was 15 francs the 100 kilogrammes, which we shall reduce to 14*50, and in deducting 5^- per cent, as the profit of the manufacturer, and it certainly does not exceed this rate. With these data we establish the following table : — Value without profit (the 100 kilogrammes) - Wharfage and freight to Paris Insurance, expenses of embarkation, of disem- 1 barkation, commission, and other expenses j Custom-house dues, 15 fr. and the decime Iron at Paris. Iron from Creuzot. English Iron. 27 fr. 50 c. 30 fr. 14 fr. 50 c. 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 o 0 0 0 16 50 27 50 33 36 0 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN*. 217 which gives a difference of 31 and of 9 per cent, or thereabouts, in favour of the French producer, and that in the face of the improvements which every day sees introduced in the manufacture of iron. We also demand the immediate reduction of 20 to 10 per cent, of the duty on wool, and the abolition of the over-taxation which affects pit coal imported by sea ; an iniquitous measure, and directed in a hostile manner against the nation to which, on the contrary, our political and commercial interests ought to assist in uniting us. We shall answer a last objection, that arising from the difficulty of establishing the rates of duty. We think that none more just exists, when it refers to articles whose value varies as much as that of woven goods, than to fix it according to their value. We know the inconveniences of this mode, but it seems to us possible to diminish them. The principal of these is the difficulty of appreciating the value. This diffi- culty, in the first instance quoted for wools, has disappeared before the experience of persons employed in collecting duties interested in the pre-emption, and which have besides the resource of aiding themselves by commercial experience. This resource has not failed them, for in many towns of the department of the North there live merchants who have no other business than purchasing wools under pre-emption. It would be the same with woven goods. We know very well that those who have experienced these pre-emptions have complained; but the answer is easy; if they had not sought to defraud the revenue that would not have happened. Let them make exact declarations, and they will run no risk ; for there is not one custom-house officer who dares to purchase articles which should be entered at only .from 15 to 20 per cent, under their value, with the obligation of paying 10 per cent, for pre-emption as well as the duty. If then it is desired to establish an ad valorem duty with the certainty that there will be little or no fraud, let the duty to be received be augmented one-fifth, and the receipts will be almost certain. But, sir, if in the foregoing considerations we have been agreed with our colleagues of t the principal maritime towns, we are obliged to separate ourselves from them, when, abandoning the system of com- mercial liberty, they come to demand an exorbitant protection for navigation, and frequently some privilege in opposition to the principles which they have proclaimed. Is not our navigation, in effect, protected by enormous differential duties, and must prohibitions be also added to them? What signifies that absurd measure which forbids our manufacturers from seek- ing in England the produce of Asia, Africa, and America, which they may import from the other countries of Europe ; and which surcharges these articles with the expenses of a re-shipment at Ostend? Wherefore prohibit the importation of colonial produce by the land frontiers, and thus com- pel the manufacturers who are established there to be subject to the law of the great ports of Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Havre, when at a short distance from their manufactories they would find this produce at a lower price? May not the manufacturers employ that language with regard to navigation, which has been used with respect to them ? May they not say to it : — to what purpose are these privileges which augment the price of primary materials and of the articles of consumption? Why should we not receive from foreign countries that which they can furnish at a lower price than you? Is it not for the interest of the consumer that it should be thus ? Why are these privileges brought forward ? Is your navigation progressing? No! you have scarcely remained stationary ; many complain, notwithstand- ing the protection of duties and prohibitions, of being unable to navigate at so low a rate as foreign countries, and you ask that a protection so unproductive of improvement shall be preserved to you. Support, then, for the general interest, a foreign rivalry as you demand it for us, and if you complain, we also shall say to you, decide, imitate foreign countries, navigate as cheaply as they do, be as active and as economical, obtain from the Government your deliverance from the impediments which embar- rass you, and its permission for the entrance of woods, irons, hemp, linens, and every thing you want, in order to place you on an equality with foreign countries, and you will succeed in struggling against them, and be able to do without privileges, of which we also have a right to complain. Yes, sir, endeavour to deal justly with all exaggerated pretensions, contrary to the general interest, and to the principles of which that general interest demands a just and impartial application, and the whole of France will applaud the truly national system to which you will have attached your name. k We resume our subject, and we demand, 1st, That all prohibitions be abolished, and the seizures in the interior suppressed, that inquisitorial measure being unproductive, and contrary to every system of internal liberty. 2dly, That the duties on raw materials and manufactured articles be immediately reduced to a rate equal to the difference between the cost prices in France and these articles delivered at Paris, the centre of consumption and of export, and the cost prices in foreign lands ; still leaving to the French producer the advantage of the expenses of transport which foreign produce will have to support to arrive at the French markets. 3dly, That the duty on bar-iron be immediately ^reduced to 15 francs per metrical quintal, that upon cast iron in the same proportion; all duties on coal suppressed, as well as the additional tax exist- ing on importation by sea ; and, lastly, the duty on wool reduced from 20 to 10 per cent. 4thly, Thatafter five years at the outside, from this time — a sufficient period to enable our producers to- introduce the improvements already obtained from other countries — the above duties be reduced : — On raw materials to 5 per cent. On manufactured produce to 30 per cent, at the utmost, seeing that a limit will be necessary against an exorbitant protection which impedes production, makes enormous charges press upon the consumer, and is opposed to the extension of advantageous exchanges with other countries. 5thly, That the impediments which embarrass our navigation be removed, that the raw materials which are employed for the building and repairs of ships, and whose introduction would contribute to render our navigation more extensive, be admitted free of duty. 6thly, That all prohibitions, every privilege established in favour of our navigation, and principally the prohibition of importing colonial produce by the frontier, and that of receiving direct from Eng- land the produce of countries out of Europe, be abolished, and that the differential duties, having for their object to protect our navigation, should never exceed a sur-tax of 10 per cent. 7thly, That the removal of prohibitions and the reduction of duties, principally on manufactured articles, should take place immediately only for countries which offer us a reciprocity, except upon articles of which an indispensable necessity is felt in France, independently of the question of exchanges, which these reductions should have an object in encouraging. 218 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Sthly, That the Government occupy itself in every possible way with the improvement of our means of communication in the interior. (Signed) Al. Adam, Mayor. Demarle. * Pamart, President. Huguet. Ach. Adam, Secretary. Le Roy Thiebault. Bonnet. Lebeau. Civay. Trudin Roussel. ' APPENDIX No. LVI. Extract from a Representation made to the two Chambers in 1829, by a Meeting of the Pro- prietors of Vineyards convened at Paris, to which the Name of the present Minister of Commerce is affixed. Prohibitions impose a tax upon the consumers, that is to say upon the whole nation, without any benefit to the revenues of the State. As is known to every body, the duties of customs have two objects ; sometimes they are only an impost intended, like all other taxes, to supply the wants of the treasury, and then they fhust be considered merely as a simple fiscal instrument : sometimes, and it is this class of which we now treat, they have a political character, and their sole object is to restrain importation; then, instead of enriching the public treasury, they impoverish it, for they prevent the introduction of merchandize, and it is evident that the treasury can draw nothing from merchandize which never enters the country. But what are the effects produced by prohibitions or prohibitive duties? They raise the price of the article. If the legislator prevents or imposes heavy duties upon the importation of certain foreign productions, it is because he believes that a free commerce would supply them cheaper than the nation can produce them, and that consequently the national production cannot sustain itself against this dreaded competition. The avowed object of all prohibitive measures is to keep up prices at a standard above the natural standard. Thus prohibitions, or duties which have the same effect, operate as a tax imposed upon the consumers ; and this tax, yielding nothing to the treasury, is a mere gratuitous sacrifice, to which the country is condemned in honour of a false system. The weight of the tax may be calculated by the difference between the prices in the foreign market, and the prices in the home market encircled by prohibitions ; the greater this difference, the greater is the loss of the nation. If the consumers have the means of their existence curtailed, prohibitions procure to the producers themselves but a temporary advantage : at the moment when the prohibition is established, they profit by the rise in the price; but the inevitable opposition of competition soon reduces their profits to their ordinary level: the effects of the Tariffs is reduced to engaging labour and capital in disadvantageous trades, where they produce the community less riches than they would in the natural courses pointed out by freedom of commerce. The Tariffs have rendered production more difficult, and it is these arti- ficial difficulties which at the end of a certain interval absorb the loss of the consumer. To prohibit the importation of foreign merchandize is to afflict the country with a sort of factitious sterility ; to render labour less productive, and to arrest the increase of wealth. What would be said of a system which would attempt to suppress the division of labour amongst the inhabitants of the same country? Does not the division of industry between nations correspond with the division of labour amongst individuals ? What does it signify that the vast territory occupied by civilized States is divided by internal frontiers, and parcelled out in geographic maps by lines of different colours ? The free trade with Geneva and Belgium was not considered disadvantageous to France when the French empire comprised those States, which the chances of war have now rendered inde- pendent. How is it possible that an advantageous commerce should have become injurious, for the mere reason, that instead of being under the same Sovereign, the States between which the commerce used to