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DICTIONARY AND GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 KONGO LANGUAGE. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i S' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DICTIONARY AND GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 KONGO LANGUAGE 
 
 As spoken at San Salvador , the Ancient Capital of the Old 
 
 Kongo Empire , West Africa. 
 
 Compiled and Prepared for the Baptist Mission on the 
 
 Kongo River, West Africa, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Rev. W. HOLMAN BENTLEY, 
 
 Missionary of the Baptist Missionary Society on the Kongo . 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY, 
 19, Furnival Street, Holborn, London, E.C.; 
 
 AND 
 
 TRUBNER & CO., Ludgate Hill, London, E.C. 
 
 1887. 
 
Butler &• Tanner, 
 
 The Sehvood Printing IVorkt, 
 Froyrte, and Loyidon. 
 
c-\\ 3e\S'QxcK^vw} , b 
 
 cp; 3^? 
 <F 
 
 THIS WORK, 
 
 UNDERTAKEN SOLELY IN THE SERVICE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 KING OF KINGS, 
 
 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO 
 
 HIS MAJESTY 
 
 LEOPOLD II., 
 
 KING OF THE BELGIANS, 
 
 AND 
 
 SOVEREIGN OF THE CONGO FREE STATE, 
 BY HIS MAJESTY’S GRACIOUS PERMISSION. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '. ,v <f HI 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 * 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 As one deeply interested in the evangelization of the people of Africa, 
 and in all that relates to modem discovery, and philanthropic efforts to 
 ameliorate the lot of the African, I have been asked to write an Introduc¬ 
 tion to this valuable addition to our knowledge of the language com¬ 
 monly called “ the Kongo,” although only one of the numerous forms 
 spoken in the basin of that great river. 
 
 The Rev. W. Holman Bentley belongs to the Missionaries of the 
 English Baptist Society, and his knowledge has been primarily acquired 
 during a five years’ residence among the people who speak that language, 
 and during his stay in England he has carefully matured that knowledge, 
 and arranged his materials. In spite of the heavy affliction of the temporary 
 loss of his sight and prolonged ill health, he never abandoned his great 
 work, and by God’s grace has been permitted to bring it to a conclusion 
 before he returns to the field of his labours. I may be permitted to 
 add, that during his malady he was enabled to continue his work by the 
 help of his wife, who has evidenced a singular aptitude for such studies, 
 and has supplied another instance of women not being backward in this 
 special work of the Lord. 
 
 For it is for the purpose of advancing the Kingdom of the Lord that 
 this great work has been commenced, continued, and completed. It 
 is a solid brick in the great edifice of the Evangelization of Africa, for : 
 How can they hear unless they are spoken to ? How can they be spoken 
 to unless the missionary masters the vulgar tongue of the people to whom 
 he is sent ? Mr. Bentley has consecrated his great talents to this noble / 
 work in the hope that it will enable his colleagues, and those who come 
 after him, to spread the Gospel of Christ. This was his main object, 
 and for this purpose only, the funds of a Missionary Society can be 
 properly devoted to the expense of such publications. 
 
 But the scholars of Europe and North America would indeed be dead 
 to all feeling, did they not feel gratitude to Missionaries, like Mr. Bentley, 
 who have revealed to them new worlds, and helped them to enter in, and 
 admire the beauties of hitherto sealed gardens. The Kongo language 
 takes its place by the side of the Swahili, the Zulu, and the Pongwe, as x 
 one of the typical languages of the Bantu family. Differing from each 
 other in many particulars, they still have such ineffaceable affinities as 
 indicate their common stock. The mechanism of one often explains 
 
Vlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 misunderstood anomalies in the others. Mr. Bentley has been able to 
 get to the bottom of many knotty points, which will, no doubt, throw a 
 reflected light on unexplained features in sister languages, of which the 
 study is only now commencing. 
 
 A Dictionary and a Grammar are but means to an end, and that end, 
 from the point of view of all who love their Lord, is the translation of 
 the Holy Scriptures, and the circulation and faithful preaching of the 
 Everlasting Gospel. All human knowledge, all intellectual talents, are vain 
 and profitless, unless directly, or indirectly, they lead on to the salvation 
 of souls, and I heartily congratulate Mr. Bentley that he has been per¬ 
 mitted to render a service to the great cause, which will be lasting, and 
 pave the way to services, whether performed by himself or others, which 
 will be still more endurable, still more acceptable, and still more blessed. 
 
 ROBERT CUST, 
 
 Honorary Secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society. 
 
 August 20th, 1886. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Kongo River, and the Country from which it has received its name, have 
 of late so attracted public attention, that much geographical description will 
 be scarcely necessary. It will be sufficient to mention that the basin of the 
 Kongo River includes nearly all the western half of Equatorial Africa from 
 5° of N. Lat. to 12° S. Lat., and from 30° E. Long., to within about 100 to 150 
 miles from the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Nearly the whole of this vast region is drained by one river, which pours 
 into the South Atlantic in 6° S. Lat., about 400 miles south of the Equator, 
 on the south-west coast of Africa 
 
 The river itself is called by the natives Nzadi, or some equivalent term, which 
 can only be translated as “ the Great River/ 5 and is corrupted by Europeans 
 into Zaire. The Zaire or Congo River is the name which appears on the map 
 of Africa. The name Zaire is fast dropping out of use, that of Congo becoming 
 more general.* 
 
 The name of the Kongo River is derived from Kongo or Ekongo, the name 
 of an ancient and once powerful kingdom, the seat of government being Mbanza 
 Ekongo (appearing on old maps as Ambassi), situated about 150 miles east of 
 the mouth of the river. As for the derivation of the name itself, it is not possible 
 to speak with certainty. The verb konga means, to gather large fruit ; nkongo 
 means, a hunter ; kinkongo, hunting skill. In Herero, konga implies, to hunt, 
 to reconnoitre. 
 
 The people are called Mwixi-Kongo,t pi. Exi-Kongo, “ people of Kongo. 55 
 The language is called Kixi-Kongo (the -xi- is derived from nxi, a country). 
 Fioti has been spoken of by some as the name of the language, but that is a mis¬ 
 take. Fioti is a corruption of mfioti, black, and means, “black-man’s speech. 5 ’ 
 
 The Bakongo referred to elsewhere in this work, are the independent Kongos 
 living east of the Kwilu River. The prefix Ba used to distinguish them is 
 applied by them to all plural nouns which are the names of persons ; hence its 
 appearance in their tribal name. 
 
 The people of Kongo belong to the great Bantu race, who, with the exception 
 of the Hottentot-Bushmen of the Cape, inhabit all Africa south of the fifth 
 parallel of North Latitude : a line drawn across Africa, parallel to the Equator, 
 from the Cameroon’s Mountain to the East Coast, will serve, to all practical 
 purposes, to mark the northern boundary of the Bantu race. 
 
 * Since it is necessary to adopt a uniform phonetic spelling in such a work as this, K must 
 take the place of C, to avoid confusion, and Congo is always spelt Kongo. The C is too 
 fixed as a spelling in newspapers,etc., to expect it to yield to the more correct K, but K must 
 be used in this book, 
 t X is pronounced sh. 
 
X 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Dr. Cust, in his most valuable work on “ The Modern Languages of Africa,” 
 gives information as to the territorial distribution of the great races of Africa, 
 and to that work the student must be referred for details. It must suffice to 
 state that, although the Bantu peoples present to the casual observer, no 
 appreciable physical difference from what is known as the Negro race, being 
 similar in colour, hair, &c., and sharing the same superstitions as to witchcraft, 
 &c., &c., they are in language as widely distinct as it is possible to conceive. 
 It is a recognised fact, that the Bantu and Negro families of languages are as 
 far apart from each other as from the Aryan, Semitic, or Ural-Altaic. Indeed, 
 the natives of the Cameroons, and those on the Niger River, although living so 
 near together, have no more in common, as far as language is concerned, than 
 they have with English or Chinese. While the family likeness in radical, gram¬ 
 matical, and syllabic construction is easily distinguished in Bantu tribes, how¬ 
 ever remote from each other, there cannot be found a trace of such resemblance 
 between the two frontier peoples above referred to, either in roots, in general 
 grammatical rules, or even in construction of syllables ; and these two samples 
 of the two great races, taken from places so near to each other, may be, without 
 hesitation, regarded as types. 
 
 In 1484 the mouth of the Kongo River was discovered by a Portuguese 
 navigator, Diogo Cam ; and in 1491 an expedition reached the Mbanza, or 
 chief town of Kongo, which is now known to Europeans as San Salvador. 
 Roman Catholic Missions were established there, and San Salvador was the 
 seat of a Bishop. The ruins of its cathedral, of many churches, and of the 
 stone wall surrounding the town, attest its importance in the past. 
 
 About 120 years ago the religious orders were expelled by the Governor of 
 Angola; and from that time, with the exception of a short occupation in i860, 
 and an occasional visit from a priest, no white men lived for any length of 
 time in Kongo, until, in 1879, the Baptist Missionary Society made San Salvador 
 the base of their operations. In 1881 a Portuguese Mission followed, and now 
 trading factories have been established. 
 
 The old Roman Catholic missionaries explored the country to a distance of 
 about 250 miles from the coast. They appear to have kept away from the 
 river, for their records give no information concerning it. 
 
 The slave trade flourished on the coast and in the mouth of the Kongo, but 
 beyond the first cataract encountered, the course of the river remained unknown. 
 
 In 1816 Captain Tuckey was commissioned by the British Admiralty to 
 explore the river. His unfortunate expedition penetrated to a distance of about 
 150 miles (a little above Isangila). 
 
 Nothing further was known of the interior until Mr. Stanley’s memorable 
 journey across the Dark Continent in 1874-77. 
 
 Since 1879 the Baptist missionaries have travelled much in the interior of 
 the old Kongo kingdom ; and the roads past the cataract region are now con¬ 
 stantly traversed by caravans of the Free State Government, and the Missions. 
 
 Wonderful stories are told in Portuguese and Italian books, of the former 
 magnificence of the city and kings of Kongo ; but when we reached San 
 Salvador we found only mouldering ruins. The King, Ntotela,—who is styled 
 Dom Pedro V., Rei Catholico do Congo e as suas dependencias,—exercised 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XI 
 
 a nominal authority over a district extending in no direction more than 40 
 miles from his town. Even in those narrow limits there were many inde¬ 
 pendent and unfriendly towns and districts. The fact that the Portuguese 
 had assisted him to assume his position as king had rendered him very un¬ 
 popular, while slaving raids in past times had created blood feuds; so that not 
 only was his power very limited, but his people were unable to travel in safety 
 for any great distance from his town. They were able, however, to keep open 
 a road to the coast, and to the river, along the ordinary trade routes. 
 
 This then was all that remained of the once powerful kingdom of Kongo, 
 which, until 1879, was slowly and surely retrograding. There still lingered 
 traces of a departed style and dignity, in the empty greatness of the name of 
 the King of Kongo, in forms and ceremonies in his court, and the traditions 
 of his relations with the royal families of Ngoyo (Kabinda) and Luangu 
 (Loango). 
 
 Duarte Lopez, in the account written in Italian by Pigafetta, in 1591, gives a 
 list of the provinces of the old kingdom of Kongo. Bamba, which we recognise 
 to-day as Mbamba ; Sonio, a corruption of San Antonio at the mouth of the 
 river ; Sundi, or rather Nsundi, the country and chief town which we know to¬ 
 day, lies about 70 miles west from Stanley Pool. Pango, or, as it should be 
 spelt, Mpangu, is so common a name that it would be rash to decide on any 
 town as the old capital. Batta we hear spoken of to-day as a district, Mbata, 
 in the position described by Lopez. Pemba is recognised as Mpemba east of the 
 Arthington falls of the Mbidiji (Ambrize) River. 
 
 One fact is important to note, that from Loango* to the border land of Angola, 
 and from the coast to within 15 miles west of Stanley Pool, I had little difficulty 
 in understanding, and in being understood when I spoke the pure Kongo of the 
 capital. Indeed, it is more difficult for me to understand broad Scotch than 
 the dialect in that region. The Kongo language, as spoken at San Salvador ? 
 is the best medium of speech over the whole of the district as far as Stanley 
 Pool, being the language of the old capital. 
 
 In our early studies of the language we had literally nothing at hand to aid 
 us. Bishop Steere’s “ Handbook of Swahili” was the most helpful work we 
 had, although the languages differ very considerably. We have since become 
 acquainted with some books and vocabularies which would have been interest¬ 
 ing, but of little real aid. 
 
 The priests at the court of Kongo translated, with the aid of Fr. Matheus 
 Cardoso (Jesuit), a Portuguese treatise on Christian Doctrine by Fr. Jorge. 
 This was published in Lisbon in 1624.* Fr. Bernardo Maria de Cannecattim, 
 the author of the Bunda Grammar (1804), says that the above was “the first 
 work printed in the Kongo language.” 
 
 In 1650 Fr. Hyacinth Brusciotto de Vetralla, a Capuchin missionary to 
 Kongo, published in Rome a vocabulary in four columns, Kongo, Portuguese, 
 Latin, and Italian. 
 
 * I have just seen (Sept. 4th, 1886,) two copies of this treatise in Kongo with Portuguese in¬ 
 terlined in the Bibliotheca Nacional Lisbon. (Catalogue number : — Marco Jorge : “ Doutria 
 Christao,” ia., Repartifas : Reservads, A.4.) 
 
 I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XU 
 
 In 1659 the Propaganda at Rome published in Latin a work modestly 
 entitled, “ Some rules for the more easy understanding of the most difficult 
 idiom of the people of the Congo, brought into the form of a grammar by Fr. 
 Hyacinth Brusciotto de Vetralla, Prefect of the Apostolic Mission of the Catholic 
 Church to the Kingdom of Congo.” We are much indebted to Mr. H. Grattan 
 Guinness for the translation which he has printed and published of a copy of this 
 work, which he found in the British Museum. 
 
 I have carefully examined these “ Rules,” and am convinced that the dialect 
 to which they refer is not that of the court of Kongo, but that of Sonyo or St. 
 Antonio, on the left bank at the mouth of the river, now spoken by the Osolongo 
 (or Mu-Sorongo or Mu-shi-Rongo). The use of the verb zitisa, to love ; the 
 constant employment of the letter R instead of D, with other points, accord 
 fully with the vocabulary of Cannecattim (which will be noted shortly), and 
 which he describes as the Sonho dialect. Further, Cannecattim declares that 
 the use of D instead of R is characteristic of the old translation made at the 
 court of Kongo in 1624 ; we find the same to be the case to-day. 
 
 I am therefore confirmed in my opinion that the differences between Ve- 
 tralla’s work, and the language as spoken in Kongo to-day, do not point to great 
 changes in the language, but to the fact that his work, like Cannecattim’s, 
 concerns the Solongo dialect ; while the peculiarities of court Kongo pointed 
 out by Cannecattim as existing in 1624, characterize it to-day. We have 
 therefore no proof of serious change. Vetralla’s work is very imperfect, being 
 little more than he so modestly asserts. 
 
 At the suggestion of Dr. Cust, I have examined a French-Congo (?) Dictionary 
 MS. of 990 pp., in the Grenville Library of the British Museum, it is about 100 
 years old, and nothing is known as to its authorship. I believe it to be of the 
 Kakongo or Kabinda dialect. Unfortunately I cannot speak positively, because 
 I am not sufficiently acquainted with the language. It is not Loango, for the 
 natives of that district have worked for us, and I know something of their 
 dialect. Some peculiarities which I had noticed in Kabinda accord with some 
 found in the Dictionary. The compiler has been careless over his nasals ; 
 and while the production is interesting, it is far from correct. I have also 
 examined the vocabularies of Barbot, and Merolla, and that in Douville’s Voy¬ 
 ages ; beyond the fact of their being very short, there is little to comment upon; 
 most of the words can be recognised, in spite of careless and quaint spelling. 
 
 In 1804 Fr. Bernardo Maria de Cannecattim, a Capuchin missionary 
 published a Portuguese and Latin Vocabulary of Kongo compared with Bunda 
 (Angola). In his preface he tells us that the 1,000 words he gives are of the 
 Sonho dialect. There are many mistakes, and many words which it is im¬ 
 possible to trace ; but as he acknowledges his imperfect acquaintance with 
 Kongo, and only gives his list as a philological study, we must not criticize, but 
 be thankful for his contribution. 
 
 Just as the proofs of this Preface were being finally passed for the press, my 
 attention was directed to a notice in “ Les Missions Catholiques,” of 20th Aug., 
 announcing that the R.P. Duparquet, prefet apostolique of Cimbebasie, had 
 discovered in the Museum of the Propaganda, at Rome, some documents of the 
 highest value, amongst others, a precious manuscript of a Capuchin father, late 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XI 
 
 missionary at San Antonio di Sogno, bearing this title : “ Missione in practica 
 dei P.P. capuccini italiani ne regni di Congo, Angola et adjacenti, brevemente 
 espota per lume e guida dei missionari aquelle Ste. Missioni destinati.” 
 
 This work contains 134 pages, and is embellished by paintings in water¬ 
 colour, representing various scenes of his work on the Kongo. M. Duparquet 
 has continued these researches, and has lighted upon the archives of the old 
 Loango mission, bound in a strong volume, which includes also the three follo w¬ 
 ing manuscripts :— 
 
 1. Essay d'une grammaire Congo suivant Vaccent Kakongo ou Malemba . 
 
 48 pp., in 4to. 
 
 2. Dictionnaire Congo-fra?i$ais. This is complete, and contains 17 cahiers, 
 from the letter A to Z. 
 
 3. Le registre des baptemes , manages , [et de'ces pendant les deux amides 
 1774 et 1775. It contains no less than 35 pages, and is signed by M. Des- 
 couvieres, then Prefect of the Loango Mission. 
 
 These interesting discoveries stir the hope that other documents may still be 
 found, perhaps even translations which may give us examples of the language 
 as then spoken. 
 
 Captain Tuckey, the commander of the English Expedition in 1816, gives us 
 a vocabulary of the Malemba and Mboma dialects (about 500 words). He is 
 right in believing that it is not free from mistakes ; but by far the greater 
 portion of words given are easily recognised, in spite of the quaint spelling. 
 
 A year or two ago, Mr. PI. Grattan Guinness published a Grammar of the 
 Dialect spoken at Mpalabala, on the south bank of the River, opposite Vivi, 
 based on a study of the language, by the aid of two lads who were staying in 
 England for awhile with the late Rev. Henry Craven, of the Livingstone Inland 
 Mission. At the same time Mr. Craven prepared a Dictionary,* with the help 
 of Mr. J. Barfield, B.A., senior tutor at Harley House Institute, Bow, who has 
 since written further on the concords. The circumstances under which these 
 works were prepared prevented them from being other than provisional. They 
 were, however, a praiseworthy contribution to the scant information then avail¬ 
 able to philologists. 
 
 It is interesting at this point to note the information and words obtained by 
 Dr. Koelle, of the Church Missionary Society, from released slaves at Sierra 
 Leone, and recorded in his “ Polyglotta Africana.” His Kabinda and Mboma 
 are recognised at once. Musentandu, or Exintandu are the Bakongo traders 
 east of Makuta and the Kwilu River. We know most of the places, and the 
 little stream Mpioka, mentioned by the man from that district. Mbamba is 
 the district between San Salvador and the coast. Nteke, Ba-buma, Ma-yombe, 
 and Nsundi are also well known. Most of the words can be recognised. 
 
 To tell the story of the reduction of the Kongo language to a written form, 
 
 * By this work we were enabled to find some Kongo words which had not been recorded in 
 our note-books. They were in some cases omissions, in others seldom used synonyms of words 
 which we possessed. In no case were words introduced of the usage and correctness of which 
 we were not able to assure ourselves. Perhaps as many as fifty words may have been thus 
 added to our lists, while some forms, provincialisms, and synonyms we have been compelled 
 to omit, not being able to trace them. 
 
XIV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 it will be necessary to refer briefly to the origin of the Baptist Mission to the 
 Kongo. 
 
 Until the missionary explorations of Dr. Livingstone had given us the 
 knowledge of the interior of Africa, nothing could be done towards the 
 evangelization of its teeming populations ; all effort was confined to the coast. 
 The Church Missionary Society was carrying on its work at Mombasa, com¬ 
 menced in 1844 by Dr. Krapf; and after the early decease of Bishop Mackenzie, 
 of the Universities Mission, Zanzibar became the seat of the Bishop of Central 
 Equatorial Africa. 
 
 The whole burden of the work interiorwards devolved on Dr. Livingstone. 
 For him the end of the geographical feat was the commencement of missionary 
 enterprise. Misunderstood by most people, he endeavoured single-handed 
 to solve those geographical questions which needed to be mastered before 
 Christian missions could be commenced on practical and comprehensive lines. 
 
 The salient points were ascertained, while his marvellous journeys drew 
 attention to the peoples and their needs. He went to open the door to Central 
 Africa ; he flung it open wide ; and when the news of the Doctor’s death 
 reached this country, it was felt to be a call to the Christian Church for a new 
 and worthier effort for the evangelization of the Dark Continent. From that 
 time commenced the development of missionary enterprise, which is now 
 steadily and surely overcoming the difficulties which kept Africa so long 
 secret, and already we are not far from the time when chains of mission 
 stations will cross the continent. 
 
 The first to move was the Free Church of Scotland, followed at once by the 
 Established Church. They selected the district of Lake Nyassa for their field, 
 where they have been labouring since 1875. A letter from Mr. H. M. Stanley, 
 which appeared in the Daily Telegraph of November 15th of the same year, 
 gave an account of his visit to Mtesa, the powerful King of Uganda, on the 
 northern shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza. He spoke of Mtesa’s earnest de¬ 
 sire that Christian teachers should be sent to his country. A few days later 
 two anonymous donations of ,£5,000 each were offered to the Church Missionary 
 Society towards the establishment of a mission on the Victoria Lake. These 
 gifts were accepted, and in a few months the pioneer party set out for the 
 Victoria Nyanza, which has thus become the sphere of the Church Missionary 
 Society. 
 
 In 1877 the London Missionary Society, aided by the generous gift of 
 ,£5000 by Mr. Arthington, of Leeds, undertook mission work on Lake Tan¬ 
 ganyika. The Universities’ Mission has also extended its work in the dis¬ 
 tricts south of Kilimanjaro, and on the Eastern shores of Nyassa. 
 
 When these missions had been established on the Great Lakes, Mr. Arthing¬ 
 ton wrote to the Committee of the Baptist Missionary Society, offering them 
 ,£ioco if they would undertake mission work in the Kongo country, and in 
 districts east of Angola, where there had been Roman Catholic missions in times 
 long past. The Society accepted the offer, and sent instructions to two of their 
 missionaries at the Cameroons, Messrs. Comber and Grenfell, to prepare for a 
 preliminary journey in the region to be occupied. Scarcely had these steps 
 been taken, when the news reached this country of Mr. Stanley’s arrival at the 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XV 
 
 mouth of the Kongo, having traced the course of the river from Nyangwe to the 
 West Coast, a distance of nearly 2,000 miles, thus discovering a water highway 
 into Central Africa. He reported the river to be navigable from a point a little 
 above Nyangwe to the Equator, a distance of about 400 miles, then a cataract 
 region of 40 miles, beyond which a clear waterway extended for 1,080 miles to 
 Stanley Pool, where the river, plunging into a gorge, often 2,000 feet below the 
 main level of the country, became unnavigable for nearly 300 miles, during which 
 it falls 1,000 feet, until at Vivi the river becomes once more fit for navigation to 
 its mouth, a distance of 100 miles. 
 
 At once the field of the new mission became enlarged, almost indefinitely. 
 In January and April, 1878, journeys of exploration were made by Messrs. 
 Grenfell and Comber, after which the latter returned to this country to confer 
 with the Committee, and to seek for help in this enterprise. While these pre¬ 
 liminary investigations were being made, a party arrived on the river to found 
 the Livingstone (Kongo) Inland Mission (undenominational), which in 1885 was 
 taken over by the Amercian Baptist Missionary Union. 
 
 In June, 1879, Mr. Comber arrived on the Kongo with three helpers, of whom 
 the writer was one. To pass the cataract region we found that we should have 
 to make an overland journey of about 225 miles, which would bring us to 
 Stanley Pool, where the river again becomes navigable. The natives of the 
 Upper River bring their ivory and produce in canoes to Stanley Pool, where 
 the inhabitants of the cataract regions buy from them, and convey it to the 
 white men on the coast. One of the great trade routes passes close to San 
 Salvador, which we therefore chose as the base of our operations, hoping that 
 these native traders might carry our stores, and help us on to Stanley Pool. 
 
 The king received us very kindly, and at once we commenced to build. On- 
 our way out we had hired a gang of work-people from the Kroo Coast, but two 
 days after our arrival at San Salvador they ran away to the River. We had 
 then with us a lad from the Cameroons, and another from the Gaboon as 
 personal servants, while to help us in our work we had two men from the 
 Cameroons who had been in the service of our mission there. One understood 
 rough stone masonry work, the other was a carpenter. We were, therefore, 
 dependent upon the natives for labourers. Often they struck work, and threats, 
 and attempts at boycotting were troubling us in Kongo, before the word was 
 coined in our English newspapers. 
 
 As a rule we were hard at work from 6 o’clock in the morning till sundown, 
 and in the evening we were obliged to teach some of the lads of the town, 
 who would not wait until the house-building was over. Amid all this work 
 and travelling, we made our study of the language, having nothing to help us 
 beside a short vocabulary of some 40 or 50 words, which Messrs. Comber and 
 Grenfell had collected during their preliminary journey the previous year. As 
 before noted, we had Bishop Steere’s Handbook of the Swahili language, which 
 helped us to gain some idea of a language of the Bantu family. The elder sons 
 of Dom Pedro, the king, and one or two others, possessed some knowledge 
 of Portuguese ; they helped us in our early palavers, and occasionally gave 
 us some words ; but they had their own business affairs, and could not give 
 us much time. The children, however, were always at hand, and words 
 
XVI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 could be caught more easily from them, as they articulated more dis¬ 
 tinctly. Every word gained was noted, entered in our memo, books, and in 
 the evening we each reported to the other all that had been acquired, and 
 further discussed the new words. Our vocabulary steadily increased as we 
 talked or played with the children, or initiated our scholars into the mysteries 
 of reading and writing. The alphabet was arranged, and the force of letters 
 decided upon. Some words were gained as we worked with the men who 
 helped us in building our houses, timber cutting, quarrying limestone, or in 
 cutting the canoe to transport the stone to the holes in which the Portuguese 
 had burnt their lime long ago. Also when travelling, or doctoring the sick, we 
 collected words, and thus added daily to our lists. When we were able to 
 speak the language a little, and ask questions about it in the language itself, we 
 made further progress, and many mistakes were corrected. 
 
 Our work at San Salvador made good progress ; but our aim was the evan¬ 
 gelization of the Upper Kongo, and this had to be kept in view. Beyond the 
 king’s territory, however, we were blocked by the native traders. When we 
 endeavoured to make our way from San Salvador towards Stanley Pool they 
 steadily and persistently refused to allow us to pass, in spite of all we told them 
 of our errand. “ No,” they said ; “you white men stay on the coast ; we will 
 bring the produce to you there ; but if you go to the Pool you will know our 
 markets and buy where we buy, our trade will be lost ; then how shall we 
 obtain our guns and powder, beads and brass, crockery-ware and knives, cloth, 
 and all the fine things we get now ? No, we will never let you pass our towns ; 
 and if you persist, you will be killed.” They could not conceive of people who 
 were not traders. 
 
 Thirteen attempts were made, first on one road and then on another, until 
 Mr. Comber was attacked and shot. He was able to escape, and the slug was 
 extracted. 
 
 Then followed long palavering, and at last the road was declared open. 
 Meanwhile, we learned that Mr. Stanley had returned to the Kongo, and was 
 engaged in making a road from Vivi, on the north bank of the Kongo, the 
 point where the river ceased to be navigable. He was said to be acting 
 for the King of the Belgians, and to have instructions to open up communi¬ 
 cations between the coast and Stanley Pool. This was good news indeed. 
 Next we learned that M. de Brazza, who had for a long time been exploring 
 inland from the Ogowe River, near the Equator, had come down on to the 
 Upper Kongo, thence to Stanley Pool, and by the north bank ,to the coast. 
 As the south-bank road was declared open, it was determined that Messrs. 
 Comber and Hartland should once more try it, while Mr. Crudgington and I 
 should attempt the north bank. The south-bank party met with a repulse in 
 a few days ; on the north bank we were more fortunate. We found Mr. 
 Stanley’s steamer-road extending as far as Isangila, a distance of about fifty 
 miles from Vivi. There we found his advance party ; beyond was unknown 
 land. M. de Brazza must have kept far from the river, for we were soon among 
 people who had never seen a white man, while there was so little intercom¬ 
 munication between the people that no one knew of Mr. Stanley’s approach a 
 day’s march beyond his camp. We were therefore able to take the people by 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XVII 
 
 surprise, and when we reached the districts of the ivory traders, they were 
 bewildered at our sudden, unexpected advent, not having any idea of white 
 men trying to reach the Upper River; before they had recovered from their 
 astonishment we had passed on. So, sleeping in quiet places, and travel¬ 
 ling rapidly in this way, we were able to reach the pool and visit Ntamu, 
 where Leopoldville and our Arthington Station were afterwards established. 
 Having accomplished all that we desired, and ascertained the correct geo¬ 
 graphical position of Stanley Pool, we returned. It was a risky, adventurous, 
 anxious journey ; but we accomplished it in safety, and were thus the first who 
 had made the journey interiorvvards, from the Lower River to Stanley Pool. 
 When at last we were able to open communications, and establish stations on 
 the route which we had just explored, we had to leave our comfortable station 
 at San Salvador, to the new missionary brethren who came out to help us ; 
 for our experience and knowledge were necessary when dealing with natives 
 who had never before been in contact with Europeans. 
 
 Our study of the language, which had thus far been carried on amid all this 
 work and travelling, was at this point rendered more difficult, and was con¬ 
 stantly being hindered by the hard work incident to the establishment of our 
 stations on the route thus opened. 
 
 We were so short-handed that until quite recently we were seldom more 
 than one man at a station. It was very difficult to find time to record the 
 words acquired and make the necessary corrections ; oteven to examine quietly 
 our rough translations of Scripture. Now and then we had opportunities for 
 taking down some fire-side stories, and this folk-lore gave us new words. We 
 were too busy to study, classify, or enter the words ; but our careful notes and 
 rough memoranda were treasured up, and whenever a little leisure could be 
 found, the attempt was made to lessen the ever-growing bundle of papers. 
 
 Later on our small rough vocabulary books became too crowded to contain 
 notes, and a rearrangement became necessary. To do this an English Dic¬ 
 tionary was searched for words which could be translated, and these words 
 entered down in shorthand reporter’s notebooks. Wherever modifications of 
 English words required space, it was necessary to calculate the possibilities ; 
 thus under the verb “ cut ” it was necessary to plan thus :— 
 
 Cut, v. 
 
 (a terrace), 
 at one stroke, 
 be, 
 
 (castrate), 
 
 (chop) down, 
 (cloth or paper), 
 (corn, &c.), 
 
 in order to include the various phases, modifications, synonyms, and shades of 
 ideas. When letter A had thus been planned, the Kongo words were filled in 
 from existing memoranda, or asked for. The same process was gone through 
 with all the letters, and the work checked and re-checked, and new words added 
 until the larger vocabulary became once more chaotic. At this stage my col- 
 
XV111 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 leagues requested me to take the work home to this country, and print the 
 material thus collected. 
 
 To accomplish this, I took with me a lad named Nlemvo, to whom I could 
 refer, and with whom I could test the accuracy of my work. The lad had been 
 brought to me by his uncle, to be taught in our schools at San^Salvador, a few 
 months before the road to Stanley Pool was found, and our line of communica¬ 
 tion established. He had lived all his life in the neighbourhood of the old 
 capital. Though only about 12 years old, he had been to the coast with his 
 uncle. There is no special intelligence or ability in the lad ; he was a very 
 ordinary Kongo boy, but was willing to accompany me when I left San Salvador, 
 and has been with me ever since. With the tribal pride of his people, he seorns 
 the patois spoken in other districts, and has preserved the individuality and, 
 characteristics of his own dialect as spoken at San Salvador. He was never* 
 long enough in any one district to be much influenced by other patois, while the« 
 labourers hired from San Salvador, working on our stations, gave him constant 
 opportunities for speaking and hearing his own dialect. He has not a single 
 notion of the principles of grammar, nevertheless he always speaks correctly,, 
 and only twice has a slip been noticed. Until I brought him to this country in, 
 1884, he knew scarcely a word of English, and after more than two years resb 
 dence in England, we scarcely ever speak anything but Kongo together, though 
 ^ he has shown very fair ability in picking up English. 
 
 Every word was checked again and again at long intervals, so that the most 
 powerful memory would have failed in deceiving , had there been any such in¬ 
 clination. Some words which had been picked up from San Salvador people 
 were condemned by him, as having been introduced from the district of Mbamba 
 by slaves from that neighbourhood. In a large number of cases I have been 
 able to test the correctness of this myself. 
 
 For more than five years have I been watching carefully for new forms, words, 
 and grammatical constructions, but have never had any reason to suspect 
 changeableness. There are altogether only four or five words in the whole dic¬ 
 tionary with which he is not familiar, and generally able to explain the actual 
 idea conveyed by the word. Subtle distinctions thus made have been checked 
 and re-checked at intervals, sometimes of months. Seldom has it been necessary 
 to make any serious corrections. 
 
 On arriving in this country it was found that there was much more to be done 
 with the chaotic manuscript which I had brought home with me, than we had 
 at first expected. Prepositions, pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions seemed to 
 be used indiscriminately; vo for instance standing for “on, off, from, there, when, 
 after, thither, if,” &c. It was clear that more time and thought were necessary 
 to solve these difficulties, and find out the rules by which things worked, 
 This was done by making up English sentences, in which the English adverbs, 
 conjunctions, &c., were used in every conceivable way, and then translating 
 these into Kongo. Bishop Steere’s and other vocabularies were again searched 
 for special phases of actions and ideas, which should find their counterpart in 
 Kongo, and so things began to take a more definite form. Finally, in writing 
 out for the printers, Mr. Kolbe’s “Herero Dictionary” was before me, lest 
 any shade of idea of English verbs, simple or combined with prepositions, such 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XIX 
 
 as “ to come,” or “to come in crowds,” etc., should have escaped my attention. 
 Even at this stage, new words were constantly cropping up and, wherever 
 possible, inserted into the proofs that were under correction. 
 
 My work was growing larger than I had ever expected. Instead of being 
 simply a clear transcription of the material brought home with me, the end of 
 the work seemed ever receding. I had hoped and expected to keep my printers 
 well supplied with copy as the transcriptions progressed ; but the correction of 
 the proof revealed errors, and sometimes also fresh niceties of thought, which 
 required a great deal of time to formulate correctly. 
 
 As the proofs of the English-Kongo section came in from the printers, I 
 sent them to a friend to be written for the reversed section of Kongo into 
 English. He wrote each word as it appeared, with its English equivalent, on a 
 separate slip of paper. As he sent in his slips from time to time, they were 
 sorted into alphabetical order, according to the Kongo word on each slip. 
 Later corrections or additions were also written on slips, and sorted in, so 
 that finally every usage of a word, and any corrections made, were found to¬ 
 gether in its alphabetical order. Thus, when reversing the English-Kongo 
 section at “ Enter, ta, diuka, kota,” my friend would write on one slip : 
 “ diuka, v ., to enter” ; and on another, “kota, v., to enter,” and then finally, 
 when revising, we found these words in their places under D and K. Then 
 again at “go in,” he would find kota (muna), and diuka (muna). These he 
 would write out in the same way, and so there would be several slips with the 
 same Kongo word : kota, to enter ; kota, to get in ; kota (muna), to go in ; 
 kota, to admit. It was found, however, that “ kota, to admit,” was not 
 correct ; therefore a warning slip was sent through, which read thus : “ kota 
 to admit {del.), (should be kotesa).” In this way, not only the type was cor¬ 
 rected, but the mistake eliminated from the second section. These reversal 
 slips eventually numbered 25,000, being kept in trays, and measuring between 
 9 and 10 feet in thickness. As fast as the type was set up, the writing and 
 sorting up of those slips progressed ; and when the first section was finished, and 
 the last slip written, the work of revising these for the press began. 
 
 All the slips containing one particular Kongo word were examined, and the 
 different translations grouped and written under one heading. 
 
 About fifty words of the second section had been thus revised when a heavy 
 trouble came upon me. I had been suffering for some time from an inflamed 
 condition of the eyes. This was intensified by a cold wet drive home from 
 a missionary meeting in October,*and an attack of serous iritis set in which 
 rendered it imperative for me to rest my eyes ; indeed, it soon became im¬ 
 possible for me to use them. Happily the revision work had been started, and 
 I was able to explain the principles to my wife, who bravely determined to help 
 me through the difficulty, rather than leave me to the mercies of a paid assist¬ 
 ant, who would probably have little interest in the correctness of the work, and 
 to whom time would be the first consideration. My wife was always at hand, 
 and we worked early and late ; everywhere, whether at home or abroad, 
 my work and my assistant were always with me, and I was able to push on at 
 all times. 
 
 After we had been thus labouring on for a couple of months, we obtained the 
 
XX 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 kind help of a young lady friend and her sister, who lived near, and were ever 
 ready to help in any way possible ; they assisted my wife much in tran¬ 
 scription and the arranging of matter from which to extract principles and rules. 
 Occasionally we had the help of other friends for an hour or two, and thus the 
 burden which had fallen upon my wife was lessened, and the heavy task of 
 correcting and revising the 25,000 slips of words, as well as the writing of the 
 grammar and correcting the proofs, was accomplished in far less time than 
 otherwise would have been possible. 
 
 As the revision progressed I found, however, that although the proofs of the 
 earlier sheets of the first part had been repeatedly checked by Nlemvo and 
 myself, some mistakes had escaped our notice. Some of these were due to our 
 misunderstanding each other, others to the difficulty in distinguishing the 
 middle voice of the verb, which, while conveying an active idea, is yet intransi¬ 
 tive. This difficulty is increased when the verb appears in the applied form, 
 which imparts to it a prepositional idea, and requires a secondary object. 
 These forms are worked out in the Grammar, and are only referred to here to 
 instance the special difficulties, which gave rise to several errata in those early 
 sheets, which were thus proved to have been passed prematurely. 
 
 The system adopted in reversing the English-Kongo into Kongo-English, 
 worked like the system of account-keeping by double entry. An erratum in the 
 first entry proved its incorrectness when appearing among the sorted slips which 
 recorded a word’s appearance in any form or any part of the Dictionary. In this 
 way the second section checked the first; and while regretting the many errata 
 that were not discovered in time, it is satisfactory to feel that they have been 
 found and recorded, and that the result is to so much greater extent correct. 
 It would have been wiser to have waited until all had been finished before 
 sending anything to press ; but proofs could be read, and checked, at times 
 and places in which it was not possible to write ; and, hoping that the task 
 would be finished in a few months, and that it would soon be possible to 
 return to my work in Africa, I sent the material in as it took its shape, and 
 after three or four careful readings, both by Nlemvo and myself, passed it for 
 press. 
 
 These explanations may scarcely be needed, but they may serve to give 
 assurance that the errata found are not a few out of many such still existing 
 unobserved ; but that to a very large extent they have been discovered, too 
 late it is true for alteration, but better so than never. Some forms and idioms 
 could not be fully understood until the grammar had been worked out, and until 
 the absolute rule was found, some mistakes could not be noticed, since Nlemvo 
 could only correct the words and their spelling. 
 
 In a general and wide study of the Bantu, or of any other family of tongues, 
 we may expect to find certain individualities, forms, and tendencies much more 
 developed in some languages than in others ; some forms most rare and 
 obscure in one member of the family, occurring frequently in another, in which 
 also the construction appears most simple. Thus each language reduced should 
 not only aid us towards a fuller knowledge of the general principles of its class, 
 but should elucidate some of the difficulties belonging to other branches of its 
 family. I was much helped by the study of other Bantu Grammars ; notably 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 xxi 
 
 Bishop Steere’s “ Handbook of Swahili,” whose remarks and rules as to the 
 applied form, gave me the clue to the rules for the formation of the perfect. 
 
 While I record the help thus received, I cherish the hope that this last con¬ 
 tribution, which I have had the privilege of rendering, may also be of some 
 assistance, not only to my colleagues, but to any missionary brethren who in 
 other parts of Africa, and under the auspices of other societies, are faithfully 
 serving our one Lord and Master, and seeking the extension of His kingdom of 
 righteousness and peace. Earnestly do I hope also that some new material 
 and light may be found by those learned and patient students of philology, 
 who, in temperate climates, and under circumstances more favourable to quiet 
 and wider study, are carrying on their researches after linguistic truth, which 
 have enabled them to render such great service to those of us who, in more 
 confined surroundings, are struggling with the great difficulties which present 
 themselves to missionary pioneers, one of the earliest of which is the great 
 barrier of language. 
 
 There is always a danger that one who has for years given himself to the 
 study of a language, previously unknown, should begin to consider that par¬ 
 ticular language the most interesting of all the members of its family ; some¬ 
 times even to consider it the root of all, or at least the nearest to the obsolete 
 radical. I seek to avoid this mistake, but at the same time cannot refrain from 
 expressing the happiness, which is shared by all my colleagues, that, in the 
 providence of God, we were led to study the Kongo language in the highly 
 cultured, beautiful form in which it is spoken at the old capital, and which has ^ 
 therefore the widest range ; whereas some of its dialects are harsh, uncouth, 
 restricted to small districts, and, as far as we have learnt, weak and defective. 
 
 As we carried our investigations deeper and deeper, we were surprised to 
 note how far-reaching and absolute are all the principles and rules. We are 
 able to state and explain them definitely, and find them working without 
 exception. Indeed, when an irregularity is found, at once the suspicion is 
 raised that the real principle has not been discovered, and our Grammar stands 
 without the usual lists of exceptions. In this respect it figures as an ideal, 
 impossible to our European languages, which have been subject to such inter¬ 
 action and reaction, until Keltic, Saxon, and Latin rules have brought about 
 results and changes, so arbitrary and strange as to be almost inexplicable, and 
 we have to state facts as facts, and leave them so. In the Kongo language, as 
 spoken at San Salvador, we find a language uninfluenced by any other great 
 family. Negro, Semitic, or Hottentot peoples have been too remote, the 
 nearest being the Negro Efik, spoken north of the Cameroons, nearly 1,000 
 miles away. 
 
 The Portuguese element has made itself felt on the coast in the shape of 
 “ Kongoized” Portuguese names of some articles introduced. At San Salvador 
 we find this influence only slightly felt : for instance, such words as mpu or 
 sapu from chapeo, a hat; lolonji from relojio, a watch or clock; also the 
 adjective -ajimola, used of money contributed for religious purposes, derived 
 from esmola, alms. It is often hard to trace the derivation of such words, but 
 nearly always we have succeeded in so doing. We have then an easier language 
 to study than Dr. Krapf or Bishop Steere could find in Swahili, which is so 
 
XX 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 saturated with Arabic; or the many students of the Kaffir languages, which have 
 been so much influenced by the Hottentot clicks and words, as well as by the 
 peculiarities of the other Bantu peoples, conquered and enslaved by them in 
 their marauding expeditions. It may be that some may gain new light from 
 the rules for the derivation of nouns in Kongo, while it appears that in no 
 grammar which I have been able to see has the principle of the locatives been 
 deduced so clearly and fully ; indeed in most it has received scarcely any atten¬ 
 tion. The “ unnatural negative” also may suggest new possibilities to some, as 
 also the rules for the loss, or retention, or change of prefix, the use of the 
 particles ya, ye, yo, and of the article with adverbs, etc. These points are 
 mentioned as being more fully developed in Kongo ; and if new light has been 
 thrown upon any questions or difficulties, it is largely due to the regularity and 
 persistent conformity to type, which characterizes the language. 
 
 While the Kongo-English section was under revision, a number of words 
 were found in a singular manner. I was working out the idea of a Kongo 
 Primer, representing all the possible combinations of consonants with vowels— 
 ba, be, bi, bo, bu; mba, bwa, mbwa, etc. Then syllabic combinations, as : 
 baba, beba, biba, boba, buba. After a few examples, I took notice only of 
 those combinations which were actually Kongo words, and sometimes a whole 
 set of words could be found with all the vowels, as above ; sometimes one vowel 
 would have no example, and I would then ask Nlemvo whether they had such a 
 word in his language, for instance, yaba. “ Yes,” he would say ; “yaba is to root 
 up by handfuls.” After a few words had been found in this manner, it occurred 
 to me that it might be worth while to try the whole alphabet for likely combina¬ 
 tions which would convey some idea in Kongo. Accordingly, at odd times,. 
 I began to suggest baba, beba, biba, boba, buba, bamba, bemba, bimba, 
 bomba, bumba; then bada, beda, &c., bafa, befa, &c. ; and when all possible 
 combinations on B with two syllables had been gone through, some twenty-two 
 words were found. After B, D was taken as a base, daba, deba, diba, &c., 
 dada, deda, and so on. It sounds almost too absurd a story to be true, but so 
 amply did the guess-work repay, that it was continued at odd times, such as at 
 meals or taking exercise, during several months. We went all through the 
 alphabet in this way, and the result was the finding of some 300 new words. 
 
 I offered the lad a small bonus to sharpen his wits, and the suggestion of two 
 syllables put together would sometimes remind him of a word of three or four 
 syllables which had not been noted before. Neither in the grammar nor in this 
 word-guessing was there any possibility of fraud, had there been any inclination, 
 for all the words were checked again and again, and the most powerful memory 
 would have failed to preserve so many words, if they had been made up for the 
 sake of the bonus. Now fresh words are very seldom found, certainly not one 
 per week, and the language, though not exhausted, has been to a very large 
 extent reduced. It has not been my endeavour to stuff the dictionary with 
 derivative nouns of all kinds, and all possible verb forms ; on the contrary, 
 
 I endeavoured to keep words out, and regular derivatives are only inserted 
 where their absence might be confusing—thus with “ nsoni, 2, shame,” it was 
 necessary to insert “nsoni, 1 & 4, one who writes,”and the adjectives “-ansoni, 
 dripping, dropping,” from “ sona, to drip,” and “ -ansoni, shameful.” Wher- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XXlll 
 
 ever a derivative could be safely omitted, and the rules given in the Grammar 
 would be sufficient to help the student, the word was left out, otherwise the 
 dictionary would have grown to a most immoderate size. 
 
 At every point and turn new surprises were met with, as the richness, 
 flexibility, exactness, subtlety of idea, and nicety of expression of the language 
 revealed themselves. All this richness of speech is at the disposal of the lad who 
 has been my chief helper, and he, not selected, but coming to me by chance, 
 as far as such a word can be safely used. We find then the Kongos speaking 
 a language so exact and truthful that the tricks, the double intention, the 
 falsities and illogical perversions which are so freely perpetrated in European 
 languages, would not be possible in Kongo argument. Half the quibbles and 
 mountains of reasoning, thrown up upon strained usages of words and in¬ 
 definite expressions, which have vexed and separated sections of the Christian 
 Church, could trouble no Kongos, with so exact and definite a speech at 
 their command. 
 
 They have also an almost exhaustless store of proverbs and trite sayings 
 (“ Kingana, 5 ; or ngana, 2 ”), to point any story or remark. Often two words 
 are sufficient to suggest the proverb, just as we might say “sour grapes, 1 ” and by 
 these suggest the fable of the fox and the grapes. 
 
 This wealth in idea and form does not specially characterize Kongo, bu 
 is possessed by the whole family of Bantu languages to a greater or less extent 
 Identical rules, words, forms, and turns of expression are spread over the 
 whole area inhabited by the Bantu race, and are found among peoples who 
 can have had no intercommunication since their first separation, such as the 
 languages spoken at the Cameroons and in Zululand, which are 3,000 miles apart. 
 The wide-spread possession of these qualities points to their existence in the 
 parent stem, which must have been itself of a high class, as in the case of that 
 language in which were written those early Vedic hymns, sung in Hindu wor¬ 
 ship, at the time when Moses was growing up to manhood at the court of the 
 Pharaohs. 
 
 Once more we are brought face to face with the fact, that, the further we trace 
 the forms of speech found amongst barbarous, or, as some are pleased to call them 
 “ savage ” people, we can but feel that there has been to them a greater past. 
 We find them peoples, whose language is superior to themselves, illiterate folk, ' 
 with an elaborate and regular grammatical system of speech of such subtlety 
 and exactness of idea that its daily use is in itself an education. 
 
 Before I close I must not fail to express my appreciation of the kindness 
 shown by the Committee of the Baptist Missionary Society, who have patiently 
 allowed me to carry on this work, on which they could themselves form no 
 opinion, trusting only to my word, that my time and energy was being rightly 
 spent. 
 
 I take this opportunity also to express my indebtedness to R. N. Cust, Esq., 
 LL.D., &c., &c., who has himself made so great a contribution to African 
 philology, in his bibliographical work on “ The Languages of Africa.” His 
 kind and constant interest in my work, his experience, suggestions and advice 
 have been throughout most helpful and encouraging. 
 
 To my printers, Messrs. Butler & Tanner, of Frome, I must record my 
 
XXIV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 thanks for the patience which they have shown during the long delays, and in¬ 
 convenience, which resulted partly from the unexpected growth of work, and 
 partly from my temporary blindness. Their care also and accuracy have saved 
 me much labour. 
 
 In conclusion, I feel I must state that the great thought which was ever before 
 me, and which prompted me to carefulness and thoroughness, was, that I was 
 preparing a grammar and dictionary, which would be used by my colleagues in 
 the translation of the Scriptures, and that, therefore, any carelessness or error 
 might be very serious in its consequences. Generally such work has been done 
 on other lines, and often have translations of parts, and even of the whole 
 Bible been made with a most imperfect vocabulary, which has not even been 
 preserved in any written form ; and good and faithful men have passed away, 
 leaving to their successors no clue as to the rules of the language into which 
 they have made their translations, and which would help others to learn the 
 language also. Such acquirement of the colloquial has its dangers ; words 
 may be often terribly misapplied. Let one instance suffice ; the word used in 
 one district to express the name of the Saviour was Nlaludi, from Lalama, 
 “ to float on the surface of the water.” Lalula, the reversive means, “ to pick off 
 or rescue something or somebody floating on the surface of water,” Nlaludi 
 “ one who rescues from drowning, or takes something floating on the water.” This 
 very confined idea is all that Nlaludi can possibly express. How very poor 
 a word to use in speaking of the Son of God, who came to be our Saviour from 
 the curse and thraldom of sin. What can hill folk understand when they hear 
 the word ? A superficial knowledge of a language may suffice the trader, or 
 explorer ; but a very deep and thorough acquaintance should be sought by those 
 who seek to inculcate religious truth, and to translate the Word of God. The 
 deep responsibility above referred to has ever been before me, than which 
 a better, purer, and higher incentive to thorough truthful work it is impossible to 
 conceive. If anything has been accomplished, and any good and true thing 
 produced, I can only thankfully and humbly ascribe all to the Great Master, 
 who has deigned to use so poor and weak a tool, and who with the duty has 
 also accorded strength and grace to perform it. May the evil influence and 
 hindrances of its imperfections be forgiven and counteracted, and so, as far as 
 possible, may this work be to His glory, and tend towards the enlightenment 
 and restoration of His lost and fallen children. 
 
 August, 1886. 
 
 W. H. B. 
 
ENGLISH-KONGO DICTIONARY. 
 
 A WHAT-IS-IT, a thing the name of 
 which you forget, do not know, 
 or do not care to mention, 
 kingandi, 5 ; e.g. twasa e ki- 
 ngandi, bring the wliat-do-you- 
 c all-it. 
 
 What’s his name, a person whose 
 name you forget, do not know, 
 or do not care to mention, 
 nengandi, 1, irreg. pi., akine- 
 ngandi ; e.g. bokela nengandi, 
 call what’s-his-name. 
 
 A (article). For rules as to the use of 
 the Article in Kongo refer to Gram¬ 
 mar. 
 
 Sing. PI. 
 
 Class I. ... 0 a 
 
 II. . e e 
 
 III. and IV. ... 0 e 
 
 V. and VI. ... e e 
 VII. and VIII. ... e 0 
 IX., X., XI., XII., 
 
 XIII., XIV. 0 0 
 
 XV. ... ... e none. 
 
 Abaft, adv ., kn ntembo (2). 
 ku nima (2). 
 
 Abandon, v.t. (give up), vnnza. 
 
 (leave, desert), yambula, xisa, tina. 
 Abandoned, p.p. of above. 
 
 (profligate) see wicked. 
 
 Abase, v.t. (cast down), bwisa ovanxi. 
 (humiliate), kulula 0 lulendo (10). 
 (subject), sakidika. 
 
 Abate, v.i. (become less),, sakalala. 
 (slacken), 7/./., zeza. 
 
 Abatement, n., lnsakalalu, 10. 
 
 Abbreviate, v.t., kufika. 
 
 Abbreviated, p.p., -kufama. 
 
 Abbreviation, n., lukufikn, 10. 
 
 Abdomen, n., vumu, 6 . 
 
 Abhor, v.t. (hate), saula. 
 
 (loathe), kenonoka, mona e ngemi, 
 (2). 
 
 Abhorrence, n. (disgust, causing a 
 shudder), ngengexi, 2. 
 (loathing), lukenene, 10 ; ngemi, 2. 
 
 Abide, v.i., kala. 
 
 (dwell, remain), sala. 
 
 (last), jinga. 
 
 (tarry), nanga. 
 
 Abiding, a. (lasting), -anjingi. 
 
 Ability, see skill, wisdom, power, &c. 
 
 Able, be, v.i., lenda. 
 
 e.g. you can (are able to) carry it, 
 
 olenda kio nata. 
 fwete (perf.) 
 
 e.g. put it where I can see it, xisa 
 vana mfwete kio mwena. 
 
 -ABLE, the suffix “able” in English is 
 represented in Kongo by the 
 suffix “ akana.” Thus, to carry, 
 nata; to be portable, natakana. 
 
 Aboard (ship), adv., mnna nzaza (2). 
 
 Abode, n. (house), nzo, 2. 
 
 (place), fulu, 6 . 
 
 Abolish, v.t., lembesa, manesa. 
 
 Abolition, n., lulembeso, 10. 
 
 Abominable, a., -ambimbi-imbi, 
 -ambi. 
 
 Abominate, v.t. (hate), saula (see 
 abhor). 
 
 B 
 
Aeo-Acc. 
 
 ( 2 ) 
 
 Abomination, n., saula, 9. 
 
 Aborigines, n., ntungi (2) zantete za 
 nxi. 
 
 Abort, v.t., sulula. 
 
 Abortion, n. (the act), nsulula, 2. 
 (that which is miscarried), nsuluka, 4. 
 
 Abound, v.i., wokela, lukuka, lungu- 
 ka, bilama, vwila, sakuka, 
 kala e kiaba (5), bweka. 
 
 About, prep, (beside, near), ku 
 ndambu (2) a. 
 
 (concerning the matter of), diambu 
 (7) dia. 
 
 e.g. ask him about our goat, unyu- 
 vula e diambu dia nkombo eto. 
 ' (in, around), muna. 
 
 (nearly), tezo (6) kia. 
 
 e.g. about ten, tezo kia ekumi. 
 (of), -a. 
 
 About, adv., often implied in the 
 applied form of the verb. 
 e.g. what is he crying about ? adie 
 i kedidilanga e ? 
 
 See also in combination , as round 
 about. 
 
 Above, adv., muna ezulu (8). 
 prep., vana ntandu (2) a. 
 mentioned, eg. the house above men¬ 
 tioned, e nzo tutekele sungula. 
 
 Abrade, v.t., tununa. 
 
 Abreast, adv., kamba (6) kimoxi. 
 
 Abridge, v.t., kufika. 
 
 Abroad, adv. (elsewhere), kwakaka. 
 (in another land), kuna nxi (2) 
 akaka. 
 
 in combination, see get abroad, &c. 
 
 Abscess, n., evumbu, 8. 
 
 (large, often in armpit), etaza, 8. 
 (smaller), luanga, 10. 
 
 (very small), evumbu (8) dia nge- 
 nzaluku (2). 
 
 Abscond, v.i., tina, swekama. 
 
 Absence, construct sentence verbally, 
 e.g. because of his absence = be¬ 
 cause he was absent. 
 
 Absent, p., -kondwa, -lembwa. 
 be, v.i., the verb to be, negative, with 
 there, in, &c. He was absent = 
 he was not there, ke kedi ko ko. 
 
 Absolutely, adv., nkutu, kaka. 
 
 Absolution, n., luloloko, 10. 
 
 Absolve, v., loloka. 
 
 Absorb, v.t., nua. 
 v.t. (dry up), wumisa. 
 
 Absorbed, be, v.i., nuwa, wuma. 
 
 Absorbent, a., -anue. 
 
 Abstain, w.z.,yambula, bika, lembwa. 
 
 Abstract, v.t., bonga, vaikisa, ka- 
 tula. 
 
 Absurd, a., -atusevo, -ezowa, see also 
 foolish. 
 
 Absurdity, n., see folly. 
 
 Abundance, n., ulolo, 12 ; wingi, 12; 
 kiaba, 5 ; mbidi, 4. 
 to be in, v., see abound, 
 in, adv., e kiaba (5), 0 ulolo (12), 0 
 mbidi (4), -ingi (yingi, &c.) 
 
 Abundant, a., see many, or construct 
 sentence so as to use the zvord 
 abundance, or to abound, in¬ 
 stead. Parrots are abundant. 
 
 = Parrots abound. 
 
 = There is an abundance 
 of parrots 
 
 be, v.i., see abound. 
 
 Abundantly, adv., beni. 
 
 Abuse (with words), n., nguji, 2 ; 
 elevo, 8 ; mfinga, 2. 
 v.t., lokela e nguji (2), levula, finga. 
 
 Abusive, a., -anlevudi. 
 
 Abyss, n., ngodia, 2. 
 bottomless, immeasurable, ngodia- 
 ngodia, 2. 
 
 Acajou, n., see cashew. 
 
 Accede, v., kwikila, vana 0 nswa (4). 
 
 Accelerate, v.t., nungununa. 
 v.i., nungunuka. 
 
 Accent, n., ezu (8) dia ndinga (2). 
 (sign), (expl.), xinsu kixilu muna 
 songela kwe i kubwidi ezu dia 
 ndinga, nana—a, baka. 
 
 Accent, ) v.t. (expl.), xia ezu 
 
 Accentuate, ) dia ndinga. 
 
 Accept, v.t. (consent), kwikila, vana 
 0 nswa (4), tambulwila. 
 (receive), tambula. 
 
 Acceptance, n., lutambiku, 10. 
 
 Access, n. ndwakilu, 2. 
 
 Accident, n., suxi, 6. 
 
 Accidental, a., -asuxi. 
 
Acc-Act 
 
 ( 
 
 Accidentally, adv ., ku suxi (6) 
 (with applied form). 
 Acclimatize, v.i., kukulukila (reflex.) 
 
 (cause to), v.t ., kulukisa. 
 Accommodate, v.t., fwaninika. 
 Accommodated, to be, v.i., fwanana. 
 Accompany, v.t., yikama. 
 
 (conduct), fila. 
 
 (follow), landa. 
 
 Accomplice, n. (mate), nkwa, i. 
 Accomplish, v.t., see finish, complete. 
 Accord, v.i., fwanana, kwenda e 
 betela, kwenda e dedede. 
 According to, adv., ne, nze. 
 
 (in the measure of), mu tezo (6) kia. 
 Accordingly, adv., diau, dianu 
 (with applied form). 
 Accoucheuse, n., nyadiki, i & 4. 
 
 to perform the office of, v., yadika. 
 Account, n., lubundakeso, 10. 
 
 (affair, matter), diambu, 7. 
 on account of, muna diambu dia, 
 mu kuma kia. 
 
 on our account, mu kuma kieto. 
 Account, on no ; on no account, ke 
 ...nkutu ko ; on no account go, 
 kwendi nkutu ko. 
 that accounts for, see therefore. 
 Accumulate, v.t., bidika, wokesa. 
 
 v.i., bilama, wokela. 
 
 Accuracy, n., luxikilu, 10. 
 Accurate, be, v., xikila, lunga. 
 Accurse, v.t., xiba. 
 
 Accursed, p.p., -xibwa, -ambimbi. 
 Accusation, n ., diambu, 7. 
 Accusative, see objective. 
 
 Accuse, falsely, v.t., kangidila e dia¬ 
 mbu, 7. 
 
 of, v., baka, e.g. umbakidi 0 wivi, 
 he accused me of theft. 
 Accuser, n., mbaki, 1 & 4. 
 Accustom, v.t., kulukisa. 
 Accustomed to, be, v.i., kukulukila 
 (reflex.). 
 
 (know), zaya. 
 
 Ace (cards), n., waji, 12. 
 
 Ache, mpaxi, 2; nganji, 2; 
 nlunji, 4- 
 
 (shooting pain), nsemo, 2. 
 stomach, ndunji, 2. 
 
 3 ) 
 
 Ache, continued. 
 
 (a pain that extends up the whole 
 member), miangala, pi. 3. 
 
 Ache, v.i., lunza. 
 
 (as head), bwanga, bazula. 
 
 (as legs after walking), suka. 
 (shooting pain), sema. 
 
 (smart), yama, jiojiomona. 
 
 (throb), yubula. 
 
 When Kongos complain of a pain 
 they often say, for instance, “ I 
 have an arm/’ instead of “ my 
 arm aches.” 
 
 Achieve, v.t., see acquire, complete. 
 
 Aching, a., -anlunji. 
 
 Acid, a., -ansati. 
 n., sata, 9. 
 be, v.i., sata. 
 
 Acidity, n., sata, 9. 
 
 Acknowledge, v., tambulwila, kwi- 
 kila, funguna, see confess. 
 
 Acquaint, v.t., jingulwila, samu- 
 nwina, samwina, zayisa. 
 
 Acquaintance, n., see knowledge, 
 (friend), nkwa, 1; nkundi, 1. 
 
 Acquainted with, be, v., sunga- 
 mena 
 
 (well), kulukiana, (yo muntu). 
 
 Acquiesce, v., kwikila, vana 0 nswa 
 (4), tambulwila. 
 
 Acquiescence, n., nswa, 4. 
 
 Acquire, v., baka. 
 
 Acquired, be, v., vua. 
 
 Acquisition, n. (the thing), mbaku, 2. 
 
 Acquit, v., vana e mpemba (2), see 
 luvemba in K.-Eng. 
 
 Acre, n. (expl.), e tezo kia nxi ovo 
 ndambu zole jina za mavwata 
 3o| ye ndambu zole jina za 
 mavwata 40- 
 
 Acrid, a., -andudi. 
 be, v., lula. 
 
 Acridity, n., ndudi, 2. 
 
 Across, p., -kambama. 
 be, v.i., kambama. 
 put, v.t., kambika (vana). 
 
 Act, v., sala, vanga. 
 
 ^ cr ’ l n., diambu, 7 ; salu, 6. 
 
 Action, ) ’ * 
 
 (law), nxiku, 4. 
 
Act-Ado. 
 
 ( 4 ) 
 
 Active, a. (expl.), ke dingalalanga 
 ko, nkwa nzaki (2). 
 
 (voice) (expl.), ovo vangilanga, ke 
 vangilwanga ko. 
 
 Activity, n., salu, 6; nzaki, 2; 
 nswalu, 4. 
 
 Actor, n., mvangi, 1 & 4 ; nsadi, 1 
 & 4. 
 
 Actual, a., kibeni (indecl.). 
 
 Actually, adv. (verbal), vwa, mana, 
 tuka ; they had actually gone, 
 bavwidi kwenda. 
 see also indeed, very, &c. 
 
 Acute angle, a., see angle. 
 
 konko (6) kiambatakani. 
 
 (of pain), -ingi (mpaxi yingi). 
 (sharp), see sharp. 
 
 Acutely, adv., beni. 
 
 A.D., nze A.D. 1884, mvn 1884 tu- 
 kamena kiawutnkila Mfumn 
 eto Jizu Kristu. 
 
 Adam’s apple, n ., kodiongo, 6 ; mi- 
 ninwa, 6. 
 
 Adansonia, n. (baobab tree), nkondo, 
 4- 
 
 seedpods of, nsnnga, 4. 
 
 Adapt, v.t., fwaninika, fwananakesa. 
 
 Add, v., bidika, kndika, yika, xia. 
 (pile on), komakesa. 
 
 (one on top of the other), bandakesa. 
 up, bundakesa. 
 
 (to put on a little more to conclude 
 a bargain), tela. 
 
 (the little portion thus added), ntelo, 
 2. 
 
 Adder, n. (expl.), mpila a nioka (a 
 kind of serpent). 
 
 Addition, n., lubundakeso, 10. 
 
 Additionally, adv., vana ntandu. 
 
 Address (direction), kuna kutumwa. 
 n. (speech), mvovo, 4 ; diambu (7) 
 (divovelo). 
 
 v., vovesa, samwina. 
 
 (a letter), soneka kuna kutumwa. 
 
 Adequate,/., -fwana. 
 be, v., fwana. 
 
 Adhere, v., lama, tata. 
 cause to, lamika, tatisa, tatamesa. 
 to, lamina, tatila. 
 together, lamana. 
 
 Adieu (those departing say), sala 
 kiabiza, or kiambote. 
 
 (women going may say), sala mia- 
 ngana. 
 
 (those remaining say), wenda kia¬ 
 biza, or kiambote. 
 
 (women remaining may say), nda 
 miangana. 
 
 to bid, v. (those going), kanina. 
 (those remaining), xindika. 
 
 Adjacent, /., -finama. 
 be, v.i., finamiana (recip.), finama. 
 
 Adjective, n. (expl.), mpila a diambu 
 isongelanga nkia mpila a le- 
 kwa. Nzo abiza, abiza “ ad¬ 
 jective ” kwandi. 
 
 Adjoin, v.i., totakiana, batakiana. 
 v.t., totakesa, batakesa. 
 
 Adjoining, a., -antotakiani, -amba- 
 takiani. 
 
 Adjourn, v.t. (expl.), xia e lumbu 
 kiakaka (appoint another day). 
 
 Adjure, v.t., disa e ndofi (2). 
 
 Adjust, v.t. (arrange), zonzeka, kia- 
 tika. 
 
 (conform), fwaninika, fwanana¬ 
 kesa. 
 
 Ad libitum, -awanso ozolele. 
 
 Administer, v., see apply, give, 
 supply, etc. 
 
 Admirable, a., -ambote, -abiza, 
 -awete. 
 
 Admirably, do (verbal), toma, see 
 grammar. 
 
 Admiration, n., etondo, 8 ; exivi, 8 . 
 
 Admire, v. (approve), tonda. 
 
 (wonder), xivika. 
 
 Admission, n., nkotelo, 2. 
 
 Admit, v.t., kotesa, yambula 0 kota. 
 see allow, acknowledge. 
 
 Admix, v., see mix. 
 
 Admonish, v., longa. 
 
 Admonition, n., elongi, 8. 
 
 Adopt, v. (expl.), vanga kaxi lekwa 
 kiangani, kaxi mwana angani, 
 ne waku. 
 
 Adoration, n., kunda, 9. 
 
 Adore, v., kunda. 
 
 Adorn, v.t., viengesa, tomesa, vanga 
 e kitoko (5). 
 
Ado-Afr 
 
 ( 
 
 Adorned, be, v.i., vienga, toma. 
 
 Adornment, n., lekwa (6) kia kitoko. 
 
 Adrift, /., -kukulanga. 
 
 Adroit, a., see clever, skilful. 
 
 Adulation, n ., elengo, 8. 
 
 Adult, a., -ambuta, -ankuluntu. 
 a. (of adults), -alumbuta; matters 
 for adults, mambu malumbuta. 
 n., mbuta, 2 ; nkuluntu, i. 
 
 Adulterate, v. (expl.), sanga e le¬ 
 kwa yakaka, kaxi yambi, nze 
 malavu mesangwanga o maza. 
 
 Adulterer, ( 0 ) e zumba 
 
 Adulteress, ( 6 ). nkwa(i)ngya- 
 v mbila (2) 
 
 Adultery, ngyambila, 2 ; zumba, 6 . 
 
 The former may be by arrange¬ 
 ment, the latter infers criminal 
 intercourse. 
 
 to commit, v., ta e zumba (6), see 
 above. 
 
 (of the man), yambidisa. 
 
 (of either sex), yambila. 
 
 Advance, v.i. (go on), kwenda. 
 v.t., sadisa, kwendesa. 
 interj., ndolo ! 
 in, adv., ku ntu (4). 
 n., kwenda, 9 ; kwiza, 9. 
 in, be or do, v., vita. 
 
 Advantage, n. (profit), nluta, 4. 
 take, of, v ., sadisila. 
 
 Advent, n., kwiza, 9 ; ngiza, 2. 
 
 Our Lord’s advent, 0 kwiza kwa 
 Mfumu eto. 
 
 The second advent, e ngiza ezole. 
 
 Adventure, n. (accident), suxi, 6 . 
 (affair), diambu, 7. 
 
 Adverb, n. (expl.), e mpila a diambu 
 isongelanga nkia mpangwa 
 ivangilu. Soneka beni; beni 
 “ adverb ” kwandi. Wiza 
 nswalu ; nswalu “ adverb ” 
 kwandi. 
 
 Adversary, n., ntantu, 1 ; mbeni, 2. 
 
 Adverse, a., ke sadisanga ko. 
 
 Adversity, n., mvia, 4. 
 
 Advertise, v., zayisa. 
 
 Advice, v., luludiku, 10 ; elongi, 8 . 
 give, v., see advise. 
 
 Advise, v., ludika, longesela. 
 
 5 ) 
 
 Adviser, n., nludiki, 1 & 4; mba- 
 ndabanda, 2. 
 
 Advocate, n ., kimpovela, 5; ki- 
 mpovi, 5. 
 v., vovela, sadisa. 
 
 Adze, n., luavu, 10. 
 v vala. 
 
 Afar, adv., ntama (2), vala (14), 
 [nseke (2) ]. The latter has a 
 double meaning (obsc.), and 
 therefore not often used in 
 Kongo. 
 
 Affair, n., diambu, 7 ; uma, 12; 
 kuma, 6; mpangu, 2 (seldom 
 used in Kongo). 
 
 Affect, v ., sala, sadisa, sadila. 
 (feign), v ., kuvunina (refl.). 
 
 Affectation, n.,v una,9 ; luvunu, 10. 
 
 Affection, n. (love), tonda, 9 ; 
 luzolo, 10 ; zola, 9. 
 mutual, n. y luzolanu, 10 ; luzola- 
 jianu, 10. 
 
 Affectionate, a ., -antondi. 
 
 Affiance, v.t., jitikila, jitikisa. 
 
 Affinity, n., kiyitu, 5. 
 
 Affirm, v., ludika. 
 see declare. 
 
 Affirmation, n., luludiku, 10. 
 
 Affix, v., tatamesa, tatisa, lamika. 
 
 Afflict, v. (oppress), bangika. 
 (trouble), mwesa e mpaxi (2). 
 
 Afflicted,/., -monanga e mpaxi (2). 
 
 Affliction, n. (calamity), mvia, 4. 
 (disease), yela, 9 ; kimbevo, 5. 
 (disease, serious), nsongo, 4. 
 (oppression), lubangiku, 10. 
 
 Affluence, n., umvwama, 12. 
 
 Affluent person, n., mvwama, 2. 
 (rich), a., -amvwami. 
 
 (stream), n. (expl.), nkoko wabwa 
 muna nzadi akaka. 
 
 Affright, v.t., mwesa 0 wonga (12). 
 
 Affront, v.t., fungisa 0 makaxi 
 (pi. 8). 
 
 n., diambu difungisanga 0 makaxi. 
 
 Afloat, a., -anlalami, -anyangami. 
 be, v.i., lalama, yangama. 
 
 Afoot, adv., malu-malu. 
 
 Afraid be, v.i., mona 0 wonga (12). 
 make, v.t., mwesa 0 wonga (12). 
 
Afr-Agi. 
 
 ( 6 ) 
 
 African, a ., -a Afrika. 
 
 Aft, adv., ku ntembo (2), ku nima (2). 
 
 After, adv. and prep, (afterwards), 
 see afterwards. 
 
 a while, kolo kiandwelo ; after a 
 while he will come, kolo kia¬ 
 ndwelo sa kaluaka. 
 
 come, v., see come. 
 
 go, v., see go. 
 
 (having), wan. ; after being beaten 
 yesterday, shall I go again to¬ 
 day? wau yabndilu kala e- 
 zono nga se ngiendi diaka 
 nnn e? 
 
 (in imitation of), mnna fn (6) kia; 
 e.g. after Kongo fashion, mnna 
 fn kia Ekongo. 
 
 (on account of), mnna diambn (7) 
 dia, mn knma (6) kia; eg. 
 after what he said yesterday, 
 perhaps not, mnna diambu 
 diavovele yandi ezono nangn 
 ke wan ko. 
 
 (in place), kn nima (2) a. 
 
 (following), -alandi, -anlandi. 
 
 (since), wan ; eg. after what he 
 did yesterday, I shall not invite 
 him again, wan kavangidi 
 wan ezono keknnsusnmnna 
 diaka ko. 
 
 (when), nna, vava, ova. 
 with future perfect, 0V0. 
 
 After, ) adv., boxi, i boxi, 
 
 Afterwards, f mbengi, i mbengi. 
 
 These words always take their 
 position in the sentence before 
 the action which is secondary ; 
 eg. wash and come afterwards, 
 yoela boxi okwiza; he came 
 three days after, lnmbn tatn i 
 mbengi wijidi; after three 
 days he came, lumbn tatn 
 boxi kaijidi, he came three 
 days after I arrived. 
 
 (at length), okn kwakwiji wa, oka- 
 lokala. 
 
 Afterbirth, n. (placenta), ngndi a 
 mwana, 2. 
 
 Afternoon, n ., ntangwa (2) ive- 
 ngele. 
 
 Again, adv. (besides), vana ntandu. 
 (once more), diaka. 
 repetitive suffixes are —“olola” and 
 “nlnla,” “onona” and “nnnna.” 
 see Rules as to Formation of In¬ 
 transitives. 
 
 eg. to beg again (once or more 
 times), lombolola; to catch 
 again, baknlnla; to fasten 
 again, komonona; to cut again, 
 or up fine, zengnnnna. 
 
 Against, prep., in composition see 
 fight, go, etc. 
 
 (beside), prep., vana ndambu (2) a. 
 (providing for), -a, eg. against the 
 cold season, -a xivn. 
 
 (upon), mn, mnna; eg. it struck 
 against a stone, mn etadi ki- 
 wandamene; lean it against the 
 wall, yekeka kio mnna yaka. 
 (with) ye; let us go and fight against 
 the Exi Mbanza, twendanwana 
 ye Exi Mbanza. 
 
 against the will, knna ekndi (8), with 
 applied form. I went against 
 my will, ngyendele knna ekndi 
 diame. 
 
 Agate, ?i. (expl.), etadi diantaln, 
 ndiedie mina mn. 
 
 Age, n., kimbuta, 5. 
 of, rt.,-ambnta, -anknlnntn. 
 
 (old age), 71., kinnnu, 5 ; mvn, 4. 
 (old times), nza (2) -ankuln. 
 
 (time), tandn, 6 ; kolo, 6 . 
 
 Aged, a., -annnn, -annnnva, ye mvn 
 
 (4). 
 
 be, v., nnna. 
 become, grow, nnnnva. 
 person, n., nnnn, 4. 
 
 Agent, n., nsadidi, 1 & 4 ; nleke, 1. 
 
 Agency, n., sain (6) kisadilwanga. 
 
 Aggravate, v., see imitate, increase, 
 add, &c. 
 
 Aggrieved, be, v.i., vwa 0 lntantn 
 (10). 
 
 Agile, a., -anzaki (2), ye nswaln (4). 
 
 Agility, n., nzaki, 2 ; nswalu, 4. 
 
 Agitate, v.t ., niknna, zakamesa. 
 be, v.i., niknka, zakama. 
 
 Agitation, 71 ., zakazaka, 6. 
 
Ago-All . 
 
 ( 
 
 Ago, a., -avioka; e.g. ten days ago 
 we told him to do so, se lumbu 
 kumi yavioka twamvovesa 
 vo, ovanga edi. 
 
 long, taxi (6) kingi kiavioka, kolo 
 (6) kingi kiavioka. 
 how long ? nkia kolo (6) kiavioka. 
 
 Agony, n., mpaxi (2) yingi. 
 
 Agree (coincide), v., kwenda e be- 
 tela, kwenda e dedede. 
 (consent), kwikila, tambulwila, 
 vana 0 nswa (4). 
 
 (fit), v.i ., fwanana. 
 
 v.t ., fwaninika. 
 together, zolana, wawana. 
 
 Agreeable, a ., -antomi. 
 
 Agreement, n., lufwaniniku, 10; 
 lnbnndiku, 10; lukwikilu, 10. 
 
 Aground, run, v.i ., baka 0 ntoto (4), 
 baka e esengi (8). 
 
 Ague, n., mvnka, 2. 
 
 Ahead, adv ., ku ntu (4). 
 be, vita. 
 
 go ! ndolo! nda! kwenda. 
 
 Aid, n., nsadisa, 2. 
 v ., sadis a. 
 
 Ail, v., yela, mona e mpaxi (2). 
 
 Ailment, n., yela, 9 ; kimbevo, 5 ; 
 mpaxi, 2 ; nsongo, 4 (serious). 
 
 Aim., v., jinta, znnta. 
 
 jinta, 9 ; njinta, 2 ; lnjintn, 10 ; 
 zunta, 9 ; nzunta, 2 ; luzuntu, 
 10. 
 
 Air, n., mwela, 3. 
 
 (breath), n., mwanda, 3. 
 
 (expanse of heaven), ngambwila, 2. 
 birds of the air, nuni za ngambwila. 
 v., yanika. 
 
 to fire a gun into the air, straight up 
 over head : xika e kintnmba a 
 ezulu. 
 
 Ajar, be, v.i., vengalala. 
 set, v.t., vengeleka. 
 
 Akin, be, v., wutukiana. 
 
 Alacrity, n., nzaki, 2 ; nswaln, 4. 
 
 Alarm, v. (frighten), mwesa 0 wonga 
 (12). 
 
 (startle), vulumuna. 
 n., wonga, 12. 
 cry, mbwabwa, 2. 
 
 ) 
 
 Alarm, continued. 
 
 to utter, ta or xika e mbwabwa, 
 lelomona e mbwabwa. 
 
 Alas ! hit., ekwe ! eyaya! 
 
 Albino, n., ndundu, 2. 
 
 a., -alundu. 
 
 Albion, n. (expl.), nkumbu ankulu a 
 England. 
 
 Album, n., nkanda (4) alundilwanga 
 e xisa. 
 
 Alcohol, n., nkolwa, 2. 
 
 Ale, n., mbamvu, 2. 
 
 Alert, be, v., vengojioka, kempojio- 
 ka, sampuka. 
 
 Alien, n., mwixi(i pi. exi) nxi akaka. 
 
 Alight, v., knlnmuka. 
 
 Ahke, a., kumoxi, diawa dimoxi, 
 mpila (2) moxi. 
 
 be exactly, v., kwenda e betela, 
 kwenda e dedede. 
 
 Alive, a., yo moyo (3). 
 
 be, v., kala yo moyo (3), kala nna; 
 e.g. he is alive, ina kwandi 
 nna, or ina kwandi yo moyo. 
 
 remain, jinga. 
 
 All, a., awanso, awonso, awansono, 
 awonsono. 
 
 of them, -an e kulu; bring all of. 
 them, twasa yan e kulu. 
 
 over, vawanso. 
 
 All right, ke diambu ko, vwena 
 kwaku, ovangidi kiabiza, 
 mbote. 
 
 (thanks), ingeta, ntondele, mfiau-, 
 kidi. 
 
 All things, fwalangani, 6. 
 
 Allay, v.t., lemba, lembeka, saki- 
 dika, sakula. 
 
 Allege, v., see declare. 
 
 Allegory, n., kingana, 5 ; ngana, 2. 
 
 Alleluia, aleluya = nukembela Ye- 
 hova. 
 
 Alleviate, see allay. 
 
 Alliance, make, v., bundana. 
 
 Alligator, n. (expl.), mpila a nga- 
 ndu ina oku America. 
 
 Allot, v., kaya. 
 
 Allow, v. (consent to), vana 0 nswa 
 
 (4). 
 
 (let), v., yambula, bika, mbula! 
 
All-Am i 
 
 ( 8 ) 
 
 Allowance, ?i., kunku, 6. 
 
 Allude to, v., sungula, yika. 
 
 Allure, v., nekena. 
 
 Allurement, n., enekwa, 8. 
 
 Almighty, a., nkwa ngolo (2) za- 
 wanso. 
 
 Almost, adv ., vakete vaxidi, fiakete 
 fiasala, vansununke vaxidi, 
 fiakete fikondelo. 
 
 Alms, n., lukau luankenda, 10. 
 
 Alocasia antiquorum, (?) bot ., evo- 
 kola, 8. 
 
 Aloe (bot), n., eya dianseke, 8. 
 
 Aloft, adv., kuna ntandu, ku ezulu. 
 
 Alone, adv., kaka, amoxi kaka, vo 
 ke vena akaka ko. 
 nkidinginza; I do not wish to go 
 alone, kizolele kwame kwenda 
 nkidinginza ko. 
 let, v., yambula, bika. 
 
 Along, prep., muna ndambu a nda- 
 mbu a, muna nlambu a nla- 
 mibu a, kuna ndambu (2) a, 
 muna, muna nkwenko (4) a. 
 with, ye, kumoxi ye, vamoxi ye, 
 njila moxi ye. 
 with, go, v., yikama. 
 
 Alongside, adv., va (or mu) nda¬ 
 mbu. 
 
 Aloud, adv., speak, v., tatula e ndi- 
 nga (2), tumbula e ndinga. 
 (louder), xiamisa, or kolesa e 
 ndinga. 
 
 Alphabet, n., A.B.D.E. 
 
 Already, adv., wau, owau, wau 
 kwandi. 
 
 (verbal), teka, vita, tuka; he is 
 already gone, wau ketuka 
 kwenda. 
 
 Also, adv., mpe. This word always 
 throws an accent on the syllable 
 preceding it, while if the pre¬ 
 ceding word has the accent on 
 the penultimate, it is shifted to 
 the last syllable. 
 
 and, musungula; and some food 
 also, musungula 0 madia. 
 
 Altar, n., makukwa, pi. 8 (the stones 
 of a fireplace). 
 
 (fireplace), n., ejiku, 8. 
 
 Alter, v.t ., soba, bindika, vilula. 
 v.i., soboka, bindama, viluka. 
 
 Alterable,/., -asobakana, -abinda- 
 kana. 
 
 Alteration, n., soba, 9; nsoba, 2 ; 
 bindika, 9; mbindika, 2 ; vi¬ 
 lula, 9; mvilula, 2; mpilula, 2. 
 
 Altercate, v., tantana. 
 
 Altercation, n., ntantani, 2. 
 
 (noise), mazu, pi. 8. 
 
 Although, conj., kana, kanele, ka- 
 nele vo, ovo vele vo. Before the 
 statement of the circumstances. 
 Although He kill me yet will I 
 love Him, kanele okumponda 
 tonda kaka ikuntonda. 
 
 Altitude, n., la, 12; ntela, 4. 
 
 Altogether, adv., nkutu. 
 
 (all of them), -au e kulu. 
 
 Always, kaka, &ka, with continuative 
 in nga ; you are always com¬ 
 ing, okwizanga aka. 
 
 (every day), lumbu yawanso, see 
 constantly. 
 
 Always doing, be, kwama, kwami- 
 na; he is always stealing, oya- 
 ndi okwama 0 yikanga. 
 
 A.M., tuka edingidingi yaku nta- 
 ngwa anlungu. 6A.M. = mene- 
 mene ola esambanu. 
 
 Amass, v., wokesa, vwiisa, bidika, 
 lukula, sakula, bwekesa, lu- 
 ngula. 
 
 Amaze, v.t., xivikisa, kumbisa. 
 
 Amazed, be, v.i., xivika, kumba. 
 
 Amazement, n., exivi, 8; ekumbu, 8. 
 
 Amazing, a., -kumbwa, -ekumbu, 
 -exivi. 
 
 Ambassador, n., nkunji, 1 & 4; 
 mbaxi, 2 (P. embaixador). 
 
 Ambition, n., lulendo, 10. 
 
 Ambitious, a., yo lulendo (10). 
 
 ?z.,ntento (4) a mbaki, 
 mbaki, 2. 
 
 n. (the place), nsolela, 4. 
 
 Amend (in health), v.i, sasuka, ye- 
 luka, vevuka, yeloka, vevoka. 
 
 Amid, ) . , 
 
 . ’ } firefi., see among. 
 
 Amidst, )■ r ’ 
 
 Amiss, a., -ambi. 
 
 Ambuscade, 
 
 Ambush, 
 
Amo-Ann 
 
 ( 9 ) 
 
 Among, ) prep, (in), mu, muna, 
 
 Amongst, ) omu. Put it among 
 their food, xia kio muna madia 
 mau. 
 
 (amid, in the middle of), muna kati 
 (9) kwa ; among the people, 
 muna kati kwa wantu. Yana 
 and kuma may also be used 
 with kati kwa. 
 
 (under), kunanxi a; among the 
 diadia grass, kunanxi a diadia. 
 munanxi a; among the grass, 
 
 munanxi a titi. 
 
 (where there are), vana vena ; 
 among the people, vana vena 
 wantu. 
 
 (with), ye, combining with the article 
 &c.; I have been living among 
 them, yakedinge y’au. 
 
 (with, with living beings only), kuna 
 kwa; I am going to live among 
 them, se nkwenda kala kuna 
 kwa yau. 
 
 Amorphophalus (dot.), n., ngoma 
 (2) a kiula (5). 
 
 Amount, n., lubundakeso, 10 ; lubu- 
 ndu, 10; ntalu, 2. 
 
 to, v.i., lunga. 
 
 Amphibious, a. (expl.), konso mpila a 
 mbiji ikalanga oku eseke oku 
 maza mpe nze nguvu. 
 
 Amputate, v., bunduna. 
 
 Amputation, n., mbunduna, 2 ; bu¬ 
 nduna, 9. 
 
 Amulet, n., nkixi, 4. 
 
 Amuse, v., vukula 0 ntima (4). 
 
 Amusement, n., mvukulwa (4) a 
 ntima; nsaka, 2. 
 
 Amusing, a., -ansaka. 
 
 Anacardium occidentale (Cashew 
 tree), nkajiau, 4. 
 
 Anatomy, n. (expl.), mambu ma vixi 
 yawanso. 
 
 Ancient, a., -ankulu. 
 
 And, conj., ye, combining generally 
 with the article, ye, yo, ya. 
 
 (also), mpe, see also. 
 
 Anecdote, n., ngana, 2 ; kingana, 5 ; 
 samuna, 6; savu, 6; nsangu, 
 2. 
 
 Angel, h., wanjio, 12 & 1 [pi. anjio 
 (P. anjo)]; nkunji, 1 & 4 (a 
 Nzambi); mwixi ezulu, 1 (pi. 
 exi). 
 
 Anger, «., ekaxi, 8; nganji, 2. 
 
 (fury), nxita, 2. 
 
 (sullen), mafunga, pi. 8. 
 
 (vexation), ekudi, 8. 
 
 Angle, konko, 4 ; fuma, 4. 
 acute, konko kiambatakani A 
 obtuse, konko kiasanzuka _/ 
 right, konko kiaxingama J 
 rough (as on rocks), evanda, 8. 
 
 Angry, be, v., mona 0 makaxi (pi. 8), 
 kala ye nganji (2), sukwa e 
 ekudi (8), dituka, kusaula (re¬ 
 flex.), funga 0 makaxi (pi. 8 ) ; 
 he is angry, makaxi mafungidi 
 kuna ntima andi; ntima andi 
 nganji wina; ofungidi 0 ma¬ 
 kaxi ; osukilu e ekudi; wisa- 
 widi or udisawidi. 
 
 ANGUiSH,7z.,mpaxi(2)jingi,nsongo,4. 
 
 Animal, ?i. 
 
 (climbing), mbiji (2) a zambu (6). 
 (eatable), mbiji, 2. 
 
 (having hoofs), nkole, 2. 
 
 (having a handsome skin), mbiji (2) 
 za nkanda (4). 
 
 (tamed), tweleji, 6. 
 
 (that has given birth), esundi, 8. 
 (that has given birth many times), 
 exina, 8. 
 
 (that has recently given birth), mbiji 
 (2) amwalakaji. 
 
 See List of Animals at end of Dic¬ 
 tionary. 
 
 Animal nature, n., kibulu, 5 ; ki- 
 mbiji, 5. 
 
 Ankle, n., ekonzo (8) dia kulu (9), 
 mbolongo, 2 ; kolongonzo (6) 
 kia kulu (9). 
 
 Anklet, n., brass, edienge, 8 ; nlu- 
 nga, 4 ; pita, 6. 
 iron, nyeye, 4 ; nkwangu, 2. 
 
 Annihilate, v., bukumuna. 
 
 Annihilation, n ., bukumuka, 9. 
 
 Announce, v., samuna, jingula. 
 
 Announcement, n., diambu (7) di- 
 samwinu. 
 
Ann-App 
 
 ( IO ) 
 
 Annoy, v., tokanisa, tantika, na- 
 ngamesa, nangika, kwika, 
 neka, fiengesa. 
 
 Annoyance, n., lutantu, io. 
 
 Annually, adv ., muna mvu (4). 
 
 Anoint, v., bukula 0 maji (pi. 7). 
 
 Anointed, n. (the), mbukwilu, 4. 
 a ., -abukulwilu. 
 
 Anon, adv ., mbatu, ngatu. 
 
 Anonymous,/., -kondwa nkumbu. 
 
 Another, a ., -akaka, -anka (Bako). 
 day, konso lumbu (6). 
 
 (one other), -moxi diaka. 
 see also, each other. 
 
 Another’s, a., -angani; another 
 person’s goat, nkombo angani. 
 
 Answer, v., vutula, tambwila, ta- 
 mbulwila. 
 
 return [after consideration, (nna 0 
 maza)], luka 0 maza. 
 n., mvutu, 2 ; mvutwilu, 2. 
 (respectful, to a call), kalunga! 
 nzambi! kongo! ingeta! 
 
 Ant (generic), kinzanzala, 5. 
 
 (driver), nsongonia, 2 & 11. 
 
 (very small), mfitete, 2. 
 
 (white), nselele, 2 & 11; kinswa, 
 5 & 11. 
 
 (white workers), ekeketele, 8. 
 (white-ant eaters), elendeji, 8 ; nji- 
 ukila, 2. 
 
 (winged), mpembele (2) a mvula. 
 kinswa, 5 & 11. 
 
 for other varieties see List at end 
 of Dictionary. 
 
 nest (mushroom like of nselele), ki- 
 mpampa, 5. 
 
 (pagoda-like, of yellow ants, or con¬ 
 ical, or any in woods), lnila, 10. 
 (of kinswa), elundu, 8 ; kinsama, 5. 
 (on tree of nona ants), kingidi, 5. 
 
 Antelope (gazelle like), nsexi, 2; 
 mpiti, 2 ; kinkuba, 5. 
 (harnessed), nkayi, 2. 
 
 (mpalanka), mpalanga, 2 ; eva- 
 langi, 8. 
 
 (large grey), nkoko, 2. 
 
 (long legged), ntente, 2. 
 
 (red, as large as a goat), nsa, 2. 
 see end of Dictionary. 
 
 Antennae, nzevo, 2 & 11. 
 
 Anthem, n., nkunga, 4. 
 
 Antic, n., balu, 6 . 
 v., ta e balu (6). 
 
 Anticipate, v., xia e vuvu (6). 
 
 Anticipation, n ., vuvu, 6. 
 
 Antique, a., -ankulu. 
 
 Antiquity, n., kulu, 12. 
 
 Anus, «., efuni, 8. 
 
 Anvil, n., nzundu, 2. 
 
 (large European), ekongo-nzundu, 8. 
 small, nsambu, 2. 
 
 (often a marline spike, or belaying 
 pin bought on the coast). 
 
 Anxiety, ntelekwa (4) a moyo (3). 
 
 Anxious, be, teleka 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Any, konso. 
 
 -how, konso-U; anyhow you like, 
 konso-u ozolele. 
 one (person), konso muntu (1). 
 thing, konso kiuma (5), konzo ma 
 (6), ma, 6 ; kiuma, 5 ; I have 
 not anything, kina ya ma ko. 
 time, konso ntangwa (2). 
 whatever, konso- with a suffix that 
 is the same as the subjective 
 pronominal prefix to indefinite 
 tenses. 
 
 i.e. Prefix Series, No. 3, —any 
 (houses) you like, konso-ji ozo¬ 
 lele ; any (town) you like, ko- 
 nso-di ozolele. 
 
 where, konso fulu, konso va, konso 
 mu, konso ku, konso kuma, 
 konso muma. 
 
 Apart, be, v.i., vavuka, tamuka, 
 vambuka, vambana. 
 put, vd. (far), vavula, tamuna. 
 (separate), vambula, vambanisa. 
 
 Ape, n., nkima, 2. 
 v., sokolola. 
 
 Aperient, pulugante, 2 (P. pur- 
 gante). 
 
 (native medicine), nguba (2) a 
 mputu, ns ole (4) a nselesele. 
 
 Aperture, n., evundu, 8. 
 
 Apologize, v., dolokesa. 
 
 Apostle, n., nkunji, 1 & 4; ntumu, 
 1 & 4. 
 
 Appal, v.t ., vumisa. 
 
(II) 
 
 App-Arm 
 
 Apparel, it., mvwatu, 4. 
 
 Apparent, p., -monekene, ke amfu- 
 fulu ko, -atendoka, -abakuka, 
 -abanguka, -atenduka. 
 make, tendola, baka, bangula, te- 
 ndula. 
 
 to be, tendoka, bakuka, banguka, 
 tenduka. 
 
 Apparently, adv. (as though), ne,nze. 
 
 It is apparently good = it makes 
 a fair show = elengo dia meso 
 dina mu. 
 
 Appeal, v ., dodokela. 
 n., dodokela, 9. 
 
 Appear, v., moneka. 
 
 (come to view), dungumuka. 
 
 (be found), soloka. 
 
 Appearance, n. (face), ndose, 2. 
 a fair, elengo (8) dia meso ; see 
 apparently. 
 
 Appease, v.t., sakula, lembeka, le- 
 mba, sakidika. 
 
 Appeased, be, ■£/./., sakuka, lembama, 
 sakalala. 
 
 Appetite, it., mayukuta, pi. 6. 
 (desire), nzodi, 4. 
 
 (hunger), nzala, 2. 
 
 Apple, n. (expl.), bundu (6) kia nxi 
 
 a mindele. 
 
 Apply, v. (as medicine), batika. 
 one’s self to, kuxia (refl.). 
 
 (put), xia. 
 
 (request), lomba. 
 
 Appoint, v., xia. 
 
 to an office, tumba (to be followed 
 by the name of the office, not 
 the title of the officer). 
 
 They appointed him king = king- 
 ship, bantumbidi e kimfumu. 
 
 Apprehend, v. (fear), mona 0 wonga. 
 (seize), baka. 
 
 (think), banza, yindula. 
 (understand), wa, toma zaya. 
 
 Apprehension, n. (fear), wonga, 12. 
 
 Apprehensive, a ., yo wonga (12). 
 
 Approach, v., konka, finama, vala- 
 kana. 
 
 (bring near, cause to), sunzula. 
 (access), n., ndwakilu, 2. 
 
 Approval, n., nswa, 4. 
 
 Approve, v. (agree), kwikila. 
 (commend), lungisa. 
 
 (grant), vana 0 nswa (4). 
 
 (like), tonda, zola. 
 
 Approximate, a., see near. 
 
 Apron of leaves, to catch the dew 
 when travelling on a dewy 
 morning, lunkumfu, 10. 
 
 Arachis hypogcea (ground nut), 
 nguba, 2 ; mpinda, 2. 
 the plant of, esakila, 8. 
 
 Arch, mfumba, 4 ; lufumba, 10. 
 v.t., fumbika. 
 
 (chief), prefix in English, -ambuta. 
 
 Arched, be, v.t., fumbama. 
 p., -fumbama. 
 
 Are, v., see be. 
 
 Argue, v. (discuss), lombolola. 
 with noisy shouting, yokosa. 
 
 (urge, state), xia. 
 
 (wrangle), tantana. 
 
 Argument, n., diambu, 7. 
 
 Arise, v. (as the sun), dungumuka. 
 (commence), yantika, yatika, ba- 
 ntika, batika. 
 
 (from the dead), fuluka. 
 
 (get up), vumbuka, tongama. 
 (stand up), telama. 
 
 (to the surface), dungumuka, tu- 
 mbuluka. 
 
 Arithmetic, somala (P. sommar). 
 
 Ark (Noah’s), nzaza, 2 ; (box), nkele, 
 2; nkela, 2. 
 
 Arm, n. (body), koko, 9 (pi. moko). 
 (branch of tree), nsungu, 2 & 11 ; 
 tai, 6. 
 
 fore-, ngonge (2) a koko. 
 left, koko (9) kwamonso. 
 right, koko (9) kwanene. 
 
 (of sea), nsuvila, 4. 
 
 upper, esakasaka (8) dia koko. 
 
 (weapon), nwaninwa, 6. 
 
 Arm, v., vana 0 nkele (4). 
 one’s self, v., bonga 0 nkele (4). 
 
 Armament, full, n., ta-tutu-nkele 
 (gunpowder-flaskandgun); they 
 all came fully armed, awanso 
 bejidi ta-tutu-nkele. 
 
 Armlet (coil), n., soka, 6. 
 
 Armour, n., taninwa, 6. 
 
Arm-Asc 
 
 ( 12 ) 
 
 Armpit, n., nxiampakania, 2. 
 
 Army (host), n., vu, 6; ebundu, 8 . 
 (soldiers), makesa, pi. 8. 
 
 Aroma, n., mvumba, 2 ; nsunga, 2. 
 
 Around, be, go, v., jinguluka, jeta, 
 kondoloka, zunga, viondoloka. 
 dig, dia e ntomfi (2) ; 0 tima 0 nti 
 wan, odia e ntomfi, to dig up 
 that tree, dig round it. 
 
 Arouse, v.t., xikamesa, bundumnna, 
 vulumnna. 
 
 va\, xikama, bnndumnka, vulu- 
 muka. 
 
 Arrange, v.t. (adjust), fwaninika. 
 
 (in lots), badika. 
 
 (in order, straight), kiatika, kubika, 
 knmpika, zonzeka. 
 
 Arranged, be, v.t. (adjusted), fwa- 
 nana. 
 
 (in lots), balama. 
 
 (in order), kiata, kubama, ku- 
 mpama, zonzama, kiatikwa. 
 
 Arrangement, n., lukiatiku, 10, &c. 
 (agreement), lnkwikilu, 10 ; lufwa- 
 ninikn, 10 ; lubnndiku, 10. 
 
 Arrest (seize), v., baka. 
 
 (hinder), see hinder. 
 
 Arrive, v., luaka, tula, baka, nieka, 
 kwiza, vemba (turn up), 
 unexpectedly, sunzumuka. 
 
 Arrogance, n., nza (2) yo lulendo 
 (10). 
 
 Arrogant, a., ye nza yo lulendo. 
 
 Arrow, n., nzanza, 2 ; tota, 6 . 
 
 Arrowroot, n„ eloso, 8 ; etondo- 
 ngoma, 8. 
 
 Art, n., umbangu, 12 ; ungangu, 12 ; 
 unkete, 12 ; see skill. 
 v., see be. 
 
 Artery, n., mvuvu (4) a menga; 
 mwanji, 3 (ulutisanga 0 me¬ 
 nga matukidi muna ntima). 
 
 Artful, a., -angangu, -anlungaladi, 
 -anluki. 
 
 Artfulness, n ., ngangu, 2; nduka, 2. 
 
 Article, n. (expl.), mpila a diambu; 
 e.g. 0 nkele ami, 0 “ article ” 
 kwandi: see A. 
 
 (thing), n., lekwa, 6; kiuma, 5 ; 
 ma, 6. 
 
 Artifice (trick), 71 ., ngangu, 2; lu- 
 vunu, 10. 
 
 Artisan, «., mbangu, 2 ; nsadi, 1 
 & 4 ; kisadi, 5. 
 
 Artist, «., mwana (1) ambangu, 
 mbangu, 2. 
 
 As, adv., as...as, nze, ne ; as white 
 as pipeclay, wampembe ne 
 luvemba. 
 
 as...as possible, beni ; as white as 
 possible, wampembe beni. 
 
 as soon as, vo...kaka ; as soon as 
 he comes, vo kaluaka kaka. 
 
 see also directly. 
 
 as well as, mpe ; reversing the order 
 of the two clauses; food as well 
 as water, 0 maza 0 madia mpe 
 = water, food also. 
 
 (because), e kuma kadi, kadi, wau ; 
 as he said so, wau kavovele 
 wau ; but as he was ill, kanxi 
 wau kayela. 
 
 if, ne, nze ; it seems as if it would 
 rain, (kuma) kwina ne kwau 
 kunoka. 
 
 (like), ne i nze i; do as he says, 
 vanga ne i kavovele. 
 
 just as, una ; bring it just as it is, 
 twasa kio una kina. 
 
 as...so, WOWO...WOWO; as it is so 
 it must be, wowo kina wowo 
 kixinga kala. 
 
 such as, ne, nze, diawa-dimoxi, 
 mpila moxi ye, a mpila; a 
 child such as you, kimwana- 
 mwana ne ngeye. 
 
 though, ne, nze ; it seems as though 
 he were coming, wina ne yandi 
 okwiza. 
 
 (whatever, however), konso-o, see 
 any ; as you do so shall I, 
 
 konso-u ovanga omono mpe 
 se mvanga wo. 
 
 (when), una, vava, ova, with past; as 
 he was coming, una kejidinge : 
 ovo, with future ; as he comes, 
 ovo se kwiza. 
 
 ASCARIS (intestinal worm), nioka (2) 
 a moyo (such worms generally). 
 
 varieties, edongololo, 8 ; nseta, 4. 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 A sc- At 
 
 Ascend, v. (a hill), tomboka, baluka, 
 sambila, banda. 
 
 (into heaven), kwenda (kuna ezulu). 
 (as a smoke), fombota, futumuka, 
 tombola. 
 
 (a tree), manta, sambila. 
 
 Ascent, n., mongo, 3 (hill); tomboka, 
 9, &c. 
 
 Ascertain, v., see inquire ; certain, 
 make. 
 
 Ascites, «., sulu, 6. 
 
 Ash, n. (charcoal), evolo, 8 ; ekala, 8 . 
 (white dust), ntoto (4) ampolo. 
 
 Ashamed, be, v., mona e nsoni (2); 
 fusuka e nsoni (2). 
 exceedingly, vunga. 
 make, v.t., fusulwisa or mwesa e 
 nsoni (2). 
 
 exceedingly, vungisa. 
 
 Ashore, adv., kuna eseke (8). 
 to go, v.i ., tomboka kuna eseke. 
 
 Aside, adv ., ku or mu or va nda- 
 mbu (2), vana nteto (4). 
 from, to go, v.i., vambuka. 
 go, v.i., vengoka, vemboka. 
 
 (avoid), v.t., venga. 
 move, v.t., vengomona, vembola. 
 put, v.t., xia ova ndambu (2) (or 
 ku or mu). 
 
 Ask, v., as a favour, dodokela. 
 (carefully), fula, fimpa. 
 
 (inquire of, about), yuvula. 
 
 (inquire for a lost thing, &c.), ya- 
 
 ndala. 
 
 permission, vinga o nswa (4), lo- 
 mba 0 nswa (4). 
 
 (request), vinga, lomba. 
 
 Askance, look at, v.t., lengola. 
 
 Asleep, be, w.,leka; lala (N. Bank). 
 
 Ass, n., ebuluku, 8 (P. burro). 
 
 Assegai, n., edionga, 8 ; eswanga, 8. 
 
 Assemble, v.i., lungana, lungala- 
 kana, kutama, kutakana, zon- 
 zama, bilama. 
 
 in crowd, v.i., bilumuka, lolomoka. 
 v.t., lungisa, lungalakesa, kutika, 
 kutakesa, zonzeka, bidika. 
 
 Assembly, n., ndonga, 2. 
 place of, n., elunganinu, 8; eku- 
 tilu, 8. 
 
 Assembly, continued. 
 
 in a town (palaver place), mbaji a 
 ekongo. 
 
 Assent, n., nswa, 4. 
 
 (agree to), v., kwikila, vana 0 nswa 
 (4), tambulwila. 
 
 Assert, see declare. 
 
 Assist, v., sadisa. 
 
 Assistant, n., nsadixi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Associate, n., nkwa, 1. 
 together, bundakiana. 
 
 Association (expl.), wantu, ana 
 babundakianini mu konso 
 diambu. 
 
 Assuage, v.t., sakula, sakidika, le- 
 mba, lembeka. 
 
 v.i., sakuka, sakalala, lembama. 
 
 Assure, v.t., ludika, xikidisa. 
 
 Asthma, n., nswengenia, 2. 
 
 Astonish, v.t., xivikisa, kumbisa. 
 
 Astonished, be, v.i., xivika, kumba. 
 
 Astonishment, n., exivi, 8; eku- 
 mbu, 8. 
 
 Astray, go, v. (expl.), katuka muna 
 njila, kaxi vana fulu kiandi. 
 (wander), v., vumvula. 
 
 Astringency, n., ekadi, 8. 
 
 Astringent, a., -ekadi. 
 
 Astronomy (expl.), mambu ma nza 
 ye ntangwa ye ngonde ye 
 ntetembwa. 
 
 At, prep., kuna, ku, ko ; he is at 
 Vunda, kuna Evunda i kena. 
 
 Use applied form of the verbs. 
 He threw stones at my goat, 
 
 otubidi e nkombo ame 0 ma- 
 tadi. 
 
 at all, nkutu. 
 
 at any rate (however), kanxi kadi, 
 kanxi. 
 
 at first, e kulu, kulu, oku kwatu- 
 kwa ; at first they wept, badi- 
 didi kulu. 
 
 be, do, v., vita, teka; they first 
 killed a fowl, bavitidi 0 vonda 
 e nsusu. 
 
 at large, a., -amvumvidi. 
 at last, | adv., oku kwakwiji wa, 
 at length, j okalokala, boxi (then), 
 at once, adv., wau. 
 
At-Aye 
 
 ( 14 ) 
 
 At, continued. 
 
 at the bottom, kuna nxi (2). 
 
 (base), kuna exina (8). 
 at the top, kuna ntandu (2). 
 at war, mu vita (2). 
 at wit’s end, ke kala oil ko ; they are 
 at their wit’s end to buy food, 
 ke bena ou basumba 0 madia 
 ko. 
 
 Atlas, n. (expl.), nkanda a xisa ya 
 nxi. 
 
 Atmosphere, n. (air), mwela, 3. 
 (breath), mwanda, 3. 
 
 (expanse of heaven), ngambwila, 2. 
 Atone, v. (finish a palaver), manesa 
 e diambu (7). 
 
 (pay), futa. 
 
 Attach, v., kanga. 
 
 together, kanganisa, yikakesa. 
 Attached, to be (joined to, fond of), 
 tatamena. 
 
 Attack, v., nwanisa. 
 
 (to fire the first shot), jiula, or to- 
 bola, or tompola e vita (2). 
 n., ndwanisa, 2. 
 
 Attain, v., see reach. 
 
 Attempt, v., xinsa, tonta. 
 
 something too great, vakama, va- 
 mpama. 
 
 Attend, v. (hear), wa. 
 
 (listen), unikina. 
 
 (look), tala. 
 
 (nurse), yelesa. 
 
 (serve), sadila. 
 to, wila. 
 
 Attendant, n., selo, 6 (P. dispen- 
 seiro=’sero). 
 
 (boy), n., nleke, 1 ; leke, 6 ; ntauji, 
 1 & 2 ; ntaudi, 1 & 2. 
 Attention, n., wa, 9 ; tala, 9. 
 Attire, v.t., vwika. 
 
 n., mvwatu, 4. 
 
 Attired in, be, v., vwata. 
 Attitude, n., ntelama, 2. 
 
 Attract, v., tunta. 
 
 (charm), tatamesa. 
 
 Attribute, v.t., yikila, with the ab¬ 
 stract name of the attribute, 
 n., luyikilu, 10. 
 
 Attune, v., lekanisa. 
 
 Audible, be, v., wakana. 
 
 a., -anwakani. 
 
 Audience, n., awe, 1 pi. 
 
 Auditor, n., nwe, 1 & 4. 
 
 Aunt, n. (maternal), ngudi, 2 ; yaya, 
 
 1 ; ngwa, 2. 
 
 Author, n., mvangi, 1 & 4; nsoni 
 (1 & 4) a nkanda (4), writer. 
 Authority, n., wisa, 6. 
 
 (kingship), kimfumu, 5. 
 
 (strength), ngolo, 2. 
 
 Avail, v. fwana. 
 
 Avarice, n., eloko, 8. 
 
 Avaricious, a., -eloko. 
 
 Ave Maria, vemadiya. 
 
 Avenge, v., landa e kunda (6). 
 Aversion, ?i. (unwillingness), ngongo, 
 
 2 ; see disgust. 
 
 Avert, v., vengesa. 
 
 Avoid, v.t., venga. 
 
 Await, v., vinga, vingila, beka. 
 Awake, v.t., xikamesa, bundumuna, 
 vulumuna. 
 
 v.i., xikama, bundumuka, vulu- 
 muka. 
 
 (shake), tukubisa. 
 
 (be sleepless), leka e kintongi, 5. 
 
 Aware, be, v., luka. 
 make, v., lukisa. 
 
 Away, kwakaka ; see go away, &c. 
 be, ke kala vo ko; he is away, 
 kena vo ko. 
 
 Awe, n., mbubu, 2; wonga, 12 ; vumi, 
 6 & 12. 
 
 Awestruck, be, v.i., bubula. 
 
 Awful, <z.,-awonga, -avumi,-ambubu. 
 Awhile, adv., kolo (6) kiandwelo. 
 Awkward, a., -ankankalakani. 
 
 be (clumsy to carry), kankalakana. 
 Awkwardness, n., nkankalakani, 2. 
 Awn, n., nsoke, 2 & 11. 
 
 Awry, a., -amandunguna. 
 
 Axe, n., luaji, 6. 
 
 Axilla, n., nxiampakania, 2. 
 
 Axis, n., kati, 9. 
 
 Axle (expl.), tadi (6) kixilu muna 
 kati kwa ekalu kijetesanga. 
 
 Aye (yes), interj., elo! e! 
 (respectfully), ingeta. 
 
 (ever), see ever. 
 
( i5 ) 
 
 Bab-Ban 
 
 B. 
 
 Babble, v., wazamuna. 
 
 Babe, Baby, n. (little child), kimwa- 
 na mwana, 5 ; kingyana ngya- 
 na, 5 ; mwana (1) answa. 
 (infant), nkeka, 1 & 4; nsenge- 
 lejia, 1 & 4. 
 
 (newly born), nsedia, 1 & 4. 
 
 Babyhood, n., unkeka, 12 ; unsedia, 
 12 ; unsengelejia, 12. 
 
 Bachelor, n., mpmnpa, 2 (eyakala). 
 
 Back, n., nima, 2. 
 bone, n., lubasa (11 & 2) lna nima 
 (2), nkukn, 4. 
 current, n ., elondo, 8. 
 door, n., kielo (5) kia nteto. 
 go, come, v.i., vntnka. 
 go (give up), vunza. 
 give, put, v.t ., vutnla. 
 of head, n., ekoxi, 8. 
 of knife, it., fifini, 12. 
 to back, be, v., filana e nima. 
 turn, v.i., vntnka. 
 turn one’s, v.i., fila e nima, 2. 
 up, v.t. (help), sadisa, sadila. 
 (incite) xindika. 
 
 Backward, see slow, behindhand. 
 
 Backwards, adv., lnnima-nima. 
 and forwards, go, kwenda-vntnka- 
 kwenda-vntnka. 
 fall, v.i., sengoka 0 mambemba. 
 go, v.i., kwenda 0 lnnima-nima. 
 throw, v.t., sengola 0 mambemba. 
 
 Bacon, n. (expl.), mbiji (2) a ngnln 
 yawnma. 
 
 Bad, a., -ambi, ke ambote ko. 
 very, -ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Bad person, mnmpangi (3) ambi. 
 (wrong doer), mpolakann, 2 ; mpodi 
 (2) ankanu. 
 
 (wild, reckless), kimpnmbnln, 5 ; 
 kinkita, 5 ; ntnndnlnki, 2 ; 
 ntentaxialn, 2. 
 
 Badly, adv. (very much), beni, 
 kwingi. 
 
 do, v.t., fwantalakesa ; why do 
 you write badly? adie i ofwa- 
 ntalakesela 0 soneka ? 
 
 Badly, continued. 
 do, 2/., = fail to do well ; why have 
 you done it badly ? adie i 
 olembele toma vanga. 
 be done, v., fwantalakana. 
 
 Badge, n., dimbn, 6 ; xinsn, 6 . 
 
 Badness, n., bi, 12. 
 
 (wildness, recklessness), umpn- 
 mbnln, 12 ; nnkita, 12 ; nnte- 
 ntaxialn, 12; nntnndnlnki, 12. 
 
 Baft, blue, n., ebnndi, 8. 
 white, n., ekende, 8. 
 
 Bag, n., nkntn, 2. 
 
 (sack), edila, 8 ; nsakn, 2 (P. saco). 
 (scrip worn on shoulder), kidiahna, 
 5 ; lamba, 6. 
 
 Baggage, n., lekwa, 6 . 
 
 Bait, n., enekwa, 8 ; nkidikilwa, 4. 
 v., nekena, 
 
 Bake, v., yoka (mnna mbangaji). 
 
 Balance, n., balansa, 2 (P. balamja). 
 v.t., xingika ova kati. 
 v.i., xingama ova kati. 
 
 (surplus), n., nsnnda-ndnta, 2 ; nln- 
 ta, 4. 
 
 Bald head, n ., vandn, 6 . 
 place, evela, 8 . 
 
 Baldness, n., vandn, 6. 
 
 Bale, n., eknba, 8 . 
 out (water), v., yaya. 
 up (as to drink, to lap with the hand). 
 v., zanla. 
 
 Ball, n. (a round thing), esomba, 8 . 
 (bullet) ekela, 8 . 
 of foot of a dog, kanda, 6 . 
 of heel, bombo, 6 . 
 of a joint, ekonzo, 8 . 
 of toe, vnmn, 6 . 
 
 Ballast, n. (expl), lekwa yejitn 
 ixiwa mnna bota, kaxi nzaza, 
 ke inkwa bangnmnka ko. 
 
 Bamboo grass, n., etntn (8) dia 
 nzadi. 
 
 palm (raphia), etombe, 8 . 
 midrib of, etombe, 8 . 
 do. do. very large, eknlnknln, 8 . 
 
 Banana, n., tiba, 6 ; for parts, &c., 
 see plantain. 
 
 Band (a detachment), n ., mvengo, 4 ; 
 see also party. 
 
Ban-Bas 
 
 ( 16 ) 
 
 Band, (strip), tenda, 6. 
 
 (stripe), n., ndiedie, 4. 
 
 Band together, v.i., bundana. 
 Bandage, n., tenda, 6. 
 
 v:, kanga. 
 
 Bane, n., nxibu, 4. 
 
 Bang, n., nxindu, 4 ; nkindu, 2. 
 Bangle, n ., soka, 6. 
 
 Banish, v. (drive away), kula, yinga. 
 Banjo, n., kokolo, 6 ; nsambi, 2. 
 Bank (dyke), n., nkama, 4. 
 of earth (ridge), saya, 6. 
 of river, ekumn, 8 ; eximu, 8 
 (generally the opposite side), 
 (side), ndambn, 2 ; nlambu, 4. 
 Banquet, n., see feast. 
 
 Banyan tree, n., nsanda, 4. 
 
 Baobab tree, n. (Adansonia), nko- 
 ndo, 4. 
 
 pods, 11., nsunga, 4 ; see Adansonia. 
 Baptism, n., vuba, 9 ; mvuba, 2. 
 Baptist, n., mvubi, 1 & 4. 
 a., -amvubi. 
 
 Baptize, t/., vuba, vubika, budika 
 
 (Mboma). 
 
 Bar (lock), 7/., bindika. 
 
 (of metal, ingot), vimpa, 6. 
 
 (stop the way),2/./.,kaka, see bolt, &c. 
 Barb, n., dinu, 7 (irreg. pi., meno). 
 Barbarian, n., mwixi mfinda, 1 (pi. 
 exi). 
 
 Barbarity, n ., nxita, 2. 
 
 Barbarous, «., -akiximfinda. 
 Barber, n., mbangu 2 (a tenda e 
 n suki). 
 
 Bare (as a hill without grass), a., 
 -ekanga. 
 
 head, n., vandu, 6. 
 
 headed (without a hat), ntu (4) 
 
 ampavala. 
 
 (naked), a., ye kimpene. 
 
 (uncover), v.t., fukula, bukula. 
 (uncovered), ft., -fukuka, -bukuka. 
 (uncovered, be), 2 fukuka, bu¬ 
 kuka. 
 
 Bareness, n., kimpene, 5 ; ekanga, 
 
 8, see bare. 
 
 Bargain, v., ta e ntalu (2), vuna e 
 ntalu. 
 
 a good, 71 ., ntalu (2) abiza. 
 
 Bark, 11 ., baula, 6 ; nkanda, 4. 
 
 (as a dog), 7/., woka. 
 
 (to take off), v., tuna, buna. 
 
 Barn, n., elundilu, 8 ; kalanga, 6. 
 Barrel (cask), n., mpimpa, 2 (P. 
 pipa). 
 
 (of gun), 71 ., mvumba, 4. 
 
 (of powder), n., zenzo, 6. 
 
 (do. small), n., bwai, 2 (P. barril). 
 Barren, person or animal, xita, 6. 
 soil, ekanga, 8. 
 
 Barrenness, uxita, 12 ; ekanga, 8. 
 Barricade, ti., see barrier, fence. 
 
 (stop), v., kaka. 
 
 Barrier, 11 ., nkaku, 4. 
 
 Barter, v., see buy, sell, trade. 
 n., soba lekwa muna lekwa, ke 
 muna njimbu ko. 
 
 Base, n., exina, 8. 
 a., -ambi. 
 
 Bashful, a., ye nsoni, 2. 
 
 be, v., mona e nsoni (2). 
 
 Basin (small), n., bola, 6 (P. bola). 
 
 (washhand), ekuluwa, 8. 
 
 Basis, exina, 8. 
 
 Bask, v., yetela. 
 
 Basket, n. (general), mbangu, 2 * 
 (small) kimbangu, 5 * 
 
 (medium), nkola, 4; mboba, 4; 
 
 kintuba, 5 ; kinganda, 5. 
 (large), lekwa # , 6 * ; ekuva, 8 *; 
 ngubwangu, 2. 
 
 (conical), nyende, 4 # ; mbondo, 2 * 
 (carrier’s, of woven palm fronds), 
 ntete, 4. 
 
 (do. of papyrus), nsasa, 2. 
 fish (traps like lobster baskets), vua, 
 6 ; lembo, 6 (Kib.). 
 
 (hung over the fire-place), senze, 6. 
 (great store place of basket-work, to 
 hold store of nguba), kalanga, 
 6. 
 
 stand or foot of basket, nzanza, 2 ; 
 those baskets having nzanza 
 are marked thus # . 
 
 Bass, n., evunga, 8. 
 sound, 71 ., mvungu, 2. 
 a., -evunga. 
 
 Bastard, «., mwana (1) a zumba 
 (child of adultery). 
 
( 1 7 ) 
 
 Bas-Bea 
 
 Baste (rough sew), tamba, lamvula. 
 
 Bat, //., lumpukunia, io; ngembo, 
 2 ; for others see Appendix. 
 
 Bath (a bathing), ngyowela, 2 ; 
 nyunga, 2. 
 
 Bathe, v., yowela, yunga, yobela 
 (Bako.). 
 
 a wound with warm water, futa, 
 bubila. 
 
 Bathing-place, eyowelelo, 8 ; 
 eyungilu, 8. 
 
 Batter in, 7/./., bofola, fobola. 
 
 Battered in, be, v.t., bofoka, fo- 
 boka. 
 
 Battle, ndwana, 2 ; njingu, 4. 
 field, enwaninu, 8 . 
 
 Bay, it., nsuvila, 4 ; nsuku, 4. 
 
 B.C., mu kolo kivitidi e ngiza a 
 Mfumu eto Jizu Kristu. 
 
 Be, to, v., kala, irreg., see Grammar ; 
 ba (Bako.). 
 
 the verb “to be” is frequently ex¬ 
 pressed by the secondary form 
 of the adjective, &c. : it is mine, 
 
 yame kwandi. 
 
 by the particle se : it is good, se 
 yambote ; it is he, se yaudi. 
 by the particle i : he is king, yandi 
 i mfumu ; that is the reason I 
 went, i kuma ngiendele; if 
 that is all, ovo i yawanso ; 
 they are in the house = it is in 
 the house that they are, 0 mo 
 nzo i bena. 
 by the pronouns 
 
 Pers. 123 
 
 sing. i. u. u. 
 
 twa. nwa. a. 
 
 we are the chiefs, yeto twa mfumu. 
 
 The verb “ to be ” in English is 
 used sometimes where we mean 
 “to go,” in that case we must use 
 “to go” (kwenda) in Kongo. 
 He has been there = he went 
 there, oyandi wayele ko. 
 
 Beach, n., eximu, 8 ; ndambu, 2 ; 
 ulambu, 4. 
 
 (where canoes are kept), esau, 8 ; 
 
 esabu, 8 (Bako.). 
 v.t., sensesa. 
 
 Beached, be, v.t., sensa. 
 
 Bead (blue currency), ?/., njimbu, 2 ; 
 nsanga, 4 ; dingwa, 6. 
 a single bead, mbiya, 2. 
 
 (general name), nsanga, 4. 
 olive (china), nganeta, 2 ; ngalata, 
 2 ; disu, 7 [pi. meso (Vivi) ]. 
 (red glass), kinsola, 5. 
 pipe (red, large), mbala, 4 ; mba- 
 lantiantia, 2. 
 
 (red, small), ntiebo, 2. 
 round (large), eboka, 8. 
 seed (red), mpiese, 2. 
 
 (white or blue), kaseka, 9 (sing.), 
 strings of beads from neck to waist 
 worn by children, ndika, 4. 
 
 (a string of currency beads, 100), 
 nsanga, 4. 
 short count, -ankufi. 
 full count, -andungi, -anda. 
 
 10 strings of beads, kulaji, 6 ; for 
 other numbers, see “ numerals.” 
 
 Beak, n., zozo, 6. 
 
 Beam (wood), n., nti (4) miatungi- 
 lwanga. 
 
 (of light), nteji, 4; see light. 
 
 Bean (creeping, large bean), dimba- 
 ndi (7) dialumbu, dimbandi 
 (7) dianzala. 
 
 (dwarf, French), nkasa (2 & 11) 
 zandamba or zamafewo. 
 
 They are not eaten green by the 
 natives. See pod. 
 
 (tree, bearing round beans like peas), 
 wandu, 12 ; madezo, 8 (Vivi). 
 (large wild bean not eaten), ngongo 
 (2) anzadi. 
 
 They are frequently found float¬ 
 ing on the river, hence the 
 name. They are much like 
 Calabar bean, but are not the 
 same. One Calabar bean has 
 been found adrift on Stanley 
 Pool and received the same 
 name. It was the cylindrical 
 variety. 
 
 Bear, v. (bring forth), uta, wuta,buta. 
 in rapid succession, bobolwela. 
 (carry), v., nata, yata (Mba.). 
 witness, v., ludika. 
 
 c 
 
Bea-Bed 
 
 ( 18 ) 
 
 Beard, nzevo, 2. 
 a hair of, luzevo, 11 & 2. 
 a man having a large, kinzevo, 5. 
 
 Bearing, woman or animal, exina, 8. 
 
 Beast (which may be eaten), mbiji, 
 2. 
 
 (which is not eaten for food), bulll, 
 
 6 . 
 
 wild, mbiji (2) a futa. 
 see animal. 
 
 Beastly (bad), a., -ambimbi. 
 
 Beat, v.t., wanda, weta, biba, buba, 
 bula, zuka, bafuna, kafuna. 
 against, v.t., wandama. 
 against heavily, v.t., bundama, 
 bubama, lumbama. 
 
 [a child (spoken of women only)], 
 
 bunda, bubula. 
 
 down (a price), v., sakidika e ntalu 
 
 (2). 
 
 (excel), v.t., sunda. 
 in, on, in a mortar, v.t., tuta. 
 off (drive away), v.t., yinga, kula. 
 on (something), baba, 
 out (as metal), v.t., sanzula. 
 out an edge (as on a blunt hoe), 
 v.t., sambula. 
 
 (overcome), v., lunga, yelesa. 
 (pulsate), v.t., tumpa, landana, 
 dukinga. 
 
 to powder, atoms, v.t., kosakesa, 
 fumfumuna, tiembola, niuku- 
 muna, kosomona, fusumuna. 
 up (as eggs), v.t., vota. 
 with an open hand, wanda e mba- 
 ta (2 & n). 
 
 with the fist, tua e nkome (2), tna 
 e ekofi (8). 
 
 with a thick stick, vombola, pola. 
 
 Beaten, be, v.t. (a child, see above), 
 bubulwa, bnndnka. 
 in, on, in a mortar, tntnka. 
 (overcome), yela. 
 
 to powder, atoms, kosakana, fu- 
 mfumuka, niukumuka, koso- 
 moka, fusumuka, tiemboka. 
 
 Beautiful, a., -atoma, -awete. 
 
 (of persons), a., -amote. 
 person, n., mote, 3. 
 
 Beauty, n., wete, 12. 
 
 Because (for), kadi: because you 
 called me, kadi nmbokele; 
 okala vo kadi, e kuma (6), e 
 kuma kadi wan, okala vo. 
 of (on account of), mu kuma (6) 
 kia, muna diambu (7) dia. 
 because ... therefore: he came, but 
 as he was sick I therefore 
 sent him away, wijidi kanxi 
 wau kayela i kuma inxindi- 
 kidi. 
 
 Beckon, v., lawila (perf., laulwidi). 
 
 Become, v., expressed in the neuter 
 form of the verb in ka : lomba, 
 to be black ; lomboka, to be¬ 
 come black. 
 
 The causative of this would be 
 
 lombola. 
 
 (grow, as angry, sick, &c.), ba- 
 
 ka. 
 
 (to be transformed into), kituka, 
 see combinations, become red, 
 black, dark. 
 
 v. (be worthy of), fwana. 
 
 Becoming, a., -abiza, -ambote, 
 -awete. 
 
 Bed (garden), n., saya, 6 . 
 
 (raised extra high as for pumpkins), 
 
 etumbi, 8 ; efuku, 8. 
 
 Bed (to sleep on), n., mfulu, 2. 
 
 Kongo sleeping arrangements are 
 very simple. Often they spread 
 a mat (eteva, 8 ) on the floor, 
 perhaps a papyrus mat (lua- 
 ndu, 10), which, when used as 
 a sleeping mat is called ndo- 
 mbo, 2. 
 
 Bedroom, n., esuku, 8 . 
 
 A room parted off from the rest 
 of the house is thus designated, 
 whether for sleeping, or for 
 storing goods. 
 
 Bedstead, it., mfulu, 2. 
 
 Sometimes a raised bed is built 
 across the house in front of the 
 partition which shuts off the 
 esuku store. There may also 
 be a partition (kubu, 6 ) to 
 screen the bedstead. A bed¬ 
 stead made of Matombe (mid- 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 Bed-Bef 
 
 Bedstead, continued . 
 
 ribs of Raphia and other palms 
 having large midribs), is called 
 
 mbidibidi, 4. 
 
 (laths of), nzadilwa, 4. 
 
 Bee, n ., mbwingina, 2 ; nyumbwila, 
 2 ; nyoxi, 2. 
 
 boring (large), efunguimim, 8. 
 
 Beef (flesh of ox), mbiji (2) a ngo- 
 mbe (2). 
 
 ■“Beef” (meat), all meat and fish is 
 called “beef” (mbiji, 2), see 
 meat. 
 
 Been, ft.pcrf. of “ to be,” see be. 
 
 Often used also in the sense of 
 the perf. of “ to go” He has 
 been there = he went there, 
 oyandi wayele ko. 
 
 Beer, ?z., mbamvu, 2. 
 
 A fermented liquor made from 
 maize (masa, pi. 7) and cassava 
 or manioc (madioko, pi. 8). 
 The maize (masa, 7) is malted 
 (fundikila, to malt) by placing 
 it on the ground, sprinkling with 
 water, and covering with leaves 
 until it sprouts (mena) ; when 
 the grain has run out roots 
 about an inch long it is dried 
 by exposure to strong sunshine 
 for a day or two, when it be¬ 
 comes, menia, 4. It is sweet, 
 and is proper malted grain. 
 Cassava is peeled and dried in 
 the sun, when it is called kela, 
 ■6. The menia and kela are 
 then pounded together in a 
 mortar until fairly crushed. It 
 is then mixed with a due pro¬ 
 portion of water, and the mash 
 (funa, 12) thus made is boiled 
 for 12 hours, strained and left to 
 cool. It is then a sweet, not in¬ 
 toxicating beverage called mu- 
 lu, 3. After two or three days 
 it ferments and becomes in¬ 
 toxicating, sour, and more or 
 less acid, and is called mba¬ 
 mvu. 
 
 to brew, v., kama. 
 
 Beetle, n., a generic name is often 
 used, which is kinkakala, 5. 
 It is the female of the unicorn 
 beetle found in the palm trees. 
 Being the largest beetle with¬ 
 out horns or especially marked 
 feature, it gives a generic name 
 for the class, 
 boring, nzekezeke, 2. 
 cockroach, mpese, 2. 
 green, horned, ntumba, 2. 
 palm, nsombe, 2. 
 scarabaeus, ekoka, 8. 
 unicorn, nzau, 2, 
 water, mpese (2) -amaza. 
 
 Before, adv ., no exact equivalent in 
 Kongo; see following means of 
 expressing the idea, 
 be, do, go, come, &c., vita, teka: 
 he came before all, oyandi ovi- 
 tidi awanso ; do as you did 
 before, vanga ne owo ovitidi 
 0 vanga. 
 
 Christ, see B.C. 
 
 ever, the negative preceded by una: 
 before he came, una kaijidi ko. 
 
 Una refers to matters which 
 occurred at a time not remote 
 from the present, or from a 
 period under consideration. 
 For rules as to the use of 
 terms and tenses implying time, 
 see Grammar. 
 
 (while still), speaking of events more 
 remote, vava, ova, followed by 
 the negative : before I was born> 
 vava kiautukidi ko. 
 
 (while as yet), speaking of events 
 not yet accomplished, wau, 
 uwu, with the negative : I 
 want to see Kongo first before 
 I go to Mpumbu, nzolele yai- 
 tadila e kulu Ekongo uwu 
 kiayele oku Mpumbu ko. 
 
 Note .—These words used with a 
 negative to express the English 
 word, “ before,” are really equi¬ 
 valent to “ while not.” Thus, 
 before he comes = while he has 
 not come. 
 
IS EF- 13 EL 
 
 ( 20 ) 
 
 Before, continued. 
 
 (and then), before is also expressed 
 by changing the sentence so as 
 to use the word “ afterwards,” or 
 “then” instead, thus—wash your 
 hands before you write = wash 
 your hands and then write, 
 sukula o moko maku boxi 
 osoneka. If the “ before ” com¬ 
 mences the sentence, as—before 
 you write, wash your hands, the 
 sentence must be reduced to 
 the same form as the preceding. 
 
 For use of boxi and mbengi, see 
 afterwards. 
 
 (until), yamuna, yavana, see until. 
 
 We never saw a white man be¬ 
 fore you came, ke twamwene 
 mundele nkutu ko yavana 
 waijidi; before to-day, yanm 
 * nnn. 
 
 (by), this use of “before” requires 
 still further circumlocution or 
 arrangement, thus — “ before 
 night ” must be more definitely 
 expressed as, “ in good time,” 
 or, “ before sunset, &c., before 
 market day.” The expected day 
 or days should be mentioned, or 
 the sentence altogether recast, 
 thus—he will be here before 
 market day = on market day 
 he will have returned, lumbu 
 kiezandu kavutukidi. 
 
 (in the front), kuna ntu (4). 
 before long, kolo ( 6 ) kiandwelo 
 diaka, ntamantama : we shall 
 catch him before long, nta- 
 mantama se twambaka. 
 long before, kolo (6) kingi kivitidi, 
 taxi (6) kingi. 
 
 Before, prep., vana. 
 the eyes, vana meso (pi. 7). 
 the face, vana ndose (2). 
 the chief, vana vena e mfumu = 
 where the chief was. 
 
 (ahead of), kuna ntu (4) a. 
 
 (in front of), ku lose (10) lua, kuna 
 ndose (2) a : in front of the 
 house, ku lose lua nzo. 
 
 Beforehand, be, go, come, do, &c., 
 
 v., vita, teka. 
 
 Beg, v., lomba, vinga. 
 as a favour, dodokela. 
 
 Beget, ?/., uta, wuta, buta, used 
 indiscriminately for “ to bear ” 
 and “ to beget.” 
 
 Beggar, nlombi, 1 & 4 ; mvingi, 
 1 & 4- 
 
 Begin, v.t yatika, yantika, batika, 
 bantika. 
 
 to, ximba: he began to cry, oxi- 
 mbidi 0 dila. 
 
 again (something relinquished), ya- 
 ngula, yangumuna. 
 a fight (fire first), tobola e vita (2). 
 
 Beginning, n., nsuka, 4; mbantiku, 
 2, &c. 
 
 a., -alubantiku. 
 
 Beguile, v., vuna. 
 
 Behalf, n ., diambu, 7 ; kuma, 6. 
 
 Behave, v., vanga. 
 
 Behaviour, n., fu, 6. 
 
 Behead, v., saka 0 ntu (4). 
 
 Behind, adv ., ku nima (2). 
 be, remain, sala ku nima. 
 last, be, sukinina : be left behind, 
 budila, suva. 
 
 time: we shall be behind time, 
 ntangwa sa yailutila. 
 prep., kuna nima a: he looked 
 from behind the tree, okenge- 
 lele kuna nima a nti. 
 hand (not early, backward): our 
 corn is behindhand, masa meto 
 ke mevika mena ko ; see also- 
 slow. 
 
 Behold, interj ., se tadi. 
 look at, v.. tala, 
 see, mona. 
 
 Belated, be, v.i., fukika. 
 
 Belief, ;z.,lukwikilu, 10; kwikila,9. 
 
 Believe, ■zA,kwikila,mona e ludi (6). 
 
 Believer, n ., nkwikidi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Bell, ferret, n., eyongolo, 8. 
 native, double, ngonge, 2. 
 
 European pattern, ngunga, 2. 
 
 Bellow (of bull), v ., meka. 
 
 Bellows, n., nsakasu, 4. 
 to blow, v., sakasa. 
 
( “ I ) 
 
 IS Ei,-B et 
 
 Belly, //., vumu, 6. 
 
 (entrails), n., ndia, 4. 
 part of game, the perquisite of the 
 man who carries it home, nla- 
 mba, 4. 
 
 Belong to, v., vua. 
 
 Beloved,/./., -tondoka, -azolwa. 
 be, v., tondoka, zolwa. 
 
 Below (lower down), adv., muna 
 eyanda, mu eyanda. 
 in the valley, muna ndimba. 
 
 Below, prep., kunxi a, kuna nxi a, 
 munxi a, munanxi a. 
 
 Belt, n., mponda, 2. 
 
 Bench, n., ebanda, 8 ; ebaya, 8. 
 
 Bend, v.t., fumbika, vuninika, koze- 
 ka, koveka, koteka. 
 v.i., fumbama, vunanana, koza- 
 ma, kovama, kotama, vwe- 
 tumuka, vwetama. 
 back, v.t., koneneka. 
 
 v.i., konanana. 
 
 (be pliant), v.i., leva. 
 
 (crooked), v.i., tekama. 
 
 (do, make), v.t., tekeka. 
 
 down (stoop), v.t., veteka, yenzeka. 
 
 v.i., vetama, yenzama. 
 on one side, over, v.t., bembeka. 
 v.i., bembama. 
 
 straight, v.t., kanda, kandula. 
 v.i., kanduka. 
 
 up and down, v.t., vwetumuna, 
 vwembesa (jerk). 
 v.i., vwetumuka, vwemba (jerk), 
 warp, v.i., banzalala. 
 
 Bend in a stick, n., monji, 3. 
 
 Bendaele, be, v.i., fumbakana, ko- 
 zakana, kovakana, kotakana, 
 vetakana, yenzakana, be- 
 mbakana, kandakana, vwe- 
 mbakana. For exact force of 
 these words, see above. 
 
 Beneath, see below. 
 
 Benediction, see blessing. 
 
 Benefactor, n., mvevudi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Beneficent, ) . amvevudi . 
 
 BENEVOLENT} ) 
 
 Benighted, a. (ignorant), -abubu. 
 be, v. (belated), bukamenwa e to- 
 mbe. 
 
 Bent, a. The usual adj. can be made 
 from the intransitive verbs for 
 “to bend/ fumbama, -amfu- 
 mbami, &c. 
 
 Bent, be, v.i., see bend, 7 >.i. 
 
 Bequeath, v., xisa efwa ( 8 ). 
 
 Bereaved, a., -ansona. 
 
 Berry, n., nginga, 2. 
 
 Beseech, v., vingila, lomba. 
 
 as a favour, dodokela. 
 
 Beset, v., see surround. 
 
 Beside, prep., vana ndambu (2) a, 
 vana nteto (4) a, or with ku 
 and mu instead of vana. 
 
 Beside, 1 adv., diaka, vana ntandu 
 
 Besides, J (2). 
 
 more besides (a remainder), nkaji, 
 4 (pi.); 20 and more beside, 20 
 
 ye nkaji. 
 
 Besiege, v., kuka. 
 
 (surround), zunga. 
 
 Sometimes in war, or for plunder, 
 the Kongo people surround a 
 town before dawn, and shoot 
 the men as they come out of 
 their houses until there is no 
 further opposition. This was a 
 frequent procedure in the coun¬ 
 try in the slaving times. San 
 Salvador people often did so, 
 with or without excuse, until 
 recently. 
 
 such an expedition, nkuki, 2. 
 
 Bespeak, v.t., banda. 
 
 Bestow, v., see confer, give, &c. 
 
 Bet, n., nkonkola, 4 ; nkiedi, 2. 
 
 v., fia, fiafiana (recip.). 
 
 Betray, 7/. (a secret), sununa(e mbu- 
 mba, 2). 
 
 (a thing planned), vanga e mfulu 
 (2) ambi. 
 
 (to hand over, as Judas Iscariot), 
 
 vakula. 
 
 Betrayer, n., mvakudi, 1 & 4; nsu- 
 nuni, 1 & 4. 
 
 Betroth, v., jitikila, jitikisa (cause 
 to). 
 
 Betrothal, n., jitikila, 9. 
 
 Betrothed, be, v. (of the woman), 
 
 jitikilwa. 
 
Bet-Bla 
 
 ( 22 ) 
 
 Betrothed, nkaza, i (//., akaji). 
 
 A betrothed is spoken of as a wife, 
 and considered so in Kongo law. 
 
 Better, be, than, sunda, luta: bread 
 is better than kwanga, mbolo 
 isundidi o wete ye kwanga; 
 
 red is far better than white, 
 bwaka kusundidi o wete; 
 kuviokele e mpembe. 
 
 Better, get (from sickness), sasuka, 
 sampuka, villa. 
 
 (lessen, as pain), sakalala. 
 
 (prep., kuna mpwaxi a, 
 kuna mpatakani a, 
 Between, muna kati kwa : ku, 
 Betwixt, \ mu, or va must be used 
 according to sense and 
 
 rule. 
 
 (in), muna, mu, omo. 
 
 Beverage, n., ma (6) kia nua. 
 
 Bewail, v., dila. 
 
 Beware, v.i., luka, lungalala, toma 
 tala. 
 
 Bewilder, v.t., yangika o ntima (4). 
 
 Bewitch, v., loka. 
 
 Beyond, adv., kuna nima, kuna 
 kuna. 
 
 prep., kuna nima a. 
 
 The verb in the negative in the 
 conjugation having the suffix 
 -akana (able to be), represents 
 the word “ beyond ” in such a 
 case as—beyond measure, ke 
 
 nkwa tezakana ko = not 
 
 measurable, 
 go, be, v., luta, vioka. 
 
 Bible, ?/., nkanda (4) a Nzambi. 
 
 Bid farewell, v. (he who departs), 
 
 kanina. 
 
 (he who dismisses), xindika. 
 (order), v., tuma, vovesa. 
 a price, v., landa e ntalu (2). 
 n., ntalu, 2. 
 
 Bide, v., see abide. 
 
 Bier, n., lekwa kinatinwanga 0 fwa. 
 
 Bifurcate, see branch. 
 
 Bifurcation (of road), n., mpambu, 
 
 2. 
 
 (of tree), evanda, 8 ; mpandi, 2 ; 
 mpatakani, 2. 
 
 Big, a., see great, large. 
 
 How big is he (size), nkia ntela (2) 
 kena. 
 
 How big is he (tall), nkia ntela (4) 
 kena. 
 
 Bigamy, fu kia kala ya akaji wole. 
 Bile, n., mbilubisu, 2. 
 
 Biliousness, n., yela (9) kwa mbi¬ 
 lubisu. 
 
 Bill (account), nkanda (4) a ntalu. 
 
 (beak), zozo, 6. 
 
 Billow, n., evuku, 8. 
 
 Bind, v., kanga, see tie. 
 a book, bukika. 
 round, v., jinga. 
 
 Binder (cord, etc.), nxinga, 4 ; ka- 
 ngilwa, 6. 
 
 Binding, n., bukikwa, 6. 
 
 Bird, n., nuni, 2, see eagle, &c. and 
 Appendix. 
 
 humming, nsonge, 2, 
 lime, edimbu, 8. 
 nature, kinuni, 5. 
 young, nuni (2) answeswa. 
 
 Birds of the air, nuni za ngambwila. 
 Birth (the bearing), n., nguta, 2. 
 give, v., wuta, uta, buta. 
 the giving of, n., luwutilu, 10. 
 
 (the being born), luwutuku, 10 ; 
 ngutuka, 2. 
 
 Biscuit, mbolo, 2 (P. bolo). 
 
 Bisect, v.t., bula. 
 
 Bit (boring tool), n., nzekelwa, 4, 
 
 Bit (a piece), n., tini, 6 ; ndambu, 2. 
 (small piece of cloth or paper), te- 
 
 nda, 6. 
 
 Bitch, n., mbwa (2) ankento. 
 
 Bite, v., tatika. 
 
 (as a snake), ta. 
 
 off (a piece), v., kamvuna, kavuna, 
 kemvona, yemvona. 
 
 out a piece, v., vwengomona. 
 Bitter, a., -andudi. 
 be, v., lula. 
 
 Bitterness, n., ndudi, 2. 
 
 Blab (a secret), v., sununa (e mbu- 
 mba, 2). 
 
 Black, a., -andombe, -ampiuki; 
 -amfioti (Vivi, Kabinda). 
 be, lomba, piuka. 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 Bla-Blo 
 
 Blacken, ?/./., lombola, piukisa. 
 v.i. t lomboka, piuka. 
 
 (of sky when rain comes), v.i. f 
 
 pipa. 
 
 Black man, zz., ndombe, i & 2; 
 muntu (1) andombe; 
 mfioti, 1 & 4 (Vivi, Kabinda). 
 Blackness, zz., ndombe, 2. 
 Blacksmith, zz., ngangula, 2. 
 
 to work as, 7/., fula. 
 
 Bladder, v. (urinary), jenena, 6 ; 
 kinjenena, 5. 
 
 Blade, zz. (of grass), ndembe, 2 & 11. 
 (of knife), mbele, 2. 
 
 (of knife without a handle), nse- 
 ngele, 4. 
 
 (flat of), evi, 8. 
 
 Blame, v ., tumba. 
 
 (lay the blame on), yelesa. 
 zz., ngyelele, 2 ; tumbu, 6. 
 
 Blank, a., -ampavala, -ankatu, 
 -ampena. 
 
 fire, 72., nzongo (4) amvungela, or 
 -ampavala. 
 
 (space), n ., mwingilu, 3. 
 
 Blanket, 72 ., evunga, 8 ; mvolotolo, 
 4 (P. cobertor = covolotolo). 
 Blaspheme (expl.), vova 0 mambu 
 mavezela Nzambi; tumba. 
 Blast, v., see wither, burn, &c. 
 
 with gunpowder, bangula. 
 
 Blaze, 72., nlemo, 4. 
 
 7 lema. 
 
 up, v.z.j lakuka, lakumuka. 
 Bleach, v., pembesa. 
 
 Bleak, a ., see cold. 
 
 Bleat, 7/., meka. 
 
 Bleed, t/.z., sona or sonsa 0 menga 
 (pl- 7). 
 
 fast, 7/./., vwalala solonga 0 
 menga (pl. 7), lasuka 0 menga 
 
 (pl- 7)- 
 
 (extract blood), 7/./., sumika. 
 Blemish, zz., fu, 6. 
 
 Blend, see mix. 
 
 Bless (make happy), v., yangidika. 
 (make prosperous), kolelesa. 
 (praise), kembela. 
 
 (pronounce a blessing), taulwila. 
 Blessed, a., ye nsambu yo malau. 
 
 Blessing, zz., nsambu, 2; elau, 8. 
 a Kongo blessing, vwa e nsambu 
 ovwa 0 malau. 
 
 Blight, zz., babangu 6. 
 
 Blighted be, v., fwa e babangu. 
 
 Blind, a ., -ampofo, -afwa disu, 
 -afwa meso. 
 
 (dazzle), 7/., bukika. 
 
 (make blind), 7/., vonda 0 meso. 
 man’s buff, zz., njimina, 2. 
 person, zz., mpofo, 2 ; fwadisu, 6 ; 
 fwameso, 6. 
 
 Blindly wandering, adv., e tukia- 
 tukia, e tungiatungia. 
 
 Blindness, zz., umpofo, 12 ; ki- 
 mpofo, 5. 
 
 Blink, t/.z., laya. 
 
 Bliss, zz., kiese, 5 ; wete, 12 ; eyangi, 
 
 8 . 
 
 Blister, zz., esoya, 8. 
 
 Blithe, a., -anzunzu. 
 
 Block, 7/., kaka. 
 and tackle, zz., kokekelwa, 6. 
 
 -head, zz., see fool. 
 
 Blood, zz., menga, pl. only, 7. 
 a pool of, nzabu (2) a menga, tia- 
 bula, 6. 
 
 from the nose, zz., mululu, 3. 
 let, see bleed. 
 
 -shed, zz., vonda, 9. 
 
 -shot, a., -bisukila 0 menga (7). 
 
 be, 7/., bisukila 0 menga (7). 
 -stained, a., -amenga, yo menga. 
 -thirsty, a., -amvondi (ye evwina 
 dia menga). 
 
 -vessel, zz., mwanji, 3. 
 
 Bloody, a ., -amenga. 
 
 Bloom, ) t/.z'., vumisa. 
 
 Blossom, ) zz., mvuma, 2. 
 
 Blot, zz., etonxi, 8 ; mpunzu, 2. 
 
 Blot out, v.t ., vunzuna, vunzakesa. 
 up, 7/./., kunguna. 
 
 Blotted out, be, t/.z., vunzuka. 
 
 Blotting paper, zz., papela (2) aku- 
 ngwina. 
 
 Blow, zz., ngwanda, 2; ngweta, 2 ; 
 mbiba, 2; mbuba, 2; mbula, 
 2 ; nzuka, 2 ; mbafuna, 2 ; 
 nkafuna, 2. 
 
 with fist,nkome, 2 (wanda e nkome). 
 
Blo-Bor 
 
 ( 24 ) 
 
 Blow, continued. 
 
 with open hand, mbata, 2 (wanda 
 e mbata). 
 
 fly blow, n., mumvidi, 3 (a mbwanji). 
 blow fly, ekulumbwanji, 8. 
 
 BLOW about, along, away, off, v.t., ve- 
 mona, vevumuna, vevomona. 
 v.i., vemoka, vevumuka, vevo- 
 moka. 
 
 about in the wind, 7/./., vevelesa, 
 pekumuna, vekumuna. 
 v.i., vevela, pekumuka, veku- 
 muka. 
 
 (bellows), v.t ., sakasa. 
 down, v.t., nongona. 
 v.i,, nongoka. 
 
 (fire), v.t., vengenena, tubula, 
 lunga. 
 
 (nose), v.t., vemba. 
 off (part of a house), v.t., bangula. 
 out (distend), v.t., wungidika, buti- 
 dika, tuvidika. 
 
 v.i., wungalala, butalala, tuva- 
 lala. 
 
 out (extinguish), v.t. & v.i., jima. 
 (pant), v.i., sakasa. 
 up (scold), v.t, see scold, 
 up (as powder), v.t., bangula. 
 v.t., banguka. 
 
 (a whistle, horn, &c .), v.t. xika. 
 (wind), v.i., kia: a strong wind is 
 blowing, tembwa kiampwena 
 kikianga. 
 
 from (wind), v.i., tuka: which way 
 is the wind blowing from? akwe 
 i kutukanga e tembwa. 
 
 Blown, v.i., see blow, v.i. 
 
 Bludgeon, n., see club. 
 
 Blue, a., is always called black, 
 -andombe. 
 baft, 11., ebundi, 8 . 
 eyed, a., -ebukadi. 
 stone (cupri sulphas), ngwento 2 
 (malachite, P. Porto Unguento). 
 
 Blunder, v., jimbalakanwa, vila- 
 kanwa. 
 
 n., njimbalakanwa, 2 ; mpilaka- 
 nwa, 2. 
 
 Blunt, a., -amfwanka. 
 knife, n., fwa (9) kwa mbele. 
 
 Blush, v., vumwa (muna nsoni). 
 Bluster, n., miangu, pi. 3 ; mazu, 
 pi. 8. 
 
 (as the wind), v., vukumuka, pu- 
 kumuka. 
 
 v., see boast, bully, &c. 
 
 Boar, n., vaka (6) kia ngulu. 
 
 wild, ngulu amunxitu, 2. 
 
 Board, n., ebandu, 8 ; ebaya, 8. 
 
 on, adv., muna nzaza (2). 
 
 Boast, v., sana, sana 0 lusanu (10). 
 Boasting, n., lusanu, to. 
 
 Boat, n., nzaza, 2 ; kibula, 5 ; bota, 
 2 (Eng. boat). 
 
 Body, n., to, 6 ; ta, 6 ; evimbu, 8. 
 (corpse ), mvumbi, 2 ; fwa, 9. 
 (flesh), nitu, 2 ; nsuni, 4. 
 of soldiers, mvengo, 4. 
 crowd, &c., see crowd, &c. 
 
 Boil, n , evumbu, 8 ; see abscess. 
 Boil, v.i., yila. 
 fiercely, v.i., fwakata. 
 in water, v.t., vula. 
 make, v.t., yidisa. 
 over, v.i., fuluka. 
 
 (put on the fire), teleka. 
 to pieces, v.t., niukumuna, wolo- 
 mona. 
 
 v.i., niukumuka, wolomoka. 
 up (as in a caldron), v., fusuka. 
 Boiler, n., ebudi, 8 (P. bule). 
 
 Bold, a., ye kiakala (5), ke yo 
 wonga ko. 
 
 man, n ., eyakala dingi, 1 & 8. 
 Boldness, n., kiakala, 5. 
 
 Bolster, n., mfika, 2. 
 
 Bolt, n., ntambu, 4 ; mbindi, 2. 
 v.t., bindika. 
 
 Bolted, be, v.i., bindama. 
 
 Bombax, 7 i., see cotton tree. 
 
 Bond, n., luvambu, 11 & 2. 
 
 Bondage, see slavery. 
 
 Bone, n., vixi, 6. 
 
 Bonnet, see hat. 
 
 Book, n., nkanda, 4; ebuku, 8 
 (Eng. book) ; edivulu, 8 (P. 
 livro). 
 
 Boot, n., nsampatu, 2 (P. sapato). 
 
 -jack, n., mbwa, 2. 
 
 Booty, n., esanzu, 8. 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 Bok-Bra 
 
 Border (edge), //., mvilu, 4 ; nkwe- 
 nko, 4- 
 
 (of cloth), //., nswiku, 4. 
 
 (of field, country, &c.),;l, mbambi, 2 . 
 (sewn on to a cloth), ngongongo, 2 . 
 
 Border on, v.i., finama. 
 on to each other, finamiana. 
 
 Bore, v.t ., zoka. 
 as insects, v.t., fusula. 
 make a hole, v.t., jiula, tobola, to- 
 mpola, zoka (e eulu, 8). 
 
 (of gun), n. , yalumuka, 9 (kwa nua 
 a nkele). 
 
 Bored, be (by insects), v.i., fusuka. 
 
 Borer insects, n., nzekezeke, 2. 
 
 Born, be, v.i., utuka, wutuka, bu- 
 tuka (Bako.). 
 
 Borne, be, v.i., natuka, yatuka 
 (Mba.). 
 
 Borrow, v.i., sompa, vingula. 
 from, v.i., sompela. 
 
 Borrower, n., nsompi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Bosom, n., tulu, 6 . 
 
 Both, conj., both...and, ye...ye: see 
 and. Both goats and sheep, 
 ye nkombo yo mameme. 
 
 Both those, of them, a., -an a -ole or 
 -au e -ole. For the prefixes, 
 refer to grammar or to concord 
 sheet. Both those goats, e nko- 
 mbo zau aji zole or zau e 
 zole. 
 
 Bother, see vex, worry. 
 
 Bottle, n., mbwata, 2 ; mbwatidi, 
 2 (Vivi), (Eng. bottle) ; fwala, 2 
 (phial) ; mumpempe, 3 (white). 
 
 Bottom (base), n., exina, 8. 
 
 (end), 77., nsuka, 2. 
 from top to, tuka vana ntandu 
 yavana nxi. 
 
 (keel), 71., nima, 2. 
 
 (of water), 71., ntoto, 4. 
 reach the, v., luaka. 
 to the bottom (of a hole), knna 
 kwaxilu (evundu). 
 
 Bough, n., tai, 6 ; nsungu, 2 & 11. 
 
 Bought, be, v.i., sumbuka. 
 
 Bought, perf. of buy. 
 
 Bounce, 
 Bound up, 
 
 | v.i., 
 
 timbuka. 
 
 Bound, see leap. 
 
 put a limit, v., xia e mbambi (2), 
 bula e mbambi (2). 
 Boundary, 71. (end), nsuka, 2. 
 
 (fence), lumbu, 10. 
 
 (of land, country), mbambi, 2. 
 
 (of town), nganzu, 2. 
 
 (side) ndambu, 2. 
 
 Bounteous, ) , • 
 
 ’ a., -ankai, -amvevudi. 
 
 Bountiful, ) ’ 
 
 be, v., vevula. 
 
 Bow (bend), v.t., fumbika, vuninika. 
 v.i., fumbama, vunanana. 
 down, v.t., yenzeka, veteka. 
 
 v.i., yenzama, vetama. 
 
 71. (the knot), nxinimbwa, 2. 
 
 (of canoe), 71., ntu, 4. 
 weapon, 71., ta (13) wa nzanza ; 
 ntibu, 4 ; mfumba, 4. 
 
 Bowed, be, v.i., see bow, v.i. 
 
 (as with age), kozama, kovama. 
 Bowels, 71., ndia, 4. 
 
 (cleaned and twisted into a ball to 
 be cooked), njinga, 2. 
 
 Bowl, n., see basin. 
 
 Box, 7 i., nkele, 2 ; nkela, 2 ; lukata, 
 11 & 2. 
 
 (tin trunk), 71., nkele alundu, 2. 
 
 Box the ears, wanda e mbata 
 muna matu. 
 
 Boy, 7 i., mwana, 1 ; nleke, 1 ; leke, 
 6 : ntaudi, 1 & 2 ; ntauji, 1 & 
 2; kindende, 5. 
 
 (nipper), mbadio, 1 (not a compli¬ 
 mentary word). 
 
 Boyhood, 71., kileke, 5 ; uleke, 12. 
 
 « 0YISH > l a., -akileke. 
 
 Boylike, ) 
 
 Boys 5 house, 71., mbongi, 2. A house 
 for boys and unmarried young 
 
 men. 
 
 Bracelet, 77., nlunga, 4 ; pita, 6. 
 (bangle), 11., soka, 6. 
 
 (iron), 77., nkwangu, 2. 
 
 Bracken, 77., etekwa, 8. 
 
 Brag, see boast. 
 
 Braid, v.t., vanda. 
 
 (a plait), 77., sasabala,6; mvanda, 4- 
 (ribbon), 77., nsalaji, 2 ; fita, 2 (P. 
 fita). 
 
Bra-Bre 
 
 ( 26 ) 
 
 Brain,;/., tomfo (twa ntu), pi. 10. 
 Bramble, ;/., sadi, 6. 
 
 15 ranch, n. (of a creeper), nxingu, 4. 
 (of a river), kimpambwila, 5. 
 
 (of a road), mpambu, 2 ; kimpa¬ 
 mbwila, 5. 
 
 (of a tree), tai, 6 ; nsungu, 2 & 11. 
 road, //., mpambu, 2. 
 
 Branch, 7/. (as a road), vambuka. 
 
 (as a tree), bula e tai (6). 
 Branches, zambu, 6. The monkeys 
 went jumping about in the 
 branches, e nkewa zele ata- 
 kuka muna zambu. 
 Branching, n. (a fork), mpandi, 2 ; 
 mpatakani, 2 ; evanda, 8. 
 
 (of road), mpambu, 2. 
 
 Brand, ;z., see mark. 
 
 fire- //., xixi, 6. 
 
 Brandish, 7 zunganisa. 
 
 Brass, n , ntaku, 2; wolo, 12 (P. 
 ouro, gold), welo, 12 (P. ereo). 
 a., -antaku. 
 rods, ntaku, 2 & 1 t. 
 
 Brave, a ., ye kiakala, 5. 
 
 (faithful), <7., -anjijidi. 
 be, 7/., jijila. 
 
 man, eyakala dingi, 1 & 8. 
 
 (soldier), //., ekesa, 8. 
 
 Bravery, ;/., kiakala, 5 ; jiji, 6. 
 Bread, «., mbolo, 2 (P. bolo). 
 Breadth, ntau, 4; yalumuka, 9; 
 tanduka, 9 ; sanzumuka, 9. 
 
 (of cloth), nkuluka, 2. 
 
 Break, ;z. (interval), mwingilu, 3. 
 Break, a covering or skin, so as to lay 
 bare, v.t., vununa, tununa. 
 
 7 vunuka, tunuka. 
 
 (as a string), 7 danuna, zutuna. 
 away, 7 taya. 
 
 (crush), 7;., crush. 
 
 (dawn), 7/.z., kia. 
 down, 7 bangula. 
 v.z.. banguka. 
 
 in (tame), 7/./., lemvola, lemba, 
 lembeka. 
 
 in two, 7/./., tolola, bukuna, mu- 
 kuna, bokona. 
 
 v.z., toloka, bukuka, mukuka, 
 bokoka. 
 
 i Break, continued. 
 
 loose, v.i ., danuka, zutuka. 
 
 (nuts), 7/./., teta. 
 
 off the top, see break in two. 
 
 out (as an eruption), babumuka. 
 
 (as perspiration), tukuka. 
 
 (on the lip), babana. 
 
 (smash), 7 ula, wula, bula, bosa. 
 
 v.z. , buka, udika, bosoka. 
 to atoms, 7;./., tiembola, kosomona.. 
 
 v.i., tiemboka, kosomoka. 
 through, into, 7 baka. 
 through (of sunshine), 7/., baya. 
 (transgress law), v., veza, sumuna 
 (konko), kulula. 
 
 up, to pieces, v.t., niukumuna, 
 wolomona. 
 
 v.z., niukumuka, wolomoka. 
 
 wind (upwards), v., biokwa. 
 bioko, 6. 
 
 (downwards), nena 0 mfuni (4). 
 mfuni, 4; nkuxi, 4 (Bako.). 
 Breakfast, n. (the first meal), minu- 
 ete, pi. 3 (swallow the saliva). 
 
 ; Breast, n. (bosom), tulu, 6. 
 
 (heart), ntima, 4. 
 
 (a teat), ntulu, 2 ; eyeni, 8. 
 bone, kupala, 6. 
 pendulous, ntulu zabokola. 
 of bird, mbu, 2. 
 of nxiji (palm rat), lela, 6. 
 of pig, mbumu, 4. 
 
 Breath, n., mwanda, 3. 
 
 (air), mwela, 3. 
 
 (a respiration), ;/., mfulumuna, 2. 
 be out of, 7/., ntima (4) -tungama ; 
 
 I am out of breath, ntima ame- 
 utungamene. 
 
 Breathe, t/.z., fulumuna. 
 
 (gasp), 7;., fulumuna e kintwentwe 
 or kintwengenia. 
 
 (pant), v., sakasa. 
 
 (stertorously), 7/., kwinta, fwanta. 
 Bred, be, v., twelwa. 
 
 (be born), wutuka. 
 
 Breed (bring forth), v., uta, wuta. 
 (fast), 7/., bobolwela. 
 
 (keep), v., twela. 
 
 (prolifically), v., tetana. 
 
 Breed (kind), ;z., mpila, 2. 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 13 RE-B RO¬ 
 
 TS REEDING animal, 77., exina, 8 . 
 
 Breeze, mpemo, 2 ; mpevelo, 2 ; 
 mpeve, 2 ; vento, 2 (P. vento). 
 strong, tembwa, 6. 
 
 Brew, v., lamba, kama. 
 
 Brewing, be (coming), v., kwizanga. 
 
 Bribe, v., futa (mu vanga diambu 
 diambi). 
 
 77., mfutu, 2. 
 
 Bride, 77. (expl.), nkento vo se so- 
 mpwanga. 
 
 Bridegroom, n. (expl.), eyakala vo 
 se disompanga. 
 
 Bridge, 71 . (of sticks), nzonza, 4. 
 
 71 . (suspension), kiamvu, 5. 
 
 7 i. (a rope stretched across a stream 
 to steady forders), mumvubu, 3. 
 
 Bright, a., -ansemi, -velela. 
 be, v., sema, velela (clean). 
 
 (gleam) v., lejima. 
 
 (cheerful), a ., -anzunzu. 
 
 (very white), e pekepeke (pi.6), entu- 
 nia (2), e tunia (pi. 6), see glow. 
 
 Brighten, v., seka. 
 
 (clear up, as weather, dawn), v., kia. 
 
 Brightness, lejima, 9 ; nsemo, 2. 
 (cheerfulness), 71 ., nzunzu, 2. 
 
 Brilliance, 71 ., lejima, 9; tentena, 9. 
 
 Brilliant, be, v., lejima, tentena. 
 
 Brim, 77., nkwenko, 4. 
 
 Bring, v.t , twala, twasa, vitika. 
 back, vutula. 
 
 (cause to return), vutulwisa. 
 (carry), nata, yata (Mba.). 
 
 (carry something great), kakasa. 
 (conduct), fila. 
 down, kulula, kulumuna. 
 down, under (humble), kulula or 
 sakula [0 lulendo (10)]. 
 
 (fetch), bonga. 
 forth (bear), wuta, uta. 
 in, kotesa. 
 
 near, sunzula, luakisa. 
 near together, finika. 
 out, forth, vaikisa. 
 over, across (a place), kuzula. 
 
 (a river), saula, sabula (Bako.). 
 together (collect), kutika, zonzeka. 
 
 (unite), yikakesa. 
 to life again, fulula. 
 
 Bring, co 7 itinued . 
 up, see feed, nurse, provide, &c. 
 up (a hill), tombola. 
 
 Brink, 71 ., nkwenko, 4. 
 
 Brisk, a., see lively, active, &c. 
 Bristle, 71., mwika, 3; wika, 11 & 12 
 Britain, 77., Great Britain (expl.),. 
 ye England, ye Scotland, ye^ 
 Ireland, yo Wales, nxi zaji 
 zibundanini nkumbu au nku- 
 tu Great Britain. 
 
 Britannic, j , a Great Britain. 
 British 3 
 
 Briton, n., mwixi Great Britain, 1 
 (pi. exi). 
 
 Broad (big), a., -anene, -ampwena. 
 (extended), a., -asanzuka, -ayalu- 
 muka, -atanduka. 
 
 (of cloth), a., -ankuluka (descending 
 low when worn), 
 too, a., -nene. 
 
 (wide), a., -asadila. 
 
 Broad, be, ) v . i ., sanzuka, yalumu- 
 Broaden, ) ka, tanduka. 
 
 (wide), v . i ., sadila. 
 
 Broaden, v . t ., sanzula, yalumuna. 
 v.t., tandula. 
 
 (widen), v.t., sadisa. 
 
 Broil, v., yanga. 
 
 Broken, be, v . i ., see break, v . i . 
 Broker, 7/., bamba, 6 . 
 
 Brokerage, 71., kibamba, 5. 
 
 Bronze, 71 . (expl.), nsongo yasangwa 
 yo tadi wakaka. 
 
 Brood over, v.t., butamena. 
 
 (progeny), 71., wana, ana, pi. 1. 
 Brook, nkoko, 4 ; nsulu, 4. 
 Broom, 71., sesa, 6. 
 
 Broth, ndungu, 2 ; nkwadu, 2 
 (Vivi). 
 
 Brother, 7/., elder, mpangi, 2. 
 
 71., younger, mbunji, 1. 
 Brotherhood, 77., kimpangi, 5 ; 
 kimbunji, 5. 
 
 Brother-in-law, 7/., nzadi, 2. 
 
 Brow, 77., luse, 10 ; lose, 10. 
 eye, 77., nse, 2 & 11. 
 between the eyebrows, 77., mbulu, 2. 
 of a hill, 7 i., etenta, 8 ; ebata, 8. 
 of a precipice, 77., nkwenko, 4. 
 
Bro-Bur 
 
 ( 28 ) 
 
 Brown, a. (vaguely), -andombe, see 
 colour. 
 
 ci. (reddish), -akongo (the colour of 
 a cosmetic). 
 
 a. (light), -elundu (ant-hill colour). 
 Bruise, v., see knock in, beat, &c. 
 Brush, n ., xikova, 2 (P. escova). 
 (broom), sesa, 6. 
 v./., kubula. 
 
 Brushwood, 11., kintintikidi, 5. 
 
 (thicket), u., evwangi, 8 ; kanka, 6. 
 Brutal, n., see cruel. 
 
 Brute, 71 ., bulu, 6 . 
 
 Brute nature, n., kibulu, 5. 
 Bubble, 71., efulufulu, 8. 
 v.i., fuluka, tumba e efulufulu. 
 (boil), v.i., yila. 
 
 (boil fiercely), v.i ., fwakata. 
 
 Bubo (sympathetic), 71 ., nlola, 4. 
 Buck, 71 ., ekoko, 8 . 
 
 (of goat), vaka, 6 ; kimboko, 5. 
 Bucket, n., nkalu, 2 (calabash). 
 
 Bud, 71 ., bundu, 6 . 
 v.i., savuka. 
 
 Buffalo, 71 ., mpakasa, 2. * 
 
 Bug, 71 ., kinsekwa, 5. 
 
 Bugle, 71 ., mpungi, 2. 
 
 Build, v., tunga. 
 
 Builder, 71 ., ntungi, 1. 
 
 Building, 71 ., ntungu, 2. 
 
 Bulb, 71 ., ekumba, 8 . 
 
 Bulge, v., see swell, bend. 
 
 Bulk, 71 ., vonga, 9 ; see size. 
 
 Bull (male), 71 ., ekoko, 8. 
 
 (ox), 71 ., ngombe, 2. 
 
 Bull (male), a., -ekoko. 
 
 Bullet, 71., ekela, 8 ; mpunza, 2. 
 Bully, v.t., see oppress, abuse, scold. 
 Bump, n ., mvimbila, 4. 
 
 Bunch, 71 ., of bananas, tiba, 6. 
 
 71 . (of fruit), kangi, 6. 
 
 71 ., of plantain, dinkondo, 7. 
 
 7 i. (of things strung or fastened 
 together), saki, 6. 
 
 Bunchlet, 71 . (“hand” of plantain, 
 &c.), nkangi, 2. 
 
 Bundle, 71 ., efunda, 8 ; dinga, 6 . 
 (small), 71 ., efutukulu, 8. 
 
 (sheaf, as of grass), mbuba, 4 ; 
 mwita, 3 (Bako). 
 
 Bundle, continued. 
 
 (of firewood), vanga, 6. 
 
 Bung, 71., esami, 8. 
 
 Buoy, n. (expl.), xinsu kixilu muna 
 mbu, kaxi muna nzadi. 
 up, v., lalamesa, yangikila. 
 Burden, n. [load (of cloth)], nkanda, 
 4 - 
 
 (load of goods generally), ntete, 
 4 - 
 
 Burial, n., lujiku, 10. 
 ground, 71., nkalamenga, 4 ; nkala, 
 4 ; jami, 6. 
 
 Buried, be, v.i., jama. 
 
 Burn, v.t., yoka, vika. 
 v.i., via. 
 
 a strip round a town or farm to 
 protect it from fire, v.t., tawila, 
 \perf. taulwidi). 
 
 be thus protected, v.i., taulwilwa. 
 (char), v.t., jinisa, lakatisa, luku- 
 tisa, niengesa. 
 
 (be charred), v.i., jina, lakata, 
 lukuta, nienga. 
 
 fiercely, v.i. [tiya tu- (pi. 10)], tu- 
 
 mbama, tulama, wokela. 
 (cause to), v.t., tumba, tudika (0 
 tiya, pi. 10). 
 
 (flame up), v.i., lakuka, lakumuka. 
 (flare), v.i., lema. 
 
 (glow), v.i., see glow, 
 imperfectly (as damp grass), v.t., 
 
 yabula. 
 v.i., yabuka. 
 
 (on fire, be) in all directions, v.i., 
 yandangiana, yandana. 
 over again,' v.t., yokolola. 
 rapidly, spread quickly, v.i., lalll- 
 muka. 
 
 (scorch), v.t., baba. 
 
 (be scorched), v.i., babama. 
 
 (set on fire), v.t., kwika, tatika 0 
 tiya muna. 
 