be carried on are now under the sceptre of different Sovereigns ? Let commerce distribute the several trades amongst nations according to the rule of the general inte- rest ; labour and capital will then distribute themselves everywhere, in such a manner as to produce with a given quantity of labour the greatest quantity of wealth ; the exchange of productions will ferti- lize the industry of all nations, and universal prosperity will be the happy result of these pacific relations. By the prohibitive system, on the contrary, you arrest the progress of nations in the acquisition of wealth ; you render labour less powerful ; consequently you hinder its progress, for labour increases with a rapidity proportioned to the abundance of its reward ; you curtail the enjoyments of society ; whilst, at the same time, you impede the increase of capital, that indispensable instrument in the pro- duction of wealth. No one is ignorant, that the accumulation of capital, as well as the general pros- perity, is in direct proportion with the facility of production, which, by the abundance which it diffuses, allows all the members of society to unite economy to comfort, and, after consulting the wants of the present, to think of the interests of the future. Such then are the first effects of prohibitive measures ; they impose a tax upon the consumers, they augment the difficulty of production, and arrest the accumulation of capital, and the progress of trade. APPENDIX No. LVII. l Petition addressed to the Chamber by Proprietors of Vineyards in the Department of Dordogne. To the Members op the Chambers of Deputies. The proprietors of vineyards have long petitioned you for some amelioration of their situation. Their representations have almost always been favourably received by you; nevertheless, the charges -which press exclusively upon them have been successively increased. The towns, particularly those RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 219 in the northern provinces, have laid such exorbitant municipal duties upon liquors, that these duties greatly exceed the value of the objects upon which they are charged. It is with the view of reducing these duties within reasonable limits, that the undersigned solicit the intervention of the Chamber. They may invoke in their favour the authority of the law, according to the eighteenth article of the decree of the 17th May, 1809. The municipal duties upon liquors should be in proportion to those levied by the State. The one hundred and twenty-seventh article of the law of the 8th of December, 1814, continues the several laws, decrees, and general regulations relating to municipal duties, and the royal ordinance of the 9th of the same month, carrying the law into execution, declares in the twelfth article, "That the municipal duties upon wines, cider, perry, brandy, and liqueurs shall not exceed those levied upon such articles by the State (Paris excepted)." The law of the 28th April, 1816, which still regulates the trade, establishes the same principle, but weakened by an exception which has been strangely abused. The one hundred and forty-ninth article enacts, that the municipal duties which shall in future be levied upon liquors shall not exceed those levied by the State. If an exception to this rule shall become necessary, it can only be carried into effect by a special ordi- nance of the King. The general rule, then, was, that the municipal duties should not be heavier than those levied by the State; unforeseen, unlooked-for circumstances might require a temporary exception to this rule. In this case, when the necessity had been shown and proved, a special royal ordinance might for a time relax the rigour of the principle. But this exception ought always to be kept within just bounds. It can have but a temporary operation. It can only be established by a special royal ordinance, that is to say, an ordinance peculiar to each locality, stating the motives for the exception and its intended duration ; for by the words special ordinance, the legislature did not mean ordinances ratifying the Tariffs, which were necessary as well before as after the law of 28th April, 1816. But what has been the case? Every where the exception has taken the place of the rule; parti- cularly in the towns in the north, the municipal duties upon liquors amount to double those levied by the State. No special ordinance, according to the belief of the undersigned, has been passed to autho- rize such an abuse. It is therefore arbitrarily that these duties have been established. When the law authorizes them, ought not the proprietors of vineyards to obtain their reduction ? Examine, gentle- men, the tariffs ; compare these municipal duties with the value of the liquors at the place of their pro- duction, and you will perceive that they raise to such a degree the price of the productions when delivered for consumption, that they are equivalent to a prohibition, and no longer enable the pro- ducers to defray the expenses of cultivation, and the charges of imposts. If, by a just retaliation, we were permitted to levy municipal duties upon manufactured goods, and to raise these duties to two or three times the value of the goods, the Chamber of Deputies would lose no time in putting an end to an arrangement so adverse to the manufacturing towns. Ought not the proprietors of vineyards to be governed by the same rules ? Have they not an equal right to the protection and the justice of the Government ? Ought their productions to be burthened with charges to which other productions are not liable ? And if the Chamber ofDeputies listens favour- ably to the demands of the manufacturing districts, how can it deny an equal share of attention to ours? The undersigned, therefore, hope, that the Chamber will hasten to put an end to the exception granted by the one hundred and forty-ninth article of the law of the 28th April, 1816, and that in all the towns of France the municipal duties upon liquors shall not exceed those levied by the State. They have the fullest conviction that the reduction of duties levied in the interior, combined with a customs' law more in harmony with our foreign commercial relations, will open new markets, increase our commerce, augment our production, and restore to the wine-growing districts that pros- perity to which they have so long been strangers. Gentlemen, vast masses of the population are interested in the subject of the present petition ; they look with anxiety for a change in their situation, and this change will be both an act of sound policy, and an act of strict justice. Bergerac, 22nd February, 1834. APPENDIX No. LVIII. Report of the Minister of Commerce to the King. Sire,- — The projet de loi upon the customs has not been discussed during the session which has just terminated; it is therefore necessary to supply this omission by ordinances. This necessity is increased by the circumstance that no customs law has been passed since the year 1826 ; the several projets presented since then have been submitted to the examination of committees of inquiry, but the Chambers themselves have not legislated upon these important subjects. The ordinances which I shall request your majesty's permission to present for your approbation embrace four objects. 1st. The confirmation of the ordinances previously published in the interval of the sessions. 2nd. The removal of several prohibitions, which a special provision of the law of receipts for 1835, recently passed, authorizes the Government to replace by duties. 3rd. The reduction or modification of certain duties, which the law of the 17th December, 1814, gives the Government the power of regulating provisionally, and without the preliminary sanction of the Chambers. Lastly. The establishment of new rates of drawback allowed upon the exportation of certain goods. I shall propose to your majesty to legislate upon prohibitions by a preliminary ordinance ; the other questions, although in a state of preparation, require some further investigation. The second ordinance will soon be ready, but there is no reason for subjecting that for the removal of prohibitions to the same delay. This change, the principle of which has been established by the suffrages of the Chambers, is a real improvement. The conversion of a certain number of prohibitions into duties, without depriving ex- isting interests of that protection which it is expedient to afford them, will create new facilities for commerce ; it will replace the immoral trade of the smuggler by regular commercial transactions ; it will open to the treasury a new source of revenue, without any sacrifice in the part of the contributers to the taxes ; lastly, it will have the effect of multiplying our means of exchange with other countries, and showing them that France, in order to extend her commercial relations, is disposed to effect in her 3 K 220 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL laws those modifications which are dictated by prudence, and are compatible with a due attention to all interests. A recent example, which I am happy to be able to cite to your majesty, proves how often the fears of those are exaggerated who exclaim at the idea of a prohibition being replaced by a duty. A royal ordinance last year legalized the exportation of French silk, upon the payment of an export duty. Few questions were viewed with so much jealousy and prejudice. The prosperity of our silk manu- factures had long been considered dependent upon the exclusive possession of native silk. It is now a year since the exportation of this rich material was authorized, and experience has justified the new system ; it has produced the best effects ; the trade of Lyons highly approves of it, and presses urgently for a renewal of the ordinance of June, 1833. The 24th article of the Law of Receipts enumerates the prohibitions which the Government is autho- rized to remove by ordinance. The projet which I submit to your majesty does not omit any of those pointed out in the article, and carries into effect the principle of the law to its fullest extent. The most important is that which effects cotton twist of the high numbers ; the manufacturers of tulles and muslins have long petitioned against this prohibition, which is incessantly eluded by the contraband trade. The superior council of commerce recommended that the duties on importation should be fixed at 7 fr. per kil. for single thread, and at 8 fr. for double ; and these duties had been already adopted by the Commission of the Chamber of Deputies appointed to examine into the projet de loi of the customs. I trust that the removal of the prohibition, with the imposition of the proposed duty, will put an end to smuggling ; if it continues after this first attempt to put it down, it will be expedient and easy to reduce the duty. In the projet modified by the commission of the Chambers, the permission to import foreign cotton twist was not to come into force until the 1st January next. I propose to your majesty to abridge this delay, and to allow the importation from and after the 1st September. This will, I consider, meet the intentions of the Chamber ; the ordinance will be presented to them in the first month of next ses- sion, therefore there will be some experience of the new measure in the interval. The delay until the 1st September was unanimously adopted by the superior council of commerce. A considerable contraband trade has been carried on in Cashmere shawls ; they will henceforward be admitted at a duty of 20 per cent. Upon the payment of a duty of 5 per cent, a regular supply of cotton lace, the only kind which was prohibited, maybe obtained. Unbleached bandannoes from India may be henceforward imported upon the same terms as other silk goods, and will furnish a new source of activity to our manufactures. The facility granted to travellers, of introducing under the control of the customs prohibited effects, provided they are for their personal use, will promote the intercourse with foreign countries. Our marine will no longer be deprived of the important power of purchasing iron cables of the best kind. If the duty fixed upon the importation of these cables appears too high, the reason for its being fixed at the proposed rate is that it would be inexpedient at once to pass from prohibition to free admission ; when the prohibition is once abolished, the duty can be modified according to the wants of commerce. Lastly, the illicit introduction of clock-work, so extensively practised and so difficult to be repressed, will be put an end to by the admission of foreign watches upon payment of a duty not exceeding 6 per cent, upon gold, and 10 per cent, upon silver watches. These are the most important articles, the importation of which was formerly prohibited, which are embraced in the projet d'ordonnance. The importation of certain articles is subjected to certain for- malities with a view to the safe collection of the customs' revenue ; but in return commerce will obtain an advantage from the removal of prohibitions which I should point out to your majesty, namely, the power of bonding in the entrepots in the interior, and especially in that of Paris, all the merchandize, the importation of which is authorized by this ordinance, namely, cotton twist, Cashmere shawls, &c. It is not necessary to establish this power formally; it derives its general principles from the law of the 27th February, 1832. The 2nd article contains the prohibitions against exportations which have been removed. Amongst the principal of these are raw, thrown, and dyed silks, of which the exportation has already been legalized by an ordinance published a year ago, and the general freedom of which it is expedient to establish. This freedom should likewise be extended to the knobs and husks of silk which continued to be prohibited. Skins and hair applicable to the manufacture of hats may henceforward be ex- ported. Some other articles of minor importance have been similarly taken from the very reduced list of those whose exportation continues to be prohibited. The 3rd article relates to the new rate of tonnage duties, to be charged upon French vessels coming from ports of Great Britain or its European possessions. This reduction will be equally extended to British vessels. By the terms of the treaty of 1826, the vessels of the two countries should pay the same duties in the ports of the two kingdoms, and the duties should be as nearly as possible equal in the two countries. In order to establish this equality the duties have been reduced in France, first to 3 fr. 75 c. and since to 1 fr. 50 c. per ton. Fresh calculations upon the duties levied in England, which vary according to the ports, and which are composed of a variety of different elements, have given an average of 1 fr. 10 c, and it is this result which the projet of this ordinance confirms. It is unnecessary to observe that the reduction cannot hurt our navigation, as the duties are the same for the vessels of both countries, and are reduced upon both in the same proportion. The last article confirms, according to custom, the ordinances already issued. If your majesty is pleased to signify your approbation of the propositions contained in the present Report, I shall solicit permission to present the accompanying projet of an ordinance for your royal signature. I have the honour to be, with the profoundest respect, &c. T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. ROYAL ORDINANCE. Louis Philippe, King of the French, to all present and to come, greeting ; Having considered the 34th article of the law of the 17th December, 1814 ; Also our ordinances of the 13th May, 1831, 16th June, 1832, 29th June and 15th October, 1833; Also the 24th article of the law of the budget of receipts, dated the 24th May, 1834 ; Being desirous of giving the commerce and trade of the kingdom the immediate benefit of the RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 221 several proposed measures, which it was found impossible to discuss in the late legislative session, but the urgency of which has been acknowledged ; Upon the report of our secretaries of state for the departments of commerce and of finance, by and with the advice of the superior council of commerce, we have ordained and do ordain as follows: — Article I. — Prohibitions against Importation removed. The undermentioned articles shall be ad- mitted for importation into the kingdom upon the conditions and upon payment of the duties deter- mined for each. Cotton Twist, unbleached, of No. 143 (metrical system) and above, imported only at the ports of Havre, Calais, and Dunkirk, in packets of 10, 5, and 2\ pounds English, at least. Single . . . 7 fr. per kil. Double . . . 8 , , Upon payment of the duty the twist shall receive a mark, the form and conditions of which we reserve to ourselves the right of determining subsequently. Without this mark, cotton twist, although of the No. 143 and above, will continue liable to seizure in the interior, according to the law of 28th April, 1816. The above enactments shall come into force from and after the 1st September, 1834. Cashmere Shawls, manufactured with spindles in countries not in Europe, when they shall be pre- sented at one of the ports open for the transit of prohibited merchandize, — 20 per cent, ad valorem. No declaration of value will be admitted under 500 fr. Cotton Lace, manufactured by hand and with spindles, same duty as thread lace, — 5 per cent, ad valorem. Tissues of pure Silk, viz., unbleached : Bandannoes, without distinction of origin, (the same duty as plain silk stuffs,) — 16 fr. per kil. New garments, made up, and other personal effects of travellers, provided they are declared before the search, and that the customs' officers shall be satisfied that they are not intended for trade, but for the use of the persons clearing them, and are in character with their rank and the rest of their baggage, — 30 per cent, ad valorem. Iron Cables for the navy. — The same duty as iron bars of the smallest dimensions. Clock work : Gold watches, . . . .6 per cent, ad valorem. Silver do. . . . . ,1 . , , , xr , ,. „ , .., . ■ > 10 per cent, ad valorem. Works of all sorts without cases .J 1 The importation will be restricted to those custom-houses alone which are open to the transit of prohibited merchandize. The watches thus imported shall be forwarded under the certificate and seal of the customs to one of the five offices of guaranty at Paris, Lyons, Besancon, Montbeliard and Lons- le-Saulnier, to be there assayed and stamped, the duty of guaranty there to be paid. Copper twisted on silk. — Gilded . . . 950 fr. per 100 kil. Silvered . . . 600 Leather, calf-skin scented, commonly called Russia leather, applicable to binding, prepared with the bark of the willow and birch trees, to the exclusion of such as is used for the purpose of making the soles of boots and shoes, — 5 fr. each. foflead . ....... 75 fr. per 100 kil. Chromates j ofpotash 150 ,, Praiss, or juice of tobacco ....... 1 , , Extract of quinquina, in lump or in powder, imported from Peru in French vessels, — 1 fr. per kil. Rum, arrack, and taffia, foreign, (same duty as cherry-brandy,) — 100 fr. per hectolitre. Article II. — Prohibitions against Exportation removed. The undermentioned articles may be exported from this kingdom upon payment of the several duties fixed upon each. Silk < Unbleached Dyed. Raw Thrown .... ' Boiled for hangings, when it is in hanks of more than half a kilogramme, or in small skeins, or on winders, the weight of which does not exceed three deca- grammes (the duty fixed by the law of 19 Thermidor, of the year IV.) For sewing, the weight of each skein or each winder not exceeding three deca- 3fr. 2 0 c. per 0 kil. Husks. Skins and hair fit 8 Floreal, of the year XI.) All other .... Knobs combed .... In lumps or carded . . Spun or ferret (fleuret) at all the custom houses (the duty already fixed by the law of 17th May, 1826) . Skins j Rabbits and hares . . for hatters or for ^ and beaVCrS 1 Hair | Rabbits . . . spinners . | Hares, beavers, and badgers Cambric thread . . ... Thread made from dog's hair .... Clippings and shavings of leather (for making glue) Ashes (cendres vives) ..... t Broken glass (Groisil) ..... Metal filings, the same duty as the raw metal from which they are made. • 1 0 > 9 0 10 J 9 . 6 0 > 1 . 1 0 9 » . 2 0 > > 1" 5 9 9 . o 75 c. per kil. . o 5 t 9 . 2 0 9 9 . o 50 9 > . 40 0 c. per 100 kil. . 0 25 9 9 . 0 25 9 9 . 0 50 9 > . 1 0 9 9 222 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Article III. Tonnage Dues. — The tonnage dues on French vessels coming from ports in the United Kingdom, or from its European possessions, fixed by the law of 17th May, 1826, at 3 fr. 75 c, and at 1 fr. 50 c. by an ordinance of 16th June, 1832, is reduced to 1 fr., not including the decime. Article IF. The several provisions contained in our ordinances of 13th May, 1831, 16th June, 1832, 29th June and 15th October, 1833, shall continue in force, except such as are changed by the present ordinance, which will be submitted to the Chambers in the first month of the ensuing session. Article V. Our Secretaries of State for the Departments of Commerce and of Finance are charged, according to their respective offices, with the execution of the present ordinance. Given at the Tuileries, 2nd June, 1834. Louis Philippe. (By order of the King) T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. APPENDIX No. LIX. Report to the King. Sire — The last law of finance imposes upon the Government the duty of modifying the drawbacks granted hy the law of 26th April, 1S33, upon the exportation of refined sugar, and to determine the drawback which shall be paid upon sugar, made from that kind of brown sugar known in commerce by the name of Muscovado. According to the system established by the law of 1833, a system in conformity with the true prin- ciples of public economy, the drawbacks upon exportation ought to be merely a simple restitution of the duty. The State restores to the manufactured article, when exported, the amount of duty paid upon the raw material when imported. The sole question then is, to calculate the quantity of refined sugar which corresponds with a given quantity of the raw material ; or, in other words, to determine the quantity of refined sugar which may be obtained from the raw sugar. This quantity is at present estimated at 70 per cent. The legal principle is that from 100 kil. of raw sugar, the refiner should obtain on an average 70 kil. of crystallised sugar. This is the calculation upon which the Treasury restores the duties levied upon the raw material. There is no task more delicate nor more difficult than to determine the quantity produced from the raw sugar. The qualities of sugar are different ; the process of refining yields a manufactured article of very unequal value, which must be reduced by calculation to a mean average ; and, lastly, the processes in use have not all the same power; there is great difference between the quantities obtained by the new and by the old apparatus. The superior Council of Commerce was occupied during several sessions with this important question. I summoned before it, in order to have the testimony of their experience, refiners skilful in their business, and able chemists. The result of the inquiry, conducted in this manner, was to convince a large majority of the Council, as well as myself, that the present estimate of the quantity produced was fixed too low, and that by raising it to 75 per cent, we should, with regard to the present state of the science of refining, attain as nearly as possible to the truth. At all events, we have no longer to apprehend the revival of those abuses which had made a positive financial wound of these drawbacks upon sugar. From the date of the law of the 26th April, 1833, coming into force, up to the present day, the exportation of refined