 (set on fire), v.i., kwama, tatama 
 0 tiya. 
 
 (set on fire in various places), v.t., 
 
 tambakesa. 
 
 (be set on fire thus, and the fires 
 to meet), v.i., tambakana, ta- 
 mbangiana. 
 
6 
 
 ( -9 ) 
 
 Bur-Bv 
 
 Burn, continued. 
 
 (singe), v.i., vumpa, fumpa, vu- 
 mpula, fumpula, vubula. 
 
 (be singed), v.i., fumpuka, vumpu- 
 ka, vubuka. 
 
 (smart), v.i., yama. 
 
 (with a roar), v.i., yuya. 
 
 Burning season, n., mpiaza, 2 ; 
 mpela, 2. 
 
 Burnt, be, v.i., see burn, v.i. 
 
 p., -vidi, -jinini, &c. 
 
 Burnt “ bush,”;/., mpiaza, 2 ; mpela, 
 2. 
 
 “ bush ” burnt clean to the ground, 
 n., seswila, 6 . 
 
 charred stalks left after burning 
 grass before properly dry, also 
 charred stubble, //., mwinga, 
 3 ; kinga, 5 ; (sing. only). 
 
 Burrow, v.t., tima. 
 
 71., eulu, 8. 
 
 Burst, v.t., bula, budisa (cause to). 
 v.i., buka. 
 
 (split), v.t., basuna. 
 v.i., basuka. 
 
 Bury, v.t., jika. 
 
 (cover out of sight), v.t., langa. 
 
 Bush, 71., kintitikidi, 5 ; nti, 4. 
 
 “ Bush,” grass, v., futa, 6. 
 
 (thicket), n., evwangi, 8 ; kanka, 6. 
 (copse), n., sapala, 6. 
 
 (wood), 71., mfinda, 2. 
 
 Bushman, //., mwixi mfinda, 1 (pi. 
 exi). 
 
 Business, 71., see affair, matter. 
 
 Busy, a., ye salu (6), -ajrisadi. 
 
 But, conj ., kanxi. 
 as, kanxi wan : he came, but as he 
 was ill I sent him away, wijidi 
 kwandi kanxi wau kayela i 
 kuma inxindikidi. 
 
 (except, but not), kanxi, with the 
 negative : bring any man but 
 him, twasa konso muntu, 
 kanxi ke yandi ko. 
 
 (if not, otherwise than), VO, with the 
 negative : I will tell you nothing 
 but the truth, kikusamwina 
 diambu ko vo ke dialndi 
 ko. 
 
 But, continued. 
 
 but it must be (if only), mpaxi: 
 bring me some eggs, but they 
 must be good, nntwaxila o 
 maki mpaxi mabiza. Some¬ 
 times “ but ” is not translated. 
 Not white but red, ke yampe- 
 mbe ko yambwaki. 
 
 Butt, v.t., tula. 
 
 (cask), n., mpimpa, 2 (P. pipa). 
 
 Butt-end of gun, n., koxia, 2 (Ik. 
 coxa?). 
 
 Butter, n., maji (pi. 7) ma ngombe. 
 
 Butterfly, 71., lumbembambemba, 
 
 10. 
 
 Buttocks, 71., mataku, pi. 8. 
 
 Button, 71., mbutaji, 2 (P. botao) ; 
 etenji, 8 (ICib.). 
 
 Buy, v.t., sumba. 
 
 and sell each other (as in famine- 
 times), salajiana. 
 
 (trade), kita. 
 
 Buzz, v.i., yinginina. 
 
 Buzzard,.;/., kutukudia, 6. 
 
 By, near by, adv., mu ngenga, 2 ; stay 
 near by, kala mu ngenga. 
 by and by, ngatu, mbatu, mbanu* 
 nganu. 
 
 one of these days, ntamantama. 
 
 BY,^r^. 
 
 by accident, ku suxi. 
 by day, oku mwini. 
 by land, muna eseke ’ eseke (a 
 elided). 
 
 (means of), muna, mu: by that 
 road, muna njila eyina; by 
 trying, muna xinsa. 
 night, 0 fuku. 
 sea, muna mbu a mbu. 
 
 (the agent), kwa; it was eaten by 
 a crocodile, idilu kwa ngandu.. 
 the side of, vana nteto a, vana 
 ndambu a. 
 
 water, maza ’ maza (a elided), 
 (where is, was, &c.), vana ; keep by 
 me, kala vana ndina. 
 three by three, tatu tatu. 
 day by day, lumbu ya lumbu. 
 
Cab-Cap 
 
 ( 30 ) 
 
 c. 
 
 Cabbage, zz., nkove, 2 & 11 (P. couve). 
 
 Cable, zz., ngonji, 2. 
 
 Cackle, v., ta 0 makoyo (pi. 8). 
 
 Cage, sakala, 6. 
 
 Cake, zz., mbolo, 2 (P. bolo). 
 
 Calabar bean, n. (Physostigmatis 
 Faba), ngongo (2) anzadi. 
 
 The true Calabar bean is rare, 
 many beans very like it float 
 down the stream and are called 
 by the same name. 
 
 Calabash, zz., nkalu, 2. 
 small, zz ., tutu, 6. 
 
 interior pulp of, zz., makomvi, pi. 8. 
 vessel of clay in form of, mvungu, 4. 
 
 Calabash tree, zz., see Baobab. 
 
 Calamity, zz., mvia, 4. 
 
 Calculate, v ., badika. 
 
 Caldron, zz. (boiler), kinzu, 5 (kia- 
 mpwena); nzungu, 2 (Vivi). 
 in river, zz., efusu, 8. 
 
 Calf, zz., mwana, 1. 
 a., -answa. 
 
 of leg, zz., kimfiangumbe, 5. 
 
 Calibre, zz., yalumuka, 9 ; see size, 
 &c. 
 
 Calico, zz., ekende, 8 ; mbinza, 2 
 (P. camisa). 
 
 Call, v.t., boka, boka e mbila (2), 
 ta e mbila (2). 
 
 (assemble), v.t ., kutika, zonzeka. 
 for, to, v.t., bokela. 
 
 (go to fetch a person), v.t., SUSU- 
 muna, vukulula. 
 out (as with pain), v.z., tata. 
 
 (waken), v.t., xikamesa. 
 
 remain inattentive to a, v.t., vukula. 
 
 Calm, zz., see quiet, rest, &c. 
 be, v.z., lembama. 
 make, v.t., lemba, lembeka. 
 
 (without anxiety), v.t., kulula 0 
 moyo (3). 
 
 be, v.t., moyo (3) kuluka; he was 
 calm, moyo andi ukulukidi. 
 
 Calumniate, v.t., tumba, kumba. 
 
 Calumniation, zz., tumbu, 6 ; eku- 
 mbu, 8. 
 
 Calve, v.t., wuta, uta. 
 
 Camp, zz., ndo, 2. 
 
 (resting-place), langu, 6 . 
 
 Camwood. This red wood is ground 
 into a powder on a rough stone 
 with water ; the paste is then 
 made up into sticks and dried; 
 some sparkling sand is some¬ 
 times mixed with it. It is then 
 called nkula, 2. This is rub¬ 
 bed into the skin with oil or 
 water as a cosmetic, or rubbed 
 into their clothes with oil as a 
 dye. It is sometimes used to 
 make lines and beauty marks 
 on the face and person. 
 
 Can (pan), zz., kinzu, 5. 
 v., see able. 
 
 Candid, be, v.z., ludika. 
 
 Candle, zz., mini, 6 ; mwinda, 3 ; 
 luinda, 10 ; mvela, 2 (P. vela), 
 -stick, zz., etadi (8) dia mini (6). 
 
 Candour, zz., ludi, 6. 
 
 Cane, zz., mbamba, 2 & 11. 
 
 Cannabis sativa, zz., see Indian hemp. 
 
 Cannibal, zz., ndia (1) wantu. 
 
 Cannon, zz., etenda, 8. 
 ball, zz., ekela (8) dia etenda (8). 
 
 Canoe, zz., nlungu, 4 ; lungu, 13. 
 (large, used on Lower River), 
 kienda, 5 ; ebwanda, 8. 
 piece of broken, zz., diwombolo, 7 
 (Kib.). 
 
 Canvas, zz., ngoto, 2. 
 
 Cap, zz. (hat), mpu, 2 (P. chapeo). 
 zz. (knitted), mboka, 2. 
 zz. (percussion), puleta, 2 (P. ?). 
 zz. (skull), banda, 6 . 
 zz. (straw), sapu, 2 (P. chapeo). 
 
 Cape, zz., etukulu, 8 ; esunsu, 8 . 
 
 Capillary attraction, mia, 9. 
 to ascend by, v., mia. 
 
 Capital, zz. (city), mbanza, 2. 
 
 San Salvador is called Nganda 
 (2) a Ekongo (Ngand’Ekongo), 
 cf. Herero, nganda, a village, 
 good, a., -abiza, -ambote, -awete. 
 great, a., -ampwena, -anene. 
 in trade, zz., dila, 6 ; xina, 6 . 
 small, to start with, mbobela, 2. 
 
( 3 > ) 
 
 Cap-Cas 
 
 Captain, //., mbuta, 2 ; nkuluntu, 1. 
 
 Captive, mumpita, 3 ; nkole, 2 
 
 (Bako). 
 
 slave, see slave. 
 
 Captivity, kibundu, 5. 
 
 Capture, v.t, baka, kanga (tie up). 
 
 n., mbaki, 2, sing. That which is 
 captured. 
 
 ■Capturer, 71., nkwa (1) mbaki: 
 mbaki ina omu njila eyina, 
 they are on the look-out to 
 catch people along that road. 
 
 Caravan, 71., buka, 6 ; see carrier, 
 trader. 
 
 ■Carbuncle, 71., etaza, 8. 
 
 Carcase, 71., evuvu, 8. 
 
 Card, 71., papela (2) angolo (paper, 
 strong). 
 
 Cards, playing, n., balai, 2 (P. ?); 
 see also ace, diamonds, &c. 
 
 Care (concern), 71., nsungameno, 2 ; 
 mambu, pi. 7; lusungameno, 
 10. 
 
 for, v.t, sungamena. 
 
 not to care for, v.t., bolola (be sur¬ 
 feited). 
 
 guard, keep, v.t, lunda. 
 
 look after, v.t., lungidila, la- 
 ngidila. 
 
 take, v.t, toma lunga-lunga; 
 
 see be anxious, nurse, respect, 
 think. 
 
 Careful, be, v., see aware, prudent, 
 
 Carefully, > wary, &c. 
 
 DO, &c., J toma: carry it care¬ 
 fully, toma kio nata; be 
 very careful, toma lungalala 
 beni. 
 
 (well), adv., belli : hold it carefully 
 (firmly), ximba kio beni. 
 
 Careless, a., -ampalakasa, -aza- 
 kazaka. 
 
 Carelessly, adv., palakasa-pala- 
 kasa. 
 
 do bad, v.t., fwantalakesa. 
 
 done, be, v.t, fwantalakana. 
 
 done, a., ’-amfwatalakani. 
 
 (hurriedly), adv., e zakazaka (6). 
 
 Carelessness, umpalakasa,* 12 ; 
 zakazaka, 6. 
 
 Carelessness, continued. 
 
 He is very careless (hurriedly)^ 
 
 zakazaka kingi kena kian. 
 
 Caress, see kiss, embrace. 
 
 Carpenter, n., valanti, 1 ; mvadi 
 anti, 1 & 4. 
 
 Carpet, n., nku, 2. 
 
 Carriage, n., ekalu, 8 (P. carro). 
 
 Carried, be, v.t, natuka. 
 
 Carrier, ngamba, 2; mwana 
 angamba, 1. 
 
 Carry, v.t, nata, yata (Mba.). 
 
 (a child on the back),?/./., bindikila. 
 across, over (a place), v.t., kuzula. 
 (a river), v.t, saula, sabula 
 (Bako.). 
 
 away, off, katula. 
 as the wind, v.t, vevumiina, ve- 
 vomona. 
 
 down, v.t, kiilnmuna. 
 in, v.t, kotesa. 
 on the arm, v.t, vatakana. 
 out, v.t, vaikisa. 
 
 (something bulky), v.t, kakasa. 
 to, near, v.t., snnzula. 
 up, v.t., tombola, balula. 
 
 Carte-de-Visite, 71 ., xisa, 6. 
 
 Cartilage, n., minse, pi. 3. 
 
 Cartridge, n., etuza, 8 (P. cartu- 
 clio). 
 
 blank, nzongo (4) amvungela 
 or ampavala. 
 
 Carve (cut up), v.t., sasa. 
 
 (distribute), sansa. 
 in wood, v.t., vala. 
 
 Cascade, 71 ., nteleka, 4 ; eknmbila, 
 
 8 . 
 
 Case (box), 71 ., nkela, <2; nkele, 2 ; 
 Inkata, 2 & 11. 
 
 (matter), 71 ., diambii, 7 ; nma, 12. 
 (sheath), 71 ., kutu, 6. 
 
 Case, in case of, -nkwa, with the sub¬ 
 jective prefix, series No. 3 : 
 take an umbrella in case of 
 rain, nata e vevo (kuma, the 
 weather) kunkwa noka e 
 mvula. 
 
 in the case of, 0V0. 
 in that case, ozevo, ozavo, zevo, 
 zavo : in the case of our going, 
 
C as-Cat 
 
 ( 32 ) 
 
 Case, continued. 
 
 in that case you will be glad, ovo 
 tukwenda ozavo oyangalele. 
 
 Cashew tree (anacardium occiden- 
 tale), n., nkajiau, 4 (cashew). 
 
 Cask, n., mpimpa, 2 (P. pipa). 
 of gunpowder, zenzo, 6 (kia 
 tiya). 
 
 Cassava, (Jatropha manihot), edioko, 
 8 ; eyaka, 8 (Bako.); nkaba, 2 
 (Ivib.); ngutu, 2 (?). 
 field, n., bale, 6. 
 leaf, n ., lembe, 6. 
 root, n., edioko, 8. 
 root, head of, n., koza, 6. 
 root, piece of, n., mpanza, 2. 
 
 (a root that has been exposed above 
 the soil and has become woody), 
 ntukila, 4. 
 
 The root peeled fresh and dried 
 in the sun is called kela, 6, and 
 is used in the brewing of beer 
 (mbamvn), see beer, or is 
 carried as provision for long 
 journeys, as it keeps good for 
 a long time. The root is steeped 
 (yondeka) in water, in pools, 
 for 5 or 6 days, when it becomes 
 soft (womba), it is then peeled 
 (teta), carried to the town 
 (tombola), and dried in the 
 sun (yanika), when it becomes 
 bala, 6 ; kedi, 6; ekeso, 8 ; 
 when sold in that form on the 
 markets it is called soka, 6. It 
 is kept in this state until needed. 
 It is beaten (tnta) into flour, 
 mfumfu, 2 ; luku, 10, which is 
 called on the markets mfliba, 2. 
 This meal is stirred slowly into 
 boiling water, until it becomes 
 very stiff, when it is made up 
 into puddings called luku, 10 ; 
 mfundi, 2 ; ndiba, 4. The 
 natives pull off pieces of the 
 pudding, rub it in some tasty 
 preparation, and swallow it. 
 Cassava pudding is another pre¬ 
 paration, called in S. Salvador 
 bala (6) kiefunda, and by the 
 
 Cassava, continued. 
 
 Bakongo,kwanga, 6; kingodia,. 
 5 ; 07 - mungodia, 3. It is made 
 by soaking and peeling as be¬ 
 fore mentioned, and it is then 
 beaten (tuta) in mortars (su, 6), 
 or in some districts crushed in 
 ribbed troughs. The pulp is 
 then bound in leaves of mvwiyi,. 
 or plantain, or some such 
 broad-leaved plant. The pud¬ 
 ding is then boiled, or baked 
 in an oven—a dry pot over the 
 fire, or a hole in the ground 
 with a fire over it. 
 
 Cassock, n., mansaya, pi. 7 (P. saia, 
 a petticoat). 
 
 Cast, about, vd. (scatter), mwanga, 
 mwanganisa. 
 
 away, out, v.t., veta, loza, takula. 
 away, as useless, v.t., buma. 
 away, be, vd., bumuka. 
 down, abase, v.t. , kulula, kulu- 
 muna. 
 
 down, be, vd., zowalala. 
 down violently, v.t., lumba, zanza, 
 yemba, yumba. 
 forth, v.t., vaikisa. 
 into (a hole), v.t., kobola. 
 
 (water, mud, &c.), v.t., kobola, 
 dibula. 
 
 (leaves or seed), v.t., kubula. 
 
 (lots), v.t., vanga [e nkasa (2)]. 
 (metal), v.t., zunza. 
 
 (throw), v.t., tuba, 
 up (reckon), v.t., bundakesa. 
 
 Cast (metal), p., -zunzwa. 
 
 Castor oil, plant (ricinus communis), 
 
 mbono, 4 (P. mamona). 
 
 Castrate, v.t., vokola, lemba. 
 
 Castrated, p., -alembwa, -avo- 
 kolwa. 
 
 Casually, adv., ku suxi (6). 
 
 Cat, n., mixi, 2 ; mbumba, 2. 
 civet-, 7 i., ekombe, 8 ; njima, 2 ; 
 mfuki, 2. 
 
 leopard-, n., nzuji, 2 ; mbongi, 2. 
 wild, 11., mbala, 2. 
 
 Cataract, n. (in the eye), ntenji, 2. 
 
 11. (water), ekumbila, 8. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 Cat-Cha 
 
 Catarrh, n., efukutila, 8. 
 
 Catch, v.t ., baka. 
 
 (a complaint), v.t., sambukila. 
 
 (any one’s foot,as a root), ?/./., konka- 
 lakesa. 
 
 (as an obstacle), v.t., vangalakesa. 
 (hook on to), v.t., kokeka, vakika. 
 (in a snare), v.t., vwamvula. 
 
 (in the hands), v.t., z"ka, zakula, 
 yaka. 
 
 (pen up), v.t., tatamesa, vakaniesa. 
 (seize), v.t., see seize. 
 
 Catch (with hook), v.t., loa. 
 
 Catch, v.i., see caught. 
 
 Caterpillar, n., kimpiatu, 5. 
 edible, n., dinsende, 7; likonko, 4. 
 
 Cattle, n., tweleji, 6. 
 
 Cattle pen, n., mpaka, 2 ; nkuzu, 4. 
 
 Caught, be, v.i., bakama. 
 
 (hooked on to), kokama, vakania. 
 (on an obstacle), vangalakana. 
 
 (on anything so as not to fall), 
 
 sangama. 
 
 (hemmed in, be), vakamena, tata- 
 
 mena. 
 
 Cause (affair), //., diambu, 7 ; uma, 
 12. 
 
 (origin), matukii, pi. 8 ; etuku, 8 . 
 
 The sentence must generally be 
 framed more definitely. He is 
 the cause of all the trouble, 0 
 yandi otwasanga 0 mambn 
 mawanso; that is the cause of 
 (therefore) his weeping, dianu 
 kedidila; that is the cause of 
 the quarrel, I matukii mama 
 matukidi e nzonji. 
 
 Cause, v.t., vanga. 
 v. use the causative in -esa, -isa, 
 bakisa, to cause to catch 
 (baka); kotesa, to cause to 
 enter (kota). 
 
 Caution, n., vengojioka, 9 ; nga- 
 ngu, 2 ; nduka, 2. 
 
 (make aware), v.t., lukisa. 
 
 Cautious, a., -amvengojioki, -anluki, 
 -angangn. 
 
 be, v., vengojioka, luka, lungalala 
 (prudent). 
 
 Cave, n., evundit, 8. 
 
 Cave in, v.i., votomoka, wongo- 
 moka. 
 
 Cavern, n., see cave. 
 
 Cavity, n., evnndu, 8 . 
 
 Cease, v.i., mana. 
 
 (abate), v.i., sakuka. 
 
 from, v., yambula, bika, lembwa. 
 
 raining, v.i., kandama. 
 
 (of sound, voices), bntama. 
 Ceaselessly, do, be, v., kwaminina, 
 kwama. He talks ceaselessly, 
 0 kwaminina 0 vova. 
 Ceaselessly, adv ., kaka : aka with 
 continuative, in -anga ; he talks 
 ceaselessly, ovovanga aka. 
 Cemetery, n., jami, 6 ; nkala, 4 ; 
 
 nkalamenga, 4. 
 
 Censure, v.t., tnmba. 
 n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Centipede, n., nganji (2) amwalala. 
 Centre, kati, 9. 
 
 Cerastes viper (?), enta, 8. 
 Certain (sure),/., -xikila. 
 
 (true), -alndi. 
 
 Certain, a, a., moxi : a certain man, 
 
 muntu moxi. 
 
 Certain, be (remember well), v., 
 
 sungamena (beni). 
 
 (sure), v., xikila. 
 make, v., xikidisa. 
 
 (know), v., zaya. 
 
 Certainly, adv., kieleka, ludi. 
 Chaff (husk), n., titi, 6 ; ti, 6; 
 kiti, 5. 
 
 (about some personal defect), v., 
 tnmba : they chaffed him about 
 his lame leg, bantnmbidi 0 
 kulu kwafwa ; see also joke. 
 Chain (large), n., lnvambn, 10. 
 
 (small), n., mpanga, 2 ; mpambu, 2. 
 Chain, v ., kanga mnna luvambn 
 (10). 
 
 Chair, n., kiandn, 5 ; knnda, 6. 
 Chalk, n., kali (P. cal), or see pipe¬ 
 clay. 
 
 Challenge, n., nxiobongo, 2. 
 v., lomba e kinia (5): to touch one 
 on the face or chin with the 
 face as a challenge, suka 0 
 nlembo (4). 
 
 i) 
 
Cha-Che 
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 Chamber (bed), zz., esuku, 8. 
 
 (outer) zz., eseka, 8 . 
 utensil, zz., bola, 6 (P. bola). 
 
 Chameleon, zz., lungwenia, io; lu- 
 nkumbidila, io. 
 
 Chance (accident), zz., suxi, 6. 
 by, adv ., ku suxi (6), with the ap¬ 
 plied form of the word. 
 
 (good luck), zz., elau, 8 ; nsambu, 2. 
 (opportunity), zz., ntangwa, 2. 
 
 Change, v.t., soba, vinga (Bako.). 
 (alter, turn), v.t ., vilula, see also turn. 
 v.i., viluka. 
 
 (of a language), v.t., biiida. 
 v. i. , bindama. 
 
 from one vessel into another, v.t., 
 
 sekula, sekola. 
 
 (replace), v.t., vingesa. 
 v.t., vinga. 
 
 (take turns), v. recip., vingajiana. 
 (transform), v.t., kitula. 
 v.z'., kituka. 
 
 (translate), v.t., sekula, sekola. 
 
 Changeable, a., -aviluvilu, ye vilu- 
 vilu (6). 
 
 person, zz., nkwa (1) viluvilu (6), 
 kinkita, 5. 
 
 Changeableness, zz., unkita, 12. 
 
 Channel, zz. (river), kimpambwila, 5. 
 
 Chant, v., yimbila. 
 zz., nkunga, 4. 
 funeral, mbembo, 2. 
 
 Chapter, zz., ntu, 4 (head). 
 
 Char, v.t., jinisa, lakatisa, lukutisa, 
 niengesa. 
 
 vd., jina, lakata, lukuta, nienga. 
 
 Character, zz. (respect), jitu, 12: 
 he lost his character, ovondele 
 0 jitu wandi. Abstract nouns 
 in ki or of class 12, often imply 
 character ; kimfumu or umfu- 
 mu imply kingliness, kingly 
 character. 
 
 Charcoal, zz., ekala, 8 ; evolo, 8 ; 
 generally pi. 
 
 Charge (ask), v.t., lomba. 
 
 (a gun), v.t., soma. 
 
 (order), see order. 
 
 with, baka, with the abstract term 
 for the accusation : he charged 
 
 Charge, cozztizzzted. 
 
 me with stealing, umbakidi o» 
 wivi (theft). 
 
 (cost), ntalu, 2. 
 
 Charge (of powder), zz., nzongo, 4. 
 (ditto, small), zz., mbabu, 2. 
 
 (blank), zz., nzongo amvungela or 
 -ankatu or -ampena. 
 
 Charity, zz., see love, kindness, mercy 
 Charm, zz., nkixi, 4 ; see Appendix. 
 v., see bewitch. 
 
 (to weave, compound), v., vanda 0 
 nkixi. 
 
 Charmed with, be, v.i. (fascinated),, 
 
 tatamena. 
 
 Chase, away, v.t., yinga, kula. 
 (follow), v.t., landa, lamika e 
 ntinu. 
 
 Chaste, 
 
 Chastity, 
 
 (hunt), v.t., veta. 
 
 Chasm, zz., eyenga, 8 ; see also abyss. 
 
 /There is no name for the 
 virtue, the vice must be 
 expressed with the neg¬ 
 ative. You should be 
 chaste, ke nukadi ya 
 ngyambila ko. 
 tumba, see also beat,. 
 
 Chastise, v 
 
 punish. 
 
 Chat, v., moka. 
 with, v., mokesa. 
 
 Chatter, v., wulumuna, lombolola. 
 
 zonzolola. 
 
 (foolish talk), v., wazumuna. 
 together (as plates), tentangiana. 
 
 Cheap, p., -veva. 
 
 be, v., veva: everything is cheap, 
 
 ivwidi veva e lekwa yawonso ; 
 it is a cheap market for trade, 
 ezandu diadi divevelanga 0 
 mana. 
 
 Cheapness, zz., veva, 9. 
 
 Cheat, v., vuna. 
 
 zz., nkwa luvunu (10), mvuni, 1 & 4. 
 Check, v.t., ximba, dingidika. 
 
 v.i., dingalala. 
 
 Cheek, zz., ebundi, 8. 
 
 (jaw) zz., etolo, 8. 
 
 Cheer, v.t., wondelela, wonza. 
 v.t., longa (console), 
 gladden, v.t., yangidika. 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 Che-Chr 
 
 Cheerful, a ., -anzunzu. 
 
 be, v.i., yangalala. 
 
 Cheerfulness, zz., nzunzu, 2. 
 Cherish, zz.,j-^nurse, care for,nourish. 
 Chest (box), zz., nkela, 2 ; nkele, 2 ; 
 lukata, 2 & 11. 
 
 (breast), zz., tulu, 6. 
 
 (of animals), zz., kupala, 6. 
 Chestnut (colour), zz., munsansa, 3. 
 a., -a munsansa; three chestnut 
 coloured oxen, ngombe tatu 
 za minsansa. 
 
 Chew, v.t., tafuna, jiakuna, kasa. 
 with the gums, v.t., mungunia 
 -wini). 
 
 noisily, v.i., niakuna. 
 the cud, v.t., lukula. 
 
 Chewing, a, zz., munjiaku, 3. 
 Chicken, zz., nsusu, 2. 
 
 Chief, a., -ambuta, -sundidi, -ebeni. 
 
 (great), a., -anene, -ampwena. 
 Chief, zz., mfumu, 2 ; nkuluntu, 1. 
 (king), zz., ntinu, 4 ; nyadi, 4 (ruler). 
 
 ngudi-ankama, 2. 
 
 (very respectful title), zz., nkaka, 1. 
 sub-, under a king, nkumbi, 2. 
 Chigoe, zz., see jigger. 
 
 Child, zz., mwana, 1 ; nleke, 1; leke, 
 6 ; ntaudi, 1 & 2 ; ntauji, 
 
 1 & 2 ; kindende, 5 ; see baby, 
 be with, v.i., yimita. 
 
 (by), v.i., yimitiswa (kwa). 
 Child-birth, zz., mawuta, pi. 8. 
 pains of, zz., nsongo, 4. 
 see also woman. 
 
 Childhood, zz., kimwana, 5 ; umwa- 
 na, 12 ; kileke, 5 ; kintaudi, 5. 
 Childish, a., -akileke. 
 
 Childlike, adv., ne nleke. 
 
 Chill, v.t., todimisa, jijimisa. 
 Chilliness, n., todi, 6 ; njiji, 2. 
 Chilly, a., ye todi (6), -anjiji. 
 
 be, v.i., todima, jijima. 
 
 Chimney, n., mvuvu (4) a mwixi. 
 Chimpanzee, zz., mpongi, 2. 
 
 Chin, zz., bobo, 6 . 
 
 Chip, v.t., vala. | 
 n., vaxi, 6 ; baxi, 6. 
 
 Chirp (as bird), v., kienga. 
 
 (as cricket), v., yenga. 
 
 Chisel, zz., nkanku, 2. 
 cold, zz., nxinu, 2. 
 
 Choice (the act), n., nsola, 2 ; mba- 
 nda, 2 ; see choose. 
 a., see good, valuable. 
 
 Choir, zz., ayimbidi, pi. 1 (singers). 
 
 atambuludi a nkunga, 1, see 
 chorus. 
 
 Choke, v.i., swenwa. 
 v.t., sweneswa. 
 
 (become wedged in), v.i., tatamena. 
 (stop), v.t., kaka. 
 v.i., kakama. 
 
 Choose, v.t., sola, 
 and ask ior,v.t., banda (bespeak): I 
 will choose the lela of the nxi- 
 ji. Mbende e lela kia nxiji. 
 as you, konso wo ozolele. 
 
 Chop, see cut. 
 
 (of pork), 7 i., luxila, see also joint. 
 
 Chorister (singer), zz., nyimbidi, 1 
 & 4. 
 
 in a chorus, ntambuludi a nku- 
 nga, 1. 
 
 Chorus, zz. In singing at dances, 
 funerals, &c., it is generally the 
 custom for one to sing a refrain 
 in solo (bonga 0 nkunga), and 
 the singers reply in chorus 
 (tambulwila 0 nkunga). The 
 soloist is called mbongi a nku¬ 
 nga, 1 ; the choir atambuludi 
 a nkunga. In the case of a 
 dirge, mbembo, 2, is used in¬ 
 stead of nkunga ; see music, 
 tune, voice, hymn, &c. 
 
 Chosen, p., -solwa, -bandwa, see 
 choose. 
 
 Christ, zz., Kristu. 
 
 This is a difficult word for Kongos 
 to pronounce, the final u instead 
 of 0 is in accordance with 
 Kongo laws of euphony. The 
 tendency to pronounce as kidi- 
 xitu should be avoided. 0 
 Mfumu eto Jizu Kristu 
 Mwana a Nzambi. 
 
 Christian, zz., nlandi (1) a Kristu, 
 nleke (1) a Kristu; pi. nsa (4) 
 mia Kristu. 
 
Chr-Cla 
 
 ( 36 ) 
 
 Christian, continued. 
 
 Munkwikiji, 3. A just, honour¬ 
 able, trustworthy man has been 
 used. Cannecattim gives mun- 
 kwiki, query munkwidi (a be¬ 
 liever), in his old vocabulary. 
 
 Christianity, n., mambu ma Nza- 
 mbi, kinsa (5) kia Kristu. 
 These new words have not yet 
 taken a definite shape. 
 
 Christmas, n., Naximento, 2 (P. 
 Nascimento), lumingu (10) 
 luamputu. 
 
 Chrysalis, n., kinkete, 5. 
 
 Church, n. (building), Nzo (2) a 
 Nzambi. The word for the 
 collective body of Christians 
 has yet to take its shape. 
 Nsa, 4, which in the singular 
 implies a retinue of followers, 
 and in the plural the retainers 
 or followers, is perhaps the most 
 fit word to express our idea of 
 the Christian Church. (Nsa a 
 mfumu eto Jisu Kristu). For 
 a body of Christians in a certain 
 place we might use ekambi, 8, 
 or buka, 6 (a flock or company), 
 or ndonga, 2 (a company). 
 
 Cicada (insect), n., kintendele, 5. 
 
 Cicatrix, n., fu, 6. 
 
 Cigar, n., mviba, 4 (a mfomo) ; or 
 mviza, 4 (a mfomo). 
 
 Cinder, n., evolo, 8 ; ekala, 8. 
 
 Circle, «., zongolotoma, 6 ; tenge- 
 lejia, 6. 
 
 Circuit, to make (detour), v.t., ze- 
 kela : they got round ahead of 
 the antelope, bazekele e nkayi. 
 
 Circuitous, a ., -ampionda, -anko- 
 ndoloka, -anjeta. 
 
 Circular mouth of a basin or drum, 
 
 etembo, 8. 
 
 having a, a., ye etembo (8). 
 
 Circulate, v. (as the blood), zanzala. 
 v.t. (spread), mwanganisa. 
 v.i., mwangana. 
 
 Circulation (of the blood), n., za¬ 
 nzala, 9. 
 
 Circumcise, v.t., yota. 
 
 Circumcised person, n., esewa, 8. 
 
 Circumcision, n., yota, 9 ; the house 
 where it is performed, eseka, 8; 
 elongo, 8 ; eyowo, 8. 
 
 Circumference, ?/., nkwenko (4) 
 [a etembo (8)]. 
 
 Circumspect, be, v., see wary, pru¬ 
 dent, cautious. 
 
 Circumstance, n., nkala, 2. 
 
 C1 rcum stances, under the,muna wau. 
 under no, ke...nkutu ko: under 
 no circumstances do so, kuva- 
 ngi wo nkutu ko. 
 
 Cistern, n., elundilu (8) dia maza. 
 
 Citizen, n ., ntungi, 2 ; mwixi, 1 ; 
 pi. exi.; mwixi Ngombe, a 
 
 ! n., lembama, 9. 
 
 man of Ngombe. 
 
 City, n., mbanza, 2 ; see town. 
 
 Civet, n., ekombe, 8 ; njima, 
 mfuki, 2. 
 
 Civil, be, v., lembama. 
 a., -anlembami. 
 
 Civility, 
 
 Civilization 
 
 Civilize, v., lembeka, lemba. 
 
 Civilizing, a., -anlembeki. 
 
 Claim, v., lomba, vinga. 
 
 Clamour, n., nkololo, 2. 
 sound of many voices, nkuzu, 4. 
 
 Clan, n., ekanda, 8 ; luvila, 10. 
 
 There are many families or clans 
 in Kongo. They are intermixed 
 freely, but people of a clan are 
 responsible for, and help each 
 other. All relationships and 
 inheritances are through the 
 mother, not the father. When 
 you ask a man the name of his 
 clan, use the word luvila. Nkia 
 
 luvila wina ? I mwixi kilu- 
 kene, kadi ekanda diame 
 kilukene. What is your clan ? 
 I am one of the Kilukene, for 
 my clan is the Kilukene. 
 Luvila is only used thus, other¬ 
 wise use ekanda. The names 
 of some of the Makanda are :— 
 Kilukene, Kinimi alukene, 
 Kinimi ankanga, Kivaxi, Ki- 
 ntumba, Kinlaza, Nenlaza. 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 Cla-Clo 
 
 Clandestine, see secret. 
 
 Clang, v.i., tenta. 
 
 Clap (as thunder), see thunder, 
 the hands, v., sakila, sakila 0 lu- 
 kofi (10). 
 
 (do homage), 7 '., kunda, see salute, 
 of the hand, n., lukofi, 10. 
 
 Clasp, v., see hold, embrace, cling, 
 the hands, 7/., bundika 0 moko 
 (pi. 9). 
 
 the hands over the head, jinga 0 
 nkondo (4). 
 
 Class, n., mpila, 2 ; mbaku, 4. 
 
 Claw, n., luzala, 2 & 11. 
 
 (of a crab), n., mwindi, 3. 
 
 (pincers), n., nlembo, 4 - 
 
 Clay, n., tuma, pi. 10. 
 
 Clean, p., -velela, -kianza, -kenzoka, 
 see cleanse. 
 
 (white), a ., -ampembe. 
 
 (very white), e pekepeke (pi. 6 ), e 
 tunia (pi. 6 ), e ntunia (2). It 
 is very clean and white, kina 
 e pekepeke yingi. 
 
 Clean, be, 7/./., sema, velela. 
 (brighten), 7 seka. 
 
 (cotton), 7 sana (e mpnsn). 
 
 (gun), 7/./., seka. 
 make, v.t., see cleanse. 
 
 (scrape), v.t ., vala, vempa. 
 
 (teeth), v.t., seka. 
 
 (wash), v.t., sukula. 
 
 (wipe), v.t., kungula. 
 
 Cleanliness, n. (of habit), ntinti, 2 ; 
 kingwedi, 5. 
 
 Cleanly, a., -antinti, -akingwedi. 
 
 Cleanly person, n., nkwa (1) ntinti, 
 nkwa (1) kingwedi. 
 
 Cleanness (whiteness), n., pekepeke, 
 pl. 6 ; tunia, pi. 6 ; ntunia, 2. 
 
 Cleanse, v., katula e mvindu (2). 
 (from stain), v.t., kianza. 
 
 (purify), v.t., velelesa. 
 
 (strain, filter), v.t., kenza, kela. 
 
 Clear (clean), a., see clean. 
 
 (plain), p., -bakuka, -banguka, 
 -sunuka, -tendoka, -tengoka. 
 (as mist), v.t., vungumuka. 
 away, v.t. (after sweeping together), 
 kuka. 
 
 Clear (away), continued. 
 
 (after a meal), 7 './.,yalula (0 meza, 
 pl. 8). 
 
 (remove), v.t., katula. 
 
 (clean), v.t., see clean, 
 out (go), v.i., vaika. 
 out, v.t. (pick), see pick out. 
 
 (rinse), v.t., sukumuna. 
 
 (sweep), v.t., komba. 
 
 (take, put), v.t., vaikisa. 
 
 (plain) be, v.i., bakuka, banguka, 
 sunuka, tendoka, tenduka. 
 make, v.t., baka, bangula, 
 sununa, tendola, tendula. 
 (unstop), v.t., kakula. 
 up (arrange), v.t., zonzeka, kiatika. 
 (as weather), v.i., kia, with kuma, 
 9 (weather), often understood. 
 It is clearing up, se kukia. 
 Clearing (in a wood), n., esole, 8. 
 
 to make, v.t., sosa, sola. 
 
 Cleave (split), v., bula, basa, &c., see 
 split. 
 
 to, v. (adhere), tatamena. 
 
 Clench (fist), v.t., vinda. 
 
 (nail), v.t., lambika. 
 
 (teeth), v.t., jitika. 
 
 Clever, Cleverness, see skill, skil¬ 
 ful. 
 
 Click, n., ndoko, 2. 
 v.t., dokola. 
 v.i., dokoka. 
 
 Cliff, n., mbeka, 2. 
 
 (chasm), n., eyenga, 8. 
 
 Climb, v. (as a plant), zanzala. 
 
 (a hill), v., tomboka, sambila, ba- 
 nda, balula. 
 
 (a tree), v., manta, sambila. 
 
 Cling, v., ximba. 
 
 to, v., tatamena, jingama (round). 
 Clink, v., tenta. 
 
 Clip, v., see cut. 
 
 Clock, n., lolonji, 2 (P. relogio). 
 o’clock, see time. 
 
 Clod, //., ebungela, 8; ebwelengenze, 
 8; ekelengenze, 8. 
 
 Close (a book, box), v.t., bukika, 
 bundika. 
 
 v.i., bukama, bundama. 
 
 eyes, v.i. & v.t., jima. 
 
Clo-Clu 
 
 ( 38 ) 
 
 Close, continued. 
 
 (fist), v.t., vinda. 
 
 nearly, v.t. (a cloor, curtain), venga- 
 lala. 
 
 nearly be, v.i., vengeleka. 
 
 (the eyes), v.t., lembeleka, leng- 
 eleka. 
 
 v.i., lembalala, lengalala. 
 
 (shut), v.t., jika. 
 
 v.i., jikama. 
 up (stop), v.t., kaka. 
 
 Close (near), a. (in distance), -vala- 
 kana. 
 
 (together) -ambatakani, -ambata- 
 kiani, -amfiiiangiani, -amfina- 
 kani. 
 
 Close, adv., at hand, mu ngenga. 
 prep, (beside), vana nteto (4) a; 
 vana ndambu (2) a. 
 
 Close, be, v.i. (distance), valakana, 
 finama. 
 
 (together), batakana, batakiana, 
 finangana, finangiana. 
 bring, v.t., sunzula. 
 come, v.i,, finama. 
 put, v.t., finika, konka. 
 
 (together) finangesa, batakesa. 
 Closet, n., esuku, 8 . 
 
 water-, nzo (2) andwelo. 
 
 Clot, v.i., kangama, tintila. 
 n., kendengele, 6. 
 
 Cloth, n., nlele, 4 ; mbongo, 2. The 
 names of patterns of European 
 cloths vary so much in different 
 places, that a list does not serve 
 much. The names of the prin¬ 
 cipal kinds are as follows : — 
 blanket, evunga, 8 . 
 blue baft, ebundi, 8 . 
 blue prints, nkelele, 2 (guinea fowl), 
 check (large), ebala, 8 . 
 
 (small), lunginga, 10. 
 
 (red & white), vaka ya mayembe 
 (pl. 6), mpaka za mayembe 
 (pi. 2). 
 
 handkerchief, elenso, 8 (P. lenco). 
 Madras, ntanga, 2. 
 red cords, kikeleloka, 5; maselalele 
 (pl. 8). 
 
 savelist, ekamba, 8 . 
 
 Cloth, continued. 
 shawl, nsalaba, 4. 
 
 Turkey red, salaji, 2 (P. ?); nkolo- 
 nado, 2 (P. encarnado). 
 velvet, vedulu, 2 (P. veludo). 
 white baft (calico), mbinza, 2 (P. 
 camisa), nswadi, 2 ; ekende, 
 8 (Bako.). 
 
 woollen, evunga, 8. 
 
 Cloths of native manufacture from— 
 the fibre of frondlet of mpusu 
 palm, mbadi, 2 & n ; tiki, 
 6 ; nkuta, 4. 
 
 fibre of the frondlets of the Pan- 
 danus candelabrum (efuba), 
 mbadi a mafuba, 2; evulu, 
 8 . 
 
 fibre of the pineapple leaf, mbadi 
 a bintu (Bako). 
 
 a large cloth of mbadi sewn to¬ 
 gether, nkuta, 4 ; evulu, 8. 
 
 Cloth, a, n. (apparel), mwatu, 4 ; 
 nlele, 4 ; see dress, 
 an absurdly large cloth,nyunguba,4. 
 (towel, duster, napkin), etwaya, 8 
 (P. toalha). 
 
 (well worn), esengi, 8. 
 
 Clothe, v.t., vwika. 
 
 Clothed with, be, v.i., vwata. 
 
 Clothes, J mvwat 
 
 Clothing, ) 
 
 Clotted,/., -kangama. 
 
 Cloud, n., etuti, 8 . 
 
 Cloudy, become, lomba (dark); pipa, 
 (very dark). 
 
 Cloven, a., -avambuka. 
 foot, n., kole (6) kiavambuka. 
 
 Club, n., bota, 6 ; kodi, 6 . 
 v.t., vombola, pola. 
 together, v., bundana. 
 
 Clubs, n. (in card), sabala, 2 (P. 
 sabre); xivata, 2 (P. espada). 
 
 Club-footed person, ntiala, 2. 
 
 This deformity, as also hunch 
 back, is ascribed to the influence 
 of the fetish ndembo (nkixi 
 a ndembo). 
 
 Clumsy, a., see awkward, heavy, &c. 
 
 Cluster, of fruit, n., kangi, 6 . 
 of people, 11., ebundu, 8 . 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 Clu-Col 
 
 •Cluster, continued. 
 
 round, v., kutamena. 
 together, v.i., kutakiana. 
 
 Clutch, v.t., kafinina, batikina. 
 at, 7/./., zakula. 
 
 Coagulate, v.i., kangama, tintila. 
 
 Coagulum, n., kendengele, 6. 
 
 Coal, n., mavolo (pi. 8), makala (pi. 
 8 ) (charcoal). 
 
 Coalesce, v.i., bundakiana. 
 
 Coarse, a., see large, bad, ugly, rough, 
 &c. 
 
 Coast, n., eximu, 8 ; ekumu, 8 ; 
 ndambu, 2. The coast be¬ 
 tween the mouth of the river 
 and Ambrizette is called Mbala, 
 2 . 
 
 to go to the coast (with produce), 
 
 ta e mbala (2), (t ’e mbala). 
 
 I have been twice to the coast, 
 
 mbala zole ntele. 
 
 Next month we go to the coast, 
 ngonde izangama tuta e 
 mbala. 
 
 Coat, n ., kinkutu, 5 ; yunga, 6. 
 covering, 11., bukikwa, 6. 
 
 Coating, n., nkusa, 2 (a painting). 
 
 Coax, 7/., see flatter. 
 
 Cob of maize, n., ntu (4) a disa (7). 
 
 Cobweb, wanda (13) wa esa- 
 ngangungu (pi. manda). 
 
 Cock, n., ekoko, 8. 
 a gun, v.t., leka. 
 
 Cock-crowing, n., nsusu' (2) antete. 
 
 Cocked,/, (gun), -lekama. 
 be, v.i. , lekama. 
 
 Cockle, n., kiasa, 5. 
 
 Cockroach, 11., mpese, 2. 
 
 Cock’s comb, n., luinda (10) lua 
 nsusu. 
 
 Cocoon, n., kutu (6) kia kimpiatu. 
 
 Coffee, kafe, 9 (sing.). 
 
 Coffin, 11. (expL), nkele ajikilanga 
 ofwa; bawola, 2 (P. baul). 
 
 •Cogitate, v., see think. 
 
 Cohabit with. 
 
 (of the woman), kala kuna longo 
 (10) lua. 
 
 (of the man), sompa 0 longo (10) 
 lua. 
 
 Coil, u., njingu, 2 & 11 ; mpota, 2 
 (large). 
 
 v.t., jingulwisa. 
 
 round and round, jinga e mpota (2). 
 
 Coincide, v.i., fwanana, kwenda e 
 betela, kwenda e dedede. 
 
 Cola, nut, n., mvua, 4. 
 pod, n., ekazu, 8. 
 tree (sterculia), n., nkazu, 4. 
 
 Colander, u., kelelwa, 6. 
 
 Cold, u., kioji, 5 ; njiji, 2 (chilliness), 
 (a catarrh), efukutila, 8. 
 
 (a cough), 71., nkovolo, 2. 
 
 (an ague), a., mvuka, 2. 
 
 Cold, a., -akioji. 
 
 (chilly, as water), a., -anjiji, -atodi- 
 ma. 
 
 Cold, become, be, grow, v.i., vola. 
 (chilly), v.i., todima, jijima, tiva. 
 
 Cold chisel, n., nxinu, 2. 
 
 Collapse, v.i., mwangana. 
 as a house, kuluka. 
 
 Collar, 71., elaka, 8. 
 
 Colleague, 71 ., nkwa, 1. 
 
 Collect, v.t., kutika, kubika, see 
 gather, amass, 
 together, v.i., see assemble, 
 trade, or produce, as a native broker 
 (bamba), v.t., kombola : he is 
 gone to look for a caravan, wele 
 kombola e buka. 
 
 Collection, lekwa (6) ikutikwa 
 (pi.). 
 
 Colour, n., se, 6 ; etona, 8 ; ekeya, 8. 
 
 There are only three definite 
 colours : black, ndombe, 2 ; 
 red, mbwaki, 2; white, 
 mpembe, 2. The other colours 
 are described by reference to 
 some well-known object : brown 
 (very light), elundu, 8 = the 
 colour of an ant hill (elundu). 
 Brown (darker), kongo, 6 = the 
 colour of a wood which is ground 
 to make a perfumed cosmetic 
 like nkula, but brown. Green, 
 ti kiangisu, 6 ; ti kiankunzu, 
 6; ti kiambisu, 6 = the colour 
 of fresh grass. Purple, ndua, 
 2 = the colour of the breast of 
 
 •• • -4.il' i 
 
COL-COM 
 
 ( 40 ■) 
 
 Colour, continued. 
 
 the bird ndua. Yellow, litoto 
 a eyenga = the colour of the soil, 
 which is so often cut by chasms 
 = chasm earth colour. Yellow, 
 nsole a lolo = the colour of lolo 
 root (as gamboge). Blue is 
 called black ; when very light, 
 it is said to be green. Orange 
 is called red. Violet is black. 
 Chestnut colour, munsansa, 3 ; 
 but the word is only used in 
 reference to cattle. 
 
 Comb, /?., saim, 6 . 
 v.t.. sana. 
 
 (clean grass), v., xiona. 
 
 ( „ instrument to), n., xionenwa, 6 . 
 (of fowl) luinda, 10. 
 
 Combine, see unite, mix, join, See. 
 
 Come, v.i., kwiza. 
 across, over (a river), sauka, sabllka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 over (a space), knzuka. 
 about (happen), bwa. 
 after (follow), landa. 
 again and again, repeatedly, kwizu- 
 lnla. 
 
 against, see contact. 
 
 (appear, turn up), vemba. 
 
 (arrive), luaka, tula, baka, nieka. 
 at once, kwijidila. 
 away, katuka. 
 far, veka, vekuka, vekoka. 
 from (emigrate), yaluka. 
 back, vutuka. 
 
 (be brought, to, near), sunzuka. 
 behind, kwiza oku nima a. 
 by (acquire), baka. 
 
 (pass), luta, vioka. 
 
 cause to, see rules of causative, in 
 Grammar. 
 
 down, kuluka, kulumuka. 
 
 (fall), see fall. 
 
 for, after, about (applied form), kwi- 
 jila. 
 
 (to fetch), kwiza bonga. 
 
 (to invite), kwiza susumuna, or 
 vukulula. 
 from, tuka. 
 
 fully (be complete), lunga. 
 
 Come, continued. 
 
 (hang), low down, kuluka, vweta- 
 ma, vwetumuka, vwetomoka. 
 in, into, kota, diuka. 
 in half (as the cotyledons of nguba) 
 kesoka, kesuka (perf. keso- 
 kene, kesukini). 
 in Indian file, londana. 
 in sight, see come into view, 
 in sight of, tadila. 
 late or last (be left behind), budila, 
 suva. 
 
 near, finama. 
 off, katuka. 
 
 (separate), vambuka. 
 often, see come again and again. 
 
 on ! ndolo! 
 
 on one side, vengumuka, vengomo- 
 ka. 
 
 out, forth, vaika, katuka. 
 
 (as an eruption), babumuka, 
 babana. 
 
 (as perspiration), tukuka. 
 
 (as the sunshine after dulness), 
 
 baya. 
 
 (be extracted), dongoka, du- 
 nguka, vuzuka (uprooted), 
 (full), kongoka, see also fall. 
 
 (flow), see flow. 
 
 over (across), see come across, 
 (jump), see jump. 
 
 (turn), see turn over, v.i. 
 past, luta, vioka. 
 
 quickly, vola 0 nswalu (rapid step), 
 round (go), jeta, jinguluka. 
 to the other side, beloka. 
 
 (turn), see turn round, v.i. 
 
 (shift), konka. 
 
 short (in length), kiifama. 
 
 (in quantity), sakalala. 
 slowly, womboka. 
 stealthily, yelomoka, yelumuka. 
 through, kwiza e loswela, or lo- 
 sola. 
 
 to (amount), lunga. 
 to an end, vwa, mana, suka. 
 to (arrive), see come (arrive), 
 together (join), yikakana. 
 to life again, fuluka. 
 to mind, kwiza e kienze. 
 
( 4i ) 
 
 COM-COM 
 
 Come, continued. 
 
 to nothing (as blighted plants), fwa 
 e babangu (6). 
 
 to one’s self, senses, wits, vunguka 
 o zayi (12). 
 to pass, bwa. 
 to pieces, mwangana. 
 to terms, kwikila, wawana. 
 to the surface, sengomoka, dongo- 
 moka, dungumuka. 
 
 (of water only), tumbuluka. 
 (arrive), vemba. 
 to view (appear), moneka. 
 
 (rise), above the horizon, surface, 
 &c. ; see come to the surface, 
 to view from behind, vaika. 
 unexpectedly, sunzumuka. 
 up (ascend), tomboka, manta, 
 sambila, baluka, banda. 
 (grow), see grow. 
 
 (spring up), see spring up. 
 upon be (surprised), v.i., yituka, 
 yitukwa. 
 
 with (accompany), lama, yikama. 
 (escort, conduct), fila. 
 
 Comet, n., niania, 6 ; kiniania, 5. 
 Comfort, wete, 12 (ease); eyangi, 
 8 (content) ; luyangalalu, 10. 
 (consolation), elongi, 8. 
 
 Comfort, v.t., vana e elongi (8). 
 (gratify), v.t., fiaulwisa. 
 
 (soothe), v.t., wonza, wondelela. 
 Comfortable, a., -abiza, -ambote. 
 Comforted, be, v., kulula 0 moyo (3). 
 (become used to), v., kukulukila. 
 (be content), v., yangalala. 
 Comforter, n., nkwa (1) elongi (8). 
 Comic, a., -atnsevo. 
 
 Coming, n., see advent. 
 
 Command, v.t. (make a law), xia 0 
 nxikn (4). 
 
 (order), tuma, vovesa. 
 
 (proclaim a law), boka 0 ntangwa 
 (4), boka 0 nkoki (4). 
 Command, ) n., nxiku, 4 ; 
 
 Commandment, ) nkanka, 2. 
 (proclamation), nkoki, 4 ; ntangwa, 4. 
 (prohibition of doctor), konko, 6. 
 Commander, n., nknluntu, 1. 
 Commence, v., sec begin. 
 
 Commencement, //., sec beginning, 
 cause. 
 
 Commend, v. (express approval), 
 lnngisa. They commended 
 his act, balungixi e diambu 
 kavangidi. 
 
 Commerce, see trade. 
 
 Commission, v. (send), tuma. 
 (brokerage), kibamba, 5. 
 
 Commit, a crime, v., vola 0 nkanu, 4. 
 capital, nata e mpanda (2). 
 adultery, see adultery, 
 a mistake, see mistake. 
 
 (cause to keep), lundisa. 
 
 (hand to), tambika. 
 
 (place), xia, xisa (leave). 
 
 Common. This word requires to be 
 expressed more definitely : as, 
 ordinary, plenty of, old. 
 have in, see partnership, enter into. 
 
 Common Sense, n., see prudence. 
 
 Commotion, n., nkindu, 2 (riot) ; 
 mazn, pi. 8 (noise). 
 
 Communicate, v.t., jingula, samuna. 
 (contagion), sambukisa. 
 from one to the other (as news, fire, 
 &c.), yandakesa, tambakesa, 
 yandangesa, yandanisa. 
 
 Communicated, be (thus), tamba- 
 kiana, yandakiana, yandangi- 
 ana, yandana. 
 
 Companion, n., nkwa, 1. 
 
 Company (caravan, party), n., buka, 
 6; lombo, 6. 
 
 (crowd) ; nkangu, 4 ; ndonga, 2. 
 (group of people), ebundu, 8. 
 
 (of soldiers, detachment), mvengo, 4. 
 (party, side), esambu, 8. 
 
 Compare, must be expressed much 
 more definitely: as, measure, 
 choose, fit, put together, speak 
 of as though. 
 
 yikila (speak of as though). He 
 compared him to a monkey, 
 unyikidi e kinkewa = he attri¬ 
 buted to him the character of a 
 monkey (“ monkeyness”). 
 teza (measure), compare them as to 
 length ; teza 0 lambuka = mea¬ 
 sure the length. 
 
COM-COM 
 
 ( 42 ) 
 
 Compare, continued. 
 
 sola (choose), compare as to which 
 is the best; sola kaxi nki 
 kisundidi. 
 
 Compass, n., nguya, 2 (P. guia). 
 v., see surround. 
 
 Compassion, u., nkenda, 2 ; kiadi, 5, 
 the latter is used at Mpalabala, 
 and generally on the north 
 bank ; but in Kongo it is only 
 known as a most obscene word, 
 and must be therefore avoided, 
 out of, muna nkenda. 
 
 Compassion 
 have, on, v., 
 
 Compassionate, 
 
 on him, umfwidi e nkenda; 
 hence , for mercy’s sake ! please ! 
 umfwa e nkenda. 
 
 Compassionately, adv ye nkenda 
 ye nkenda. 
 
 Compassionate person, n., nkwa 
 (1) nkenda. 
 
 Compel, v., use the causative. If the 
 idea of force is important, add 
 mnna ngolo (with force) with 
 the further addition of the ap¬ 
 plied form ; compel them to go 
 out (with force), wabavaikixila 
 (muna ngolo). 
 
 (compel), against the will, tantika. 
 
 Compensate, v., futa. 
 
 Competent, be, v.i., fwana. 
 
 Complain, about, see accuse, tell of. 
 (be dissatisfied) yina. 
 
 (murmur), wuna. 
 
 of (suffer with), use “ to have ” ; he 
 complains of his leg, kulu kena 
 kwau, = he has a leg. 
 
 Complaint (dissatisfaction), //., yina, 9. 
 (murmuring), wuna, 9. 
 
 (“ palaver ”), diambu, 7. There is 
 a complaint against him, dia¬ 
 mbu dina kwa yandi. 
 (sickness), kimbevo, 5 ; yela, 9. 
 (severe, painful), nsongo, 4. 
 
 Complete (whole), a., -amvimba, 
 -ankaka (Bako.). 
 
 ■2/., see finish, arrange, fit. 
 
 (in number, quantity), v.t., lungisa. 
 
 Complete, continued. 
 be, v.i. (in number, quantity), lunga. 
 
 Completely, adv., nkutu. 
 
 Compliance, n.,see assent, obedience. 
 
 Complicate, v.t., tiakalakesa, ze- 
 ngalakesa. 
 
 Complicated, be, v.i., tiakalakana, 
 zengalakana. 
 
 Complicated, a., -antiakalakani, 
 -anzengalakani. 
 
 Compliment, v., see flatter, congratu¬ 
 late. 
 
 Compliments, n., see flattery. 
 
 (respectful), vimpi, 13, often used in 
 plural. I send you my com¬ 
 pliments, itumini 0 mavimpi; 
 I send you a goat with my com¬ 
 pliments, itumini 0 mavimpi, 
 vana ntandu a mavimpi itwi- 
 kidi e nkombo = I send my 
 compliments, and beside my 
 compliments I send a goat; I 
 send you my compliments, and 
 please lend me your hoe, itu¬ 
 mini 0 vimpi, vana ntandu a 
 vimpi dddokdlo unsompeka e 
 nsengo aku. 
 
 Comply, see assent, obey, agree. 
 
 Compose (arrange), v.t., kubika, zo- 
 nzeka. 
 
 (make), vangwa. 
 
 one’s mind, kulula 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Composed, be, v.i. (arranged), kuba- 
 ma, zonzama. 
 
 (calm), moyo (3) kuluka. 
 of (made), vangilwa. 
 
 Compound (enclosure), n., lumbu, 10. 
 
 Comprehend (hold), v.t., ximba. 
 (understand), v.t., wa. 
 
 (hear well), toma wa. 
 
 Comprehensible, be, v.i., wakana. 
 
 Comprehension, n., arrange the sen¬ 
 tence so as to use the verb wa. 
 It is beyond his comprehension, 
 kelenda dio wa ko ; he cannot 
 understand (“ hear”) it ; that is 
 beyond comprehension, ke di- 
 wakana ko = it is not compre¬ 
 hensible. 
 
 Compress, v.t., nyema. 
 
 ) fwa e nkenda. 
 
 ) he had compassion 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 Com-Con 
 
 Comprise, v.t., see contain. 
 
 Compute, v.t., badika. 
 
 Comrade, n. (mate), nkwa, i ; see 
 also friend. 
 
 Conceal, v.t., sweka, dimbika. 
 
 (cover over), v.t., fukidila. 
 
 Concealed, be, v.i., swekama, di- 
 mbama. • 
 
 Concealment, n., sweki, 6. 
 
 Concede, v.t., kwikila, tambulwila, 
 tambwila, vana o nswa (4). 
 
 Conceit, n., lulendo, 10 ; nza (2) yo 
 lulendo. 
 
 Conceive, v. (become pregnant), 
 
 yimita. 
 
 (think), see think. 
 
 Concern, 11. (affair), diambu, 7; uma, 
 12 ; kuma, 6. 
 
 Concern, v.t. (relate to). It does not 
 concern you, ke diambu diaku 
 ko. 
 
 Concerned about, be, teleka (or 
 yangika) 0 moyo (3) ; moyo 
 (3) telama (or yangama). 
 
 Concerning, prep., diambu dia (the 
 matter of). I asked concerning 
 the chief, ngyuvwidi e diambu 
 dia mfumu. 
 
 Concertina, n., exikilu, 8. 
 
 Conciliate, v.t., kulula, or sakula, 
 0 makaxi (pi. 8). 
 
 Conciliated, v.i ., makaxi kuluka 
 (or sakuka). 
 
 Conciliation, n., nkululu (4) a 
 makaxi. 
 
 71., lusakalalu (10) lua makaxi. 
 
 Conciliator, n., nkuludi (1 & 4) a 
 makaxi. 
 
 Concise, a., -anzaki. 
 
 Conclude, v., see finish, end. 
 
 Conclusion, see end. 
 
 Concord, n., vuvama, 9 ; pi-i, 6. 
 
 Concourse, n., see crowd. 
 
 Concubine, n., nkembi, 4. 
 
 Concupiscence, n., tongo, pi. 10. 
 
 Concur, v., see agree. 
 
 Condemn, v.t., as guilty, tumba, 
 yelesa. 
 
 Condemn as a witch, v.t., tumbula, 
 tubula. 
 
 Condemnation, 11., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Condescend, v., veza e kimfumu (5). 
 
 Condescending, a., see humble. 
 
 Condition, it., nkala, 2 (state of 
 being). Condition, rank, state, 
 is often implied in abstract 
 nouns of the 5th or 12th classes ; 
 kimfumu, kingly rank or con¬ 
 dition. 
 
 (stipulation), diambu, 7. 
 
 Conduct, 11., fu, 6 ; nza, 4. 
 v.t., fila, sunzula (bring to), 
 one’s self well, toma lunga. 
 
 Conductor, mfidi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Confer (a title), v., yeka (e ngenda, 2). 
 (consult), v., vanga e mfulu (2). 
 
 Conference, n., mfulu, 2. 
 
 Confess, v., tambwila, tambulwila, 
 kwikila. Funguna: This 
 word appears to be used only in 
 the case of a woman confessing 
 adultery. 
 
 Confession, n., lukwikilu, 10; 
 diambu, 7 ; mfunguna (2) (see 
 above). 
 
 Confide, v., kwikila. 
 
 Confidence, 71., lukwikilu, 10. 
 
 Confident, be, v.i., zaya (beni), he is 
 very confident that he can, ozeye 
 wo beni olenda kio vanga. 
 
 Confirm, v.t., xikidisa. 
 
 Conflict, see fight. 
 
 Confluence,; z.,ebwila, 8; ebwilu,8. 
 
 Confluent, n., kimpambwila, 5. 
 
 Conform to, v., fwanana. 
 v.t., fwaninika, fwananisa. 
 
 Confuse, v.t., vilakesa, tiakalakesa, 
 tiakanisa, zengalakesa. 
 
 Confusion, 71., ntiakalakani, 2; 
 nzengalakani, 2. 
 
 Confusion, be in, v.i., tiakalakana, 
 tiakana, zengalakana. 
 
 Congeal, v.i., kangama, tintila. 
 
 Congested, be, bisukila 0 menga. 
 His lungs are congested, lufulu 
 luandi lubisukidi 0 menga. 
 
 Congestion, n., bisukila, 9. 
 
 Congo, country, Ekongo, 8. 
 language, kixikongo, 5. 
 person of, mwixi ’Kongo, 1 (pi. Exi). 
 
Cox-Con 
 
 ( 44 ) 
 
 Congo, continued. 
 river, Nzadi, 2 ; Mwanza, 3. 
 
 Congratulate, v., sakidila, ke- 
 mbela. 
 
 Congregate, v., lungalakana, see 
 also assemble. 
 
 Conical twist (of leaf), in which to 
 hold something, 11., ngongo, 2. 
 
 Conjure, v., perform tricks of sleight 
 of hand, ta e kimpa (5) ; 
 mwanga e ebunge (8). 
 
 Connect, v.t., yikakesa. 
 
 Conquer, v.i., sunda e ngolo (2). 
 
 7 >.i., lunga. 
 
 Conscience, n., ntima, 4. 
 
 Conscious, a ., yo zayi (12). 
 
 Consciousness, n., zayi, 12. 
 to recover, vunguka 0 zayi (12). 
 
 Consecrate (instal in an office), 
 tumba, with the abstract noun 
 of the office. They have made 
 him a witch doctor, bantu- 
 mbidi e kinganga a ngombo. 
 
 Fowls and animals are sometimes 
 made “ fetish ” (nkixi), by caus- j 
 ing the fetish zumbi (6) to enter | 
 into them. They are then not ; 
 likely to be sold or eaten until 
 old, and are supposed to bring 
 good luck to the owner. The 
 fowl is called nsusn a zumbi, 
 
 2, and to make it thus tumba 
 e zumbi. When it becomes 
 very old it may be killed and 
 eaten. They withdraw the 
 fetish tumbula, transferring 
 the charm to another. Tumba 
 signifies more precisely to con- ! 
 stitute or invest with. 
 
 Consent, v.i., vana 0 nswa (4), 
 kwikila, tambwila, tambu- 
 lwila, tonda. 
 n., nswa, 4. 
 
 Consequence (influence), bula, 6. 
 
 no, ke diambu ko. 
 
 of, it is, diambu (7) dina. 
 
 Consequently, adv., diau, dianu, 
 
 with applied form. Conse¬ 
 quently he did not go, dianu 
 kalembele kwendela. 
 
 Consider (think), banza, banjikisa, 
 naka, balula, badika, yindula 
 [mu ntima, (4)]. To take time 
 to consider, is nua 0 maza (pi. 
 8), (drink water) ; to hold a 
 consultation, vanga e mfulu 
 (2) ; to return an answer after 
 consideration, luka 0 maza 
 (pi. 8). They considered (the 
 matter), holding a consultation,, 
 and then they came and replied 
 that they refused, banwini 0 
 maza, bele vanga e mfulu, 
 boxi bejidi luka 0 maza, baka- 
 didi kwau. 
 
 Considerable, a., -ebeni, -anene. 
 
 Considerably, adv., beni. 
 
 Considerate, a., see kind, prudent. 
 
 Consist (be), v.i., kala. 
 
 of, vangilwa muna. 
 
 Consistent, see fit, right. 
 
 Consolation, n., elongi, 8 . 
 
 Console, v.t., vana e elongi (8). 
 
 Consolidate, v.i. (congeal), kanga- 
 ma, tintila. 
 
 (harden), kolesa, badisa. 
 
 (make secure), xikidisa. 
 
 Conspicuous, be, v.i., moneka. 
 
 Conspiracy, n., mfulu (2) ambi. 
 
 Conspire, v., leka, or kanga e mfulu 
 ambi. 
 
 Constantly, be or do. Use the 
 continuative with aka, doubling 
 the verb where special emphasis 
 is required. Constantly going, 
 kwenda kwendanga aka. 
 Kwama, kwaminina; he is con¬ 
 stantly ailing, oyandi okwama 
 yelanga, or okwamangao yela. 
 
 To do a thing frequently with inter¬ 
 mission, the suffixes ojioka, 
 v.i., ojiona, ojiola, v.t., are 
 added in the place of the final 
 a of verbs in e and 0, ujioka, 
 ujiola, ujiona to verbs in a, i, 
 u,kempojioka,tatujioka; jeta, 
 to twist; jetojioka, to be con¬ 
 stantly or frequently twisting. 
 
 Constellation, n., ebundu (8) dia 
 ntetembwa,^«? Orion, Pleiades. 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 Con-Con 
 
 Consternation, //., see astonishment, 
 perplexity, agitation, fear, horror. 
 
 Constitute, v., see compose, make, 
 appoint. 
 
 Construct (build), v., tunga. 
 
 (make), vanga. 
 
 •Construction, //., ntungu, 2. 
 
 Consult, v., see consider, ask. 
 
 (seek advice), ludikisa. 
 
 (witch medicine), ta (e ngombo, 2). 
 (of witch medicine), nta, 2. 
 
 •Consultation, n., mfulu, 2. 
 
 Consume, by fire, v.t, yoka; see also 
 burn. 
 
 by fire, v.i., via. 
 
 (eat), v.t ., dia. 
 
 (finish), mana. 
 
 (lessen, diminish), v.t., ladisa. 
 
 v.t, lala. 
 
 (spend), v.t., dia. 
 
 •Contact, with things, be, come in, 
 
 v.t, batakiana. 
 bring, put in, v.t., batakesa. 
 
 Contact with a person’s body in any 
 part, come in (strike, hit), v.i., 
 tela. This leaf came against (in 
 contact with) my leg, lukaya 
 lualu luntelele 0 mu kulu. 
 
 Contagious disease, 11. (expl.), 
 kimbevo (5) kisambukilanga. 
 catch, v.t., sambukila. 
 transmit, sambukisa. 
 
 Contain (hold, restrain), v.t., ximba. 
 
 Contained in, be, v.i., kala mu. 
 
 Contemn, v.t., saula. 
 
 Contempt, n., saula, 9. 
 
 Contemptuous, a., ye nza (2) yo j 
 lulendo (10). 
 
 Contend, v., see strive, dispute, fight. 
 
 Content, be, v.t, yangalala. 
 make, v.t. , yangidika, fiaulwisa. 
 (resigned), bwisa 0 moyo (3), 
 kulula 0 moyo (3), moyo (3) 
 kulula, moyo (3) bwa. 
 
 Contentment, n., eyangi, 8 ; luya- 
 ngalalu, 10. 
 
 (gratification), lufiaulwisu, 10. 
 
 Contest, n., lunwanu, 10 ; njingu, 
 
 4 ; vita, 2 ; ndwana, 2. 
 v., fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 Continent, n. (expl.), tini kiebene 
 kia nza ne Asia, Afrika. 
 Continually, adv., see constantly. 
 Continue, see remain, last, begin 
 again. 
 
 Contort, v.t., tekeka. 
 
 Contorted, be, v.i., tekama. 
 Contract, n., see agreement. 
 v.t, fiantalakesa, kufika (shorten). 
 v.i., fiantalakana, kufama(shorten), 
 ninga (grow small). 
 
 (“ book ”), 7 i., nkanda, 4. 
 Contraction, n., mfiantalakani, 2 ; 
 
 kufama, 9 ; ninga, 9. 
 Contradict (deny), v.t., kala (perf. 
 kadidi), vana 0 nkalu (4), fila 
 e mpaka (2). 
 
 Contradiction, n., nkalu, 4 ; mpa¬ 
 ka, 2. 
 
 Contrary (adverse, not helping), a., 
 
 ke sadisanga ko. 
 
 Contrary direction (expl.), muna 
 njila akaka nkutu. 
 wind (expl.), e vento kuna ntu 
 itukanga. 
 
 Contrary, on the, adv., watu ; on 
 the contrary it is black, watu 
 kiandombe kwandi. 
 Contrary to one’s wishes, the, 
 71., ngongo, 2 ; he does not 
 wish to go, ngongo andi 0 kwe- 
 nda. 
 
 Contrary to one’s will, adv., 
 kuna ekudi, with the applied 
 form of the verb. I went 
 against my will, ngiendele 
 kuna ekudi diame. 
 
 Contrast, see compare. 
 
 Contribute, put together, v., bu- 
 ndana ; see also give. 
 Contrive (invent), v., soka. 
 
 (make), vanga, tunga. 
 
 Control, v., ximba. 
 
 71., wisa, 6. 
 
 Controversy, 71., ntantani, 2. 
 Convalesce, v., sasuka, vula, sa- 
 mpuka. 
 
 Convenient, a., -ambote, -abiza, 
 -awete. 
 
 time, ntangwa (2) abisa. 
 
CON-COR 
 
 ( 46 ) 
 
 Conversation, u., mboka, 2 ; ma- 
 moko, pi. 8. 
 
 subject of, n., moko, 6 ; mbokena, 
 2. 
 
 Converse, v., moka. 
 
 (one speaking at a time), kwa- 
 kwana. 
 
 together, mokajiana. 
 
 Convert into, v.t ., kitula. 
 v.i., kituka. 
 
 Convert, \ (Expl.), ovo imi- 
 
 Converted be, \ ntu odidi e nko- 
 mbo a mfumu eto Jisu Kristu, 
 tuxia muna kingelezo kadi 
 “ he is converted ” ntima andi 
 uvilukidi, diau nkumbu andi 
 “ convert/’ kwandi. 
 
 Convex, a., -abutalala. 
 
 Convey, v., nata; see carry. 
 
 Convict, as guilty of witchcraft, v.t., 
 
 tubnla, tumbnla. 
 
 11., mpodi (2) a nkanu (4). 
 
 (guilty of capital crime), n ., ntu, 4. 
 Conviction, n ., lnkwikilu, 10. 
 Convince, v.t. (cause to believe), kwi- 
 kidisa. 
 
 (cause to know), zayisa. 
 
 (show), mwesa, songa, songela. 
 Convoke, v., kutika. 
 
 Convulse, (as in fit), v.t., xila. 
 v.i., xilwa, kuxila. 
 
 (as laughter), v.t., xingisa. 
 v.i., kuxinga. 
 
 (shake), v.t., zakamesa. 
 Convulsion n., (of fit), xilwa, 9. 
 
 (of laughter), xinga, 9. 
 
 (shaking), ezakazaka, 8. 
 
 Cony, n. (rock rabbit), nkandi, 2. 
 Cook (be cooking), v.i., via. 
 
 (boil), v.t., vnla. 
 
 (fry), v.t., kanga. 
 
 (insufficiently), v.t., fungisa. 
 
 (in water, stew), v.t., lamba. 
 
 (roast, broil), v.t., yoka. 
 
 (too much, to pieces), v.i., wolo- 
 moka, ninkumuka, yoy omoka. 
 (well, sufficiently), v.t., viisa. 
 
 Cook, n., nlambi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Cooked, be (enough), v.i., via. 
 (insufficiently), v.i,, fnnga. 
 
 Cooked,/./., -via, -vidi, -lambwa. 
 
 Cool, a., -anjiji, -antodimi (chilly). 
 v.t., jijimisa, volesa. 
 v.i „ jijima, vola, todima. 
 
 by adding cold water, lembeka. 
 be (calm), zezesa 0 ntima ; ntima 
 (12) zeza; he was cool, and 
 feared not, ntima andi uzezele,. 
 kamwene kwandi wonga ko. 
 
 Coolness, n., njiji, 2 ; todi, pi. 6 
 todima, 9. 
 
 Co-operate, v., sadijiana. 
 
 Copal gum, n., red, nkidi, 2. 
 yellow, ekwata, 8 . 
 
 Copious, a., -ingi, -ampwena. 
 
 Copiously, adv., beni. 
 
 Copper, n., nsongo, 2 ; (ingots) welo,, 
 12 (P. ereo, adj.). 
 a., -ansongo. 
 
 green carbonate (malachite), n. r 
 ngwento, 2 (P. n.nguento = 
 Porto Unguento, whence large 
 shipments were made). 
 Malachite is found in large quan¬ 
 tities south and south-west of 
 San Salvador. Copper, in a 
 purer form, is found in the 
 neighbourhood of lead (nzaba) 
 to the N.W. of Manyanga. It 
 is cast into ingots about the 
 thickness of a finger and four 
 inches long, and sold in this 
 form in large quantities to the 
 natives of the Upper Congo 
 River, who cast bracelets, &c. 
 The ingots are also cut up to 
 use as slugs for their guns. 
 
 Copse, n., sapala, 6. 
 
 Copulate, v., tia, tiemba, yonga, 
 vuka, yiba (Kib.). 
 
 (lie with), lekela. 
 
 (of animals, rut), vukuna. 
 
 Copy, v., sokolola. 
 zz., tezo, 6 . 
 
 Coral, n., ekolado, 8 (P. coral). 
 
 Cord, n., nxinga, 4 ; see rope, string. 
 
 Core, n., ntima, 4 ; ngudi, 2. 
 
 Cork (stopper), n., esami, 8 . 
 v., samika. 
 
 Corkscrew, n., nzekelwa, 4. 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 Cor-Cou 
 
 Corn, zz., masa, pi. 7. 
 
 Indian, see maize. 
 
 Corner, zz ., konko, 6 ; fuma, 6. 
 (rough angle, as on stones), evanda, 
 8 . 
 
 Cornet, zz., mpungi, 2 (-amputu). 
 
 Coronella snake, zz., mhamba, 2. 
 
 Corps, 71 ., mvengo, 4. 
 
 Corpse, zz., fwa, 9 ; mvumbi, 2 ; 
 muntu (1) afwa. The dead 
 body of a person, evimbu, 8 ; 
 We found his corpse, tusolwele 
 e evimbu diandi. 
 
 Corpulence, zz., kinkobe, 5 ; vonga, 9. 
 
 Corpulent, a., -avonga, ye kinkobe. 
 person, 71 ., nkwa (1) kinkobe. 
 (absurdly fat), bubukulu, 6. 
 
 Correct,^., -xikila, -xingama. 
 (right), p., -songa. 
 
 (true), a., -aludi. 
 
 Correct, be, v.i., xikila, xingama, 
 songa, fwanana. 
 
 (make right), v.t., songesa, fwana- 
 nesa, fwaninika. 
 
 (make straight), xingika. 
 
 (make sure, certain), xikidisa. 
 (punish, reprove), tumba. 
 
 (set right side up), sengola, sengula, 
 selola, selula. 
 
 Correctly, adv., beni. 
 do, v.t., toma. 
 
 Correspond, v.i., fwanana, kwenda 
 e betela; kwenda e dedede. 
 with (write to), v.t., sonekena. 
 
 (write to), with, each other, v. rec ., 
 
 sonajiana. 
 
 Correspondence (fitness), zz., fwa¬ 
 nana, 9; dedede, 6 ; betela, 6. 
 (letters written), zz., nkanda (4) mi- 
 sonekeno. 
 
 Corrode, v.i., bumba. 
 v.t., bumbisa. 
 
 Corrupt, a., -awola, -anuka. 
 be (putrid), v.i., wola, nuka. 
 
 (cause putrescence), v.t., wolesa, 
 nukisa. 
 
 Corruption (rottenness), zz., wola, 9; 
 nuka, 9. 
 
 Cost, 71 ., ntalu, 2. 
 v.i., fwa. 
 
 Costly, a., -antalu, -ambalu, -bala. 
 
 Cottage, 71., nzo, 2. 
 
 Cotton plant, zz., mvusu, 4. 
 
 (raw), evusu, 8. 
 
 (thread), mpusu, 2. 
 tree (bombax; eriodendron), mfll- 
 ma, 4. 
 
 tree, buttresses of, nsole, 4. 
 
 Couch, zz., see bed. 
 
 Cough, 71., nkovolo, 2. 
 v., kovola. 
 
 Could, v., see able (lenda); he could 
 not carry it, kalendele kio nata 
 ko. 
 
 Council, zz., mfulu, 2 . 
 to hold a, vanga e mfulu ( 2 ) ; see 
 (consider). 
 
 Councillor, 71., nludiki, 1 & 4 ; 
 mbanda banda, 2. 
 
 Counsel (advice), 71 ., elongi, 8 ; 
 luludiku, 10. 
 
 (advise), v.t., longesela, ludika. 
 take, of, ludikisa. 
 
 Count, v., tanga. 
 
 Countenance, 71., ndose, 2 ; mpolo, 
 2 . 
 
 (face), lose, 10 ; luse, 10. 
 
 Counterfeit, a., -aluvunu. 
 
 Countermand, v., xima. 
 
 Countless, a., ke -tangakananga 
 ko; a countless multitude, e 
 ndonga ke itangakananga ko. 
 
 Country, 71., nxi, 2. 
 
 Countryman, 71 ., mwixi nxi, 1 (pi. 
 exi nxi). 
 
 Coup de grace, to give, finda, 
 fumbula. 
 
 Couple, zz., see two (-ole). 
 v., see join. 
 
 Courage, 71 ., kiakala, 5. 
 take, v., kasakana. 
 
 Courageous person, zz., nkwa (1) 
 kiakala, eyakala(8 & 1) dingi. 
 
 Courageously, adv., ye kiakala. 
 
 Course, in due, adv., ntama-ntama. 
 (journey), zz., ngyenda, 2. 
 path, zz., njila, 2 ; eyendelo, 8. 
 
 Court (criminal), nkanu, 4. 
 place where held, zz., mbaji (2) a 
 nkanu; vana mbaji a nsusu 
 
Cou-Cre 
 
 ( 48 ) 
 
 Court continued. 
 
 ke valungila e mpese 0 nkanu 
 
 ko, in a fowl’s court a cock¬ 
 roach would not win his case, 
 -yard, //., yanzala, 6 . 
 
 Cousin, n. (expl.), mwana a ngwa 
 ankaji. This degree of rela¬ 
 tionship is always most indefi¬ 
 nitely expressed. 
 
 Covenant, n., see agreement. 
 
 Cover, v.t., fuka. 
 
 (hide), sweka. 
 over, up, fukidila. 
 
 (by inverting something over), 
 
 bukikila; 
 
 (by placing something wide over), 
 
 yambikila. 
 
 [put (invert) over], bukika. 
 
 [put over (something spreading)], 
 
 yambika. 
 with, fukila. 
 
 with a flood, or mass, langa. 
 with (dust or earth), bukika. 
 
 Cover (as thick grass), n., fika, 6 . 
 Cover, 7 n . bukikwa, 6 ; buki- 
 Covering, ) kilwa, 6 . 
 
 Covered, be, v.i., fukama. 
 
 (under something inverted), buki- 
 kilwa. 
 
 be, with, be (under something spread¬ 
 ing), yambikilwa. 
 with (dust or earth), bukama (ye), 
 kala ebuki (8) (ye) ; it is 
 covered with dust, kibukame- 
 ne ye mbundukutu a ntoto = 
 kina ebuki yo ntoto. 
 
 Covet, v., lokokela. 
 
 Covetous, a., -eloko. 
 
 Covetousness, n ., eloko, 8 . 
 
 Cow, n ., ngombe (2) ankento. 
 Coward, n., nkuta, 2. 
 
 Cowardice, u., kinkuta, 5. 
 Cowardly, a., -ankuta. 
 
 Cower, v., batalala, batama. 
 Cow-itch, n. (mucuna pruriens, hot.), 
 dimpokovoko, 7 ; dinkundia,7. 
 Cowry, n., nsungu, 2. 
 
 Crab, n., nkala, 2. 
 
 Crack, in anything, n., luamvu, 10. 
 in the earth, mbamvu, 2. 
 
 A- 
 
 Crack (as a stone or pot on the fire), 
 v.i. , baka. 
 
 (of anything), v.i., buka 0 luamvu, 
 deka 0 luamvu. 
 
 (of the earth), v.i., bamvuka. 
 
 (a calabash), v.t., tofona. 
 
 (break, split), v.t., bula. 
 
 (nuts), v.t., teta. 
 
 (the fingers), v.t., dokola. 
 v.i., dokoka. 
 n., ndoko, 2. 
 
 Cracked, be, v.i. (of a calabash), 
 
 tofoka. 
 
 Crackle, v.i., deka. 
 
 (as thorns, &c., in the fire), v.i., ba- 
 
 bana. 
 
 Craft, ngangu, 2 ; nduka, 2. 
 Craftily, adv., ye ngangu. 
 Craftiness, n., ngangu, 2 ; nluba, 4. 
 Crafty, a., nkwa (1) ngangu, -andu- 
 ka. 
 
 a., -alungalala. 
 
 be, v.i. , luka, lungalala. 
 
 Cram, v.t., komenena. 
 
 Cramp, n., nkatanga, 2. 
 
 Crane, n., nuni (2) a eyanga. 
 
 Crash, n., mazu (pi. 8). 
 
 Craving for food, as in convales¬ 
 cence, lumpempe, 10. 
 Crawfish, n., nsala, 4. 
 
 Crawl, v.i. (as caterpillar), niongota. 
 (as infant on all fours), yavula. 
 
 (as insect), yatata, zanzala. 
 
 (as lizard), kakala. 
 
 (as worm, snake), lambata. 
 
 Craze, v.t., laula. 
 
 Crazy, a., -alau. 
 
 to go, be, v.i., lauka. 
 
 Creak, v.i., kweta. 
 
 Crease, v.t., fitika. 
 
 Creased, be, v.i., fitama. 
 
 Create, v.t., vanga, kalakesa 
 (cause to be). 
 
 Creator, God the, n., Nzambi adi- 
 vanga (?). 
 
 Creature, n., ma, 6. 
 
 living, 11., ma (6) kia moyo. 
 Credible, be, v.i., kwikilwa. 
 Credit, v.t., kwikila. 
 
 Creditor, n., ndiki (1) a mfuka. 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 Cre-Cru 
 
 Creed, lukwikilu, io. 
 
 Creek, «.,nsuvila, 4 ; nsuku,. 
 
 Creep, v., see crawl, 
 as plants, v., lambata, zanzala. 
 
 Creeper (lliana), «., nxinga, 4. 
 
 Crevice' iz., see crack. 
 
 Crew, n. asau, pi. . 
 
 Crime, n , esumu, 8 . 
 
 (capital), n., mpanda, 2. 
 
 Criminal, n., mpodi (2) a nkanu, 
 nkwa (1) masumu, mpolaka- 
 nu, 2. 
 
 a., -ampolakanu. 
 
 Crimson, a ., -ambwaki. 
 
 Cripple, n., nekongo 1; nkwa (1) ... 
 -afwa; inserting the affected 
 member e.g. nkwa kuln kwa- 
 fwa. 
 
 Croak, v ., fwanta. 
 
 Crockery ware, n., bolongonzo, 
 
 6 . 
 
 a ., -atuma, -asaya. 
 
 to make, 7 /.,wumba, bumba (Bako.). 
 
 Crocodile, n., ngandu, 2. 
 
 Crooked, p . (as road, fence, &c.), 
 -kondoloka, -tekama, -teku- 
 mnka, -ampionda. 
 
 (of things,twisted),/., -tekama, -te- 
 kumnka, -viondoka, -znngu- 
 mnka, -zenda. 
 
 be (as road, fence, &c.), v.z., kondo¬ 
 loka, tekama, tekumuka, te- 
 komoka. 
 
 (of things twisted), tekama, teku- 
 mnka, viondoka, zenda. 
 make, 7/./., tekeka, tekumnna, 
 tekomona, zendesa, znngu- 
 muna, viondola. 
 
 Crop, of a bird, »., kimfi, 5. 
 
 (eat off close), v., zatnna. 
 sow a second, next, or another, v ., 
 landwila. 
 
 Cross, n., eknluzn, 8 (P. crnz). 
 to make the sign of the cross, ka- 
 
 ndwila. 
 
 (angry), see angry. 
 
 CROSS-bow, v., mfumba, 4. 
 
 (lie across), v.z., kambama. 
 over (a river), sauka, sabuka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Cross, continued. 
 
 (put over a river), saula, sabnla 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (space), v.i., kuzuka. 
 
 (put to the other side of a space), 
 v.t., kuznla. 
 question, fula, fimpa. 
 
 -wise,/., -kambama. 
 put, v.t., kambika. 
 
 Crossing (ford, ferry), n., esan, 8 ; 
 esabn, 8 (Bako.. 
 
 Croton (jatropha curcas, bot.), 
 
 mpuluka, 2 (P. purga?) 
 
 Crouch, v., batalala, batama. 
 down, among, fuka muna nxi. 
 
 Crow, v., kokela. 
 
 -bar, n., tadi, 6. 
 
 (corvus scapulatus), n., ngono, 2. 
 
 Crowd, iz., ndonga, 2 ; nkangu, 4. 
 (cluster, group), ebnndn, 8. 
 
 (great number, mass), mbidi, 4 ; 
 
 kiaba, 5 ; ulolo, 12. 
 
 (of strangers, caravan), lombo, 6. 
 (that comes crowding), ndongeleka, 
 2 . 
 
 v.i., see abound, assemble, fill, 
 come in a, v.i., kwiza e ndonge¬ 
 leka. 
 
 past, v.i., kolomena, vomena. 
 together in, v.i., komana, fiamfiana. 
 v.t., komanisa, fiamfianisa. 
 
 Crowded,/., -zele (full). 
 
 Crown, n., ekoloa, 8 (P. coroa). 
 v., see complete, finish. 
 
 (elect, constitute as king), yeka. 
 (invest with the dignity of king), 
 tumba [e kimfumu (5)], using 
 always the abstract dignity, not 
 the title: tumba = to invest 
 with. 
 
 Crucible, n., dingundu, 7. 
 
 Crucifix, n., ekuluzu, 8 (P. cruz). 
 
 Crucifixion, n., nkomwa (2) (muna 
 ekuluzu). 
 
 Crucify, xia {or vonda, or koma) 
 vana {or muna) ekuluzu (8). 
 
 Cruel, a., nkwa (1) fu (6) yambi, 
 nkwa (1) nsoki, -ampolakanu, 
 -ambi. 
 
 person (oppressive), n., mbangiki, 2. 
 
 E 
 
Cru-Cur 
 
 ( 50 ) 
 
 Cruelty, n., umpolakanu, 12. 
 
 Crumb, mfumfuta, 2. 
 
 Crumble, v.i., niukumuka. 
 v.t., fusumuna, niukumuna. 
 
 Crumple, v.t., fitakesa, fita. 
 
 Crumpled, be, v.i ., fitakana, fitama. 
 
 Crunch, v.t., bukuta, keketa. 
 
 Crush (a thing of life), v.t., dusuna. 
 (break), ula, wula, bula. 
 in, fobola, bofola. 
 
 (on a stone, as snuff, &c.), nika. 
 up, to atoms, bosa, bosola, posola, 
 wosola, tiembola, wosakesa, 
 wulakesa, kosomona. 
 with a rubbing movement, funtake- 
 sa. 
 
 Crust, n., nkanda, 4. 
 
 Crutch,;/., mpatakani, 2 ; mpandi, 
 2; evanda, 8. 
 
 Cry about, for, v., didila. 
 
 (as baby, squall), yabana, yataki- 
 ana, yabakiana, yayana. 
 
 (call), boka. 
 out, tata. 
 
 with surprise, &c., xika {or ta or 
 lelomona) e mbwabwa (2). 
 (shed tears), noka. 
 
 (weep), dila. 
 
 (whine), yinginina. 
 
 Cry (exclamation), n., ntata, 2. 
 (lamentation), dilu, 6. 
 
 (of surprise, &c.), mbwabwa, 2. The 
 hand is patted rapidly on the 
 lips while a cry is uttered, caus¬ 
 ing rapid breaks in the sound. 
 
 Cub, n., mwana. 
 a., -answa. 
 
 Cucumber, wild, n., sukula ma- 
 longa, 6. 
 
 Cud, n., lukudi (pi. 6). 
 to chew, v., lukula. 
 
 Cuddle, v. (lie close), batakiana. 
 
 Cudgel, see club. 
 
 Cull, v., vela. 
 
 Culpability, n., esumu, 8. 
 
 Culpable, a., -amasumu. 
 be, v., baka 0 masumu (pi. 8). 
 
 Culprit, n., nkwa (1) masumu (pi. 8). 
 see also criminal. 
 
 Cultivate, v ., vata. 
 
 Cultivated field, n., mpatu, 2. 
 Cultivator, n., -mvati, 1 & 4. 
 Cumber, see occupy, entangle, ob¬ 
 struct. 
 
 Cunning, n., ngangu, 2 ; nduka, 2 ; 
 nluba, 4. 
 
 see craft, skill, wisdom, 
 be, v., kala ye ngangu (2), luka, 
 lungalala. 
 
 person, n., nkwa (1) ngangu (2), 
 nlungaladi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Cup, n., xikala, 2 (P. chicara); 
 mbungwa, 2 ; mbaxinga, 2. 
 (to bleed), v., sumika. 
 
 Cupboard, esanza, 8. 
 
 Cupper (one who bleeds), n., nsu- 
 
 miki, 1 & 4. 
 
 Cur, n., kimbwambwambwa, 5. 
 Curculigo {dot.), 71., ekangeya, 8. 
 Curdle, v., kangama, tintila. 
 
 Cure (give medicine), v., wuka, buka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (heal), yelula, yelola. 
 
 (make better), vudisa, sasula. 
 
 (when the disease is the result of 
 witchcraft), lembula 0 nkixi 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 Cured, be, v., sasuka, vula. 
 
 (as a sore), yeluka. 
 
 (be well), leka {fterf, lele). 
 Curious, be {expl.\ zola 0 tala. 
 Curl, v.t., jinga. 
 v.i., jingama. 
 
 71., kinjingela, 5. 
 
 Current, 71., ngungula, 2; nkuka, 
 2. 
 
 Curse (abuse), v.t., levula, lokela e 
 nguji (2), finga. 
 
 (doom, blight), xiba. 
 
 71., mfinga, 2 ; nguji, 2 ; elevo, 8. 
 (doom), nxibu, 4. 
 
 Curtail, v.t., kufika. 
 
 Curtain, ;/., nlele, 4. 
 
 mosquito, nzo (2) a mbu. 
 
 Curve, 71., nzungu, 4. 
 
 (bend), v.t., kozeka, veteka. 
 
 v.i., kozama, vetama. 
 
 (bow), v.t., fumbika, fumba. 
 v.i., fumbama; see also bend. 
 Curved, a., -ampeteka, -fumbama. 
 
( 5 i ) 
 
 Cus-Dam 
 
 Cushion, n., mfika, 2. 
 
 Custom, n., fu, 6 ; nza, 4. 
 
 Customs (toll, tax), mpaku, 2. 
 to levy, v., vakulwisa. 
 to pay to, v., vakula. 
 
 Cut (end), n., nsonge, 2. 
 
 (for cupping), munkwalala, 3. 
 (notch), evanda, 8. 
 short, n., njila (2) anzaki. 
 
 (wound), vua, 6. 
 
 Cut, v.t., zenga, zenguna, zengona, 
 zengomona, kwanga (Kib.). 
 
 (a terrace), kumba (0 lufulu, 10). 
 at one stroke, v.t., saka (chop), 
 kumpula (slice), 
 be, v.i., sakuka, kumpuka. 
 (castrate), v.t., vokola, lemba. 
 (chop) down, kesa, kenda, vinguna, 
 kwanga (Kib.). 
 
 (cloth or paper), tenda. 
 
 (corn), v.t., sala. 
 
 be, v.i., salnka. 
 gashes (small), v.t., sonsa. 
 
 (grass), saka. 
 
 (close to the ground), buba. 
 
 (hair), tenda. 
 
 lengthwise (split), bnla, basuna, 
 basa. 
 
 make a (wound), lueka. 
 
 (mince), sensa. 
 
 off, zntnna, datuna, butnna. 
 
 off (amputate), bnnduna. 
 
 off a retreat, zekela. 
 
 off the top, zungnla. 
 
 open, tendola, tendula. 
 
 open (the belly of an animal), bnla. 
 
 out (a piece) vwengomona. 
 
 (reap, mow), v.t., saka. 
 
 (reaped, be), v.i., sakuka. 
 
 (saw), v.t., fwenka, zenga, kwa¬ 
 nga (Kib. &c.). 
 
 (scratch across), kwalamuna. 
 (sharpen), songola. 
 short, kufika. 
 
 (end), mana, manesa. 
 
 (slice), obliquely, sensa. 
 
 (teeth), v.i., mena. 
 to a point, v.t., songola. 
 up, sasa 
 
 up by the roots, bunduna. 
 
 Cut, continued. 
 
 up small, kesomona, fusula, fwe¬ 
 nka, deka. 
 
 (with adze), vala. 
 
 (with a blunt knife), fwenka. 
 (wound), v.t., lueka, bunganisa. 
 (wounded), be, v.i., luala, bungana. 
 For the technicalities of palm 
 tapsters, see palm. 
 
 Cutlass (matchet), n., tanji, 6 ; kai, 
 
 6 . 
 
 Cutlets (pork), n., nxila, 2 & 11. 
 Cutter (a thing to cut with), n., ze- 
 
 ngelwa, 6. 
 
 Cyclone, n., ndonabidi, 2 (P. torna¬ 
 do?) 
 
 D. 
 
 Dagger, n., xivata, 2 (P. espada); 
 mbele, 2. 
 
 Daily, a., -alumbu yawanso, -alu- 
 mbu yalumbu. 
 adv., e lumbu yawanso. 
 
 Daintiness, n., ntinti, 2. 
 
 Dainty, a. (nice), -atoma. 
 
 (particular), -antinti. 
 
 Dam (mother), n., ngudi, 2. 
 
 (of earth), nkama, 4. 
 
 (obstruction), nkaku, 4. 
 v., kamika, kaka. 
 
 Damage, n. & v., see harm, break, 
 spoil. 
 
 Dame, n., boba, 6. 
 
 Dammed,^., -kamama, -kakama. 
 be, v., kamama, kakama. 
 
 Damn, v., tumba. The Kongos 
 sometimes use an oath of af¬ 
 firmation equivalent to the 
 English expression, 0 Nzambi 
 untumba. It is never used as 
 a curse. 
 
 Damnation, n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Damp, a., -amvutu, -anjiji (cold), 
 be, v.i., vutula. 
 
 make, v.t., vutulwisa; see also wet. 
 
 Damp, dampness, n., mvutu, 2 ; 
 njiji, 2 (cold). 
 
 Damsel, n., ndumba, 2. 
 
Dan-Dea 
 
 ( 52 ) 
 
 Dance, v., kina. 
 
 71., ekinu, 8 . 
 
 varieties, ebwela, 8 ; kinkubula, 5 ; 
 sala, 6 ; nsnndi, 2 ; madi- 
 nm'ba, pi. 8. 
 
 Dandy, n., etoko, 8 . 
 
 Danger (extreme peril), sumbula, 
 6 ; see also fear. 
 
 be in, v., kala mu sumbula (6). 
 
 Dangerous (bad), a., -ambi, -ambi- 
 mbi-imbi. 
 
 Dare (challenge),?/., lomba e kinia(s). 
 (have courage), kasakana. 
 not (fear), mona 0 wonga (12). 
 
 Daring, see brave, bold, reckless. 
 
 Dark, a., -andombe, ye tombe. 
 
 Dark, be-\ grow, v.i., lomboka,baka 
 come, > e tombe (6). 
 
 Darken, ) (as sky with clouds), v.i., 
 pipa, yunga-yunga, lomba. 
 (blacken), v.i., lombola. 
 
 Darkened, be, v.i., lomboka. 
 
 Darkness, n., tombe, 6 . 
 
 (gloom), 71., bubu, 6 ; ebnki (8) ye 
 tombe; it is very dark inside, 
 mwamu muna ebuki e tombe. 
 
 Darling, a., -anzolwa. 
 
 Darn, v., londa. 
 
 Dart, n., see arrow, spear. 
 v., kwenda 0 nswaln beni. 
 
 Dash, v., tuba. 
 
 off (by a violent motion), zua, zaza. 
 to the ground, zanza. 
 
 (heavily), lumba, yemba. 
 up (as spray), dumvuka. 
 
 Dash, v. & n., see give, gift ; in Coast- 
 English, dash= give or gift. 
 
 Date, n. (expl.), lutangu lua mvu, 
 kaxi lua lumbu kia ngonde. 
 palm (phoenix spinosa), 71 ., dinso- 
 ngwa, 7. 
 
 fruit, nginga, 2 (za mansongwa). 
 
 Daub, v., kusa, lenga, tebeka. 
 
 Daughter, «., mwana (1) ankento. 
 in-law (expl.), nkento osompelo 
 kwa mwana aku. 
 
 Dawdle, v., womboka, kenketa. 
 
 Dawn, mvungula, 2 ; mbungulu- 
 lu, 2. 
 
 (daylight), 71., kuma, 9. 
 
 Dawn, contained. 
 
 at, adv., una kukiele; una nswe. 
 Dawn, v., kia. 
 
 (become light), vunguka; the day 
 dawns, kuma kukia. 
 
 Day, 71., lumbu, 6. 
 after to-morrow, kiamene, 5. 
 a dull, mbombo, 2. 
 time, kuma, 9. 
 
 (sunshine), mwini, 3. 
 the next day (the morrow), mene- 
 mene. 
 
 to-day, adv., unu. 
 
 this very day, unu kiaki (6th 
 class agreeing with lumbu). 
 to-morrow, mbaji mene. 
 
 Day, division of time, see time. 
 
 of the week, see week. 
 
 Days, one of these, adv., ntama- 
 ntama. 
 
 Dazzle, v.t., bukika (0 meso). 
 Dazzled, be, v.i., bukama. 
 
 Deacon, see servant. 
 
 Dead, ft., fwa. 
 
 person, fwa, 9 ; mvumbi, 2. 
 carcase, 71., evimbu, 8. 
 
 Deadly,/., -vondanga 0 nswalu. 
 Deaf, a., -afwa matu. 
 ear, to turn a, v., landula. 
 
 -ness, 71., ufwa (12) matu. 
 person, 71., fwa (6) matu. 
 
 If the deafness is of one ear only 
 kutu the sing, must be used 
 instead of matu (9). 
 
 Deal in, v., kita ; he deals in ivory, 
 mpungi i mana mandi. 
 of, a great, -ingi; a great deal of 
 trouble, mpaxi jingi. 
 out, v., kaya. 
 with, vanga (e diambu). 
 
 (wood), (expl.), e mpila a nti. 
 
 Dear (beloved), a., -anzolwa. 
 be, v., tondoka, tondwa. 
 my dear friend (expl.), nkundi ante 
 anzolwa. For the salutation at 
 the commencement of a letter, 
 see compliments. 
 
 Dear (in price), a., -ambadi. 
 be, v.i., bala. 
 
 make, v.t., badisa (e ntalu). 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 Dea-Def 
 
 Dearness, n., mbalu, 4. 
 
 Death, //., fwa, 9 ; lufwa, 10 ; mfwa, 
 2 ; death comes to all men, 
 
 fwa kukwiza kwa wantu 
 awanso. 
 
 the second death, mfwa ezole. 
 a painful death, lufwa luampaxi, 
 or mfwa ampaxi, or fwa kwa- 
 mpaxi. 
 
 Debase, see degrade. 
 
 Debate, «., nlombo, 4. 
 v ., lombolola, see also discuss, 
 (wrangle), tantana. 
 
 Debility, n., see weakness. 
 Debouchure, u., ebwila, 8 . 
 
 Debt, mfuka, 2. 
 
 to incur a, v., dia e mfuka (2). 
 Debtor, n., mundia (3) e mfuka. 
 Decade, n ., ekumi, 8 ; a decade of 
 years, ekumi dia mvu. 
 Decalogue, n., e konko kumi ya 
 Nzambi. 
 
 Decamp, v., tina, katuka. 
 
 Decant, v., bukula. 
 
 Decanter, see bottle. 
 
 Decapitate, v., saka 0 ntu (4). 
 Decay, «., wola, 9 ; fwa, 9. 
 die, spoil, v.i., fwa. 
 rot, v.i ., wola. 
 be very rotten, botomoka. 
 
 Decayed, a., -afwa, -awola. 
 Decease, n., see death. 
 
 Deceased,/., -fwa. 
 
 Deceit, | u., luvunu, 10 ; 
 
 Deceitfulness,) ungangi, 12; 
 
 ungyangya, 12. 
 
 Deceitful, a., -amvuni. 
 
 person, ngyangya, 2 ; ngangi, 2. 
 Deceive, v ., vuna. 
 the matter about which there is de¬ 
 ceit, n., evuninu, 8 . 
 
 Deceiver, mvuni, 1 & 4. 
 Decency, //., wete, 12 ; fu (6) kia- 
 biza. 
 
 Decent, a., see good, fit. 
 
 Decently, to do, ?/.,toma. 
 Deception, n., see deceit. 
 
 Deceptive, a ., -amvuni. 
 
 Decide, v., see judge, resolve, choose. 
 Decision, lukanu, 10. 
 
 Deck, ?/., see adorn. 
 
 on, vana ntandu a nzaza. 
 
 Declaration, diambu 7 (disa- 
 mwinu). 
 
 Declare, v., samuna, jingula, lu- 
 dika. 
 
 v., funguna (see confess). 
 
 a witch, v., tubula, tumbula. 
 
 Decline, v., kala (per/., kadidi), 
 vana 0 nkalu (4), manga. 
 
 Decompose (rot), v.i., wola, boto¬ 
 moka. 
 
 (stink), v.i., bubula, nuka, ta e 
 nsudi (2). 
 
 Decomposing, a ., -abubula, -ansudi. 
 
 Decorate, v ., see adorn. 
 
 Decoy, v., nekena. 
 n ., enekwa, 8. 
 
 Decrease (abate),?/./., sakalala, keva. 
 (in quantity), konoka. 
 
 (of something swollen), xioka. 
 
 (wear, flow, away), lala. 
 
 Decrease, v.t., sakidika, kevesa, 
 konona, xiokesa, ladisa. 
 
 Decrease, n., lusakalalu, 10, luke- 
 vo, 10; lukonoko, 10; lulalu, 
 10; luxioko, 10. 
 
 Decree, v., boka 0 nkoki (4), boka 
 0 ntangwa (4). 
 
 «., nkoki, 4; ntangwa, 4,diambu, 7. 
 
 Decry, v., tumba. 
 
 Dedicate, v., vanina; see also con¬ 
 secrate. 
 
 Deed, vangwa, 6; diambu, 7. 
 
 Deep, a., -anxini, -axina. 
 be, v.i., xina. 
 
 Deepen, v.t., xinisa. 
 
 Deepness, xina, 9. 
 
 Deer, n., see antelope. 
 
 Defame, v., tumba. 
 
 Defeat, v., sunda, yelesa. 
 
 Defect, n., fu, 6. 
 
 Defence, n., lutaninu, 10; ntani- 
 na, 2. 
 
 thing for, taninwa, 6. 
 
 Defend, n., tanina. 
 
 Defender, ntanini, 1 & 4. 
 
 Defer, v., xia e lumbu kiaka. 
 procrastinate, xia e kimbajimbaji 
 
 (5). 
 
Def-Den 
 
 ( 54 ) 
 
 Defiance, n., kinia, 5. 
 
 D eficient, be, v., konda, ke lunga ko. 
 
 Defile (dirty), v.t., funzula, xia e 
 mvindu (2). 
 
 (water), v.t., timvuna. 
 
 Defiled, be, v.t., funzuka, timvuka. 
 
 Defilement, n., mvindu, 2 ; nti- 
 mvu, 2. 
 
 Define, v., sasa. 
 
 Definition, n., nsasa, 2. 
 
 Definite,/., -xikila. 
 
 Deflect, v.i., banzuka. 
 v.t., "banzula. 
 
 Deformed, be, v., vunwa. 
 person, n., nekongo, 1. 
 
 (club-footed), ntiala, 2. 
 (hunchback), malunda, pi. 8. 
 These deformities are ascribed 
 to the influence of the fetich 
 ndembo (2), and those thus 
 affected are considered ankixi. 
 
 Defraud, v., vuna. 
 
 Defy, v., lomba e kinia (5). 
 
 Degradation, n. (expl.), fu yambi; 
 0 kala nei mbiji zafuta. 
 
 Degrade, v., twasa fu yambi. 
 
 Degraded, a., ye fu yambi. 
 
 Degree, n ., tezo, 6. 
 
 Deity, n., see God, Divinity. 
 
 Deject, v.t., zoweleka. 
 
 Dejected, be, v.i., zowalala. 
 
 Delay, v.i., nanga, beka, vinga, 
 dingalala, vukuka, vekama. 
 v.t ., nangisa, bekesa, vingisa, di- 
 ngidika, vukula, vekeka. 
 n., mavuku, pi. 8 ; maveko, pi. 8. 
 go slowly, v.i., womboka, kenketa. 
 
 Deliberate, see consider. 
 
 Deliberately, to do (on purpose),74, 
 
 kana. 
 
 Delicacy (something tasty), n., eto- 
 ngo, 8. 
 
 Delicate (frail), a., ke -angolo ko. 
 
 Delicious, ^.,-antomi, -ambote, -abi- 
 za. 
 
 Delight, n., wete, 12 ; kiese, 5 ; 
 eyangi, 8 ; luyangalalu, 10. 
 v.t., yangidika. 
 
 Delighted, be, v.i., kala ye kiese 
 (5), yangalala, mona 0 wete. 
 
 Delightful, a., -awete, -ambote, 
 -abiza. 
 
 Deliquesce, v., mia. 
 
 Delirious, be, v., wazumuna. 
 
 Delirium, //., mawazawaza, pi. 8. 
 
 Deliver (a message), v., samuna, 
 jingula. 
 
 (hand), tambika. 
 
 of a child, yadika. 
 
 save, vuluza, vukuza (Kib.). 
 
 Deliverance, n., luvuluzu, 10; 
 mvuluzu, 4. 
 
 Delivered, be (of a child), v.i., wuta, 
 yalama. 
 
 Deliverer, n., mvuluji, 1 & 4. 
 
 Delude, v., vuna. 
 
 Deluge, v., langa. 
 
 Delusion, n., mvuninu, 2. 
 
 Demand, v., lomba. 
 on (in request), a., -azolwa. 
 to have no, for, v., boloka. 
 
 Demijohn, n., mbamba, 2. 
 
 Demolish, v., bangula. 
 
 Demon, n., nkwiyi, 4 ; kiniumba, 5 ; 
 etombola, 8. Evil departed 
 spirits, supposed, to haunt the 
 woods. As they are purely 
 imaginary beings, no one has 
 any definite idea of them ; but 
 they are supposed to bewitch 
 people, causing sickness and 
 death. 
 
 Demonstrate, v., songela, songa, 
 mwesa. 
 
 Demur, v., see doubt, object. 
 
 Den (lair), n., fulu, 6. 
 
 Denial, n., nkalu, 4 ; mpaka, 2. 
 
 Dense (as jungle), a., -antumbami. 
 be, v., tumbama. 
 
 Densely dark, adv., ebuki (8) ye 
 tombe. 
 
 Density, n., ejitu, 8. 
 
 Dent, v.t., fobola, bofola. 
 
 Dental, a., -a meno (pi. 7). 
 
 Denude, v.t., fukula, xia e kimpene 
 
 ( 5 ). 
 
 Denuded, a., ye kimpene, -fukuka. 
 
 Deny, v.t., kala (petf kadidi), vana 
 0 nkalu (4). 
 
 (contradict), fila e mpaka (2). 
 
Den-Des 
 
 Deny, continued. 
 
 (disclaim, renounce), vanina o nka- 
 lu (4) ; he denied him three 
 times, nkalu ntatu kamva- 
 nini. 
 
 one’s self, kuxima. 
 
 Depart, v.i., katuka, vengeneka. 
 allow to, xindika. 
 back, vutuka. 
 from, tuka, katuka. 
 
 (go), kwenda. 
 
 (go far away), veka, vekoka. 
 
 (rise, start), telama, londoka. 
 
 (very early), koka. 
 
 Departure, n., ngyenda, 2 ; nka- 
 tuku, 2 ; telama, 9. 
 
 Depend upon (believe), v., kwikila; 
 it depends upon him, diambu 
 dia yandi. 
 
 Dependence, it., see belief. 
 
 Dependent, be, see helped, provided 
 for, v.i. 
 
 Deplore, v., see to bewail, pity, be 
 grieved. 
 
 Deposit, v.t., xisa. 
 v.i., xiswa, xinda. 
 with v.t., lundisa, see also put. 
 
 Depraved, a., ye fu yambi. 
 
 Depravity, n., bi, 12. 
 
 Depreciate (disparage), v.t., tumba. 
 (lessen in price), v.i., kuluka e 
 ntalu (2). 
 
 Deprivation (lack), n., konda, 9. 
 (poverty), sukami, 12 ; sukama, 9. 
 
 Deprive of, v., katula, bonga. 
 
 Depth, n., xina, 9. 
 
 Depute, v., tunia. 
 
 Derange, v., zengalakesa, tiakala- 
 kesa, tiakanisa, vwangala- 
 kesa, zonzola. 
 
 (upset plans), vunjisa. 
 
 Deranged, be, v., zengalakana, 
 vwangalakana. 
 
 v., tiakalakana, tiakana, zonzoka. 
 (mentally), v., lauka, yela e lau (6). 
 a., -alau. 
 
 Derangement, 11., nzengalakani, 2 ; 
 ntiakalakani, 2 ; mvwanga- 
 lakani, 2. 
 
 (mental), n., lau, 6. 
 
 55 ) 
 
 Deride, v., seva, sokela. 
 
 Derision, n., tusevo, pi. 10. 
 Derivation, 71., etuku, 8. 
 
 Descend, v.i., kulumuka, kuluka. 
 (fall), bwa. 
 
 (into a depth, chasm), koboka. 
 
 (as to birth), wutwa. 
 
 Descendant (child), n., mwana, 1. 
 Descent, 7 z.,nkulumuka, 2 ; nkulu- 
 ka, 2. 
 
 (place of), nkulumuku, 2 ; ekulu- 
 mukinu, 8. 
 
 Describe, v., samuna, songa. 
 Description, n., mpila, 2. 
 
 Descry, v., mona. 
 
 Desert, v., yambula, xisa, tina, 
 vunza. 
 
 Desert, n ., makanga, pi. 8 . 
 Deserted,/., -vunzana, -fwa. 
 be, v.i., vunzana, vunzwa, fwa. 
 site of a town, n., ezumbu, 8 . 
 Deserve, v., fwana. 
 
 Desiccate, v., wumisa, kwijika. 
 Desiccated, be, v., kwijima. 
 Design, n., fwaniswa, 6 ; tezo, 6. 
 (draw), v., bandula. 
 
 (intend), v., kana, zola. 
 
 (invent), v., soka. 
 
 (mischief), n., diambu (7) diambi. 
 Desire (hanker after), v., tatame- 
 na. 
 
 (seek after), vava, tomba. 
 
 (wish for), zola. 
 
 Desire, n., zolela, 6. 
 
 (love, greed), ?i., zola, 9. 
 
 (sexual), n., tongo, pi. 10. 
 
 Desist, v., yambula, bika. * 
 
 (give up), v., vunza. 
 
 Desolate, a., -ankatu, -ampavala, 
 -ampena. 
 
 (bereaved), -ansona. 
 
 Desolation, «., mpavala, 2 ; nkatu, 
 2 ; mpena, 2. 
 
 Despair, v., dimbula e vuvu (6). 
 
 (fear), mona 0 wonga (12). 
 Despatch, v., tuma. 
 
 (haste), n., nswalu, 4 ; nzaki, 2. 
 Despise, v., saula, savuka. 
 
 Despoil (plunder), n., sanza. 
 Despond, v., zowalala. 
 
Des-Dif 
 
 ( 56 ) 
 
 Destination, u., kuna kukwenda- 
 nga. 
 
 Destine, v.t ., xila. 
 
 Destined, be, v.i., xilwa. 
 
 Destiny, n. (expl.), nsambu jixilu 
 kwa yeto. 
 
 Destitute, a., -asukami, -akondwa. 
 Destitution, n., sukami, 12. 
 lack, konda, 9. 
 
 Destroy (cause to perish), v., buku- 
 muna. 
 
 (harm), vwanzalakesa. 
 
 (pull down), bangula. 
 
 (spoil), vunzalakesa, vunzakesa, 
 vonda, vondesela, vunzuna. 
 (wreck), mwangalakesa. 
 Destruction, bukumuka, 9. 
 Destructive, a. (expl.), -vondanga 
 lekwa yingi. 
 
 Detain, v., ximba. 
 
 (withhold), tatamena, see also de¬ 
 lay, v.t. 
 
 Detach, v.t., samuna. 
 
 Detachment (of soldiers), mve- 
 ngo, 4- 
 
 Detect, v., tungulula. 
 
 Deter, v ., see hinder. 
 Determination, n., lukanu, 10. 
 Determine, v., kana. 
 
 Detest, v., saula, tondola, see also 
 abhor. 
 
 Detestable, a ., -ambimbi-imbi. 
 Detour, make a, v., zunga, kondo- 
 loka. 
 
 (to head), v., zekela. 
 
 Detract from, v., tumba. 
 Devastate, v ., see plunder, destroy. 
 Develope (increase), v.i., funa. 
 
 (unfold), v.i., bunduka. 
 
 Deviate, v.i., venga. 
 
 Device., see thing, design, sign, craft. 
 Devil, the, n., nkadi (2) ampemba. 
 
 (demon), see demon. 
 
 Devise (invent), v., soka. 
 
 (purpose), kana. 
 
 (think), banza, banjikisa, balula, 
 badika, yindula. 
 
 Devote (give for), v., vanina. 
 
 (keep for), lundila. 
 oneself, kuxia. 
 
 Devotion, n., see love, respect, wor¬ 
 ship, faithfulness. 
 
 Devour, v., dia, kaba (as a dog), 
 (voraciously), vempula, vempola. 
 
 Devout person (expl.), nkwa vumi 
 wa Nzambi, nkwa jitisa Nza- 
 mbi. 
 
 Dew, 11., edime, 8 ; kime, 5 ; me, 6 ; 
 elowa, 8. 
 
 Dexterity, n., see skill. 
 
 Diadem, n., see crown. 
 
 Dialect, n., ndinga, 2. Dialects and 
 languages are usually expressed 
 by prefixing ki or lu to the root 
 of the name of the place or 
 people; Luvumbu,the language 
 of Mpumbu (vumbu) ; Kiteke, 
 the language of the Ba-teke ; 
 Kixi Kongo, the language of 
 the Exi Kongo. 
 
 Diamond (expl.), etadi dia ntalu, ne 
 pelo. 
 
 Diamonds (in cards), n., welo, 12 (P. 
 ouros). 
 
 Diaphragm (midriff), n., ngungu, 2. 
 
 Diarrhcea, 7t., vumu (6) kivaika- 
 nga. 
 
 Dictate, n., see command. 
 
 Die, v., fwa. 
 
 for another, v., see substitute, 
 (perish), v., bukumuka. 
 suddenly, v., kendoka (be cut off). 
 
 Differ, v.i., bindama, swaswana; 
 
 see also excel. 
 
 Difference, n., swaswana, 9; bi¬ 
 ndama, 9 . 
 
 Different,^., -bindama, -swaswa¬ 
 na. 
 
 be, v., see differ. 
 
 (other), a., -akaka, -a mpila akaka, 
 ke diawa dimoxi ko. 
 
 Differently, adv. 
 to do. To express this idea some 
 reconstruction is necessary. He 
 acts differently = another acting 
 he acts, mpanga akaka kava- 
 ngidi; we dress differently, 
 mpwata akaka tuvwatanga. 
 The derivative noun of the 2nd 
 class is always used. 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 Dif-Dir 
 
 Difficult, a., -ampaxi ; it is difficult 
 (thing) to carry, lekwa kia- 
 mpaxi mu nata. 
 
 Difficulty, n., mpaxi, 2. 
 have, v., mona e mpaxi (2). 
 
 Diffidence, it., see doubt, fear, 
 modesty. 
 
 Diffuse, v.t ., mwanga. 
 v.i., mwangana. 
 
 Dig, v., vata (hoe). 
 
 (a hole), tima. 
 
 round a thing at a small distance off 
 (as in digging out a rat), v., dia 
 e ntomfi (2). 
 
 Dignify, v., tumba. 
 
 (with a title), ?/.,yeka(e ngenda,2). 
 
 Dignity, n., kimfumu, 5. 
 
 (majesty), umfumu, 12. 
 
 (title), ngenda, 2. 
 
 Dike (ditch), n., muvu, 3. 
 
 Dilapidated, a., -afwa. 
 
 Dilate, v., vatuna. 
 
 Dilatoriness, v., wolo, 12. 
 
 Dilatory, a ., -amolo. 
 person, n., molo, 3. 
 
 Diligence, n., sala, 9 (kwingi). 
 
 Diligent, a ., -akisadi. 
 be, v., sala, kuxia. 
 person, n., kisadi, 5. 
 
 Dilute, v., sanga (0 maza). 
 
 Diluted, a., -asangwa. 
 
 Dim, a., -amfufulu, (meso) ke meto- 
 ma monanga ko. 
 v.t., fufula. 
 be, v.i., fufuka. 
 
 Dimension (measure), n., tezo, 6. 
 (size), vonga, 9. 
 to take, v., tama. 
 
 Diminish, see decrease, thin. 
 
 Diminutive, sign of. Repeat the 
 word and add the prefix ki, 
 making the word of class 5, 
 mwana, kimwanamwana; or 
 add the prefix fi to the word 
 with or without repetition, 
 making it class 15 (sing, only), 
 mbele, fimbele; a nasal is 
 sometimes inserted at the end 
 of the prefix fi. or ki: lekwa, 
 kindekwalekwa ; etadi, ki- 
 
 Diminutive, continued. 
 
 ntaditadi; nsusu,finsusususu. 
 It will be seen from the above 
 that other prefixes are generally 
 omitted while the addition of 
 the nasal causes the usual eu¬ 
 phonic changes, 1 becomes d, 
 V becomes p. Monosyllables 
 are tripled, dia, kindiadiadia, 
 mpu, fimpumpumpu. The 
 suffix kala is sometimes added : 
 mbwa, kimbwambwakala. 
 Sometimes the word loses all 
 prefixes, and being repeated, 
 is thrown into class 6 ; elouga, 
 longalonga, 6. 
 
 Dimly, adv., ke beni ko, ye mini 
 kiandwelo. 
 
 Dine, v., dia. 
 
 (when spoken of chiefs, &c.), sakula, 
 wambula. 
 
 Dinner (the evening meal), n., nle- 
 kelo, 4- 
 (food), dia, 9. 
 
 Dint, v., see dent. 
 
 Dip (a vessel into water, in order to 
 fill it), v.t., teka. 
 
 (immerse), v.t., vuba, vubika. 
 (under), go, v.i., diuka, diumba. 
 (put), v.t., diukisa, diumbisa. 
 
 Direct (best, quickest road), a., 
 
 -anzaki. 
 
 (in a direct \\n€),p., -kiata. 
 
 Direct (a flow, current), v.t., kela. 
 (instruct), longa. 
 
 (order, tell), vovesa. 
 
 (send), tuma. 
 
 (show), songa, songela. 
 
 Direction (bidding), n., diambu, 7 ; 
 lutumu, 10 ; mvovo, 4 - 
 (course), eyendelo, 8. 
 towards (quarter), dimba, 6. 
 
 (way, paths), njila, 2. 
 
 Directly (as soon as, time past), una 
 ...aka i, una...kaka i ; directly 
 he came we told him, una 
 kalueke kaka i tunsamu- 
 nwini. 
 
 (as soon as, future), vo...kaka ; 
 directly he comes, tell me, vo 
 
Dir-Dis 
 
 ( 58 ) 
 
 Directly, continued. 
 
 kaluaka kaka unsamwina; 
 una...aka,una...kaka; directly 
 he comes, they will tell him, 
 una keluaka aka bansamu- 
 nwini. 
 
 (very shortly), kolo kiandwelo ka¬ 
 ka; sa ; he will come directly, 
 sa kaluaka ; use also the im¬ 
 mediate future, I am coming 
 directly, kwiza nkwiza. 
 
 (only), kaka, aka. 
 
 Dirge, n., mhemho, 2. 
 
 Dirt (filth), n., mvindu, 2. 
 
 (in water, floating about), ntimvu, 2. 
 (mud), nteke, 2. 
 see also excrement. 
 
 Dirty, a., -amvindu, -afunzuka. 
 (muddy), -antimvu. 
 
 (obscene), -angeme, -alusu. 
 
 Dirty, 7/./.,funzula, xia e mvindu (2). 
 be, v.i., funzuka. 
 
 (stir up mud), v.t ., timvuna. 
 
 Dis- (expl.), “dis-”kuna ntu a dia- 
 mbu muna kingelezo, nsasa 
 za vambula, katula, jina mu. 
 Disable, v., katula e ngolo (2). 
 Disabled, a., ke ya ngolo ko. 
 Disagree, v., zonza. 
 
 Disagreeable, a., see bad. 
 
 quarrelsome, -anzonji. 
 
 Disallow, v., xima. 
 
 Disappear, v., vila. 
 
 Disappearance, n., mpila, 2. 
 
 Disappoint, v.t., koneneka 0 ntima 
 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 (deceive), vuna. 
 tantalize, kembekesa. 
 
 Disappointed, be, v.i., ntima (4) 
 (u)-konanana. 
 
 Disappointment, n., mpaxi, 2 (a 
 ntima ukonanene). 
 
 Disapprobation, 1 2 . 
 
 Disapproval, j & 
 
 Disapprove, v.i., ngongo (2), with the 
 possessive pronoun ; I disap¬ 
 prove, ngongo ame (pronounced 
 ngongwame). 
 
 (object), fila e mpaka (2); manga, 
 nukwa. 
 
 Disarrange, v., see derange. 
 Disaster, n., mvia, 4. 
 
 Disavow, v., see deny. 
 
 Disband, v.t., mwanganisa, vamba- 
 nisa. 
 
 Disbelief, n., vunisa, 9. 
 
 Disbelieve, v.t., vunisa. 
 Disbelieved, be, v.i., vuniswa. 
 Disburden, v., yambulwisa. 
 Discard, v., see leave, put, or throw 
 away. 
 
 Discern, v., mona. 
 
 Discharge (as blood), v.t., vaika. 
 (free), tayisa, yambula. 
 
 (a gun), see fire a gun. 
 
 (unload), v.t., tombola. 
 
 Disciple, n., nleke, 1 (expl.), muntu 
 olongwanga. 
 
 Discipline, n., see punishment, at¬ 
 tention, order. 
 v., see teach, correct. 
 
 Disclaim, v., see deny. 
 
 Disclose (a secret), v., sununa, baka, 
 bangula, tendola, tendula. 
 (reveal), mwesa. 
 
 (uncover), fukula. 
 
 Discolour, v.i., funzuka. 
 Discontented, be (grumble), 2/.,yina. 
 Discontinue, v., yambula, bika r 
 vunza. 
 
 Discord (contention), n., zonza, 9 ; 
 unzonji, 12. 
 
 Discourage (cause to relinquish), v., 
 
 vunjisa. 
 
 (forbid), v., xima. 
 
 Discouragement (trouble), n., mpa¬ 
 xi, 2. 
 
 Discourse, v., see converse, declare. 
 
 71., diambu, 7; mvovo, 4. 
 
 Discover (find), v., solola. 
 
 (find out), v.t., tungulula. 
 
 (invent), v.t., soka. 
 itself, v.i., soloka, moneka. 
 
 (see), v.t., mona. 
 
 (something long lost, or buried), 
 
 bandumuna. 
 
 Discovery, n., diambu, 7 (diasoka). 
 Discreet, a., -alungalala, -anlu- 
 ngaladi. 
 
 be, v., lungalala. 
 
( 59 ) 
 
 Dis-Dis 
 
 Discretion, ngangu, 2 ; zayi, 12. 
 Discuss, v.t., see consider, debate, 
 wrangle, &c. 
 
 Disdain, v., saula, kusaula. 
 
 71., saula, 9 ; kusaula, 9. 
 
 Disease, n ., kimbevo, 5 ; yela, 9. 
 
 (painful, severe), nsongo, 2 ; for 
 varieties, see Appendix. 
 Diseased, be, v., yela. 
 
 Disembark, v., tomboka. 
 Disembowel, v., vaikisa e ndia (pi. 
 
 4 )- 
 
 Disentangle, v., zonzeka. 
 Disgrace, nsoni, 2. 
 v.t., mwesa e nsoni (2), fusula e 
 nsoni (2). 
 
 Disgraceful, a ., -ambi. 
 
 Disguise (become as), v.t., kitula. 
 v.i., kituka. 
 
 Disgust (causing a shudder), n ., nge- 
 ngexi, 2. 
 
 (loathing), ngemi, 2 ; lukenene, 10. 
 v.t., mwesa e ngemi (2), mwesa e 
 ngengexi, 2. 
 
 Disgusted, be, v.i., mona e ngemi, 
 2; mona e ngengexi, 2; 
 kusaula. 
 
 Disgusting, a ., -angengexi, -ange- 
 me. 
 
 Dish, n., elonga, 8. 
 cover, 71., bukikwa (6) kia elonga. 
 up, v., tombola. 
 
 Disheartened, be (sad), v., zowalala. 
 Dishonest, a., ke munkwikiji ko. 
 be, v., yia, wombola. 
 person, n., mwivi, 3. 
 
 Dishonesty, n., wivi, 12. 
 Dishonour (shame), 71., nsoni, 2. 
 Disinclination, 71., ngongo, 2. 
 Disinter, v., bandumuna. 
 
 Disjoin, v.t, vambula, vambanisa. 
 Dislike, n., ngongo, 2 ; saula, 9. 
 v., tondola. 
 
 77., etondo, 8. 
 
 (hate), v., saula. 
 
 (object), nukwa. 
 
 (refuse), kala (; per/. kadidi). 
 Dislocate, v.t, vilangesa (e vixi). 
 Dislocated, be, v.i., vilangiana. 
 Dislodge, v., vaikisa. 
 
 Dismal (gloomy), a., -abubu. 
 Dismay, v.t, vumisa. 
 
 11., vumi, 6 & 12. 
 
 Dismayed, be, v., vumina. 
 
 Dismiss, v., xindika. 
 
 Disobedience, n., luvezo, 10. 
 
 of children, umbiu, 12. 
 Disobedient, a., -ankolami. 
 
 child, nkwa (1) umbiu (12). 
 Disobey, v., kolama. 
 
 (a call), vukula. 
 
 (slight), veza. 
 
 (transgress), sununa (e konko, 6 ), 
 veza (0 nxiku, 4). 
 
 Disorder, see tumult, derange¬ 
 ment. 
 
 71., see sickness. 
 v.t., see derange. 
 
 be in, v.i., see deranged, be. 
 Disorderly person (lawless), 
 
 kimpumbulu, 5 ; ntunduluki, 
 2; ntentaxialu, 2. 
 Disorganize, v., zonzola. 
 
 Disown, v., vanina 0 nkalu (4). 
 Disparage, v., tumba. 
 
 Dispatch, nswalu, 4 ; nzaki, 2. 
 Dispatch (finish), v., mana, manesa. 
 (give the coup de grace), finda. 
 
 (kill), vonda. 
 
 (send a person), tuma. 
 
 (send a thing), twika. 
 
 Dispel, v., katula. 
 
 Dispense, v., see distribute, 
 with, yambula. 
 
 Disperse, v.t., vambanisa, mwanga- 
 nisa. 
 
 v. 7 i., mwangana. 
 
 (drive away), yinga, kula. 
 Displace, v., katula (vana fulu) 
 Displaced, be, v., katuka (vana 
 fulu). 
 
 Display, 71., lusanu, 10. 
 
 (boastingly), v., Sana. 
 
 (show), songa, mwesa. 
 
 Displease, v.t., see annoy. 
 Displeased, be, v.i., tondola. 
 Displeasure, see anger, dislike. 
 Dispose, v., arrange, zonzeka, kiati- 
 ka. 
 
 of, v., xia mu konso salu. 
 
Dis-Dis 
 
 ( 60 ) 
 
 Disposed, be (arranged), v., zonzama, 
 kiatama, kiata. 
 to be (intend), kana. 
 
 Disposition (arrangement), n ., nkia- 
 ta, 2 ; nzonzama, 2. 
 
 (habit), fu, 6. 
 
 (intention), lukanu, 10. 
 
 Disputation, n., ntantani, 2 ; mazu, 
 pi. 8 ; yokosa, 9. 
 
 Dispute (contradict, object), v., fila e 
 mpaka (2). 
 
 (noisily), yokosa. 
 
 (wrangle), tantana. 
 
 Disquiet, v.t ., telekesa 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Disquieted, be, v.i., teleka 0 moyo 
 (3), yangika 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Disregard (a call), v., vukula. 
 (disbelieve), vunisa. 
 
 (disobey), kolama. 
 
 (slight), veza. 
 
 (take no notice of), landula. 
 
 Disrespectful, be, v., ke jitisa 
 ko. 
 
 Dissatisfaction, n., yina, 9. 
 
 Dissatisfied, be, v.i., yina. 
 person, n., nyini, 1 & 4.. 
 
 Dissatisfy, v.t., yinisa, sakidika. 
 
 Dissect, v.t., sasa. 
 
 Dissemble, v., knvunina. 
 
 Dissent, v., vana 0 nkalu (4) ; kala 
 ( per), ; kadidi). 
 n., nkalu, 4 ; ngongo, 2. 
 
 Dissimilar, a., ke diawa dimoxi ko, 
 mpila (2) akaka. 
 
 Dissimulation, n., kuvunina, 9; 
 luvunu, 10. 
 
 Dissipate, see waste, scatter. 
 
 Dissipated person, ;L,kimpumbulu, 
 5 ; ntunduluki, 2. 
 
 Dissipation, n., umpumbulu, 12 ; 
 untunduluki, 12. 
 
 Dissolute, a., see bad, dissipated. 
 
 Dissolution, n., see death. 
 
 Dissolve, v.t., ladisa. 
 v.i., lala {ft erf. ladidi). 
 
 (deliquesce), mia. 
 partnership, vambana. 
 
 (cause to abandon), v.t., vunjisa. 
 
 Dissuade (counsel), v., longa, ludika. 
 (forbid), xima. 
 
 Distaff (expl), nti a zekelwanga 
 evusu. 
 
 Distance (extent), tabila, 6 ; tini, 
 6 . 
 
 equal distance, tabila kimoxi. 
 (measure), tezo, 6 . 
 
 (remoteness), ntama, 2 ; vala, 14 ; 
 nseke, 2, has in Kongo a double 
 meaning, obscene, and is not 
 used at San Salvador, although 
 it is common in many other 
 parts. 
 
 put at a, v., valuka. 
 
 Distant, a., -antama (-anseke). 
 
 Distend, v.t., wungidika, butidika. 
 
 Distended, be, v.i., wungalala, bu- 
 talala. 
 
 Distil (as dew), v., bwa. 
 
 Distinct, v.a., see clear. 
 
 Distinctly, adv., beni. 
 
 Distinguish (point out), songa, so- 
 ngela. 
 
 (see), mona. 
 
 Distinguished, be (famous), v., 
 
 tunda, yaya; (respected), jitiswa. 
 
 Distort, v.t., tekeka, zendesa, vio- 
 ndola. 
 
 the face (make a grimace), wotwe- 
 na, wongwena. 
 
 Distorted, be, v.i., see deformed, 
 twisted, crooked. 
 
 Distortion (of the face), n., ngw(D 
 twena, 2 ; ngwongwena, 2. 
 
 Distract, see perplex, distress. 
 
 Distress (calamity), n., mvia, 4. 
 (fear), vumi, 6 & 12 ; wonga, 12. 
 (trouble), n., mpaxi, 2. 
 v.t., mwesa e mpaxi (2). 
 
 Distressed, be, v.i., mona e mpaxi. 
 v.i., teleka 0 moyo (3). 
 
 (perplexed), v.i., yangika 0 ntima 
 
 (4) . . 
 
 (sad), v.i., zowalala. 
 
 Distribute, v., kaya. 
 
 (provide), v., sansa. 
 
 Distribution, n., nkaya, 2. 
 
 District (country), n., nxi, 2. 
 
 Distrust (disbelieve), v., vunisa ; ke 
 kwikila ko. 
 
 (be uncertain), katikisa. 
 
( 6i ) 
 
 Dis-Doe 
 
 Disturb, nikuna; see also inter¬ 
 rupt. 
 
 Disturbance, n ., nkindu, 2 ; a 
 disturbance has broken out, 
 
 nkindu ibwidi. 
 
 to make a, v., nikuna e nkindu (2). 
 
 Disunite, see separate, untie, &c. 
 
 Ditch (trench), n., muvu, 3. 
 
 (water course), lubulu, 10. 
 
 Ditto, a., diawa dimoxi, “ dd: ” 
 
 Dive, v ., diuka e mfiumbu (2). 
 spring and, dibuka. 
 
 Diverse, a ., -akakakaka, -a mpila 
 jingi. 
 
 (many), a., -ingi. 
 
 Diverse, be, v ., bindama, swaswana. 
 
 Diversion, n., nsaka, 2 ; mvukulu 
 (4) a ntima (4). 
 
 Diversity, n., bindama, 9; swa¬ 
 swana, 9 . 
 
 Divert, z/.£, banzula. 
 
 (amuse), vukula 0 ntima (4). 
 
 Divest (strip), v., vola. 
 
 (take away), katula. 
 
 Divide, v.t., kaya. 
 among each other, kayana. 
 
 (as a road), vambuka. 
 
 (break into two), v.t., tolola, buku- 
 na, mukuna, bokona. 
 
 (into companies), v., bula 0 mve- 
 ngo (4). 
 
 (separate), v.t ., vambanisa, vambu- 
 la, bula. 
 
 v.i., vambana, vambuka. 
 
 Dividend, h., lukau, 10. 
 
 Divination, n., mpanda, 2 ; nta, 2. 
 
 Divine, v ., vanda 0 nkixi (4). 
 to declare by divination, ta. 
 causative , teesa ; see witchcraft. 
 
 Divine (of divinity), a ., -a Unzambi 
 (12), (of God) -a Nzambi. 
 
 Divinely, adv ., ne Nzambi, kwa 
 Nzambi. 
 
 Diviner, mvandi, 4 ; nte, 4; nga- 
 nga, 2. 
 
 Divinity, Unzambi, 12; Kinzambi,5- 
 
 Division (branching), n., mpambu, 
 2 ; kimpambwila, 5. 
 
 (dividing), nkaya, 2. 
 
 (in a house), kubu, 6. 
 
 Division, continued. 
 
 (interval), mpatakani, 2 ; mwingi- 
 lu, 3 ; mpaxi, 2. 
 
 (of an army), mvengo, 4. 
 
 (part), ndambu, 2. 
 
 Divisor, kayilwa, 6 . 
 
 Divorce, 7/., vonda 0 longo (sing. 10). 
 
 Divulge, v., baka, bangula, sununa, 
 sengola, tengola. 
 
 (something long secret), bandumu- 
 
 na. 
 
 Dizziness, n., zunga, 6 . 
 
 (faintness caused by hunger), mfu- 
 ne, 2. 
 
 Dizzy, be , 7/., kala ye zunga ( 6 ); I 
 am dizzy, zunga ndina kiau. 
 (with hunger), fwa e mfune (2). 
 
 Do, v.t., vanga. 
 again, v.t., vangulula. 
 away with, v.t., vonda, katula. 
 badly, v.t., fwantalakesa. 
 
 (fit, suit, answer), v.i., fwana. 
 how do you do, v.i., nga olele, awe 
 i olele (how did you sleep), 
 interrogative, nga; did he come 
 yesterday? nga waijidi ezono 
 e ? do we sleep here ? nga 
 tuleka vava e ? 
 like (copy), v.t., sokolola. 
 something to do, n., salu, 6. 
 
 (suffice), that will do, xia wowo. 
 up (mend), londa. 
 
 (an urgent request), watu; do go, 
 watu wenda. 
 
 Docile, a., -alemvo, -anlembami. 
 be, v., lemvoka, lembama. 
 
 Docility, n., lemvo, 12 ; lembama, 
 
 9 - 
 
 Doctor, n., nganga, 2 ; see witch¬ 
 craft. 
 
 Doctor’s skill, n., that which con¬ 
 stitutes a doctor, kinganga, 5. 
 
 Doctrine, n., elongi, 8. 
 
 Document, nkanda, 4 (a mambu). 
 
 Dodge, v., venga. 
 behind, v.i., swekama. 
 
 (trick), 71., ngangu, 2. 
 
 Doe, n ., ngudi, 2. 
 
 Doer, n., mvangi, 1 & 4 ; nsadi, 1 
 & 4. 
 
Doe-Dra 
 
 ( 62 ) 
 
 Doer, continued. 
 
 of (what is right), mumpangi, 3 
 (mawete). 
 
 Dog, n., mhwa, 2. 
 hunting, mhwa (2) aveta. 
 very small, kimbwambwambwa, 5 ; 
 kimbwambwakala, 5. 
 Dollar, n ., nkele, 4 ; sign (xinsu) $. 
 -DOM, suffix, abstract nouns in the 
 5 th & 6 th classes, frequently 
 express the idea conveyed by 
 this suffix ; mfumu, a free man; 
 kimfumu, freedom. 
 
 Dome, n. (expl.), kiuma kivangama 
 ne ndambu a diaki. 
 
 Dominion (country), nxi, 2. 
 
 (rule), kimfumu, 5 ; luyalu, 10. 
 Donation, lukau, 10. 
 
 Done, be, 7 vangama. 
 cooked, 7/./., via. 
 
 finished, vd., maua, suka, vwa, 
 fuka, fokoka. 
 under-, vd., funga. 
 up (mended), londoka. 
 
 (tied), kangama. 
 
 (tired), yela 0 mabibi (pi. 8 ). 
 with, vangilwa. 
 
 Doom, «., tumbu, 6 . 
 
 v ., tumba. 
 
 Door, kielo, 5. 
 back, kielo kia nteto. 
 post, tungwa, 6 (-a mwelo, 3); 
 
 elunji, 8 (-a mwelo, 3). 
 sill, step, sumbuka, 6 . 
 way, mwelo, 3. 
 
 Doors, in, adv ., muna nzo (2). 
 
 out of, kuna mbaji (2). 
 
 Dot, n., disu, 7 (pi- meso) ; etonxi, 8 . 
 Double, 7/., bundika. 
 
 back, 7/., fokola. 
 
 Double, adv., yole yole. 
 put, 7/., xia yole yole. 
 twice,^7/.,nkumbumiole,^ times, 
 two, adj. , -ole. 
 
 Doubt, «., katikati, pi. 6 . 
 
 (be uncertain), v., katikisa. 
 (disbelieve), v., vunisa. 
 
 Doubtful, a., ke -xikidi ko. 
 Doubtfulness, dmgudingu, 6 ; 
 banzubanzu, 6. 
 
 Dove, 7/., bwela, 6 ; eyembe, 8. 
 
 cot, vaka, 6 (-a mayembe). 
 
 Down (gossamer), n., ntongo, 4 &11. 
 (feathers), nsala, 2 & 11. 
 hair, wika, 12 & 11; mwika, 3. 
 hill, n., mongo, 3. 
 
 (on the ground), adv., ovanxi, vana- 
 nxi. 
 
 -pour (of rain), n., mvambala (4) 
 (-a mvula). 
 
 (underneath), adv., kunanxi; see 
 also fall, pour, go, come, &c. 
 Downward, adv., mu eyanda. 
 Dowry, paid by husband to wife’s 
 relations, nkama (2) a longo. 
 Doze, v., tonza, nimba. 
 
 Dozen, a., kumi ye -ole. 
 
 Dracaena, n., mundalandala, 3. 
 Drag, v., tunta. 
 along, v., koka. 
 
 Dragon fly , n., lumpimgumpungu, 
 10. 
 
 Drain (filter), v., kenza, kelela. 
 (make trenches), tima 0 lubulu 
 (10). 
 
 Drain, n., lubulu, 10. 
 
 (covered), n., nduku, 4. 
 
 Draught, n., kioji, 5. 
 
 Draw, v.t., tunta, vola, tintika. 
 
 (a bow), v.t., fumba, nana. 
 along, v.t., koka. 
 aside, v.t., vengumuna. 
 away (seduce another man’s wife), 
 tiangumuna. 
 blood, v.t., sumika. 
 breath, v.t., fulumuna. 
 
 (entice), v.t., nekena. 
 
 lots, vanga e nkasa (1) (za nsaka). 
 
 (nails), v.t., kola. 
 
 near to (approach), 7/./., finama, 
 konka. 
 
 near to (bring), v.t., sunzula. 
 out, v.t., vaikisa, katula. 
 out by the roots, v.t., vuza, duna, 
 dukumuna, tukumuna, dumu- 
 na. 
 
 out long, v.t., nana. 
 over (cover), v.t., fuka. 
 
 (sketch), v.t., bandula. 
 
 the end of the linen cloth between 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 Dra-Drk 
 
 Draw, confined. 
 
 the legs, and tuck it in behind, 
 vwata o nlaba, 4. 
 tight, vina, kasa, bama, kolesa. 
 up the earth around the roots of 
 anything, bumba. 
 
 (water), v.t., teka. 
 
 Drawing, n., xisa, 6. 
 
 Dread, v., mona 0 wonga (12), bu- 
 bula. 
 
 n., wonga, 12 ; wongola, 12 ; vu- 
 mi, 6 & 12. 
 awe, mbubu, 2. 
 
 Dreadful (awful), a., -ambubu. 
 
 (bad), -ambi, ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Dream, n., ndoji, 2. 
 v., lota. 
 
 Dreamer, n., nloti, 1 & 4. 
 
 Dregs, lubo, 10. 
 
 Drench, v.t., zombesa. 
 
 Drenched, be, v.i., zomba. 
 
 Dress, v.t., vwika. 
 v.i., vwata. 
 
 (a wound), v.t., batika. 
 finely, v.t., seleka. 
 v. refl., kuseleka. 
 finely, v.t., kemba, minga. 
 
 (make pretty), v.t., vanga e kitoko 
 (5); viengesa. 
 
 wear a very large cloth, v., yutu- 
 rnnka. 
 
 Dress, n., mvwatn, 4 ; nlele, 4. 
 
 Dress, European, 
 belt, girdle, mponda, 2 ; mbama, 4. 
 boot, nsampatn, 2 (P. sapato). 
 coat, kinkutu, 5 ; yunga, 6 ; kidu- 
 kula, 5. 
 
 dress, petticoat, cassock, mansaya, 7 
 pi. (P. saia). 
 hat, see hat, cap. 
 macintosh, lunkumfu, 10. 
 shirt, kinkutu, 5 ; nswambinza, 4. 
 socks, edila (7) dia kulu (pi. madi- 
 la ma malu). 
 trousers, mbati, pi. 4. 
 vest (singlet), nanu, 4. 
 
 Dress, native, made of native cloth, 
 see cloth ; 
 
 12 mbadi sewn together, nkuta, 
 4; evulu, 8 ; 
 
 Dress, native, continued. 
 
 6 mbadi sewn together, nsambanu, 
 2 . 
 
 with fringe, nsalaba, 4 (P. chale?). 
 
 Men may wear a cloth of European 
 manufacture, a fathom long, 
 when it is called nlele, 4; 
 mvwatu, 4. Two widths sewn 
 together, and making a cloth 2 
 fathoms long and about 50 inches 
 wide, etiuku, 8 ; the end of this 
 may be thrown over the shoul¬ 
 der or arm. If allowed to trail it 
 is called nkonji,4, nlamvu,4. 
 When gathered in plaits behind, 
 the style is called vokonia, 6 ; 
 or kivota, 5. 
 
 A very scanty cloth, or a cloth rolled 
 up, the ends passed between the 
 legs, and fastened behind, so as 
 to impede as little as possible, 
 nlaba, 4. 
 
 A cloth worn over the shoulder by 
 day, and used as a counterpane 
 at night, mpeta, 4. 
 
 An absurdly large cloth, nyungu- 
 ba, 4. 
 
 Women wear their cloths fastened 
 on the left hip, in contradis¬ 
 tinction to men, who always 
 fasten their cloth in front. 
 
 Women at San Salvador wear a 
 cloth a yard long by 18 
 inches wide, often flounced, 
 fringed, and piped. The ends 
 scarcely meet on the left hip, 
 and are tied by two strings at 
 the corners, mponda, 2. Such 
 a cloth is called maselalele, 
 pi. 8; esaka, 8 ; pau, 2 (P. 
 pao). A handkerchief, elenso, 
 8 (P. len<?o), is worn over the 
 breasts. As the women devote 
 their energies to cultivation, 
 cooking, and house duties, they 
 never make their own clothes— 
 their husbands always do the 
 needlework. It is considered 
 as strange for a woman to use a 
 needle in Kongo as for a man in 
 
Dre-Dry 
 
 ( 64 ) 
 
 Dress, native, continued. 
 
 England. There are, of course, 
 many modifications of these 
 manners of dress in various 
 parts, native cloth taking the 
 place of European ; also in the 
 manner of arranging—but the 
 general lines have been indi- 
 cated. 
 
 A string worn round the waist is 
 called nxinga (4) avwatila ; a 
 girdle, mponda, 2 ; mbama, 4. 
 
 Dried, a., -awuma, -ayuma, -akwiji- 
 ma. 
 
 Drift, v.t., kukulwisa. 
 v.i ., kukula. 
 n., nkuka, 2. 
 
 (meaning), nsasa, 2. 
 
 Drill, 71 ., nzekelwa, 4. 
 v., zoka. 
 
 (exercise), v., xinxisa, longa. 
 
 Drink, v., nua. 
 
 71 ., lekwa (6) kia nua. 
 give, v., nwika. 
 lap, v., latula, piata. 
 
 Drinker, n., nwe, 6. 
 
 Drip, v., sonsa, sona, solonga. 
 
 (leak), v., fuma, vumba. 
 
 Drive away, v., yinga, kula, 
 
 (an animal), v., sukula. 
 
 back, v., vutukisa. 
 
 in, v., kotesa. 
 
 in (a nail), v., koma. 
 
 in firmly (a stake), v., ximika. 
 
 in (indent), v., fobola, bofola. 
 
 out, v., vaikisa. 
 
 Drive (expl.), diatisa e mvalu itu- 
 ntanga e ekalu. 
 
 Driver ants, n., nsongonia, 2 & 11. 
 
 Drizzle, n., ewunge, 8 . 
 v., [ewunge (8), di-] fukumuka. 
 
 Droop, v., lenga. 
 
 Drop, n., etonxi, 8 ; dinsanga, 7. 
 
 Drop, v., see fall, v.i. & v.t. 
 
 Dropsy, 71 ., sulu, 6. 
 
 Dross, 71 ., mavavala, pi. 8. 
 
 Drought, n., kala, 6. 
 
 Drove, n., ekambi, 8 ; buka, 6. 
 
 Drown, v.t., vonda muna maza 
 (pl. 8). 
 
 Drown, co 7 iti)iued. 
 v.i., fwa muna maza, nua e nka- 
 ki (2) ; nua e ntomfi (2). 
 
 Drowsiness, n., tulu, pl. 10; zenzela, 
 9 - 
 
 Drowsy, be (meso, pl. 7 me-), zenzela. 
 
 Drug, 71 ., nlongo, 4. 
 for application to wounds, nti, 4. 
 v., vana 0 nlongo (4) ; dikidila. 
 
 Drum, ngoma, 2. 
 beat, v., xika [e ngoma (2)]. 
 long conical wooden, ndungu, 2. 
 witch doctor’s, dingwinti, 7, made of 
 a gunpowder barrel, with a tight 
 skin over one end. In the 
 centre of the skin is a piece of 
 cane fastened by a string. This 
 cane is caused to slip between 
 wet fingers, and a bellowing 
 sound is produced, 
 mondo, 3, is a drum hollowed out of 
 the trunk of a tree, by an incision 
 lengthwise through a long nar¬ 
 row mouth ; the inner part is 
 dug out. It is used in war 
 time. It is beaten with a stick 
 near the mouth. 
 
 nkumbi, 4, is a drum very much like 
 the above, having a notched rib 
 near the mouth. A stick is moved 
 rapidly along the notches, and 
 thus gives out a sound. It is 
 used when libations (nzabu (2) a 
 menga) of blood are poured out 
 at the grave of a great hunter 
 (nkongo, 2). 
 
 Drunk, a., -ankwola. 
 
 Drunk, be (p. of drink), v., nuwa. 
 (intoxicated), v., kolwa. 
 make, v., kolesa. 
 
 Drunkard, nduvu, 2 ; nwe ( 6 ), 
 
 (kia malavu, pl. 8). 
 
 Drunkenness, n., nkolwa, 2. 
 
 Dry, a., -ayuma, -awuma, -akwiji- 
 ma. 
 
 v.t., wumisa, yumisa. 
 v.i., wuma, yuma, kolokosa. 
 
 (as paint), v., tata. 
 
 be (hard and stiff), v., kwijima. 
 
 leave high and dry,i/.,xisa ku eseke. 
 
( 65 ) 
 
 Dry-Eac 
 
 Dry, continued , 
 
 (nail out to dry), v ., yanda. 
 
 (wipe), kungula. 
 
 Dryness, wuma, 9; yuma, 9. 
 
 (drought), n., kala, 6. 
 
 Duck, n ., mpatu, 2 (P. pato); vwa- 
 dangu, 6 (P. adem). 
 
 Due (fit),/., -fwana. 
 in due time, adv ., 0V0 e ntangwa 
 ilueke. 
 
 (payment), n ., mfutu, 2. 
 
 (toll), mpaku, 2. 
 
 Dug, n ., ntu (4) a ntulu (2). 
 
 Dull (blunt), <?., -amfwanka. 
 
 (make), 7/., vonda 0 meno, pi. 7. 
 day, mbombo, 2. 
 knife, fwa (9) kwa mbele (2). 
 (lonely), be, v., zunguluka. 
 
 (stupid), see foolish. 
 
 (tarnish), v.i ., hotesa. 
 
 (tarnished), «., -abota. 
 be, v.i., bota. 
 
 Dumb person, n ., ebaba, 8. 
 
 Dunce, n., see fool. 
 
 Dung, n., tuvi, pi. 10; wi, 12; mbole, 
 2 (more decent term but seldom 
 used). 
 
 Dunghill, n., efukn, 8. 
 
 Dungeon, n . (expl.), nzo ikangi- 
 lwanga 0 wantu. 
 
 Dupe, v., vuna. 
 
 Duplicate, n ., moxi aka diawa di- 
 moxi; nkwa, 1. 
 
 Durable, a., -anjingi. 
 
 During, adv., see while. 
 
 Dusk, n ., maxika, pi. 8 ; kuma (9) 
 kufwidi. 
 
 Dust (dusty stuff), n ., mfumfuta, 
 2. 
 
 (earth), ntoto, 4. 
 
 (heap), efuku, 8. 
 
 (of ash), ntoto (4) ampolo. 
 
 (of earth), mbundukutu, 2 ; mwixi 
 (3) antoto (4). 
 
 (rubbish), titi, 6. 
 
 (knock, shake off), v.t ., kubula. 
 
 (rub off), v.t., knngnla. 
 
 (sweep), v.t., komba. 
 
 Duster, n ., etwaya, 8 (dia kungnla) 
 (P. etoalha). 
 
 Dusty, a., ye mbnndukntu (2). 
 
 Dutch, «.,-alandaji (P. Hollandeza). 
 
 Dutchman, Landaji, 1 (mwixi Hol¬ 
 land). 
 
 Dutiful, a., -alemvo. 
 be, v., lemvoka. 
 
 Duty (toll) n., mpaku, 2. For the 
 obligation to do a thing, such as 
 is inferred in the word “ duty,” 
 we can find no word. The 
 tense in xinga (I shall have to) 
 is the nearest idea yet found. 
 
 Dwarf, n., mbandu, 2 ; mbaka, 2. 
 a., -antela (4) ankufi. 
 
 Dwell, v., kala. 
 
 (stay), v., nanga. 
 
 Dwindle, v.i., see decrease. 
 
 Dye, black (fruit of eunze), n., mbu- 
 
 nze, 2. 
 
 Dye (black), v., lombola. 
 
 (red), bwakisa. 
 
 Dyke (embankment), n., nkama, 4. 
 
 Dysentery, n. (expl.), vo vumu ki- 
 vaikanga 0 menga. 
 
 E 
 
 E, see East. 
 
 Each (all), a., -awanso, -awonso, 
 -awansono, -awonsono; each 
 had a gun, yawanso bakala ye 
 nkele. 
 
 one. To add an emphasis to the 
 above, nkutu (altogether, en¬ 
 tirely) may be added at the 
 end of such a sentence as the 
 above, yawanso bakala ye 
 nkele nkutu. 
 
 The subjects (or objects, as the 
 case may be) of the sentence 
 may be repeated with ye...ye, 
 both...and ; each abused the 
 other = both he and he abused 
 each other, yo yandi yo yandi 
 balevujiana. 
 
 The thing distributed, &c., may 
 be repeated. They want a 
 knife and bell each, bazolele 
 ye mbele mbele ye ngunga 
 
 F 
 
Eac-Eas 
 
 ( 66 ) 
 
 Each, continued. ♦ 
 
 ngunga ; give them five each 
 
 (mbele, 2), ubavana jitanu 
 tanu. 
 
 other. There are two reciprocal 
 forms of the verb; the one 
 used generally of two people or 
 companies, consists of the suffix 
 na added to the simple form 
 of the verb, zola, recip. (dual), 
 zolana, to love each other (one 
 the other). Where the action 
 is reciprocal among many, the 
 suffix jiana is added to the 
 simple form of the verb. Zola, 
 recip. (plural), zolajiana. Some 
 verbs do not occur in a simple 
 form, or their meaning in that 
 form is particularly different; in 
 that case, its suffix is removed, 
 and the vowel that precedes it re¬ 
 mains, while the reciprocal suffix 
 is added as usual; vuln za,vulu- 
 jiana, laula, laujiana; some 
 such verbs in ka make kiana ; 
 tambika, tambikiana. Some 
 verbs use xiana as well as jiana; 
 vonda, vondajiana, vondaxia- 
 na; vava, vavajiana,vavaxia- 
 na. It is almost unnecessary 
 to note that the reciprocal, 
 being a transitive idea, can only 
 be based on transitive forms. 
 Thus lanka (intrans.), to be 
 mad, makes laula (trans.), to 
 madden, and laujiana, to mad¬ 
 den each other. Monosyllables, 
 and such words as dia, fia, xia, 
 are reduplicated before ana: 
 diadiana, fiafiana,vwavwana, 
 wawana. 
 
 Eager, be (desire), v., zola. 
 (impatient), suta, vangana. 
 
 Eagerly, adv., benibeni. 
 
 Eagerness, n., suta, 9; vangana, 
 9 * 
 
 Eagle, ngwezulu, 2 (ngo a ezulu, 
 
 the leopard of the heavens), 
 crowned hawk eagle (spizaetus coro- 
 natus), nkoxi (2) -amokena. 
 
 Ear, n., kutu, 9. 
 
 pierced for earring, kutu (9) kwa- 
 jiulwa. 
 
 (of corn), ntu, 4 (a disa). 
 
 Earliest, be, do, v., vita. 
 
 Early, go, come, do, &c., vika ; they 
 came early, bavikidi 0 kwiza. 
 (in time). To be precise, the time 
 should be stated : ku kia (at 
 dawn); unahe,^(Kongo-Eng.) 
 una menemene, or una nswe, 
 (early morning); una mbungu- 
 lulu, or una mvungula (at 
 dawn); nsusu antete (cock 
 crow), &c. 
 
 Earn, v., baka. 
 
 (deserve), v., fwana. 
 
 Earnest, see eager, real. 
 
 (token), «.,ndingameno, 2 ; dimbu, 
 
 6 . 
 
 Earnestly, adv., beni. 
 
 (really), munanxi a ntima. 
 
 Earnestness, n ., ludi, 6. 
 
 (intention), n., lukanu, 10. 
 
 Earring, n., yengele, 6 [kia kutu 
 (9)]; ndamba, 2 [a kutu (9)]. 
 
 Earth, n ., ntoto, 4 (soil). 
 
 (black mould), ntoto (4) abuma. 
 burnt (where a fire has been) 
 mbombe, 2. 
 
 (ground), nxi, 2. 
 
 (pottery clay), tuma, pi. 10. 
 
 (sandy), esenge, 8. 
 
 (soft light soil, latterite), ntoto (4) 
 a eyenga (^;wz.,ntdtweyenga). 
 (the world), nza, 2. 
 
 (yellow barren clay), ntoto (4) a 
 makanga. 
 
 on, adv., ovanxi, vananxi. 
 
 Earthenware, n., bolongonzo, 6. 
 a., -atuma, -asaya. 
 to make, v., wumba, bumba. 
 
 Earthly, a , -anza. 
 
 Earthnut (arachis), n., nguba, 2 ; 
 mpinda, 2. 
 
 Earthworm, n., kiniania, 5 (mwadi, 
 3 , Kib.). 
 
 Ease (comfort), n ., wete, 12. 
 
 (facility, speed), n ., nsazu, 2 ; nzaki, 
 2 ; nswalu, 4. 
 
( 6; ) 
 
 Eas-Egg 
 
 Ease, co?iti?iued. 
 
 (rest), n., vundu, 6 . 
 
 Ease (cause to rest), v., vundisa. 
 (slacken), zezesa. 
 
 (the bowels), nena. 
 
 Easily, adv., ke ya mpaxi ko. 
 
 East, ) ;z., kuna kudungumu- 
 
 Eastward, ) kinanga e ntangwa. 
 
 Easy, a., -anzaki, -ansazu, -answa- 
 lu, -awete, ke -ampaxi ko. 
 be, v ., fwana. 
 
 Eat, v., dia. 
 
 a meal (not used of common people), 
 v., sakula, wambula. 
 
 (of a dog), t/., kaba. 
 cause to, v., disa. 
 
 (feed), t dikila. 
 
 (put into the mouth), v.t., dika; 
 used also of the gift of an 
 animal for food. 
 
 (chew), v.t., see chew, 
 greedily, gluttonously, v., dia 0 dia 
 (9) kwambiki. 
 in, at, off, on, with, v., dila. 
 off closely (as cattle the grass), v.t., 
 zatuna. 
 
 one another (as cannibals), v. recip., 
 
 diadiana. 
 
 quickly, ravenously, v.t., vempola, 
 vempa. 
 
 very little, fifila. 
 
 with the gums (having no teeth), v., 
 mungunia {perf. mungwini). 
 with the mouthful, v., fota. 
 
 Eatable (an), n., madia, pi. 9. 
 be, v., diakakana. 
 
 Eater, n., ndie, 1 & 4. 
 
 Eating, without, e nzala; to sleep 
 without a meal, leka e nzala. 
 
 Eaves, n., nsambu, 2 ; the side of 
 the house under the eaves, 
 mpukulu, 2. 
 
 Eavesdrop, v., kondelela 0 mambu 
 (pl- 7). 
 
 Eavesdropper, n., nkondi (1 & 4) 
 a mambu (pl. 7). 
 
 Ebb, v., xioka, konoka, lala. 
 
 Echo, n ., ezu, 8. 
 
 Eclipse, n. (expl.), ovo e ngonde ita- 
 vidi e tombe e kuma wau ika- 
 
 Eclipse, coiitmued. 
 
 langa muna kini kia nza: ovo 
 ntangwa ifukilu kwa ngonde. 
 
 (cover), v., fuka. 
 
 (surpass), v.t., sunda, Suva. 
 Eclipsed, be, v.i., tava e tombe (6). 
 (covered), v.i., fukama, fukwa. 
 (surpassed), v.i., suvuka, sunduka. 
 Eddy, v., jeta. 
 
 (back current), n., elondo, 8. 
 (whirlpool), kinjingela, 5. 
 
 Edge, n., mvilu, 4 ; nkwenko, 4. 
 along the, prep., see along, 
 by the, see beside. 
 
 (of cloth), n., nswiku, 4. 
 
 (of field), 71., mbambi, 2. 
 
 (of knife), n., meno, pl. 7. 
 side, 7 i., ndambu, 2. 
 to beat out an edge, as on a blunt 
 hoe, v.t., sambula. 
 to give an edge (for the first time), 
 v., bula 0 meno (pl. 7). 
 to have an, v., twa. 
 to lose an, v., fwa 0 meno (pl. 7). 
 to sharpen the, v., lenga, sekesa. 
 Edging sewn on a cloth, ngongo- 
 ngo, 2. 
 
 Edible,/., -diwa. 
 
 be, v., diakakana. 
 
 Edify, 
 
 Educate, 
 
 Education, see teaching, matter. 
 
 Eel, n., nkamba, 4 ; ntondi, 4. 
 Efface, v., vunzuna. 
 
 Effect, v., sala. 
 n., salu, 6 . 
 
 Effects, n., lekwa, pl. 6. 
 Effervesce, v., tuba e efulufulu. 
 Effervescence, n., efulufulu, 8. 
 Efficacy, 71., see effect, use, power. 
 Effort, n., nxinsa, 2. 
 
 to make an (try), xinsa. 
 
 Egg, 71., diaki, 7. 
 
 of insect (very small), 71., nenga, 4. 
 lay, v., lozela. 
 
 -shell, 71., titi, 6 (kia diaki) ; kiti, 
 6 (kia diaki) ; ti, 6 (kia diaki). 
 to sit on, v., butamena. 
 white of, 7 i., maza (pl. 7) ma diaki. 
 yolk of, buma, 6. 
 
 v., longa. 
 
Eig-Elu 
 
 ( 63 ) 
 
 Eight, adj ., nana. 
 
 an, n., enana, 8. 
 
 Eighth, a., -enana. 
 
 Eighteen, a., ekumi ye nana, ma- 
 knmole makondwa -ole. 
 
 Eighty, a. & n., maknminana, luna- 
 na, io. 
 
 Either...or, ovo...ovo ; either you or 
 he, ovo ngeye ovo yandi. 
 each, see each, 
 one, konso. 
 
 way, e knln, with the applied form 
 after, ovo... ovo or kana; 
 whether go or not, either way, 
 take care of it, kana okwenda 
 kana kukwenda ko osala kio 
 lundila e knln. 
 
 Eject, v., vaikisa, vaika. 
 from mouth, tanla ; see also vomit. 
 
 EiwEis GuinjEensis, n., eya, 8 ; eba, 
 8 ; see palm. 
 
 Elapse (pass), v.i., vioka, lnta. 
 
 Elapsed, be (be passed), v.i., saka. 
 
 Elastic, n., nkweza, 4. 
 a., -amfwemoki. 
 
 be, v., fwemoka. 
 
 Elasticity, n., fwemoka, 9. 
 
 Elbow, kongonia, 6 ; kolongonzo, 
 
 6; kinkoso, 5. 
 
 one’s way, v., nwanina e njila (2). 
 
 Elder, n., mbnta, 2 ; nknlnntn, 1. 
 a., -ambnta, -anknlnntn. 
 brother, n., mpangi, 2. 
 
 Elderly, a., -annnn, -annnnva, ye 
 mvn (4). 
 
 person, n., nnnn, 4. 
 
 Elect (a chief), v.t., tnmba ; see ap¬ 
 point. 
 
 (choose), v. t., sola. 
 
 (submit to), v.t., yeka. In the elec¬ 
 tion of a chief, the senior ma¬ 
 ternal nephew succeeds. The 
 principal folk meet and decide 
 on the seniority, and thus elect 
 to the chieftainship, yeka e 
 kimfnmn. The chief then 
 reigns, yala, and the reigning, 
 or accession, is lnyaln, 10 ; the 
 people become subject, yekama. 
 (appoint), to appoint to an office, 
 
 Elect, continued. 
 
 tnmba. Both tnmba and yeka 
 are always followed by the 
 abstract name of the office, not 
 the title; thus, tnmba e kimfn¬ 
 mn, not tnmba e mfnmn. 
 
 Elected, be, v., yekwa. 
 
 Election, n., ngyeka, 2 ; ngyekwa, 
 2 ; lnyaln, 10 ; see above, 
 (choice), lnsolo, 10. 
 
 Electric, a., -amayembo. 
 
 Electric fish, n., nsnla, 2. 
 
 Electricity, n., mayembo, pi. 8. 
 
 Elegance, n., wete, 12. 
 
 Elegant, a., -awete. 
 
 Element, n. (expl.), lekwa kiva- 
 ngwanga. 
 
 (earth, air, fire, water), ntoto, mwe- 
 la, tiya, maza, “ elements ” 
 kwan kadi lekwa yantete iva- 
 ngwanga lekwa yawanso. 
 
 Elementary, a ., -alnbantikn, -ante- 
 te. 
 
 Elephant, n ., nzamba, 2 ; nzan, 2. 
 
 Elephantiasis (of foot), twavinga, 
 pi. 10. 
 
 Elevate, v.t., zangnla. 
 upon, zangika. 
 
 Elevated, be, v.i., zangnka. 
 upon, v., zangama. 
 
 Elevation (height), n., la, 12. 
 
 Eleven, a., eknmi ye moxi. 
 
 Elongate (lengthen), v., lambnla; 
 see also stretch. 
 
 Elope, v., see run away, from, with, or 
 to. 
 
 Eloquence, n., kimpovi, 5. 
 
 Eloquent person, n., kimpovi, 5. 
 
 Else (besides), adv., diaka. 
 or else ( = if not), vo ke wan ko; 
 that or else that, ekina vo ke 
 wan ko kiakina. 
 
 (other), a., -akaka ; some one else, 
 mnntn akaka; [( pron .) mnntn 
 ’kaka]. 
 
 where (at), adv., vakaka. 
 
 (to), kwakaka. 
 
 (in), mwakaka. 
 
 Elucidate, v., fokola ; see plain 
 (make). 
 
( 69 ) 
 
 Elu-Enc 
 
 Elude, v., see escape, avoid. 
 
 Emaciated, fi., -tanda, -nionza, 
 -balakana. 
 
 be, v., tanda, nionza, balakana. 
 person, n, ., ntandakani, 4 ; mbala- 
 kani, 4. 
 
 Emaciation, n., ntandu, 2 (pi.). 
 
 Emancipate, v ., vana e kimfumu (5), 
 tayisa ; see also redeem. 
 
 Embalm, v., kundikila. A hole is dug 
 in the ground 5 feet deep, a slow 
 fire is kept burning, and the 
 corpse is supported on sticks 
 on the level of the surface until 
 
 dry. 
 
 Embank, v., bndila (0 maza, pi. 7). 
 Embark, v., sambila (muna nlungu, 
 
 4 )* 
 
 Embarrass, v., see hinder, perplex. 
 
 ^ ( n., nknnji, 1 & 4 ; 
 
 Embassador, mbaxi J 2 (P . em . 
 
 Embassy, l baixador) . 
 
 Embellish, n., see adorn. 
 
 Ember, n., see ash. 
 
 Embezzle, v., yia, wombola (lekwa 
 ilundisu). 
 
 Embolden, v.t., kasakesa, kasumu- 
 
 na. 
 
 Emboldened, be, v.i., kasakana, 
 kasumuka. 
 
 Embouchure, ;z., ebwiln, 8 ; ebwila, 
 
 8 . 
 
 Embrace, v., bimba, bimbana, bi- 
 mbaj iana, j ingalakana, j inga- 
 lakiana. 
 
 Embroil, v.t., zonzesa. 
 
 Embroiled, be, v.i., zonza. 
 
 Emerge (come out), v., vaika. 
 
 (come to surface), tumbuluka, 
 dongomoka, dungnmuka, se- 
 ngomoka. 
 
 (come to view), soloka, moneka. 
 
 Emergency, in case of, mn nkwa 
 bwa diambn ; take medicine 
 in case of emergency, nata e 
 nlongo mu nkwa bwa dia- 
 mbu. 
 
 Emetic, «., nlongo (pi. 4) milukisa- 
 nga. 
 
 Emigrate, v., yaluka. 
 
 Emmet, see ant. 
 
 Emotion, see joy, fear, pain, unrest. 
 
 Emperor, n., mfumu, 2 ; ntinu, 4. 
 The king of Kongo is styled, 
 
 ntotela (2) ntinu nekongo. 
 
 Empire, n., nxi, 2 (a mfumu ampwe- 
 na). 
 
 Employ, see engage, send. 
 
 Employment. The abstract prefix 
 ki frequently expresses employ¬ 
 ment ; kibamba implies thus 
 the employment or office of 
 broker. 
 
 to be in the, of, v., sadila. 
 to seek, v., vava e salu (6). 
 
 Emptiness, ^.,mpavala, 2; nkatu,2. 
 
 Empty, a., -ankatu, -ampavala. 
 v.t., this must be expressed more de¬ 
 finitely, to put, clear out, drink 
 all, &c., vaikisa, sukula, nua 
 awanso. 
 
 be, v.i., it is empty, kiampavala 
 kwandi, or ke vena ma ko. 
 
 Enable, v. (expl.), vanga kadi lenda. 
 
 Enabled, be, v., lenda; when he 
 came we were enabled to do it, 
 una kaijidi i boxi twalenda 
 wo vanga. 
 
 Encamp, v., vanga e ndo (2). 
 
 (sleep), leka ( i per/, lele), lala (Bako.), 
 
 Encampment, n., ndo, 2. 
 
 Enceinte, a., see child, with. 
 
 Enchant, see bewitch, witchcraft. 
 
 Enchantment, n., nkixi, 4, pi. 
 
 Encircle, v., see surround, besiege. 
 
 Enclose (by mistake), v., vinda- 
 kesa. 
 
 (hem in), tatamesa. 
 
 (put in), xia muna. 
 
 (with), bundakesa (ye). 
 
 Enclosed, be, v.i , see above, vinda- 
 kana, tatamena. 
 
 (together), bundakiana. 
 
 (with), bundakana (ye). 
 
 Enclosure (thing), n., lekwa kiabu- 
 ndakana. 
 
 (fenced, a compound), lumbu, 10. 
 (for animals), mpaka, 2. 
 
 (sty), nkuzu, 4. 
 
 Encompass, see surround. 
 
Enc-Eno 
 
 ( 7o ) 
 
 Encounter (difficulties), v., 111011a (e 
 mpaxi, 2). 
 
 (meet), wana. 
 
 Encourage (embolden), v.t., kasa- 
 kesa, kasumuna. 
 
 (cheer up), yangidika. 
 
 Encouraged, be. v.i., kasakana, ka- 
 sumuka. 
 
 Encroach, v., vola e nxi. 
 
 Encumber, see entangle, hinder. 
 
 Encumbrance, see burden, weight. 
 
 End, v., see finish. 
 
 on, v.t., to place on end, or one end 
 of an upright upon, kumika 
 (mima). 
 
 on, be, v.i., kumama. 
 
 End (conclusion), mfoko, 2 ; nsnka, 
 2 ; mbaninu, 2. 
 
 (extremity), nsnka, 2 ; evwilu, 8 ; 
 efukilu, 8 ; mbaninu, 2; efuku, 
 8 . 
 
 (finishing), n., efudilu, 8 ; mbani¬ 
 nu, 2 ; nsuka, 2. 
 
 (head), 71., ntu, 4. 
 
 make an end of, v., see finish, annihi¬ 
 late. 
 
 Endanger (risk), v.t., vevula. 
 
 Endeavour (to do something too 
 great), v.t., vakama, vampama. 
 (try), v.t., xinsa, tonta. 
 
 Endless (expl.), a., ke kina ya nsu¬ 
 ka ko ; see also enduring. 
 
 Endlessly, adv., see ceaselessly. 
 
 Endow, v., vana. 
 
 Endowed with , be, v., vanwa. 
 
 Endurance, n ., jingu, 6 . 
 
 Endure, v., jinga. 
 
 (bear pain), mona (e mpaxi, 2). 
 
 Enduring, a., -ajingu, -anjingi. 
 
 Enemy, n., ntantu, 1 ; mbeni, 2, 
 
 Energetic, a., see strong, active, in¬ 
 dustrious. 
 
 Energy, n., see strength, activity, in¬ 
 dustry. 
 
 Enervate, ) tovola, yovona. 
 
 •Enfeeble, ) 
 
 Enforce, v., see compel, urge, 
 strengthen. 
 
 Engage (agree to), v.t., kwikila, 
 tambwila, tambulwila. 
 
 Engage, continued. 
 
 (bespeak), banda. 
 
 (fight), nwana. 
 
 (hire), soneka, vana 0 nkanda (4). 
 in work, sala e salu (6). 
 
 (promise), xila. 
 
 (undertake), ximba, yekama. 
 
 Engaged, to be (betrothed), jitikila, 
 (the man), jitikilwa (the 
 woman). 
 
 (busy), sala e salu (6). 
 
 Engagement (betrothal), ;z.,njitikila, 
 2 ; njitikilwa, 2. 
 
 (contract), lukwikilu, 10 ; nkanda, 
 
 4 - 
 
 (fight), ndwana, 2 ; njingu, 4. 
 
 Engine, n., ekumbi, 8. 
 
 England, n., England, Ingalatela 
 (P. Inglaterra). 
 
 English, a., -akingelezo. 
 
 Englishman, n., Ingelezo 1 (P. 
 Inglez). 
 
 Engrave, n f , vanga 0 matona (pi. 
 
 8 ). 
 
 Enigma, n., ngwala, 2. 
 to ask, v., ta e ngwala (2). 
 
 Enigmatic expression, ngwala, 2. 
 
 Enjoin, v., komena. 
 
 Enjoy, v., yangalala, mona e kiese 
 (5), mona 0 wete (12). 
 
 Enjoyment (contentment, peace), n., 
 eyangi, 8 ; luyangalalu, 10. 
 (joy), kiese, 5. 
 
 (pleasure), wete, 12. 
 
 of, be in, v., see enjoy, possess. 
 
 Enlarge, v., vongesa ; see also in¬ 
 crease, extend. 
 
 Enlighten, v., minika. 
 
 Enlist, v.t., tumba, see appoint. 
 v.i., tumbwa. 
 
 Enliven, v.t., see gladden, invigorate. 
 
 Enmity, n., kitantu, 5 ; umbeni, 12. 
 
 Enormous, a., -ampwenampwena, 
 -anene kikilu, -ampwena beni 
 beni. 
 
 Enough, interj., xia wowo ! 
 and to spare (things), ifwene kwa- 
 ndi yakaka diaka vana nta- 
 ndu. 
 
 be, fwana. 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 Eno-er 
 
 Enough, continued. 
 
 have (be satisfied with food), yu- 
 
 kuta. 
 
 we have more than enough, isundidi 
 eyi tuvava. 
 
 Enquire, v., see inquire. 
 
 Enrage, v ., fungisa o makaxi (pi. 8); 
 sukisa e ekudi (8). 
 
 Enraged, be, v., funga o makaxi 
 (pi. 8), suka e ekudi (8). 
 
 Enrich, v ., vwamisa. 
 
 Enrol (write), v ., soneka. 
 
 Enshroud, v., bunda. 
 
 Ensign, n., see flag. 
 
 Enslave, v ., bunduna; to enslave a 
 whole clan or number of people 
 for some crime, bunduna e ki- 
 ndongo (5). 
 
 each other, vwavwana. 
 
 Ensnare (catch), v., baka. 
 
 (lure), nekena. 
 
 Ensue, v., bwa. 
 
 Entangle, v.t., zengalakesa, jinga- 
 lakesa, vwangalakesa, kanga- 
 nisa, tiakalakesa. 
 v.i., zengalakana, jingalakana, 
 vwangalakana, kangana, ji- 
 ngama, tiakalakana. 
 
 Entanglement, ;z., nzengalakani, 
 2 ; njingalakani, 2; mvwa- 
 ngalakani, 2; ntiakalakani, 
 2; nkangani, 2; jingama, 
 
 9 - 
 
 Enter, v ., diuka, kota. 
 
 Enterprise, n., nxinsa, 2. 
 
 Entertain (amuse), v., vukula 0 
 ntima (4). 
 
 hospitably, songa e lombo (6). 
 
 Entice, v., nekena. 
 
 (out of stronghold), volela. 
 
 (tempt to evil), vukumuna. 
 
 Enticement, n., enekwa, 8 ; nkidi- 
 kilwa, 4; mvukumuna, 2. 
 
 Entire, a ., -amvimba, -ankaka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Entirely, adv ., beni, nkutu. 
 
 Entrails, n., ndia, 4 pi. 
 cleaned and coiled for food, njinga, 
 2 ; of nxiji (palm rat), nsoko, 
 2. 
 
 Entrance (doorway), n., mwelo, 3. 
 (gateway), evitu, 8. 
 
 (place), nkotelo, 2 ; ekotelo, 8. 
 
 Entrap, v., baka muna ntambu (4). 
 
 Entreat (ask), v., vinga. 
 as a favour, dodokela. 
 
 (pray), samba. 
 
 Entreaty, n ., diambu, 7 (divingi- 
 lwanga). 
 
 Entrust with, v.t., lundisa. 
 
 Entry, n., nkota, 2 ; ndiuka, 2. 
 
 Entwine, v.t., jingalakesa, jinga. 
 v.i., jingalakana, jingama. 
 (enweave), v.t., kuba. 
 
 Enumerate, v.t., tanga, badika, sa- 
 muna. 
 
 Envelop, v., fukumuka. 
 
 (cover), v., fuka. 
 
 Envelope, n., nkutu, 2. 
 
 Envious, be , v., kala ye kimpala (5). 
 person, n ., nkwa (1) kimpala (5). 
 
 Envy, n., kimpala, 5. 
 v., see envious, be. 
 
 Epaulet, n., evumba, 8. 
 
 Epidemic, n ., vuku, 6. 
 
 Epilepsy, n ., niangi, 2. 
 
 Epileptic fit, n., xilwa (9) kwa 
 niangi (2). 
 
 Epistle, n., nkanda, 4. 
 
 Epoch, n., tandu, 6. 
 
 Equal,/., -fwananini. 
 be, v.i., kwenda e betela, kwenda 
 e dedede, fwanana. 
 make, v.t., fwaninika. 
 
 (the same), a., -amfwanani, -moxi. 
 a. (; indecl .), diawa dimoxi, dedede, 
 betela. 
 
 Equalise, v., fwaninika, kwendesa 
 e betela, fwananakesa. 
 
 Equality, n., mfwanani, 2; dedede, 
 6; betela, 6. 
 
 Equally, adv., diawa dimoxi, e de¬ 
 dede, e betela. 
 
 Equitable, a., -asonga. 
 
 Equivocate, v., benda-benda. 
 
 -ER, comparative suffix represented by 
 -sundidi (has excelled) ; this is 
 good but that is better, ekiaki 
 kiabiza kanxi kiakina kisu- 
 ndidi 0 wete. 
 
-er-Eve 
 
 ( 72 ) 
 
 -ER. The suffix denoting the doer of 
 an action is denoted by pre¬ 
 fixing n or m (see euphonic 
 rules), to the verb of the action, 
 and changing the final a of the 
 present tense into i. The word 
 then becomes a noun of the 1 
 
 & 4 classes ; landa to follow ; 
 nlandi, 1 & 4, a follower (pi. 
 nlandi or alandi). 
 
 Era, n., tandu, 6. 
 
 Eradicate, v ., see destroy, uproot, 
 remove. 
 
 Erase, v., vunzuna, vunzakesa. 
 Ere, adv., see before. 
 
 Erect, v.t., dongeleka, dongeka, 
 tongeka, tongeleka, vumbula. 
 (build) tunga. 
 
 Erect.be, f^dongalala.tonga- 
 
 Erected, be, 1 lala - dongama to- 
 1 ngama, vumbuka. 
 
 Eriodendron, n., mfuma, 4. 
 
 Err, v.i., vilakanwa, jimbalakanwa. 
 Errand, n., diambu (7) dituminu, 
 salu (6) kituminu 0 sala. 
 Error, n., mpilakanwa, 2 ; njimba- 
 lakanwa, 2. 
 
 Eructate, v.i., biokwa. 
 Eructation, ?i., bioko, 6. 
 
 Eruption, n., bwazabwaza, pi. 6. 
 
 “ craw craw,” inkwada, pi. 5. 
 to come out as an eruption, babu- 
 
 muka. 
 
 Escape (be safe), v.i., vuvama. 
 
 (break away), taya. 
 
 (get away alive), vuluka. 
 
 (get out, leak), vaika, fuma. 
 
 (get out of peril, get free), kutu- 
 
 muka. 
 
 (be nearly caught by, but to escape), 
 kutiswa ; he barely escaped 
 from a crocodile, okutiswa kwa 
 ngandn. 
 
 Escort, v., fila. 
 
 (follow), landa. 
 
 (protect), tanina. 
 
 n., mfidi, 1 & 4; nlandi, 1 & 4; 
 ntanini, 1 & 4. 
 
 ESPOUSE, see betroth, marry. 
 
 (assume), yekama, ximba. 
 
 Espy (see), v.t., mona. 
 
 (watch, spy), v.i., langa. 
 
 Establish (secure), v., xikidisa. 
 
 Established, be, v., xikila. 
 
 Establishment (factory, station), n., 
 evnla, 8. 
 
 Estate (inheritance), efwa, 8. 
 (property), vua, 9 ; mbongo, 2 pi. 
 (things), lekwa, 6 pi. 
 
 Esteem, n., jitu, 12 ; buzu, 6 ; bu- 
 nzn, 6. 
 
 v., jitisa, tonda. 
 
 Estimate, v., balnla, badika. 
 n., mbalu, 2. 
 
 Estimation, n., see esteem, n. 
 
 Estrange, v., vambula. 
 
 Estranged, be, v., vambuka. 
 
 Et c/etera, &c., ye lekwa yaka- 
 ka. 
 
 Eternal (enduring), a ., -anjingi, 
 -ajingu. 
 
 Eternity, n., jingn, 6. 
 for ail, kwenda mvu kuvutukidi 
 mvn, kwa mvu ya mvu. 
 
 Euphorbia, n ., diza, 6. 
 
 Europe, n ., Uropa (expl.), tini kia- 
 mpwena kia nza kuna kuna 
 e nxi za mindele. 
 
 European, n., Mundele, 3. 
 
 Evade, v ., venga. 
 
 Evaporate, v.t., ladisa. 
 v.i., lala {per/, ladidi). 
 
 (dry), wuma, yuma. 
 
 Even, a., -elelenxi, -lelama, -baba- 
 ma. 
 
 be, v.i., lelama, babama, baba, 
 lengalakana. 
 
 make, v.t., leleka, babika, lengala- 
 kesa ; see also fit. 
 
 Even, see evening. 
 
 Even, a., -yole ; see odds and evens. 
 
 Even (also), mpe, musungula; even 
 he can go, musungula yandi 
 olenda 0 kwenda. 
 even as (just as), una; come even 
 as you are, wiza una wina. 
 even as (the same as), ne i, nze i, 
 diawa dimoxi; even as I, ne i 
 mono. 
 
 but even, kanxi. 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 Eve-Exc 
 
 Even, continued . 
 
 even if, when, kana, kanele, kanele 
 vo, ovo vele vo. 
 
 not even, nkutu ke...ko,ke...nkutu 
 ko; not even I may go there, 
 mono kwame nkutu kilendi 
 ko kwenda ko; he did not 
 even try, kaxinxidi kwandi 
 nkutn ko. 
 
 even now, wan kwandi mpe. 
 just as...even so, wowo...wowo. 
 even then, kanxi; even then he 
 grumbled, kanxi yina kayina. 
 
 Evening, n ., maxika, pi. 8 ; nkoke- 
 la, 2 (Bako.). 
 
 towards (later on), adv., mbatu, 
 mbanu, ngatu, ngann. 
 
 Event, n., diambu. 
 in the event of, ovo, wavo; in the 
 event of his going, then do not 
 go, wavo yandi okwenda oze- 
 vo kwendi ko. 
 
 Eventually, see at length, in the 
 future. 
 
 Ever (always), adv., see always, 
 for, adv., lumbu yawanso, mvu 
 miawanso, kolo yawanso, kwa 
 mvu ya mvu, kwenda mvu 
 kuvutukidi mvu. 
 since, adv., tukamena. 
 
 Everlasting, a., -anjingi, -ajingu, 
 ke -vwa ko. 
 for, see for ever. 
 
 Every (all), a., -awonso, -awanso, 
 -awonsono, -awansono. 
 
 (any), see any. 
 
 day, lumbu (6) yawanso ; ye nke- 
 nge, ye nsona. 
 kind, mpila (2) zawanso. 
 one, -awanso, with nkutu at the 
 end of the sentence ; bring every 
 one, twasa yawanso nkutu. 
 one of them, a., -au e kulu ; bring 
 every one of them (things), twa¬ 
 sa yau e kulu. 
 
 thing, a., lekwa (6) yawanso, ma 
 (6) yawanso. 
 
 where, adv., vawanso nkutu. 
 
 Evidence, n., ludi, 6. 
 give, v., ludika. 
 
 Evident, see clear, visible. 
 
 Evidently (truly), adv., ludi, kiele- 
 ka. 
 
 Evil, n., bi, 12 ; mbi, 2. 
 a., -ambi. 
 
 Ewe, n., ebokolo (8) diankento, 
 ememe (8) diankento. 
 
 Exact, v. (compel), vakulwisa. 
 a., diawa dimoxi, -fwana. 
 be, v.i., xikila, lunga, fwanana. 
 make, v.t., xikidisa, lungisa, fwa- 
 ninika, fwanakesa. 
 similitude, an, n., kontwa, 9. 
 
 Exactness, \n., luxikilu, 10 ; mfwa- 
 nani, 2. 
 
 Exactly (altogether), adv., nkutu. 
 
 Exactly alike, a., diawa dimoxi 
 nkutu. 
 
 Exactly like, be, v., kwenda e 
 betela, kwenda e dedede, 
 fwanana. 
 
 Exaggerate, v., vuba (e nsangu, 2). 
 
 Exaggerator, n., mvubi, 1 & 4 (a 
 nsangu). 
 
 Exalt, v., zangula. 
 upon, zangika. 
 
 Exaltation, n., nzangula, 2 ; nza- 
 nguka, 2. 
 
 Exalted, be, v., zanguka. 
 upon, be, v., zangama. 
 
 Examination, n., fimpa, 9 ; fula, 9. 
 
 Examine (cross question), v., fula, 
 fimpa. 
 
 (pry into), vetona, tongona. 
 
 (taste), yeleka. 
 
 (try), xinsa, tonta. 
 
 (turn round and round), vilujiola. 
 
 Example, n., lekwa kisokololwanga. 
 
 Exasperate, v., see annoy, enrage. 
 
 Excavate, v., tima. 
 
 Excavation, n., eulu, 8. 
 
 Exceed, v., sunda, luta. 
 
 (be left over), v., Suva, budila. 
 
 (be in excess), lunguka, sakuka, 
 bweka. 
 
 Exceedingly, adv., beni -beni, kwi- 
 ngi, beni nkenene (?); I am 
 exceedingly obliged, mfiaukidi 
 beni nkenene. 
 
 Excel, v., sunda, luta. 
 
Exc-Exp 
 
 ( 74 ) 
 
 Excellence, «.,mbote, 2 ; wete, 12. 
 
 Excellent, a ., -ambote, -abiza, 
 -awete (beni). 
 
 Except (but not),£w*/.,kanxi ke...ko. 
 (if not, unless), ovo ke...ko, kala 
 vo ke...ko, kele vo ke...ko, 
 kala ke...ko. 
 
 (less), -akondo, -kondelo, -konde- 
 le, -lembele. 
 
 Except, v., yambula, bika. 
 
 Exception, lekwa (6) kiyambwilu, 
 diambu (7) diyambwilu. 
 
 Excess, n., nsunda nduta, 2 ; nluta, 
 4 - 
 
 (remainder), nsadiswa, 2 ; nsuva, 
 4 ; mbudila, 2. 
 
 to be in, v., sakuka, lunguka, bwe- 
 ka. 
 
 Excessively, adv., see exceedingly. 
 
 Exchange, v., soba, vinga (Bako.). 
 for, teka muna, bulamuna (Bako.). 
 (replace), v.t., vingesa. 
 v.i., vinga. 
 
 Excite, v.t., yangumnna. 
 
 (cause to feel), mwesa. 
 
 (stir up), nikuna. 
 
 Excited, be, v., mona e zakazaka(6). 
 
 Excitement, n ., zakazaka, 6 ; 
 ezakazaka, 8. 
 
 Exclaim (call out), v., boka. 
 
 (speak), vova. 
 
 (utter), tatnla. 
 
 Exclamation, n., mboka, 2 ; mvovo, 
 4 ; ntata, 2. 
 
 Exclude, v., kandika. 
 
 Exclusively, adv., see only, alone. 
 
 Excrement, 11., tuvi, pi. 10; wi, 12 ; 
 a more decent term (seldom 
 used), mbole, 2. 
 
 Exculpate, v., vana e mpemba (2) ; 
 see luvemba in Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Excursion, n., nkia, 2 ; nkangala, 
 2 ; ngyenda, 2. 
 
 (raid), nkuki, 2. 
 
 Excuse, n., vinza, 6. 
 make, v., vanga e vinza (6). 
 (pardon), v., loloka. 
 
 Execrate, v., lokela e nguji (2), 
 levnla, finga (Bako.), 
 (abominate), saula. 
 
 Execration, n., nguji, 2 ; saula, 9 ; 
 elevo, 8. 
 
 Execute (do), v., vanga, sala. 
 (finish), mana, manesa, fula, foko- 
 la, sukisa. 
 punishment, tumba. 
 
 (put to death), vonda. 
 
 Execution (completion), n., mbani- 
 nu, 2 ; mfoko, 2 ; nsuka, 2. 
 (killing), mvonda, 2. 
 
 Executioner, n., mvondi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Exercise, n., nxinsa, 2. 
 v.t., xinxisa, longa. 
 v.i., xinsa. 
 
 Exert (try), v., xinsa. 
 
 (work), sala e salu (6). 
 
 Exertion, ?i., salu, 6. 
 
 Exhaust, v., katula -awanso, vai- 
 kisa, mana, sukisa. 
 
 (weaken), tovola, yovona. 
 
 Exhausted, be, v., katuka, vaika, 
 mana, vwa, suka. 
 
 (weak), tovoka, yovoka. 
 
 Exhaustion (weakness), n., mayovo- 
 ka, pi. 8. 
 
 Exhibit, v.t., mwesa, songa, songela. 
 (boastfully),^., Sana. 
 
 Exhibition, n ., mbwesa, 2. 
 
 Exhibitor, n., mwexi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Exhort (counsel), v., longa, ludika, 
 samwina. 
 
 (to the contrary), xima, kadila. 
 (urge), komena. 
 
 Exhortation, n ., elongi, 8 ; luludi- 
 ku, 10. 
 
 Exile, see expulsion. 
 
 v., yinga, kula. 
 
 Exist (be), v., kala. 
 be alive, kala yo moyo (3), kala 
 una. 
 
 be still alive, endure, remain, jinga. 
 
 Existence, n., nkala, 2. 
 to be in, see exist. 
 
 Exorbitant, price, n., ntalu (2) ayi- 
 ngi. 
 
 Exorbitantly, to pay, v., lumba. 
 
 Expand, v.t., yalumuna, sanzula, 
 sanzumuna, tandula, sadisa. 
 v.i., yalumuka, sanzuka, sanzu- 
 muka, tanduka, sadila. 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 Exp-Exp 
 
 Expanse, n ., yalunmka, 9 ; sanzu- 
 muka, 9 ; sanzuka, 9 ; tandu- 
 ka, 9 ; sadila, 9. 
 
 Expanse of heaven, ;z.,ngambwila, 
 
 2. 
 
 Expatiate, v., wulumuna. 
 
 Expect, v ., xia e vuvu (6). 
 
 Expectation, n., vuvu, 6. 
 to give up all expectation, dimbula 
 e vuvu (6). 
 
 Expectorate, v taula (0 mete, pi. 8). 
 
 Expectoration (mucus), kdldlo, 6. 
 (saliva), mete, pi. 8. 
 
 Expedient (good), a ., -ambote, -abi- 
 za, -awete. 
 
 (of use), ya mfunu (4). 
 
 Expedient, be (fitting), v., fwana. 
 
 Expedite, 7/., zabula, sazula. 
 
 Expedition, n., nkangalu, 4. 
 a trip, nkangala, 2. The latter im¬ 
 plies a trip, while the former 
 may be many such constituting 
 one expedition. 
 
 to make a journey, kangala, kiya. 
 those who make the expedition, 
 nkangadi, 1 & 4. 
 for plundering, nkuki, 2. 
 to make such, kuka, see besiege, 
 to coast. The coast is called Mba- 
 la, 2 ; and to go to the coast, 
 ta e Mbala (2). The trading 
 district about Stanley Pool is 
 called Mpumbu (the country of 
 the Bavumbu or Bawumbu). 
 Togo on a trading expedition to 
 Mpumbu, ta e Mpumbu ; I have 
 been three times to the coast, 
 Mbala tatu yatele. 
 
 Expel (drive away), 7/., yinga, kula. 
 (turn out), vaikisa. 
 
 Expend (finish), v mana. 
 
 (pay), futa. 
 
 (spend), manina, ladixila. 
 
 Expended, be (finished), v., mana, 
 vwa, suka. 
 
 (paid), futwa. 
 
 Expense (price), n., ntalu, 2. 
 
 Expensive, a., -antalu, -ambalu. 
 be, v., bala. 
 
 render, badisa e ntalu (2). 
 
 Experience (see), 7/., mona; he ex¬ 
 perienced much trouble, omwe- 
 ne e mpaxi yingi. 
 n., kintungi, 5. 
 
 Experiment, n., nxinsa, 2 ; ntonta, 
 2. 
 
 to make on, xinsa, tonta. 
 
 Expert, a ., ye ngangu jingi ; he is 
 very expert in smith work, 
 oyandi ngangu jingi mu 
 fulanga, or oyandi ungangu- 
 la wingi kena wau = he has 
 much skill in smith work (unga- 
 ngula), using thus the abstract 
 name of the skill. 
 
 Expertly, adv ., ye ngangu (2). 
 
 Expiate, v., futa (0 nkanu, 4). 
 
 Expiation, ;z., mfutu, 2. 
 
 Expiration (end), ?i., mbaninu, 2 
 nsuka, 2. 
 
 Expire (breathe), 7/., fulumuna. 
 
 (die), fwa. 
 
 (end), mana, suka, vwa. 
 
 (fulfilled, be), lunga. 
 
 (too late, be), saka. 
 the time has expired (too late), kolo 
 kisakidi. 
 
 Explain, v., sasa. 
 
 (make plain), baka, bangula, te- 
 ndula, tendola, tengula, 
 tengola, sununa. 
 
 Explanation, n., nsasa, 2. 
 
 Explicit, be, t/.**., bakuka, banguka, 
 tenduka, tendoka, tenguka, 
 tengoka, sunuka. 
 
 Explode, v., buka. 
 
 (as of a very little powder), puku 
 ka. 
 
 Exploration, n ndanga, 2. 
 
 Explore, v., langa. 
 
 Explosion, n ., mbuka, 2 ; mpukuka, 
 2; pukuka, 9. 
 
 Export (expl.), tekela muna nxi 
 akaka. 
 
 Expose, show, v.t., mwesa, songa, 
 songela. 
 
 uncover, v.t., fukula. 
 one’s self by sitting in a careless 
 posture, or the teeth, tengene- 
 ka, keneneka. 
 
Exp-Eye 
 
 ( 76 ) 
 
 Exposed, be thus, v.i., tenganana, 
 kenanana. 
 
 (visible), v.i., moneka. 
 
 Exposition, n., nsasa, 2. 
 
 Expostulate, v., tumba. 
 
 (admonish), longa. 
 
 Expostulation, n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Express, v., vova; see also press 
 out. 
 
 Expression, n., diambu, 7 ; mvovo, 
 4 * 
 
 Expulsion, n., ngyingwa, 2; nku- 
 lwa, 2. 
 
 Exquisite, a., -awete beni. 
 
 Exquisitely, adv., beni-beni. 
 
 Extend, hold out, v.t., tamba. 
 in width, v., see expand, 
 in length, stretch out, v.t., lambula, 
 nannna, nana. 
 v.i., lambuka, nanuka. 
 reach, v., luaka. 
 
 Extended, high, long, a., -anda, also 
 the participles of the preceding. 
 
 Extension, ( see expanse, height, 
 
 Extent, ) length, greatness. 
 
 Exterior, ;z.,mbaji, 2. 
 a., -ambaji. 
 
 Exterminate, v., bukumuna. 
 
 External, a., -ambaji. 
 
 Extinct,^., -jima. 
 be, v.i., jima. 
 
 Extinguish, v.t., jima. 
 obliterate, v ., vunzuna. 
 
 Extirpate, v., see take, drive out; 
 destroy. 
 
 Extol, v., kembela, tonda. 
 
 Extort, v., futisa,vakulwisa (mnna 
 ngolo). 
 
 Extra, adv., diaka. 
 a little extra, n ., ntelo, 4. 
 
 Extract (as teeth), v., vaikisa. 
 
 (by the roots), see pull up by the 
 roots. 
 
 (entire, something that sticks), tu- 
 nguna, dongona. 
 
 (pick out, clean), dokonona. 
 (withdraw a charge from a gun), 
 
 zokola. 
 
 Extraordinary, see seldom, wonder¬ 
 ful. 
 
 Extravagantly, to pay, v., lumba. 
 
 Extreme, a., -ambaninu. 
 
 Extremely, adv., beni-beni. 
 bad, a., -ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Extremity, n., mbaninn, 2 ; nsnka, 
 2 ; evwilu, 8 ; efukilu, 8 ; 
 efuku, 8. 
 
 Extricate (get out), v., vaikisa. 
 (uncoil), jingnmuna. 
 
 (undo, untie, disentangle), kutulula. 
 (unfasten a thing caught), vakula ; 
 see also escape. 
 
 Exult, v., mona e kiese (5), yanga- 
 lala. 
 
 Exultation, n., kiese, 5 ; luyanga- 
 lalu, 10; eyangi, 8. 
 
 Eye, n ., disu (pi. meso), 7. 
 large compound eye of insects, 
 dintungununu, 7. 
 between the eyes, n., lumunga, 10. 
 -brow, n., nse, 2. 
 
 -lash, n., ve, 6. 
 
 -lid, «.,nkanda (4) a ve ya disn (7). 
 (of a needle), ?i., evnndu, 8. 
 pupil, n., ngingidi, 2. 
 to dazzle blind (as with sun or 
 smoke), v., bukama. 
 to destroy, v., tompola, vonda. 
 to half open, or be cross-eyed, v., 
 lengalala, vengalala. 
 to look askance, lengula, lengola. 
 to open, v., jinla. 
 widely, v., temona. 
 very, v., tnnginika. 
 to be open, as above, tunganana, 
 temoka, jinka. 
 to peer, kengelela. 
 to roll fast, v., diediomona. 
 
 slowly, v., nengumuna. 
 to shut, v., jima. 
 to stare, v., tnngunnna. 
 
 fixedly, v., tala e tukutuku (6). 
 a stare, n., tnkntnku, 6. 
 sunken, to be, v.i., koboka, kompo- 
 ka. 
 
 ophthalmia, n., ebnmbnlu, 8. 
 a disease in which the pupil becomes 
 white and blind, n., ntenji, 8. 
 mucus of the eye, n., vota, 6. 
 tear, n., dinsanga, 7. 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 Fab-Fa i 
 
 F. 
 
 Fable, n., kingana, 5 ; ngana, 2. 
 Fabric, n., ntungu, 2. 
 
 Fabricate, v., see make, lie. 
 Fabrication, see fabric, lie. 
 Fabulous, a., -aluvunu. 
 
 Face, n., this is expressed more 
 definitely as a rule, 
 between the eyes, mbulu, 2. 
 brow, luse, 10 ; lose, 10. 
 cheek, ebundi, 8. 
 chin, bobo, 6. 
 jaw, etolo, 8. 
 
 countenance, ndose, 2 ; mpolo, 2. 
 front, right way, ndose, 2. 
 before the face of, prep ., vana ndose 
 (2) a. 
 
 face to face, adv., ndose (2) vamoxi. 
 Face, v., fila 0 lnse, 10 (or lose, 10). 
 lay on the, or face downwards, v.t., 
 
 bukika. 
 
 lie on the, or face downwards, v.i., 
 
 bukama. 
 
 lay face upwards, v.t., sengola, 
 sengnla, selula, selola,bukula. 
 lie face upwards, v.i ., sengoka, selu- 
 ka, seloka, bukuka. 
 make a face (grimace), v ., wotwena, 
 wongwena. 
 
 pull a wry face (scowl), kanga e 
 mbnlu, 2. 
 
 put facing each other, v., talanisa. 
 be facing each other, v., talana, 
 vilukiana. 
 
 sleep on the face, v.i., leka 0 ma- 
 mbnkama. 
 
 turn the face to, v.i., viluka. 
 v.t., vilnla. 
 
 Fact, n., diambn, 7. 
 
 (true), n., diambu (7) dialudi, ludi, 
 6 ; it is a fact, ludi kwandi. 
 Factory (trading), n., evula, 8. 
 (manufactory), n., etungilu,8 ; eku- 
 bilu, 8 ; evangilu, 8. 
 
 Fade, v., lengela, lebuka. 
 
 (lose colour), funzuka. 
 
 Faeces, n., see excrement. 
 
 Fagot, vanga, 6. 
 
 Fail to (omit to, neglect to), v., 
 lemba; why did he fail to come ? 
 adie i kalembele kwizila ? 
 also to cease, not reach, be not 
 able. 
 
 Faint, feel, v., yela e zunga, 6; 
 zunga 6 (ki-) luaka. 
 feel, with hunger, fwa e mfune 
 
 (2). 
 
 (indistinct), a., -amfufulu. 
 be, v.i., fufuka. 
 make, v.t., fufula. 
 
 (swoon, be unconscious), fwa e kia- 
 mbu (5). 
 
 (weak), be, yovoka, tovoka. 
 
 (weary), be, yoya, mona (or yela), 
 0 mabibi (pi. 8), mona (or 
 yela) 0 mafunga (pi. 8), mona 
 0 mayovoka, to (6) (ki-) nioka. 
 
 Fainthearted, be,v., kalayo unku- 
 ta (12). 
 
 Faintheartedness, n ., unkuta, 12. 
 
 Faintness, n., zunga, 6; mafunga, 
 pi. 8; mayovoka, pi. 8; ma¬ 
 bibi, pi. 8. 
 
 (with hunger), mfune, 2. 
 
 Fair appearance, n., elengo (8) dia 
 meso. 
 
 (good, right), a., -ambote, -abiza. 
 (handsome), a., -awete. 
 
 (just, right), a., -asonga. 
 
 (light, white), -ampembe. 
 
 (market), 11., ezandu, 8. 
 
 Fairly, do, v., toma, songa. 
 
 Fairness, n., fu (6) kiabiza. 
 
 Fairy, n ., ximbi, 6. Kongos believe 
 that the ximbi live by the 
 watercourses, and it is they who 
 make the great chasms in the 
 hill sides. See Appendix, nkixi. 
 
 Faith (believing), n., kwikila, 9. 
 (belief), lukwikilu, 10. 
 have, v., kwikila. 
 
 Faithful (brave, not forsaking), a., 
 -anjijidi. 
 be, v., jijila. 
 
 (dutiful), a., -alemvo. 
 be, -lemvokela. 
 
 (trustworthy), -yo unkwikiji (12). 
 person, munkwikiji, 3. 
 
Fai-Fam 
 
 ( 78 ) 
 
 Faithfulness {see before), n., jiji, 6 ; 
 lemvo, 12 ; nnkwikiji, 12. 
 
 Faithless, be (disbelieve), v., vunisa; 
 see also deceive, abandon. 
 
 Faithlessness (deceit), n., ungya- 
 ngya, 12; luvunu, 10. 
 (unbelief), n., vunisa, 9. 
 
 Falcon, n., see hawk. 
 
 Fall, v.i., bwa, sotoka. 
 asleep, leka 0 tulu (pi. 10), {perf. 
 lele). 
 
 (doze), nimba, tonza. 
 
 (as rain), noka. 
 back (return), vutuka. 
 backwards, sengoka 0 mambemba 
 (pl- 7). 
 
 begin to (as rain), swenswena. 
 by accident, kusumuka. 
 
 to let, v.t., kusumuna. 
 down, v.i., sotoka. 
 
 let, v.t., sotola. 
 
 (spoken of people only), v.i., bwa 
 
 0 munkanda (3), bwa e va- 
 mbala (6). 
 
 from, off, v.i., sangumuka. 
 
 in plenty, many, much, betumuka, 
 wulumuka, butumuka, beto- 
 moka. 
 
 let, v.t., betumuna, butumuna, 
 betomona, wulumuna. 
 from an upright position, v.i., no- 
 ngoka. 
 
 to cause to, v.t., nongona. 
 heavily, v.i., tupama, lumbama, 
 yembama. 
 
 let, v.t., lumba, yemba. 
 in (cave in), v.i., wongomoka, 
 vongomoka, wotomoka, voto- 
 moka. 
 
 in drops, sonsa, solonga, sona (of 
 blood only). 
 
 (in price), sakalala (e ntalu, 2). 
 into, sotoka, koboka. 
 
 (as a stream), bwa. 
 
 (lose balance and fall from a bridge), 
 kunkumuka, kunkuka. 
 off, see fall down. 
 
 off (as hair, feathers), vuzilka, ka- 
 tuka. 
 
 on to one’s face, vukama. 
 
 Fall, continited. 
 
 out of, sokomoka. 
 out (quarrel), zonza. 
 overhang, and be likely to fall, 
 nenganana. 
 short, kufama. 
 
 (lack), konda. 
 
 sick, baka 0 yela (9), baka e kimbe- 
 vo (5). _ 
 
 (sink, as a river), ninga, lala, xioka. 
 to (any one), kwiza, kwenda. 
 to (come upon, set to work), yekama. 
 to pieces, wolomoka, botomoka. 
 
 (in water, or through the action of 
 water), niukumuka. 
 n., the nouns of the 2nd class derived 
 from the above nouns, as :— 
 mbwa, 2 ; nsotoka, 2 ; ndoka, 
 2 ; nsengoka, 2 ; nkusumuka, 
 2 ; nsangumuka, 2 ; mbetu- 
 muka, 2 ; mbetomoka, 2; 
 mbutumuka,2; ngwulumuka, 
 2 ; ndongoka, 2 ; ntupama, 2 ; 
 ndumbama, 2; ngyembama, 2; 
 ngwongomoka, 2; mpongo- 
 moka, 2 ; ngwotomoka, 2 ; 
 mpotomoka, 2 ; nsakalala, 2 ; 
 nkoboka, 2 ; nkunkumuka, 2 ; 
 mpukama, 2 ; ndinga, 2 ; nda- 
 la, 2 ; nxioka, 2; ngwolomo- 
 ka, 2; mbotomoka. 
 
 (cascade), nteleka, 4. 
 
 (cataract), ekumbila, 8. 
 
 (of a person), vambala, 6 ; munka¬ 
 nda, 3. 
 
 False, a., -aluvunu, -aviku. 
 
 Falsehood, n., luvunu, 10 ; viku, 6 ; 
 ungyangya, 12. 
 
 Falsely accuse, v., kangidila e 
 diambu (7). 
 
 Falter, see hesitate. 
 
 Fame, n., tunda, 9 ; nsangu, 2 ; mbe- 
 mbo, 2 (Bako.); yaya, 9. 
 
 Familiar, be (accustomed to), v., 
 kulukila. 
 
 (know well), zaya beni. 
 
 Family (clan), n., ekanda, 8 ; luvila, 
 10 ; see clan. 
 
 (children), wana, or ana, pl. 1. 
 (relations), yitu, 6. 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 Fam-Fat 
 
 Famine, ekuluta, 8; mvengele, 4. 
 
 Famish, v.i., fwa e nzala (2). 
 
 Famous, a., -atunda, -anene, -ayaya. 
 be, v.i., tunda, yaya. 
 make, v.i., tundisa, yayisa. 
 
 Fan, 71., vuvilwa, 6. 
 v., vuvila. 
 
 Fancifulness, n., ntinti, 2. 
 
 Fancy, v., see imagine. 
 n ., sampu-sampu, 6. 
 
 7/., kala ye sampusampu; I fancy 
 I heard a person’s voice, sampu- 
 sampu kia ndinga a muntu 
 ndina kiau; I fancied that I 
 saw him, sampusampu kia 
 mona yandi ndina kiau. 
 
 Fang, n., dinu, 7 (pi. meno), (tooth); 
 nzala, 2 & 11 (claw). 
 
 Far, adv., e ntama (2), 0 vala (14); 
 e nseke, 2 (Bako.), this has also 
 an obscene meaning, and is 
 therefore avoided in S. Salvador, 
 as far as, yamuna, yakuna, yava- 
 na ; let us go together as far as 
 Ngombe, twenda kweto e njila 
 moxi yakuna Ngombe ; go 
 with him as far as you like (to 
 leave at), wenda yo yandi 
 konso ko oxila. 
 be far apart, v., valuka. 
 be far from, v., kala e ntama ; it is 
 far from the river, e nzadi nta¬ 
 ma ina. 
 
 how far ? nkia tini ? nkia ntama ? 
 nkia vala ? 
 
 however far (it may be), kana nta¬ 
 ma. 
 
 put far apart, v., valula. 
 
 -seeing, a., -anlungaladi, -anduka. 
 
 be, v., lungalala, luka. 
 very, adv., e ntama yingi, 0 vala 
 vengi. 
 
 Fare, v., mona, kala. 
 well, mona 0 wete (12), kala kia- 
 biza. 
 
 Farewell, n., lukananu, 10. 
 interj., see adieu, 
 bid, v., see adieu, bid. 
 
 Farm, n., kiana, 5 ; mpatu, 2 ; eya- 
 ngala, 8 (Vivi.). 
 
 Farm, continued. 
 bed (for cassava), bola, 6. 
 
 (of burnt roots and earth), etu- 
 mbi, 8 ; efuku, 8. 
 
 (of earth, ridge), saya, 6. 
 border, mbambi, 2. 
 
 (in process of extension), esunsu, 
 8 ; ndila, 2 ; etukulu, 8. 
 to encroach on, v., vola. 
 drain, n., lubulu, 10. 
 field, evia, 8. 
 
 (of cassava), bale, 6. 
 
 (of ripe nguba), efu, 8. 
 furrow, muvu, 3. 
 hoe up, make a, v., vata. 
 on forest land, n., esole,, 8 ; nsa- 
 ngi, 4- 
 
 to make a, v., sosa, sola. 
 
 Farther, see further. 
 
 Fashion, n., fu, 6 ; nza, 4. 
 the same, diawa dimoxi, betela, 
 dedede. 
 
 in the same, adv., nana. 
 
 Fast (quick), a., -answalu (4), -anza- 
 ki (2). 
 
 adv., e ntinu (2), 0 nswalu (4), e 
 nzaki (2), e ntinu ntinu. 
 be, go, v., zabuka, kwenda e ntinu, 
 or e nzaki or 0 nswalu. 
 go ! vwa 0 malu! zabula 0 malu! 
 
 Fast (hunger), v., kala, or leka ye 
 nzala (2) ; kala, or leka ke 
 mu dia ko. 
 
 Fast asleep, adv., kuna tulu (pi. 10) 
 (twa mete, very), 
 be very, v., leka ( fterf. lele) 0 tulu 
 twa mete. 
 
 Fast, secure,/., -axiama, -xieme. 
 be, v.i., xiama. 
 
 Fast, make, )v.t., xiamisa; a hoe 
 
 Fasten, ) into its handle, kwika. 
 (lock), bindika. 
 
 (nail up), koma. 
 
 (roughly, baste), tamba, lamvula 
 (cloth). 
 
 (tie), kanga. 
 
 together (tie), kanganisa. 
 
 Fastidious, a., -antinti. 
 
 Fastidiousness, n., ntinti, 2. 
 
 Fat, n., maji, pi. 7. 
 
Fat-Fea 
 
 ( 80 ) 
 
 Fat, continued. 
 
 a little fat, fidiaji fiakete. 
 a., -amaji. 
 
 (big), -avonga, -atola. 
 be, grow, v., vonga, tola, 
 person, n., kinkobe, 5. 
 very fat person, bubukulu, 6. 
 
 Fatal,/., -vondanga. 
 
 Fate, n ., nsambu, 2 ; elan, 8 (good). 
 
 Father, n., ese, 1 & 8, always used 
 with the possessive pronoun, 
 even when followed by a geni¬ 
 tive case ; the father of Nlemvo 
 has come, es’ andi a Nlemvo 
 olueke ; your father, ese dieno. 
 tata, 1, used only in the singular, 
 in addressing, or speaking of, 
 respectfully. A slave calls his 
 master tata. 
 
 to call upon one’s father (tatatata- 
 tata), v., tatila. 
 
 -hood, kitata, 5 ; utata, 12 ; kise, 5. 
 
 Father-in-law, n., ko, 13 ; njitu, 1. 
 
 Fatherless, a., -ansona a tata, 
 -ansona a ese. 
 
 Fatherly, adv ., nze i tata. 
 kindness, n ., walakaji, 12. 
 
 Fathom, n., evwata, 8 ; nkwanga, 2 
 (Bako., &c.). 
 half a, pau, 2 (P. pao). 
 one and a half, nzoka, 4. 
 two, nzoka, 4 (Bako.). 
 five, kindele, 5 (Bako.). 
 ten, kimbnndi, 5 (Bako.). 
 
 Fathom, v., tama. 
 
 Fatigue, mabibi, pi. 8 ; mafunga, 
 pi. 8 ; mayovoka, pi. 8. 
 v.t ., xia 0 mabibi (pi. 8), (or mafu¬ 
 nga, or mayovoka), yoyesa, 
 yovona. 
 
 Fatigued, be, v., yovoka, yoya, to 
 (6) (ki) nioka. 
 
 Fatness, n ., mpongo, 2 ; maji, pi. 7. 
 
 Fatten, v.t., vongesa. 
 v.t., vonga, tola. 
 
 Fault, n., nsoki, 4. 
 commit a, kota o nsoki (4). 
 
 (defect), n., fu, 6. 
 find, v., tumba. 
 finding, n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Fault, co?iti?iued. 
 
 (matter), ?i., kuma, 6 ; diambu, 7 ; 
 uma, 12, it is your fault, dia* 
 mbu diaku, kuma kiaku, 
 waku (uma). 
 
 Faultless, a., ke ya kuma ko. 
 
 Favour, n., edienga, 8 ; he has favour 
 with the king, mfumu una ye 
 edienga kuna kwa yandi. 
 have, find, v., mona e edienga, kala 
 ye edienga. 
 
 show, mwesa e edienga. 
 
 Favour (mercy), n., nkenda, 2. 
 as a favour! for mercy’s sake ! 
 
 umfwa nkenda. 
 
 Favour (obligation), n., edodokolo, 
 8 . 
 
 ask a, v., dodokela. 
 
 as a favour ! please ! dodokolodo ! 
 
 Favourite, a., -anzolwa. 
 
 Fear, n., wonga, 12 ; wongola, 12 ; 
 boma, 9 (Kabinda). 
 awe, n., mbubu, 2. 
 
 (dread, respect), n., vumi, 6 & 12. 
 This word best expresses the 
 thought of the fear of God, com¬ 
 bining respect, honour, and fear, 
 without the dislike, distrust, and 
 sense of danger expressed by 
 wonga and wongola, or the 
 horror, awe, and shrinking fear 
 of mbubu. 
 
 Fear, v., mona 0 wonga (12), or 
 wongola (12); bubula, vumi- 
 
 na; see above. 
 
 for fear of, see case of, in, or account 
 of, on. 
 
 Fearful, a., yo wonga ,(12), -amvu- 
 mi, -ambubu. 
 
 (very bad), -ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Fearless, a., ke ya wonga (12) ko. 
 (brave), ye kiakala (5). 
 
 Feast, n., elambu, 8 ; nkinji, 4. 
 funeral, n., nkunza, 4. 
 marriage, nkinji (4) a longo (sing. 
 10). 
 
 v., dia e elambu (8), &c. 
 
 F eat, n., salu, 6 . 
 
 Feather, n., nsala, 2 & 11 (lusala). 
 (plume), mumbembe, 3. 
 
( 8i ) 
 
 F ea-F et 
 
 Featherless fowl (adult), n., vidi- 
 di, 6. 
 
 (fledgling), ednkn, 8. 
 
 Features, n., ndose, 2. 
 
 Fecund, be, v., tetana, wutana. 
 
 Fee, n., kibwanga, 5 ; mfutn, 2. 
 doctor’s, njimbu (2) zakinganga (5). 
 
 Feeble (from sickness), ft., -tovoka, 
 -yovoka. 
 
 be, v ., yovoka, tovoka. 
 
 (from age), this is implied in the adj. 
 -annnn (old, infirm), and the 
 verb nunuva (to be old, infirm). 
 
 Feed, v.i ., dia 0 madia (pi. 9), dia. 
 at, on, in, v.i., dila. 
 
 (give food to a person), dika, vana 
 0 madia (pi. 9), wnndnla, yn- 
 ndnla (Mpa.). 
 
 (to an animal), dikila. 
 
 (as pigeons their young), lnkila. 
 (provide), sansa ; see also eat. 
 
 Feel, v., mona (to see); I feel cold, 
 kioji mona. 
 after (grope), babata. 
 after (something hidden, covered, 
 buried), fimfila. 
 
 happy, mona e kiese (5), or 0 wete 
 (12), yangalala. 
 heavy, jita. 
 ill, yela. 
 
 pain, mona e mpaxi (2). 
 sure, certain, I feel certain, ludi 
 kwandi (it is true). 
 
 (think), see think. 
 
 (touch), viakana, ximba. Feel is 
 often used in English where 
 Kongos will only use the ordinary 
 intransitive verb. Thus, to feel 
 heavy = to be heavy ; but in 
 such case they generally use the 
 emphatic repetition, thus : it 
 feels heavy, jitakijita ; we feel 
 ill, yela tnyela. 
 
 Feeling, n., see compassion, kindness. 
 
 Feign, v ., knvuna (refl.). 
 
 Felicity, n., kiese, 5 ; wete, 12 ; 
 eyangi, 8 ; lufianlwisu, 10 ; 
 luyangalalu, 10. 
 
 Fell, v., zenga, kesa, kenda, kwa- 
 nga (Bako.). 
 
 Fellow (associate), n ., nkwa, 1. 
 
 -slave, n., yitu, 6. 
 
 Fellowship, n., kiknndi, 5. 
 
 Felon, see criminal. 
 
 Female, n., nkento, 1 (see also 
 woman). 
 
 a., -ankento, -angudi. 
 
 that has given birth, n ., exina, 8 . 
 Fen, n., see marsh. 
 
 Fence (enclosure), n., lnmbn, 10. 
 (wall), yaka, 6. 
 v., tunga 0 lnmbn (10). 
 
 (make a hasty), kakidisa. 
 
 Ferment (effervesce), v., tnba 0? 
 tnmba e efnlnfnln ( 8 ). 
 
 (become intoxicating), bala, kola. 
 Fermentation, n., kola, 9 ; bala, 9. 
 Fern, n., dinzelele, 7. 
 bracken (Pteris), etekwa, 8. 
 climbing (Lygodium), kinkadi, 5 
 (small leaf) ; ntela (large), 2. 
 Ferocious, a., -alan, -alnnji. 
 Ferocity, n., Ian, 6 ; Innji, 6 . 
 Ferrule, n., ekaza, 8. 
 
 Ferry, v.l., sanla, sabnla (Bako.). 
 v.i., sanka, sabnka (Bako.). 
 n., esan, 8 ; esabn, 8 (Bako.). 
 
 -man, n., nsan, 1 ; nsabn, 1 (Bako.). 
 Fertile soil, n ., ntoto (4) ambo- 
 ngo. 
 
 Fervent, a., -ingi (much) ; fervent 
 love, tonda kwingi. 
 Fervently, adv., beni, love fervently, 
 
 tonda belli. 
 
 FERVOUR, n., there must be some cir¬ 
 cumlocution to express this. 
 The passion must be stated 
 with the adj. -ingi. Fervour of 
 desire = great desire. 
 
 Fester, v., wnnga. 
 
 Festival, n., see feast. 
 
 Festive, a., -ankembo, -alnmingn. 
 Fetch, v., bonga. 
 back, vntnla (a thing), vntnlwisa 
 (a person). 
 
 down, knlnmnna, knlnla. 
 
 (firewood), tiama (e nknni, 2 & 11). 
 (go after), kwendela, landa. 
 
 (go for a person), gnsumnna, vnkn- 
 Inla. 
 
 G 
 
Fet-Fin 
 
 •( 82 ) 
 
 Fetch, continued. 
 
 in, kotesa. 
 out, vaikisa. 
 
 (produce, “ trade ”), kombola. 
 up, tombola. 
 
 (water), teka (0 maza, pi. 7). 
 
 Fetid, a ., -ansndi, -anuka, -awola. 
 
 Fetish, n., nkixi, 4. 
 a., -ankixi, -anlongo (tabooed), 
 to make a charm, vanda 0 nkixi 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 to destroy the influence of, lembnla. 
 For further matters, see Appen¬ 
 dix. 
 
 Fetter, v., ximba. 
 
 Fetters, n., tadi, 6; xienge, 6 ; ln- 
 vambn, 10. 
 
 put in, v., koma mu luvambu, 10. 
 
 Feud, n., unzonji, 12 ; vita, 2. 
 to be at, v., sanjiana. 
 
 Fever (ague), n., mvuka, 2. 
 
 (scarlet), nkankatu, 4. 
 of infants when teething, bandaba- 
 nda, 6. 
 
 Few,.^., -akete, -andwelo. 
 a few (nguba), n., nsnlnln, 4 (a 
 nguba). 
 
 Fibre, n., mpnsn, 2. 
 in palm pith, n., nxinga, 2. 
 
 Fickle, be, v., benda-benda. 
 
 Fickleness, n ., bendabenda, 9. 
 
 Fidelity, n., jiji, 6. 
 
 Field, ?i., evia, 8 ; see farm, 
 cassava, bale, 6. 
 
 (cultivated land), mpatu, 2. 
 of ripe ground nuts, efu, 8 (dia 
 nguba, 2). 
 
 Fiend (devil), n ., nkadi (2) ampe- 
 mba. 
 
 (evil sprite), nkwiyi, 4 ; kiniumba, 
 5 ; etombola, 8 ; see demon. 
 
 Fierce, a., -anxita, -amakudi, -ama- 
 kaxi. 
 
 (ferocious), -alau, -alnnji. 
 
 (great), -ayingi; fierce anger, ma- 
 
 kudi mayingi. 
 
 Fierceness, n ., nxita, 2 ; ekudi, 8 ; 
 ekaxi, 8 ; often used in the 
 plural. 
 
 (ferocity), lan, 6 ; lunji, 6. 
 
 Fifteen, a ., knmi ye tann. 
 
 Fifth, a., -etann. 
 
 Fifty, a. & n., makumatanu (pi. 8). 
 
 (of beads), lufnkn, 11 & 2 (mfnkn). 
 Fig (ficus generic), n ., nsanda, 4. 
 Fight, v., nwana, sakana, nwana 0 
 njingn (4), nwana e vita (2). 
 n., njingn, 4 ; ndwana, 2. 
 against, with, v., nwana ye. 
 
 (with fist), bnndana. 
 
 Figure, n ., lntangn, 10. 
 (representation), xisa, 6; fwani- 
 swa, 6. 
 
 (thing), ma, 6 ; kinma, 5 ; lekwa, 
 
 6 . 
 
 File, n., edima, 8 (P. lima). 
 v., fwenka, kwaka. 
 along, go in Indian, londana. 
 the teeth, sonsa. 
 
 Fill, v.t., zadisa. 
 v.i., zala. 
 
 a pipe, v.t., xia e mfomo (2) mn ki- 
 nzn (5). 
 
 (as smoke), tnmbama. 
 
 (cram, stuff), komenena. 
 
 (full), toma zadisa. 
 making a surface level with the brim, 
 xia e elalangoma (8). 
 
 (half full), xia e ebnki (8). 
 to overflowing, lnngnla. 
 v.i., lnngnka. 
 
 v.t., up a hole with earth, vntnla 0 
 ntoto (4). 
 
 up the number, lnngisa. 
 
 Fillip, v., timbnla, banznla. 
 Filter, n., kelelwa, 6. 
 v., kela. 
 
 Filth, n., mvindn, 2. 
 
 (floating in water), ntimvn, 2. 
 Filthy, a., -amvindn, -antimvu. 
 language, a., mambn (pi. 7) mange- 
 mi. 
 
 make, v., xia e mvindn (2), timvu- 
 na. 
 
 Fin, n., sala, 6 ; lnveve, 10 ; mpeve, 
 2 & 11. 
 
 Final, a., -ansnka, -ambaninu. 
 
 Find, v., solola, dimbnla, taka fget); 
 mona (see); wana (meet), 
 fault with, tumba 
 
( 83 ) 
 
 Fin-Fir 
 
 Find, continued, 
 
 out (detect), tungulula. 
 out (invent), soka. 
 
 (something long lost or hidden), 
 
 bandumuna. 
 
 (something lost by another), bongo- 
 lola. 
 
 kimbongolola, 5. 
 
 (supply), v. y sansa. 
 
 Fine day. If it is fine to-morrow, 
 mbaji ovo (kuma) kutoma 
 kia or ovo kuyangalala. 
 night, nkamba, 4 ; it was a fine 
 night, (kuma) kuleleo nkamba. 
 
 Fine (punishment), n., njimbu (2) 
 za mambu (pi. 7), or za nka- 
 nu (4). 
 
 v., futisa e njimbu (2), dia e 
 njimbu (2). 
 
 for adultery (paid to the husband), 
 
 makoji, pi. 8. 
 
 for shedding blood (paid to judges), 
 
 nkenji, 4. 
 
 Fine (small), a., -andwelo, -akete, 
 -alwelo. 
 too, -ke. 
 
 very, -aketekete, -andwelondwelo, 
 -antientientie, -ankenkenke, 
 -anjenje. 
 
 extremely, a click like ours when 
 vexed, is rapidly repeated to 
 express this. 
 
 Fine (good),a., -ambote, -abiza, -awe- 
 te. 
 
 (smart), -akitoko. 
 
 Fineness (small), «., ke, 12. 
 
 Finery, of girls, n ., kindumba, 5. 
 of lads, kitoko, 5. 
 
 Finger, «., nlembo, 4. 
 thumb, nl. -exina; 1st, nl. -ala- 
 ndila exina; 2nd, nl. -akati; 
 3rd, nl. -alandila kati; 4th, 
 nl. -ansuka. 
 
 nail, zala, 6 ; nzala, 2 & 11. 
 
 Finish, n. } see end. 
 v.t., mana, manesa, fula, sukisa, 
 fokola (conclude), 
 cause to, manisa. 
 
 Finished, be, v.t\, mana, fuka, vwa, 
 suka, fokoka (conclude). 
 
 Fire, n., tiya, pi. 10 (contracted from 
 tuvia=tuyia). Tuvia, pi. 10, 
 and mbazu, 2 (Mpa., &c.). 
 -brand, xixi, 6 . 
 
 -place, ejiku, 8 . 
 
 place, the burnt earth under a, mbo- 
 mbe, 2. 
 
 stones of a fireplace, makukwa, 
 pi. 8. 
 
 wood, nkuni, 2 & 11. 
 a log of, lukuni, 11 & 2 ; evindi, 
 8 (large). 
 
 partly burnt, xixi, 6 . 
 a bundle of, vanga (6) kia nkuni. 
 to collect, z /./., tiama e nkuni 
 
 (2). 
 
 draw together the burning wood, 
 
 konka e xixi (6). 
 
 light a, make or blow, vanga, 
 lunga, tubula (0 tiya, pi. 10). 
 set fire to, kwika or tatika 0 tiya 
 (pi. 10). 
 
 (to burn, v.t .), yoka ; to fire the 
 bush, yoka e futa. 
 strike, kola 0 tiya (pi. 10). 
 
 Fire, a gun, miss fire, &c., see it 7 ider 
 gun. 
 
 Firefly, n., minikamalenge, 6. 
 
 Firm (firmly fixed),/., -xieme,-xiama, 
 -xikila. 
 
 (hard), a ., -ambadi. 
 
 (hard and dry),/., -kwijima. 
 
 (price, offer), a ., -aludi. 
 
 (strong), a., -angolo. 
 
 Firm, be, vd., xiama, xikila (secure); 
 bala(hard); kwijima (and dry); 
 kinda (strong). 
 
 make,?/./., xiamisa, xikidisa,badisa, 
 kwijimisa, kindisa ; see above. 
 
 Firmament (expanse of heaven), n., 
 ngambwila, 2. 
 
 Firmness, n., xiama, 9; xikila, 9; 
 bala, 9 ; kwijima, 9; kinda, 
 9; ngolo, 2. 
 
 First, #., -antete, -vita, 
 ancient, -ankulu. 
 
 at, adv ., e ntete ; e kulu, with the 
 applied form ; at first they 
 began to cry, baximbidi didila 
 e kulu. 
 
Fir-Fla 
 
 ( 84 ) 
 
 First, continued. 
 
 be, do, go, &c. (of future action), v., 
 vita. 
 
 (of past action), v., teka, vita, 
 be (in excellence), v., sunda. 
 
 -born child, n., mwana (1) antete. 
 -born (eldest brother), n., mpangi, 
 2. 
 
 First place in the, 
 Firstly, 
 
 adv., koxi, oxi, 
 boxi, edi dia- 
 ntete. 
 
 Fish, n., mbiji (2) a maza. 
 basket (as lobster trap), vuwa, 6 ; 
 ekangu, 8 (long) ; lembo, 6 
 
 (Bako.). 
 
 dried, mbiji (2) awuma. 
 
 a stick of, babu, 6. 
 fresh, mbiji (2) antombo. 
 hook, luvaku, 10 ; mpaku, 2. 
 
 (barb), evanda, 8. 
 
 a short straight piece of wood, fast¬ 
 ened in the centre to the line, 
 which, when swallowed, hitches 
 crosswise, and so the fish is 
 caught, taka, 6. 
 
 poison, wimi, 12 ; balakasa, 6 
 (leguminaceous). 
 scale of a, evavala, 8 ; ekwa, 8. 
 trap, ntambu, 4 ; see also basket. 
 
 buoy, xinsu, 6. 
 weir, nkaku, 2. 
 with hook, 7/., Iowa, 
 for names of fish, see Appendix. 
 
 Fisherman, n., nleki (1 & 4) a vuwa 
 (6), nkwa (1) mbiji, ntambi (1 
 & 4) a mbiji (2), (Bako.). 
 
 Fishing vulture (gryphohierax), n., 
 mbemba, 2. 
 
 Fissure, n., luamvu, 10. 
 in the earth, mbamvu, 2. 
 
 Fist, zz ., nkome, 2. 
 a blow with, ekofi, 8 ; nkome, 2. 
 clench the, v., vinda e nkome (2). 
 strike with, wanda e nkome (2), or 
 ekofi, 8 ; tua e nkome, or 
 ekofi; buba e nkome, or ekofi. 
 
 Fit, p., -fwana. 
 
 7 v.t., fwaninika, fwananakesa. 
 
 7 >.i., fwana, fwanana, kwenda e 
 dedede, or betela. 
 
 Fit, conti?iued. 
 
 -fwete (per/.). They do not know 
 how to build a house fit for a 
 white man to live in, ke bazeye 
 tunga nzo ifwete kala munde- 
 le ko. 
 
 (able), lenda (see able), 
 together, v.t ., yikakesa. 
 
 7 >.i., yikakana. 
 up, kumpika, kubika. 
 
 Fit (epileptic), zz., niangi, 2. 
 spasm of, xilwa, 9 ; nxilwa, 2. 
 to cause a, 7/., xila. 
 to have a, kuxila. 
 
 Five, a., tanu. 
 
 Fix (appoint), v., xia. 
 
 (fasten), koma (nail), kanga (tie), 
 firmly, xiamisa. 
 
 (immovably), kwijika. 
 
 (in the ground), ximika. 
 roughly, tamba. 
 
 (securely), xikidisa. 
 
 the eyes, tala e tukutuku (6). 
 
 Fixed, be, v.i., see above ; xiwa, ko- 
 mwa, kangama, xiama, kwiji- 
 ma, ximama, tambama, xi- 
 kila. 
 
 Fixture, n ., lekwa ke kinkwa 
 katuka ko. 
 
 Flabby, a ., -anlebuki. 
 be, 7/., lebuka. 
 
 Flag, v., lengela. 
 n ., dimbu, 6; bandela, 2 (P. ban- 
 deira). 
 
 Flake, zz., evavala, 8. 
 
 Flame, zz., nlaku, 4. 
 send forth, v., lakuka, lakumuka. 
 
 Flank (of the body), n., ebekete, 8 ; 
 mazakazaka, pi. 8; see also side. 
 
 Flannel, zz., flanela, 2 (P. flanella). 
 
 Flap, v.t., papumuka. 
 about, v.i., vuvila. 
 as wings, when a bird flies, v.i., 
 vavila. 
 
 in the wind, v.i., vevela, pekumu- 
 ka, vekumuka, pekomoka. 
 
 Flare, n., nlemo, 4. 
 v., lema. 
 
 away fiercely, yuya. 
 up, lakuka, lakumuka. 
 
( S 5 ) 
 
 Fla-Fol 
 
 Flash (of lightning), n., nsemo, 2; 
 (a flashing), nsema, 2. 
 v ., sema, sejima. 
 
 Flask, powder, n., tutu, 6 (kiatiya). 
 F'lat, a., -hahama, -elelenxi (plain), 
 be, v.i., babama. 
 make, v.t., baba, babika. 
 
 Flatten, v., see flat, v.t. & v.i. 
 Flatter, v., lenga. 
 
 Flatterer, n., nlengi, 1 & 4. 
 Flattery, n., elengo, 8. 
 
 Flavour, n., ntomo 4 (pleasant) ; 
 lusu, 10 (unpleasant) ; lute 10 
 (fishy) ; nkyekye 4 (of stale 
 palm nuts). 
 v., tomesa. 
 
 Flaw, n ., fu, 6 ; luamvu, 10 (crack). 
 Flay, v ., tala, tuna, vuna, buna. 
 Flea, n., nianji (2) a mbwa. 
 
 sand, see jigger. 
 
 Fledgling, n ., eduku, 8. 
 
 F LEE, v., see run. 
 
 Flesh (lean), n., nsuni, 4. 
 
 (meat), mbiji, 2. 
 
 (of the body), nitu, 2. 
 
 Flexibility, zz., leva, 9. 
 
 Flexible, -anlevi. 
 be, v., leva. 
 
 Flick (with the finger), v., timbula, 
 banzula. 
 
 Flicker, 7/., fifalala. 
 
 Flickering, zz., fifalala, 9. 
 
 <2., -amfifaladi. 
 
 Flight (flying), zz., ntimuka, 2 ; ti- 
 muka, 9. 
 
 (running), ntinu, 2. 
 to put to, 7/., yinga, kula. 
 
 Flinch, v ., saluka. 
 
 Fling, 7/., tuba. 
 
 away, veta, loza, takula; ^ <2/^ 
 throw. 
 
 Flint, zz., etadi (8) dia nkele (4). 
 and steel, ebindwa, 8. 
 to strike, v., kola (0 tiya, pi. 10). 
 gun, zz., nkele (4) a sanu (6). 
 
 F loat, 7/./., lalama, yangama. 
 
 (cause to), 7/./., lalamesa, yanga- 
 mesa, yangikila. 
 
 F lock, zz., buka, 6 ; ekambi, 8. 
 Flocks (cattle), zz., tweleji, 6. 
 
 Flog, 7/., beat. 
 
 Flogging, n., see blow. 
 
 Flood, zz., kizalu, 5. 
 
 7/., langa. 
 
 (fill to overflowing), lungula. 
 
 Floor, zz., ntoto, 4. 
 
 on the, adv ., vananxi. 
 
 Flounder about, 7/., bambala. 
 Flour, /z., mfumfu, 2 ; mfuba, 2. 
 Flourish, v., see prosper, grow, 
 brandish. 
 
 Flow (current), zz., ngungula, 2; nku- 
 ka, 2. 
 
 Flow, v.i., along, down, kukula. 
 by, past, luta, vioka. 
 into, kota. 
 
 into (as a river), bwa, vakula. 
 into each other (as streams meeting), 
 
 bulangiana. 
 
 out, vwalala, vwasasa, vwasu- 
 muka, voma, volomoka. 
 
 (of blood), solonga, sona. 
 
 Flower, v., vuma. 
 
 n., mvuma, 2 ; see also maize, palm. 
 Flung away, a thing, n., sungela, 
 6 . 
 
 Flurry, n., kiavi, 5. 
 
 Flute, n., etutu, 8 ; exikilu, 8 . 
 Flutter, v., papala. 
 
 Fly, v., timuka, vumuka. 
 away, after capture, taya. 
 n., mbwanji, 2 ; nji, 2 (Vivi). 
 blow-, ekulumbwanji, 8 . 
 
 -blow, mumvidi, 3 (a mbwanji). 
 large, evekwa, 8 ; evukunia, 8 
 (very large). 
 
 small, bloodthirsty, kinkufu, 5. 
 Flying, a., -antimuki, -amvumuki. 
 Foal, n., mwana, 1 (a ebuluku, vo 
 mvalu). 
 
 Foam, n., efulufulu, 8. 
 
 v., tumba or tuba e efulufulu, 8. 
 Foe, n ., ntantu, 1; mbeni, 2. 
 
 Fog, n., wixixi, 12; mbututu, 4; 
 mbungeji, 4. 
 
 Foggy, be, v., mbututu (&c.) -fuku- 
 muka. 
 
 Fold, v.i., bundika. 
 a joint, v.t., koneneka. 
 v.i., konanana. 
 
Fol-For 
 
 ( 86 ) 
 
 Fold, continued. 
 
 back together, v.t., fokola, bokola, 
 lituna. 
 
 in creases, v.t ., fitika. 
 in the arms, vatakana. 
 
 (the arms), jinga (o moko, pi. 9). 
 (the legs as when sitting, or of a 
 goat, &c.), bokola, bulama. 
 
 Fold (enclosure), n ., mpaka, 2 ; nku- 
 zu, 4. 
 
 (hem), mfoko, 2 ; mboko, 2. 
 
 (in a cloth), mbunda, 2. 
 
 Foliage, n., makaya, pi. 8. 
 
 Folk, n., antu, pi. 1 ; wantu, pi. 1. 
 young, n., aleke, pi. 1. 
 
 Folklore, n ., kingana, 5 ; ngana, 
 2 ; savu, 6 ; samuna, 6. 
 
 Follow, v., landa. 
 
 (chase after), lamika e ntinu (2). 
 (copy), sokolola. 
 in Indian file, londana. 
 with, landesa. 
 
 Follower, n., nlandi, 1 & 4. 
 (retainer), nsa, 4 ; nleke, 1 ; leke, 
 6 . 
 
 Following, a., -anlandi. 
 
 Folly, see foolishness. 
 
 Foment, v., fnta, bubila. 
 
 (stir up), v., nikuna. 
 
 Fond, a., -antondi. 
 be, of, v.t., tonda, zola. 
 be not, of, tondola, 
 
 (not care for), bolola. 
 
 Fondness, n., zola, 9. 
 
 Fontanel, n., ntumpa, 2. 
 
 Food, n., dia, 9. 
 something for, yuma, pi. 6. 
 something tasty to eat with, etongo, 
 8. Anything that is cooked 
 with salt or pepper is thus 
 called. 
 
 for a journey, nkllta, 2. 
 stale, of previous day, dia kwamfi- 
 ku. 
 
 Fool, n., ezowa, 8; dinda, 6 ; eze- 
 nga, 8; zengi, 6 ; zeza, 6 ; 
 mpamvu, 2 ; tunze, 6, after a 
 little bird, which is said to nod 
 assent to anything said. 
 
 (a woman’s word), dinginzundn, 6. 
 
 Foolish, a., -ezowa, -avwengele, 
 -adinda, -ezenga, -azengi, 
 -azeza, - ampamvu, -atunze. 
 be, v., zowalala. 
 
 Foolishness, n., uzowa, 12 ; zowa, 
 12; vwengele, 12; iidinda, 12 ; 
 uzenga, 12; uzeza, 12; 
 
 umpamvu, 12 ; kitunze, 5. 
 
 Foot (of man), n., tambi, 6. 
 
 (of beast or bird), ekolo, 8 (shank), 
 (base), exina, 8. 
 fall, nxindu, 4. 
 
 (hoof), kole, 6. 
 mark, ntambi, 2. 
 on, adv., malu-malu. 
 
 -path, n., njila, 2. 
 
 paw, buba, 6. 
 
 paw marks, ekanda, 8. 
 
 presentation (obstetric), nsunda, 4. 
 
 sole, kandaji, 6 ; tambi, 6. 
 
 Fop, n., nkwa (1) kitoko (5). 
 
 For, prep. The applied form conveys 
 the idea of “ for ” : as vanga, to 
 do ; vangila, to do for. Carry 
 this for me, iindatina eki; I 
 will give 10 strings for it, knlaji 
 yavanina kio. Note also the 
 use of the applied form below. 
 
 Kongos sometimes reconstruct so 
 that “with” is used instead of 
 “ for.” Grass for thatching my 
 house = grass I will thatch my 
 house with, nianga yafukila e 
 nzo ame. 
 
 The preposition (declinable), -a 
 (of),very frequently expresses the 
 idea of “for.” These are for the 
 children, eyayi ya aleke ; this 
 is for the journey, ekiaki kia 
 njila; this tin is for salt, eyayi 
 lata ya mnngwa; this is for 
 you to eat,kiaki kia nge wadia. 
 
 The preposition muna is fre¬ 
 quently used for “for” when 
 it implies : on account of, for 
 the purpose of. Take this 
 for your trouble, bonga eki 
 lnnna mpaxi zaku; a good 
 canoe for ferrying, nlungll 
 abiza mnna saukila. 
 
( 8; ) 
 
 For-For 
 
 For, continued. 
 
 for ever ; see ever. 
 
 for the sake of, on account of, muna 
 diambu (7) dia, * mu kuma 
 kia. (The “mu” may be 
 omitted.) For us (our sake) He 
 died, mu kuma kieto kafwila ; 
 for his sake, muna diambu di- 
 andi. 
 
 for (the space of) ; not translated, 
 state simply the time and fact. 
 For three days we waited, lu- 
 mbu tatu tuvingidi; for a 
 short time, kolo kiandwelo. 
 
 too...for ; this requires some circum¬ 
 locution. This is too heavy for 
 him = this is very heavy, his 
 strength is too little, kiaki 
 0 jita kwingi 0 yandi e ngolo 
 jike; this is too small for my 
 head, ntu ame unene kiaki 
 kike; 
 
 for what? nkia diambu? nkia 
 kuma, “ why,” always equals 
 “ for what,” and requires the 
 applied form. For what (why) 
 do you ask such a question ? 
 nkia diambu oyuvulwidi 
 ngyuvu yayi? This may also 
 be preceded by muna. 
 
 For (because), conj ., kadi. 
 
 Forasmuch as, conj., okala vo kadi. 
 
 Forbear, v., lemba. 
 
 Forbid, v., xima; though I forbade 
 him to go, he went, kana nxi- 
 mini yandi vo, “ kwendi ko,” 
 wele. 
 
 (ever to do), kandika ; since he for¬ 
 bade me, I shall never go, wau 
 
 kankandikidi kiendi kwame 
 nkutu ko. 
 
 (taboo), v., xia e konko (6). 
 
 Forbidden thing (tabooed), n., ko¬ 
 nko, 6 ; nlongo, 4. 
 
 Force, n., ngolo, 2 ; efuka, 8. 
 
 v., see compel. 
 
 Forceps, n., lukwatu, 10. 
 
 Forcible, a., -angolo. 
 
 Ford, v., sauka, sabuka (Bako.). 
 
 n., esau, 8 ; esabu, 8 (Bako.). 
 
 Forearm, n., ngonge (2) a koko (9). 
 
 Forefather, n., ese (8) diankulu. 
 
 Forefinger, n., nlembo (4) alandila 
 exina. 
 
 Forehead, n., luse, 10 ; lose, 10. 
 between the eyes, lumunga, 10. 
 middle of, mbulu, 2. 
 
 Foreign, a., -a nxi (2) akaka. 
 
 Foreigner, n ., mwixi (1 pi. exi) nxi 
 (2) akaka, nzenza, 2. 
 
 Foreleg, n., mvidingi, 4. 
 
 (of animal), kulu, 9 (leg). 
 
 (the joint of meat), to kia koko (9). 
 
 Foremost, be, v., vita, 
 place in the, adv., kuna ntu. 
 
 Forenoon, ovo ntangwa ke alungi- 
 di ko, tuka menemene yaku 
 ntangwa anlungu. 
 
 Fore-part, 71., ntu, 4 (head); ndose 
 (face).. 
 
 Foresight, see prudence. _ 
 
 Forest, n., mfinda, 2 (ampwena). 
 
 Foretell (expl.), samuna 0 mambu 
 mekwizanga. 
 
 Forfeit, v., vakula, futa (muna 
 nkanu). 
 
 Forge, n., lunga, 10. 
 
 (work as blacksmith), v., fula. 
 
 Forget, v., vilakanwa, jimbalaka- 
 nwa, vimpamenwa. 
 to, fwa e diya (6). 
 
 Forgetful person, n., nkwa (1) 
 diya. 
 
 Forgetfulness, n., diya, 6 . 
 
 Forgive, v., loloka. 
 
 Forgiveness, n., luloloko, 10. 
 
 Fork, table, n., nsoma, 4. 
 of road, n., mpambu, 2. . 
 of branches, evanda, 8 ; mpandi, 2. 
 
 Fork, v., vanga e mpandi (2), bula 
 e tai (6). 
 
 as road, vambuka. 
 
 Form, n ., mpila, 2. 
 
 (bench), ebaya, 8 ; ebandu, 8 ; 
 kunda, 6. 
 
 Form, v., vanga. 
 
 a line, v.t., kiata (persons), kiatika 
 (of things). 
 
 v.i., kiatama, kiatikwa. 
 
 (forge), v.t., fula. 
 
For-Fre 
 
 ( 88 ) 
 
 Former, a., -antete, -ankulu. 
 
 Formerly, adv., e ntete, e nza anku- 
 
 lu. 
 
 do, v., vita, teka; do as you did 
 formerly, vanga una ovitidi 
 o vanga. 
 
 Fornication, n ., zumba, 6. 
 
 Fornicator, n., munta (3) zumba 
 
 ( 6 ). 
 
 Forsake, v., yambula, xisa, vunza. 
 
 Fort, n. (expl.), nzo a matenda. 
 
 Forth, adv., kuna mbaji (2). 
 go, come, v ., vaika. 
 put, push, v., vaikisa. 
 
 Forthwith, adv ., see immediately. 
 
 Fortify (strengthen), v., kindisa. 
 
 Fortitude, n., jiji, 6. 
 
 Fortress, n., nzo (2) angolo. 
 
 Fortunate person, nkwa (1) elau 
 
 ( 8 ). 
 
 Fortune (good), n ., elau, 8 ; nsa- 
 mbu, 2 ; wete, 12. 
 bad, diambu (7) diambi. 
 
 (wealth), see wealth. 
 
 Forty, a. & n ., makumaya, pi. 8. 
 
 Forward, adv., kuna ntu (4). 
 inierj ., ndolo ! 
 be, go, v., vita. 
 
 early, v., vika, and state in what. 
 Our nguba are very forward 
 (will soon be ripe), e nguba 
 zeto se jivika yima. 
 go, kwenda. 
 
 (help), sadisa. 
 
 (send), twika. 
 
 Forward, a child forward for his 
 years, n., ngungwanguma, 2. 
 person (presumptuous), n ., kimpu- 
 mbulu, 5. 
 
 Forwards, fall, 7/., bukama. 
 
 Foul, a. & 7/., see dirty, 
 get (as a rope), v., vakamena, tata- 
 mena. 
 
 Found, be, v., moneka, soloka. 
 (build), tunga. 
 
 (cast metal), zunza. 
 
 Foundation, n., lufulu, 10 (site). 
 
 Founder (builder), n ., ntungi, 1. 
 (sink), v., diama, xinda. 
 
 Fountain (spring), n., nto, 2. 
 
 Fountain, continued. 
 
 (rocky), nkelo, 4. 
 
 (when water flows in volume from 
 under a rock), nduku, 4. 
 water flowing from aspring, nzenzo, 
 4. Springs are supposed to be 
 the haunts of fairies, ximbi, 6, 
 who make the chasms in the 
 hill sides. 
 
 Four, a., -ya (-na Kabinda). 
 times, see times. 
 
 Fourteen, a., kumi ye eya (firon. 
 
 kumiyeya). 
 
 Fourth, a ., -eya. 
 
 Fowl, n., nsusu, 2 ; eyembe, 8. 
 (cock), ekoko, 8 ; nsusu (2) ekoko. 
 (bird), nuni, 2. 
 featherless (adult), vididi, 6. 
 fowls of the air, nuni (2) za nga- 
 mbwila. 
 
 guinea-, nkelele, 2. 
 house, nzo (2), or mpaka (2) a nsu¬ 
 su (2). 
 
 nest, fulu (6) kia nsusu (2). 
 
 Fox, n., see civet, jackal. 
 
 Fraction, n., tini, 6 ; ndambu, 2. 
 Fracture, 7/., see break. 
 
 Fragile, a ., -nkwa udika. 
 Fragment, n., tini, 6. 
 
 Frail, a., ke ya ngolo ko. 
 
 Frame, 7/., see weave, make, mould, 
 -work (post), «., tungwa, 6. 
 
 (of a door, window, &c.), kulu, 6 . 
 France, n ., Falansa. 
 
 Frantic, a ., -alau. 
 be, 7 lauka. 
 make, w./., laula. 
 
 F raternal, a ., ne mpangi yo mbu- 
 nji. 
 
 r «., luvunu, 10 ; 
 Fraud, ) ungangi, 1 2 ; vi- 
 
 Fraudulence, } ku, 6; ungya- 
 ' ngya, 12. 
 
 F raudulent, «., -amvuni, -aluvunu. 
 
 person, ngyangya, 2 ; ngangi, 2. 
 Free (for nothing), «., -angovo. 
 get, w.z., taya, kutuluka; see also 
 escape. 
 
 (let loose), 7/./., tayisa, kutulula. 
 
 (loose a spring), basula. 
 
( 8 9 ) 
 
 Fre-Fro 
 
 Free, continued. 
 
 man, n., mfunm (2) a muntu (1), 
 mfumu, 2 
 
 (redeem), v., kula; see also liberate. 
 Freedom, ?/., kimfumu, 5. 
 
 to give, v ., tumba e kimfumu (5). 
 Freely, adv., e ngovo. 
 Freemasonry, an institution like, see 
 nkimba in Kongo-English. 
 Freeze (expl.), kituka 0 matadi 
 muna kioji. 
 
 Freight, n ., nzambu, 2. 
 
 French, a., -afalansa. 
 
 -man, n ., mwixi (1 pi. exi) Falansa. 
 Frenzy, n ., lau, 6. 
 
 Frequent, a., -ingi. 
 
 Frequently, adv., see constantly. 
 Fresh beer, n., mulu, 3. 
 
 (new), a., -ampa. 
 
 (of fish), -antombo. 
 
 (of palm wine), -amwenge, -ansa- 
 mba. 
 
 (of water), mantomi, mambote. 
 (uncooked), -angisu, -ambisu, 
 -ankunzu. 
 
 Fret, v., teleka 0 moyo (3) ; dila 
 
 (cry). 
 
 Friction, n., kakala, 9. 
 
 Friday, n., kiesambanu, 5. 
 
 F riend, n., makangu, pi. 8 ; nkundi, 
 1 ; nkomba, 2 (Vivi). 
 (companion, mate), nkwa, 1. 
 Friendly, a., -angemba. 
 Friendship, n., ngemba, 2 ; kiku- 
 ndi, 5. 
 
 make, vanga, or banda e ngemba 
 
 (2). 
 
 (peace), bunda e yongo (6). 
 Fright (fear), n., wonga, 12 ; wongo- 
 la, 12 ; vumi, 6 & 12. 
 Frighten, v., mwesa 0 wonga (12), 
 vumisa. 
 
 (in fun), xixisa. 
 
 (startle), see startle. 
 
 Frightened, be, v., mona 0 wonga 
 (12), vumina. 
 
 Frightful, a., -ambimbi-imbi. 
 Frigid, a., see cold. 
 
 Fringe, n., nsele, 2; zala, 6; za- 
 mbala, 6. 
 
 Fringe, continued. 
 to make a, v., vola, somona, yomo- 
 na. 
 
 Frisk, v., ta e balu (6), takujioka. 
 
 Frizzle, n ., kinjingila, 5. 
 
 Frizzled, be, v.i., jingama. 
 
 Frock, n ., mansaya, 8 pi. (P. saia). 
 
 Frog, n ., nswamba, 2 ; see Appendix. 
 
 Frolic, v., sakana. 
 n ., nsaka, 2. 
 
 Frolicsome, a., -ansaka, -anzunzu. 
 
 From, prep. The applied form some¬ 
 times implies “ from ; ” where 
 does he come out from ? akwe i 
 kavaikila ? but more frequently 
 the verb tuka, to be from, is 
 .used; he is from this town, 
 muna evata diadi katuka; 
 he comes from Kongo, muna 
 Ekongo katuka. But with the 
 applied form and the verb tuka, 
 the.prepositions ku, mu, va, are 
 also used ; ku = from at ; mu = 
 from in, at; va = from at, among, 
 on ; see in. The suffix na added 
 to ku, mu, va, denotes remote¬ 
 ness : kwa is used in reference 
 to persons.: I have come from 
 him, kwa yandi ntukidi ; from 
 among, vanavena = from where 
 there were (was). 
 
 from this time, henceforth, tuka 
 muna lumbu kiaki. 
 from...to, until, tuka...yamu, or 
 yaku, or yavana. From 
 Vunda to Ngombe, tuka kuna 
 Evunda yaku Ngombe ; from 
 morning till night, tuka mene- 
 mene yaku maxika ; he went 
 from town to town, wele muna 
 mavata mawanso. 
 from time to time, eyaka lumbu. 
 from what, which, nkia. 
 from whom, kwa nani. 
 
 Frond (palm), n., ekeke, 8 . 
 tip of ,n., lusambu, 11 & 2(nsambu). 
 
 Frondlet (palm), n., ndala, 2 & 11 
 (lulala). 
 
 Front, n., luse, 10 ; luse, 10 ; ndose, 
 2. 
 
Fro-Fur 
 
 ( 90 ) 
 
 Front, cofitinued. 
 in front of \ftrep., kuna ntu a (ahead), 
 kuna lose lua (before), 
 in front, adv., kuna ntu. 
 go, be, v., vita, 
 put, v., vitisa. 
 
 the front of a Kongo house is the 
 gable, see gable end. 
 
 -leg, zz ., koko, 9. 
 
 Frontier, n., mhamhi, 2. 
 
 Frost, zz., kioji, 5 . 
 
 Froth, n., efulufulu, 8. 
 v., tumha or tuba e efulufulu (8). 
 
 Frown, v., kanga, or jitika e mhulu 
 (2). 
 
 Fructify, v., yimisa. 
 
 Fruit, zz., hundu, 6. Kongos eat but 
 few fruits, 
 banana, tiba, 6. 
 guava, mfuluta, 2 (P. fruta). 
 lime, or lemon, dimau, 7 (P. limao). 
 orange, elalanza (P. laranja). 
 pine apple, nanaji, 2 (P. ananas), 
 fruit much eaten, in shape like a 
 date, growing on a fine tree, 
 nsafu, 2. 
 
 small variety, mbidi, 2. 
 plantain, dinkondo, 7. 
 wild plum, mungyengye, 3. 
 fruit of Landolphia (India rubber), 
 
 elombwa, 8. 
 
 wild yellow fruit, elolo, 8. 
 
 Fruit, bear, be in, v., yima. 
 
 Fruitful, be, v ., wuta. 
 female, zz., exina, 8 . 
 
 Fruitless, a., -ampavala, -ankatu, 
 -ampena. 
 
 Frustrate, see prevent, spoil, hin¬ 
 der. 
 
 Fry, v., kanga. 
 
 Fryingpan, zz., menga, 6 . 
 
 Fuel, zz., nkuni, 2 & n ; see firewood. 
 
 F ugitive (expl.), muntu otinini. 
 who has sought another’s protec¬ 
 tion, nkombo, 2; see slave. 
 
 Fulfil, v.t., lungisa. 
 
 Fulfilled, be, v.i., lunga. 
 
 Full,/., -zala. 
 be, v ., zala. 
 be, enough, 7/., fwana. 
 
 Full, continued. 
 
 -grown, a., -ambuta. 
 moon, ngonde (2) ilungidi. 
 to the brim, as in corn measure, zz., 
 elalangoma, 8. 
 
 Fully, adv., nkutu. 
 
 Fumble, 7/., babata (on), fimfila 
 (under). 
 
 Fume, zz., mwixi, 3. 
 
 Fun, zz., nsaka, 2. 
 
 (jokes), matietie, pi. 8. 
 make, v ., ta 0 matietie (pi. 8). 
 of, seva, sokela. 
 
 Function, zz., salu, 6. 
 
 Funeral, zz., lujiku, 10. 
 dirge, mbembo, 2. 
 feast, nkunza, 4. 
 
 Fungus, zz., wivwa, 12. 
 edible, wivwa, 12; balabala, 12; 
 kusukusu, 12 ; etumbudia, 8; 
 enatantoto, 8 ; ebalantoto, 8 ; 
 nsempedia, 2 ; kimfuxia, 5 ; 
 nkakamatu, 2 ; wivwa (12) 
 wa maxindi, wivwa (12) wa 
 njilanjila, or wa nzau. 
 
 Funnel (cone), zz., kelelwa, 6. 
 (chimney), mvuvu, 4 (a mwixi). 
 
 Funny, a ., -avakuba. 
 be, 7/., vakuba. 
 
 Fur, zz., mwika, 3 ; wika, 12 & 11. 
 
 Furious, a., -alau, alunji. 
 
 (as a storm), -ingi. 
 
 be, 7 >.i., lauka; see also angry. 
 
 make, v.t., laula. 
 
 Furl, v., jinga. 
 
 Furnace, zz., esoka, 8 ; ezudika, 8 . 
 
 Furnish, v., see give. 
 
 Furniture, zz., fwalangani (6) ya 
 nzo; lekwa, 6. 
 
 Furrow, zz., muvu, 3. 
 
 Further, adv. Construct sentence 
 verbally : I can jump further 
 than you = I can excel you in 
 jumping, nlenda kusunda 0 
 takuka ; or compare, thus, 
 Mpumbu is further than Vunda 
 = Mpumbu is far, Vunda is 
 near, kuna Mpumbu kwanda, 
 kuna Evunda kukufi. 
 kuna ; put it further, xia kio 
 
( 9' ) 
 
 Fur-Gen 
 
 Further, continued. 
 
 kuna; or if very far, kuna- 
 kuna-a (the latter a is drawled 
 out in falsetto). 
 
 diaka, a little further ; diaka 
 fiakete ; move a little further, 
 konka diaka fiakete; it is 
 further than I thought = I did 
 not think it was very far, edi 
 mhenze ke ntama heni ko. 
 go, than, v., luta, vioka. 
 
 (help), v., sadisa. 
 
 Fury, n ., lau, 6 ; lunji, 6 ; nxita, 2 
 (rage) ; ekaxi, 8 ; ekudi, 8 . 
 reckless, umpumbulu, 12. 
 be in a, v., see angry, be. 
 
 Fuse, v.t., zunza. 
 v.i., zunzwa. 
 
 F uture, n., kolo kikwizanga. 
 in, kuna ntu, oko lose (eventually). 
 This will eventually spoil the 
 witch divination, edi divonda 
 e ngombo oko lose. 
 
 G-, 
 
 Gable end, zz., veta, 6 . 
 
 Gag, v., kaka 0 nua (4). 
 
 Gain, zz., nsunda-nduta, 2; nluta (4). 
 v., baka. 
 
 make a profit, v ., luta, luta 0 nluta 
 
 (4). 
 
 Gait, zz., ndiata, 2. 
 
 Galago (zool.), n ., mfiengenge, 2. 
 
 Gall, zz., mbilubisu, 2. 
 
 Gallop, v., takuka. 
 
 Gamble, v., fia, see bet. 
 
 Gambol, v., ta e balu (6). 
 zz., balu, 6 . 
 
 Game, zz., nsaka, 2 ; see Appendix, 
 play a, v., ta ; to play “ mbele,” ta e 
 
 mbele. 
 
 Gang, zz., buka, 6 ; ndonga, 2. 
 
 Ganglion, zz., on the elbow, nkudi, 2. 
 on the wrist, lllkukutu, 10. 
 
 Gaol, zz., xienge, 6. 
 
 Gap, zz., mwingilu, 3. 
 
 Gape, zz., mwaya, 3. 
 v., ta 0 mwaya (3). 
 
 Garden, zz., mpatu, 2 ; kiana, 5 ; see 
 farm. 
 v., vata. 
 
 produce, zz., mpati (2) a nsengo (2). 
 
 Gardener, zz., mvati, 1 & 4. 
 
 Gargle, v., sukumuna (0 nua, 4). 
 
 Garment, zz., mvwatu, 4 ; see dress. 
 
 Garner, zz., kalanga, 6. 
 
 Gas, zz. (expl.), mpila a mwela. 
 
 Gash, 2/., sonsa (small), lueka (wound), 
 zenga (cut), 
 zz., vua, 6. 
 
 Gasp, zz., kintwentwa, 5; kintwenge- 
 nia. 
 
 v., fulumuna e kintwentwa, or e 
 kintwengenia. 
 
 Gate, zz., kielo, 5 ; evitu, 8 (entrance 
 gate). 
 
 way, mwelo, 3. 
 of Ndembo, mpanzu, 2. 
 
 Gather (as corn), v., sala. 
 
 (fester), wunga. 
 
 (firewood), tiama (e nkuni, 2). 
 (fruit), vela, 
 into a heap, kutika. 
 together, v.t., kutika, zonzeka. 
 v.i., lungana; see also collect, a 
 mass. 
 
 put into something and take away, 
 
 v., kuka. 
 
 up, v.t., wonzakesa. 
 what is left, wolola. 
 
 Gathering (abscess), zz., evumbu, 8. 
 
 Gay, a., ye kiese (5) (joyous), -anke- 
 mbo (fine). 
 
 Gaze, v., tungununa. 
 fixedly, v., tala e tukutuku (6). 
 
 zz., tukutuku, 6. 
 down upon, v., kengelela. 
 
 Gazelle, zz., there are no true gazelles, 
 although the following are often 
 called so : nsexi, 2 ; mpiti, 2 ; 
 kinkuba, 5. 
 
 Geld, v., lemba, vokola. 
 
 Gem, zz., etadi (8) diantalu. 
 
 Gender (expl.), mpila kwandi, kana 
 eyakala kana nkento. 
 
 General (officer), zz., mbuta (2) a 
 makesa. 
 
 a., -a lumbu yawanso. 
 
Gen-Get 
 
 ( 92 ) 
 
 Generally, adv., e lumbu yawanso. 
 
 Generate, v., wuta. 
 
 Generation, n., tandu, 6. 
 
 Generosity, n., esavu, 8 (great); 
 vevula, 9. 
 
 Generous, be, v., vevula, vevola. 
 person, n., nkayi, 1 & 4 ; nkwa (1) 
 esavu (8). 
 
 Genitals, n., butamu, 6 (a euphe¬ 
 mism). 
 
 Genitive, is expressed by -a (declin¬ 
 able). 
 
 Genius, n., ngangu, 2 ; umba- 
 ngu, 12 ; unkete, 12 (for fine 
 work). 
 
 Gentile, n., muntu ke mwixi Juda 
 ko. 
 
 Gentiles, n., nxi zakaka (ke za 
 Juda ko). 
 
 Gentle, a., -anlembami, -lembama. 
 be, v., lembeka. 
 make, lemba. 
 
 Gentleman, n., mfumu, 2. 
 
 Gentlemanly (clean, neat, scrupu¬ 
 lous), a., ye kingwedi (5). 
 
 Gentleness, n., malembe, pi. 8. 
 
 Gently, adv., 0 malembe. 
 
 Geography (expl.), mambu ma nxi 
 zawanso. 
 
 Geology (expl.), mambu ma nza, ye 
 lekwa yawanso ina munanxi 
 a ntoto. 
 
 Geometry (expl.), mambu ma teza. 
 
 Germ, n., disu, 7 (pi. meso). 
 
 German, n., Alimau (P. Allemao). 
 
 Germany, n ., Jermani. 
 
 Germinate (grow), v., mena. 
 
 (sprout), walumuka. 
 
 Get, v., baka. 
 abroad, mwangana. 
 accustomed to, kukulukila. 
 ahead, vita, 
 along ! interj. ., ndolo ! 
 along (go), v., kwenda. 
 angry, baka o makaxi (pi. 8). 
 anything done for another is ex¬ 
 pressed by the applied form of 
 the causative; -esela, -ixila, 
 -esena, or -ixina ; natixina, to 
 get a thing carried for another. 
 
 Get, continued ,. 
 
 away, taya, katuka; see also escape, 
 back, 2 vutuka. 
 
 7/./., vutulwisa (persons), vutula 
 (things). 
 
 (become), baka. 
 
 better, vd., sasuka, vula, sampuka. 
 black, lomba, lomboka. 
 
 (buy), 2 sumba. 
 
 cold, 7/.z., vola. 
 
 dirty, discoloured, funzuka. 
 
 (as water), timvuka. 
 down, vd., kuluka, kulumuka, 
 2kulula, kulumuna, manuna. 
 down with something, 2 sangula, 
 langula. 
 
 drunk, 2 kolwa. 
 dry, wuma, yima. 
 dry and stiff, kwijima. 
 dull, depressed, zowalala. 
 fat, vonga, tola. 
 
 (fetch), 2 bonga. 
 
 firewood, tiama e nkuni (2 & 11). 
 
 for, with, bongela. 
 
 foul of, vd., vakamena, tatamena. 
 
 free, see get away. 
 
 (grow), baka. 
 
 (have, possess), v.t., vwa. 
 hot, vd., baka 0 tiya (pi. 10). 
 in, into, vd., kota, diuka. 
 v.t., kotesa, diukisa. 
 
 (a canoe), vd., sambila. 
 
 (a hole), koboka. 
 
 a passion, baka or funga 0 ma¬ 
 kaxi, pi. 8. 
 
 a rage, fuluta 0 makaxi. 
 
 the ground (sow), v.t., kuna, 
 larger, vd., vonga ; see also increase, 
 less, see decrease, 
 loose (undone), kutuluka. 
 
 (slack), zeza. 
 mad, lauka. 
 
 mouldy or rusty, baka e mbumbu 
 (2); bumba, bubula, funda, 
 fundamena e mbumbu (2). 
 near, finama. 
 
 (obtain), v.t., baka. 
 off, vd., katuka. 
 v.t., katula. 
 
 old and infirm, vd., nunuva, nuna. 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 Get-Giv 
 
 Get, continued. 
 
 on, kwenda. 
 
 on ! inter j., ndolo ! 
 
 on, on to, sambila, kwenda muna. 
 
 on board, sambila. 
 
 on shore, tomboka kuna eseke 
 
 ( 8 ). 
 
 out, v.i., vaika. 
 v.t ., vaikisa. 
 
 of a canoe, &c., v.i., tomboka. 
 v.t., tombola. 
 
 of the way, v.i., katuka muna 
 njila. 
 
 unpack, v.t., zonzola. 
 over a river, v.i., sauka, sabuka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 v.t., saula, sabula (Bako.). 
 over a space, v.t., kuzuka. 
 
 v.t., kuzula. 
 
 (palm wine), v.t., luaza. 
 past, v.i., luta, vioka. 
 
 v.t., lutisa, viokesa. 
 ready, v.t., zonzeka, kubika, kia- 
 tika. 
 
 (receive), tambula. 
 
 red, v.i., bwaka. 
 
 ripe, v.i., see ripe. 
 
 sour, baka o nta (4). 
 
 strong, baka e ngolo (2), kinda. 
 
 thin, see thin. 
 
 through, see through. 
 
 a hole (enter), kota vana evundu 
 
 ( 8 ). 
 
 to (arrive), luaka, nieka, tula, 
 together, v.t., see collect, amass, 
 assemble. 
 
 up, v.i., tongama (erect), telama 
 (stand), xikama (awake), 
 up (a hill), tomboka, balula, banda, 
 sambila. 
 
 (a tree), samba, manta, 
 warm, yangalala (persons). 
 
 (as water), leboka, lebuka. 
 water, teka 0 maza (pi. 8). 
 well, sasuka, vula, sampuka. 
 
 as a sore, yeloka. 
 white, pemba. 
 worse, yela (9, ku-) saka. 
 
 Ghost, n., etombola, 8 ; kiniumba, 
 5 ; nkwiyi, 4. 
 
 Ghost, The Holy, n., Mwanda (3) 
 avelela. 
 
 Giddiness, n., jejiana, 9 ; zunga, 6. 
 Giddy, be, v., jejiana. 
 
 Gift, n., lukau, 10. 
 
 (free), a., -angovo. 
 
 Giggle, v., seva. 
 
 Giggling, zz., tusevo, pi. 10. 
 
 Gild, v., kusa 0 wolo (12). 
 
 Gilded, p., -kuswa 0 wolo. 
 
 Gill, ? i ., etolo, 8. 
 
 Gimlet, n ., nzekelwa, 4. 
 
 Gin, n., esokolo, 8 (noose); ntambu, 
 4 (trap). 
 
 (spirit), jinebela, 2 (P. genebra). 
 Gird, z/.,jinga. 
 up the loins, sela. 
 
 Girdle, n ., mponda, 2 ; mbama, 4. 
 Girl, n., mwana (1), or nleke (1), 
 -ankento. 
 
 (maiden), ndumba, 2. 
 
 Girth, see size, body, &c. 
 
 Give, v., vana [pass., vanwa (to be 
 the recipient of), vewa (to be 
 bestowed upon); applied form, 
 2nd passive, vaninwa]. 
 as a suitor, a love token, fikisa. 
 away, kaya (pass., kawa). 
 back, vutula. 
 best, lungisa. 
 birth to, wuta. 
 clothes, or a cloth, vwika. 
 consent, vana 0 nswa (4). 
 ear, wa (hear), unikina (listen), 
 evidence, ludika. 
 food, see feed. 
 
 (hand, offer), tambika. 
 light, minika. 
 over, see abstain, 
 over to, vakula. 
 pain, see pain, 
 suck, yemeka. 
 to drink, nwika. 
 to eat, see feed. 
 
 trouble, tantika, mwesa e mpaxi 
 
 (2). 
 
 up, see resign, relinquish, hand over, 
 up hope, dimbula e vuvu (6). 
 warning, lukisa. 
 way, see break, cave in. 
 
Giz-Go 
 
 ( 94 ) 
 
 Gizzard, ?z., kimfi, 5. 
 
 Glad, be, v ., mona e kiese (5), mona 
 
 0 wete (12). 
 
 (content, happy), yangalala. 
 Gladden, v., mwesa e kiese, or 0 
 wete (12), yangidika, fiaulwi- 
 sa (gratify). 
 
 Gladly, adv ., kuna kiese (5). 
 Gladness, n., eyangi, 8; luyanga- 
 lalu, 10 ; kiese, 5 ; wete, 12. 
 Glance, about in all directions (as 
 monkey), v ., kempoka. 
 
 (keep doing so), kempojioka. 
 along (glide), xienxiumuka. 
 off, timbuka. 
 
 round, up, down, sampuka. 
 
 Gland, 7z., nkandi, 4. 
 
 Glare, 7/., lema. 
 
 «., nlemo, 4- 
 
 Glass, ;z., pelo, 2 ; see below . 
 
 a ., -apelo. 
 
 looking-, n ., pelo, 2 (P. espelho); 
 
 lumweno, 10 (Bako.). 
 (telescope), nguya, 2 (P. guia). 
 (tumbler), kopa, 2 (P. copo). 
 Gleam, t/., lema, minika, tentena 
 (glisten), sema (shine). 
 
 Glean, v ., wolola. 
 
 Gleaner, n., nwolodi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Glee, 7z., kiese, 5. 
 
 be in high, v ., mona e kiese kingi. 
 Glen, ;z., ndimba, 4. 
 
 Glide, v., xienxiumuka. 
 
 Glisten, t/., tentena. 
 
 Glitter, t/., nianina. 
 
 Globe, ?z., vinjingidi, 6. 
 
 (the earth), nza, 2. 
 
 Globular, a ., -avinjingidi. 
 
 Gloom, j ?z., bubu, 6 ; tombe, 6 
 Gloominess, ) (darkness). 
 
 of mind, zowa, 12. 
 
 Gloomy, #., -abubu, -atombe. 
 be, v., bukama e tombe (6). 
 
 (in mind), a. } -azowa. 
 
 be, 7/., zowalala. 
 make, zoweleka. 
 
 Glorify, t/., mwesa 0 nkembo (4), 
 kembesa. 
 
 (praise), kembela. 
 
 Glorious, a ., -awete wingi. 
 
 Glory, ;z., nkembo, 4. 
 
 7/., kemba, minga. 
 
 (brightness), ;z., nteji, 4; nkejike- 
 ji, 4- 
 
 (splendour), lejima, 9. 
 
 Glow, 7/., meka (yo tiya, pi. 10) ; 
 (tiya, pi. 10, tu-) kengomoka; 
 lema (gleam) ; sema (shine). 
 Glue, ;z., dimbu, 13. 
 
 7/., lamika 0 dimbu. 
 
 Glut, see satiate. 
 
 (be more than enough), bolola. 
 Glutton, 7z., nkwa dia kwambiki. 
 Gluttony, ?i., mbiki, 4. 
 
 Gnash, 7/./., kwetesa (0 meno, pi. 7). 
 Gnaw, 7/., deka. 
 
 (as a dog a bone), kwenkenia. 
 
 Go, 7kwenda, perf, -ele (wele). 
 imperative (contracted form), nda ! 
 applied form, kwendela. 
 about, kwendela, kiya, kangala, 
 sonsoka (always on the move), 
 (wander), vumvula. 
 hidden, kwenda e nswelele (2). 
 across (a river), 7/./., sauka, sabuka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 a space, kuzuka. 
 after ; see go for, behind, 
 against, see strike against, 
 against the stream, tomboka, kwe¬ 
 nda atomboki. 
 
 a journey, 7 kiya, kangala. 
 along, kwenda muna ndambu a 
 ndambu. 
 i?iterj ., ndolo! 
 
 allow to (dismiss), 7/./., xindika. 
 around, v.i., jeta, kwenda jeti. 
 ashore, tomboka kuna eseke. 
 aside, venga, vemboka, vengo- 
 moka. 
 
 from, vambuka. 
 away, katuka, vengeneka. 
 far, vekuka, veka, vekoka. 
 from, tuka, yaluka (emigrate), 
 back, vutuka. 
 
 backwards, kwenda 0 lunima- 
 nima. 
 
 bad, wola, botomoka. 
 
 (stink), nuka, ta e nsudi (2). 
 before, vd., vita (kuna ntu a). 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 Go-God 
 
 Go, continued. 
 
 behind, kwenda ku nima a. 
 (follow), landa. 
 
 (pass to the back of), viluka Oku 
 nima a. 
 
 between, kwenda muna kati kwa. 
 
 (divide), vambula. 
 beyond, luta, vioka. 
 
 (exceed), snnda. 
 by, luta, vioka. 
 
 down (descend), v.i., kulumuka, 
 kuluka. 
 
 (drift), kukula. 
 
 (subside) ; see decrease, 
 for, kwendela, landa. 
 
 (fetch a person ), v.t., susumuna, 
 vukulula. 
 
 (fire wood), tiama (e nkuni, 2). 
 (water), teka (0 maza, pi. 8). 
 forth, v.i., vaika, katuka (muna). 
 forward, vita, ndolo! 
 further off, valuka, vavuka. 
 immediately, kwendelela. 
 in, into, kota (muna), diuka 
 (muna). 
 
 in Indian file, londana. 
 let, v.t., tayisa, kutulula (untie), 
 yambula. 
 
 (dismiss), xindika. 
 mad, v.i., lauka. 
 mouldy, see mould, v. 
 near, finama, valakana. 
 nearer, konka. 
 off, katuka. 
 
 (as a gun), vova. 
 
 by accident, kusumuka. 
 
 (as dew), sansumuka. 
 on ! interj., ndolo ! 
 on, v.i., kwenda. 
 
 on one side, venga, vemboka, ve- 
 ngomoka. 
 
 on the ground (run as a bird), kwe¬ 
 nda 0 mangwangwa. 
 on to the other side of, see go across, 
 on to (climb on to, into), sambila 
 (kuna). 
 
 on with (something discontinued), 
 v.t., yangumuna. 
 out, v.i., vaika, katuka. 
 
 (be extinguished), jima. 
 
 Go, continued. 
 out, of sight, vila. 
 
 merry making, kemba, minga. 
 over, see go across, cover, 
 past, see go beyond, 
 quietly, kwenda 0 malembe, via- 
 nguka (very). 
 
 quickly, kwenda e nzaki, or 0 
 nswalu, or e ntinu, or e nti- 
 nu ntinu, vikumuka. 
 round, v.t., jeta, jinguluka, kondo- 
 loka, kwenda jeti, zunga. 
 v.i., jingama. 
 and round, v.i., jeta. 
 round to the other side of, beloka. 
 sideways, kwenda 0 luvati. 
 slowly, womboka. 
 sour, baka 0 nta (4). 
 
 (start), see start. 
 
 stealthily, yelomoka, yelumuka. 
 through (as a bullet), kwenda e lo- 
 sola, or e loswela. 
 
 (as a needle), tutubuka. 
 
 (pierce), v.t., tompola. 
 to (reach), luaka, nieka. 
 to fetch, see go for. 
 to market, v.i., ta e ezandu (8). 
 to seed, yima, 
 to the coast, ta e mbala (2). 
 under, kota kunanxi. 
 
 (earth or water), dimuka. 
 water, diuka e mfiumbu (2) ; 
 (sink), xinda, diama, xinuka. 
 up (a hill), v.t., tomboka, banda, 
 baluka, sambila. 
 
 (a tree), v.t., sambila. 
 
 (as smoke), fombota, futumuka, 
 tombola. 
 
 upon, v.t., sambila, diatila (tram- 
 ple). 
 
 walk, v.i., diata. 
 
 with (accompany), v.t., yikama, 
 lama. 
 
 (conduct), fila. 
 
 Goat, n., nkombo, 2 ; kisaka, 5 
 (Kib.) ; ntaba, 2 (Bako.). 
 he, nkombo (2) a kimboko, 5 ; va- 
 ka (6) kia nkombo. 
 
 God, n., Nzambi, 2 ; Nzambi (2) 
 ampungu. 
 
God-Gra 
 
 ( 96 ) 
 
 God, continued. 
 
 (Duala), Nyambi, Loba. 
 
 (Benga), Anyambi. 
 
 (Mpongwe), Anyambie. 
 
 (Loango), Nyambi. 
 
 (Bunda), Nzambi. 
 
 (Teke), Nzam. 
 
 (Yansi), Nyambi, Molongo. 
 
 The root of the word Nzambi has 
 not been found in Kongo. It 
 is suggested by Mr. Kolbe in his 
 Herero Dictionary, that in Ka- 
 runga-ndyambi = God; Ndya- 
 ambi is derived from Herero 
 yamba, to present on a special 
 occasio 7 i , and connects it with 
 0 ndyambi, a reward. , to which 
 may be allied the Kongo nza- 
 mbn, a toll for a bridge orferry. 
 These suggestions can scarcely 
 be regarded as satisfactory ; we 
 must still hope for further light. 
 We have a clue to the meaning 
 of -ampungu in a sentence in a 
 country story. Mono i mpu- 
 ngn ngangu yasweka 0 ntn 
 ku fiita 0 malu mu njila; I 
 who am the most artful of all , 
 shall I hide my head in the 
 grass (and leave) my legs in the 
 road : mpnngu = the most of all, 
 supreme, highest, and Nzambi 
 ampnngn = God most High. 
 It is probably allied to Mnnngu 
 = God, in Swahili. The know¬ 
 ledge of God is most vague, 
 scarcely more than nominal. 
 There is no worship paid to 
 God. 
 
 Goddess, n., Nzambi a nti bebanza 
 nze nkento. 
 
 Godfather, mother, or child, n ., 
 
 njitu, 4. 
 
 Godhead, zz., Unzambi, 12 ; Kinza- 
 mbi, 5. 
 
 Godlike, a., ne Nzambi. 
 
 Godliness, zz., vumi (12) wa Nza¬ 
 mbi. 
 
 Godly, a., ye vumi (12) wa Nzambi. 
 
 Goitre, zz., dingadinga, 6. 
 
 Gold, zz., wolo, 12 (P. ouro). 
 a., -awolo. 
 
 Goldsmith, n. (expl.), muntu unkwa 
 unkete wa lekwa ya wolo. 
 
 Gone far away, be, v., venganana. 
 
 Good, a ., -ambote, -abiza, -atoma 
 (nice), -awete (fine), 
 for, be, 2/., fwana (fit), 
 for nothing, a., ke ya mfunu (4) ko. 
 
 Good-bye, interj ,., see adieu. 
 
 Goodness, zz., mbote, 2 ; wete, 12. 
 
 Goods, zz., mbongo, 2 ; lekwa, 6. 
 (things). 
 
 Goose, zz., mpatu, 2 (P. pato); vwa- 
 dangu, 6 (P. adem). 
 spur-winged (Plectropterus gam- 
 biensis), mpatu (2) anzadi. 
 
 Gore, v., suka e mpaka (2). 
 
 (blood), zz., menga (pi. 7). 
 
 Gorge (chasm), n .., eyenga, 8 ; nke- 
 ngi (2) amayenga. 
 
 (feed greedily), v., dia o dia (9) 
 kwambiki. 
 
 Gorgeous, a., -akengomoka. 
 
 Gospel, n., (evanjele, 8), mambu 
 (pi. 7) ma Nzambi. 
 
 Gossamer (down on plants), zz., nto- 
 ngo, 4. 
 
 Gossip, zz., diambu, 7. 
 v., wulumuna. 
 
 Got, be, 2/., vua. 
 
 Gourd, zz., see pumpkin, calabash. 
 
 Govern, v., yala (muna), with the 
 name of the country ; ximba 
 (control), longa (teach). 
 
 Government, zz., luyalu, 10. 
 
 Governor, zz., nyadi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Gown, zz., mansaya, pi. 7 (P. saia). 
 
 Grace, zz., edienga, 8; nkenda, 2 ; 
 see also mercy. 
 
 Graceful, a ., -abiza,-ambote,-awete. 
 
 Gracious, a., -ankenda. 
 be, v., mona e nkenda (2), kala ye 
 edienga (8). 
 
 Gradually, adv., 0 malembe. 
 
 Grain (of corn), zz., mbwaza, 2. 
 
 (of salt), ekengele, 8. 
 
 (of sand), ebwelengenze, 8 ; ekele- 
 ngenze, 8. 
 
 (of seed), nginga, 2. 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 Gra-Grk 
 
 Grammar, zz . (expl.), mambu ma 
 ndinga. 
 
 Grammatically, adv., muna fu kia- 
 vovela. 
 
 Grand, a., -ampwena, -anene, -ebe- 
 ni; see also fine, good, gor¬ 
 geous. 
 
 Grandmother, -father or -parent, 
 n., nkaka, 2 ; nkayi, 2. 
 the house of one’s mother’s parents, 
 z/., kinkayi, 5 ; she is gone to 
 grandmothers, kuna kinkayi 
 kayele. 
 
 Grandson, -daughter or -child, z/., 
 
 ntekolo, 1 & 4. 
 
 Grant (allow), v., vana 0 nswa (4), 
 yambula. 
 
 (give), vana. 
 
 (offer), tambika. 
 
 Grapes, n., nginga jivangwanga e 
 vinyo. 
 
 bunch of, saki (6) kia vinyo. 
 
 Grapple, v., bimba, ximba, ximba- 
 na. 
 
 Grasp, v., batikina,kafinina, ximba. 
 zz., mbatikina, 2 ; nkafinina, 2 ; 
 nximba, 2. 
 
 Grasping, a., -ambiki. 
 
 Grass, //., titi, 6 ; nlenge, 4 ; futa, 
 6 . 
 
 a jungle of, edikitila, 8. 
 common coarse grass, exinde, 8. 
 (feathery), nzambalalu, 2. 
 
 (having long internodes), etutu, 8. 
 marsh grass (razor edge), ewele- 
 wele, 8. 
 
 ipapyrus, diwu, 7. 
 
 short .(as English), kimbanjia, 5. 
 
 (“ palm ”), ekakala, 8. 
 
 •stubble (after burning), kinga, 5 
 (sing, only); mwinga, 3. 
 
 (after cutting), kakaza, 6. 
 tall, thick, ediadia, 8. 
 
 soft head of above (edible), ndia- 
 dia, 4. 
 
 thatching, nianga, 2 <Sc 11 ; nsoya, 2 
 & 11 ; nsoyo, 2 & 11; mwenze, 3. 
 sharp pointed shoot of, ntumbu 
 (2) a nsoyo. 
 
 Grasshopper, zz., ekonko, 8. 
 
 Grate, 7/., seka, kweta, kakala. 
 
 to powder, fumfumuna. 
 
 Grateful, a., ke nkwa untokoji ko. 
 
 person, zz., mfiauki, 1 & 4. 
 Grateful, be,tc, fiauka, tonda. 
 Gratefully, adv ., kuna kiese. 
 Gratification, zz., lufiaulwisu, 10. 
 Gratify, v., fiaulwisa. 
 
 Grating, zz., kakala, 9 (friction). 
 
 I Gratitude, zz., tonda, 9. 
 Gratuitous, a., -angovo. 
 Gratuitously, adv., e ngovo. 
 Grave, zz., nzo (2) ankixi; jami, 6 ; 
 nkala, 4 ; nkalamenga, 4. 
 (tomb), tumbala, 2 (P. tumba). 
 Grave (demure), zz.,-anlembami. 
 be, 7/., lembama, dingalala, ke 
 seva ko, yindama. 
 
 Gravity, zz., yindama, 9. 
 centre of, zz., kati, 9. 
 with, adv., ke ya tusevo ko. 
 
 Gravy, zz., maji (pi. 7). 
 of a stew, mwamba, 3 ; nkwadu, 
 2 (Vivi). 
 
 Gray, a., -ampembe. 
 hairs, zz., mvu, 2 & ir. 
 grow old and, v., nunuva, nuna. 
 Graze (eat grass), v., dia e titi (6). 
 (eat off closely), zatuna 
 (slightly abrade the skin), tununa. 
 (the surface), kwanzuna. 
 
 I Grease, zz., maji (pi. 7). 
 v., xia 0 maji (pi. 7). 
 a little, zz., fidiaji fiakete. 
 
 Greasy, a., yo maji ; see also slippery. 
 Great, a., -ampwena, -anene, -ebeni, 
 -ingi (a great stone, etadi 
 dingi), -avonga, -ampwenia 
 (Kib.) ; see also famous, 
 grow, v., vonga, tola, 
 too, a., -nene. 
 
 Greatly, adv., beni. 
 
 Greatness, zz., nene, 12. 
 
 Greed, n., eloko, 8 (of goods) ; mbi- 
 ki, 4 (of food). 
 
 Greedily, eat, v., dia 0 dia (9) kwa- 
 mbiki. 
 
 take, tava, vuba. 
 
 Greediness for food in convalescence, 
 zz., lumpempe, 10. 
 
 H 
 
Gre-Gru 
 
 ( 98 ) 
 
 Greedy, a., ye eloko (8). 
 be, v., lokoka. 
 
 man, //., nkwa (1) eloko (8) (of 
 goods), nkwa (2) mbiki (4) (of 
 food), nzodi, 4. 
 
 Greek, Helini. 
 
 Green, a ., -a ti kiangisu, -angisu, 
 -ambisu, -ankunzu. 
 
 (new), -ampa. 
 
 (young), -answeswa. 
 
 Greet, v., monana, kayisa. 
 Greeting, v., see salute. 
 
 Grey, a., see gray. 
 
 Grief, ti., ntantu, 2 ; mpaxi, 2. 
 great (misery), bititi, 12. 
 
 (sympathy), nkenda (2), see pity. 
 Grievance, ti., lntantu, 10. 
 
 have a, v., vwa 0 lutantu. 
 
 Grieve, v.i., dila, yindalala, mona 
 e mpaxi (2). 
 
 7tantika, kota 0 nsoki (4). 
 (disappoint), koneneka 0 ntima 
 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 (give pain), mwesa e mpaxi (2). 
 Grimace, ti., ngwotwena, 2 ,* ngwo- 
 ngwena, 2. 
 
 make a, v., wongona, wotona. 
 at, wongwena, wotwena. 
 
 Grime (on a pot), vilu, 12. 
 
 Grin, 7/., seva, keneneka 0 meno (pi. 
 7) ; kenia (perf. kenene), ve- 
 
 nza (sarcastic words). 
 
 Grind (as a knife), 7/., seka. 
 
 (crush), nika. 
 
 the teeth, kwetesa, or bukuta 0 
 meno (pi. 7). 
 to pieces, niukumuna. 
 
 Grinder (tooth), 77., etandi, 8. 
 Grindstone, 77., etadi (8) diankania. 
 Grip, i 7/., batikina, kafinina, xia- 
 Gripe, ) misa 0 ximba. 
 
 Gristle, ti., minse, pi. 3. 
 
 Grit (sand), n., esenge, 8. 
 
 (small stones), nsadi, 2. 
 
 Groan, n., bnmn, 6 ; kunga, 9. 
 
 7/., kunga, buma. 
 
 Groin, ti., ebelo, 8. 
 
 GROPE,7/.,babata (on),fimfita (under). 
 Ground, ti ., ntoto, 4; nxi, 2. 
 on the, adv ., ovanxi, vananxi. 
 
 Ground, coTitintted. 
 
 run on the (as a bird), 7/., kwenda. 
 0 mangwangwa. 
 
 Ground nut (aracliis hypogcea), 77.,, 
 nguba, 2 ; mpinda, 2. 
 a plant of, esakila, 8 (dia nguba). 
 voandzeia subterranea, etubu, 8 . 
 
 Group, ti., ebundu, 8 . 
 
 Grouse, ti ., ngumbe, 2. 
 
 Grove, ti ., sapala, 6 . 
 
 Grow, v ., mena (to spring up), kula 
 (in stature). 
 
 (become), kituka. 
 cold, tiva, vola, jijima, todima. 
 crooked, tekama, zenda. 
 dark (sky), lomba, pipa, yunga- 
 yunga. 
 
 famous, tunda, yaya. 
 
 (get), baka. 
 
 great, larger, vonga, tola; see alsc» 
 increase. 
 
 hard, bala, kola, 
 longer, lambuka. 
 old, nunuva, nuna. 
 short, kufama. 
 small, ninga. 
 
 (spring up), mena, walumuka, sa~ 
 kumuka, tukumuka, duku- 
 muka. 
 
 strong (mature), kola, 
 strong (gain strength), baka e ngol& 
 (2), kinda. 
 
 up (climb as plants), lambata. 
 
 To grow hard = to harden ; other 
 combiTiatio?is may be looked for 
 mider that form , as harden,, 
 whiten, redden, soften, <Scc.,. or 
 Tnider get, as get better. 
 
 Growl, v., wuna. 
 
 77., nguna, 2. 
 
 Grown, full, a., -ambuta. 
 
 Growth, n., nkula, 2 (in stature) 
 vonga, 9 ; tola, 9 (in size). 
 
 Grub, ti., mumvidi, 3. 
 of unicorn beetle, efumbe, 8 ; 
 
 kinxiamaji, 5 (pupa), 
 of palm-weevil, nsombe, 2. 
 
 These three grubs are eaten by 
 the natives, and considered very 
 fat and tasty.. 
 
( 99 ) 
 
 Gru-Gun 
 
 Grudge (be stingy), v., yimina. 
 against, have a, vwa o lutantu (io). 
 
 Grudging person, 77., mwimi, 3. 
 
 Grumble (be dissatisfied), 77., yina. 
 (mutter), wuna. 
 
 Grumbler, 77., nyini, 1 & 4. 
 
 Grunt, 7/., kunga, kumba. 
 
 Guage, 7/., teza. 
 
 7?., tezo, 6 . 
 
 Guard, 77., nlundi, 1 & 4 ; nyingidi, 
 1 & 4 ; ntanini (defender), 1 
 & 4. 
 
 7/., lunda (keep), yingila (watch), 
 be on one’s guard, luka, vengojioka. 
 (defend), tanina; kambnla(ward off). 
 
 Guava (psidium), 77., mfuliita, 2 (P. 
 fruta); ngwava, 2 (guava). 
 
 Guess, t/., banza ; see think, try, be 
 careless. 
 
 Guest, n . (expl.), nzenza ijidi oku 
 lombo ; makangu, pi. 8 ; nku- 
 ndi, 1. 
 
 Guide, 77., mfidi, 1 & 4 ; nsongi (1 Sc 
 4) a njila. 
 
 (conduct), 7 /., fila. 
 
 (show the way), songa or songela 
 (e njila, 2). 
 
 (take the lead, precede), vita (kuna 
 ntu a). 
 
 Guile (artfulness), 77., ngangu, 2 ; 
 nluba, 4 ; nduka, 2. 
 
 (deceit), luvunu, 10. 
 
 Guilt, 77., esumu, 8 (frequently used 
 in plural). 
 
 (sin), nsoki, 4. 
 
 Guilty, be, 7/., nata 0 masumu (8). 
 (be in the wrong), yela. 
 of a crime, vola 0 nkanu (4). 
 of a capital crime, nata e mpanda 
 
 (2). 
 
 To be guilty is often expressed 
 otherwise, as he is guilty of 
 murder = he has killed some 
 one, ovondele 0 muntu ; he is 
 guilty of theft = he is a thief, 
 or he has stolen. 
 
 Guilty person, n ., nkwa (1) masu- 
 mu (8), nkwa (1) nsoki (4). 
 
 Guinea fowl, 77., nkelele, 2. 
 
 Guitar, 77., kokolo, 6 ; nsambi, 2. 
 
 Gulf, 77., nsuvila, 4 ; nsuku, 4; see 
 also abyss, gorge. 
 
 Gullet, 77., mininwa, 6 ; mvuvu, 4. 
 
 Gum, 77., dimbu, 13. 
 copal, see copal. 
 
 (of the teeth), fifini, 12. 
 
 (stick) together, 7 lamika, tati- 
 sa. 
 
 Gums, to eat with the, 7/., mungunia 
 (fterf. mungwini). 
 
 Gumption, 77., zayi, 12. 
 
 Gun, 77., ta, 13 (originally a bow); nke- 
 le, 4 (derivation doubtful; note 
 Mpongwe, njali from P. espin- 
 garda (?) = pingala = ngali = 
 njali, and perhaps nkele ; note 
 that in the word pingelo, a 
 trigger, evidently derived from 
 espingarda, it has become 
 pingelo ; thence to nkele is but 
 a slight change). 
 
 arquebuse, kalakabuxia, 2 (P. ara- 
 cabuz). 
 
 breech-loading, nkele (4) amatuza. 
 
 cannon, etenda, 8. 
 
 cap gun, nkele (4) apulete. 
 
 flint, nkele (4) asanu. 
 
 a long variety, nkombo, 4. 
 
 pistol, kinkodia, 5. 
 
 spring gun, vumbi, 6. 
 
 toy, ta (13) wansolo. 
 
 (grass), ediata, 8. 
 
 barrel, 77., mvumba, 4. 
 binder, ekaza, 8. 
 
 blank cartridge, nzongo (4) -ankatu, 
 or -ampena, or ampavala. 
 breech, exina (8) dia mvumba. 
 bullet, ekela, 8 ; mpunza, 2. 
 butt, koxia, 2 (P. coxa ? the thigh). 
 
 sides of, ekombo, 8. 
 cap, pulete, 2 (P. ?); etadi, 8. 
 cartridge, etuza, 8 (P. cartucho). 
 charge, nzongo, 4. 
 
 small, mbabu, 2. 
 click (when cocked), ndoko, 2. 
 cover, case, pupu, 6. 
 flint, etadi, 8 (dia nkele). 
 lock, elalu, 8. 
 a missfire, nkola, 2. 
 
Gun-Hai 
 
 ( ioo ) 
 
 Gun, continued. 
 muzzle, nua, 4. 
 nipple, nji, 2. 
 
 pan, ti (5) kia nguba, elonga, 8. 
 -powder, tiya (pi. 10); tiya twa- 
 mputu = Portuguese fire; mputu 
 = Portuguese. Mfula, 2 (P. 
 polvora=pulfula=fula). 
 fine, tiya (pi. 10) twakimfuxia. 
 false, tiya twalukuti. The 
 natives make a false powder of 
 exactly the appearance of the 
 ordinary trade powder. It is 
 used for adulteration, and is 
 indistinguishable. Although the 
 natives declare that it is made 
 in Zombo, it may be of Euro¬ 
 pean manufacture, 
 keg of, zenzo, 6 ; bwai, 2 (P. bar- 
 ril ?), small, 
 priming, mbombe, 2. 
 ramrod, lusoka, 10 ; lutaku, 11 & 2. 
 sight, mbwanji, 2. 
 spring of striker, nkamba, 4. 
 
 of trigger, kintele, 5. 
 strap rings, mpanga, 2 ; luvambu, 
 10. 
 
 touch hole, nji, 2. 
 
 trigger, pingelo, 2 (P. espingarda). 
 
 guard, lukandala, 10. 
 volley, vumbi, 6. 
 wad, ekakn, 8. 
 
 burst, bnka. 
 
 7/./., bukisa. 
 
 click (when cocked), 7 dokoka. 
 7/./., dokola. 
 
 cock, full, 7 leka ( fierf. lekele). 
 
 half, 7/., vutula. 
 cocked full, ^., -lekama. 
 be, 7/., lekama. 
 half, -vutnka. 
 be, 7 A, vutuka. 
 extract a charge, zokola. 
 fire, 7/./., xika, nonga, basula, kwa- 
 na, kwangula, loza (Mpa.), 
 knbnla (Kib.). 
 
 7vova, kwangnka. 
 a volley, v.t, xika e vumbi ( 6 ). 
 v.i., vova e vumbi (6). 
 
 Gun, fire, continued. 
 
 by accident, 7 kusumuka. 
 
 7/./., kusumuna. 
 
 into the air overhead, xika e ki- 
 ntumba (5) a ezulu (8). 
 flash, niafuna. 
 
 hit (of the bullet), tela ; (of the 
 hunter), telesa. 
 load, soma, 
 loaded, /., -somwa. 
 be, 7/., somwa. 
 
 miss (not hit) (of the bullet), venda; 
 (of the hunter), vendesa, tu- 
 misa. 
 
 miss fire, 7/., vana e nkola (2). 
 because the flint did not reach the 
 steel, kukama. 
 
 give smoke only, vana e kimpuka 
 
 ( 5 ). 
 
 present, fika, kumpika. 
 ram, 7/., koma. 
 
 Gunwale, z/., nkwa, 4. 
 
 Gush forth, 7/., lasuka ; see also flow, 
 sudden, of water, zz., evuku, 8 . 
 
 Gut, n., ndia, 4. 
 
 Gutter, zz., muvu, 3; njila (2) a 
 maza. 
 
 Gyrate, t/., zunga, jeta. 
 as a hawk, lengela. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habit, n., fu, 6 ; nza, 4. The con- 
 tinuative form of the verb will 
 express the habit of doing. 
 The price I am in the habit of 
 paying every day, e ntalu mfu- 
 tanga e lumbu yawanso. 
 (dress), see dress. 
 
 Habitation, zz., nzo, 2 (house); fulu, 
 6 (place). 
 
 Habituate, 7/., kulukisa. 
 
 Hack, 7/., zengununa. 
 
 Had, 7/., see have. 
 
 Haematuria, n., kaji, 6 . 
 
 Haft, zz., mva, 4. 
 
 Hail, z/., mataai ma mvula, pi. 8. 
 (call), 7/., bokela. 
 
 (greet), see salute. 
 
( IOI ) 
 
 Hai-Han 
 
 Hair (of head), 77., nsuki, 2 & 11. 
 (curly, woolly), nsuki za injingela. 
 gra) r , mvu, 2 & 11. 
 
 (straight, lank), nsuki za nlamvu- 
 ngila. 
 
 (fur, wool), mwika, 3 ; wika, 12 & 
 11. 
 
 (of armpit and pubes), nkundu, 2 ; 
 nkamvu, 2. The latter word is 
 nearly always used by women, 
 the former by men. 
 
 (of beard), nzevo, 2 & 11. 
 
 (of body), mwika, 3; wika, 12 & 11 . 
 (of elephant’s tail), nkunda, 4; nxi- 
 nga, 2. 
 
 (on plants, gossamer), ntongo, 4. 
 to cut or shave, v ., tenda, wona. 
 cut off close, saka. 
 plait, vanda. 
 
 Hair’s breadth, 77., nsununke, 2. 
 The least little bit (a hair’s 
 breadth) more,and it would have 
 fallen, va nsununke vaxidi 
 nga se kiadi bwa. 
 
 Hairy, be, v ., kala ye mika (3 pi.), 
 person, n ., nkwa (1) mika (3 pi.). 
 
 Half ( = part), n., ndambu, 2 ; lueka, 
 10; tini, 6. 
 
 of things, ebuki, 8 . The ideas of 
 fractions are most indefinite, 
 cock, be at, v.i., vutuka. 
 
 put at, v.t. y vutula. 
 cocked,/., -vutuka. 
 come in half (as cotyledons), 7/., see 
 come. 
 
 dead, be (insensible), fwa e kiambu. 
 fill, xia e ebuki ( 8 ). 
 
 (side) of an animal,77., lukalakala, 
 11 & 2. 
 
 way (middle), 77., kati, 9. 
 
 Hall, ?i ., eseka, 8. 
 
 Hallow (honour), v ., jitisa. 
 
 Halo (sun), 77., mbaji (2) a nkanu. 
 round the moon, kiambidilu, 5. 
 
 Halt, 7/.,dingalala, vinga, dingama. 
 (be lame), kwenda atedinga. 
 
 (rest), vunda. 
 
 77., mvinga, 2 ; mvingila, 2 ; ndi- 
 ngama, 2 ; ndingalala, 2 ; 
 mvunda, 2. 
 
 Halve, 7/., zenga (cut) or bula (divide) 
 muna kati (9). 
 
 (take away half), katula e ndambu 
 
 (2). 
 
 Halyard, 77., nxinga, 4. 
 
 Ham (of pork), 77., elundu, 8 . 
 
 Hamlet, 77., evanga, 8 . 
 
 Hammer, 77., malatelo, pi. 8 (P. mar- 
 tello); nzundu, 2. 
 
 7/., doda, konkota. 
 
 (a nail), koma. 
 
 out an edge (to a hoe, &c.), sambula. 
 to forge, or hammer metal, fula. 
 Hammock, 7?., wanda, 13 (pl.manda). 
 Hand, 77., koko, 9 [(pi. moko) arm], 
 left, koko kwamonso {or kwanke- 
 nto, rarely used), 
 left-handed, a., -alumonso. 
 left-handedly, adv. y kuna lumonso. 
 right, 77., koko kwanene (or kwe- 
 yakala, rarely used), 
 at hand, cidv., mu <?rvangenga (2). 
 back of, nima (2) a koko. 
 fist, see fist. 
 
 open hand, a blow with, 77., mbata 
 2 . 
 
 to strike with, 7/., wanda e mbata. 
 palm of, 77., mbanzangala, 2 ; ka- 
 ndaji, 6. 
 
 of plantain, nkangi, 2. 
 
 Hand (offer, give), v., tambika. 
 over, vakula. 
 to (pass to), tambakesa. 
 from one to the other, tambakiana. 
 Handcuff, 77., luvambu, 10 ; xienge, 
 6 . 
 
 Handful, 77., nsululu, 4. 
 
 to take by the, 7/., vota. 
 Handkerchief, 77., elenso, 8 ; ele- 
 nswa, 8 (P. len<?o). 
 
 Handle (of vessel), 77., ekonzo, 8. 
 
 (of knife, &c.), mva, 4. 
 a knife, or hoe without a handle, 
 nsengele, 4. 
 
 to put a hoe into its handle, 7 '., 
 
 kwika. 
 
 Handsome (of people), a., -amote. 
 
 (of things), -awete, -ambote, -abiza. 
 person, 77., mote, 3. 
 
 Handwriting, 77., sono, 6. 
 
Han-Has 
 
 ( 102 ) 
 
 Handy (near), adv., vana vankufi. 
 (where I can get it), vana mfwete 
 kio bakila. 
 
 Hang down (bend down), v.i., vwe- 
 tama, vetama. 
 
 low down (as a cloth), v.i., kuluka. 
 on (caught), v.t ., sangika (muna). 
 v.i., sangama. 
 
 (on, over, up, from), v.t., manika, 
 keteka, yengeleka (with the 
 preposition). 
 
 v.i., manama, ketama, yenga- 
 lala. 
 
 over on one side, v.i., bemhama. 
 cause to, v.t., bembeka. 
 
 Happen, v., bwa ; lest anything hap¬ 
 pen, mnnkwa bwa e diambu ; 
 what has happened, nkia dia¬ 
 mbu dibwidi. 
 
 it happened (by accident) that I saw 
 him, ku suxi imwenene. 
 
 Happiness, n., kiese, 5 ; eyangi, 8 ; 
 wete, 12 ; luyangalalu, 10; 
 lufiaulwisu, 10 (gratification). 
 
 Happy, a., -akiese, -eyangi, -anzunzu 
 (merry). 
 
 be, v.i., mona e kiese (5) or 0 wete 
 (12), yangalala. 
 
 make, v.t., mwesa e kiese, or 0 
 wete, yangidika, fiaulwisa 
 
 (gratify). 
 
 Harass, v., tantika. 
 
 Harbour, n., esau, 8 (kuna kulu- 
 ndilwanga e nlungu, ye nza- 
 za). 
 
 Hard, p., -bala, -kola, -ambadi. 
 be, get (harden), v.i., bala, kola, 
 kinda. 
 
 (difficult), a., -ampaxi. 
 earned, p., -bakama mu mpaxi. 
 -hearted (bad), a., -ambi, nkwa (1) 
 fu (pi. 6) yambi. 
 
 make (harden), v.t., badisa, kolesa, 
 kindisa. 
 
 (much), a., -ingi, -ebeni. 
 
 (stiff, dry), p., -kwijima. 
 be, v.i., kwijima. 
 make, v.t., kwijimisa. 
 
 (well), adv., beni. 
 
 ►working person, n., kisadi, 5. 
 
 Harden, v.i., see hard, get (stiff). 
 v.t., see hard, make (stiff). 
 
 Hardihood, n., kiyakala, 5. 
 
 Hardly, adv., see scarcely. 
 
 Hardness, n., bala, 9; ngolo, 2 ; 
 kinda, 9. 
 
 Hardship, 11., mpaxi, 2. 
 
 Hardy, a., ye kiyakala, -angolo. 
 
 Hare, n., nlumba, 4. 
 
 Haricot bean, n., nkasa, 2 (zanda- 
 mba or zamafewo). 
 
 Hark! interj., wunikina! wa! 
 
 Harlot, n., munta (3) zumba, nkwa 
 (1) ngyambila, nkembi, 4. 
 
 Harm, n., diambu, 7 (matter, any¬ 
 thing) ; mpaxi, 2 (trouble). 
 v.i., tumbuka. 
 v.t., tumbula. 
 
 (spoil), v.t., vonda. 
 v.i., fwa. 
 
 Harmless, a., ke ya diambu ko. It 
 is better to be more explicit. 
 
 Harmonium, n., exikilu, 8. 
 
 Harmonize, v.t., lekanisa, 
 v.i., lekama. 
 
 (be in harmony), lekana. 
 
 Harmony, n., ndinga (2) abiza or 
 alekama. 
 
 Harnessed antelope (tragelaphus 
 scriptus), n., nkayi, 2. 
 
 Harp, n., lungungu, 10. 
 
 Harpoon, n., eswanga, 8 ; edionga, 
 8; nzanza, 4. 
 
 Harsh, n., see rough. 
 
 Harvest, n. (expl.), kolo kia vava e 
 mbongo muna kiana. Xivu, 6, 
 the cold season, is the time when 
 ground nuts, and many things, 
 ripen and are gathered. Sala, 
 9, a reaping. 
 
 Haste, n., nswalu, 4 ; nzaki, 2 ; sa- 
 zu, 6; ntinu, 2; kiavi, 5 (flurry), 
 make, v., see hasten. 
 
 Hasten, v.i., kwenda, or kwiza, &c., 
 0 nswalu, &c. He hastened to 
 help, wijidi kwandi e ntinu 
 muna sadila ; 
 zabuka, sampuka, sazuka. 
 
 (look sharp !) vwa 0 malu! zabula 
 0 malu! (move your legs). 
 
( 103 ) 
 
 Has-He 
 
 Hasten, continued. 
 
 (look sharp !) v.t., zabula, sazula. 
 
 Hastily, adv ., o nswalu, e nzaki, 
 e sazu, e ntinu. 
 
 (carelessly), adv., e palakasa-pala- 
 kasa (pi. 6). 
 
 (hurriedly), e zakazaka (6). 
 
 Hastiness (quick temper), n ., makaxi 
 (pi. 8) manswalu or manzaki 
 or malumfulumbumbu. 
 
 Hasty, a ., -answalu, -anzaki. 
 
 Hat, n ., mpu, 2 (P. chapeo). 
 straw, sapu, 2 (P. chapeo). 
 
 Hatch, v.t, butamena. 
 
 (come out of the egg), v.i., teta. 
 
 Hatchet, n ., luaji, 6. 
 
 Hate, v., saula ( perf. sawidi), zemba, 
 menga, nukwa. 
 each other, saujiana. 
 
 Hateful (abominable), a ., -ambimbi- 
 imbi. 
 
 Hatred, n., saula, 9 ; zemba, 9. 
 (abhorrence), see abhorrence, 
 (dislike), etondo, 8. 
 
 (enmity), tantu, 6. 
 
 (spite), nxita, 2. 
 
 Haughtiness, n ., nza (2) yo lulendo. 
 
 Haughty, a ., ye nza yo lulendo. 
 
 Haul, v ., tunta. 
 down, kulula. 
 
 Haunch, n ., suku, 6. 
 
 Haunt, //., fulu, 6 ; ekiyilu, 8. 
 
 ^., kiyila. 
 
 Have, v., is expressed by kala ye = 
 to be with. He has two knives, 
 yandi una ye mbele zole; ya 
 is used instead of ye when the 
 sentence is in the negative. 
 
 Also by kala, followed by the pro¬ 
 noun of the thing possessed ; 
 but as “the verb ‘to be 5 takes 
 the same case after it as before 
 it,” the pronoun used is always 
 the subjective : I have his fowls, 
 nsusu zandi ndina zau = fowls 
 his I have (am) them ; I have it 
 (the thing), ndina kiau. It 
 will be seen from the above that 
 if the thing possessed is men¬ 
 tioned it must precede the verb, 
 
 Have, continued. 
 
 and its subjective pronoun 
 follows the verb: I have 
 your knife = your knife I have 
 it. 
 
 It is sometimes expressed by re¬ 
 moulding the' sentence: this 
 case has the glasses = the glasses 
 are in this case. 
 
 (get, obtain), baka. 
 
 (possess), vwa. 
 
 To have with one = to bring, 
 carry, come with, go with, &c., 
 or to be with : we have no salt 
 with us, ke tunete mungwa ko, 
 or ke tuna ya mungwa ko. 
 
 He who has = the possessor of, n., 
 nkwa, 1. 
 
 Have, auxiliary verb; sign of the 
 perfect ; for rules, see Grammar, 
 might have (with the negative under¬ 
 stood), the tense in -adi; I 
 should have fallen, yadi bwa. 
 shall have to, xinga ; we shall have 
 to go, tuxinga 0 kwenda. 
 should have, nga, before the verbj I 
 should have fallen, nga mbwidi. 
 
 To have things done for one is 
 expressed by the applied form 
 of the causative = to cause to be 
 done for: the chief is having a 
 house built for me, 0 mfumu 
 yandi okuntungixilanga e 
 nzo. 
 
 Had is expressed by the past per¬ 
 fect of “ to have,” or by vwidi. 
 They had bought it, bavwidi 
 kio sumba ; when I arrived 
 they had gone, una ndweke 
 bavwidi kuyendela. 
 
 Hawk, //., kimbi, 5 ; lengela, 6. 
 
 Haze, mwixi, 3 (smoky) ; wixixi, 
 12 (misty). 
 
 He, pron., yandi ; he is coming, 
 yandi okwizanga. 
 
 (emphatic), yandi...kwandi. He 
 (himself) said so, yandi kwandi 
 ovovele wo ; he has finished, 
 yandi omene kwandi ; he has 
 finished it, yandi kwandi ome- 
 
He-Hea 
 
 ( io4 ) 
 
 He, continued. 
 
 ne kio. The particle 0 is often 
 prefixed, oyandi; for rules see 
 Grammar. 
 
 The verb must always have its 
 subjective pronominal prefix, 
 whether the subject is mentioned 
 or not. Thus the Kongos say 
 always,Your father he is coming, 
 ’sakn (ese aku) okwiza. 
 
 The pronominal prefixes are 0 {or 
 u in combination , utu = he us, 
 ntnvene, he gave us), e, ke, a, 
 ka; okwisa, ekwiza, &c. 
 
 The emphatic kwandi may be 
 added after the verb. 
 
 For combinations of the subjec¬ 
 tive with the objective prenomi- 
 nal prefixes, see Grammar. 
 
 he is, i ; he is king, yandi i mfn- 
 mu; 
 
 he himself, yandi kibeni ; he 
 himself did so, yandi kwandi 
 kibeni ovangidi wo. 
 
 he ... himself, use reflexive form 
 of the verb : he killed himself, 
 wiyivondele. 
 
 He, p 7 vn. 
 
 alone, only, yandi amoxi. 
 
 (that man), oyo, ndioyo. 
 
 [that one (man)], oyo, ndioyo. 
 
 (that man yonder), ona, ndiona. 
 (that man mentioned), wawuna, 
 muntu ndiona. 
 
 (this man), oyn. 
 
 [this one (man)], ndioyiL 
 where is he, ndieyi. 
 which is he, nkia mnntn. 
 who, ona. 
 
 whosoever, konsoyo. 
 who is he, yandi nani. 
 
 Head, 77., ntn, 4. 
 
 7'., vita. 
 
 -ache, have a, 7/., ntu (4) bwanga ; 
 I have a headache, ntn ante 
 nbwanga. 
 back of, 77., ekoxi, 8 . 
 forehead, 77., see forehead. 
 
 -land, //., esunsu, 8 ; etukulu, 8 . 
 man, 77., mbuta, 2 ; nknlnntu, 1. 
 
 Head, continued. 
 pad (porter’s), //., nkata, 2. 
 
 Heal (as a wound or sore), z /./., jrelu- 
 
 ka, yeloka. 
 
 7'./., yelula, yelola. 
 
 (from sickness), z'.t., wnka. 
 make well, vndisa. 
 
 Health, bad, 77., yela, 9. 
 bad, have, ?/., yela. 
 good, 77., kidikiti, 5 ; knkolela, 9. 
 (strength), n., ngolo, 2 ; efuka, 8. 
 
 Healthiness, n., kidikiti, 5. 
 
 Healthy, a., -angolo. 
 be, v., kala e kidikiti (5), knkolela 
 (spoken to the person) ; kolela 
 (spoken of the person). 
 
 Heap, 77., ezndika, 8 ; ezndikila, 8 ; 
 ntnmbidika, 4. 
 
 (of earth), efnkn, 8 ; etnmbi, 8. 
 
 (of rubbish), efnkn, 8. 
 
 Heap, make into a, v.t ., zndika, tn- 
 dika, tnmbidika. 
 
 be made into a, v.i., znlama, tnla- 
 ma, tnmbalala. 
 
 (put), together, 7/./., kntika. 
 up, bidika, wokesa, vwisa, lnkula, 
 saknla, bwekesa, lnngnla. 
 
 Hear, 7/., wa (applied form wila). 
 cause to, wisa. 
 each other, wawana. 
 
 (listen), winikina, wnnikina. 
 one another, wawajiana. 
 
 Heard, be, 7/., wakana. 
 for (applied form passive), wilwa. 
 cause to be (utter), tatnla. 
 
 Hearer, 77., nwe, 1 & 4. 
 
 Hearing, 7/., wa, 9. 
 
 Hearken, 77., see hear. 
 
 Heart, 77., ntima, 4; moyo, 3 ; mbn- 
 ndn, 2. 
 
 in the heart of, prep ., mnna kati (9) 
 kwa, mnna ngndi (2) a. 
 take, 7/., kasakana, kasnmnka. 
 to be grieved, be cut to the heart, to 
 break one’s heart, ntima (4 n-) 
 vanznka, or bndika, or lnala, 
 or pwa! 
 
 Hearth, 77., ejikn, 8 . 
 
 -stone, eknkwa, 8. 
 
 Hearts (in cards), kompa,2 (P. copo). 
 
( io 5 ) 
 
 He a-Her 
 
 Heat, ;/., mbangaji, 2 ; kiungula, 5 ; 
 mungula, 3 ; kiukusa, 5 (as of 
 a room, or sunshine). 
 
 (fire), tiya, pi. 10. 
 
 (warmth), kididi, 5. 
 
 Heat (of food), v., yandula, yamuna. 
 (of water), yadika. 
 
 (put on the fire), teleka. 
 
 Heated, be (of food), 7/., yanduka, 
 yamuka. 
 
 (of water), yalama, telama (put on 
 the fire). 
 
 Heathen, n. (expl.), wantu ke ba- 
 zeye 0 mambu ma Nzambi 
 ko. 
 
 Heave a sigh, 7/., viimiika. 
 away (throw), veta, loza, takula; 
 
 buma (as useless). 
 
 (lift), zangula. 
 
 (throw), tuba. 
 
 Heaven, n., ezulu, 8. 
 
 (firmament), ngambwila, 2. 
 
 Heavenly, a., -ezulu. 
 
 Heavenward, adv., kuna ezulu. 
 
 Heavily, adv., use circumlocution, as 
 with many things, &c., &c. 
 to sleep, 7/., leka 0 tulu (pi. 10) twa 
 mete. 
 
 to throw down, 7/., lumba, yumba, 
 yemba, zanza. 
 
 Heaviness, n., ejitu, 8 ; mfinga, 2 ; 
 komo, 6 ; vindu, 6. 
 of heart, zowalala, 9. 
 
 Heavy, <7., -ejitu, -amfinga, -anjiti, 
 -akomo, -avindu. 
 be, 7/., jita. 
 in heart, be, zowalala. 
 sleep, 7/., tulu (pi. 10) twa mete. 
 
 Hedge, n., lumbu, 10. 
 
 Heed, take, 7/., wa, toma wa. 
 
 Heedlessly, adv., e palakasa-pala- 
 kasa (pi. 6). 
 
 Heedlessness, n., palakasa-pala- 
 kasa (pi. 6). 
 
 Heel, n., xingini, 6. 
 of hoofed animal, nseve, 2. 
 
 Heifer, 77., esundi (8) dia ngombe. 
 
 Height, n., la, 12 ; ntela, 4 (stature). 
 
 Heir, n., ndie (1 & 4) a efwa (8) 
 
 ( firon . ndi ’efwa). 
 
 Hell, bilungi, 12 ; ubilungi, 12 ; 
 unkadi (12) wampemba. 
 
 (The derivation of Bilungi is un¬ 
 certain, but whatever it may be,., 
 it is understood as the abode 
 of the devil. 
 
 Helm, n., ntembo, 2. 
 
 Helmia bulbifera, 17., kwa ( 6 ) kia 
 mfinda. 
 
 Help, v., sadisa, sadila. 
 
 (work for) each other, sadijiana. 
 There is also a singular use of the 
 causative, implying the idea of 
 helping ; natisa, to help carry ; 
 yelesa, to help in sickness, 
 hence to nurse ; sadisa, to help 
 to do work, &c., &c. 
 
 Helper, 11., nsadixi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Helpless be, v., yambalala. 
 
 Hem, v., fokola, bokola. 
 
 (sew), tunga. 
 n., nswiku, 4. 
 
 in, v., tatamesa, batamesa. 
 
 Hemmed in, be, v., tatamena, bata- 
 mena. 
 
 Hemp, Indian (cannabis sativa), n., 
 
 diamba, 7. 
 
 pipe, 17., nsaka, 4 ; mbaya, 4 ; nti- 
 mpu, 4. 
 
 Hen, 77., nsusu, 2 (-ankento). 
 house, vaka (6), or mpaka (2) a. 
 nsusu. 
 
 with a brood, nsusu amwalakaji. 
 
 Hence, adv., =from here, see here, 
 from, tuka ova or vava. 
 
 (therefore), dianu, diau, i kuma. 
 
 Henceforth, adv., tuka muna 
 lumbu kiaki, tuka mu unu. 
 
 HER,j£n?//., see him, he. 
 
 (expl.)diawa dimoxi yo yandi (him) 
 kanxi, “ her,” nkento. 
 
 Her ,poss. pron., -andi, -ayandi. 
 
 Herald, n., ngunza, 2. 
 
 Herb, n., titi, 6 ; ti, 6 ; kiti, 5. 
 
 Herd, n., ekambi, 8 ; buka, 6. 
 
 Herds (cattle), n ., tweleji, pi. 6 . 
 
 Herdsman, n., mvungudi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Here, adv., use the locatives of the 
 first position, see in. 
 here am I, mono oyu; here it is- 
 
Her-Him 
 
 ( 106 ) 
 
 Here, continued. 
 
 = this (is it), use the demon¬ 
 strative pronoun of the nearest, 
 eyi, eji, &c. 
 
 Hereabout (this way, in this place), 
 adv., kuku, kwaku; see in. 
 
 Hereafter, adv., kuna lose, kuna 
 ntu, tandu kikwizanga. 
 
 Here and there, adv., ya muna 
 ya muna. 
 
 Hereby, adv., muna diadi, &c. 
 
 Here in, in here, adv., mu, mumu, 
 mwamu; see in. 
 
 Heritage, n., efwa, 8. 
 
 Hernia (scrotal), n., nkukulu, 4; 
 mpiki, 2 ; edungu, 8. 
 
 Hero, n. (expl.), eyakala ditundidi 
 beni, kaxi muna jiji kiandi, 
 kaxi muna ngolo zandi za- 
 nwanina. 
 
 Heron, n., nuni (2) a eyanga (8). 
 
 Hers, poss. pron., -andi, -ayandi 
 (secondary form). 
 
 Herself, pron., yandi kibeni. 
 she herself, yandi kwandi kibeni. 
 she ... herself, use the reflexive 
 form of the verb ; she killed her¬ 
 self, wiyivondele. 
 
 Hesitate (be in doubt), v., katikisa, 
 xia e banzubanzu (pi. 6). 
 
 (be pensive), yindama. 
 
 (stop), dingalala. 
 
 (think), yindula (muna ntima, 4). 
 
 Hesitation, n., dingalala, 9 ; ba¬ 
 nzubanzu, pi. 6 ; katikati, pi. 
 6 . 
 
 Hew, v., see cut. 
 
 Hiccough (hiccup), n., xikuxiku, 6. 
 to have a, v., yela e xikuxiku, 6. 
 
 Hidden, p., -fukilu, -swekama, 
 -dimbama. 
 
 be, v., swekama, dimbama, fuka- 
 ma. 
 
 Hide, v., sweka, dimbika, fuka. 
 (skin), n., nkanda, 4 (a mbiji). 
 
 Hideous, a., -amwiyi (of persons), 
 -ambi (of things). 
 
 Hideous person, n., mwiyi, 4. 
 
 Hideousness, n., wiyi, 12. 
 
 Hiding place, n., eswekelo, 8 . 
 
 High, a., -anda. 
 most, a., see highest, 
 on, adv., vana ezulu, kuna ezulu, 
 kuna ezulu-ezulu. 
 too, a., -la. 
 
 High, be (raised up), v., zanguka. 
 (put, raised upon), zangama. 
 
 HIGHER up on an inclined place (com¬ 
 paratively), adv., ku londe (10). 
 Their house is higher up, ours 
 is lower down, e yau nzo kuna 
 londe e yeto ku ndimba. 
 
 Highest, a., -sundidi -awanso 0 
 la (12). 
 
 the greatest, supreme, n., mpungu, 
 2 ; see God. 
 
 a., -ampungu. 
 
 Highlands, n., miongo, pi. 3. 
 
 Highly, adv., benibeni. 
 
 Highminded, a., ye nza (2) yo lule- 
 ndo (10). 
 
 Highness, n., la, 12. 
 
 High-priest, n., mbuta (2) a nga- 
 nga (2), nganga (2) ambuta. 
 
 Highroad, ) n., manene, pi. 8 ; njila, 
 
 Highway, ( 2 (path), 
 
 lurker in, nkwa (1) mbaki (2). 
 robber or murderer, mfumbi, 2. 
 robbery or murder, to commit, v., 
 fumba. 
 
 Hill, n., mongo, 3 (there are many 
 hills in the road, miongo mingi 
 mina mu njila). Londe, 10 . 
 (This word is only used in 
 adverbial clauses : up on the 
 hill, ku londe, vana londe ; see 
 higher up), 
 small, kundubulu, 6. 
 ant hill, see ant nest, 
 plateau, top, nzanza, 4. 
 top of hill, ebata, 8 ; etenta, 8. 
 (These words also only occur in 
 adverbial clauses.) 
 
 Hilly, a., -a miongo. 
 
 Hilt, n., dingwa, 6 (guard); mva, 4 
 (handle). 
 
 Him , pron., see he ; objective prefix in 
 combination, -m- -n-. These 
 nasals do not cause any euphonic 
 change with 1 and v : banlanda, 
 
( >07 ) 
 
 Him-Hol 
 
 Him, continued 
 
 they follow him (the contrary is 
 the case when they represent 
 the first person ; bandanda, 
 they follow me). When they 
 meet m or n, they simply unite 
 and elide : banrwene, they saw 
 him. With the exception of 
 these objective prefixes, the same 
 forms are used as for he. 
 
 Himself, /awl, yandi kibeni. 
 he himself, yandi kwandi kibeni. 
 he ... himself; use reflexive form 
 of the verb, he killed himself, 
 wiyivondele. 
 
 Hind leg, 71 ., kulu, 9. 
 
 (the joint of meat), to (6) kia kulu. 
 part, n., nima, 2. 
 
 Hinder, v., vukula, vekeka, vanga 
 or xia 0 mavuku (pi. 8) or ma- 
 veko (pi. 8). 
 
 (cause to stay), see delay. 
 
 Hindrance, n., mavuku, pi. 8 ; ma- 
 veko, pi. 8. 
 
 Hinge, «., ekoji, 8 (P. gonzo ?). 
 
 Hint, see mention, tell, know, cause 
 to. 
 
 Hip, 71., luketo, 10. 
 bone, vixi (6) kia luketo. 
 
 Hippopotamus, n., nguvu, 2. 
 
 Hire, v., soneka, vana 0 nkanda (4). 
 (wages), n., mfutu, 2 ; kibwanga, 
 
 5 - 
 
 Hired servants, n. ngamba, 2. 
 
 H\s,poss. pron., -andi, -ayandi. 
 
 Hiss, v., yaya. 
 
 History, n., nsangu, 2. 
 
 Hit, v., see beat. 
 
 (as a missile), tela. 
 
 (with a missile), telesa ; he was hit 
 by a bullet, yandi otelele e 
 ekela. 
 
 Hit, 71., see blow. 
 
 Hitch, v.t., vakamesa, tatamesa. 
 vd., vakamena, tatamena. 
 
 Hither, adv., see here. 
 
 & thither, adv., ya muna ya muna. 
 
 Hitherto, sumbate yamu unu 
 (which may be prefaced by tuka 
 lumbu’kiakina, since that day). 
 
 Hoard, v., lunda. 
 
 71., be more explicit, the things, 
 goods, hoarded. 
 
 Hoarse, be, v., ndinga (2) tata; I 
 am hoarse, ndinga ame ita- 
 tidi. 
 
 Hoary, a., see white. 
 
 Hoax, v., see deceive. 
 
 Hobble, v., kenketa. 
 
 Hockey, a game like, n., nkwa, 2. 
 
 to play, ta e nkwa. 
 
 Hoe, 71., nsengo, 2. 
 v., vata. 
 
 handle of, 71., mva, 4. 
 fasten the, v., kwika. 
 without a, 71., nsengele, 4. 
 old, worn, 11., kuba, 6 ; kuluba, 6. 
 edge of, 71., meno, pi. 7. 
 
 hammer out the, v., sambula. 
 into ridges, vanga e saya (6). 
 make a hole with, fudila. 
 
 Hog, 7 i., ngulu, 2 ; ntongo, 2. 
 
 wild, 71., ngulu (2) -amunxitu. 
 Hoist, v., vola, zangula (raise), tu- 
 nta (pull). 
 
 (a flag), manika (e dimbu, 6). 
 Hold, v. ximba. 
 a council, vanga e mfulu (2). 
 (contain), see have, take, 
 in the cheeks, bundikila. 
 
 mouth (teeth), bweta. 
 out (offer), tamba, tambika. 
 
 (stop), dingalala, dingama. 
 the tongue, vwena. 
 up (support), xikina. 
 with, xikinina. 
 
 Hold, of a ship (expl.), esuku dia- 
 mpwena dilundilwanga e le- 
 kwa muna nzaza. 
 
 •Hole, n., ewulu, 8 . 
 
 (chasm), see chasm. 
 
 (hollow), evuvu, 8. 
 
 (in a river or marsh), ndiumbu, 4. 
 [in the bed of, (pool)], ejinga, 8 ; 
 ejiya, 8 ; za, 6. 
 
 (in a tree), evudi, 8. 
 
 (of a rat, &c.), nua, 4. 
 
 (round), zongolotoma, 6. 
 
 (small), evundu, 8 ; evululu, 8 . 
 Hole, make a (as a rat), v., duka. 
 
Hol-Hos 
 
 ( 10S ) 
 
 Hole, make a, continued. 
 fbore), zoka. 
 
 (dig), tima. 
 
 in, tobola, tompola, topa. 
 
 (in the ears), jiula (o matu, 9). 
 (with a hoe), fudila. 
 
 Holiness (purity), n . velela, 9. 
 (scrupulous neatness), kingwedi, 5. 
 
 Hollow, a., -evuvu, ye evuvu. 
 zz., evuvu, 8. 
 
 (cheeked), a., [mabundi(8) ma] -ba- 
 lakana. 
 
 (eyed), [meso (7) ma] -vula, or -ko- 
 boka or -kompoka. 
 
 in a tree, zz., evudi, 8 . 
 out, 7/., vala. 
 sound, v ., bobola. 
 
 (valley), n., ndimba, 4. 
 
 Hollowness, n ., evuvu, 8. 
 
 Holy (pure, clear), a ., -avelela. 
 person (scrupulously clean), nkwa 
 (1) kingwedi (5). 
 
 Homage, n ., kunda, 9 ; kundwa, 9 ; 
 (passive). 
 
 do, pay, 7/., kunda ; see salute. 
 
 Home (country), zz., nxi, 2. 
 
 (house), nzo, 2 ; lumbu, 10 (com¬ 
 pound). 
 
 Honest, a., ke ya wivi ko. 
 
 (good), -abiza, -ambote. 
 
 (just), -asonga. 
 
 Honesty, n., songa, 9. 
 
 Honey, zz., wiki, 12. 
 comb (cells), zz., nzo (2) a mbwi- 
 ngina (2); (wax), maji (pi. 7) 
 ma wiki. 
 
 Honour (esteem), zz., buzu, 6 ; bu- 
 nzu, 6. 
 
 vc, mona e buzu, or e bunzu. 
 fear, 7/., vumina. 
 
 (respect), zz., jitu, 12 ; bula, 6. 
 v., jitisa, mona e bula. 
 
 Honourable, a., -anene (great), 
 -asonga (just). 
 
 person, nkwa (1) jitu or buzu, or 
 bunzu, or bula. 
 
 -HOOD. This suffix has its equivalent 
 in the abstract prefixes ki and u 
 (when applied to nouns of the 
 1st class all other prefixes are 
 
 -HOOD, continued. 
 
 generally removed before the 
 ki or u is added) ; kiwuntu, 
 manhood (muntu);kileke, boy¬ 
 hood (nleke). 
 
 Hoof, zz., kole, 6. 
 the shank and hoof, ekolo, 8. 
 marks, ntambi, 2. 
 
 Hoofed animals, zz., nkole, 2. 
 
 Hook, n ., luvaku, 10 ; mpaku, 2. 
 
 (a wooden hitch), taka, 6 ; see fish. 
 
 Hook down, v., kokeka. 
 on to, v.t ., vakika. 
 vakama. 
 
 Hooked stick, zz., lungowa, 10; 
 kokekelwa, 6. 
 
 Hoop, n., mfumba, 4 (on cask) ; nka- 
 nda, 2 (on bales), 
 iron, n., nkanda, 2. 
 
 Hop, as a bird, 7/., kwangumuka. 
 as a frog, zomboka. 
 
 (go on one foot), diata e nsongongo 
 (in play), zomboka (lame). 
 
 Hope (expectation), zz., vuvu, 6. 
 (expect), v., xia e vuvu, 6. 
 give up, dimbula, or katula e vuvu. 
 
 There has been found no equiva¬ 
 lent for the expression of desire, 
 as I hope he will come. 
 
 Hopeful, be, v., xia e vuvu. 
 
 Hopeless, «., ke ya vuvu ko. 
 be, and dejected, 7/., zowalala. 
 
 Horn, v., mpaka, 2. 
 ivory, or cornet, zz., mpungi, 2. 
 
 Hornbill, zz., mvondo, 2 ; epangi, 8 . 
 
 Horrible, rt.,-ambimbi-imbi, -amwi- 
 yi (hideous). 
 
 Horrified, be (shudder), 7/., [to ( 6 > 
 
 ki-] kankumuka. 
 
 Horrify, 7/., kankumukisa (e to, 6 ). 
 
 Horror, z/., keza, 9 ; see fear, awe, 
 abhorrence. 
 
 Horse, zz., mvalu, 4 (P. cavallo). 
 
 Hospitable, be, 7/., toma lunga e 
 nzenza (2). 
 
 Hospital, zz., nzo (2) a mbevo (2) 
 eyelelo, 8. 
 
 Hospitality, zz., fu kia toma lunga 
 e nzenza. 
 
 show, v., songa e lombo (6). 
 

 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CO 
 
 o 
 
( III ) 
 
 H os-How 
 
 Host, vu, 6 ; ndonga, 2 ; see also 
 crowd. 
 
 (entertainer), nsongi (1 & 4) a lo- 
 mbo (6). 
 
 Hostage, nkole, 2 (Bako.). 
 
 Hostile, a., -anwani. 
 
 (not helpful), a., ke -sadisanga ko. 
 
 Hostility, //., tantu, 6 ; kitantu, 5 ; 
 kimbeni, 5. 
 
 Hot, a ., -atiya (pi. 10). 
 be, v ., kala yo tiya (pi. 10). 
 make, see heat. 
 
 red, be, meka or kengomoka yo 
 tiya, kala e ngenge (2) yo tiya, 
 bwakuluka. 
 
 make, mekesa or kengomona yo 
 tiya. 
 
 Hotch-potch, mavindavinda, 8 . 
 
 Hotel, lombo, 6 . 
 
 Hound, n., see dog. 
 
 Hour, ola, 2 (P. ora), kolo, 6 
 (time), lo, 6 (of night) ; j^time. 
 
 House, n., nzo, 2. 
 boys’ house, mbongi, 2 ; nzo (2) a 
 etoko (8). 
 
 fowl house, mpaka (2), or vaka (6) 
 (ki)-a nsnsu. 
 
 (hut, shelter), saba, 6. 
 
 of grandparents, kinkayi, 5. 
 
 of unmarried man, kibanga, 5 ; 
 
 banga, 6 ; nzo (2) a etoko (8). 
 of woman recently confined, kiala- 
 kaji, 5. 
 
 old, dilapidated, or deserted, fobolo, 
 6 ; fwembo, 6. 
 
 pen, stye, mpaka, 2; nkuzu, 4. 
 plank,wooden, kibanga, 5; banga, 6. 
 station, factory, evula, 8 ; elo, 8. 
 stockade, lumbu, 10. 
 
 labyrinth at entrance, mvakala, 4. 
 unfinished, vangala, 6. 
 
 House, parts of:— 
 battens (1) ; to tie on the battens 
 upon which the grass is laid, ?/., 
 kankala. 
 
 the tying of above, //., nkankalu, 
 2 # 
 
 outer battens (11), mbasa, 2. 
 door, kielo, 5. 
 
 back, kielo (5) kia nteto (4). 
 
 House, conti?iued. 
 
 door,lintel, sumbuka (6) kiantandu. 
 post, tungwa, 6 ; elunji, 8. 
 sill,step,threshold (2), sumbuka,6.. 
 way, mwelo, 3. 
 
 back, mwelo (3) a nteto (4). 
 wooden frame, kulu, 6. 
 eaves, nsamba, 2. 
 gable ( 3 ), veta, 6. 
 king-post ( 4 ), elunji, 8 ; ekunji, 8. 
 layer of thatching grass ( 5 ), lualu,io. 
 
 top (on ridge) (6), kimbangila, 5.. 
 partition, kubu, 6. 
 post (12), tungwa, 6. 
 purlin (7), ekamba, 8. 
 rafters (8), mvwambu, 2 & 11. 
 
 to put up, v., fumba. 
 ridge pole ( 9 ), n., mwangu, 3. 
 roof, nludi, 4. 
 
 room, bed or store, esuku, 8. 
 innermost, ngudi (2) a nzo. 
 outer, sitting, eseka, 8. 
 shelf, esanza, 8. 
 
 side (under the eaves), mpukulu, 2. 
 thatching grass, nianga, 2 ; nsoyo, 2 
 & 11; nsoya, 2 & 11; mwenze, 3. 
 bunches of, esomba, 8. 
 bundles of, ntete (4), or mwita (3 
 Bako.) a nianga. 
 clean, to, v., xiona. 
 
 comb = a comb to clean thatch¬ 
 ing grass, n ., xionenwa, 6. 
 cut, v., buba. 
 put on roof, fuka. 
 wall, //., yaka, 6. 
 wall-plate (10), mboma, 2. 
 
 Household (expl.), wantu awanso 
 bekalanga oku lumbu lumoxi. 
 