sugar has not exceeded 1,200,000 kilogrammes, and the amount of drawbacks paid by the Treasury has only been 1,600,000 fr. It then became necessary to determine the quantity yielded by Muscovado, the principle of the admission of which was established by the last law of finance. Muscovado is that part of clayed sugar which remains in a raw state after the process of claying ; its colour is brown ; it has somewhat of a greasy feel to the touch ; and lastly, its price in the market does not exceed that of raw sugar of the quality called good fourths. I do not propose to your Majesty to define it in the Ordinance by these several characters ; it appears to me more simple to repeat the very terms of the law. But such are the characteristics by which, in practice, the Customs will be able to distinguish Muscovado. In the event of any doubt arising as to the quality of the sugar, the difficulty will be removed, as at present, by recurring to the test of experiments. As Muscovado is not of greater value than raw sugar, there is no occasion for adopting for it a higher amount of yield than that fixed for other kinds of sugar. The project which I have the honour of submitting to the approbation of your majesty admits the same proportions in both cases ; the only difference is in the time of the regulation coming into operation. The proportion of 75 per cent, will be immediately applied to Muscovado, which was not formerly admitted for exportation with a drawback ; for raw sugar on the contrary, which at present forms the material of the refining trade, the new Tariff will not come into force until the 1st November next. The admission of Muscovado will give facilities to our commerce with the Brazils : it is particularly in this point of view that it appears to me advantageous. It is in all respects advantageous to France to extend her commercial relations with distant countries, and to give a new impulse to her navigation. I have the honour to be, &c, T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. ROYAL ORDINANCE. Louis Philippe, King of the French, to all present and to come, greeting ; Having taken into consideration the law of the 26th April, 1833, which admits sugar other than white tor the purposes of refining for re-exportation, and fixes at 70 per cent, the quantity of crystallised sugar, upon which the duty paid upon a quintal of raw sugar shall be restored ; Also the provisions of the 24th article of the law of the 24th May last, enacting, "That it shall be lawful to legislate, by royal ordinances, upon a new scale of proportions of raw sugar, entitling parties to the drawback upon the exportation of refined sugar, determined by the law of the 26th April, 1833. In no case shall that proportion be below that already fixed by the above- mentioned law. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. " Refined sugar in loaves, and sugar-candy, which shall be certified to have been made of the brown sugar known in commerce under the name of Muscovado, will receive upon exportation a drawback calculated upon the quantity yielded, which shall be determined by a special ordinance, and which shall not be below that already fixed for other than white sugar." Upon the Report of our Secretaries of State for Commerce and for Finance, and with the advice of the Superior Council of Commerce, we have ordained and we ordain as follows: Article h The repayment of the import duties upon raw sugar, other than white, fixed by the 2nd article of the law of the 26th April, 1833, shall be modified as follows, from and after the 1st November next. Description of Sugar. Quantity Exported. Amount of the Drawback. Denoted in the Receipts upon Clearance. Exported. Raw sugar, other than white. Sucre miles ou quatre cassons, wholly purified and white, and sugar-candy, dry and transpa- rent, of whatever colour . . . Lump sugar, and sucre tape de nuance blanche . . • . . 75 kil. r The duty paid, inclusive of the J decime, upon 100 kil. of raw % sugar, according to the kind specified in the receipts. L 100 kil. 12 francs. Article II. All the other conditions required by the law of the 26th April, 1833, shall be fulfilled before the drawback fixed by the preceding articles can be obtained. Article III. The drawback of the duty upon brown clayed svgar, commonly called Muscovado, shall be in the same proportions fixed by the preceding article ; to take effect immediately after the publication of the present ordinance. Article IV. Our Secretaries of State for Commerce and Finance are charged, according to their respective offices, with the execution of the present ordinance. Given at the Palace of Neuilly, 8th July, 1834. Louis Philippe. (By order of the King) T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. REPORT TO THE KING. ' Sire — By the treaty of the 26th January, 1826, the French Government reserved to itself the power of imposing upon the productions of Asia, Africa, and America the same commercial restric- tions which have long existed in the system of navigation followed by Great Britain. These produc- tions cannot be imported direct from ports in France into the ports of Great Britain; the ordinance of the 8th February, 1826, has established the same prohibition on the part of France against similar importations from the ports of the United Kingdom ; merchandize, the produce of Asia, Africa, and America, reshipped from the British possessions in Europe, are only received in our ports for the purposes of bonding and re-exportation. These prohibitions have been established on the part of both countries for the advantage of their national navigation. There could have been no other motive for the establishment of this system of mutual restraint. This is not the time for inquiring how far this system in general has been favourable to our navigation and our commerce. But there are certain articles, the trade in which is affected by it without any advantage to the interests of navigation. I shall propose to your majesty to exempt the following articles from the restrictive provisions of the ordinance of 1826 ; namely, raw silk, unbleached silk goods called foulards, (bandannoes,) Cashmere shawls, rum, arrack, and taffia. Before the ordinance of the 2d June of this year, these three last articles were prohibited ; it is the natural consequence of the removal of that prohibition, to allow the direct importation of them from England. Unbleached foulards and Cashmere shawls present so great a value in so small a bulk, that they afford but an inconsiderable source of employment to navigation ; moreover the trade in them would be carried on with Ostend. With respect to rum, arrack, and taffia, it is chiefly from the British colonies that we can obtain them ; we cannot, therefore, pretend to direct navigation for the procurement of these commodities. The same argument applies to silk. The trade of Lyons presses urgently for the more easy and more direct admission of raw silk, the produce of the East Indies. The present system exhibits some strange effects. Recently a quantity of silk from the East Indies was in bond at Lyons ; the trade demanded that it might be admitted for consumption unconditionally, but the terms of the ordinance of 1826 would not permit it; it was eventually found necessary, in order to admit this silk, to trans- port it beyond the frontier, and then to reimport it at Pont-de-Beauvoisin. This was a clear loss to the trade, and no single interest derived any benefit from the necessity for sending it this vexatious circuit. The treaty of 1826 is in no wise contrary to the provisions which, by the advice of the Superior Council of Commerce, I propose to your majesty; it leaves to the French Government the power of legislating with respect to the productions of Asia, Africa, and America, but it does not impose upon it the necessity of doing so. - Moreover England cannot complain, because the interest of our com- merce leads us to purchase certain articles direct in her markets, instead of being obliged to obtain them by indirect means ; the increased trade in these articles, which the projet d'ordonnance touches, ■will be equally to the advantage of both countries. I have the honour to be, &c, (Signed) T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. 224 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL ROYAL ORDINANCE. Louis Philippe, King of the French, to all present and to come, greeting; Having taken into consideration the 3d article of the ordinance of the 8th February, 1826, enacting, amongst other provisions, that the productions of Asia, Africa, and America, reshipped from the possessions of the United Kingdom in Europe to the ports of France, cannot be admitted there but for the purpose of bonding and re-exportation ; And whereas the treaty of the 26th January of the same year, of which that ordinance was the consequence, leaves us the power of legislating upon the subject as seems best to us for the interests of our commerce ; Being desirous of rendering complete the facilities which our ordinances of the 29th June, 1833, and 2d June, 1834, have afforded to the importation of foreign silk of every growth, and of certain other objects which are also imported into the United Kingdom ; Upon the Report of our Secretary of State for Commerce, by and with the advice of the Superior Council of Commerce, we have ordained and we ordain as follows : — Article!. The importation for home consumption of raw silk, unbleached foulards, rum, arrack, and taffia, the produce of any country, and Cashmere shawls, the manufacture of countries not in Europe, shall cease to be subjected to the restriction established by the ordinance of the 8th February, 1826, as regards the production of Asia, Africa, and America. Article IV. Our Secretaries of State for Commerce and Finance are charged, according to their respective offices, with the execution of the present ordinance. Given at the Palace of Neuilly, 8th July, 1834. Louis Philippe. (By order of the King) T. Duchatel. Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. REPORT TO THE KING. Sire — I now present to your majesty, for your royal approbation, the project of an ordinance for modifying our Customs' Tariff, as regards the duties upon a considerable number of articles. There have long been complaints made against the import duty on wool. This duty has not answered the expectations of those who established it, and has not proved of benefit to agriculture. It has remained the same without reference to the variation in the prices of wool, the value of which has been enhanced or diminished by causes independent of the import duty. At present wools pay 30 per cent, upon their value; and in addition a minimum is assigned to the declaration of their value, which cannot be made lower than 1 fr. per kil. for raw wool, 2fr. for wool washed "a froid," and 3 fr. for wool washed " a chaud." In the last projet presented to the Chambers the duty was reduced to 20 per cent., and the minimum was established. These propositions have obtained the sanction'of the commission. I must add that the commission appointed to examine the budget, of which I had the honour to be the reporter, having received from the Minister of Finance the assurance that the duty should be reduced by ordinance in the interval of the session, have made a proportionate allowance in calculating the drawbacks upon exportation. The estimates presented by the commission were not disputed in the Chambers. This question, therefore, has received a sort of previous sanction on the part of the Legislature. I propose to your majesty to reduce the duty to 20 per cent., and to abolish the minimum. These provisions will take effect from the 1st September next. The time allowed to the officers of customs for calculating the duty is to be reduced from ten days to three. With respect to the drawbacks upon exportation, they are to be diminished one-third, retaining the present classification of stuffs, until I shall be able to present to your majesty a new classification, according to the recommendation of the last Law of Finance. - This question still requires preparation and consideration. The drawbacks will continue to be paid upon the scale of the old Tariff until the 1st January, 1835. This delay has been deemed advisable by the Superior Council of Commerce, in order to give the manufacturers an opportunity of disposing of their goods made of wool which has paid the old duty. The projet d'ordonnance reduces the duties upon a numerous list of articles, which may be con- sidered as raw materials. I will point out the most important of these to your majesty. The duty upon tallow is reduced one-fifth ; from 15 fr. the 100 kil. to 12 fr. A duty of 1 fr. per 100 kil. was laid upon raw sulphur ; henceforward it will only pay 25 c. when in the state of ore, and 75 c. when melted in masses, but not purified. In the first case there is a diminution of three-quarters of the duty, in the latter of one quarter. The sulphate of iron, or green copperas, will pay a duty of 6 fr. per metrical quintal, instead of 40 fr. A very considerable reduction is proposed upon copper and zinc. The duty upon tin has been already reduced by a former ordinance. The duty upon copper ore, which used to be 1 fr., will be reduced to 10 c. That upon copper melted in pigs, bars, and sheets, from 40 fr. to 1 fr. and 2 fr., according to its origin. The duty upon zinc unwrought, 50 per cent, instead of 5 fr. Prussian blue, which paid a duty of 210 fr. will only pay 150 fr. The duties upon flax, both rough and combed, will be reduced one-half. It is the best encourage- ment which can be given to the flax-spinning manufactories. The Government will not withhold its attention and its protection from this important manufacture. But I shall not recommend to your majesty to grant it an increase of duties upon foreign linen yarns ; if prudence obliges the greatest caution to be observed in meddling- with taxes which have been loner established, let us not at least create new ones; it rests with the skill and perseverance of the French spinners to support, under the present system, the competition of foreigners. A considerable reduction is also made in the duties upon elephants' teeth, mother-of-pearl, caout- chouc, turmeric in roots, quercitron bark, galls, aniseed, and a number of other productions employed in manufactures. The reductions vary, according to the nature of the several articles and the coun- tries of their growth, from a third to the half of the present duties.] Shumac, required by our manufacturers of Morocco leather, was charged with 25, fr. per metrical quintal. In the bark it will in future pay only 1 fr., and crushed, 15 fr. Upon hardwoods the duties are reduced, three quarters upon ebony, and about half upon mahogany and other kinds. A reduc- tion, but not so great, has also been made in the duties upon drywoods ; it is, however, according to the nature and origin of the goods, from a third to a fifth of the present duties. Cocoa had been already reduced by the ordinance of the 29th June, 1833. In the new projet the reduction extends to nutmegs, which instead of paying 4, 12, and 15 fr. per kil., will only pay 1 fr., 2 fr. 50 c, and 4 fr. ; to cloves, the duties upon which are diminished one-half ; to pepper, the produce of Guiana, reduced to one-half, and of other countries to two-thirds; and to cinnamon, which is reduced n nearly the same proportion. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 225 The import duty upon watch and clock cases is reduced from 20 fr. to 5fr. ; that upon China paper from 400 fr. the metrical quintal to 200 fr. The duties upon lac, which are now 100, 200, and 250 fr. upon all kinds, will be reduced to 1 fr., 4 fr., and 5 fr. 70c. upon stick lac, and upon lac dye to 50, 75, and 100 fr. These are the principal reductions proposed in the duties upon importation. I will not delain your majesty with an enumeration of the various partial alterations which were required in our Tariff. With respect to exportation, the following are the modifications which merit your majesty's attention: — The prohibition against the exportation of timber fit for building in a rough state, or merely squared with the axe, and of oak staves, is removed; the duty upon teasles is reduced from 15 fr. to 3 fr., to the great advantage of that part of France in which they are cultivated. Upon grindstones the duty has been reduced two-thirds. Several questions of the highest importance are reserved for the projet de loi, which will be presented in the ensuing session. I have considered that I could not propose to your majesty to legislate upon them by ordinance alone. Amongst the first is that of the duties upon cattle. Here the power of an ordinance stops ; by the terms of the law of 17th December, 1814, the Government can only employ an ordinance to reduce the duties upon raw materials necessary for manufactures. If the text of the law permits us to touch the duties upon coals and iron, the very spirit of our legislation obliges us to wait for the discussion and vote of the Chambers, before attempting to resolve these important ques- tions. Whenever numerous interests are involved, and that great differences of opinion exist among those interests, it is no longer fitting to legislate by ordinance, as that would be in some measure to encroach upon the law. The Government should use with extreme caution the power of legislating by ordinances; they should never forget that, in questions relating to the customs, an ordinance actually usurps the functions of the law. However, the desired alterations are only deferred for a few months. As soon as the Chambers meet, the projet deloi upon the customs will be ready, and will be submitted to them without delay. I reserve also for the law the question of saltpetre ; there is upon this subject some difference of opinion between the several branches of the Administration, and it will be for the Chambers to decide. I hope they will pronounce in favour of free importat on. I could have wished to have been able to propose to your majesty to sanction the proposed new rates of duty upon oils. At present a duty of 35 fr. is levied upon oils fit for consumption, and another duty of 25 fr. upon oils fit for purposes of manufacture. The commission of the Chamber of Deputies lias proposed the establishment of a single rate of duty, which it has fixed at 27 fr. for all kinds of oil. This system would, in my opinion, be advantageous to commerce, and I consider it a useful altera- tion ; but in order to adopt a Uniform rate of duty without causing a sacrifice of public revenue, which unfortunately the present state of our finances will not bear, the duty upon oils applicable to manufac- turing purposes must be slightly raised ; the law of 1814, however, does not give the Government the power of raising the duties upon articles employed in manufactures. I should also point out to your Majesty several measures of regulation contained in the projet d'ordonnance, all of which are introduced with the object of giving new facilities to commerce. With the view of encouraging navigation to distant countries, produce the growth of China, Cochin-China, the Philippines, and the Isles of Sunda, will, upon importation, pay a duty reduced by one-fifth below the present. Upon payment of a mere nominal duty, steam-boats in the French marine may avail themselves of foreign coals. Cast iron could not formerly be imported in pigs under 400 kil. This minimum is reduced to 25 kil. The custom-houses at several places are opened to goods in transitu. A regular entrepot is established in the towns of Agde and Toulon. In compliance with demands, which have long been urged upon the Government, Strasburg has been established as an entrepot, and transit has been allowed through Alsace. Liquors will be admitted for transit under the conditions prescribed by the law of 9th February, 1832, and upon all necessary guarantees being given to the customs. The necessity for twice stamping and packing certain goods is removed by taking a stamped sample. Lastly, in a great number of cases, the price of the leaden stamps (plombs) affixed by the customs upon direct re-exportation by sea, upon stamping for the second time, upon merchandize destined for entrepots in the interior, or taken out from such entrepots, &c. &c, is reduced to one-half. The above are the most important modifications introduced into our Tariffs and custom-house regulations by the projet d'ordonnance which I present to your majesty for signature. They will be submitted to the Chambers for their approval in the first month of the. ensuing session. I shall then request your majesty to authorize me to present a projet de loi to legislate upon those questions which cannot be treated in an ordinance. But this projet should first be maturely prepared ; it is my duty to obtain the very best information ; to examine the several adverse interests ; and, lastly, to afford the guarantee of the greatest possible publicity being given to the inquiries which it may be expedient to undertake with a view to the collection and verification of facts. The reign of your majesty will be rendered illustrious in our annals by the greatness of the general prosperity, and by the welfare of all classes. I shall endeavour to justify the confidence which your majesty has been been pleased to place in me, by pointing out to your majesty, ever solicitous for the welfare of your people, all the ameliorations called for by the country, and compatible with the wisdom which should always direct your majesty's Government. I am, with the greatest respect, &c., &c. (Signed) T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. ROYAL ORDINANCE. Louis Philippe, King of the French, to all present and to come, greeting ; Having taken into consideration the 34th article of the law of the 17th December, 1814 — Also our ordinances of the 13th May, 1831, 16th June, 1832, 29th June and 15th October, 1833, and 2d June, 1834 ; And being desirous of giving the commerce and trade of the kingdom the immediate benefit of the several measures herein proposed, which it was found impossible to discuss in the last sessions of the legislature, but the urgency of which has been acknowledged ; Upon the report of our Secretaries of State for the departments of Commerce and of Finance, by and with the advice of the Superior Council of Commerce, we have ordained and we ordain as follows : — 3 L 226 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL First Section. TARIFF. FIRST ARTICLE.— IMPORTATION. The customs' duties upon importation shall be established or modified in the following manner :- First Section. — Reduction of Duties. Tallow . {In French vessels In Foreign Sheep's Wool | Uncombed Combed fr. 20 30 fr. kil. 12 per 100 15 per cent, ad valorem, without any minimum for the declaration. The above reduction upon sheep's wool will not come into force before the 1st of September next. , The right of pre-emption of wool will continue to be vested in the board and officers of customs, conformably with the law of the 4th Floreal, in the year IV. The delay of ten days allowed by the law of 17th May 1826, to declare the pre-emption, is reduced to three days. Sulphur Sulphate of iron In the rough, with the usual admixture of earthy particles f T , , - c , f In French vessels Melted J I fl ^mps not purified | Jn Foreign m& , \ In rolls, or otherwise purified Sublimated in powder, or flour of sulphur Copper Ore Unwrought in pigs, bars, or sheets, whether pure, or alloyed with zinc or tin. Also old copper, fit only to be re-manu- factured In French Ships From countries not in Eu- rope . From the entre- * p6ts In foreign vessels, and by land Zinc, unwrought, in rough masses, whetber pigs, bars, or sheets . Ore of lead, or sulphurate of lead, under whatever denomination, Galena, Alquif'oux, lead dust, &c. ...... Ore of iron v . . . . . . . . Ashes and refuse (regrets) of jewellers ..... Plaster, prepared, whether ground or calcined, imported at Abunvillers,Villars- undtr-Blamont, and Vaufrey ..... Stone, properly so called .... Calcined ...... Chalk Prussian Blue Broma Salts of Ammonia j Carbonates of native barytes Colours as enumerated : Dry or liquid In moist pastes , Rough, in powder, of whatever nature Refined in cakes fr. c. 