 Householder, n., mfumu (2) a nzo. 
 
 Hovel, n., fobolo, 6 ; fwembo, 6 . 
 
 Hover (as a hawk), v ., lengela. 
 
 How, adv ., aweyi. 
 anyhow, konso -u. 
 how are you? aweyi olele? 
 
 (in what way), nkia, with the 2nd 
 class noun of the action, or with 
 the verb in the infinitive. How 
 did you do it ? nkia mpanga 
 nuvangidi? or nkia vanga 
 nuvangidi ? 
 
How-Hur 
 
 ( 112 ) 
 
 How, continued. 
 
 how many ? kwa ? after the noun. 
 How many houses ? nzo kwa? 
 (secondary), kwa, with the plural 
 prefixes of the 3rd series, 
 how many (white men) ? mikwa? 
 how much, nkia tezo (6). 
 how often, nkumbu (4) kwa. 
 
 (what) how short, nkia kufi (12) ; 
 how long, high, etc. = what 
 length, height, &c., on the same 
 principle. 
 
 However (although), adv ., kana. 
 (but), kanxi ; however, he went, 
 kanxi wele; in making an 
 assertion contrary to that of 
 another, watu ; you will have 
 to do so however, watu oxinga 
 vanga wau. 
 
 (in what way), see how (in what 
 way). 
 
 (in whatsoever way), konso-U. 
 
 (noth with standing all), ke diambu 
 ko, however, go, ke diambu 
 ko, wenda. 
 
 Howl, v., woka. 
 
 (as a beaten dog), twenga, wenga. 
 
 Huddle (put in anyhow), v., vwanza- 
 lakesa. 
 
 Hue, n ., see colour. 
 
 Hug (as a child), 7/., wonzakana ; see 
 also embrace. 
 
 Huge, a ., -anene wingi, -ampwena- 
 mpwena. 
 
 Hulk, nzaza, 2 (-ankulu). 
 
 Hull, n., nzaza, 2. 
 
 Hum, 7'., yinginina. 
 
 Human, a., -akiwuntu, -akimuntu, 
 -akiwantu (pi.). 
 
 being, n. (sing.), muntu dimoyo 
 (Bunda idiom, the first class in 
 Bunda takes the prefix di-). 
 beings, n. (pi.), antu (1) a Dezo 
 (Dezo = P. Deus, God). 
 
 Humanity, n., uwuntu, 12 ; kiwu- 
 ntu, 5 ; kimuntu, 5 ; kiwa- 
 ntu, 5 (pi.). 
 
 Human, become, 7'., kituka ne mu¬ 
 ntu ; kituka 0 muntu. 
 
 Humanize, v., vanga ne muntu. 
 
 Humble, 7/./., lembeka, kulula, or 
 sakuia 0 lulendo (10). 
 ^.,-anlembami, -lembama, -anleka. 
 be, 7/.**., lembama. 
 
 Humid, a., -amvutu. 
 
 Humility, n., lembama, 9 ; nleka, 4. 
 
 Humiliate, 74, see humble, v.t. 
 Humming bird, n., nsonge, 2. 
 Humour, 7/., bad, be in a, see angry. 
 
 good, be in a, 7/., yangalala. 
 Hump-back, 1 kinkunda s . 
 Hunchback, ) 
 
 Hunchbacked person, n., nkwa(i) 
 kinkunda, malunda. This 
 deformity is ascribed to the 
 
 fetish ndembo. 
 
 Hundred, n., nkama, 2. 
 half, n., lufuku, 11 & 2 (mfuku). 
 
 Hunger, n., nzala, 2 (nsatu, 2; 
 Luangu), the faintness incident 
 to hunger, mfune, 2 ; to feel 
 faint thus, fwa e mfune. 
 
 Hungry, be, 7/., fwa e nzala, fumbu- 
 ka or jika ye nzala. 
 
 Hunt, 7/., with dogs, veta (course) ; 
 without dogs, konda (stalk), 
 eveta, 8 ; nkonda, 2. 
 
 Hunting dog, n., mbwa (2) a e- 
 veta. 
 
 skill, n ., kinkongo, 5. 
 
 Huntsman, hunter, nkongo, 2. 
 
 chief, n ., nkongwambwa, 2. 
 
 Hurl, 7'., see throw. 
 
 Hurricane, ndonabidi, 2 (P. tor¬ 
 nado ?) 
 
 Hurriedly, adv., see hastily. 
 
 Hurry, 7'., see hasten. 
 
 77., see haste. 
 
 to be in (spoken of others), v. y 
 
 vangana, viaviana, suta. 
 cause, sutanisa, vanganisa, via- 
 vianisa. 
 
 a great, v., viangavianga, 6 . 
 in, adv., e viangavianga ( 6 ). 
 Hurt, v.t., tumbula, vonda (spoil). 
 v.i., tumbuka; see also ache, smart, 
 &c. 
 
 7/., tumbu, 6. 
 p., -fwa. 
 
 (a sore place), v.t, vusuna, tonda- 
 
( 113 ) 
 
 Hur-Ign 
 
 Hurt, continued. 
 
 kesa, tondangesa, tununa. 
 (wound the skin), 7/./., bunganisa, 
 tununa. 
 
 Hurtful, a., -ambi. 
 
 Husband, zz., nkaza, 1, pi. akaji. 
 
 Hush ! i?iterj ., nukala e pi-i (6), bu- 
 tika 0 mazu (pi. 8). 
 
 (listen), wa, wunikina, winikina. 
 
 Husk, zz., kiti, 5 ; ti, 6 ; titi, 6 . 
 
 (of large beans), zz., kutu, 6 . 
 
 Hut, zz., nzo, 2 (house) ; saba, 6 (shel¬ 
 ter), see also house. 
 
 Hydrocele (scrotal), n., nkukulu, 4; 
 mpiki, 2 ; edungu, 8 . 
 
 Hyena, zz., kimbungu, 5. 
 
 Hymn, n., nkunga, 4; see chorus, 
 (funeral), mbembo, 2. 
 
 Hypocrisy, n ., kuvunina, 9. 
 
 Hypocrite, zz., ngyangya, 2. 
 
 1. 
 
 I, ftron ., mono (often used with the 
 particle 0 before mpe, 0 mono 
 mpe; see also Grammar) ; 
 minu (Kabinda and Loango). 
 (emphatic), mono kwame. 
 
 I myself, mono kibeni. 
 
 I ... myself, use reflexive form of 
 verb : I hit myself, iyiwende. 
 
 I am, i, I am the chief, mono kwa¬ 
 me i mfumu. 
 
 it is I, mono [kwame (ingeta)]. 
 it is not I (who did it), nkadidi 
 kwame. 
 
 I will not, do not like to, ngongo 
 (2) ame (ngongwame). 
 subjective pronominal prefixes n, 
 or m, i (construct), ya (remote). 
 The nasal prefixes bring about 
 euphonic changes in the letters 
 to which they are prefixed : 1 
 becomes nd ; m becomes mb 
 (sometimes); n becomes nd ; 
 V becomes mp. M is always 
 used before b, f, p, v. 
 
 Ibis, zz., nkombo, 2. 
 
 Ice, n. (expl.), maza makangama ne 
 matadi mamvula. 
 
 Icy, a ., -akioji kingi; -anjiji yingi. 
 
 Idiocy, zz., zowa, 12 ; lau, 6. 
 
 Idiom, n ., diambu (7) dianzaki. 
 
 Idiomatic, a ., -anzaki. 
 
 Idiot, zz., ezowa, 8 ; lau, 6 (see also 
 fool). 
 
 Idle (lazy), a., -a molo (3). 
 man, n., molo, 3. 
 
 Idleness, zz., wolo, 12. 
 
 Idol, zz., teke, 6; Nzambi (2) anti 
 0V0 etadi. The only idols in 
 Africa are charms, and do not 
 represent gods, but influences. 
 Sometimes they are addressed, 
 and spoken of as the dwelling 
 of a spirit, as is the case of 
 things not made to resemble 
 human form. Teke, 6 = an im¬ 
 age ; nkixi, 4 = a charm. 
 
 Idolater, zz., muntu osambilanga e 
 teke. 
 
 Idolatry, zz., fu kia sambila e 
 teke. 
 
 If, conj ., vo, ovo, kala, kala vo, 0 
 kala vo, kele, kele vo, okele 
 vo. 
 
 as if, ne, nze; as if he bought it, 
 ne kiau kasumbidi. 
 even if (although), kana, kana vo, 
 kanele, kanele vo. 
 
 (in the event of), wavo or ovo. The 
 contingent sentence commenc¬ 
 ing with zavo, ozavo, zevo, or 
 ozevo. If he comes, what will 
 you do, wavo okwiza ozevo 
 weyi nuvanga. 
 if only, mpaxi vo, mpaxi ou. 
 never mind if even we do not buy 
 anything, if only (so long as) we 
 see him, ke diambu ko kana 
 ke tusumba ma ko mpaxi 
 owu tukuntala. 
 
 Ignite, v.t., kwika or tatika 0 tiya 
 (pi. 10). 
 v.i., kwama. 
 
 (be on fire), v.i ., in all directions, 
 
 yandangiana, yandana. 
 
 1 
 
Ign-Imm 
 
 ( 114 ) 
 
 Ignite, continued, 
 v.t ., set on fire thus, yandangesa, 
 yandanisa. 
 
 v.z., be set on fire in various places, 
 tambakana, tambangiana. 
 vJ., set on fire thus, tambakesa. 
 
 Ignominious, a., -ansoni. 
 
 Ignominy, n., nsoni, 2. 
 
 Ignorance (stupidity), n ., see foolish¬ 
 ness. 
 
 (unenlightened state), bubu, 6. 
 
 Ignorant, a., -abubu, see also foolish, 
 be (not know), v., ke zaya ko. 
 person, n., nkwa (1) bubu (6), see 
 also fool. 
 
 Ill, a., -ambi (bad), -ayela (sick), 
 be, v., yela, ke kukolela ko. 
 -behaved person, 7 z., nkwa fu (6) 
 yambi. 
 
 (calamity), n ., mvia, 4. 
 
 -tempered, a., -amakaxi (pi. 8 ). 
 
 Illegal (“fetish”), a., -anlongo. 
 (prohibited), -anxiku ; it is illegal, 
 
 nxiku waxiwa. 
 
 Illegitimate child, 7 z., mwana (1) 
 a zumba (6). 
 
 Illness, kimbevo, 5; yela, 9. 
 
 (serious, painful), nsongo, 4. 
 
 Illuminate, v., mwesa, or minika e 
 mini (6). 
 
 Illustrate (make plain), z /., baka, 
 tengola, tengula, tendola, te- 
 ndula, bangula, sasa. 
 
 He well illustrated it with a story, 
 
 otomene dio bakila muna 
 ngana. 
 
 (draw pictures), bandula e xisa (6). 
 
 Illustration (picture), n., xisa, 6 ; 
 fwaniswa, 6 (similitude). 
 
 Image, n., teke, 6 (see idol). 
 
 (likeness), fwaniswa, 6 ; xisa, 6. 
 
 Imagination (thought), ;z., mbalu, 
 
 2. 
 
 (fancy), Kongos do not say, “ It 
 was all imagination,” but “It 
 was a fancy,” and the sentence 
 must be framed accordingly, so 
 as to use the word sampu- 
 sampu, 6, a fancy. He saw him 
 in imagination = he had a fancy 
 
 Imagination, cozitinued. 
 
 that he'saw him, sampu-sampu 
 kia yandi kamwene. 
 
 Imagine (fancy), v., kala ye sampu- 
 sampu (6). 
 
 (think), banza, banjikisa, yindula, 
 badika (mu ntima, 4). 
 
 Imbibe, v., nua. 
 
 (as instruction), wa. 
 
 Imbitter (increase anger), v., nungu- 
 nuna (0 makaxi, 8). 
 
 (trouble), mwesa e mpaxi (2). 
 
 IM, TATE, I V., SOkolola. 
 
 Imitation, do in,) 
 
 Imitation (false), #.,-aluvunu,-aviku. 
 
 Immaterial, a., ke ya diambu ko. 
 
 Immature, a ., ke -akola ko, ke -ava- 
 ngama ko, see also unripe. 
 
 Immeasurable, a ., ke -lenda tezwa 
 ko. 
 
 Immediately, adv., wau (now at 
 once). 
 
 as soon as, una...kaka (past), vo... 
 kaka (past and future) ; imme¬ 
 diately that he arrives, vo ka- 
 
 lwaka kaka. 
 come, v., kwijidila. 
 go, v., kwendelela. 
 
 Immense, a., -ampwenampwena, 
 -anene kikilu. 
 
 Immerse, v., vuba, vubika; budika 
 
 (Mboma). 
 
 put into (water), diukisa. 
 
 Immodest, a ., ke ya nsoni ko, ke 
 -abiza ko. 
 
 Immoral, «., ye ngyambila (2). 
 person, n., munta (3) zumba (6), 
 nkwa (1) ngyambila (2). 
 
 Immorality, n., zumba, 6; ngya¬ 
 mbila, 2 (adultery). 
 
 Immortal, a., ke -fwanga ko, -anji- 
 ngu, -ajingu (enduring), 
 be, v., ke fwa ko, jinga (endure). 
 
 Immortality (expl.), jingu (6) kia 
 mvu miawanso. 
 
 Immovable,^., -xiama, -xikila. 
 be, v., xiama, xikila. 
 
 Immovably, adv ., ke mu nikuka ko. 
 
 Immutable, be, v ., ke lenda viluka 
 ko. 
 
( IIS ) 
 
 Imp-In 
 
 Impair, v., see depreciate, injure. 
 
 Impale, v ., soma. 
 
 Impart, v., see give, 
 instruction, v., longa. 
 
 Impatience, n ., suta, 9; vangana, 
 9 ; viaviana, 9 ; nsuti, 2. 
 (flurry), kiavi, 5. 
 
 Impatient, a., -ansuti, -amvangani, 
 -amviaviani. 
 
 be, v ., suta, vangana, viaviana. 
 
 Impede, v., dingidika, vekeka, vuku- 
 la, xia 0 maveko (8) or mavu- 
 ku (8). 
 
 Impediment, n ., lekwa kixianga 0 
 maveko (8). 
 
 in speech, have an, v., kukuma. 
 
 Impel, 7/., see cause. 
 
 Impend, 7/., kwiza. 
 
 Impending, a ., -kwizanga. 
 
 Impenitent, be, 7/., kanga 0 ntima 
 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 Imperfect, a., ke -amvimba ko, ke 
 -vangama ko, ke -mene va- 
 ngwa ko. 
 
 Imperfectly, adv., ke beni ko. 
 
 Imperious, a ., ye nza (2) yo lulendo 
 (10). 
 
 Impetuous, a., see impatient. 
 
 Implore (entreat), 7/., dodokela. 
 
 Import, v. (expl.), kitila muna nxi 
 zakaka. 
 
 (meaning), n., nsasa, 2 ; mfoko, 2. 
 
 Importance (greatness), n ., nene, 12. 
 of no, ke ya diambu ko. 
 
 Important, a ., -anene, -ampwena. 
 
 Importunate, be, 7/.,tantika,nangi- 
 ka, lombolola. 
 
 Impose (cause to pay), 7/., futisa. 
 upon, see deceive. 
 
 IMPOSSIBLE, be, v., = to be not possible, 
 see possible. 
 
 Impossibility, n ., salu ke kiva- 
 ngwanga ko. 
 
 Impostor, n., mvuni, 1 & 4. 
 
 Impoverish, 7/., sukika. 
 
 Imprecate, v., see curse. 
 
 Imprecation, n ., nxibu, 4 ; nloko, 4. 
 
 Impregnate, 7/., yimitisa. 
 
 Impress, 2/., mark. 
 
 Impression, n., see mark. 
 
 Imprison, t/., koma munaxienge ( 6 ). 
 Improper, a ., ke -abiza ko, -ambi, 
 ke -awete ko. 
 
 Improve, 7/., tomesa, vanga 0 wete 
 
 (12). 
 
 in health, sasuka, vula, sampuka. 
 
 Imprudence, n., ke zayi (12) ko ; see 
 also foolishness. 
 
 Imprudent, a ., ke ya zayi ko ; see 
 also foolish. 
 
 Impudence, n ., lulendo, 10. 
 
 Impudent, see insolent. 
 
 Impure, a ., see dirty. 
 
 Impurity, n., see dirt. 
 
 In, prep. The prepositions proper are 
 but five in number, mu, ku, va, 
 -a, ya. They have therefore 
 to answer many purposes, and 
 where alone they are insuf¬ 
 ficient, they are combined 
 with nouns, and make preposi¬ 
 tional clauses, as kuna nxi a, 
 wider, -a of and ya with, are 
 treated under of and with. 
 
 mu, ku, va, are locatives and as 
 such have to serve for the ad¬ 
 verbs, here, there , in this place, 
 &c., &c.; put it here, xia kio 
 kuku. 
 
 mu = in, into, with, within, among, 
 during, for, from, &c. ; implying 
 rest in, or motion into or out of. 
 
 ku = at, on, upon, in, into, about, 
 from, for, to, towards ; implying 
 rest at, or motion from or to¬ 
 wards. Kwa is used instead 
 before persons or living crea¬ 
 tures. 
 
 va = at, on, upon, in, about, from, 
 to ; implying rest at or on, or 
 motion on, or off. 
 
 These words are subject to varia¬ 
 tions according to the position 
 of the locality in reference to 
 the speaker. 
 
 The 1 st position is that immedi¬ 
 ately where the speaker is at, 
 on, or in, omu or mu (the latter 
 is only used when immediately 
 following a verb) : mumu and 
 
In-In 
 
 ( 116 ) 
 
 In, continued. 
 
 mwamu are emphatic forms of 
 the same. It is in here, kina 
 kwandi mnmu or mwamu 
 kina. 
 
 The 2nd position is near to the 
 speaker, but not immediately 
 so, some little distance inter¬ 
 venes, omo, mo (the latter is 
 only used immediately following 
 a verb). Omo nzo aku, in your 
 house (near by). Momo is an 
 emphatic form of, omo. 
 
 The 3rd position is that distant 
 
 In, continued. 
 
 from the speaker, and conveys 
 the idea of yonder, muna. 
 Muna nxi aku, in your country 
 (far away); muna nzo yayina, 
 in yonder house. Mwamuna 
 is the emphatic of muna. 
 
 The particle 0 may be prefixed to 
 mumu, mwamu, momo, muna 
 and mwamuna when the lo¬ 
 cality is expressly pointed out. 
 
 The locative muna has been in¬ 
 stanced, kuna and vana may 
 be used in the same manner. 
 
 TABLE OF LOCATIVES. 
 
 Position. 
 
 in ; into, out of. 
 
 at ; from, towards. 
 
 at, on ; upon, off. 
 
 
 omu 
 
 oku 
 
 ova 
 
 1st, with 
 
 mu 
 
 ku 
 
 va 
 
 speaker. 
 
 mumu 
 
 kuku 
 
 vava 
 
 
 mwamu 
 
 kwaku 
 
 vava 
 
 2nd, near 
 
 omo 
 
 oko 
 
 ovo 
 
 mo 
 
 ko 
 
 VO 
 
 to speaker. 
 
 momo 
 
 koko 
 
 vovo 
 
 3rd, yonder. 
 
 muna 
 
 kuna. 
 
 vana 
 
 mwamuna 
 
 kwakuna. 
 
 vavana 
 
 indicated. 
 
 omuna, &c. 
 
 okuna, &c. 
 
 ovana, &c. 
 
 The adverb “ 
 
 here” is therefore 
 
 lumbu yole kina kietatu ke- 
 
 expressed by the locatives of 
 the first position; “there” by 
 those of the second and third 
 positions. 
 
 kwiza. 
 
 in a month = next month ; in three 
 months =ngonde tatu jiluta i 
 boxi. 
 
 These locatives are in reality the 
 demonstrative pronouns proper 
 to kuma, muma, and vuma, 
 a place; they are now used 
 without any previous mention of 
 their nouns. The principle of the 
 locatives is more fully explained 
 under kuma in the Kongo-Eng- 
 lish section, and thoroughly 
 worked out in the Grammar. 
 
 The applied form of the verb may 
 express “ in ” ; nlungu asauki- 
 la, a canoe to cross in. 
 
 (after); in three days he will come, 
 
 in case of, in that case ; see case, 
 (during), muna. 
 in the daytime, oku mwini. 
 in the morning, oku menemene. 
 in the night, 0 fuku. 
 in xivu, e ngonde a xivu. 
 in front, see front. 
 
 in hand (sing.) ; he came knife in 
 hand, wijidi kwandi ye mbele 
 vana koko. 
 
 in his hands (pi.), muna moko ma- 
 ndi. 
 
 in one place (together), vamoxi. 
 in order that; see order. 
 
( 11 7 ) 
 
 In-Ind 
 
 In, continued. 
 in parts, e tini tini. 
 in the act of, una se...aka; I was 
 in the acting of going when you 
 came, una se nkwenda aka 
 olueke. 
 
 in the midst of, vana kati kwa. 
 in the place of, vana fulu kia. 
 (whilst), mil ; it was broken in carry¬ 
 ing, mu nata kiudikidi. 
 sometimes “in” is not translated ; 
 cut it in two pieces, zenga kio 
 tini yole. 
 
 mwa, kwa, and va, are applied to 
 verbs as prefixes where we in 
 English use “ there.” There was 
 a man in our town, mwakedi 
 muntu muna evata dieto; 
 there was a disturbance in the 
 market, vabwidi nkindu vana 
 ezandu ; there were three men 
 who entered the compound, 
 kwakotele wantu tatu kuna 
 lumbu. 
 
 Inaccessible, a., ke kulwakakana 
 ko. 
 
 Inadvertently, adv., ku suxi, with 
 the applied form. 
 
 Inattentive, be, v., veza, ke wa ko. 
 
 Incessantly, adv., see ceaselessly. 
 
 Incident, n., diambu, 7. 
 
 (accident), suxi, 6. 
 
 Incision, n., see cut. 
 
 Incite, v., xindika; see also encour¬ 
 age. 
 
 Inclination, n., see desire, slope. 
 
 Incline (slant), v.t., sendeleka. 
 v.i., sendalala ; see also bend, tempt, 
 induce. 
 
 Inclose, v., see enclose. 
 
 Include, v., see enclose. 
 
 Incomplete, be, v., ke lunga ko, ke 
 vangwa ko. 
 
 Incomprehensible,/., ke -wakana 
 ko, ke -zayakana ko. 
 
 Incorruptible, a., ke -nkwa wola 
 ko. 
 
 Increase, n., nsundanduta, 2 ; nluta, 
 
 4 - 
 
 v.t., funisa, tutumuna, tuntumuna. 
 
 Increase, continued, 
 v.i., funa, tutumuka, tuntumuka. 
 (in size), v.t., vongesa, tolesa. 
 v.i., vonga, tola. 
 
 (become more frequent, abundant), 
 v.i., wokela. 
 
 Incubate, v., butamena. 
 
 Incur a debt, v., dia e mfuka (2). 
 
 Incurable, a., ke -yeluka ko, ke 
 -katukanga ko. 
 
 Indebted to, be, v., dila e mfuka (2). 
 
 Indecent (filthy, obscene), a., -ange- 
 
 mi. 
 
 (shameless), ke ya nsoni ko. 
 
 Indecision, n., katikati, pi. 6. 
 
 Indeed, interj., kinga! 
 truly, adv., kikilu, kieleka, ludi. 
 In advancing a statement or 
 assertion contrary to one just 
 given by some one, watu is 
 used. Indeed it is red (say 
 what you may), watu kiam- 
 bwaki kwandi ; indeed you 
 will have to gOj watu oxinga 
 kwenda. 
 
 Indent, v.t., fobola, bofola, tofona. 
 
 Independence (freedom), n., kimfu- 
 mu, 5. 
 
 (haughtiness), lulendo, 10. 
 
 India rubber (landolphia), n., nkwe- 
 za, 4 ; ntandandangwa, 4. 
 fruit of, n., elombwa, 8 ; ebumi, 8. 
 to tap for, v., doda 0 nkweza. 
 
 Indian corn, n., masa, 7 ; see maize. 
 
 Indian file, go in, v., londana. 
 
 Indian hemp, see hemp. 
 
 Indicate, v., see show, mean. 
 
 Indifferent, be, see disregard. 
 
 Indignant, be, v., see angry, be. 
 
 Indignation, n., see anger. 
 
 Indiscreet, a., ke ya zayi ko. 
 
 Indistinct (to view), a., -amfufulu. 
 pink is called mbwaki amfufulu 
 = indistinct red. 
 be, v., ke toma moneka ko. 
 
 Indistinctly, see, v.t., ke toma 
 mona ko. 
 speak, v.t., fofola. 
 
 Indistinctness, n., mfufulu, 4; 
 mfufulukia, 4. 
 
Ind-Inn 
 
 ( 118 ) 
 
 Individual, zz., muntu, i. 
 
 Indolence, zz., wolo, 12. 
 
 Indolent, be, 77., kala yo wolo (12). 
 person, zz., molo, 3. 
 
 Induce, 77., nangika. 
 
 Indulge, 77., vevola, vevula, lutula. 
 
 Industrious, a., -akisadi. 
 be, ?y., sala. 
 person, zz., kisadi, 5. 
 
 Industry, zz., salu, 6 ; sala, 9. 
 
 Inexcusable, a ., ke -lolokwa ko. 
 
 Infamous, a ., -ambi. 
 
 Infancy, zz., kinkeka, 5 ; kisenge- 
 lejia, 5 ; kisedia, 5. 
 
 Infant, zz., nkeka, 1 & 4 ; nsengele- 
 jia, 1 & 4 ; nsedia, 1 & 4. 
 
 (little child), kimwanamwana, 5 ; 
 kingyanangyana, 5. 
 
 Infect, v ., sambukisa. 
 
 Infection, zz., sambukila, 9. 
 
 Infectious, a ., -ansambukila. 
 
 Inferior (quality),/., -sakalala. 
 person (in rank), zz., nleke, 1. 
 
 Infinite (boundless), be, 77., ke kala 
 nsuka ko. 
 
 (countless) ^.,ke -tangakananga ko. 
 (endless), ke -vwanga ko. 
 
 (excelling all), -sundidi awanso. 
 
 Infirm, see feeble. 
 
 Infirmity (of age, sickness), zz., kinu- 
 nu, 5 ; tovoka, 9 ; yovoka, 9. 
 
 Inflamed, be (congested), •zz., menga 
 (pi. 7, ma-) bisukila; see also 
 angry, enrage. 
 
 Inflate, 7/., tuvidika. 
 
 Inflict (pain), 77., mwesa (e mpaxi,2). 
 (punishment), twasa (e tumbu, 6). 
 
 Influence (authority), zz., wisa, 6. 
 (induce), 7/., nangika. 
 
 (respect), zz., bula, 6 ; bunzu, 6 ; 
 buzu, 6. 
 
 Inform (advise of), 77., temwena. 
 (cause to know), zayisa. 
 
 (make aware), lukisa. 
 
 (tell), jingula, samuna, kamba. 
 
 Information, zz., diambu, 7 (dite- 
 mweno, &c.); lutemweno, 10. 
 (news), nsangu, 2 ; nsamu, 4. 
 
 Infringe (transgress), 7/., veza, su- 
 ninna (e konko), kulula. 
 
 Infuriated, a., -alnnji. 
 
 Ingenious, a ., -angangu. 
 person, zz., nkwa (1) ngangu (2). 
 
 Ingenuity, zz., ngangu, 2. 
 
 (in making small things), unkete, 12. 
 
 Ingratiate oneself, v., kutondesa. 
 
 Ingratitude, zz., untokoji, 12. 
 
 Ingress, zz., nkotelo, 2 ; ekotelo, 8. 
 
 Inhabit, t/., kala (mu). 
 
 Inhabitant, zz., ntungi, 2 ; mwixi, 
 1 (pi. exi). The latter is only 
 used when the place inhabited 
 is named ; as, mwixi Ngombe. 
 
 Inherit (succeed to the inheritance), 
 v., vingila e efwa (8). 
 
 (take the inheritance), dia e efwa 
 (8), or vwa e efwa (possess). 
 
 Inheritance, zz., efwa, 8. 
 
 Inheritor, zz., mvingidi (1 & 4) a 
 efwa (8); ndie (1 & 4) a 
 efwa (8). 
 
 Iniquity, zz., bi, 12. 
 
 (guilt), esumu, 8. 
 
 (sin), nsoki, 4. 
 
 Initiate (into an office), 7/., tumba. 
 (into kinkimba), zunga. 
 
 Injure (harm, destroy), v., vonda, V 0 - 
 ndesela, see also hurt. 
 
 (render useless), tumbula. 
 
 Injurious, a., -ambi, ke -abiza ko. 
 
 Injury, zz., diambu, 7 (diambi ditu- 
 mbulanga). 
 
 Injustice, zz., diambu (7) ke diaso- 
 nga ko. 
 
 (grievance), lutantu, 10. 
 
 Ink, zz., tinta, 2 (P. tinta). 
 
 Inlet, zz., nsuvila, 4; nsuku, 4. 
 
 Inmate, zz., see inhabitant. 
 
 Inmost heart, in, kunanxi antima 
 (4) ; he believes it in his inmost 
 heart, kuna nxi a ntima andi 
 kekwikidilanga dio. 
 
 Inn, zz., lombo, 6 . 
 
 Inner part, zz., ngudi, 2 ; kingudi, 
 5 (core). 
 
 room in a house, ngudi (2) a nzo (2). 
 
 Innocence (gentleness), zz., lembama, 
 
 9 - 
 
 Innocent, «., ke -vanganga diambu 
 ko, ke ya kuma ko ; he killed 
 
( 119 ) 
 
 Inn-Int 
 
 Innocent, cojitijiued. 
 
 innocent people, kavonda 0 
 wantu ke bena ya kuma ko. 
 
 Innumerable, a., ke -tangakana- 
 nga ko. 
 
 Inquire, v., yuvula, yivula. 
 closely, 2/., fimpa, fula, kunka. 
 
 Inquiry, ngyuvu, 2; ngivu, 2; 
 mfhnpa, 2; mfula, 2; kunka, 9. 
 
 Insane, a., -alau. 
 be, v., lauka, yela e lau (6). 
 person, n. y lau, 6. 
 render, v., laula. 
 
 Insanity, lau, 6. 
 
 Insect, n., no generic name for all 
 insects ; see ant, beetle, cater¬ 
 pillar, fly, &c. Ma (6) kia 
 Nzambi is sometimes used for 
 an insect, the name of which 
 you do not know, but it is very 
 indefinite. 
 
 Insensible, be, v., fwa e kiambu (5), 
 ke zayanga ko. 
 
 Insensibility, n., kiambu, 5. 
 
 Insert, 2/., kotesa, xia muna. 
 
 Inside, n., ngudi, 2 ; kati, 9 ; ki- 
 ngudi, 5 (very heart). 
 adv., muna ngudi or kati. 
 prep., muna ngudi a or kati kwa; 
 mu, see in. 
 
 Insight, n ., zayi, 12 ; lulungalalu, 
 10 ; meso, pi. 7 (eyes). 
 
 Insipid (without salt), a., -atozo. 
 
 Insist upon (urge), 2/., komena. 
 
 Insolence, n ,., lulendo, 10 ; ntiamvu, 
 2; mfiandu, 2. 
 
 (abuse), see abuse. 
 
 Insolent, a ., -antiamvu, -amfiandu, 
 yo lulendo (10). 
 be, v., tiamvuna, fianduna. 
 
 Inspect, v., tala, 
 all round, vilujiola. 
 
 (superintend work), sadisa. 
 
 (spy, explore), langa. 
 
 Instant, //., kolo, 6. 
 
 Instantly, see immediately. 
 
 Instead of (in the place of), vana 
 fulu (6) kia. 
 
 to do, reign, &c., v., vinga (take the 
 place of). Generally “instead” is 
 
 Instead, continued. 
 
 not translated, being avoided by 
 circumlocution. I went instead 
 of him = he did not go, I went. 
 Take this instead of that = leave 
 that, take this, xisa ekio wa- 
 bonga eki. 
 
 Instigate, v., see cause. 
 
 Instruct, v., longa, sansa, tangisa. 
 (order), tuma. 
 
 (show), songa, songela. 
 
 (tell), jingula, samuna, kamba. 
 
 Instruction, n., elongi, 8 ; lusansu. 
 10. 
 
 Instructor, n., nlongi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Instrument, of iron, n., tadi, 6 . 
 of music, exikilu, 8 . 
 
 The instrument by which an action 
 is performed is often expressed 
 by a noun formed of the simple 
 passive of the applied form ; 
 zenga, to cut; zengelwa, 6 , 
 an instrument to cut with. 
 Such nouns are of the 6th 
 class. 
 
 Insufficient, a ., ke -fwene ko. 
 
 Insult, see abuse, challenge. 
 
 Insubordination (of children), n. y 
 
 umbiu, 12. 
 
 (reckless lawlessness), umpumbu 
 lu, 12 ; unkita, 12. 
 
 Intellect (mind), n., ntima, 4 (heart). 
 
 Intelligence, n ., zayi, 12. 
 
 (news), nsangu, 2 ; nsamu, 4. 
 
 Intelligent, a ., -azayi. 
 
 Intend, v., kana. 
 
 Intent on, be, v ., zezula or zezola 0 
 ntima (4). 
 
 Intention, n ., lukanu, 10. 
 
 Intentionally, do, v ., kana. 
 
 Inter, 2/., jika. 
 
 Intercede for, 2/., dodokelela, vo- 
 vela. 
 
 Intercept (by making a circuit, and 
 heading), 2/., zekela. 
 
 (come in the way of), kakila, ka- 
 mbila. 
 
 (look out for), kika. 
 
 Intercessor, n., kimpovela, 5. 
 
 Interchange, v., tambakiana. 
 
Int-Iro 
 
 ( 120 ) 
 
 Intercourse, with each other, have, 
 
 v ., kwendajiana. 
 
 Interdict, v., xima, kandika. 
 n., konko, 6. 
 
 Interest (on a loan), ;z., nzuka, 4. 
 pay, v., zuka. 
 
 Interfere (oppose), v., fila e mpaka. 
 
 (speak disparagingly), v ., tumba. 
 Interior, n kati, 9 ; ngudi, 2. 
 
 (innermost), n ., kingudi, 5. 
 Interlace, v.t., bindalakesa, binda- 
 kesa. 
 
 v.i., bindalakana, bindakana. 
 Intermarry, v., sompajiana. 
 Intermingle, v.t ., sanga. 
 v.i., sangana. 
 
 Internally, adv., muna kati (9), 
 miina ngudi (2). 
 
 Internode (of grass), n ,., ngonge, 2. 
 Interpose, v.t., xia muna kati (9). 
 
 2/.z., kwiza muna kati (9). 
 Interpret, v., sekula or sekola (e 
 ndinga, 2). 
 
 Interpretation (interpreting), n., 
 
 nsekula, 2. 
 
 (the matter), diambu, 7. 
 
 (the meaning), nsasa, 2. 
 Interpreter, n., nsekudi, 1 & 4 ; 
 
 nsekodi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Interrogate, v., see inquire. 
 Interrupt (in speaking), v., vilakesa. 
 (cause to relinquish), vunzakesa. 
 see also delay, hinder, stop. 
 Interruption (hindrance), n ., ma- 
 veko, pi. 8 ; mavuku, pi. 8. 
 Intertwine, v., see interlace. 
 Interval (space between), n., mpwa- 
 xi, 2. 
 
 Intervene (in a quarrel), v., vambula. 
 Interview, v., monana. 
 n., mbonana, 2. 
 
 Intestinal worms, see worms. 
 Intestine, n., ndia, 4. 
 to clean, v., fina. 
 
 clean and coiled on a stick for cook¬ 
 ing, n., njinga, 2. 
 of nxiji, ntoba, 2. 
 
 Intimacy, n ., kikundi, 5 ; ngemba, 2. 
 Intimate, be (friendly), v., kala ye 
 ngemba (2). 
 
 Intimate, co?itmned. 
 
 with (be accustomed to), kulukia- 
 na yo (muntu). 
 
 Intimidate, v., vumisa, mwesa 0 
 wonga (12). 
 
 (in fun), xixisa. 
 
 lNTO,/r^/., mu, ku, &c. ; see in. 
 
 Intoxicate, v., kolesa. 
 
 Intoxicated, be, v., kolwa. 
 
 Intoxicating, a., -ankolwa. 
 
 Intoxication, n nkolwa, 2. 
 
 Introduce (bring), v., twasa. 
 
 (present), v ., songa. 
 
 Inundate, v ., langa. 
 
 Inundation, n., kizalu, 5. 
 
 Inured to, be, v ., kukulukila. 
 
 Invade (attack), v ., nwanisa. 
 
 Invalid, n., mbevo, 2. 
 
 a., -ankatu, -ampavala, -ampena. 
 
 Invent, v., soka. 
 
 Inventor, n., nsoki, 1. 
 
 Invest, v., see clothe, besiege. 
 
 Invigorate, v., vana e ngolo (2), 
 xiamisa e to (6), kindisa. 
 
 Invisible, a ke -monekanga ko. 
 
 be, v., ke moneka ko. 
 
 Invisibility, n. The charm supposed 
 to render actions invisible, so 
 that they may be performed 
 without the knowledge of on¬ 
 lookers, ebunge, 8 ; see Kongo- 
 Eng. To render invisible thus, 
 mwanga e ebunge. 
 
 Invitation, zz., mvukulula, 2 ; nsu- 
 sumuna, 2. 
 
 Invite, v., vukulula, susumuna. 
 
 Invulnerability, n. The charm, 
 ebunge, 8, alluded to under 
 invisibility, is supposed in the 
 same way to render a person 
 invulnerable in war. 
 
 Inward, adv., see inwardly. 
 
 Inwardly, adv., muna kati (9), 
 muna ntima (4). 
 
 (in the heart, inmost), muna nxi a 
 ntima. 
 
 Iron (the metal), n., tadi, 12; sengwa, 
 
 6 (Bako.). 
 
 a., -atadi. 
 
 a thing of, n., tadi, 6. 
 
( 121 ) 
 
 Iro-Jew 
 
 Iron, continued. 
 hoop iron, n., nkanda, 2. 
 to starch and iron, v., womala (P. 
 engomar). 
 
 to work in iron (as blacksmith), fula. 
 
 Irrigate, v ., hudila 0 maza muna 
 kiana. 
 
 Irritability, n., ekaxi (8) dia lu- 
 mfulumbumbu. 
 
 Irritable, a., -amakaxi. 
 person, n., nkwa (1) makaxi (8). 
 
 Irritate (annoy), v., tantika, toka- 
 nisa, nangamesa, nangika, 
 kwika. 
 
 (make angry), fungisa o makaxi 
 (8), sukisa e ekudi (8), fulutisa 
 yo makaxi (exceedingly), 
 (provoke), neka, fiengenesa. 
 
 l s, v., see be. 
 
 is it not ? kamba? mbe? ke wau ko ? 
 it is white, is it not? kiampembe 
 kwandi; kamba ? 
 
 Island, sanga, 6. 
 
 Isolate, v., vengesa. 
 
 Issue, v., vaika, see also flow out. 
 
 lt, pro?i ., subjective or emphatic ob¬ 
 
 jective pronoun, -au, with the 
 prefixes series No. 2 (yau, wau, 
 &c.). 
 
 objective pronoun,-0,with the pre¬ 
 fixes series No. 2 (yo, wo, &c.); 
 always follows the verb; where 
 an auxiliary verb is used, this 
 pronoun follows the first verb ; 
 carry it carefully, toma kio nata. 
 subjective pronominal prefix is the 
 same as series No. 3 (i-, U-, 
 &c.). Remember that the verb 
 always requires such a prefix. 
 Kongos say, the goat it is bleat¬ 
 ing, e nkombo imekanga. 
 the tenses in -a add the prefixes 
 of the series No. 2 to the -a 
 (ya-, wa-, &c). The goat (it) 
 was bought yesterday, e nko¬ 
 mbo yasumbilu ezono. 
 
 Where is it, ayeyi, aweyi, &c., see 
 table of pronouns, &c. ; prefix 
 series No. 2 coming between a- 
 and eyi, adieyi, &c. 
 
 It, continued. 
 
 it is, i ; it is mine, i yame kwandi. 
 it is, is expressed by the secondary 
 form of adjective ; it is white 
 (goat), yampembe kwandi. 
 
 Itch, «., mfixi, 2. 
 v., mona e mfixi. 
 
 (“ craw craw ”), inkwada, pi. 6. 
 
 Itself, pron., see himself. 
 
 Ivory, a., -ampnngi. 
 tusk of, «., mpungi, 2. 
 
 (small), soka, 6 . 
 
 horn. A very hollow tusk of 
 ivory is sometimes bored near 
 the point, and blown as a 
 trumpet. These also are called 
 mpungi, 2 ; to play such a horn, 
 xika e mpungi. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jackal, n., mbulu, 2; dievwa, 7. 
 Jacket, n., kinkutu, 5. 
 
 Jack o’ lantern, n., nteji (4) a 
 ntangwa. 
 
 Jail, xienge, 6; luvambu, 10 
 
 (fetters). 
 
 Jar, n., nkudu, 4. 
 
 JATROPHA curcas (croton), n ., mpu- 
 luka, 2 (P. purga). 
 manihot, n., edioko, 8 , see cassava. 
 Javelin, n., edionga, 8 ; eswanga, 8. 
 Jaw (lower), n., bobo (6) kieyanda. 
 back of, etolo, 8. 
 
 (mouth), nua, 4. 
 
 Jealous, be, v., kala ye kimpala (5). 
 
 person, ?z., nkwa (1) kimpala (5). 
 Jealousy, «., kimpala, 5. 
 
 Jeer, v., sokela, seva (deride) ; see 
 also abuse. 
 
 Jehovah, n., Yehova (e nkumbu a 
 Nzambi). 
 
 Jeopardy, n., sumbula, 6. 
 
 Jerk, v., tunta. 
 off, zuwa. 
 
 Jest, n., matietie, pi. 8 ; nseselela, 2. 
 
 7/., vova 0 matietie ; sokela. 
 
 Jesus, n., Jizu. 
 
 Jew, n., mwixi (1, pi. exi) Juda. 
 
Jew—Jum 
 
 ( 122 ) 
 
 Jewel, n., etadi (8) dia ntalu (2). 
 
 Jigger (sarcopsylla penetrans), n., 
 nsombokela, 2 ; dede, 6 ; edo- 
 ngola, 8, & ekasa, 8 (Bako.). 
 The female insect burrows un¬ 
 der the skin and rapidly swells, 
 the abdomen being full of eggs; 
 in that state it is spoken of as 
 a mumvidi, 3 ; the eggs are 
 nenga, 4. 
 
 to extract, v., katula, dongona 
 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Jingle, v.z., vova. 
 
 Job, n., salu, 6 . 
 
 Jog, v., nikuna. 
 
 Join, v.t., yikakesa. 
 v.i., yikakana, yikakiana. 
 
 (as with a crowd, or party-) as rivers), 
 
 bulangiana. 
 
 (cause to meet), v.t., wananisa. 
 in partnership, bunda (e dila, 6 ). 
 roughly, tamba. 
 
 with string, tamba, lamvula. 
 (stick), v.t., tatisa, tatamesa, la- 
 mika. 
 
 v.i., tata, tatama, lamai 
 (tie), v.t., kanga. 
 
 (tie together), kanganisa. 
 together, v.t., totakesa. 
 v.z. , totakana, totakiana. 
 
 Joint (of things), 11., eyikilu, 8 . 
 
 (of bones), eyikilu, 8 ; ekodia, 8. 
 (the ball or socket), ekonzo, 8 ; ko- 
 nzongolo, 6. 
 
 swollen by “ yaws;” nlengo, 4. 
 see also knee, elbow, ankle, &c. 
 
 Joint (node), n., ekonzo, 8 . 
 (internode), ngonge, 2. 
 
 Joint (of meat), iz., to, 6. 
 back, flesh on, mfiongo, 4. 
 belly part of game, nlamba, 4 
 (the perquisite of the man who 
 carries it home), 
 of nxiji, lela, 6. 
 
 of pork, elalamu, 8 ; mbumu, 4. 
 breast bone, kupala, 6. 
 chop of pork) luxila, 11 & 2 (nxila). 
 flank, ebekete, 8; mazakazaka, 
 pi. 8. 
 
 fore leg, to (6) kia koko (9). 
 
 Joint, contmzied. 
 ham (pork), elundu, 8. 
 haunch, suku, 6. 
 hind leg, to (6) kia kulu (9). 
 of pork, mpindindembo, 2. 
 rib, luvati 11 & 2 (mpati). 
 shank, ekolo, 8. 
 
 side (entire), lukalakala, 11 & 2. 
 
 Joke, ?z., matietie, pi. 8; nseselela, 2. 
 v., vova 0 matietie, sokela. 
 
 (play), sakana. 
 
 Journey, jz., ngyenda, 2 ; ndiata, 2 ; 
 nkiya, 2 ; nkangala, 2 ; kiya, 
 9 - 
 
 v., kangala, kiya, diata (walk), 
 with, yikama. 
 
 In estimating time distance, Ko- 
 ngos say, lumbu tatu kieya 
 twaluaka, we shall reach there 
 in 4 days = 3 days; the 4th we 
 arrive ; see also expedition. 
 
 Joy, iz., kiese, 5 ; likembo, 4 ; wete, 
 12. 
 
 (content), luyangalalu, 10 ; eyangi, 
 8 . 
 
 (gratification); lufiaulwisu, 10. 
 
 Joyful, be, v., mona e kiese (5), or 
 0 wete (12), yangalala. 
 make, yangidika. 
 
 Joyfully, adv., kuna kiese. 
 
 JGyous, a.-, -akiese, -eyangi, -aya- 
 ngalala. 
 
 Judge, v., zenga or sasa (0 nkanu, 4). 
 n., nzengi (1 & 4) or nsaxi (1 & 4), 
 a nkanu (4). 
 
 to bring a matter before judges, v., 
 
 funda (0 nkanu). 
 
 Judgment (trial), zz., nkanu, 4. 
 give, v., sasa (0 nkanu); 
 place of, 11., mbaji (2) a nkanu. 
 (wisdom), zayi, 12. 
 
 Judicious, be, v., lungalala. 
 
 Jug, zz.j ebeke, 8 ; mbaxinga, 2 
 (small). 
 
 Juice; n., maza, pi., 7; dimbu, 13 
 (gummy). 
 
 Jump; v., takuka, lemoka, yomoka, 
 damuka. 
 
 about in water, kiubuka, kiuvuka. 
 (as a frog), somboka, kianzuka. 
 
( 123 ) 
 
 Jum-Kin 
 
 Jump, continued. 
 back (start), saluka. 
 
 (upon), baluka, sambila (vana). 
 
 Jump, ntakuka, 2 ; ndemoka, 2 ; 
 ngyomoka, 2 ; ndamuka, 2. 
 
 (of a frog), nsomboka, 2 ; nkianzu- 
 ka, 2. 
 
 (start), nsaluka, 2. 
 
 Junction (of road), n., mpambu, 2 ; 
 evambu, 8. 
 
 Jungle (of bushes), n., evwangi, 8 ; 
 kanka, 6. 
 
 (of grass), edikitila, 8 . 
 
 Junior, n., nsakila, 2. 
 a., -ansakila, -anleke. 
 brother, n., mbunji, 1. 
 
 (of brothers), a., -anibunji, -ansa¬ 
 kila. 
 
 Jurisdiction, it ., wisa, 6. 
 
 Just (right, fair), n., -asonga. 
 be, v., songa. 
 
 man, n., nsongi a mnntu (1). 
 
 Just, be (right, legally), v., lnnga. 
 
 Just as, adv ., ne, nze. 
 
 ’ like, diawa dimoxi. 
 
 be, kwenda e betela or e dedede. 
 now, wau. 
 
 (only), kaka. 
 
 so, adv., wau kwandi; ingeta (re¬ 
 spectful). 
 
 Just, wau with the auxiliary verb 
 tuka, “ to come from ” (as in 
 French, “7 /enir de”). He has 
 just finished (z 7 vient de Jinir ), 
 
 wau ketuka mana. 
 
 Justice, n., songa, 9 ; nlungii, 4 - 
 
 Justification (the act), n., lungisa, 
 9 ; lungiswa, 9 (passive). 
 
 (the state of being just), nlungu, 4. 
 
 Justified, be, t )., lungiswa, lunga. 
 
 Justify, v ., lungisa. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keel, n., nima, 2. 
 
 Keen, p ., -tua, -twidi. 
 be, v., tua. 
 
 edge,meno (pi. 7) mengi. 
 
 Keep, v., lunda, keba (Mpa). 
 (animals), twela. 
 awake, kiesa 0 meso (pi. 7). 
 back, xima. 
 
 (withhold), tatama. 
 
 (defend), tanina. 
 doing, see constantly. 
 
 (flocks, to shepherd), vungula. 
 from (abstain), lemba, yambula. 
 
 (hinder), see delay. 
 
 (hide), sweka, dimbika. 
 hold of, ximba. 
 
 (look after), langidila, lunga, 
 lunga-lunga. 
 
 (provide for), sansa. 
 safe, vuvika. 
 
 secret, a, leka e mbumba (2) (perf. 
 
 lekele). 
 
 silence, v.i., vwena, dingalala. 
 still, dingalala, tilama. 
 
 v.t., dingidika, tidika. 
 watch, yingila. 
 
 Keeper, n., nlundi, 1 & 4 ; ntwedi, 
 1 & 4; ntanini, 1 & 4; mvu- 
 ngudi, 1 & 4 ; nlangididi, 1 & 
 4; nlungi, 1 & 4; nsanxi, 1 
 & 4; nyingidi, 1 & 4 ; for 
 exact force of these words see 
 above. 
 
 Keg (cask), n., riipimpa, 2 (P. pipa). 
 of powder, zenzo, 6; bwai, 2 (7 lbs.; 
 
 P. barril?). 
 
 Kernel, n.-, nkandi, 4. 
 
 palm-, nkandi, 4 ; esombo, 8. 
 Kettle; n., xialela, 2 (P. chaleira). 
 Key, n., nsabi, 2 (P. chave). 
 
 Kick, n ., kinxi, 5. 
 
 v.j tua e kinxi (5). 
 
 Kid, n., mwana (1) a nkombo (2). 
 Kidney, n., nguba, 2. 
 
 Kill, v., vonda. 
 
 (as a flea between two thumb-nails), 
 
 nenga. 
 
 (give the coup de grace), finda, fu- 
 mbula. 
 
 something that is sick and not likely 
 to live, fumbula. 
 
 Kin, n., yitu, 6. 
 
 Kind, H.-, mpila, 2 ; mbaku, 4. 
 (fatherly, motherly), a., -awalakaji. 
 
Kin-Kro 
 
 ( 124 ) 
 
 Kind, contitmed. 
 
 (generous), a., -amvevudi. 
 
 be, v., vevula, vevola. 
 
 (merciful), a., ye nkenda (2). 
 Kindle, v., kwika, tatika. 
 Kindness (generosity), n., vevula, 9 ; 
 vevola, 9. 
 
 (generous action), mvevula, 2. 
 (gentleness), malembe (pi. 8). 
 (mercy), nkenda, 2. 
 
 Kindred, n., yitu, 6 . 
 
 King, n., ntinu, 4. 
 
 (chief), mfumu, 2. 
 
 (emperor, title of the Kings of Congo), 
 
 ntotela, 2. 
 
 (great chief), ngudi (2) a nkama. 
 (ruler), nyadi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Kingdom, n., nxi, 2. 
 
 (kingly power), kimfumu, 5 ; umfu- 
 mu, 12. 
 
 (reign), luyalu, 10. 
 
 Kingfisher, n., nsunguluwa, 2 ; 
 ntungulujia, 2. 
 
 Kingly, a., ne mfumu, ye kimfumu. 
 King-post, n., elunji, 8 ; ekunji, 8. 
 Kingship, n., kimfumu, 5; umfumu, 
 12 ; kitinu, 5. 
 
 Kiss, v., fiha. 
 
 11., mfiha, 2 ; adult Kongos never 
 kiss each other. 
 
 Kitchen, kikuku, 5. 
 
 Kite, n., lunganga, 10. 
 
 Kitten, n., [mwana (1) a] mixi, 2 ; 
 mhumha, 2. 
 
 Knead, v., zoha, vota (mash). 
 Kneading trough, su, 6 . 
 
 Knee, n., ekungunu, 8 . 
 
 -cap, n., vixi (6) kia ekungunu. 
 Kneel, v., fukama. 
 
 Knife, n., mhele, 2. 
 table, ponde, 6 . 
 
 trade (bone on each side of shaft), 
 
 vezo-vezo, 6 ; ekela-nkomho, 8. 
 having very large blade, nsaku, 4. 
 shut knife, kanivete, 2(P.canivete). 
 back, fifini, 12. 
 blade, mhele, 2. 
 edge, meno, pi. 7. 
 
 flange, guard, nlunga, 4 ; dinga, 6. 
 flat, side, evi, 8. 
 
 Knife, continued. 
 handle, mva, 4. 
 shaft, nsonga, 4. 
 sheath, kutu, 6 ; luhunda, 10. 
 without a handle, nsengele, 4. 
 Knight, v., yeka e ngenda, 2. 
 
 Knit (make a net), v., tunga o ma- 
 swa (pi. 8). 
 
 the brows, kanga e mbulu (2). 
 Knock, v., see beat, 
 down, nongona, kindula, bwisa 
 (ovanxi); lambakesa (many 
 things). 
 
 a hole, into anything, tompola, 
 tobola, vobola, wobola. 
 in (indent), bofola, fobola, tofona. 
 off a piece of skin, vununa, tununa. 
 off a scab, vusuna. 
 on (something), baba, 
 out (a nail), kola. 
 
 (a tooth), kongona, kola. 
 
 (rap), doda. 
 
 sore place, a, tondangesa, tonda- 
 kesa. 
 
 Knot, n., ejita, 8. 
 
 (bow), nxinimbwa, 2. 
 
 of a tree, ekodia, 8. 
 
 slip knot, esokolo, 8 ; dianza, 7 ; 
 
 dinxinga, 7. 
 tie a, v., jitika. 
 untie a, jitula. 
 
 Know, v ., zaya. 
 
 (be aware), of a matter, luka. 
 cause to, zayisa. 
 
 (inform), temwena. 
 of, about, zaya. 
 
 (recognise), sungamena. 
 Knowledge, ^.,zayi, 12; luzayilu, 10. 
 impart, v., sansa. 
 
 (recognition), n., nsungamena, 2. 
 Known, be, v ., zayakana. 
 make, jingula, samuna, temwena. 
 (spread news),mwanga e nsangu (2) 
 well, be (famous), yaya, tunda. 
 Knuckle, n., ekodia, 8. 
 to knock with, wanda (&c. ; see 
 knock) e kinkodia. 
 
 Kongo, see Congo. 
 
 Kroo boy, 7i., kuluboi, sing. 6, pi. 8 
 (Kroo boy); ngabu, 2 (Gaboon?). 
 
Lab-Las 
 
 ( 125 ) 
 
 L. 
 
 Labour, v ., sala. 
 n., salu, 6. 
 pains of, nsongo, 4. 
 
 Labourer, n., nkwa (1) salu (6). 
 (hired), ngamba, 2. 
 
 (industrious person), kisadi, 5. 
 
 Labyrinth, at entrance to royal 
 stockade, n., mvakala, 4* 
 
 Lacerate, see rend. 
 
 Lack, ) v., konda, kondwa, le- 
 
 Lacking, be, ) mbwa. 
 
 Lad, 71., nleke, 1 ; leke, 6 ; kinde- 
 nde, 5 ; ntaudi, 1 & 2 ; ntauji, 
 
 1 & 2 ; mwana, 1. 
 
 Ladder, n., nti (4) a sambila. 
 
 Lade, v., xia e lekwa inatwanga 
 muna. 
 
 Ladle, n., mpatwa, 2. 
 
 Lady, mfumu (2) ankento. 
 
 Lake, n., eyanga, 8. 
 small, yangayanga, 6. 
 
 Lamb, mwana (1) a ememe (8). 
 
 Lame, a., -atedinga. 
 be, v., kwenda atedinga, tedinga * 
 (applied form, tedingila), ke- 
 nketa (slow, &c.). 
 
 (unable to walk), kukokela. 
 person, n., ekoka, 8. 
 
 Lameness, n., tedinga, 9. 
 
 Lament, v., dila. 
 for, didila. 
 
 Lamentation, n ., dilu, 6. 
 
 Lamp, n ., mini, 6. 
 
 Lance, n., eswanga, 8; edionga, 8. 
 
 (as an abscess), v., bula or subula 
 [e evumbu (8)]. 
 
 Land (country), n., nxi, 2. 
 cultivated, mpatu, 2. 
 
 (soil), ntoto, 4. 
 
 v., kwenda kuna eseke. 
 
 by, adv ., eseke ’eseke (“a ” elided). 
 
 on, kuna eseke. 
 
 Landcrab, n. } nkala (2) a nzanza (4). 
 
 Landing place, n ., esau, 8 ; esabu, 
 
 8 (Bako.). 
 
 for goods, etombwelo, 8. 
 
 Landolphia Florida, see India 
 rubber. 
 
 Lane, n., njila, 2 (-andwelo). 
 
 Language, n., ndinga, 2. 
 
 English, Kingelezo, 5. 
 
 Kongo, Kixi-kongo. 
 
 Portuguese, Kitanda, 5 ; Kimpatu- 
 lukezo, 5 (P. Portugueza). 
 white man’s language, kimputu, 5 
 (see above , Portuguese having 
 been the trade language), 
 of Asolongo (Musurongo), SolongO,6. 
 Babwende, Kibwende, 5. 
 
 Bateke, Kiteke, 5. 
 
 Bawumbu (Mpumbu),Luwumbu,io. 
 Bayansi (Babangi), Kiyanji, 5. 
 Eximajinga, Kiximajinga, 5. 
 Mbamba, Lumbamba, 10. 
 
 Mboma, Lumboma, 10. 
 
 The above will serve for examples 
 of the names of dialects. 
 
 Where the people are called exi- 
 the language is kixi-; when 
 they are called A-, or Ba-, the 
 the prefix ki- takes the place 
 of A, or Ba ; before w or m, Lu¬ 
 is used. 
 
 filthy, mambu mangemi. 
 insulting, see abuse. 
 
 Languid, be, v., [to (6) ki-] lebuka, OJ 
 tovoka. 
 
 Lank (hair), a., (nsuki z-) -anlamvu- 
 ngila. 
 
 Lantern, n., mini, 6. 
 
 Lap, v ., latula (as dog). 
 
 (lick), v., piata, venda. 
 
 Lap, n., nkata, 2. 
 on the, adv., muna nkata. 
 
 Lard, n., maji (pi. 7) ma ngulu (2). 
 
 Large, a., -anene, -ampwena, -ebeni, 
 -avonga. 
 
 be, grow, v., vonga, tola; see also 
 increase, extend, 
 too, a., -nene. 
 
 how big is he ? nkia ntela (2) 
 kena? 
 
 Largeness, n., nene, 12. 
 
 Larva, 71., see grub, caterpillar. 
 
 Larynx, n ., ndakala, 2. 
 
 Lash, v., wanda, bula. 
 
 (stripe), 7i., mviba, 4. 
 
 (whip), 7i., nxila, 4. 
 
Las-Lea 
 
 ( 126 ) 
 
 Lass, n., ndumba, 2. 
 
 Last, a., -ansuka, -ambaninu, -ansu- 
 kinina. 
 v., jinga. 
 
 at, adv ., oku kwakwijiwa, oku 
 kwakwendiwa, okalokala, ke 
 ntaxi ko. 
 be, v., sukinina. 
 
 be the last of all, sala [perf. xidi). 
 (behind), adv., kuna nima. 
 
 (one of the days of the week), last 
 nsona; nsona yatukidi luta. 
 Lasting, a., -anjingi, -ajingu. 
 
 Late, be (come in last), v., sala ku 
 nima. 
 
 (rise late), v., kielwa ; see also rise, 
 too, adv., e kolo kisakidi, e nta- 
 ngwa isakidi or yayisakila. 
 Lately, adv., yau lumbu eyi. 
 
 Later (following), p., -landanga. 
 on in the day, adv., 0 nganu, 0 
 ngatu, 0 mbanu, 0 mbatu. 
 Laterite, n., ntoto a eyenga. 
 
 Lath of a bed, 11 ., nzadilwa, 4. 
 Lather, n., efulufulu, 8. 
 
 Latter, a., see last. 
 
 during the, adv., oku kuvwila. 
 Laugh at, about, v., seva. 
 
 (grin, a sarcastic word), venza, 
 kenia ( perf. , kenene). 
 out, heartily, kakumuka. 
 
 (smile), seva. 
 
 Laughing, a., -ansevi. 
 
 Laughter, 71 ., tusevo, pi. 10. 
 
 loud, makaka, pi. 8 . 
 
 Launch, v., xia (0 nlungu) muna 
 maza. 
 
 Law, n., nxiku, 4 ; nkanka, 2. 
 make a, v., xia 0 nxiku. 
 (proclamation), 71 ., nkoki, 4 ; nta- 
 ngwa, 4. 
 
 proclaim a, v., boka 0 nkoki, or 
 ntangwa. 
 
 (prohibition), 71 ., konko, 6 . 
 
 Lawful, a., ke -ximinu ko. 
 
 (honest, right), -asonga. 
 not (tabooed), -anlongo. 
 
 Lawgiver, 71 ., nxie (4) a nxiku (4). 
 Lawsuit, 71 ., nkanu, 4. 
 
 Lay across, v.t., kambika. 
 
 Lay, contmued. 
 blame on, tumba. 
 
 (somebody else), yekeka e dia- 
 mbu (7) muna. 
 down (flat), lavidika. 
 
 (almost flat, but resting on or 
 against something), lambidika. 
 (eggs), lozela. 
 hold of, ximba, baka. 
 one thing upon another, tenseka, 
 bandakesa. 
 
 open, yalumuna, fukula (uncover), 
 mwesa (show). 
 
 (put), xia, tula. 
 
 (set, as traps, &c.), leka ( perf. le- 
 
 kele). 
 
 siege to, zunga ; see besiege, 
 something spreading over, yambika. 
 (spread), yala. 
 
 lay the table, yala o meza (pi. 8). 
 up, by, lunda. 
 upon, tenseka. 
 upside down, bukika. 
 wager, a, fia. 
 wait for, kika. 
 
 Layer (of grass on a roof), 71 ., lualu, 
 10. 
 
 thelast (on the ridge),kimbangila,5. 
 Laziness, 71 ., wolo, 12. 
 
 Lazy, a., -awolo. 
 
 person, 71 ., molo, 3. 
 
 Lead, 71 ., nzaba, 2 ; maza, pi. 7 ; 
 
 nxiumbu, 2 (P. chumbo). 
 
 Lead, v., fila, diatisa. 
 to, fidila, sunzula. 
 
 (go before), vita (kuna ntu). 
 
 (guide), songa e njila (2). 
 
 Leader, 71 ., mfidi, 1 & 4 ; nsongi (1 
 & 4) a njila (2). 
 
 Leaf, n., lukaya, 11 & 8 (pi. makaya). 
 (of cassava), lembe, 6. 
 
 (of grass, onions, &c.), lulembe, 11 
 & 2 (pi. ndembe). 
 
 (palm frondlet), lulala, 11 & 2 (pi. 
 
 ndala). 
 
 (young unopened), nsoko, 4. 
 to be in, v., sakumuka, walumuka. 
 to come into, savuka. 
 to fall as leaves, betomoka, betu- 
 muka, butumuka, wulumuka. 
 
( 127 ) 
 
 Lea-Les 
 
 League, 71., ekombe, 8 (a distance of 
 about 3 miles). 
 
 Leak, v., fuma, vumba. 
 n ., nto, 2. 
 
 Lean (thin), a ., -alubielekese, -aluke- 
 lekese,-atanda, -anionza,-aba- 
 lakana. 
 
 be, get, 7/., tanda, nionza, balakana. 
 person, n ., ntandakani, 4 ; mbala- 
 kani, 4. 
 
 Lean (on, against), vj., yekeka 
 (muna). 
 
 v.i., yekama (muna). 
 
 (on one side), v.i., bembama. 
 Leaning over, as a hoilse out of the 
 perpendicular, a., -amandu- 
 nguna. 
 
 Leanness, n., ntandu, pi. 2. 
 
 Leap, v., see jump. 
 
 Learn, n., tanga, longwa (be taught). 
 Learner, n., ntangi, 1 & 4. 
 Learning (wisdom), n ., zayi, 12. 
 Least, a., -sundidi 0 ke (12), -andwe- 
 londwelo. 
 
 (youngest), -ansakila. 
 
 Leather, n., nkanda, 4. 
 
 a., -ankanda. 
 
 Leave, v., xisa. 
 ask, vinga 0 nswa (4). 
 
 (bequeath), xisa e efwa (8). 
 give, vana 0 nswa (4). 
 give leave to go, xindika. 
 
 (go, go away, &c.) ^ see go. 
 
 off (desist), yambula, bika, lemba. 
 
 (give up), vunza. 
 
 (permission), n ., nswa, 4. 
 take, v., kanina. 
 to one’s own course, yendelesa. 
 Leech, n., muntudia, 3. 
 
 Left, a., -amonso. 
 hand, n., koko (9) kwamonso. 
 
 on the, adv., kuna monso. 
 -handed person, nkwa (1) lumonso. 
 -handedly, adv., kuna monso. 
 -handedness, n., lumonso, 10. 
 
 Left, be, v., sala ( per/. defect ., xidi). 
 behind, sala ku nima. 
 over, budila, suva. 
 
 (remain when others have gone away, 
 of people only), zunguluka. 
 
 Leg, 71 ., kulu, 9. 
 
 (joint of meat), to (6) kia koko (9) 
 (fore leg); to (6) kia kulu (9) 
 (hind leg). 
 
 (of bed,or table),elunji,8; ekunji, 8. 
 (of pork), mpindindembo, 2. 
 
 (shank), ekolo, 8. 
 
 Legacy, n ., efwa, 8. 
 
 Legend, n., kingana, 5 ; ngana, 2 ; 
 savu, 6 ; nsamu, 4. 
 
 Lemon, n ., dimau, 7 (P. limao). 
 
 Lend, v., sompeka. 
 
 Lender, n., nsompeki, 1 & 4. 
 
 Length, n ., la, 12 ; ndambuka, 2. 
 (measure), tezo, 6. 
 
 Lengthen (extend), v., lambula. 
 (stretch), nangika, nana, nanika, 
 nanuna. 
 
 Leniency ; see mercy. 
 
 Leopard, n., ngo, 2. 
 
 Leper, 11 ., nkwa (1) waji wambu- 
 nduna. 
 
 Leprosy, n., waji (12) wambunduna. 
 
 Leprous, a., yo waji wambunduna. 
 
 Less, grow, v.i., sakalala. 
 make, v.t., sakidika. The more 
 you ask the less I will give, 0 V 0 
 olombolola isakidikidi. 
 (lacking), p., -kondwa, -kondelo ; 
 eighteen = 20 less 2, makumole 
 makondwa mole. 
 
 (a little), 71 ., fiandwelo, 15 ; he took 
 less than he ought = he took 
 only a little, obongele e fia¬ 
 ndwelo kaka, 
 
 (not much), a., ke -ingi ko; you 
 should drink less palm-wine, 
 kunuenge malavu mengi ko. 
 put less, v., ke bidika ko (not put 
 much); put less sand in the 
 clay, kubidika e esenge muna 
 nteke ko. 
 
 less than, be, ke lunga ko (be not so 
 much as, not attain to). There 
 were less than ten (people), ke 
 balungidi ekumi ko; I shall 
 finish it in less than a month, 
 e ngonde ke ikulungila ko 
 mbene kio = the month will not 
 complete itself, I have finished 
 
Les-Lic 
 
 ( 128 ) 
 
 Less, continued. 
 
 it. In stating inferiority in 
 comparison, the sentence must 
 often be recast. This is less (in 
 size) than that, e kiaki ke ki- 
 fwananini vonga ye ekina ko 
 = this is not equal in size with 
 that. This is less hard than that, 
 ye eki ye ekina ke bala ku- 
 moxi ko = this and that, not of 
 one hardness. 
 
 Lessen, v ., see decrease, v.t. & v.i. 
 in price, v.t., sakidika e ntalu (2). 
 v.i., sakalala e ntalu. 
 
 Lest (for fear that), conj., -nkwa, with 
 the prefix series No. 3. Ke 
 without any other negative sign, 
 Tie the goats carefully, lest 
 they get away, toma kanga e 
 nkombo jinkwa taya; toma 
 kanga e nkombo ke zataya: 
 lest anything happen, munkwa 
 bwa e diambu. 
 
 kimana ke, used only in the 
 commencement of a sentence 
 answering a question. (Why do 
 you tie it so tightly?) lest it 
 should escape, kimana ke yata- 
 ya (kimana = so that, and with 
 the first particle of negation 
 only, kimana ke = lest). 
 
 (if not so), vo ke wau ko ; do as I 
 say lest you spoil it, vanga ne 
 i mpovele vo ke wau ko sa 
 wavonda kio, (if not you will 
 spoil it). 
 
 Let, imperative, mbula (contracted 
 from yambula). 
 
 (allow), v., yambula, bika. 
 alone, go, yambula, bika. 
 
 (leave to one’s own course), yende- 
 lesa. 
 
 blood (cup), sumika. 
 down, kulula, kulumuna. 
 go, slip, loose, tayisa. 
 
 (untie), kangula, kutulula. 
 have, see borrow, lend, give; let 
 him have three = give (&c.) him 
 three. 
 
 out (a secret), sununa, tendula, 
 
 Let, co 71 tinned. 
 
 tengula, tendola, tengola or 
 baka (e mbumba, 2). 
 
 water (leak), fuma, vumba. 
 
 The causative form often expresses 
 “ let,” let in, kotesa ; let out, 
 vaikisa ; let fall, bwisa. 
 
 Letter, n., nkanda, 4 (“ book ”). 
 
 (of alphabet), eletela, 8 (P. letra). 
 
 Level, a., -alelama, -alelenxi. 
 v.t., leleka. 
 
 (aim at), fika, kumpika. 
 be, v.i., lelama. 
 
 fill to the level of the brim, v., xia e 
 elalangoma (8). 
 
 (of one height), a., -a la (12) umoxi. 
 (straight), p., -xingama. 
 be, v., xingama. 
 make, v., xingika. 
 
 Lever (raise with a), v., vunduna. 
 
 Levity (merriment), n., tusevo, pi. 
 10. 
 
 (playfulness), nzunzu, 2. 
 
 Levy (a tax), v., vakulwisa. 
 
 Liar, n., ngyangya, 2 ; nkwa (1) 
 ungyangya (12); nkwa (1) 
 luvunu (10). 
 
 Liberal, a., -ankayi, -esavu, -amve- 
 vudi. 
 
 be, v., vevula, vevola, kaya (give), 
 person, n ., nkayi, 1 & 4 ; nkwa (1) 
 esavu (8), 
 
 Liberality, n., esavu, 8 ; nsavu, 4 ; 
 vevula, 9; esavu and nsavu 
 denote a lavish generosity. 
 
 Liberally, adv ., see much, freely. 
 
 Liberate (loose), v., kutulula, ka¬ 
 ngula, tayisa. 
 
 (from fetters), kola. 
 
 (give freedom), tumba e kimfumu. 
 (redeem), kula. 
 
 Liberty, n ., kimfumu, 5. 
 give, set at, v., see liberate, 
 have, v., see able, be. 
 
 (permission), ?i., nswa, 4- 
 grant, v., vana 0 nswa (4), tambu- 
 lwila. 
 
 Licence, n., nswa, 4. 
 
 Licentious person, n., kimpumbu- 
 lu, 5 ; kinkita, 5; mpuki, 2. 
 
( 129 ) 
 
 Lic-Lik 
 
 Licentiousness, zz., umpumbulu, 
 12 ; unkita, 12; umpuki, 12. 
 Lick, v ., venda, piata, piatula. 
 
 Lid, banjia, 6 ; bukikwa, 6. 
 eye-, nkanda (4) a ve (6) kia disu; 
 seldom referred to. Kongos 
 speak more often of eyes or eye¬ 
 lashes, where we talk of eyelids. 
 Lie, zz ., luvunu, 10 ; viku, 6 ; ungya- 
 ngya, 12. 
 
 (tell a), v., vuna, vova e viku (6). 
 Lie across, vd., kambama. 
 
 (be laid as snares, &c.), lekama. 
 down, leka. 
 
 (as a goat), bubama. 
 
 (flat), lavalala. 
 
 (having one end against, or resting 
 on something), lambalala. 
 face downwards, bukama. 
 in wait, kika ; swekama (hide), 
 on, upon, tensama. 
 
 (cover), 7/./., fuka. 
 on one’s back, v.i., leka 0 mambe- 
 mba. 
 
 on one’s face, leka 0 mambukama 
 or mampuvulu. 
 on one’s side, leka 0 luvati. 
 open, yalumuka. 
 with, lekela. 
 
 Life, zz., moyo, 3. 
 
 come to life again (after death), v., 
 
 fuluka. 
 cause to, fula. 
 
 a good or bad life, &c., must be 
 spoken of as a good (&c.) 
 fashion. 
 
 Lift, v., zangula. 
 
 (one’s head), vumbula or tongeka 
 (0 ntu, 4). 
 
 up (one’s “ ntete ”), vunduna. 
 with a lever, vunduna. 
 
 Light, zz., mini, 6. 
 be, grow, 2/., kia. 
 be quite, vunguka. 
 
 (blaze, a), zz., nlemo, 4. 
 
 (fire), zz., tiya, pi. 10. 
 
 (a fire), v ., vanga, kwika, lunga, 
 tatika (0 tiya, pi. 10). 
 get out of the light, v., katula e 
 tombe (6). 
 
 Light, continued. 
 
 (not heavy), be, v ., savuka, vevuka, 
 vevoka, kala e evuvulu or 
 vevele or esakaya or sasala. 
 of moon and stars, zz., mieji, pi. 3. 
 of sun, mwini, 3 ; mpozi, 2 (Vivi). 
 ray of light, nteji, 4 ; nkejikeji, 4. 
 show a light, v., minika. 
 to see by, zz., mona, 9. 
 
 in white people’s houses it is very 
 light, muna nzo za mindele 
 mona kwingi mumonanga. 
 Lighten, v., sema. 
 
 it lightens, ezulu disemene. 
 (enlighten), minika. 
 
 Lightning, forked, zz., mwandaji, 3. 
 sheet, nsemo, 2. 
 
 Like (of persons and things), v., zola 
 (generally used in the perfect), 
 (of persons only), tonda; see love, 
 let him do as he likes, unyambula 0 
 luzolo luandi. 
 
 (require), vwa 0 nkinji (4), (have a 
 use for) ; I should like to have 
 this knife, e mbele eyayi mpwi- 
 di 0 nkinji = this knife I have 
 a use for. 
 
 Like (as), adv., ne, nze. 
 as, ne i, nze i. 
 
 be (resemble), v., kwenda e betela, 
 or dedede; fwanana. 
 make, xia e betela, or dedede; fwa- 
 ninika, fwananakesa. 
 
 (the same as), diawa dimoxi, e 
 mpila moxi ye; -awa -moxi. 
 (such as), a mpila (2) a (of the 
 kind of), a ntela (2) a (as big 
 as) ; a child like you, nleke a 
 ntela aku; a knife like mine, 
 mbele a mpila a mbele ame, 
 or mbele a mpila yame. 
 like this, nana, ana; do like this, 
 vanga nana. 
 
 Likely, it is very, i dinkwa kala 
 wowo, i diakalanga wowo; 
 will they be glad to see him ? 
 very likely they will, nga bazo- 
 lele 0 tala yandi? i dinkwa 
 kala wowo. 
 
 it is not very, ke dinkwa wo kala 
 
 K 
 
Lik-Loc 
 
 ( 130 ) 
 
 Likely, continued, 
 
 ko; it may rain perhaps, it is 
 not very likely, mvula nangu 
 sa yanoka, ke dinkwa wo 
 kala ko. 
 
 Likeness, n ., fwaniswa, 6 ; xisa, 6. 
 
 Likewise, conj musungula. 
 
 Lily (crinum zelanicum), lenge- 
 lenge, 6. 
 
 Limb. The limb is mentioned by its 
 proper name, as arm, leg. 
 (branch), n ., tayi, 6; nsungu, 2 & 11. 
 (a joint, member), to, 6. 
 stretch one’s limbs, v. } kukata, ku- 
 nana. 
 
 Lime, «., nkala, 2 (P. cal). 
 
 (fruit), n., dimau, 7 (P. limao). 
 
 Limit, n., mbambi, 2; nsuka, 2. 
 
 Limp (go lame), v ., kwenda atedinga, 
 zodinga. 
 
 (slack), -lebuka. 
 be, 7/., lebuka, leboka. 
 
 Limpid, a., -avelela. 
 
 Line (cord), «., nxinga, 4. 
 
 Line (row), n., kamba, 6 ; nlonga, 4. 
 be in, v.t., kiatama (of persons) ; 
 
 kiatikwa (of things), 
 form a, kiata (of persons), 
 put in, set in, a, vd., kiatika, kia- 
 tika 0 nlonga. 
 
 (straight mark), n., ndila, 4 ; nji- 
 didi, 4. 
 
 Linger, v., dingalala. 
 
 Linguister (coast interpreter), n ., 
 bamba, 6. 
 
 Lintel, »., sumbuka (6) kiantandu. 
 
 Lion, n., nkoxi, 2. 
 
 Lip, n ., bobo, 6 ; babu, 6. 
 
 Lips (mouth), n., nua, 4. 
 
 Liquefy, see deliquesce, melt. 
 
 Lisp, v., fofola. 
 
 List, savelist, n., ekamba, 8. 
 
 Listen, v., unikina. 
 
 (hear), wa; do not listen to what 
 they say, ke nuwenge oma be- 
 vovanga ko. 
 
 Little, a ., -andwelo, -alwelo, -akete, 
 -anke, -anje; -antio (Kabinda). 
 a (of nguba), n., nsululu, 4 (a few), 
 (of water or wine), n., nkudi, 4. 
 
 Little, co?itinued. 
 
 (small quantity), fiakete, 15 ; 
 fiandwelo, 15. 
 a little oil, fidiaji fiakete. 
 a little more, fiakete diaka. 
 a little longer = longer a little ; 
 bring a stick a little longer, 
 twala 0 nti usundidi 0 lambu- 
 ka fiakete ; it is a little blacker, 
 kivwidi lomboka fiandwelo ; a 
 little more, and I should have 
 fallen, va nsununke (2) vaxidi 
 nga se yadi bwa. 
 too, <z., -ke. 
 very, see fine, very. 
 
 Littleness, n., ke, 12. 
 
 Live (be, dwell), v ., kala. 
 at, for, kadila. 
 cause to, kalakesa. 
 over again, kalulula. 
 be alive, kala yo moyo (3), kala 
 una ; he is alive, wina kwandi 
 una, tfrwina kwandi yo moyo. 
 (remain, live long), v., jinga. 
 stock, n., tweleji, 6 . 
 
 Lively (playful), a., -anzunzu. 
 
 Liver, «., kimoyo, 5. 
 
 Living, a., -amoyo, e kimoyo ; they 
 brought him alive (living), ba- 
 ntwese e kimoyo. 
 
 Lizard (generic), «., ndiaxila, 4. 
 black and red, vala, 6. 
 large, red mouth, ekolombo, 8. 
 monitor, mbambi, 2. 
 
 Lo, interj., se tadi, tala. 
 
 Load, «., ntete, 4. 
 
 (a gun), v., soma. 
 
 (put in), xia. 
 
 (a canoe), kotesa. 
 
 Loaf (of bread), n ., mbolo, 2 (P. bolo). 
 
 Loan, n ., mfuka, 2. 
 
 Loathe, v., kenonoka, mona e nge- 
 mi (2), or ngengexi. 
 
 Loathing, n ., ngemi, 2; ngengexi, 
 2 ; lukenene, 10. 
 
 (satiety), mvimvi, 2. 
 
 Loathsome, a ., -angemi. 
 
 Lobe of ear, n., nsuka (2) a kutu (9). 
 
 Lobster, n., nsala, 4. 
 
 Locality, n., see place. 
 
( I 3 I ) 
 
 Loc-Loo 
 
 Lock, n., ekumba, 8. 
 v., bindika, kanga (Bako.). 
 of gun, n ., elalu, 8. 
 
 Locked, be, v., bindama. 
 
 Locust, n., mbwila, 8 (this kind is 
 reckoned as a plague, vuki:, 
 6 ). 
 
 (generic), ekonko, 8. 
 
 Lodging, n ., lombo, 6. 
 
 Lofty, a., see high, long. 
 
 Log of wood, n., nti, 4 (large); vimpa, 
 6 (small). 
 
 of firewood, n ., evindi, 8 ; lukuni, 
 11 & 2 (nkuni). 
 
 Loins, luketo, 10. 
 
 Loiter (be delayed), v ., vukuka. 
 
 (go slowly), womboka. 
 
 Lonchocarpus, n., mbota, 2. 
 
 Loneliness, n., unsona, 12. 
 
 Lonely, a ., -ansona. 
 be, kala yo unsona. 
 
 Long, tf., -anda, -alambuka. 
 ago, adv ., kolo (6) taxi (6) kiavi- 
 
 oka. 
 
 all day long, lumbu kiawanso. 
 all night long, fuku wawanso. 
 as long as, la umoxi ye (yo) ; as 
 long as this stick, la umoxi yo 
 nti ou. 
 
 as, or so long as (if only), mpaxi vo, 
 mpaxi ou. 
 
 be long (length), v., lambuka. 
 (time), see delay. 
 
 before long, adv., kolo kiandwelo. 
 (descending low, of cloth), a., -a- 
 
 nkuluka. 
 
 (desire), v., zola (used generally in 
 the perfect), 
 for, after, banza. 
 
 how long ? adv., mvu kwa (how 
 many years) ? ngonde kwa 
 (months) ? lumbu kwa (days) ? 
 nkia kolo (what time) ? 
 not long, be (be just), v., tuka; he 
 has not long arrived, wau ke- 
 tuka luaka. 
 
 not long (time), adv., ke ntaxi ko, 
 ke taxi ko, ke kolo ko, ke ko¬ 
 lo kiansuku ko. 
 time, kolo (6) or taxi (6) kingi. 
 
 Long, conti?iued. 
 too (length), a., -la. 
 very, -andandanda, -ankolondondo. 
 Longing, n., nzala, 2 ; see craving. 
 Look, n., ntala, 2. 
 
 7/., tala. 
 
 about (warily), vengojioka. 
 
 (as a monkey), kempojioka. 
 after (take care of),langidila,lunga, 
 lungalunga. 
 
 (a pot on the fire), lungidila. 
 as if, see look like, 
 at all round, vilujiola. 
 at each other, talana, talajiana (of 
 many). 
 
 behind, tala kuna nima. 
 
 (turn one’s head), sampuka Oku 
 nima. 
 
 (contemptuously), lengula, lengola. 
 down from, kengelela. 
 for (seek), vava, tomba, yandala, 
 kwendela. 
 
 (smell about, as a dog), fimba. 
 for, in, with (applied form), tadila. 
 for (what is left, glean), wolola. 
 like, kala ne ; it looks like water, 
 kina ne maza ; it looks as if it 
 would rain, (kuma) kwina ne 
 kwau kunoka. 
 nice, see appearance, 
 out for (lie in wait), kika. 
 out (select), sola, 
 peep, kengelela. 
 
 round, up, down, sampuka (glance), 
 shading the eyes, kengelela. 
 
 (stare), tungununa. 
 
 (fixedly), tala e tukutuku. 
 well at, vixisa 0 meso (pi. 7). 
 Looker on, n., ntadi, 1 & 4. 
 Looking, good-, a., -amote. 
 
 person, n., mote, 3. 
 
 Loom, n., nkunda, 4 (Bako.). 
 beam, nongo, 4 ; ngusu, 2 (Bako.). 
 shuttle (hook), evanda, 8. 
 
 Loop, n., esokolo, 8 ; dianza, 7. 
 Loose, break, v., danuka, zutuka. 
 let, tayisa. 
 
 (not firm), be, ningina. 
 
 make, ninginisa. 
 
 (slack), be, zeza. 
 
Loo-Lus 
 
 ( 132 ) 
 
 Loose, continued. 
 
 (slack), make, zezesa, zezula, zezola. 
 (undo, untie), kangula, kutulula, 
 jitula. 
 
 (undone), come, kutuluka. 
 
 (unnail), kola. 
 
 (unnailed), become, koka. 
 
 (wild dissolute) person, n., kimpu- 
 mbulu, 5 ; kinkita, 5. 
 
 Loosen, v., see loose. 
 
 Loot, v., sanza. 
 n ., esanzu, 8. 
 
 Lop off (the branches), v ., zenga (e 
 tayi). 
 
 (the fronds of palm or leaves of 
 trees), kolomona. 
 
 (the top), saka, zungula. 
 
 Loquacious person, n., nkwa (1) 
 lungwedi (10). 
 
 Loquacity, n., lungwedi (10). 
 
 Lord, n., mfumu, 2. 
 
 Lose, v., vidisa, vilakanwa, jimba- 
 lakanwa. 
 
 one’s balance and fall (as from a 
 bridge), kunkumuka, kunku- 
 ka. 
 
 Loss, n., mpilakanwa, njimbalaka- 
 nwa. 
 
 make a (in a bargain), v., (njimbu 
 ji-) kuluka; kulula e njimbu 
 
 (2). 
 
 Lost, be, v., vila. 
 
 Lot, a (number, quantity), n ., see 
 abundance. 
 
 the (all), -awanso nkutu, -au e 
 kulu. 
 
 (portion), kunku, 6 . 
 
 Lots, cast, v., vanga e nkasa (za 
 mienze). They cast lots with 
 “manga” grass, bavangidi e 
 nkasa za nianga. 
 put, arrange in, badika. 
 
 Loud, a ., see great, strong, 
 speak, v., tumbula or tatula e ndi- 
 nga (2). 
 
 Louder, speak, v., xiamisa e ndinga 
 
 (2 )• 
 
 Louse, of animals, n ., mbwengene, 2. 
 of head, and body, n., nianji, 2. 
 eggs of, nenga, 4. 
 
 Love, v., zola, tonda. 
 
 Tonda is more the love of grati¬ 
 tude, while zola is simple, be¬ 
 nignant affection or liking. We 
 say that God loves (zola) us 
 and we love (tonda) God. We 
 love Him because He first loved 
 us, tutondele yandi kadi ya- 
 ndi wavita 0 kutuzola. 
 n., zola, 9 ; tonda, 9. 
 token,to give a (of a suitor), v., fikisa. 
 
 to receive a, v., fika. 
 cease to love, v., tondola. 
 Loveliness, n., wete, 12. 
 
 Lovely, a ., -awete, -abiza, -ambote. 
 (of person), -amote. 
 person, n., mote, 3. 
 
 Low, adv., muna eyanda. 
 a., see short, 
 down, muna nxi. 
 be, hang (of a cloth), v., kuluka. 
 bend, vetama, vwetama. 
 
 Lower, v., kulula, kulumuna. 
 down, adv., muna eyanda. 
 
 (grow dark with clouds), v., pipa, 
 lomba. 
 
 Lowliness, n., lembama, 9. 
 
 Lowly (meek), a., -anlembami, -le¬ 
 mbama. 
 
 Lowspirited, be, v., zowalala. 
 
 Low spirits, n., zowalala, 9. 
 
 Luck (good), n., elau, 8 ; nsambu, 2. 
 
 (bad, calamity), mvia, 4. 
 
 Lucky person, «., nkwa (1) elau (8). 
 Lukewarm, -lebuka, -lavuka, 
 -lebulwa. 
 
 be, lebuka, lavuka. 
 make, lebula, lavula. 
 
 Lull (abate), v., lembama, sakalala. 
 Lullaby, sing a, v., wondelela. 
 
 Lump, n., ebwelengenze, 8; ekele- 
 ngenze, 8 . 
 
 (of salt), ekengele, 8. 
 
 Lunatic, n., lau, 6. 
 
 Lungs, n., lufulu, 10. 
 
 Lure, v., nekena, leba. 
 
 Lurk (lie hid), v., swekama. 
 
 (lie in wait), kika. 
 
 Lust (desire), «., zolela, 6. 
 
 (sensual), n., longo, 10. 
 
( 133 ) 
 
 Mac-Mak 
 
 M. 
 
 Machine, /*., tadi, 6. 
 sewing, tadi kitunganga o nlele 
 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 Macintosh coat, lunkumfu, io. 
 
 sheet, nlele (4) ankweza. 
 
 Mad, a ., -alau. 
 be, v., lanka, 
 person, «., lau, 6. 
 
 Madden, v ., laula. 
 
 Made, be, v., vangwa. 
 
 of, be, vangilwa. 
 
 Madman, n ., Ian, 6. 
 
 Madness, n., lau, 6. 
 
 Maggot, mumvidi, 3. 
 
 Magic (sleight of hand), n., kimpa, 5. 
 to perform, v., ta e kimpa ; see also 
 invisible, witchcraft. 
 
 Magician, nkwa (1) kimpa (5). 
 Magnificent, great, gorgeous, 
 fine. 
 
 Magnify (enlarge), v., vongesa. 
 (praise), kembela. 
 
 Magnitude, n ., nene, 12 ; vonga, 9. 
 Maid, maiden, n., ndumba, 2. 
 Maidenhood, kindumba, 5. 
 Maidservant, n., selo (6) kiankento; 
 
 see attendant. 
 
 Maim, v., vangula. 
 
 Maimed, be, v ., vanguka. 
 
 Main, <z., ^ chief, a. 
 
 Maintain, see support, argue. 
 
 Maize, «., masa, pi. 7 ; masa ma- 
 mputu. 
 
 (Portuguese corn), one head, disa, 
 7 ; esangu, 8 (Bako.). 
 beard of, ngemvo, 2. 
 cob, husk, nsusu (4) a disa (7). 
 dry, hard, masa mambukutu, or 
 mankukutu. 
 flower, nsesa, 4. 
 
 grain of, mbwaza (2) a disa (7). 
 
 green, masa mansweswa. 
 
 head of, ntu (4) a disa (7). 
 
 leaves of,ndembe,2 & 11 (lulembe). 
 
 malted, menia, 4. 
 
 meal, mfundi (2) amputu. 
 
 plant of, mungeleji, 3. 
 
 Maize, continued. 
 
 pudding of green maize beaten, 
 
 ekende, 8. 
 
 to put out the head, v., vatakana. 
 
 the grass flower, buka 0 nsesa (4)* 
 to be ripe and hard, baukila. 
 sheath, n., titi ( 6 ) kia disa. 
 unripe, mbwenia (2) a disa. 
 
 The maize beards have dried 
 (curled), it is getting ripe, 0 
 masa mazekele e ngemvo sa 
 mavia. 
 
 Majesty, n., kimfumu, 5 ; umfumu, 
 12 ; lulendo, 10. 
 
 Make, v., vanga, yidika (Bako.). 
 (appoint to an office), see consecrate, 
 elect. 
 
 (arrange), kumpika, kubika. 
 ashamed, mwesa, or fusulwisa e 
 nsoni (2). 
 very, vungisa. 
 
 aware, lukisa, temwena (inform), 
 badly, fwantalakesa. 
 
 (basket, a), tunga (e mbangu, 2). 
 (bed, a), yala (e mfulu, 2). 
 
 (cause to do), use the causative in 
 esa or isa, or the transitive form 
 of intransitive verbs. Make it 
 go in, kotesa kio; lauka (/«- 
 trans.) f to be mad, laula ( trans .), 
 to make mad. 
 
 (charm, a), vanda (0 nkixi, 4). 
 cheap, sakidika e ntalu (2). 
 
 (clear), see clear. 
 
 comfortable and clean, lengola, le- 
 ngula. 
 
 (compose), vangwa, 
 dear, badisa e ntalu (2). 
 dirty, see dirty. 
 
 fire, vanga or lunga 0 tiya (pi. 10). 
 friendship, vanga or banda e nge- 
 mba (pi. 2). 
 haste, see haste, 
 hole, a, see hole (make), 
 ill, yelesa. 
 
 known (spread news), mwanga e 
 nsangu (2). 
 
 like, equal, kwendesa or xia e be- 
 tela, or dedede; fwaninika, 
 fwananakesa. 
 
Mak-Man 
 
 ( i34 ) 
 
 Make, continued. 
 much, many, tudika. 
 a noise, roar, kumba; see also 
 noise. 
 
 a noise, tumba 0 mazu (pi. 8). 
 peace, bunda e yongo (6). 
 pottery, bumba, wumba. 
 proper, nice, kumpika. 
 shouting, a, xia e nkololo (2). 
 (string), xieta (0 nxinga, 4). 
 up (to correct number), lungisa. 
 
 (make friends), see (friendship), 
 war, nwana e vita (2), or 0 njmgu 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 water, see micturate, leak. 
 
 (weave), kuba. 
 weight, tela. 
 
 (that which is added), n., ntelo, 
 2. 
 
 Maker, n., mvangi, 1 & 4. 
 Malachite, n ., ngwento, 2 (see 
 copper). 
 
 Malady, n., kimbevo, 5 ; yela, 9. 
 
 (serious, painful), nsongo, 4. 
 
 Male, n., si?ig., eyakala, 8 ; pi. aka- 
 la, 1. 
 
 a., -eyakala,^/. -amakala. 
 of beasts or fowls, n., ekoko, 8. 
 a., -ekoko ; see also goat, pig. 
 Malediction, n., see curse. 
 Malefactor, see criminal. 
 
 Malice, n., nxita, 2. 
 
 Malt, n., menia, 4 (malted maize). 
 v., fundikila. 
 
 Man, sing, eyakala, 8 ; pi. akala, 1 ; 
 see also male, 
 mad-, lau, 6. 
 mortal, see mortal, 
 of war, ekumbi (8) dia vita, 
 old, nunii, 4. 
 
 (person), muntu, 1. 
 who owns, nkwa, 1. 
 
 Where is the man with the goat, 
 aveyi vena 0 nkwa nkombo. 
 young, etoko, 8. 
 
 For the formation of nouns de¬ 
 noting the doer of an action re¬ 
 fer to -er (page 72) stiffix of the 
 doer ; as make, maker ; see aho 
 under fat, thin, tall, &c., man. 
 
 Manage, v., see control, do, make. 
 Manage is frequently not trans¬ 
 lated ; he managed to get away 
 = he got away. 
 
 Manager, n ., mbnta, 2 ; nkuluntu, 
 
 1. 
 
 Mane, n., nsambansala, 4. 
 
 Mange, n ., kwiji, 6. 
 
 Manhood (being adult), n., kimbnta, 
 
 5 - 
 
 (humanity), kimuntu, 5 ; kiwantu, 
 5 ; uwuntu, 12. 
 
 (manliness), kiakala, 5. 
 
 Manifest (make clear), v., see explain. 
 
 (show), mwesa. 
 
 Manioc, n., see cassava. 
 
 Manis (scaly anteater), n., nkaka, 2. 
 Mankind, 71 ., antu or wantn, pi. 1 ; 
 
 see also mortal. 
 
 Manliness, n., kiakala, 5. 
 
 Manly, a., ye kiakala. 
 
 Manner (habit), n., fu, 6. 
 in a gentle, careful manner, adv., 
 
 malembe. 
 
 in the same, diawa dimoxi. 
 
 (kind), mpila, 2. 
 
 Mansion, n., evula, 8. 
 
 Mantis, n., xikansambi, 6. 
 
 Manure, see excrement. 
 
 Many, a., -ingi (a-ingi = engi; ma- 
 -ingi = mengi). 
 
 Class 
 
 1, engi 
 
 2, jingi 
 
 3, 4, mingi 
 5,6, yingi 
 
 Class 
 7, 8, 9, 13, mengi 
 
 10, 11, 
 12, 
 
 14, 
 
 twingi 
 wingi 
 mwingi 
 
 as many as, konso, with a suffix as 
 Prefix series No. 3; see any 
 (whatever). 
 
 (all that, who), -awanso. 
 
 a great many, -ingi, or see abund¬ 
 ance. 
 
 be, see abound. 
 
 how many, kwa, indeclinable when 
 used before a noun. How 
 many goats? nkombo kwa? 
 When used before a verb, or 
 where its noun is understood, 
 it follows the rule of the second¬ 
 ary form of adjectives (see 
 
( 135 ) 
 
 Man-Mat 
 
 Many, continued . 
 
 Grammar) ; the prefix added 
 ( plural only) is that of series 
 
 No. 3, jikwa, mikwa, &c.; 
 how many are there (goats), 
 
 jikwa jina. 
 
 so many, -ingi ; do not take so 
 many (nails), kubongi jingi ko. 
 many times, nkumbu (4) mingi ; see 
 times ; or the sentence may be 
 recast thus: many times I fell = 
 fallings many I fell, mbwa jingi 
 mbwidi ; see times. 
 
 Map, n., mapi, 2 (Eng.). 
 
 March, 2/., diata. 
 n., see journey. 
 
 to make a long march, v ., diata e 
 tini (6) kianda, 
 
 to go a day’s march, 2/., diata e 
 lnmbu kiamvimba. 
 
 Mare, mvalu (4) ankento. 
 
 Margin, 2/., see edge, bank. 
 
 Mark, foot, n., ntambi, 2 ; ekanda, 
 8 (of paw). 
 
 (make a), 2/., xia e xinsu (6), see 
 also to scratch, &c. 
 of a thing dragged, n., kokela, 6. 
 
 (of tears), nkukwila, 4. 
 
 (scar), fu, 6. 
 
 (sign), xinsu, 6 ; dimbu, 6. 
 
 (spot, figure), etona, 8 ; ekeya, 8. 
 
 2/., xia 0 matona. 
 tribal (cicatrices), n ., nsamba, 2. 
 black tattoo mark down the nose 
 (as Krooboys), ntunda, 4. 
 
 Market, u., ezandu, 8 . 
 day, «., lumbu (6) kia ezandu. 
 to go to, hold a, 2/., ta e ezandu. 
 
 Marking, «., etona, 8 . 
 
 Marksman, good, nkwa (1) kinko- 
 ngo (5). 
 
 Marksmanship, good (hunting skill), 
 
 n., kinkongo, 5. 
 
 Marriage, n., nsompa, 2 ; see also 
 matrimony. 
 
 gift (paid by husband to parents of 
 bride), nkama (2) a longo. 
 feast, n., nkinji (2) a longo. 
 
 Marriageable, to become (of girls), 
 2/., tuluka. 
 
 Marrow, n., nluku (4) a maji (8 pi). 
 spinal, tomfo (pi. 10) twa lubasa 
 lua nima. 
 
 Marry (of the man),2/.,sompa, kwela 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (of the woman), sompwa. 
 
 (of the woman’s parents), sompesa. 
 
 Marsh, n., nyaba, 4 ; ntaba, 4. 
 (grassy), welexi, 6 (where ewelewele 
 grass grows), 
 papyrus, budi, 6. 
 
 Marshy ground, n., ntaka, 2. 
 
 Martyr, n., mbangi, 2 (witness). 
 
 Marvel, n., exivi, 8 ; ekumbu, 8. 
 
 2/., xivika, kumba (giving vent to 
 a sound of surprise), 
 at, kumbwila, kumbulwila. 
 
 Marvellous, a ., -exivi, -ekumbu, 
 -kumbwa. 
 
 Mash, 2/., vota, bulunga. 
 
 «., funa, 12 ; see beer. 
 
 Mask (for face), n ., nzo (2) a luse. 
 
 Mason, ntungi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Mass, n., see lump, abundance, crowd. 
 2/., see assemble. 
 
 n of the Romish church, minsa, 
 pi. 3 (P. missa). 
 
 Massacre, 2/., vonda. 
 
 Massive, a ., -anene, -ampwena, -avo- 
 nga. 
 
 Mast, n., nti, 4 (a nzaza). 
 
 Master, n ., mfumu, 2. 
 
 (overcome), v., sunda e ngolo (2). 
 
 Mastery (authority), n., wisa, 6. 
 
 Masticate, see chew. 
 
 Mat, n., eteva, 8 . 
 
 of bark of mvuyi (curculigo ?) 
 
 eteva dia mvuyi. 
 of frondlets of pandanus candela¬ 
 brum, eteva (8) dia mfubu (2). 
 of split papyrus stems sewn together 
 luandu, 10. 
 woven, sasabala, 6. 
 having a figure (animal, &c.), worked 
 in the pattern, eteva (8) dia 
 ngandiango (2). 
 together, 2/./., zengalakana. 
 
 Match, be, v.i., fwanana, kwenda 
 e betela, or dedede. 
 
 (make like), v.i ., fwananakesa, 
 
Mat-Med 
 
 ( 136 ) 
 
 Match, continued. 
 
 fwaninika, kwendesa, or xia 
 e betela or e dedede. 
 lucifer, n., ebindwa, 8. 
 
 Matchet, n., tanji, 6 ; kayi, 6; di- 
 kuwa, 7 (Mpa.). 
 
 Mate, n., nkwa, 1. 
 
 Material, n., lekwa, 6 (thing). 
 a., -ebeni. 
 
 Materially, adv., beni-beni. 
 Matrimony (state of), n., longo, 
 10 ; see Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Matter (affair), n., diambu, 7 ; uma, 
 12. 
 
 (fault), kuma, 6. 
 
 it does not, ke diambu ko, vwena 
 (kwaku). 
 
 of conversation, mbokena, 2. 
 of discussion, mvovo, 4. 
 
 (pus), tufina, pi. 10. 
 what is the matter ? nkia diambu ? 
 where we say, I have something 
 the matter with my eye, the 
 Kongos say, I have an eye. 
 
 Mature, see ripe, ripen. 
 
 May, v. aux ., use the ordinary, pres¬ 
 ent or future subjunctive. 
 Perhaps he may come, kaxi- 
 kila sa keza ; may I have one ? 
 ngambonga kwame e kimoxi? 
 he may go too, 0 yaudi mpe 
 wenda kwandi. 
 may (very likely will), see likely, 
 may be (perhaps), see perhaps. 
 
 Me, fir., mono ; see I. 
 my, -a mono, -ame. 
 to me, kwa mono. 
 objective pronominal prefix n or m 
 (see I); they gave me, bampe- 
 ne ; they love me, bantondele. 
 Kongos sometimes use a plural, 
 and say tu (us) instead of 
 mono. 
 
 Meadow, n. (.expl .), evia dia titi. 
 
 Meal (flour) of cassava, n ., mfumfu, 
 
 2 ; luku, 10. 
 
 (sold on the markets), mfuba, 
 
 2. 
 
 of maize, mfundi (2) amputu. 
 
 (food), madia, pi. 9. 
 
 Meal, continued. 
 
 to take a meal, v., dia, dia 0 madia, 
 (spoken of important people only), 
 sakula, wambula. 
 breakfast, n., minwete, 4. 
 supper, nlekelo, 4. 
 
 Mean, v., kana (intend) ; I mean to 
 go to morrow, mbaji i lumbu 
 nkanini 0 kwenda. 
 
 (stingy), a., -amwimi. 
 be, v., yimina. 
 person, mwimi, 3. 
 
 I mean (that is to say, or rather), 
 kaxi ; give him five, I mean 
 six, umvana e etanu kaxi 
 isambanu. 
 
 Meander, v., tekamiana. 
 
 Meaning, n., nsasa, 2 ; mfoko, 2. 
 Meanness, n ., wimi, 12. 
 
 Means, by means of, muna. 
 by no means, ke...nkutu ko. 
 by what means = how ; see how. 
 have means of=be able to, see able, 
 (riches), see riches. 
 
 Meanwhile (while), adv., kiau kolo 
 eki, e kolo. The sentence 
 must be recast so as to use 
 “ while ” instead. I will light 
 the fire, meanwhile you pluck 
 the fowl = while I light the fire, 
 do you pluck the fowl, kiau 
 kolo eki nlunga 0 tiya, nda 
 vuza e nsusu. 
 
 Measles (in pork), n., masa, pi. 7. 
 Measurable, be, v., tezakana, zo- 
 ngakana. 
 
 Measure (bulk), v., zonga. 
 n., nzongo, 4. 
 
 (length and weight), v., teza. 
 n., tezo, 6. 
 
 (length, distance), v., tama; see also 
 full (to the brim), fathom 
 league. 
 
 Meat (cooked), n., yuma, pi. 6. 
 
 (flesh), nsuni, 4. 
 
 (uncooked), mbiji, 2. 
 
 Mediate, v., vambula (go between, 
 separate). 
 
 (bring about friendship), v., vanga 
 e ngemba (2). 
 
( 137 ) 
 
 M ed-Met 
 
 Mediate, continued. 
 
 (settle a palaver), manesa e diambu 
 Mediator, n., mvangi (i & 4) a nge- 
 mba, mvudiangimda (1 & 4). 
 Medicine, n., nlongo, 4 ; nti, 4 
 (plant) ; makaya, pi. 8 (leaves), 
 (charm), n ., nkixi, 4. 
 man, nganga, 2. 
 
 (his art), unganga, 12 ; kinga- 
 nga, 5 ; see witchcraft. 
 Meditate, v ., yindama; see also 
 think, intend. 
 
 Meek, a ., -anlembami, -lembama, 
 -anleka. 
 
 be, v., lembama. 
 
 Meekly, adv., 0 malembe, 
 Meekness, n., lembama, 9; nleka, 4. 
 Meet, v., wana, bulangana. 
 go to meet, kika. 
 
 (join, as rivers, or with a crowd), bu- 
 langiana. 
 together, wanana. 
 
 (assemble), see assemble. 
 Meeting, n., ngwana, 2. 
 together, luwananu, 10; ngwana- 
 nu, 2. 
 
 (confluence of rivers), ebwila, 8 ; 
 
 ebwilu, 8 ; mwila, 3. 
 of roads, mpambu, 2. 
 Melancholy, n., zowalala, 9 ; yi- 
 ndalala, 9. 
 
 a., -anzowaladi, -anyindaladi. 
 be, v., zowalala, yindalala. 
 make, zoweleka. 
 
 person, n ., nzowaladi, 1 & 4 ; nyi- 
 ndaladi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Melt (as oil), v., zeza. 
 
 (as solder), zelomoka, zelumuka. 
 (deliquesce, as salt), mia. 
 
 (dissolve), lala ( t perf ladidi). 
 Member (of body), n., to, 6. 
 Membrane, n., ngungu, 2. 
 Memorial (mark), n., xinsu, 6. 
 Memory, n., nsungamena, 2. 
 (recollection), ngindu, 2. 
 to come to one’s, v., kwiza e kie- 
 nze. 
 
 Men, n ., see man. 
 
 (persons), wantu, pi. 1. 
 
 Menace, v ., see threaten. 
 
 Mend, v., vanga, londa. 
 
 (nail up), koma. 
 
 Menses, n., nseke, 2; mbodi, 2 ; 
 mfwele, 4. 
 
 Menstruate, v., kala knngonde (2); 
 yala (a euphemism). 
 
 Mention, v., sungnla, yika. 
 
 Merchandise, n., mana, pi. 7 ; mu- 
 nkita, 3. 
 
 Merchant, n., nkiti, 1 & 4. 
 
 Merciful, a ., ye nkenda. 
 be, v., fwa e nkenda (2). 
 one, person, n., nkwa (1) nkenda. 
 
 Merciless person, n ., ke nkwa 
 nkenda ko. 
 
 Mercury, maza (pi. 7) ma palata 
 (P. prata). 
 
 Mercy, n., nkenda, 2 (kiadi, 5, is 
 used generally at Mpalabala, 
 and on the north bank, and in 
 many parts ; but in Kongo it is 
 only known as an obscene word, 
 and must therefore be avoided), 
 show mercy, v., fwa e nkenda (or 
 kiadi, see above). 
 
 for mercy’s sake, umfwa e nkenda. 
 
 Mere, = merely, adv.> kaka. 
 
 Merit, v., fwana. 
 n., fwana, 9. 
 
 Merrily, adv., ku nzunzn, kuna 
 kiese. 
 
 Merriment (joy), n., eyangi, 8 ; 
 kiese, 5 ; nkembo, 4. 
 
 (playful), nzunzn, 2. 
 
 Merry, a., -anzunzu, -akiese. 
 make, v., kemba, minga. 
 
 Mesh, n., eswa, 8. 
 
 Mess, v., state definitely its nature— 
 mud, dust, rubbish, &c. 
 make a mess of a thing, fwantala- 
 kesa. 
 
 Message, n., diambu, 7 ; nsamu, 4. 
 deliver a, v., jingula, samuna. 
 
 Messenger, n., nkunji, 1 & 4 ; mba- 
 xi, 2 (P. embaixador). 
 
 Metal, n., tadi, 12 ; see iron, brass, 
 copper, See. 
 a., -atadi. 
 to work in, v., fula. 
 
 Meteor, n., nienie, 6. 
 
Met-Mis 
 
 ( 138 ) 
 
 Metropolis, n ., mbanza, 2. 
 
 Mew (as cat), v., miauka. 
 
 Micturate, v., jena, suba. 
 
 M id-day, at, adv ., e ntangwanlungu. 
 
 Middle, n., kati, 9. 
 man (in trade), bamba, 6 . 
 
 Midnight, n., edingidingi, 8 ; ndi- 
 ngwanxi, 4 ; it was midnight, 
 edingidingi dizungidi. 
 
 Midriff, n., ngungn, 2. 
 
 Midst, n., kati, 9. 
 
 (heart), ngudi, 2. 
 
 in the midst of, milna, or kuna, or 
 vana kati kwa. 
 
 (in the heart of), muna ngudi a. 
 
 Midwife, n., nyadiki, 1 & 4. 
 act as, v., yadika. 
 
 Might, n., ngolo, 2 ; efuka, 8 (robust). 
 aux. v:, pret. of may, see Grammar. 
 I toid him that he might give it 
 to him, mono imvovese vo 
 vana kio kwa yandi * I said to 
 him, give it to him ; he thought 
 that it might be his father, edi 
 kabenze i s’andi (ese diandi) 
 — that which he thought was 
 (that it was) his father, 
 lest I might fall, inkwa bwa, see 
 lest. 
 
 might be (perhaps) see perhaps, 
 might have, v. aux., use the tense 
 with -adi (separable). This 
 tense always implies a negative 
 result. Thus, I might have gone, 
 necessarily implies, that I did 
 not go however ; in such case 
 -adi is used ; I might have 
 fallen, se yadi bwa. 
 
 Mightily, adv., beni. 
 
 Mighty, a., -angolo, -efuka. 
 
 (great), -anene. 
 
 Migrate, v., yaluka. 
 
 Mild, see gentle. 
 
 Mildew, see mould. 
 
 Mildly, adv., 0 malembe. 
 
 Mile, n. ( expl .), tezo kia ntama; see 
 league. 
 
 Milk, n., kimvumina, 5 ; mamvu- 
 mina, pi. 7; mayeni, pi. 8 
 (Bako. 
 
 Milk, continued. 
 
 v., kama or kamuna e kimvumi¬ 
 na, &c. 
 
 Mill, n., tadi, 6. 
 
 Million, n., efuku, 8. 
 
 Millipede, n., ngongolo, 2. 
 
 Mimic, v., sokolola. 
 
 Mimosa, n., lufunde, 10. 
 
 (low prickly bush on the “nzanza”), 
 
 mvanga, 4. 
 
 Mince, v., sensa. 
 
 Mind, n., ntima, 4 (heart), 
 change one’s, vilula. 
 come to mind, v., kwiza e kienze. 
 how (be careful), toma; mind how 
 you carry it, toma kio nata. 
 (listen to), wa. 
 
 never mind ! vwena (kwaku)! ke 
 diambu ko! 
 
 never mind what they say, kuwe 
 ko konso u bevova. 
 i (obey), lemvokela, tumama, 
 (shepherd), vungula. 
 
 (take care of), lunga-lunga, langi- 
 dila, lunga. 
 
 Mine, n., ewumba, 8 ; njimba, 2. 
 
 -ame; the secondary form is 
 always used where we in English 
 use “ mine.” It is mine, kiaki 
 kiame. 
 
 Mingle with, v.i., bulangiana. 
 (mix), v.i., sangwa. 
 v.t., sanga. 
 
 Minister, see servant, pastor, supply. 
 Mint (herb), n ., nlambi, 4. 
 
 Minute, n. {expl), tezo kia kolo, 60 
 minutes = ola moxi. 
 
 (a short time), fikolokolo, 15. 
 Miracle, n., ekumbu, 8 ; exivi, 8. 
 Mire, n., nteke, 2. 
 
 Mirror, n ., pelo, 2 (P. espelho), 
 lumweno, 10 (Bako.). 
 
 Mirth, n., see merriness, laughter. 
 Miscarry, see abort. 
 
 Mischief, see harm. 
 
 Miser, 71., mbaba, 4. 
 
 Miserable, a., -zowalala. 
 be, v., zowalala. 
 make, zoweleka. 
 
 Miserably, see badly. 
 
( 139 ) 
 
 Mis-Mor 
 
 Misery, n., bititi, 12; zowalala, 
 9 - 
 
 Misfortune (calamity), n., mvia, 4. 
 (trouble), mpaxi, 2. 
 
 Mislead, v., vilakesa, vuna (de¬ 
 ceive). 
 
 Miss, v.i., venda. 
 v.t., vendesa, tumisa. 
 
 (discover a loss), salukwa. 
 
 (lack), v.i., konda. 
 
 (lose), v.t ., vidisa, vilwa. 
 
 (not meet), ke wana ko. 
 
 Miss, n. ( expl. ), vo nkento kaso- 
 mpwa ko. 
 
 Missed, be (not hit), v ., tuma. 
 
 Missing, be (lacking), v ., kondwa. 
 (not appearing), ke monekattga 
 ko. 
 
 Missionary, n., nganga (2) a Nza- 
 mbi, nkunji (1 & 4} a Nza- 
 mbi. 
 
 Mist, n., mbututu, 4 ; mbungeji, 4 ; 
 mbombo, 2 ; wixixi, 12. 
 (Scotch), ewunge, 8. 
 
 Mistake, n., njimbalakauwa, 2; 
 mpilakanwa, 2. 
 
 (lose, as a road), v., vidisa, vilwa. 
 make a, v ., jimbalakanwa, vilaka- 
 nwa. 
 
 (forget), fwa e diya (6). 
 
 Mistress, n., mfumu (2) ankento. 
 
 Mistrust, v., vunisa. 
 
 Misty, be, v., mbututu (&c.) -fuku- 
 muka; it is very misty, mbu¬ 
 tutu wingi ufukumukini. 
 day, lumbu (6) kiambombo, &c. 
 
 Mitigate, v., sakidika. 
 
 Mix, v.t., sanga. 
 v.i., sangwa. 
 together, v.t., sanganisa. 
 
 v.i., sangana. 
 up, v.t., sangalakesa. 
 v.i., sangalakana. 
 
 Mixed up in, be, v., kala muna 
 nsangi a; it was mixed up in 
 the sand, kikedi muna nsangi 
 a sengexi. 
 
 Mixture, n., lekwa, 6 (isangwa). 
 
 Mizzle, v., ewunge (8, di-) fuku- 
 muka. 
 
 Moan, v., buma, kunga. 
 n., bumu, 6. 
 
 Mock, v., see imitate, ridicule. 
 
 Mode, n., see manner. 
 
 Model, n., tezo, 6 ; fwaniswa, 6 
 (likeness). 
 
 Moderately, adv., ke beni ko, 0 
 malembe. 
 
 Moderation, n., malembe, pi. 8. 
 
 Modern, a., ke -ankulu ko. 
 
 (new), -ampa. 
 
 Modest, a:, ye nsoni, -ansoni. 
 
 Modesty, n., nsoni, 2. 
 
 Moist, p., -yondamene,-vungamene. 
 a., ye mvutu. 
 
 be, v., yondama, vungama, vu- 
 tula. 
 
 Moisten, v., yondeka, vunga, vutu- 
 lwisa. 
 
 Moisture, n., mvutu, 2; maza, 
 pi. 8 (water). 
 
 Molar tooth, n., etandi, 8: 
 
 Mole (mark), n., ekeya (8) dia ngo 
 (2). 
 
 Molest, v., yuvula (ask questions 
 and begin to molest). 
 
 S Moment, ?i, fikolokolo, 15. 
 in a, see suddenly. 
 
 Monday, n., kiezole, 5; kiasekunda, 
 5 (P. segunda feira). 
 
 Money, n., njimbu, 2. 
 
 (goods), mbongo, 2. 
 
 Monitor (varana), ?i., mbambi, 2. 
 
 Monkey, ?r., nkewa, 2 ; nkima, 2 
 (white faced). 
 
 (monkey, or any tree climber), nza- 
 mbu, 2. 
 
 Month, n., ngonde, 2. 
 next, ngonde izangama. 
 this time next month, nlungi (4) & 
 ngonde. 
 
 Moon, n., ngonde, 2. 
 full, be, v., ngonde -lunga. 
 light, n., mieji, pi. 3- 
 new, ngonde ampa. 
 to wane, v., ngonde -tava e tombe 
 (6). 
 
 Mope, v., yindalala, zowalala. 
 
 Moral, be (honest and straightfor¬ 
 ward), v., songa. 
 
Mor-Mou 
 
 ( 140 ) 
 
 More, a., -akaka. 
 adv., diaka. 
 
 beside, -akaka diaka vana ntandu. 
 and more beside, ye nkaji (pi. 4)* 
 than, be, v., sunda; he gave more 
 than I, 0 yandi osundidi 
 
 mono muna kaya. 
 
 than ought, -ingi. He took more 
 than he ought (too much), 0 
 yandi obongele jingi. 
 the more...the more. The more he 
 called out the more they beat 
 him, vo kexiamisa 0 dila 
 
 baxiamixi 0 kunwanda; the 
 more you ask the less it will be, 
 ovo lombolola isakidikidi. 
 
 Moreover, adv., vana ntandu. 
 
 Morning, n., menemene, 6 ; this 
 
 morning, unu e menemene ; in 
 the morning, oku or e mene¬ 
 mene. 
 
 at cockcrow, e nsusu (2) antete. 
 very early, una nswe, una he. 
 at dawn, vava kukia. 
 
 (after dawn), early, mvungula, 2 ; 
 mbungululu, 2; fukufuku, 12; 
 nsuka, 4; mvunguvungu, 2. 
 morning dawns, kuma kukia. 
 
 Morose, «., -ambafunga, -ankafu- 
 nga. 
 
 Morose person, n ., mbafunga, 4 ; 
 nkafunga, 4. 
 
 Morsel, tini, 6; fitini, 15. 
 
 Mortal, be, v., fwa (9) fwa; we are 
 all mortal, yeto awanso fwa 
 tufwa. 
 
 Mortal, n., see human being. 
 
 Mortality, n., fwa, 9. 
 
 Mortar, «., nkala, 2 (P. cal) ; nte- 
 ke, 2 (mud). 
 
 (for pounding), su, 6 . 
 
 Mortified, be (annoyed), v ., ntima 
 (4, u-) konanana. 
 
 Mosquito, «., mbu, 2 & 11 (lubu). 
 
 Moss, n., lubatabata, 10. 
 
 Most, a., -ingi ; he has most, oyandi 
 una ye jingi. 
 
 The sentence is generally recast : 
 where have you most pain? ave- 
 yi oluta 0 mwenanga 0 lunza ? 
 
 Most, continued. 
 
 = where is it that you surpass 
 the feeling the pain ? 
 
 Moth, n ., lunianginiangi, 10. 
 
 Mother, n., ngwa, 2 ; nengwa, 1 
 sing -.; ngudi, 2 sing. ; yaya, 1 
 sing, (used in addressing); ma¬ 
 ma, 1 sing. 
 
 -in-law, ko, 13. 
 
 -in-law’s family, nzadi, 2. 
 
 (who has just recently given birth), 
 
 mwalakaji, 3. 
 
 Motherliness, n., walakaji, 12. 
 
 Motherly person, n., nkwa (1) 
 walakaji. 
 
 Mother’s mother, n., nkayi, 2. 
 the house of above, kinkayi, 5. 
 relations, ngwa, 2 ; ngudi, 2 ; 
 yaya, 1 (in addressing). 
 
 Motion, «., nikuka, 9. 
 
 Mould, v., bubula, bumba, funda, 
 fundamena e mbumbu (2). 
 n., mbumbu, 2 ; mfunda, 2. 
 
 (cast metal), 7/., tudila. 
 
 n., tudilwa, 6 . 
 
 (earth), ntoto, 4. 
 
 (in clay), v ., wumba, bumba. 
 (make), vanga. 
 
 Mouldy, a ., -ambumbu, -amfunda. 
 be, get, see mould. 
 
 Moult, v ., this fowl is moulting, nsu- 
 su yayi nsala zandi katuka 
 jikatukanga = this fowl its fea¬ 
 thers are coming out. 
 
 Mound, n., see heap, 
 make a, v., wumba, bumba. 
 
 Mount, v., sambila. 
 
 Mountain, n., mongo, 3. 
 
 (plateau), nzanza, 4. 
 
 (small), kundubulu, 6 . 
 
 Mountainous, a ., ye miongo mingi. 
 
 Mourn, v., dila. 
 for, v., didila. 
 
 Mourning, n., dilu, 6. 
 
 Kongos in mourning make a com¬ 
 pound of soot (off pots), vilu, 
 12, and oil, and rub it on their 
 face and hair ; this and other 
 signs of mourning are called ki- 
 mvindu, 5. 
 
( J 4 r ) 
 
 Mou-Mus 
 
 Mouse, etutu, 8 (house); mpuku, 
 2 (field); mbende, 2 (striped) ; 
 mfingi, 2 (tiny); kutanguba, 6 
 (white breast); nunge, 4 (shrew); 
 nkinza, 4 (wood mouse), &c. 
 hole of, nua, 4. 
 
 Moustache, ti., nkyengye, 4. 
 Mouth, n., nua, 4. 
 of river, mwila, 3; ebwila, 8 ; 
 ebwilu, 8. 
 
 to eat with the mouth full, v., fota, 
 mungunia ( fierf. mungwini). 
 to fall on to one’s mouth or face, 
 
 vukika. 
 
 to hold in mouth or the cheeks, 
 
 bundikila. 
 
 with the mouth, bweta. 
 to put mouth downwards, bukika. 
 Move, v.t., nikuna. 
 v.i ., nikuka. 
 
 about (constantly), v.t., nikujiona. 
 
 v.i., nikujioka. 
 along (glide), xienxiumuka. 
 
 (as a snake), lambata. 
 
 (rapidly whirling), vikumuka. 
 cause to, v.t., vikimika. 
 aside (on one side), v.t., vengula, 
 vembula, vengumuna. 
 v.i., venguka, vembuka, vengu- 
 muka. 
 
 (be separate), v.i., vambuka. 
 (loose, be), v.i., ningina. 
 
 (loosen), v.t., ninginisa. 
 
 (oscillate), v.i., zunguta. 
 
 out of (the way, light, &c.), katuka. 
 
 (shake, stir), v.t., nikuna. 
 
 (shift), konka, niunga, tuntula, 
 xiuntula, xiunta. 
 
 (slowly, walk), v.i., womboka. 
 (slowly, as a thick fluid), zelumu- 
 ka, zelomoka. 
 
 (stealthily), yelumuka, yelomoka. 
 (sway) up and down, vwemba (fast), 
 vwetumuka (slowly). 
 
 (take) away, v.t., katula. 
 
 (to another dwelling place), v.i., ya- 
 luka. 
 
 (vibrate), zakama. 
 
 (walk), diata. 
 
 (fast), vola 0 nswalu. 
 
 Move, coTitmued. 
 
 walk (slowly), womboka. 
 
 Mow, v., saka (reap); fwenka (short). 
 Much, a., -ingi, with singular pre¬ 
 fixes unless the word qualified 
 is of plural form ; much food, 
 dia kwingi ; much thatching 
 grass, nianga yingi ; much 
 water, maza mengi. 
 adv., beni. 
 
 as much as, see many (as many as), 
 how much, see many (how). 
 
 (what measure), nkia tezo (6). 
 so much, see many (so many), 
 too much, -ingi, 
 
 very much, beni; see also abundance. 
 Mucuna pruriens (pod of), ft., di- 
 
 mpokovoko, 7 ; dinkundia, 7. 
 Mucus, n., kdldlo, 6. 
 
 nasal, ezunu, 8. 
 
 Mud, n., nteke, 2. 
 
 in water, ntimvu, 2. 
 
 Muddy, a., -antimvn. 
 be, v., timvuka. 
 make, timvuna. 
 place, 71., nyaba, 4 ; ntaba, 4. 
 
 Mug, 71., mbaxinga, 2. 
 
 Mule, ti., mula, 3 (P. mnla). 
 Multiply, v.t., wokesa, komakesa 
 (add to). 
 v.i., wokela. 
 
 (prolifically), wutana. 
 
 Multitude, ti., see crowd. 
 
 Mumble, v., vunguta. 
 
 Mungoos, ti., nkilu, 4 ; ntoto, 2. 
 Murder, v., vonda. 
 
 71., mvonda, 2 (active); mvondwa, 
 2 (passive). 
 
 Murderer, ti., mvondi, 1 & 4. 
 Murmur, v., wuna. 
 
 71., ngnna, 2. 
 
 Murmuring noise, make, v., vungn- 
 ta. 
 
 Muscle, ti., mwanji, 3. 
 of the back, mfiongo, 4. 
 of the calf of the leg, kimfiangu- 
 mbe, 5. 
 
 the biceps, mfingi, 2. 
 the hamstring, mwanji (3) a sala- 
 nima. 
 
Mus-Nap 
 
 ( 142 ) 
 
 Mushroom, see fungus. 
 
 Music, we heard music, tuwidi exi- 
 kilu divovanga. 
 play, v., xika e exikilu (8). 
 
 Musical instruments, n., exikilu, 
 
 8 (played with the fingers), 
 bowstring, lungungu, 10. 
 drum, ngoma, 2. 
 
 (varieties, see drum), ndungu, 2 ; 
 dingwinti, 7 ; moudo., 3 ; nku- 
 mbi, 4. 
 
 flute, etutu, 8 . 
 
 guitar, banjo, kokolo, -6 .; nsambi, 
 
 t 
 
 2. 
 
 harmonicon, madiumba, pi. 8. 
 harmonium, exikilu, 8 ; nsambi, 2. 
 harp, lungungu, 10. 
 horn, cornet, trumpet, mpungi, 2. 
 marimba, biti, 6; sanji, 6 ; nza- 
 nga, 2 (large), 
 cnouth-organ, nsambi, 2. 
 rattle (having loose seeds or stones 
 inside), sangwa, 6 - nkwanga,4. 
 
 (wooden tongued), nkembi, 2 ; 
 edibu, 8 ; ndaku, 2. 
 
 .whistle, pitu, 1 (P. apito). 
 
 (with the mouth only), mumpiji, 
 
 3 * 
 
 •made of a round seed capsule as 
 large as an egg, and played as 
 the ocarina, evongi, 8 . 
 
 Musk, organ in civets, See., n., ejiku, 
 
 8 . 
 
 smell of, ekevo, 8 . i 
 
 Musket, n.„ nkele, 4 ; ta, 13. 
 
 Must (shall have to), v., xinga ; we 
 must go presently, mbatu tu- 
 xinga kwenda. 
 
 In affirming to the contrary of 
 what a person says,, Kongos 
 preface the sentence with watu 
 kadi ; indeed you must go, 
 watu kadi wenda. 
 
 Often the future only is used : I 
 must go, se nkwenda kwame, 
 or sa ngienda (presently). 
 
 Mustache, n., nkyengye, 4. 
 
 Mustard, n., mastadi, pi. 8 (Eng.). 
 
 Muster, v., see assemble, 
 in crowds, bilumuka, lolomoka ; a 
 
 Muster, continued. 
 
 crowd quickly mustered, e ndo- 
 nga ibilumukini e nswalu. 
 Mute, n., ebaba, 8. 
 
 a., ke -vovanga ko. 
 
 Mutilate, v.t., vangula. 
 
 Mutter, v., wuna. 
 
 Mutton, n., mbiji (2) a mameme. 
 Mutual, mutually, see each other. 
 Muzzle (of beast), n., mazunu, pi. 13 ; 
 mbombo, 2 (Bako). 
 
 (of gun), ezunu, 8. 
 
 My ,pron., -ame, -a mono. 
 
 Myself, pron., mono kibeni, see I. 
 
 I.. .myself, use reflexive form of verb ; 
 I hurt myself, iyibunganixi. 
 Mystery, n., mbumba, 2. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nail, n., nsonso, 2. 
 brass “ chair nail,” ntundu, 2 ; di- 
 ntumba, 7. 
 extract a, kola, 
 finger-, n ^ zala, 6 ; nzala, 2 Sc 11. 
 out in the sun (as a skin), “z/.,yanda. 
 up (a box), drive a, koma, banda. 
 Naked, 4., ye kimpene. 
 adv., e kimpene. 
 be, v., kala e kimpene. 
 Nakedness, n., kimpene, 5. 
 
 Name, n. } ejina, 8 ; nkumbu, 2. 
 Christian, santu, 2 (P. santo). 
 
 give a, v., vana e nkumbu. 
 (mention), sungula, yika. 
 what is your name ? nkumbu aku 
 nani? 
 
 what is his name ? ejina diandi 
 nani? 
 
 Nap, n., fitulu, 15 ; tulu(pl. 10) twa- 
 ndwelo. 
 
 (doze), v., tonza, nimba. 
 
 (sleep), leka {perf. lele). 
 
 Nape of the neck, n., mfuka (4) a 
 nxingu (2). 
 
 Napkin (table), n., elenswa (8) dia 
 meza (P. len<?o, meza). 
 
( 143 ) 
 
 Nar-Nei 
 
 Narrate, v., samuna, jingula. 
 
 (a story), ta (e ngana, 2). 
 
 Narrow, a ., -andwelo, -alwelo. 
 
 (close), -ambatakani, -ambataki- 
 ani, -amfinangiani. 
 be, v., batakiana, finangiana. 
 escape, I had a narrow escape of 
 falling, vansununke vasala 
 nga se yadi bwa {see hair’s- 
 breadth). 
 
 (grow small), ninga. 
 
 (of cloth), a., -akebo. 
 too, -ke. 
 
 Narrowness, n., ke, 112 ; kebo, 6 (of 
 cloth). 
 
 Nasty, n., -ambi, ke -tomanga ko. 
 
 It is best, however, to state in what 
 the nastiness consists, sour, j 
 &c. {see also flavour). 
 
 Nation, ?l, nxi, 2 ; see also clan. 
 Native, n., mwixi, 1 (pi. exi); a j 
 native of Ngombe, mwixi 
 Ngombe. 
 
 (inhabitant), ntungi (2) a nxi. 
 Nature (habit), «., fu, 6 . 
 Naughtiness, n ., bi, 12 ; mbi, 2. 
 
 (refractoriness), umbiu, 12. 
 Naughty, a., -ambi. 
 
 Nausea, n., (ovo) ete ke ditomanga 
 ko. 
 
 Navel, n., nkumba, 4. 
 
 Nay, see no. 
 
 Near (at hand), adv. mu ngenga (2), 
 mu mbela (2). 
 be, v., finama, valakana. 
 
 (adjoin), batakana, totakana. 
 
 (to each other), batakiana, tota- 
 kiana, valakiana, finamiana, 
 finangiana. 
 
 (beside), firep., see beside, 
 bring, v., sunzula, luakisa. 
 come, finama. 
 
 put, finika, batakesa, totakesa, 
 finangesa. 
 
 road, a, njila (2) -anzaki or -ankufi, 
 or -alukufi. 
 
 stay near me, kala vana ndina. 
 Nearness, n., mfinangani, 2 ; mba- 
 takani, 2. 
 
 Nearly, adv., use the tense inse -adi; 
 
 Nearly, continued. 
 
 I nearly fell, se yadi bwa; see 
 also almost. 
 
 it is nearly full moon, se yalunga e 
 ngonde ; he gave him nearly 
 everything, fiakete fixidi nga 
 umvene yawonso, or se wadi 
 mana kumvana yawonso. 
 
 Neat, a., -awete, -atoma kumpama. 
 Neatly, do, v., toma; dress neatly, 
 toma vwata. 
 
 Neatness (scrupulousness), n., ki¬ 
 ng wedi, 5. 
 
 Necessary, a., yo mfunu (4) ; -va- 
 vwa ; see also must, 
 these are not necessary, eyayi ke 
 ina mfunu ko. 
 
 Necessity, ) -(poverty),.;*., sukama, 9.; 
 Need, I (want), vava, 9. 
 
 Need, v., vava. 
 
 (lack), konda. 
 
 (seek), vava, konda. 
 
 (wish for), zolela. 
 
 Needle, n., ntumbu, 2. 
 
 Needless, be, n., ke kala ya mfunu 
 ko. 
 
 Needy, a., -asukami. 
 
 Negative, ?i., nkalu, 4. 
 
 rule for formation of, see not. 
 Neglect (leave alone, off), v., yambu- 
 la, bika. 
 
 (leave to one’s self, or own way), 
 
 kwendelesa, lutula. 
 
 i(slight), veza. 
 
 to do, lemba ; why did you neglect 
 to bring it? adieyi olembele 
 kio twaxila ; see also careless¬ 
 ness. 
 
 NEGRO, n. This is a term of invec¬ 
 tive, and implies “ slave.” 
 
 (black man), muntu (1) andombe, 
 mfioti, 1 & 4 (Vivi and Kabin- 
 da). 
 
 Neighbour, n., mwixi (1 pi., exi) 
 belo (6). 
 
 Neighbourhood, n., belo, 6. 
 
 (near by), ngenga, 2. 
 
 Neither... nor, conj. Each clause is 
 thrown into the negative: 
 neither black, nor white, but 
 
Nei-Nin 
 
 ( 144 ) 
 
 Neither, continued . 
 
 red, ke kiandombe ko, ke kia- 
 mpembe ko, kiambwaki kwa- 
 ndi; or else omit the ko ko 
 (the second part of the negation) 
 thus , ke kiandombe, ke kia- 
 mpembe, mpaxi kiambwaki. 
 (also, not), ke...mpe ko ; neither 
 will he come if we call him, 
 kana tukumbokela ke kwiza 
 mpe kwandi ko. 
 
 Nephew, n., mwana -ankaji, 1. 
 Nerve (fortitude), «., jiji, 6. 
 
 -NESS. This suffix is generally ex¬ 
 pressed by the infinitive of the 
 verb, treated as a noun of the 
 9th class : bala, 9, hardness; 
 wakasa, 9, roughness. 
 
 Nest (of soft materials woven), zz.,nja- 
 lwa, 2 ; njambwa, 2 ; ejalwa, 
 8 ; ejambwa, 8. 
 
 (of sticks arranged), kialata, 5. 
 
 (of ants), see ants’ (nest), 
 hole of ants’ nests, ndonda, 2. 
 
 Net, n ., wanda, 13 (pi. manda). 
 
 (for animals), ekonde, 8. 
 
 (for birds, fine), nxinga, 4. 
 
 Never, adv.,= not ever, ke...nkutn 
 ko ; never go again, kwendi 
 diaka nkutu ko. 
 
 never mind, vwena kwakn, kala 
 kwaku, ke diambn ko. 
 never mind the trouble so long as 
 we finish it, kana mpaxi ke 
 diambn ko mpaxi vo tnmana 
 kio. 
 
 Nevertheless, conj. (although), un¬ 
 translated ; kana (although, if), 
 takes its place at the head of 
 the sentence ; (although) it will 
 hurt you, nevertheless I must 
 lance it, kana omona mpaxi 
 bula nxinga dio bula. 
 
 New, a., -ampa. 
 beer, n ., mulu, 3. 
 
 (early, as of vegetables), a ., -answe- 
 swa. 
 
 (of palm wine), -ansamba, -amwe- 
 nge. 
 
 Newly, be, v., see just (be). 
 
 Newness, n., va, 12. 
 
 News, n., nsangu, 2 ; nsamu, 4. 
 Next, nlungi, 4 (the recurring) ; 
 next Xivu, nlungi a Xivu; 
 next Konzo, nlungi a Konso. 
 (afterwards), adv ., boxi, mbengi. 
 (beside), see beside, 
 
 (first), put, 2/., vitisa. 
 
 (following), -alandila, -lende. 
 month, u., ngonde izangama. 
 
 (the second), a., -ezole. 
 time, ovo...diaka. 
 
 Next time you do so, I shall 
 punish you, ovo ovangidi wo 
 diaka ibudidi. 
 
 Nibble, v., deka, kesumuna. 
 
 Nice, a ., -awete, -abiza, -ambote, 
 -antomi, -atoma. 
 be, toma. 
 
 be (clean and comfortable), v.i. t le- 
 nguka, lengoka. 
 be (very pretty), v., miangana. 
 make, v.t., lengula, lengola. 
 
 (pretty), a., -amiangani. 
 
 Nicely, do, v., toma. 
 
 Nickname, n., nkumbu (2) ansaka. 
 Nicotine, n., mfiti, 2. 
 
 Niece, n., mwana -ankaji, 1 (vo 
 nkento). 
 
 Niggardly, see mean. 
 
 “ Nigger,” n. This is a term of in¬ 
 vective, implying “ slave ” ; see 
 negro, slave. 
 
 NIGH, see near. 
 
 Night, fuku, 13 ; maxika, pi. 8 
 (evening). 
 
 attack, n., nkuki, 2 ; see besiege, 
 by, at, adv ., 0 fuku. 
 last, ezono 0 fuku. 
 for divisions of night, see time. 
 Nightly, adv ., 0 fuku. 
 
 Nimble, a., -nkwa nzaki (2), or 
 nswalu (4). 
 
 Nine, a., evwa (indecl.). 
 n., evwa, 8 . 
 
 Nineteen, a ., kumi ye evwa (firon. 
 kumiyevwa). 
 
 Ninety, n., makumivwa, luvwa, 
 10. 
 
 Ninth, a., -evwa. 
 
( 145 ) 
 
 Nip-Nor 
 
 Nip (pinch), v., jiongona. 
 
 n., kinjiongo, 5. 
 
 Nippers, «., lukwatu, 10. 
 
 Nipple, n., ntu (4) a ntulu (2). 
 
 of a gun, nji, 2. 
 
 Nit, «., nenga, 4. 
 
 Nkimba, n ., see Kongo-Eng., also the 
 “ Nkimba ” Appendix, 
 crinoline, nsalaba, 4. 
 house, evwala, 8. 
 
 to initiate into the mysteries of, v., 
 zunga e Nkimba. 
 language, «., kinkimba, 5. 
 man, Nkimba, 2. 
 
 No, interj., ve ! pele! e-e! 
 
 (it is not there, there is none), kwa- 
 nana, kwankatu, kwampa- 
 vala; va & mwa may take the 
 place of kwa (see in). 
 
 (denial), nkadidi kwame (not 1). 
 (emphatic, refusing to have anything 
 to do with a matter), sabisabi, 
 nkote (Bako.) ; mileka (nko- 
 ngo mileka masangu mabata- 
 ma, proverb). 
 
 (refusal), ngongo, 2 ; with the per¬ 
 sonal poss. pron., ngongwame, 
 ngongweto, &c. 
 
 (not any), ke...ko; there is no 
 water, ke vena maza ko or 
 maza nkatu kwandi. 
 
 (not any at all), ke...nkutu ko ; he 
 has no mercy, kena ya nkenda 
 nkutu. ko. 
 
 on no account, ke...nkutu ko ; on 
 no account let him go, kunya- 
 mbula nkutu kenda ko. 
 no one, see nobody, 
 no other, ke vena...-akaka ko ; no 
 other cloth will please him, ke 
 vena nlele akaka ukunyangi- 
 dika ko ; no other man would 
 have done it, ke vena muntu 
 akaka wadi dio vanga ko. 
 no time; I have no time to go, 
 kina ya ntangwa ndienda 
 ko. 
 
 no... to spare ; there are no kwanga 
 to spare, kwanga ke isuvidi 
 ko. 
 
 Noble, a ., -anene (great), -ambote or 
 -abiza (good). 
 
 Nobleman, n ., mfumu, 2. 
 Nobleness, ?z., umfumu, 12 ; kimfu- 
 mu, 5. 
 
 Nobody ( = there is not a person), «., 
 ke vena muntu ko ; nobody 
 helps me, ke vena muntu 0- 
 kunsadila ko. 
 
 Nod (beckon), v ., lawila. 
 
 (in assent), tambulwila. 
 
 (in sleepiness), nimba, tonza. 
 
 Nod, «., ndaulwila, 2. 
 
 Node (of grass), ekonzo, 8. 
 
 (syphilitic), mbadi, 2. 
 
 Noise, n., mazu, pi. 8. 
 
 (of many voices), nkuzu, 2. 
 
 (of surprise), mbwabwa, 2. 
 
 (riot), nkindu, 2 ; luxindu, 10. 
 (shouting), nkololo, 2. 
 
 (tramp), nxindu, 4. 
 see also groan, thunder, cry, &c. 
 Noise, make a, v., tumba 0 mazu 
 (pi. 8), or e nkuzu, ta e mbwa¬ 
 bwa, nikuna e nkindu or 0 
 luxindu, xia e nkololo 0? 
 nxindu ; see also bellow, cry, 
 shout, squeak, quarrel, &c. 
 
 (as something moving), valukuta. 
 great (as thunder), balumuka. 
 vibratory, zazala. 
 
 Noisily, adv., yo mazu. 
 
 Noisy, a., -nkwa (1) mazu. 
 
 None, see nobody. 
 
 (not any, not one), ke ... -moxi 
 (nkutu) ko ; I have none (not 
 a single thing), kana kimoxi 
 nkutu kina kiau ko ; see also 
 nothing (there is). 
 
 Nonsense, n., mfwanti, 2. 
 
 to talk, v., vova e mfwanti, 2. 
 
 Noon, «., ntangwanlungu. 
 
 Noose, n, ., esokolo, 8 ; dianza, 7 ; 
 dinxinga, 7. 
 
 be caught in, v., vwamvula. 
 
 Nor (and not), conj. ., ke...mpe ko ; 
 
 I have not been there, nor will 
 I go, kiele ko kwame ko, ki- 
 kwenda mpe ko kwame ko. 
 neither...nor, see neither. 
 
 L 
 
Nos-Num 
 
 ( 146 ) 
 
 Nose, n., zunu, 13, used often in 
 plural ; mbombo, 2 (Bako.). 
 
 (snout), nzumbu, 4 (of pig). 
 
 Nostrils, n., mpundu, 2. 
 
 Not, adv. The negative is expressed 
 by two particles (as in French, 
 ne.'..pas), ke...ko; the first 
 often combines with the prefixes 
 of the verb, kwendi ko (do not 
 go) = ke wendi ko ; kiayenda 
 ko (I did not go), = ke yayenda 
 ko. The imperative mood 
 negative generally changes the 
 final a into i, kwendi ko ; the 
 ke commences the negative sen¬ 
 tence, and the ko may follow 
 the complete verb, or at the end 
 of the negation. 
 
 kwe is used instead of ko, when 
 the sentence is interrogative, or 
 when there is great anxiety or 
 impatience ; kwendi kwe ? are 
 you not going ? kwendi kwe ! 
 do not go ! 
 
 sometimes the final ko is omitted 
 and the final “ a ” is changed 
 into “ i ”; he was not weary, 
 
 yandi kayoyi to. 
 
 not even, ke...nkutu ko ; he did 
 not even try, kaxinxidi kwa- 
 ndi nkutu ko. 
 
 not only, ke...kaka ko ; not only did 
 I go but also sent often, kiele 
 kwame kaka ko yatnmanga 
 mpe kaka. 
 
 not yet, ke -akanini ko ; it is not 
 yet time to go, kolo kia kwe- 
 nda ke kiakanini ko, or nta- 
 ngwa a kwenda ke yafwene 
 ko. 
 
 Where “ not ” stands alone as the 
 negation of an adjective, the 
 adjective must be repeated, or 
 its reverse must be inserted, 
 whether it is present in English 
 or not. Whether true or not, 
 ovo ludi ovo luvunu, or ovo 
 ludi ovo ke ludi ko. 
 
 Notch, n., evoxi, 8 ; evanda, 8. 
 
 Note (letter), n., nkanda, 4. 
 
 Note, continued. 
 
 (remember), see remember. 
 
 Nothing (no thing), n., ke kiuma 
 
 (5) ko, ke ma (6) ko, ke lekwa 
 
 (6) ko. 
 
 (no word), ke diambu (7) ko. 
 for nothing (gratis), adv., e ngOVO. 
 (to no purpose), a., -anana, -anka- 
 tu, -ampena, -ampavala; he 
 went all for nothing (in vain), 
 kwenda kwanana kayele = a 
 going for nothing he went, 
 nothing but; he will tell you nothing 
 but the truth, kikusamwina 
 dio ko vo ke dialudi ko. 
 there is nothing, or none, kwanka- 
 tn, kwampavala, kwampena, 
 kwanana ; mwa and va may 
 take the place of kwa, see in. 
 
 Notice (look), v., tala. 
 
 (see), mona. 
 
 Notify, v., see inform. 
 
 Notwithstanding, see nevertheless. 
 
 Nourish (feed), v., dika. 
 
 (provide), sansa. 
 
 (strengthen), kindisa. 
 
 Nourishment (food), n., dia, 9. 
 
 Novel, a., see new. 
 
 Novelty (newness), n ., va, 12. 
 
 (new thing), lekwa (6) kiampa. 
 
 Now, adv., wan, owau, wau kwa- 
 ndi ; once we did not know how 
 to read, now many boys can 
 read, oku kwatukwa ke twa- 
 zeye tanga ko wau se leke 
 yingi izeye 0 tanga; come 
 now, wau wiza. 
 se, see Kongo-Eng. 
 
 (this time), elelo ; you may go now, 
 but another time ..., elelo se 
 wendi kanxi kolo kiakaka ... 
 now and then (occasionally,), lumbu 
 (6) kiatutu. 
 
 Noxious, a., -ambi. 
 
 Numb, be (cramped), v., yela e nka- 
 tanga (2). 
 
 Number, n., lutangu, 10; see also 
 abundance. 
 
 Numbness (cramp), n., nkatanga, 2. 
 
 Numerals. The numerals from 1 to 
 
( 147 ) 
 
 Num-Obs 
 
 Numerals, continued. 
 
 6 are declinable, and follow the 
 rules of ordinary adjectives. 
 The rest are indeclinable. As 
 the natives use beads largely, 
 and in great numbers, the 
 system of numeration is very 
 perfect. They count from one 
 to ten, then multiply their tens, 
 and add the excess after the 
 conjunction ye (and); 55 = 5 
 tens and 5, makumatanu ye 
 tanu; 100, nkama (2); 1,000, 
 ezunda (8) ; 10,000, kiaji (5); 
 100,000, elundu (8); 1,000,000, 
 efuku (8). There are some 
 numerals used specially in 
 counting beads: 25, matanu; 
 50, lufuku (10); 150, mfuku 
 (2) tatu (3 fifties), and so on ; 
 1000, kulaji, 6, or mbondo, 2. 
 18 is sometimes spoken of as 
 20 less 2, makumole mako- 
 ndwa e yole; 80, lunana (10); 
 90, luvwa (10), are used as well 
 as the usual form. 
 
 Numerous, a ., -ingi. 
 be, see abound. 
 
 Nurse, n ., ndeji, 2. 
 v., lela, see also feed, soothe, &c. 
 on the arm, vatakana. 
 the sick, yelesa. 
 
 Nursing band, n., nzemba, 2. 
 
 Nut, n., nkandi, 4 ; see also ground, 
 cashew, cola, palm, &c. 
 crack, v., teta. 
 cracker, n., nxindu, 2. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oar, n., nkafi, 2. 
 
 Oath, «., ndofi, 2. 
 to swear, take an, v ., dia e ndofi; 
 see Appendix, oaths. 
 Obedience, lemvo, 12 ; tumama, 
 9 * 
 
 Obedient, a ., -alemvo, -antumami. 
 be, v., lemvokela (tractable), tuma- 
 ma (ready). 
 
 person, n., nlemvo, 1 & 4 ; ntuma- 
 mi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Obesity, n ., mpongo, pi. 2. 
 
 Obey (be obedient), v., see obedient, 
 be. 
 
 (commands, &c.), lunda (e konko, 
 6) or ximba (e nxiku, 4, or 
 0 mambu, 7). 
 
 Object (dislike), v., ngongo, 2 (».), 
 with the personal poss. pro¬ 
 noun; I object, ngongwame. 
 (forbid), v., xima. 
 
 (reason), 7?., kuma, 6; mpitu, 2. 
 (thing ), lekwa, 6; ma, 6; kiuma, 5. 
 to, v., fila e xnpaka (2), vana 0 
 nkalu (4), kala ( per/. kadidi), 
 nukwa, manga (Bako.). 
 
 Objection, n., mpaka, 2; nkalu, 4; 
 ngongo, 2; ximu, 6. 
 raise, v ., see object to. 
 
 Objective case ; for rules, see Gram¬ 
 mar {expl.) “ noun ” ivangi- 
 lwanga: diambu dia “gram-, 
 mar.’’ 
 
 Oblige, 2/., see compel, 
 will you oblige me by? doddkolodd ? 
 
 Obliged, be, v., tonda, fiauka. 
 be obliged to, xinga; see must. 
 
 Obscene, a., -angemi. 
 
 Obscure, a., -amfufulu. 
 be, v., ke toma moneka ko. 
 
 Obscurity, n., mfufulukia, 4 ; mfu- 
 fulu, 4 ; see also darkness. 
 
 Observance, ?i., fu, 6. 
 
 Observation (remark), n., diambu, 
 
 7 - 
 
 for fear of, -nkwa moneka. 
 
 Observe, v., tala (look) ; mona (see); 
 see also obey, watch, say. 
 
 Obstinacy, n., lunkumfu, 10; xia- 
 ndama (persistence), 9. 
 
 Obstinate, be, v., kala yo lunku¬ 
 mfu ; xiandama (persist). 
 
 Obstruct, v., kaka ; see hinder, 
 (oppose), fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 Obstruction, n., nkaku, 4; see 
 hindrance. 
 
Obt-Oft 
 
 ( 148 ) 
 
 Obtain, v., baka. 
 
 Obtained, be, v., vuwa. 
 
 Obtuse, see angle, foolish. 
 
 Obvious, a ., -monekanga beni. 
 
 Occasion (cause), n., etuku, 8 (often 
 used in the pi.). 
 
 (time), kolo, 6 . 
 
 Occasional, a., -atutu. 
 
 Occasionally, adv ., lumhu ( 6 ) kia- 
 tutu. 
 
 Occupation, n ., salu, 6 . 
 
 Occupy, v., kala mu (live in), vwa 
 (possess). 
 
 (space), binga. 
 
 Occur (come to mind), v., kwiza e 
 kienze. 
 
 (happen), bwa. 
 
 Occurrence, n., diambu, 7. 
 (accident), suxi, 6. 
 
 Ocean, n., kalunga, 2; mbu, 4; mu, 3. 
 
 O’clock, 3 o’clock = ola tatu, see 
 time. 
 
 Odds and Evens, the game of, n., 
 nxibidi, 2 ; mpinji, 2. 
 to play, v., ta e nxibidi or mpinji. 
 evens, n ., yole. 
 odds, kimoxi. 
 
 Odious (bad), a., -ambi. 
 
 (disgusting), -angemi, see also nasty. 
 
 Odour (bad), n ., nsudi (2). 
 
 emit a, v., ta e nsudi (2), nuka. 
 (pleasant), n., nsunga, 2. 
 emit a, t/., xia e nsunga. 
 
 CEsophagus, n., mininwa, 6 ; mvu- 
 vu, 4. 
 
 Of, prep ., -a concording as an ordi¬ 
 nary adjective; a leaf of the 
 tree, lukaya lua nti. 
 
 (from), the applied form of the verb 
 with muna or kuna, may also 
 express “of” ; thus, it is made 
 of (from) flour, muna mfumfu 
 kiavangilwa. 
 
 kwa t is used before persons : I 
 bought it of him, kwa yandi 
 nsumbidi kio. 
 of late, wau, 
 
 out of, mu, ku, va; see in, out (of). 
 He came out of the house, 
 
 muna nzo kavaikidi. 
 
 Off, adv., implied in many Kongo 
 roots, as katula, to take off; see 
 also cut, leave, pull, run, &c., 
 off; to be off = to go away ; to 
 go off = to fire, v.i. (of a gun). 
 Prep., conveyed by the applied form 
 of the verb with one of the 
 locative prepositions (mu, ku, 
 va), see in. Off the roof he fell, 
 kuna nludi a nzo wasangu- 
 mukina. 
 
 Offence, n., lutantu, 10. 
 capital (crime), mpanda, 2. 
 commit a, v., vola e mpanda. 
 be guilty of a, nata e mpanda. 
 person put to death for, n ., ntu, 4* 
 
 Offend, v., see to wrong, vex, &c. 
 
 Offended, v., see be angry, wronged. 
 
 Offer, v., tambika. 
 
 (hold out to), tamba. 
 
 Offering (gift), n ., lukau, 10. 
 (libation) of blood of beast slain in 
 the chase, poured out at the 
 grave of a great hunter to insure 
 further success in hunting, nza- 
 bu (2) a menga. This word 
 cannot be used for a sacrifice, 
 but might with propriety be 
 used of the blood of victims 
 sprinkled, or poured out, in the 
 temple service. 
 
 (sacrifice), kimenga, 5; see sacrifice, 
 (thing offered), lutambiku, 10. 
 
 Office, n., the office of nganga 
 (doctor) is kinganga; and in 
 the same way the prefix ki 
 added to a title will express the 
 office of its bearer, 
 to appoint to an, v., see appoint, 
 elect. 
 
 Officer (of army), n., mbuta (2) (a 
 makesa), nkuluntu, 1. 
 
 Offspring, n., mwana, 1. 
 
 Often, adv., use aka or kaka, with 
 the continuative ; or use kwa- 
 ma; see constantly, 
 how often, nkumbu (4) kwa. 
 
 (many times), nkumbu (4) mingi ; 
 or the sentence may be recast 
 thus: often he fell = fallings 
 
( 149 ) 
 
 Oft-One 
 
 Often, continued. 
 
 many he fell, mhwa jingi ka- 
 bwidi; see times. 
 
 O ! Oh ! inter] ., e is the sign of the 
 vocative ; e mbunji ame, oh ! 
 my brother. The lvongos, when 
 in pain, call on their fathers (e 
 tata) or mothers (e yaya). 
 
 Oil, n., maji, pi. 7. 
 a little, fidiaji, 15. 
 
 Ointment, n., maji, pi. 7. 
 
 Old, a., -anknlu. 
 age, n., kinuiiu, 5 ; ununu, 12. 
 (aged), a., -anunu. 
 
 (ancient), a., -ankulu. 
 
 (of old time), -anzankulu. 
 be, v., nuna. 
 become, get, v., nunuva. 
 
 (first, former), a., -antete. 
 man, n., nunu, 4. 
 
 (elder), n., mbuta, 2. 
 
 (senior), a ., -ambuta. 
 
 (stale, of food), a., -amfnta. 
 times, in, adv ., e nza ankulu. 
 (whitehaired), a ., ye mvu (2). 
 
 Older, a., -ambuta. 
 
 Omit, v., lemba (actions) ; lembwa 
 (things). 
 
 (leave), yambula, bika. 
 
 Omnipotent, a., nkwa ngolo zawa- 
 nso. 
 
 be, v., vwa e ngolo (2) zawanso. 
 
 Omnipresent, a., -kalanga vawa- 
 nso. 
 
 be, v., kala vawanso, 
 
 Omniscient, a ., -zayanga 0 mambu 
 (7) mawanso. 
 
 be, v ., zaya 0 mambu mawanso. 
 
 On ,prep., ku or va ; see in. 
 earth, adv., vananxi, ovanxi, va- 
 nxi. 
 
 account of, mu or muna diambu 
 (7) dia; mu or muna kuma (5) 
 kia: the two phrases require 
 the applied form. On his ac¬ 
 count I am come, muna dia¬ 
 mbu diandi nkwijila. 
 go ! come ! ndolo ! 
 the left hand, adv., vana koko kwa- 
 monso. 
 
 On, continued. 
 
 the right hand, vana koko kwanene. 
 the top, vana ebata, vana ntandu. 
 the top of, prep., vana ntandu a. 
 (when). The sentence must be re¬ 
 cast. On looking we found that 
 it was gone = when we looked for 
 it, it was, that we knew that it 
 was gone, wau tuntadidi i 
 tuzayidi vo wele kwandi ; on 
 hearing this = when we heard 
 this, una tuwidi wo. 
 
 Once, adv., nkumbu (4) moxi ; or 
 the sentence may be recast 
 thus : Once I went = going one I 
 went, ngyenda moxi ngyele; 
 see times. 
 
 at, wau (now), kaka (only, nothing 
 intervening). 
 
 come at once, v., kwijidila. 
 go at once, kwendelela. 
 
 (at one time), adv., oku kwatukwa; 
 once no one knew how to 
 write, oku kwatukwake vena 
 muntu ozeye soneka ko. 
 upon a time = there was, vakedi ; 
 see at end of in. 
 
 One, a., -moxi, koxi (in counting), 
 after another,^., -landakianini. 
 after the other, p., -landanini. 
 all in one place, adv., vamoxi, ku- 
 moxi. 
 
 another, see each other, 
 any one, konso muntu (1). 
 at one time, see once, 
 by one, one at a time, -moxi -moxi, 
 (kimoxi kimoxi, &c.). 
 
 -eyed person, n., fwadisu, 6. 
 no one, see nobody, 
 one in...only ; recast the sentence 
 slightly : Only one in ten can 
 read = out of an entire ten, one 
 person only can read, ekumi 
 diamvimba, muntu moxi ka¬ 
 ka ozeye 0 tanga ; out of a 
 hundred only one knows how to 
 read, e nkama a wantu, moxi 
 kaka ozeye 0 tanga. 
 one or two, ovo -moxi ovo -ole 
 (secondary form). 
 
One-Ord 
 
 ( 150 ) 
 
 One, co 7 itiiiued. 
 
 put one inside the other, v ., banda- 
 kesa, kwakanisa (as plates), 
 some one, n., muntu, 1. 
 
 Onion, 71., niaza, 2. 
 bulb of, ekumba (8) dia niaza. 
 leaves, ndembe, 2 & 11 (lulembe). 
 
 Onlooker, tl, ntadi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Only, adv ., kaka, aka; see also alone, 
 (but), mpaxi. 
 
 if only (so long as), mpaxi vo, mpa- 
 xi 011. 
 
 Onward, adv ., kuna ntu. 
 
 Ooze (come out), v., vaika. 
 
 (leak), fuma, vumba. 
 
 Open, v.t ., jiula. 
 a., -ajiuka. 
 be, vd., jiuka. 
 
 (the belly of a slaughtered beast), 
 v.t., bula. 
 clear, see clear. 
 
 the mouth, jiula, yaxika, bundula. 
 be, vd., yasalala, bunduka, jiu¬ 
 ka, yasuka. 
 
 out (spread), v.t., yalumuna, yala. 
 vd., yalumuka. 
 
 (take off the lid), v.t., bamuna, bu- 
 kula. 
 
 (unfasten), kutulula, kangula. 
 
 (unfold), bundula. 
 
 (unnail), kola. 
 
 (unstop), kakula. 
 
 wide (a door), tengomona, tengu- 
 muna. 
 
 (the eyes), temona or temuna 0 
 meso (pi. 7). 
 
 (very wide), tunginika 0 meso- 
 
 Opening, n., see hole, entrance. 
 
 Operate, v., sala, vanga e salu (6). 
 
 Operation (work), ;z., salu, 6. 
 
 Opinion, n., diambu, 7 (dibenzo). 
 my opinion, edi mbenze; his 
 opinion, edi kabenze, &c. ; I 
 told him my opinion, insamu- 
 nwini edi mbenze. 
 be of, v., banza. 
 
 Opponent, n., ntantu, 1 ; mbeni, 2 ; 
 mfidi (1) a mpaka (2). 
 
 Opportunity (fit time), n., kolo (6) 
 kiabiza, ntangwa (2) abiza. 
 
 Oppose, v., fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 (forbid), xima. 
 
 (speak against, to the contrary), 
 
 vana 0 nkalu (4). 
 
 Opposite, a., -avilukiana, -aviluxi- 
 ana. 
 
 be, to each other, v., vilukiana, 
 viluxiana, talana. 
 put, make, talanisa. 
 
 (reverse, other), a., -akaka. 
 shore, 11., eximu, 8 . 
 side, esambu ( 8 ) diakaka. 
 
 Opposition, n ., mpaka, 2. 
 
 Oppress, v., bangika. 
 
 Oppression, n., lubangiku, 10. 
 
 Oppressor, 71., mbangiki, 1 & 4. 
 
 Or, co 7 ij ., ovo, vo. 
 either...or, OVO...OVO. 
 else ( = if not so), ovo ke wau ko ; 
 vo ke wau ko; kala ke wau 
 ko; kala vo ke wau ko; kele 
 vo or kele ke wau ko. 
 not, as above, or repeat the first 
 clause in the negative : whether 
 I go or not = whether I go or 
 I do not go, kana nkwenda, 
 kana kikwenda kwame ko 
 or ovo nkwenda, ovo ke wau 
 ko. 
 
 whether...or, kana...kana. 
 
 Orange, 71., elalanza, 8 (P. laranja). 
 
 Orator, 71., kimpovi, 5 ; nua (4) 
 mvovi, 4; mpovi, 2; kimpove- 
 la, 5 (advocate). 
 
 Ordeal, 71., a person accused of witch¬ 
 craft has to drink an ordeal 
 draught, nkasa, 2, composed 
 of the poisonous bark of a tree 
 pounded, and mixed with water. 
 In the case of minor accusa¬ 
 tions, as for theft, the ordeal of 
 the hot matchet (cutlass), bau, 
 6 , is resorted to ; it is passed 
 three times over the skin of 
 the leg, if it is burnt, the guilt 
 is established. 
 
 Order (arrange), v.t., kiatika, kubi- 
 ka, kumpika, zonzeka. 
 (arrangement), 71., lukiatiku, 10 ; 
 lukubiku, 10; lukumpiku, 
 
( i5i ) 
 
 Ord-Our 
 
 Order, continued. 
 
 io ; luzonzeko, io ; kumpama, 
 
 9 ; kubama, 9; zonzama, 9. 
 (of people), kiata, 9 ; kiatama, 9. 
 be in, v.i., kiatikwa, kubama, ku¬ 
 mpama, zonzama. 
 
 (of people), kiata, kiatama. 
 command, see command, v. & ?i. 
 in order that or to, e kuma kadi, 
 kimana ; he dug the hole in 
 order to catch a buffalo, edi 
 otimini 0 ntambu a ewulu 
 kimana kabaka e mpakasa. 
 when used with the negative ki¬ 
 mana ke (without the last 
 particle of negation, ko). In 
 order that they may not escape, 
 kimana ke zataya. 
 out of, see deranged. 
 
 Ordinance (command), n ., nkanka,2. 
 (custom), fu, 6. 
 
 Ordinary, a., -ankulu, -a lumbu 
 yawanso. 
 
 Orifice (mouth), n ., nua, 4. 
 
 Origin, n., etuku, 8 (often used in 
 the pi.), lubantiku, 10. 
 
 Original, a., -ankulu,-antete, -alu- 
 bantiku. 
 
 Originally, adv ., e ntete. 
 
 Originate, see cause, begin. 
 
 Orion’s belt (in the constellation), 
 
 mbwa yo nxiji yo nkongwa- 
 mbwa. 
 
 Ornament, n ., ntoko, 2 ; lekwa kia 
 kitoko or kindumba ; lekwa 
 kiviengesanga. 
 v.t., viengesa, tomesa. 
 
 Ornamented, be, v.i., vienga, toma. 
 
 Orphan, n., nsona, 2 ; mpivi, 2. 
 a., -ansona. 
 
 Oscillate, v., zunguta. 
 
 Other, a., -akaka; -aka, preceded by 
 the article is also used at the 
 head of a sentence : other goats, 
 
 e nkombo zakaka or e zaka 
 nkombo. 
 
 any other, as above. 
 each other, see each (other), 
 every other, -aka, used as above. 
 no other, -akaka, with the negative. 
 
 Other, continued. 
 
 Where it commences the sen¬ 
 tence, Kongos say, “ There is no 
 other ; ” no other man would 
 have done it, ke vena muntu 
 akaka wadi dio vanga ko. 
 other people’s (things), -angani; 
 why kill other people’s goats ? 
 e kuma ovondela e nkombo 
 zangani ? other people’s things, 
 lekwa yangani. 
 
 some (one) or other. State explicitly 
 what is referred to without other 
 preface. Some goat or other = 
 a goat; some one or other = a 
 person. Where it is equivalent 
 to any, konso may be used. 
 
 Others (others beside), n., nkaji, 
 
 pi. 4. 
 
 (other people), wantu or antu (1) 
 akaka. 
 
 Otherwise, adv., vo ke wau ko = if 
 it were not so. The other words 
 for if may take the place of VO ; 
 see if, or else. 
 
 (in another way), mpila (2) akaka. 
 
 Ought. There is no definite way of 
 expressing the sense of duty to 
 be performed. Kongos may 
 use shall have to, xinga. I 
 ought to go at once, may be 
 expressed, I shall have to go at 
 once, nxinga kwendelela. 
 ought to have. The auxiliary fwete 
 (perf.) expresses a duty not per¬ 
 formed ; you ought to have 
 caught it, ofwete kio baka. 
 
 (but failed to), lemba. 
 
 A positive statement of duty is 
 spoken as a command : you 
 ought always to do so = always 
 do so. 
 
 Our, pron., -eto. 
 
 Ours, pron., -eto, secondary form. 
 
 Ourselves, pron., is implied in the 
 reflexive form of the verb. We 
 saw ourselves in the glass, tuyi- 
 tadidi muna pelo. 
 we ourselves (emphatic), yeto kwe- 
 to, yeto kibeni or veka. 
 
Out-Own 
 
 ( ! 52 ) 
 
 Out, adv., expressed in the root of 
 many Kongo verbs ; see to go, 
 pull, call, cry, &c., out. 
 be, v., see absent, wrong, 
 of, prep. The locatives, kuna,Minna, 
 vana {see in), are used, with the 
 applied form, when special at¬ 
 tention is called to the location, 
 otherwise the simple locative 
 serves. He came up out of the 
 water, muna maza katombo- 
 kela ( = it was out of the water 
 that he ascended out), or kato- 
 mboka muna maza. 
 get out of the way, katuka omo 
 njila. 
 
 get out of the light = take away 
 the darkness, katula e tombe 
 
 ( 6 ). 
 
 to be out of, may be expressed by, 
 to be not in, or to have not : he 
 is out (not in), kena mo ko ; 
 we are out of nails = we have no 
 nails, ke twina ya nsonso ko, 
 or our nails have finished, e 
 nsonso zeto jivwidi. 
 out of doors = outside {see). 
 out of sight = not appearing, ke 
 -monekanga ko. 
 
 Outcry, n., see noise. 
 
 Outdo, v., sunda, luta. 
 
 OUTER, a., see outward. 
 
 Outlet, n ., evaikilu, 8; see also door. 
 
 Outside, n ., mbaji, 2. 
 adv., knna or vana mbaji (see “ in ” 
 for forms of ku & va). 
 prep., knna or vana mbaji a. 
 
 Outskirts of a town, n., nganzu, 
 
 2. 
 
 road in, efula, 8 . 
 
 Outward, a. The relative pronoun 
 (kina, nna, &c.), with ku or va 
 mbaji ; outward sign, xinsu 
 kina knna mbaji. 
 
 Outwardly, adv., knna or vana 
 mbaji ; see also appearance. 
 
 Oval, a., -answatata, -ansnngn. 
 
 Oven, n., folona, 2 (P. forno). 
 
 Over, prep., knna or vana (see in), 
 ntandn (2) a. 
 
 Over, continued. 
 
 again. Expressed by the repetitive 
 form of the verb in nlnla, olola, 
 nnnna, or onona, (kalnlnla, 
 &c.) ; see grammar. This form 
 may imply over and over again, 
 be, v., snnda, snva. 
 
 [more than (exceeding)], -snndidi; 
 
 over 100, isnndidi e nkama. 
 (and more), ye nkaji. 
 twice over = times two ; see times. 
 
 Overawe, v., bnbnlwisa. 
 
 Overcast, v., see cloudy. 
 
 Overcome, v., snnda (e ngolo, 2). 
 be, by (wine or sleep), v., zembnka 
 ye; zemboka ye. 
 
 Overflow, v.t., langa. 
 v.i., lnngnka. 
 
 (pour over), tiamnka, yitika. 
 
 (pour down), upon, betnmnka, be- 
 tomoka. 
 
 Overhang, v., nenganana. 
 
 Overhead, adv:, vana ntandn (2) a 
 ntn (4); see also gun (fire over¬ 
 head). 
 
 Overlook (look after), v., tadila. 
 (make a mistake), jimbalakanwa, 
 vilakanwa. 
 
 (omit), lemba (actions) ; lembwa 
 (things). 
 
 Oversight, n., see mistake. 
 
 Overtake, v., baka. 
 
 Overthrow, v., nongona, bwisa, 
 kindnla (of something great). 
 
 Overturn, v.t., bangnmnna. 
 
 (turn over), vilnla. 
 
 (turn right), sengola. 
 
 Overwhelm, v., langa. 
 
 Overwhelmed, be, v., langwa. 
 
 Owe, v., dia e mfnka (2), generally 
 in perfect. 
 
 Owl, n., efnngn, 8; knngndia, 6; 
 kntnkndia, 6. 
 
 Own (confess), v., see confess, 
 (possess), vwa. 
 
 a., -a...kibeni; my own, -a mono 
 kibeni; our own, -a yeto 
 kibeni. 
 
 Owned, be, v., vnwa. 
 
 Owner, n., nlendi, 1 & 4; mvwe, 1 
 
 & 4. 
 
( 153 ) 
 
 Own-Pal 
 
 Owner, continued. 
 of, nkwa, i ; owner of the house, 
 nkwa nzo. 
 
 Ox, n., ngombe, 2. 
 
 bird (white), lunianginiangi, 10. 
 Oyster, n. y eyili, 8 (Luangu), 
 shell, keswa, 6. 
 
 p. 
 
 Pace, n., lutambi (lua main), n & 2 
 (ntambi). 
 
 (measure), v., tama, tamika. 
 measured, n., lutama, 11 & 2 (nta- 
 ma), 
 
 (rate), rapid, n., nswalu, 4. 
 
 slow, malembe, pi. 8. 
 
 (walk), v., diata. 
 
 Pacify, v., sakula, lembeka or saki- 
 dika 0 makaxi (pi. 8). 
 