'kil. 25 per 100 75 3 j 1 50 j j 5 0 3 3 13 0 3 3 6 0 3 3 0 10 3 3 1 0 3 > o 0 3 3 4 0 > 3 50 3 3 3 50 3 3 0 10 3 3 0 10 ) 3 0 10 3 3 0 10 3 3 0 30 3 3 3 J 150 0 40 0 ) 3 fr. c. kil. 0 50 per 1 1 0 0 20 100 The present duties. Half the present duties. Rough in the stalk Stripped, and tow Combed Fresh Dry Steeped Flax . . Lace or fringe (passementerie) and ribbons of thread Tissues, of flax or hemp, thick, for carpeting, dyed, of 8 threads at least to the millimetre . . . . . • , . [ Rough ...... \ In curls, or sorted in boxes .... La couane etonglons entiers Unbleached, grey or grass-bleached WhiteJ or partly white Dyed, wholly or in part fr. c. kil. 0 50 per 100 0 60 3 3 0 75 3 3 3 3 5 0 15 0 3 3 80 0 3 3 120 0 3 3 150 0 3 3 45 0 3 3 Hair 50 0 Tortoise-shell ( La I On glons debites en feuilles Elephants' teeth, viz. Present duties upon les onglons Same duty as les cara- pads Teeth Tusks, viz : — . , , entire and in pieces of f In French more than 1 kil. \ vessels , , entire and in pieces of i In foreign more than 1 kil. \ vessels , , in pieces of 1 kil. and less fr. c. kil. From French Senegal 38 0 per 100 From India 54 0 ? 3 From countries not in 67 0 3 3 Europe From the entrepots . 97 0 3 3 114 0 3 3 Mother of pearl, unpolished, viz. : — silvered, commonly ( In French J From the Indies called (tranche) < vessels ( From other places , , . . . ' In foreign vessels . , , With black edges, commonly called bastard Porcelain-shells (haliotides), called oreilles de mer . . . Double the above duties. . An eighth of the duty upon entire tusks. fr. c. kil. 20 0 per 100 35 0 50 0 ,, . Half the above duties. . A tenth of the above duties. Note. — The reduced duties upon bastard mother of pearl and haliotides will only be received in the ports of Marseilles, Bordeaux, Nantes, Havre, and Rouen ; elsewhere they will pay the same duty as mother of pearl, sil- vered or franche. Bissus from the puma marina (poil de nacre), and poil de Messine Same duties as raw silk. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 227 Caoutchouc, or elastic gum Dycwoods, viz. : — In logs {In French ( From countries out of Europe vessels \ , , the entrepots In foreign vessels viz. : — Brazil wood Other kinds In French vessels Acacia Annatto Turmeric . Saffron Quercitron bark In French f From countries out of Europe vessels \ , , the entrepots In foreign vessels . From the French colonies , , countries out of Europe , , the entrepots I In foreign vessels . Crushed, without distinction of f In French vessels kinds or places of growth \ In foreign vessels (From Senegal and French Guiana , , India . . . , , places out of Europe . , , the entrepots . In foreign vessels .... From India , , places out of Europe , , the entrepots . In foreign vessels In French vessels Safflower Cachou, {terra merita) Galls, viz. : — , , Heavy (green and , , blue) Light (white) f Fron vessels \ , , In foreign vessels the entrepots I In In French vessels foreign vessels {From places out of Europe , , the entrepots Valonia Shumac and fustic | and Bark, leaves and twigs . . . Ground ..... In French f From places out of Europe . Myroholans, dried J vessels \ , , the entrepots I In foreign vessels .... Bark, medicinal, unenumerated ..... Aniseed ... .... Lycopode ....... Scamony ....... Hardwoods : — in logs or planks exceed- j , f French Qu{ in;: three decimetres s o i n i ■ j ■ 1, ■ , • 1 Senegal, all kinds in thickness, viz. ; — I b ' . , , , , Lignum vitae , In French j From places I vessels J out of Europe , , j , " ) " I From the en " I trepots , , , , I In foreign vessels . . , , , , Ebony f In French f From places out J vessels < of Europe . s > j , , , | , , [ From the entrepots } , 5 , , , (in foreign vessels i > , , Cedar r In French i From places out of I vessels I Europe is j j ,, ) ,, { From the entrepots In foreign vessels . . Boxwood Mahogany and all others ■ In French < From places vessels J out of Europe , , j From India . , , iFrom the en- trepots In foreign vessels . in planks not exceeding three decimetres in thickness . . Note. — The drawback granted by the seventh article of the law of the 7th of June, 1820, upon the exportation of massive mahogany furniture, and leaves for veneering, is reduced one half. Rattans, split ..... fr. c. kit. 10 0 per 100 15 0 J ) 25 0 3 ) 5 0 3 3 8 0 12 0 3 3 0 80 3 3 1 50 3 3 3 0 f 9 6 0 5 } 20 0 3 3 22 0 } J 0 25 3 3 2 0 3 3 3 0 ' ' 5 0 3 3 7 0 ' ' I Vi 3 3 18 n V 3 3 25 o > 3 40 0 55 0 3 3 3 0 1 4 0 i no / n J > J 0 3 3 15 n 3 1 zo V 3 3 5 n V 3 3 7 n u 3 3 l 9 ii u 3 ) ) > Q o 0 3 > 1 I 0 3 3 15 0 3 3 4 o > 3 5 0 3 > 7 0 ) 3 48 o > t 20 0 3 3 20 0 3 5 150 0 3 3 1 0 3 3 2 0 3 3 A 4 ft u 3 » 7 ft > 3 4 0 3 3 7 50 3 3 i n c o ou 3 ) 2 50 3 3 5 0 > 1 5 50 5 3 10 0 J J 15 0 3 3 10 0 J 3 18 50 21 50 Triple the above duties, according to their kind. Same duty as whole Cocoa: — , , Nuts and husks Nutmegs, viz. . , Kernels ■ In the shell {From the. French colonies , , places east of Cape Horn , , other places out of Europe , , the entrepots In foreign vessels . . . {From French Guiana . ,5 India , , other places In foreign vessels . . Cloves : — Knobs From Bourbon 3 3 other French colonies India , , other places out of Europe , , the entrepots . . In foreign vessels ... Cups or stalks (griffes) In French vessels rattans. fr. c. kil. 40 0 per 100 50 0 9 9 55 0 3 3 95 0 3 9 105 0 3 3 1 0 3 3 , 1 50 3 3 2 50 > t 4 0 ) 9 Two thirds of the above duties. fr. c. kil 50 per 100 0 75 1 0 1 80 2 0 3 0 A quarter of above duties. 3 M 228 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Pepper In French vessels From French Guiana Pimento Cinnamon of all kinds all other places . . In foreign vessels . . . In French f From French Guiana . . vessels 1 ' ' ^ n< ^' a an( ^ P laces west of Cape Horn I , , all other places • , In foreign vessels From French Guiana India all other places In foreign vessels Fish, salt-water, fresh imported between Blancmisseron (Dept. du Nord) and Montgenevre (Hautes-Alpes) . t . , ( In French f ¥x0V i vessels | ' ' { hi foreign vessels fr. c. ML » 20 0 per 10 ft -J 40 0 } 3 # 80 0 3 3 • 120 0 j * 20 0 3 3 45 0 > > * 90 0 3 3 120 0 > y 0 65 s f 1 0 > J 2 0 j > * 3 0 3 3 Clocks and watches' works Engravings, lithographic prints, and printed music Paper, china, and of silk, and all other of the same nature Lac, viz. ,. , . .j. f In French ( From India 5 , stick, or gum different A quarter of the duty upon salt-water fish imported elsewhere, fr. c. kil. 5 0 per I The additional duty of 5 per cent, ad valorem is abolished, and the restriction upon their importation estab- lished by the law of 27 March, 1817, is Lac dye in cakes m in ; t f ^ n French f Fro m in . s l vesse i s \ states | T c ■ - 77 \ In foreign vesse . . h, all other places vessels French vessels I , , all other places foreign vessels removed. fr. c. kil. 200 0 per 10O 1 40 3 J 4 0 3 » 5 70 3 3 50 0 3 3 75 0 3 1 100 0 > » SPECIAL TAXES UPON IMPORTATION INTO CORSICA. fr. C. kil. Vermicelli paste . . . . . . . 0 25 per 100 „ . ( weighing more than 15 kil., each '. . 3 0 bwWB > Vlz ' :— t , , less than 15 kil., (sucking pigs) each . . 0 50 PRODUCE OF CHINA, COCHIN-CHINA, AND THE PHILIPPINE ISLES. All articles, with the exception of sugar, the produce of, and imported direct in French ships from, the islands of Sunda, and those parts of Asia, and Australasia, situated beyond the straits formed by the above-mentioned is lands, will be admitted upon importation, at duties one-fifth less than those charged upon similar articles coming from the most favoured countries, not being French colonies. fr. c. kil. Potash, the produce of French Guiana . . . . . 10 0 per 100 Section II. — Corrections op the present Tariff, Broken glass — (Groisil) Crystals of Tartar . Olives, fresh . Indigo In French vessels Citric acids In foreign vessels From India, after 1st Sept. next . From other countries out of Europe, after September next . From the entrepots . . Juice of lemons, or limes, in its natural state, under 30 degrees of stren , , Juice of lemons, concentrated from 30 to 35 degrees of strength , , Citrate of lime ...... , , Crystallized acid, or only concentrated above 35 degrees . Nickel — unwrought ...... Argentan / , , In rough masses ..... , , Laminated ...... Alabaster , , Unwrought ...... j , Sculptured, moulded, or polished ... Bristles Skins Hogs' or _f Rough, not sorted . Wild Boars', \ In boxes, sorted in lengths Sea wolf or J sea otter I Calf, cow, or sea-dog Beaver . Fox . . . Linseed Musk Undressed or tawed Unpicked (ejarrees) Undressed or tawed Dyed or polished Undressed or tawed Unpicked (ejarrees) Dyed Dyed In French vessels In foreign vessels Pure The produce of the country whence imported AH other .... 15 0 25 0 A fifth of the duty on oil, fit for food, fr. c. 0 50 the kil. } 2 0 Present duty. Present duty. fr. c. 0 1 the kil. 0 8 3 3 0 8 ,3 1 50 ,, 100 0 lOOkil. 100 0 3, 200 o ,, Present Duty. 15 per cent, ad va- lorem. fr. c. kil. 5 0 the 100 Present Duty. fr. c. 0 20 each. 3 0 0 20 1 0 3 0 the 100 15 0 , T 25 0 ,, 2 40 each. 1 50 100 kil. 3 0,, 5 0 , , 100 0 thekiL RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 229 Musk Cork Bags | Full Empty . Tails of musk rats In the rough Rasped ( In planks . \ In small cubes f In planks • < In small cubes . | Manufactured . Plat or twist of white wood , , Exceeding 7 millimetres , , Of 7 millimetres or less Apples or pears crushed ... Pistachios, including green . SECOND ARTICLE.— EXPORTATION. The duties of customs upon exportation shall be established or modified in the following manner: — fr. c. 65 0 the kil. • 10 0 • • • 25 o * 6 0 100 kil. 12 0 9 o 18 o 54 o „ • 70 o ,, 190 o 1 o 48 o Section I. — Prohibitions Removed. Timber, fit for building, in the rough, or merely squared with the axe Oak Staves Same duty as planks of morethan 8 cen- timetres in thick- ness, according to the kind. Same duty as upon importations. Section II. — Duties Reduced. Teasles for carding ...... Hair , , In the rough ...... , , Prepared, whether curled or in boxes sorted yi lengths . Colours ,, Ink, liquid, or for printing .... , , Fur varnish, of all kinds ..... Umbrellas or parasols ,, Silk ... ... , , Linen, hempen, or cotton cloth, glazed or not . Note. — Mountings and detached parts will pay the same duty as that fixed upon divers articles of Parisian labour by the 5th article of the Law of 17th May, 1S'2G; namely, 2 cents, per kilogramme. Tissues of silk, mixed with gold or fine silver . . . . Paper, dyed for hangings ....... Pasteboards , , Thin, strongly pressed, fawn-coloured, and glazed, called " drapers' pasteboards" ...... Of paper glued and flattened . . . . . , , All other kinds ...... Section III. — Correction of the present Tariff; Grindstones , , Exceeding in diameter 1,949 millimetres . . . , Less than 1 ,949, and more than 1 ,299 . . , , , Less than 1 ,299 ....... Apples and pears crushed ....... Prussian blue ........ fr. 3 1 0 0 0 c. 0 100 kil. o 25 0 the 100 0 ,. 