 Pack (bundle in porter’s palm-frond 
 basket), n ., ntete, 4. 
 
 (of cloth), nkanda, 4. 
 
 (bale), mfuna, 4. 
 v., zonzeka, kumpika. 
 
 (cram), komenena. 
 
 (wrap), jinga. 
 
 Pad (of leaves, &c., &c., to place under 
 a load carried on the head or 
 shoulder), n., nkata, 2. 
 
 Paddle, n ., nkafi, 2. 
 v., vuwila. 
 
 Padlock, n., ekumba, 8. 
 
 2/., bindika. 
 
 Pagan, «.,nkwa(i) bubu; ^heathen. 
 
 Page, n ., lukaya, 10 & 8 (makaya) 
 lua nkanda (4). 
 
 Pail, nkalu, 2 (calabash) ; kinzu, 
 5 * 
 
 Pain, n., mpaxi, 2 ; nganji, 2 ; nlu- 
 nji, 4 - 
 
 (cramp), nkatanga, 2. 
 
 in front teeth, nsunimgu, 2. 
 
 in head, ntu (4) ubwanga. 
 
 in side, luvati, 10. 
 
 in stomach, ndunji, 2. 
 
 severe (as in childbirth), nsongo, 4. 
 
 Pain, continued. 
 smarting, njiojio, 2. 
 that extends up the whole member, 
 mwangala, 3 (often pi.), 
 throbbing, yubula, 9. 
 
 Pain, bear bravely, v., jijila, zozoka, 
 see Kongo-Eng. 
 
 have a, v., mona e mpaxi (2); see 
 also ache. 
 
 Painful, a., -ampaxi. 
 be, v., see ache. 
 
 Paint, n., dimbu, 13. 
 v., kusa 0 dimbu. 
 a native red paint, n. f eteke, 8. 
 
 Pair, n ., -ole ; see two. 
 fellow one of a pair, n., nkwa, t. 
 
 Palace (compound), n ., lumbu, 10 ; 
 nzo (2) a mfumu a nxi. 
 labyrinthic entrance to a, mvakala, 
 4 - 
 
 Palaver, n., diambu, 7 ; uma, 12. 
 v., vova 0 mambu (pi. 7). 
 
 (fault), ?t., kuma, 6. 
 
 (matter of conversation), mbokena, 
 2. 
 
 (of discussion), mvovo, 4. 
 
 (object), v., fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 Pale (ashen), be, v., vembuka. 
 (white), a., -ampembe. 
 
 Paling (fence), n., lumbu, 10. 
 
 Palisota BARTERi,^.,mpukumwivi, 
 2. 
 
 Palm (of hand), mbanzangala, 2 ; 
 kandaji, 6. 
 
 Palm (tree), n. (generic), eya, 8 ; 
 eba, 8. 
 
 “ bamboo,” Raphia vinifera, etombe, 
 
 8 . 
 
 frond stem of above, etombe, 8. 
 
 short palm like above, having thin 
 midribs, emia, 8. 
 
 climbing, Calamus secundifloris, 
 
 ekoko, 8. 
 
 staff cut from stem of above, 
 nkau, 4 ; ekoko, 8. 
 date, Phoenix spinosa, dinsongwa, 
 7 - 
 
 fan, Hyphene, nteva, 4. 
 mbadi, from the fronds of which 
 native cloth is made, mpusu, 2. 
 
Pal-Pal 
 
 ( 154 ) 
 
 Palm, continued. 
 
 cloth made from above, mbadi, 
 2 & 11; tiki, 6 ; nkuta, 4. 
 
 oil, Elaeis guinasensis, eya, 8 ; eba, 
 
 8 . 
 
 young plant of above, ntende, 2. 
 There are three varieties (?) of 
 Elaeis best distinguished by 
 their fruit:—that yielding an 
 ordinary ngaji, mbundi, 2 ; 
 yielding a redder ngaji, with 
 some green at the point, etu- 
 nduwa, 8; yielding a small 
 ngaji, the nut of which is very 
 soft, esombo, 8 . 
 
 Palm, head of palm tree, mfuka, 4. 
 
 Stem. 
 
 fibre of stem, nxinga, 2. 
 pith of stem, mafulu, pi. 8. 
 
 Frond, ekeke, 8. 
 base, ekeke, 8. 
 
 frondlet, lulala, 11 & 2 (ndala). 
 gossamer on base, fula, 12. 
 midrib, leaf stem, mbasa, 2. 
 pith in, ekawa, 8 ; ndewa, 2. 
 tip of, lusambwandala, n & 
 2. 
 
 spathe, sheath, mbundi, 2. 
 thorns on midrib, nsende, 2 & 11. 
 
 to strip off, v., kolomona. 
 young (closed), n., nsoko, 4. 
 
 Flower, the bunch, mwenge, 3. 
 single “ finger” of, nlembo, 4. 
 
 Fruit, the bunch en masse , kiaji, 5 
 (kia ngaji). 
 blighted, kiomba, 5. 
 clusters of ngaji cut off, Saji, 6. 
 
 unripe, ntima (2) elenge. 
 husk, cob, susu, 6. 
 
 Nut, ngaji, 2 ; mba, 2. 
 to pick out of husks, v., sokola. 
 fibrous oily part, n., ngaji, 2. 
 after expression of the oil, 
 ekafi, 8. 
 
 a fibre, mwangi, 3. 
 
 flavour of stale nuts, nkyekye, 4. 
 
 kernel, nkandi, 4. 
 
 to break, crack, v., teta. 
 rock on which they break, n., exi- 
 lu, 8. 
 
 Palm, continued. 
 
 Nut, the breaker (pebble), nxindu,2. 
 -shell, sula, 6. 
 stalklet, sota, 6. 
 
 The stalk by which several sota 
 are connected with the susu, 
 saji, 6. 
 
 to pluck from the sota, v ., so¬ 
 kola. 
 
 bracts at base, n ., mpese, 2. 
 
 Oil, maji, pi. 7. 
 
 Wine, malavu, pi. 8 (from any 
 palm); malavu mansamba 
 (from Elaeis only), 
 fresh, malavu mamwenge, mulu, 
 3 * 
 
 from a felled tree, malavu ma- 
 mbulu. 
 
 from the heart of a tree (not the 
 flower base), malavu mesoka. 
 climb for, ■z/.jkoba, manta, sambila. 
 rope for the purpose, n ., luka- 
 mba, 10. 
 
 man who climbs for, ngema, 2 ; 
 nxie, 1 & 4 ; munsongwa, 3. 
 cut for, v., luaza. 
 cut out the makeke, senga 0 ma- 
 keke. 
 
 cut the hole,jiulao mwenge (3); 
 jiula. 
 
 make the daily cut, keka, keka e 
 ngela, tenda, mema. 
 such a cutting, n., nkeka, 2 ; 
 ntenda, 2. 
 
 freshen the cutting (at noon), v., 
 
 xinza. 
 
 such a freshening, n., nxinza, 2. 
 give up cutting, v., tumbula. 
 tissue (the base of the flower) 
 whence the wine flows, mwe¬ 
 nge, 3; ngela, 2. 
 funnel to conduct the flow, bwe- 
 nde, 6 ; nkuta, 4. 
 pin of, nkanka, 2. 
 calabash, ntumbu, 4. 
 put up, v., koma. 
 for the first time, tumbika. 
 dry up, yield no more, tumbuka. 
 place where palm wine is mixed, 
 watered, &c., n., ekandu, 8. 
 
( 155 ) 
 
 Pal-Par 
 
 Palpitate, v ., tumpa, landana, di- 
 kinga, dukunga, kulana. 
 
 Palsy, zz., kimbevo (5) kia ezakaza- 
 ka, ezakazaka, 8. 
 
 Paltry, see worthless. 
 
 Pan, zz., kinzu, 5 ; lata, 2 (P. lata). 
 
 Pandanus candelabrum (screw 
 pine), zz ., mundalandala, 3 ; 
 mfubu, 2 ; efuba, 8. 
 cloth made from fronds of above, 
 mbadi (2 & n) za mafuba; 
 evulu, 8. 
 
 Pang, zz., nsongo, 4 ; mpaxi, 2 ; see 
 also pain. 
 
 Pangolin (scaly anteater), zz.,nkaka, 
 2. 
 
 Panic, zz ., keza, 9 ; kinkenda, 5. 
 struck, be, v., mona 0 keza or e ki¬ 
 nkenda. 
 
 Pant, v ., twengena, twengenia ( perf\ 
 -ene), fulumnna e kintwe- 
 ntwe. 
 
 (as animals), sakasa. 
 
 Panther, zz., ngo, 2. 
 
 Panting, zz., ntwengenia, 2 . 
 
 Pantry, zz., esukn dia madia. 
 
 Papa, see father. 
 
 Papaw (papaya), zz., kikila, 6 . 
 
 Paper, zz., nkanda, 4 ; papela, 2 
 (P. papel). 
 
 a ., -ankanda, -apapela. 
 
 Papyrus, zz., diwu, 7. 
 basket of, nsasa, 2. 
 mat, luandu, 10. 
 
 (when used to sleep on), ndombo, 
 2. 
 
 Parable, zz., kingana, 5 ; ngana, 2 ; 
 samuna, 6. 
 
 Paradise, zz., ezulu, 8 . 
 
 Parallel, p., -xingama (even), 
 be, v., xingama. 
 
 Paralysed, p., -vokele. 
 
 Parasol, zz., vevo, 6 ; kinonga, 5. 
 
 Parcel, zz., efnnda, 8 . 
 
 Parch, w.z., kaya. 
 v.t., kayisa ; see also fry, scorch. 
 
 Parchment, zz., nkanda, 4 (a mbiji 
 nvangiln ne i papela). 
 
 Pardon, v., loloka. 
 zz., luloloko, 10. 
 
 Pardon, conti?med. 
 beg, v ., dolokesa; I beg your 
 pardon, undoloka ( = pardon 
 me). 
 
 Pare, v., teta, tnna. 
 the nails, katnla e nzala (2 & 11). 
 
 Parent, see father, mother. 
 
 Paroquet, zz., xilankusu, 6 ; kwe- 
 lele, 6. 
 
 Parrot, zz., nknsu, 2 . 
 
 Parry, v ., kambnla. 
 
 Part, zz., tini, 6 ; ndambn, 2 . 
 
 (of a measure), ebuki, 8. 
 
 (of the body), to, 6. 
 
 (portion), kunkn, 6; see also some, 
 (side), esambn, 8. 
 
 Part, v., see divide. 
 
 (branch off), vambuka. 
 from each other, vambana. 
 
 (the hair), samba. 
 
 Parted, be (of the hair), v., samba- 
 kana. 
 
 Partially, see partly. 
 
 Particle, see lump, piece. 
 
 Particular (careful), be, v., toma 
 (do well). 
 
 (a certain), a ., -moxi. 
 person, (fastidious), nkwa (1) nti- 
 nti (2). 
 
 (scrupulous), nkwa (1) kingwedi 
 ( 5 )* 
 
 Particularly (very much), adv ., 
 
 beni, beni-beni. 
 
 Parting (farewell), zz., lukananu, 10. 
 (of hair), nsamba, 4. 
 of roads, mpambu, 2. 
 
 (separation), vambana, 9. 
 
 Partition (dividing out), zz., nkaya, 
 2. 
 
 (in a house), kubu, 6. 
 
 (wall), yaka, 6. 
 
 Partly, adv., e ndambu kaka, ke... 
 nkntn ko. 
 
 Partner (fellow, associate), zz., nkwa, 
 1. 
 
 Partnership, zz., dila (6) kiantwadi. 
 enter into, v., bundana. 
 
 Partridge, zz., kinkwavi, 5. 
 
 Party, zz., ndonga, 2; nkangu, 4; 
 akwa, pi. 1. 
 
Par-Paw 
 
 ( 156 ) 
 
 Party, continued .. 
 
 -coloured, a., -a matona-matona, 
 -a makeya-makeya. 
 company, group, ?i., ebundu, 8. 
 (detachment), mvengo, 4. 
 
 (of people), see crowd. 
 
 (side, adherents), esambu, 8. 
 
 Pass, away, by, on, v., lnta, vioka. 
 (between hills), n., nkambalalu, 2. 
 
 v ., kambalala. 
 come to pass, bwa. 
 from one to another, tambakiana, 
 tambajiana. 
 
 (go), kwenda. 
 in, v.i., kota, diuka. 
 
 v.t., kotesa, diukisa. 
 in crowds, v.i., voma, kolomena. 
 let pass, v.t., lutisa, viokesa. 
 on one side, v.i., venga, vemboka, 
 vengomoka. 
 out, vaika. 
 v.t., vaikisa. 
 
 over (a river), v.i., sauka, sabuka 
 (Bako.). 
 
 v.t., saula, sabula (Bako.). 
 
 (a space), v.i., kuzuka. 
 v.t., kuzula. 
 
 and repass (as swallows flying), v.i., 
 
 vivana. 
 
 round, v.t., jeta, jinguluka, zunga, 
 kondoloka. 
 
 to the other side of, beloka. 
 to (hand) tambakesa. 
 through, v.i., kwenda e losola or 
 loswela, losoka. 
 cause to, v.t., losola. 
 
 (put), kotesa. 
 under, v.i., kota kunanxi. 
 
 v.t., kotesa kunanxi. 
 up, see ascend. 
 
 Passage (crossing over a river), n., 
 nsauka, 2 ; nsabuka, 2 (Bako.). 
 (entrance), ekotelo, 8. 
 
 (exit), evaikilu, 8. 
 
 (ford), esau, 8 ; esaukilu, 8; esabu, 
 8 (Bako.). 
 
 (place of passing), elutilu, 8 ; evio- 
 kelo, 8. 
 
 (road), njila, 2. 
 
 Passenger, n., mundutianjila, 3. 
 
 Passion, see anger, desire, 
 get into a, v., baka or funga 0 ma- 
 kaxi (pi. 8). 
 
 (unreasoning), n., umpumbulu, 12 ; 
 unkita, 12. 
 
 Passionate (person), n., kimpumbu- 
 lu, 5 ; kinkita, 5 ; nkwa (1) 
 makaxi. 
 
 Past, a., -avioka. 
 
 Paste of, make a, v., zowa, zoba. 
 Pastor, n., mvungudi, 1 & 4 - 
 Pat, v., babila. 
 
 Patch (mend), v., londa, batika. 
 
 (of cloth), n., tenda, 6. 
 
 Pate, n ., ntu, 4. 
 
 Paternal, a., ne i tata. 
 
 kindness, n., walakaji, 12. 
 Paternity, n ., kitata, 5 ; kise, 5. 
 Path, n., njila, 2 ; eyendelo, 8. 
 at entrance to town, efula, 8. 
 beat down the grass on each side of 
 the road, v., samba e njila. 
 a road thus cleared, n., nsamba, 4. 
 (highway), n., manene, pi. 7 ; koka, 
 6 . 
 
 place where road branches, mpa- 
 mbu, 2. 
 
 small (seldom traversed), nsoko, 4. 
 (tracks), in a wood, nsolela, 4. 
 see also track. 
 
 Patience, n., malembe, pi. 8. 
 
 in suffering and trouble, jiji, 6. 
 Patient, a., ke -sutanga ko, anjijidi. 
 
 be, v., ke suta ko, jijila. 
 Patiently, adv ., 0 malembe, ke ya 
 nsuti ko. 
 
 bear, do, work, v., zozoka, jijila. 
 wait, bwisa or kulula 0 moyo (3). 
 Patriarch, n., mbuta, 2; nkulu- 
 ntu, 1. 
 
 Patrol, v., kiya, see also watch. 
 Patter, v., wandama. 
 
 Pattern, n., tezo, 6. 
 
 (likeness), fwaniswa, 6 ; xisa, 6. 
 (sort), mpila, 2 ; mbaku, 4. 
 Paunch, n ., vumu, 6. 
 
 Pause, v., dingalala, tilama. 
 
 n., ndingalala, 2. 
 
 Paw, n., tambi, 6. 
 fore, koko, 9 (hand). 
 
( 157 ) 
 
 Paw-Pep 
 
 Paw, continued. 
 
 mark, buba, 6 ; ekanda, 8. 
 under part of, kandaji, 6. 
 
 Pawn, nximbi, 2. 
 
 v ., ximbisa (e nximbi). 
 
 Pay, 7/., futa. 
 n., see payment, 
 attention, v ., wa. 
 
 exorbitantly, lumba, yumba, ye- 
 mba. 
 
 interest, zuka. 
 
 taxes, duty, blackmail, vakula. 
 Payment, n., mfutu, 2 ; mfitn, 2. 
 for a wife, nkama (2) a longo. 
 for acting as “ linguister,” kiba- 
 mba, 5. 
 
 for rearing fowls, cattle, &c., kitwe- 
 
 leji, 5- 
 
 (interest), nzuka, 4. 
 
 (toll, tax, blackmail), mpaku, 2. 
 
 (toll, for bridge or ferry), nzambu, 
 2. 
 
 (wages), mfutu, 2 ; mfitu, 2 ; ki- 
 bwanga, 5 ; see also fine. 
 
 Pea (a small pea-like bean), wandu, 
 12 & 11 (luandu). 
 
 Peace, «., pi-i, pi. 6 (quiet); eyangi, 
 8 (contentment); ngemba, 2 ; 
 kikundi, 5 (friendship); luve, 
 10 (truce). 
 
 be at (abstain from disturbance), v., 
 
 butama. 
 
 (content), yangalala. 
 
 (from anxiety), moyo (3, U-) kulu- 
 ka. 
 
 (not at war), lembama. 
 
 (out of danger, trouble, &c.), VU- 
 
 vama. 
 
 make (bring about after war), bunda 
 e yongo (6). 
 
 (a truce), boka 0 luve (10). 
 Peaceable, a., -anlembami, -lemba¬ 
 ma. 
 
 Peaceableness, n lembama, 9. 
 Peaceably, adv ., kuna or ku nge¬ 
 mba, or kikundi. 
 
 Peacemaker, mbundi(i & 4) a 
 yongo (between many people), 
 
 mvangixi (1 & 4) a ngemba. 
 Peak, «., ntandu, 2 (top). 
 
 Pea nut, n., see ground nut. 
 
 Pebble, «., etadi, 8 (stone), 
 used for breaking shells, or crushing 
 pepper, nguba, &c., nxindu, 2. 
 
 Peck, 7/., zoza. 
 
 Peculiar, see own, strange. 
 
 Peel, n ., titi, 6 ; ti, 6 ; kiti, 5 ; nka- 
 nda, 4. 
 
 v., teta, deda ; see also slough, skin. 
 
 Peep, peer, v., kengelela, longola. 
 (shading the eyes), jiyidila. 
 
 Peg, 7/., vatika. 
 out in the sun, yanda. 
 
 Pelican, n ., elembe, 8 . 
 
 Pelt, v., tuba. 
 
 Pelvis, n., vixi ( 6 ) kia luketo. 
 
 Pen, n., pena (2 Eng.), a soneke- 
 nanga. 
 
 holder, nti (4) a pena. 
 
 (sty), nkuzu, 4. 
 
 Penalty (punishment), n ., tumbu, 6 ; 
 see also fine. 
 
 Pencil, n., lapi, 2 (P. lapis), mwi- 
 nga, 3. 
 
 Pendulous breasts, n., ntulu (2) 
 zabokola. 
 
 Penetrate (enter), v., kota. 
 
 (make a hole through), topa, tompo- 
 la, tobola. 
 
 Penis, n., mvia, 2 ; kata, 6. 
 
 Penitence, n., nsoni, 2 (shame), nta- 
 ntu, 2 (sorrow). 
 
 Penknife, n ., kanivete, 2 (P. cani- 
 vete). 
 
 Pensive, be, v., yindama. 
 
 Pentagona macrophylla, mvu- 
 kwavukwa, 4. 
 
 People, n., antu, pi. 1; wantu, pi. 1 ; 
 see also tribe, clan, relations, 
 crowd. 
 
 (large population), yongo, 6. 
 one’s own, akwa, pi. 1. 
 
 People’s, other, a., -angani; other 
 people’s things, lekwa yangani. 
 
 Pepper (chili), n., ndungu, 2 & 11 
 (lulungu); nungu, 2 (Kib.); 
 mabakala, pi. 8 (Zombo). 
 bush, ntende, 4. 
 
 (large variety), ndungu za nkombo 
 or za ngulu. 
 
Per-Per 
 
 ( 158 ) 
 
 Perceive (see), v., mona. 
 (understand), wa. 
 
 Perch, v., zama, bela, zalama. 
 
 [to sit as a bird on a branch (on its 
 breast)], bubama. 
 
 (standing on a branch), zanganana 
 (muna). 
 
 Perchance, adv ., see perhaps. 
 
 Percussion cap, n., piilete, 2 (P. 
 porrete); etadi, 8 (dia ta, 13). 
 
 Perfect, a., -amvimba (whole), -alu- 
 nga (complete). 
 
 ■z lungisa (in number), mana 
 (finish). 
 
 be, v.i., lunga (complete), toma ku- 
 mpama (well managed), vwa 
 (finished). 
 
 make, knmpika, see also above. 
 
 Perfection, n ., kimvimba, 5. 
 
 Perfectly, adv., nkutu (altogether), 
 beni-beni (very much). 
 
 Perforate, v., topa, tompola, tobo- 
 la. 
 
 (open a hole), jiula. 
 
 Perforated thing, n., toboki, 6 . 
 
 Perform (do), v., vanga. 
 
 (on an instrument), xika. 
 work, sala e salu (6). 
 
 Perfume, n., nsunga, 2. 
 v., xia e nsunga. 
 make, emit a, ta e nsunga. 
 
 Perhaps, adv., nangu, nanga, na- 
 ngi, nangiitu, nangatu, na- 
 ngitu, vo ke vete ko, kaxi- 
 kila. 
 
 not, nangu (&c.) ke wau ko. 
 so, nangu (&c.) wau. 
 
 Peril, n., sumbula, 6 , pi. 
 be in, v., kala omu sumbula. 
 
 Period, n., kolo, 6 ; tandu, 6 (epoch). 
 
 Perish (be destroyed), v., bukumu- 
 ka. 
 
 (be lost), vila. 
 
 (die), fwa. 
 
 Perjure, v., dia e ndofi (2) alu- 
 vunu. 
 
 Permanence, n ., jingu, 6 . 
 
 Permanent, a., -ajingu, -anjingi. 
 be, v., jinga. 
 
 Permission, n., nswa, 4. 
 
 Permission, contmued. 
 ask, v., vinga or lomba 0 nswa. 
 ask, to go, kanina. 
 
 Permit, v., vana 0 nswa (4). 
 to go, xindika. 
 
 (let, allow), yambula, bika. 
 
 Pernicious, a., -ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Perpendicular, be out of the, v., 
 
 kwenda 0 mandunguna. 
 
 Perpetually, adv., see always. 
 
 Perpetuate, v., jingisa. 
 
 Perplex, v., yangika 0 ntima (4). 
 
 Perplexed, be, v., ntima (4, u-) ya- 
 ngama. 
 
 Perplexing, a., -anyangiki a nti¬ 
 ma. 
 
 Perplexity, ?i ., nyangiku (4) a nti¬ 
 ma (4); lujingameno, 10. 
 
 Perquisite (as when a man buys 
 cheaper than the price sent, 
 and he keeps the difference), n., 
 mbata, 2. 
 
 to do so, v., dia e mbata. 
 
 Persecute (charge falsely), v., kangi- 
 dila 0 mambu (pi. 7). 
 
 (with hatred), menga. 
 
 (oppress), bangika. 
 
 (trouble), kota o nsoki (4), mwesa 
 e mpaxi (2). 
 
 Persecution, n., lubangiku, 10. 
 
 Persecutor, n., mbangiki, 1 & 4. 
 
 Perseverance, n ., sungididi, 6 (kia 
 salu). 
 
 Persevere, v., xikila (vana salu), 
 xia e sungididi (6). 
 
 (keep doing), vanga kaka, 
 
 (keep trying), xinsa kaka ; see also 
 constantly (be, do). 
 
 Persist, v., xiandama; kwama, 
 constantly. 
 
 in (an objection), xiandika (e mpa- 
 ka, 2). 
 
 in (contradiction), kwika (e dia- 
 mbu). 
 
 Persistence, n., xiandama, 9 ; see 
 also perseverance, obstinacy. 
 
 Person, n., muntu, 1. 
 from, of, mwixi, 1 (pi. exi) ; see in¬ 
 habitant. 
 
 who has, owns, nkwa, 1. 
 
( 159 ) 
 
 Per-Pig 
 
 Personal, a ., -a...kibeni, with the 
 pronoun of the person : his per¬ 
 sonal servants, aleke a yandi 
 kibeni. 
 
 The simple possessive pronoun 
 will often serve alone. 
 
 Personally, adv. The emphatic per¬ 
 sonal pronoun expresses this : 
 
 I personally wish, mono kwa- 
 me nzolele ; he came person¬ 
 ally, yandi kibeni wijidi. 
 
 Perspiration, n., Inina, io; kizwi- 
 na, 5. 
 
 Perspire, v ., vnmwa. 
 
 Persuade (advise), v., longa, lndika. 
 (beseech), dodokela. 
 
 (induce), leba. 
 
 (urge), komena, nangika. 
 
 Persuasion, «., ndeba, 2. 
 
 Pertinacity, tz., see obstinacy, per¬ 
 sistence. 
 
 Perturb, v., yangika 0 ntima (4). 
 
 Perturbed, be, v., ntima (u-) ya- 
 ngama. 
 
 Perverse, be (disobedient), v., kolama 
 child, /*., mbin, 2. 
 
 (obstinate), a., -alnnknmfn. 
 
 Perverseness (disobedience), n., ko¬ 
 lama, 9. 
 
 (obstinacy), lunkumfu, 10. 
 (rebelliousness of children), umbiu, 
 12. 
 
 Pervert (teach evil ways), v., longa 
 fu yambi. 
 
 Pest, Pestilence, n., vnkn, 6. 
 
 Pestle, n., mwisn, 3. 
 
 Pet (loved), a., -anzolwa, -alntnka. 
 (and spoil), 2/., lutula. 
 
 Petition, n., diambn (7) dilombolo- 
 lwa. 
 
 Petticoat, mansaya, pi. 7 (P. 
 saia). 
 
 Phantom, see fancy. 
 
 Phlegm, n., kololo, 6. 
 
 Photograph, n ., xisa, 6. 
 take a, v., bambula. 
 
 Physic, n ., see medicine. 
 
 Physician, n., nganga, 2 (a wnka). 
 
 Pick about (as a fowl her feathers), 
 
 v ., zokonona. 
 
 Pick, co 7 itinued. 
 
 (a bone), wolola (e vixi, 6). 
 
 (choose), sola. 
 
 (bespeak), banda. 
 
 (leaving the stalk attached), kongo- 
 na. 
 
 off (pluck, gather), vela, zotona, zo- 
 nzona. 
 
 out (as dirt), dokonona. 
 
 (as maize, &c.), zokona. 
 
 (as ngaji from the kiaji, see palm), 
 
 sokola. 
 
 (something embedded), dongona. 
 (something that sticks), tunguna. 
 (take out), katula. 
 a quarrel, zonzesa, vava 0 unzonji 
 
 (12). 
 
 up, nona, tota. 
 
 (as a fowl), zoza, doda. 
 in handfuls, kuka. 
 something lost, bongolola. 
 
 the thing picked up, «., kimbo- 
 ngolola, 5. 
 
 Picture, n., xisa, 6. 
 
 Piece, n ., tini, 6; ndambn, 2. 
 of cloth, bakn, 6. 
 
 (portion), kunku, 6. 
 
 (shred), of cloth or paper, tenda, 6. 
 Pieces, go to, v., niukumuka, wo- 
 mbomoka. 
 
 get soft and, wolomoka. 
 take to, bangnla. 
 
 (pull out nails, and thus), kola. 
 Pier, n ., kiamvn, 5. 
 
 Pierce, v., topa, tompola, tobola. 
 
 (an ear for earring), jiula. 
 through (and stick out behind), tu- 
 mpnla. 
 
 Piety, n., lemvokela, 9. 
 
 Pig, n ., ngnln, 2. 
 
 (great hog), ntongo, 2. 
 sty, nkuzu (4) a ngulu. 
 wild, ngulu (2) amunxitu. 
 herd of, nkuti (4) a ngulu. 
 Pigeon, «., eyembe, 8. 
 house, vaka (6) kia mayembe. 
 (small kind), mbwela, 2. 
 tame, eyembe (8) diamputu. 
 Piggish nature, kingulu, 5. 
 Pig-headed, a ., -alunkumfu. 
 
Pig-Pla 
 
 ( 160 ) 
 
 Pig-headedness, n., lunkumfu, io. 
 
 Pile (gossamer), n., ntongo, 4. 
 
 (heap), see heap, 
 on, v ., tensakesa, bandakesa. 
 (amass), vwixisa, &c. ; see amass, 
 (timber driven into the ground), n .> 
 elunji, 8; ekunji, 8; eku- 
 nkwa, 8. 
 
 up, v., tnmbidika, zudika, tudika. 
 up in, komakesa. 
 
 Piled on, be, v., tensakana, banda- 
 kana. 
 
 up, be, tumbalala, zulama, tulama. 
 
 Pilfer, see rob. 
 
 Pilgrim, see stranger. 
 
 Pillage, v., sanza. 
 n., esanzu, 8 . 
 
 Pillar, n ., elunji, 8 ; eknnji, 8 ; eku- 
 nkwa, 8. 
 
 Pillow, mfika, 2. 
 
 Pimple, #., bwazabwaza, 6. 
 
 (from a bite of insect), eviji, 8. 
 
 (of “ craw craw ”), ekwanza, 8 ; ki- 
 nkwada, 5. 
 
 Pin, ntumbn (2) afinete (P. alfi- 
 nete). 
 v ., vatika. 
 
 (nail), n., lisonso, 2. 
 
 Pincers, «., lukwatn, 10. 
 
 (of crab), nlembo, 4. 
 
 Pinch, w., jiongona. 
 
 «., kinjiongo, 5. 
 
 (be tight), v., nwengena. 
 
 Pineapple, ?z.,nanaji, 2 (P. ananas). 
 
 The leaves of the pine apple being 
 somewhat like those of the 
 Pandanus candelabrum, the 
 pine apple is named after it in 
 some districts ; efuba, 8 ; and 
 cloth made of the fibre of the 
 leaves, mbadi (2 & 11) za 
 mafuba ; evulu, 8. 
 
 The leaves of, ndembe, 2 & 11 
 (lnlembe). 
 
 The plant has been introduced 
 from America. 
 
 Pinion, eve, 8 ; epapi, 8. 
 
 (to bind), v., kanga (0 moko ku 
 nima). 
 
 Pink, a., -ambwaki-amfufuln. 
 
 Pink, continued. 
 
 colour, n., mbwaki (2) amfufuln. 
 Pious, a., -alemvo (dutiful). 
 
 Pip, n., nginga, 2. 
 
 (of gourd kind), mbika, 2. 
 
 Pipe (great cask), mpimpa, 2 (P. 
 pipa). 
 
 hemp, ntimpu, 4 ; mbaya, 4 ; nsa- 
 ka, 4. 
 
 tobacco (bowl), kinzu, 5. 
 nicotine, mfiti, 2. 
 smoke a, v., nua e mfomo (2). 
 stem of, n., ntwala, 4. 
 stirrer, tomo, 6. 
 
 PlPE-clay, ;L,luvemba, 10 ; see Kongo- 
 Eng. 
 
 marks of, mpemba, 2. 
 
 Pistol, n ., kinkodia, 5. 
 
 Pit, n., ewulu, 8. 
 
 (mine), ewumba, 8 ; njimba, 2. 
 Pitch, t/., see throw. 
 n., dimbn (13) wandiakih,nga (tar)., 
 of roof, lufumba, 10. 
 
 Pitfall, ntambu (4) a ewulu (8). 
 Pith, n ., efulu, 8. 
 in the heart of wood, kingudi, 5. 
 in the midrib of palm, makawa, pi. 
 8 ; ndewa, 2 & 11. 
 a little piece of, ekawa, 8 ; lule- 
 wa, 11 & 2. 
 
 Pitiful, a., ye nkenda. 
 
 Pitiless person, nkwa (1) nxita 
 (2), ke nkwa (1) nkenda ko; 
 munkondwa (3) nkenda. 
 Pitilessness (malignity), n ., nxita, 2. 
 Pity, n., nkenda, 2 ; see also mercy, 
 feel pity for, mona e nkenda. 
 out of, adv ., muna nkenda. 
 
 Place, n., vuma, 14; fulu,6; kuma,9; 
 lufulu, 10 (site), fika, 6 (safe 
 place). 
 v., see put. 
 camping, n ., ndo, 2. 
 market, ezandu, 8. 
 palaver, mbaji (2) a nkanu (4). 
 take, v., bwa. 
 
 where any animal was standing 
 when it received a shot, or 
 wound, evuku, 8. 
 
 The place where an action is, or 
 
( 161 ) 
 
 Pla-Ple 
 
 PLACE, continued. 
 
 was performed, is expressed by 
 prefixing e to the perfect passive 
 of the applied form. Such words 
 are of the eighth class : sweka, 
 to hide ; eswekelo, a hiding 
 place : wana, to meet; ewana- 
 ninu, a meeting place : kota, 
 to enter ; ekotelo, an entrance : 
 kwenda, to go (yenda) ; eye- 
 ndelo, a path; see kuma, 
 Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Placenta, zz., ngudi (2) a mwana. 
 
 Plague, zz., vuku, 6. 
 
 (worry), v ., tantika. 
 
 Plain, zz., elelenxi, 8. 
 
 (level tops of plateau), nzanza, 4. 
 make, be, see clear (plain). 
 
 (ugly), see ugly. 
 
 Plait, v., vanda, yinda, binda. 
 n ., mvanda, 4 ; nyinda, 4 ; sasa- 
 bala, 6. 
 
 Plaited, a ., -avandwa. 
 
 Plan, n ., tezo, 6. 
 
 (intention), lukann, 10. 
 
 (intend), v., kana. 
 
 (plot), soka. 
 
 Plane, zz., kwiya, 6. 
 v., vala, vempa. 
 
 Planet, zz., nkaza (pi. 1, akaji) a 
 ngonde (spouse of the moon). 
 
 Plank, n., ebaya, 8 ; ebandu, 8. 
 house, banga, 6 ; kibanga, 5. 
 
 Plant, v., kuna (sow). 
 
 71. Several plants have a special 
 name, see pepper, ground nut, 
 otherwise there is no indefinite 
 generic word for plants gener¬ 
 ally ; vegetables and things cul¬ 
 tivated for food are mbongo, 2, 
 or mpati (2) a nsengo ; creepers 
 are nxinga, 4; nti, 4 (tree) may 
 be used vaguely sometimes, or 
 makaya, pi. 8 (leaves). 
 
 Plantain, 7 i., dinkondo, 7; tebe, 6 
 (Mpa). 
 
 varieties, nsansu, 2 (large fruit); 
 eyimba, 8 ; nsesampakasa, 4 
 (very long) ; ndongela, 2 (short, 
 thick cluster); kanda (6) kia 
 
 Plantain, continued. 
 
 nkewa (small); xingamanxiji, 
 6 (short fruit, short, thick stem); 
 bubi, 6 (short). 
 
 parts, &c., stem, trunk, mbuka, 4. 
 leaf, lukaya, 11 & 8 (makaya). 
 dead, buka, 6. 
 
 flower (in purple bracts), mpi- 
 mbi, 2. 
 
 to begin to put out the mpimbi,, 
 
 v., bundikila. 
 
 fruit, dinkondo, 7 (the bunch, or a 
 single fruit). 
 
 bunchlet, “ hand,” nkangi, 2. 
 to pull off (one from the 
 “ hand ”), v., kiola. 
 stalk, mfuka, 4. 
 to put out, v., sokomona. 
 to be ripe (mature, but green),, 
 kola ; (red), via. 
 ripe (red), a., -ansemvo. 
 unripe, zz., mfiala, 4. 
 Plantain-eater (musophaga viola- 
 cea), zz., mbulukoko, 2. 
 (schizorhis gigantea), nduwa, 2. 
 Plantation, see farm. 
 
 Planter, zz., mvati, 1 & 4. 
 
 Plaster, zz., nkala, 2 (P. cal, lime) ; 
 nteke, 2 (mud). 
 
 7/.,kusa^rkwasa^rlenga(e nteke). 
 Plate, zz., elonga, 8. 
 deep, elonga diankuluka. 
 shallow, elonga diankandangala. 
 Plateau, zz., nzanza, 4. 
 
 Play, zz., nsaka, 2 ; matietie, pi. 8. 
 (joke). 
 v., sakana. 
 
 (a game), ta ; see Appendix, games., 
 an instrument, v., xika. 
 pranks, tricks, ta e vakuba. 
 
 zz., vakuba, 6. 
 with (amuse), v., sakanisa. 
 
 (a thing), sakanina. 
 
 Playful, a., -anzunzu. 
 
 Playfulness, zz., nzunzu, 2. 
 Playground, zz., esakaninu, 8 . 
 
 Plea, zz., kuma, 6 . 
 
 Plead for, v., lomba, vinga. 
 
 (implore), dodokela. 
 
 make excuse, vanga e vinza (6). 
 
 M 
 
Ple-Pon 
 
 ( 162 ) 
 
 Pleader (one who pleads for another 
 in a court), mvudiangunda, 
 
 1 & 4. 
 
 Pleasant, a., -atoma, -antomi, -awe- 
 te, -abiza, -ambote. 
 be, v., toma. 
 
 Please, ?/., yangidika. 
 if you, dodokolodd! 
 
 (for mercy’s sake), umfwa nke- 
 nda. 
 
 Pleased, be, v., yangalala, mona 0 
 wete (12). 
 
 Pleasing, a ., -antomi; see also 
 pleasant. 
 
 Pleasure, n., eyangi, 8 ; luyanga- 
 lalu, 10; wete, 12. 
 
 (will), luzolo, 10. 
 
 Pledge, n., nximbi, 2 ; see also token. 
 
 v., ximbisa. 
 
 Pleiades, h., ndundalunda, 2 (za 
 lunda e mvnla). 
 
 Plenteous, a., -ingi; see much. 
 
 Plentiful, be, v., see abound. 
 
 Plenty of, -ingi ; see many, abund¬ 
 ance, put (plenty). 
 
 Pliable, <7., -anlevi. 
 be, v ., leva. 
 
 Pliability, n., leva, 9. 
 
 Pliant, v., see pliable. 
 
 Pliers, lnkwatu, 10. 
 
 Plight, nkala, 2. 
 
 Plot, v., soka. 
 
 Pluck (pick), v., see pick. 
 
 away (snatch), kutumuna, zavuna. 
 up (by the roots), vuza, dumnna, 
 dunguna. 
 
 up courage, kasakana, kasnmnka. 
 
 Plug, v., kaka, samika. 
 esami, 8. 
 
 Plum (wild, yellow, astringent), 
 mungyengye, 3. 
 
 Plumage, nsala, pi. 2. 
 
 Plume (feather), lnsala, 11 & 2 
 (nsala). 
 
 (large), mumbembe, 3. 
 
 Plump, |be, v., tola, vonga. 
 
 Plunder, n., esanzn, 8. 
 
 ^.5 SctHZcl. 
 
 Plunge beneath, v.t., diumbisa. 
 (dive), v.t., kiuvuka. 
 
 Plunge, continued. 
 
 into, v.t ., vnba. 
 
 Plural ( expl. ), ovo yingi. 
 
 P.M., adv. ( expl .), ovo e ntangwa ive- 
 ngele, ovo 0 fuku. Tuka nta- 
 ngwanlungu yaku edingidi- 
 ngi. 
 
 Pock, «., fn, 6. 
 
 Pocket, «., jibela, 2 (P. algibeira). 
 handkerchief, elenswa, 8 ; elenso, 
 
 8 (P. lenpo). 
 
 Pod (husk), n., titi, 6 ; ti, 6; kiti, 5. 
 (large), kutu, 6. 
 unripe, mbolo, 2. 
 
 Poem, n ., nkunga, 4. 
 
 Poet, u., nsoki (1) a nkunga. 
 
 Point, n., nsuka, 2. 
 v., songa, songela (show), 
 at, to, songelela. 
 a gun, fika, kumpika. 
 
 (headland), n., etukulu, 8 ; esunsu, 
 8 . 
 
 make, cut to a, v ., songola. 
 
 Pointed, a ., -asongoka. 
 be, v ., songoka. 
 
 Poison, n., ndikila, 2; nlongo (4) 
 ambi. 
 
 v., dikidila. 
 
 to kill fish, ;z., wimi, 12 ; balakasa, 
 6 (leguminaceous). 
 
 Poke in, up, v., tukuta, suka. 
 
 (the fire), kola. 
 
 Pole, »., nti, 4 (anda). 
 
 (post), tungwa, 6. 
 
 Polish, v., xia e elengo (8). 
 
 //., elengo, 8. 
 
 Polished, a ., -alengolengo. 
 
 Politeness, ;l, fu (6) kiabiza. 
 Pollute (dirty), v., xia e mvindu. 
 
 (stir up mud), timvuna. 
 
 Pollution (dirty), mvindu, 2. 
 
 (muddiness), ntimvu, 2. 
 
 Polygamy, «., fu kia sompa akento 
 engi. 
 
 Pond, n., xima, 6. 
 
 Ponder, v., balula, badika, yindula, 
 banza. 
 
 (be pensive), yindama. 
 
 Ponderous, a., -ejitu dingi = much 
 weight ; see weight. 
 
( 163 ) 
 
 Poo-Pov 
 
 Pool, xima, 6. 
 left by the fall of a river, za, 6 ; 
 
 ejiya, 8 ; ejinga, 8. 
 of blood, tiabula, 6 ; nzabu (2) a 
 menga. 
 
 Poor, a ., -asukami. 
 be, v., sukama. 
 make, sukika. 
 
 Poorly, adv., ke toma ko. 
 be (be sick), 7/., yela. 
 
 Pop, t kabuka. 
 gun, n., nkele (4) a makaku. 
 
 Population (great), ;/., yongo, 6. 
 (people), antu, pi. 1; wantu, pi. 1. 
 
 Populous, a ., ye yongo kingi. 
 
 Porcupine, ngumba, 2. 
 quills of, mwinga (3) <?/' mwimba 
 (3) a ngmnba. 
 
 Pork, ;/., mbiji (2) a nguln. 
 belly of, elalamn, 8 ; mbumu, 4. 
 chop, luxila, 11 & 2 (nxila). 
 ham, elundu, 8. 
 leg of, mpindindembo, 2. 
 
 Porter, «., mwana (1) ngamba,nga- 
 mba, 2. 
 
 Portion, ?i ., knnku, 6. 
 
 (inheritance), efwa, 8. 
 
 Portrait, «., xisa, 6 ; fwaniswa, 6. 
 
 Portuguese, n., Tanda, 6. 
 
 Position (place), vnma, 14; kuma, 
 
 9 - 
 
 (site), lufulu, 10. 
 
 Positive, be, v., zaya e jiku (6). 
 
 Positively, adv., e jiku; see indeed. 
 
 Positiveness, n., jiku, 6. 
 
 Possess, t/., vwa ; see also have. 
 
 Possession, »., vwa, 9; mbongo, 2 
 (goods); lekwa, 6 (things). 
 
 Possessor, n., nlendi, 1 & 4; mvwe, 4. 
 of, nkwa, 1; the possessor of the 
 house, nkwa nzo. 
 
 Possible, be, v., lendwa with the pas¬ 
 sive ; also expressed by the form 
 in -akana. It is possible to 
 measure this, kiaki kilendwa 
 0 tezwanga, or kiaki kiteza- 
 kananga. 
 
 Possibly, adv., see perhaps. 
 
 Post, n., tungwa, 6 ; nti, 4. 
 
 Posterior, n., nima, 2. 
 
 Posterity, n., ana ^rwana, pi. 1. 
 Postpone, v., vunza or kulula e 
 lumbu (6). 
 
 Posture (recumbent), ndavalala, 
 
 2 . 
 
 (standing), ntelama, 2. 
 
 Pot, n., kinzu, 5. 
 very small, luenga, 10. 
 
 -sherd, baxi (6) kia kinzu, 
 
 Potato (sweet), n., kwa, 6 ; mbala, 
 2 ; evukula, 8 ; evuta, 8. 
 Potter, n., nwumbi, 1 (a yinzu). 
 Pottery, //., bolongonzo, 6. 
 
 to make, v., wumba, bumba. 
 Poultry, n., tweleji, 6 (ne nsusu ye 
 vwadangu). 
 
 (fowls), nsusu, 2. 
 
 Pounce upon, v., yilama, bwila. 
 Pound (crush on a stone), v., nika. 
 (enclosure for animals),;/., mpaka, 2. 
 (five dollars), nkele (4) ntanu. 
 (in a mortar), v., tuta. 
 
 (to pieces), kosakesa. 
 
 (to powder), niukumuna, fumfu- 
 muna. 
 
 Pour down, v.i., kukula. 
 v.t. , kukulwisa. 
 
 flow, see flow. 
 
 off a little to clear the surface, v.t., 
 
 kenza. 
 
 out, away, yitila, pomona, sempola, 
 tengula, tengola, tempola, 
 tiamuna. 
 
 (in abundance), lungula. 
 
 (liquids), dukumuna. 
 out, into, on, bukula. 
 
 (change into, on), sekula, sekola. 
 over (overflow), v.i., fuluka. 
 from a height, v.i., betumuka, 
 butumuka. 
 
 v.t., betumuna, butumuna. 
 over (spill), v.i., yitika, pomoka, 
 sempoka, tiamuka, pongoka, 
 bunguka, tengoka, tenguka, 
 tempoka. 
 
 (of liquids only), dukumuka. 
 
 (as rain), bwa, noka. 
 through a sieve, v.t., kela. 
 
 Pout, see sullen. 
 
 Poverty, //., sukama, 9 ; sukami, 12. 
 
Pow-Pre 
 
 ( 164 ) 
 
 Powder, n ., mfumfu, 2. 
 go to, v., fumfumuka, kosakana. 
 make into, fumfumuna, kosakesa. 
 gun, n., tiya (pi. 10) twamputu, 
 mfula, 2 ; see gun (powder), 
 false, tiya twa lukuti ; see gun. 
 fine, tiya twakimfuxia. 
 flask, tutu, 6. 
 
 keg, zenzo, 6 ; bwai, 2 (P. ? small). 
 Power, n., ngolo, 2 ; efuka, 8 (phy¬ 
 sical strength). 
 
 (authority), wisa, 6. 
 
 Powerful, a ., -angolo. 
 
 Powerfully, adv., muna or kuna 
 or ye ngolo. 
 
 Powerless, be, v., yamhalala. 
 Practice (custom, habit), n., fu, 6 ; 
 nza, 4. 
 
 (exercise), nxinsa, 2. 
 
 Practise (do), v., vanga. 
 
 (exercise), xinsa. 
 
 Praise, n., nkembo, 4; ekembo, 8. 
 v., kembela (fete), tonda (com¬ 
 mend, thank). 
 
 (sing the praises of), yimbidila. 
 Prank, n., vakuba, 6. 
 
 cut, perform a, 7/., ta e vakuba. 
 Prattle, 7/., tumbula. 
 
 Pray, 7/., samba. 
 
 (beseech), dodokela ; I pray you, 
 dodokolodo ; or do (for mercy’s 
 sake), umfwa nkenda. 
 (request), vinga, lomba. 
 
 Prayer, n., sambu, 6 . 
 
 Preach, v., samuna, jingula. 
 Preacher, n, ., ngunza, 2. 
 Precaution, «., nduka, pi. 2. 
 
 to take, 7/., luka, see also wary (be). 
 Precede, v., vita, kwenda aviti. 
 Precept, n ., see doctrine, law, word. 
 Precious, a ., -antalu. 
 
 Precipice, n., mbeka, 2 (cliff); eye- 
 nga, 8; nkenge (2) a eye- 
 nga ( 8 ). 
 
 Precipitant, be, see hurry (be in). 
 Precocious child, n., ngungwangu- 
 ma, 2. 
 
 Predicament, n., lujingameno, 10. 
 Predict, v., samuna 0 mambu mena 
 oko ntu. 
 
 Prefer (bespeak), v., banda. 
 (choose), sola. 
 
 (like), zola. 
 
 (like best), luta zola. 
 
 Pregnancy, n., vumu, 6 ; jimi, § 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Pregnant, a., -ayimita, -avilama 
 (euphemism). 
 
 be, 7 a, yimita, kala ye vumu or 
 jimi (Bako.), vilama (euphem¬ 
 ism). 
 
 be, by, yimitiswa kwa. 
 
 Prematurely, bring forth, see abort, 
 speak, 7/., sununa. 
 
 Premises (compound), n ., lumbu, 10. 
 (station, factory), evula, 8 ; elo, 8 . 
 
 Preparation, nkubika, 2. 
 
 Prepare, 7/., generally expressed by 
 some more explicit synonym : 
 zonzeka, kubika (arrange), vil¬ 
 la (boil), lamba (cook), vanga 
 (make), kumpika (make up), 
 yala 0 meza (lay the table), 
 komba (sweep), &c. 
 quickly, vangamiana. 
 
 Presence (face), n., lnse, 10 ; lose, 
 10; ndose, 2. 
 
 of; in the, vana ndose a, vana luse 
 lua. 
 
 (where—was), vana vena; in the 
 presence of other people, vana 
 vena 0 wantu akaka. 
 
 Present, ;z.,lukau, 10. 
 at, for the, adv., wau. 
 
 (a gun), fika, kumpika. 
 
 (give), 7/., vana, see give. 
 
 (given to the bearer of a present), 
 7 z., mbimbu, 2. 
 
 (hand, offer), v., tambika. 
 as a suitor, fikisa. 
 
 Presently, adv., 0 mbatu, 0 ngatu, 
 0 mbanu, 0 nganu ; see also at 
 length, long (not long), future 
 (in the). 
 
 Preserve (keep), v., lunda. 
 
 (protect), tanina. 
 
 (save), vuluza. 
 
 Press, v., nyema. 
 about, nyemojiona. 
 
 (as a crowd), v.i., fiamfiana. 
 
( 16s ) 
 
 Pre-Pro 
 
 Press, continued. 
 
 down the grass beside the path, v.t ., 
 samba e njila (2). 
 
 (grip), batikina, kafinina. 
 in (cram), komenena. 
 
 (crowd), v.i., komana. 
 the pulp of palm nuts in the hand 
 with the thumb against the palm 
 of the hand, v.t. , sula. 
 in the hand with the motion of 
 wringing, tukuna. 
 on, forward, kwenda kaka. 
 out, kama, kamuna. 
 in a crowd, longomoka. 
 strongly, hard, nyemenena. 
 through (elbow one’s way), nwanina 
 e njila (2). 
 
 (urge), komena. 
 
 Pressure, n ., see weight, strength. 
 
 Presume (suppose), v., banza. 
 
 Pretence (deceit), n., luvnnn, 10 ; 
 viku, 6. 
 
 (hypocrisy), kitvunina, 9. 
 of, under the = pretending or pre¬ 
 tended. 
 
 Pretend, v., kuvuna. 
 
 Prettily, do, v., toma. 
 
 Prettiness, n., wete, 12 miangana, 
 9 (very). 
 
 Pretty, be very, v ., miangana. 
 
 (of persons), a., -a mote (3). 
 
 (of things), -awete, -abiza, -ambote. 
 very, -amiangani. 
 
 Prevail (overcome), v ., sunda (e 
 ngolo, 2). 
 
 Prevaricate, v., benda-benda. 
 
 Prevarication, n., benda-benda, 9. 
 
 Prevent (forbid), v ., xima. 
 
 (hinder), see delay, hinder. 
 
 Previous, a., -antete, -ankulu, -viti- 
 di. 
 
 Previously, be, do, v., vita in the 
 perfect. He repeated what he 
 previously said, ovovolwele edi 
 kavitidi 0 vova. 
 just, see just. 
 
 Prey, beast or bird of prey, n., mbiji 
 idianga e mbiji zakaka ne 
 ngo, ye nkoxi, e nnni mpe ne 
 kimbi, yo lnnganga. 
 
 Prey, continued. 
 
 (spoil), n., esanzu, 8 
 
 Price, n., ntalu, 2. 
 name a, v., vuna or ta or lomba 
 e ntaln. 
 
 pay a heavy, lumba, yemba. 
 
 Prick (hurt), v., tatika. 
 into, kota. 
 
 (make holes), tompola, topa, to- 
 bola. 
 
 Prickle, n. } lnsende, 11 & 2 (nse- 
 nde). 
 
 Pride, n., lulendo, 10. 
 
 (haughtiness), nza (2) yo lulendo. 
 
 Priest, «., nganga, 2. 
 
 Priesthood, n., kinganga, 5. 
 
 Prime a gun, v., xia or soma e mbo- 
 mbe (2). 
 
 Priming, mbombe, 2. 
 
 Prince, mfumu, 2 ; mwana (1) a 
 ntinu. 
 
 Princess, mfumu (2) ankento. 
 
 Principal, a., -anene, -ampwena, 
 -sundidi. 
 
 Principle, n., see cause, custom, 
 thought. 
 
 Print, see mark. 
 
 Prison, xienge, 6; luvambu, 10 
 (fetters). 
 
 Prisoner, n., muntu (1) ambaki; 
 nkole, 2 (Bako.). 
 of war, mumpita, 3. 
 
 Private (not public), a., ke -amvwa- 
 nga ko. 
 
 Private parts, n. } butamu, 6 (eu¬ 
 phemism). 
 
 Privately, adv., kuna sweki. 
 
 Privilege (good fortune), ;z.,elawu, 8. 
 
 Prize, v., zola beni (generally per¬ 
 fect). 
 
 (something found), kimbongolo- 
 la, 5* 
 
 Probably, adv., see perhaps, likely. 
 
 Proboscis (of elephant), //., nkati, 4. 
 
 Proceed from, v., tuka. 
 
 (go), kwenda. 
 
 ( interj. ), ndolo! 
 
 Proceeds, mbongo, 2 (goods) ; 
 njimbu, 2 (beads) ; ntalu, 2 
 (price). 
 
Pro-Pro 
 
 ( 166 ) 
 
 Proclaim a law, v., boka o nta- 
 ngwa, or nkoki. 
 
 Proclamation, n., ntangwa, 4 ; 
 nkoki, 4. 
 
 Procrastinate, v ., xia e kimbaji- 
 mbaji. 
 
 Procrastination, «.,kimbajimbaji, 
 5 - 
 
 Procure (buy), v ., sumba. 
 
 (get), baka. 
 
 Prodigal (very generous), a ., -esavn. 
 person (wild, reckless, dissolute), n., 
 
 kimpumbulu, 5 ; kinkita, 5 ; 
 ntunduluki, 2; ntentaxialu, 
 2; mpuki, 2. 
 
 Produce (trade), n. f mana, pi. 7 ; mu- 
 
 nkita, 3. 
 
 Produce (bear), 7/., wuta (of living 
 creatures), yima (of trees)., 
 (bring out), vaikisa. 
 
 Product of addition, n., lubundake- 
 so, 10. 
 
 Productive (of soil), a ., -ambongo. 
 Profane (bad), a., -ambi. 
 
 Profess, v., samuna. 
 
 Profession, nsamu, 4. 
 
 (work), salu, 6 . 
 
 Profit, n ., nsundanduta, 2 ; nluta, 
 
 4 - 
 
 v., baka 0 nluta, luta. 
 
 (advantage), v., sala. 
 n ., salu, 6 (service); mfunu, 4 
 
 (use). 
 
 Profligate, see prodigal. 
 
 Profound, a ., -anxini. 
 
 (great), -ampwena. 
 
 Profuse, -ingi; ^ much. 
 Progenitor, n. t nkulu, 1. 
 
 Progeny, n., ana, pi. 1 ; wana, pi. 1. 
 Progress, v., kwenda. 
 
 (be done), salwa, vangwa, vwa. 
 (walk slowly), womboka. 
 
 Prohibit (forbid), v., xima. 
 
 (from entering, going out), venge- 
 sa. 
 
 (refuse to allow), kandika. 
 
 (taboo), xia e konko. 
 
 Prohibited (taboo), a., -anlongo. 
 thing, n., nlongo, 4 ; mpangu, 2 ; 
 
 see Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Prohibition,; z.,ximu,6; lukandu,io. 
 
 (taboo), konko, 6 . 
 
 Project (intention), lukanu, 10. 
 (invent), 7/., soka. 
 
 (protrude), vaika. 
 
 Prolific, be, 7/.,wutana (in bearing), 
 tetana (in hatching). 
 
 Prolong (cause to last), 7/., jingisa. 
 (a speech), lolomona. 
 
 (lengthen), lambula. 
 a stay, nanga. 
 
 Prominent (conspicuous), a ., -mone- 
 kanga. 
 
 Promise, ?/., nxilu, 4. 
 v., xila, yikila, kanikina, you 
 promise but do not perform 
 (proverb), ngeye u ntu a nsu- 
 su oleka ye ndungu kuxi- 
 kama ya ndungu ko. 
 
 Promote (help), 7/., sadisa. 
 
 Promptly, adv., e nswalu. 
 do, 7/., vika. 
 
 Pronounce badly, v., ke toma fula 
 ko. 
 
 judgment, sasa 0 nkanu (4). 
 guilty, yelesa. 
 innocent, lungisa. 
 well, toma fula. 
 
 (say), vova. 
 
 Pronunciation, n., mfula, 2 ; mpo- 
 va, 2. 
 
 Proof (sign), xinsu, 6. 
 fire-, a ,., ke -kwamanga ko. 
 rain-, ke -nokanga ko. 
 water-, coat, n., lunkumfu, 10. 
 sheet, nlele (4) ankweza. 
 
 Prop, h ., elunji, 8 ; ekunji, 8 . 
 
 74, xikina, xikinina. 
 
 Propel, 7/., diatisa. 
 
 Proper, a., see own. 
 
 (good), a., -atoma, -ambote, -abiza. 
 
 Properly, do, v ., toma. 
 hold it properly, toma kio ximba. 
 
 Property (goods), n ., mbongo, 2 pi.; 
 lekwa, 6 pi. (things), 
 (possessions), vwa, 9. 
 
 Prophecy, diambu, 7 (divovele e 
 ngunza). 
 
 Prophesy, v., samuna, jingula. 
 
 Prophet, n., ngunza, 2. 
 
( I67 ) 
 
 PRO-Pul? 
 
 Prophetic office, n., ungunza, 12. 
 Propitiate, v., sakula 0 makaxi (pi. 
 
 8), vutula e ngemba (pi. 2). 
 Propitiation, mvangilu (4) a 
 ngemba. 
 
 Proportion, n ., tezo, 6 (measure) ; 
 
 kunku, 6 (share). 
 
 Propose (intend), v., kana. 
 
 (suggest), longesela, vovesa. 
 Proposition, ;/.,elongi, 8; diambu,7. 
 Proprietor, mfumu, 2. 
 of, nkwa, 1. 
 
 Propriety, n ., wete, 12. 
 
 Proscribe (taboo), v ., xia e konko 
 
 ( 6 ). 
 
 Proscribed thing, n ., nlongo, 4; 
 
 mpangu, 2 (j^ Kongo-Eng.). 
 Prosecute, v., fnnda 0 nkanu (4). 
 
 a work, sala e salu (6). 
 Prosecution (lawsuit), n ., nkanu, 4. 
 Prosecutor, n., mvolexi (1) a nka¬ 
 nu. 
 
 Prospect, fine (view), n., lumoni, 10. 
 (hope), vuvu, 6. 
 
 (survey), v., langa. 
 
 Prosper, v.i., kukolela. 
 v.t ., kolelesa. 
 
 Prosperity, «., kukolela, 9. 
 Prostrate, lie, v., lavalala. 
 
 oneself, fukama. 
 
 Protect, v., tanina. 
 
 (cover), fuka. 
 
 (guard), lunda, langidila, lunga- 
 lunga. 
 
 Protector, n., ntanini, 1 & 4. 
 Protest (affirm), v., tambulwila. 
 (deny), vana 0 nkalu (4), kala ( fierf 
 kadidi). 
 
 (object), fila e mpaka (2). 
 Protract, see prolong. 
 
 Protrude, v., vaika. 
 
 Proud, a., yo lulendo (10) ; ye nza 
 yo lulendo (haughty) ; he is 
 very proud, lulendo luingi 
 luna yandi. 
 
 Prove, v'., songa ; see also test. 
 Proverb, kingana, 5 ; ngana, 2. 
 Provide, v., sansa, yundula. 
 for (bring up), kudisa. 
 
 (give), vana. 
 
 Provided that, see if. 
 
 Providence, n., sansa, 9. 
 
 Provision (food), n ., dia, 9. 
 for road, nkuta, 2. 
 
 Provoke, see irritate. 
 
 Prowl, v., viangujioka. 
 
 Prudence, n., lulungalalu, 10 ; lu- 
 ngalala, 9 ; zayi, 12 (wisdom). 
 
 Prudent, a ., -anlungaladi. 
 be, v., lungalala. 
 
 person, ;z., nlungaladi, 1 & 4 ; nkwa 
 (1) zayi. 
 
 Prune, v., vangila, zungula. 
 
 Pry (examine, making a small hole 
 whereby to see), •za, tongona, 
 vetona. 
 
 (peer), kengelela. 
 
 Psalm, n., nkunga, 4. 
 
 Puberty, arrive at, v., tuluka. 
 
 Public (not private), a., -amvwanga. 
 
 Publican (tax gatherer), nkwa (1) 
 mpaku. 
 
 Publicity, n., mvwanga, 2. 
 
 Publicly, adv., vana vena 0 wantu 
 (before people). 
 
 Publish, samuna, jingula. 
 false news, one who, n., ngolokoso, 
 2 ; nkwa (1) ungolokoso (12). 
 the habit of doing so, ungolokoso, 
 12. 
 
 news, mwanga e nsangu (2). 
 
 Pudding, ?z., pudingi, 6 (Eng.), 
 of cassava meal, luku, 10 ; mfundi, 
 2 ; ndiba, 4 ; see cassava, 
 a single pudding, ebuku, 8 (large); 
 mwau, 3 (small). 
 
 another preparation from the root, 
 bala (6) kiefunda; kwanga, 
 6 ; kingodia, 5 ; mungodia, 3. 
 
 Puff, v., boza, boda, bafula. 
 
 (swell), see swell. 
 
 Pugnacious person, ;z., nzonji, 2. 
 (savage), a., -alunji. 
 
 Pugnacity, n., unzonji, 12. 
 
 Pull, n., ntunta, 2. 
 v., tunta, nana (stretch), 
 along, koka. 
 
 some one who does not wish to 
 come, nanganisa. 
 away (take), katula. 
 
PUL-PuT 
 
 ( 168 ) 
 
 Pull, continued. 
 
 back, vutulwisa (people), vutula 
 (things). 
 
 down, kulula, kulumuna. 
 
 (with a hooked stick), kokeka. 
 in, kotesa. 
 
 (oars, row), vuwila. 
 off, katula. 
 
 (as a piece of pudding), vukuna. 
 (clothes), vula. 
 out, vaikisa, katula. 
 
 (as a jigger, palm kernel), tungu- 
 na, dunguna. 
 
 (nails), kola. 
 
 of its spathe,dukula,duna,dokola 
 kiona. 
 
 of one’s hand, kutumuna. 
 tight, see tighten. 
 
 to pieces, bangula (take), tiaza 
 (rend). 
 
 up (a hill), tombola, balula. 
 
 (by the roots), vuza, dumuna, 
 dukumuna, tukumuna. 
 
 Pullet, n., nsweswe, 4. 
 
 Pulley, //., kitunti, 5 ; tunti, 6. 
 
 Pulp (inside calabashes), n., mako- 
 mve, pi.8; (piece of), ekomve,8. 
 
 Pulsate, v., tumpa, landana, duku- 
 nga, dikinga, kulana. 
 
 Pulverize, v., fumfumuna. 
 
 Pumpkin, n., elenge, 8 . 
 
 Pun, n., kingana, 5. 
 
 Punch, v., tua e nkome (2). 
 
 (a hole), jiula (e evundu, 8 ). 
 
 Punctually, adv., e ntangwa (2) 
 abiza. 
 
 (at the time fixed), e kolo -xidilu ; 
 they came punctually, bejidi e 
 kolo baxidilu. 
 
 Pungency (of pepper, &c., choking), 
 n ., kefo, 6 . 
 
 Pungent, a ., -akefo. 
 
 Punish, z/.,twasa e tumbu, tumbula. 
 
 Punishment, n., tumbu, 6 . 
 
 Pup, n., fimbwambwa, 15 ; kimbwa- 
 mbwakala, 5 ; kimbwambwa- 
 mbwa, 5. 
 
 Pupa, ?i., kinxiamaji, 5. 
 
 Pupil, n., nleke (1) a xikola. 
 of the eye, ngingidi, 2. 
 
 Purchase, v., sumba. 
 for trade, kita. 
 
 Purchaser, n., usumbi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Pure, a ., -avelela, -akianza. 
 be, v., velela, kianza. 
 
 (only), a., kaka, nkutu {adv.). 
 (strained), -akelwa. 
 
 Purge (medicine), pulukante, 2 (P. 
 purgante). 
 
 v.t. , vaikisa e vumu (6). 
 vd., vumu (6, ki-) vaika. 
 Purification, n., mpelelesa, 2. 
 Purify, v., velelesa, kianjisa. 
 Purity, n., velela, 9 ; kianza, 9. 
 Purlin, n., ekamba, 8. 
 
 Purloin, v., see steal. 
 
 Purple, a., -anduwa (after the nduwa 
 bird, schizorhis gigantea),-apilu. 
 Purr, v., yila. 
 
 Purpose, v., kana. 
 n., lukanu, 10. 
 
 (reason), kuma, 6. 
 
 (use), mfunu, 4. 
 
 (use for), nkinji, 4. 
 
 (will), luzolo, 10. 
 
 Purposely, do, v., kana. 
 he did it purposely, kana kakanini 
 wo vanga. 
 
 Purse, n., nkutu (2) a njimbu. 
 Pursue, v., landa (follow), lamika 
 (chase after), yinga (drive). 
 Pus, 11 ., tufina, 10 pi. 
 
 Push, v., nunguna. 
 apart, vavula, vambula. 
 aside, vengumuna, vengomona. 
 down, over, nongona. 
 down (many things), lambakesa. 
 
 (press), nyema. 
 near, valakesa, finika. 
 on (progress), kwenda kaka. 
 over, kindula. 
 
 (upset), sendona. 
 
 (shift), xiuntula, tuntula, niunga, 
 konka, konkela, xiunta. 
 under, kotesa kunanxi. 
 
 water, diumbisa. 
 up, suka, tukuta. 
 a hill, tombola, balula. 
 
 Pustule, n., see pimple, boil (small). 
 Put, v., xia, tula. 
 
( 169 ) 
 
 Put-Put 
 
 Put, continued. 
 
 about (here and there), sansakesa, 
 sansaaisa. 
 
 across (a river), saula, sahula 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (space), kuzula. 
 against, yekeka (muna). 
 all, a lot, in at once, longeleka. 
 away, aside, by, xia ova ndambu. 
 (hide), sweka. 
 
 (keep), lunda. 
 a wife, vonda o longo (io). 
 back, vutula. 
 before, vitisa. 
 crosswise, kambika. 
 down (lower), kulula, kulumuna. 
 on the ground, xia or tula ovanxi. 
 violently, lumba, yumba, yemba, 
 zanza, bunda, buba. 
 an end to, manesa. 
 face downwards, bukika. 
 
 upwards, sengola. 
 fire to, tatika o tiya (io pi.), kwika. 
 flat on the ground, lavidika. 
 forth leaves (bud), savuka. 
 
 (out), vaikisa. 
 
 (stretch), lambula. 
 in, see into, 
 firmly, ximika. 
 
 heaps, vanga or tudika o mazu- 
 dikila mazudikila. 
 a line, kiatika o nlonga (4); kia- 
 tika. 
 
 mind of (remind), yangumuna. 
 order, zonzeka, kubika, kiatika, 
 kumpika. 
 
 same heap, bundakesa vamoxi. 
 the ground, kuna (sow). 
 
 (the sun), yanika, 
 into, kotesa, diukisa. 
 
 (a hole, water), kobola, dibula. 
 less (not so much), ke bidika ko. 
 more, kudikila, xia diaka. 
 a little more, tela, 
 that which is added, n ., ntelo, 2. 
 near, v., valakesa, finika. 
 off, katula vana. 
 
 (clothes), villa. 
 
 (defer), kulula, or vunza e lu- 
 mbu (6). 
 
 Put, continued. 
 
 off (to another day), xia e lumbu 
 kiakaka. 
 
 (procrastinate), xia e kimbaji- 
 mbaji (5). 
 
 on, xia, or tenseka vana. 
 
 (clothes, &c.), vwata (on self), 
 vwika (on another), 
 a cover, fuka, fukidila. 
 fine things, kemba, minga. 
 one side, xia vana ndambu. 
 
 (a patch), batika, londa (mend), 
 top of, tenseka or xia vana nta- 
 ndu a. 
 
 one on top of the other, banda- 
 kesa, tensakesa. 
 
 one inside the other (as plates), 
 
 kwakanisa. 
 out, vaikisa. 
 
 be (be disappointed), ntima (4, 
 u-) konanana. 
 
 (extinguish), jima {v.i. & v.ti). 
 
 (an eye), vonda (e disu, 7). 
 
 (hold out), tamba. 
 of joint (dislocate), vilangesa. 
 be, vilangiana. 
 
 (plantain flower, begin to), bu- 
 
 ndikila. 
 
 (fruit), sokomona. 
 over, xia or tenseka vana. 
 
 (cover), fuka, fukidila. 
 
 (cover something, spreading over), 
 
 yambika. 
 
 (invert), bukika...muna. 
 
 (a place), batika (patch), 
 plenty, much, many, bidika, woke- 
 sa, lungula, lukula, sakula 
 vwisa, vwixisa. 
 
 (a pot) off the fire, telula, telola. 
 
 on the fire, teleka. 
 
 (pour), see pour, 
 a question, yuvula, yivula. 
 right, xikidisa. 
 right side up, sengola. 
 round, jinga. 
 
 (shift), see shift, 
 a stop to, see finish, 
 the blame on (somebody else), ye¬ 
 keka e diambu (7) muna. 
 through, suka, or tukuta muna. 
 
PUT-OUI 
 
 /v 
 
 ( 170 ) 
 
 Put, continued. 
 
 to death, vonda. 
 flight, yinga, kula. 
 rights, zonzeka,kumpika,kubika. 
 sleep, lekesa. 
 the test, xinsa. 
 together, xia vamoxi. 
 closely, fiatisa. 
 
 (join), yikakesa. 
 
 side by side, valakesa, finange- 
 sa. 
 
 (touching), totakesa, batakesa. 
 a trap, leka 0 ntambu (4). 
 trust in, kwikila. 
 
 under, xia or kotesa or diukisa 
 munanxi. 
 
 (water), diumbisa, dimuna. 
 up, suka, or tukuta muna. 
 
 (build), tunga. 
 
 (hang), manika, keteka. 
 
 (on something), zangika. 
 
 (peg), vatika. 
 
 (raise), vumbula, zangula. 
 
 (an umbrella), yalumuna. 
 upon, xia or tenseka vana. 
 
 end of an upright upon, kumika. 
 (something spreading upon), ya- 
 mbika. 
 
 upright, tongeka. 
 upside down, bukika. 
 up to (make aware), lukisa, temwe- 
 na. 
 
 (teach), longa. 
 
 Putrid, a., -awola, -anuka. 
 
 Putrify, v., nuka (stink), wola (rot). 
 Puzzle, v.t ., tatamesa. 
 n., kimpa, 5. 
 
 Puzzled, be, t/., tatamena. 
 to know how to, ke zaya ko (not 
 know). 
 
 Python, n., mboma, 2. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Quadruped (exp/.), mbiji a malu 
 maya. 
 
 Ouail, 7 ntima (4, u-)telama. 
 (coturnix), n., kimbimbi, 5. 
 
 Quake, 7/., zakama (shake), tembela 
 (of people, and things erect). 
 
 Qualified, be, v. y lenda (able), 
 fwana (fit). 
 
 Quality (kind), a., mbaku, 4 ; mpi- 
 la, 2. 
 
 Quantity, a great, n., ulolo, 12; 
 kiaba, 5 ; mbidi, 4. 
 a small, n., fiakete, 15 ; fiandwelo, 
 15 ; nsululu, 4 (handful); nku- 
 di, 4 (of liquid), 
 what, kwa ; see how many. 
 
 Quarrel, n., nzonji, 4; nzonza, 2 
 (a quarrelling). 
 
 7/., zonza. 
 
 about, with, zonzela. 
 cause to, zonzesa. 
 
 (fight), nwana. 
 
 (lawsuit), n., nkanu, 4. 
 
 Quarrelsome, a., -anzonji. 
 person, n., nkwa (1) unzonji. 
 
 Quarrelsomeness, n., unzonji, 12. 
 
 Quarry, n., njimba, 2 ; ewumba, 8. 
 7/., tima. 
 
 Quarter, ?i. The ideas of fractions 
 are most indefinite : tini, 6 or 
 ndambu, 2 (a part), is all that 
 can be used. 
 
 (divide in 4), bula e tini ya. 
 give, v., mona or fwa e nkenda (2). 
 of a town, n., belo, 6. 
 
 Quartz, n., matadi mampembe. 
 
 Queen, n., mfumu (2) or ntinu (4) 
 ankento. 
 
 (wife of king), mvika, 4; nkaza (1 
 pi. akaji) a mfumu. 
 
 Quell (a disturbance), v., xima or 
 lembeka (e njingu, pi. 4). 
 
 Quench (fire), v., jima (0 tiya, pi. 10). 
 thirst, katula e evwina (8). 
 
 Question, n., ngivu, 2; ngyuvu, 2. 
 7/., yuvula, yivula. 
 cross- (closely), fimpa, fula, kunka. 
 (dispute), fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 (hesitate, be in doubt), katikisa. 
 
 Questioning (close), mfimpa, 2 ; 
 mfula, 2 ; nkunka, 2. 
 
 (doubt), katikati, 6 ; banzubanzu, 
 
 6 . 
 
 Quibble, v., benda-benda. 
 
( 17 1 ) 
 
 Qui-Rai 
 
 Quick, a., -answalu,-anzaki,-asazu, 
 -antinu (rapid). 
 
 be, v., o nswalu with kwiza (come), 
 or kwenda (go), or diata 
 (walk) or vanga (do). Be quick 
 (do it quickly), vanga dio o 
 nswalu. 
 
 zabuka, sampuka, sazuka. 
 
 (look sharp), zabula or vwa o malu. 
 (move at rapid pace), vola 0 nswa¬ 
 lu. 
 
 (run), kwiza (come) or kwenda 
 (go) e ntinu. 
 
 temper, a, 7 z., makaxi (pi. 8) ma- 
 nswalu or manzaki or malu- 
 mfulumbumbu. 
 
 Quicken (hasten), v.t ., zabulwisa, 
 sazulwisa ; see also accelerate, 
 (restore to life), fula. 
 
 Quickly, adv., o nswalu, e nzaki, e 
 sazu, e ntinu (rapidly), 
 move, whirl along, v., vikumuka. 
 cause to, vikimika. 
 
 Quickness, n., nswalu, 4 ; nzaki, 2; 
 sazu, 6 ; ntinu, 2 (rapidity) ; 
 vikiviki, 6 (whirling). 
 
 Quicksilver, n., maza, pi. 7. 
 
 Quiet, 71., pi-i, 6. 
 be, 7/., kala e pi-i. 
 
 (abstain from making a noise), 
 
 butama. 
 
 (calm, safe), vuvama. 
 
 (docile), lembama. 
 
 (stop), dingalala. 
 
 (stop noise), butika, or bika, or 
 yambula 0 mazu (pi. 8). 
 (content), n., eyangi, 8 ; luyanga- 
 lalu, 10 ; lufiaulwisu, 10 (com¬ 
 fort). 
 
 (docile), a ., -alemvo. 
 
 (peaceable), -anlembami. 
 
 (rest), vundu, 6. . 
 
 Quietly, adv ., 0 malembe. 
 
 (in a whisper), e kimfundumfundu. 
 
 Quietness (docility), 7/., lemvo, 12. 
 (peaceableness), lembama, 9; see 
 also quiet (content, rest). 
 
 Quill (of feather), n., mungingi, 3. 
 (of porcupine), mwinga, 3 ; mwi- 
 mba, 3. 
 
 Quit, v., katuka. 
 
 (emigrate), yaluka. 
 
 (relinquish), vunza. 
 
 Quite, adv., beni; nkutu (alto¬ 
 gether), kikilu (indeed), 
 be (have finished), -mene, -vwidi 
 {per/.). 
 
 Quiver, n., nkutu (2) a nzanza (2). 
 (shake), v., zakama. 
 
 (tremble, of persons and things 
 erect), tembela. 
 
 Quoth, vo. 
 quoth he, 0 yandi vo. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabbit, n., nlumba, 4. 
 
 Race, 77., nxi, 2 (country); ekanda, 
 8 (clan). 
 
 (run), 77., lundumuka. 
 with any one, talana e ntinu (2). 
 Racket, n,, mazu, pi. 8. 
 
 Raft, n., lalu, 6. 
 
 Rafter, ?i ., mvwambu, 2 & 11. 
 
 Rag, n., etaya, 8. 
 
 (a strip torn off), tenda, 6. 
 
 Rage (anger), n., ekaxi, 8 ; often used 
 in pi. ; nganji, 2. 
 
 (fury), 71., lunji, 6. 
 get into a, v., fuluta yo makaxi. 
 Kongos do not speak of a storm 
 or battle raging, they simply 
 use the verb, “ to be.” 
 
 Ragged cloth, 71., mataya, pi. 8. 
 Raid, n ., nkuki, 2. 
 
 on, make a, v., kuka. 
 
 Railing, 71., lumbu, 10. 
 
 Railway, 71., njila (2) atadi (iron 
 road). 
 
 Raiment, 71., mvwatu, 4. 
 
 Rain, n ., mvula, 2. 
 
 77., noka, mvula (2 -i) bwa. 
 coat, 71., lunkumfu, 10. 
 heavy, mvambala (4) a mvula. 
 lasting all day, or nearly so, mfu- 
 mbula, 4. 
 
 small shower, wangawanga, 6. 
 over small area, kintungila, 5. 
 
Rai-Rav 
 
 ( 172 ) 
 
 Rainbow, zz., nkongolo, 2. 
 
 Rainy season. The first rains, mvula 
 za masanza, fall about Sep¬ 
 tember 15, reaching a maximum 
 about November, after which 
 there is some remission for 
 about a month, when the storms 
 again increase, reaching a 
 higher maximum in April, ki- 
 ntombo, 5. They cease about 
 May 15. 
 
 Raise (a dust), v., bundumuna. 
 
 (erect, or lift, into a sitting posture), 
 
 v., vumbula, tongeka, donge- 
 ka, dongeleka. 
 
 (lift), zangula. 
 
 (an objection), fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 (the dead), fula. 
 
 (the voice), kasumuna (e ndinga, 
 
 2). 
 
 up (on something), zangika. 
 upon (something), zangikila. 
 
 (with a lever, or as a “ntete” is 
 shouldered), vunduna. 
 
 Raised, be (erect, up, or in a sitting 
 posture), 7/., vumbuka, tonga- 
 ma, dongama, dongalala. 
 (lifted), zanguka. 
 up (on something), zangama. 
 
 Rake, zz., sanu, 6 . 
 
 Rally, see assemble, recover. 
 
 Ram, zz., ebokolo, 8 (diekoko). 
 cram, v., komenena. 
 a gun, xiamisa 0 makaku (pi. 8) 
 (drive the wad), soma (load), 
 -rod, 7 i., lusoka, 10 ; lutaku, 11 & 2 
 (ntaku). 
 
 Ramble, v., vumvula, kiya. 
 
 Rancour, 11., nxita, 2. 
 
 Range, kill at a long, v., langula. 
 
 Rank (dignity), n., kimfumu, 5. 
 
 (title), ngenda, 2. 
 
 Ransack, v., sanza. 
 
 Ransom, v., kula (redeem), sumba 
 (buy). 
 
 Rap, v., doda ; see also knock, strike. 
 
 Rape, n., zumba, 6 . 
 
 Rapid (on the river), kieji, 5; maza 
 (pl. 7) makieji or mangolo. 
 
 Rapid, see quick. 
 
 Rapidity, see quickness. 
 
 Rapidly, see quickly. 
 
 Rare, a., -anzenza. 
 
 (seldom), -atutu. 
 
 Rarely, adv., lumbu kiatutu 
 (seldom). 
 
 Rascal, kimpumbulu, 5; ntundu- 
 luki, 2 ; ntentaxialu, 2 ; ki- 
 nkita, 5 ; mpuki, 2. 
 
 Rascality, zz., umpumbulu, 12 ; 
 untunduluki, 12; untentaxia- 
 lu, 12; unkita, 12. 
 
 Rash, ?z., bwazabwaza, 6. 
 come out with a, v., babumuka. 
 fellow, 71., kimpumbulu, 5, &c. ; see 
 rascal. The word implies a 
 rash, headstrong, wicked man. 
 see also foolish, hasty. 
 
 Rasp, v., fusula. 
 
 (file), fwenka, kwaka. 
 
 Rat, 71., mpuku, 2. 
 
 Rat-trap, se£ trap. 
 
 Rate, zz., nswalu, 4. 
 go at a rapid, v., vola 0 nswalu. 
 go at a slow, kwenda 0 malembe, 
 womboka (walk). 
 
 Rather more, fiakete (15) diaka. 
 more than, fiakete fisundidi yo. 
 (not very), ke beni ko ; it is rather 
 hard = it was hard but not very, 
 kiakola kwandi kanxi ke 
 beni ko. 
 
 (sooner), deke ; I cannot steal, I 
 would rather die, kilendi yiya 
 ko deke yafwa kwame. 
 
 (wish to), -zolele ; I would rather 
 stay here, vava kwandi nzo- 
 lele kala. 
 
 Rations (food), zz., madia, pl. 9. 
 
 (for journey), nkuta, 2. 
 
 Rattle (having loose seeds or stones 
 inside r for children, and for use 
 in incantations), zz., sangwa, 6. 
 (with wooden tongues, for dogs, 
 pigs, &c., also used in some 
 parts by witch doctors), nke- 
 mbi, 2 ; edibu, 8 ; edimu, 8. 
 
 Ravage, see spoil, plunder. 
 
 Rave (as in delirium), v., wazumuna. 
 
 Ravine, see gorge. 
 
( 173 ) 
 
 Rav-Rec 
 
 Raving, n., mawazawaza, pi. 8. 
 
 Raw (fresh, uncooked), a ., -ambisu, 
 -angisu, -ankunzu. 
 
 Ray of light, nkejikeji, 4 ; nteji, 
 4* 
 
 (as when the sun shines from behind 
 a cloud), kulu (9) kwa nta- 
 ngwa. 
 
 Razor, n., vwayi, 2 (P. navalha). 
 
 Re-, prefix= again, see again. 
 
 Reach, v., luaka or baka or tula or 
 nieka or kwiza muna. 
 after, nanukina. 
 down, manuna. 
 
 (get), baka. 
 out, tamba. 
 
 within, see near ; or thus, put it 
 within reach (where I can reach 
 
 it), xisa vana mfwete kio ba- 
 kila. 
 
 Read, v., tanga. 
 teach to, tangisa. 
 
 Reader, n., ntangi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Readily, see quickly, easily. 
 
 Readiness, see order or ready, using 
 the intransitive infinitives as 
 zonzama, 9 (arrangedness) ; 
 the nouns thus formed are of 
 the 9th class. 
 
 Ready, be, v. It is necessary to state 
 the condition of readiness: 
 boiled, cooked, made, arranged, 
 swept, &c. ; see prepare, 
 make, state what is necessary to be 
 done : boil, cook, make, &c. 
 to be, the future may express 
 this : I am ready to go = I am 
 going, use then the tense in se 
 or sa. 
 
 (willing, obedient) be, v., tumama. 
 
 Real, a., -aludi (altogether), nkutu. 
 
 Reality, n., ludi, 6 ; kontwa kwa 
 ludi i ludi. It shows that it is 
 a reality, kontwa kwa ludi i 
 ludi disongele. 
 
 Really, adv., ludi, kieleka, kikilu. 
 (in the inmost heart), kunanxi a 
 ntima. 
 
 Reap, v., saka, fwenka (cut close), 
 corn, sala. 
 
 Reaper, n., nsaki, 1 & 4 ; nsadi, 
 
 1 & 4. 
 
 Rear (back), n ., nima, 2. 
 
 (bring up), v., kudisa. 
 
 Reason, it., kuma, 6 ; mpitu, 2. 
 for that, this, i kuma, dianu, diau, 
 i mpitu yiyi. 
 
 for what, e kuma, e kuma nki, mu 
 nkia kuma, mu nkia mpitu, 
 e mpitu nki. 
 
 (senses), zayi, 12. 
 
 (think), v., balula, naka, badika, 
 banza, banjikisa. 
 
 Rebel against, v., yekula, saula 
 (hate). 
 
 Rebellious child, n., nkwa (1) 
 umbiu. 
 
 Rebelliousness (disobedience, of 
 children only), n ., umbiu, 12. 
 
 Rebound, v., timbuka. 
 
 Rebuild, v., tungulula. 
 
 Rebuke, v., tumba. 
 n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Recall, v ., vutulwisa. 
 to mind, v.t., sengumuna, sengo- 
 mona bakula. 
 of another, bakulwisa. 
 
 Recede (go back), v., vutuka. 
 
 (go down), see fall (sink). 
 
 Receive, v., tambula. 
 a present from a suitor, fika. 
 back, vutukila. 
 
 Recent (new), a., -ampa. 
 
 Recently, adv., yau lumbu eyi 
 (these days). 
 
 Receptacle (place), n., fulu, 6. 
 (sheath), kutu, 6. 
 
 (temporary), xilwa, 6. 
 
 Reception (greeting), n., nkayisa, 2. 
 
 Recite (a story), v., ta, tewolola (tell 
 over again). 
 
 Reckless person, n., kimpumbulu, 
 5 ; kinkita, 5 ; ntentaxialu, 
 2 ; ntunduluki, 2. 
 
 (daring), nkabu, 2 ; ngyamu, 2. 
 
 Recklessness (daring), n., unkabu, 
 12 ; ungyamu, 12. 
 
 (wild, heedless), umpumbulu, 12 ; 
 unkita, 12 ; untentaxialu, 12; 
 untunduluki, 12. 
 
Rec-Ref 
 
 ( 174 ) 
 
 Reckon (think), 7/., balula, badika, 
 banza, banjikisa, yindula, 
 naka; zaya (know). 
 Reckoning, n., mbalu, 2. 
 
 Reclaim (get back), 7/., bongolola; 
 see also call back, redeem, 
 correct. 
 
 Recline (at full length on the ground), 
 v., lavalala. 
 
 (lean against), yekama. 
 
 (resting on elbow, or on something), 
 
 lambalala. 
 
 (with the head to the other person’s 
 feet, and the other’s feet oppo¬ 
 site his head), vilangesa e ntu 
 (4 pi.)* 
 
 Recognise, v., sungamena, zaya 
 
 (know). 
 
 (agree that), tambulwila, kwikila. 
 Recoil, v., saluka, vutuka 0 lunima. 
 
 of a gun, n ., vindu, 6. 
 
 Recollect, 7/., sungamena. 
 
 (recall), sengumuna, sengomona. 
 (think), see reckon. 
 
 Recollected, be (come to mind), 7/., 
 kwiza e kienze. 
 Recollection, n., ngindu, 2. 
 Recommence, 7 yangula, yangu- 
 muna. 
 
 v. i. , yanguka, yangumuka. 
 
 (rake up an old affair, disinter), 
 
 7 bandumuna. 
 
 Recommencement, n., ngyangu, 2. 
 Recommend... to, v., longesela...ovo; 
 I recommended him to go, ndo- 
 ngesele yandi ovo wenda. 
 Recompense, 7/., futa. 
 
 n., mfutu, 2 ; mfitu, 2. 
 
 Reconcile (remove the anger), 7/., 
 kululwisa 0 makaxi (pi. 8). 
 to each other, zolanisa. 
 Reconciled, be, 7/., zolana, ngemba 
 (pi. 2 ji-) vangama, makaxi 
 (pi. 8 ma-) kuluka. 
 Reconciler, n., mvangi (1 & 4) a 
 ngemba. 
 
 Reconciliation (friendship), nge¬ 
 mba, 2 pi. ; kikundi, 5. 
 that which brings about, vangilwa 
 (6) kia ngemba. 
 
 Reconnoitre, 7/., langa. 
 
 Recover (get back), 7/., vutulwisa. 
 (get better), sasuka, vuluka, vula, 
 vevoka, vevuka, kolela, sa- 
 mpuka, leka (sleep hence). 
 (from apparent death), fuluka. 
 (from drunkenness), sakuka. 
 (from fainting), vunguka 0 zayi 
 (12), zunga (6, ki-) kia. 
 
 (what was lost), bongolola. 
 
 Rectify, 7/., songesa. 
 
 Rectitude, n., songa, 9. 
 
 Recumbent, a ., -anlavaladi. 
 
 (resting on elbow, or something at 
 one end) -anlambaladi. 
 
 Red, a ., -ambwaki, -loka. 
 be, become v. , bwaka, benga, loka, 
 kala e elolo (8). 
 
 -hot, be, become, get, meka yo tiya 
 (pi. 10), kengomoka, bwaku- 
 luka, kala e ngenge yo tiya. 
 make, bwakisa, lokesa. 
 paint (for face, &c.), n., xila, 6. 
 a fruit yielding a red stain, eteke, 8. 
 -wood powder, nkula, 2. 
 
 Redden, see red (be, make). 
 
 Redeem (buy), v., sumba. 
 
 (buy back), kula. 
 
 Redeemed, be, 7/., kulwa. 
 
 Redeemer, nkudi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Redemption, n., kula, 9 ; kulwa, 9 
 (passive). 
 
 Our redemption, kulwa kweto. 
 
 His redemption that He wrought, 
 
 kula kwandi kakudidi. 
 
 There is of course the usual 
 derivative noun, nkula, 2 (a 
 redeeming), but the above are 
 the proper nouns to use in the 
 senses of the two instances 
 given. 
 
 Redness, n., mbwaki, 2 ; bwaka, 9. 
 
 Reduce, see decrease, v.t. & v.i. 
 to poverty, 7/., sukika. 
 
 Reed (papyrus), n., diwu, 7. 
 
 (water grass), esese, 8. 
 
 Reel, v., zenzela, sansala (stagger). 
 
 Reflect, a looking glass is said to see, 
 mona, the face before it, and the 
 person to see himself, kumona 
 
( 175 ) 
 
 Ref-Rej 
 
 Reflect, continued. 
 
 (refl.); but there is no notion 
 of the glass doing anything, 
 (think), see think. 
 
 Reflection (brightness), n., nsemo, 
 pi. 2. 
 
 (reflected light), nteji, 4; nkeji- 
 keji, 4 - 
 
 (thought), mbalu, 2. 
 
 Reform, v., xikidisa. 
 
 Refractoriness (of children), n., 
 
 umbiu, 12. 
 
 (obstinacy), lunkumfu, 10. 
 
 Refractory child, nkwa (1) 
 umbiu. 
 
 person, nkwa (1) lunkumfu. 
 
 Refrain from, v., lemba with verbs ; 
 lembwa with nouns. 
 
 (leave off), yambula, bika. 
 
 Refresh, 7/., vutulwisa (moisten) ; 
 menesa (cause to grow) ; yangi- 
 dika (gladden); vana e ngolo 
 (2) (strengthen). 
 
 Refreshed, be, v., baka e ngolo (2). 
 
 Refuge, n., etininu, 8 . 
 
 (hiding place), eswekelo, 8 . 
 take refuge (flee), v., tina. 
 
 Refugee, n., ntini, 1 & 4 ; nkombo, 
 2 ; see slave. 
 
 Refusal, n., nkalu, 4 ; ximu, 6 (for¬ 
 bidding). 
 
 (final and definite), kandu, 6. 
 
 Refuse, v., vana 0 nkalu (4), kala 
 (per/., kadidi), manga (Bako.). 
 ever to allow, kandika. 
 ever to do, dia e kandu (6). 
 
 (forbid), xima. 
 
 (rubbish), n., titi, 6. 
 
 (with scorn), v., saula, kusaula. 
 to hear, landula. 
 
 Refute, v., vana 0 nkalu (4). 
 
 Regard, 7 /., tala ; see also look, think, 
 lightly, vevula, vevola. 
 
 (respect), see respect. 
 
 Regardless, a., -anlandu, -aluvezo. 
 be (slight), veza. 
 
 (not listen), landula. 
 he is regardless of danger, oyandi 
 i nkanda a nlumba katina 
 tanuka ko, (proverb) he is a 
 
 Regardless, continued. 
 
 rabbit’s skin, and does not fear 
 a scratch. 
 
 Regardlessness (deaf),;/., nlandu, 4. 
 of cost, risk, &c., vevula, 9; vevo¬ 
 la, 9. 
 
 (scorn), luvezo, 10. 
 
 Regards (compliments), mavimpi, 
 pi. 13 ; see compliment. 
 
 give my kind regards to- ,jingu- 
 
 la 0 mavimpi kuna kwa-; 
 
 Mantu sent his kind regards to 
 you, mavimpi maku matuki- 
 di kwa Mantu. 
 
 Regenerate, v., vangulula (make 
 over again), kitula (transform), 
 wutulula (give birth to the 
 same once more). 
 
 Regeneration, ;/., mpangulula, 2 ; 
 nkitula, 2 ; ngutulula, 2 ; the 
 passives also, mpangululwa, 
 
 2 ,&C. 
 
 Regiment, //., mvengo, 4 (corps). 
 
 Region, n., nxi, 2 (country). 
 
 Register, v., soneka. 
 n., nkanda, 4. 
 
 Regret, v., mona e ntantu. 
 
 ;/., ntantu, 2. 
 
 Regular (arranged), a., -akiatama. 
 (old, ordinary), -ankulu. 
 
 Regulate, v., xikidisa. 
 
 Regulation (law), n., nxiku, 4 ; ko- 
 nko, 6. 
 
 make a, v., xia 0 nxiku or e konko. 
 
 Reign, v., yala, see elect. 
 
 11., luyalu, 10. 
 of (time of), tandu, 6. 
 
 Rein (exp/.), n., nxinga (4) udiatixi- 
 lwanga e mvalu. 
 
 Reins, see kidney. 
 
 Reinstate (in an office), v., yeku- 
 lula, yekolola; see elect (yeka). 
 
 Reject (despise, scorn), v., saula. 
 (slight), veza. 
 
 Rejection, n., mpeza, 2. 
 
 Rejoice, v.t., yangidika, mwesa e 
 kiese or 0 wete. 
 
 v.i., yangalala, mona e kiese or 0 
 wete, kemba. 
 with, v.t., kembesa. 
 
Rej-Rel 
 
 ( 176 ) 
 
 Rejoicing, n., luyangalalu, 10 ; 
 eyangi, 8 ; kiese, 5 ; wete, 12; 
 ekembo, 8 ; nkembo, 4. 
 
 Relate (a story), v., ta (e ngana, 2). 
 (tell), samuna, jingula. 
 
 Related, be (by blood), v., wutu- 
 kiana. 
 
 Relation (narration), n., nta, 2 ; 
 nsamuna, 2 ; njingula, 2. 
 (relative), see relative. 
 
 Relationship, ?z., kiyitu, 5 ; luvila, 
 10. 
 
 what relationship is there between 
 you ? nkia luvila nwina ? 
 mfwanana, 2 ; what relationship 
 is there between the electricity 
 of the electric fish and the 
 lightning? yo mayembo ma 
 sulu yo mwandaji nkia mfwa- 
 nana bafwananini ? 
 
 Relative, n., yitu, 6 ; nkaji,2; buxi, 
 6 (Bako.). All relationship is 
 on the mother’s side. With the 
 exception of the name of father, 
 tata, 1, & ese, 8, no paternal 
 relationship is ever considered. 
 The clans are described under 
 clan (p. 36). Clanship is con¬ 
 sidered a relationship (kiyitu), 
 but yitu is generally a mater¬ 
 nal relative, and they are spoken 
 of as one’s mothers, ngudi, 
 sing. 2, ngwa, 2, or mbuta, 2, 
 and are often addressed as one’s 
 mother, e yaya ! or e nengwa ! 
 the other wives of one’s father 
 are, ngudi (sing.), or ngwa 
 zansakila, and are addressed 
 as mother. 
 
 The mother’s parents are nkaka,2; 
 or nkayi, 2 ; and a grandchild, 
 ntekelo, 1 & 4. The mother’s 
 sisters are spoken of and ad¬ 
 dressed as mothers. Her brother 
 is ngudi(2) ankaji (sing.), ngwa 
 (2) ankaji (my uncles, ngwa za- 
 me zankaji). The child of your 
 maternal uncle is spoken of as 
 your son, mwana, 1, and you 
 are considered his father ; while 
 
 Relative, continued. 
 
 the children of your maternal 
 aunt regard you in turn as their 
 child. The property of one’s 
 maternal aunt (women do not 
 accumulate much) goes to her 
 husband at her death, but that 
 of your maternal uncle is shared 
 by you with the rest of his 
 family (unless he wills all to 
 you), while, if he is a chief, and 
 you his senior or pet nephew, 
 you wind him up in his personal 
 estate of cloth, and bury him, 
 and place his crockery on his 
 grave ; then you assume the 
 burden of his real estate, the 
 chieftainship, his slaves, and 
 whatever wives he had. The 
 maternal uncle is therefore the 
 most important relation, and if 
 he is worth having, you early 
 go to live with him. 
 
 A child is called mwana, 1 ; 
 an elder brother or sister, 
 mpangi, 2 ; a younger brother 
 or sister, mbnnji, 1 ; a sister 
 nsanga, 2 ; a father or mother- 
 in-law, ko, 13 ; a brother or 
 sister-in-law, nzadi, 2. Those 
 relations who are, according 
 to the above rules, regarded 
 as nkaka, ngudi, ngudi anka¬ 
 ji, mwana, or ko, are called 
 njitu, 1, and you cannot be 
 married to them according to 
 proper Kongo custom. There 
 are, however, doubtless trans¬ 
 gressors. 
 
 Relax, v.t., zezesa, zezula, zezola. 
 v.i., zeza. 
 
 Release (let go), v ., tayisa, yambu- 
 la. 
 
 (a spring), basula. 
 
 (untie), kutulula, kangula. 
 
 Relent, v., zezula or zezola 0 makaxi 
 
 (pi. 8). 
 
 Reliable, v., see faithful, certain, 
 be (certain ), v., xikila. 
 
 Reliability, n., see faithfulness. 
 
f 
 
 ( 177 ) 
 
 Rel-Rem 
 
 Reliance, n., kwikila, 9 ; kwikilwa, 
 9 (passive). 
 
 Relief, «., sadila, 9 or sadisa, 9 
 (help) ; sasuka, 9 (from pain 
 or sickness). 
 
 Relieve (assuage), v., sakula, saki- 
 dika. 
 
 (carry for), natina. 
 
 (help), sadisa, sadila. 
 
 (take away weight), katula e ejitu 
 
 ( 8 ). 
 
 (take turns), tambujiana, tamba- 
 kiana, vingajiana. 
 
 Religion, n. The natives have no¬ 
 thing that can be regarded as a 
 religion. With the exception of 
 the little ceremony referred to 
 under offering, there is nothing 
 in the way of hero worship. The 
 gospel is called God’s palaver, 
 mambu (ph 8) ma Nzambi. 
 Doctrine, elongi, 8 ; faith, lu- 
 kwikilu, 10 ; prayer and wor¬ 
 ship, sambu, 6 ; see also God, 
 Christ, Church. For native 
 customs, see Appendices, nki- 
 mba, fetish. 
 
 Religious person, n ., munkwikiji, 3. 
 This word remains from the old 
 times of the Catholic missions, 
 and although its meaning had 
 come to be little more than a 
 good, trustworthy person, its old 
 meaning of Christian has re¬ 
 vived. 
 
 (pious, dutiful), a ., -alemvo. 
 
 Relinquish, v., yambula, bika. 
 
 (give up, quit), vunza. 
 
 cause to, vunzanisa. 
 hope, dimbula e vuvu (6). 
 
 Relinquished, be, v., vunzakana. 
 
 Relish, v., zola (generally perfect), 
 n., something tasty to eat with one’s 
 kwanga or other bread stuff, 
 etongo, 8. 
 
 Reload (a gun), v., somonona, soma 
 diaka (load again), see load. 
 
 Reluctance (dislike), n., ngongo, 2. 
 (modesty), nsoni, 2. 
 
 Reluctant, be, v., see object. 
 
 Reluctantly, adv., kuna ekudi (8). 
 
 Rely on (trust), v., kwikila. 
 
 Remain, v ., sala [per/, xidi (be left)], 
 awake, kiesa 0 meso (pi. 7). 
 behind, sala, sala oku nima (2). 
 for, vinga, beka. 
 
 (last), jinga. 
 
 (live), kala. 
 
 over (exceed), Suva, budila. 
 
 (stay), nanga. 
 
 (wait), dingalala, dingama. 
 when others have left, zunguluka. 
 
 Remainder (of things), n., nsadiswa, 
 2 ; nsuva, 4; mbudila, 2. 
 a little wine left after drinking, 
 kono, 6. 
 
 (those which are left) use the rel. 
 pron. with -xidi. Eyi ixidi 
 otwala 0 mbaji, bring the re¬ 
 mainder to-morrow. 
 
 Remake, v., vangulula. 
 
 Remark (mention), v., sungula, yika. 
 (see), mona. 
 
 (word, something said), diambu, 
 7 - 
 
 Remarkable, a ., -ekumbu, -exivi. 
 
 Remedy, n., see medicine. 
 v., see repair. 
 
 Remember (bear in mind), v ., sunga- 
 mena; yindula or badika 
 muna ntima (4); other words 
 for “ think” may be used. 
 
 (care for, think of), banza. 
 each other, yinduxiana. 
 
 (know), zaya. 
 
 (recall to mind), sengomona, sengu- 
 muna. 
 
 (recognise), sungamena. 
 
 (the complimentary expression), 
 remember me (to so and so), 
 jingula 0 mavimpi ; see com¬ 
 pliments, regards. 
 
 Remembered, be (borne in mind), v., 
 
 sungamenwa. 
 
 (come to mind), kwiza e kienze. 
 (recognised), sungamenwa. 
 
 Remembrance (recollection), n ., ngi- 
 ndu, 2. 
 
 (recognition, regard for), nsunga- 
 mena, 2. 
 
 N 
 
Rem-Rep 
 
 ( 178 ) 
 
 Remind, v., susula. 
 if I forget it, remind me, ovo mvila- 
 kanwa dio unsusula. 
 
 Remission (forgiveness), n., luloloko, 
 10. 
 
 Remit (a debt), v., yambula. 
 
 (forgive), loloka. 
 
 (send), twika. 
 
 Remnant, n., see remainder, piece. 
 
 (of cloth), tenda, 6. 
 
 Remonstrate (blame), v., tumba. 
 
 Remorse, n., kubanza, 9. 
 feel, v., banza, kubanza (reflexive). 
 
 Remote, be, v., the verb kala (to be) 
 with e ntama (2) or 0 vala (14); 
 see also far. 
 
 Remove (a covering), v.t., vungula. 
 (go away), v.i., kwenda, katuka, 
 yaluka (migrate), 
 
 (shift), see shift. 
 
 (take away), v.t ., katula, nata 
 (carry away). 
 
 Remunerate, v., futa, vana e ki 
 bwanga (5). 
 
 Remuneration, n ., mfutu, 2. 
 
 Rend, v.t., tiazuna, tazuna, taza, 
 tiaza, baka, tanuna. 
 v. i. , tiazuka, tazuka, bakuka, tanu- 
 
 ka ; see also tear. 
 
 Render, v., vana (give), tambika 
 (present), vutula (return), 
 service, sadila. 
 
 Renew, see repeat, recommence. 
 
 Renounce, v., yambula, bika. 
 
 Renown (fame), n., tunda, 9 ; yaya, 
 9 ; nsangu, 2 (news), 
 (greatness), unene, 12. 
 
 Renowned, be, v., tunda, yaya. 
 
 Rent, be, v., see rend, v.t. 
 
 (hole), n., evundu, 8. 
 
 (of house), mfutu, 2 (pay). 
 
 Repair, v., londa, vanga. 
 
 (put on a piece), batika. 
 
 Repay (pay), v., futa. 
 
 (pay again), futulula. 
 
 Repeat, v., the suffixes ulula, olola, 
 ununa, onona, imply the repe¬ 
 tition of an action ; to say over 
 again, vovolola ; to repeat or 
 renew a request, lombolola ; 
 
 Repeat, continued. 
 
 diaka, again, is also sufficient ; 
 to say again, vova diaka. 
 (imitate), sokolola. 
 
 Repel, v., yinga, kula. 
 
 Repent (regret), v., kubanza; see 
 also sorry. 
 
 (change one’s mind), ntima (4, U-) 
 viluka, vilula 0 ntima (4), 
 vilula. 
 
 (have mercy), mona e nkenda (2). 
 
 Repentance, n., mviluku (4) a nti¬ 
 ma (4); see vilula, Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Replenish, v., zadisa, zadisa diaka. 
 
 Reply, v., vutula, tambulwila, ta- 
 mbwila. 
 
 n., mvutu, 2 ; mvutwilu, 2 ; dia- 
 mbu, 7. 
 
 after consideration, v., luka 0 maza; 
 see consider. 
 
 respectful, to a call, interj., Kongo ! 
 Kalunga! Nzambi! ingeta! 
 to a salute, ingeta! kixiengele 
 (among women only) ! 
 a respectful man will add ingeta 
 to any remark or reply he makes 
 to a great chief. 
 
 Report, n., nsangu, 2 ; nsamu, 4. 
 v., samwina, jingula. 
 
 (noise), n., ezu, 8. 
 
 Repose, 11., tulu, pi. 10 (sleep) ; vu- 
 ndu, 6 (rest). 
 
 v., leka ( perf. '., lele, sleep), vunda 
 (rest), lavalala (lie down). 
 
 Reprehend, v., tumba. 
 
 Represent (act for another), v., sala 
 vana fulu (6) kia (muntu 
 akaka). 
 
 (boast to be), kusana. 
 
 (say, declare), samwina, vova. 
 a picture representing a man = a 
 picture of a man. 
 
 Representation (likeness), ?i., fwa- 
 niswa, 6 ; (picture), xisa, 6. 
 
 Reproach, v., tumba. 
 n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 (shame), nsoni, 2. 
 
 Reproof, n ., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Reprove, v., tumba. 
 
 (instruct), longa. 
 
( 179 ) 
 
 Rep-Ret 
 
 Reptile (tu pi.), //., ekanda dianioka 
 ye ndiaxila ye ynwnla, yawa- 
 nso “ reptiles ” kwan. 
 
 Repudiate, v ., vana o nkaln (4). 
 
 Repulse, v., knla, yinga. 
 
 Repulsive, a ., -ambi (bad). 
 
 Reputation, see news, character, 
 respect. 
 
 Request, n ., diambn, 7 (dilombelo). 
 7/., lomba, vinga. 
 as a favour, dodokela. 
 
 I request you to give me, dodoko- 
 lodo nmpana. 
 
 in, dia-dia ; this cloth is in request, 
 
 0 nlele wan dia ndia. 
 be not in, boloka. 
 
 Requite, v ., fnta (pay), see also 
 revenge. 
 
 Rescue (by force), v ., kntnmuna 
 (snatch). 
 
 (from danger, save), vnlnza. 
 
 (from drowning), lalula. 
 
 (put aside out of the way), vengU- 
 muna. 
 
 Resemblance, n., fwaniswa, 6. 
 to, having a great, kontwa (9) 
 kwa. 
 
 Resemble, 7/., fwanana ye. 
 
 Resembling,/., -fwananini. 
 
 (like to), adv., ne, nze. 
 
 Resent, 7/., sanla. 
 
 Resentment, n., sanla, 9. 
 
 Reserve (hide), 7/., sweka. 
 
 (keep), lnnda. 
 
 Reserved (quiet), a ., -anlembami. 
 
 Reside (live), v., kala. 
 
 (stay), nanga. 
 
 Residence, n ., nzo, 2. 
 
 (compound), lnmbn, 10. 
 
 (station), evnla, 8; elo, 8. 
 
 Resident, //., ntnngi, 2. 
 
 Residue, see remainder. 
 
 Resign, see relinquish. 
 
 Resignation (calmness), n., nknlnln 
 (4) a moyo. 
 
 Resin, n., dimbn, 13 (wanti wakola 
 ne nkidi, nlemanga vana 
 tiya). 
 
 Resist (fight), v., nwana. 
 
 (object), fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 Resolute, be, 
 Resolve, 
 
 , 7/., kanga 0 ntima 
 4 (4); kana; see under 
 ( ntima, Kongo-Eng. 
 
 lnkann, 10. 
 
 Resort, 7/., kwenda. 
 
 Respect, «., jitn, 12; bnla, 6 ; bnzn, 6 . 
 7/., jitisa, mona e bnla or bnzn or 
 bnnzn, 6 . 
 
 (fear), n., vnmi, 6 & 12. 
 
 7/., vnmina. 
 
 Respected person, n., nkwa (1) jitn. 
 Respects, see regards. 
 
 Respiration, fnlnmwinn, 6 ; 
 
 mfnlnmnna, 2. 
 
 Respire, t/., fnlmnnna. 
 
 Respite, n., see rest. 
 
 Respond, v., see reply. 
 
 Response, n., see reply. 
 
 Responsibility, diambn, 7 ; 
 
 knma, 6 (fault). 
 
 Responsible, be, v., vwa e diambn, 
 nata e knma (fault), 
 hold, tatila. 
 
 Rest, n., vnndn, 6 ; see also remainder. 
 7/., vnnda. 
 
 be at rest (safe), vnvama. 
 the weight of a load, as a carrier on 
 his stick, 7/., bima. 
 
 Resting-place, va vnndn (6). 
 
 Restless, a., -amviaviani. 
 be, 7/., viaviana. 
 
 Restlessness, n., viaviana, 9 ; nte- 
 leko a (4) moyo, 3. 
 
 Restore (return), 7/., vntnla. 
 to health, 7 sasnla, vndisa. 
 
 Restrain (forbid), 7/., xima. 
 
 (hold), ximba, dingidika (keep 
 still). 
 
 Resume, t/., yangnla, yangnmnna. 
 
 Resurrection, //., mfnlnka, 2. 
 day, lnmbn kia mfnlwa a wantn. 
 
 Resuscitate, v.t., fnla. 
 
 Retain (hold), 7/., ximba. 
 
 (keep back something wrongfully), 
 tatamena. 
 
 Retaliate, see revenge. 
 Retinue, n ., nsa, 4. 
 
 Retire (go away), 7/., katnka. 
 (retreat), vntnka. 
 to rest, kwenda leka. 
 
Ret-Rin 
 
 ( 180 ) 
 
 Retreat, v., vutuka. 
 
 (be driven back), yingwa, kulwa. 
 (run away), tina. 
 
 Return, v.t., vutula. 
 v.z., vutuka. 
 
 [relinquish (a journey or work)], v.t., 
 
 vunza. 
 
 (send), twika (things only). 
 
 Reveal (a secret, or make clear), v., 
 baka, bangula, tendola, te- 
 ndula, tengula, tengola sunu- 
 ua (unintentionally). 
 
 (make known), see inform. 
 
 (show), see show. 
 
 something long hidden, bandu- 
 muna. 
 
 (uncover), fukula. 
 
 Revenge, ?i., kunda, 6. 
 v., landa e kunda. 
 
 (malice), n., nxita, 2 pi. 
 Revengeful, a., -anxita. 
 
 Revenger, n., nlandi (1 & 4) a ku¬ 
 nda. 
 
 Revere, Reverence, see respect. 
 Reverse, see turn. 
 
 Review, v., tala, talulula. 
 
 Revile, v., tumba, levula, levola. 
 Revise (correct), v., songesa. 
 
 (look over again), talulula. 
 
 Revive (from the dead, or uncon¬ 
 sciousness), v.z., fuluka. 
 v.t., fula. 
 
 (from sickness), v.z., vuluka. 
 
 (get strong), v.z., kinda. 
 
 Revolt, v., saula. 
 
 11., nsaula, 2. 
 
 Revolting, a., -angemi, -angengexi. 
 Revolution, njeta, 2. 
 
 Revolve, v., jeta. 
 
 Revulsion, «., lukenene, 10; nge- 
 mi, 2. 
 
 (causing shudder), ngengexi, 2. 
 Reward, n., kibwanga, 5; mfutu, 
 2 ; mfitu, 2 ; nkuta, 2. 
 v., futa. 
 
 Rewrite, v., sononona. 
 
 Rib, «., luvati 11 & 2 (mpati). 
 Ribbon, n., fita, 2 (P. fita). 
 
 Rice, n., loso, 10 (P. arroz). 
 
 Rich, a., -amvwama. 
 
 Rich, cozitmued. 
 
 be, v., vwama. 
 
 man, «., mvwama, 2; xina, 6. 
 
 Riches (goods), n., mbongo, 2, pi. 
 (possessions), vwa, 9. 
 
 Riddle, n., ngwala, 2. 
 ask a, v., ta e ngwala. 
 
 Ride (in a hammock), v., natuka 
 (muna wanda). 
 
 Ridge pole, mwangu, 3 ; mbangu, 
 4 * 
 
 last layer of grass on, kimbangila, 
 5 - 
 
 (top), ntandu, 2 ; etenta, 8 ; ebata, 
 
 8 . 
 
 Ridicule, v., seva, sokela (chaff), 
 (about some personal defect), tumba. 
 n., tumbu, 6. 
 
 Rifle, n., see gun. 
 
 (pillage), v., sanza. 
 
 Right, a., this is not the right road = 
 this is not the road, ke yau i 
 njila ko. 
 
 all right, ke diambu ko, vwena 
 kwaku. 
 angle, see angle, 
 be, v., lunga. 
 do, songa Qust, fair). 
 
 (good), a., -abiza, -ambote, -awete, 
 -asonga. 
 
 hand, ?/., koko (9) kwanene or kwe- 
 yakala. 
 
 on the, kuna kwanene. 
 make, v., lungisa (complete), songe¬ 
 sa (correct), 
 turn, sengola. 
 
 Righteous (just, fair), a., -asonga. 
 
 Righteously, do, act, v., songa. 
 
 Righteousness, n., songa, 9; nlu- 
 ngu, 4 (blamelessness). 
 
 Rightly (well), do, v., toma. 
 
 Rigid, p., -tilama, -kwijima. 
 be, v., tilama. 
 dry and, be, kwijima. 
 
 Rim, n., nkwenko, 4. 
 of basket, mvinda, 4 ; mvila, 4. 
 
 Rind, n ., kiti, 5 ; titi, 6 ; ti, 6 ; nka- 
 nda, 4. 
 
 Ring, n., nela, 2 (P. annel) ; nda- 
 mba, 2. 
 
( 181 ) 
 
 Rin-Roc 
 
 Ring, continued. 
 
 v.t ., xika. 
 vd., vova. 
 
 (circle), zongolotoma, 6 ; tenge- 
 lejia, 6. 
 form a, v., jeta. 
 see also halo, ear-ring. 
 
 Ringdove, n., eyemhe, 8. 
 
 Ringworm, n., waji, 12. 
 
 Rinse, v., niunga. 
 out, sukumuna. 
 
 Riot, /*., nkindu, 2; luxindu, 10; 
 there was a riot on the market, 
 vabwidi e nkindu vana eza- 
 ndu ; who stirred up the riot ? 
 nani onikwini 0 luxindu ? 
 (shouting), nkolold, 2. 
 
 Rip, v., zenga ; see cut. 
 up, bula. 
 
 Ripe, a ., -avia, 
 be, v., via. 
 
 (mature, fit to eat, as a green plan¬ 
 tain), a ., -akola. 
 
 (of nsafu), -apilu. 
 
 (of red plantain), -ansemvo. 
 
 The colour is often mentioned as 
 sufficiently indicating the ripe¬ 
 ness. 
 
 Ripen, v., via. 
 
 (mature), kola, 
 
 (turn the right colour), lomboka 
 (blacken), bwaka (redden). 
 
 Rise (as dough leavened), vd., tutu- 
 muka. 
 
 (as dust), bundumuka. 
 
 (as passions, thoughts), nungunuka. 
 (as a river), zala. 
 
 (as smoke), futumuka, fombota. 
 
 (as the sun), dungumuka, vaika, 
 sengomoka, dongomoka. 
 
 (be raised), zanguka. 
 from the dead, fuluka. 
 
 (get up, as from reclining into a 
 sitting posture, not erect), vu- 
 mbuka, tongama. 
 
 (stand), telama. 
 
 (increase), funa. 
 
 late (after every one has been about 
 for a long time), landa e taji 
 
 ( 6 ). 
 
 Rise, continued. 
 
 (some time after dawn), kielwa. 
 to the surface, tumbuluka, dungu¬ 
 muka, sengomoka. 
 to view (appear), moneka. 
 up out of, vaika. 
 
 Risk (as one’s life, &c.), v., vevula, 
 vevola; he risked his life for 
 
 him, umvevulwidi 0 moyo 
 andi. 
 
 (uncertainty), n., banzubanzu, 6; di- 
 ngudingu, 6. 
 
 Rival, n., mpala, 2. 
 
 Rivalry, n., kimpala, 5. 
 
 River, n., nkoko, 4. 
 
 (great), nzadi, 2. The lower Congo 
 is often called, mwanza, 3. 
 side of, nlambu, 4. 
 
 Road, njila, 2 ; see also path. 
 
 Roam, 7/., kangala, kiya, vumvula, 
 bumbula, vwamvwana. 
 about in search, tungiana, dengia- 
 na, yungana. 
 
 Roar, n., mazu, pi. 8. 
 
 7/., kumba, kululuka. 
 
 (as a lion), kwinta, wuna. 
 
 (as flames), yuya. 
 
 (make a thundering noise), dudu- 
 ma, balumuka. 
 
 Roast (in the ashes or fire), 7/., yoka. 
 (on a spit), yanga. 
 
 (scorch by burning grass over), vu- 
 
 mpa. 
 
 Rob, v., yiya, wombola. 
 
 (from a house during the absence 
 of the owner), vinguluka. 
 (pillage), sanza. 
 
 (take by force), kutumuna. 
 with violence on the highway, fu- 
 mba. 
 
 Robber, n., mwivi, 3. 
 highway, mfumbi, 2. 
 
 Robbery, n., wivi, 12. 
 
 Robe, n., mvwatu, 4; see dress. 
 
 Robust, a., -efuka. 
 
 Robustness, n., efuka, 8. 
 
 Rock, n ., etadi, 8. 
 about (as a ship), vd., kindakinda, 
 tembela. 
 
 (move), nikuka. 
 
Roc-Rou 
 
 ( 182 ) 
 
 ROCK, continued. 
 
 v.t., nikuna ; see also oscillate, 
 sway. 
 
 Rocky, a., -a matadi (pi. 8). 
 
 Rod, n., see stick, brass rod. 
 
 Roll about, along, away, down, over 
 and over, v.i., nengomoka, 
 vindumuka. 
 
 cause to, let, v.t., nengomona, 
 nengumuna, vindumuna. 
 around (wrap), jinga muna. 
 (bundle), n ., kinengomona, 5 (large), 
 by, past, v.i., luta, vioka. 
 down (as tears), kukula. 
 
 (eyes, the), v.t., diediomona or ne¬ 
 ngumuna 0 meso (pi. 7). 
 
 (move), about, v.i., nikuka. 
 out, vaika. 
 
 v.t., vaikisa. 
 over, v.t., bangumuna. 
 
 (as waves), yembama ; the waves 
 rolled over him, 0 mavuku ma- 
 nyembamene. 
 
 and kick about (as animals, &c.), 
 v.i., lengomoka. 
 up, v.t., jinga. 
 
 Roller, n., nti, 4 (stick). 
 
 -bird (Eurystomus), n., nkambwa- 
 nkaka, 4. 
 
 ROOF, n., nludi, 4; for parts, see house, 
 put on a, v., fuka. 
 
 Room, inner, bed, store, 11., esuku, 8 ; 
 ngudianzo, 2 (innermost), 
 for, make, v., vangila e fulu. 
 outer, public, n., eseka, 8. 
 
 (place, space), fulu, 6. 
 take up, occupy, v., binga. 
 
 Root, n., mwanji, 3 ; nsole, 4 (large), 
 (exposed as in swamps, &c.), mu- 
 mpampala, 3. 
 
 up, out, v., vuza, dumuna, duku- 
 muna, tukumuna. 
 
 (as a pig), duka. 
 
 Rope, n., nxinga, 4 ; ngonji, 2 ; 
 nkwasa, 2 ; mpangula, 2. 
 (European), balabande, 2 (P. bar- 
 bante, packing thread), 
 laid across a swollen stream to help 
 people to cross “ hand over 
 hand,” mumvubu, 3. 
 
 Rope, conti?iued. 
 
 (palm climber’s band), lukamba, 
 10. 
 
 twist, make, v., xieta. 
 
 Rot, v.i., wola; bubula (begin to) ; 
 botomoka, bomba (very much); 
 fwa (spoil). 
 v.t., wolesa. 
 
 and go to pieces, v.i., wombomoka, 
 niukumuka. 
 
 Rotate, v., jeta. 
 
 Rotten, a., -awola, -abotomoka 
 (very), -fwa (spoilt), 
 be, v., see rot, v.i. 
 
 Rottenness, n., wola, 9. 
 
 Rough, a., -anwakaxi; -wakasa. 
 be, v., wakasa. 
 
 (in a rough hewn state), vosonwa. 
 corners (on stone, &c.), n., evanda, 
 8 . 
 
 edge, zanuzanu, pi. 6. 
 hew, cut, v., vosona. 
 
 Roughen, v., wakaxisa. 
 
 Roughly, do (carelessly), v., fwanta- 
 lakesa, bambalakesa. 
 
 (not carefully, well), ke toma ko. 
 
 Why do you hold it so roughly ? 
 adieyi kutomene kio ximbila 
 ko ? or adieyi olembele kio 
 toma ximbila ? 
 
 speak (so as to frighten), balumuka. 
 
 tie, fasten, sew, tamba. 
 
 tie (in a few places), lamvula. 
 
 Roughness, /z., wakasa, 9 ; vosonwa, 
 
 9* 
 
 Round (circular), a., -ajetwela. 
 dig round a thing at a little distance 
 off (as in digging out a iat, or a 
 plant), v., dia e ntomfi (2). 
 go,' come, pass, be, v., jingulu- 
 ka, kondoloka, jeta, kwenda 
 ajeti. 
 
 (an obstacle, &c.), zunga. 
 
 (to the other side), beloka, 
 look, glance, sampuka. 
 
 (spherical), a., -avinjingidi. 
 
 make, v., viza. 
 turn, twist, v.i., jeta. 
 
 v.t., jetesa. 
 
 (of people), v.i., jetumuka. 
 
( 183 ) 
 
 Rou-Run 
 
 Roundabout (out of the way), a., 
 
 -ankondoloka, -ampionda, -a- 
 njeta. 
 
 be, go, come, kondoloka, viondolo- 
 ka. 
 
 Rouse, see arouse. 
 
 (sit up), v ., tongama, dongama. 
 Rout (drive away), v ., yinga, kula. 
 Route, njila, 2. 
 
 Rove, v., vumvula, vwamvwana, 
 dengiana, tungiana, yungana. 
 Row, see line. 
 
 (a boat), v ., vuwila. 
 
 Row, see noise, riot. 
 
 Royal (of the chief), a, ,, -a mfumu 
 ( 2 ). 
 
 (of royalty), -akimfumu. 
 
 Royally, adz/., ne i mfumu. 
 Royalty, n., kimfumu, 5; umfumu, 
 12. 
 
 Rub, (grind, &c., on stone), v., sekesa. 
 off (dry dirt or clean water), kungula. 
 off (rough edges), kwenkona. 
 off (something wet and sticky), ku- 
 
 nguna. 
 
 off the skin, tununa. 
 on, lenga, kusa, kwasa. 
 on over one’s self (as oil), yowa. 
 out (smear), vunzuna. 
 with a circular motion, viza, vinza. 
 (thoroughly as in washing clothes), 
 kukusa. 
 
 to pieces in the hands (of something 
 dry), fusula. 
 
 (of something not dry), tukuna. 
 upon something rough, kwakasa. 
 with the hand (on the body only, as 
 the eyes), vinza. 
 
 Rubber, see india rubber. 
 
 Rubbish, titi, 6 ; kiti, 5 ; ti, 6 . 
 (foolish talk), mawazawaza, pi. 8. 
 heap (in town), efuku, 8. 
 
 (round a field), nkaku (4) a mpa- 
 tu. 
 
 Rudder, bindikilwa, 6 . 
 
 Rude (proud, wilful), a., ye nza (2) yo 
 lulendo (10). 
 
 Rug, n.j evunga, 8 (blanket); nlele 
 (4) a kioji (railway); nkuwu, 
 2 (hearthrug, carpet). 
 
 Ruin, v., bukumuna, vonda. 
 
 (of a house), n., fwembo, 6 ; fobolo, 
 6 . 
 
 Rule, v., yala ( perf , yele). 
 (dominion), n ., luyalu, 10. 
 
 (law), nxiku, 4 ; konko, 6. 
 
 (manner), fu, 6. 
 
 (measure), tezo, 6. 
 
 Ruler, n ., nyadi, 1 & 4. 
 
 (stick), vangu, 6. 
 
 Rum, n., ngwala, 2 (P. aguardente = 
 gwaladente). 
 
 Rumble, v., kumba. 
 
 (as the bowels), bulukuta. 
 Rumbling sound, n ., kumbu, 6. 
 Ruminate, v., lukula. 
 
 Rummage, v., fulukuta. 
 
 Rumour, «., nsangu, 2. 
 
 Rump, n., mataku, pi. 8. 
 
 (of beast), suku, 6. 
 
 Rumple, v ., fitakesa. 
 
 Run, v., lundumuka, kwenda e 
 ntinu (2). 
 
 about under the grass, kwenda e 
 nswelele (2). 
 after, landa. 
 against, wandama. 
 
 (as a fowl), kwangumuka. 
 away, tina, vulumuka, vumvu 
 muka. 
 
 (escape), taya, kutumuka, ku- 
 nzumuka. 
 
 down (as a canoe), vitumuna. 
 
 (as sticky substances, gum and 
 treacle), zelomoka, zelumuka. 
 (as water), kukula. 
 fast, kwasa. 
 
 (flow), see flow. 
 
 (in sewing, baste), lamvula, tamba. 
 (into), suka. 
 
 off (to hide in the grass), wangala. 
 over, v.i., tiamuka (be spilled). 
 Kongos do not say that a cup 
 is running over, but that the 
 water is being spilled. 
 
 (knock down and run over), vitu¬ 
 muna. 
 
 a race, talana e ntinu (2). 
 short, sakalala. 
 through, suka. 
 
Run-Sal 
 
 ( 184 ) 
 
 Running (flowing), a., -ankukudi. 
 
 Rupture, see break, burst, hernia. 
 
 Rush forth, v., lasuka ; see also flow 
 (out). 
 
 of water, nkuka, 2 (torrent) ; 
 
 ngungula, 2 (current), 
 water grass, esese, 8 . 
 
 Rust, v., bumba, baka e mbumbu. 
 «., mbumbu, 2. 
 
 Rustle, v.t., sosola. Kongos do not 
 say the leaves rustle, but that 
 some one rustles them. 
 
 Rusty, a ., -ambumbu. 
 
 Rut, v., vukuna. 
 
 s 
 
 Sabbath, n., lumingu, 10 (P. domin- 
 go). 
 
 Sable, a., -andombe. 
 
 Sabre, «., see sword. 
 
 Sack, n., edila, 8. 
 
 -cloth, ngoto, 2. 
 
 Sacrifice, «., kimenga, 5. 
 
 A goat or fowl slaughtered to 
 supply blood for an enchant¬ 
 ment or charm, or given to a 
 doctor for any purpose, is called 
 kimenga. 
 
 The blood of the victim is spoken' 
 of as Nzabu (2) a menga. 
 
 It is sometimes customary to pour 
 the blood of a beast killed in 
 the chase, on the grave of a 
 great hunter, to ensure further 
 success; such a libation is called 
 also Nzabu (2) a menga ; see 
 offering. 
 
 (gift), lukau, 10. 
 
 (offering), lutambiku, 10. 
 
 Sad (bad), a., -ambi. 
 
 be (dull, miserable, stupid), v., zowa- 
 lala. 
 
 (dull, pensive), yindalala. 
 
 (scowl, frown), kanga or jitika e 
 mbulu (2) or lumunga (10). 
 
 (sorrowful), mona e ntantu (2). 
 
 Sad, contmued. 
 
 make, zoweleka, yindidika, mwe- 
 sa e ntantu. 
 
 Sadden, v ., see sad (make). 
 
 Sadness, zowalala, 9 ; yindalala, 
 9; ntantu, 2. 
 
 (misery), bititi, 12. 
 
 Safe, p., -vuvama. 
 be, v., vuvama. 
 
 (saved), vuluka, vuluzwa. 
 
 (good), a ., -ambote, -abiza, -awete. 
 keep, v., vuvika. 
 place, «., fika, 6. 
 
 Saffron, esofele, 8 (P. agafrao). 
 
 Sag, v., vwetama. 
 
 Sail, mvwela, 2 (P. vela). 
 
 (go), v., kwenda. 
 
 Sailor, «., nsau, 2. 
 
 Sake, //., diambu, 7 ; kuma, 6. 
 for the sake of, muna diambu dia, 
 muna kuma kia. 
 
 Salad, «., nsalata, 2 (P. salada). 
 
 Sale (market), «., ezandu, 8 . 
 for, a ., -ateka. 
 
 Saliva, n., mete, pi. 8 {sing, ete, 
 seldom used). 
 
 Salt, n., mungwa, 3 ; nsalu, 2 (P. 
 sal); kizenji, 5. 
 a., -amungwa. 
 
 a lump of, «., ekengele (8) dia mu 
 ngwa. 
 
 Salutation, nkayisa, 2. 
 
 Salute, v., kayisa, monana. 
 
 If a man returns to his town after 
 being away for a while, or on 
 paying a visit, he is greeted by 
 tukayixi or tusambwidi, to 
 which he replies, ingeta or 
 inga. Sometimes the greet¬ 
 ing will be tumonana, when 
 each will clap three times (sa- 
 kila); women greet with tumi- 
 angana, and reply kixiengele. 
 
 If the salutation is considered 
 impertinent, no answer will be 
 made. When strangers or 
 young friends pass, they may be 
 greeted with a jocula'r salute, 
 nukaya. 
 
 There are several jocular replies as 
 
( 185 ) 
 
 Sal-Sat 
 
 Salute, continued. 
 
 to the greeting nukaya:—Kina 
 ya kiuma ko omn nkutu ame 
 VO nkaya (I have nothing in 
 my scrip, or I would give it to 
 you); or e nkayi vo wodia yo 
 o nkanda undundila (if you 
 eat an antelope, save me the 
 skin) ; or to the greeting tusa- 
 mbwidi:—k’ i lusambu lua 
 ndala ko (I am not the tip of 
 palm frond); to miangana :— 
 kiyowele maji ma ngaji ko vo 
 miangana (I have not anointed 
 myself with palm oil, or I might 
 look smart). 
 
 There are also other more intri¬ 
 cate salutations under special 
 circumstances, and to special 
 people. To the king of Congo, 
 for instance, the custom would 
 be to kneel (bokola, v. ; mbo- 
 ko, 2, it.) three times; the 
 third time the man claps (sa- 
 kila, v. ; nkofi, 2 & 11, n.) four 
 times. The first clap (bimba, 
 v. ; mbimbn, 2) is to call atten¬ 
 tion, and needs no further notice. 
 The man then proceeds to pay 
 homage (kunda, v.) ; he places 
 his hands together, and touches 
 or strokes the third finger of 
 each hand on the ground (xika, 
 0 ntoto, 4), and with them 
 makes a dust mark (sono, 6) on 
 the forehead, temples, nose, or 
 lip. He then claps three times, 
 to which the king replies, during 
 the clapping, by placing the 
 hands together, and moving the 
 fingers slightly, zalumuna, or 
 tambula ebensawu(P.bengao). 
 With less respect he will present 
 one hand. To offer the foot, 
 and move the toes to resent the 
 homage, is the sign of coming 
 trouble. The kunda is repeated 
 three times. There are slightly 
 different details observed by 
 strangers from a distance. 
 
 Salvation, n., mvuluzu, 4. 
 
 (wrought, active ), mpuluza, 2 ; 
 
 mvuluza, 2 ; vuluza, 9. 
 (enjoyed, passive), mpuluzwa, 2 ; 
 mvuluzwa, 2 ; vuluzwa, 9. 
 
 Same as, the, adv., ne i, nze i. 
 be the, v., kwenda e betela or e 
 dedede or ana ke; kala e mpila 
 moxi ye. 
 
 make the, kwendesa e betela or e 
 dedede or ana ke. 
 the (of things compared), diawa 
 dimoxi, mpila moxi. 
 a., -awa -moxi. 
 
 all the houses are the same, nzo 
 
 zawanso zawa jimoxi. 
 the (one, identical), -moxi; the same 
 length, la umoxi or lambuka 
 kumoxi. 
 
 (a thing exactly like another), n., 
 kontwa, 9 ; this is the same as 
 my gun, owau kontwa kwa 
 nkele ame. 
 
 very, kibeni; the very same man = 
 he himself, yandi kibeni. 
 it is the same town we saw just 
 now, i evata dina tutuka ta- 
 dila. 
 
 Sanctification, n., mveleleso, 4 
 (active), mpelelesa, 2 ; vele- 
 lesa, 9. 
 
 (passive), mpeleleswa, 2; velele- 
 swa, 9. 
 
 (purity), velela, 9. 
 
 Sanctify, v., velelesa. 
 
 Sanction, n ., nswa, 4. 
 v., vana 0 nswa. 
 
 (allow), yambula, bika. 
 
 Sand, n., esenge, 8; nyenge, 4; 
 sengexi, 12 ; wengexi, 12. 
 
 Sandal, n., nsampatu, 2 (P. sapato). 
 
 Sandbank, n., va nyenge. 
 
 Sap (gummy), n., dimbu, 13. 
 
 (watery), maza, pi. 7. 
 
 Satan, n., nkadi (2) -ampemba. The 
 Bakongo do not use this word, 
 which was most probably in¬ 
 troduced from Angola by the 
 Roman Catholic missionaries. 
 There it means witch, and is 
 
Sat-Sca 
 
 ( 186 ) 
 
 Satan, continued . 
 
 an equivalent to ndoki. Per¬ 
 haps it will be best to use it only 
 as a name of the Evil One, and 
 restrict the use of ndoki to witch. 
 
 Satchel, n., nkutu, 2. 
 
 (of leather), kimpakala, 5. 
 
 Satiate, v., see satisfy. 
 
 Satiety, n., mvimvi, 2. 
 
 Satisfaction, sense of, after a good 
 meal, zz., nlela, 4 ; see also con¬ 
 tent, comfort, joy. 
 
 Satisfied, be, 7/., yukuta; see also 
 pleased, content. 
 
 (with a gift, &c.), tonda. 
 
 Satisfy, t/., ynkntisa. 
 
 (appease), sakula. 
 greed, kulula e eloko (8). 
 hunger, katnla e nzala (2). 
 thirst, katula e evwina (8). 
 
 Saturday, n., satade (Eng.), kiansa- 
 halu (P. sabado). 
 
 Saucepan, zz., kinzu, 5. 
 
 Sauciness, zz., kinua, 5. 
 
 Saucy person, zz., nkwa (1) kinua. 
 
 Savage, n., lau, 6. 
 a ., -alunji (ferocious), -anxita (ma¬ 
 licious), -amakaxi (angry), -alau 
 (wild, mad). 
 
 Savageness, zz., lunji, 6 (ferocity); 
 lau, 6 (wildness). 
 
 Save, 7/., vuluza, vukisa (Bako.). 
 from drowning, lalula. 
 
 (protect, defend), tanina. 
 up, lunda, lundidila. 
 see also except. 
 
 Saved, be, v., vuluzwa, vuluka. 
 
 Saviour, zz., mvuluji, 1 & 4 ; mvuki- 
 xi, 1 & 4 (Bako.). 
 
 Savour, zz., see flavour, scent. 
 
 7/., see smell, taste, flavour. 
 
 Saw, 7/., fwenka, zenga, kwanga 
 (Bako.). 
 
 zz., nkwanga, 4. 
 
 Say, 7/., vova, xia. 
 
 (mention), sungula, yika. 
 (repeatedly), vovolola. 
 
 (spoken of chiefs only), sakula, zu- 
 zwala (P. julgar ?). 
 to, samuna, jingula, kamba. 
 
 Saying, zz., diambu, 7 (divovelo). 
 (proverb), ngana, 2 ; kingana, 5. 
 
 Scab, n., ekoko, 8 . 
 to knock off by accident, 7/., vusuna 
 e ekoko. 
 
 to take off on purpose, batuna e 
 ekoko. 
 
 Scabbard, n., kutu, 6. 
 
 Scald, t bumbumuna. 
 
 Scalded, be, v.i., bumbumuka. 
 
 Scaldhead, zz., mabanda, pi. 8. 
 
 Scale, zz., evavala, 8 ; ekwa, 8. 
 (measure), tezo, 6. 
 
 Scales, zz., balanza, 2 (P. balanpa). 
 
 Scamp, zz., kimpumbulu, 5 ; kinkita, 
 5 ; ntentaxialu, 2 ; ntundu- 
 luki, 2 ; mpuki, 2 (liar). 
 
 Scamper away, off, v., lundumuka, 
 tina, vumvumuka. 
 
 Scandal, zz., ekumbu, 8. 
 
 Scandalize, v., kumba. 
 
 Scandalous, a., -ansoni, -ambi. 
 
 Scantily, adv., ke beni ko. 
 
 Scanty, a., ke -ingi ko, -akete, 
 -andwelo. 
 
 Scar, zz., fu, 6. 
 
 Scarab^eus beetle, zz., ekoka, 8 ; 
 ekokatuvi, 8. 
 
 Scarce, a., ke -ingi ko; food is 
 scarce, 0 madia ke mengi 
 ko. 
 
 Scarcely any, ke -ingi ko. 
 
 (not quite) = not well, thoroughly, 
 the basket is scarcely full, e mba- 
 ngu ke itomene zala ko. 
 
 (only, just), kaka. 
 
 he can scarcely carry it, kena OWU 
 kanata kio ko. 
 
 Scare, 7/., see frighten, 
 away, kula, yinga. 
 
 Scarlet, a ., -ambwaki. 
 zz., mbwaki, 2. 
 be, become, v., bwaka, loka. 
 fever (?), zz., nkankatu, 4. 
 make, v., bwakisa, lokesa. 
 
 Scatter, v., mwanga, mwanganisa, 
 sanjika, sansakesa. 
 in disorder (things), tiaka, tiakala- 
 kesa. 
 
 lightly, zalumuna. 
 
( 187 ) 
 
 Sca-Sea 
 
 Scatter, continued. 
 
 (throw about as things useless), 
 
 vwanzakesa, vwanzalakesa. 
 
 Scattered, be, 7/., mwangana, sa- 
 nzana, sansakana. 
 in disorder, tiakalakana. 
 
 (wrecked), vwanzakana, vwanzala- 
 kana. 
 
 Scene, n., diambu, 7 (dimweno); 
 lekwa, 6 (kimweno). 
 
 Scent (aroma), mvumba, 2. 
 (perfume), nsunga, 2. 
 
 (smell), ta, see smell. 
 
 (stench), n., nsudi, 2. 
 
 Sceptre, m., mvwala (2) a mfumu. 
 
 Scheme (contrive), 7A, soka. 
 
 (intend), kana. 
 
 (intention), n., lukanu, 10. 
 
 Scholar, mwana (1) a nkanda. 
 
 School, n., xikola, 2 (P. escola). 
 
 Scissors, tujiola, pi. 10 (P. tesou- 
 ra). 
 
 Scoff (laugh at), v ., seva; see also 
 scorn, jest. 
 
 Scold, n., nkwa (1) kinua, nganga 
 (2) a nua. 
 
 (blame), ta, tumba. 
 
 (speak angrily, loudly), bama, balu- 
 muka. 
 
 Scoop, n., mpatwa, 2. 
 out, ta, yaya. 
 
 a little, zaula. 
 
 (hollow), vala. 
 
 Scorch, ta/., babisa. 
 v.i., baba. 
 
 Score, makumole, pi. 8. 
 
 Scorn, 7/., veza, saula. 
 n., luvezo, 10; saula, 9. 
 
 Scorpion, #., nkutu, 2. 
 
 Scour, 7/., seka. 
 
 Scout, 7/., langa. 
 nlangi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Scowl, 7/., kanga jitika e mbulu 
 (2); kanga 0 lumunga (10). 
 cease to, jitula e mbulu. 
 
 Scramble after, 7/., nwanina. 
 up, sambila. 
 
 Scrape, 7/., vala, vempa. 
 off (as mud), kunguna. 
 
 (take off), katula. 
 
 Scratch, n., munkwalala, 3. 
 about (as a fowl), 7 a, paka, vata, 
 pakulula, takulula. 
 
 (a small hole), tokona. 
 
 (graze, wound), kwanzuna. 
 make a, kwalumuna, kwanuna. 
 one another (as things badly packed), 
 kwakana. 
 
 one’s self, kwanga; he scratched 
 his head, okwangidi 0 ntu 
 andi. 
 
 out (erase), vunzuna. 
 
 (with nails or claws), vuta, kwata. 
 
 Scream, ta, yatana, yatakiana, ya- 
 bana ; I heard a scream, ngwi- 
 di 0 muntu oyatana. 
 
 Screen, 7/., kakidila ; see also cover, 
 hide. 
 
 Screw (grooved nail), n., nsonso (2) 
 za mvu (4). 
 
 pine (pandanus), see pandanus. 
 (propeller), luveve, 10. 
 round, ta, zekula, zekola. 
 
 (spiral), n.j mvu, 4. 
 
 Scribe (writer), n., nsoneki, 1 & 4. 
 
 Scrip (of leather), n., kimpakala, 5. 
 (of vegetable fibre), nkutu, 2 ; la- 
 mba, 6; kidia-una, 5. 
 
 Scriptures (holy), n., mambu (pi. 7) 
 ma Nzambi. 
 
 (writings), sono, 6. 
 
 Scrotal hernia or hydrocele, see 
 hydrocele. 
 
 Scrotum, «., makata, pi. 8. 
 
 Scrub, 7/., kwakasa. 
 
 Scrupulous neatness, cleanliness, n. y 
 
 kingwedi, 5. 
 
 (dislike to touch anything dirty), 
 
 ntinti, 2. 
 
 Scuffle together, v., fulangiana 
 nwana. 
 
 Scum (dross), n., mavavala, pi. 8. 
 (dry), lubo, 10. 
 
 (film), mbolo, 2 ; mbabala, 2. 
 (froth), efulufulu, 8. 
 
 Scurf (flake of),»., evavala, 8. 
 
 Sea, n., mbu, 4 ; mu, 3 (pi. miu) ; 
 kalunga, 2 & 9 (introduced 
 from Angola) ; nzadi (2) a 
 mungwa (3), (the salt river). 
 
Sea-Sel 
 
 ( 188 ) 
 
 Seal (animal), n., ngolamaza, 2. 
 (mark), xinsu, 6 ; dimbu, 6. 
 
 (put a), v., xia e xinsu or dimbu. 
 (stop up holes), kaka. 
 
 Sealing wax, //., dimbu, 13. 
 
 Seam, n., nswiku, 4. 
 
 Sear, a., -akolokosa, -awuma. 
 
 Search (as a dog), v., fimba. 
 for, tomba, vava, yandala, sata. 
 (glean), wolola. 
 
 (go for), kwendela. 
 
 (in water), fimfila. 
 
 Season, n., nsungi, 2. A season is 
 also spoken of somewhat in¬ 
 definitely, as mvu, 4 (a year), 
 or ngonde, 2 (a month). 
 
 The seasons are divided accord¬ 
 ing to the rains, thus: masanza, 
 pi. 8, the early light rains ; ki- 
 ntombo, 5, the later heavy rains; 
 xivu, 6, the dry season. There 
 is a further division : kundi, 6, 
 the time when the nsafu (a fruit 
 much eaten by the natives) are 
 ripe, from the end of February 
 until May ; nkiela, 4, the time 
 when the rain ceases (about 
 May 15th); mpiaza, 2 mpe- 
 la, 2, mbangala, 2, the season 
 when the grass is burnt (July to 
 October). 
 
 The same season next year is 
 nlungi, 4; xivu next year, 
 nlungi a xivu. 
 
 Seasoning (expl.) t yo mungwa ye 
 ndungu yo makayamansunga. 
 
 Seat, n., kunda, 6 ; kiandu, 5. 
 
 7/., see sit. 
 
 Second, a., -ezole. 
 
 Secondly, adv., 0 kole kwandi. 
 
 Secrecy, n., sweki, 6. 
 enjoin, v., see secret (make). 
 
 Secret, n., mbumba, 2. 
 keep, v ., lunda e mbumba. 
 make, kanga or leka (fierf. lekele) 
 e mbumba. 
 
 tell a, baka or bangula or tendola 
 or tengola e mbumba. 
 (inadvertently), sununa e mbumba. 
 
 Secrete, 7/., see hide. 
 
 Secretly, adv., kuna sweki. 
 
 Sect, see party. 
 
 Section, see part. 
 
 Secure, be, t/., kala e ngingi (2) or 
 e ngwingwi (2), xiama, xikila. 
 make, xia e ngingi or e ngwingwi, 
 xiamisa, xikidisa. 
 
 Securely, adv., beni (well), 
 fasten, tie, v., toma kanga. 
 
 Security (pledge), n., nximbi, 2. 
 give, v., ximbisa. 
 
 Sediment, n., lubo, 10. 
 
 Seduce, v., yambidisa, yambila. 
 (induce another man’s wife to leave 
 him), tiangumuna. 
 to evil (tempt), vukumuna. 
 
 See, v., mona. 
 cause to, mwesa. 
 
 (look), tala, 
 off, xindika. 
 
 (understand), wa (hear), zaya 
 (know). 
 
 do you see ? owidi ? 
 
 Seed, n ., mbongo, 2. 
 
 (nut), nkandi, 4. 
 
 (offspring), wana, pi. 1. 
 
 (of the gourd kind), mbika, 2. 
 
 (pips), nginga, 2. 
 
 Seedling, ntombo, 2 ; eduku, 8. 
 
 Seeing that, e kuma kadi. 
 
 Seek, v., tomba, vava, yandala. 
 
 (as a dog), fimba. 
 
 (desire), zola (generally perf.). 
 
 (go after), kwendela, landa. 
 
 Seem, v., kala ne i ; it seems good, 
 elengo dia meso dina (there is 
 a fair appearance). 
 
 Seen, be, v., moneka. 
 
 Seize (catch), v., baka. 
 
 (grasp), batikina, kafinina. 
 hold, ximba. 
 
 (plunder), sanza. 
 
 (pounce upon), yilama, bwila. 
 (snatch), zavuna. 
 
 (take by force), kutumuna. 
 with the mouth (as a beast its prey), 
 bweta. 
 
 Seldom, adv., lumbu kiatutu. 
 
 Select (bespeak), v., banda. 
 
 (choose), sola. 
 
( 189 ) 
 
 Sel-Set 
 
 Self, pron., kibeni, veka; see him¬ 
 self, &c. 
 
 Self-willed, see obstinate. 
 
 Sell, v., teka, sumbisa. 
 each other (as in famine time), sala- 
 jiana. 
 
 Seller, nteki, i & 4. 
 
 Semen, ?/., malumi, pi. 8. 
 
 Send (a person), v., tuma. 
 
 (a thing), twika. 
 away (dismiss), xindika. 
 
 (drive), yinga, kula. 
 for (a person), susumwisa, vuku- 
 lwisa. 
 
 (a thing), tumisa. 
 
 Senior, n., mbuta, 2 ; nkuluntu, 1. 
 
 a., -ambuta, -ankuluntu. 
 Seniority, kimbuta, 5 ; kikulu- 
 ntu, 5. 
 
 Sense, zayi, 12. 
 
 (meaning), nsasa, 2 ; mfoko, 2. 
 Senseless (stupid), see foolish. 
 
 be (unconscious), v., fwa e kiambu. 
 Senses, come to one’s, v., vunguka 0 
 zayi, zunga (6, ki-) kia. 
 Sensible person, nkwa (1) zayi, 
 nlungaladi, 1. 
 
 Sensitive plant (mimosa), n ., lufu- 
 nde, 10. 
 
 Sentence, give, v., sasa 0 nkanu (4). 
 (matter), n., diambu, 7. 
 
 Sentinel, ) nyingidi, 1 & 4. 
 Sentry, ) ’ J & ’ 
 
 Separate, v.t., vambula, vambanisa. 
 va ., vambuka, vambana. 
 
 (put a distance apart), v.t., vavula, 
 tamuna. 
 
 (put elsewhere), xia kwakaka. 
 Separately (one at a time), adv., 
 
 -moxi -moxi. 
 
 Separation (point of), «., mpambu,2. 
 (a separation), vambuka, 9; va¬ 
 mbana, 9. 
 
 Sepulchre, see grave. 
 
 Serious, see grave, bad. 
 
 Sermon, «., mambu, pi. 7. 
 
 Serpent, «., nioka, 2 ; see snake. 
 Servant, «., nleke, 1 ; leke, 6 k 
 (labourer), ngamba, 2. 
 
 (steward), selo, 6 (P. despenseiro). 
 
 Serve, v., sadila. 
 
 (avail), fwana. 
 
 (be of use), kala 0 mfunu (4). 
 Sesamum (Ses. indicum), w., wangila, 
 12. 
 
 Set, v., xia, tula, yambula. 
 about (commence), yatika, ya- 
 ntika, bantika, batika. 
 across (crosswise), kambika. 
 against, yekeka muna. 
 ajar, vengeleka. 
 
 be, vengalala. 
 apart, aside, lunda. 
 
 (a pot off the fire), telula, telola. 
 
 (a pot on the fire), teleka. 
 (coagulate), kangama, tintila. 
 down, xia or tula or yambula 
 ovanxi. 
 
 violently, lumba, zanza, yemba, 
 yumba. 
 
 far apart, tamuna, vavula. 
 fire to, tatika <?rtumpa or kwika a 
 tiya (pi. 10). 
 forth, see set (out), 
 free, tayisa. 
 
 (a slave), vana e kimfumu (5). 
 in (firmly), ximika. 
 in a line, kiatika 0 nlonga (4). 
 in lots, badika. 
 in order, kiatika, zonzeka. 
 one’s mind on, zola (generally 
 perfect). 
 
 on fire, kwika or tatika or tumpa 
 0 tiya (pi. 10); see also fire, 
 open, tengumuna, tengomona. 
 out, forth, telama, londoka. 
 
 (very early), koka. 
 
 (a palaver), manesa, mana, zenga. 
 
 be, vwa, wawana. 
 
 (plant), kuna. 
 
 (put), see put. 
 
 right (arrange), zonzeka. 
 
 (sun, of the), jimuka, dimuka, 
 veka, kota. 
 
 (table), yala. 
 
 (the end of something erect) on, 
 
 kumika. 
 
 a trap, leka (per/., lekele) 0 ntambu 
 
 (4). 
 
 up (erect) dongeleka. 
 
Set-Sha 
 
 C 190 ) 
 
 Set, continued. 
 
 up (put up), zangika, manika. 
 upon (place upon), zangikila 
 (vana ntandu a), 
 wide apart, vavula, tamuna. 
 Settle (as mud, sink down), v., xinda, 
 kuluka, diama, vinda. 
 down (get accustomed), kukulukila. 
 (dwell), kala. 
 
 (make certain), xikidisa. 
 
 (a palaver), manesa, mana, zenga. 
 (pay), futa. 
 
 (perch), zama, bela, fonga, zalama. 
 Seven, a ., nsambwadi. 
 
 Seventeen, a., kumi ye nsambwadi. 
 Seventh, a., -ansambwadi. 
 
 Seventy, a., makumi nsambwadi, 
 lusambwadi, 10. 
 
 Sever, v., see cut, rend, separate. 
 Several (many), a., -ingi. 
 
 (some, other), -aka, -akaka. 
 Severe (great), a., -ampwena, -ingi. 
 Sew, v., tunga. 
 a patch upon, batika. 
 roughly (baste), tamba, lamvula. 
 up (mend), londa. 
 
 Shade, shadow, n., vevelo, 6. 
 
 (cool), kioji, 5. 
 
 make a, v., xia e kioji. 
 
 (gloom), n., bubn, 6. 
 
 Shadow, n., kini, 5. 
 
 (of person), nkangaji, 4; kini, 5. 
 Shake, v.t., nikuna, zakamesa 
 (cause to quiver). 
 v.i., niknka, niungwa, zakama. 
 about, v.t., tnknbisa. 
 
 (as a dog after being in the water), 
 v.i., kukunkumuna. 
 
 (as a loose thing), v.t., ninginisa. 
 v.i., ningina. 
 
 (as water in a bucket), dikinga, 
 duknnga. 
 
 (a cloth), v.t., kubula. 
 hands (with), yobeka (yo). 
 in a sieve, sesa. 
 
 (in the wind), v.i., vevela. 
 
 (of a tall tree, totter, sway), tembela. 
 ■off, v.t., kubula, kunkumuna. 
 angrily, zungumuna. 
 
 (with a jerk), zuwa. 
 
 Shake, continued. 
 
 (with a quick motion, as when 
 bitten or burnt), sansumuna. 
 one’s self clear of, zungumuka. 
 out, kubula, vaikisa. 
 
 (shiver, quiver), v.i., tembelela, za¬ 
 kama, kunkuma. 
 
 (tremble), zakama, tita, dedema, 
 kunkuma, dada. 
 up, v.t., nikuna. 
 
 (vibrate), v.i., zakama. 
 
 Shaking, n., zakazaka, 6 ; ezaka- 
 zaka, 8 ; also the usual deriva¬ 
 tive nouns of the above, of 
 Classes 2 & 9 (nikuka, 9; 
 ndikuka, 2). 
 
 Shall, v., use the usual future tenses, 
 have to, xinga. 
 
 Shallow, a., ke -xinanga ko. 
 
 Sham, n., luvunu, 10. 
 a., -aluvunu. 
 v., kuvunina. 
 
 Shame, n., nsoni, 2 ; vunga, 9 (great), 
 cause, v., mwesa or fusulwisa e 
 nsoni. 
 
 great, vungisa. 
 
 Shank, n., ngonge (2) a kulu (9). 
 
 (of fowl, or animal), ekolo, 8. 
 
 (shin), mvidingi, 4 ; nkwaka, 4. 
 
 Shape, n., mpila, 2 ; mbaku, 4. 
 v., see make (pottery, weave, &c.), 
 arrange. 
 
 Share, n., kunku, 6. 
 v., kayana. 
 
 put out in shares, lots, badika. 
 
 Shark, n., nkwimbi, 2 (Loango). 
 
 Sharp (cunning), see cunning. 
 
 (of edge, point), a., yo meno (pi. 7); 
 -tua. 
 
 (pointed), -asongoka, -asongolwa. 
 
 Sharpen, v., lenga, sekesa, lengula, 
 lengola, twisa. 
 
 (give an edge to a knife for the first 
 time), bula 0 meno (pi. 7)- 
 to a point, songola. 
 
 Sharpness, n., meno, pi. 7 (teeth), 
 (cunning), ngangu, 2; unluba, 12; 
 nduka, 2 ; use pi. 
 
 Shatter, v., ula, bula, kosomona, 
 tiembola. 
 
( I 9 I ) 
 
 Sha-Sho 
 
 Shattered, be, 7/., udika, budika, 
 kosomoka, tiemboka. 
 
 Shave, v., tenda or wona e nzevo 
 
 ( 2 ). 
 
 (as with a plane), vempa. 
 off a slice, sensa. 
 
 Shaving, #., evavala, 8. 
 
 Shawl, //., nsalaba, 4 (P. chale?) 
 She, a., see he (ovo nkento). 
 
 Sheaf, mbuba, 4 ; ntete, 4 ; 
 mwita, 3 (Bako.). 
 
 (small), nibubika, 4. 
 
 Shear (cut wool, iron), v., zenga. 
 
 (hair), tenda. 
 
 Sheath, kntu, 6. 
 
 Sheathe, v., kotesa or xia muna 
 kntn. 
 
 Shed, be (of blood), t/.z., bunguka, 
 tengoka, pomoka, pongoka, 
 tempoka, tiamuka. 
 
 (feathers), v.t., soba (change), 
 (leaves), kola. 
 
 Sheep, n., ememe, 8 ; ebokolo, 8. 
 
 fold, mpaka (2) a mameme. 
 Sheet, ground, ;z., nlele (4) -ankweza. 
 (of bed), nlele (4) -ampembe. 
 
 (of paper), lukaya, 11 & 8 (pi. ma- 
 kaya. 
 
 of water, eyalanganga, 8. 
 
 Shell (bivalve), n., keswa, 6. 
 
 (break, come out of), v., teta. 
 cowry, n., kidiambwa, 5 ; nsnngn, 
 2 ; kiasa, 5 ; efulu (8) diansu- 
 ngu; esewa, 8 (Bako.). 
 
 (helix), ekodia, 8. 
 
 (of egg, or husk of seed), titi, 6 ; 
 
 kiti, 5 ; ti, 6. 
 
 (of palm nut), sula, 6. 
 
 (of tortoise), baula, 6. 
 
 Shelter, t/., kakidila. 
 
 (cover), fuka. 
 
 (hut), n., saba, 6. 
 
 (shade), vevelo, 6 ; kioji, 5 (cool). 
 Shepherd, n., mvungudi, 1 & 4. 
 
 7/., vungula. 
 
 (keep animals), twela. 
 
 Shew, see show. 
 
 Shield, ngnbn, 2. 
 
 (protect), v ., tanina. 
 
 (shelter), kakidila. 
 
 Shift, t/., xiunta, xiuntula, tuntula, 
 nungunnna, niunga. 
 elsewhere, fila, konka; see also 
 put. 
 
 Shin, mvidingi, 4 ; nkwaka, 4. 
 
 Shine (as fire, a light), 7/., tentena, 
 kedinga. 
 
 (as flame), lema. 
 
 (as the stars), kejiina. 
 brightly (of sun, moon, or stars), 
 knsenga {refl.). 
 not very, sengenena. 
 
 (come out, as sunshine after dulness), 
 baya. 
 
 (give, show a light), minika. 
 
 (gleam,as anything bright and white), 
 
 sema. 
 
 (glitter), nianina. 
 moon-, «., mieji, pi. 3. 
 sun-, mwini, 3 ; mpozi, 2 (Mpa.) ; 
 the sun is shining = there is 
 sunshine. 
 
 with splendour, 7/., lejima. 
 
 Shingle, n., nsadi, 2. 
 
 Shining, a., -antenteni, -ankejimi, 
 -ansemi. 
 
 Ship, n., nzaza, 2. 
 steam-, ekumbi, 8 . 
 
 -ship {suffix). The prefixes ki and u 
 represent this : mfumu, a king; 
 kimfumu, 5, or umfumn, 12, 
 kingship (the prefix ki is most 
 generally used). 
 
 Shipwreck, see wreck. 
 
 Shirt, n., kinkutu, 5 ; kidukula, 5 ; 
 yunga, 6; nswambinza, 4 ; 
 nswa (4) ambinza (mbinza; 
 P. camisa). 
 
 Shiver, 7/., pnpila, pnpidila, zaka- 
 ma, knnkuma, tita, dedema. 
 (shatter), see shatter. 
 
 Shoal, v., ke xina ko. 
 
 (of fish), n., bemba, 6 . 
 
 Shock (of fear, grief, &c.), keza, 9 ; 
 kinkenda, 5. 
 
 Shocked, be (very much), mona 0 
 keza or kinkenda. 
 
 Shoe, nsampatn, 2 (P. sapato). 
 
 Shoot, v., nonga, xika ; vonda (kill), 
 (as a star), xienxiunmka. 
 
Sho-Shu 
 
 ( 192 ) 
 
 Shoot, continued. 
 
 (as pain), sema. 
 
 (bud, sprout), savuka. 
 
 (fire a gun), nonga, xika, basula, 
 kwana,kwangula,loza(Bako.), 
 kubula (Kib.). 
 
 forth up (as a plant), dukumuka, 
 walumuka, tukumuka. 
 
 (of a plant), n., ntombo, 2; eduku, 8. 
 (of a plantain), nsanga, 2. 
 
 Shore, n., ekumu, 8 ; eximu, 8 ; 
 ndambu, 2. 
 
 on, to the, adv., ku eseke. 
 the opposite, n., eximu, 8. 
 
 Short, a., -ankufi. 
 cut, v., kufika. 
 
 (finish), manesa. 
 
 off (die suddenly), kendoka. 
 
 (in quantity), be, v., ke lunga ko. 
 (low), a ., -ankufi. 
 
 (spreading), be, v., patalala. 
 man, n, ., nkwa (1) ntela (4) ankufi. 
 run, v., sakalala. 
 time, n., kolo (6) kiandwelo. 
 too, a., -kufi. 
 
 Shorten, v., kufika. 
 
 Shortly, adv., kolo kiandwelo ; see 
 also soon. 
 
 Shortness, n., kufi, 12 ; kufama, 9. 
 
 Shot (fired), n., nzongo, 4. 
 to fire the first, v., tobola or tompo- 
 la e vita (2). 
 
 (slug), «., ekela, 8 ; mpunza, 2. 
 (small), nteta, 2. 
 
 (buck), kingumbengumbe, 5. 
 (European), nxiumbu, 2 (P. 
 
 chumbo). 
 
 Should, v. aux. Use the subjunc¬ 
 tive future ; when used as a re¬ 
 commendation, use the imper¬ 
 ative mood. 
 
 have, use the present perfect; see 
 also kala and adi, Kongo-Eng. 
 it should be in the house, 0 mo nzo 
 kikalanga. 
 
 Shoulder, n., evembo, 8. 
 v., xia vana evembo. 
 
 (a gun), vanika. 
 
 blade, «., loto (10) lua evembo. 
 
 cloth, mpeta, 4. 
 
 Shout, v., xia e nkololo (2). 
 
 (angrily), balumuka, bama. 
 at, balumukina. 
 
 (call out), boka. 
 for, bokela. 
 
 (make a noise), yokosa; see also 
 noise (make a). 
 
 Shouting, n., nkololo, 2. 
 
 Shove, n., nunguna. 
 
 Shovel up, v., kuka. 
 
 Show, v., songa, songela. 
 
 (appear), moneka. 
 
 (exhibit), mwesa. 
 
 (off), kusana. 
 
 (the teeth in smiling), venza or 
 keneneka 0 meno (pi. 7). 
 
 (in a rage), yanga 0 meno. 
 Shower, n., wangawanga, 6. 
 
 (over small area), kintungila, 5. 
 see also rain. 
 
 Shred, n., tenda, 6. 
 
 Shrewd, a., -anlungaladi. 
 be, v., lungalala. 
 person, n., nlungaladi, 1 & 4. 
 Shrewdness, n., lungalala, 9. 
 Shriek, v., tata. 
 
 Shrieking, n., tatu, 6. 
 
 Shrill, a., -andwelo; see also voice. 
 Shrimp, n., kimbidinga, 5 ; nsala, 4. 
 Shrink (become smaller), v., ninga. 
 
 from, tina ; see also shrivel, start. 
 Shrivel up, v., jikalakana, fianta- 
 lakana. 
 
 v.t., jikalakesa, fiantalakesa. 
 (wrinkled, be), fitama. 
 
 Shroud (cloth bound on a corpse), 
 
 n ., efundu, 8. 
 
 Shrub, n., kintitikidi, 5. 
 
 Shrug the shoulder, v., saka 0 mave- 
 mbo (pi. 8). 
 
 Shudder, v., to (6, ki-) kankumuka. 
 (after a noxious draught), kanku¬ 
 muka. 
 
 (shiver), see shiver. 
 
 Shuffle (cards), v., soka. 
 
 Shun, v., tina. 
 
 Shut, v., jika. 
 be, jikama. 
 
 (a book), bundika, bukika. 
 the eyes, be shut, v.i, & v.t., jima. 
 
( 193 ) 
 
 Shu-Sin 
 
 Shut, contimtcd. 
 
 in, up (a person in a house), jikidila. 
 in (hem in), tatamesa. 
 
 be, tatamena. 
 nearly (a door), vengeleka. 
 be, vengalala. 
 
 (the eyes), lembeleka, lengeleka. 
 be, lembalala, lengalala. 
 out, xisa kuna mbaji (2). 
 
 Shy, zz., -nkwa nsoni. 
 be, v., mona e nsoni; see also 
 strange. 
 
 Shyness, zz., nsoni, 2. 
 
 Sick, a., -ambevo. 
 be (ill), v., yela. 
 
 (vomit), v., luka. 
 man, zz ., mbevo, 2. 
 
 Sickness, n ., yela, 9 ; kimbevo, 5. 
 (biliousness, “ after eating too much 
 fat ,; ), luniatu, 10. 
 contagious, yela kwansambukila. 
 catch, v., sambukila. 
 transmit, sambukisa. 
 very serious, zz., nsongo, 4; see 
 Appendix, diseases. 
 
 Side, zz., ndambu, 2 ; nteto, 4 ; esa- 
 mbu, 8. • 
 
 (bank, shore), ekumu, 8 ; nlambu, 
 
 4. 
 
 (opposite), eximu, 8. 
 
 (brink), mfumfula, 4 ; nkenko, 4 ; 
 nkwenko, 4. 
 
 by side, be, v ., batakiana. 
 put, batakesa. 
 
 by the side of, along, prep ., muna 
 mbelambela a. 
 
 go, 7/., kwenda e mbelambela. 
 
 (of body), zz., luvati, 11 & 2. 
 
 (of field, &c., boundary), mbambi, 2; 
 
 nkendelo, 2 ; mwingilu, 3. 
 
 (of house, the eaves), mpukulu, 2. 
 (of meat, a carcase divided in half 
 lengthways), lukalakala, 11 & 
 2 . 
 
 (part, party), esambu, 8. 
 
 with, v., yikama vana esambu dia. 
 
 Sideways, adv., 0 luvati-luvati. 
 
 Siege, see besiege. 
 
 Sieve, /z., nsalu, 4; kisaka, 5 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Sift, v., sesa. 
 
 Siftings (left in the sieve after sift¬ 
 ing), zz., nseka, 2. 
 
 Sigh, zz., vumuku, 6. 
 
 7/., vumuka. 
 
 Sight, 7/., mona. 
 zz., mona, 9 ; mbona, 2 (view). 
 
 (fine view), lumoni, 10. 
 
 (of a gun), mbwanji, 2. 
 of, get a, 7/., tadila. 
 
 Sign, zz ., xinsu, 6 ; dimbu, 6. 
 
 (a name), 7/., soneka (e nkumbu, 
 2). 
 
 Signal, zz., see sign. 
 
 Signature (name), zz., nkumbu, 2. 
 
 Silence, zz., pi-i, pi. 6. 
 
 Silence ! (stop the noise), butika or 
 -bika or yambula 0 mazu! 
 
 Silent, be, t/., butama, dingalala, 
 kala e pi-i. 
 
 (sulk), see sulk. 
 
 Silently, go, come, do, &c., v., via- 
 nguka. 
 
 Silk, zz., seda, 2 (P. seda); mpusu (2) 
 za yimpiatu. 
 
 Silliness, zz., see folly. 
 
 Silly, see foolish. 
 
 Silver, zz., palata, 2 (P. prata). 
 zz., -apalata. 
 quick-, zz., maza, pi. 8. 
 
 Similar, zz., see like, 
 be, v., kala e nsunsu (2) ku. 
 these things are similar to those* 
 e lekwa yayi nsunsu ku le- 
 kwa ina. 
 be, 7/., fwanana. 
 
 Similarity, zz., fwanana, 9. 
 
 Similitude (likeness), fwaniswa, 6. 
 (exact), kontwa, 9. 
 
 Simple, see foolish, easy, only. 
 
 Simply, adv ., kaka. 
 
 Simultaneously, adv ., kumoxi. 
 
 Sin, zz., nsoki, 4 ; masumu, pi. S 
 (guilt). 
 
 against, 7/., kota 0 nsoki ; to sin 
 against God, kota Nzambi 0 
 nsoki ; we have sinned against 
 Him, tunkotele 0 nsoki. 
 
 Since, adv. & prep., tuka or tuka- 
 mena, with the applied form of 
 
 o 
 
Sin-Siz 
 
 ( 194) 
 
 Since, continued. 
 
 the verb. I have not been there 
 since yesterday, tukayayende- 
 le ko ezono kiayele ko diaka 
 ko ; ever since I came from there 
 I have been ill, tuka yatukila 
 ko yela kwambaka ; since he 
 opened the box, tuka kajiu- 
 lwila e nkele ; I have been 
 living here since nsona, tuka- 
 mena kiakadila e nsona, vava 
 nkalanga. 
 
 long, taxi, 6 ; kolo (6) kingi. 
 
 (seeing that), conj ., wau ; see also 
 because. 
 
 Sinew, n., mwanji, 3. 
 
 Sinful, a., -ansoki, -ambi (bad). 
 
 Sinfulness, n., nsoki, 4; bi, 12 (evil). 
 
 Sing, v., yimbila ; see chorus, 
 about, yimbidila. 
 
 a dirge, dila or yimbila e mbembo 
 
 (2). 
 
 a grief song, yinginina. 
 a lullaby, wondelela. 
 
 (as birds), yimbila ; the chattering 
 and noise of birds that do not 
 sing is called vova (to speak), 
 (the praises of), kembela. 
 
 Singe, v., vubula. 
 with burning grass, vumpa, vumpu- 
 la. 
 
 Singer, n., nyimbidi, 1 & 4; see 
 choir, chorister. 
 
 Single, a., -moxi kaka. 
 
 person (unmarried), n ., mpumpa, 
 2. 
 
 (one only), a ., -awa -moxi ; he killed 
 them all in a single day, muna 
 lumbu kiawa kimoxi kamana 
 kwavonda. 
 
 Singlet, n., nanu, 4. 
 
 Singly, adv ., -moxi -moxi (kimoxi 
 kimoxi, &c.). 
 
 Singular, see strange, wonderful. 
 
 ( expl.\ vo -moxi kaka. 
 