5 the kil. 50 100 kil. 0 Present duty. fr. 10 6 3 0 2 0 each. 0 o 5 100 kil. 50 ,, Section IY. — Duties Repaid upon Exportation, Under the Title of Drawbacks. The drawbacks upon woollen-yarn and tissues of wool, pure or mixed, will be reduced in proportion to the reduction of the duties upon importation made by the first article of this ordinance. The classification (if tissues of wool, pure and mixed, and the drawback attached to each kind, will be finally determined by ordinances, according to the quantity of wool employed in the manufacture of each kind. These reduced rates of drawback will not come into force until after the 31st December of the pre- sent year. SECTION II. — MEASURES OF REGULATION. Article 3. Sleam-boats in the French marine, both in the royal and merchant service, may supply themselves with foreign coals, upon paying the simple duty (de balance) of 15 cent, per 100 fr. ad valorem. Article 4. The minimum of weight for each mass, pig, or piece of cast iron, to be admitted for im- portation, is reduced to 2b kilogrammes. Article 5. The port of Dunkirk, by Zuidcoote, is opened for the importation of merchandize of all kinds, excepting those enumerated in the 22d article of the law of 28th April, 1826, as well for impor- tation and transit, as for general bonding (entrepot), and the special bonding (do.) of prohibited goods. The forms and penalties required by the 28th, 29th, and 30th articles of the same law, will be ap- plied to all commerce carried on at this port. The 61st article of the law of 21st April, 1818, will be applied to merchandize taken from the entre- pot of Dunkirk, to be re-imported by Zuidcoote, whether in the boats called " belandres," the hatch- ways of which will be closed and sealed by the customs, or in waggons, the whole contents of which may be sealed (plombe) when the sealing of each separate package is not required ; these (roods will be escorted to t he frontier by two officers of the customs (preposes.) Article 6. The custom-houses of Longwy, Les Pargots, and Huningen, are added as towns of transit to those marked with double asterisks in the List, No. 2, annexed to the law of 9th February, 1832. 230 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL The custom-house of Entre-deux-Guiers is opened to articles not prohibited. Article 7. The privilege of bonding {entrepot reel) is granted to the towns of Toulon and Agde, under the conditions fixed by the several existing laws and regulations. Article 8. The custom-houses at the ports of Bouc Entre-deux-Guiers, Huningeu, and Les Pargots, are opened for the importation of the articles enumerated in the 20th article of the law of 28th April, 1816, and in the 8th article of the law of 27th March, 1817. Articled. The following goods will be received for entrepot at Strasburg, viz. : 1st, Merchandize not prohibited, admissible for transit. , 2d, Also the merchandize specified in the List, No. 3, annexed to the law of 9th February, 1832, arriving by the Rhine and the River 111, which is not comprehended in the above class. Article 10. Merchandize admitted to entrepot at Strasburg maybe taken out of it again ; either for transportation in transit, conformably with the general laws of the customs, with the exception of refined sugar and manufactured tobacco, which must always be removed by the Rhine or the canal terminating at Huntngen ; or for home consumption, if the goods are admissible at the land frontiers, or if, being included in the 22d article of the law of the 28th April, 1816, they have arrived from a French port in which they have paid the import duties. Article 11. The merchandize specified in the last article but one may be transported in French vessels from La Wautzenau to Hunjngen, provided that if they come from countries beyond sea, or from the countries bordering the Rhine below Mayence, they took in their cargo at the latter port or in their course down the river. Article 12. The above-mentioned vessels, if they have stores with solid walls and entirely separate from the cabins and other places accessible to the crew, need only be subject to the closing and seal- ing of the hatchways ; but the customs may adopt what means it thinks necessary to ensure their re- nraining closed, including an escort of officers, who may be placed on board. This regulation will be applied to all vessels with cargoes entering the 111 at La Wautzenau and bound for Strasburg, or for those which may load at that entrepot for re-exportation. Article 13. Liquids and fluids in bottles or pitchers, exclusive of chemical preparations and medi- cines will be admitted for transit, without reserve, under the conditions of the law of 9th February, 1832, and under the obligation of double packing, double seals, and taking a sample. The quantities found wanting upon exportation, arising from the leaking of vessels in the packages, will be charged with the duties payable upon importation, or, if the article is prohibited, with the amount of its value. Article 14. Adipous oils (huiles grasses) admissible for transit may be imported and exported at all custom-houses open for merchandize in transit. Article 15. All the regulations relative to the transit of prohibited merchandize, exhibited and dis- patched in pressed packages, may, at the request of the parties, be applied to yarns and tissues not pro- hibited. Article 16. The manifests of ships and the declarations of merchandize, which should be furnished to 1 he customs, will require no stamp. Article 17. The double packing and double sealing of the merchandize, specified in the 17th article of the law of 27ih July, 1822, will be avoided by taking a sealed sample conformably with the 11th article of the law of 9th February, 1832. The price of each seal (jjlomb) affixed by the customs in virtue of the several laws and ordinances is reduced to 25c. in the following cases: — 1st, Upon direct re-exportation by sea of merchandize received into entrepot. 2d, For the second sealing required for certain merchandize, admitted to transit. 3d, For merchandize receiving drawback or in transit which, after having been verified in a port or a custom-house for exportation not immediately on the frontier, must be forwarded under the seal of the customs to ensure its certain exportation either by sea or by land to the adjacent countries. 4th, For merchandize entered at the entrepots created by virtue of the law of 27th February, 1832, or taken out of those entrepots either for re-exportation, or for transport to other entrepots in the kingdom. 5th, For grain in transit. , In all o her cases it remains fixed at 50 centimes. This sum includes the cost of the material, that of cords and packthread, and the trouble of the officer, and the expense of affixing the seal. All regulations, general or special, contrary to the present article, are declared null and void. Article 18. The driving of cattle and flocks of all kinds across the frontier for pasture cannot be permitted, except under the condition to re-import or re-export, as may be, the same herds or flocks both in the same number and of the same kind, without adding the young cast during pasture, which will be charged with the duty, and subjected to the regulations in force for importation or exporta- tion, if the owners require it. The parties (soumissionaires') must take upon themselves the risk of losses incurred during the time of pasture. Article 19. Our secretaries of state for commerce and for finance are charged, according to their respective offices, with the execution of the present ordinance. Given at the palace of Neuilly, 8th July, 1S34. Louis Philippe. (By order of the King) T. Duchatel, Secretary of State for the Department of Commerce. RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 231 O l-H O CI N O O! Ol H CO.O -f CI CM rH CO r-l 05 CO i— i «C5 C I CO GO ts f— I c-1 CO ts CO o w CM o ts -f r-H >l C5 CI -rf CI i— CM CI in CO (D »C5 00 i— • CO in cj is o CM 00 CD — I -P 30 SO to CO K • cm co cm oo tc5 ri » — I CI CO 00 COr-'Cf --tooo OS CM (N S >ts»ntsC>i HHNCO ClOClto CD CO O in ' CM CD O C7) Ci K . — • r-H -rj. CO "* ■— I no 125 Pi O CO C I i— ■ C O r-l CM CM O iO to 00 CO CM to CO -f CO CC o — CI C5 CI CO C71 i— i 00 CJ > r* eo »o ts » o CO 00 o O CO CO o ■ in cm cm oo i- koo in ' CM r-i in i — I CO T OHOD COCIOQ . CO — CO CO 0 ts CO GO 01 Is C I o> • coi'oo N ■* O 'iCNCO Is CO CO TP O Ol o o -r o . C I CO 00 O O CO C5 r— I ts CC> o o ■O CO CO r-H O CO ■n 00 00 CO ■ O o CO CTJ r— 1 • in 10 N N CO CO 00 O CM CM . I— I ts r— r— CD if) 05 O ' CO N ^< N CI i-H Is Is to — i CO CO O CO CO CM » *CO CO CM CM Is 00 O O CvCOCl r-< CO OOIrHCO Is CO ts O • is cm ^r 1 o to CO O CO ts — < CO • C I cro is O l fa U < p3 fa O fa fa s o Q C5 g M Q fa H fa a d fa M w H _e O H "c r-C -d a SO d H Ct? fa O C ca fa £ g .5 cJ I "3 . ° I -J "g c» i ^ I o -g eo m at ctj ■ .2 « -2 <3 .— >• .y a « 5-tt « , Ph Q 1 o 3 -a J £ J -J | lj.S-3 g a a o -5 -a 3 o g > 5h=h CJ > H O w rJ o o — ( o o o g w Q * fa H „ rH c r=H 2 fa a r= AZ 8i?^-a J 3 ,a ^ fa O ^ r-H H-g 3 m « -a S ° 5 « g M fa r^ S fa fa H .3 .9 211 X s; -a fa 2 2 <<1 fa .3 .a o I 5 .2 .a u tH tj O CC bD 5 a a fa bp r5 "? o -a ) 30 Q O ono 0U0 24 3,042 j Coffee ....... 3 3 4 -f / 129 446 Colocynth . . . . . 3 3 1,319 '3 882 At. 338 264 776 868 Coral in fragments ..... 3 3 6 11 3 5 , , whole, unpolished .... 3 3 17 10 Furs, undressed, Fitch .... Number. 30,620 28, 978 17 989 882 835 518 ! , , Martin .... 3 3 27,676 20 622 26, 448 6,919 5,155 6,612 i j , Nutria ..... 3 3 2,000 50 , , of other kinds Value. 20 4 457 1 Gentian ....... lbs. 80,487 40 824 838 425 786 Gum, Lac dye ...... 3 3 21,843 9, 884 819 1 371 , , Senegal . . . . .- . Cwts. 1,081 'l, 106 2,297 '2,350 Indigo . . . . . . lbs. 3 752 14 516 2 Liquorice Juice ..... Cwts. 7 ' 6 161 25 *23 753 ; Mother of Pearl Shells, rough lbs. 234 19 785 4 371 > Opium . . . . " . 3 3 492. 1 216 11 508 83 167 1,582 1 Precious Stones ..... Value. 132 540 155 Tobacco ....... lbs. 1 348 225 3,265 Other Articles belonging to this Class . , Value. 'l,965 'l,140 928 £ 19,642 20,801 20,921 Articles which cannot be assigned specifically to any of the foregoing Classes . 73,800 82,623 114,100 Official Value thereof. RELATIONS BETWEEN Exports from the FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN, United Kingdom to France. 235 DIVISION I. Articles of the actual production of the United Kingdom. CLASS 2. Articles produced in England and not in France. Arsenic ...... . . Cwts. Moss, Rock . . . . . • , , Tin Other Articles belonging to this Class . CLASS 3. Articles produced both in England and in France : — Subdivision 1. — Articles of Food, &c Beef and Pork . Beer and Ale . . . Butter . „ Cheese .... Corn, Grain, and Flour, viz. — Oats . . . Pease ... Wheat ,, Flour Pearl and Scotch Barley, Oatmeal, and Fish, Herrings , , Oysters . , Salmon Hops Barrels. Tuns. Cwts. Quarters. 9 ) Cwts. Grits , , Barrels. Bushels. Barrels. Cwts. Number. Horses . . . . . Pickles and Sauces ... Plants and Seeds Salt . , Swap and Candles . . . Sugar, refined .... Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision Subdivision 2. — Raw Materials. Bleaching Salts . . Bricks . . . , Coals, Cinders, and Culm . Copper, in Bricks and Pigs Copperas .... Grindstones ... Horns and Horn Tips Iron, in Pigs . . . , , Bar . . « Lead .... Manganese . . . Oil, Train Slates .... Spermaceti, refined . . Whalebone . . . YV ool, Sheep and Lambs' . Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision Subdivision 3. — Articles partially manufactured. Bushels. Cwts. Cwts. Number. Tons. Cwts. > j ( Chaldrons \ No. Number. Tons. Cwts. Tuns. No. Tons. Cwts. Copper, Sheets and Nails Cotton, Twist and Yarn . Lead, Red ... White . . , , Litharge of . . Leather, Tanued Linen Yarn . . . Silk, Thrown . . . , , Yarn and Twist ' . Skins, Dressed, Seal . , , of other sorts Steel, in Bars, &c. . . Tin Plates Wool prepared for Hatters, viz. — , , Beaver ... , , Musquash . . , , Nutria and other sorts Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision Cwts. lbs. Cwts. lbs. > 5 Number. Cwts. lbs. Quantities Exported. 1831 1,167 '7,111 285 40 1 128 27 5 *35 1,540 2 5 280 21,030 43 18 28 3,000 33,086 20,045 765 6 882 888 89 14 242,000 57 1,114 226 3,847 51 2,016 1 934 6 17,503 21,600 2,221 1,775 45 438 1832 1,080 2 8,508 143 5.6 1 1G0 41 95 32 47 1,920 3,218 529 1,236 40 23 2,738 11,000 41,015 39,511 293 845 2,365 2,759 1,657 65 402 i 45,000 163 1,008 701 6,576 203 8,437 85 *19 1 76,512 39,250 7,153 ' 1,851 89 622 324 183: Official Value thereof. 1831 £. 