 Sink (a hole, well), v.t., tima. 
 down, v.i., kuluka (kunanxi). 
 
 (go under water), diuka e mfiumbu 
 (2), diumba. 
 
 (in mud), kota munanxi. 
 
 Sink, continued. 
 
 (in water), xinda, vinda, xinuka, 
 diama (Bako.). 
 
 (put under water), v.t., kotesa ku¬ 
 nanxi, diumbisa, xindisa. 
 
 Sinner, n., nkwa (1) nsoki (4), nkwa 
 (1) masumu (pi. 8), nsumuki, 
 1 & 4. 
 
 Sip, v., sumata, dekola. 
 
 Sir, n., mfumu, 2. 
 
 (title, expll), (ngenda muna Eng¬ 
 land). 
 
 Sister, n., nsanga, 2. 
 elder, mpangi, 2. 
 
 -in-law, nzadi, 2. 
 younger, mbunji, 1. 
 
 Sit, v., fonga, vwanda, kosoka, za- 
 kala (Bako.). 
 
 (as a hen), butamena. 
 carelessly, see Eng.-Kongo,Ap 
 down heavily, tupama. 
 down (not stand), kuluka. 
 having both legs twisted on one 
 side, bulama. 
 
 in a kneeling posture, fukama. 
 on, fonga or vwanda vana. 
 
 (perch), see perch. 
 
 (squat), resting on the feet (the soles 
 of the feet only touching the 
 ground), sondama, zondama. 
 tailor fashion (the only proper posi¬ 
 tion according to Kongo eti¬ 
 quette), funda e nkata (2). 
 up, raised from a reclining posture, 
 vumbuka, tongama. 
 with the knees raised in front, tangi- 
 dika 0 nkunda (4) or 0 malu 
 (9). 
 
 Site (for a house), ?i., lufulu, 10. 
 of deserted town, ezumbu, 8. 
 
 Six, a., -sambanu. 
 
 Sixteen, a., kumi ye sambanu. 
 
 Sixth, a., -esambanu. 
 
 Sixty, a., makumasambanu. 
 
 Size (bigness of a person), n ., bula, 6; 
 tonga, 6. 
 
 (dilute glue), “glue” yasangwa 0 
 maza. 
 
 (girth), vonga, 9 ; nene, 12. 
 
 (height of person), ntela, 4. 
 
( 195 ) 
 
 Siz-Sla 
 
 Size, continued. 
 
 (of quadruped), ntula, 4. 
 
 (kind), mpila, 2. 
 
 (length), la, 12. 
 
 (measure, gauge), tezo, 6. 
 
 (of person), ntela, 2. 
 
 (thickness), nkandu, 4. 
 
 (width), ntau, 4. 
 
 Skeleton, n., vixi, pi. 6 (yawanso 
 ikalanga muna to). 
 
 Sketch, n., xisa, 6. 
 v., bandula. 
 
 Skilful (crafty), a., -angangn, -anlu- 
 ngaladi, -lungalala, -anduki. 
 be, v., kala ye ngangu, lungalala, 
 luka, vwa e ngangu. 
 person, 72., nkwa (1) ngangu; nlu- 
 ngaladi, 1 & 4; nkwa (1) ndu- 
 ka; nluha, 4. 
 
 (ingenious), a., -ambangu. 
 
 person, 72., mbangu, 2. 
 
 (in hunting) person, 72., nkongo, 2 ; 
 
 nkwa (t) kinkongo. 
 
 (in making small things), person, 71., 
 nkete, 2. 
 
 (in smith work), person, ngangula, 2. 
 
 Skill (craftiness), 72., ngangu, pi. 2 ; 
 nduka, pi. 2. 
 
 (ingenuity), umbangu, 12. 
 in hunting, kinkongo, 5. 
 
 absence of, eyindu, 8. 
 in making small things, unkete, 12. 
 in smith work, ungangula, 12. 
 
 Skim off, v., lalula. 
 
 Skin, n ., nkanda, 4. 
 v., tala, vuna, tuna, yuna. 
 cast (slough as a reptile), yuwula. 
 diseases, 72., waji, 12. 
 
 the seat of such disease, ebaji (8) 
 dia waji. These are supposed 
 to be due to the disregard of 
 taboo law, as by eating some¬ 
 thing forbidden, 
 a squamous affection, kwiji, 6. 
 very slightly squamous accom¬ 
 panied by itching, affecting 
 chiefly the back, lotia, 10. 
 a pigmentary change, by which 
 » some parts of the hands become 
 white, lukusu, 10. 
 
 Skin, continued. 
 
 knock off a piece of skin, v., tununa, 
 vununa. 
 
 (membrane), n., ngungu, 2. 
 
 (of a ground nut, &c.), vevele, 6 . 
 (peel), ti, 6 ; titi, 6; kiti, 5 ; nka¬ 
 nda, 4. 
 
 v., teta, deda. 
 
 (scaly), 72., makwa, pi. 8 ; mava- 
 vala, pi. 8 . 
 
 (scum), mbolo, 2. 
 
 (slough), mavavala, pi. 8 ; eyuwula, 
 
 8 . 
 
 Skip, v., see pass over, jump, gambol. 
 
 Skirt, 72., see dress, border. 
 
 v., kwenda muna ndambu nda- 
 mbu. 
 
 Skull, 72., vixi (6) kia ntu. 
 
 Sky, 72., ezulu, 8 . 
 
 (the atmosphere), ngambwila, 2. 
 
 Slack, a ., -zeza. 
 
 Slacken, v.t ., zezesa, zezola, zezula. 
 v.i., zeza, zezoka. 
 
 Slackness, 72., zeza, 9. 
 
 Slake (hunger, &c.), v., sakula. 
 
 Slander, v., kumba. 
 
 72., ekumbu, 8 . 
 
 Slanderer, 72., nkumbi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Slant, v.t ., sendeleka. 
 v.i., sendalala. 
 
 Slanting, a., -ansendaladi. 
 
 Slap, 72., lubata, 11 & 2 (mbata). 
 v., wanda 0 lubata. 
 as a woman her child ; (spoken 
 of women only), bunda, bubula. 
 
 Slate, 72., etadi, 8 (stone). 
 
 Slaughter, v., vonda. 
 
 72., vonda, 9; mponda, 2. 
 
 (passive), vondwa, 9 ; mpondwa, 
 2. 
 
 Slave, 72., mbundu, 1 ; mwayi, 1 & 3 
 {pi. awayi & miayi). 
 a slave is very frequently spoken of 
 as mwana, 1 (child), ^rmuntu, 
 
 1 (man, person). 
 
 (retainers, retinue), nsa, 4. 
 
 (sold for food in famine time), 
 
 nanga, 4. 
 
 A slave may run away from a 
 bad master to seek protection of 
 
Sla-Slo 
 
 ( 196 ) 
 
 Slave, continued. 
 
 another chief. If the chief is 
 willing, a goat is killed, and 
 they partake. After eating goat 
 together, the man becomes the 
 slave of the new master, who 
 will refuse to give him up to 
 the old master, and will pay 
 his market value. Slaves thus 
 obtained are much valued, as 
 they are likely to be faithful. 
 The slave is said to eat goat 
 (dia e nkombo), and, taking 
 his name from the ceremony, is 
 called a goat, nkombo, 2. Some 
 chiefs have a bundle of charms 
 called mpungu, 2, which they 
 declare has the power of attract¬ 
 ing “ goats ” to them, 
 fellow-slaves consider each other 
 relatives, yitu, 6 . 
 
 Slaver (one who enslaves), n., mbu- 
 ndnni, 1. 
 
 Slavery, n., kibundu, 5 ; ubundu, 
 12. 
 
 Slay, v., von da. 
 
 Sleep, zz., tuln, pi. 10. 
 v., leka ( i per/, lele); leka 0 tulu, 
 lala (Bako.). 
 
 (doze), tonza. 
 
 on after every one else is about, 
 
 landa e taji, 6. 
 
 sickness (beriberi ?), n ., ntonji, 4. 
 sound, tulu twa mete or twa 
 konono. 
 
 (when very weary), volongoma, 
 6 . 
 
 with, v., lekela. 
 
 Sleepiness, after a good meal, n., 
 
 nlela, 4. 
 
 Sleepless, be, v., leka e kintongi; 
 when ,not inclined for sleep 
 Ivongos say that their eyes are 
 parched, meso makayidi. 
 
 Sleepy, be, v., tonza, kala yo tulu. 
 
 Sleeve, n., koko, 9 (kwa kinkutu). 
 
 Sleight of hand, n., kimpa, 5. 
 practise, v., ta e kimpa. 
 
 Slender, a., -aninga ; see also thin, 
 person, zz., xiexiele (6) kia muntu. 
 
 Slice, n., lumemo, 10. 
 cut a, v., mema. 
 up, off, sensa. 
 
 Slide, v., xienxiumuka. 
 
 Slight (despise), v., veza, kulula. 
 
 (small), a., -andwelo, -akete. 
 Slightly, adv., ke beni ko. 
 
 Slim, a., see thin, slender. 
 
 Slime in water, green, zz., langi, 12. 
 
 red ferruginous, mbokoko, 2. 
 Sling of palm climber, zz., lukamba, 
 10. 
 
 on which infants are carried, nze- 
 mba, 2. 
 
 to carry thus, v., zembeleka. 
 
 Slip, v., xielumuka, xielomoka, tu- 
 lumuka. 
 
 (a cutting), zz., nkuna, 2. 
 by accident, v.i., kunzumuka. 
 
 let, v.t., kunzumuna. 
 
 (glide), v.i., xienxiumuka. 
 off (clothes), v.t., vula. 
 on (clothes), vwata. 
 
 (put), xia. 
 
 Slip-knot, zz., esokolo, 8 ; dianza, 7; 
 dinxinga, 7. 
 
 Slipper, zz., nsampatu, 2 (P. sapato). 
 Slipperiness, zz., nlelo, 4. 
 
 Slippery, a., -anlelo. 
 
 be, v., lelumuka, lelomoka. 
 
 Slit, zz., evundu, 8 (hole). 
 v.t., baka, tiaza ; see rend, tear 
 v.i., bakuka, tiazuka. 
 
 Slope, see slant, hill, lean. 
 
 of roof, zz., lufumba, 10. 
 
 Sloping, a., -ansendaladi. 
 
 Sloth, zz., wolo, 12. 
 
 Slothful, a., -amolo. 
 
 Slough (cast skin), zz., mavavala, 
 pl. 8 ; eyuwula, 8. 
 v.t., yuwula. 
 
 Slovenliness, zz., umpalakasa, 12. 
 
 (in dress), zebelezebele, pl. 6. 
 Slovenly, a., -ampalakasa. 
 
 (in dress), -azebelezebele. 
 
 Slow, a., -amalembe. 
 be, v., wombotota. 
 person, zz., nwombototi, 1 & 4. 
 (requiring much time and labour for 
 its accomplishment), a., -afuki. 
 
( 197 ) 
 
 Slo-Sna 
 
 Slowly, adv ., o malembe. 
 go, walk, v., womboka. 
 move, go, &c., stealthily, yelomoka, 
 yelumuka. 
 
 pour, trickle, as a thick viscid fluid, 
 zelomoka, zelumuka. 
 
 Slowness, n., malembe, pi. 8. 
 (laboriousness), fuki, 6. 
 
 Slug (bullet), n., ekela, 8 ; mpunza, 
 2 . 
 
 (snail), mbete, 2. 
 
 Sluggard (lazy person), n., molo, 3. 
 
 Sluggish (lazy), a., -amolo. 
 
 (slow), -amalembe. 
 
 Sluggishness (laziness), n., wolo, 
 12. 
 
 (slowness), malembe, pi. 8. 
 
 Slumber, n., tulu, pi. 10. 
 v., leka ( perf lele), leka 0 tulu, 
 lala (Bako.). 
 
 Sly, a., -angangu, -anlungaladi, 
 -lungalala, -anduki. 
 be, 7/., kala ye ngangu, lungalala, 
 luka, vwa e ngangu. 
 person, n., nlungaladi, 1 & 4; 
 nluba, 4 ; nkwa (1) ngangu ; 
 nkwa (1) nduka. 
 
 Slyness, n., ngangu, pi. 2 ; nduka, 
 pi. 2. 
 
 Smack, see slap. 
 
 Small, a., -andwelo, -alwelo, -akete, 
 -anke, -anje ; -antio (Kab.). 
 grow, 7/., ninga; see also decrease, 
 v.i. 
 
 narrow, a., see narrow, 
 quantity, n., fiakete, 15 ; fiandwelo, 
 15 ; nsululu, 4(handful); llkudi, 
 4 (of liquid), 
 too, a., -ke. 
 
 very, see fine (small), very. 
 
 (young), -answa. 
 
 Smallness, «., ke, 12. 
 
 Small-pox, n., kingongo, 5 ; xika, 
 6. 
 
 Smart (fine), a., -awete, -akitoko (of 
 lads) ; -akindumba (of girls), 
 make, 7/., viengesa, minga. 
 
 (of pain), n., njiojio, 2. 
 
 7/., yama, jiojiomona. 
 
 Smartly (quickly), adv., 0 nswalu. 
 
 Smash, t/., see break, crush. 
 
 Smear, n., mpunzu, 2. 
 about, out, 7/., vunzuna. 
 on, lenga, lengalakesa, kusa. 
 Smell, v.t., nukana. 
 about as a dog, fimba. 
 
 (aroma), n., mvumba, 2. 
 catch, notice, a smell, 7 /., wa or uni¬ 
 kina e nsunga or e nsudi (see 
 below). 
 
 of civet, «., ekevo, 8; ejiku, 8. 
 of food steaming hot, muku, 4. 
 of urine, nkuvu, 4. 
 pleasant (perfume), nsunga, 2. 
 
 give out a, v., ta e nsunga. 
 
 (sniff), volela. 
 
 (stink), n., nsudi, 2. 
 
 v., ta e nsudi, nuka. 
 the strong smell of some black 
 people, n., rnwika (3) ansudi. 
 Smelt, 7 /., zunza. 
 
 Smile, v., seva. 
 
 Smite, see strike. 
 
 Smith, n., ngangula, 2. 
 
 work in metal, 7 /., fula. 
 
 Smoke, n., mwixi, 3. 
 
 7 /., mwixi (u-) vaika. 
 ascend, wreathe up as, futumuka, 
 fita. 
 
 filled, be, with smoke, mwixi (u-) 
 tumbama. 
 
 (tobacco), nua (e mfomo, 2). 
 Smoker, a great, n., nduvu (2) a 
 mfomo. 
 
 Smooth, a., -lelama. 
 be, 7/., lelama. 
 make, leleka. 
 out a crease, jiola. 
 over, lenga, lengulula (thoroughly), 
 (polish), lengola. 
 
 (polished), a., -alengejia, -alengole- 
 ngo. 
 
 Smoothness, n., lelama, 9 ; elengo, 
 
 8 . 
 
 Smother with, v.t., bukika ye. 
 Smothered with, be, v.i., bufcama 
 
 ye. 
 
 Smoulder, v., via 0 malembe. 
 Snail, ;z., mbete, 2. 
 shell, ekodia, 8. 
 
Sna-Sob 
 
 ( 198 ) 
 
 Snake, ji., nioka, 2. 
 green, kinzengele, 5 ; ntintele, 4 ; 
 see python, coronella, cerastes, &c. 
 Snap (as a dog), v., kanza, lnnza. 
 
 (as a string), v.z., danuka, zntuka. 
 
 v.t., dannna, zutuna. 
 in two, v.z., toloka. 
 off, v.t ., bnknna. I 
 
 v.i., bnknka. 
 
 Snappish person, n., nkwa (i)mpova 
 mpnnzn. 
 
 Snare (bait), n ., enekwa, 8. 
 v., nekena, leba. 
 
 set a, leka {per/, lekele), esokolo, 
 &c. 
 
 (slip-knot), n., esokolo, 8 ; dianza, 
 
 7; dinxinga, 7. 
 
 (trap), ntambu, 4 ; see trap. 
 
 Snarl, v., wnna. 
 
 Snatch at, but not catch, v., kntisa. 
 away, zavuna, kntnmnna. 
 back, znngnmnna. 
 
 Sneak along (stealthily), v., yelo- 
 moka, yelnmnka. 
 
 Sneer, v., jiknna. 
 
 n., jikuna, 9 ; njikuna, 2. 
 
 Sneeze, n ., nkexia, 2. 
 
 v., ta e nkexia. 
 
 Sniff, v., volela. 
 
 Snipefish, n ., nsonge, 2. 
 
 Snivel, v., kefona, kefuna. 
 
 Snore, v., kona. 
 
 n., kono, 6. 
 
 Snort, v., kufuna. 
 
 n., nkufnna, 2. 
 
 Snout, n., nznmbn, 4. 
 
 of pig, nznmbn, 4 ; ndnmvu, 4. 
 Snuff, n., mfomo, 2 (P. fnmo); nsn- 
 nga, 2 (Bako.). 
 
 -box, ebnngwa, 8. 
 take, v., volela e mfomo. 
 
 So, adz/., nana, ana, wan; do so, 
 vanga nana. 
 
 so and so, n., nengandi, 1 (of per¬ 
 sons) ; kingandi, 5 (of things), 
 as...so, adv., wowo...wowo, nna... 
 nna; as it is so it must be, wo- 
 wo kina wowo kixinga kala; 
 as I saw it so I left it, nna 
 mbwene kio nna nxixidi kio. 
 
 So, continued. 
 
 so...as. He is not so tall as you 
 
 are, kena kwandi ntela moxi 
 yo ngeye ko = he has not the 
 same height as you. 
 so as to, so that. I made it so as to 
 catch fish, edi mpangidi kio 
 kiabakila e mbiji = for this I 
 made it for catching fish, 
 so many, -ingi; see many, 
 so much, -ingi; see much. 
 
 (as much as this), take so much, 
 kiaki tezo wabonga = this is 
 the quantity you may take, 
 so... that. He was so tall that, ntela 
 nla diann = too high therefore, 
 (therefore), diann, dian, i knma, 
 i mpitn, i ; so he went away, i 
 nkatnka kakatnkidi. 
 
 (thus), wan, wo (nma), nana, ana. 
 to say so is not true, VO OVOvele 
 wo ke walndi ko. 
 
 ( very), -ingi, beni. 
 
 he was so angry, oyandi nkwa 
 makaxi mengi. 
 
 Soak, v.t., yondeka, yendeka. 
 and soften, wombesa. 
 
 (lie in water), kala knna [or mnna) 
 maza. 
 
 (make very wet, as dew), yondeleka. 
 
 Soaked, be, v.z., yondama, yendama. 
 and softened, womba. 
 
 (be very wet, as from dew), yonda- 
 lala. 
 
 Soap, n., zaban, 2 (P. sabao). 
 v., knsa e zaban. 
 
 Soar, v., tnmbila. 
 
 Sob, v., xiknmnka. 
 
 Sober, become, after a carousal, v., 
 
 nkolwa (2, i-) saknka). 
 
 (grave, moderate), a., -anlembami ; 
 see also wise, prudent. 
 
 A man who is not in the habit of 
 getting drunk must be an ab¬ 
 stainer. In the heathen state 
 there are no half measures, 01- 
 due moderation. To say that a 
 certain man never gets drunk, 
 would rather imply that he could 
 carry so much that no quantitv 
 
( 199 ) 
 
 Sob-Son 
 
 Sober, continued. 
 
 would make him drunk. To 
 speak of a man’s sobriety, would 
 be to state that he never took 
 an intoxicant. 
 
 Soberly, adv., yo zayi (12). 
 
 Soberness (wisdom), n., zayi, 12. 
 
 Sobriety, see under sober. 
 
 Society, see company. 
 
 Sock, n., edila (8) dia kulu (9), (pi. 
 madila ma main). 
 
 Socket (hole), n., ewnlu, 8. 
 
 (of the eye), evundu (8) dia disn 
 ( 7 )- 
 
 pull out of its,7/.,tunguna, dunguna. 
 
 Soft (as a pillow, limp, “ not strong ”), 
 «.,-antovoki,-anlebuki, -anye- 
 mojioki. 
 
 be, v., tovoka, lebnka, leboka. 
 (yielding), nyemojioka. 
 
 (not hard, easy to cut), a., -amvevi. 
 be, v., veva. 
 
 (not rotten, as soaked cassava), be, 
 
 womba. 
 
 (pliant), a., -anlevi. 
 be, v., leva. 
 
 Soften, v., tovola, lebnla, lebola, 
 vevesa, wombesa, levesa. 
 
 (to cook until very soft), wolomoka. 
 
 Softly, adv., 0 malembe. 
 flow, v., yayala. 
 
 Softness, n., malembe, pi. 8, and the 
 infinitives of the above verbs 
 (leva, 9, &c.). 
 
 Soil, v., funzula. 
 
 (dirt), n., mvindu, 2. 
 
 (earth), ntoto, 4. 
 
 Soiled, be, v., funzuka. 
 
 Sojourn, v., nanga. 
 
 Sold, be, v., tayika, tekoka. 
 
 Solder, n., maza, pi. 8. 
 
 Soldier, »., ekesa, 8 ; esoladi, 8 (P. 
 soldado). 
 
 Soldierliness (the office of soldier), 
 n., nkesa, 12. 
 
 Sole of foot, n., tambi, 6. 
 margin of, nsasala, 2. 
 of animal, kandaji, 6. 
 
 (one only), a., -awa -moxi, -moxi 
 kaka. 
 
 Solely, adv., kaka, aka. 
 
 Solicit, see ask, entreat. 
 
 Solid, see firm. 
 
 Solidify, v., kangama. 
 
 Solitarily, adv., e nkidinginza. 
 
 Solitary (alone), a., -ankidinginza. 
 
 Solitude (loneliness, friendlessness), 
 
 n., nnsona, 12. 
 
 Solve, v., bangula, baka, tendola, 
 tendnla, tengola, tengnla. 
 
 Some, a. Most frequently “ some ” 
 is not translated : give me some 
 oil = give me oil, nmpana 0 
 maji. When a request is made 
 for a little, the word is thrown 
 into the diminutive : give me 
 some (a little) oil, nmpana e 
 fidiaji. Where some are com¬ 
 pared with others, use -aka or 
 akaka, preceded by the article 
 and a prefix of series No. 2 : 
 some of the water, 0 maka 
 maza ; some people, a akaka 
 antu (akakantu). 
 
 It may also be expressed by the 
 adj. -akaka, following the noun 
 in the ordinary manner, 
 day, konso lumbu (6). 
 some...others, -akaka...-akaka. 
 some person (or other), mnntn, 1. 
 some time, konso ntangwa (2) ; 
 come some time during the day, 
 wiza konso ntangwa nna 
 mwini. 
 
 Someone, n., muntu, 1. 
 
 Somersault, n., kimbangumnna 
 5 - 
 
 turn a, v., ta e kimbangnmuna. 
 
 Something, n., ma, 6 ; kiuma, 5 ; 
 kima, 5 (Bako.). 
 or other, konso lekwa (6). 
 
 Sometimes, adv., e yaka lumbu, e za- 
 ka ntangwa, e lumbu yakaka, 
 e ntangwa zakaka. 
 (occasionally), lumbu kiatutu. 
 
 Somewhere, adv., konso kuma (9) 
 or vuma (14). 
 
 else, kuma (9) kwakaka, kwakaka, 
 vakaka. 
 
 Son, n., mwana, 1. 
 
Son-Sou 
 
 ( 200 ) 
 
 Son, continued. 
 
 Kongos speak of some other rela¬ 
 tives under the term son, see 
 relative. A slave is frequently 
 called a son. 
 
 Song, n ., nkunga, 4; lumbu, 10 
 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (dirge), mbembo, 2. 
 
 Sonship, n., kimwana, 5 ; kiwana, 
 5 (plural idea). 
 
 Soon, do, &c., v., vika ; go soon, ovi- 
 ka kwenda. Why did you 
 return so soon ? adieyi ovikidi 
 vutukila ? Vika is only used 
 in addressing a person or in soli¬ 
 loquy, not in speaking of him ; 
 it is therefore generally used in 
 the imperative or interrogative, 
 as above. 
 
 do, &c., vita. This word is spoken 
 of a person, and not to him. It 
 implies that the action will not 
 be performed immediately, but 
 in a day or two ; wavita vutu- 
 ka, he will soon (in a day or 
 two) return. 
 
 adv., each of the above words are 
 of special application ; the more 
 common idiom translates soon 
 by 0 liswalu (quickly), kolo (6) 
 kiandwelo (shortly). 
 
 The future tense in sa or xi 
 amply expresses the idea: he will 
 soon be here, sa kaluaka ; you 
 will soon finish, sa nwamana. 
 
 There are circumlocutions to ex¬ 
 press it : he soon returned, ka- 
 kedi kwandi kolo ko ovutu- 
 kidi = he did not stay long, he 
 returned. 
 
 The matter soon got abroad, e dia- 
 mbu ke dijingidi ko dimwa- 
 nganini. 
 
 as soon as, he arrived as soon as we, 
 
 una tulueke 0 yandi mpe 
 olueke = as soon as we arrived 
 he arrived. 
 
 be too soon (in a hurry), v., vanga- 
 na, suta ; you are too soon, 
 vangana ovanganini. 
 
 Sooner (rather, would prefer to), adv., 
 deke ; I would sooner die, deke 
 yafwa kwame. 
 
 no sooner, una with aka or kaka ; 
 he no sooner heard my voice 
 than he came, una kawidi aka 
 e ndinga ame wijidi kwandi. 
 or later (some day),konso ntangwa, 
 konso lumbu. 
 
 than : he came sooner than we 
 expected, edi tubenze kevika 
 kwiza ko = we thought that he 
 would not early come. 
 
 Soot (on the bottom of a cooking pot), 
 71 ., vilu, 12. 
 
 and pitchy deposit on the inner part 
 of the roof of a house, ndiakia- 
 nga, 4- 
 
 Soothe, v.t ., lembeka, sakula, saki- 
 dika, lemba. 
 
 (a fretful child), wonza. 
 
 Sorcerer, sorcery, see witchcraft. 
 
 Sore, n., vuma, 14 ; mputa, 2 
 (Bako.). 
 
 a., ye nganji (2) ; ye mpaxi (2). 
 
 Soreness (chafe), n., nlamu, 4. 
 
 Sorrow (grief), «., ntantu, 2. 
 
 (pity), nkenda, 2 ; see also misery, 
 calamity. 
 
 We do not find a word for the 
 sorrow at having done wrong. 
 
 Sorrowful, be (sad, miserable, stupi- 
 fied), v., zowalala. 
 
 (dull, pensive), v., yindalala. 
 
 Sorry, be, feel (grieve), v., mona e 
 ntantu. 
 
 (pity), mona e nkenda. 
 
 Sort, n., mpila, 2 ; mbaku, 4. 
 (arrange), v., kubika. 
 
 (choose), sola. 
 
 Sot, see drunkard. 
 
 Soul, n., moyo, 3. 
 
 (spirit, breath), mwanda, 3. 
 
 Sound, n., ezu, 8. 
 a deep, mvungu, 2. 
 an alarm, v., ta e mbwabwa, 2. 
 
 (an instrument), xika. 
 make a, vova. 
 make a hollow, bobola. 
 murmuring, vunguta. 
 
( 201 ) 
 
 Sou-Spe 
 
 Sound, continued. 
 
 (noise), n ., mazu, pi. 8. 
 of many voices, nkuzu, 2. 
 out (be heard), v., tatuka. 
 sleep, see sleep. 
 
 (try the depth), xinsa. 
 
 utter a, tatula. 
 
 very faint,77., ki zuzu kulu. 
 
 (whole, entire), a., -amvimba, ke 
 -afwa ko. 
 
 Soup, 77., mwamba, 3 ; ndungu, 2. 
 
 thin, weak, watery, nzongi, 4. 
 
 Sour, a., -anta, yo nta. 
 become, v ., baka 0 nta (4). 
 very, a., e nynkutu yo nta. 
 of palm wine, -ambadi. 
 be, 7/., bala. 
 
 SOURCE, 77., see fountain, origin. 
 Sourness, 77., nta, 4. 
 
 excessive, of old palm-wine, bala, 9. 
 Souvenir, 77., dimbu, 6 . 
 
 Sovereign, 77., mfumu, 2 (king). 
 Sovereignty, n., kimfnmn, 5. 
 
 Sow (pig), u., exina (8) dia ngulu, 
 ngulu, 2. 
 
 Sow (plant), 7/., kuna. 
 
 Sowbug, n., kinsekwa, 5. 
 
 Sower, tz., nkuni, 1 & 4. 
 
 Space, 77., mpwaxi, 2. 
 
 (heavens), ezulu, 8. 
 
 (atmosphere), ngambwila, 2. 
 (interspace), mpwaxi, 2. 
 out (put wide apart), v., tamuna. 
 (room), fulu, 6 ; vuma, 14. 
 Spacious (large), a., -ampwena, -a- 
 nene. 
 
 Spade, 77., nsengo, 2 (amputu). 
 Spades (in cards), n ., pau, 2 (P. pao). 
 Span (of hand), n ., ntamu, 2 ; lutama, 
 
 11 & 2. 
 
 7/., tama, tamika. 
 
 over (as a bridge), kambama. 
 
 Spare, be to spare, 7/., Suva; there 
 are no spare kwanga, ke vasu- 
 vidi kwanga ko. 
 
 (reserves), state the number : we 
 took a spare anchor = we took 
 two anchors ; to spare = to give 
 or to be able to give. 
 
 (thin), see thin. 
 
 Spark, 77., ntenteni, 2. 
 
 (glowing ash as of burnt grass, etc.), 
 mvungula, 2 & n. 
 strike a, v., kola 0 tiya (10) ; kwa- 
 ngula. 
 
 Sparkle, v., tentena, nianina. 
 
 Sparkling, a ., -antenteni. 
 
 Sparmania, ;z., mpunga, 2 ; evu- 
 ngela, 8. 
 
 Spasm (as in epilepsy, or any convul¬ 
 sion), 77., xilwa, 9. 
 to have a, 7/., xilwa. 
 
 Speak, 77., vova. 
 about (mention), sungula, yika. 
 against (slander), kuniba. 
 angrily (scold), bama. 
 cause to speak, tatula. 
 
 (converse), moka. 
 
 together (many), mokajiana. 
 distinctly, fula. 
 indistinctly, fofola. 
 in euphemisms, vova muna senswa 
 ( 6 ). # 
 
 in a whisper, vova e kimfundu- 
 mfundu. 
 
 louder, wokesa e ndinga (2). 
 loudly, xiamisa e ndinga. 
 
 (so as to frighten), balumuka. 
 nasally, fongona. 
 one at a time, kwakwana. 
 so as to be heard, tumbula e ndinga. 
 thoughtlessly, losola (0 mambu). 
 (used only in reference to a great 
 chief), sakula, zuzwala (P. 
 julgar ?) see also talk. 
 
 Speaker, n., mpovi, 2. 
 
 Spear, 77., edionga, 8 ; eswanga, 8 . 
 
 Species, 77., mpila, 2. 
 
 Speck, 77., etona, 8. 
 
 Speckled (of fowls only), a., -amatete. 
 (spotted), -amatona. 
 
 Spectacle, n., diambu, 7 (affair) ; I 
 saw a sad spectacle, diambu 
 diambi mbwene. 
 
 Spectacles, 77., mbweno, 2 ; nguya 
 (2) za meso (P. guia). 
 
 Speech, 77., ndinga, 2 ; see language, 
 thing spoken, mvovo, 4; diambu, 7. 
 
 Speed (rapid), 77., nswalu, 4 ; ntinu, 
 
 2 ; sazu, 6 ; nzaki, 2. 
 
Spe-Spo 
 
 ( 202 ) 
 
 Speed, continued. 
 
 at very high, adv., e kwanza- 
 ngala. 
 
 Speedily, adv., o nswalu, e ntinu, e 
 nzaki, e sazu. 
 
 Spell, v., tanga dimoxi dimoxi. 
 
 Spend (give), v., vana. 
 
 (consume), mana, dia. 
 
 (pay), futa. 
 
 (scatter), mwanga. 
 
 (time), mana. 
 
 (stay), nanga. 
 
 Spent, be, v., mana. 
 
 (exhausted, unable to go further), 
 tnngama. 
 
 Sphere, n., vinjingidi, 6. 
 
 Spherical, a., -avinjingidi. 
 
 Spice (expl.), ndnngu ye lekwa ya 
 nsnnga. 
 
 Spider (generic), 7 z.,esangangungn, 8. 
 (great), ngungu, 2. 
 water-, nsusu (2) ankiengele. 
 web of, wanda, 13 (pi. manda). 
 
 Spill, v.t., yitila, tiamnna, tengnla, 
 tengola, tempola, pomona, 
 sempola, sempula. 
 from a height, betumuna, hetomona, 
 butumuna. 
 
 (of liquids only), dnknmnna. 
 
 Spilt, be, v., yitika, tiamnka, te- 
 nguka, tengoka, tempoka, 
 pomoka, sempoka, sempnka, 
 pongoka, bnnguka. 
 from a height, betomoka, betumu- 
 ka, butumnka. 
 
 (liquids only), duknmuka. 
 
 Spin round, v.t., jetesa. 
 v.i., jeta. 
 
 (twist string, cotton), v., xieta. 
 
 Spine, n., lubasa (11 & 2) lna nima; 
 nknku (4) a nima. 
 
 (thorn), lnsende (11 & 2). 
 
 Spinster, /*., mpumpa, 2 (one not 
 living in wedlock). 
 
 (maiden), ndnmba, 2. 
 
 Spiral, 11., mvu, 4. 
 a., -amvn. 
 
 Spirit, n ., mwanda, 3 (breath), 
 the Holy, Mwanda avelela. 
 
 (ghost, sprite), nkwiyi, 4 ; nkwiya, 
 
 Spirit, continued. 
 
 4 ; etombola, 8 ; kininmba, 5; 
 etebo, 8 (Bako). 
 
 (life, soul), moyo, 3. 
 SpiRiT(gin),«.,jinebela,2(P.genebra). 
 (rum), ngwala, 2 (P. aguardente = 
 gwaladente=ngwala). 
 (spirituous liquors), malavu, pi. 8. 
 Spirt, v., xianzuka, lasnka, lufnka. 
 Spit, v ., tanla 0 mete (pi. 8). 
 
 Spite, n., nxita, 2 pi. 
 
 in spite of (although), see although. 
 Spittle, n., mete, pi. 8. 
 
 Spizaetus coronatus, n ., nkoxi (2) 
 amokena. 
 
 Splash (scatter), v., mwanga. 
 up, v.t., tiakuka. 
 
 up (with something), v.t., tiaka, 
 tiakuna. 
 
 Spleen, n ., nzalambiji, 2. 
 
 inflammation of, bekele, 6. 
 Splendid, see gorgeous, beautiful, 
 great, pretty. 
 
 Splendour (lustre), n., lejima, 9. 
 Splice, v., yikakesa. 
 
 Splint, n., saka, 6. 
 
 Splinter, n., (chip), vaxi, 6 ; baxi, 6. 
 
 (thorn), lnsende, 11 & 2. 
 
 Splinters on a rough edge, n., zanu- 
 zann, 6. 
 
 Split, v.t., basa, vasa, tiaznna, 
 basnna, bnla. 
 
 v.i., basnka, tiaznka, bndika. 
 off a little, v.t., vasuna, kesona. 
 Splutter (and frizzle in cooking), 
 v., xioxia. 
 
 Spoil, v.t., vonda, vwanzakesa. 
 (booty), 7 i., esanzn, 8. 
 
 (pillage), v.t., sanza. 
 
 (render useless), tnmbula. 
 
 Spoiled, be, v.i., fwa, vondwa. 
 
 (become useless), tumbuka. 
 Spoken of as, be, v., yikwa. 
 Sponsor, n., njitu, 1. 
 
 Spoon, n., zaln, 6 ; loto, 10. 
 
 Spoor, n., ntambi, 2. 
 
 (of animal having paws), ekanda, 8. 
 Sport (play), n., n-saka, 2. 
 v., sakana. 
 
 in, adv., ku nsaka ; see also hunt. 
 
( 203 ) 
 
 Spo-Sta 
 
 Spot (mark), etona, 8. 
 place, sec place. 
 
 Spouse, nkaza, i (pi. akaji). 
 
 Spout, nsonge, 2. 
 v., lasuka, xianzuka, lufuka. 
 
 Sprain, v., fisuna. 
 
 Sprained, be, v., fisuka. 
 
 Sprawl, v.z., yavalala, vavalala. 
 v.t., yavidika, vavidika. 
 
 Spread, v.t., yala. 
 
 (as fire, news, &c., from one to 
 another), v.z., yandangiana, 
 tambakiana, tambangiana. 
 (as mud, butter, &c.), v.t., kusa, 
 lenga, tebeka. 
 lightly, zalumuna. 
 out (expand), sanzula, yalumuna, 
 tandula, sadisa, sanzumuna. 
 v.z., sanzuka, yalumuka, tandu- 
 ka, sadila, sanzumuka. 
 
 (in the sun to air), v.t., yanika. 
 (on the ground with pegs as a 
 skin), yanda. 
 
 squat and flat (as a low, spreading 
 tree), v.z., patalala. 
 over (as a flood), nunguka. 
 
 (scatter), mwangana. 
 v.t., mwanga, mwanganisa. 
 
 Spreader of false news, 11., nkwa (1) 
 ungolokoso(i2), ngolokoso, 2. 
 
 Spring back, up (in fear or pain), v., 
 
 saluka. 
 
 gun, ji., vumbi, 6. 
 
 (jump), see jump, 
 of a trap, mfumba, 4. 
 of metal, nkamba, 4. 
 
 (small), kintele, 5 [the (leg of a) 
 grasshopper], 
 of water, see fountain, 
 up (grow), mena. 
 
 out of the ground, dukumuka, tuku- 
 muka, saknmuka, walumuka 
 (in abundance), 
 upon, v., yilama. 
 
 Sprinkle, v., zaza. 
 
 (dash off with a jerk), zuwa. 
 
 (from the fingers as meal into a pot), 
 
 sanxila. 
 
 (scatter), mwanga. 
 
 Sprite, see spirit. 
 
 Sprout, 11., ntombo, 2. 
 
 (bud), v., savnka. 
 
 7t., nsavn, 2 ; nsavukila, 2 ; see 
 also spring up. 
 
 Sprung, be (cracked), v., buka 0 
 luamvu (10). 
 
 Spur (of fowl), sembo, 6. 
 
 Spurn, v., sanla. 
 
 Spy, v., langa. 
 
 71., nlangi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Squall (as an infant), v., samba. 
 
 (strong wind), n., tembwa, 6. 
 Squander (waste), v., vondesela, 
 bnma, bunga. 
 
 Square (flat sided), a., -ababama. 
 make, v., baba. 
 
 not (out of perpendicular), a., -ama- 
 ndungnna. 
 
 (straight), a., -xingama. 
 
 Squash, v., bosola; see also break. 
 
 (a thing of life), dnsuna. 
 
 Squat (low, spreading), p., -patalala. 
 be, v., patalala. 
 
 (short), -anknfi. 
 
 (sit), see sit. 
 
 Squeak (as a mouse), v., lienga. 
 
 (creak, or as a wheel), kweta. 
 Squeal (as a pig), v., wenga. 
 Squeeze, see press. 
 
 Squinting eyes, n., meso malenga- 
 lala. 
 
 Squirrel, n., luvadi, 10; mpadi, 2. 
 (large) lubnkn, 10. 
 
 (striped back), nkanka, 4. 
 
 Stab, v., topa, or toba, or voba, or 
 snka (e mbele, &c.) mnna. 
 Staff, 71., nti, 4. 
 
 [of calamus secundifloris (climbing 
 palm)], nkawu, 4 ; ekoko, 8. 
 (of chief), mvwala, 2. 
 
 (porter’s), mpangn, 2. 
 to rest a load on the mpangu, v., 
 bima. 
 
 Stage, 71., tini, 6 (part). 
 
 Stagger, v., sansala, zenzela. 
 Stagnant, a., -adikama. 
 
 be, v., dikama. 
 
 Stagnation, n., dikama, 9. 
 
 Stain (dirty), v., funzula. 
 
 Stained, be, v., fnnznka. 
 
Sta-Ste 
 
 ( 204 ) 
 
 Stake, n., nti, 4 ; tnngwa, 6. 
 
 (pointed, in a pit trap), mpaln, 2. 
 Stale (of food), a., -amfuta. 
 
 (of wine), -amfiku. 
 
 Stalk, 71., nmngingi, 3. 
 
 (approach under cover), v., konda. 
 (of maize), n., mnngeleji, 3. 
 
 (of plantain fruit), mfuka, 4. 
 Stalklet, 71., sota, 6. 
 
 Stammer, v., kukuma, lokosa. 
 Stammerer, 11., nlokoso, 4; nlokoxi, 
 
 1 & 4 ; nkukumi, 1 & 4. 
 Stamp (walk heavily), v., kuluba. 
 Stand, v., telama. 
 
 aloof, aside, vengumnka, vengo- 
 moka. 
 
 (base), 71., exina, 8. 
 firmly, v., see secure. 
 
 (foot of basket, &c.), ;z., nzanza, 2. 
 in need of, v., see need, 
 near, kala omu ngenga (2). 
 on end upon, v.t ., kumika vana. 
 
 v.i., kumama vana. 
 one’s ground (be courageous, faith¬ 
 ful), jijila, zozoka. 
 out of the way, v.i., vengnmiika, 
 vengomoka. 
 
 v.t., vengnmnna, vengomona. 
 still, v.i., dingalala, dingama, zo¬ 
 zoka, tilama, kilama. 
 
 (be stagnant), dikama. 
 straight, xingama. 
 up (of a person), v.i., telama, za- 
 nganana. 
 v.t., telamesa. 
 
 (of a thing), v.i., dongalala, do- 
 ngama, tongalala, tongama. 
 v.t., dongeleka, dongeka, to- 
 ngeleka, tongeka. 
 
 Star, 71., ntetembwa, 2 ; mbwetete, 
 
 2 (Mpa). 
 
 (planet), nkaza 1 (pi. akaji) a 
 ngonde (spouse of the moon), 
 shooting, nienie, 6. 
 
 Starch, 71., ngoma, 2 (P. gomma). 
 and iron, v., womala (P. engommar 
 = gomala). 
 
 Stare at, v., tungunnna. 
 
 (gaze), tala e tukntukn (6). 
 a fixed, 71., tnkutuku, 6. 
 
 Start again, v., see begin, 
 a riot, disturbance, nikuna e nki- 
 ndu (2) or 0 lnxindu (10). 
 back, in fear, or pain, salnka. 
 
 (return), see return. 
 
 (begin), see begin. 
 
 (frighten game), susnmuna. 
 
 (in sleep), vulnmuka. 
 off, v.t., bnndnmuna, vulnmuna. 
 and run, v.i., bnndnmuka, vuln- 
 muka. 
 
 on a journey, telama, londoka. 
 early, in good time, koka. 
 Startle (frighten), v., salukisa. 
 
 (game), susumuna. 
 
 Starvation, 71., nzala, 2. 
 
 Starve, v.i., fwa e nzala, xinguka. 
 
 v.t., vonda e nzala, xingnla. 
 State (condition), 71., nkala, 2 ; see 
 also condition. 
 
 (country), nxi, 2. 
 
 (declare), v., samnna. 
 lying in state, 71., sanzala, 6. 
 Statement, n., diambn, 7 ; nma, 12. 
 Stationary, see still. 
 
 Stationery, 71., lekwa isoneke- 
 nwanga. 
 
 Statue, 71., teke, 6. 
 
 Stature, 71., ntela, 4. 
 
 Statute, 71., see law. 
 
 Staunch, v., kakila. 
 
 (true, faithful), a., -anjijidi. 
 be, v., jijila. 
 
 Stave, 71., ebaya, 8. 
 
 Stay, 71., nxiamn, 2. 
 
 (delay, wait), v., vinga, beka. 
 for a time, nanga. 
 
 (leave off), yambula, bika. 
 
 (loiter), vukuka. 
 
 (stop), v.i., dingalala, dingama, 
 tilama, kilama. 
 v.t., dingidika, tidika. 
 
 (support), xiamisa, xikinina. 
 Stead, 71., fulu, 6. 
 
 in stead of, vana fnln kia. 
 Steadfast, a., -anjijidi. 
 be, jijila. 
 
 Steadiness, 71., ngwingwi, 2. 
 Steady (firm), fi., -xiama. 
 be, v., kala e ngwingi or ngingi. 
 
( 205 ) 
 
 Ste-Sti 
 
 Steal, v., yiya, wombola, laba 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (secretly), viangula. 
 see also rob. 
 
 Stealthily, go, come, v., womboka, 
 yelomoka, yelumuka. 
 
 Steam, mwixi (3) a maza. 
 
 v ., mwixi (3, u-) vaika. 
 
 Steamer, ekumbi, 8. 
 
 Steel, ?/., tadi, 12 (wa mbele). 
 
 77., -atadi. 
 
 Steep. A steep hill is spoken of as a 
 high hill ; a hill is a hill in 
 Kongo and nearly all are steep. 
 Steer, v., bindika. 
 
 Stem (a current), v., tomboka. 
 
 (of a pipe), n., ntwala, 4. 
 of a tree, nti, 4 (the stem being con¬ 
 sidered the tree proper). 
 
 (stalk), see stalk, stalklet. 
 
 Stench, n., nsudi, 2. 
 
 emit a, v., ta e nsudi. 
 
 Step, n., lutambi, 11 & 2. 
 aside, v., vengomoka, vengumuka. 
 down, kulumuka, kuluka. 
 (footfall), 7 i., nxindu, 4. 
 foot-, lutambi, 11 & 2. 
 
 (go), v., kwenda. 
 in, kota, diuka. 
 out, vaika. 
 over, across, kuzuka. 
 take a step, diata 0 lutambi (11 & 
 2). 
 
 (tread), diata. 
 
 up, tomboka, sambila. 
 
 Sterile, see barren. 
 
 Stern (of canoe, &c.), ntembo, 2. 
 Stew, n., mwamba, 3. 
 
 Steward, it., selo, 6 (P. despenseiro 
 = sero). 
 
 Stick (adhere), v., lama, tata. 
 cause to, lamika, tatisa, tatamesa. 
 (bush), 71., kintitikidi. 
 
 (cudgel), mbangala, 2 ; kodi, 6 ; 
 bota, 6. 
 
 in, into, v.i., kota. 
 v.t., kotesa. 
 
 in, fast (as in mud), vwabika, vwa- 
 ngika. 
 
 v.i., vwabama, vwangama. 
 
 Stick, co 7 iti 7 iued. 
 
 into, sukwa, tukutwa, tupulwa. 
 v.t., suka, tukuta, tupula. 
 the ground, ximika, zomeka. 
 
 v.i., ximama, zomama. 
 (wound), see wound, 
 of nkula, 71., njiya, 4. 
 out of, v.t., vaikisa. 
 v.i., vaika. 
 
 (piece of wood), 71., nti, 4 ; vangu, 6. 
 (stake), tungwa, 6 ; nti, 4. 
 through, v.t., tumpula. 
 
 v.i., tumpulwa, tumpuka. 
 into (of a needle or knife), v.t., tutu- 
 bula, tutula. 
 to, v.i., lamina, tatila. 
 together, lamana. 
 
 (twig), 71., nzangi, 2 ; vululu, 6. 
 (well, firmly), v., laminina. 
 with, batakesa ye (put with), 
 walking, see staff. 
 
 Sticky, be, v., lama, 
 and thready (as india rubber), ta- 
 ntumuka. 
 
 Stiff, a., ye ngolo jingi. 
 and retracted, be, v., voloka. 
 and dry, ft., -kwijima. 
 
 be, v., kwijima. 
 and straight, be, xinanana. 
 be, and ache after walking, suka- 
 suka. 
 
 Stiffen, v.t., kwijimisa, xininika. 
 
 v.i., see stiff, be. 
 
 Stiffness and pain after walking, n ., 
 
 sukasuka, 9. 
 
 Stifle, v., tungika 0 ntima (4). 
 STiLL-born, a., -ansuluka. 
 
 (quiet), be, v., kala e pi-i (6), vuva- 
 ma. 
 
 (stagnant), a., -adikama. 
 stand, keep, stop, still, v., dingala- 
 la, dingama, zozoka, tilama, 
 kilama. 
 
 (yet), see yet. 
 
 Stimulate (strengthen), v., kindisa. 
 Sting, 71., manga, 4. 
 v., ta 0 manga, 
 the pain of, 71., mwangala, 3. 
 Stinginess, 71., wimi, 12 ; mbaba, 
 4 ; lukokoto, 10 (Bako.). 
 
Sti- Str 
 
 ( 206 ) 
 
 Stingy, a., -amwimi, -ambaba. 
 be, 7/., yimina. 
 
 person, zz., mwimi, 3 ; nkwa (1) 
 mbaba. 
 
 Stink, n., nsudi, 2. 
 
 7/., ta e nsudi. 
 
 Stinking, a ., -ansudi. 
 
 Stipulate, t/., xia 0 mabika (ebika). 
 Stipulation, zz ., ebika, 8. 
 
 Stir, w., nikuna. 
 
 (a fire), konka. 
 
 (a pipe), toma. 
 
 a stick or pin for the purpose, zz., 
 
 tomo, 6. 
 
 (a pot), 7/., bulunga. 
 
 (arouse), see arouse. 
 
 up (a dust, strife), bundumuna. 
 
 (as mud, sediment), timvuna. 
 Stitch, zz., ntutula, 2. 
 make a, 7/., tutula. 
 sew, tunga. 
 
 Stockade, zz., lumbu, 10. 
 
 Stockings, zz.,madila (8) mamalu(9). 
 Stocks, zz., ekoji, 8. 
 
 Stoicism, zz., jiji, 6. 
 
 Stomach, zz., lukutu, 10. 
 
 (abdomen), vumu, 6. 
 ache, ndunji, 2. 
 
 Stone, zz., etadi, 8. 
 grind-, etadi diankania. 
 of fireplace, ekukwa, 8. 
 of fruit, &c., nkandi, 4. 
 pebble, nxindu, 2. 
 very small, angular, nsadi, 2. 
 round, kingumbengumbe, 5. 
 Stony, a., -amatadi. 
 
 Stool, zz., kunda, 6; kiandu, 5. 
 go to, 7/., nena. 
 of bamboo, zz., mbidibidi, 4. 
 
 Stoop, t/.z'., vetama, yenzama, bola- 
 ma, vumbama, vwetama, ko- 
 zama, kovama. 
 low down, batama. 
 
 Stop (abandon, relinquish), v., vunza. 
 cause to, vunzakesa. 
 
 (abstain from, cease to), yambula, 
 bika, lemba (with verbs), le- 
 mbwa (with nouns), 
 a fight, ximina, vambula e njingu 
 (pi. 4). 
 
 Stop, continued. 
 
 (become spent, as bullet, or stop 
 and think as one perplexed), tu- 
 ngama. 
 
 (block up), kaka. 
 
 (finish), mana. 
 
 (forbid), xima, kandika (definitely 
 and finally). 
 
 noise, talking, butika 0 mazu, pi. 8. 
 put a stop to, manesa. 
 rain (prevent it from falling), kanda 
 e ezulu (8). 
 
 (stay), nanga. 
 
 (wait, stand still), dingalala, dinga- 
 ma, zozoka, tilama, kilama. 
 for, beka, vinga. 
 
 Stopper, zz., esami, 8. 
 
 to put in a, 7/., samika. 
 
 Store, w., lunda. 
 zz., elundilu, 8. 
 
 (in which the stock of nguba are 
 kept), kalanga, 6. 
 
 Stork, zz., nuni (2) a eyanga. 
 
 Storm, zz., tembwa, 6 (strong wind); 
 
 vento (2) a mvula (P. vento). 
 Story, zz., kingana, 5 ; ngana, 2 ; 
 samuna, 6 ; savu, 6. 
 to tell a, 7/., ta e kingana. 
 lie, see lie. 
 
 Story teller, zz., nkwa (1) yingana. 
 Stout, <2., -ankandu. 
 big, -avonga, -anene. 
 
 (corpulent), -anyevi. 
 
 Stoutness, zz., nkandu, 4 ; bula, 6 ; 
 vonga, 9 ; nene, 12. 
 (corpulence), yevo, 6. 
 
 Stove, zz., stufu, 2 (Eng. stove). 
 Stow, 7/., zonzeka. 
 
 Straddle, v., taminika 0 malu (9). 
 Straight, /., -xingama. 
 and rigid, be, 7/., xinanana. 
 be, xingama. 
 
 (lank of hair), «., -anlamvungila. 
 Straighten, v.t., xingika. 
 
 (a joint, a limb), lambula. 
 
 (bend straight), kanda, kandula. 
 out (creases), jiola, nana, kata. 
 Strain (clear), something off the sur¬ 
 face, 7/., kenza. 
 
 (filter through), v. } kela. 
 
( 207 ) 
 
 Str-Str 
 
 Strain, continued. 
 grunt and, v.i., sengana (ye, &c.). 
 make tense, nangika, tantika. 
 stretch, see stretch, 
 weigh down (as a beam),2/./.,vwetu- 
 muna, vwetomona. 
 
 Strained off, be, v., kenzoka. 
 
 (tense), be, nangama, tantama. 
 through (filtered), be, kelama. 
 (weighed down), be, vwetumuka, 
 vwetomoka. 
 
 Strainer, kelelwa, 6. 
 
 Strange (astonishing), a., -ekumbu. 
 feel, v., mona e kinzenza (5). 
 (foreign, from other parts, unusual, 
 rare), a ., -anzenza. 
 
 (new), -ampa. 
 
 Strangeness, n., kinzenza, 5. 
 
 Stranger, n ., nzenza, 2. 
 
 (wayfarer), mundutianjila, 3. 
 
 Strangle, v., nwengena or nwe- 
 ngesa or vololola 0 nxinga 
 (4) muna elaka (8). 
 
 Strap, n., nxinga (4) ankanda. 
 
 Straw, n., titi, 6. 
 
 Stray, v., vumvula, bumbnla; see 
 
 also wander. 
 
 Streak, n., njididi, 4 ; ndiedie, 4. 
 
 Stream, n., nkoko, 4 ; nsulu, 4. 
 along, v., voma, vomena. 
 
 (current), ;z.,ngungula, 2; nkuka,2. 
 from a spring, nzenzo, 4. 
 
 (of clean water flowing into foul), 
 nkelo, 4. 
 
 (small in marsh), mumbu, 3 (pi. 
 miumbu). 
 
 Street, n., mvakala, 4 ; njila, 2. 
 
 Strength, n., ngolo, 2. 
 
 (robustness), efuka, 8. 
 
 Strengthen, v., kindisa, vana or 
 xia e ngolo (2), xiamisa. 
 
 Stretch, v ., nangika, tantika. 
 across, kambama. 
 after, nanukina. 
 
 (a limb), lambnla. 
 one’s self, kunana, knkata. 
 out (in the hand), tamba (show), 
 tambika (offer). 
 
 (pull, extend), nana, nanuna, kata, 
 (spread), see spread, extend. 
 
 Strew (scatter), v., mwanga, mwa- 
 nganisa. 
 
 Stride, v., taminika 0 malu (9). 
 
 Strife, n., nzonji, 4. 
 
 Strike, v.t., wanda, weta, biba, bu- 
 la, buba, zuka, bafuna, kafu- 
 na. 
 
 against, i wandama mnna. 
 heavily, bundama, bubama, lu- 
 mbama, yembama, zanzama. 
 fire, v.t., kola 0 tiya (pi. 10). 
 
 (flint and steel, matches), kwangula. 
 off (a little piece), vasnna. 
 
 a part, saka. 
 out (erase), vunzuna. 
 
 (a sore, knocking off a scab), vusu- 
 na, tondakesa, tondangesa. 
 the foot against something, ta e sa- 
 kuba (6). 
 
 upon anything hard (clash), kele- 
 keta. 
 
 (upon the ground, &c.), baba, 
 with a club, pola,vombola,vomona. 
 with a missile, telesa. 
 with the fist, tua e nkome (2) or e 
 ekofi (8). 
 
 with the open hand, wanda e mba~ 
 ta (2 & 11). 
 
 Striker of a gun, »., etanga, 8. 
 
 String, n., nxinga, 4. 
 beads (thread), v., soma. 
 
 (European), n., balabande, 2 (P. 
 
 barbante). 
 make, twist, v., xieta. 
 of beads, n., nsanga, 4. 
 thick, nkwasa, 2. 
 
 (twine), nxieta, 4. 
 
 Stringed instrument, n., lnngnngn, 
 10. 
 
 Strip off (a cover), v., bamuna. 
 (bark, skin), buna, tuna, yuna. 
 (clothes), vula. 
 
 (leaves, pick one by one), vela. 
 
 (a number at one stroke), kolo- 
 mona. 
 
 Stripe, n., ndiedie, 4; njimbu, 4 ; 
 njididi, 4. 
 
 Stripes, n., mintalaji-mintalaji, 
 pi. 3 ; mingiji-mingiji, pi. 3 
 (Bako.). 
 
Str-Sub 
 
 ( 208 ) 
 
 Strive to do (something almost too 
 great), v ., vakama, vampama. 
 (quarrel), nwana, zonza. 
 
 (try), xinsa. 
 
 Stroke, v., lengola, lengula. 
 
 (blow), 11., see blow. 
 
 (streak), see streak, 
 with, make a, v., kwasa. 
 
 Stroll, v., kiya, kangala. 
 n., nkiya, 2 ; nkangala, 2. 
 (roam), v., vumvula, bumbula. 
 Strong, a., -angolo. 
 be, v., kala e ngolo (2), kinda. 
 
 (firm), xikila, xiama. 
 
 -headed, see obstinate. 
 
 (robust), a., -efuka. 
 
 (sturdy), -akumama, -ankumami. 
 (thick), -ankandu. 
 
 Strongly, adv., kuna or ye ngolo. 
 Struck, be, v., the passive of strike, 
 (by a missile, bullet), tela, 
 by lightning, bwidilwa 0 mwanda- 
 ji ( 3 )- 
 
 Structure, 11., ntungu, 2. 
 Struggle, v., nwana. 
 n., ndwana, 2. 
 
 and get away, v., kunzumuka, 
 zungumuka. 
 
 (be convulsed), xilwa, kuxila. 
 (together on the ground), fulangia- 
 na. 
 
 (of creatures with wings), dada. 
 (wrestle), bimbana, yimbana. 
 
 Stub up, v., bunduna. 
 
 Stubble (of burnt grass), n., mwinga, 
 3 ; kinga, 5. 
 
 (of cut grass), kakaza, 6 . 
 
 Stubborn, be, v., kala yo lunkumfu. 
 person, n., nkwa (1) lunkumfu. 
 (sulk), see sulk. 
 
 Stubbornness, n ., lunkumfu, 10. 
 (affected deafness), lilandu, 4. 
 proud, lulendo, 10. 
 
 Student, n., ntangi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Study, v., tanga. 
 
 Stuff, v., komenena. 
 
 (cloth), 11., see cloth. 
 
 (rubbish, twaddle), mfwanti, 2. 
 Stumble (catch the foot in a root or 
 lliana), v., konkalakana. 
 
 Stumble, continued. 
 
 (strike the foot against something), 
 ta e esakuba (8). 
 
 Stump, it., xinza, 6. 
 
 (piece left), tini, 6. 
 
 Stun, v., vonda e kiambu. 
 
 Stunt, v., kufika. 
 
 Stunted, a., -ankufi. 
 be, v., kufama. 
 
 Stupefied, be, v., fwa e kiambu. 
 (drunk), kolwa. 
 
 (heavy with sleep or drink), zembo- 
 ka, zembuka. 
 
 Stupefy, v., vonda e kiambu. 
 
 (intoxicate), kolesa. 
 
 (make stupid, dull), zoweleka. 
 Stupid, see foolish. 
 
 (obstinate fellow who is sure to get 
 into trouble), 11., kimfwanka- 
 nda, 5. 
 
 Stupidity, see folly. 
 
 Stupor, n., kiambu, 5. 
 
 be in a state of, v., fwa e kiambu. 
 Sturdiness, n., kumama, 9 ; efuka, 
 8 (robustness). 
 
 Sturdy, a., -ankumami, -akumama. 
 
 (robust), -efuka. 
 
 Stutter, v., kukuma, lokosa. 
 Stutterer, n., nlokoxi, 1 & 4 ; nlo- 
 koso, 4 ; nkukumi, 1 & 4. 
 Stuttering, kukuma, 9 ; lokosa, 
 9 - 
 
 Sty, n., nkuzu, 4. 
 
 (in the eye), luntujia, 10, 
 
 Style (kind), n., mpila, 2. 
 
 (manner), fu, 6 ; nza, 4. 
 
 (that which one is styled), ngikwa, 
 
 2 . 
 
 the same style, diawa dimoxi. 
 Styled, be, v., yikwa. 
 
 Suavity, n., lembama, 9. 
 
 Subdue, v., sakidika. 
 
 (tame), lemvola. 
 
 Subject, be, v., yekama. 
 become, sakalala. 
 
 (matter), 11., diambu, 7 ; uma, 12. 
 (of conversation), mbokena, 2 ; 
 moko, 6. 
 
 (of a king, “ child mwana, 1 ; 
 nleke, 1. 
 
( 209 ) 
 
 Sub-Sum 
 
 Subjugate, v., sakidika. 
 
 Sublime, see great, high. 
 
 Submerge, v., diukisa e mfiumbu. 
 
 Submission, zz., ngyelele, 2; sakila,9. 
 
 Submissive, <?., -alemvo. 
 
 Submit, 7/., sakila, yela. 
 
 (allow), yamhula, bika. 
 to (be subject to), lungisa. 
 
 Subordinate, nleke, 1. 
 
 Subscribe, v., soneka e nkumbu (2). 
 (give), vana, vanika. 
 
 Subside (abate), v ., sakalala. 
 
 (of something swollen, as river), xio- 
 ka. 
 
 Subsist (be, live), 7/., kala. 
 on (eat), dia. 
 
 Substance (thing), zz., lekwa, 6 ; xna, 
 6; kiuma, 5. 
 
 Substitute, 7/., vingesa. 
 
 A man condemned to death (ntu, 
 4) is sometimes allowed to buy 
 a slave to be killed instead of 
 him; he is then said to sokola 
 0 ntu. The slave then becomes 
 ntu (4), and is killed. 
 
 Subtle, a., -angangu. 
 
 Subtlety, zz., ngangu, 2. 
 
 Subtract, v., katula, kondesa. 
 
 Subtraction, zz., lukondeso, 10 . 
 
 Suburb, zz., evanga, 8. 
 
 Succeed (prosper), 7/., kukolela. 
 
 (to a position), vinga. 
 
 Success (prosperity), zz., kukolela, 9 ; 
 elawu, 8 (good fortune). 
 
 Successful (good), a ., -abiza, -ambo- 
 te. 
 
 Succession, take in (by turns), 7/., 
 
 vingajiana, vingaxiana. 
 
 Succour, t/., sadisa. 
 
 ,Such as, a., ne, nze, -a mpila (2) a. 
 (this, that), see this, that. Why do 
 you ask such a (that) question ? 
 adieyi oyuvulwidi e ngyuvu 
 yayi. 
 
 Suck (as an infant), 7/., yema, luaza. 
 make a sucking noise, fienta, fiba. 
 
 Suckle, v ., yemeka, luajisa. 
 a woman who is still suckling her 
 infant, zz., mwalakaji, 3. 
 her house, kialakaji, 5. 
 
 Suddenly, adv., ku kinsalukisa, 
 ku kinsdnzumukina, with the 
 applied form. 
 
 Suffer, v ., yela, mona (see). He is 
 suffering from a cough, nkovolo 
 andi keyela = his cough he 
 suffers from; he suffers much 
 pain, mpaxi jingi kemona. 
 (allow), v., yambula, bika. 
 
 Suffering, zz., mpaxi, 2. 
 severe, nsongo, 4. 
 
 Suffice, v., fwana. 
 
 Sufficient,/., -fwana. 
 be, fwana. 
 
 Suffocate, t/., tungika 0 ntima (4). 
 
 Sugar, n., nswikidi, 2 (P. assucar). 
 cane, munse, 3. 
 chewed pieces of, ekafi, 8. 
 
 Suggest, t/., longesela, vovesa. 
 
 Suggestion, zz., diambu, 7 (dilonge- 
 selo). 
 
 Suicide, zz., kuvonda, 9. 
 to commit, 7/., kuvonda. 
 
 Suit, 7/., fwana. 
 
 (adapt), fwaninika, fwananakesa 
 law-, zz., nkanu, 4. 
 of clothes, mvwatu, 4. 
 
 Suitable, be, t/., fwana. 
 
 Sulk, 7/., funanana, dituka, dinda- 
 ngana, funga 0 makaxi (8). 
 
 Sulky, a. t -amfunanani, -andituki, 
 -andindangani. 
 be, see sulk. 
 
 person, zz., mbafunga, 4 ; nkafu- 
 nga, 4. 
 
 Sullen, see sulk, sulky. 
 
 Sulphate of copper, n., ngwento, 2 
 (malachite). 
 
 magnesia, pulukante, 2 (P. pur- 
 gante). 
 
 Sum of addition, zz., lubundakeso, 10. 
 up, 7 /., bundakesa. 
 
 Summer, zz. (expl.),e ngonde a mwini 
 wingi. 
 
 Summit, zz., ebata, 8 ; ntandu, 2 . 
 
 Summon (call), 7/., bokela, ta e mbila 
 (2) (Bako.). 
 
 (go for), susumuna, vukulula. 
 
 Summons, zz., mbila, 2 . 
 disregard a, 7/., landula. 
 
 p 
 
SUN-SWA 
 
 ( 210 ) 
 
 Sun, n., ntangwa, 2 ; ntuba, 2 (Mpa.). 
 beam, nteji, 4. 
 
 (piercing the clouds), kulu (9) 
 kwa ntangwa. 
 peg out in the sun, v., yanda. 
 put in the, yanika. 
 rise (of the sun), v ., dungumuka, 
 dongomoka,dukumuka,vaika. 
 set, dimuka, kota, jimuka. 
 
 n., mvekwantangwa, 4. 
 shine, n.> mwini, 3 ; mpozi, 2 
 (Mpa.). 
 
 (to come out after dulness), v., 
 baya. 
 
 Sunday, n., lumingu, 10 (P. domin- 
 go). 
 
 Sunder, see divide, separate. 
 
 Sunken (eyes, cheeks), a., -akompoka, 
 -akohoka. 
 
 Sunshade, n., vevo, 6 ; kinonga, 5 ; 
 
 palasola, 2 (P. parasol). 
 Superintend, v ., langidila. 
 Superior, n., mbuta, 2. 
 be, v., sunda. 
 
 Superlative, ft., -sundidi kikilu. 
 Supper, n ., nlekelo, 4. 
 
 Supple, see pliant. 
 
 Supplicate (beg), v., lomba. 
 
 (pray to God), samba. 
 Supplication, n., sambu, 6. 
 
 Supply (food), v., yundula. 
 
 (provide), sansa. 
 
 see also sell, make, give. 
 Support, nxiamu, 2. 
 v ., xikina, ximba. 
 
 (provide for), sansa. 
 
 Suppose (be doubtful), v., katikisa. 
 
 (think), banza. 
 
 Suppurate, v., wunga. 
 
 Supreme, a., -ampungu, see God. 
 
 (chief), -ambuta, -snndidi. 
 
 Sure, ft., -xikidi. 
 be (secure), v ., see secure, 
 make, xikidisa. 
 
 Surely, adv ., e jiku ; to know surely, 
 zaya e jikn. 
 
 (truly), kieleka. 
 
 Surety, nximbi, 2. 
 
 give as, v ximbisa. 
 
 Surf, n., efulnfulu, 8. 
 
 Surfeit of, be a (in great abundance), 
 v., savuka. 
 
 (and not needed), boloka. 
 
 Surgeon, n ., nganga, 2. 
 
 Surname, n., nkumbu (2) -angutu- 
 kila. 
 
 Surpass, v., sunda, luta. 
 
 Surplus, n., nsundanduta, 2. 
 Surprise, n., exivi, 8 ; ekumbu, 8. 
 v ., xivikisa. 
 
 by night or early morning attack, 
 see besiege. 
 
 Surprised, be, v.> xivika, kumba. 
 by (be come upon suddenly), yitu- 
 kwa kwa. 
 
 (startled), salukwa. 
 
 Surrender, v., yela. 
 
 (clap in token of), sakila. 
 up, vanika, vana. 
 
 Surround, v ., zunga, jinguluka. 
 
 (animals in a hunt), jingidila. 
 Survey, v ., langa. 
 
 Survive, v., jinga. 
 
 Suspect (think), v., banza, banji- 
 kisa. 
 
 Suspend, v., yengeleka. 
 
 Suspense, n ., dingudingu, 6. 
 Sustain, v., xikina. 
 
 (hold), ximba. 
 
 (make firm), xikidisa. 
 
 Swallow, v., mina, kiutula. 
 
 (the bird), n ., nlengwa, 4 ; venga- 
 mpunza, 6. 
 
 palm-, mundalandala, 3. 
 without chewing, v ., mina 0 nsu- 
 nzulu. 
 
 Swamp, v., langa. 
 n., ntaba, 4 ; nyaba, 4. 
 
 (in which welewele grass grows), 
 welexi, 6. 
 
 (of papyrus), budi, 6. 
 
 Swarm, v., bilama, 
 along, komana. 
 
 (crowd), see crowd. 
 
 (of bees), ?z., ndundalimda, 2. 
 
 (of driver ants), nlonga, 4. 
 past, v., kolomena, vomena. 
 
 (teem), vwila. 
 
 Sway about, v.z., zunguta. 
 v.t., zungutisa. 
 
( 211 ) 
 
 Swa-Tak 
 
 Sway, cotitinued. 
 
 (as a bridge), t/.z., tembela. 
 down, 7 /./., fumbika. 
 t/.z., fumbama. 
 
 (as with fruit), zembnka, zembo- 
 ka. 
 
 up and down, vwemba (fast) ; vwe- 
 tnmnka, vwetomoka (slowly). 
 Swear, v., dia e ndofi (2), 
 see Appendix, oaths, 
 at, levula, finga, lokela e ngnji 
 (2). 
 
 Sweat, n., Inina, 10 ; kizwina, 5. 
 
 7/., vumwa. 
 
 Sweep, 7/., komba. 
 
 Sweet (agreeable), a ., -toma, -anto- 
 mi. 
 
 (as sugar), -anzenji. 
 be, 7/., toma, zenza. 
 potatoes, zz., kwa, 6 ; mbala, 2 ; 
 evukula, 8 ; evuta, 8. 
 
 Swell (as things soaked), 7/., vn- 
 ndnka. 
 
 (after a blow), fungnmnka. 
 (increase, enlarge), funa, futnlnka, 
 tutnmuka, tuntumuka. 
 
 (with inflammation), vimba. 
 Swelling, n., mvimbila, 4. 
 
 see also abscess, dropsy. 
 
 Swift, a., -answalu, -anzaki. 
 Swiftly, adv., 0 nswaln, e nzaki, 
 e ntinn, e sazu. 
 very, e kwanzangala. 
 
 Swiftness, n., nswalu, 4 ; nzaki, 2 ; 
 ntinn, 2 ; sazn, 6. 
 
 Swim, 7/., xienxia, ta 0 mansa, pi. 7. 
 (as a dog), tapakiana. 
 
 (as a fish, etc.), xienxia. 
 
 about, kiya. 
 
 (float), 7 lalama. 
 cause to, 7 ladika. 
 
 Swindle, v., vnna. 
 
 Swine, n ., ngnln, 2 pi. 
 
 Swing, 7znngana. 
 v.t., znnganisa. 
 round to the other side, beloka. 
 Swirl, 7jeta. 
 
 Swollen, fi., -vimbidi; see swell. 
 Swoon, 7/., fwa e kiambn (5). 
 
 Swoop, 7/., xinka. 
 
 Sword, //., xivata, 2 (P. espada); 
 nsosolo, 4. 
 
 dance the sword dance, 7/., sanga. 
 Sympathise, 7/., mona e nkenda. 
 Sympathy, ?z., nkenda, 2. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabernacle (temporary house), n. 
 saba, 6 . 
 
 (tent), balaka, 2 (P. barraca) ; nzo 
 (2) angoto. 
 
 Table, n., meza, pi. 8 (P. mesa), 
 clear the, 7/., yalnla 0 meza. 
 cloth, n., nlele (4) a meza. 
 
 -land, n., nzanza, 4. 
 lay, set, v., yala 0 meza. 
 leg of, n., elnnji (8) dia meza. 
 napkin, serviette, elenswa (8) dia 
 meza. 
 
 Taboo, n ., konko, 6. 
 
 Tabooed, a ., -anlongo. 
 make, 7/., xia e konko. 
 
 (thing), n., nlongo, 4 ; mpangn, 2 ; 
 see Kongo-Eng. a7id Appendix, 
 “fetish.” 
 
 Taciturn, a. } -ambafnnga, -anka- 
 fnnga. 
 
 person, «., mbafnnga, 4 ; nkafn- 
 nga, 4. 
 
 Tack, see sew, baste. 
 
 Tackle, block and, ;z., kokekelwa,6. 
 Tadpole, tz., etakangola, 8 . 
 
 Tail (of animal or reptile), n., nkila 
 4 * 
 
 (of bird), snka, 6 . 
 
 (of fish), lnveve, 10. 
 
 Tailor, n., fwayeta, 2 (P. alfaiate). 
 Taint, v., sambnkisa e nsndi (2). 
 
 (infect), sambnkisa. 
 
 Tainted, be, t/., bnbnla. 
 
 Take, 7/., bonga, tambnla, ma! 
 across, over a river, sanla, sabnla 
 (Bako.). 
 
 a space, knznla. 
 aim, jinta, znnta. 
 away, katnla. 
 by force, kntnmnna. 
 
 (snatch), zavnna. 
 
Tak-Tai, 
 
 ( 212 ) 
 
 Take, away, continued. 
 
 (stealthily), wombolola. 
 
 (weeds when dry), wungulula. 
 back, vutula. 
 
 (receive back), vutukila. 
 between the finger and thumb, zana, 
 zanuna. 
 
 by handfuls, kuka. 
 by the handful (many, much), vota. 
 care, toma, with the verb of the 
 action which is to be done 
 carefully ; toma ximba (hold 
 carefully), toma kwenda (go 
 carefully), &c. 
 of, lunda, keba (Mpa.). 
 
 (look after), langidila, lunga- 
 lunga, lunga. 
 
 (nurse the sick), yelesa. 
 
 (carry), nata. 
 
 (catch), baka. 
 
 (a contagious disease), sambukila. 
 (conduct), fila. 
 courage, kasakana. 
 down, manuna. 
 
 (with something), sangula. 
 fire, kwama. 
 
 from, katula ; see also take away, 
 greedily, tava, vuba, yava. 
 heed (be wary), vengojioka. 
 
 (listen), wa. 
 
 (hold, contain). Kongos do not 
 speak of a box, &c., holding 
 anything; they speak rather 
 of the things being in, or going 
 into the box. 
 
 (be able to), fwana. 
 hold of, ximba. 
 in (cheat), vuna. 
 in hand (undertake), yekama. 
 in, into, kotesa, diukisa. 
 leave of, kanina. 
 off, katula. 
 
 (a scab or button), batuna. 
 (clothes), vula. 
 
 the fire (as a pot), telula, telola. 
 the lid, cover, fukula, bukula, 
 bamuna, (nailed), 
 out, katula, vaikisa. 
 
 (by the roots), vuza, dumuna, 
 dukumuna, tukumuna. 
 
 Take, out, continued. 
 
 (of something embedded, as a 
 jigger), tunguna, dunguna. 
 of a trap, kokola. 
 of its place (unpack), zonzola. 
 of the sun (of things airing), ya- 
 nuna. 
 
 [of water, (unload)], tombola, 
 (pillage, spoil), sanza. 
 pity, mona e nkenda (2). 
 place, bwa. 
 
 (receive), tambula. 
 revenge, landa e kunda (6). 
 root, mena (grow), 
 something lost, or thrown away, 
 bongolola. 
 
 thrown away, konkolola. 
 a seat, see sit down, 
 the lead, vita (kuna ntu, 4). 
 the place of another, vinga. 
 to, sunzula. 
 
 (carry to), nata ku (kwa, with 
 persons). 
 
 to pieces, bangula. 
 
 (unnail), kola. 
 
 turns, vingajiana, vingaxiana. 
 
 one’s turn, vinga. 
 up, zangula (lift up). 
 
 (a hill), tombola, balula. 
 and carry, nata. 
 room (occupy), binga. 
 a walk, kangala, kiya. 
 
 Tale (folk lore), samuna, 6 ; savu, 
 6 ; ngana, 2 ; kingana, 5. 
 (news), nsangu, 2. 
 tell a, v., ta e samuna, &c. 
 Talebearer, n., nkwa (1) nsangu. 
 Talipes, person affected with, «., 
 ntiala, 2. 
 
 Talisman, n., nkixi, 4 - 
 Talk, «., mambu, pi. 7. 
 v., vova. 
 
 about, for, to, against, vovesa, yika. 
 about (mention), yika, sungula. 
 angrily (scold), bama. 
 behind one’s back, kumba. 
 
 (chatter), wulumuna. 
 
 (converse, chat), moka. 
 distinctly, fula. 
 idle, n. f mfwanti, 2 
 
( 213 ) 
 
 Tal-Tax 
 
 Talk, continued. 
 in delirium, v., wazumuna. 
 
 n., mawazawaza, pi. 8. 
 indistinctly, v., fofola. 
 in one’s sleep, vova e lokotela (6). 
 louder, wokesa e ndinga (2). 
 
 (so as to be heard), tumbula e 
 ndinga. 
 
 loudly, xiamisa e ndinga. 
 nasally, fongona. 
 
 (of a great chief only), sakula, zu- 
 zwala (P. julgar ?). 
 on and on, much, wulumuna, lo- 
 mbolola. 
 
 one at a time, kwakwana. 
 together, moka. 
 about, mokena. 
 
 (to each other), mokajiana(many). 
 whisper, in a low, vova e kimfundu- 
 mfnndn. 
 
 without taking breath, vova e naka- 
 naka (6). 
 
 Talkative person, n ., nkwa (1) 
 lungwedi. 
 
 Talkativeness, n., lungwedi, 10. 
 
 Tall, a ., -anda, -alambuka (long), 
 be (long), v., lambuka. 
 
 (of people), a., -anda, -andangala. 
 person, nkwa (1) ntela anda; 
 
 ndangala, 4 ; nlamvungila, 4. 
 too, a., —la* 
 
 Taller than, be, v., sunda e ntela 
 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 Tallness, «., la, 12 ; lambuka, 9. 
 (stature), ntela, 4. 
 
 Tallow, maji, pi. 7. 
 
 Talon, n., luzala, 11 & 2 ; zala, 6. 
 
 Tame, a., -alemvo (docile), -anlemba- 
 mi (gentle). 
 
 2/., lemvola, lemba, lembeka. 
 
 Tameable, a., -anlembakani. 
 be, v., lembakana. 
 
 Tameness, lemvo, 12 ; lembama, 
 9; unleka, 12. 
 
 Tan, v., vanga e “ leather.” 
 
 Tangle, v., zengalakesa, vwangala- 
 kesa. 
 
 nzengalakani, 2 ; mvwangala- 
 kani, 2. 
 
 (“ bush,” jungle), see jungle. 
 
 Tangled, be, v., zengalakana, vwa- 
 ngalakana. 
 
 Tantalize, 2/., kembekesa. 
 
 Tap (knock), v ., doda. 
 
 a palm for wine, luaza. 
 
 Tape, n., fita, 2 (P. fita). 
 
 -worm, n., nioka (2) a moyo. 
 Tapster, wine-, ngema, 2 ; mu- 
 nsongwa, 3 ; nsongi, 2 ; nxie, 
 1 & 4. 
 
 Tar, n ., dimbu (13) wandiakianga. 
 Tardy, v., see slow, late. 
 
 Tares, n., mbankanka, 2. 
 
 Tarnish, v.t., see rust. 
 
 (lose colour, of cloth only), bota. 
 Tarry (delay), v ., beka, vinga, di- 
 ngalala, vukuka, vekeka, ki- 
 nga. 
 
 (stay), nanga. 
 
 Tart, a., -ansati. 
 
 be, v., sata. 
 
 Tartness, n., sata, 9. 
 
 Task, n ., salu, 6. 
 
 Tassel, n ., esafi, 8. 
 
 Taste, v.t., yeleka, bimba (Bako.). 
 ntomo, 2. 
 fishy, lute, 10. 
 like, v., toma ne. 
 
 of something unpleasant, lusu, 
 10. 
 
 of stale palm nuts, nkyekye, 4. 
 small (returned to the giver or bearer 
 of a gift), mbimbu, 2. 
 Tasteless, a ., -ambuzubuzu. 
 
 (without salt), -atozo. 
 Tastelessness, n., mbuzubuzu, 4; 
 tozo, 12. 
 
 Tasty, something to eat with dry 
 “ kwanga,” &c., n., etongo, 8. 
 Tatters, n., mataya, pi. 8. 
 
 Tattle, v ., samuna e nsangu (2). 
 Tattoo, n., nsamba, 2. 
 v., zenga e nsamba. 
 mark or stripe down the nose, 
 ntunda, 4. 
 
 of Bateke, mantala, pi. 7. 
 
 Taunt (laugh at), 2/., seva. 
 
 (with a physical defect), tumba. 
 Tax, n., mpaku, 2. 
 v., vakulwisa. 
 
Tax-Tem 
 
 ( 214 ) 
 
 Tax, continued. 
 
 -gatherer, nkwa (1) mpaku. 
 pay, v ., vakula. 
 
 Tea, xia, 6 (P. cha). 
 
 -cup, mbaxinga, 2 ; xikala, 2 (P. 
 chicara). 
 
 -kettle, xialela, 2 (P. cbaleira). 
 
 -pot, ebudi (8) dia xia (P. bule). 
 
 Teach, v., longa, tangisa. 
 
 Teacher, «., nlongi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Teaching, n., elongi, 8. 
 
 Tear, «., dinsanga, 7 ; kinsanga, 5 
 (sing, only, although meaning 
 many tears), 
 marks, nkukwila, 4. 
 to come, as tears, v., bwabwanisa. 
 the filling of the eyes with tears, n., 
 nsudiadila, 2. 
 
 Tear, v., baka, tiazuna, tiaza, taza, 
 tazuna, tanuna. 
 off a piece, zatuna, datuna. 
 
 (food), zuzuna, yamuna. 
 
 (wring off), zutuna, zatuna. 
 off (as a plantain from the “ hand ”), 
 kiola. 
 
 (take off), katula. 
 to pieces, use repetitives. 
 
 (as a pack of jackals), yanza. 
 up, out, by the roots, vuza, dumu- 
 na, duna, dukumuna, tuku- 
 muna. 
 
 with the teeth (as meat off a bone), 
 kavuna, kamvuna, kemvuna, 
 kemvona, yemvona, yemvu- 
 na in large pieces. 
 
 (nibble), kela, deka, kesumuna, 
 kesomona. 
 
 Tearful, a ., -ambwabwanini. 
 
 Tease, v., kwika, tantika. 
 
 (so as to cause to fight), neka, fie- 
 ngenesa. 
 
 (worry, annoy), tokanisa, nanga- 
 nisa, nangika. 
 
 Teat, ;z., ntu (4) a ntulu (2). 
 
 Tedious, a., -afuki. 
 
 Tediousness, n., fuki, 6. 
 
 Teem, v., vwila. 
 
 Teeth, n., meno, pi. 7 ; see also tooth, 
 cut, grow, v., dukumuka. 
 a tooth just cutting, //., eduku, 8. 
 
 Teeth, cut, continued. 
 
 feverishness during teething, ba- 
 ndabanda, 6. 
 
 cut, after the fashionable manner, 
 when the two top front teeth 
 are sharpened, ekombe, 8. 
 when they are cut diagonally from 
 the centre, meno masongolwa 
 or mampaya or masonswa. 
 the two top front teeth in the 
 natural state, meno manse- 
 velo. 
 
 to cut or file teeth thus, v., sonsa. 
 extract, knock out, v., kola, 
 grind the, kwetesa 0 meno. 
 
 Teetotum, mbutu, 2. 
 
 Telegraph wires, nxinga (4) mia 
 mayembo. 
 
 Telescope, w., mbweno, 2; nguya, 2 
 (P. guia). 
 
 Tell, v., jingula, samuna, kamba. 
 about, of, samunwina, samwina, 
 jingulwila, jingwila. 
 a lie, vuna, vova e viku (6). 
 
 (a secret), baka, bangula, tendola, 
 tendula, tengola, tengula. 
 (inadvertently), sununa. 
 a tale, story, ta e ngana (2), &c. 
 
 over again, tewolola. 
 each other, samujiana. 
 
 -tale, #., nkwa (1) nsangu. 
 to (cause to), tell to catch = cause to 
 catch ; see cause. 
 
 (order), vovesa. 
 
 Temper (manner), n., fu, 6 ; nza, 4. 
 hasty, ekaxi (8) diatuntu, makaxi 
 (8) matnntu or manswalu or 
 manzaki or malumfulumbu- 
 mbu; ekudi, 8. 
 
 Tempered, bad, a ., -ambi. 
 good, -ambote, -anlembami, -le- 
 mbama. 
 
 Tempt, v ., vukumuna. 
 
 (entice), nekena, leba. 
 
 (try), tala e sunga (6). 
 
 Temptation, «., umpukumuni, 12. 
 
 (a tempting), mpukumuna, 2. 
 
 (trial, test), ntalwa (4) a sunga (6). 
 
 Tempter, «., mpukumuni, 2 ; mvu- 
 kumuni, 1 & 4. 
 
( 215 ) 
 
 Ten-Tha 
 
 Ten, n., ekumi, 8. 
 a ., -kumi. 
 
 thousand, n.y kiaji, 5. 
 
 Tenacious, a., -anlami. 
 
 Tenacity, n ., lama, 9. 
 
 Tend (herd), v., vungula. 
 
 the sick, yelesa. 
 
 Tender, be, z/., ke bala ko. 
 
 a., ke -amhadi ko. 
 
 Tenderly, adv ., 0 malembe. 
 Tenderness, n.y see gentleness, love, 
 mercy. 
 
 Tendon, n ., mwanji, 3. 
 
 Tense (by distension), 7^.,-wungalala, 
 -butalala. 
 
 be, v., wungalala, butalala. 
 
 (by strain), /., -tantama, -nanga- 
 ma. 
 
 a ., -antantami, -anangami. 
 
 be, v., tantama, nangama. 
 Tension, n.y wungalala, 9 ; butala¬ 
 la, 9; nangama, 9; tantama, 9. 
 Tent, n.y balaka, 2 (P. barraca); 
 
 nzo (2) angoto. 
 
 Tenth, a., -ekumi. 
 
 Tepid, fi., -lebuka, -leboka, -lebu- 
 lwa, -lebolwa, -lavuka, -aki- 
 didi. 
 
 be, v ., lebuka, leboka, lavuka. 
 make, lebula, lebola, lavula. 
 Tepidity, n ., kididi, 5 ; lebuka, 9 ; 
 
 leboka, 9 ; lavuka, 9. 
 
 Term (call), v., yika. 
 
 (time fixed), n., kolo kiaxiwa. 
 (word), diambu, 7. 
 
 Terminate, see finish, v. 
 Termination, see end, n. 
 
 Termite, see ant (white). 
 
 Terrace, n., lufulu (10) luakumbwa. 
 cut a, v., kumba. 
 
 Terrible (bad), a ., -ambi, -ambimbi- 
 imbi. 
 
 Terrified, be, v ., mona 0 wonga 
 (12) wingi. 
 
 Terrify, v., mwesa 0 wonga (12) 
 wingi. 
 
 Terror, 7z., wonga, 12. 
 
 Test (measure), v., teza. 
 tezo, 6. 
 
 (taste), v., yeleka, bimba (Bako.). 
 
 Test (taste), continued. 
 
 n. y ngyeleka, 2. 
 
 (try), v. f xinsa, tonta. 
 
 n.y nxinsa, 2 ; ntonta, 2. 
 
 (the heart), v., tala e sunga (6). 
 n.y ntalwa (4) a sunga. 
 
 Testament (agreement), see agree¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Testicle, ekata, 8. 
 
 Testify, v.y ludika. 
 
 Testimony, n.y luludiku, 10. 
 
 Tether, v.y kanga. 
 
 Thank, v.y tonda, fiauka, generally 
 used in the perfect. 
 
 I thank you, mfiaukidi kwame or 
 ntondele kwame. 
 very much indeed, mfiaukidi nto¬ 
 ndele kwame beni nkenene. 
 
 Thanks, n.y ntonda, 2. 
 
 Than, conj. The comparative degree 
 is expressed by the use of sunda 
 (to excel, exceed) or luta (to 
 surpass, exceed), and the sen¬ 
 tence is recast accordingly. 
 These are more than we want, 
 eyayi isundidi eyi tuvava = 
 these exceed these we want ; 
 he is taller than you, yandi 
 osundidi e ntela aku = he ex¬ 
 ceeds your stature ; this is better 
 than that, kiaki kisundidi 
 ekina 0 wete = this exceeds that 
 (in) goodness ; he went oftener 
 than I, oyandi olutidi 0- 
 kwenda = he surpassed to go. 
 sooner than, see sooner. 
 
 That, firon. 
 
 In English the demonstrative pro¬ 
 noun recognizes two positions 
 which are designated by this 
 and that {pi. these and those). 
 Kongos recognize three posi¬ 
 tions, the 1 st, close to the 
 speaker, equals this ; the 2nd, 
 at a little distance removed from 
 the speaker, equals that {near ); 
 the 3rd, at a considerable dis¬ 
 tance from the speaker, is equi¬ 
 valent to that {yonder). 
 
 The article is not always prefixed 
 
Tha-Tha 
 
 ( 216 ) 
 
 That, cojttinited. 
 
 in the 3rd position, in that case 
 ina stands for eyina, una for 
 owuna. 
 
 Simple Form. — Singular . 
 
 Class. 
 
 ist Pos. 
 
 2nd Pos. 
 
 3rd Pos. 
 
 
 This, 
 
 That, 
 
 That, 
 
 
 
 near 
 
 yonder 
 
 I * 
 
 oyu 
 
 oyo 
 
 ona 
 
 2 
 
 eyi 
 
 eyo 
 
 eyina 
 
 3 , 4 
 
 owu 
 
 owo 
 
 owuna 
 
 5, 6 
 
 eki 
 
 ekio 
 
 ekina 
 
 7, 8 
 
 edi 
 
 edio 
 
 edina 
 
 9 
 
 oku 
 
 oko 
 
 okuna 
 
 10, 11 
 
 olu 
 
 olo 
 
 oluna 
 
 12, 13 
 
 owu 
 
 owo 
 
 owuna 
 
 14 
 
 ova 
 
 ovo 
 
 ovana 
 
 15 
 
 efi 
 
 efio 
 
 efina. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 ist Pos. 
 
 2nd Pos. 
 
 3rd Pos. 
 
 
 These 
 
 , Those, 
 
 Those, 
 
 
 
 near 
 
 yonder 
 
 I 
 
 aya 
 
 owo 
 
 ana 
 
 2 
 
 eji 
 
 ezo 
 
 ejina 
 
 3 , 4 
 
 emi 
 
 emio 
 
 emina 
 
 5j 6, 
 
 eyi 
 
 eyo 
 
 eyina 
 
 7, 8 
 
 oma 
 
 omo 
 
 omana 
 
 9 
 
 oma 
 
 omo 
 
 omana 
 
 10, 11 
 
 otu 
 
 oto 
 
 otuna 
 
 12 
 
 owu 
 
 owo 
 
 owuna 
 
 13 
 
 oma 
 
 omo 
 
 omana 
 
 14 
 
 omu 
 
 omo 
 
 omuna 
 
 There are also emphatic forms 
 of the demonstratives equi¬ 
 valent to this one and that one. 
 
 Emphatic Form. — Singular. 
 
 Class. 
 
 ist Pos. 
 
 2nd Pos. 
 
 3rd Pos. 
 
 
 This one, 
 
 That one, 
 
 That one, 
 
 
 
 near 
 
 yo 7 ider 
 
 I 
 
 ndioyu 
 
 ndioyo 
 
 ndiona 
 
 2 
 
 yayi 
 
 yoyo 
 
 yayina 
 
 3 ? 4 
 
 wau 
 
 wowo 
 
 wauna 
 
 5, 6 
 
 kiaki 
 
 kiokio 
 
 kiakina 
 
 7, 8 
 
 diadi 
 
 diodio 
 
 diadina 
 
 9 
 
 kwaku 
 
 koko 
 
 kwakuna 
 
 10, 11 
 
 lualu 
 
 lolo 
 
 lualuna 
 
 12, 13 
 
 wau 
 
 wowo 
 
 wauna 
 
 14 
 
 vava 
 
 vovo 
 
 vavana 
 
 15 
 
 fiafi 
 
 fiofio 
 
 fiafina 
 
 That, continued. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 ist Pos. 
 
 2nd Pos. 
 
 3rd Pos. 
 
 
 These, 
 
 Those, 
 
 Those, 
 
 
 
 near 
 
 yonder 
 
 I 
 
 awaya 
 
 awowo 
 
 awana 
 
 2 
 
 zaji 
 
 zozo 
 
 zajina 
 
 3, 4 
 
 miami 
 
 miomio 
 
 miamina 
 
 5, 6 
 
 yayi 
 
 yoyo 
 
 yayina 
 
 CN 
 
 CO 
 
 mama 
 
 momo 
 
 mamana 
 
 9 
 
 mama 
 
 momo 
 
 mamana 
 
 10, II 
 
 twatu 
 
 toto 
 
 twatuna 
 
 12 
 
 wau 
 
 wowo 
 
 wauna 
 
 13 
 
 mama 
 
 momo 
 
 mamana 
 
 14 
 
 mwamu momo 
 
 mwamuna 
 
 The two sets of tables given above 
 are really demonstrative adjec¬ 
 tives, and as such in Kongo, 
 follow immediately after the 
 noun they qualify. Where they 
 stand as pure pronouns without 
 any noun, being either the sub¬ 
 ject, or the object of the verb, 
 they are prefixed by the article 
 proper to their class; kiaki 
 thus becomes ekiaki; wan, 
 owau; ndiona, andiona. 
 
 Where for the sake of stronger 
 emphasis, the emphatic form is 
 placed before the noun, both 
 noun and pronoun take the 
 article before them, thus 
 owau 0 nti. 
 
 There is yet another set of 
 emphatics, even stronger if 
 possible, formed by placing -au 
 before the simple form, the -au 
 being prefixed by the prefixes of 
 series No. 1, thus kiau eki. 
 
 There is also another set of de¬ 
 monstratives, which may be 
 called the verbal demonstratives; 
 these (like the verbal adjectives) 
 have a very confined use, occur¬ 
 ring only after the verbal parti¬ 
 cle i. Only the first position 
 has a special form. 
 
 Table of verbal demonstrative 
 pronouns— 
 
( 217 ) 
 
 Tha-The 
 
 That, continued. 
 
 
 sing. This 
 
 plur. These. 
 
 1 yuyu 
 
 1 yaya 
 
 2 yiyi 
 
 2 jiji 
 
 3, 4 wuwu 
 
 3, 4 mimi 
 
 5, 6 kiki 
 
 5,6 yiyi 
 
 7, 8 didi 
 
 7, 8 mama 
 
 9 kuku 
 
 9 mama 
 
 10,11 lulu 
 
 10,11 tutu 
 
 12 wuwu 
 
 12 wuwu 
 
 13 wuwu 
 
 13 mama 
 
 14 vava 
 
 14 mumu 
 
 15 fifi 
 
 
 The second and third positions, 
 both sing, and plur. are identical 
 with the emphatics of Table II. 
 
 (ist pos.) This is it, i kiau kiki. 
 
 (2nd pos.) That {near) is it, i 
 kiau kiokio. 
 
 (3rd pos.) That {yonder) is it, i 
 
 kiau kiakina. 
 
 Those emphatics which are pre¬ 
 faced by -au in classes 2 to 15 
 are in class 1 prefaced by yandi 
 (he) in the singular, and yau 
 (they) in the plural. The de¬ 
 rivation of the ndi- sing, and 
 aw- (= au) pi. is from the same 
 pronoun. 
 
 Singular nouns which have a 
 plural form in Kongo take 
 plural demonstratives; that 
 water, maza omo. 
 
 The relative pronouns in Kongo 
 are identical in form and usage 
 with the demonstratives, thus : 
 twasa e kinkutu kina yasu- 
 mbidi ezono, bring the coat 
 which I brought yesterday. 
 
 When the demonstrative pronouns 
 combine with numerals, they 
 are expressed by -au, bearing 
 the prefix of its class, followed 
 by the secondary form of the 
 numerals, prefixed by the par¬ 
 ticle a, thus : those three goats, 
 nkombo zau ajitatu. Where 
 it is necessary to demonstrate 
 the position and be very 
 emphatic, either of the forms 
 
 That, continued. 
 
 of demonstrative pronouns may 
 be placed before the -au: e 
 nkombo zajina zau ajitatu, 
 
 those three goats yonder. 
 
 The a prefixed to secondary 
 numerals is explained under 
 “A,” Kongo-Eng. 
 
 that which (whatever), konso, fol¬ 
 lowed by the objective pro¬ 
 noun applied as a suffix, konso 
 kio, &c.; or when the noun is 
 not mentioned, by the simplest 
 form of the demonstrative pro¬ 
 noun. 
 
 that, when introducing the subjunc¬ 
 tive mood, may be translated by 
 VO, or it may be omitted alto¬ 
 gether. 
 
 Where the pronoun edi begins 
 the sentence, “that” is not 
 further translated. He says 
 that he will come, edi kavovele 
 kwiza kekwiza. 
 
 Where “that” stands alone, its 
 noun being understood, it as¬ 
 sumes the class of its noun ; 
 (which goat ?) that one, e yoyo, 
 (this, for this), edi (this) at the com¬ 
 mencement of the sentence. He 
 says that he will come, edi ka¬ 
 vovele kwiza kekwiza ; he 
 dug a hole that he might catch 
 a buffalo, edi katimini e ewu- 
 lu kabaka e mpakasa. This 
 later sentence might stand with¬ 
 out edi, and so “ that ” be un¬ 
 translated. 
 
 so that, kadi; see also order (in 
 order that). 
 
 Thatch, v., fuka. 
 n ., nludi, 4 (roof); nianga, 2 
 
 (grass). 
 
 Thatching grass, see grass. 
 
 Thaw, v.i ., zeza. 
 v.t., zezesa. 
 
 The, art., see a (the article). There is 
 no specially definite article. 
 
 Thee, pron ., nge, ngeye; see also 
 under you, pron. sing. 
 
The-Thi 
 
 ( 218 ) 
 
 Theft, n., ngiya, 2. 
 
 (thieving, thievishness), wivi, 12. 
 
 Their, firon., -an. 
 
 Theirs, fir on., -an (secondary). 
 
 Them (personal, and of living crea¬ 
 tures),/^;/., yan. 
 included, in the prefixes of verbs, 
 -a, -aba. 
 
 In the case of inanimate things 
 standing as the objects of a 
 verb, the objective pronoun is 
 never expressed, in the prefixes 
 of verbs (as is the case of 
 many Bantu languages), but is 
 a detached particle following 
 immediately after the verb, or 
 where an auxiliary is used, after 
 that. Bring them, twasa yo ; 
 bring them carefully, toma yo 
 twasa. 
 
 10, 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 to 
 
 wo 
 
 mo 
 
 mo 
 
 Class Class 
 
 2 ZO 
 
 3, 4 mio 
 5,6 yo 
 7, 8, 9 mo 
 the emphatic objective pronoun 
 is -an (see them), placed before 
 the verb. 
 
 Themselves, yan kwau,yau kibeni, 
 yan veka. 
 
 they... themselves, use reflexive form : 
 they killed themselves, bayivo- 
 ndele. 
 
 Then (after that), adv., (i) boxi, (i) 
 mbengi. 
 
 (afterwards), oku kwakwijiwa, 
 okn kwakwendewa, okalo- 
 kala. 
 
 (at that time) ; not translated : he 
 was gone then, wele kwandi 
 kala ; it was then night, se 
 
 fnkn. 
 
 (in that case), zevo, ozevo, zavo, 
 ozavo. 
 
 not then (not yet), ke -akanini 
 ko. 
 
 when...then, vava...zevo ; when I 
 came he had not then arrived, 
 
 vava ndweke zevo oyandi 
 kalneke ko. 
 
 Thence, from thence, use the locatives 
 of the 2nd and 3rd positions ; 
 see in. 
 
 There, adv., use the locatives of the 
 2nd and 3rd positions ; see in. 
 there is, are, &c., expressed by the 
 addition of the prefixes mn, kn, 
 va, to the verb. There is a 
 man in our town, muna evata 
 dieto mukedi muntu, &c. 
 The particle se also expresses 
 this: Now there are many 
 houses, owau se nzo jingi. 
 there was, were, &c. (once upon a 
 time), expressed by the addition 
 of the prefixes mwa, kwa, va, 
 to the verb : there were three 
 men, mwakedi wantu tatu. 
 
 For the force of these prefixes, 
 see in. 
 
 Therefore, adv., dianu, diau, i ku- 
 ma, i, i mpitu, muna diadi 
 (diambu), always used with the 
 applied form: therefore I did 
 not go, i ndembele kwendela. 
 
 Thereon, adv., use the locative vana 
 2nd and 3rd positions, see in. 
 
 These, see that. 
 
 They, 
 
 Class Class 
 
 1 yau 7, 8, 9, 13 mau 
 
 2 zau 10, 11 twau 
 
 3,4 miau 12 wau 
 
 5,6 yau 14 mwau v 
 
 subjective prefixes to verbs : be, 
 e, ba, a. 
 
 themselves, yau kwau, yau kibeni, 
 yau veka. 
 
 they...themselves, see themselves. 
 Thick, a., -ankandu, -avonga (big). 
 
 (dense, of liquids), -abotomba. 
 Thicken (as soup), v., xia e boto- 
 
 mba. 
 
 Thicket, n., kanka, 6. 
 
 Thickly grow and mat together, v., 
 tungalakana, tungalakiana. 
 Thickness (bulk), n., nkandu, 4. 
 
 (density), botomba, 6. 
 
 Thief, n., mwivi, 3. 
 
 Thieve, v., yiya, wombola. 
 
( 219 ) 
 
 Thi-Tho 
 
 Thievish person, «., kapekele, 9 & 1; 
 kapiangu, 9 & 1. 
 
 Thievishness, wivi, 12. 
 
 Thigh, n., etungi (8) or etangatanga 
 (8) dia kulu (9). 
 
 Thin (as paper, &c.), a ., -aluveveke- 
 jia. 
 
 be, get (lean), v ., tanda, tandakana, 
 nionza, balakana. 
 man, n., ntandakani, 1 & 4 ; mba- 
 lakani, 1 & 4. 
 
 (not thick), a ., ke -ankandu ko. 
 
 (of a fluid), a., -ankiongolo. 
 
 (of persons),^., -balakana, -tanda¬ 
 kana, -tanda, -nionza. 
 
 (slight in build), a., -alubielekese, 
 -alukelekese. 
 
 Thine ,pron., -akn, -a ngeye (second¬ 
 ary). 
 
 Thing, lekwa, 6 ; ma, 6 ; kiuma, 
 
 5 ; kima, 5 (Bako.); sangala, 
 
 6 (Mpa.). 
 
 (affair), diambu, 7; uma, 12. 
 all things, everything, fwalangani, 
 6 . 
 
 found, kimbongolola, 5. 
 of iron, tadi, 6. 
 
 (round missile), sungela, 6. 
 
 (the name of which you forget or 
 do not care to mention), kinga- 
 ndi, 5. 
 
 very small, kindekwandekwa, 5. 
 the thing with or in which an action 
 is performed, is expressed by 
 the passive present indefinite 
 of the applied form without 
 any prefix : such nouns are in 
 Class 6. zenga, to cut ; zenge- 
 lwa, 6, a thing to cut with : 
 nata, to carry ; natinwa, a 
 thing to carry in. 
 
 Think, v., banza, banjikisa, naka, 
 yindula,balula,badika (muna 
 or onm ntima); see also fancy, 
 imagine. 
 
 about, care for, banza. 
 
 (meditate), yindama. 
 
 Thinness (leanness), n ., ntandn, 2 ; 
 tanda, 9 ; tandakana, 9 ; nio¬ 
 nza, 9; balakana, 9. 
 
 Thinness, continued. 
 
 (of fluids), nkiongolo, 4. 
 
 (of paper), luvevekejia, 10. 
 (slightness), lubielekese, 10 ; luke- 
 lekese, 10. 
 
 Third, a. f -etatn. 
 
 Thirdly, adv., 0 kutatu kwandi. 
 
 Thirst, evwina, 8. 
 
 Thirsty, be, v., fwa e evwina. 
 
 Thirteen, a., knmi ye tatn. 
 
 Thirty, a ., makumatatu, makumi 
 matatu. 
 
 This, see that. 
 
 Thither, adv ., the locatives kuna, 
 muna & vana in the 2nd and 
 3rd positions ; see in. 
 
 Thorn, ?z., lusende, 11 & 2 (nsende). 
 bush (mimosa), mvanga, 4. 
 
 Thorny, a ., -ansende. 
 creeper, njila, 4 ; ewele, 8. 
 
 (wild yam), sadi, 6. 
 
 Thoroughly, adv., beni, benibeni, 
 nkutu (wholly). 
 
 Those, see that. 
 
 Thou, pron ., ngeye, nge. 
 
 In construction; subjective pre¬ 
 fixes to verbs, 0, wa, before the 
 objective prefix, 0 becomes u 
 except in pres, indie, tenses. 
 thou thyself, ngeye or nge kibeni 
 or kwaku or veka. 
 thou...thyself, use the reflexive form. 
 
 Though, conj., kana, kanele, kanele 
 vo, ovo vele vo. 
 as though, ne (i), nze (i). 
 
 (however), watu (commencing the 
 sentence) ; you will have to go 
 though, watu oxinga kwenda. 
 
 Thought, n ., mbalu, 2 ; ngindu, 2. 
 be wrapt in thought, v ., yindama. 
 
 Thoughtful, see kind, prudent. 
 
 Thoughtless, a ., -ampalakasa. 
 
 Thoughtlessly, adv., e palakasa- 
 palakasa. 
 
 let out (a secret), v., sununa. 
 speak, losola (e diambu). 
 
 Thoughtlessness, n., palakasa- 
 palakasa, 6 ; umpalakasa, 12. 
 
 Thousand, n., ezunda, 8. 
 ten, kiaji, 5. 
 
Tho-Thu 
 
 ( 220 ) 
 
 Thousand, continued. 
 hundred, elundu, 8. 
 thousand (million), efuku, 8. 
 i,ooo beads of the currency (io 
 strings of ioo each), kulaji, 6 
 tfrmbondo, 2 ; 10,000 nkama, 
 2 ; 100,000 ezunda, 8 , and so 
 on ; they count the number of 
 strings, and reckon so. 
 
 Thrash, v., bunda. 
 
 (beat), see beat. 
 
 Thread, n., mpusn, 2 ; ximba, 6 . 
 
 (as beads), v., soma, 
 through (as cotton), suka. 
 
 Threat, n., nxinxikila, 2 . 
 
 Threaten, t/., kanikina. 
 in fun, xixisa. 
 
 with (a weapon, &c., in the hand), 
 xinxikila. 
 
 Three, a ., -tatn. 
 
 Thresh, v ., bunda. 
 
 Threshold, n., sumbuka, 6. 
 
 Thrice, adv ., nkumbu ntatu; see 
 times. 
 
 Thrive, 7/., kukolela. 
 
 Throat, n ., elaka, 8; mininwa, 6 
 (gullet). 
 
 clear the, 7/., kekumuna. 
 cut the, zenga e elaka. 
 
 Throb, v., tumpa, kulana, landana. 
 n., ntumpa, 2 ; tumpa, 9 ; nku- 
 lana, 2 ; kulana, 9; nda- 
 ndana, 2 ; landana, 9. 
 
 Throne, n., kunda, 6. 
 
 Throng, see crowd. 
 
 Throttle, v., baka muna elaka (8). 
 
 Through (by means of), prep. & adv., 
 muna. 
 
 get through a hole, v.i., kota or 
 vaika vana evundu. 
 go through, kwenda e losola or e 
 loswela, losolwa, losoka (kuna 
 esambu diakaka). 
 cause to, 7 /./.,losola (kuna esambu 
 diakaka); the bullet went right 
 through, ekela diviokele e 
 losola kuna esambu edimoxi. 
 go through (a district), v.i., lutila 
 muna (nxi). 
 
 stick through, v.t ., tumpula. 
 
 Throughout, adv., muna...-awanso. 
 (wholly), nkutu. 
 
 Throw (at), v., tuba, 
 about, see scatter, 
 away, out, loza, veta. 
 
 (as useless), buma. 
 away, overboard, down, into, takula. 
 back, vutula. 
 
 backward & forwards, tubajiana. 
 down (cause to fall), bwisa. 
 heavily, lumba, yumba, yemba, 
 zanza. 
 
 (hurl), tuba. 
 
 (something which flies with a whirl¬ 
 ing motion), vikimika. 
 into, kobola. 
 
 (water), dibula. 
 off (clothes), vula. 
 
 (dash off), zuwa. 
 
 oneself on the ground (in convulsions 
 of laughter), kuxila, xinguka, 
 kuxinga. 
 
 out (pour), see pour, 
 over, backwards, makuna. 
 together (mix up), bundakesa, sa- 
 nganisa. 
 up, takula. 
 
 (the arm), saka (0 koko). 
 
 (water into one’s mouth with the 
 hand), zakula. 
 
 Thrust into, v., suka or kotesa 
 muna. 
 out, vaikisa. 
 
 (push), nunguna. 
 
 Thumb, n., nlembo (4) exina. 
 
 Thunder, v., bumina, duduma; it 
 thunders, ezulu dibumini. 
 a clap of, n., mwandaji, 3 ( = forked 
 lightning, they are considered 
 one). 
 
 rolling, mvumu, 4. 
 
 (spoken of thunder only), v., talu- 
 muka ; it thunders, mwandaji 
 utalumukanga. 
 
 Thunderstorm. There is always 
 electric disturbance with a heavy 
 storm, so that there is no special 
 word for a storm with thunder 
 and lightning. 
 
 Thursday, n., kietanu, 5. 
 
( 221 ) 
 
 Thu-Tim 
 
 Thus, adv ., nana, ana, wan. 
 
 Thwart (forbid), v ., lima. 
 
 (oppose), fila e mpaka ( 2 ). 
 
 Thy, pron., -akn. 
 
 Thyself, pron., ngeye or nge kwakn 
 or kibeni or veka. 
 thou, see thou. 
 
 Tick, nianji, 2. 
 
 Tickle, v., jikinisa, dia e ngongo- 
 fila (2). 
 
 Tide, n. (expl.), yo funa yo ninga 
 kwa mbn. 
 
 ebb, v., ninga, xioka, vola (Lua- 
 ngu). 
 
 rise, v., fnna, wala (Luangu). 
 
 Tidiness, n., kingwedi, 5. 
 
 Tidy, a., -nkwa kingwedi. 
 be, v., knmpama, zonzama. 
 make, knmpika, zonzeka. 
 
 Tie, v., kanga. 
 a knot, jitika. 
 n., ejita, 8 . 
 
 (crosswise), v., kambika. 
 
 (palm rib battens on a roof or wall), 
 
 v., kankala. 
 
 roughly, tamba (things), lamvnla 
 (string). 
 
 strongly, firmly, vololola, knlnbuta, 
 nwengesa (0 nxinga, 4). 
 
 (the hands behind the back),bindika 
 (0 moko, 9). 
 together, kanganisa. 
 
 Tiff, «., nkaxikaxi, 2. 
 
 Tight, p., -xieme. 
 too, a ., -ke. 
 
 Tighten, v. y kolesa, vina, kasa, 
 tintika, xiamisa, bama. 
 
 Till, adv., yamuna, yaknna, ya- 
 vana ; see also until, 
 stay, v., vinga ; stay till to-morrow, 
 vinga 0 mbaji. 
 
 Till (cultivate), v., vata. 
 
 Tilt (cant, a table), v ., vwetomona, 
 vwetnmnna. 
 
 (a vessel), yenzomona, yenzumuna, 
 yenzeka. 
 
 Tilted, be (as a table), v ., vweto- 
 moka, vwetumnka. 
 
 (as a vessel), yenzomoka, yenzu- 
 muka, yenzama. 
 
 Timber, n., nti, 4. 
 a ., -anti. 
 
 Time, n., kolo, 6 ; ntangwa, 2. 
 a long, kolo kingi, ntaxi, 2 ; taxi, 
 6 . 
 
 by the time, adv., e kolo ; see also 
 when. 
 
 from this time, tukamena lumbu 
 kiaki. 
 
 from time to time, e zaka ntangwa, 
 e yaka lumbn, lumbu kiatutu. 
 (in music,), ekuma, 8. 
 in old time, e nza ankulu. 
 in the daytime, oku mwini. 
 in the night-time, 0 fuku. 
 
 (of night), lo, 6 ; see Kongo-Eng. 
 once upon a time = there was ; see 
 there. 
 
 one of these times, e ntama-ntama. 
 (period), tandu, 6. 
 
 (season), ngonde, 2 ; mvu, 4; 
 nsungi, 2. 
 
 take time to consider, v., nua 0 
 maza, pi. 7. 
 this time, adv., elelo. 
 this time next — , n., nlungi, 4 ; this 
 time next xivu, nlungi a xivu. 
 
 Time of day : — 
 cockcrow, nsusu (2) antete. 
 very early, una nswe, una he. 
 dawn, kuma (9) kukia. 
 after dawn (early), mvungula, 2 ; 
 mbungululu, 2; fukufuku, 12 ; 
 nsuka, 4 ; mvunguvungu, 2. 
 morning, menemene, 6. 
 noon, ntangwanlungu. 
 afternoon, ntangwa ivengele. 
 sunset, mvekwantangwa, 4. 
 evening, maxika, pi. 13. 
 night, fuku, 13. 
 
 9 o’clock p.m., lo (6) kia mvolwa 
 makukwa. 
 
 midnight, edingidingi, 8 ; ndingwa- 
 nxi, 4. 
 
 Time (repetition), nkumbu, 4 ; twice, 
 nkumbu miole ; three times, 
 nkumbu ntatu. 
 
 The repetition of an action is often 
 expressed thus : he came three 
 
 times, ngiza tatu kejidi = 
 
Tim-To 
 
 ( 222 ) 
 
 Time, continued. 
 
 comings three he came. He 
 struck him eight times, ngwa- 
 nda nana kanwende. A nasal 
 prefix is added to the simple 
 form of the verb, and the noun 
 thus made is of the 2 nd class. 
 The noun and the numeral pre¬ 
 cede the verb, and the clause is 
 complete. The addition of the 
 nasal causes the usual euphonic 
 changes, ill to nd, &c. 
 
 Timid, a., -awonga. 
 be, v., mona o wonga. 
 
 Timidity, n., wongola, 12 ; wonga, 
 12. 
 
 Tin, n.., kinzu, 5 (kia lata); lata, 2 
 (P. lata); foya, 2 (P. folha). 
 
 Tinder, n., fnla, 12 (the gossamer on 
 the spathes and bases of palm 
 branches). 
 
 Tinge, v., according to tint, see whiten, 
 blacken, redden. 
 
 (with mud, as water), timvnna. 
 
 Tinker up (mend), v., londa, ba- 
 tika. 
 
 Tinkle, v., vova. 
 
 Tint, n ., se, 6 ; etona, 8. 
 
 Tiny, see fine (small) very, diminutive. 
 
 Tip (end), n ., nsuka, 2. 
 
 (head), ntu, 4. 
 
 of tail (of beasts or reptiles), nsanxi, 
 2. 
 
 over, v.t., nongona, nnnguna. 
 
 Tipsy, a., -ankolwa. 
 be, v., kolwa. 
 make, kolesa. 
 
 Tire, v., yovola. 
 
 Tired, be, v., to (6, ki-) zeza ^rnioka 
 or yoya, yela 0 mabihi or 
 mafunga or mayovoka, yo- 
 voka. 
 
 Title, nknmbu, 2 ; ejina, 8. 
 
 (of nobility), ngenda, 2. 
 to confer a, v., yeka e ngenda. 
 
 To, prep ., use the locatives kuna, 
 mnna and vana see in ; before 
 living creatures and their per¬ 
 sonal pronouns, kuna and ku 
 become kwa and kuna kwa. 
 
 To, continued. 
 
 To is often contained in the radical 
 idea of Kongo verbs, as : to fall to 
 pieces, niukumuka; to amount 
 to, lunga. As the sign of the 
 infinitive it is untranslated in 
 Kongo. When it stands thus 
 after the verbs kwenda (go) 
 and kwiza (come), the in¬ 
 finitive verb is prefixed with an 
 a, and its final a becomes i: 
 he is gone to look for it, wele 
 avavi kio or wele kiavavi. 
 In the latter case the objective 
 pronoun being placed after the 
 first verb it loses its final 0 and 
 takes the a in its place. It 
 would be too awkward to make 
 it kiwavavi, so the 0 drops out 
 after i and y, otherwise it is w. 
 An example of avavi will serve 
 for all verbs. 
 
 Class 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 amvavi 
 
 bavavi 
 
 2 
 
 yavavi 
 
 zwavavi 
 
 3,4 
 
 wavavi 
 
 miavavi 
 
 5,6 kiavavi 
 
 yavavi 
 
 7,8 
 
 diavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 9 
 
 kwavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 10,11 
 
 luavavi 
 
 twavavi 
 
 12 
 
 wavavi 
 
 wavavi 
 
 13 
 
 wavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 14 
 
 vwavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 15 
 
 fiavavi 
 
 
 (as far as, until), yakuna, yamuna, 
 yavana. 
 
 to be to; he is to start = he will start; 
 it is to go = it is going. 
 
 (for—in g), gerund, mu, muna ; it is 
 good to eat, kiabiza muna 
 dia. 
 
 (for to), it is for you to eat = it is 
 yours that you may eat, kia 
 
 ngeye wadia kio. 
 
 (of), brother to the king = brother of 
 the king; the road to Ngombe 
 =*the road of Ngombe (the 
 Ngombe road), njila a 
 Ngombe. 
 
 To go there is to die, 0V0 wele 
 
( 223 ) 
 
 To-Tou 
 
 To, continued. 
 
 kuna ofwidi, if you go there 
 you are dead. 
 
 Toad, n., kiuwula, 5 ; ehototo, 8. 
 croak as, v., hotomoka. 
 
 Toast (broil), v., yanga. 
 
 (scorch, as bread), babisa. 
 
 Tobacco, n., mfomo, 2 (P. fumo); 
 nsunga, 2. 
 
 smoke, v., nua e mfomo. 
 
 To-day, adv ., unu, wau (now), bubu 
 (Bako.), unu kiaki (emphatic). 
 
 Toddle, v ., kwenda e ntende (2). 
 
 Toe, n., nlembo, 4. 
 great, nlembo exina. 
 
 Together, adv., e ntwadi, kumoxi, 
 vamoxi. 
 
 both together, -au e-ole. 
 
 Toil, n., salu, 6. 
 v., sala. 
 
 Token, n., dimbu, 6 ; a red olive 
 bead, mbiya (2) ankangu, is 
 given as a very sure token, it 
 constitutes a binding promise. 
 
 Tolerate, v., yambula, bika. 
 
 Toll, n., mpaku, 2. 
 levy, v., vakulwisa. 
 pay, vakula. 
 
 Tomato, n., tumata, pi. 10 (P. to- 
 mate). 
 
 Tomb, n., tumbala, 2 (P. tumba); 
 
 see also grave. 
 
 To-morrow, adv., 0 mbaji. 
 the day after, e kiamene. 
 
 Tongs, n., lukwatu, 10 ; the piece of 
 wood in which the point of a hoe 
 is held during forging, nsuku, 4. 
 
 Tongue, n., lubini, 10; ludimi, 10 
 (Bako.). 
 
 To-night, adv., 0 fuku. 
 
 (in the evening), 0 maxika. 
 
 (later on), 0 mbatu, 0 mbanu, 0 
 ngatu, 0 nganu. 
 
 Tonsils, n., mininwa, 6. 
 
 Tool, n., esalu, 8; sadilwa, 6. 
 
 Tooth, n., dinu, 7 (pi. meno); see 
 teeth. 
 
 ache, have, v., lunzwa 0 meno. 
 in front teeth, n., nsunungu, 2. 
 have, v., yela e nsunungu. 
 
 Tooth, continued. 
 knock out, kola or kongona e dinu. 
 pick, n., nxienxiele, 2 (of palm 
 stem) ; totolo, 6 (of stick). 
 
 Top, n., ntandu, 2. 
 of head, mbanda (2) a ntu. 
 of hill, ebata, 8 ; etenta, 8 . 
 
 (toy), mbutu, 2. 
 
 Topsyturvy, be, v., bukama. 
 
 turn, bukika. 
 
 Torch, n., mini, 6 (light). 
 
 Torment, v., mwesa e mpaxi jingi; 
 see annoy. 
 
 Torn, be, v., bakuka, tiazuka, 
 tanuka. 
 
 Tornado, n., vento (2) amvula. 
 (cyclone), ndonabidi, 2 (P. tor¬ 
 nado ?) 
 
 Torpid, a., -anlandu. 
 
 be, v., landula. 
 
 Torpidity, n., nlandu, 4. 
 
 Torrent, n., nkuka, 2. 
 
 bed, nkukwila, 4 ; lubulu, 10. 
 Tortoise, n., mfulu, 2. 
 
 shell, baula (6 kia) mfulu. 
 Tortuous, a., -anjeta, -ampionda, 
 -anzunga. 
 
 be, v., viondoloka, viondoka. 
 Torture, v., mwesa e mpaxi jingi. 
 Toss, v., takula. 
 
 about (as in pain), sengojioka, vi- 
 ndumioka. 
 
 up (violently, as waves, spray), du- 
 
 mvuka. 
 
 cause to, dumvuna. 
 
 Total, n., ebundu, 8. 
 
 Totally, adv., kutu, nkutu, beni. 
 Totter, v., tembela. 
 
 Touch, v., viakana, ximba (handle), 
 (a person’s body, of things only), tela, 
 hole, n., nji, 2. 
 
 (so as to call attention), lavuna. 
 (strike), see strike. 
 
 Touching, be, v., totakiana, bata- 
 kiana. 
 
 put, totakesa, batakesa. 
 
 Tough, a., -ambadi,-akola, -akwiji- 
 
 ma (dry 
 
 be, v., bala, kola, 
 be not, veva. 
 
Tou-Tra 
 
 ( 224 ) 
 
 Toughen, v., badisa, kolesa. 
 
 Tow, v., tunta. 
 
 Toward, prep., the locative kuna, see 
 in; muna dim"ba (6) kia ; to¬ 
 wards the river, muna dimba 
 kia nzadi. 
 
 Towel, n., etwaya, 8 (P. toalha). 
 
 Town, evata, 8. 
 chief (city), mbanza, 2. 
 compound in a, lumbu, 10. 
 part of, cluster of houses in a, belo, 
 6 . 
 
 station, factory, evula, 8 ; elo, 8. 
 suburb (a town belonging to ,the 
 mbanza), evanga, 8. 
 the immediate vicinity of a town, 
 nganzu, 2. 
 
 the road outside a town, efula, 8. 
 
 Trace, see track. 
 
 Trachea, n., mvuvu, 4 ; ngongolo, 
 2. 
 
 Track, v ., fimbula. 
 
 (footmarks), ntambi, 2 & 11. 
 
 (of a paw), buba, 6 ; ekanda, 8. 
 
 (of beasts), nkuka, 4 ; nkumba, 4 ; 
 elambu, 8 ; nlambu, 4 ; eye- 
 ndelo, 8. 
 
 small (under the grass), luanzu, 
 10; mwanzu, 3. 
 
 (of snake), kokela, 6. 
 
 (path, road), see path. 
 
 (path seldom used), nsoko, 4. 
 
 Tractable, a. f -alemvo,-anlembami. 
 be, v., lemvokela. 
 
 Trade, v., kita, sumba (buy), teka 
 (sell). 
 
 (produce), mana, pi. 7 ; munkita, 
 3 - 
 
 Trader, nkiti, 1 & 4. 
 a chief man in a caravan of traders, 
 
 ekota, 8 . 
 
 one of a caravan, mwana (1) ange- 
 nji. 
 
 (white man), mundele, 3. 
 
 Trading house (factory), n., evula, 8; 
 elo, 8. 
 
 Tradition, see story. 
 
 Trail, n., kokela, 6. 
 v.t., koka. 
 v.i. % kokwa. 
 
 Trail, continued. 
 
 part of a man’s cloth allowed to 
 trail on the ground, #., nla- 
 mvu, 4. 
 
 Train, v., lemvola, longa (teach), 
 sansa (instruct), 
 of cloth, n ., nlamvu, 4. 
 
 Traitor, n., ntakudi, 1 & 4. 
 act as, v., takula. 
 
 Tramp, v., kuluba. 
 n., nxindu, 2. 
 
 Trample upon, v., diatakesa, funta- 
 kesa, diata. 
 
 Tranquil, be, v., vuvama, kala e 
 pi-i. 
 
 Tranquillity, «., vuvama, 9; pi-i,6. 
 
 Transfer into something else, v., 
 sekola, sekula. 
 to (give), see give. 
 
 Transfix, v. % tumpula. 
 
 Transform, v.t., kitula. 
 into, v.z., kituka. 
 
 Transgress (a law), v. f veza or su- 
 muna (e konko), kulula (0 
 nxiku). 
 
 Transgression, luvezo, 10; 
 ngyelele, 2. 
 
 Transgressor, nkwa (1) luvezo. 
 
 Translate, v., sekula or sekola (e 
 ndinga, 2. 
 
 Translation, nseko, 2. 
 
 Translator, «., nsekodi, 1 & 4; 
 nsekudi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Transmit (a contagion), v., sambu- 
 kisa. 
 
 Transplant, v., kimununa. 
 
 Transport, v., nata (carry). 
 
 Trap, v., baka muna ntambu. 
 n., ntambu, 4. 
 
 deft arrangements with noozes for 
 animals, lungwengwe, 10; 
 ngwengwe, 2 ; konkolo, 6 ; 
 kiji, 5- 
 
 for birds, kulula, 6 ; ntakula, 2. 
 empty, take out of a, v., kokola. 
 fish (like lobster basket, long), n., 
 vuwa, 6 ; ekangu, 8 (large); 
 lembo, 6 (Bako.). 
 
 go off without catching anything, v., 
 
 bala 0 mankwa. 
 
( 225 ) 
 
 Tra-Tru 
 
 Trap, cmtinued. 
 
 in which a door closes, ti., ntambu 
 a enekwa. 
 
 in which a log falls, kiemba, 5. 
 pit-, ntambu a ewulu (ntambwe- 
 wulu). 
 
 stake in, mpalu, 2. 
 rat, saka, 6 ; nkanda, 2. 
 set a, v., leka (perf. lekele) 0 nta¬ 
 mbu. 
 
 spring gun, 71 ., vumbi, 6. 
 spring of a, ntambu, 4. 
 
 Trash (foolish words), n., mfwanti, 2. 
 Travail, n., mawuta, pi. 8. 
 
 pains, nsongo, 4. 
 
 Travel, v ., diata. 
 
 about, kiya, kangala. 
 
 Traveller, n., mwana (1) angenji; 
 nkiyi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Traverse, see cross, travel. 
 Treachery, n., takula, 9. 
 
 Tread, v., diata. 
 
 (trample on), diatakesa, funtakesa. 
 water, kwenda 0 mansa ma ma- 
 ntelama. 
 
 Treasure, ti., mbongo, 2 ; vwa, 9. 
 Treat (do, behave towards), v., va- 
 
 nga...kwa. 
 
 with contempt, saula, veza, zemba. 
 with respect, jitisa. 
 
 Treble, a., -alunkelemba. 
 
 voice, 7 i., lunkelemba, 10. 
 
 Tree, ti., nti, 4 ; see Appendix, Trees. 
 Tremble, v., kunkuma, zakama, ti- 
 ta, dedema, pupila, dada. 
 
 (jar), zazala. 
 
 Trembling, n., ezakazaka, 8 ; zaka- 
 zaka, 6. 
 
 Trench, ti., muvu, 3. 
 v., tima 0 muvu. 
 
 (encroach on another’s farm), vola 
 (e mpatu, 2). 
 
 Trespass, see transgression. 
 
 Trial, ti., nkanu, 4. 
 
 Tribe, n ., nxi, 2. 
 
 (clan), ekanda, 8 . 
 
 Tribulation, ti., mpaxi, 2 ; mvia, 4. 
 Tribute, ti., mpaku, 2. 
 levy, v., vakulwisa. 
 pay, vakula. 
 
 Trick, n., nsaka, 2 ; vakuba, 6. 
 (deceive), v., vuna; see also con¬ 
 jure. 
 
 Trickle, v., kukula. 
 
 (as something viscid), zelumuka, 
 zelomoka. 
 
 Trifle, n., lekwa (6) kiandwelo 
 (thing), diambu (7) diandwelo 
 
 (matter). 
 
 Trigger, n ., pingelo, 2 (P. espingar- 
 da; see gun). 
 
 Trim (adorn), v., viengesa, tomesa. 
 (arrange), kumpika, zonzeka. 
 
 (the hair by cutting back from the 
 forehead), deka. 
 
 (a tree), vangila, zungula. 
 
 Trip, see expedition. 
 
 (stumble), v.i., sansala. 
 up, v.t., selola. 
 
 (as a root), konkalakesa. 
 
 (as a stone, &c.), tesa e esakuba 
 
 ( 8 ). 
 
 (as on a root), v.i., konkalakana. 
 (as on a stone), ta e esakuba (8). 
 
 Triumph, v ., sanga (exult); see also 
 rejoice, v.i. 
 
 71., sanga, 9. 
 
 Trodden upon, be, v., diatakana. 
 
 Troop, see company, crowd. 
 
 Trot, v., lundumuka. 
 
 Trouble, n., mpaxi, 2. 
 v., mwesa e mpaxi. 
 
 (annoy), tantika. 
 
 (anxiety), nteleko (4) a moyo (3). 
 (be anxious), v., teleka o moyo. 
 be in, mona e mpaxi. 
 
 (calamity), n., mvia, 4. 
 
 (perplexity), lujingameno, 10. 
 
 Trousers, n., mbati, 4. 
 
 Trowel, n., zalu, 6 ; loto, 10 (spoon). 
 
 Truce, n., luve, 10. 
 proclaim, make a, v., boka 0 luve. 
 
 True, a., -aludi, -akikilu, -akieleka. 
 
 Truly, adv., e kieleka, e ludi. 
 
 (in the inmost heart), kuna nxi a 
 ntima (4). 
 
 (indeed), see indeed, 
 speak, v., ludika. 
 
 Trumpet, n., mpungi, 2 ; tulumbe- 
 ta, 2 (P. trombeta). 
 
 Q 
 
Tru-Tus 
 
 ( 226 ) 
 
 Trunk (body), n ., to, 6 ; ta, 6. 
 
 (box), box. 
 
 (of elephant), llkati, 4. 
 
 (of tree), nti, 4. 
 
 Trust, v., kwikila. 
 n., lukwikilu, 10; kwikila, 9. 
 
 Trustful, a ., -ankwikidi. 
 
 Trustworthy person, n., nkwa (1) 
 kieleka or ludi; mimkwikiji, 
 3 ( see Christian). 
 
 Truth, n., ludi, 6 ; kieleka, 5. 
 tell the, v., ludika. 
 
 Try (attempt), v., xinsa, tonta. 
 (endeavour to do something too 
 great), vampama, vakama. 
 
 (a law case, judge), zenga 0 nkanu. 
 (bring a case before judges), fu- 
 nda 0 nkanu (4). 
 
 (measure), teza. 
 
 (taste), yeleka. 
 
 (tempt), see tempt. 
 
 Tube, n., mvuvu, 4. 
 
 (stem of pipe), ntwala, 4. 
 
 Tuck up one’s dress, v., sela. 
 
 Tucked up, be, v., selwa. 
 
 Tuesday, n., kietatu, 5. 
 
 Tuft (of grass), n ., zo, 6. 
 
 (of hair), jiojio, 6. 
 
 Tug, v., tunta. 
 
 Tumble about, v ., sotojioka. 
 
 (fall), see fall. 
 
 Tumbler, n., kopa, 2 (P. copo). 
 
 Tumult, see noise, riot. 
 
 Tune, n., vunu, 6. 
 v., leka, lekanisa. 
 
 (to try the tone during tuning), 
 
 tonta. 
 
 Tunic, n., kinkutu, 5. 
 
 Turbulence, see wildness. 
 
 Turbulent, see wild. 
 
 Turn a deaf ear, v.t., landula. 
 aside, vengumuna, vengomona, 
 vengesa. 
 
 v.i., vengumuka, venga, venguka, 
 vembuka. 
 
 from (avoid, keep at a distance 
 from), venguluka, vengoloka. 
 (branch off), vambuka. 
 away, the back, v.t ., fila e nima (2). 
 back (fold back), fokola. 
 
 Turn back, continued, 
 v.i., fokoka. 
 
 (return), vutuka. 
 
 (be crooked), tekama. 
 face downwards, bukama. 
 v.t. , bukika. 
 
 face uppermost (or belly uppermost, 
 as a dead fish), v.i., sengoka, 
 senguka, seloka, seluka, seka, 
 bukuka. 
 
 v.t., sengola, sengula, selola, se- 
 lula, sekesa, bukula. 
 
 get ahead of and turn, zekela. 
 inside out, v.t., fituna. 
 
 v.i., fituka. 
 into (enter), kota. 
 
 into (something else, another recep¬ 
 tacle), v.t., sekola, sekula. 
 (transform), v.t., kitula. 
 
 (become), v.i., kituka. 
 loose, v.t., tayisa. 
 out, vaikisa. 
 of, v.i., vaika. 
 
 over, see turn face upwards or down¬ 
 wards. 
 
 and over (as anything rolling 
 down a hill), v.t., vindumuna, 
 nengomona, nengumuna. 
 v.i., vindumuka, nengomoka, 
 nengumuka. 
 
 on to the other side, bangumuka, 
 bekoka, bekuka (mats, etc.). 
 v.t., bangumuna, bekola, be- 
 kula (of cloth mats, etc.) 
 round, vilula. 
 v.i., viluka. 
 
 and round (to examine), v.i., vilu- 
 jiola. 
 
 the right way, see face uppermost, 
 (twist), v.t., jetesa, jetumuna, jeto- 
 mona. 
 
 v.i., jeta, jetomoka, jetumuka. 
 up the nose at, v.t., tianginika 0 
 zunu (13). 
 
 Turns, take, v., tambujiana. 
 
 Turtle, n., mfulu, 2. 
 
 -dove, mbwela, 2 ; eyembe, 8 . 
 
 Tusk (of ivory), n., mpungi, 2. 
 
 (small, scriveller), soka, 6 . 
 
 (tooth), dinu, 7 (pi. meno). 
 
( 227 ) 
 
 Twe-Unc 
 
 Twelve, a., kumi ya or ye -ole. 
 
 Twenty, a., makumole. 
 
 Twice, adv ., nkumbu miole; see 
 times. 
 
 Twig, n., vululu, 6 ; nzangi, i; nza- 
 ngalavwa, 2. 
 
 Twilight, n., mwini (3) akiendanta- 
 ngwa. 
 
 Twin, n., nximba, 2. 
 the name of the firstborn of twins, 
 
 nximba. 
 
 of the second child, nzuji, 2. 
 
 Twine, n ., nxieta, 4. 
 
 (entwine), see entwine. 
 
 Twirl, v.t ., zunganisa. 
 v.i., zungana. 
 
 Twist (as string, rope), v., xieta. 
 back (untwist), v.t., zekula, zekola. 
 
 v.i. , zekuka, zekoka. 
 off, 7/./., znnta, zutuna. 
 v.i., zuntuka. 
 
 (a piece of luku pudding), v.t., 
 vnknna. 
 round, zeka. 
 
 (turn), see turn. 
 
 Twisted, be (distorted, crooked), 7/., 
 
 tekama, tekumuka, tekomo- 
 ka. 
 
 Two, a., -ole. 
 
 Type (likeness), n., fwaniswa, 6. 
 (printing), maletela, pi. 8 (Eng., 
 letter). 
 
 Tyrannize, v., bangika. 
 
 Tyranny, n., bangika, 9. 
 
 Tyrant, n., mbangiki, 1 & 4. 
 
 u. 
 
 Udder, n., ntulu, 2. 
 
 Ugliness, n., wiyi, 12 ; yi, 12. 
 
 Ugly, a. -amwiyi, -ayi. 
 
 person, n., mwiyi, 3 ; kinkonzo, 5. 
 Ulcer, n., vuma, 14; mpnta, 2 
 (Bako.). 
 large, voxi, 6. 
 
 Ulcerate, v., vanga 0 vuma or e 
 
 voxi 
 
 Umbrella, n., vevo, 6 ; kinonga, 5. 
 
 Un-, in composition being a negative 
 or reversive prefix, has its equi¬ 
 valent in the Kongo verb in the 
 suffixes ula, ola, ona, and una 
 added to the pure root of the 
 verb, all other suffixes being re¬ 
 moved. 
 
 kanga, to tie ; kangula, to untie.; 
 teleka, to put a pot on the fire ; 
 telula or telola, to take it off; 
 manika, to put up ; manuna, 
 to take down ; koma, to nail 
 up ; kola, to unnail, 
 una & ona are used where there 
 is a pure nasal in the root, ola 
 and ona where there is an 0 or 
 e in the root, although ula and 
 una may be used even then. 
 
 Unable, be, v., ke lenda ko. 
 
 Unawares, be taken (by surprise), v., 
 salukwa (kwa), yituka. 
 take, v.t., salukwa, yitula. 
 
 Unbelief, n., vunisa, 9. 
 
 Unbeliever, n., mvunixi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Unbend (a bow), v., jiola. 
 
 (a joint), lambula. 
 
 Unbind, v., kutulula, kangula, ji- 
 ngumuna. 
 
 Unbolt, v., bindula. 
 
 Uncertain, be, v., katikisa, xia e 
 banzubanzu. 
 
 (unreliable), a., -abendabenda. 
 
 Uncertainty, n., dingudingu, 6; 
 banzubanzu, 6. 
 
 Unchaste person, n., nkwa (1) ngya- 
 mbila (2). 
 
 Unchewed, to swallow the food, v., 
 
 mina 0 nsunzulu. 
 
 Uncircumcised person, n., esutu, 8 ; 
 ebolo, 8. 
 
 Uncircumcision, n., usutu, 12 ; ubo- 
 lo, 12. 
 
 Uncivilized person, n ., mwixi (1) 
 mfinda. 
 
 Uncle (maternal), n ., ngudi (2) an- 
 kaji (sing, only), ngwa (2) 
 ankaji ; see relative. 
 
 (paternal), mpangi (2, elder) or 
 
 mbunji (1, junior) a tata. A 
 
Unc-Uni 
 
 ( 228 ) 
 
 Uncle, continued. 
 
 paternal uncle is not considered 
 in any way as a relative. 
 
 Unclean, a., -amvindu, -funzuka. 
 be, v ., funzuka, kala e nivindu. 
 (foul as water), timvuka. 
 
 Uncleanness, n., mvindu, 2. 
 
 Unclose, v., jiula. 
 
 Unclothed, a., e kimpene (5). 
 be, v., kala e kimpene (5). 
 
 Uncock (a gun), v., lekula, lekola. 
 (put at half cock), vutula. 
 
 Uncocked, be, v ., lekuka, lekoka. 
 (at half cock), vutuka. 
 
 Uncoil, v., jingumuna. 
 
 Uncomfortable, be (in mind), v., 
 
 teleka 0 moyo (3). 
 
 (not easy), ke lenguka ko. 
 
 Unconcerned, be, v., jijila, zozoka. 
 
 Unconscious, be, v., fwa e kia- 
 mbu. 
 
 Unconsciousness, n., kiambu, 5. 
 
 Uncooked, a., -anse, -ambisu, -angi- 
 su. 
 
 Uncover, v ., fukula, bukula. 
 a little, vengula, vengola. 
 
 Uncovered, be, v ., fukuka, bukuka. 
 a little, venguka, vengoka. 
 
 Undefiled (hating defilement), a ., 
 nkwa ntinti (of persons), 
 pure, -avelela. 
 
 Under, prep., okunxi a, kunanxi a, 
 omunxi a, munanxi a ; see also 
 go, put, &c., under. 
 
 Undercook, v., fungisa; (so that 
 it appears done outside but in¬ 
 side is almost raw), yaula. 
 
 Undercooked, underdone, be, v., 
 
 funga, yauka. 
 
 Underground, adv ., omunxi or mu¬ 
 nanxi a ntoto (4). 
 
 Underneath, see under. 
 
 Understand, v., wa (hear, compre¬ 
 hend), zaya (know), 
 each other, wawajiana, wasajiana. 
 (think), banza. 
 
 Understanding, n ., zayi, 12. 
 
 Understood, be, v., wakana. 
 
 Jndertake (a matter), v., yekama. 
 
 Under-water, adv., e mfiumbu (2). 
 
 Undo (a knot), v., jitula. 
 
 (stitching), sununa. 
 
 (take to pieces), bangula ; see also 
 unfasten. 
 
 Undone, come (as a knot), v., jituka. 
 
 (as stitching), sunuka. 
 
 Undress, v., vula (0 mvwatu, 4). 
 Unearth, v., yangumuna. 
 Unenlightened state, n ., bubu, 6. 
 Uneven, see rough, crooked. 
 Unexpectedly, adv., ku kinsunzu- 
 mukina. 
 
 come, v., sunzumuka. 
 
 (surprise), yitula. 
 
 Unfasten (a door), v., bindula. 
 (stitching), sununa. 
 
 (unnail), kola. 
 
 (untie), kangula, kutulula. 
 Unfinished, be, v., kemana or vwa 
 ko. 
 
 house, n ., vangala, 6. 
 
 Unfit, be, v., ke fwana ko. 
 
 Unfold, v., bundula. 
 
 (open out), yalumuna. 
 Unfortunate (bad), a., -ambi. 
 
 (not lucky), ke nkwa elawu (8) ko. 
 Unfriendly person, n., munkondwa- 
 ngemba (3). 
 
 Unfruitful, a ., ke -wutanga ko; 
 see barren. 
 
 Unfurl, v., jingumuna. 
 Ungrateful, a ., -antokoji. 
 be, v., tokola. 
 
 person, n., ntokoji, 2. 
 
 Unhappiness (misery), n ., bititi, 12. 
 Unhealthy, a ., -anyedi. 
 be, v ., yela. 
 
 Unimportant, n ., ke ya diambu ko. 
 Unintelligible, a ke -zayakana 
 ko. 
 
 Unintentionally, adv., ku suxi, 
 with the applied form. 
 
 Union, n., mbulangiana, 10 (unit¬ 
 ing) ; ngikakana, 2 (joining); 
 kintwadi, 5 (a being together). 
 Unite, v.t., yikakesa. 
 v.i., yikakana. 
 
 (as rivers, crowds, merge), bulanga- 
 na, bulangiana. 
 
 Unitedly (together), adv., e ntwadi. 
 
( 229 ) 
 
 Uni-Unw 
 
 Universally, adv., vawanso. 
 Unjust, a ., ke -songanga ko. 
 Unkind, a ., ke -ambote ko,ke nkwa 
 walakaji ko. 
 
 Unknown, a ., ke -zayakana ko, ke 
 -zayiwa ko. 
 
 Unlawful (forbidden), a ., -ximinu. 
 
 thing, n., konko, 6 ; nlongo, 4. 
 Unless, conj.=\i not, ovo, &c., with 
 the negative, see if; unless you 
 go, ovo kukwenda ko. 
 
 Unlike, a ., -a mpila (2) akaka (of 
 another kind), -bilidama (dif¬ 
 ferent). 
 
 Unload (a boat, canoe), v., tombola. 
 
 (a gun), sokola. 
 
 Unlock, v., bindula. 
 
 Unloose, v ., kutulula, katula. 
 
 (set free), tayisa ; see also loose. 
 Unlucky, a., ke nkwa elawn ko. 
 Unmanageable, a., ke -alemvo ko. 
 Unmanly, a., ke nkwa kiakala ko. 
 Unmovable, see immovable. 
 
 Unnail, v., kola. 
 
 (open a nailed lid), bamuna. 
 Unnecessary, be, v., ke vavwa ko. 
 
 (over abundant), boloka. 
 
 Unpack, v., zonzola. 
 
 Unpick, 7/., snnnna. 
 
 Unplug, v., kaknla. 
 
 Unravel, v., somona. 
 
 Unreliable person, n., kinkita, 5. 
 Unrest of mind, n ., nteleko (4) a 
 moyo (3). 
 
 Unrighteous, a ., ke -songa ko. 
 Unripe, a., -answeswa, ke -avia ko, 
 -ambebia. 
 
 (of arachis), -a eswenga (pi. za ma- 
 swenga). 
 
 (of cassava), -antnnnngina. 
 
 (of maize), -ambwenia. 
 
 (of nsafu), -a evala, 8 (pi. za mava- 
 
 la). 
 
 (of plantain), -amfiala, -ambebia. 
 (of pumpkins), -antuntu. 
 
 mature, but green, -akola. 
 palm nut, n., ntima (2) elenge. 
 Unroll, v., jingumnna. 
 
 Unruly, a ., ke -alemvo ko; see also 
 wild. 
 
 Unsafe, a ., ke -avnvama ko. 
 
 Unsavouriness, mbuznbuzn, 4 ; 
 tozo, 12 (without salt). 
 
 Unsavoury, a., -ambnzubnzn, -atozo. 
 
 Unscrew, v., zeknla, zekola. 
 (withdraw screws), kola. 
 
 Unseen, a., ke -monekanga ko. 
 
 Unsettled, be, v., teleka 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Unsewn, become, 7/., snnnka. 
 
 Unsheath, 7/., vola. 
 
 Unsolder, v., zelumuna, zelomona. 
 
 Unsoldered, come, v., zelumuka, 
 zelomoka. 
 
 Unspotted, a., -avelela. 
 be, 7/., velela. 
 
 Unsteady, a., -ankindikindi. 
 be, 7/., kindakinda. 
 
 Unstop, v., kaknla. 
 
 Unsuccessful, see vain. 
 
 Untidy, a., -antiakalakani. 
 be, 7/., tiakalakana. 
 
 Untie, t/., kutulula, kutula, kangu- 
 la. 
 
 (a knot), jitula. 
 
 Until, adv., yaku, yakuna, yamu, 
 yamuna, yava, yavana. These 
 may be preceded by sumbate : 
 until to-day, sumbate yamu 
 unu. 
 
 stay until, v., vinga ; stay until to¬ 
 morrow, vinga 0 mbaji. 
 wait until I have finished, mbula 
 yamanina ekulu = let me finish 
 first. 
 
 Unto, prep., use the locatives- kuna 
 and vana; see in. 
 
 (until, as far as), see until, to (as far 
 as). 
 
 Untrue, a., -aluvunu, -aviku. 
 
 Untrustworthy person, n., ke mu- 
 nkwikiji (3) ko, mpuki, 2(liar). 
 
 Untruth, n., luvunu, 10 ; viku, 6 ; 
 ungyangya, 12. 
 tell an, v., vuna, vova e viku. 
 
 Untwine, untwist, v., jingumuna. 
 
 Unwholesome, a., ke -ambote ko 
 (muna dia). 
 
 Unwillingly, adv., kuna ekudi (8), 
 ku nsuku a ekudi (ku nsu- 
 kwekiidi); ku lunkulu (10). 
 
Unw-Vai 
 
 ( 230 ) 
 
 Unwillingness, n ., lunkulu, 10; 
 ngongo, 2. 
 
 Unwind, v.t., jingumuna. 
 v.i., jingumuka. 
 
 Unwrap, v., bundula, yalumuna, 
 bundumuna. 
 
 Up (on high), adv., omu ezulu, vana 
 or kuna ntandu; vana or 
 kuna mbata. 
 
 often contained in the root mean¬ 
 ing of words, to go, come, put, 
 &c., up. 
 up to, see until. 
 
 Uphold, v., xikina, ximba. 
 
 U PON, prep., use the locatives, see in ; 
 kuna or muna or vana nta¬ 
 ndu a. 
 
 Upper, a ., -antandu. 
 
 Upright,/., -tongama, -dongama. 
 be, v., tongama, dongama. 
 
 (just), a., -asonga, -ansongi. 
 
 be, v., songa. 
 man, n., nsongi, 1 & 4. 
 not (out of the square), a., -ama- 
 ndunguna. 
 
 be, v ., kwenda 0 mandunguna. 
 
 Uprightness, n., songa, 9. 
 
 Uproar, see noise. 
 
 Uproot, v ., vuza; see also root up. 
 
 Uprouse, see arouse. 
 
 Upset, v.t., kindula, nongona, fuku- 
 muna, sendona. 
 
 v.z\j kinduka, nongoka, fukumuka; 
 
 see also spill. 
 
 Upshot (of a matter), n ., nsuka, 2 (a 
 diambu, 7). 
 
 Upwards, adv ., kuna or muna ezulu; 
 kuna or muna ntandu. 
 upwards of 10= io and more, kumi 
 ye nkaji. 
 
 Urge, 7/., komena, nangika. 
 
 (hasten), zabula, zabulwisa, sazula, 
 sazulwisa. 
 
 Urinate, v., jena, suba. 
 
 Urine, n., manjene, pi. 7 ; masuba, 
 pi. 8. 
 
 odour of, nkuvu, 4. 
 
 Us ,pro?i., yeto. 
 
 in construction, objective prono¬ 
 minal prefix, tu-. 
 
 Usage, n., fu, 6. 
 
 Use, n ., mfunu, 4; salu, 6. 
 be of, v., fwana. 
 for, n., nkinji, 4. 
 for, have a, v., vwa o nkinji, 4. 
 no use, it is no use asking, vOva 
 kwaku kwanana ovovanga; 
 see also useless. 
 
 use bad, abusive language, lokela e 
 nguji (2). 
 
 Used to, become, v., kukiilukila. 
 to any one, become, kulukiana yo 
 muntu. 
 
 Useful, be, v., kala 0 mfunu (4). 
 
 Useless, a., -ampavala, -anana, 
 -ankatu. 
 
 thing, n ., babala, 6. 
 a useless knife, babala kia mbele. 
 it is useless to talk like that, ku- 
 baya kwaku 0 kubaya. 
 be, v., tumbuka. 
 make, render, tumbula. 
 
 Usual, a ., -ankulu, -a lumbu yawa- 
 nso. 
 
 Usually, adv ., e lumbu yawanso. 
 
 Usury, n ., nzuka, 4 (mingi). 
 
 Utensil, u., lekwa, 6 (thing). 
 
 Uterus, n., ndia (4) ambuti. 
 
 Utter, v., tatula ; see also speak. 
 
 Utterance, 71., diambu, 7; mvovo, 
 4 (thing spoken). 
 
 Utterly, adv., nkutu, kutu. 
 
 (all of them), -au (e kulu). 
 
 v. 
 
 Vacant, a ., -ankatu, -ampavala, 
 -anana. 
 
 Vacate, v., katuka. 
 
 Vacillate, v., see uncertain. 
 
 Vacillation, n ., see uncertainty. 
 
 Vagina, ;z.,njini, 2; ekoto, 8; ndindi, 
 4; kiadi, 5; ngenji, 2 (Bako.). 
 
 Vain, a., -ankatu,-ampavala, -anana. 
 in, adv., see vainly. 
 
 (proud), a., yo lulendo (10), ye nza 
 (2) yo lulendo. 
 
 Vainly, adv. The adjective is used, 
 see vain; he tried vainly = he 
 
( 231 ) 
 
 Vai-Vic 
 
 Vainly, continued. 
 
 tried a vain trial, xinsa kwa- 
 mpavala kaxinxidi. 
 
 Valiant, a ., nkwa kiakala (5). 
 
 Valiantly, adv. y ye kiakala. 
 
 Valley, n., ndimba, 4 ; dimbila, 6 ; 
 fokomba, 6. 
 little, ndimbadimba, 2. 
 
 Valour, n. y kiakala, 5 ; jiji, 6. 
 
 Valuable, a. y -antalu. 
 
 Value, n., ntalu, 2. 
 v., xia e ntalu. 
 
 (worth, dearness), mbalu, 4. 
 
 Vanish (be lost), v. y Vila. 
 
 Vanity, n., lulendo, 10 ; nza (2) yo 
 lulendo. 
 
 Vanquish, v. y sunda e ngolo (2). 
 (enslave), bunduna. 
 
 Vapour, n. y mbututu, 4. 
 
 Variegated, a., -amakeyamakeya, 
 -amatonamatona. 
 
 Variety, n., mpila (2) jingi. 
 
 Various, a ., -ampilampila, -akaka- 
 kaka. 
 
 Vast, a. y -anene, -ampwena, -ebeni. 
 
 Veal, n ., mbiji (2) a mwana (1) a 
 ngombe (2). 
 
 Veer round, v ., tala muna esambu 
 (8) diakaka; the wind veered 
 round to another quarter, e 
 
 vento itadidi kuna esambu 
 diakaka. 
 
 Vegetable, n., mpati (2) a nsengo. 
 vegetable food eaten with meat and 
 stews, mfundi, 2 ; the meat and 
 stews eaten with vegetables, 
 etongo, 8. 
 marrow, elenge, 8. 
 seeds of, mbika, 2. 
 
 Vegetate, v., mena. 
 
 Vehemence, n., ngolo, 2. 
 
 Vehement, a. y -angolo. 
 
 Vehicle, n., ekalu, 8 (P. carro). 
 
 Vein, n., mwanji, 3. 
 
 Velocity, see speed. 
 
 Velvet, n., vedulu, 2 (P. veludo). 
 to have a rich appearance as velvet, 
 v. y fit an a. 
 
 Vengeance, n., kunda, 6. 
 take, v. y landa e kunda. 
 
 Vengeful, a., nkwa nxita (2). 
 
 Venison, n. y mbiji (2) a nkole (2). 
 
 Venom, n., manga, 4 ; confused with 
 the sting (manga) or fang of a 
 snake, which are supposed to 
 remain in the wound and thus 
 to cause the mischief; there is 
 no notion of the injection of a 
 poison. 
 
 Venomous, a ., -ambi (bad). 
 
 Venture, v ., xinsa ; see also risk. 
 
 Veracity, n. y ludi, 6. 
 
 Veranda (at gable end), n. y veta, 6. 
 (at side), mpukulu, 2. 
 
 Verge, ?i. y nkwenko, 4; mfumfula, 4. 
 
 Verily, adv. y kieleka, ludi. 
 
 Vermin, see bug, flea, louse, tick. 
 
 Vertigo, n. y zunga, 6. 
 
 Very, adv. y beni. 
 
 (exceedingly), kikilu, beni-beni 
 kikilu. 
 
 very much, many, -ingi, see much, 
 many. 
 
 very own, kibeni ; with my very 
 eyes, omu meso mame kibeni. 
 
 Very is often expressed by the 
 reduplication of the adjective ; 
 - ampwena-mpwena, very 
 
 large ; the last syllable is given 
 in falsetto when very emphatic ; 
 very far over there, kimakuna-a. 
 
 Vessel, see ship, calabash, pot, &c. 
 
 Vest, ?i. , nanu, 4 (nana, to stretch). 
 
 Vestige (footmark), n. y ntambi, 2 &i 1. 
 (mark), xinsu, 6. 
 
 Vex, see irritate. 
 
 Vexation, n. y makaxi, pi. 8. 
 anger of, ekudi, 8. 
 click expressive of vexation, munti- 
 ozo, 3. 
 
 to make, v. y tiozona. 
 
 Vibrate, v. y zakama. 
 and chatter together, zazala. 
 
 Vice (bad habit), n. y fu (6, ki-) -ambi. 
 (sin), nsoki, 4. 
 
 (tool), lukwatu, 10. 
 
 (wickedness), bi, 12. 
 
 (wildrecklessness), umpumbulu, 12 ; 
 untunduluki, 12 ; untentaxi- 
 alu, 12 ; unkita, 12. 
 
Vic-Wag 
 
 ( 232 ) 
 
 Vicious, a., -ambi. 
 person (wild, reckless), n., kimpu- 
 mbulu, 5; ntunduluki, 2 ; 
 ntentaxialu, 2 ; kinkita, 5. 
 
 Victorious, be, v., sunda e ngolo 
 (2), yelesa. 
 
 Victory, zz., sunda, 9. 
 
 Victuals, zz., dia, 9. 
 
 (rations), nkuta, 2. 
 
 View, v., mona (see), tala (look), 
 zz., mbona, 2. 
 
 (fine view), tunda, 6. 
 
 (place whence a fine view may be 
 obtained), lumweno, 10 ; • va 
 lumweno va lumoni (10). 
 
 Vigilant, a., yo meso meso, -anga- 
 ngu. 
 
 be, v., vengojioka, visa 0 meso 
 
 (pl- 7 ). 
 
 Vigorous, a ., -efuka, -angolo. 
 
 Vigorously, adv ., ku ngolo, beni, 
 beni-beni. 
 
 Vigour, n ., efuka, 8 ; ngolo, 2. 
 
 Vile, a., -ambi, -ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Vileness, zz., bi, 12. 
 
 Vilify, v ., tumba, kumba. 
 
 Village, zz., evata, 8 ; see town. 
 
 Villain, n ., muntu (1) -ambi. 
 
 Vindicate (justify), 2/., lungisa. 
 
 (prove right), songesa. 
 
 (revenge), landa e kunda (6). 
 
 Vine (lliana), zz., nxinga, 4 ; nxinga 
 a vinyo, vinyo, 2 (P. vinho). 
 
 Vinegar, zz., vinika, 2 (Eng.). 
 
 Vineyard, zz., mpatu (2) a vinyo. 
 
 Violence, zz., ngolo, 2. 
 take by, 2/., kutumuna. 
 
 Violent, a., see furious, great, strong, 
 death, or accidental, zz., fwa (9) 
 kwasungu, 6 . 
 
 Violently, cidv., ku ngolo. 
 
 Virgin, zz., ndumba, 2 = a young 
 woman ; no word has yet been 
 found for “ virgin,” this is the 
 nearest possible. 
 
 Virginity, zz., kindumba, 5 ; undu- 
 mba, 12 ; the condition of being 
 a young woman. 
 
 Virtue (goodness), zz., mbote, 2; 
 fu (pl. 6) yabiza. 
 
 Virtue, continued. 
 
 (integrity), songa, 9. 
 
 in virtue of, muna diambu dia. 
 
 Virtuous, a., -ambote, -asonga. 
 be (upright), v., songa. 
 
 Viscera, zz., ndia, 4. 
 
 Viscid, be, v., tantumuka. 
 
 Visible, be, v., moneka, monakana. 
 
 Vision, zz., mbona, 2. 
 
 (imaginary), sampusampu, 6. 
 (sight), mona, 9. 
 
 Visit, v., monana. 
 zz., mbonana, 2. 
 
 Visitor (friend), zz., nkundi, 1 ; ma- 
 kangu, pl. 8. 
 
 (stranger), nzenza, 2. 
 
 V ital, a., -amoyo. 
 
 Vitality, zz., jingu, 6. 
 
 Vivacious, a., -anzunzu. 
 
 Vivacity, zz., nzunzu, 2. 
 
 Voandzeia subterranea, zz., etubu, 8. 
 plant of, esakila, 8 (dia etubu). 
 
 Vocation, zz., salu, 6. 
 
 Voice, zz., ndinga, 2. 
 raise the, v., kasumuna e ndinga. 
 shrill, falsetto, a., -andwelo. 
 
 speak in a, v., kekeleka e ndinga. 
 (sound), zz., ezu, 8. 
 
 Void, a., -ankatu, -ampavala, -anana. 
 
 Vomit, v., luka. 
 zz., lukudi, 6, pl. 
 
 Vow, see oath, promise. 
 
 Voyage, see expedition. 
 
 Vulture (gypohierax), zz., mbemba, 
 2. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wad, zz., ekaku, 8. 
 
 Waddle, v., takala. 
 
 Wade, v., diata omu maza. 
 
 Wag, v., niunga, nikuna. 
 
 Wage war, v., nwana e vita (2). 
 Wager, zz., nkonkola, 4 ; nkiedi, 2. 
 lay a, v., fia. 
 together, fiafiana. 
 
 Wages, zz., mfutu, 2 ; mfitu, 2 ; ki- 
 bwanga, 5. 
 
( 233 ) 
 
 Wag-War 
 
 Waggon, n., ekalu, 8 (P. carro). 
 
 Wagtail, n., ntambwankala, 4. 
 
 Wail, v., dila. 
 n., dilu, 6. 
 
 Waist, luketo, 10. 
 
 Wait, v., dingalala, dingama. 
 for, vinga, kinga, beka. 
 lie in wait, kika. 
 on, at table, sadila. 
 
 Wake, see awake. 
 
 Wale, n., mvimbila, 4. 
 
 Walk, v., diata. 
 
 n., nkangala, 2 ; nkiya, 2. 
 about, v., kangala, kiya, kwenda 
 akiyi. 
 
 lame, v., zodinga, tedinga. 
 painfully and slowly, kenketa. 
 slowly, womboka. 
 and with short steps, as one very 
 weak, nangana. 
 take a, kangala, kiya. 
 
 (toddle), kwenda e ntende. 
 (waddle), takala. 
 
 (wander), vumvula, bumbula. 
 with the legs straddling, tamvnna. 
 
 Walking stick, see staff. 
 
 Wall, n., yaka, 6. 
 
 (fence), lumbu, 10. 
 
 -plate, mboma, 2. 
 
 Wallow, v., tampalala. 
 
 Wander, v., vumvula, bumbula. 
 about under the grass or in a wood, 
 vwamvwana. 
 in mind, wazumuna. 
 
 (roam), tungiana, dengiana, yu- 
 ngana. 
 
 Wane (of the moon), v., tava e tombe 
 
 ( 6 ). 
 
 Waning moon, n ., ngonde (2) ama- 
 lekaleka. 
 
 Want, v., vava. 
 
 (ask for), lomba, vinga. 
 be in, sukama. 
 
 n., sukama, 9. 
 
 (come for), v., kwijila. 
 do not want to, ngongo (2), with the 
 pers. poss. pronoun ; I do not 
 want to, ngongwame (my dis¬ 
 like). 
 
 (go for), kwendela. 
 
 Want, continued. 
 
 (have need of, have a use for), vwa 
 0 nkinji (4). 
 
 (lack), konda. 
 
 (seek), vava, tomba. 
 to, zola. 
 
 Wanted, be not (in surfeit), 2/.,boloka. 
 War, n., vita, 2. 
 v., nwana e vita. 
 
 (fight, row, battle), njingu, 4. 
 
 Ward off, v., kambula. 
 
 Warm, a., ye kididi (5), e kiungula 
 (5), -atiya, -yalamene. 
 be, yalama. 
 
 feel, mona e kiukusa (5). 
 
 (in the sun, air), yanika (oku mwi- 
 ni). 
 
 (lukewarm), -alavuka, -alebuka, 
 -alebulwa. 
 
 be, v., lavuka, lebuka, lebulwa. 
 make, lebula. 
 
 one’s self (bask), yetela ; he is gone 
 to warm himself at the fire, 
 
 tiya twandi kele yetela. 
 up again, yandula, yamuna. 
 Warmth, n., kididi, 5 ; kiungula, 5 ; 
 mungula, 3 (pi. miungula). 
 (heat), mbangaji, 2 ; tiya, pi. 10 
 (fire). 
 
 (of sunshine or in a room), kiukusa, 
 
 5 * 
 
 Warn against ever doing,2/.,kandika; 
 he warned me against ever 
 going, wankandikidi vo kiye- 
 ndi kwame ko. 
 
 (make aware of), lukisa, temwena. 
 (threaten), xinxikila. 
 
 Warned, be, v., luka. 
 
 Warning, lutemweno, 10. 
 
 Warp (bend in drying), v.t ., banji- 
 dika. 
 
 v.i., banzalala. 
 
 (contract, shrivel), fiantalakana. 
 
 v.t., fiantalakesa. 
 
 (in things woven), n., mpusu (2) za- 
 ntongeka. 
 
 Warrior, n., ekesa, 8 . 
 
 Wart, n., mbwindimbwindi, 2 & 11. 
 Wary, a., -amvengojioki, -anduka. 
 be, v., luka. 
 
War-Way 
 
 ( 234 ) 
 
 Wary, continued. 
 
 (look, glance round), sampuka. 
 (prudent), lungalala. 
 
 (watchful), vengojioka, kempoji- 
 oka (incessantly looking about). 
 
 Was, v., past tense of, to be, see be. 
 
 Wash, v., siikula. 
 
 (a wound with hot water), futa, bu- 
 bila. 
 
 (bathe), yowela, yunga, yobela 
 
 (Bako.). 
 
 -boy, -jack, n., lavadelo, 2 (P. la- 
 vandeiro). 
 
 (eat without washing the hands)', v., 
 dia e kidiaima. 
 out (rinse), sukumuna. 
 
 (rub, and pound in washing), nika. 
 
 Washerman, n., lavadelo, 2 (P. la- 
 vandeiro). 
 
 Wasp, n ., nkenge (2) ambatikina, 
 mfingi (4) anzambi, etampa- 
 kasa, 8 ; dingungu, 7. 
 
 Waste, v.t., vondesela, buma, bu- 
 nga (spoil). 
 
 (grow less), v.i., ninga, lala (wear). 
 
 (thin), tanda. 
 
 of water, n., eyalanganga, 8. 
 
 Watch, v ., yingila. 
 
 (be sitting up), tongalala. 
 
 (by the sick), yelesa. 
 
 (guard), lunda. 
 
 (keep awake), kiesa 0 meso (pi. 7). 
 (look after), tala, lunga, langidila, 
 tungununa. 
 
 (a pot on the fire), lungidila. 
 (timepiece), n., lolonji, 2 (P. re- 
 logio). 
 
 Watchful, be, v., visa 0 meso 
 (pi. 7), vengojioka (wary), lnka, 
 kempojioka (always looking 
 about), kala yo meso meso. 
 
 Watchman, n., nyingidi, 1 & 4 ; 
 nlundi, 1 & 4 (guard). 
 
 Water, n ., maza, pi. 7 ; nlangu, 4, 
 sing. 
 
 Duala, madiba. 
 
 Herero, o-meva. 
 
 Kibwende, mamba, pi. 7 ; mkoko, 
 4 - 
 
 Kiteke, madza, adza. 
 
 Water, continued. 
 
 Kiyansi, mai. 
 
 Loango, nlangu, 4. 
 
 Luwumbu, madia. 
 
 Mayombe, matonti, pi. 8. 
 
 Mfanwe, majim. 
 
 Mpalabala, dikwangu, 7; nsu- 
 mpu, 4. 
 
 Mpongwe, anlingo. 
 
 Swahili, maji. 
 
 Zulu, a-manzi. 
 
 Umbundu, menya, o-vava. 
 cascade of, nteleka, 4. 
 cataract of, ekumbila, 8 ; kieji, 5* 
 -closet, nzo (2) andwelo. 
 cooler (earthen porous bottle), mvu- 
 
 ngu, 4. 
 
 course, nkukwila, 4 ; lubulu, 10 
 
 (small). 
 
 fall, nteleka, 4. 
 fetch, v., teka 0 maza. 
 make, jena, suba. 
 
 (plants,garden), xia or yitila o maza. 
 proof, a., ke -kotanga maza ko. 
 
 coat, n., lunkumfu, 10. 
 tight, a., ke -fumanga 0 maza ko. 
 (urine), n., manjene, pi. 7 ; masuba, 
 pi. 8 . 
 
 Watery, a., yo maza. 
 
 Wattles of a fowl, n ., luinda, 10. 
 Wave, n ., evuku, 8 . 
 
 Waver, see uncertain, be. 
 
 Wax, n., maji (pi. 7) nia wiki; sela, 
 2 (P. cera). 
 
 Way, n., njila, 2 ; see path. 
 
 be in the family-way, v., vilama 
 (a euphemism). 
 
 get out of the way, katuka omu 
 njila. 
 
 in, n., ekotelo, 8 ; nkotelo, 2. 
 in the same way, diawa dimoxi. 
 in this, that way, adv ., nana, wau. 
 lead the way, v., vita kuna ntu 
 
 ( 4 ). 
 
 (manner), «., fu, 6 ; nza, 4* 
 near, short way, njila anzaki. 
 out, evaikilu, 8. 
 
 the way to, njila a; the way to 
 Ngombe, njila a Ngombe. 
 Wayfarer, n ., mundutianjila, 3. 
 
( 235 ) 
 
 Way-We i 
 
 Waylay (to catch), v., kika. 
 
 (to kill), fumba. 
 
 Waylayer (to catch), n., mhaki, 
 i & 4 - 
 
 (to kill), mfumbi, 2. 
 
 Wayward, see perverse. 
 
 We ,pron., yeto, oyeto. 
 
 subjective prefixes, tu-, twa-. 
 ourselves, yeto kweto, yeto kibeni 
 or veka. 
 
 we... ourselves, use the reflexive form ; 
 we shall kill ourselves, sa twayi- 
 vonda. 
 
 Weak, p., -yovoka, -tovoka, -yoya. 
 be, v., yovoka, tovoka, yoya. 
 
 (flaccid), lebuka. 
 
 (weary), see weary. 
 
 Weaken, v., yovona, tovola. 
 
 Weakness, n., mayovoka, pi. 8; 
 tovoka, 9 ; yoya, 9. 
 
 Wealth, n., mbongo, 2; vwa, 9. 
 (wealthiness), umvwama, 12. 
 
 Wealthy, a., -anivwama. 
 person, n., mvwama, 2; xina, 6. 
 
 Wean, v.t., taula. 
 
 Weaned, be, v., tauka. 
 
 Weapon, n., nwaninwa, 6 ; see gun, 
 bow, spear, &c. 
 
 Wear, v., vwata. 
 a large cloth, yutumuka. 
 
 (last), jinga. 
 
 manners of wearing cloths ; see 
 dress. 
 
 out, away, v.i., lala. 
 v.t., ladisa. 
 
 Weariness, n., mabibi, pi. 8 ; mafu- 
 nga, pi. 8 ; mayovoka, pi. 8. 
 
 Weary, be, v., to (6 ki-) nioka, yela 
 or mona 0 mabibi or mayovo¬ 
 ka or mafunga, yovoka, to¬ 
 voka. 
 
 (be sleepy, nap), tonza. 
 