2,027 4 8,987 13 62 262 1 ' 3 '38 8 2,000 2 179 785 3,192 129,920 45,218 35,854 00 1,150 4' 9 5,104 1,178 145 1,850 332,5001 137/ 1,158 574 12,710 98,193 4 90 700 43 807,288 1,218 05,007 1,314 '3,849 110 477 615 2.723 25,956 28,759 653 209 2 154 712 6 19 2,791 159 691 721 128 50 1,100 7,500 70 2 31,833 109,419 1,156 882 8,879 932 7 239 8,354 1,131 15,387 390 178,081 270 234 2 420 21 938 21 .000 278 300 2,529 3,201 45 219 i82 30,239 1832 3,920 9 31,055 58 35,042 267 278 2 192 50 132 10 9 88S 2. 12,874 5,290 195 440 41 186 03 580 21,505 6,844 6 40,870 209,403 73 1,268 12 2,759 10,567 686 231 8 197 7,563 3,505 26,302 987 317,286 1,078 753 154 4,099 39,250 894 1,162 2,638 7,389 89 311 112 298 58,238 236 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPORT ON THE COMMERCIAL Exports from the United Kingdom to France, continued. Quantities Exported. Official Value thereof. - 1831 1832 1833 1831 1832 1833 £. £. £. Subdivision 4. — Articles manufactured. Apothecary v\ ares . . • . . Cwts. 721 1 023 1,194 1 533 2,876 2,850 Apparel, Slops, and Haberdashery . . * 3 119 6,049 6,764 J500KS Cwts. 243 243 306 974 973 1,223 Brass and Copper Manufactures, viz. — , , Brass, wrought . . , . Cwts. 719 283 163 3 ,115 1,106 656 , , Copper, wrought . . . 609 2 876 530 3 229 15,243 2,811 Brass Ordnance • ■ . . . Tons. 54 19 3,231 1,149 Cabinet and Upholstery Wares • B *2 ,198 2,217 4,112 Carriages ofall sorts • . . Number. 8 'l3 14 135 155 225 Cotton Manufactures, viz. — , , Calicoes, &c. Vv nite or i^Iam Yards. 601,408 227 ,821 1,042,006 37 ,588 14,239 65,125 , , , , Printed, &c. . . . J 5 235,552 481 163 391,929 17 602 36,042 29,303 , , Muslins * . • • • 88,532 79 632 94,430 7 ,378 6,698 8,028 , , Fustians, Velvets, &c. . . . > > 21,168 37 871 15,710 2 ,646 4,734 1,964 , , Lace and Patent Net . . 1,274,490 3,740 ,580 4,746,668 42,483 124,686 158,222 , , Hosiery, Tapes, &c. . . . # , 2 224 3,543 2,093 Earthenware, Porcelain . . . Pieces. 7,200 24,376 36,390 18 61 91 , , Common . • . « > > 47,850 72 000 53,760 120 180 134 wlass, Common iiottles . . . . Cwts. 130 125 675 63 62 325 Guns and Pistols . . . . . Number. 205,860 4 522 1,481 154,282 3,351 1,110 Gunpowder ...... lbs. 41 ,100 20 400 14,100 1 ,242 616 426 Hardware and Cutlery not described . • Cwts. 2,416 3 673 3,901 6 ,643 10,101 10,783 Hats, Beaver and Felt . . . . Dozens. 6 9 28 41 , , oi other sorts . . , 5 5 Tons. 98 51 15 138 88 60 Iron, Cast and Wrought . . . . 863 1 149 889 25 459 32,917 33,250 , , Ordnance . . . . . Cwts. 370 130 4 u/u 1,430 Lamp Black ...... 1,221 2 741 2,515 1 221 2,741 2,515 Leather, wrought and Saddlery . . . 334 1,154 1,051 Linen, White or plain, British Yards. 95,385 291 961 183,289 4 784 14,626 9,195 , j Irish . . . 7,257 22 139 309 363 1,107 15 , , Hosiery, Tapes and small Wares • 44 2,560 Machinery and Mill work .... • • • 10 306 17,829 18,476 Mathematical ana Uptical Instruments • 59 467 497 H IT ' IT L L~ Musical Instruments . • • • 1 627 1,742 3,366 famters Colours and Materials . • 1 184 2,295 5,907 Perfumery ...... • 179 425 196 Pictures and Picture Frames • 637 1,271 1,345 relate, silver ...... Ounces. 7,609 *4 026 6,526 3 424 1,812 2,936 related Ware /. • 40 194 354 rrmtmg lypes, and other Materials for Pnnti 1 200 35 290 Prints, ( Engravings) . 394 209 1,010 Silk Manufactures in Pieces, &c. . . . 'lbs. 15,176 27 198 18,820 26 559 47,597 32,934 , , Hosiery, Lace and Small Wares . 33 56 249 , , Stuffs of Silk, mixed with Cotton, Worsted &c. lbs. 741 1 712 937 173 400 219 Stationery ...... 4. 829 3,046 4,369 iin and rewter wares . • . . • ■ • • 54 10 44 Toys 27 00 79 Turnery and Wooden Wares • • • • • 249 580 655 Watches and Clocks . . . . . 5 96 4 Woollen Manufactures, viz, — , , Cloths Pieces. 384 883 3 178 3 183 9 293 18 243 > , , Baizes . . . . > > 13 15 '279 39 ' 45 '837 , , Flannel . . . . . Yards. 8,316 44 359 16,955 520 2,772 1,060 , , Blankets and Blanketing . . ; ) 5,600 100 2,240 420 8 168 , , Carpets and Carpeting . J > 9 ddF. 5 404 428 , , Stuffs, Woollen, or Worsted . Pieces. 4,637 15 862 20,26S 7 342 25,115 32,091 , , Hosiery and Small Wares 570 1,495 1.057 Woollens mixed with Cotton Yards. '8,637 28 236 26,517 1 727 5,647 5,303 Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision . 1 987 1,610 2,613 390 228 415,300 481/678 Total of CI ass 3. . . £ 606 654 812,329 958,892 Articles which cannot be assigned specifically to any of the foregoing Classes 515 116 294 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 237 Exports from the United Kingdom to France, continued. Quantities Exported. Official Value thereof. 1831 1832 1833 1831 1832 1833 £. £. £. T\ Tt 71 OT/^VT TT DIVISION II. Articles of the actual production of Foreign Countries. CLASS 1. Articles produced in France and not ia England. Brandy Gallons. 228 1,059 875 67 211 257 Madder Cwts. • • • 472 • • 1 ,098 Madder Root . . • . . . > > 24 167 Oil of Olives ...... Gallons. 182,227 279,563 3,804 37,747 57,909 788 Silk, Raw, including Waste, Knubs and Husks lbs. 780 1,403 20,976 614 1,065 13,973 Wine, Cape Gallons. 13 133 24 3 32 6 , , French . . . • . • , > 3,055 12, 100 17,100 792 3,046 4,841 , , other sorts . . . . . i > 3,597 5,545 10,007 608 939 1 ,802 Other Articles belonging to this Class . • • ■ • • • 19 400 287 £ 39,850 63,602 23,219 /"IT K C C Ci CLASS 2. Articles produced in England and not in France. Arsenic Cwts. • • 106 • • 246 Tin . 20 439 1,555 130 2,852 10,107 £ 130 2,852 10,353 CLASS 3. Articles produced both in England and in France. Subdivision 1. — Articles of Food, &c. Butter Cwts. . . 393 541 Corn, Barley Quarters. 10 • • • • 7 , , Beans . . . . . . , , • ISO • • 278 Oats • • 16,495 200 • • 11 ,084 134 , , Pease . . . . . . , , • 35 70 , , Rye >> 6,646 665 8,328 857 Wheat 20,460 147,443 50 42,199 302,778 103 , , VV heat r lour ..... Cwts. 11,122 - 27,469 21 5,561 13,735 10 Spirits and Cordials, (not Brandy) . . Gallons. 2 86 28 1 33 17 Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision . • • 9 72 129 £ 47,770 336,385 1,791 Subdivision 2.— Raw Materials. Brimstone ...... Cwts. • 7,252 7,184 • 6,708 6,645 Bristles . lbs. 23,587 19,216 17,687 540 440 405 Copper, in Bricks and Pigs .... Cwts. 272 1,389 1,768 • 9,031 Old . . . • • • j j 1G 703 147 66 2,813 587 Hides, not tanned . . . . . , , • • 584 • • 2,043 Iron Bar ....... Tons. 1 1 13 17 Lead, in Pigs . . . . . . , , 33 88 491 1 ,317 Seeds, Clover . . . . . Cwts. '3,078 "609 101 'l,847 366 60 Til J T * „ 1 T~) \ i _ , , Flax and Linseed .... Bushels. 9,590 • • 1,478 Lucerne ..... Cwts. 239 144 , , Rape ...... Bushels. 14,773 1,908 Skins, Deer ...... Number. • 2 9,031 . . • 1,355 ,, Goat ,, • • • . 2,974 • . • 211 „ Kid , 71 ,955 65,215 4,497 4,076 Spelter ....... Cwts. 2,777 9,404 9 , 743 6,942 23,511 24,356 Tallow . . . . . . . , , 24,235 6,443 22,189 39,381 10,471 36,057 Wax, Bees', unbleached • . • . , , 79 • • 548 Wool, Coney ...... lbs. *65 5,261 *4 329 , , bneep and Lambs . . . • , , 67,772 88,636 4,659 6,094 Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision . . 73 165 561 £ 55,262 55,191 — " - 91,524 Subdivision 3. — Articles partially manufactured. Copper, part W rought .... Cwts. 435 3,046 Platting of Chip ..... lbs. 778 1,566 259 522 , , of Straw . • . . . , , 1,753 948 259 584 316 86 Silk, Thrown . . . . . . , 6,578 3,882 2,492 9,867 5,823 3,738 Yarn, Camel or Mohair . . . . f . 96 1,358 19 272 1 20 333 Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision . £ Subdivision 4. — Articles manufactured. 10,471 6,690 7,725 Books Cwts. 15 31 76 58 125 306 Boots and Shoe3 ..... Pairs. 590 160 Brass and Copper Manufactures, — j 5 Entered by Weight . Cwt. 13 1 • • 59 7 5 > Entered at Value . 7 10 China Ware and Porcelain .... 45 20 Coral Beads ...... lbs. 325 564 664 106 183 216 Cotton Manufactures of India . . . Pieces. 11,630 19,325 26,652 4,529 12,749 19,270 , , Europe .... 235 287 Embroidery and Needle Work .... 105 10 Goats' Wool, Manufactures of .... 1,207 2,210 5,080 Hats, Chip and Straw .... Number. *5,766 *2, 091 300 109 Linen Manufactures ...... 153 129 153 Leather Gloves ...... Pairs. 1,104 'l,344 30,120 28 34 753 Carried forward . . , . . £ 6,992 15,576 26,075 238 APPENDIX TO SECOND REPOP-T ON THE COMMERCIAL Exports from the United Kingdom to France, continued. Brought forward . I Pictures . . . . ... . Silk manufactures of India, — Handkerchiefs . , , Crape Shawls and Handkerchiefs j , , , in Pieces , , other Silks in Pieces . Silk Manufactures of Europe,— , , Entered by Weight . , , Entered at Value . . Woollen Manufactures (not cloth) . . Other Articles belonging to this Subdivision . Number. Pieces. Number. Pieces. lbs. Quantities Exported. 1831 CLASS 4 Articles produced neither m En Ashes, Pearl and Pot Balsam Copaiba . Benjamin . . Bugles .... Camphor, Unrefined . , , Refined . . Catvtharides Cardamoms Cassia Lignea . Castor ..... China Root Cinnamon . . . Cloves .... Cobalt .... Cochineal . . Cocoa Nuts Coffee ... Cortex Peruvian us . . Cotton Wool . Dye and Hard W oods, — , , Brazil Wood , , Fustic , , Nicaragua Wood , , of other sorts Emery Stones . . Furs Undressed, Bear > } ? ) Beaver Fox j ; Martin . > ) Mink j ) Musquash : > Otter i > Raccoon . ? ) Wolf i ; other sorts Gum, Lac Dye . . . , , Shellac . , , Sticklac . . . Hair, Goats', or Carmenia Wool Hemp, Rough . . Indigo .... Isinglass .... Musk .... Nutmegs Oil of Cocoa Nut Opium .... Pearls and Precious Stones i Pepper .... Pimento .... Platina, Ore of Quicksilver Rhubarb Rice .... Rum .... Safifower .... Sago . : . Salop .... Saltpetre, rough . . Shumac .... Skins, undrest, Seal . Sugar, unrefined . . Tar Tea .... Teeth, Elephants' Tobacco, unmanufactured . Tor.toisesh.ell, rough . Wlialefins . . . Other Articles belonging to this Class Total land nor in France. Cwts. lbs. Tons. Cwts. Number. lbs. Cwts. lbs. Cwts. Ounces. lbs. Cwts. lbs. lbs. Ounces, lbs. Cw:s. Gallons. Cwts. lbs. Cwts. Number. Cwts. Lasts. lbs. Cwts. lbs. Cwts. 14 3,952 12 74 91 234 1,236 2,286 '3,305 10,520 421 8,745 222 5,316 24,841 353 72,879 181,068 34 5 5 478 432 1,390 500 1,757 4,630 5,750 788 149,811 24 237 448 498 211,731 '5,382 1,884 2,037 3,994 2,829 81 19 2 1,640 26 197,336 861 6 1832 1833 55 24,377 5,613 100 212 1,036 Total of C lass 3 231 6,990 474 *2, 672 2,223 24,016 251 6,780 78,267 570 1,575 110,491 52,591 7,198 17,119 43 2 1,406 20 1,587 7,344 24 5,800 901 1,444 30,515 10,680 815 189,396 108 1,614 48 984 *6,979 7,955 5,500 11,272 3,624 2 1,701 59 1,432 498 50 '59 1 84,158 1,362 76 Official Value thereof. 1831 200 50,730 5,377 758 1,282 3,522 13,354 623 912 19,197 48 5,850 13,072 706 112 3,703 53,486 56 , 222 2,150 62,095 2 18 2 13 2,602 1,308 12 1,585 11,076 1,379 5,105 58 2,676 117 281 4,620 38,679 1,691 117,081 24 641 633 1,313 2 222 '765 3,223 7,490 2,040 710 87 9,765 1,899 123. 942 6 'l,120 226,783 411 42 £. 6,992 56 4,648 24 309 145 884 580 1,060 1,310 16,008 129,511 2,018 514 193 526 74 875 466 188 6.210 13 4,555 9,614 2,538 *60 97 203 '34 127 296 66 550 192 39 28,714 332 237 146 124 1,573 11,469 *2. 018 565 1,273 3,994 878 264 47 26 246 206 3.700 280 57 989 86,591 1832 £. 15,576 220 29,592 10,745 100 379 2,597 94 6 1,389 60,698 458,964 378 437 28 401 667 2,402 527 240 19,567 114 1,772 3,946 3,287 1,080 1,712 3,200 24 598 •■• S 126 673 2 60 1 73 34 171 1,017 534 1,019 36,301 108 524 144 246 860 378 232 2,062 3,382 2,265 2 523 522 573 35 125 9 - 4 1,578 443 724 1,269 96,404 RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. 239 APPENDIX No. LXI. Statement of the Averages of Seven Years, from 1824 to 1830, of the repartition of the Custom-House Duties in the different Regions of France, and of the Proportion which exists between their Amount, and the Extent of the Soil and Population. Regions. Custom Houses. Duties received. Centennial Pro- portions. j Population. Numberof Inhabitants j per 1,000 Hectares. 5 Territory. Public Revenue. A o 03 O C | a o 5 i o Ch M w "o H 3 "t3 M O s a o o a, ■s, W "3 "o Eh North-west . <| North • < North . . < North-east . J West . . West . . | Centre . . Centre . . East . . East . . J 'South-west . ■/ South .