 Weather, a dull day, n., mbombo, 2. 
 a fine day, nkamba, 4 ; if it is fine 
 to-day, unu vo (kuma) kuleka 
 0 nkamba. 
 
 a very rainy day, mfumbula, 4. 
 
 Weave, v., kuba. 
 in the woof, kwasa. 
 
 Web, n., wanda, 13 (pi. manda). 
 
 Wed, v., sompa, kwela (Bako.). 
 
 Wedding, n., longo (10) lusompwa. 
 dowry (the sum paid by the husband 
 to the parents of the bride), 
 nkama (2) a longo. 
 feast, nkinji (4) a longo. 
 
 Wedge, n., mpaln, 2. 
 
 Wedlock, n., longo, 10. 
 live in (of women only), kala Oku 
 longo. 
 
 Wednesday, n., kieya, 5. 
 
 Weed, v., sakula, sakwila. 
 
 Weeds (dry), n., titi, 6. 
 clear away, v., wungulula. 
 which have been pulled up, n., ngu- 
 ngulula, 2. 
 
 Week, n. The Kongo week consists 
 of 4 days only ; nkandu, 2 ; 
 konzo, 13 ; nkenge, 2 ; nsona, 
 2 or mpangala, 2. 
 
 this day next week, nlungi (4) a- 
 
 (stating the name of to-day). 
 
 The Christian week is spoken of 
 as Inmingo, 10 (P. Domingo 
 Sunday) ; for names of days, 
 see Monday, &c. 
 
 Weep, v., dila. 
 for, about, didila. 
 for each other, dilajiana. 
 
 Weeper, n., ndidi, 1 & 4 ; nkwa (1) 
 dilu. 
 
 Weeping, n., diln, 6; kinsanga, 5, 
 (crying, tears collectively). 
 
 Weevil, n., knlukukn, 5. 
 palm-, nsombe, 2. 
 
 Weigh, v., teza, xia or teza oniu 
 balanza. 
 
 (be heavy), jita. 
 down, v.t., fumbika. 
 
 v.i., fnmbama. 
 
 (as fruit), v.t., zembola, ze- 
 mbnla. 
 
 v.i., zemboka, zembuka. 
 
 Weight, n., ejitu, 8 ; mfinga, 2 ; 
 vindu, 6 ; demo, 6 (Bako.). 
 
 Weightily (of a blow), adv., kuna 
 efuka (8) ; kuna kumfu (6). 
 
 Weighty,#., -ejitu, -amfinga, -ademo 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (of influence), nkwa bula (6). 
 
Wei-Whe 
 
 ( 236 ) 
 
 Weir, n., nkaku, 2. 
 
 Welcome, interj., tukayixi; see 
 salute. 
 
 v., kayisa. 
 
 Weld, v.t ., yikakesa. 
 v.i., yikakana. 
 
 Well, adv., beni. 
 
 as well as (also), musungula ; mpe 
 after the word or clause with 
 which it is associated, 
 be, v., kukolela, leka (sleep hence). 
 do, toma; carry well, toma nata. 
 get, of, sasuka, vuluka, vula, ve- 
 voka, vevuka, kolela, leka, 
 sampuka, see also recover. 
 
 (hole for water), n., xima, 6 . 
 known, be, v., yaya, tunda. 
 well... then, tuku, tu ; well come 
 then, wizanga tuku (note the 
 effect on the accent). 
 
 West, kuna kudimukinanga e nta- 
 ngwa. 
 
 Wet,/., -zomba, -yondama, -yenda- 
 ma. 
 
 a., -amvutu (damp). 
 v., zombesa, yondeka, yendeka, 
 vunga (soak). 
 
 be, v., zomba, yondama, yendama, 
 vungama (soak), 
 get, yondalala, zombalala. 
 
 weather, n., mvilla, 2 (rain). 
 see also damp. 
 
 Whale, n ., etele, 8. 
 
 Wharf, n., etombwelo, 8 . 
 
 What, ftron., nki, nkia (before a 
 noun). 
 
 for what reason, see why. 
 
 (that which), see that, those, 
 for, see why. 
 
 what is he doing, nkia mfunu 
 kesala. 
 
 what is his name, nkumbu andi 
 nani. 
 
 what is it, nkia kiuma. 
 what is this, nki kiokio. 
 what (matter), adieyi, nkia diambu 
 (7), aweyi, nkia uma (12). 
 what (thing), -akieyi, nkia lekwa 
 (6) or kiuma (5). 
 
 Whatever, whatsoever, ftron., konso, 
 
 Whatever, continued. 
 
 with the simplest forms of the 
 demonstrative pronouns. 
 
 (all), -awanso. 
 
 Wheat, n., masa,//. 7 ; see maize. 
 
 Wheel, n., ekalu, 8 (P. carro). 
 barrow, ekalu, 8. 
 
 Wheeze, v., swengena. 
 
 Wheezing, n., nswengenia, 2. 
 
 Whelp, n., mwana, 1. 
 
 When, adv., as (just as), una. 
 
 (at what time ?), nkia ntangwa or 
 lumbu (day) tfrngonde (month) 
 or mvu (year). 
 
 (if, uncertain), VO, 0 V 0 . 
 
 (whenever, certain ), ova. 
 
 Whence, adv., kweyi, akweyi, veyi, 
 aveyi. 
 
 (the place whence), use the locatives 
 with the applied form, see in ; 
 tell him whence you come, 
 
 unsamwina oku watukidi. 
 
 Whenever, adv., konso ntangwa or 
 lumbu. 
 
 Where, adv., kweyi, akweyi, veyi, 
 aveyi. 
 
 (the place where), use the locatives 
 kuna, muna, vana, with the 
 applied form ; see in. 
 is it, are they, 
 
 Class 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 andieyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 2 
 
 ayeyi 
 
 azeyi 
 
 3, 4 
 
 aweyi 
 
 amieyi 
 
 5,6 
 
 akieyi 
 
 ayeyi 
 
 7,8 
 
 adieyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 9 
 
 akweyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 10, 11 
 
 alueyi 
 
 atweyi 
 
 12 
 
 aweyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 13 
 
 aweyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 14 
 
 aveyi 
 
 amweyi 
 
 15 
 
 afieyi 
 
 
 Whereabout, adv., see where. 
 
 Whereat, adv., use the locatives with 
 the applied form ; see in. 
 
 (then), see then. 
 
 Whereby, adv., mu nki, with the 
 applied form. 
 
 Wherever, adv., konsoku,konsomu, 
 konsova. 
 
( 237 ) 
 
 Whe-Whi 
 
 Wherefore, advisee why? therefore. 
 
 Wherein, adv. (in which), use the 
 relative pronoun ( see which) with 
 the applied form ; the box 
 wherein I keep my clothes, e 
 nkele ina nlundilanga e 
 mvwatu miame. 
 
 interrog ., mu nki, mu nkia (before 
 nouns). 
 
 Whereof, see which. 
 
 Whereupon, adv., use the locative, 
 vana, with the applied form ; 
 see in. 
 
 (then), see then. 
 
 Wherewith, adv., use the participle 
 in the applied form ; the thing 
 wherewith they make soap, 
 
 lekwa kivangwanga e zabau. 
 interrog., muna nki, muna nkia 
 
 (before nouns). 
 
 Whet, v., lenga, lengula, lengola, 
 sekesa. 
 
 Whether,... or, conj., kana...kana, 
 kaxi...kaxi, ovo...ovo. 
 
 Whetstone, n., etadi (8) diankania. 
 
 Whey, n., maza, pi. 7 (water). 
 
 Which, pro?i. interrog., nki, which do 
 you want ? nki ozolele ? 
 nkia before nouns; which goat ? 
 
 nkia nkombo ? 
 
 ret. fir on., 
 
 Class 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 ona 
 
 ana 
 
 2 
 
 ina 
 
 jina 
 
 3,4 
 
 una 
 
 mina 
 
 5,6 
 
 kina 
 
 ina 
 
 7,8 
 
 dina 
 
 mana 
 
 9 
 
 kuna 
 
 mana 
 
 10,11 
 
 luna 
 
 tuna 
 
 12 
 
 una 
 
 una 
 
 13 
 
 una 
 
 mana 
 
 14 
 
 vana 
 
 muna 
 
 15 
 
 fina 
 
 
 Whichever, pron., konso followed 
 by the simplest forms of the 
 demonstrative pronouns, konso 
 eki, konso kina, etc. 
 
 While, whilst (while as yet), adv., 
 
 uwu, wau. 
 
 (when), see when. 
 
 While, a long, n., kolo (6) or taxi (6) 
 kingi. 
 
 after a long, adv., okalokala, nta- 
 mantama. 
 
 Whine, v., yinginina. 
 
 (as a dog), kiunga. 
 
 Whip, n., nxila, 4 ; njila, 4. 
 v., kwabula. 
 
 (beat), see beat. 
 
 Whipping, n., nkwabula, 2. 
 
 (beating), see blow, n. 
 
 Whir, v., wuna. 
 
 Whirl along, v.i., vikumuka. 
 v.i., vikimika. 
 round, v.t., zunganisa. 
 
 (twist), jetesa. 
 v.i., jeta. 
 
 Whirlpool, n., kinjingila, 5; nga- 
 mbu, 2. 
 
 Whirlwind, n., kimbongela, 5 ; sup¬ 
 posed to be caused by the pass¬ 
 ing of a ximbi, water fairy, 
 (cyclone), ndonabidi, 2 (P. tornado) 
 
 Whisk, v., kubula. 
 
 Whiskers (of a cat), n., nkyengye, 
 4 - 
 
 Whisper, v., vova e kimfundumfu- 
 ndu. 
 
 n., diambu dia kimfundumfundu. 
 
 Whistle, of wood, &c., n., mbambi, 
 2 ; pitu, 2 (P. apito). 
 
 (hunter’s) mwemvo, 3 ; mvodivodi, 
 4; mbasa, 2. 
 
 the seed capsule of a tree bored and 
 played on the principle of the 
 ocarina, evongi, 8. 
 
 (with the mouth), v., xika 0 mu- 
 mpiji; «., mumpiji, 3. 
 
 White, a., -ampembe. 
 ant, ?i., nselele, 2 ; see ant (white), 
 be, v., pemba. 
 
 become, pembuka, pemboka. 
 discoloration of the skin, chiefly on 
 the hands, ;/., lukusu, 10. 
 man, mundele, 3. 
 of egg, maza (pi. 7) ma diaki (7). 
 (pale, be), v., vembuka. 
 
 -skinned (albino), a., -andundu. 
 
 person, n., ndundu, 2. 
 very, e pekepeke (6), e ntunia (2). 
 
Whi-Wil 
 
 ( 238 ) 
 
 Whitebait, «., esenge, 8 ; nsangi, 2 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Whiteness, n., mpembe, 2. 
 (excessive), pekepeke, 6 ; ntnnia, 2. 
 
 Whither, adv., kweyi, akweyi, 
 veyi, aveyi. 
 
 (the place whither), kuna, muna, 
 vana, with the applied form. 
 
 Whitlow, balu, 6. 
 
 Who ,pron. inter., nani. 
 pron. relative , ona (sing.), ana (pi.), 
 (he who), pron., yandi. 
 
 (they who), yau. 
 
 Whoever, konso mnntn, konso 
 oyo, konso oyu; konso aya(pl). 
 
 Whole, a., -amvimha, -ankaka 
 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (all), -awanso. 
 
 Wholly, adv., nkntn. 
 
 Whom, see who. 
 
 Whore, n., nkwa (1) ngyambila (2). 
 
 Whoredom, n ., nyambila, 2. 
 
 Whoremonger, n., munta (3) zu- 
 mba. 
 
 Whose, pron., -a nani. 
 
 Whosoever ,pron., see whoever. 
 
 Why, adv. mu nkia diambu, adieyi, 
 mu nkia uma, aweyi, 
 mu nkia kuma, akieyi, 
 mu nkia mpitu, ayeyi; 
 either of these with the applied 
 form: why did you do so, adieyi 
 ovangidi wau? why = what for, 
 what did you do so for ? hence 
 constant use of the applied form, 
 that is why = therefore ; see therefore. 
 
 Whydah Bird, n ., eseke, 8. 
 in the breeding season when in full 
 feather, mpongongo, 2 ; mu- 
 nxienxiambulu, 3. 
 
 Wick, n., mpusu, 2. 
 
 Wicked, a., -ambi. 
 be, v., kala yo nsoki. 
 
 (lawless), a., -ampolakanu. 
 man, n., nkwa (1) nsoki ^rmasumu, 
 mpodi (2) ankanu. 
 
 (reckless rascal), ntunduluki, 2 ; 
 ntentaxialu, 2; kimpumbulu, 
 5 ; kinkita, 5. 
 very, a., -ambimbi-imbi. 
 
 Wickedness, n., bi, 12 ; mbi, 2 ; 
 nsoki, 4 (sin) ; masumu, pi. 8 
 (guilt). 
 
 (lawless), umpolakanu, 12. 
 (recklessness), untimduluki, 12 ; 
 untentaxialu, 12 ; umpumbu- 
 lu, 12 ; unkita, 12. 
 
 Wide, a., -ayalumuka, -asanzuka, 
 -atanduka, -asadila, ye ntau 
 (4), -anene, -ampwena (great), 
 be, v., see widen, v.i. 
 
 (of cloth), a., -ankuluka. 
 
 be, v., kuluka. 
 put wide apart, tamuna. 
 
 Widen, v.t ., yalumuna, sanzula, 
 tandula, sadisa, sanzumuna. 
 v.i., yalumuka, sanzuka, tanduka, 
 sadila, sanzumuka. 
 
 Widow, n., nkento (1) wafwilwa e 
 eyakala. 
 
 (a bereaved one), nsona, 2 ; nkento 
 (1) ansona. 
 
 Widower, n., eyakala diafwilwa 
 onkento. 
 
 one not living in wedlock, man or 
 woman, mpumpa, 2. 
 
 Widowhood (see above), n., umpu- 
 mpa, 12. 
 
 Widowhood seldom lasts long in 
 Kongo, indeed there is no 
 proper word for the state nor 
 for those thus living. 
 
 Width, n., ntau, 4 ; tanduka, 9 ; 
 sanzuka, 9 ; yalumuka, 9; 
 sanzumuka, 9. 
 
 (of cloth), nkuluka, 2. 
 
 Wife, n., nkaza, 1 ; pi., akaji. 
 fellow wife, yitu, 6. 
 
 (of a chief), mvika, 1. 
 
 Wild, a., -alau. 
 
 animal, n., mbiji (2) afuta, bulu, 6. 
 (bad), -ambi. 
 be, become, v., lauka. 
 make, laula. 
 
 (of animals), a., -afuta, -amfinda. 
 pig, n., ngulu (2) amunxitu. 
 
 herd of, nkuti (4) a ngulu. 
 (wicked, turbulent), person, n., ntu¬ 
 nduluki, 2 ; ntentaxialu, 2 ; 
 kimpumbulu, 5; kinkita, 5. 
 
( 239 ) 
 
 WlL-WlT 
 
 Wild, co?itinned. 
 
 (fierce), a ., -alunji. 
 
 Wilderness, «., makanga, pi. 8 ; 
 ekanga, 8. 
 
 (plateau country), nzanza, 4. 
 
 Wildness, n., lau, 6 ; ekaxi, 8. 
 (reckless wickedness), umpumbulu, 
 12 ; untentaxialu, 12 ; untu- 
 nduluki, 12 ; unkita, 12. 
 (fierceness), lunji, 6. 
 
 Wile, n., enekwa, 8. 
 
 (cunning), ngangu, 2. 
 
 Wilful, a., nkwa lulendo or lunku- 
 mfu. 
 
 Wilfulness (obstinacy), n ., lunku- 
 mfu, 10. 
 
 (pride), lulendo, 10. 
 
 Will, sign of future, 
 against one’s will, adv ., kuna ekudl, 
 kuna lunkulu. 
 
 (mind), n ., moyo, 3; ntima, 4 (heart), 
 the opposite to one’s will, ngongo, 2. 
 This, with the personalpronoun, 
 makes the most common re¬ 
 fusal ; I will not, ngongwame ; 
 we will not, ngongweto. 
 
 (wish), luzolo, 10. 
 
 v., zola, generally perfect. 
 
 Willing, be (agree), v., kwikila, 
 tambulwila. 
 
 (consent), vana 0 nswa (4). 
 
 Wilt, v., lengela, lebuka. 
 
 Wily, a., nkwa ngangu (2). 
 
 Win, v., baka. 
 
 (as payment of a bet), vola. 
 
 (a cause, palaver), lunga (be 
 right). 
 
 (prevail), sunda. 
 
 Wince, v., saluka. 
 
 Wind, v., jinga. 
 
 (enshroud), bunda. 
 
 Wind (light), ?i., mpevelo, 2 ; mpemo, 
 2; mpeve, 2; vento, 2 (P. 
 vento). 
 
 to have spasms of, v., bikula (of 
 infants only). 
 
 -pipe, mvuvu, 4. 
 strong, tembwa, 6 ; lunga, 10. 
 (storm), vento (2) a mvula. 
 
 Windfall, n., esotokela, 8. 
 
 Winding, n., nkondoloka, 2. 
 a., -ampionda. 
 be, v., kondoloka, viondoka. 
 Window, n., janela, 2 (P. janella). 
 Windward, to, adv., kuna tembwa. 
 Wine (grape), ?i., vinyo, 2 (P. vinho). 
 (palm), malavu, pi. 8; see palm 
 wine. 
 
 Wing (of bird), n., eve, 8 ; epapi, 8. 
 (of insect), nsala, 2 & 11. 
 case, baula, 6. 
 
 struggle and flap the wings, v., 
 
 dada. 
 
 Wink, v., laba, laya. 
 
 (raise the eyebrows), laulwila, 
 lawila. 
 
 Winner, n ., ona olungidi (he who 
 wins). 
 
 Winnow, v., veva. 
 
 Wipe, v., kungula. 
 off (something wet and sticky), 
 
 kunguna. 
 out, vunzuna. 
 
 1 t 
 
 [the nose (k la mode)], vemba. 
 
 (with handkerchief), kunguna. 
 Wire, brass, n., mpusu (2) zantaku ; 
 see also brass rods, 
 copper, mpusu zansongo. 
 iron, mpusu zatadi. 
 ring (coil), ndamba, 2. 
 
 Wisdom, n., zayi, 12. 
 
 (craft), ngangu, 2. 
 
 (prudence), lulungalalu, 10; lunga- 
 lala, 9. 
 
 Wise, a., -azayi. 
 
 person, n., nzayi, 1 & 4 ; nkwa (1) 
 zayi. 
 
 Wish (desire), v ., zola generally per¬ 
 fect. 
 
 n., zolela, 6 . 
 for, v., zola. 
 
 (want, need), vava. 
 
 (have a use for), vwa 0 nkinji (4). 
 not wish for, saula, nukwa. 
 to keep a thing, tatamena. 
 Wishful, be very, for, v., moyo (3, 
 u-) babala or jina ; jinisa or 
 babadisa 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Witch, ?i., ndoki, 2 ; also nxingi, 4, 
 see over leaf. 
 
Wit—Wom 
 
 ( 240 ) 
 
 Witch, continued. 
 
 v., loka. 
 
 weave the spell, fina, bolota. 
 -craft, n., kindoki, 5. 
 doctor. During sickness a doctor 
 is called in who ascertains 
 whether it is due to witchcraft 
 or a simple ailment ; he is called 
 nganga (2) a moko ; to consult 
 him, tesa 0 moko. He pre¬ 
 tends to ascertain who the witch 
 is, but does not mention names; 
 such an undeclared witch is 
 nxingi, 4. Death, or in some 
 parts, continued sickness, in¬ 
 duces the relatives to consult 
 further, tesa e ngombo (2), and 
 for that purpose call the nganga 
 (2) a ngombo, whose duty it is 
 to ascertain and declare the 
 witch, tubula or tumbula e 
 ndoki. To drink the ordeal 
 poison, nna or dia e nkasa (2). 
 The bundle of charms of nganga 
 a ngombo, esalu, 8 ; his drum, 
 dingwinti, 7 ; one of his assist¬ 
 ants, esamba, 8 ; those who go 
 to fetch him, mbaku, 4 ; the 
 fee they carry, nsusu ye tanu. 
 
 With, prep., a combination of ya with 
 the article, the a eliding leaves 
 ye, yo, and ya (personal); when 
 used in a negative sentence 
 there is no article, and ya 
 remains ; he went with his gun, 
 wele yo nkele andi; he did 
 not go with a gun, kayele ya 
 nkele ko. 
 
 (of the agent), muna, omu ; he made 
 it with water, ovangidi kio 
 muna maza; with his eyes, 
 muna meso mandi. 
 
 It is often understood in the root 
 of verbs, he hit me with a stick, 
 ungwende 0 nti. 
 
 “one road with,” e njila moxi yo. 
 with child, young, see pregnant. 
 
 Withdraw, v.t., katula. 
 
 v.i., katuka. 
 
 a charge from a gun, v.t ., zokola. 
 
 Wither, v.i., lengela (wilt), vokoka, 
 lebuka (be limp), 
 cause to, v.t., lengelesa, lebula. 
 
 Withhold, v., ximba. 
 
 (something belonging to another), 
 
 tatamena. 
 
 Within, prep., use the locatives muna 
 and kuna; see in. 
 
 (inside), muna kati kwa, muna 
 ngudi a. 
 
 within reach, put it within (my) 
 reach, xia kio vana mfwete 
 kio bakila. 
 
 Without, prep., ku or kuna, va or 
 vana mbaji a (2). 
 adv., ku (&c.) mbaji. 
 be (lack), lemba (with verbs), le- 
 mbwa (with nouns), kondwa 
 (with nouns), kambwa (Bako.). 
 be (not with), ke kala ya ko. 
 (lacking), a., -lembwa, -kondwa, 
 -kambwa (Bako.). 
 without...-ing, ke mu; 3 days with¬ 
 out eating, lumbu tatu ke mu 
 dia. 
 
 ke (without the second particle 
 of negation), He came with¬ 
 out being called, wijidi yandi 
 kabokelwa; he bought it 
 without paying for it, osumbidi 
 kio kiau kafutidi njimbu. 
 
 Withstand, v., fila e mpaka (2). 
 
 Witness, n., mbangi, 2 (person), 
 bear, v., ludika. 
 
 bear false, vunina; kangidila 0 
 mambu (7, falsely accuse). 
 
 (see), v., mona. 
 
 (the testimony), n., luludiku, 10. 
 
 Wits, n., zayi, 12. 
 be at one’s wits’ end, ke kala OWU 
 ko ; he is at his wits’ end how 
 to make it, kena owu kavanga 
 kio ko. 
 
 Wizard, see witch. 
 
 Woe (trouble), n., mpaxi, 2 ; ntantu, 
 2 ; bititi, 12 (misery). 
 
 WOLF (or large jackal hunting in 
 packs, there is no true wolf), n., 
 
 dievwa, 7. 
 
 Woman, n., nkento, 1. 
 
( 241 ) 
 
 WOM-WOR 
 
 Woman, continued. 
 
 childless, barren, nkento axita. 
 one who has borne children (middle 
 aged), boba, 6. 
 
 one who ceases to bear, fwanima, 6. 
 recently confined, mwalakaji, 3 ; 
 the term is generally applied as 
 long as she suckles her child; 
 her house is called kialakaji, 5. 
 young woman, ndumba, 2. 
 
 Womanhood, n., kikento, 5 ; kinke- 
 nto, 5. 
 
 Womb, ndia (4) ambuti. 
 
 (belly), vumu, 6. 
 
 Wonder, n ., exivi, 8 ; ekumbu, 8. 
 v., kumba, xivika. 
 
 Wonderful, a., -exivi, -ekumbu, 
 -kumbwa. 
 
 Wonderfully, be, v., toma ; it is 
 wonderfully made, eki kiatoma 
 kumpama. 
 
 Woo, v., lenga 0 malengo (pi. 8). 
 
 Wood, n., mfinda, 2. 
 ash (calcined), ntoto (4) ampolo. 
 (charcoal), makala, pl.8; mavolo, 
 pi. 8. 
 
 -cock, see plantain-eater. 
 
 (copse), sapala, 6. 
 fire-, nkuni, 2 & 11. 
 fetch, v., tiama e nkuni. 
 log of, n., lukuni, 11 & 2; vimpa, 
 6 ; evindi, 8 (large) 
 half-burnt, xixi, 6. 
 garden cleared in a wood, esole, 8. 
 
 to clear such, v., sosa. 
 great (forest), n., mfinda (2) a ma- 
 zamba. 
 
 place where a town once stood, 
 generally in a clump of trees, 
 ezumbu, 8. 
 
 Wooden, a., -anti. 
 
 Woodpecker, n ., mbobobo, 2. 
 
 Woof, n., mpusu (2) zankambika. 
 
 Wool, n., wika, 12 & 11 (luika); 
 mika, pi. 3. 
 
 Woollen cloth, n., evunga, 8. 
 
 Woolly hair, n., nsuki (2) za inji- 
 ngela. 
 
 Word, n., diambu, 7 ; uma, 12. 
 bring, v., nata 0 nsamu (4). 
 
 Word, continued. 
 fair words, n., malengo, pi. 8. 
 have words (quarrel), v., zonza. 
 Work, v., sala. 
 n., salu, 6 . 
 for, v., sadila. 
 
 each other, sadijiana. 
 in metal, fula. 
 
 Worker, n., nsadi, 1 & 4. 
 (hard-working person), kisadi, 5. 
 in metal, ngangula, 2. 
 skilful, skilled, mwana (1) ambangu, 
 mbangu, 2. 
 
 in making small things, nkete, 2. 
 Workmanship, n., umbangu, 12; 
 
 unkete, 12. 
 
 World, n., nza, 2. 
 in, on the world, adv., ovanxi, va- 
 nanxi. 
 
 to the world, okunxi, kunanxi. 
 Worldly, a ., -anza. 
 
 Worm, «.,nsalu ; 2 ; niania, 6 ; kini- 
 ania, 5 ; mwadi, 3 (Kib.). 
 along (move as a worm), v., lamba- 
 ta. 
 
 intestinal, n., nioka (2) a moyo. 
 
 (ascaris), ediongololo, 8; nseta, 4. 
 of a screw, mvu, 4. 
 
 Worn out, a., -afwa. 
 
 Worry (annoy), v., tokanisa, nanga- 
 nisa, nangika. 
 
 (be anxious), teleka 0 moyo (3). 
 (trouble), mwesa e mpaxi (2), ta- 
 ntika. 
 
 n., see trouble. 
 
 Worse, a., -sundidi e mbi. 
 be, become (in sickness), v., saka. 
 get worse and worse, bwangana. 
 Worship, v., samba (pray). 
 n., sambu, 6. 
 
 Worshipper, ?i., nsambi, 1 & 4. 
 Worth, n ., ntalu, 2. 
 be, v., fwa. 
 
 what is it worth ? nki kifwa ? 
 (dearness), ?i., mbalu, 4. 
 Worthless, a., ke ya mfunu ko. 
 be (through superabundance), v., 
 
 boloka. 
 
 person, see wicked. 
 
 Worthy, be, v ., fwana. 
 
 r 
 
Wou-Yea 
 
 ( 242 ) 
 
 Would, use the future subjunctive : 
 he said that he would come to¬ 
 morrow, edi kavovele mbaji 
 kekwiza ; he said that he would 
 come to meet me, edi kavovele 
 mono kekwiza wanana yandi- 
 would have, use the present perfect : 
 
 I thought that he would have 
 arrived, edi mbenze olueke 
 kala ; if I had not held him, 
 he would have fallen, kala ki- 
 nximbi ko nga obwidi; see 
 kala and adi, Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Wound (cut), ta, lueka. 
 
 (as a missile), tela muna. . 
 make a, bunganisa. 
 
 (of bullet), zz., evundu, 8. 
 
 (of knife), vwa, 6. 
 
 (shoot at and wound), ta, telesa. 
 (sore), zz., vuma, 14. 
 
 Wound round, be, ta, jingama. 
 
 Wounded, be, ta, bnngana. 
 
 (by a knife), luala. 
 
 (by a missile), tela, 
 person, animal, zz., ntewa, 2. 
 the place where an animal stood 
 when it received the wound, 
 evuku, 8. 
 
 Wrangle, ta, tantana, yokosa 
 
 (shout). 
 
 Wrangling, n ., ntantani, 2. 
 
 Wrap, 7/., jinga. 
 
 (a corpse in cloth), bunda. 
 
 (dress oneself), vwata. 
 
 up in (tie up in), kanga vana. 
 
 Wrapper (blanket), zz., evunga, 8. 
 (canvas of bale), ngoto, 2. 
 
 Wrath, zz., ekudi, 8 ; makaxi, pi. 
 
 8 . 
 
 be full of, 7/., sukwa e ekudi. 
 
 Wreck, ta/., mwangalakesa. 
 
 Wrecked, be, v.t., mwangalakana. 
 
 Wrench off, 7/., zunta, zutuna. 
 
 (pull), tunta. 
 
 Wrestle, 7/., bimbana, yimbana. 
 (struggle), nwana. 
 
 Wretch (bad, wicked person), see 
 wicked person. 
 
 Wretchedness, zz., bititi, 12 . 
 
 Wriggle along, 7/., lambata. 
 
 Wriggle, conti?iued. 
 
 (as a hooked fish), papala. 
 
 (as a wounded snake), bambala. 
 
 Wring in the hands, 7 /., tukuna. 
 off, zunta, zutuna. 
 out, kamuna, kama. 
 round, zeka. 
 
 Wrinkled, be, ta, fitama, fiantala- 
 kana. 
 
 Wrist, zz., nxingu (2) a koko (9). 
 
 Write, ta, soneka, sona. 
 
 Writer, zz., nsoneki, 1 & 4. 
 
 Writing, zz., sono, 6. 
 
 Writhe, 7 /., bambala. 
 
 Wrong, be in the, 7/., yela. 
 declare to be in the, yelesa. 
 
 (do wrong to), kota (0 muntu) 0 
 nsoki (4). 
 
 doer, nkwa (1) nsoki. 
 doing (sin), zz., nsoki, 4- 
 (grievance), lutantu, 10. 
 lead, 7 /., tungianisa. 
 
 (transgression, being in the wrong), 
 zz., ngyelele, 2. 
 
 Wronged, be, feel, 7 /., vwa 0 luta¬ 
 ntu. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yam, zz., kwa, 6 ; kwa (6) kianguvu. 
 wild, sadi, 6. 
 
 Yard, zz., pau, 2 (P. pao) ; see fathom, 
 (courtyard), yanzala, 6. 
 
 Yawn, zz., mwaya, 3. 
 
 7 /., ta 0 mwaya. 
 
 Yaws, zz., mata, 4 ; nkudi, 2 ; nkuba, 
 2. 
 
 joint swollen by, nlengo, 4. 
 
 Ye,/zwz., yeno, oyeno. 
 in construction, subjective prono¬ 
 minal prefix, nu- nwa-. 
 ye yourselves, yeno kweno or kibe- 
 ni or veka. 
 
 ye...yourselves, use the reflexive 
 form : ye will kill yourselves, 
 sa nwayivonda. 
 
 Yea, inter]., elo, ingeta. 
 
( 243 ) 
 
 Ye a- You 
 
 Year, n., mvu, 4. The Kongo year 
 is short and indefinite, and 
 signifies rather a season ; it is, 
 however, freely used for our 
 year by those who know any¬ 
 thing of our reckoning ; to be 
 explicit, mvu amputu (white 
 man’s year) or ngonde kumi ye 
 tatu (thirteen moons) will serve- 
 after, in...years ; after three years, 
 mvu ntatu miluta i boxi. 
 
 Yearly, a ., -amvu ya mvu. 
 
 Yell, v., kaza, yabana, xia e nkolo- 
 16 (2). 
 
 n ., kazu, 6 ; nkololo, 2. 
 
 Yellow, a ., -antoto aeyenga (-antd- 
 tweyenga). 
 
 (bright, as lolo root), -ansole a lolo. 
 
 Yelp, v., tata, twenga. 
 
 Yes, inter elo ; or more respectfully, 
 ingeta, inga, or ika (Bako.). 
 
 Yesterday, n ., ezono, 8 . 
 the day before, ezuji, 8 . 
 the day before that, ezuji kina 
 (ezuji lumbU kina). 
 
 Yet, although...yet, see although. 
 
 (but), conj ., kanxi. 
 never yet, ke.. .nkutuko yamu unu; 
 I have never yet seen a white 
 man, kiamwene kwame mu- 
 ndele nkntu ko yamu unu. 
 not yet, ke -akanini ko, yanginu 
 ke...ko; yakini ke...ko, ke... 
 ete ko (Bako.); he has not yet 
 come, kakanini luaka ko or 
 yanginu kalueke ko; the goats 
 have not yet come, e nkombo 
 ke zakanini luaka ko. 
 not yet enough, ke -afwene ko ; ^ 
 is not yet time to go, ntangwa 
 a kwenda ke yafwene ko. 
 (still, now too), wau mpe; I am 
 living there yet, wau mpe kwa- 
 kuna nkalanga. 
 
 Yield (of plants, trees), v., yima. 
 in abundance, bwisa e mbongo (2). 
 (surrender), sakila, yela. 
 
 Yielded in abundance, be, v., bwa. 
 
 Yielding (pliant), a., -anlevi. 
 be, v., leva. 
 
 Yolk, n buma, 6 ; kingudi, 5. 
 
 Yonder, adv., kuna-a, kuna-kuna-a, 
 the two finals in falsetto. 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns, and 
 the locatives, in na, express the 
 idea of distance. 
 
 You , pron.pl., yeno, oyeno. 
 
 in construction subjective pro¬ 
 nominal prefix, nu-, nwa- (nu- 
 kwenda). 
 
 objective pronominal prefix, -nu- 
 (tukunuvana). 
 
 you yourselves, yeno kweno or ki- 
 beni or veka. 
 
 you...yourselves, use the reflexive : 
 you will kill yourselves, sa nwa- 
 yivonda. 
 
 You, pron. sing ., nge, ngeye. 
 
 in construction, subjective pro¬ 
 nominal prefixes 0, U (before 
 obj. prej'.), wa. There is no 
 objective prefix for the second 
 pers. sing. ; its only sign is the 
 fact that the subjective prefix as¬ 
 sumes the form customary before 
 an objective prefix. I sent you, 
 itumini (not ntumini). 
 you yourself, nge or ngeye kwaku 
 or kibeni or veka. 
 you...yourself, use the reflexive form: 
 you will kill yourself, sa wayi- 
 vonda. 
 
 Young animal (female), n esundi 
 (8) dia, eswala (8) dia; a young 
 she goat, esundi dia nkombo. 
 (kid, cub, &c.), mwana (1) a. 
 chicken, nsweswe (4) a nsusu. 
 child, mwana (1) answa. 
 
 (early, not quite ripe), a., -answe- 
 swa. 
 
 man, n., etoko, 8. 
 
 (small), <2., -andwelo. 
 woman, n ., ndumba, 2. 
 
 Younger, a ., -ambunji (junior), 
 -ansakila. 
 
 brother or sister, 71 ., mbunji, 1 ; 
 nsakila, 2. 
 
 Your, flron. sing., -aku, -a ngeye, -a 
 nge. 
 
 pro?i. pi., -eno, -a yeno. 
 
You-Zig 
 
 ( 244 ) 
 
 Yours, pron. sing., -aku, -angeye, -a 
 
 nge, {secondary). 
 
 ftroji. pi., -eno, -a yeno, {secondary). 
 Yourself, pron., ngeye or nge kwa- 
 ku or kibeni or veka. 
 Yourselves, pron., yeno kweno or 
 kibeni or veka. 
 
 Youth (boy), n., nleke, 1 ; leke, 6 ; 
 kindende, 5. 
 
 (young man), etoko, 8. 
 (youthfulness), kileke, 5 ; nleke, 12 
 (boyhood) ; kitoko, 5 (as a 
 young man). 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zenith, vana mbata a ntu (4). 
 
 To fire a gun exactly straight up 
 overhead, xika e kintumba a 
 ezulu ; this expression does not 
 appear to be used with anything 
 else. 
 
 Zigzag (crooked), a., -atekama, -ate- 
 knmnka, -atekomoka. 
 thing, n., nioka mu lulala (“a snake 
 on a palm branch ”). 
 
KONGO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 
 
 A. 
 
 A, a particle or prefix used where 
 people or living creatures are 
 spoken of as a body, it being 
 clearly understood that all are 
 included, and are collectively 
 considered as the subject or 
 object of the verb. Yau 
 amfumu ejidi tala nge Mu- 
 ndele, these chiefs (all the 
 chiefs of the district or town) 
 have come to see you, Mundele. 
 Bokela a amfumu za nxi, call 
 all the chiefs of the country. 
 When the particle -a occurs 
 in a clause which is a simple 
 statement, possessing no other 
 verb, but the demonstrative 
 verbal particle i {see i), it be¬ 
 comes an emphatic assertion, 
 that those individuals in ques¬ 
 tion are all who exist of that 
 particular class or denomination. 
 When thus used the two par¬ 
 ticles often come together as 
 one syllable, so that i a becomes 
 ya. Yeto yamfumu, we are 
 (all) the chiefs. Yau yamfumu 
 or yau i amfumu, they are 
 (all) the chiefs. 
 
 -a may also be prefixed to the noun, 
 making it into a verbal ad¬ 
 jective, that is to say, an ad¬ 
 jective carrying with it the verb 
 “to be” understood, which must 
 receive the pronominal prefix of 
 its person or class. Used thus 
 the a is nothing more or less 
 
 -A, continued. 
 
 than the ordinary a, which enters 
 into construction of adjectives. 
 The forms for the ist and 2nd 
 persons plural are as follows :— 
 
 twa-, nwa-. 
 
 Yeto twamfumu kweto, we 
 
 are chiefs. The 3rd pers. pi. 
 does not follow exactly on these 
 lines, probably on account of 
 its clashing with the ya which 
 occurs as the combination of i 
 and a, see above. Bamfumu 
 may be used, but that is 
 probably only a makeshift, 
 the ordinary form is to leave 
 the noun without any special 
 prefix, thus : oyau mpe mfu- 
 mu, they too are chiefs. The 
 ist and 2nd pers. sing, are to 
 be found under i and u. As in 
 the case of the 3rd pers. plural 
 the singular is without any prefix, 
 a-, adjectives and participles are to 
 be found under the letter follow¬ 
 ing a ; thus -angani is found 
 in N as angani. 
 
 A, article , cl. 1 ,pL, the, a. 
 a •, prefix to nouns pi. of the 1 si class. 
 Any other prefix found on the 
 singular nounis omitted, “a” 
 taking its place ; as mbunji, 
 brother, pi. abunji. 
 a-, subj. protiom. prefix, 3rd pers. 
 sing, and pi., in all tenses but 
 the imperfect present, he, she, 
 . it, they. 
 
 -a, prep, (concording as an ordinary 
 adjective), of, about, for, con- 
 
-A-Au 
 
 ( 246 ) 
 
 -a, continued. 
 
 cerning, nkombo za mfumn, 
 
 the goats of the chief; also to, 
 in the following combination : 
 Njila a Ngombe, the road to 
 Ngombe or the Ngombe road. 
 
 -aba-, obj. p?'on. prefix, 3rd pers. p/., 
 them. 
 
 -adi, defective auxiliary verb found in 
 the form of the subjunctive 
 future preceded by the particles 
 nga or se. It implies that an 
 action might have taken place ; 
 but it is clearly understood that 
 it did not: se yadi bwa, I 
 might have fallen. When used 
 without nga or se before a sen¬ 
 tence expressed in the unnatural 
 negative (see under Ke...ko), 
 it implies that an attempt had 
 repeatedly been made without 
 success, while with the ordinary 
 negative the inference would be 
 that the attempt had never been 
 made, it having been regarded 
 as impossible, or that the action 
 referred to had never taken 
 place : yadi tanganga, miau 
 ke mitangakana, I have tried 
 over and over again to count 
 them, but they cannot be 
 counted ; (see also other in- 
 stances in Appendix, Games, 
 Esangangungu). 
 
 Aka, adv. (generally used with the 
 continuative in -anga), always, 
 ceaselessly, constantly, continu¬ 
 ally ; only, directly (nothing 
 intervening), solely. The final 
 a of the continuative form elides 
 before aka, and the accent is 
 drawn on the first syllable of 
 aka, thus : okwendanga aka 
 (pronounced okwendangaka), 
 you are always going or you 
 keep going. 
 
 -aka, see under K. 
 
 Akala, 1, n. (pi. of eyakala), men. 
 akala, a., used only with ?iouns of 
 cl. 1, pi., male. 
 
 Akento, 1, n. (pi. of nkento), women, 
 akento, a., used only with 7 iouns of 
 cl. \,pl., female. 
 
 Aki, a prefix applied to the name of 
 a person when he is spoken 
 of, and all who are with him. 
 Where the friends and com¬ 
 panions only (apart from the 
 person himself) are spoken of, 
 akwa would be used. Aki- 
 Makitu alueke, Makitu and 
 his people have come. Where 
 animals are personified or ad¬ 
 dressed aki is used, thjis , yeno 
 akinsnsn vo nukwiza muna 
 nzo ame fwa nnfwa, if you 
 fowls come into my house I 
 shall kill you (lit. you will die). 
 
 Akinani (a combination of aki, see 
 above , and nani, interrogative 
 personal pronoun), who are 
 they ? 
 
 -aku, poss. pron. of the 2nd pers. sing., 
 thy, thine, your, yours. 
 
 Akwa and -akwa, see under Nkwa. 
 
 Airman, n. (P. Alemao), a German. 
 
 Amakala, a., used only with nouns of 
 cl. 1, plural, male. 
 
 -ame, poss. pron. of the 1st pers. sing., 
 my, mine. 
 
 Amoxi, alone ; see also Moxi. 
 
 Ana, 1, n. (pi. of mwana), posterity, 
 family, children, brood. 
 
 Ana, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 1, pi., 3rd 
 pos, they who, those who. 
 an ana or awana, emph. of above. 
 
 Ana, adv., so, thus, like this, 
 ana ke kwenda or kala ana ke, 
 v., to be the same as, to be 
 exactly alike. 
 
 kwendesa or xia ana ke, v.t., to 
 make the same as, to make 
 exactly alike. 
 
 -andi, poss. pron. of the 3rd pers. 
 sing., his, her, hers. 
 
 -an, subj. & emphatic obj. pron., he, 
 she, him, her, it, they, them. It 
 is also used as an emphatic 
 placed after the verb, with the 
 personal pronouns of the 1st, 
 
( 247 ) 
 
 -Au-Aya 
 
 -au, co?itinued. 
 
 2nd, 3rd pers. plural, under the 
 forms yau and kwau for the 
 1st cl., and the usual prefixes of 
 the other classes, as zau, mau, 
 &c. Edi kavovele yeto ke- 
 kwiza wanana yau, he said 
 that he should come and meet 
 us. Edi kavovele matadi ke- 
 kwiza wanana mau, he said 
 that he would come and meet 
 the stones. 
 
 -au, poss. pron. of the 3 rd pers. pi., 
 their, theirs. 
 
 -au, combines with the demonstrative 
 pronouns to render them more 
 emphatic; kiau eki, this one 
 in particular. 
 
 From this combination we get the 
 contracted forms, awaya, awo- 
 WO and awana, which are fre¬ 
 quently used in the 1st emphatic 
 form for the 1st cl., pi. [see 
 Table II. under That, Eng.- 
 Kongo), being preferred to the 
 more exact forms of wau, 
 wowo and wauna. 
 
 -au, followed by a- prefixed to the 
 secondary form of the cardinal 
 numerals, points out a certain 
 number of things particularly 
 indicated. E nkombo zau 
 ajitatu, those three goats in 
 particular. Muna lumbu kiau, 
 akimoxi kamana kwavonda, 
 he killed them all in a single 
 day. The same idea is ex¬ 
 pressed when -au is used before 
 the numerals of the following 
 forms : — 
 
 amoxi esambanu 
 ezole ansamb wadi 
 
 etatu enana 
 
 eya evwa 
 
 etanu ekumi 
 
 -au followed by “a” combined with 
 moxi bearing the plural pre¬ 
 fixes of series No. 3, implies : 
 they are all alike, they are all 
 one (of one appearance), or the 
 
 -au, continued. 
 
 same. It appears in its con¬ 
 tracted form -awa -moxi— 
 
 Class 
 
 1 yawa amoxi. 
 
 2 zawa jimoxi 
 
 3, 4 miawa mimoxi 
 5, 6 yawa imoxi 
 7, 8, 9 mawa mamoxi 
 10, 11 twawa tumoxi 
 
 12 wawa umoxi 
 
 13 mawa mamoxi 
 
 14 mwawa mumoxi 
 Diawa dimoxi may be used 
 with any class instead of the 
 above forms. E Nzo zawa- 
 nso zawa jimoxi or e nzo 
 zawanso diawa dimoxi, all the 
 houses are alike, are exactly the 
 same. Fob - the derivatiojt of the 
 “ a ” which comes between the 
 -au and -moxi, see “ A ” [par¬ 
 ticle'). 
 
 -awa -moxi, see under au above. 
 Awana, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 1, pi., 
 3rd pos. emph., those, those 
 who, who ; see also -au. 
 -awanso, 1 a., every, all, every one, 
 -awansono, ) each, each one, the 
 the whole of them, the lot, 
 the whole lot of the —, every 
 one of the —. 
 
 Awaya, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 1, pi., 
 1st pos. emph., those, these who, 
 who ; see also -au... 
 
 -awonso, | a 
 -awonsono, j 
 
 see awanso. 
 
 Awoyo, dem. & rel. pro?i., cl. 1, pi., 
 *ind pos., emph., those, those 
 who, who ; see also -au... 
 
 Aya, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 1, pi., 1st 
 Pos., these. 
 
 au aya or awaya, emph. of above. 
 
Ba—Bak 
 
 ( 248 ) 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba-, prefix applied by the Bakongo, 
 &c., to nouns plural of the 1st 
 class, and very often to nouns 
 of other classes which are the 
 names of living creatures ; as, 
 Bansusu, fowls. 
 
 Ba {per/., bele), v. (Bako.), to be. 
 
 -aba-, obj. pronom. pref, cl. 1, pi., 
 them. 
 
 oba, dem. pron., cl. 1, pi. (Bako.), 
 2ndpos., these. 
 
 baba, dem. pron., cl. 1, pi. (Bako.), 
 emphatic, these. 
 
 Baba, v.t ., to knock, beat (on some¬ 
 thing), to make flat, square. 
 
 Baba, v.i., to burn, scorch, to be burnt, 
 scorched. 
 
 Babadisa, 
 
 babadisa 0 moyo, to be very wish¬ 
 ful for, to cause to be wishful for. 
 
 Babala, v., moyo (3, u-) babala, to 
 be very wishful for. 
 
 Babala, 6, n., useless thing, 
 babala kia mbele, a useless knife. 
 
 Babalala, v., to dry (used only of a 
 •film of paint, gum, or mud 
 smeared on anything). 
 
 Bahama, v.i., to be even, beaten flat, 
 to be flat, even, square, flat¬ 
 sided. 
 
 Babana, v., to come, break out (as an 
 eruption). 
 
 Babana, v.i., to crackle (as thorns, 
 &c., in the fire). 
 
 babana, de77i. pro?i., cl. \,pl. (Bako.), 
 3rd pos. emphatic, those. 
 
 obana, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 1, pi. 
 (Bako.), 3rd pos., they, them, 
 those, those who. 
 
 Babangu, 6, n., a blight, 
 fwa e babangu (6), to come to 
 nothing (as a blighted plant), be 
 blighted. 
 
 Babata, v.t., to feel after, to grope 
 about (on something). 
 
 Babika, v.t., to make flat, ever. 
 
 Babila, v.t., to pat. 
 
 Babisa, v.t., to scorch, toast. 
 
 Babu, 6, 71., a spit or skewer on which 
 fish, or occasionally rats, are 
 threaded. 
 
 Babumuka, v., to come, break out (as 
 an eruption). 
 
 Babumuka, v., to crackle as burning 
 grass (the bursting internodes 
 often make a report like a 
 pistol). 
 
 Bada, 6, n., the last place in the line 
 in the game mbele ; see 
 Appe?idix (Games), hence also 
 the bottom of the class at 
 school. 
 
 Badidika, v.t., to make hard and 
 crisp. 
 
 Badika, v., to consider, think, reckon, 
 imagine, calculate, estimate, 
 ponder, bear in mind. 
 
 Badika, v.t., to set in lots. 
 
 Badisa, v.t., to make hard, firm; to 
 harden, toughen. 
 
 badisa e ntalu (2), v., to make dear 
 in price. 
 
 Bafa, see bafuna. 
 
 Bafula, v., to puff. 
 
 Bafuna, v.t., to strike, beat, hit. 
 
 Baka, v., to begin to, try to, com¬ 
 mence to (used in cases where 
 the attempt is almost imme¬ 
 diately abandoned). 
 
 Baka, v.t., to get, obtain, find, acquire, 
 earn, procure, gain, take, catch, 
 seize, capture, lay hold of, win. 
 baka 0 nluta (4), v., to make a 
 profit. 
 
 baka omu ntambu (4), v., to trap. 
 
 Baka, v.i. (4), to get, to become, grow, 
 baka e kimbevo (5), to fall sick, 
 baka e mbumbu (2), to get mouldy, 
 or rusty. 
 
 baka e ngolo (2), to be refreshed, 
 grow strong, gain strength, 
 baka 0 makaxi (pi. 8), to get into a 
 passion, to get angry, 
 baka 0 masumu (pi. 8), v., to be 
 culpable. 
 
 baka 0 nta (4), to become sour. 
 
( 249 ) 
 
 Bak-Bam 
 
 Baka, continued. 
 baka o tiya (pi. io), to get hot. 
 baka o yela (9), to fall sick. 
 
 Baka (muna), v., to arrive (at), come 
 at, or upon, reach, overtake* 
 baka e esengi (8) or 0 ntoto (4), v.i., 
 to run aground. 
 
 Baka, v., to tear, rend, slit, crack, to 
 break through, or into. 
 
 Baka, v.t ., to disclose, divulge, tell, let 
 out (a secret), to explain, make 
 clear, reveal, solve (a matter). 
 
 Baka, v.t ., to charge with, accuse of 
 (with the abstract term for the 
 accusation); umbakidi 0 wivi, 
 he charged me with stealing. 
 
 Baka, v. aux ., see itnderl$(mga,,v. aux. 
 
 -abakaka (Bako.), male. 
 
 Bakama, v.i., to be caught, obtained, 
 earned, overtaken, be accused 
 of, see Baka, 
 
 Baku, 6, n., piece of cloth. 
 
 Bakuka, v.i. {jperf. -idi), to rend, be 
 rent, slit, torn, broken through. 
 
 Bakuka, v.i., to be disclosed, divulged 
 revealed, made clear, solved. 
 
 Bakuka, v.i. {fierj,'. -ini, mid. v. of 
 bakuna). 
 
 Bakuka, v.i. {per/, -idi), to be re¬ 
 membered, recalled to mind 
 {of some thing forgotten). 
 
 Bakula, v.t., to remember something 
 forgotten, to recall to mind. 
 
 Bakulwisa, v.t., to remind, to recall 
 to the mind of another (as a 
 memento, memorandum, or per¬ 
 son not concernedinthematter). 
 
 Bakuna, v.t., see baka, to tear. 
 
 Bala, v., to grow, be hard, firm, tough, 
 to harden. 
 
 Bala, 9, n., hardness, firmness, toughness. 
 
 Bala, v., to be sour, strong {of palm 
 wine). 
 
 Bala, 9, n., excessive sourness {of old 
 palm wine). 
 
 Bala, v.i., to be dear (in price), 
 
 -bala, j£., costly. 
 
 Bala 0 mankwa (pi. 7), v., to go oft 
 without catching anything {of a 
 trap). 
 
 Bala, 6, cassava root steeped in 
 water, peeled, and dried in the 
 sun. 
 
 bala kiefunda, cassava pudding ; 
 kwanga, see Cassava, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Balabaia, 12, n., an edible fungus. 
 Balabande, 2, n. (P. barbante), 
 European string, rope. 
 
 Balai, 2, n. (P. ?), playing cards, see 
 Appetidix (Games). 
 
 Balaka, 2, n. (P. barraca), tent. 
 
 Balakana, v., to get lean, get thin, 
 emaciated. 
 
 mabundi (8) mabalakana, hollow¬ 
 cheeked. 
 
 Balakana, 9, n., thinness, leanness. 
 
 Balakasa, 6, n., poison to kill fish 
 (leguminaceous). 
 
 Balalala, v.i., to be hard, crisp. 
 
 Balama, v.i., to be arranged in lots. 
 
 Balanza, 2, n. (P. balan<?a), scales, 
 xia or teza muna balanza, v., to 
 weigh. 
 
 Balata, v., to scold, speak angrily. 
 
 Bale, 6, 7 i., a field of cassava. 
 
 Balu, 6, n., a whitlow. 
 
 Balu, 6, ?z., a gambol, an antic, 
 ta e balu, v., to frisk, frolic, gambol. 
 
 Baluka, v., to ascend, go up, climb a 
 hill. 
 
 Balula, v., to take, carry, pull, push 
 up, a hill. 
 
 Balula, v., to think, consider, ponder, 
 devise, estimate, reason, reckon, 
 bear in mind, remember, think 
 of. 
 
 Balumuka, v., to roar, make a thun¬ 
 dering noise. 
 
 Balumuka, v., to speak roughly (so 
 as to frighten), to scold, shout 
 angrily. 
 
 Balumuna 0 meso, v.t., to open the 
 eyes widely. 
 
 Bama, v., to speak angrily, scold. 
 
 Bama, v.t., to tighten, draw tight. 
 
 Bamba, v., to tie well. 
 
 Bamba, 6, ?i., middleman (in trade), 
 a native broker, “ linguister,” 
 the man who interposes between 
 
Bam-Ban 
 
 ( 250 ) 
 
 Bamba, continued. 
 
 native traders and the white 
 merchants. 
 
 Bambala, v., to wriggle (as a wounded 
 snake), flounder about, writhe. 
 
 Bambala, kwenda e bambale, see 
 Betele. 
 
 Bambalakesa, v., to do roughly, care¬ 
 lessly. 
 
 Bambula, v., a fetish word. It is 
 believed to be possible that a 
 person may, by the black art, 
 cause the fruit in another per¬ 
 son’s field to come upon his own 
 plants as though they were his, 
 while scarcely anything is found 
 in the other garden. Also 
 goods may be “witched” out 
 of another person’s house by the 
 same means. Bambula is to 
 transfer in this mysterious man¬ 
 ner. 
 
 Bambula, v., to take a photograph 
 (derivedfrom the above), because 
 the image is mysteriously trans¬ 
 ferred to the negative. 
 
 Bamuna, v.t ., to take off a nailed lid, 
 to open. 
 
 Bamvuka, v.i ., to crack {of the earth). 
 
 Bamvuna, vd., to crack or break up 
 the soil as in the act of digging. 
 
 bana, dem. & rel. fron., cl. i,pi. 
 
 obana (Bako.), 3rd pos., those, those 
 who. 
 
 Banda, v., to bespeak, make a choice, 
 choose, select, ask for, engage. 
 
 Banda, v.t., to nail up, make fast, 
 fasten up. 
 
 banda e ngemba (2), v., to make a 
 friendship. 
 
 Banda, v., to ascend, climb, go up a 
 
 hill. 
 
 Banda, 6 , n., a cap. 
 
 Bandabanda, 6 , n., fever to which in¬ 
 fants are subject whilst teething. 
 
 Bandakana, v.i., to be piled one on 
 top of the other. 
 
 Bandakesa, v.t., to add, pile, one on 
 top of the other ; pack things 
 one inside the other. 
 
 Bandama, v.i., to be nailed, fastened 
 down. 
 
 Bandela, 2, n. (P. bandeira) flag. 
 
 Banduka, v.i., to be stained, spoiled, 
 defaced, disfigured, marred. 
 
 Banduka, v.i., to be ascended, to be 
 climbed. 
 
 Bandula, v.t., to draw, sketch. 
 
 Bandula, v.t., to stain, spoil, dirty, 
 deface, disfigure, mar. 
 
 Bandumuna, v.t., to disinter, reveal, 
 discover, divulge something long 
 hidden, secret or lost ; to rake 
 up an old affair, recommence 
 an old palaver. 
 
 -bandwa, p., chosen, bespoken. 
 
 Banga, v., to search for medicinal 
 barks and roots. 
 
 Banga, 6 , n., a plank house. 
 
 Bangakana, v., to be procurable 
 (of medicinal barks and roots 
 only). 
 
 Bangama, v.i., to be put, or sent out 
 when the sun is very hot ; to be 
 burnt (in hell), to be sent (to 
 hell), tormented (in hell). 
 
 Bangika, v.t., to put a thing, or send 
 a person out in a very strong 
 sun ; to commit to the torments 
 of hell, to send (to hell). 
 
 Bangika, v.t., to tyrannize, oppress, 
 worry (by persistently demand¬ 
 ing, not by personal violence). 
 
 Bangika, 9 , n., tyranny, oppression. 
 
 Banguka, v.t., to be broken down, 
 taken to pieces, demolished, 
 laid open, made plain, clear, 
 disclosed, divulged. 
 
 Bangula, v., to take to pieces, pull 
 down, destroy, demolish, lay 
 open, make plain, clear, dis¬ 
 close, divulge (as a secret), 
 bangula 0 nxiku, v.t., see wider 
 Nxiku. 
 
 Bangumioka, v.i., to roll, turn over 
 and over. 
 
 Bangumiona, v.t., to roll, turn over 
 and over. 
 
 Bangumuka, v.i., to turn over on to 
 the other side, to roll over. 
 
( 251 ) 
 
 Ban-Baw 
 
 Bangumuna, v.t., to turn over on to 
 the other side, to roll over, over¬ 
 turn. 
 
 Banjia, 6 , n. f lid. 
 
 Banjidika, v.t., to warp, bend in dry- 
 . i . n§ ’' 
 
 Banjikisa, v., to think, consider, 
 ponder, bear in mind, imagine, 
 reckon. 
 
 Bantama,) v.t., to begin, commence, 
 
 Bantika, J set about, arise, start. 
 
 Banza, v., to think, imagine, long for, 
 bear in mind, think of, con¬ 
 sider, reckon, believe (think), 
 suppose, suspect. 
 
 Banzalala, v.i., to warp, bend in dry¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Banzubanzu, 6 , n., hesitation, doubt, 
 uncertainty. 
 
 xia e banzubanzu, v., to hesitate, 
 be in doubt, uncertain, question. 
 
 Banzuka, v.i., to glance off, be de¬ 
 flected, bound, bounce up (as 
 india rubber). 
 
 Banzula, v., to flick with the finger, 
 fillip, bounce ( a ball). 
 
 Basa, 6 , n., a bedstead covered with a 
 mat. 
 
 Basa, v.t., to cut lengthwise, split, 
 cleave. 
 
 Basalala, v.i., to be flat. 
 
 Basuka, v.i. (fterf. -ini), to burst, split, 
 cleave. 
 
 Basuka, v.i. (fterf. -idi), to be re¬ 
 leased, let go (of a spring), to 
 be fired. 
 
 Basula, v.t., to release, let go (a 
 spring), hence to fire a gun, 
 shoot. 
 
 Basuna, v.t., to burst, split, cleave 
 (lengthwise). 
 
 Batakana, v.i., to be close together, 
 be near, adjoin. 
 
 Batakesa, v.t., to put side by side 
 (touching), near, together, place 
 in contact, close together. 
 
 Batakiana, to be, come in contact with 
 each other, be touching, side 
 by side, near, close together, 
 adjoin, be narrow. 
 
 Batalala, j v.i., to crouch, cower, stoop 
 
 Batama, j down. 
 
 Batama, v.i., to be applied (as med¬ 
 icine), patched i(on), fastened 
 (on). 
 
 Batamena, v., to be hemmed in. 
 
 Batamesa, v.t., to hem in. 
 
 Batidika,) v., to cause to crouch, 
 
 Batika, / stoop low. 
 
 Batika, v.t., to put on (a piece), to 
 mend with, patch (on) dress (a 
 wound), apply (medicine), stick 
 on. 
 
 Batika, v., to begin, set about, com¬ 
 mence, arise. 
 
 Batikina, v.t., to grasp, clutch, seize, 
 grip, press, hold tightly (in the 
 hand). 
 
 Batukulu, 6 , n., a stupidly short 
 thing. 
 
 Batumba (6), kwenda e batumba, 
 see Betela. 
 
 -abatu -abatu, a., direct (of roads). 
 
 Batuna, v., to take off (a scab or 
 button). 
 
 bau, subj. ftron., cl. i , ftl. (Bako.), they, 
 also emfth. obj.ftro 7 i., cl. ftl., 
 them. 
 
 Bau, ftoss. ftron. of the yd fters. ftl., 
 cl. I, ftl. (Bako.), their, theirs, 
 of them. 
 
 Bau, 6 , n., the ordeal of the hot 
 matchet (cutlass), used in cases 
 of minor accusations, as for 
 theft ; it is passed three times 
 over the skin of the leg, if a 
 burn results the guilt is estab¬ 
 lished. 
 
 Baubau, 6 , n., a light-green caterpillar, 
 very poisonous, causing a blister 
 when touched. 
 
 Baukila, v., to be ripe and hard 
 (maize). 
 
 Baula, 6 , n., bark (of tree), shell (of 
 tortoise), wing case (of insects). 
 
 Bavumbu or Bawumbu, n., the name 
 of the tribes occupying the hill 
 district S.W. of Stanley Pool, 
 called Mpumbu. 
 
 Bawola, 2, n. (P. baul), coffin. 
 
Bax-Bi- 
 
 ( 252 ) 
 
 Baxi, 6, n., chip, splinter. 
 
 baxi kia kinzu, a piece of broken 
 pottery, 
 
 Baxidika, v.t., to make flat, to flatten. 
 
 Baya, v., to shine, come out as sun¬ 
 shine after dulness. 
 
 Bazula, v., to ache (spoken only of 
 the head). 
 
 Be, subj. ftronom. prefix , 3 pers.pl., 
 cl. 1, they. 
 
 Beba, 9, n., the bleating of a he-goat. 
 
 Bebelela, v., to bleat as a rutting 
 goat. 
 
 Beka, v., to wait for, delay, stop, stay, 
 await. 
 
 Bekama, 2 v.i., to hang down over the 
 edge. 
 
 Bekeka, v., to let hang down. 
 
 Bekele, 6, n., inflammation of spleen. 
 
 Bekesa, v.t., to delay, stop, cause to 
 wait. 
 
 Bekoka, v.t., to turn over on to the 
 other side. 
 
 Bekola, v.t., to turn over on to the 
 other side. 
 
 Bela, v., to perch, settle (as a bird). 
 
 Bele, v.i. (Bako.), see yela. 
 
 Belalala, v.i., to be left out, exposed 
 (as somebody who or something 
 which one wished to keep 
 secret or hidden). 
 
 Bele perfect of the verb ba, to be 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Beleleka, v., to leave out or expose 
 (somebody who or something 
 which ought to have been hid¬ 
 den or kept out of the way). 
 
 Belo, 6, n., part of a town ; cluster of 
 houses in a town. 
 
 mwixi (1 pi. exi) belo, a neigh¬ 
 bour. 
 
 Beloka, v., to go, come, pass round 
 to the other side. 
 
 Bemba, v.t., to present. 
 
 Bemba, 6 , ji., shoal (of fish). 
 
 Bembakana, v.i., to be bendable. 
 
 Bembama, v.i., to hang over on one 
 side, be bent, lean over. 
 
 Bembeka, v.t., to cause to hang over 
 on one side, to bend over. 
 
 Benda, v.i., to be crooked. 
 
 Benda-benda, v., to prevaricate, equi¬ 
 vocate, be fickle, unreliable, to 
 quibble. 
 
 Benda-benda, 9, n., prevarication, 
 fickleness, unreliability, 
 -abendabenda, a., uncertain ; unre¬ 
 liable. 
 
 Bendalala, v.i., see Benda. 
 
 Bendeleka,\^ ^ ma ^ e crooked. 
 Bendesa, J 
 
 Benga, v.i. (Mpa.), to redden, be red. 
 
 Bengesa, v.t. (Mpa.), to make red, 
 redden. 
 
 Bengomona, v.t., to open wide (a 
 door). 
 
 Beni, adv., well, thoroughly, very 
 much, exceedingly, excessively, 
 greatly, very. 
 
 beni-beni, intensive of above, 
 ke beni ko, not very, rather, im¬ 
 perfectly, not much, &c. ; see 
 above. 
 
 Bensawn, (P. ben<?ao), 2, ?i. 
 tambula e bensawu, v., to accept 
 homage, and to show it by 
 placing the hands together and 
 moving the fingers slightly. 
 
 Beta, v.t., to hit, strike. 
 
 Betela, 6, n., equality, accord, 
 kwenda e betela, v.i., to fit, accord, 
 be the same, be like, match, be 
 equal, to correspond, coincide, 
 kwendesa or xia e betela, v., to 
 make like, match, to make equal 
 or the same size. 
 
 Betomoka, v.i., to overflow, to pour 
 down, to fall in plenty (as leaves, 
 &c.), to be spilt from a height. 
 
 Betomona, v.t., to spill from a height, 
 to let fall in plenty, shower 
 down. 
 
 Betumuka, v., see Betomoka. 
 
 Betumuna, see Betomona. 
 
 abeyi, interr. provi., cl. 1, pi. (Bako.), 
 where are they, which are 
 they. 
 
 Bi-, prefix applied by the Bakongo,&c., 
 to nouns plural of the V. and 
 VI. classes. 
 
( 253 ) 
 
 B t -Bob 
 
 Bi, 12, n., evil, badness, vice, wicked¬ 
 ness, depravity, sinfulness, 
 naughtiness. 
 
 -bi, a., too bad, very bad. 
 
 Biba, v.i., to beat, strike. 
 
 Bidibidi, 6, n., a bird (species ?) 
 
 Bidika, v., to put plenty, put much, 
 many, heap up, add, accumu¬ 
 late, cause to accumulate, amass, 
 assemble. 
 
 ke bidika ko, v., to put less (not 
 put much). 
 
 kubidika e esenge muna nteke 
 
 ko, put less sand in the clay. 
 
 Bika, v., to let, allow, leave alone, 
 neglect, relinquish, give up, 
 leave off, stop, refrain from, 
 omit, except. 
 
 bika o mazu ! silence! stop the 
 noise ! 
 
 Bikula, v., to eructate, to have spasms 
 of wind (spoken of infants 
 only). 
 
 Bikula, 9, «., spasm of wind (spoken 
 of infants only). 
 
 Bilumuka, v.i., to assemble in crowd. 
 
 Bilungi, 12, ?i., hell. 
 
 Bima, v.t., to rest a load on the mpa- 
 ngu or staff carried by porters. 
 
 Bimba, v.i., to be clapped to by some 
 one who is about to perform a 
 salute. 
 
 Bimba, v.t., to grapple, wrestle, em¬ 
 brace. 
 
 Bimba, v.t. (Bako.), to test, taste. 
 
 Bimbajiana,) v.t., to embrace each 
 
 Bimbana, J other, to wrestle, 
 struggle together, embrace. 
 
 Bimbisa, v., to clap (once, to call 
 attention to a salute about to be 
 made, see Salute, Eng.-Kongo); 
 to give a taste of a present 
 received, to the messenger who 
 brings it. 
 
 Binda, v.t., to lock, bolt, plait, braid, 
 binda o malu (9), to cross the legs, 
 binda 0 moko (9), to fold the arms. 
 
 Binda, v.t., to change, make different. 
 
 Bindakana, v.i., to be alterable. 
 
 Bindakana, v.i., to interlace. 
 
 Bindakesa, v.i., to interlace. 
 
 Bindalakana, v.i., to interlace. 
 
 Bindalakesa, v.t., to interlace. 
 
 Bindama, v.i., to be changed, be 
 different, alter, differ. 
 
 Bindama, 9, n., diversity, difference, 
 dissimilarity, alteration. 
 
 Bindama, v., to be locked, bolted. 
 
 Bindika, v.t., to fasten, lock, bolt, 
 bindika 0 moko, v., to tie the hands 
 behind the back. 
 
 Bindika, v.t., to steer. 
 
 Bindika, v.t., to alter. 
 
 Bindikila (muna), v.t., to lock up (in), 
 bindikila 0 mwana (1), v.t., to 
 fasten a child on the back with 
 the cloth (as Kongo women 
 carry their children). 
 
 Bindikilwa, 6, n., rudder. 
 
 Binduka, v.i., to be unbolted. 
 
 Bindula, v.t., to unlock, unfasten, un¬ 
 bolt. 
 
 Binga, v.i., to take up room, occupy 
 space. 
 
 Bioko, 6, 71., eructation. 
 
 Biokwa, v.i., to eructate. 
 
 Biola, v.i., to learn to speak very early 
 (of infants). 
 
 Bisukila 0 menga, to be congested, 
 inflamed, bloodshot, 
 menga (pi. 7, ma-) bisukila, v., to 
 be inflamed, be congested. 
 
 Bisukila, 9, 71., congestion. 
 
 Biti, 6, 71., a marimba, a native musical 
 instrument. 
 
 Bititi, 12, 7 i., wretchedness, misery, 
 grief, unhappiness,woe, sadness. 
 
 -abiza, a., good, nice, pleasant. 
 
 Bo, obj. pron., cl. 1, pi. (Bako.), then. 
 
 Boba, v.t., to peck, pick up with the 
 beak. 
 
 obo, de 77 i. pron., cl. 1, pi. (Bako.), 2 7 id 
 pos., those. 
 
 Boba, 6, n ., a woman who has borne 
 children (middle aged). 
 
 bobo, de 7 ii. pron., cl. 1, pi., 2nd pos. 
 e 7 nph. (Bako.), those. 
 
 Bobo, 6, n., lip. 
 
 bobo kieyanda, n., the lower jaw, 
 chin. 
 
Bob- Bos 
 
 ( 254 ) 
 
 Bobobo, 6 , n., cruelty, 
 nkwa (1) bobobo, a cruel person. 
 
 Bobola, v., to make a hollow sound. 
 
 Bobola, 9, n., a hollow sound. 
 
 Bobola, \v., to bear or bring forth 
 
 Bobolwela,J in rapid succession. 
 
 Boda, v.t., to puff, to smoke. 
 
 Bofoka, v.i., to be battered in, in¬ 
 dented. 
 
 Bofola, v.t., to batter in, indent, crush 
 in. 
 
 Boka, v.i ., to shout, to call out, to cry 
 out. 
 
 boka e mbila (2), to call, 
 boka 0 luve (10), to make a truce, 
 boka 0 nkoki (4) or 0 ntangwa (4), 
 to proclaim a law, to issue a 
 command. 
 
 Bokama, v.i., to hang, bend over as 
 the top of a long thing held 
 erect, as the heavy head of up¬ 
 right grass, as of branches which 
 otherwise have an upright tend 
 such as a palm-frond ; to hang 
 down (of the head). 
 
 Bokeka, v.t., to cause to hang over or 
 down, as above. 
 
 Bokela, v.t., to call for, to shout for, 
 to summon. 
 
 Bokoka, v.i. {per/, -ene), to be broken 
 in two. 
 
 Bokoka, v.i. ( perf. -ele), to be folded 
 back. 
 
 Bokola, v.t., to fold (a hem), fold back, 
 fold the legs (as cattle when 
 lying down). Used also for the 
 kneeling attitude in approach¬ 
 ing a great chief. 
 
 Bokomona, V.t., to drink a great deal 
 (as a whole calabash full) when 
 one is thirsty (derived from the 
 sound of water being poured 
 from a calabash, bokoboko). 
 
 Bokona, v.t., to break in two, divide. 
 
 Bokota, v., an abusive word equiv¬ 
 alent to, to speak, “ aweyi 
 obokotanga,” what are you 
 “jawing” about. 
 
 Bola, v.t., to club, to beat with a short 
 thick stick, or club. 
 
 Bola, v.i. (Bako.), see Wola. 
 
 Bola, 6 , n., bed (for cassava). 
 
 Bola, 6 , ?i. (P. bola), basin (small), 
 chamber utensil. 
 
 Bolama, v.i., to stoop. 
 
 Boloka, v., to be worthless (through 
 superabundance), to be in sur¬ 
 feit, not in demand. 
 
 Bolola, v.t., to overstock the market, 
 to surfeit, make overabundant. 
 
 Bolomoka, v.i., to be, become thin, 
 or slack and empty (of some¬ 
 thing which had been pre¬ 
 viously distended and full). 
 
 Bolongonzo, 6 , n , earthenware, crock¬ 
 ery, pottery. 
 
 Bolota, v. Witches are supposed to 
 throttle or otherwise injure 
 their victims in the night. A 
 nightmare is ascribed to such 
 a visitation. The witch is said 
 to “ bolota.’’ 
 
 Boma, n. (Kabinda), fear. 
 
 Bomba, v.i., to rot, decompose. 
 
 Bombo, 6 , 71., ball of the heel. 
 
 Bombomoka, v.i., to be boiled to 
 pieces. 
 
 Bombomona, v.t., to boil to pieces, 
 boil soft. 
 
 Bonga, v.t., to get, fetch, bring, take, 
 abstract. 
 
 bonga 0 nkunga (4), v., to sing a 
 solo, the refrain of which is 
 taken up by a chorus (as at 
 dances, funerals, &c.). 
 
 Bonga, v. aux., to begin, commence, 
 set off, start, doing something ; 
 there is also another auxiliary, 
 baka, which conveys the same 
 idea the differencebetween them 
 being, that when bonga is used 
 it is understood that the action 
 was continued ; when baka is 
 used the action was commenced, 
 but immediately stopped. 
 
 Bongela, v., to get for, get with. 
 
 Bongolola, v., to pick up, take up 
 (something lost), find, get back, 
 recover (something lost). 
 
 Bosa, v.t., to break, smash, crush. 
 
( 255 ) 
 
 Bot-Buk 
 
 Bosoka, v.i., to be broken, smashed. 
 
 Bosola, v.t ., to crush to atoms, to 
 smash, squash. 
 
 Bota, 2, n. (Eng. boat), boat. 
 
 Bota, 6, n ., stick, cudgel, club. 
 
 Bota, v.i., to lose colour (of cloth 
 only), to fade. 
 
 Botesa, v.t., to dull, cause to lose 
 colour, fade. 
 
 Botomba, 6, n., thickness, density (of 
 liquids). 
 
 xia e botomba, v., to thicken. 
 
 -abotomba, a., thick, dense. 
 
 Botomoka, v.i., to decay, be very 
 rotten, to decompose, rot to 
 pieces. 
 
 Botomoka, v.i., to croak. 
 
 Boxi, adv., after that, afterwards, then 
 next, generally preceded by 
 the article i ; i boxi, it was 
 after that. 
 
 Boza. v., to puff. 
 
 Bu -,ftref. (Bako) = u or w in Kongo. 
 
 Buba, 6, n., paw-mark, paw, spoor. 
 
 Buba, v., to put down heavily. 
 
 Buba, v., to cut grass (close to the 
 ground). 
 
 Buba, v.t., to beat, to strike. 
 
 buba e nkome, 2, to strike with the 
 fist. 
 
 Bubama, v.i., to strike heavily against. 
 
 Bubama, v., to lie down (as a goat) ; 
 to perch, sit (as a bird on a 
 branch, on its breast). 
 
 Bubi, 6, n ., plantain (short-stemmed). 
 
 Bubika, v.t., see bukika. 
 
 Bubikila, v., to cover over. 
 
 Bubikwa, 6, n., binding (of a book), 
 see bukikwa. 
 
 Bubila, v.t., to wash a wound with hot 
 water, to foment. 
 
 Bubu, 6, n., shade, gloom, darkness ; 
 hence ignorance, unenlightened 
 state. 
 
 nkwa (1) bubu, n ., pagan, ignorant 
 person. 
 
 -abubu, a., ignorant, gloomy, dismal. 
 
 Bubll, adv. (Bako.), to-day, now. 
 
 Bubuka, v.i., to be cut off close to 
 the ground (of grass). 
 
 Bubuka, v.i., to be set down heavily. 
 
 Bubukulu, 6, 11., corpulent person, 
 absurdly fat person. 
 
 Bubula, v.i., to be tainted, begin to 
 decompose, get mouldy, rusty, 
 smell badly. 
 
 Bubula, v.t., to slap, as a woman 
 her child (spoken of women 
 only). 
 
 Bubula, v.i., to be awe-struck, to 
 dread, to fear. 
 
 Bubulwisa, v.t., to overawe, fill with 
 fear. 
 
 Bubulwisa, v.t., to make mouldy, to 
 hang food until it is high. 
 
 Buda, see Boda. 
 
 Budi, 6, n., the cat. 
 
 Budi, 6, n., swamp (of papyrus). 
 
 Budika, v.i., to burst, split, be shat¬ 
 tered, be broken; ntima (4) 
 budika, v., to be grieved, cut to 
 the heart, to break one’s heart ; 
 ntima andi ubudikidi, his 
 heart sank within him, he was 
 distressed, upset. 
 
 Budika, v., to be dead (a euphemism). 
 
 Budika, v.t. (Mboma), to baptize, to 
 immerse. 
 
 Budikilwa, v.i., to be bereaved, lose a 
 relative by death (a euphemism). 
 
 Budila, v., to. come last, come late, 
 be left behind, remain over, 
 exceed. 
 
 Budila (0 maza, pi. 7), v., to embank. 
 
 budila 0 maza muna kiana, v., to 
 irrigate. 
 
 Budisa, v.t., to cause a person to burst 
 a thing. 
 
 Bufa, v.t., to strike with a stick or 
 a blunt instrument. 
 
 Bufuna, v.t., to strike with anything. 
 
 Buka, v.i., to burst (as a gun or boiler), 
 to explode. 
 
 buka 0 luamvu (10), v.i., to crack 
 (said of anything). 
 
 buka 0 nsesa (4), v., to put out its 
 flower (of maize only). 
 
 Buka, 6, n., dead plantain leaf. 
 
 Buka, 6, n., caravan, flock, drove, 
 herd, company, gang. 
 
Buk-Bul 
 
 ( 256 ) 
 
 Buka, v. (Bako.), to cure (give 
 medicine ). 
 
 -abukadi, a., blue or grey (used of 
 eyes only). 
 
 Bukama, v.i., to lie on the face down¬ 
 wards, to be topsy-turvy, to 
 fall forwards, to be closed (as 
 a book, &c.), to be covered, 
 smothered. 
 
 bukama e tombe (6), v., to be 
 gloomy, very dark, 
 bukama muna meso, to dazzle, to 
 blind as with sun or smoke. 
 bukama yo mwixi (3), to be full 
 of smoke. 
 
 bukama yo ntoto (4), to be 
 smothered with dust. 
 
 Bukamenwa e tombe, to be benighted, 
 belated. 
 
 Bukika, v.t., to turn face downwards, 
 topsy-turvy, wrong side up, to 
 shut (a book), to lay upside 
 down, to invert. 
 
 Bukika yo, v.t., to cover with, smother 
 with. 
 
 Bukikila, v.t., to cover, by inverting 
 something over. 
 
 Bukikilwa, v.i., to be covered (under 
 something inverted). 
 
 Bukikilwa, 6, n., cover, covering. 
 
 Bukikwa, 6, n., cover, .covering, lid. 
 
 Bukila, v., to toss food, &c., into the 
 mouth with the palm of the hand, 
 bukila e fumpwa (6), to toss a 
 powder into the mouth with the 
 hand ; hence a jocular expres¬ 
 sion for “ be silent.” 
 
 Bukisa, v.t., to burst (a gun). 
 
 Bukuka, v.i. (fterf, bukukini), to be 
 broken in two, to snap off. 
 
 Bukuka, v.i. (fterf., bukukidi), to be 
 uncovered, be bare. 
 
 Bukuka, v.i. (fterf, bukukidi), to 
 turn or lie face uppermost or 
 belly uppermost (as a dead fish). 
 
 Bukula, v.t., to uncover, take off the 
 lid or cover, to open. 
 
 Bukula, v.t., to turn or lay face upper¬ 
 most or belly uppermost (as a 
 dead fish). 
 
 Bukula, v., to pour (out, into, on, &c.). 
 -bukulwidilu, ft., anointed, 
 bukulwila 0 maji (pi. 7), v., to 
 anoint. 
 
 Bukumuka, v.i., to die, or perish, or 
 be destroyed in great numbers ; 
 to be exterminated. 
 
 Bukumuka, 9, ?i. ( ftassive ), destruc¬ 
 tion, annihilation, extermination. 
 
 Bukumuna, v., to destroy, cause to 
 perish, annihilate, exterminate 
 in great numbers. 
 
 Bukuna, v.t., to break in two, to 
 snap off. 
 
 Bukuta, v.t., to crunch, 
 bukuta 0 meno (pi. 7), v., to grind 
 the teeth. 
 
 Bula, v.t. (z/zzV/.z/.,buluka), to split, cut 
 open (the belly of a slaughtered 
 beast), rip up, cleave, divide, 
 separate, cut lengthwise, crack, 
 bula e evumbu (8), v., to lance an 
 abscess. 
 
 bula 0 meno (pi. 7), v., to sharpen, 
 give an edge to a knife for the 
 first time. 
 
 bula 0 mvengo (4), v., to divide 
 into companies. 
 
 bula e tayi (6) or e ntayi (2), v.i., to 
 branch (as a tree), and throw 
 out many branches, 
 bula e tini ya, v., to divide in four, 
 bula muna kati (9), v., to halve, 
 divide in halves. 
 
 Bula, 6, n., stoutness, size, influence, 
 dignity, importance, 
 mona e bula, v., to respect, to 
 honour. 
 
 nkwa (1) bula, n., honourable per¬ 
 son. 
 
 -abula, a., weighty, influential. 
 
 Bula, v.t. (mid. v., buluka) (Bako.), 
 to beat, strike. 
 
 Bula, v.t. (Bako.), to break, smash, 
 burst, crush, shatter. 
 
 Bula muna (Bako.), v., to exchange for. 
 
 Bulama, v., to sit (having both legs 
 twisted on one side). 
 
 Bulangana, v.i., to unite (as rivers, 
 crowds); to merge, meet, com- 
 
( 257 ) 
 
 Bul-Bun 
 
 Bulangana, continued. 
 
 bine (used in the case of (zoo 
 objects only). 
 
 Bulangiana, v ., to flow into each 
 other (as streams meeting), to 
 join with a crowd, meet, mingle 
 with (used in the case of many 
 objects ). 
 
 Bulu, 6, wild animal (which is 
 eaten as food) ; brute. 
 
 Bulukuta, v., to rumble (as the 
 bowels), to make a scuffling 
 noise (as an animal shut up in 
 a box). 
 
 Bululuka, v., to be digested (of food). 
 
 Bululwisa, v., to digest (food). 
 
 Bulunga, v., to stir (a pot). 
 
 Bulungunzu, 6, n., sphere, also a ball, 
 -abulungunzu, a ., spherical, round. 
 
 Buma, v., to moan, groan. 
 
 Buma, v., to throw away, throw out 
 (as useless), to squander, waste. 
 
 Buma, 6, n ., yolk of egg. 
 
 -abuma, ntoto abuma, earth, black 
 mould, good humus. 
 
 Bumba, v.t., to mould, make pottery 
 (mid. v., bumbuka & bu 
 mbama). 
 
 Bumba, v.t'., to get mouldy crusty, to 
 corrode. 
 
 Bumba, v.t .,to draw up the earth around 
 the roots of anything, to make 
 a mound (mid. v., bumbuka & 
 bumbama). 
 
 Bumbama, v.i., to be put, raked or 
 poured into a heap, to tumble 
 one upon another in a scrim¬ 
 mage (as in the game of nkie- 
 ndi). 5 , see Appendix (Games). 
 
 Bumbisa, v.t., to cause to get mouldy 
 or rusty. 
 
 Bumbula, v., to stray, wander about, 
 roam. 
 
 Bumbulu, 6, n., a foolish person or 
 thing, a fool. 
 
 bumbulu kia mbele, a stupid, good 
 for nothing knife. 
 
 Bumbumuka, v., to be scalded. 
 
 Bumbumuna, v.t., to scald, burn. 
 
 Bumina, v., to thunder. 
 
 Bumu, 6, n., a moan, groan. 
 
 Bumuka, v., to be cast away (as use¬ 
 less). 
 
 Bumuka, v.i., to be broken, see below. 
 
 Bumuna, v.t., to break (a lump, clod, 
 or mass which sticks together). 
 
 Buna, v., to strip off (bark). 
 
 Bunda, v., to enshroud, wrap a corpse 
 in cloth. 
 
 Bunda, v., to thrash (beans, &c.), to 
 beat a child (used of women 
 only). 
 
 Bunda, v., to put down heavily. 
 
 Bunda, v., to combine, put together, 
 bunda (e dila, 6), v., to join in 
 partnership. 
 
 bunda e dila kiantwadi, v., to club 
 together for commercial pur¬ 
 poses, each contributing his 
 share. 
 
 bunda e ngemba (2), v., to make 
 peace; renew friendship (spoken 
 of two or three people only), 
 bunda e yongo (6), v., to make 
 peace, bring about peace (after 
 war). 
 
 Bundakana (ye), v.i., to be enclosed 
 (with), thrown together, mixed 
 up, added (to). 
 
 Bundakesa (ye), v., to throw together, 
 mix up, enclose (with), to add 
 up, reckon, cast up. 
 bundakesa vamoxi, v., to put in 
 the same heap. 
 
 Bundakiana, v.i., to coalesce, asso¬ 
 ciate, mingle together. 
 
 Bundama, v.i., to strike heavily 
 (against), to beat (against). 
 
 Bundama, v.i., to be closed (as a book, 
 See.), to be folded up. 
 
 Bundana, v., to fight (with fist). 
 
 Bundana, v., to enter into partnership, 
 club together, make alliance, 
 contribute. 
 
 Bundika, v.t., to fold up, close (a 
 book, Sec.). 
 
 bundika 0 moko (pi. 9), to clasp 
 the hands. 
 
 Bundikila, v., to begin to put out the 
 mpimbi (plantain flower). 
 
 s 
 
Bun-Bwe 
 
 ( 258 ) 
 
 Bundikila, v., to hold (in the mouth 
 or cheeks). 
 
 Bundu, 6, a fruit. 
 
 Bunduka, v.t., to develop, unfurl 
 unfold, be open (of the mouth). 
 
 Bundula, v.t., to unfold, unwrap, open 
 (the mouth, &c.). 
 
 Bundumuka, v., to be aroused, 
 awake, start off and run, rise 
 (as dust). 
 
 Bundumuna, v.t., to raise (a dust), to 
 stir up (strife), awake, arouse. 
 
 Bundumuna, v.t., to unwrap. 
 
 Bunduna, v., to vanquish, enslave, 
 bunduna e kindongo (5), to en¬ 
 slave a whole clan or number 
 of people for some crime. 
 
 Bunduna, v., to cut up by the roots, 
 stub up, amputate. 
 
 Bunduna, 9, n., amputation. 
 
 Bunga, v., to squander, waste. 
 
 Bungana, v.t., to be cut, be wounded. 
 
 Bunganisa, v.t., to hurt, wound, graze 
 the skin, cut. 
 
 Bunguka, v.t., to pour over, be spilt, 
 be shed (as blood). 
 
 Bungula, v.t., to pour over, spill, shed 
 (blood). 
 
 Bungumuka, v.t., to spread, be spread 
 out (of things that had been 
 heaped together). 
 
 Bungumuna, v.t., to spread out (of 
 things which had been heaped 
 together). 
 
 Bunzu, 6, n., honour, respect, esteem, 
 influence. 
 
 mona e bunzu, v., to honour, re¬ 
 spect. 
 
 nkwa (1) bunzu, n., honourable 
 person. 
 
 Buta, v. (Bako.), to beget, bear, bring 
 forth, give birth. 
 
 Butalala, v.t., to be blown out, dis 
 tended, tense, to be convex. 
 
 Butalala, 9, n., tension, distension. 
 
 Butama, v., to be quiet, silent, to ab¬ 
 stain from making a noise or 
 disturbance, to be at peace. 
 
 Butamena, v.t., to hatch, brood, in¬ 
 cubate, sit (as a hen). 
 
 Butamu, 6, n. (a euphemism), genitals, 
 private parts. 
 
 Butidika, v.t., to blow out, distend. 
 
 Butuka, v.t. (Bako.), to be born. 
 
 Butika 0 mazu (pi. 8), v ., to stop 
 talking or making a noise, to be 
 silent. Silence! 
 
 Butumuka, v., to fall (as leaves), fall 
 in abundance (from a height). 
 
 Butumuna, to spill (from a height), 
 throw down in abundance. 
 
 Butuna, v., to cut off. 
 
 Buwa, 71. (Bako.), see Wivwa. 
 
 Buxi, 6, n. (Bako.), a relative. 
 
 Buzu, 6, n., see Bunzu. 
 
 Bwa, v.t'., to fall, flow (into as a river), 
 to befall, happen, come to pass, 
 take place, occur. 
 
 bwa e vambala (6) ) to fall down 
 
 bwa 0 munkanda (3)) (spoken of 
 people only). 
 
 moyo ubwa, to be content, resigned, 
 munkwa bwa diambu, lest any¬ 
 thing happens, 
 mvula (2 i-) bwa, v., to rain. 
 
 Bwa, v., to be borne, yielded in abun¬ 
 dance (of fruit). 
 
 Bwabwakala, 6, n., a small dog. 
 
 Bwabwanisa, v., to come, as tears. 
 
 Bwadinga, v., to boil (used only of 
 porridge and thick messes boil¬ 
 ing slowly, derived from the 
 dull sound which the bubbles 
 make). 
 
 Bwai, 2, ?i. (P. barril), a 7 lb. keg 
 of gunpowder. 
 
 Bwaka, v.t., to be red, redden, ripen. 
 
 Bwaka, 9, n., redness. 
 
 Bwakisa, v., to make red. 
 
 Bwakuluka, v., to be, become, red-hot. 
 
 Bwanda, 6, n., a large canoe. 
 
 Bwanga, v., to ache (spoken of the 
 head only). 
 
 Bwangana, v., to get worse and worse. 
 
 Bwata, v., see Bokota. 
 
 Bwatu (pi. matu), n. (Bako.), a canoe 
 
 Bwazabwaza, 6, n., pimple, ras 
 eruption. 
 
 Bweka, v.t., to abound, be in ab> 
 dance. 
 
( 259 ) 
 
 Bwe-Dia 
 
 Bwekesa, v.t., to collect, heap up, 
 amass. 
 
 Bwende, 6, n., a funnel made of a 
 palm frondlet, to direct the flow 
 of the palm sap into its recep¬ 
 tacle. 
 
 Bwenia, v. ( perf. , hwenene), to eat 
 (unripe maize, tearing it with 
 the teeth). 
 
 Bweta, v., to hold in the mouth (teeth), 
 seize with the mouth (as a beast 
 of prey). 
 
 Bwidilwa o mwandaji (3), v., to be 
 struck by lightning. 
 
 Bwila, v., to fall upon, pounce, seize 
 upon. 
 
 Bwisa, v., to throw down, cause to 
 fall, or let fall. 
 
 bwisa 0 moyo (3) or mbundu (2), 
 to wait patiently, be content, 
 resigned. 
 
 bwisa ovanxi, 7/., to knock down. 
 
 Bwisa, v., to cause to be in abun¬ 
 dance. 
 
 bwisa e mbongo (2), v., to yield 
 fruit in abundance. 
 
 Bwita, t/., to begin to grow dark. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dada, v.i., to shake, tremble. 
 
 Dada, v.i., to struggle and flap the 
 wings. 
 
 Damuka, 7/., to jump. 
 
 Danuka, v.i., to snap (as a string), to 
 break loose. 
 
 Danuna, v.t., to break, snap (a string). 
 
 Datuna, v.t., to break in two. 
 
 Dd: (diawa dimoxi), ditto. 
 
 Deda, v.t., to peel. 
 
 Dede, 6 , n ., jigger (sarcopsylla pene¬ 
 trans). 
 
 Ded&de, 6 , n., equality, similarity, cor¬ 
 respondence. 
 
 1 e dedede, adv., in the same manner, 
 
 B equally. 
 
 Dedede, continued. 
 
 kwenda e dedede, 7/.z^^to be the 
 
 same, agree, accord^k exactly 
 alike, resemble, correspol^id. 
 kwendesa or xia e dedede, v^l, to 
 match, make the same as. 
 
 Dedema, v.i., to shake, tremble, shivei^ 
 
 Deka, v., to cut up small, gnaw, nibble. 
 
 Deka, v., to trim (the hair by cutting 
 it back from the forehead). 
 
 Deka, v.i., to crackle. 
 
 deka 0 luamvu, v.i., to crack. 
 
 Deke, adv., sooner, rather, it would 
 be better...to. 
 
 deke yafwa kwame, I would 
 sooner die. 
 
 Dekola, v., to sip. 
 
 Demo, 6, n. (Bako.), weight. 
 
 -ademo, a. (Bako.), weighty. 
 
 Dengiana, v., to roam, wander about. 
 
 Desoka, v.i., to be sprained. 
 
 Desona, v.t., to sprain. 
 
 Dezo, 2, n. (P. Deos), God. 
 
 e Dezo kadi —, I wish to God —. 
 
 Di = l+i. 
 
 Di-, prefix of nouns of the 7th cl. sing., 
 pi.' ma-, 
 
 Di-, subj. pronom., prefix applied to 
 adjectives and verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of [the 
 7th and 8th classes, singular. 
 
 The prefix di, and the pronouns 
 derived from it, are sometimes 
 used without any noun apparent 
 with which they concord. In 
 such a case diambu, a thing 
 (abstract), is understood. 
 
 Edi kabenze, his opinion was, he 
 thought. 
 
 edi, demfiron., cl. 7 & 8, sing., istpos., 
 this. 
 
 Dia = dio-f a ; see To, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Dm, prep., of, about, concerning. 
 
 Dia, v.t., to eat, feed, devour, subsist 
 on, consume, spend ; to use (as 
 currency). 
 
 dia e edimbu (8), v.t., to extract 
 sticky juice, make bird-lime, 
 dia e efwa (8), v., to inherit (take 
 the inheritance). 
 
a-Dia 
 
 ( 260 ) 
 
 ia., continu, 
 diafio, 
 
 be unable to reply, see Nua 
 
 elambu (8), v., to feast. 
 
 1 ke mu dia ko, v.i., to fast, 
 hunger. 
 
 dia e kandu (6), v., to refuse ever 
 to do. 
 
 dia e kidia-una, v., to eat without 
 having washed the hands in the 
 
 morning. 
 
 dia 0 dia (9) kwambiki, to gorge, 
 eat greedily. 
 
 nkwa dia kwambiki, n., a glut¬ 
 ton, greedy eater. 
 
 dia 0 madia (pi. 9), v.i., to feed, 
 take a meal. 
 
 dia e mbata (2), v., to take a per¬ 
 quisite (as when a man buys for 
 less than the price sent and 
 keeps the difference). 
 
 dia e mfuka (2), v., to incur a debt, 
 to owe. 
 
 dia e ndofi (2), v. } to swear, take an 
 oath. 
 
 dia e ngongofila (2), v ., to tickle. 
 
 dia e njimbu (2), v., to fine. 
 
 dia e nkasa (2), v., to drink the 
 ordeal poison (the test of witch¬ 
 craft). 
 
 dia e ntomfi (2), v., to dig round 
 a thing at a little distance off 
 (as in digging out a rat or a 
 plant). 
 
 Dia, 9, n., food, victuals, nourishment, 
 provisions ; see also Madia. 
 
 Dia, v.i., to be in use as currency, be 
 an article of exchange, be in 
 request or demand; 0 nlele 
 wau dia udia, this cloth is 
 in request. 
 
 diadi, l dem. rondel. 7 & 8, sing., 
 
 ediadi, J 1st pos., emphatic , this. 
 
 muna diadi (diambu), adv., always 
 used with the applied form : 
 therefore, for this reason, on 
 account of this ; also by this, 
 hereby. 
 
 Diadiana, v. recip ., to eat one another 
 {as cannibals). 
 
 Diadina, ) dem. pron ., cl. 7 & 8, sing., 
 
 ediadina, j y'dpos., emphatic, that. 
 
 Diaka, adv., more, again, besides, 
 further. 
 
 diaka fiakete, adv., a little further, 
 little more. 
 
 diaka vana ntandu, adv., extra, 
 more beside. 
 
 Diakakana, v., to be edible. 
 
 Diaki, 7, n., egg. 
 
 Diakila, 7, n., the germ of an arachis 
 (nguba nut) which falls away 
 from the cotyledons, when 
 roasted and husked. 
 
 Diama, v. (Bako.), to go under water, 
 to sink, settle (as mud), to 
 founder. 
 
 Diamba, 7, n., Indian hemp (cannabis 
 sativa). 
 
 Diambu, 7, n., a thing (abstract), an 
 affair, “ palaver,” a word, state¬ 
 ment, speech, matter spoken of, 
 message, remark, thing spoken 
 of or done, condition, stipula¬ 
 tion, cause, action, occurrence, 
 fact, incident, event, account, 
 behalf, sake, fault. 
 
 diambu dianzaki, n., an idiom. 
 
 diambu dina, it is of consequence. 
 
 manesa e diambu, v., to mediate, 
 to settle a palaver. 
 
 muna or omu diambu dia, on 
 account of, because of, for the 
 sake of, for, about, concerning, 
 of; always used with the ap¬ 
 pliedform. 
 
 vwa e diambu, v., to be respon¬ 
 sible. 
 
 ke diambu ko, never mind, all 
 right, there is no objection. 
 
 ke diambu diaku ko, it does not 
 concern you. 
 
 ke ya diambu ko, of no importance, 
 immaterial. 
 
 Diangila, n., a thin, skinny person 
 {derived from ndiangila, a 
 lizard). 
 
 ndiangila, 4, a lizard. 
 
 Dianu, adv., always used witi the 
 applied form, therefore, l>nce. 
 
( 261 ) 
 
 Dia-Dim 
 
 Dianu, continued. 
 
 for tliis reason, consequently, 
 so, that is why. 
 
 Dianza, 7, n., noose, slip knot, loop, 
 snare. 
 
 Diata, v., to walk, tread, step, trample 
 upon, go. 
 
 diata e lumbu kiamvimba, v., to 
 
 go a day’s march. 
 
 diata e nsongongo, v., to hop, go 
 on one foot. 
 
 diata e tini (6) kianda, 7/., to make 
 a long march. 
 
 diata 0 lutambi (11 & 2), 7/., to 
 take a step. 
 
 Diatakana, v ., to be trodden upon. 
 
 Diatakesa, 7/., to tread, trample upon. 
 
 Diatisa, v ., to lead, propel. 
 
 Diau, see Dianu. 
 
 Diau, poss. pron., cl. 7 & 8, sing., their, 
 theirs, of them. 
 
 diau, subj. also obj. pron., cl. 7 & 8, 
 sing., emphatic , it. 
 
 i diau didi, this is it, this is the 
 one, this is why, therefore, this 
 is the reason, for the sake of 
 this. 
 
 diau edi, this one. 
 
 Diawa dimoxi, the same, in the same 
 manner, like, ditto, alike, equal; 
 see also under -au. 
 
 Dibala, 7, 71., a game ; see Appendix 
 (Games). 
 
 Dibuka, v., to dive or be thrown 
 (into the water.) 
 
 Dibula, 7/., to throw (into water). 
 
 Dibulungu, 7, n., a game; see 
 
 Appendix (Games). 
 
 Didi, dem. proji., cl. 7 & 8, sing., 
 emphatic, used o?ily after verbal 
 particle i ; this, see Diau. 
 
 Didila, v., to cry about, weep, lament, 
 mourn for. 
 
 Diediomona, v., to roll (the eyes) fast. 
 
 Dievwa, 7, 71., large jackal hunting in 
 packs, sometimes miscalled a 
 wolf. 
 
 adieyi, inter, pron., cl. 7 & 8, sing. 
 where is it, which is it. Where 
 adieyi is used with diambu 
 
 adieyi, continued. 
 
 understood, it means, why, what 
 for, for what reason. The ap¬ 
 plied' for771 must be used after it. 
 
 Dika, v.t., to feed, give food to a per¬ 
 son, give a present of a goat, etc., 
 for food. (Never used of giving 
 food to animals.) 
 
 Dikama, v., to be stagnant or still 
 (of water only). 
 
 Dikama, 9, //., stagnation. 
 
 -adikama, a., stagnant, still. 
 
 Dikidila, v., to give food to...for, 
 hence to poison. 
 
 Dikila, v.t., to feed, give food (to an 
 animal). 
 
 Dikinga, v., to have a liquid splash¬ 
 ing, shaking, swaying about, or 
 palpitating, throbbing inside (as 
 of a vessel, artery, or the heart, 
 &c.). 
 
 Dikuwa, 7, n. (Mpa.), a matchet. 
 
 Dikwangu, 7, n. (Mpa.), water. 
 
 Dila, v. (applied fortn of dia), to eat 
 in, off, with. 
 
 Dila, v., to weep, cry, mourn, fret, 
 bewail. 
 
 dila e mbembo (2), v., to sing a 
 dirge. 
 
 Dila, 6, 71., capital (in trade) ; a large 
 sum, or pile of goods, given as 
 payment (not used of small 
 payments). 
 
 dila (6) kiantwadi, n., the joint 
 capital of partners in trade, 
 bunda e dila kiantwadi, to join 
 in partnership for trade. 
 
 Dila e mfuka (2), v., to be indebted to. 
 
 Dilajiana, v., to weep for each other. 
 
 Dilu, 6, 71., a cry, lamentation, the 
 great public wailing in case of 
 a death. 
 
 nkwa (1) dilu, weeper, mourner. 
 
 Dimau, 7, n. (P. limao), lime or lemon. 
 
 Dimba, 6, n., direction (towards). 
 
 muna dimba (6) kia, toward, in 
 the direction of. 
 
 Dimbadimba, 6, n., a little valley. 
 
 Dimbama, v.i., to be concealed, 
 hidden. 
 
Dim-Dit 
 
 ( 262 ) 
 
 Dimbandi (7) dialumbu or dimba- 
 ndi (7) dianzala, large running 
 bean. 
 
 Dimbika, v.t., to conceal, hide. 
 
 Dimbila, 6, n., valley. 
 
 Dimbu, 13, 71., gum, resin, sticky juice, 
 or sap ; hence glue, tar, pitch, 
 sealing-wax, paint. 
 
 Dimbu, 6, n., sign, token, mark, badge, 
 flag, souvenir. 
 
 Dimbula, v., to find, discover. 
 
 Dimbula e vuvu (6), v., to relinquish 
 hope, despair. 
 
 Dimpokovoko, 7, n., cow-itch (mucuna 
 pruriens). 
 
 Dimuka, v., to go under (earth or 
 water); hence to set (as the { 
 sun). 
 
 Dimuna, v., to put under (water). 
 
 dina, ) dem. & rel. fir on., cl. 7 & 8 
 
 edina, i sing., yd pos ., that, that ! 
 which, that. 
 
 Dinda, 6, 71 ., fool. 
 
 -adinda, a., foolish. 
 
 Dindangana, v., to sulk. 
 
 Dinga, pi. 6, n., bundle, or packet, or 
 string of be ads, a bead-necklace, 
 &c. 
 
 Dinga, 6, n., flange, guard of knife. 
 
 Dingadinga, 6, //., goitre. 
 
 Dingalala, v., to stop, wait, keep, 
 or stand still ; to stay, linger, 
 delay, be silent, quiet, pause, 
 halt. 
 
 Dingalala, 9, n., delay, pause. 
 
 Dingama, v., see Dingalala. 
 
 Dingidika, v.t., to restrain, keep still, 
 delay, check, impede, stop. 
 
 Dinginzundu, 6, n., fool (a woman’s 
 word). 
 
 Dingudingu, 6, n., suspense, un¬ 
 certainty, hesitation, perplexity, 
 doubtfulness. 
 
 Dingundu, 7, n., crucible. 
 
 Dingungu, 7, n., a hornet. 
 
 Dingwinti, 7, n., witch-doctor’s drum; 
 see Drum, Eng.-Kongo ; also a 
 dance to the music of above. 
 
 Dinkondo, 7, n., tree, bunch, or single 
 fruit of plantain. 
 
 Dinkundia, 7, //., cow-itch (mucuna 
 pruriens). 
 
 Dinsanga, 7, n., drop, tear. 
 
 Dinsansa, 7, n., a seed capsule or 
 fruit springing out of the base of 
 a plant, something like a canna, 
 of a bright orange colour when 
 ripe, and containing pulp of a 
 pleasant acid taste. The plant 
 also bears the same name. 
 
 Dinsende, 7, 71., edible caterpillar. 
 
 Dinsongensonge, 7, 71., a plant. 
 
 Dinsongwa, 7, 71 ., date palm (Phoenix 
 spinosa). 
 
 Dinsusususu, 7, n., a tree having 
 aromatic leaves. 
 
 Dintumba, 7, 71 ., brass chair nail. 
 
 Dintungununu, 7, n., large compound 
 eye of insects. 
 
 Dinu, 7 (pi. meno), 71., tooth, tusk, 
 fang, barb ; see also Meno. 
 kola, or kongona e dinu, v., to 
 knock out a tooth. 
 
 Dinxinga, 7, 71., slipknot, noose, 
 snare. 
 
 Dinxienxia, 7, n., a creeper having 
 stinging leaves. 
 
 Dinzelele, 7, n., fern. 
 
 dio, obj. p 7 ' 07 i. cl. 7 & 8, sing., it. 
 
 edio, dem. p 7 ' 07 i., cl. 7 & 8, smg, 2/ id 
 pos., that. 
 
 diodio, \ dem. p 7 ' 07 i., cl. 7 & 8, sing., 
 
 ediodio, ( 2nd pos., e 77 iphatic, that. 
 
 Diokolo, 6, 71., a tadpole which has 
 nearly become a frog, the legs 
 being well developed. 
 
 Dionga 0 moyo, to grieve to the 
 heart. 
 
 Diongo, 6, 71., a bead necklace. 
 
 Disa, 7, 71., a head of maize ; see 
 Masa. 
 
 disa diambubwansala, maize, the 
 grains of which are of a purple 
 colour. 
 
 Disa, v., to cause to eat. 
 
 Disu, 71. (pi. meso), an eye, germ, dot, 
 a china olive bead (ganheta) ; 
 see also Me SO. 
 
 Dita, 6, 71., a necklace of beads. 
 
 Dituka, v., to be angry, to sulk. 
 
( 263 ) 
 
 Dit-Duk 
 
 Ditumuka, vd., to start, be startled 
 and run (as frightened game, or 
 people). 
 
 Ditumuna, v.t., to startle, as above. 
 
 Diuka, v,, to enter, go, get, or come 
 in, dip under (water). 
 
 diuka e mfiumbu (2), to go under 
 water, sink, dive. 
 
 Diuka {mid. v. of dia), to be eaten. 
 
 Diukisa, v ., to immerse, to put, dip 
 into or under water. 
 
 Diumba, v.i., to go under water, to 
 sink. 
 
 Diumbisa, vd., to plunge beneath, or 
 push under water. 
 
 Diwa {pass, of dia), to be eaten, be 
 edible. 
 
 -diwa, j£., edible. 
 
 Diwombolo, 7, n. (Kib.), piece of 
 broken canoe. 
 
 Diwu, 7, 71., papyrus. 
 
 Diya, 6, 71., forgetfulness, a mistake. 
 
 fwa e diya, v., to forget, make a 
 mistake. 
 
 nkwa (1) diya, 11., forgetful person. 
 
 Diza, 6, 71., euphorbia. 
 
 Doda, v., to rap, tap, knock, hammer, 
 peck (as a fowl). 
 
 doda 0 nkweza (4), to tap for india- 
 rubber. 
 
 Dodo, 6, n., a knock, a rap. 
 
 Dodokela, v., to beg as a favour, re¬ 
 quest, entreat, beseech, plead 
 for, as a favour. 
 
 Dodokela, 9,an appeal, a request. 
 
 Dodokelela, v., to intercede for. 
 
 Dodokolodo! mterj., if you please, 
 pray do, will you oblige me. 
 Dodokolodo umpana, I request 
 you to give me. 
 
 Doka, v.t., to click, crack (the fingers). 
 
 Dokoka, V.i., to click (as when a gun 
 is cocked), crack (the fingers). 
 
 Dokola, v., to pull out (of its spathe, 
 as a piece of grass, or the stem 
 of a plantain fruit from its in¬ 
 sertion) ; to pull out (of its 
 natural case). 
 
 Dokonona, v.t., to extract, pick out, 
 clean. 
 
 Dolokesa, v., to apologize, beg pardon. 
 Doma, v.i., to jump. 
 
 Domama, v.i., to be stuck into the 
 ground or something so that 
 other support is not needed. 
 Domeka, v.t., to stick a thing into 
 
 the ground or 
 
 something so 
 
 that it stands without other sup¬ 
 port. 
 
 Domoka, v.i., to be pulled out (from a 
 position as above). 
 
 Domona, v.t., to pull out (from a 
 position as above). 
 
 Dongalala, 
 
 Dongama 
 
 
 v.i., to be erect, upright, 
 in a sitting posture, to 
 
 stand up. 
 
 Dongeka, 1 v.t., to erect, set up a 
 
 Dongeleka, i thing, raise up, stand. 
 
 Dongoka, v., to come out, be ex¬ 
 tracted. 
 
 Dongomoka, v., to emerge, come to 
 the surface, rise (of the sun). 
 
 Dongona, v.t., to extract something 
 embedded, to pick out. 
 
 Duda, v., to take more than is neces¬ 
 sary. 
 
 Dudu, 6, 11., fool. 
 
 dudu kia muntu, a foolish fellow, 
 -adudu, a., foolish. 
 
 Duduka, v.i., to be taken in unnecess¬ 
 ary quantity. 
 
 Dudula, v.i., to thunder, make a 
 
 Duduma,/ thundering noise. 
 
 Duduvwangu, 6 , 71., a fool (a woman’s 
 word). 
 
 Duka, v., to root about (as a pig), 
 make a hole (as a rat). 
 
 Dukinga, v.i., to beat, pulsate, throb, 
 splash about, also to rumble 
 (of the bowels). 
 
 The above word is only used of 
 the liquid which causes the 
 sound or throbbing, never of 
 the vessel,containing the liquid, 
 which is said to dikinga. 
 
 Dukula, v., sec dokola. 
 
 Dukumuka, v., to grow, spring up, 
 shoot forth, rise (as the sun), 
 dukumuka 0 meno, to be cutting 
 the teeth. 
 
Duk-Eba 
 
 ( 264 ) 
 
 Dukumuka, v., to be spilt (of liquids 
 only). 
 
 Dukumuna, v., to root up, eradicate, 
 take, draw out, pluck up by the 
 roots. 
 
 Dukumuna, v., to pour out, pour 
 away, spill {of liquids only). 
 
 Dukunga, v., to pulsate, palpitate, 
 throb, shake, wash, sway about 
 of liquids o?ily, see dukinga. 
 
 Dumuka, v., to be plucked up by the 
 roots. 
 
 Dumuna, v., to root up, extract by the 
 roots, eradicate. 
 
 Dumvuka, v.i., to dash up, toss up 
 (violently, as waves, spray). 
 
 Dumvuna, v.t., to cause to toss up 
 (violently, as waves, spray). 
 
 Duna, v., see dokola. 
 
 Dunga, 6 , n., a fool. 
 
 Dunguka, v.i., to come out, be ex¬ 
 tracted, stubbed up. 
 
 Dungumuka, v., to emerge, come to 
 the surface, rise (of the sun), 
 kuna kudungumukinanga e nta- 
 ngwa, east, eastward. 
 
 Dunguna, v., to pull or tear up by 
 the roots (of something great). 
 
 Dununa, to pull out of its spathe. 
 
 Dusuna, v.t., to crush (a thing having 
 life). 
 
 E. 
 
 E-, the singular prefix of nouns of 
 class VIII., pi. ma-. The 
 Bakongo and sometimes also 
 the Kongo drop off the pre¬ 
 fix e of nouns of this class. 
 The full form is preserved in 
 this dictionary. 
 
 E-, the place where an action is or 
 was performed is expresssd by 
 prefixing e to the perfect passive 
 of the applied form. Such 
 words are of the 8th class; 
 sweka, to hide; eswekelo, a 
 hiding place. 
 
 -E-, adjectives formed from nouns 
 having e for their initial letter 
 preserve this e after all prefixes. 
 The usual a of the adjective 
 being elided before the e, as 
 kiebeni; such adjectives will 
 be found in their places under E. 
 
 E, subj. pronom. prefix, ydpers. si?ig. y 
 & pi., he, she, they. 
 
 E, article a, an, the. The article 
 classes II., V., VI., VII., VIII. 
 XV. sing. ; classes II., III.,. 
 IV., V ., 4 VI., pi. Nouns fol¬ 
 lowing verbs when clearly not 
 their object are preceded by 
 their article and thus form ad¬ 
 verbs, the article also combines 
 with the conjunction or prep¬ 
 osition ya ; for rules sunder 0. 
 
 E-, pronouns wearing the article of 
 their class (e-) as a prefix, are 
 to be found under the prefix 
 proper ; eki under ki, eji under 
 ji, &c. 
 
 E, sometimes a combination of a+i r 
 ma-ingi becomes mengi. 
 
 E, interrogative particle applied at the 
 end of all questions, frequently 
 combining with the last vowel. 
 Kusumba kwe (ko-be), will 
 you not buy ? 
 
 E, the sign of the vocative ; e mbunji 
 ame, oh ! my brother. 
 
 E, interj., yes. 
 
 E-e ! interj., no. 
 
 Eba, 8 , n. (Bako.), palm tree (generic), 
 the oil-palm (Elaeis guinae- 
 ensis). 
 
 Ebaba, 8 , n., mute, a dumb person. 
 
 Ebaji (8) dia waji, n., the seat of a 
 skin disease. 
 
 Ebala, 8 , n., black and white check 
 cloth. 
 
 Ebala, 8 , 71., a little clearing made at 
 a place where two roads meet, 
 where a nsanda tree (ficus) has 
 been planted, as a shelter or 
 halting place, where beer, wine, 
 and food sellers sometimes wait 
 to sellwarestopassing travellers. 
 
( 265 ) 
 
 Eba-Ebw 
 
 Ebalantoto, 8, 77., an edible fungus. 
 
 Ebanda, 8, 77., a pustule or scab of 
 scald head. 
 
 Ebandanzaji, 8 , 77., a large hairy cater¬ 
 pillar. 
 
 Ebandu, 8, 77., plank, board, bench, 
 form, stave. 
 
 Ebangia, 8, n., a large grasshopper 
 having red and purple wings. 
 
 Ebata, 8, 77., summit, top, ridge, of 
 a hill only, used in adverbial 
 clauses only , see Etenta. 
 
 Ebaya, 8, n., plank, board, stave, 
 bench, form. 
 
 Ebeke, 8, n., jug. 
 
 Ebekete, 8, 77., flank (of the body). 
 
 Ebelo, 8, n., groin. 
 
 -ebeni, a., great, large, chief, grand, 
 vast. 
 
 Ebeni, 8, n. (Bako.), the breast. 
 
 Ebika, 8, 77., a stipulation, term of 
 contract, a contract, 
 xia e ebika, v., to stipulate. 
 
 Ebindwa, 8, n., flint and steel, lucifer 
 match. 
 
 Ebobo, 8, /7., the shell of a ground-nut 
 in which the seed has not been 
 developed. 
 
 Eboka, 8, n., a large round red bead. 
 
 Ebokolo, 8 , 77., a sheep, 
 ebokolo diankento, a ewe. 
 ebokolo diekoko, a ram. 
 mwana (i) a ebokolo, a lamb. 
 
 Ebolo, 8, 77., uncircumcised person. 
 
 Ebototo, 8, 77., a large species of 
 toad. 
 
 Ebubu-nsanda, 8, 77., a ficus (elas- 
 ticus ?). 
 
 Ebudi, 8,77. (P. bule), boiler, 
 ebudi dia xia, tea-pot. 
 
 Ebukadi, 8, 77., a grey or blue-eyed 
 person. 
 
 -ebukadi, a., grey, blue-eyed. 
 
 Ebuki, 8, 77., part (of a measure of 
 of capacity, as part of a cup¬ 
 ful). 
 
 xia e ebuki, v., to half fill, to fill 
 half full. 
 
 kala e ebuki (8) ye, to be covered 
 with (dust or earth). 
 
 Ebuki, continued. 
 
 kala e ebuki yo mwixi (3), to be 
 full of smoke. 
 
 kala e ebuki ye tombe (6),’[to 
 be very dark, 0 mwamu muna 
 ebuki ye tombe, it is very dark 
 inside. 
 
 Ebuku, 8 , 77., a pudding (large). 
 
 Ebuku, 8 , 77. (Eng. book), book. 
 
 Ebukwa, 8 , 77 ., a basket having a lid. 
 
 Ebulansunga, 8 ,77., the anomalure or 
 flying squirrel ; also a species 
 of hornbill. 
 
 Ebuluku, 8 , 77. (P. burro), ass, don¬ 
 key. 
 
 Ebulukutu, 8, 77 ., the lemon plant. 
 
 Ebumbulu, 8 , n., ophthalmia. 
 
 Ebumi, 8 , 77., the fruit of the india- 
 rubber (creeper) plant (Landol- 
 phia), and of the mbumi. 
 
 Ebundi, 8 , 77., the cheek. 
 
 Ebundi, 8,77., blue baft. 
 
 Ebundu, 8 , 77., crowd, cluster, group,, 
 party, company, assemblage, 
 army ; amount, sum total, 
 ebundu dia ntetembwa (2), con¬ 
 stellation. 
 
 Ebunge, 8 , 77., a charm, supposed to 
 render actions invisible, so that 
 they may be performed without 
 the knowledge of onlookers. It 
 is also supposed to render a 
 person invulnerable in war. 
 mwanga e ebunge, v., to render 
 actions invisible by means of 
 the charm ebunge. 
 
 Ebungela, 8 , 77., clod, lump, a crystal 
 (of salt), grain (of sand). 
 
 Ebungwa, 8 , 77., snuff-box. 
 
 Ebunze, 8 , 77., a charm supposed to. 
 cause a sickness which bears 
 the same name, most probably 
 apoplexy. 
 
 Ebwangu, 8 , 77., a calabash with a 
 large mouth. 
 
 Ebwela, 8 , 77., a dance characterized 
 by the rotatory movement of 
 each shoulder, and hip alter¬ 
 nately. 
 
 Ebwelengenze, 8 , 77., see Ebungela. 
 
Ebw-Efu 
 
 ( 266 ) 
 
 Ebwila, 8, n., mouth of river, con¬ 
 fluence, debouchure. 
 
 Ebwilu, 8, 11 ., the spot where some¬ 
 body or something fell. 
 
 Edi, see under Di. 
 
 Ediadia, 8, n., tall, thick grass, often 
 10-15 ft. high. 
 
 Ediata, 8, 71., a grass ; also a toy gun 
 (of grass). 
 
 Edibu, 8, 71., rattle (with wooden 
 tongues, for dogs, pigs, &c., also 
 used in some parts by witch 
 doctors). 
 
 Edienga, 8, 71., the quality possessed 
 which wins favour; hence favour, 
 grace enjoyed. 
 
 kala ye edienga (8), v ., to find 
 favour. 
 
 mona e edienga, to show favour, 
 to be gracious to. 
 
 Edienge, 8, n., an anklet. 
 
 Edikitila, 8, n., jungle (of grass). 
 
 Edila, 8, n., sack, bag. 
 
 edila dia kulu (9), (pi. madila ma 
 malu), 71., sock. 
 
 .Edima, 8, n. (P. lima), file. 
 
 Edimbu, 8, n., bird-lime, made from 
 the sap of the nsanda (a ficus) 
 or ndimbudimbu. 
 
 dia e edimbu, v., to extract the 
 sap. 
 
 Edime, 8, n., dew. 
 
 Edimu, 8, 71., rattle with wooden 
 tongues, for dogs, pigs, &c. 
 
 Edina, see wider Dina. 
 
 Edingidingi, 8, n., midnight (the 
 
 hour). 
 
 edingidingi dizungidi, it was mid¬ 
 night. 
 
 Edioko, 8, n., cassava, manioc (jatro- 
 pha manihot) ; see Cassava, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Edionga, 8, n., spear, assegai, har¬ 
 poon, lance. 
 
 Ediongololo, 8,a species of ascaris, 
 an intestinal worm. 
 
 Edivulu, 8, 71. (P. livro), book. 
 
 -Edodokolo, 8, n., favour, obligation. 
 
 Edongola, 8, n., jigger (sarcopsylla 
 penetrans). 
 
 Eduku, 8, 71., fledgling, seedling, a 
 tooth just cut. 
 
 Edungu, 8, n., scrotal hydrocele or 
 hernia. 
 
 Efi, see under Fi. 
 
 Efu, 8, 71., field of ripe nguba. 
 
 Efuba, 8, 71., the screw-pine (pandanus 
 candelabrum). 
 
 -efuba, a., nguba (2) efuba, a roasted 
 ground nut which has in con¬ 
 sequence of not being properly 
 ripe. 
 
 Efudilu, 8, 71., end, finishing. 
 
 Efufu, 8, 71., a clap with the hollow 
 hands. 
 
 bunda or wanda e efufu, to clap 
 
 as above when surprised. 
 
 Efuka, 8, 71., handful. 
 
 Efuka, 8, 71., physical strength, robust¬ 
 ness, power, sturdiness, vigour, 
 force. 
 
 kuna efuka, adv ., weightily (of a 
 blow). 
 
 -efuka, a., strong, robust, powerful, 
 sturdy. 
 
 Efukilu, 8, 71., end, extremity. 
 
 Efuku, 8, 71., million. 
 
 Efuku, 8, 71., rubbish heap (in town), 
 bed raised high (as for pump¬ 
 kins), bed of burnt roots and 
 earth. 
 
 Efuku, 8, 71., end, extremity. 
 
 Efukutila, 8, 71., cold, a catarrh. 
 
 Efula, 8, 71., path at entrance to town. 
 
 Efulu, 8, 71., pith. 
 
 Efulu diansungu, n., cowry shell. 
 
 Efulufulu, 8, n., froth, foam, surf, 
 scum, bubbles. 
 
 tumba or tuba e efulufulu, v., to 
 
 foam, ferment, froth, effervesce. 
 
 Efumbe, 8, 71 ., grub (of unicorn beetle 
 or palm weevil). 
 
 Efunda, 8, 71., bundle, parcel. 
 
 Efundankata, 8, n., thigh of a bird. 
 
 Efundu, 8, 71., shroud, cloth bound on 
 a corpse. 
 
 Efungu, 8, n., an owl. 
 
 Efungununu, 8, the carpenter bee, 
 a boring bee. 
 
 Efuni, 8, n., the anus. 
 
( 267 ) 
 
 Efu-Eki 
 
 Efusu, 8 , zz., caldron (in river). 
 
 Efute, 8 , zz., a thick-stemmed creeper 
 yielding a useful fibre. 
 
 Efutukulu, 8 , zz., (small) bundle. 
 
 Efwa, 8 , it ., inheritance, heritage, 
 legacy. 
 
 dia e efwa, v., to inherit (take the 
 inheritance). 
 
 vingila e efwa, 7/., to inherit, suc¬ 
 ceed to the inheritance, 
 vwa e efwa, 7/., to possess an in¬ 
 heritance, to inherit, 
 xisa e efwa, 7/., to leave, bequeath. 
 
 Efwexia, 8 , zz., a water rat. 
 
 Ejalwa, ) 8 , zz., a nest woven of 
 
 Ejambwa, ) soft materials. 
 
 Eji, see under Ji. 
 
 -eji-a+iji; see Kwiza. 
 
 Ejiku, 8 , zz., fireplace, hearth. 
 
 Ejiku, 8 , n ., the musk organ in civets, 
 &c., or their scent. 
 
 Ejina, 8 , n ., a name. 
 
 Ejina, 2, see under jina. 
 
 Ejinga, 8 , zz., pool left by the fall of a 
 river, hole in the bed of a river. 
 
 Ejio, 8 , zz., touch last (a game) ; see 
 Appendix (Games). 
 
 Ejita, 8 , zz., a tie, knot. 
 
 Ejitu, 8 , zz., weight, heaviness. 
 
 -ejitu, <7., heavy, ponderous, weighty. 
 
 Ekadi, 8 , zz., astringency. 
 
 -Ekadi, a., astringent. 
 
 Ekafi, 8 , zz., husk of the palm nut after 
 expression of the oil; chewed 
 pieces of sugar cane. 
 
 Ekakala, 8 , zz., “ palm 55 grass. 
 
 Ekaku, 8 , zz., wad (of gun). 
 
 xiamisa e ekaku, 7/., to ram a gun 
 (drive the wad). 
 
 Ekala, 8 , zz., ash, charcoal, cinder. 
 
 Ekalu, 8 , zz., dwelling place. 
 
 Ekalu, 8 , zz. (P. carro), wheel or 
 wheeled vehicle, carriage, wheel¬ 
 barrow. 
 
 Ekamba, 8 , zz., savelist (a coarse baize), 
 
 list. 
 
 Ekamba, 8 , zz., purlin. 
 
 Ekambi, 8 , zz., flock, herd, drove. 
 
 Ekanda, 8 , zz., clan, family ; see Clan, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Ekanda, 8 , zz., paw, mark, spoor. 
 
 Ekandu, 8 , zz., place where palm wine 
 is mixed, watered, &c. 
 
 Ekanga, 8 , zz., wilderness, bare place, 
 barren soil. 
 
 -ekanga, a ., bare (as a hill without 
 grass). 
 
 Ekangeya, 8 , zz., curculigo (hot.). 
 
 Ekangu, 8 , zz., long fishtrap (as lobster 
 basket). 
 
 Ekasa, 8 , zz. (Bako.), jigger (sarcopsylla 
 penetrans). 
 
 Ekata, 8 , zz., a testicle. 
 
 Ekawa, 8 , zz., pith in midrib of palm- 
 frond. 
 
 Ekaxi, 8 , zz., anger, rage. 
 
 ekaxi dia lumfulumbumbu, zz., 
 irritability. 
 
 ekaxi diatuntu, zz., hasty temper. 
 
 Ekaza, 8 , zz., binder of gun, ferrule. 
 
 Ekazu, 8 , zz., the pod of the cola tree 
 (sterculia), a cola nut. 
 
 Ekeke, 8 , zz., midrib of palin-frond. 
 
 Ekeketele, 8 , zz., ant (white workers). 
 
 Ekela, 8 , zz., bullet, ball, slug, shot. 
 
 Ekela-nkombo, 8 , zz., trade-knife (bone 
 on each side of shaft). 
 
 Ekelengenze, 8 , zz., lump, clod, grain 
 (of sand), crystal (of salt). 
 
 Ekembo, 8 , zz., praise, rejoicing. 
 
 Ekende, 8 , zz. (Bako.), calico, white 
 baft. 
 
 Ekende, 8 , zz., pudding of green maize 
 beaten. 
 
 Ekengele, 8 , zz., see Ekelengenze. 
 
 Ekesa, 8 , zz., soldier, warrior. 
 
 Ekeso, 8 , zz., cassava root steeped in 
 water, peeled, and dried in the 
 sun. 
 
 Eketo, 8 , zz. (Bako.), anger. 
 
 Ekevo, 8 , zz., smell of civet, and other 
 animals having the musk organ. 
 
 Ekeya, 8 , zz., colour, mark, spot. 
 
 ekeya dia ngo (2), zz., mole 
 (mark on the skin). 
 
 Eki, see under Ki. 
 
 Ekinu, 8 , zz., the dance conducted all 
 night long, on the occasion of 
 the birth of a child who is 
 supposed to be “lombo;” the 
 
Eki-Eku 
 
 ( 268 ) 
 
 Ekinu, continued. 
 
 plural makinu is used for any 
 kind of dance. 
 
 Ekiyilu, 8, 7 Z., haunt. 
 
 Ekodia, 8 , n ., knuckle, joint, knot (of 
 of a tree) ; also a helix shell. 
 
 Ekofi, 8 , n., a blow with the fist. 
 
 "buba or tua or wanda e ekofi, v., 
 to strike with the fist. 
 
 Ekoji, 8 , n., stocks. 
 
 Ekoji, 8, n. (P. gonzo?), hinge. 
 
 Ekoka, 8 , n., lame person. 
 
 Ekoka, \g n scarabseus beetle. 
 
 Ekokatuvi,/ ’ 
 
 Ekoko, 8 , 77 ., a male (of all living crea¬ 
 tures except persons). 
 
 -ekoko, a ., male. 
 
 Ekoko, 8 , n., the climbing palm 
 (calamus secundifloris), a staff 
 cut from the stem of the same. 
 
 Ekoko, 8 ,77., scab, 
 batuna e ekoko, v., to take off a 
 scab on purpose. 
 
 vusuna e ekoko, v., to knock off a 
 scab by accident. 
 
 Ekolado, 8 , n. (P. coral), coral. 
 
 Ekole, ) 8 , 7 z., the shank and hoof (of 
 
 Ekolo, ) animals), shank (of fowls). 
 
 Ekolombo, 8 , 7 z., a black and red 
 lizard. 
 
 Ekolowa, 8, n. (P. coroa), crown. 
 
 Ekombe, 8 , n., civet. 
 
 Ekombe, 8 , n., league (a distance of 
 about three miles). 
 
 Ekombe, 8 , 7 z., teeth cut after the 
 fashionable manner, when the 
 two top front teeth are shortened 
 to half their natural length ; the 
 space left whence a tooth has 
 been extracted. 
 
 Ekombo, 8 , 77., sides of butt end of 
 gun. 
 
 Ekomve, 8 , 77., a small piece of the 
 the pulp inside a calabash. 
 
 Ekonde, 8 , 77., net (for animals). 
 
 Ekongo, 8, 77 ., Kongo country. 
 
 Ekongonzundu, 8 , 7?., anvil (large 
 European). 
 
 Ekonko, 8 , 7/., grasshopper or locust 
 (generic). 
 
 Ekonzo, 8 , 7 /., node (of grass, &c.)„ 
 joint (ball or socket), handle (of 
 a vessel). 
 
 ekonzo dia kulu (9), ankle. 
 
 Ekota, 8 ,7/., the headman of a caravan,, 
 a capata. 
 
 Ekotelo, 8 , 7/., an entrance, ingress,, 
 way in. 
 
 Ekoto, 8 , 77., the vagina. 
 
 Ekoxi, 8 , 77., back of the head. 
 
 Ekuba, 8 , n., bale. 
 
 Ekubiln, 8 , 7L, factory, manufactory. 
 
 Ekudi, 8 , 77., anger, vexation, wrath,, 
 bad temper. 
 
 kuna ekudi (1 with applied form),. 
 against, contrary to the will, 
 reluctantly. 
 
 ku nsuku a ekudi (nsukwekiidi), 
 
 adv., unwillingly. 
 
 sukisa e ekudi, v., to irritate, to* 
 make angry, to enrage. 
 
 sukwa e ekudi, v., to be full of 
 wrath, enraged, very angry ; to - 
 be much annoyed but obliged 
 to comply or obey. 
 
 Ekukwa, 8 , 77., stone of fire-place,, 
 hearth. 
 
 Ekulu, adv., used with the applied' 
 fonn of the verb which it 
 qualifies, first, at once, at first, 
 previously, before them. Ungya- 
 mbwila ekulu ngienda jika 0 • 
 ese ame (same), let me go first 
 and bury my father; muna 
 Ekongo twakadila ekulu, we 
 lived in Congo previously. 
 
 Ekulu, used only in the following, 
 combination, -au ekulu, all of 
 them, every one. 
 
 Ekulukulu, 8 , 77., very large midrib of. 
 bamboo palm. 
 
 Ekulumbwanji, 8 , n., blow-fly. 
 
 Ekulumukinu, 8 , n., the place of 
 descent. 
 
 Ekuluntietie, 8 , n., a small bird. 
 
 Ekuluta, 8 , 77., famine. 
 
 Ekuluwa, 8 , 7/., washhand basin. 
 
 Ekuluzu, 8 , 77. (P. cruz), cross, cruci¬ 
 fix. 
 
 xia vana ekuluzu, v.t., to crucify. 
 
( 269 ) 
 
 Eku-Ei.o 
 
 Ekuma, 8 , //., the time, beat of a 
 drum or in music. 
 
 Ekumba, 8 , bulb, padlock, lock. 
 
 Ekumbi, 8 , steamer, engine, 
 
 ekumbi dia vita, //., man of war. 
 
 Ekumbila, 8 , «., fall, cataract of water. 
 
 Ekumbu, 8 , «., surprise, marvel, won¬ 
 der, miracle, astonishment, 
 -ekumbu, a ., strange, amazing, mar¬ 
 vellous, astonishing, wonderful, 
 
 Ekumbu, 8 , scandal, slander 
 calumniation. 
 
 Ekumfu, 8 , a fetish image. 
 
 Ekumi, 8 , ;/., a ten, decade, a lot of 
 ten. 
 
 ekumi ye moxi, a ., eleven, 
 ekumi ye nana, eighteen. 
 
 -ekumi, <*., tenth. 
 
 Ekumu, 8 , //., bank of river, coast, 
 shore. 
 
 Ekungunu, 8 , //., knee. 
 
 Ekunji, 8 , a king-post, the post 
 
 that holds the ridge pole, the 
 leg of a table or bedstead, a 
 prop, a pile, a pillar, 
 nkwa mpova a viluka e ekunji, 
 one who tells you the truth, but 
 tells a lie when another asks 
 him. 
 
 Ekunkwa, 8 , pillar, bank of earth 
 pile ; the fork of a branch, cut 
 off so close that it forms a large 
 flat top to a stake. 
 
 Ekutilu, 8 , «., place of assembly. 
 
 Ekuva, 8 , n., (large) basket. 
 
 Ekwa, 8 , «., scale. 
 
 Ekwanza,8, «., pimple of “craw craw.” 
 
 Ekwata, 8 , //., a piece of gum copal 
 (yellow). 
 
 Ekwe! interj ., alas ! 
 
 Elaka, 8 , throat, neck. 
 
 zenga e elaka, v., to cut the throat. 
 
 Emu, 8 , n., belly of pork. 
 
 Elalangoma, 8 , «., the quantity which 
 fills a measure to the brim, 
 being levelled as is done in 
 measuring corn. 
 
 xia e elalangoma, v., to fill to the 
 brim, as above. 
 
 Elalanza, 8 , n. (P. laranja), orange. 
 
 Elalu, 8, //., lock of gun. 
 
 Elalu (8) dia nianga, ;z.,a place where 
 nianga grass is growing. 
 
 Elamalama, 8, //., a large, hairy cater¬ 
 pillar. 
 
 Elambu, 8, n., track (of beasts). 
 
 Elanga, 8, n., waterlily. 
 
 Elau, ) 8, n., good fortune, good luck, 
 
 Elawu, J perf. of kwenda, to go. 
 
 Eleka, 8, a snipe fish. 
 
 Elelenxi, 8, zz., a plain, even ground, 
 -elelenxi, a ., level, flat, even. 
 
 e elelo, adv., now, this time. 
 
 Elembe, 8, n pelican. 
 
 Elendeji, 8, n ., a species of ant which 
 eats the white ants. 
 
 Elenga, 8, n ., a place where the grass 
 has been beaten down beside 
 the path in consequence of the 
 passage of a great concourse of 
 people, as at the funeral of a 
 great chief. It is used as an 
 oath, the people swearing by 
 the “elenga” of the king. 
 
 Elenge, 8, zz., pumpkin. 
 
 Elengo, 8, //., polish, smoothness, 
 flattery, adulation, fair words, 
 elengo dia meso, a fair appear¬ 
 ance to the eye. 
 
 elengo dia meso dina mo, it 
 
 makes a fair show, 
 lenga o malengo, v., to woo. 
 xia e elengo, v., to polish. 
 
 Elengo, a small tree used medicinally; 
 also bird lime prepared from it. 
 
 Elenso, \8, n. (P. len$o), a handker- 
 
 ElenswaJ chief, 
 elenswa dia meza, table napkin, 
 serviette. 
 
 Eletela, 8, n. (P. letra), letter (of 
 alphabet), printing type. 
 
 Elevo, 8, /*., abuse, curse, execration. 
 
 Elo, 8, «., factory, station, trading 
 house. 
 
 Elo, intcrj., yes. 
 
 Eloko, 8, ;z., covetousness, avarice, 
 greed of goods. 
 
 kulula e eloko, v. } to satisfy greed, 
 -eloko, a., avaricious, covetous, 
 greedy. 
 
Elo-Esa 
 
 ( 270 ) 
 
 Elolo, 8 , 7/., a bush bearing yellow 
 edible fruit (sometimes called 
 malolo ma mfulu). Also a 
 tree bearing a crimson fruit, 
 and having bright orange- 
 coloured roots. 
 
 kala e elolo, to be bright red 
 (seldom used except of fire). 
 
 Elombwa, 8, //., fruit of the india-rub¬ 
 ber lliana (Landolphia). 
 
 Elondo, 8, n., a back current, an eddy. 
 
 Elonga, 8, n., plate, dish, kneading 
 trough ; also a hole dug in the 
 ground in which to administer 
 a bath for medicinal purposes, 
 elonga diankandangala, n., shal¬ 
 low plate. 
 
 elonga diankuluka, deep plate. 
 
 Elonga, 8, 71., pan (of gun). 
 
 Elongi, 8, teaching, doctrine, ad¬ 
 vice, counsel, instruction. 
 
 Elongi, 8, 71., comfort, consolation, 
 mvani a (1 & 4) or nkwa (1) elongi 
 a comforter, consoler, one who 
 administers consolation. 
 
 Elongo, 8, //., the house where circum¬ 
 cision is performed. 
 
 Eloso, 8, n. (P. ?), arrowroot. 
 
 Elowa, 8, 71., dew. 
 
 Elimdiln, 8, n., barn, store. 
 
 Elundu, 8, a hundred thousand. 
 
 Elundu, 8,ham. 
 
 Elundu, 8, 11., nest or anthill of the 
 kinswa (white ant). 
 
 -elundu, a ., the colour of the elundu 
 ant-hill, a light brown. 
 
 Elunganinu, 8, n., place of assembly. 
 
 Elunji, 8, 71., king-post, pile (driven 
 into the ground), door-post, leg 
 (of bedstead or table), pillar, 
 prop. 
 
 Elusa, 8, 71., greed, a habit of prowling 
 about. 
 
 Elusumuna, 8, n., small pieces in the 
 process of being pounded. 
 
 Elutilu,8, 71., passage, place of passing. 
 
 Ememe, 8, n., sheep, 
 ememe diankento, ewe. 
 ememe diekoko, ram. 
 
 Emi; see under Mi. 
 
 Emia, 8 , 71 ., short palm, like Raphia 
 vinifera, but having thin mid¬ 
 ribs. 
 
 Enana, 8 , ?i., eight, a lot of eight, 
 •enana, a., the eighth. 
 
 Enatantoto, 8 , 71., an edible fungus. 
 
 -enda; see Kwenda. 
 
 Enekwa, 8 , n., bait, enticement, wile, 
 allurement, snare, decoy, 
 ntambu a enekwa, a trap in which 
 a door closes. 
 
 Engi, a., cl. 1, many. 
 
 -eno, ft7' 07 i., your ; seco 7 idary form 
 yours. 
 
 Enwaninu, 8 , n., battle-field. 
 
 Epangi, 8 , n., a hornbill; looked upon 
 as a slow and stupid bird; 
 lie 7 ice also a slow and stupid 
 fellow, a fool. 
 
 Epapi, 8 , 71., wing (of bird). 
 
 Epatangi, 8 , n., fool. 
 
 Esa, see disa, maize. 
 
 Esabu, 8 , n. (Bako.); see Esau. 
 
 Esafi, 8 , n., a tassel, the end of a tail, 
 a bunch of hair at the end of a 
 tail. 
 
 Esafi, 8 , 7 i., thick yellow matter or 
 slough on an ulcer. 
 
 Esaka, 8 , 71., a cloth worn by native 
 women. 
 
 Esakaninu, 8 , 71., playground. 
 
 Esakasaka (8) dia koko, n., the upper 
 arm. 
 
 Esakasaka dia kulu, the thigh. 
 
 Esakaya, 8 , 71., lightness, 
 kala e esakaya, to be light, not 
 heavy. 
 
 Esakila (8) dia etubu, n., plant of 
 voandzeia subterranea; esakila 
 (dia nguba), of ground nut 
 (arachis hypogoea). 
 
 Esakuba, 8 , n., a stumble, 
 ta e esakuba, v., to stumble, strike 
 the foot against something. 
 
 Esalampata, 8 , n ., a bird the size of 
 a thrush. 
 
 Esalu, 8 , 71., tool. 
 
 Esalu, 8 , n., the bundle of charms of 
 nganga a ngombo (the witch¬ 
 doctor, &c.). 
 
( 271 ) 
 
 Esa-Esw 
 
 Esamba, 8 ,77., one of the assistants of 
 nganga a ngombo (the witch¬ 
 doctor). 
 
 -esambanu, a., sixth. 
 
 Esambu, 8 , 77., party, adherents, side, 
 yikama vana esambu dia, v., to 
 
 side with. 
 
 Esami, 8 , 77., stopper, cork, plug. 
 
 Esangangungu, 8 , n., spider (generic); 
 also the game of “ spider,” a 
 game played in a ring ; see Ap - 
 petidix (Games). 
 
 Esangu, 8 , n. (Bako.j, a head of 
 maize. 
 
 Esanza, 8 , n., shelf. 
 
 Esanzu, 8 , n., booty, spoil, plunder. 
 
 Esau, 8 , //., landing-place, ferry, ford, 
 “ beach,” crossing. 
 
 Esavu, 8 , liberality, lavish gener¬ 
 osity. 
 
 -esavu, a ., prodigal, very generous. 
 
 Ese, i & 8 , 77 ., father ; always used 
 with the possessive pronoun 
 even when followed by a geni¬ 
 tive case. Ese andi a Nlemvo 
 olueke, the father of Nlemvo 
 has come. 
 
 ese diankulu, n., forefather. 
 
 Eseka, 8 , n., outer room, public room. 
 
 Eseka, 8 , n., the house where circum¬ 
 cision is performed. 
 
 Eseke, 8 , 77., whydah bird, when not 
 in full plumage. The cock birds 
 when in full plumage are called 
 kinsengwa, 5, n. 
 
 Eseke, 8 ,77., dry land, land. 
 
 kuna eseke, ashore, to the shore, on 
 land. 
 
 kwenda kuna eseke or tomboka 
 kuna eseke, v., to land, go 
 
 ashore. 
 
 muna eseke ’eseke, adv., (“ a ” 
 elided ), by land. 
 
 xisa kuna eseke, to leave high and 
 dry. 
 
 Eseke dia nkala, 8 , //., a tree 
 (species ?). 
 
 Esenge, 8 , 77., sand. 
 
 Esenge, 8 , 77., whitebait. 
 
 Esengi, 8 ,77., a well-worn cloth. 
 
 Esese, 8 , 77., coarse river grass, debris 
 floating on the river, grass,, 
 chips, leaves, &c. 
 
 Esewa, 8, 7;., circumcised person. 
 
 Esewa, 8, u. (I3ako.), cowry shell. 
 
 Esofele, 8, n. (P. apafaro), saffron. 
 
 Esofi, 8, 7/., a large water antelope,. 
 also a thorny caterpillar. 
 
 Esoka, 8 , 77., a furnace. 
 
 Esokolo, 8, 77., slip-knot, snare, loop,, 
 noose. 
 
 Esokosa, [ 8 , 77., a yellow bird, which 
 weaves a hanging nest on to* 
 grasses, &c. 
 
 Esoladi, 8, n. (P. soldado), soldier. 
 
 Esole, 8 , 77., garden cleared in a wood 
 or forest. 
 
 Esomba, 8, 77., ball, a round thing. 
 
 esomba, 8, n., a small bunch of 
 thatching grass. 
 
 Esombo, 8 , 77., a variety of the Elans, 
 guinaeensis (oil-palm), and its. 
 nut. 
 
 Esotokela, 8 , u., windfall. 
 
 Esoya, 8,77., blister. 
 
 Esuku, 8 , 77., inner, bed or store¬ 
 room. 
 
 Esumikinu, 8, 77., the spot where a 
 person was sitting during the 
 operation of cupping. 
 
 Esumu, 8 , 77., guilt, crime, sin, ini¬ 
 quity (frequently used in plural) 
 see Masumu. 
 
 Esundi, 8 , 77., animal that has not. 
 given birth. 
 
 esundi dia ngombe, 77., heifer. 
 
 Esunga, 8,77., see Elusa. 
 
 Esunia, 8, 77., the fleshy lip surround¬ 
 ing the tusks of the wild boar. 
 
 Esunjia, 8 ,77., a rat. 
 
 Esunsu, 8, 77 ., cape, headland, point. 
 
 Esutu, 8, 77., uncircumcised person. 
 
 Eswa, 8,77., mesh ; see Maswa. 
 
 Eswala 8 ,77., see Esundi. 
 
 Eswanga, 8 ,77., spear, harpoon. 
 
 Eswekelo, 8,77., hiding-place. 
 
 Eswenga, 8 ,77., unripe ground-nut or 
 voandzeia. 
 
 -a eswenga (pi. za maswenga), a. y 
 
 unripe (of arachis or voandzeia,. 
 
Eta-Etu 
 
 ( 272 ) 
 
 Etadi, 8, >1 ., a stone, rock, pebble, 
 slate. 
 
 etadi dia mini (7), candlestick. 
 
 etadi diankania, grindstone, whet¬ 
 stone. 
 
 etadi, dia ta (13), percussion-cap 
 or the flint of a gun. 
 
 Etaka, 8, n., a buttock. 
 
 Etaka, 8, u., a yoke to secure a slave. 
 
 Etakangola, 8, 71., a tadpole ; also the 
 African mud-fish. 
 
 Etampakasa, 8, wasp. 
 
 Etandi, 8, 77., grinder, molar-tooth. 
 
 Etanga, 8, striker of a gun. 
 
 Etangatanga dia kulu, (9), it., thigh. 
 
 -etanu, fifth. 
 
 -etatu, a., third. 
 
 Etaya, 8, ?/., rag. 
 
 Etaza, 8, 7 i., a large abscess, often in 
 the armpit. 
 
 Ete, 8, 71 . (pi. mete), saliva (generally 
 plural). 
 
 Ete (Bako.), ke...ete ko, not yet. 
 
 Etebo, 8, 7 t. (Bako.), spirit, ghost 
 sprite. 
 
 Eteke, 8, a fruit yielding a red 
 stain, also the stain itself. 
 
 Etekwa, 8, bracken-fern (Pteris). 
 
 Etele, 8, a whale. 
 
 Etembo, 8, 71., circular mouth of a 
 basin or drum. 
 
 Etenda, 8, n., cannon. 
 
 Etenji, 8, n. (Bako.), a small pearl or 
 china button. 
 
 Etenta, 8, 71 ., brow, top of a hill ( o?ily 
 used in adverbial clauses ); 
 
 kuna, or vana e etenta, on 
 the top. 
 
 Eteva, 8, n., mat. 
 
 eteva dia mfubn (2), 71., mat of 
 frondlets of pandanus cande¬ 
 labrum. 
 
 eteva dia mvuyi (2), mat of bark 
 of mvuyi. 
 
 eteva dia ngandiango (2), n., mat 
 having a figure (animal, &c.) 
 worked in the pattern. 
 
 Etininu, 8, n., refuge. 
 
 Etidi, 8, 71., a dead fish floating down 
 stream. 
 
 Etiuku, 8, n., a wearing cloth, consist¬ 
 ing of two widths sewn together, 
 and making a cloth 2 fathoms 
 long and about 50 inches wide. 
 
 eto, pro 71 ., our ; secondary form, ours. 
 
 Etodi, 8, 71., cold, coldness. 
 
 Etoko, 8, 7 t., youth, young man. 
 
 Etolo, 8, 71., back of low'er jaw r , gill. 
 
 Etombe, 8, midrib of palm, Raphia 
 vinifera. 
 
 Etombola, 8, n., ghost, hobgoblin, 
 sprite, fiend, demon. 
 
 Etombwelo, 8, n., wharf, landing place 
 for goods. 
 
 Etona, 8, mark, spot, figure, speck, 
 colour, tint. 
 
 Etondo, 8, 7i., hatred, dislike. 
 
 Etondongoma, 8 , 71., arrowroot. 
 
 Etonga, 8, 71., a large water rat having 
 pink lips and tail. 
 
 Etongo, 8, 71., something tasty, meat 
 stews, &c., to eat with one’s 
 kwanga, or other bread stuff. 
 Anything cooked with salt or 
 pepper. 
 
 Etonti, 8 , 71., blot, drop. 
 
 Etubu, 8, 71., voandzeia subterranea. 
 
 Etuku, 8, 71. (often used in pi.), origin, 
 source, cause, derivation. 
 
 Etukulu, 8, 71., border (of farm, &c.) 
 in process of extension, head¬ 
 land, cape, point. 
 
 Etumbi, 8, 77., bed raised extra high 
 (as for pumpkins), bed of burnt 
 roots and earth. 
 
 Etumbudia, 8, 77., an edible fungus. 
 
 Etumpu, 8, 71., a rat. 
 
 Etunduwa, 8, //., a variety of the 
 Elaeis guinaeensis (oil-palm), 
 which has a greenish nut. 
 
 Etungi (8) dia kulu (9), 77., thigh. 
 
 Etungilu, 8, n., manufactory, the place 
 where things are woven. 
 
 Etuti, 8 , 71., cloud. 
 
 Etutu, 8, n., grass (having long inter¬ 
 nodes), a flute. 
 
 etutu dia nzadi (2), n., bamboo- 
 grass. 
 
 Etutu, 8, 77., a mouse. 
 
 Etuza, 8 , 77. (P. cartucho), cartridge. 
 
( 273 ) 
 
 Etw-E v\v 
 
 Etwaya, 8, zz. (P. toalha), towel, 
 duster, napkin, cloth. 
 
 Eulu, 8, zz., see Ewulu. 
 
 Eunze, 8, zz., see Ewunze. 
 
 Euta, 8, zz., cerastes viper (?). 
 
 Evaikilu, 8, zz., outlet, exit, way out. 
 
 -a evala, 8 (pi. za mavala), a ., unripe 
 (of nsafu). 
 
 Evalangi, 8, zz., mpalanka antelope. 
 
 Evalanti, 8, zz., carpenter. 
 
 Evambu, 8, zz., junction (of roads). 
 
 Evanda, 8, zz., a fork (of branches), a 
 wooden fish-hook, a barb, 
 shuttle. 
 
 Evanda, 8, zz., notch, corner, rough 
 angle (as on stones). 
 
 Evanga, 8, zz., suburb, a town belong¬ 
 ing to the mbanza, hamlet. 
 
 Evangilll, 8, zz., manufactory, the 
 place where things are made. 
 
 Evanjele, 8, zz., gospel. 
 
 Evata, 8, zz., town, village. 
 
 Evavala, 8, zz., flake, scale, shaving, 
 scurf. 
 
 Eve, 8, zz., wing (of bird). 
 
 Evekwa, 8, zz., a large fly. 
 
 Evela, 8, zz., bald place on the head. 
 
 Evembe, 8, zz., a common weed, some 
 varieties of which are cultivated, 
 and the leaves boiled and eaten. 
 
 Evembo, 8, zz., shoulder. 
 
 loto (io) lua evembo, zz., shoulder- 
 blade. 
 
 saka o mavembo, ?/., to shrug the 
 shoulders. 
 
 Eveta, 8, zz., a hunt (with dogs). 
 
 Evi, 8, zz., flat side of blade of a knife. 
 
 Evia, 8, zz., field. 
 
 Eviji, 8, zz., pimple (from a bite of 
 insect or a sting). 
 
 Evimbu, 8, zz., a corpse, carcase, dead 
 body. 
 
 Evindi, 8, zz., large log of firewood. 
 
 Eviokelo, 8, zz., place of passing, pas¬ 
 sage. 
 
 Evitu, 8, zz., entrance, gateway. 
 
 Evokola, 8, zz., bot ., alocasia anti¬ 
 quorum (?). 
 
 Evolo, 8, zz., charcoal, cinder, ash, 
 coal. 
 
 Evongi, 8, zz., the seed capsule of a 
 tree, which is bored and played 
 on the principle of the ocarina. 
 
 Evoxi, 8, zz., notch. 
 
 Evudi, 8, zz., hole in a tree. 
 
 Evuku, 8, zz., the place where an 
 animal stood when it received 
 the wound. 
 
 Evuku, 8, zz., wave, billow. 
 
 Evuku, 8, zz., a hindrance, delay. 
 
 Evukula, 8, zz., sweet potatoes. 
 
 Evukunia, 8, zz., a very large fly. 
 
 Evula, 8, zz., station, factory, residence. 
 
 Evulu, 8, zz., cloth of native manu¬ 
 facture, from the fibre of frond- 
 lets of the Pandanus candela¬ 
 brum or of the mpusu palm. 
 
 Evululu, 8, zz., hole (small). 
 
 Evumba, 8, zz., epaulet. 
 
 Evumbu, 8, zz., a gathering, abscess, 
 boil. 
 
 evumbu diangenzaluku a small 
 boil, pustule. 
 
 Evuudu, 8, zz., hole, cavity, slit, aper¬ 
 ture, eye (of needle), wound (of 
 bullet). 
 
 evundu dia disu (7), zz., socket ol 
 the eye. 
 
 kota or vaika vana evundu, v.i., 
 to get through a hole. 
 
 Evunga, 8, zz., bass (in music). 
 
 Evunga, 8, zz., blanket, wrapper, rug, 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 Evungela, 8, zz., a small variety of 
 sparmania, bot. ; see Mpunga. 
 
 Evuninu, 8, zz., the matter about which 
 there is deceit. 
 
 Evusu, 8, zz., raw cotton. 
 
 Evuta, 8, zz., sweet potatoes. 
 
 Evuvu, 8, zz., a hollow, empty space, 
 carcase. 
 
 Evuvulu, 8, zz., lightness (in weight). 
 
 kala e evuvulu, v., to be light (in 
 weight). 
 
 Evwa, 8, zz. ( indecl .), nine, a lot ot 
 nine. 
 
 -evwa, a ., ninth. 
 
 Evwala, 8, zz., Nkimba house. 
 
 Evwangi, 8, zz., thicket, brushwood, 
 jungle of brushwood. 
 
 T 
 
Evw-Eye 
 
 ( 274 ) 
 
 Evwata, 8 , n., fathom. 
 
 Evwembeta, 8 , n., a canopy, 
 evwembeta dia nti, a great spread¬ 
 ing tree. 
 
 Evwilu, 8 , 77., end, extremity. 
 
 Evwina, 8 , n., thirst, 
 fwa e evwina, v., to be thirsty, 
 katnla e evwina, v., to quench 
 thirst. 
 
 Ewananinu, 8 ,77., a meeting place. 
 
 Ewele, 8 , 77., thorny creeper. 
 
 Ewele, } 8 , 77., sharp edged climb- 
 
 Ewelewele, S ing grass, marsh grass. 
 
 Ewete, 8 , 77 ., kindness, a kind action. 
 
 Ewongo, 8 , 77., cassava peeled and 
 dried in the sun, then soaked 
 for a day or two in water, and 
 then boiled. It is considered 
 very tasty. 
 
 Ewongo, 8 , 77., medicine made of 
 bruised leaves and palm-wine. 
 
 Ewuln, 8 ,77., hole, socket, pit. 
 ntambu (2) a ewulu, pit-trap. 
 
 Ewumba, 8 , n ., mine, quarry. 
 
 Ewunge, 8 , 77 ., drizzle, Scotch mist, 
 ewunge (di-) fukumuka, to mizzle. 
 
 Ewnnze, 8 , 77., a tree growing in 
 swampy places and water, the 
 fruit of which yields a red dye, 
 or when mixed with lujiejie, 
 and steeped in black mud,yields 
 a black dye. 
 
 Ewnta, 8 ,77., cerastes, viper (?). 
 
 Ewnwa, 8 , 77., a tree yielding a large 
 edible fruit, having sections as 
 the pine-apple, which it also 
 resembles in colour and size. 
 It is sweet, acid, and astringent. 
 The great leaves of the tree do 
 not decay as readily as other 
 leaves, the ground underneath is 
 therefore always strewn with 
 them. The wood is useless. 
 
 Exi, pi. of mwixi. 
 
 exi nxi, 1, fil., 77., the countrymen, 
 the inhabitants of a country. 
 
 Exikamondo, 8 , 77., drumstick of a 
 bird. 
 
 Exikilu, 8 ,77. (any musical instruments 
 played with the fingers), har- 
 
 Exikilu, continued. 
 
 monium, flute, concertina, also 
 cymbals. 
 
 xika e exikilu, v., to play a musical 
 instrument. 
 
 Exilu, 8 , 71., the rock on which they 
 break palm-nuts. 
 
 Eximu, 8 , 71., beach, shore, coast, bank 
 of river, (generally spoken of 
 the opposite side). 
 
 Exina, 8 ,77., foot, stand, basis, base, 
 foundation. 
 
 exina dia mvumba, breech of gun. 
 
 Exina, 8 , n. (Bako.), cloth, a piece of 
 cloth. 
 
 Exina, 8 , 77., female breeding animal, 
 exina dia ngulu, n., sow, pig. 
 
 Exinde, 8 , n., common, coarse grass. 
 
 Exivi, 8 , 71., wonder, surprise, astonish¬ 
 ment, miracle, marvel. 
 
 -exivi, a., wonderful, marvellous^ 
 astounding. 
 
 -eya, a., fourth. 
 
 Eya, 8 , n., palm-tree (generic), the 
 Elasis guinaeensis. 
 eya dianseke, 8 ,7/., the aloe. 
 
 Eyaka, 8 ,77. (Bako.), cassava (Jatropha 
 manihot). 
 
 Eyakala, (8 & 1), n., (pi. akala), man. 
 eyakala dingi, n., a brave, cou¬ 
 rageous person. 
 
 -eyakala, a., man, male. 
 
 Eyakala, a. (Bako.), right (of the arm). 
 
 Eyalanganga, 8 , 77., great sheet of 
 water. 
 
 Eyala-nkuwu, 8 , n., a fine tree bear¬ 
 ing an acorn. 
 
 Eyanda, 8 ,77., a place lower down, 
 omu or muna eyanda, adv., below,, 
 lower down, downwards. 
 
 Eyanga, 8 , n., lake. 
 
 Eyangala, 8 , n. (Vivi.), farm. 
 
 Eyangi, 8 ,77., gladness, joy, content¬ 
 ment, peace, quiet, happiness, 
 bliss, delight, rejoicing, comfort, 
 -eyangi, a., peaceful, happy, con¬ 
 tented, joyous. 
 
 Eyelelo, 8 , n., hospital. 
 
 Eyembe, 8 ,77., pigeon, dove, 
 eyembe diamputu, tame pigeon. 
 
( 275 ) 
 
 Eye-Fia 
 
 Eyembe, continued. 
 
 eyembe diantele, a smaller variety 
 of above. 
 
 Eyembe, 8 , n. (Kib.), fowl. 
 
 Eyembe, 8 , n. (Ndunga), a man im¬ 
 prisoned for a crime. 
 
 Eyendelo, 8 , ?/., path, course, track (of 
 beasts), way. 
 
 Eyenga, 8 , n., chasm, gorge, abyss, 
 precipice. 
 
 Eyeni, 8 , breast. 
 
 Eyi ; see wider Yi. 
 
 Eyikilu, 8 , n., a join, joint. 
 
 Eyili, 8 , n. (Luangu), oyster. 
 
 Eyimba, 8 , n., the largest species of 
 plantain. 
 
 Eyindu, 8 , n ., absence of skill in 
 hunting. 
 
 Eyongolo, 8 , n., ferret-bell. 
 
 Eyowelelo, 8 , n ., bathing place. 
 Eyowo, 8 , n., the house where circum¬ 
 cision is performed. 
 
 Eyungilu, 8 , ?/., bathing place. 
 Eyuwula, 8 , n., a slough of skin. 
 Ezakazaka, 8 , n., shaking, trembling, 
 excitement, palsy. 
 
 kimbevo (5) kia ezakazaka, n ., 
 
 palsy. 
 
 Ezandu, 8 , //., market, 
 ta e ezandu, v., to go to market, 
 hold a market. 
 
 Ezenga, 8 , n., fool. 
 
 -ezenga, a., foolish. 
 
 Ezo, see under Zo. 
 
 Ezoba, 8 , n. (Bako.), a fool. 
 
 -ezole, a., next, the second. 
 
 Ezono, 8 , yesterday. 
 
 ezono 0 fuku, last night. 
 
 Ezowa, 8 , fool. 
 
 -ezowa, a., foolish, absurd. 
 
 Ezu, 8 , sound, report of a gun, echo. 
 Ezudika, 8 , n., heap. 
 
 ezudika ( 8 ) dia tiya (11), n., furnace. 
 Ezuji, 8 , the day before yesterday, 
 ezuji kina (ezuji lumbu kina), 
 the day before the day before 
 yesterday. 
 
 Ezulu, 8 , n., sky, Heaven, the heavens, 
 kanda e ezulu, z >., to stop rain 
 (prevent it from falling). 
 
 Ezulu, continued. 
 
 muna or kuna ezulu, above, up, 
 aloft, upwards, heavenward, 
 xika e kintumba e ezulu, v., to 
 
 fire a gun exactly straight up 
 overhead. 
 
 -ezulu, a ., heavenly. 
 
 Ezumbu, 8 , n., site of a deserted town, 
 the clump of trees marking the 
 site. 
 
 Ezunda, 8 , z/.,one thousand, a thousand 
 strings, that is 100,000 beads of 
 the currency. 
 
 Ezundu, 8 , n., the great bull-frog. 
 
 Ezunu, 8 , u., nasal mucus. 
 
 Ezunu, 8 , n ., muzzle (of gun). 
 
 F. 
 
 Fa, Ivongos object to the combination 
 of f with a or e in initial 
 syllables ; in such cases a w 
 intervenes. 
 
 Fi, prefix, sign of the diminutive, used 
 only in the singular, applied in 
 the same manner as the dim. 
 pref., ki, see ki- ; elonga, a 
 plate ; filongalonga or findo- 
 ngandonga or findongalonga, 
 a small plate ; fimbwambwa- 
 kala, a tiny dog. 
 
 Fi-, subj. pronom. prefix , applied to 
 adjectives and verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of the 
 15 th class. 
 
 efi, dem.pron ., cl. 15, sing., \stpos., this. 
 Fia, 7/., to bet, lay a wager, gamble. 
 
 Fia = Fio+a ; see To, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 'Em, prep., of, concerning, about, 
 fiafi, ) deni, pron ., cl. 15, sing., \st 
 efiafi, f pos., emphatic , this. 
 
 Fiafiana, v. (recip.), to bet together, 
 fiafina, ) deni, pron., cl. 15, sing., 3rd 
 efiafina, j pos., emphatic, that. 
 Fiakete, 1 5 , n., a small quantity, little, 
 fiakete diaka, rather more. 
 
Fia-Fin 
 
 ( 276 ) 
 
 Fiakete, continued. 
 
 fiakete fiasala, adv ., almost, very 
 nearly, all but. 
 
 fiakete fisundidi yo, rather more 
 than. 
 
 Fiamfiana, 7/./., to crowd in together, 
 to press as a crowd. 
 
 Fiamfianisa, v.t., to crowd. 
 
 Fianduna, v., to be insolent. 
 
 Fiandwelo, 15,small quantity. 
 
 Fiantalakana, v.i., to warp, contract, 
 shrivel, wrinkle up. 
 
 Fiantalakesa, 7/./., to warp, contract, 
 shrivel up. 
 
 Fiata, v.i., to be or be put closely 
 together. 
 
 Fiatisa, v ., to put closely together. 
 
 Fiau, poss. pron., sec Ali¬ 
 han., subj., also emphatic obj. pron., cl. 
 15, sing., it. 
 
 i fiau fifi, this is it, this is the 
 one. 
 
 fiau efi, this (offering in the hand), 
 fiau afimoxi, that one, single out of 
 all. 
 
 Fiauka, v. (generally used in the 
 perfect ), to thank, to be grateful, 
 obliged. 
 
 Fiaulwisa, v.t., to satisfy, make con¬ 
 tent, gratify. 
 
 Fiba, v., to make a sucking noise, to 
 kiss (Kongo folks never kiss). 
 
 Fidiaji, 15, n., a drop of oil. 
 fidiaji fiakete, a little grease. 
 
 Fidila, 7/., to lead to, for. 
 
 Fidisa, v., to cause to escort, or shift. 
 
 Fienga, v., to squeak (as a mouse). 
 
 Fiengenesa, v.t., to annoy, irritate, 
 vex, provoke, tease (so as to 
 cause to fight). 
 
 afieyi, inter, pron., cl. 14, sing., where 
 • is it ? which is it ? 
 
 Fienta, v., to make a sucking noise. 
 
 Fifalala, v., to flicker, burn low. 
 
 Fifalala, 9, n., flickering, 
 fifalala meso, to be scarcely open 
 (of the eye). 
 
 fifi, dem. pron., cl. 15, sing., eni- 
 phatic , this, used ojily after the 
 verbal particle i ; see Fiau. 
 
 Fifidika, v.i., to cause to burn low, to 
 scarcely open (the eyes). 
 
 Fifila, v., to be slow, small, make very 
 little show, to eat very little. 
 
 Fifini, 12, 71., back of knife, gums (of 
 the teeth). 
 
 Fika, 7/., to receive a present from 
 a suitor. 
 
 Fika, 6 , 71., a good safe place. 
 
 Fika, v., to present, level a gun. 
 
 Fika, v.t. (Bako.), to cover. 
 
 Fikolokolo, 15, 71., moment, short 
 space of time. 
 
 Fila, v., to escort, guide, accompany, 
 conduct, lead, shift, 
 fila e mpaka ; see wider Mpaka. 
 fila e nima (2), v.i., to turn one’s 
 back, turn away, 
 fila 0 lose (10), v., to face. 
 
 Filana e nima (2), v., to be back to 
 back. 
 
 Fimba, v., to scent out, search for, 
 hunt for as a dog ; cross-ex¬ 
 amine, question closely. 
 
 Fimbula, v., to track by scent. 
 Fimbwambwa, 15, n., pup. 
 
 Fimfidikita, v., to fumble, rummage. 
 
 Fimfila, v., to search for (in water), 
 feel after something hidden, 
 covered or buried. 
 
 Fimfita, v., to grope under. 
 
 Fimpa, v., to examine, cross-question, 
 inquire closely, carefully. 
 
 Fimpa, 9 , 71 ., examination. 
 
 fina, | dem. & rel. pro 7 i., cl. 15, sing., 
 
 efina, S 3 rd pos., that, that which, 
 
 which. 
 
 Fina, v., a witch is said to fina his 
 victim ; it infers the bringing to 
 bear the influence of his black 
 art, the working of his spell, 
 the throttling of the life, the 
 “eating of the heart,” and all 
 the horrors of bewitching. 
 The witch is supposed to trans¬ 
 form himself into some strange 
 sprite, and sitting upon a beam 
 of his victim’s house, to sing, and 
 gloat his eyes on his sleeping 
 victim ; what he does, and how 
 
( 2 77 ) 
 
 Fin-Fon 
 
 Fina, continued. 
 
 he does it, no one knows, be¬ 
 cause to know, would be to 
 constitute a man a witch. 
 
 Fina, v.t., to draw something between 
 a knife and a board, or between 
 two bars, or finger and thumb, 
 or through a gauge hole, as in 
 drawing wire, to remove the 
 skin, &c., from mpusu fibre, to 
 clean intestines (for cooking). 
 
 Finama, v.i., to be near, close to, 
 adjacent, border on ; approach, 
 draw near, come close, go near. 
 
 -finama,/., adjacent. 
 
 Finamiana, v. recipe to be near each 
 other, adjacent. 
 
 Finangesa, v.t., to put close together, 
 near, side by side. 
 
 Finangiana, v.i., to be narrow, close 
 together, near to each other. 
 
 Finda, v., to kill, give the coup dc 
 grace, dispatch. 
 
 Finduna o nua (4), v., to pucker the 
 mouth contemptuously. 
 
 -afinete, a., ntumbu (2) afinete (P. 
 alfinete), a pin. 
 
 Finga, v. (Bako.), to abuse, curse, 
 swear at, execrate. 
 
 Finika, v., to put near, close together, 
 bring near, shift. 
 
 Finka, v. (Bako.), shift, move. 
 
 fi.0, obj. pron., cl. 15, sing., it. 
 
 efio, dem.pron., cl. 15, sing., 2?id pos., 
 that. 
 
 fiofio, \ dem.pron., cl. 15, sing, 2nd 
 
 efiofio, ) pos., emphatic , that. 
 
 Fisuka, v., to be sprained. 
 
 Fisuna, v.t., to sprain. 
 
 Fita, 2, n. (P. fita), ribbon, tape, 
 braid. 
 
 Fita, «/., to ascend, wreathe up as 
 smoke. 
 
 Fita, v.t., to crumple, crease. 
 
 Fita, v. (Bako.), to pay. 
 
 Fitakana,Tv.z.,to be crumpled, creased. 
 
 Fitakesa, v.t., to rumple, crumple, 
 crease. 
 
 Fitama, v.i., to be crumpled, wrin¬ 
 kled, creased, shrivelled up. 
 
 Fitana, v., to have a rich appear¬ 
 ance, as velvet. 
 
 Fitidi, 6 , n., a low tree. 
 
 Fitika, v.t., to crease, fold in creases, 
 envelop, fold round. 
 
 Fitini, 15, n., morsel. 
 
 Fitulu, 15, n., nap, doze. 
 
 Fitnka, v.i., to be turned inside out. 
 
 Fitumuka, v., to fall head over heels 
 down a precipice, topple over 
 on to one’s face from a squat¬ 
 ting posture, or disappear over 
 the crest of a hill. 
 
 Fitumuna, v.t., to cause (a man) to 
 fall head over hills down a 
 precipice, or if a man is squat¬ 
 ting on his feet, to tip him over 
 on to his face. 
 
 Fituna, v.t., to turn inside out, fold 
 over together. 
 
 Fiuka {mid. tv. of Fia), v., to be staked, 
 wagered. 
 
 Fiuma, 15, n., a little thing (either 
 abstract or material). 
 
 Fiwa (pass, of Fia), to be staked (as 
 a wager). 
 
 Flanela, 2, n. (P. flanella), flannel. 
 
 Foboka, v.i., to be battered in, in¬ 
 dented. 
 
 Fobola, v.t., to batter in, indent, knock 
 a hole in, drive in, crush in. 
 
 Fobolo, 6 , 71., old, dilapidated or de¬ 
 serted house, a ruin, a thing 
 which is falling to pieces. 
 
 Fofola, v., to lisp, to talk indistinctly. 
 
 Fokoka, v.i., to be done, finished, 
 concluded, explained, finally 
 adjusted. 
 
 Fokoka, v.i., to turn or be turned back, 
 fold or be folded. 
 
 Fokola, v.t., to conclude, finish, 
 thoroughly elucidate, bring to 
 a conclusion. 
 
 Fokola, v.t., to turn back, fold back, 
 double over. 
 
 Fokomba, 6 , n., valley. 
 
 Folona, 2, n. (P. forno), oven. 
 
 Fombota, v., to rise, ascend (as 
 smoke). 
 
 Fonga, tv., to sit, perch, settle. 
 
Fon-Ful 
 
 ( 278 ) 
 
 Fongona, v., to speak through the 
 nose. 
 
 Fota, v., to eat with the mouth very 
 full. 
 
 Foya, 2, n. (P. folha), tin. 
 
 Fu, 6, n ., custom, manner, habit, style, 
 practice, rule, nature, disposi¬ 
 tion, conduct, behaviour, usage, 
 fashion, way. 
 
 muna fu kia, after the manner of, 
 like as, after, as. 
 
 Fu, 6, n., a fault, flaw, defect, scar, 
 blemish, mark, pock, cicatrix. 
 
 Fuba, v. ,to strike with a stick or blunt 
 instrument, lienee also to hack 
 with a blunt knife. 
 
 Fubunga, v.i., to be blunt. 
 
 Fubunga, 9, n., bluntness. 
 
 Fudila, v., to make a hole with a hoe. 
 
 Fufuka, v.i., to be dim, faint, indis¬ 
 tinct (of colours or marks). 
 
 Fufula, v.t., to make faint, indistinct, 
 dim. 
 
 Fuka, 6, n., the formalities, kneeling, 
 proprieties, ceremonies, respect¬ 
 ful behaviour, Sec., which have 
 to be observed in approaching 
 a great chief, or in the worship 
 of God ; an elaborate cere¬ 
 monial, evolutions, 
 vanga e fuka, to perform such 
 ceremonies and evolutions, 
 vangisa e fuka, v.t., to drill, in¬ 
 struct in evolutions, 
 vangiswa e fuka, v.i., to be drilled. 
 
 Fuka, v.t., to cover, envelop, protect, 
 thatch, hide, lie over, put on a 
 roof, shelter, put a cover on. 
 
 Fuka, v.i., to be done, finished, 
 ended. 
 
 Fukama, v., to kneel, prostrate one¬ 
 self, sit in a kneeling posture. 
 
 Fukama, v.i., to be covered, hidden, 
 sheltered, protected. 
 
 Fuki, 6, n., slowness, laboriousness, 
 tediousness, arduousness, 
 xia e fuki, to do anything by the 
 longest, slowest, most round¬ 
 about method. Kutangi di- 
 moxi dimoxi ko wau uxia- 
 
 Fuki, continued. 
 
 nga e fuki, tanga kumi 
 kumi, do not count them singly, 
 that is a very slow way ; count 
 them ten at a time. 
 
 -afuki, a., tedious, slow, requiring 
 much labour and time for its 
 accomplishment, arduous, la¬ 
 borious. 
 
 Fukidila, v.t., to put a cover over, 
 conceal. 
 
 Fukika, v.t., to hinder, delay so as to 
 make another late. 
 
 Fukikwa, v.i., to be belated, as above. 
 
 Fukila, v.t., to cover ; see Fuka, 
 
 -fukilu, p., hidden, covered. 
 
 Fuku, 13, n., night. 
 
 0 fuku, adv., by night, at night, 
 during the night, nightly, to¬ 
 night. 
 
 Fukufuku, 6, 11., early morning, just 
 as it dawns. 
 
 Fukuka, v.i., to be uncovered, bare, 
 denuded. 
 
 Fukula, v.t., to uncover, reveal, lay 
 bare, expose, disclose, lay open, 
 remove the lid. 
 
 Fukumuka, v.i., to be decanted, 
 poured out ; also to fall gently 
 (as mist), distil (as dew), drizzle. 
 ewunge(8) difukumuka, it drizzles. 
 
 Fukumuna, v.t., to pour out, decant. 
 
 Fukwa, v.i., to be covered. 
 
 Fula, 12, n., gossamer on base of 
 palm-frond, often used as a 
 tinder. 
 
 Fula, 9, 11., examination, careful en¬ 
 quiry, investigation. 
 
 Fula, v., to cross-question, enquire 
 closely, examine. 
 
 Fula, v., to pronounce, explain, eluci¬ 
 date, execute, finish, bring to a 
 conclusion. 
 
 Fula, v., to work in metals, to forge. 
 
 Fula, v.t., to raise (from the dead), 
 bring back from unconscious¬ 
 ness, restore to life, resuscitate, 
 cause a fire to burn up again 
 after it had almost become 
 extinct. 
 
( 279 ) 
 
 Ful-Fun 
 
 Fulangiana, v., to struggle together. 
 
 Fulu, 6 , n., place, space, room, stead, 
 fulu kia nsusu (2), fowl’s nest, 
 sala muna or vaua fulu ( 6 ) kia 
 (muntu akaka), v., to repre¬ 
 sent, act for another, 
 vana fula kia, instead of, in the 
 place of. 
 
 vangila e fulu, v., to make room 
 for. 
 
 Fuluka, 7to overflow, boil up, 
 boil over, pour over, flood. 
 
 Fuluka, 7/./., to recover (from apparent 
 death), rise from the dead, re¬ 
 vive after unconsciousness. 
 
 Fulukuta,?/., to rummage, fumble after 
 something which is covered 
 up. 
 
 Fulumuna, v.i., to breathe, 
 fulumuna e kintwengenia or ki- 
 ntwentwe, v., to gasp, pant. 
 
 Fulumwinu, 6 , n., respiration. 
 
 Fuluta yo makaxi,//. 8 , v., to be, get 
 into a rage. 
 
 Fulutisa yo makaxi, 7/., to irritate, 
 make angry, enrage. 
 
 Fuma, 6 , n., corner, angle. 
 
 Fuma, 7/., to leak, ooze out. 
 
 Fumba, v., to rob with violence on the 
 highway, waylay, kill. 
 
 Fumba, v.t., to curve, bow, draw a 
 bow, put the rafters on a house. 
 
 Fumbakana, 7/./., to be bendable. 
 
 Fumbama, v.i., to be bowed or bow, 
 be bent, or bend, curve, weighed 
 down, be arched. 
 
 Fumbika, v.t., see Fumba, to bend. 
 
 Fumbuka, v., to be quite dead, 
 fumbuka ye nzala, 7/., to be hungry. 
 
 Fumbula, v., to kill, give coup de 
 grace , kill something that is sick 
 and not likely to live, 
 nzala (2 -i) fumbula, to be very 
 hungry {lit. starving), 
 nzala imfumbwidi, I was very 
 hungry. 
 
 Fumina, v., to be still, quiet, not 
 move or speak with anger, 
 vexation or sulkiness, to be 
 vexed, angry, sulky. 
 
 Fumina continued. 
 
 fumina ye kitoko, to strike a 
 position and stand still tha 
 one’s finery may be admired, 
 and duly impress. 
 
 Fumfumuka, v.i., to go, to be beaten 
 to powder. 
 
 Fumfumuna, v.t., to reduce, pound, 
 beat to powder, pulverize. 
 
 Fumpa, v., to put into (the fire), 
 
 burn. 
 
 Fumpa, v., to strike. 
 
 Fumpuka, v.i., to be put into the fire, 
 burnt. 
 
 Fumpula, v.t., to put into the fire, to 
 burn. 
 
 Fumpwa, 6 , n., a powder made for 
 medicine by native doctors. 
 
 Funa, v.i., to increase, rise (of the tide 
 or river), to enlarge, swell, rise 
 (as dough). 
 
 Funa, 12, 71., a mash; see Beer, 
 Eng. -Kongo. 
 
 Funanana, v., to sulk. 
 
 Funda, v.i., to mould, get mouldy or 
 rusty. 
 
 Funda e nkata (2), v., to sit tailor 
 fashion (the only proper position 
 according to Kongo etiquette), 
 funda 0 nkanu (4) or ediambu (7), 
 71., to bring a case before judges, 
 to try a case, to hear, judge a 
 case. 
 
 Fundamena, v.i., to be malted. 
 
 Fundamena e mbumbu (2), v., to 
 mould, get mouldy. 
 
 Fundikila, v.t., to malt. 
 
 Fundikila, v.t., to make mouldy. 
 
 Funga, v.i., to be insufficiently 
 cooked, underdone. 
 
 Funga 0 makaxi (pi. 8 ), to be angry, 
 sulk, get into a passion, be 
 enraged. 
 
 Fungisa, v.t., to cook insufficiently. 
 
 Fungisa 0 makaxi ( 8 ), v., to irritate, 
 make angry, enrage, vex. 
 
 Fungumuka, v.i., to swell after a blow, 
 be bruised. 
 
 Fungumuna, v., to bruise, strike and 
 cause a swelling. 
 
Fun-Fwa 
 
 ( 280 ) 
 
 Funguna, v ., to confess, acknow¬ 
 ledge ; also to guess ; see Ap¬ 
 pendix, Games, Nduku. This 
 word is seldom used except of 
 women. 
 
 Funisa, v.t., to increase. 
 
 Funta, v.t., to shave off the surface of 
 the ground, wood, &c., with a 
 hoe or adze. 
 
 Funtakana, v ., to be crushed with a 
 rubbing movement, be trodden, 
 trampled upon. 
 
 Funtakesa, v.t., to crush with a rub¬ 
 bing movement, tread, trample 
 upon. 
 
 Funtalakana, see Funtakana. 
 
 Funtalakesa, see Funtakesa. 
 
 Funzuka, v ., to get dirty, get dis¬ 
 coloured, to soil, to be soiled, 
 stained, discoloured, defiled, 
 dirty, faded. 
 
 Funzula, v.t., to soil, stain, make dirty, 
 defile, fade. 
 
 Fusa, v.t., to bore wood (as the wood- 
 borers). 
 
 Fusuka, v.t., to be bored by insects. 
 
 Fusuka, v.t., to boil up (as in a cal- 
 ron in the river). 
 
 Fusuka, v.t., to be rasped, cut up fine, 
 rubbed to pieces in the hands. 
 
 Fusuka e nsoni (2), v., to be very 
 ashamed. 
 
 Fusula, v., to rasp, grate, rub to 
 pieces in the hands (of some¬ 
 thing dry), cut up very fine, 
 crumble, also to scrub. 
 
 Fusula, v.t., to bore (as insects). 
 
 Fusula e nsoni,) (2), v.t., to disgrace, 
 
 Fusulwisa, J make much asham¬ 
 ed, also causative of above. 
 
 Fusumuka, v.t., see Fusuka. 
 
 Fusumuna, v.t., see Fusula. 
 
 Futa, v., to pay, repay, reward, re¬ 
 munerate, compensate. 
 
 Futa, v., to bathe, wash a wound with 
 hot water, foment. 
 
 Futa 0 mwana (1), to wash or bathe 
 a child with hot water. 
 
 Futa, 6, n., grass. 
 
 lunga e futa, v., to watch the jungle 
 
 X 
 
 Futa, continued. 
 
 during a bush fire, in order to* 
 shoot the game flying before 
 it. 
 
 vungula e futa, v., to follow up a 
 bush fire in order to dig out 
 the small animals that have 
 taken refuge in the ground, 
 -afuta, a., wild (of animals). 
 
 Futisa, v., to cause to pay, extort* 
 impose a fine. 
 
 Futuka, v.t., to be paid (as money or 
 goods). 
 
 Futuluka, v.t., to swell, increase, en¬ 
 large ; rise (as dough). 
 
 Futulula, v., to repay, pay over again. 
 
 Futumuka, V., to ascend (as smoke). 
 
 Futwa, v.t., to be expended, be 
 paid. 
 
 Fuwa (pass, of fwa). 
 muna ezulu ke mufuwanga ko, in 
 
 heaven they never die. 
 
 Fuxila, v., to begin to swell (used only 
 of the breasts of girls approach¬ 
 ing puberty). 
 
 Fwa, v. (pass. iFuwa), to die, perish, 
 expire, be spoilt, be hurt, decay* 
 rot, be deserted (of a town), 
 dilapidated, worn out. 
 fwa e babangu (6), to come to 
 nothing (as blighted plants). 
 fwa e diya (6), v., to make a mis¬ 
 take, forget. 
 
 fwa e evwina (8), v., to be thirsty, 
 fwae kiambu (5), v., to be uncon¬ 
 scious, insensible, in a state of 
 stupor or coma, to faint, swoon, 
 fwa e mfune (2), v., to feel faint or 
 dizzy with hunger. 
 
 fwa e nkenda (2), v., to have com¬ 
 passion on, be merciful to, show 
 mercy to, to give quarter, 
 fwa e nzala (2), v., to be hungry, to 
 famish, starve. 
 
 fwa muna maza (pi. 7), to drown, 
 fwa 0 meno (pi. 7), to lose the edge, 
 be blunt. 
 
 Fwa, 9, n., death, decay, mortality. 
 
 Fwa, 9, n., dead person, corpse, 
 fwa (9) kwa mbele, n. } blunt knife. 
 
( 281 ) 
 
 Fwa-Fwe 
 
 Fwa, 6, one crippled in- 
 
 A person crippled in some part of 
 the body is spoken of as above, 
 the crippled organ or member 
 being mentioned, and the whole 
 treated as a noun of the 6th 
 class. 
 
 fwadisu, 6, //., one-eyed person, 
 person blind in one eye. 
 -afwadisu, a., blind in one eye. 
 fwakutu, 6, 7 i., person deaf with 
 one ear. 
 
 -afwakutu, a., deaf in one ear. 
 fwamatu, 6, n., deaf person. 
 
 -afwamatu, a., deaf, 
 fwameno, 6 , 71., a blunt instrument, 
 a thing which has lost its 
 edge, a person who has lost his 
 teeth. 
 
 -afwameno, a., blunt, toothless, 
 fwameso, 6, n ., blind in both eyes, 
 -afwameso, a., blind. 
 
 Fwa, v., to be worth, cost, 
 nki kifwa ? what is it worth ? 
 
 -afwafwa, a., useless ; see below. 
 
 Fwafwala, 6, a useless thing, 
 fwafwala kia mbele, a stupid blunt 
 knife. 
 
 Fwakata, v.i., to boil fiercely. 
 
 Fwala, 2, it. (Eng. phial), bottle, 
 phial. 
 
 Fwalanela (P. flanella), flannel. 
 
 Fwalangani, 6, n., all things (every¬ 
 thing contaitied in a given place 
 or receptacle'). 
 
 fwalangani ina muna nzo, every¬ 
 thing in the house, 
 fwalangani ya nzo, the furniture 
 of the house. 
 
 Fwalansa, 2, n., France. 
 
 -afwalansa, a., French. 
 
 Fwana, 9, n., merit, fitness. 
 
 Fwana, v.i., to be fit for, good for, 
 able to hold ; to earn, deserve, 
 merit ; be qualified for, be com¬ 
 petent, worthy of, suitable ; to 
 suit, suffice ; be enough, suf¬ 
 ficient. 
 
 Fwanana, 9, n., correspondence, fit¬ 
 ness, similarity, equality. 
 
 Fwanana, v.i., to fit, correspond, 
 agree, coincide, match, be 
 similar, to resemble, be equal, 
 accord with. 
 
 Fwananakesa, v.i., to adapt, make 
 things fit, equalise, cause to con¬ 
 form with, adjust, accommodate, 
 match, fit, make like, cause to 
 accord. 
 
 Fwananisa, v.t., see Fwananakesa. 
 
 Fwanima, 6, it., a man who has be¬ 
 come impotent, or a woman 
 who has become barren. 
 
 Fwaniswa, 6, n., model, likeness, 
 type, pattern, design, image, 
 portrait, picture, representation. 
 
 Fwanta, v., to croak, breathe stertor- 
 ously, snore. 
 
 Fwantalakana, v., to be done badly, 
 carelessly. 
 
 Fwantalakesa, v.t., to do badly,, 
 carelessly, roughly. 
 
 Fwayeta, 2, n. (P. alfaiate), tailor. 
 
 Fwembo, 6, n., old, dilapidated, or 
 deserted house, ruin, hovel. 
 
 Fwemoka, 9, n., elasticity, compress¬ 
 ibility. 
 
 Fwemoka, v., to be elastic, compress¬ 
 ibility, springy. 
 
 Fwemona, v.t., to heave, the chest in 
 breathing. 
 
 Fwenka, v., to hack at, saw, rasp, 
 file, cut off close to the ground, 
 with a blunt knife, cut up 
 small. 
 
 Fwete, defect, aux. verb , only used in 
 the perfect, expresses a possible- 
 duty, not yet performed, but 
 which should have been, or 
 should be, performed ; it may 
 be translated by: ought to have, 
 or should have, when speaking 
 of the past; or ought to, should, 
 shall, or will be able to, and 
 therefore may, can, should do. 
 so, when speaking of the future, 
 xisavana mfwete kiomwena, 
 put it where I can see it. 
 ke bazeye tunga nzo ifwete kala 
 mundele ko, they do not know 
 

 Fwe-Ink ( 282 ) 
 
 (Fwete, continued. 
 
 how to build a house fit for a 
 white man to live in. 
 ofwete kio baka, you ought to have 
 caught it. 
 
 fwete is also used in such inter¬ 
 rogative sentences as the follow- 
 ing: Nga bafwete fwa e ? 
 they are dead then of course ? 
 Nga ofwete zo dia e? you 
 have eaten them then ? 
 
 I. 
 
 I-,//, prefix to nouns of 5 th cl., it is 
 often written yi. 
 
 I, on receiving the prefix a combines 
 with it, and they become e ; ma 
 +ingi=mengi. 
 
 i-, subj. pronom. prefix to verbs & 
 verbal adjs. agreeing with 
 nouns cl. 2, sing., 5 & 6, pi. 
 
 i-, pers. pronom. prefix, 1st pers. 
 sing., subjective when used be¬ 
 fore an objective prefix I. As 
 there is no objective prefix for 
 the 2nd pers. sing., the absence 
 of this after i implies that the 
 2nd pers. sing, is the object of 
 the verb ; thus Isamunwini, I 
 told you. 
 
 I, emphatic demonstrative verbal 
 particle serving in the place of 
 the verb “to be” in all its forms, 
 and is equivalent to: this or that 
 or these or those in particular 
 is, are, or were, &c. Eyayi i 
 yame, it is mine ; I dinkwa 
 kala WOWO, it is very likely ; 
 I zau jina, those were they; 
 Yandi i mfuxmi, he is king. 
 {when standing at the head of a sen- 
 tcnce, and followed by the appl. 
 form of the verb), so, therefore, 
 for that reason, that is why. 
 When i is used in this way, 
 diambu, kuma, mpitu & uma 
 
 I, continued. 
 
 are understood; i ndembele 
 kwendela, therefore (that is 
 why, for that reason), I did not 
 go; i nkatuka kakatukidi, 
 that is why (therefore) he went 
 away ; i impondele yandi, that 
 is why I killed him. For a 
 further use of the particle I see 
 under A. 
 
 Ika, interj. (Bako.), see Ingeta. 
 
 Ina, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 2, sing., 5 & 
 
 6, pi., 3rdpos., that which, those 
 which, which; that, those. With 
 its article prefixed ina becomes 
 eyina. 
 
 Inga, interj., see Ingeta. 
 
 Ingala tela, n. (P. Inglaterra), Eng¬ 
 land. 
 
 Ingelezo, 1, n. (P. Inglez), English¬ 
 man. 
 
 Ingeta, an interjection which a respect¬ 
 ful person adds to any remark or 
 reply he makes to a great chief 
 or to a call, a respectful assent ; 
 yes. Kwisa kekwisa ingeta, 
 he is coming ; kekwisa kwa- 
 ndi ko ingeta, he is not coming; 
 ingeta e mfumu, yes, sir ! 
 
 -ingi, a., with singular nouns, much 
 too much, great ; with plural 
 nouns, many, too many, several; 
 with such pi. nouns as maza, 
 mazu, menga, maji, &c.,much; 
 maza mengi, much water. 
 Where prefixes in a are applied 
 to ingi the a & i become e, 
 thus ma-ingi=mengi. Ingi 
 is also used sometimes under 
 another form, -ayingi, with the 
 prefixes of series No. 1 ; thus 
 matadi mayingi=matadi me¬ 
 ngi, many stones. 
 
 -a injingela or injingila, a., curly, 
 woolly, of hair. 
 
 Inkwada, pi, 5, n., itch, “ craw craw.” 
 
( 2«3 ) 
 
 J—Jim 
 
 J. 
 
 . J results when a radical z is followed 
 by i. Many Kongos cannot 
 pronounce zi, and always use ji 
 instead. 
 
 • Jama, v.i., to be buried. 
 
 . Jami, 6, ;/., cemetery, burial-ground. 
 
 . Janela, 2, n. (P. janella), window. 
 
 . Je=je+i. 
 
 - -je, a., too small, very tiny. 
 
 Jejiana, v., to be giddy, be bewildered. 
 
 . Jejiana, 9 , n., giddiness,bewilderment. 
 
 . Jeke, 6, n., seeds which are often 
 threaded and attached to 
 bundles of charms, worn by 
 those who have been initated 
 into the mysteries of ndembo. 
 
 . Jena, v., to urinate, make water. 
 
 . Jenena, 6, //., the bladder (urinary). 
 
 Jermani, n., Germany. 
 
 . Jeta, v.t ., to form a ring round, go 
 round, surround, encircle, pass 
 round, revolve round. 
 
 . Jeta, v.i., to revolve, rotate ; turn, 
 twist, spin, go round, swirl, 
 gyrate. 
 
 - Jetesa, v.t., to cause to revolve, to 
 
 spin round, turn, twist, whirl 
 round. 
 
 Jetesa, v.t., to cause to surround, 
 cause to encircle, put in a ring. 
 
 Jetojioka, v.t., to be constantly or 
 frequently turning round. 
 
 Jetoka, v.i., see Jeta, v.t. 
 
 Jetomoka, v.i., see Jeta, v.i. 
 
 Jetomona, v.t., cause to revolve ; see 
 also Jetesa. 
 
 Jetuka, v., see Jeta, v.i. 
 
 Jetumuka, v.i., see Jeta, v.i. 
 
 Jetumuna, v.t., to cause to revolve ; 
 see also Jetesa. 
 
 Jetwela, 6, 11., the horizon. 
 
 -ajetwela, a., round, circular. 
 
 . ji-, prefix applied to verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of cl. 
 2, pf 
 
 _ ji-, prefix applied in some dialects (Mpa, 
 &c.) to the plural of nouns, cl. 2. 
 
 eji, dent. & rel. ftron., cl. 2, pi., isi 
 ft os., these. 
 
 -iji, see Kwiza. 
 
 Jiakuna, v.t., to chew noisily. 
 
 Jibela, 2, n. (P. algibeira), pocket. 
 
 Jibuka and Jibula (Bako.), see Jiuka, 
 Jiula. 
 
 Jibula, see Jiongola. 
 
 Jiji, dent, ft roil. cl. 2, ftl., emphatic, 
 these, used only after the 
 verbal particle i; i zau jiji, 
 these are they. 
 
 Jie-, see under je-. 
 
 -jiji, see Kwiza. 
 
 Jiji? 6, n., fortitude, endurance, 
 fearlessness, bravery, valour, 
 nerve, stoicism, faithfulness, 
 fidelity, patience in suffering, 
 firmness. 
 
 Jijila, v., to be unflinching, patient in 
 suffering, faithful, staunch, true, 
 brave, to endure, be steadfast, 
 courageous, devoted. 
 
 Jijila, 9, n., see Jiji, n. 
 
 Jijima, v., to grow cold, become chilly, 
 to cool. 
 
 Jijimisa, v.t., to cool, make cold, 
 chill. 
 
 Jika, v.t., to close, shut. 
 
 Jika, v.t., to bury, inter. 
 
 Jikalakana, v.i., to shrivel up. 
 
 Jikalakesa, v.t., to cause to shrivel 
 up. 
 
 Jikama, v.i., to be closed, shut. 
 
 Jikidila, v., to shut in, shut up (a 
 person in a house). 
 
 Jikinisa, v., to tickle. 
 
 Jiku, 6, n., positiveness, certainty, 
 e jiku, adv., certainly, surely, posi¬ 
 tively. 
 
 Jikuna, v., to sneer. 
 
 Jima, v.i., to be closed (spoken of the 
 eyes only), to go out, be ex¬ 
 tinguished. 
 
 Jima, v.t., to blow out, extinguish, 
 close, shut (of the eyes only), to 
 quench, put out (fire). 
 
 Jimbalakanwa, v., to make a mistake, 
 to err, blunder, forget, lose by 
 forgetting where left. 
 
JIM-J IT 
 
 ( 284 ) 
 
 Jimi, 6. n. (Bako.), pregnancy. 
 
 kala ye jimi, v., to be pregnant. 
 
 Jimola, pi. 2, n. (P. esmola), alms, 
 and hence anything given for 
 the service of God, hence :— 
 
 -ajimola, a. This word has been 
 revived by r the R. C. priests at 
 San Salvador, but is only under¬ 
 stood there. 
 
 Jimuka, v., to set (of the sun) ; see 
 also Jima, v.i. 
 
 jina, ) dem. & rel. pron., cl . 2, pi., 
 
 ejina, ) 3rdpos., those, those which, 
 
 which. 
 
 Jina, v.i., to be burnt, charred. 
 
 moyo (3, -n) jina, v.i., to be very 
 wishful for, desire exceedingly, 
 ardently long for. 
 
 Jinebela, 2, n. (P. genebra), gin. 
 
 Jinga, v.i., to last, survive, live on, 
 endure, wear well, be permanent^ 
 remain alive, abide, continue. 
 
 Jinga, v.t., to wrap up, furl, coil, curl, 
 wind, fold. 
 
 jinga e mpota (2), to coil round and 
 round. 
 
 jinga muna, v.t., to wind round, 
 envelop in. 
 
 jinga 0 moko (pi. 9), to fold (the 
 arms). 
 
 jinga 0 nkondo (4), to clasp the 
 hands over the head. 
 
 Jingalakana, v.i., to be entangled, 
 entwined, to embrace. 
 
 Jingalakesa, v.t., to entangle, entwine. 
 
 Jingalakiana, v., see Jingalakana. 
 
 Jingama, v.i., to be wound, entwined, 
 coiled round, frizzled. 
 
 Jingidila, v., to surround (animals in 
 a hunt). 
 
 Jingisa, v.t., to cause to last, to per¬ 
 petuate, prolong. 
 
 Jingu, 6 , n., permanence, vitality, en¬ 
 durance. 
 
 -ajingu, a., lasting, enduring, per¬ 
 manent, immortal, eternal. 
 
 Jingula, v.t., to tell, relate, announce, 
 declare, inform, report, narrate, 
 communicate, make known, 
 publish, preach, prophesy, de- 
 
 Jingula, continued. 
 
 liver (a message); jingula 0 
 
 mavimpi kuna kwa -, give- 
 
 my kind regards to-. 
 
 Jinguluka, v.i., to surround, be or go - 
 round. 
 
 Jingulwila, v., to tell about, tell of,, 
 acquaint with. 
 
 Jingulwisa, v.t., to coil round. 
 
 Jingulwisa, v.t., to cause to tell. 
 
 Jingumuka, v.i., to unwind, disen¬ 
 tangle, unroll, uncoil, untwist. 
 
 Jingumuna, v.t., to unwind, unroll, 
 unfurl, unbind, unwrap, uncoil,., 
 untwist, disentangle. 
 
 Jingwila, v.t., to tell about, tell of. 
 
 Jinisa, v.t., to burn, char, 
 jinisa 0 moyo (3), v., to be very 
 wishful for, to have a burning 
 desire, long ardently; also to- 
 cause the same in others. 
 
 Jinta, v., to aim, take aim. 
 
 Jinta, 9, ?i., aim. 
 
 Jiojio, 6, n., a tuft of hair. 
 
 Jiojiomona, v.i., to smart, burn, ache. 
 
 Jiola, v., to smooth out a crease, 
 straighten, unbend (a bow). 
 
 Jioloka, v.i., to be smoothed out,. 
 opened out, unbent (of a bow). 
 
 Jiona, v.t., to snatch away something 
 held by another. 
 
 Jiongona, v.t., to pinch, nip. 
 
 Jionoka, v., to be snatched away. 
 
 Jit a, v.i., to weigh, be heavy. 
 
 Jitika, v., to tie (a knot), clench (the 
 teeth). 
 
 jitika e mbulu (2), or 0 lumunga 
 
 (10), v., to frown, scowl. 
 
 Jitikila, v.t., to tie up, tie to (to pre¬ 
 vent escape or drifting away). 
 
 Jitikila, v.t., to betroth, affiance (of 
 the man). 
 
 Jitikila, 9, n., betrothal. 
 
 Jitikilwa, v., to be engaged, be be¬ 
 trothed (of the woman). 
 
 Jitikilwa, 9, n., the betrothal (of the 
 woman). 
 
 Jitikisa, v., to arrange the betrothal,. 
 to betroth (of the parents). 
 
 Jitisa, v., to respect honour, esteem. 
 
( 285 ) 
 
 J it-Kak 
 
 Jitiswa, 7 \, to be distinguished, re¬ 
 spected. 
 
 Jitu, 12, //., respect, honour, character, 
 reputation (good), esteem. 
 
 Jituka, 7 >., to come undone (as a knot), 
 to be untied, undone. 
 
 Jitllla, 7 '., to untie, undo, to loose a 
 knot. 
 
 jitula e mbulu, 7 '., to cease to scowl. 
 
 Jiuka, v.i., to be open, to open. 
 
 Jiula, 7 >.t., to open, unclose. 
 
 jiula (e evundu, 8), to make, 
 pierce, punch, bore (a hole), 
 perforate. 
 
 jiula e vita (2), to fire the first shot, 
 attack. 
 
 jiula 0 matu (9), to pierce the ears. 
 
 jiula 0 mwenge (3), to cut the 
 hole for the first time in the 
 base of the flower of the palm 
 in order to get wine. 
 
 Jizu, n., Jesus. 
 
 Jiyidila (muna), v.t., to peep, peer at. 
 
 K. 
 
 Xa, subj. fironom. prefix., y'd pers., 
 sing., he, she : kaboka, he 
 called. 
 
 Xa, prefix, a combination of ke, first 
 particle of negation, with a the 
 subj. pronom. prefix of the y'd 
 pers. sing. & pi., he, she or they 
 ...not; kabokako, he did not 
 call. 
 
 Xa, prefix of the 9th cl. of several 
 words introduced from the 
 Mbundu language ; see kabata, 
 kalunga, kampata, kapekele, 
 kapiangu, kaseka. 
 
 Aka, adv., see under A. 
 
 -aka, a., bearing a prefix of series No. 
 2 always precedes the noun, and 
 requires the article before it ; 
 more, some more, other, another, 
 several. 
 
 Xaba, v., to eat (as animals). 
 
 Xaba, v. (Bako.), see Xaya. 
 
 Xabata, 9, n., a title of nobility. 
 
 Xabuka, 7>.i., to pop, bang. 
 
 Xabula, v.t., to cause to pop. 
 
 Xadi, J conj., because, for, so 
 
 e kuma kadi, ) that. 
 
 Xadila, v., to live at, live for. 
 
 Xadila, v., to exhort, beg, implore 
 not to do something. 
 
 Xaditu, a?i authoritative exclamation 
 tv hen there has been a refusal 
 to obey a?i order; kaditu vaika, 
 go out (will you, or I’ll-). 
 
 Xafe, 9, n. (P. cafe), coffee. 
 
 Xafinina, v., to grasp, clutch, grip, 
 seize, hold tightly. 
 
 Xafuka, v.i., to be beaten, struck, 
 hit. 
 
 Xafuna, v.t., to strike, hit, beat. 
 
 Kaji, 6, n., htematuria. 
 
 Xaka, v., to stop up, block up, close 
 up, dam up, plug, obstruct, choke 
 up, barricade, bar. 
 
 kaka 0 nua (4), v., to gag. 
 
 Xaka, adv., only, alone, only just, 
 scarcely, solely, simply, abso¬ 
 lutely, purely, at once (nothing 
 intervening), directly, merely. 
 
 With the continuative form of the 
 verb, always, ceaselessly, often ; 
 okwendanga kala, you are 
 always going, you keep going.. 
 
 -akaka, a., more, other, several, some, 
 else, different, another. 
 
 -akaka diaka, some others, some 
 more. 
 
 -akaka diaka vana ntandu, more 
 beside. 
 
 -akakakaka,^., some others, various 
 others. 
 
 ke vena...akaka ko, no other, 
 kwakaka, mwakaka or vakaka, 
 
 adv., somewhere else, else¬ 
 where, away. 
 
 xia kwakaka, v.t., to separate, 
 put elsewhere. 
 
 Xakala, v., to slip with friction (as 
 when not lubricated), to grate, 
 crawl (as a lizard). 
 
 Xakala, 9, n., grating, friction. 
 
Kak-Kal 
 
 ( 286 ) 
 
 Kakama, 7/., to be dammed up, choked 
 blocked, barred. 
 
 Kakasa, v.t.,. to bring, carry some¬ 
 thing bulky or awkward. 
 
 Kakaza, 6,grass stubble (after cut¬ 
 ting). 
 
 Kakidila, 7/., to shelter, shield, screen ? 
 used of the shelter or screen only. 
 
 Kakidisa, v., to screen, shelter, shield, 
 block the way with something. 
 
 Kakila, v., to intercept, come in the 
 way of, staunch, prevent from 
 passing or flowing. 
 
 Kakuka, v.i., to be open, unstopped, 
 clear. 
 
 Kakula, v.t., to clear, unstop, open, 
 unplug, remove an obstruction. 
 
 Kakumuka, v., to laugh out, heartily. 
 
 Kala, 7/. (perf. kede and kele, pass. 
 kalwa, appl. form kadila, 
 caus. kadisa), to be, exist, live, 
 dwell, remain, reside. Ina and 
 una which are parts of a de¬ 
 fective verb are used as tenses 
 of “kala.” When kala is fol¬ 
 lowed by a noun preceded by 
 its article e, or 0, or by the 
 prepositions ya, ye or yo, 
 it may be translated by “ to 
 be” with the adjective formed 
 from the noun ; kala e ngolo = 
 to be strong. It may also very 
 frequently be translated by the 
 verb “to have kala ye nsoni, 
 to have shame = to be ashamed ; 
 kala 0 or yo moyo, to be alive 
 = to have life. When Kongos 
 have a pain they use the verb 
 kala with the name of the part 
 in which the pain is felt, thus 
 ntu ame ngina wau, I have a 
 head, that is a headache. (In 
 perfect health we are not con¬ 
 scious of our members). Ya is 
 always used in negative sen¬ 
 tences, instead of ye or yo. 
 kala-au; kala is used to express 
 the verb “ to have,” by adding to 
 it the personal pronoun of the 
 thing possessed, but as the verb 
 
 Kala, continued. 
 
 “to be” takes the same case 
 after it as before it, the pronoun 
 is used in the subjective form ; 
 thus, Mbele zame ngina zan = 
 I have my knives ; 0 mbaji 
 nkele mieto tukala mian = to¬ 
 morrow we shall have our guns, 
 kala kiabiza or kiambote, farewell 
 of those departing. 
 kala kwaku or kweno, never mind, 
 kala ne, v., to look like ; kina ne 
 maza = it looks like water ; 
 (kuma) kwina ne kwan 
 knnoka, it looks as if it would 
 rain. 
 
 kala 0 mfunu (4), v., to be useful, 
 kala owu or y’owu, to be able to, 
 to have means of doing, 
 ke kala owu or ya u ko, to be at a 
 loss, at one’s wits’ end to know 
 how to ; kina owu mpanga kio* 
 ko = I am at my wits’ end to> 
 know how to do it. 
 kala una, v., to be alive, 
 vanga va -kala, v., to make room 
 for. 
 
 vana vena, in the presence of, 
 amongst, where—was, Avere, are, 
 is, &c. 
 
 Kala and okala ; kala vo and okala, 
 vo; kele and okele; kelevo and 
 okele vo; kedi and okedi; 
 kedi vo and okedi vo; keji 
 andokeji; keji vo and okeji 
 VO; a series of conjunctions de¬ 
 rived from kala, are used when 
 stating a certain condition, either 
 positive or negative, which, if it 
 had existed, would have brought 
 about certain results, it being 
 clearly understood that neither 
 the condition nor its result ever 
 did exist, are now, or ever will 
 come about. In such a state¬ 
 ment the condition following 
 upon kala must be spoken of 
 in the subjunctive mood present 
 indefinite, or present continua- 
 tive tense, even when the result 
 
( 287 ) 
 
 Kal-Kal. 
 
 Kala, continued. 
 
 of the condition can only be 
 spoken of in a remote past tense, 
 as in sentence No. 4. The 
 clause stating the result is in¬ 
 troduced by nga (see Nga), and 
 its verb may be in the indie, 
 mood ; where it is in the nega¬ 
 tive, the aux. v. -adi is optional. 
 
 1. Kala ke tudiati beni ko, 
 nga ke tulueke watt ko, if 
 we had not walked well, we 
 should not be there now. (Neg¬ 
 ative sentence, condition past, 
 result pres.) 
 
 2. Kala tudiata beni ezono 
 nga mbaji twadi lnaka, had 
 
 we walked well yesterday we 
 should arrive to-morrow. (Posi¬ 
 tive sentence, condition past, re¬ 
 sult future.) 
 
 3. Kala tutelama 0 mbaji nga 
 kialnmingu twadi lnaka, if 
 
 we were to start to-morrow we 
 should arrive on Sunday. (Posi¬ 
 tive sentence , condition and re¬ 
 sult in the future.) 
 
 4. Muna Sodomo kala mukala 
 antu kumi ansonga, nga 0 
 Nzambi wavnlnza dio e evata, 
 
 if there had been ten righteous 
 men in Sodom, God would have 
 spared the city. (Positive sen¬ 
 tence , condition and result in 
 the remote past). 
 
 When kala introduces a positive 
 clause it may be translated by 
 “ if, :> or by a clause in the subj. 
 mood having the auxiliary 
 verb first; if I had done so, or 
 had I done so. 
 
 When kala introduces a negative 
 clause the above formulae are 
 used with the negative ; if I had 
 not = had I not, or a positive 
 clause prefaced by except, other¬ 
 wise or unless, may be used ; 
 except I had, sunless I had. 
 
 Sometimes kala is used to in¬ 
 troduce a condition expected, 
 
 Kala, continued. 
 
 hoped for, planned or com¬ 
 manded, but which.never came 
 about. The rule as to the con- 
 struction of such a clause is 
 the same as regards moods and 
 as above, although there is no 
 mention of results, edi kazolele 
 vo kala ngienda, he wishes 
 that I had gone. 
 
 Kala is also used as an aux. verb- 
 to express an absolute perfect 
 bele kala, they have gone; 
 mbaji mene ovo olneka owana 
 bavwidi kwenda kwau kala, 
 to-morrow when you arrive you 
 will find that they are or will 
 have gone. 
 
 In all these uses of kala there 
 exists the idea of a condition 
 absolute, definite, and beyond 
 all possibility of reversal, and 
 kala can only be used with a 
 future tense under such cir¬ 
 cumstances. 
 
 okalakala nga, do you suppose 
 then ? an emphatic, rather in¬ 
 dignant denial, put into the- 
 interrogative; okalakala nga. 
 dia ndianga zo e ? well, am 1 
 eating them ? 
 
 Kala, 9, n., life, manner of living, state. 
 
 Kala, 9, n., denial, refusal, contra¬ 
 diction. 
 
 Kala, 6, n., dryness, drought. 
 
 Kala, v.t., to deny, refuse, contradict,, 
 object to, protest against,, 
 decline, dissent; nkadidi kwa- 
 me, emphatic denial or refusal; 
 no, not I, I did not, I will not. 
 
 -kala, a suffix applied to diminutive 
 forms of monosyllabic nouns in 
 a, as mbwa, a dog ; kimbwa- 
 mbwakala, a puppy, 
 akala, see wider A. 
 
 okalokala, adv., at length, after a 
 while, afterwards, then, at last, 
 after a long while ; used also, 
 with boxi, okalokala i boxi. 
 koala vo kadi, conj., forasmuch, 
 as, because, since. 
 
Kal-Kan 
 
 ( 288 ) 
 
 Kalakesa, v ., to cause to be or remain. 
 
 Kalanga, 6, n ., a great store-place of 
 basket-work (to hold stock of 
 nguba), barn. 
 
 Kali, 6, n. (P. cal), lime, chalk. 
 
 Kalulula, v., to live over again. 
 
 Kalunga, 9 & 2, n. ( introduced from 
 Angola), sea, ocean. 
 
 Kalunga! interj. ., respectful reply to 
 a call. 
 
 Kama, v., to press, press out, squeeze, 
 squeeze out, wring, wring out. 
 kama 0 mabeni (pi. 8), (Bako.), 
 or mamvumina (pi. 7) or ki- 
 mvumina (5), to milk, 
 kama e mbamvu (2), to brew beer. 
 
 Kamama, v., to be dammed up. 
 
 Kamba, 6, line, row. 
 
 e kamba kimoxi, in one line, 
 abreast. 
 
 Kamba, v.t., to tell, inform, say to. 
 
 Kamba, v. (Vivi), to show. 
 
 Kamba, interj ., is it not ? 
 
 Kambalala, v., to go through a pass, 
 pass a hill along its side or base 
 so as to avoid climbing. 
 
 Kambama, v.i., to be, lie, stretch 
 across, span over (as a bridge), 
 -kambama, f., cross-wise. 
 
 Kambidika,^-^ (vana), to put, lay 
 
 Kambika, J across, set, tie across, 
 crosswise. 
 
 Kambila, v., to intercept, come in the 
 way of. 
 
 Kambula, v., to ward off, guard, parry. 
 
 Kambwa, v. (Bako.), to lack, be with¬ 
 out, be short of, want. 
 
 Kamika, v.t ., to dam up. 
 
 Kamuna, see Kama. 
 
 Kamuka, mid. v. of kama & kamuna. 
 
 Kamvuna, v., to tear with the teeth 
 (as meat off a bone), jto bite off 
 (a piece). 
 
 Kana, v., to intend, resolve, purpose, 
 plan, mean, do on purpose, do 
 intentionally, to determine to. 
 
 Kana, co?ij ., although, even if, whether, 
 if, however; kana ntama = 
 however far (it may be), 
 kana...kana, whether...or. 
 
 Kana, continued. 
 
 kana VO, is used in introducing a 
 sentence under the following 
 circumstances. A fact has been 
 entirely forgotten by each of the 
 parties in conversation and in 
 consequence there is perplexity, 
 or some unnecessary order 
 given. At the time the fact 
 recurs to the mind of one party, 
 and in recalling it to the other 
 the sentence opens with kana 
 yo or kanele vo : for instance, 
 some people wishing to cross a 
 river can find no means of doing 
 so; in their perplexity some 
 one remembers a hidden canoe 
 belongingto a friend of his, and 
 says, kana vo nlungu a Mantu, 
 ke wau tusaukila kwe ? why 
 there is Mantu’s canoe, can we 
 not get across with that ? 
 kanele vo mbiji ina vana 
 esanza, adieyi wele sumbila 
 yakaka? why ! there is some 
 meat on the shelf, why did you 
 go and buy more. 
 
 Kanda, V.t., to bend straight, straighten, 
 stretch, strain, tighten. 
 
 Kanda, 6, n., underpart of an animal’s 
 paw. 
 
 kanda kia nkewa, plantain 
 (small). 
 
 Kanda e ezulu (8), v., to stop rain 
 (prevent it from falling). 
 
 Kandaji, 6, n., under part of paw. 
 kandaji kiakoko (9), the palm 
 of the hand. 
 
 Kandakana, v., to be bendable. 
 
 Kandalala, v., to be grieved, dis¬ 
 tressed. 
 
 Kandalala, v., to stretch the arms 
 well backwards, throwing out 
 the chest (as in yawning or as 
 a purchaser measuring cloth). 
 
 Kandama, v.i., to cease raining. 
 
 Kandi, 6, n., palm nut, see Nkandi. 
 
 Kandidika, v.t., caus. of Kandalala. 
 
 Kandika, V., to forbid (definitely and 
 finally), to stop, warn against, 
 
( 289 ) 
 
 Kan-Kas 
 
 Kandika, continued. 
 
 refuse ever to allow, prohibit, 
 interdict, refuse admittance. 
 Kandu, 6, n., refusal (final and 
 definite). 
 
 dia e kandu, v., to refuse ever to 
 do. 
 
 Kanduka, v.i., to be bent straight, be 
 straightened. 
 
 Kandula, v.t., to straighten by bend¬ 
 ing, bend straight. 
 
 Kandwila, v., to make the sign of the 
 cross. 
 
 Kanele, conj ., if, even if, although. 
 Kanele vo, see Kana vo. 
 
 ^ Kanga, v., to tie, fasten, attach, bind, 
 bandage, lock, capture, 
 kanga e mbulu (2) or 0 lumunga 
 (10), v ., to frown, knit the brows, 
 
 [ scowl. 
 
 kanga e mbumba (2), v., to make 
 secret. 
 
 kanga e mfulu (2) ambi, to con¬ 
 spire. 
 
 kanga muna luvambu (10), to chain 
 up, put in fetters. 
 
 kanga 0 ntima (4), v., to object 
 to, be averse to, to persevere 
 in first intentions, to make up 
 one’s mind, be determined, re¬ 
 solute. 
 
 kanga vana, v., to wrap up, tie up 
 in, see Moyo. 
 
 Kanga, v., to fry. 
 
 Kangala, v., to walk about, travel, 
 roam, stroll, make a journey. 
 Kangama, v.i., to be fastened, tied. 
 Kangama, v.i., to congeal, coagulate, 
 clot, solidify, set (as jelly, oil), 
 curdle. 
 
 Kangana, v.i., to be entangled (as 
 goats in each other’s strings). 
 Kanganisa, v., to tie, or fasten to¬ 
 gether, join, attach. 
 
 Kangi, 6, n., cluster (of fruit), bunch. 
 Kangidila, v., to tie up (an animal), 
 kangidila e diambu (7), to attach 
 a charge to, accuse falsely. 
 Kangilwa, 6, n., a frying-pan. 
 Kangilwa, 6, n., binder (cord, etc.). 
 
 Kangula,w., to untie, unfasten, unbind, 
 undo, loose, release, liberate. 
 
 Kanikina, v., to promise, threaten. 
 
 Kanina, v., to ask permission to go, 
 to take leave of, bid farewell 
 (of those departing). 
 
 -akanini. 
 
 ke... -akanini ko, not yet. 
 ke -akanini nkutu ko, while not yet 
 ready; lekwa ke kiakanini 
 nkutu ko, wijidi kio bonga, 
 he came and took it before it 
 was ready, lit., the thing not 
 yet ready, he came and took it. 
 
 Kanivete, 2, n. (P. canivete), a shut- 
 knife, pocket knife. 
 
 Kanka, 6, n., brushwood, thicket,, 
 jungle of bushes. 
 
 Kankala, v., to tie (palm rib battens 
 on a roof or wall). 
 
 Kankalakana, v., to be awkward, 
 clumsy to carry. 
 
 Kankumuka, v., to shudder (as after 
 a noxious draught'). 
 
 to (6 ki-) kankumuka, v., to be 
 horrified, to shudder, 
 nsuki (2 ji-) kankumuka, the hair 
 stands on end. 
 
 Kankumukisa e to (6), v., to horrify. 
 
 Kanxi, conj., but, however, yet, still, 
 even then. 
 
 kanxi kadi, at any rate, however, 
 kanxi ke...ko, except, but not. 
 kanxi wau, conj., but as ; wijidi 
 kwandi kanxi wau kayela i 
 kumainxindikidi, he came, but 
 as he was ill I sent him away. 
 
 Kanza, v., to snap (as a dog). 
 
 Kapekele, 79 & 1, n., sing . only, 
 
 Kapiangu, ) thievish person. 
 
 Kasa, v.t., to tighten, draw tight. 
 
 Kasa, v.t., to chew. 
 
 Kasakana, v., to take courage, take 
 heart, pluck up courage, be 
 encouraged, emboldened, to 
 dare. 
 
 Kasakesa,^./., to encourage, embolden. 
 
 Kaseka, 9, n. (sing, only), seed-bead 
 (white or blue). 
 
 Kasumuka, see Kasakana. 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
Kas-Kay 
 
 ( 290 ) 
 
 Kasumuna, v.t., see Kasakesa. 
 
 Kasumuna e ndinga (2), v., to raise 
 the voice. 
 
 Kata, 6, n., the penis^ 
 
 Kata, v., to stretch, pull, extend, 
 straighten out. 
 
 Katendi, 9, n.,a title of nobility. 
 
 Kati, 9, n., middle, midst, centre of 
 gravity, interior, half-way, in¬ 
 side, axis. 
 
 bula or zenga muna kati, v., to 
 
 divide in halves. 
 
 muna or kuna or vana kati kwa, 
 
 ftrep., in the midst of, between, 
 betwixt, among, amid, inside, in 
 the heart (centre) of. 
 
 muna or vana kati, adv ., inwardly, 
 within, inside, internally. 
 
 muna or kuna or vana kati kwa 
 nxika, at the very centre, in 
 the very middle. 
 
 Katikati, pi. 6, n., hesitation, doubt, 
 indecision, questioning. 
 
 Katikisa, v., to hesitate, doubt, ques¬ 
 tion, be uncertain. 
 
 Katuka, v.i., to come, go away, go off, 
 come off, get off, go out, leave, 
 depart, remove, retire, vacate, 
 fall off (as hair, feathers), get 
 out (of the way), to be curable 
 (of a disease). 
 
 (kimbevo) ke ki katukanga ko, to 
 
 be incurable (of a sickness). 
 
 Katuka, v.i., to be stretched, extended, 
 pulled out tight. 
 
 Katula, v.t., to take away, take out, 
 tear off, clear away, remove, 
 withdraw, dispel, pick out, ex¬ 
 tract, pull out, subtract, pull off, 
 carry away, carry off. 
 
 katula e ejitu (8), to relieve (take 
 away weight). 
 
 katula e evwina (8), to satisfy 
 thirst. 
 
 katula 0 nxinga (4), to unloose a 
 string. 
 
 katula e nzala (2 & 11), to pare 
 the nails. 
 
 katula e nzala (2), to satisfy 
 hunger. 
 
 Katula, continued. 
 katula e tombe (6), get out of the 
 light = take away the darkness, 
 katula e vuvu (6), v., to give up 
 hope. 
 
 Katumuka, v.i., to awake, wake up. 
 
 Katumuna, v.t., to awake, wake up. 
 
 Kaulwila, v.t., appliedform, to give 
 to (any one) a portion of what 
 has been received as a gift. 
 
 Kaulula, v.t., to give away a portion 
 of what has been received as 
 a gift. 
 
 Kavama, v., to be put (into a bottle, 
 of the stopper). 
 
 Kavika-e sami, v., to put in a cork, 
 to cork. 
 
 Kavuna, v., to bite off a piece, tear oft 
 with the teeth. 
 
 Kavungu, 9, n., an eagle. 
 
 Kawa, v. (passive of kaya), to be 
 distributed. 
 
 Kaxi, conj., I mean, that is to say, or 
 rather. 
 
 Kaxi, conj., whether, if. 
 kaxi...kaxi, whether...or. 
 kizeye kwame ko kaxi wau, kax 
 ke wau ko, I do not know 
 whether it is so or not; lit. I 
 do not know, perhaps it is, per¬ 
 haps not. 
 
 Kaxikaxi, 6, n., a pet, a little temper. 
 
 Kaxikila, adv., perhaps. 
 
 Kaya, v., to distribute, divide, deal 
 out, allot, give away, 
 nukaya, jocular salute ; see Salute, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kaya, v., to be parched. 
 
 Kaya, v., to collect medicinal leaves. 
 
 Kayana, v., to divide among each 
 other, share. 
 
 Kayi, 6, n., matchet, cutlass. 
 
 Kayilwa, 6, n., divisor, a thing to 
 divide with. 
 
 Kayisa, V.t., to cause to distribute, 
 divide out. 
 
 Kayisa, v., to welcome, greet, salute. 
 tukayixi = welcome ; see Salute, 
 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kayisa, v.t., to parch. 
 
( 291 ) 
 
 Kaz-Ke 
 
 Kaza, v.t ., to chew. 
 
 Kaza, v., to yell. 
 
 Kazu, 6 , n., yell. 
 
 Ke-, pers. fti'onom. prefix to verbs yd 
 Pers ., sing, subj ., he, she ; kebo- 
 ka, he calls; also a combination 
 of the ist particle of negation 
 with e subj. pronom. prefix of 
 the yd pers. sing. & pi., he, 
 she, they... not; keboka ko, 
 he does or they do not call. 
 
 Ke may sometimes be a combina¬ 
 tion ofka-fi; ka-iza becomes 
 keza. 
 
 Ke...ko, adv., not, no (as in French 
 ne...pas ), the Kongo negative 
 is composed of two particles. 
 The first ke precedes the verb, 
 and often combines with per¬ 
 sonal pronominal prefixes. The 
 ko may follow the verb, or come 
 at the end of the negation. 
 Kwe ( = ko e) is used instead of 
 ko, when the sentence is inter¬ 
 rogative, or when there is great 
 anxiety or impatience ; kwendi 
 kwe ? are you not going ? 
 kwendi kwe ! do not go ! 
 
 The subjunctive present, and the 
 imperative, of the active, and 
 middle voices, change their final 
 vowel a into i, in negative sen¬ 
 tences. In monosyllabic verbs, 
 and in dissyllabics which have 
 only one consonant, it becomes 
 e, the continuative inge instead 
 of anga form (in passives it 
 does not change); thus, sumba 
 becomes ke sumbi ko, but 
 sumbwa makes ke sumbwa 
 ko ; sumbanga makes ke su- 
 mbinge ko; ta, ke te ko; 
 dia, kedieko. The i suffixed 
 causes the usual euphonic 
 changes of l+i = di, S-j-i = xi, 
 
 z+i=ji. 
 
 The Unnatural Negative. 
 
 ke without the second particle of 
 negation, is used both in the 
 
 Ke, continued. 
 
 indicative mood and the sub¬ 
 junctive, to express one’s delight, 
 or surprise, or disappointment, 
 or disapproval or disgust, at the 
 non-fulfilment of what one had 
 feared, expected, hoped for, or 
 considered ought to have been 
 done, or the uselessness of at¬ 
 tempting again what has only 
 proved fruitless or useless 
 hitherto ; it may therefore fre¬ 
 quently be translated by, “ with¬ 
 out... mg.” i. Baneti kio kiau 
 kebatolodi,they carried it with¬ 
 out breaking it. 2. Yadi nata 
 e mbongo zame kuna ezandu 
 diau kanxi zau ke basumbi, 
 however often I took my goods to 
 their market, they did not buy 
 them. 3. Mono kimona tulu, 
 I cannot get to sleep. 4. Kolo 
 kingi nukondanga yeno ke 
 nuvondi mbiji, you have been 
 • hunting ever so long without 
 killing anything (it is no use 
 trying). 5. Bamwene e nzo 
 ikweme, kanxi yau ke beji 
 jimina, they see the house 
 burning, but they do not come 
 to put it out. 
 
 When the negative sentence is 
 future, or where an injunction 
 is given to do something in 
 order to avoid what would 
 naturally result from the 
 omission, ke is translated by 
 lest, in case, for fear that. 
 Toma kanga e nkombo zau 
 ke jitayi, tie the goats carefully 
 lest they escape. Where a 
 question has been asked, and 
 the answer must begin with 
 kimana, in order that . . 
 
 not, the indefinite future sub¬ 
 junctive is always used. Kima- 
 nake zataya, lest they escape = 
 in order that they do not escape 
 (in answer to the question, 
 
 “ Why tie them carefully ?”). 
 
Ke-Kek 
 
 ( 292 ) 
 
 Ke, continued. 
 
 The verb, in all these cases,under¬ 
 goes, whenever necessary, the 
 same change in prefix or suffix 
 as in the ordinary negative, 
 but the ke must always be pre¬ 
 ceded by the pronoun proper 
 to the object; that is to say 
 the personal pronoun when the 
 noun is of the 1st class (persons), 
 or the impersonal pronoun (-au) 
 when the object is of classes 2 
 to 15. Where the noun itself 
 is mentioned as the object of 
 the verb, it takes its usual place 
 after the predicate, and the 
 pronoun of the subject is then 
 placed before the ke, see sentence 
 No. 4. above. Since intransitive 
 verbs have no object, the pro¬ 
 noun of their subject must also 
 precede the ke. 
 
 The rule then stands, that where 
 this species of, negative is used, 
 its first and only particle must 
 be preceded by a personal 
 pronoun or an impersonal pro¬ 
 noun of classes 2-15. Where 
 possible this pronoun should be 
 that of the object of the verb, 
 but where that cannot be, be¬ 
 cause there is none, the pronoun 
 of the subject must take its 
 place. There are a few verbs 
 which bear such distinct refer¬ 
 ence to an object that they do 
 not always require the pronoun 
 before the ke ; for instance 
 tomboka, to ascend; konda, 
 to hunt. This form of negation 
 may be called the UNNATURAL 
 NEGATIVE. 
 
 In these and all negative sen¬ 
 tences, either with one or both 
 particles of negation, the ob¬ 
 jective noun is never preceded 
 by its article. This is also the 
 case with nouns preceded by 
 their article and used as ad¬ 
 verbs. In the negative sen- 
 
 Ke, continued. 
 
 tences the combination of the 
 articles with ya (ye, yo) are 
 omitted, and the ya is un¬ 
 changed. 
 
 Ke -akanini ko, not yet, not then. 
 
 Ke-akanini nkutu ko, not yet, never 
 yet; see also -akanini. 
 
 Ke...ete ko (Bako.), not yet, not then. 
 
 Ke...mpe ko, not also, and not, nor. 
 
 Ke mu ( the seco7id particle of the 
 negation being omitted), without 
 ...-ing. Wijidi kwandiyandi 
 ke mu dia, he came without 
 eating (not having eaten). 
 
 Ke...nkutu ko, not at all,by no means, 
 on no account, under no cir¬ 
 cumstances, never; also not 
 altogether, partly, not entirely. 
 
 Ke, exactly alike ; see ana ke. 
 
 Ke, 12, 71., smallness, narrowness, 
 littleness, fineness, tightness, 
 -ke, a., very small, too small, too 
 narrow, too little, too fine, too 
 tight. 
 
 Keba, v. (Mpa.), to keep, take care of. 
 
 Kebo, 6, 71., narrowness (of cloth), 
 -akebo, a., narrow (of cloth only). 
 
 Kedi, 6, n ., cassava root steeped in 
 water, peeled, and dried in the 
 sun. Seldom used on account 
 of the following :— 
 
 Kedi, 6, a sebaceous deposit 
 (obscene). 
 
 Kedi, v. {perf. ofkala,, to be). 
 
 Kedinga, v. {perf. keding -idi), to 
 shine (as fire or light). 
 
 Kedinga, 9, n., lustre, brightness. 
 
 Kefo, 6, 7i., pungency (of pepper, etc., 
 choking). 
 
 -akefo. a., pungent. 
 
 Kefona, ) v., to snivel, fret like a 
 Kefuna, ) child. 
 
 Keji {perf. <?/"kala, to be). 
 
 Kejima, v. {perf. kejim, -ini), to shine 
 (as the stars). 
 
 Kejima, 9, n., lustre, brightness. 
 
 Keka, v., to make the daily cut in a 
 palm to cause the wine-sap to 
 flow freely. 
 
( 293 ) 
 
 Kek-Kes 
 
 Kekela, v ., to make a cackling noise 
 (as a fowl wishing to lay). 
 
 Kekeleka e ndinga (2), v., to speak 
 in a shrill falsetto voice. 
 
 Keketa, v.t., to crunch. 
 
 Kekete, pi. 6, n., hardness, crispness, 
 of something that has become 
 dry; e lekwa kina e kekete, 
 the thing is very crisp. 
 
 0 lumunga luandi luna e kekete, 
 
 he is frowning, scowling. 
 
 Kekomona, \ t0 c i ear t h e throat. 
 Kekumuna,) 
 
 Kela, v. {mid. v ., keloka), to cut up 
 to pieces (of grass, paper, leaves, 
 etc.), to nibble, tear with the 
 teeth. 
 
 Kela, v. {mid. v ., kelama), to strain, 
 filter, pour though a sieve, direct 
 the flow of a liquid. 
 
 Kela, 6, 71., cassava peeled and dried 
 in the sun, and used to make 
 mbamvu (beer). 
 
 Kelama, v., to be strained through, 
 filtered. 
 
 -kele, a suffix applied to the diminu¬ 
 tive form of monosyllabic nouns 
 in e, as kinsesekele, a tiny little 
 spot ; from se, a spot. 
 
 Kele {per/, of kala, to be). 
 
 Kele, conj., see Kala, conj. 
 
 Kelekesa, v., to grate. 
 
 Keleketa, v ., to strike upon anything 
 hard (as a matchet on a stone). 
 
 Kelelwa, 6, n., filter, strainer, colander, 
 funnel. 
 
 Keloka, v., to be torn up (as paper, 
 leaves, &c.), to be nibbled, torn 
 with the teeth. 
 
 Kelola, vd., to tear up (as paper, 
 leaves, etc.), to nibble, tear with 
 the teeth. 
 
 -akelwa, a., pure, strained, filtered. 
 
 Kemba, v.i., to rejoice, make merry, 
 put on fine things and go oiq 
 merry-making. 
 
 Kembekesa, v., to tantalize, disap¬ 
 point. 
 
 kembekeswa kwa, to be used for 
 tantalizing (of the thing). Le- 
 
 Kembekesa, continued. 
 
 kwa kiaki kiakembekeswa 
 kwa mono, this thing was used 
 to tantalize me with, 
 kembekeswa ye, to be tantalized 
 with. 
 
 Kembela, v., to fete, sing the praises 
 of, to praise, rejoice over. 
 
 Kembesa, v.t., to cause to rejoice, 
 rejoice with. 
 
 Kempojioka, v ., to keep glancing 
 about in all directions (as a 
 monkey), to be wary, watchful, 
 alert. 
 
 Kemvona, \ v., to tear with the teeth 
 
 Kemvnna, 1 (as meat off a bone), 
 bite off (a piece). 
 
 Kenanana, v.i., to be exposed by sit¬ 
 ting in a careless posture, to 
 show (as the teeth when grin¬ 
 ning). 
 
 Kenda, v.t., to fell, cut down. 
 
 Kendengele, 9, n., clot, coagulum. 
 
 Kendoka, v., to be felled as a tree, 
 to die suddenly. 
 
 Keneneka, v., to expose one’s self by 
 sitting in a careless posture, 
 keneneka 0 meno (pi. 7), v., to 
 show the teeth in smiling, to 
 grin. 
 
 Kengelela, v., to peep, peer, look 
 down upon from a height, look 
 intently (shading the eyes). 
 
 Kengomoka, v., to be, become, get 
 red hot, to glow. 
 
 -kengomoka, p., gorgeous, glowing, 
 red-hot. 
 
 Kengomona yo tiya, v.t., to make 
 hot, cause to glow. 
 
 Kenia, v. {perf. kenene), to grin (a 
 sarcastic word). 
 
 Kenketa, v., to hobble, walk painfully, 
 be lame, go slowly, dawdle. 
 
 Kenonoka, v., to loathe, abhor. 
 
 Kenza, v., to strain off, clear (some¬ 
 thing off the surface), to filter, 
 drain off. 
 
 Kenzoka, v., to be strained, cleared, 
 filtered. 
 
 Kesa, v., to fell, cut down, chop. 
 
Kes-Kia 
 
 ( 294 ) 
 
 Ke 3 oka, v. (perf. kesokene), to come- 
 in half as the cotyledons of 
 nguba, have a piece chipped off. 
 
 Kesoka, v. (perf. kesokele), to be 
 cut, chopped down. 
 
 Kesomona, v., to cut up small, gnaw, 
 nibble. 
 
 Kesuka, v. {per/, kesukini), see 
 Kesoka. 
 
 Kesumnna, v., see Kesomona. 
 
 Kesuna, v.t., to split off a little, break 
 off a piece, break in half. 
 
 Keswa, 6, n., shell (bivalve). 
 
 Ketama, v.t'., to hang up, over, on, 
 from, be put up. 
 
 -kete, a., too small, slight, etc. 
 
 -akete, a ., small, slight, little, fine, 
 few, scanty. 
 
 Keteka, v., to put up, hang up. 
 
 -aketekete, a., very fine. 
 
 Ketoka, v., to look down shyly, slyly. 
 
 Keva, v.t., to decrease, abate. 
 
 Kevesa, v.t., to decrease, lessen, 
 diminish. 
 
 Keza, 9, n., great fear, dismay, fright, 
 shock (of fear), panic, horror, 
 mona 0 keza, v ., to be panic-struck, 
 horrified,exceedingly frightened. 
 
 Keza, v ., see Kwiza. 
 
 Ki-, prefix to nouns of 5th class, sing., 
 pi. i or yi. 
 
 Ki-, dim. prefix. Diminutives are 
 formed by stripping the noun of 
 any prefix, except mu (momw), 
 ki, di, ku (ko), lu (lo), w va 
 and the light nasal, and dou¬ 
 bling it. The prefix ki is then 
 added thus : elonga, a plate ; 
 kilongalonga, a small plate. 
 A still more frequent custom is 
 to insert a light nasal between 
 the ki and the doubled word, 
 the addition of which produces 
 the usual euphonic changes. 
 Monosyllables are tripled,or they 
 may be doubled and the suffixes 
 kala, kele, kidi, kolo or kum 
 added, according to the vowel 
 which occurs in the primary 
 monosyllable. Mbwa, a dog ; 
 
 Ki-, continued. 
 
 kimbwambwambwa or ki- 
 mbwambwakala, a small dog. 
 Or the light nasal may be 
 altogether dispensed with, or 
 used before the first syllable 
 only ; or both the prefix ki and 
 the nasal omitted ; thus : ki- 
 mbwambwakala or bwabwa- 
 kala (6), a small dog. 
 
 Ki-, prefix applied to nouns to express 
 the abstract idea, office, con¬ 
 dition, or quality connected 
 with them, equivalent to the 
 Eng. suffixes : -ship, -ness, 
 -dom, etc., ngulu, pig ; kingu- 
 lu, piggishness; bamba, a 
 broker ; kibamba, the office of 
 broker. It often also implies 
 the fee, kibamba, brokerage, 
 commission. 
 
 The difference between the ab¬ 
 stract prefixes ki and u is as 
 follows. Ki expresses qualities 
 &c., incident to a certain con¬ 
 dition, privilege, &c. ; u the 
 qualities which bring about and 
 fit for conditions, privileges, &c. 
 
 Ki-, combination of first particle of 
 negation with the personal pro¬ 
 nominal prefix, 1st pers. sing. 
 
 (ke+i). 
 
 Ki-, subj. pronom. prefix applied to 
 adjectives and verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns, cl. 5 & 
 6, sing. 
 
 Ki-, the prefix ki, and the pronouns 
 derived from it, are sometimes 
 used without any noun apparent 
 with which they concord. In 
 such a case lekwa or kilima, 
 a thing, or kolo, time, or lumbu, 
 day, is understood. 
 
 aki, see under A. 
 
 eki, dem. & rel. pro?i ., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 1st pos., this. 
 
 Kia-, combination of first particle of 
 negation with the personal 
 pronominal prefix, 1st pers., 
 sing. (Ke+ya). 
 
( 295 ) 
 
 Kia-Kib 
 
 Kia = kio-fa, to ; see Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kia, v. ( per/, kiele), to dawn, brighten, 
 clear up (as weather), grow 
 light, be light; to commence; 
 (of the season) ; e kintombo 
 kikiele, kintombo commences, 
 e xivu kikiele, xivu com¬ 
 mences. 
 
 se kukia, it is clearing lip. 
 vara kukia, at dawn, 
 zunga (6, ki-) kia, v., to recover 
 from fainting (=the dizziness 
 clears off). 
 
 Kiaba, 5, n., a great quantity, abun¬ 
 dance, great number, crowd, 
 mass. 
 
 ekiaba, in abundance, 
 kala-e-kiaba, to abound. 
 
 kiadi, v., see adi. 
 
 Kiadi, 5, n. (Mpa.), compassion, 
 mercy; fwa e kiadi, to show 
 mercy. Kiadi is thus used at 
 Mpalabala and on the north 
 bank and other parts ; but in 
 Kongo it is only known in the 
 following sense, and therefore 
 to be avoided. 
 
 Kiadi, 5, n., the vagina. 
 
 Kiaji, 5, n., ten thousand, ten thou¬ 
 sand strings of the currency 
 equals one thousand kulaji, or 
 one million beads. 
 
 Kiaji, kia ugaji, 5, n., fruit of oil- 
 
 palm (the bunch en masse). 
 
 Kiakala, 5, n., manhood, manliness, 
 bravery, boldness, courage, 
 nkwa kiakala) a., valiant, manly, 
 ye kiakala, / brave. 
 
 Kiaki, )dem. fir on., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 
 ekiaki, ( 1 st pos., emphatic , this. 
 
 Kiakina, ] dem. pron., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 
 ekiakina, \ ^rdpos., emphatic, that. 
 
 Kiakula, v., to make a choking noise. 
 
 Kialakaji, 5, n., the house of a woman 
 recently confined, or who is 
 suckling a child. 
 
 Kialata, 5, n., nest (of sticks, ar¬ 
 ranged). 
 
 Kiambidilu, 5, n., a halo round the 
 moon. 
 
 Kiambu, 5, n., unconsciousness, in¬ 
 sensibility, stupor. 
 
 fwa e kiambu, v., to be in a state 
 of stupor, to faint, swoon, to be 
 unconscious, insensible, 
 vonda e kiambu, v., to stupefy, 
 stun, render unconscious. 
 
 Kiamene, 5, n., the day after to-mor¬ 
 row. 
 
 Kiamvu, 5, bridge, pier. 
 
 Kiana, 5, n ., farm, garden. 
 
 Kiandu, 5, n., seat, chair, stool. 
 
 Kianjisa, v., to purify,, cleanse, clean. 
 
 Kiansabalu, 5, n. (P. sabado), Satur¬ 
 day. 
 
 Kianza, 9, n., purity. 
 
 Kianza, v., to be pure, clean. 
 
 Kianzuka, v., to jump. 
 
 Kiasa, 5, n., bivalve shell, river cockle, 
 cowry. 
 
 Kiasekunda, 5, n. (P. segunda feira), 
 Monday. 
 
 Kiata, v.i., to form a line, to be 
 arranged, drawn up in order, 
 be in order. 
 
 Kiata, 9, n. order, arrangement in a 
 line. 
 
 Kiatama, v., see Kiata, v. 
 
 Kiatika, v.t., to put set in a line, to 
 arrange. 
 
 kiatika 0 nlonga 4). to put in a 
 line. 
 
 Kiatikwa, v., to be put in line, be 
 arranged, put straight, be put 
 in order. 
 
 Kiau, subj., also emphatic obj. pron., 
 cl. 5 & 6, sing, it. 
 kiau eki, this one. 
 i kiau kiki, this is it, this is the one, 
 this is why, therefore, this is 
 the reason, for the sake of this. 
 
 Kiavi, 5, n., flurry, impatience, haste. 
 
 Kiavu, 5, n., an adze. 
 
 Kiavulu, 5, n. (Sese), a door. 
 
 Kiba, v. (Bako.), see Kiya. 
 
 Kibamba, 5,' «., commission, broker¬ 
 age, payment for acting as 
 “ linguister.” 
 
 Kibanga, 5, n., house (of unmarried 
 young man), a plank house. 
 
Kib-Kik 
 
 ( 296 ) 
 
 Kibeni, pron ., -self, -selves (myself, 
 etc.), the very same ; yandi 
 kibeni, the very same man = he 
 himself. 
 
 Kibula, 5, 71., big canoe, boat. 
 
 Kibulu, 5, 71., animal nature, brute 
 nature. 
 
 Kibundu, 5, n., slavery, captivity. 
 
 Kibwanga, 5, n., fee, payment, wages, 
 reward, hire. 
 
 Kibwende, 5, 71., language of Ba- 
 bwende. 
 
 -kidi, a suffix applied to the diminu¬ 
 tive forms of monosyllabic 
 nouns in i, as nti, a stick ; 
 kintitikidi, a small stick. 
 
 Kidia -nna, 5, n., scrip (of vegetable 
 fibre), bag (suspended from the 
 shoulder, so called because the 
 little snacks of food that are 
 ofte 7 i carried in it are eate 7 i 
 without washing the hands, 
 anywhere). 
 
 dia e kidiaima, v., to eat without 
 having washed the hands in the 
 morning. 
 
 Kididi, 5, n., tepidity, warmth, a slight 
 heat. 
 
 -akididi, a., tepid, warm. 
 
 Kidikiti, 5, n., healthiness, good 
 health. 
 
 kala e kidikiti, v., to be healthy. 
 
 Kiduknla, 5, shirt, singlet, vest. 
 
 Kieji, 5 , 71., rapid (on the river), 
 cataract. 
 
 Kieleka, 5, n., truth. 
 
 -akieleka, a., true, real, 
 kieleka, adv., really, truly, indeed, 
 certainly, evidently, verily. 
 
 Kielele, 5 , n ., an ant. 
 
 Kielo, 5, door, gate, 
 kielo kia nteto, back door. 
 
 Kielwa, v., to be late, rise late in the 
 morning. 
 
 Kiemba, 5, n., trap in which a log 
 falls. 
 
 Kienda, 5, n., large canoe (used on 
 Lower River). 
 
 Kiendi, 5, n., a game of “ touch 
 last/’ see Appe?idix (Games). 
 
 Kienga, v., to chirp (as a bird), squeak 
 (as a mouse). 
 
 Kienze: kwiza e kienze (5), to come 
 to mind, to one’s memory. 
 
 Kiesa, v.t., causative of Kia. 
 kiesa 0 meso (pi. 7), v., to keep, 
 remain awake. 
 
 kiesa e zunga (6), to go for a change 
 of air. 
 
 Kiese, 5, n., joy, gladness, happiness, 
 delight, glee, rejoicing, bliss, 
 merriment, mirth, 
 kala ye kiese, to be delighted, 
 kuna kiese, adv., joyfully, gladly,&c. 
 mona e kiese, v.i., to rejoice, be 
 glad, &c. 
 
 mwesa e kiese, v.t., to gladden, 
 make happy, &c. 
 
 -akiese, a., joyous, glad, merry, &c. 
 
 Kiesambanu, 5, n., Friday. 
 
 Kietanu, 5, n., Thursday. 
 
 Kietatu, 5, 71., Tuesday. 
 
 Kieya, 5, n., Wednesday. 
 
 akieyi, inter, pro71., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 where is it, which, what. 
 
 Kiezole, 5, n., Monday. 
 
 Kiji, 5, 71., trap (a deft arrangement 
 with a noose for catching 
 animals). - 
 
 Kika, v., to go to meet, go and look 
 out for, lie in wait, waylay, in¬ 
 tercept, lurk. 
 
 Kikeleloka, 5, n., red cords (a kind of 
 cloth). 
 
 Kikento, 5, n., womanhood. 
 
 Kiki, de77i. pron., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 e 77 iphatic, used only after the 
 verbal particle i, this; see Kiau. 
 
 Kikila, 6, n., papaw (papaya). 
 
 Kikilu, adv., very, exceedingly, quite, 
 indeed, truly, really. 
 
 -akikilu, a., true, real. 
 
 Kikuku, 5, 71., kitchen. 
 
 Kikula, v.t., to take up and carry 
 away at once. 
 
 Kikuluntu, 5, n., seniority. 
 
 Kikundi, 5, n., friendship, friendliness, 
 intimacy, peace. 
 
 ku kikundi, adv., peaceably, in a 
 friendly manner. 
 
( 297 ) 
 
 Kil-Kim 
 
 Kilama, v., to be still, stand still, keep 
 still, stop still. 
 
 Kileke, 5, n., childhood, boyhood, 
 girlhood, youth, youthfulness, 
 -akileke, a., childish, youthful (per¬ 
 taining to children). 
 
 Kilukeni, 5, a Kongo clan. 
 
 Kima, 5, n. (Bako.), thing. 
 
 Kimana (used only in answering a 
 question or stating a reason), in 
 order that, in order to, so that. 
 
 Kimana ke (without the second 
 particle of negation), lest, so 
 that...not, in order that...not. 
 
 Kimbajimbaji, 5, n ., procrastination, 
 xia e kimbajimbaji, v., to put off, 
 procrastinate. 
 
 Kimbanda, 5, a very small snake. 
 
 Kimbangila, 5, n., the last layer of 
 grass put on a roof, that on the 
 ridge. 
 
 Kimbangu, 5, ;z., (small) basket. 
 
 Kimbangumuna, 5, «., somersault, 
 ta e kimbangumuna, v., to turn a 
 somersault. 
 
 Kimbanjia, 5, «., very short grass. 
 
 Kimbembe, 5, n., a bird (a lark ?). 
 
 Kimbeni, 5, n ., hostility. 
 
 Kimbevo, 5, sickness, complaint, 
 disease, affliction, malady, ill¬ 
 ness, ailment. 
 
 Kimbi, 5, zz., buzzard (Buteo) hawk. 
 
 Kimbidinga, 5, a shrimp. 
 
 Kimbiji, 5, ?/., animal nature. 
 
 Kimbimbi, 5, n ., quail (coturnix). 
 
 Kimboko, 5, n., buck (of goat). 
 
 Kimbongolola, 5,?z., something picked 
 up which has been lost, a find. 
 
 Kimbongela, 5, n ., whirlwind, sup¬ 
 posed to be caused by the 
 passing of a ximbi (water fairy). 
 
 Kimbundi, 5, n. (Bako.), a piece of 
 cloth measuring ten fathoms, 
 
 Kimbungn, 5, n., hyena. 
 
 Kimbunji, 5, 71 ., younger brotherhood. 
 
 Kimbuta, 5, age, seniority, man¬ 
 hood, being adult. 
 
 Kimbwa, 5, «., a rat. 
 
 Kimbwambwambwa, ) 5,?*., pup, very 
 
 Kimbwambwakala, f small dog. 
 
 Kimbwambwakala, continued. 
 
 There is some unhappy or jocular 
 idea connected with this word. 
 If it is used the hearer will at 
 once remark, 0 kimbwambwa¬ 
 mbwa wafwa. 
 
 Kimbwatakala, 5, n., a cur, a tiny 
 dog. 
 
 Kime, 5, dew. 
 
 Kimenga, 5, n ., sacrifice. A goat or 
 fowl slaughtered to S2ipply blood 
 for a72 enchant 772 ent or char 7 ) 2 , 
 or given to a doctor for any 
 purpose , is called kimenga. 
 kela e kimenga, v.t ., to pour out an 
 oblation of blood. 
 
 Kimfi, ) 5, n., gizzard, 
 
 kimfi kiangudi, J stomach of a 
 bird. 
 
 kimfi kielaka, 5, n., crop of a bird. 
 
 Kimfiangumbe, 5, muscle of the 
 calf of the leg. 
 
 Kirnfumu, 5, n., kingship, majesty, 
 royalty, nobility, rank, dignity, 
 sovereignty, kingliness, domi¬ 
 nion, rule, liberty, independence, 
 freedom. 
 
 -akimfumu, a., royal (of royalty), 
 vana e kirnfumu, v., to set free (a 
 slave). 
 
 Kimfundumfundu, 5, a whisper, 
 vova e or kuna kimfundumfundu, 
 v.j to whisper. 
 
 Kimfwafwakala, 5, n., corpse of an 
 infant. 
 
 Kimfwankanda, 5, «., stupid obstinate 
 fellow who is sure to get into 
 trouble. 
 
 Kimfuxia, 5, n ,., an edible fungus. 
 
 Kimoxi, 5, n ., odds (in the game of 
 “ odds and evens ,; ). 
 
 Kimoyo, 5, n., one living. 
 
 . e kimoyo, adv., living, alive, 
 bantwese e kimoyo, they have 
 brought him alive (living). 
 
 Kimpa, 5, n., magic, sleight of hand, 
 a puzzle. 
 
 ta e kimpa, v., to practise sleight 
 of hand, to conjure, perform 
 tricks. 
 
Kim-Kin 
 
 ( 298 ) 
 
 Kimpakala, 5, satchel (of leather), 
 scrip. 
 
 Kimpala, 5, n., jealousy, rivalry, envy, 
 kala ye kimpala, to be envious, 
 jealous. 
 
 nkwa(i) kimpala, envious person. 
 
 Kimpambwila, 5, division, branch¬ 
 ing of a river, confluent. 
 
 Kimpampa, 5, n., ant-nest (mushroom¬ 
 like of nselele). 
 
 Kimpangi, 5, n., elder brotherhood. 
 
 Kimpene, 5, 71., nakedness, bareness, 
 nudity. 
 
 kala e kimpene, v., to be naked, 
 xia e kimpene, v.t., to denude. 
 
 Kimpiatu, 5, n., caterpillar, generic. 
 
 Kimpiti, 5, n., gazelle-like antelope. 
 
 Kimpofo, 5, 7 i ., blindness. 
 
 Kimpolokoso, 5, n., a hole or hollow, 
 also something which is hollow. 
 
 Kimpovela, 5, n., an advocate, one 
 who speaks for another, an 
 orator, intercessor. 
 
 Kimpovi, 5, «., orator, eloquent person. 
 
 Kimpumbulu, 5, n., one who is wild, 
 wicked, turbulent, unreliable, 
 passionate, dissolute, rash, reck¬ 
 less, lawless, dissipated, loose, 
 bad, or licentious; a vicious 
 person, a scamp, a rascal. 
 
 Kimputu, 5, 71., white man’s language. 
 
 Kimputulukezo, 5, n. (P. Portugeza), 
 Portuguese language and cus¬ 
 tom. 
 
 Kimuntu, 5, n., manhood, humanity, 
 -akimuntu, a., human. 
 
 Kimvimba, 5, n., perfection, entirety, 
 completeness. 
 
 Kimvindu, 5, n., sign of mourning. 
 
 Kimvumina, 5, n., milk. 
 
 Kimwana, 5, 71., childhood, sonship. 
 
 Kimwanamwana, 5, ;z., babe, infant; 
 little child. 
 
 Kina, ) de)H. & rel. firon ., cl. 5 & 6, 
 
 ekina, ( sing., yd fios., that, which, 
 that which. 
 
 e lnmbu kina, the day before yester¬ 
 day, the other day. 
 
 Kina, v ., to dance. 
 
 akinani, see under A, also under nani. 
 
 Kinda, v.i., to be firm, secure, hard, 
 immoveable, strong, to gain 
 strength, recover strength, to 
 harden. 
 
 Kinda, 9, «., firmness, hardness, im¬ 
 mobility, strength. 
 
 Kindakinda, v.i., to rock about (as a 
 ship), be unsteady. 
 
 Kindekwandekwa, 5, n., a very small 
 thing. 
 
 Kindele, 5, n. (Bako.), a piece of cloth 
 measuring five fathoms. 
 
 Kindende, 5, «., child, boy, girl, youth, 
 lad, maiden, lassie. 
 
 Kindisa, v.t., to make firm, secure, 
 strengthen, harden, invigorate. 
 
 Kindoki, 5, «., witchcraft. 
 
 Kindongo, 5, n. 
 
 bnndnna e kindongo, to enslave a 
 whole clan or number of people. 
 
 Kindnka, v.i., to be upset. 
 
 Kindula, v.i., to upset, push over, 
 knock down, overthrow some¬ 
 thing great. 
 
 Kindnmba, 5, «., maidenhood, girlish¬ 
 ness, finery (of girls), 
 -akindnmba, a ., smart, fine. 
 
 Kinengomona, 5, «., roll, bundle 
 
 (large). 
 
 Kinga, v ., to tarry, delay, wait for. 
 
 Kiilga, 5, «., stalks left after burning 
 grass before properly dry ; 
 charred stubble. 
 
 Kinga ! i 7 iterj. of surprise, indeed ! 
 
 Kingana, 5, «., story, tale, folk-lore, 
 legend, saying, proverb, fable, 
 parable, allegory, anecdote, 
 pun. 
 
 ta e kingana, v., to tell a story. 
 
 Kinganda, 5, 71 ., basket. 
 
 Kingandi, 5, n., a what-do-you-call-it; 
 something the name of which 
 you forget or do not care to 
 mention ; so and so (of things). 
 
 Kinganga, 5, n., the art or office of 
 doctor, a doctor’s skill, ability ; 
 priesthood. 
 
 Kingelezo, 5, n., the English language 
 and customs. 
 
 -akingelezo, a., English. 
 
( 299 ) 
 
 Kin-Kin 
 
 Kingembo, 5, zz., a bedstead, a frame 
 on four legs on which corpses 
 are dried. 
 
 Kingidi, 5, zz., ant’s nest (on tree, of 
 nona ants). 
 
 Kingodia, 5, zz., cassava pudding ; see 
 Cassava, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kingongo, 5, zz., small pox. 
 
 Kingudi, 5, zz., interior, innermost 
 part, the very heart, core (of 
 apple), yolk (of egg), pith (of 
 wood). 
 
 Kingulu, 5, zz., piggish nature, that 
 which characterizes a pig. 
 Kingumbengumbe, 5, zz., buckshot, a 
 very small round stone used as 
 shot. 
 
 Kingundu, 5, zz., a pimple. 
 
 Kingwedi, 5, z/., scrupulous neatness, 
 tidiness, cleanliness, fastidious¬ 
 ness. 
 
 -akingwedi, | a ., tidy, neat, 
 -nkwa kingwedi, j cleanly, gentle¬ 
 manly. 
 
 Kingyanangyana, 5, zz., baby, infant, 
 little child. 
 
 Emi, 5, zz., shadow. 
 
 Kinia, 5, zz., defiance, 
 lomba e kinia, v.,-to dare, challenge, 
 defy. 
 
 Kiniania, 5, zz., earthworm. 
 
 Kinimi alukene, ) v , 
 
 Kinimi ankanga, ) 
 
 Kiniumba, 5, n ., spirit, ghost, sprite, 
 fiend, demon. 
 
 Kinjenena, 5, n., bladder (urinary). 
 
 Kinjingela, ) 5, zz., whirlpool, eddy, 
 
 Kinjingila, ( curl. 
 
 nsuki za injingela, frizzly hair. 
 
 Kinjiongo, 5, n., nip, pinch. 
 
 Kinkadi, 5, climbing fern (small 
 leaf), (Lygodium), see Ntela. 
 
 Kinkakala, 5, beetle, the female 
 of unicorn beetle. Being the 
 largest beetle without horns or 
 especially marked feature, it 
 gives a generic name to the 
 class. 
 
 Kinkayi, 5, //., the house of the 
 mother's parents. 
 
 Kinkeka, 5, n., infancy. 
 
 Kinkenda, 5, n., see Kesa. 
 
 Kinkento, 5, n., womanhood, female 
 nature. 
 
 Kinkete, 5, a person who makes 
 small, tiny or fine things. 
 
 Kinkete, 5, «., chrysalis. 
 
 Kinkimba, 5, ?z., the mystery and lan¬ 
 guage of Nkimba. 
 
 Kinkita, 5, n., see Kimpnmbulu. 
 
 Kinkobe, 5, n., a fat, corpulent person. 
 
 Kinkodia, 5, n., pistol, 
 wanda e kinkodia, v., to knock or 
 rap with the knuckle of the first 
 finger. 
 
 Kinkongo, 5, zz., skill in hunting, good 
 markmanship. 
 
 Kinkonzo, 5, zz., ugly person. 
 
 Kinkoso, 5, zz., elbow. 
 
 Kinkuba, 5, zz., small antelope, gazelle. 
 There are no true gazelles, 
 although the kinkuba is often 
 called so. 
 
 Kinkubula, a dance characterized by 
 the rotatory movement of each 
 shoulder and hip alternately. 
 
 Kinfnfu, 5, zz., a small, bloodthirsty fly. 
 
 Kinkunda, 5, zz., hump-back, hunch¬ 
 back. 
 
 nkwa (1) kinkunda, zz., hunch¬ 
 backed person. This deformity 
 is ascribed to the fetish ndembo. 
 
 Kinkuta, 5, zz., cowardice. 
 
 Kinkutu, 5,zz.,shirt, tunic, jacket, coat. 
 
 Kinkwada, 5,zz.,pimple (of craw craw). 
 
 Kinkwavi, 5, zz., partridge. 
 
 Kinlaza, a Kongo clan. 
 
 Kinonga, 5, zz., umbrella, parasol. 
 
 Kinsa (5) kia Kristu, see Christianity, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kinsalukisa, 5, zz., suddenness, 
 ku or e kinsalukisa, adv ., suddenly. 
 
 Kinsama, 5, zz., nest of kinswa (white 
 ant). 
 
 Kinsanga, 5, zz. (sing, only, although 
 meaning many tears), weeping. 
 
 Kinsekwa, 5, zz., bug, sow-bug; an 
 insect very destructive to skins. 
 
 Kinsengwa, 5, zz., a cock bird of the 
 Eseke when in full plumage. 
 
Kin-Kis 
 
 ( 3 ?° ) 
 
 Kinsola, 5, n., bead (of red glass). 
 
 Kinsumba, 5, n., a plant, the leaves 
 of which may be cooked and 
 eaten as spinach. 
 
 Kinsunzumukina, 5, n., suddenness, 
 k n ore kinsunzumukina, adv., sud¬ 
 denly, unexpectedly. 
 
 Kinsukulu, 5, n., a bladder worm. 
 
 Kinsusukulu, 5, n., a very small mor¬ 
 tar. 
 
 Kinswa, 5, ?i., implies in the singular 
 a swarm of winged white ants ; 
 plural yinswa, winged white 
 ants, and lunswa is used to 
 speak of one ant in particular. 
 
 Kintaudi, ) 5, n., childhood, childish- 
 
 Kintauji, J ness. 
 
 Kintele, 5, n., grasshopper. 
 
 kintele, 5, n ., small spring of metal 
 (like the leg of a grasshopper), 
 spring of trigger. 
 
 Kintendela, 5, n., the cicada insect. 
 
 Kintitikidi, 5, n., shrub, bush, brush¬ 
 wood, small stick. 
 
 Kintoka, 5, n ., a kind of kwanga. 
 
 Kintombo, 5, n., the season of the 
 later heavy rains. 
 
 Kintongi, 5, n ., sleeplessness, 
 leka e kintongi, v., to be sleepless. 
 
 Kintuba, 5, n., basket (medium sized). 
 
 Kintumba, 5, 71., a Kongo clan, 
 xika e kintumba e ezulu (8), v., 
 to fire a gun into the air over¬ 
 head. 
 
 Kintungi, 5, the sense of feeling 
 at home, not strange. 
 
 Kintungila, 5, n., shower (over a 
 small area). 
 
 Kintutukulu, 5, n., a very small head. 
 
 Kintwadi, 5, n., union, partnership, 
 vanga e kintwadi, v., to enter into 
 partnership. 
 
 Kintwengenia, 5, n ., gasp, 
 twengenia or fulumuna e kintwe¬ 
 ngenia, v ., to gasp, pant. 
 
 Kintwentwe, 5, n., see Kintwenge¬ 
 nia. 
 
 Kinua, 5, n., sauciness, 
 nkwa (1) kinua, «., a scold, a 
 saucy person. 
 
 Kinumana, conj., see Kimana. 
 
 Kinuni, 5, n., bird nature. 
 
 Kinunu, 5, «., old age, infirmity. 
 
 Kinxi, 5, «., kick, 
 tua e kinxi, v ., to kick. 
 
 Kinxiamaji, 5, «., pupa, grub ; also a 
 grasshopper. 
 
 Kinzambi, 5, divinity, godhead. 
 
 Kinzanzala, 5, n., ant (generic), small 
 creeping insect. 
 
 kinzanzala kia nsudi, a small, 
 stinking, black ant. 
 
 Kinzengele, 5, n., green snake. 
 
 Kinzenza, 5 , n., strangeness, 
 mona e kinzenza, v., to feel strange, 
 -akinzenga, a., strange, new. 
 
 Kinzevo, 5, n., a man having a large 
 beard. 
 
 Kinzu, 5, «., an earthen pot, bowl of 
 tobacco pipe, pail, bucket, pan, 
 tin ; kinzu kia nkayi, a pot of 
 a particular make, made near 
 Makuta. 
 
 Kinzuzukulu, 5, n., a faint sound. 
 
 Kio, obj. pron., cl. 5 & 6, sing., it. 
 
 ekio, dem. pron., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 2ndpos., that. 
 
 Kioba, see Yoba. 
 
 Kioji, 5, n., cold, cool shade, draught, 
 frost. 
 
 nlele (4) a kioji, a warm rug. 
 xia e kioji, v., to make a (cool) 
 shade. 
 
 -akioji, a., cold. 
 
 Kiokio, idem, pron., cl. 5 & 6, sing., 
 
 ekiokio, 3 2nd pos., emphatic, that. 
 
 Kiola, v., to tear off (as a plantain 
 from “ the hand”). 
 
 Kiomba, 5, n., blighted palm fruit. 
 
 Kiona, v.t., to pull out of its spathe, or 
 socket, as the stalk of plantain 
 fruit out of its attachment. 
 
 Kionoka, v.i., to be pulled out of its 
 spathe. 
 
 Kisadi, 5, n., hard working, busy, 
 industrious person ; industry, 
 diligence. 
 
 -akisadi, a., industrious, busy, hard 
 working. 
 
 Kisaka, 5, n. (Bako.), sieve. 
 
( 3 oi ) 
 
 Kis-Ko 
 
 Kisaka, 5, n. (Kib.), goat. 
 
 Kisaxi, 5, n., a grasshopper. 
 
 Kise, 5, n., fatherhood, paternity. 
 
 Kisedia, 5, n., infancy. 
 
 Kisengelejia, 5, n., infancy. 
 
 Kita, v., to purchase for trade, trade, 
 buy, deal in. 
 
 Kitanda, 5, n., the Portuguese lan¬ 
 guage and custom. 
 
 Kitantu, 5, n., enmity, hostility. 
 
 Kitata, 5, n., fatherhood, paternity. 
 
 Kiteke, 5, n., the language of the Ba- 
 teke. 
 
 Kiti, 5, n. (.generally pi), husk, peel, 
 rind, skin, pod, shell (of egg), 
 weed, rubbish, chaff, chips, 
 dust, refuse. 
 
 Kitinu, 5, n., kingship, royalty. 
 
 Kitoko, 5, n., finery worn by young 
 men , smartness. 
 
 -akitoko, a., smart, fine, of lads. 
 lekwa (6) kia kitoko, n ., ornament, 
 finery, of young men. 
 nkwa kitoko, a fop, a “ swell.” 
 vanga e kitoko, to adorn, embel¬ 
 lish, make fine. 
 
 Kituka, v.i ., to grow into, to become, 
 be changed, transformed, turned, 
 converted into. 
 
 Kitula, v.t., to transform, convert, 
 change into. 
 
 Kitunti, 5, n., pulley. 
 
 Kitunze, 5, n , foolishness ; see Tunze. 
 
 Kitweleji, 5, n., payment, for rearing 
 fowls, cattle, &c. 
 
 Kiubu, interj., a representation of the 
 sound caused by the act of 
 swallowing. 
 
 Kiubuka, v.t'., to jump about in water. 
 
 Kiubula, v.l ., to throw something 
 small (into water only). 
 
 Kiufuta, 15, n., warmth, heat (as of 
 
 Kiukusa, ) a room, or sunshine), 
 mona e kiukusa, v., to feel warm. 
 
 Kiula, 5, see Kiuwula. 
 
 Kiuma, 5, n. t thing, something, any¬ 
 thing, article, object, (pi.) goods, 
 things, property. 
 
 Kiunga, v. t whine (as a dog). 
 
 Kiungula, 5, warmth, heat (slight). 
 
 Kiutu, interj., a representation of 
 the sound caused by the act of 
 swallowing. 
 
 Kiutula, v., to swallow whole, to bolt 
 the food. 
 
 Kiuvuka, v.i., to plunge, dive into 
 water. 
 
 Kiuvula, v.t., to throw something 
 huge into the water. 
 
 Kivaxi, 5, n., a Kongo clan. 
 
 Kivota, 5, n., a dress worn by the 
 natives, consisting of a long 
 cloth gathered in plaits behind. 
 
 Kiwana, 5, sonship (plural idea). 
 
 Kiwantu, 5, n., humanity, human na¬ 
 ture, weakness, etc.; that which 
 pertains to the human race. 
 
 Kiwuntu, 5, n., humanity, that which 
 pertains to a human being, 
 -akiwuntu, a., human. 
 
 Kixi, the abstract idea of Exi (the 
 people of a country) ; that 
 which pertains to the people. 
 It is only used in reference to 
 people called by the Kongos 
 Exi (see Mwixi). 
 
 kixi Kongo, or kixikongo, 5, n., the 
 language of the Exi Kongo; 
 the Kongo custom, 
 kiximajinga, 5, n., languageof Exi- 
 majinga. 
 
 Kixiengele, interj., a respectful reply 
 to a salute (among women only). 
 
 Kiya, v., to take a walk, go a journey, 
 to stroll, roam, travel, swim (as 
 a fish), blow (of the wind). 
 
 Kiya, 9, n., journey. 
 
 Kiyakala, 5, n., see Kiakala. 
 
 Kiyanji, 5, n., language of the Bayansi 
 (Babangi). 
 
 Kiyitu, 5, n., relationship, affinity. 
 
 Kizalu, 5, n., flood, inundation. 
 
 Kizenji, 5, //., salt. 
 
 Kizuzukulu, n., see Kinzuzukulu. 
 
 Kizwina, 5, n., perspiration, sweat, 
 transpiration. 
 
 Ko, obj. firon., cl. 9, sing., it. 
 
 oko, de?n. fron., cl. 9, sing., 2nd jos., 
 that. For Locatives, see under 
 
 Kuma. 
 
Ko-Kol 
 
 ( 302 ) 
 
 Ko, 2nd part, of negative ; see Ke...ko. 
 
 Ko, 13, n., father or mother-in-law. 
 
 Koba, v., to climb a palm. 
 
 Kobodia, 6, »., a hole in the earth. 
 
 Koboka, v.i., to fall or get into (a hole, 
 mud or water), to descend into 
 (a chasm). 
 
 meso (7) makoboka, hollow-eyed, 
 sunken-eyed. 
 
 Kobola, v.t., to cast into (a hole, water, 
 mud, &c.), to throw or put into. 
 
 Kobonga, 6, n., a hole in the earth. 
 
 Kodi, 6, n., stick, cudgel, club. 
 
 Kodiongo, 6, n., Adam’s apple, the 
 apple of the throat. 
 
 Koka, v.t. {mid. v., kokoka), to drag, 
 draw, trail or pull along. 
 
 Koka, v.i. (kola), to become loosed, 
 become unnailed. 
 
 koka 0 tiya (11), v.t., to emit a 
 spark (as flint and steel). 
 
 (tiya til-) koka, to be emitted (as 
 of the spark). 
 
 Koka, v.i., to start on a journey early, 
 in good time. 
 
 Koka, 6, n ., path ; highway. 
 
 Kokama,^., to be caught, hooked on to. 
 
 Kokeka, v., to hook down, pull down. 
 {with a hooked stick), to catch, 
 hook on to. 
 
 Kokekeiwa, 6, n., hooked stick ; block 
 and tackle. 
 
 Kokela, appl. form <?/Koka. 
 
 kukokela, reflexive, see under Ku. 
 
 Kokela, 6, n., mark of a thing dragged, 
 trail, track (of snake). 
 
 Koko, dem. fron., cl. 9, sing., 2nd fos., 
 emphatic, that. For Locatives, 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 Koko, 9, n. (pi. moko), arm, hand, 
 arm, front leg, fore paw, sleeve 
 (of a coat), see also Moko. 
 When koko, the hand, &c., is 
 spoken of as grasping, hold¬ 
 ing or containing anything, 
 Ivongos always use vana with 
 the singular, muna with the 
 plural, thus oximbidi kio vana 
 koko kwandi, he held it in his 
 hand ; o ximbidi kio muna 
 
 Koko, continued. 
 
 moko mandi, he held it in his 
 hands. 
 
 koko kwanene, n., right hand or 
 arm. 
 
 koko kwamonso or kwalumonso, 
 
 n., left hand or arm. 
 koko kweyakala or kwalubakala, 
 (Bako.), n., right hand or arm. 
 koko kwankento, n. (Bako.), left 
 hand or arm. 
 
 Kokoka, v., mid. v. of koka, v.t., in 
 its various meanings. 
 
 Kokokoko, 6, n., a young cock. 
 
 Kokola, v., to take out of, or to empty 
 (a trap). 
 
 Kokola, v., to crow. 
 
 Kokolo, 6, n., native banjo or guitar. 
 
 Kokwa, v.i., to be trailed, dragged. 
 
 Kola, v.t., to pull out, draw out (nails), 
 knock out or extract (a tooth), 
 to unfasten (anything that is 
 nailed up), to unloose, unnail, 
 unscrew, unfasten, unloose 
 (fetters), to shed (leaves), to 
 strip off (leaves). 
 
 Kola 0 tiya (pi. 10), v.t., to strike 
 flint and steel, strike fire, strike 
 a spark, poke the fire. 
 
 Kola, v.i., to grow hard, be hard, 
 harden, be tough, hard, to grow 
 strong, mature, ripen ; be strong 
 (of wine),be intoxicating, mature 
 but green (of plantain). 
 
 Kolama, v., to disobey, disregard 
 (a command). 
 
 Kolama, 9, n., disobedience. 
 
 Kolamesa, V.t., to render disobedient. 
 
 Kole, 6, n., hoof, 
 kole kiavambuka, cloven foot. 
 
 Kole, a., two (in counting). 
 
 0 kole kwandi, adv., secondly. 
 
 Kolela, v.i., to get well, recover, get 
 better, to be healthy (spoken of 
 a person), to prosper. 
 
 Kolelesa, v.t., to make prosperous, 
 make well, bless. 
 
 Kolesa, v.t., causative of Kola. 
 
 Kolesa, v.t., to intoxicate, make drunk, 
 make tipsy. 
 
( 303 ) 
 
 Kol-Kon 
 
 Kolesa, v.t., to harden, to make hard, 
 draw tight, tighten, toughen, 
 consolidate. 
 
 kolesa e ndinga, speak louder. 
 
 -kolo, a suffix applied to the diminu¬ 
 tive form of monosyllabic nouns, 
 in o, as nzo, a house; kinzo- 
 nzokolo, a tiny little house. 
 
 Kolo, 6, n., time, period, while, 
 ke kolo kiansnku ko, adv., not long 
 (as regards time), 
 kolo kiavioka, long ago. 
 kiau kolo eki, while, whilst, 
 e kolo, at the time, by the time, 
 kolo kiandwelo, shortly, a short 
 time, soon. 
 
 kolo kingi, a long while, 
 e kolo kisakidi, too late, 
 kolo kikwizanga, n., the future, 
 e kolo kikwizanga, adv., in the 
 future. 
 
 nkia kolo, adv., how long ? what 
 time ? 
 
 kolo kingi kivitidi, long before, 
 kolo yawanso, for ever. 
 
 Kolokosa, v.i., to be hard and dry, to 
 be sear. 
 
 Kdldlo, 6, n. } mucus, phlegm. 
 
 Kolomena, v., to swarm past, pass in 
 crowds, crowd past. 
 
 Kolomona, v., to strip (of thorns on 
 midrib of palm-frond), to strip 
 off (a number of leaves at one 
 stroke), to lop off (the fronds of 
 palm or leaves of trees). 
 
 Kolongonzo, 6, n ., elbow, 
 kolongonzo kia kuln, ankle. 
 
 Kolwa, v ., to get or to be drunk, in¬ 
 toxicated, tipsy, stupified. 
 
 Koma, v ., to put more, to add to. 
 
 Koma, v., to nail up, fix, fasten by 
 nailing, drive in a nail, hammer 
 a nail ; to put up (a calabash to 
 catch palm wine). 
 
 koma omu luvambu (io), or muna 
 xienge (6), to put in fetters, 
 imprison. 
 
 koma vana ekuluzu (8), to crucify. 
 
 Komakana, v.i., to be piled on. 
 
 Komakesa, v.t., to put more and more 
 
 Komakesa, continued. 
 
 in, hence to add, pile up in, pile 
 
 on. 
 
 Komana, v.i., to crowd in together, to 
 press (as a crowd), swarm along. 
 
 Komanisa, v.t., to crowd in. 
 
 Komba, v., to sweep, clear out. 
 
 Kombola, v.t., to collect, fetch trade 
 or produce (as a native broker). 
 
 Komena, v., to press, urge, persuade, 
 exhort, insist upon. 
 
 Komenena, v., to press in, cram, ram 
 pack, stuff, fill. 
 
 Komo, 6, n., heaviness. 
 
 -akomo, a., heavy. 
 
 Kompa, 2, n. (P. copo), hearts (in 
 cards). 
 
 Kompo, 2, n. (Bako.), (P. copo), cup, 
 glass, tumbler. 
 
 Kompoka, v., to be concave, 
 meso (7) ma kompoka, hollow-eyed, 
 sunken-eyed. 
 
 Komwa, v.i., to be fixed, fastened, 
 nailed. 
 
 Kona, v., to snore. 
 
 Konanana, v., to be bent back, to 
 fold, bend. 
 
 ntima (4, n-) konanana, v.i., to be 
 disappointed, put out. 
 
 Konda, v., to hunt, without dogs ; to 
 stalk, approach under cover. 
 
 Konda, 9, n., lack, destitution, want. 
 
 Konda, v., to be deficient, fall short, 
 to need, lack, want, miss, to be 
 lacking, be missing. 
 
 -konda, ) ft., except, less, lacking, 
 
 -kondele, ) not having, without, but 
 ...not, missing. 
 
 Kondelela 0 mambn (pi. 7), v., to 
 eaves-drop, sneak, prowl about 
 for information, to listen hidden. 
 
 -kondelo,/., see -kondele. 
 
 Kondesa, v., to make deficient, sub¬ 
 tract, lessen. 
 
 Kondoloka, v., to make a detour, go 
 round (a place), pass round, to 
 be round, winding, crooked (of 
 a road, fence, &c.). 
 
 Kondwa, v., see Konda, to lack, be 
 lacking, &c. 
 
Kon-Kon 
 
 ( 304 ) 
 
 Koneneka, v.t., to bend back, fold a 
 joint, to bend. 
 
 koneneka 0 ntima (4), v.t., to 
 grieve, disappoint. 
 
 Konga, v., to pluck, gather large fruit. 
 
 Kongo, see Ekongo. 
 
 Kongo ! interj ., respectful answer to a 
 call. 
 
 -akongo, a ., reddish brown (the colour 
 of a cosmetic). 
 
 Kongoka (fierf. kongokele, mid. v. of 
 konga), to be plucked (of large 
 fruit only). 
 
 Kongoka ( perf. kongokene, mid. v. 
 of kongona), to be plucked by 
 the stalk (of small things only), 
 to be extracted, to come out (of 
 teeth). 
 
 Kongolola, v. (Bako.), to glean, gather 
 what is left (of things growing 
 on stalks). 
 
 Kongona, v., to pluck or gather small 
 things, fruit, leaves, &c., by the 
 stalk ; to extract, knock out (a 
 tooth). 
 
 Kongonia, 6, zz., elbow. 
 
 Konka, vd., to approach, come near, 
 draw near, go close to, shift, 
 move. 
 
 Konka, v.t., to shift near, put close, 
 move towards, rake the fire to¬ 
 gether, push nearer, 
 konka e xixi (6), -z/., to draw together 
 the burning wood. 
 
 Konkalakana, v., to stumble (catch 
 the foot in a root or lliana). 
 
 Konkalakesa, v.t ., to catch the foot, 
 trip up (as an exposed root or 
 lliana). 
 
 Konkela, v., to push to, to shift to. 
 
 Konko, 6, prohibition, taboo, 
 regulation, law, rule, command, 
 interdict. Konko is used of the 
 restrictions of a chief or a doctor 
 who has been called in in case 
 of illness, while the restrictions 
 called Mpangu are only imposed 
 upon an unborn child. Both 
 the Konko and the Mpangu 
 restrictions are whimsical and 
 
 Konko, continued. 
 
 empirical to a degree ; see Mpa¬ 
 ngu. 
 
 xia e konko, v., to taboo, prohibit, 
 lay an injunction, proscribe; 
 
 see above. 
 
 Konko, 6 , zz., an angle, corner. 
 
 konko kiambatakani, acute angle 
 
 A. 
 
 konko kiasanzuka, obtuse ang le_/• 
 
 konko kiaxingama, right angle J. 
 
 Konkolo, 6 , zz., trap (a deft arrange¬ 
 ment with a ?ioose for catching 
 animals). 
 
 Konkolola, v., to take something that 
 another does not care for, some¬ 
 thing thrown away ; to adopt or 
 assume the guardianship of an 
 orphan child. 
 
 Konkota, v., to hammer. 
 
 Kono, 6 , zz., a snore. 
 
 Kono, 6 , zz., remainder ; a little wine 
 left after drinking. 
 
 Konoka, vd ., to ebb, decrease (in 
 quantity). 
 
 Konona, v.t., to decrease in quantity, 
 -akonono; 
 
 tulu twakonono, a heavy sleep. 
 
 Konso, any, some {preceding the noun). 
 konso lumbu, some day. 
 konso ntangwa, sooner or later, 
 some day, any time, whenever, 
 as often as. 
 
 Konso, pron.,followed by the simplest 
 forms of the demonstrative fro - 
 nounj whichever, whatever, 
 whatsoever, that which, those 
 which, as many as ; konso e 
 ki ozolele, whichever (thing) 
 you like. 
 
 konso, with the locatives mu, mo, 
 ku, ko va, or vo, anywhere, 
 wherever. For Locatives , see 
 
 under Kuma. 
 
 konso-owu or owo, however, in 
 whatsoever way, anyhow. 
 
 Kontwa, 9 , «., an exact similitude, 
 something exactly like or re¬ 
 sembling something else, 
 kala 0 kontwa kwa ludi i ludi, to 
 
( 305 ) 
 
 Kon-Ku- 
 
 Kontwa, continued. 
 
 be a reality; kontwa kwa ludi 
 i ludi disongele, it shows that 
 it is a reality ; owau kontwa 
 kwa nkele ame, this is exactly 
 like my gun. 
 
 Konzo, 13, n., one of the four days of 
 the Kongo week (konzo, nke- 
 nge, nsona, nkandu). 
 
 Konzongolo, 6, n., a joint of the bones. 
 
 Kopa, 2, n. (P. copo), tumbler, glass. 
 
 Kosa, v.t., to crush to pieces in or 
 under the hand or the foot. 
 
 Kosakana, v.i., to be broken to pieces, 
 smashed to atoms, shattered. 
 
 Kosakesa, v.t., to smash to atoms (as 
 crockery), to break to pieces, 
 shatter. 
 
 Kosoka, v., to sit. 
 
 Kosola, see Kosakesa. 
 
 Kosolwesa, v., to cause to sit down. 
 
 Kosomoka, see Kosakana. 
 
 Kosomona, see Kosakesa. 
 
 Kota, v., to enter, go in, come in, pass 
 in, penetrate, stick in, set (of 
 the sun), flow in, sink, 
 kota e kinganga (4), &c., to be 
 initiated into the art and 
 mystery of doctor. 
 
 kota 0 nkixi (4), to come or be under 
 the influence or protection of a 
 charm ; to be initiated into the 
 art of divining or otherwise 
 employing a charm ; thus , kota 
 0 nkixi a ngombo, to be initi¬ 
 ated into the mystery of witch- 
 doctoring, hence to become a 
 witch doctor; see also Mpangu. 
 kota 0 nsoki, v.t., to wrong (a per¬ 
 son) indirectly, as by destruc¬ 
 tion of property, &c. ; to com¬ 
 mit a wrong, commit a fault, 
 sin against. 
 
 kota 0 muntu 0 nsoki (4), v., to 
 wrong a man indirectly, as by 
 destruction of his property, or 
 injury to relatives, 
 kota e Nzambi 0 nsoki, to sin 
 against God, by wronging His 
 children or creatures. 
 
 Kota, continued. 
 
 kota kunanxi, to go under, pass 
 under. 
 
 kota munanxi, v., to sink into (as in 
 mud). 
 
 kotavana or muna evundu (8), 
 v., to get into or through a 
 hole. 
 
 Kotakana, v.i., to be bendable. 
 
 Kotama, v.i., mid. v. of koteka, to 
 be bent, or folded back, to bend, 
 stoop, to be bowed, bent (as with 
 age), curved. 
 
 Koteka, v.t., to bend, bend back, fold 
 a joint. 
 
 Kotesa, v.t., to cause to enter, take 
 in, put, drive, pass, push, 
 carry, pull, get, bring, stick, 
 fetch in, load (a canoe), admit, 
 insert. 
 
 kotesa kunanxi, v.t., to put, pass 
 (under). 
 
 Kotesa, v., to place under the influence 
 of a charm ; see Kota 0 nkixi 
 and Mpangu. 
 
 Kotwa, yta jx 0/kota ; see Kota. 
 
 Kova, see Koteka. 
 
 Kovakana, v.i., see Kotakana. 
 
 Kovama, v.t., see Kotama. 
 
 Koveka, v.t., see Koteka. 
 
 Kovola, v., to cough. 
 
 Koxi, adv., in the first place, firstly, 
 one {in counting). 
 
 Koxia, 2, 7 t. (P. coxa), butt-end of a 
 gun. 
 
 Koza, 6, 7 t., (head of) cassava root. 
 
 Koza, v.i., to bend, be bent. 
 
 Kozakana, v.i., see Kotakana. 
 
 Kozama, v.i., see Kotama. 
 
 Kozeka, v.t., see Koteka. 
 
 Kristu, 71., Christ ; see English-Kongo. 
 
 Ku = ke first particle of 7 iegafio 7 t-\-o 
 or u, prefix of the 2 nd perso?i 
 singular. 
 
 Ku-, prefix applied to verbs in the 
 formation of the reflexive form. 
 Kata, to stretch ; kukata, to 
 stretch one’s self. Reflexive 
 verbs will be found in their 
 place under Ku. 
 
 x 
 
Ku-Kuk 
 
 ( 306 ) 
 
 Ku, subj. pronom. prefix applied to 
 adjectives and verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of the 
 9th class sing. For Locatives, 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 -ku-,this prefix was in former times 
 the sign of the infinitive mood ; 
 it survives only on the verbs 
 kwiza and kwenda, which 
 have a vowel initial to their 
 stems (iza, enda). It reap¬ 
 pears, however, in verbs which 
 have a personal objective prefix, 
 but even then only in certain 
 tenses as follows :—present in¬ 
 definite, narrative past, indica¬ 
 tive, and in the negative form of 
 the future consequent subjunc¬ 
 tive. 
 
 The reflexive verbs being essen¬ 
 tially verbs having a personal 
 object also follow the above 
 rule. Auxiliary verbs pass this 
 prefix Ku, and the prefix of the 
 object to the verbs they assist 
 thus: kekututondanga, he 
 
 loves us; ketoma ketutonda- 
 nga, he loves us much. 
 
 -aku, see u?ider A. 
 
 Oku, dem. and rel. pro?i., cl. 9, 
 sing. 
 
 Kuba, v., to weave. 
 
 Kuba, 6, n ., old, well-worn hoe. 
 
 Kubama, 9, n., order, arrangement. 
 
 Kubama, v.i., to be arranged, put 
 straight, prepared. 
 
 Kubanza, V. refi ., to feel remorse, 
 regret, repent. 
 
 Kubanza, 9, n., remorse, repentance, 
 regret. 
 
 Kubaya, v., refi ., to take trouble all 
 to no purpose ; to take fruitless 
 pains. 
 
 kubaya kwaku kubaya, it is use¬ 
 less to talk like that. 
 
 Kubika, v.t ., to arrange, put in or¬ 
 der, put to rights, prepare, get 
 ready. 
 
 Kubu, 6, n., partition to screen bed¬ 
 stead or raised bed, any partition 
 
 Kubu, continued. 
 
 in a house except the division 
 between the outer and inner 
 room. 
 
 Kubula, v.t., to shake out, off; knock 
 off, brush, dust, cast leaves or 
 seed. 
 
 Kubula, v. (Balco.), to shoot, fire a 
 gun. 
 
 Kudika, v.t., to add, put more. 
 
 Kudikila, v., to put more to, add to. 
 
 Kudisa, v., to rear, bring up (as a 
 child). 
 
 Kudisa, causative of Kula. 
 
 Kufama, v., to be cut shorter, be 
 shortened, abbreviated, to con¬ 
 tract (in length). 
 
 Kufama, 9, n., shortness, contraction. 
 
 Kufi, 12, n., shortness. 
 
 -kufi, a., very short, too short. 
 
 Kufi, loc. ; kufi may also take the 
 locative prefixes, ku, mu, va; 
 it must then be translated—too 
 near, at too short a distance, 
 not deep or high enough. 
 
 Kufienena, see Kukusuna. 
 
 - Kufika, v., to cut short, curtail, abbre¬ 
 viate, shorten, contract. 
 
 Kufuna, v., to snort. 
 
 Kujitisa, v. refi., to make one’s selt 
 respected. 
 
 Kuka, v.t., to clear away (after sweep¬ 
 ing together), to put into some¬ 
 thing and take away, to pick up 
 in handfuls, shovel up, gather 
 together and clear all away, to 
 make a raid upon (a town), and 
 carry all the people away into 
 slavery ; see Besiege, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Kukata, v. refi., to stretch one’s self 
 or one’s limbs 
 
 Kukokela, v. refi., to drag one’s self 
 along, hence to be lame. 
 
 Kukolela, v. refi., to be well, to 
 thrive, succeed, prosper. 
 
 Kukolela, 9, n., good health, success, 
 prosperity. 
 
 Kuku, dem. pron., cl. 9., sing., 1st 
 pos., emphatic. I kwau kuku, 
 
( 307 ) 
 
 Kuk-Kul 
 
 Kuku, continued. 
 
 this is it, here it is. For Locatives, 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 Kuku.fi, loc., too near, at too short a 
 distance, not far enough off. 
 
 Kukukusa, v. reji., to rub one’s self 
 (as in washing). 
 
 Kukula, v.i., to flow along, flow down, 
 run down (as water), to trickle, 
 pour down, drift, roll down (as 
 tears). 
 
 -kukulanga, ft., adrift. 
 
 Kukulukila, v. reft., to become used 
 to, get accustomed to, to settle 
 down, accustom one’s self, to 
 be comforted, be consoled, to 
 acclimatize one’s self, to get 
 acclimatized. 
 
 Kukulwisa, v.t., to cause to flow down 
 or along, to bear along (as a 
 stream). 
 
 Kukuma, v., to stutter, stammer, have 
 an impediment in speech. 
 
 Kukuma, 9, n., stuttering, an impedi¬ 
 ment in speech. 
 
 Kukunkumuna, v. reft., to shake (as 
 a dog after being in the water). 
 
 Kukusa, v., to rub (thoroughly, as in 
 washing clothes). 
 
 Kukusa, v.t., to rub with the hand 
 or something. 
 
 Kukusuna, v. reft., to wipe one’s self 
 (after defecation). 
 
 Kukuta, v., to chew, crunch. 
 
 Kukuxilwa, v., to be used to rub 
 with. 
 
 oku kwakwendiwa, see Kwendewa. 
 -okukwakwijiwa, see Kwijiwa. 
 oku kwatukwa, see Tukwa. 
 
 Kula, v., to drive, frighten, chase 
 away, banish, exile, expel, re¬ 
 pulse, put to flight, disperse. 
 
 Kula, v., to grow (in stature or height). 
 
 Kula, v., to buy back, redeem, ransom. 
 
 Kula, 9, n., redemption, 
 kula kwandi kakudidi, His re¬ 
 demption that He wrought. 
 
 Kula, loc., at too great a distance, 
 too far, too distant, too high, 
 too deep. 
 
 Kulaji, 6, 71., ten strings of beads of 
 the native currency, 1,000 beads., 
 
 Kulana, v., to palpitate, pulsate, throb, 
 (of a pulse only). 
 
 Kulana, 9, ?i., pulsation. 
 
 Kulu, 9, 71., leg. 
 
 kulu kwa ntangwa, ray of light 
 (as when the sun shines from 
 behind a cloud). 
 
 Kulu, 6, 71., wooden frame and door, 
 framework (of a door, window, 
 &c.). 
 
 Kulu, 12, n., antiquity. 
 
 -kulu, a., too old, too ancient. 
 
 -kulu, a suffix applied to the diminutive 
 form of monosyllabic nouns in 
 u, as ntu, a head; kintutu- 
 kulu, a tiny little head. 
 
 Kuluba, v., to stamp, walk heavily, 
 tramp. 
 
 Kuluba, 6, 71., an old, well worn hoe. 
 
 Kuluboi, n., sing. 6 ,ftl. 8 (Eng.), Kroo- 
 boy. 
 
 Kulubuta, v., to tie strongly, firmly. 
 
 Kuluka, v.i., to get, go, step or come 
 down, to descend, sit down (not 
 stand), be lost (in a bargain), to 
 settle, sink down (as mud), to 
 hang low (as a wearing cloth), 
 hence to be wide ; to collapse 
 (as a house). 
 
 makaxi (pi. 8 ma-) kuluka, to 
 be reconciled, to cease to be 
 angry, be conciliated. 
 
 (njimbu ji-) kuluka, to be lost 
 (in a bargain). Njimbu jiugi 
 jikulukidi, much money was 
 lost. 
 
 kuluka e ntalu (2), to depre¬ 
 ciate, lessen in price, become 
 cheaper. 
 
 moyo (3) u-kuluka, to be composed, 
 calm, resigned. 
 
 Kulukiana yo muntu, v., to become 
 used, accustomed to any one, to 
 be intimate with any one. 
 
 Kulukila, v. (ye), to be familiar, to 
 be accustomed to a thing. 
 
 Kulukisa, v.t., to habituate, accustom, 
 acclimatize. 
 
Kul-Kum 
 
 ( 3oS ) 
 
 Kulukuku, 6, n., weevil, an insect 
 very destructive to skins. 
 
 Kulukuta, v., to struggle, to scuffle. 
 
 Kulukuta, 2, n. } a game, see Appendix 
 (Games). 
 
 Kulula, v.t, to pull, haul, get, let, put, 
 fetch, bring, cast down, abase, 
 lower, make a loss, to lose (in a 
 bargain), to lose, make low, 
 depreciate, make or treat as 
 little or unimportant. 
 
 Kulula, to slight, despise, trans¬ 
 gress ; to break or infringe (a 
 law. 
 
 kulula e eloko (18), to satisfy 
 (greed). 
 
 kulula 0 lulendo (10), to humble, 
 take down the pride, humiliate, 
 kulula e lumbu (6), to postpone, 
 put off, defer. 
 
 kulula 0 makaxi (pi. 8), to con¬ 
 ciliate. 
 
 kulula 0 moyo (3), to wait patiently, 
 ease the mind, set the mind 
 at rest, to be content, be re¬ 
 signed. 
 
 kulula e njimbu (2), to lose, make 
 a loss in a bargain. 
 
 Kulula, 6, n., trap, for birds. 
 
 Kululuka, v., to roar. 
 
 Kulumuka, v.i., to go, get, come, step 
 down ; to descend, alight. 
 
 Kulumuna, v.t., see Kulula. 
 
 Kululwisa, v., causative 0/ Kulula. 
 
 -akuluntu, a., pi. tf/'-ankuluntu with 
 nouns of \st class only. 
 
 Kulwa, v., pass. tf/Kula. 
 
 Kulwa, 9, n., redemption {passive). 
 kulwa kweto, our redemption. 
 
 Kuma, 6, ;z., reason, cause, sake, ob¬ 
 ject, fault, plea, decent excuse, 
 responsibility, affair, blame, 
 e kuma kadi, seeing that ; because, 
 in order that; in order to, since, 
 e kuma nki, for what reason, why. 
 i kuma, for that reason ; for this 
 reason, therefore, hence, 
 mu or muna kuma kia, on account 
 of, because of. (The mu or 
 muna may be omitted.) 
 
 Kuma, co7iiimied. 
 
 nata e kuma, v., to be responsible 
 in fault. 
 
 ke ya kuma ko, a., innocent. 
 
 Kuma, 9, n., daylight, dawn, daytime. 
 The pronouns and prefixes pro¬ 
 per to kuma as a noun of cl. 9, 
 sing., are often used in speaking 
 of the weather, kuma being un¬ 
 derstood: 0 mbaji ovo kutoma 
 kia, if it is fine to-morrow. 
 
 Kuma, 9, n. (sing, only), a place ; the 
 derivation is explained under 
 uma, but for convenience and 
 comparison the following ex¬ 
 planations of the principles of 
 the Locatives have been all 
 arranged here, instead of in 
 their various places. 
 
 The Locatives. 
 
 The locatives, a class of words 
 expressing location, require to 
 be considered by themselves. 
 They are based upon ku, which 
 implies motion towards, rest at, 
 or motion from a definite point ; 
 mu, which implies rest in, or 
 motion into, or from out of, a 
 limited space ; and va, which 
 implies rest upon, motion on to, 
 or from off, some thing pre¬ 
 viously mentioned or implied. 
 Originally pronouns, and still 
 serving as such, they have be¬ 
 come adverbs and prepositions. 
 Except ya (ye, yo) “ with ” or 
 “and,” and -a “of” (which takes 
 the prefix as an adjective), there 
 are no prepositions but the 
 locatives. 
 
 It has not yet been ascertained 
 whence ku, mu and va obtain 
 their inherent idea, but they 
 combine with uma, a root of 
 very indefinite meaning {see 
 Uma), and thus form three 
 nouns, kuma (ku-uma, 9) a 
 place (at), vuma (va-uma, 14) 
 a place (on), and muma (mu- 
 
/ 309 ) 
 
 Kum-Kum 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 uma, 14, the plural of vuma), 
 places. 
 
 The pronouns and prefixes proper 
 to some nouns, such as Diambu, 
 are often used without any 
 mention of the noun which they 
 represent, and to which they 
 clearly refer. This is also the 
 case with the pronouns and pre¬ 
 fixes of kuma, vuma and 
 muma. 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns in 
 Kongo speak of three positions: 
 the first in the immediate 
 neighbourhood of the speaker, 
 the second near but not im¬ 
 mediately so, the third at a 
 remote distance from the 
 speaker. These distinctions 
 give special definiteness to the 
 pronouns of ku, va and mu, 
 which serve as Locatives. 
 Their forms are here given :— 
 
 Table of Ku. 
 
 1 st Position. 
 
 Simple, 
 Emphatic, 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 ku, oku 
 kwaku 
 kwau oku 
 kuku 
 
 Emphatic verbal, i kwau kuku. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 Simple, ko, oko 
 
 Emphatic, koko 
 
 2nd „ kwau oko 
 
 Emphatic verbal, i kwau koko. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Simple, kuna, okuna 
 
 Emphatic, kwakuna 
 
 2nd „ kwau okuna 
 
 Emphatic verbal, i kwau kuna. 
 The locatives based on ku repre¬ 
 sent the being at a place, or the 
 motion towards or from it, and 
 are to be translated as follows : 
 1st Position. 2nd & 3rd Position, 
 this place (at) that place (at) 
 
 at that place 
 there 
 thereat 
 
 at this place 
 here 
 hereat 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 1st Position. 2nd & 3rd Position. 
 
 here at 
 to this place 
 hither 
 
 from this place 
 hence 
 
 there at 
 to that place 
 thither 
 
 from that place 
 thence. 
 
 The following English equivalents 
 are common to all three posi¬ 
 tions : At, at which place,where, 
 at where, whereat, where at; to, 
 whither, toward the place to 
 or at which, toward, towards ; 
 from, away from ... to or at 
 which, whence. 
 
 Ku before abstract nouns should 
 be translated by “ through, 
 with, by, in.” The combina¬ 
 tion denotes the quality pos¬ 
 sessed, by means of which an 
 act was able to be accomplished, 
 or the manner in which a thing 
 was done. Ku ngolo, by force, 
 with violence ; ku malembe, 
 through gentleness, with gentle¬ 
 ness ; ku makaxi, in anger. 
 
 When used in this way with the 
 negative, ku stands for “ with¬ 
 out, not with, not by.” 
 
 When referring to time, ku intro¬ 
 duces the time at which certain 
 action took place : “at, at that 
 time, on, when, then.” 
 
 Table of Mu. 
 
 1st Position. 
 
 Simple, mu, omu 
 
 Emphatic, mwamu 
 
 2nd „ mwau omu 
 
 3rd „ mumu 
 
 Emphatic verbal, i mwau mumu. 
 2nd Position. 
 
 Simple, mo, omo 
 
 1st Emphatic, momo 
 2nd „ mwau omo 
 
 Emphatic verbal, i mwau momo. 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Simple, muna, omuna 
 
 Emphatic, mwamuna 
 
 2nd „ mwau muna 
 
 Emphatic verbal, i mwau muna. 
 
Kum-Kum 
 
 ( 3*6 ) 
 
 Kama, continued. 
 
 Mu represents the state of being 
 surrounded or enclosed on all 
 sides ; it may, however, be both 
 the passive condition at rest, 
 and also a state of motion into 
 or out from within such a 
 position. 
 
 ist Position, 
 this place (in^ 
 in this place 
 here 
 'in here 
 'herein 
 foere in 
 into this place 
 hither 
 
 2nd & 3rd Position, 
 that place (in) 
 in that place 
 there 
 in there 
 therein 
 there in 
 into that place 
 thither 
 
 out of this place out of that place 
 from this place from that place 
 hence thence. 
 
 The following English equivalents 
 are common to all three posi¬ 
 tions: In, in which place, where, 
 in where, wherein, where in, into, 
 into which place, whither, to¬ 
 ward the place in or into which, 
 toward, towards ; out of, out of 
 what place, from what place, 
 away from...in which, whence ; 
 among, in among, amongst, amid, 
 amidst, in the midst, inside, on 
 board, within, through ; into, 
 in through, hereby, of; for, for 
 use in, for the purpose of, for 
 the sake of, on account of, to, 
 to the end that, in order that. 
 
 Mu before abstract nouns should 
 be translated by : “ in, with, by, 
 out of, from.” The combina¬ 
 tion denotes theinherent quality, 
 (the “ being ” great, “ being ” 
 strong), which enables the doer 
 to accomplish his will, or it may 
 refer to the agency by which, 
 or the means in or through 
 which, an action is performed. 
 Munankenda,out of pity; mu- 
 na ngolo zandi i kavangidi 
 kio, it was by his strength that 
 he did it. When used in this way 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 with the negative, muna stands 
 for : “ without, not by, not in.” 
 
 When referring to time, mu 
 introduces the time diodng 
 which certain action may take 
 place : “ as, during, then, 
 
 through, when, whilst.” 
 
 The Locatives on mu are always 
 found where in English the pre¬ 
 position “against” is used, when 
 not implying opposition to. 0 
 kulu kwame kuwandamene 
 muna etadi, my foot struck 
 against a stone ; yekeka 0 nti 
 muna yaka, lean the stick 
 against the wall. 
 
 Muna also means round, around 
 when referring to things en¬ 
 circled; kanga 0 nxinga muna 
 luketo luandi, tie the rope 
 round his waist. 
 
 Table of Ya. 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 Simple, 
 
 va, ova 
 
 Emphatic, 
 
 vava 
 
 2nd „ 
 
 vau ova 
 
 3rd „ 
 
 vava 
 
 Emphatic verbal, 
 
 i vau vava. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 Simple, 
 
 vo, ovo 
 
 Emphatic, 
 
 vovo 
 
 2nd „ 
 
 vau ovo 
 
 Emphatic verbal, 
 
 i vau vovo. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Simple, 
 
 vana, ovana 
 
 Emphatic, 
 
 vavana 
 
 2nd „ 
 
 vau ovana 
 
 Emphatic verbal, 
 
 i vau ovana. 
 
 Va represents 
 
 a state of rest 
 
 on or upon 
 
 something, or the 
 
 motion on to. 
 
 , or off from on. 
 
 ist Position. 2nd & 3rd Position. 
 
 this place (on) 
 
 that place (on) 
 
 on this place 
 
 on that place 
 
 here 
 
 there 
 
 on here 
 
 on there 
 
 here on 
 
 there on 
 
 hereon 
 
 thereon 
 
 on to this place 
 
 on to that place 
 
( 3 11 ) 
 
 Kum-Kum 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 ist Position. 2nd & 3rd Position, 
 hither thither 
 
 off this place off that place 
 hence thence. 
 
 The following English equivalents 
 are common to all three posi¬ 
 tions : On, on which place, 
 where, on where, whereon, 
 where on ; on to which place, 
 whither, toward the place on 
 to which, toward, towards ; off 
 which place, away from, from 
 or off...on which, whence. 
 
 When referring to time, va intro¬ 
 duces the time after which a 
 certain action may take place: 
 “ on (after), after, at (after), 
 when (after), as soon as.” 
 
 Vava and ova followed by the 
 negative = while still... not, be¬ 
 fore ; vava kiawutukidi ko, 
 before I was born, lit., while 
 still I was not born. 
 
 Special usages of the Locatives. 
 
 When speaking of something held 
 in one hand only, vana is used ; 
 both muna and vana are used 
 when things are spoken of as 
 being held in both hands. 
 
 Wijidi ye mbele vana koko 
 kwandi, he came with a knife 
 in his hand ; wijidi ye nguba 
 muna moko mandi, he came 
 with groundnuts in his hands. 
 
 The 2nd position, ovo<?rvo, is used 
 to introduce a sentence express¬ 
 ing a possible,but uncertain con¬ 
 tingency, upon which a certain 
 action depends ; “ on, if, pro¬ 
 vided that, even if, though, 
 although, in the event of, in the 
 case of, when.” Ovo is always 
 used where there is uncertainty. 
 Ovo ofuta e njimbu ozevo 
 inyambwidi, on his paying the 
 money I will let him go ; OVO 
 kunoka e mvula kikwenda 
 kwame ko, if it rains I will not 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 go. Where there are two such 
 contingencies ovo precedes each, 
 and must be translated by: 
 either...or, whether...or, if...or. 
 
 With the negative, VO is rendered 
 by : “ if not, unless, except, 
 
 otherwise than, but.” Vo ke 
 wau ko, otherwise, if it were 
 not so ; kikusamwina diambu 
 ko vo ke dialudi ko, I will 
 tell you nothing but the truth. 
 
 Vo is also used as a conjunction 
 after verbs of ordering, inform¬ 
 ing, saying, knowing, or think¬ 
 ing, equivalent to “ that ” in 
 English. Ovovele vo ngienda, 
 he said that I should go. In 
 detailing a conversation the 
 verb vova is often omitted in 
 mentioning the reply of other 
 people, and the vo preceded by 
 a personal pronoun equals “ he 
 after that (said).” Sometimes 
 the personal pronoun is omitted, 
 in that case vo is preceded by 
 Oku which means literally at 
 that (he) after (replied), that is 
 to say thereafter (he replied). 
 Mfumu ovovele vo ngienda, 
 the chief said that I should go ; 
 0 yandi vo “ ke diambu ko,” 
 then he said “never mind;” 
 oku vo “ wiza,” at that he said 
 “come.” 
 
 When a Locative commences an 
 interrogative sentence, only the 
 special interrogative forms of 
 the Locatives may be used, ex¬ 
 cept in such cases as those in 
 which a supposition is stated, 
 and an enquiry made as to its 
 correctness. The interrogative 
 Locatives are : 
 kweyi, akweyi, 
 
 mweyi, amweyi, 
 
 veyi, aveyi. 
 
 Where, whence, whither, &c. 
 Akweyi nukwenda, where 
 are you going? amweyi ina 
 
Kum-Kum 
 
 ( 3 12 ) 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 e lekwa, where are the things ? 
 aveyi nukwenda tunga, where 
 are you going to build ? ku 
 Mpumbu nukwenda e, are you 
 going to Mpumbu ? (The last 
 sentence suggests the supposi¬ 
 tion that the person interrogated 
 may be going to Mpumbu). 
 
 The simple forms of the Loca¬ 
 tives preceded by konso may 
 be translated by : “ anywhere, 
 wherever ; at, or on, or in any 
 place.” Tunga konso oko ozo- 
 lele, build anywhere you like. 
 
 When the verb receives one of 
 the Locative prefixes ku, mu, or 
 va, an impersonal idea is im¬ 
 parted to it. There is—,are—, 
 were—, &c. Muna evata dieto 
 mwakedi muntu, there was a 
 man in our town; vana vena 
 a antu akaka, where there are 
 other people, or before other 
 people. 
 
 When adjectives receive the 
 Locative prefixes, they refer at 
 once to kuma, muma or vuma 
 understood; o mwana ame 
 kwanda kele kala, my son has 
 gone to live a long way off (at 
 a place a long way off) ; kuna 
 tukwenda kula, the place to 
 which we are going is too far. 
 
 When a person or living creature 
 is referred to in an adverbial 
 clause, the Locative is repre¬ 
 sented by kwa, and where any 
 special definiteness is required 
 one of the Locatives based on 
 ku precedes the kwa. Yana 
 kio kwa nsusu, give it to the 
 fowls. Kwa after a passive 
 verb directs attention to the 
 agent; e nsusu ame idilu 
 kwa ngandu, my fowl was 
 eaten by a crocodile. In these 
 cases mu and va are never 
 used. 
 
 The following prepositions are 
 
 Kuma, continued. 
 
 often contained in the radical 
 idea of many Kongo verbs : 
 about, across, around, at, away, 
 away from, down, from, in, into, 
 out, out from, round, through, 
 toward, towards, up, &c., thus, 
 kota, to enter, to go into. These 
 verbs are necessarily active in¬ 
 transitives, and the noun which 
 follows them is not the true ob¬ 
 ject of the verb, but the noun of 
 an adverbial clause ; although 
 the preposition is included in that 
 radical idea, it has to appear at 
 the head of the clause : thus we 
 say, kota muna nzo, literally, 
 go into, into the house ; katuka 
 vana nludi, come off from on 
 the roof; unu kalueke kuna 
 ezandu, to-day he arrived at, 
 at the market. 
 
 Kuma, v.t ., see Kumika. 
 
 Kumama, v.i., to stand on end. 
 
 Kumama, v.i., to be strong, sturdy, 
 in good health. 
 
 Kumama, 9, n., sturdiness, strength, 
 good health. 
 
 Kumba, v ., to make a noise, to roar, 
 rumble, grunt. 
 
 Kumba, v., to marvel (giving vent to 
 a sound of surprise), to be 
 amazed, astonished, surprised, 
 to wonder. 
 
 Kumba, v., to talk behind one’s back, 
 slander, vilify, calumniate, scan¬ 
 dalize. 
 
 Kumba 0 lufulu (10), v., to cut a ter¬ 
 race. 
 
 Kumbisa, v.t., to astonish, amaze. 
 
 Kumbu, 6, ?i., a rumbling sound, roar, 
 grunt. 
 
 Kumbululu (6) kia mbwanji (2), n., 
 a swarm of dies. 
 
 Kumbulwila, v, to hoot at, raise a 
 shout of derision, in order to 
 frighten a?iy one. 
 
 Kumbwa, v., to be wondered at, 
 amazing, marvellous, remark¬ 
 able, a wonder. 
 
( 3*3 ) 
 
 Kum-Kun 
 
 Kumbwa, continued. 
 
 -kumbwa, p., wonderful, amazing, 
 marvellous, remarkable. 
 
 Kumbwila, v., see Kumbulwila. 
 
 Kumfu, 6, n., the force, or weight of 
 a blow. 
 
 ku or kuna kumfu, adv., weightily 
 (of a blow), 
 kumi, a., ten. 
 
 kumi ye (-moxi,-zole, &c.), ten and 
 (one = eleven, two = twelve, &c.), 
 see Appendix (Numerals), 
 -ekumi, adv., the tenth. 
 
 Kumika, v.t., to render strong, sturdy. 
 
 Kumika (muna), v.t., to place on end, 
 place one end of an upright 
 (upon), to stand, set on end, 
 erect. 
 
 Kumona, v. rejl., to see one’s self. 
 
 Kumoxi, adv., in the same place, to¬ 
 gether, simultaneously, 
 kumoxi ye, along with. 
 
 Kumpama, v.i., to be in order, ar¬ 
 ranged, tidy. 
 
 Kumpama, 9, n., order, arrangement. 
 
 Kumpika, v.t., to put, set in order, to 
 arrange, put together, make 
 tidy, put to rights, prepare, 
 kumpika 0 nkele (4), to present, 
 level, point, aim a gun at. 
 
 Kumpuka, v.i., to be cut. 
 
 Kumpula, v.t., to cut, slice, cut off. 
 
 Kuna, v., to put in the ground, to sow, 
 plant. 
 
 kuna, ) dem. & rel. pron., cl. 9, sing., 
 
 okuna, ) 3 rdpos., that, that which. 
 
 Kunana, v. rejl., to stretch one’s self, 
 stretch one’s limbs. 
 
 Kunda, v.,io do homage ; to worship, 
 see Salute, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kunda, 9, n., homage, worship. 
 
 Kunda, 6, n., throne, chair, seat, form, 
 bench, stool. 
 
 Kunda, 6, n., revenge, vengeance, 
 landa e kunda, v., to take revenge, 
 to revenge, avenge, vindicate. 
 
 Kundi, 6, n., the nsafu season (when 
 the nsafu, a fruit much eaten by 
 the natives, is ripe, i.e. from the 
 end of February until May). 
 
 Kundikila, v.t., to place a framework 
 on upright sticks stuck in the 
 ground as for a bed, or for 
 drying flesh, hence to dry (meat 
 or fish). Such a framework is 
 also used for drying corpses, 
 hence to dry or embalm (a dead 
 body). 
 
 Kundubulu, 6, n ., small hill. 
 
 Kundwa, 9, n., homage {received). 
 
 Kunga, v., to moan, groan, grunt. 
 
 Kunga, 9, n., a groaning, moaning, 
 grunting. 
 
 Kungu, 6, n., a moan, groan, grunt. 
 Kungudia, 6, n ., owl. 
 
 Kunguka, mid. v. of Kungula and 
 Kunguna. 
 
 Kungula, v.t., to brush off, rub off, 
 dust, wipe, clean (dry dirt, dust 
 or pure water). 
 
 Kungumuka, v., to run, run away. 
 
 Kungumuna, v., to cause to run, or 
 run away. 
 
 Kunguna, v.t., to wipe, rub, scrape off, 
 blot up, clean (anything but pure 
 water or a dry mess), to wipe 
 the nose (with handkerchief). 
 
 Kunka, v., to cross-question, cross- 
 examine, inquire closely. 
 
 Kunka, 9, ?i ., close inquiry, cross-ex¬ 
 amination. 
 
 Kunku, 6, n., share, part, portion, lot, 
 piece, allowance. 
 
 Kunkuka, v., to be cross-examined, 
 closely questioned. 
 
 Kunkuka, v.i., to lose one’s balance 
 and fall (as from a bridge). 
 
 Kunkula, v.t., to cause one to lose 
 his balance and fall (by direct 
 violence). 
 
 Kunkuma, v.i., to shiver, shake, 
 tremble, quiver. 
 
 Kunkumuka, v., to lose balance and 
 fall (as from a bridge). 
 
 Kunkumuna, v.t., to shake off. 
 
 Kunununa, v.t., to transplant, sow 
 over again. 
 
 Kunzumuka, v., to struggle and get 
 away, slip away, run away, 
 escape. 
 
Kun-Kuv 
 
 ( 3H ) 
 
 Kunzumuna, v.t., to let slip uninten¬ 
 tionally, let escape. 
 
 Kupala, 6, n., breast bone, sternum, 
 dew-lap of animals; also a 
 grasshopper. 
 
 Kusa, v.t., to rub on, smear on, spread, 
 daub, plaster on. 
 kusa 0 dimbu (13), to paint, 
 kusa 0 wolo (12), to gild, 
 kusa e zabau (2), to soap. 
 
 Kusana, v. refl., to boast, exhibit or 
 display boastfully, represent 
 one’s self as... 
 
 Kusaula, v. refl., to be angry, dis¬ 
 gusted. 
 
 Kuseleka, v. refl., to dress, put on fine 
 things. 
 
 Kusenga, v. refl., to shine brightly 
 (of sun, moon, or stars). 
 
 Kusukusu, 12, n., an edible fungus. 
 
 Kusumuka, v.i., to go off (as a gun), 
 to be let fall (by accide?it). 
 
 Kusumuna, v.t., to let fall, fire a gun 
 (by accident). 
 
 Kusuna, v.t., to wipe (a child) after 
 defecation. 
 
 Kusuna, v. (Mpa. only), to wipe off; 
 
 see Kunguna. 
 
 Kuta, v.t., to collect, gather together. 
 
 Kuta, v.i., to assemble, gather to¬ 
 gether, collect together (of peo¬ 
 ple only). 
 
 Kuta, v., refl. of ta, to perform upon 
 one’s self the actions expressed 
 by ta. 
 
 Kutakana, v.i., to assemble together, 
 to cluster. 
 
 Kutakesa, v.t., to assemble, group to¬ 
 gether, collect. 
 
 Kutakiana, v.i., see Kutakana. 
 
 Kutama, v.i., to assemble, collect, 
 gather up together. 
 
 Kutamena, v.i., to cluster round. 
 
 Kutanguba, 6, n., small mouse (with 
 white breast). 
 
 Kutatu, a., three (in counting). 
 
 0 kutatu kwandi, adv., thirdly, in 
 the third place. 
 
 Kutika, v., to gather into a heap, 
 collect, rake, put, bring together, 
 assemble. 
 
 Kutisa, v., to cause (some one) to 
 collect, gather together. 
 
 Kutisa, v., to snatch at, but not catch 
 (of living creatures only). 
 
 Kutiswa, v., to be nearly caught, but 
 escape. 
 
 Kutondesa, v. refl., to ingratiate one’s 
 self. 
 
 Kutu, 6, 7 i., large pod, sheath, scab¬ 
 bard. 
 
 kutu kia kimpiatu, cocoon, 
 kotesa or xia muna kutu, v., to 
 
 sheathe. 
 
 Kutu, 9, 71., the ear. 
 kutu kwajiulwa, ear pierced for 
 ear-ring. 
 
 fwakutu, 6, a man deaf of one 
 ear. 
 
 -afwakutu, a., deaf of one ear. 
 ufwakutu (12), 71., deafness of one 
 ear. 
 
 Kutu, adv., see Nkutu. 
 
 Kutukudia, 6, 71., owl. 
 
 Kutula, v. (Bako.), to untie ; see Ku- 
 tulula. 
 
 Kutuluka, v., to come loose, come 
 undone, untied, get free. 
 
 Kutulula, v.t., to untie, unbind, un¬ 
 fasten, undo, liberate, loose, 
 let go, free, release, extricate. 
 
 Kutuluza, v. refl., to rub or scratch 
 one’s self against something ; 
 he 7 ice to drag one’s self along 
 on the buttocks, as infants or 
 lame people unable to walk. 
 
 Kutumuka, v., to escape, get out of 
 peril, get away, be rescued (by 
 force), be taken away, seized (by 
 violence). 
 
 Kutumuna, v.t., to snatch, take by 
 violence, seize, rob, to rescue 
 (by force). 
 
 Kuva, v.i., to be or grow woody and 
 unfit for food, as root-crops 
 left too long in the ground. 
 
 Kuvalala, v., to arch the back (as 
 cats), to stand in water with 
 the back only showing, as the 
 hippopotamus. 
 
 Kuvidika, v., causative of Kuvalala. 
 
( 3'5 ) 
 
 Kuv-Kwa 
 
 Kuvonda, v. refl., to commit suicide, 
 kill one’s self. 
 
 Kuvonda, 9, n., suicide. 
 
 Kuvuluta, v. refl., to scratch one’s self. 
 
 Kuvuna, v. refl., to feign, pretend, 
 to deceive one’s self, dissemble, 
 sham, pretend. 
 
 Kuvunina, 9, n., hypocrisy, sham, 
 pretence, dissimulation. 
 Kuvunina, v., see Kuvuna. 
 
 Kuvwila, v., refl. appliedform tf/vwa, 
 to finish of its own accord, to 
 come to an end. 
 
 oku kuvwila, adv., during thelatter 
 times, in the times of the end, at 
 last. 
 
 Kuwa, v.t., to strike with a blunt 
 instrument, also to slash or 
 knock aside the grass with a 
 stick. 
 
 Kuxia, v. refl., to apply one’s self to, 
 be diligent, devote one’s self, 
 throw one’s self into a matter. 
 
 Kuxila, v. refl., to be convulsed, 
 fall down (in a fit or with 
 laughter), to shake with laughter, 
 to have a violent fit of laughing, 
 to struggle (as in a fit). 
 
 Kuxima, v. refl., to deny one’s self, 
 forbid one’s self. 
 
 Kuxinga, v. refl., see Kuxila. 
 
 Kuya, 6, n., a bush, the leaves of 
 which are rough like sand 
 paper, and may be used as such. 
 
 Kuyindula, v. refl., to be selfish, ego¬ 
 tistic, to think of one’s self 
 only, study one’s own interest. 
 
 Kuyindula, 9, n., selfishness, egotism. 
 
 Kuzuka, v.i., to cross, step, walk, be 
 carried, pass over (a space). 
 
 Kuzula, v.t., to take, carry, bring 
 across or over (a space). 
 
 Kwa, 6, ?i., sweet potatoes, also called 
 kwa kiambala and kwa kie- 
 vukula. 
 
 kwa kianguvu, «., yam. 
 kwa kiamengamenga, a purple 
 ' variety of yam. 
 
 kwa kiamfinda,«., helmia bulbifera; 
 the cultivated variety is edible. 
 
 Kwa, subj. projiom. pref. to verbs in 
 remote tenses, cl. 9, sing. 
 
 Kwa, ) how much, how many, what 
 
 -kwa, ) quantity ; kwa is indeclin¬ 
 able when used after a noun ; 
 when used before a verb, or 
 where its noun is understood, it 
 follows the rule of the second¬ 
 ary form of adjectives (see 
 Grammar). The prefix added 
 is that of series No. 3. 
 nkombo kwa ? how many goats ? 
 jikwa ? how many (goats) ? 
 
 Kwabula, v.t., to whip, hit, strike, 
 beat. 
 
 Kwabuka, v.i., to be beaten, struck. 
 
 Kwaka, v.t., to rasp, file. 
 
 Kwakana, v., to scratch one another, 
 or chatter together (as things 
 badly packed). 
 
 Kwakasa, v., to rub upon something 
 rough, to scrub, rub with some¬ 
 thing rough. 
 
 Kwakia se kufukila (a proverb), 
 you begin to cover yourself at 
 daybreak = you lock the stable 
 when the horse has been stolen. 
 
 Kwaku, pron., see -aku. 
 
 Kwaku, pers. pron., 2nd pers. sing., 
 1stpos., emphatic, thyself, your¬ 
 self. 
 
 Kwaku, dem. pron., cl. 9, sing., 
 emphatic, this. 
 
 Kwakuna, dem. pro7i., cl. 9, sing., 
 yrd pos., emphatic, that. For 
 
 Locatives, see ti?ider Kuma. 
 
 Kwakwana, v., to converse, talk, 
 discuss (one at a time). 
 
 Kwalumuka, v.i., to be scratched, 
 have a long scratch across. 
 
 Kwalumuna, v.t., to make a long 
 scratch, scratch across. 
 
 Kwama, v.i., to be set firm in its 
 handle (of a hoe, knife, &c.), 
 hence to persist in. 
 
 Kwama, aux. v., to be always ...ing, 
 keep on ...ing, to be constantly 
 ...ing. 
 
 yela kekwama yelanga, he is 
 
 always ailing. 
 
Kwa-Kwe 
 
 ( 316 ) 
 
 Kwama, v., to take fire, burn, become 
 ignited, be set on fire. 
 
 Kwame, pers. pron., 1st pers., sing., 
 emphatic , myself. 
 
 Kwaminina, v.t ., to persist in, to be 
 ceaselessly, constantly ...ing; 
 repetitive of Kwama. 
 
 Kwana, v.t., to jerk down or along 
 (used only of a rope or some¬ 
 thing long which had been 
 caught, or was trailing heavily, 
 and is by one single effort 
 brought to the feet of the sub¬ 
 ject of the verb). 
 
 Kwana, v., to hawk and clear the 
 throat. 
 
 Kwana, v., to shoot, to fire (a gun). 
 
 Kwandi, pers. fir on., 3rd pers., sing., 
 emphatic, himself, herself, it¬ 
 self. 
 
 Kwandi, an unchangeable emphatic 
 pronoun applicable to all per¬ 
 sons and numbers (except to 
 the 3rd pers. pi., cl. 1), and to 
 inanimate objects. Mono kwa¬ 
 ndi nzolele kio, I want it 
 myself; yeto kwandi tuzolele 
 mo, we want them ourselves ; 
 e mbele zame jitolokele kwa¬ 
 ndi, my knives themselves are 
 broken ; ovovo vuma vabiza 
 kwandi, that itself is a good 
 place ; vava (vuma) kwandi 
 nzolele kala, I would rather 
 stay here. 
 
 Kwanga, v., to scratch. 
 
 Kwanga, v. (Bako.), to cut, fell, chop, 
 cut down or off, saw. 
 
 Kwanga, 6, n., cassava pudding ; see 
 Cassava, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Kwangu, 9, n. (Mpa.), the Kongo 
 river. 
 
 Kwanguka, v.i., to be struck as flint 
 and steel, emitted as a spark, 
 fired as a gun. 
 
 Kwanguka 0 tiya (11), to emit a 
 spark. 
 
 Kwangula, v., to strike flint and steel 
 or matches, strike a spark, to 
 shoot, fire (a gun). 
 
 Kwangumuka, v., to scuttle, run 
 along with short steps (as a 
 child, mouse or bird). 
 
 Kwanuka, v., see Kwalumuka. 
 
 Kwanuka, v.i., to be jerked down or 
 along; see Kwana. 
 
 Kwanuna, v., see Kwalumuna. 
 
 Kwanzuka, v.i., to be scratched, 
 wounded, grazed (on the sur¬ 
 face). 
 
 Kwanzuna, v.t., to scratch, graze, 
 wound (the surface). 
 
 e kwanzangala (6), adv., very 
 swiftly, at high speed (as of a 
 bullet). 
 
 Kwasa, v., to cut with one rapid 
 stroke, run fast, to weave in 
 (the woof), to pass (the shuttle). 
 
 Kwasa, v., to rub on, smear, plaster. 
 
 Kwata, v., to scratch (with the nails). 
 
 Kwata, v.t. (Bako.), to hold. 
 
 Kwau, poss. pron., see Au. 
 
 Kwau, pers. pron., 3rd pers.,pi., em¬ 
 phatic, themselves. 
 
 Kwau, snbj., also emphatic obj. pron., 
 cl. 9, sing., it. 
 
 Kwatuka, v., to be scratched (of the 
 part). 
 
 Kwe, combination of ko, the last 
 particle of negation with the 
 interrogative particle e. 
 
 Kwela, v. (Bako.), to marry, wed (of 
 the man). 
 
 Kwelele, 6, n., paroquet. 
 
 Kwelele, 6, n., a fruit which has been 
 partly eaten by birds. 
 
 Kwelesa, v. (Bako.), to give in mar¬ 
 riage (of the bride’s parents). 
 
 Kwelwa, v. pass. (Bako.), to marry, 
 be married (of the bride). 
 
 Kwenda, v.i. per/., ele (wele) ; pass. 
 kwendewa {for tenses in ye- 
 nda and enda, see Grammar), 
 to go, advance, go on. There 
 is also an abbreviated imper¬ 
 ative form, nda, go- 
 
 Kwenda combines with many verbs 
 by adding to them a prefix a, 
 and changing the a final into i ; 
 thus kwenda a viti, to precede, 
 
( 317 ) 
 
 Kwe-Kwi 
 
 Kwenda, continued. 
 
 go before, from vita, to go 
 before. For further remarks, 
 see “to,” Eng.-Kongo, 
 wenda or nda kiabiza or kia- 
 mbote, adieu, farewell (said by 
 those remaining). 
 
 kwenda or nda miangana, farewell 
 (by women remaining), 
 kwenda mvu kuvutukidi mvn, 
 
 for ever and ever. 
 
 vo dikwenda kwa (yandi), then in 
 
 (his) turn (he) said. 
 
 Kwenda, 9, n., an advancing, a going. 
 
 Kwendajiana, v., to have intercourse 
 with, or visit each other (of 
 many people). 
 
 Kwendela, v., to go for, want, seek, 
 fetch, look for, search. 
 
 Kwendelela, v., to go immediately, at 
 once. 
 
 Kwendelesa, v., to neglect, leave tc 
 one’s self or own way. 
 
 Kwendesa, v., causative of Kwenda, 
 cause to go. 
 
 Kwendewa, v.,pass. of Kwenda. 
 oku kwakwendewa, at last, at 
 length, afterwards, then at last. 
 
 Kwendolola, "It/., to go again and 
 
 KwendululaJ again. 
 
 Kwenga, v.i., to be tight. 
 
 Kwenia, v., to pick (a bone). 
 
 Kwenkenia, v. {perf. kwenkene), to 
 gnaw a bone. 
 
 Kwenkoka, v., to have a piece of the 
 edge knocked off, to be chipped 
 (as a plate). 
 
 Kwenkona, v.t ., to rub or knock off 
 a piece of the edge or rim of 
 something, to chip (the edge of 
 a plate). 
 
 Kwenkuka, v., see Kwenkoka. 
 
 Kwenknna, v.t., see Kwenkona. 
 
 Kweno, poss. pron., see eno. 
 
 Kweno, pers. pron., 2nd pers., plur., 
 emphatic, yourselves. 
 
 Kweta, v.i., to grate, squeak, creak, 
 (as a wheel). 
 
 Kwetesa, v.t., to grate, cause to 
 squeak, to grind (the teeth). 
 
 Kweto, poss. pron., see -eto. 
 
 Kweto, pers. pron., 1stpers., plur., em¬ 
 phatic, ourselves. 
 
 Kwiji, 6, n., a squamous affection, 
 mange. 
 
 Kwijidila, v., to come immediately, 
 come at once. 
 
 Kwijika, v.t., to fix immovably, to 
 desiccate, make hard, dry, and 
 stiff. 
 
 Kwijila, v. (applied form ), to come 
 for, come after, seek, want. 
 
 Kwijima, v.i., to get, be hard, stiff; 
 dry, firm, immovable. 
 
 Kwijima, 9, n., firmness, hardness, 
 dryness. 
 
 Kwijimisa, v.t., see Kwijika. 
 
 Kwijiwa, v.,pass. of Kwiza. 
 
 oku kwakwijiwa, adv., at last, at 
 length, afterwards, then at 
 length. 
 
 Kwika, v.t., to cause to persist, to set 
 firmly in its handle. 
 
 kwika e salu (6), to keep people at 
 work. 
 
 kwika (e diambu, 7), v., to persist 
 in (a statement). 
 
 Kwika, v., persistently to tease, annoy, 
 irritate, worry (to do some¬ 
 thing). 
 
 Kwika, v., to put fire to, light a fire, 
 burn, ignite. 
 
 kwika 0 tiya (pi. 10), v., to set fire 
 to. 
 
 Kwikidisa, v.t., to convince, cause to 
 believe. 
 
 Kwikila, v., to trust, believe, have 
 faith in ; agree, be willing, come 
 to terms, concede, engage to, 
 consent, assent, acquiesce ; 
 confess, acknowledge. 
 
 Kwikila, 9, n., trusting, confiding^ 
 belief, believing, agreeing, re¬ 
 liance, faith, consent, confidence, 
 confession, acknowledgment. 
 
 0 kwikila kusundidi 0 wete yo 
 vunisa, belief is better than 
 disbelief. 
 
 Kwinga, v., to squeal, grunt (as a 
 Pig)- 
 
Kwi-Lam 
 
 ( 3i8 ) 
 
 Kwinta, v., to breathe stertorously, 
 snore loudly, roar (as a lion). 
 
 Kwiya, 6, n., a tree which has a leaf 
 rough and hard like sandpaper, 
 he?ice sandpaper, and also a 
 plane. 
 
 Kwiza, v.i. (-iza), pass, kwijiwa ( for 
 tefises in iza and yiza, see Gram¬ 
 mar), to come, arrive, to fall to 
 (any one). 
 
 Kwiza, 9, n., the advent, coming. 
 
 Kwizulula, v., to come again and 
 again. 
 
 L. 
 
 La, 12, n., height, tallness, altitude, 
 elevation, stature, length. 
 
 -a la (12) umoxi, a., level, of one 
 height. 
 
 la umoxi ye (yo), as long or high 
 as, equal in length or height 
 with. 
 
 -la, a., very high, too high, too tall, 
 too long. 
 
 -la may be combined with the loca¬ 
 tive prefixes ku, mil, va ; it must 
 then be translated, too far, too 
 distant, at too great a distance, 
 at too great a depth or height. 
 
 Laba, v., to wink. 
 
 Laba, v. (Bako.), to steal. 
 
 Ladika, v., to cause to swim, float. 
 
 Ladisa, v.t., causative of Lala,to make 
 less, lessen, reduce in size (by 
 any means whatever), wear 
 away, waste, consume, spend, 
 dissolve, exhaust. 
 
 Lakata, v.i., to be burnt, charred. 
 
 Lakatisa, v.t., to burn, char. 
 
 Lakidi, 2, n. (P. lacre), sealing-wax. 
 
 Lakisa, v.t., to thwart, foil, cause to 
 fail in an attempt. 
 
 Lakiswa, v., to be caused to fail in an 
 attempt to get, do, &c.; to be 
 thwarted, foiled. 
 
 Lakiswa kwa, v., to be caused to 
 fail by, be thwarted, foiled, have 
 
 Lakiswa, continued. 
 
 an effort rendered unsuccess¬ 
 ful by — ; to be the object of 
 an unsuccessful attempt on the 
 part of —. 
 
 Lakuka, v.i., to blaze up, flare up (of 
 flames only). 
 
 Lakula, v.t., to give forth flames. 
 
 Lakumuka, v.i., to send forth flames, 
 flare up, blaze up, flicker ; used 
 also of the rapid movement in 
 and out of the tongue of a 
 serpent or of a dog when pant- 
 in 0 * 
 
 AAA t>* 
 
 Lakumuna, v.t., to send forth flames, 
 make a blaze, cause to blaze, to 
 move the tongue, as above. 
 
 Lakwa, v., to fail, to be unsuccessful 
 (in an attempt). 
 
 Lala, v.i. (perf. ladidi), to become 
 less, reduced in size ( from any 
 cause whatever ), wear away, 
 wear out, grow less, waste, 
 lessen; be consumed, diminished, 
 spent,to evaporate, dissolve, flow 
 away, ebb (as sea or river), ex¬ 
 haust, decrease. 
 
 Lala, v. (Bako.), ( perf . lele), to sleep, 
 slumber. 
 
 Lalama, v.i., to be afloat, to float, 
 to swim (float). 
 
 Lalamesa, v.t., to cause to float, buoy 
 up, float. 
 
 Lain, 6, n., a raft. 
 
 Laluka, v., to be taken while floating 
 on the surface, to be skimmed 
 off; rescued from drowning. 
 
 Lalula, v., to take something floating, 
 hence to rescue from drowning ; 
 to skim off. 
 
 Lalumuka, v.i., to burn along, to 
 spread as fire ; to be burnt by 
 a spreading fire. 
 
 Lalumuna, v.t., to burn, cause to burn, 
 as above. 
 
 Lama, v.i., to adhere, stick, to be 
 sticky (of things) ; to join, ac¬ 
 company, go, come, walk with 
 (of people). 
 
 Lama, 9, n., tenacity. 
 
( 3 l 9 ) 
 
 Lam-Lan 
 
 Lamana, v.i., to adhere, stick, to¬ 
 gether. 
 
 Lamba, v.t., to boil, stew, brew. 
 
 Lamba, 6, n., bag, scrip (of vegetable 
 fibre slung on the shoulder). 
 
 Lambakana, v., to be knocked over 
 (of many things). 
 
 Lambakesa, v.t., to knock over, push 
 down (many things). 
 
 Lambalala, v., to lie having one end 
 against, or resting on something, 
 to recline, resting on the elbow. 
 
 Lambama, v., to be clenched (of a 
 nail). 
 
 Lambata, v., to wriggle along, crawl, 
 move along (as a worm, snake), 
 to creep, climb (as plants). 
 
 Lambidika, v., to lay down (almost 
 flat, but resting on or against 
 something). 
 
 Lambika, v.t., to clench (a nail). 
 
 Lambuka, v.i., to become or grow 
 longer, lengthen, stretch ; to be 
 long, be tall. 
 
 Lambuka, 9, n., height, tallness, 
 length. 
 
 lambuka kumoxi, the same length 
 or height. 
 
 Lambuka, v., to be cooked (not 
 roasted). 
 
 Lambula, ) v.t., to stretch (of a 
 
 Lambumuna, ( limb), to lengthen, 
 extend, prolong, elongate, un¬ 
 bend (a joint). 
 
 Lambumuka, v.t., see Lambuka, to 
 lengthen. 
 
 Lamika, v.t., to stick, affix. 
 lamika...o dimbu, v., to glue, 
 gum. 
 
 Lamika, v., to run. 
 
 lamika (e ntinu) kwa, v., to run 
 
 (fast) after, to chase after. 
 
 Lamina, v., appliedform of Lama. 
 
 Laminina, v.i., inte?isive form of 
 Lama ; to stick, adhere tho¬ 
 roughly. 
 
 Lamuka, v., to be detached, un¬ 
 fastened, unstuck. 
 
 Lamuna, v.t., to unstick, unfasten, 
 detach. 
 
 Lamvula, v.t., to fasten roughly, sew 
 roughly, baste (cloth), to tie, 
 join roughly {pro tern.). 
 
 Landa, v., to follow, go after, chase, 
 pursue, run after, go to fetch, 
 escort. 
 
 landa e kunda (6), to vindicate, 
 revenge, take vengeance, 
 avenge. 
 
 landa e ntalu (2), to bid a lower 
 price. 
 
 landa e taji (6), n., to sleep on after 
 every one else is about. 
 
 Landaji, 1, n. (P. Hollandeza), Dutch 
 person. 
 
 -alandaji, a., the Dutch language 
 and customs. 
 
 Landakesa, v.t., to cause to go one 
 after the other. 
 
 Landakiana, v.i., to go one after 
 another. 
 
 -landakianini, ^.,one after the other. 
 
 Landana, v., to pulsate, palpitate, 
 throb, beat (of the heart). 
 
 -landanga, p., later, following, next. 
 
 Landesa, v., to forward, send on things 
 to the place to which one has 
 already sent other things. 
 
 -alandila,/., the next to, the following 
 one to. 
 
 Landuka, v., to be disregarded, &c. ; 
 see below. 
 
 Landula, v., to turn a deaf ear, 
 disregard (a summons, &c.), re¬ 
 fuse to hear, not listen to, take 
 no notice of (a request, &c., not 
 people), pay no attention (to a 
 call), to be torpid. 
 
 Landwila, v.t., to sow a second, or 
 another crop in the same place. 
 
 Langa, v., to spy, watch unseen, 
 reconnoitre, explore, scout, in¬ 
 spect, survey. 
 
 Langa, v.t., to inundate, deluge, over¬ 
 flow, swamp, flood, cover up 
 bury (hide). 
 
 Langalakana, v.i., to be filled up as 
 a hole. 
 
 Langama, v.i., to be put back again 
 into a hole (as earth). 
 
Lan-Lek 
 
 ( 320 ) 
 
 Langama, v.z., to be spied, surveyed, 
 watched. 
 
 Langama, v.z., to be overwhelmed, 
 covered (beneath). 
 
 Langi, 12, n., green slime in water. 
 
 Langidila, v.z., to superintend, look 
 after, take care of, keep, mind, 
 watch. 
 
 Langa, 6, ?z., camp, regular resting 
 place for travellers. 
 
 Languka, v., to be killed at a long 
 range. 
 
 Langula, v.t., to knock or get down 
 with something, to knock down 
 and break something that was 
 high up, or far off ; hence to kill 
 (a beast) at a long range. 
 
 Langumnna, v.t., to take up one end 
 of something which is very long 
 (as a rope, snake, &c.). 
 
 Lanzuka, v., to protrude (of the eyes 
 only). 
 
 lapi, 2, n. (P. lapis), pencil. 
 
 Lasa, v., to roam, wander about ; also 
 to pry about (as a dog in search 
 of food). 
 
 Lasuka, v.z., to jet, spirt, spout out, 
 rush forth. 
 
 Lasula, v.t., to cause to spirt or rush 
 out. 
 
 Lasumuka, v., see Lasuka. 
 
 Lasumuna, v., see Lusula. 
 
 Lata, 2, n. (P. lata), a tin, a tin pan. 
 
 -alata, a., tin. 
 
 Latula, v., to lap (as a dog), drink 
 with the tongue. 
 
 Lau, 6, n., madman, idiot, lunatic, 
 savage, insane person. 
 
 Lau, 6, n., insanity, frenzy, madness, 
 ferocity, wildness, savageness, 
 idiocy. 
 
 -alau, a., mad, insane, wild, savage, 
 furious. 
 
 Lauka, v.z., to be insane, mad, crazy, 
 frantic, furious, to get into a 
 rage. 
 
 Laula, v., to madden, craze, make 
 furious, wild. 
 
 Laulwila, v. (perf '. laulwidi), to wink, 
 raise the eyebrows. 
 
 Lavadelo, 2, n (P. lavandeiro), 
 
 washerman, wash jack. 
 
 Lavalala, v., to lie prostrate, lie flat. 
 
 Lavidika, v., to put flat on the ground. 
 
 Lavuka, v., to be tepid, lukewarm. 
 
 Lavuka, 9, n., tepidity, lukewarmness. 
 
 Lavula, v., to make tepid, lukewarm. 
 
 Lavuna, v., to touch (so as to call 
 attention). 
 
 Lawila, v. (perf. laulwidi), to wink, 
 raise the eyebrows, to nod, 
 beckon. 
 
 Lay a, v ., to wink, blink. 
 
 -ele, v., perfect tf/'Kwenda. 
 
 Leba, v., to allure, tempt, entice, per¬ 
 suade, induce, woo, coax. 
 
 Lebela, v., see Leketa. 
 
 Leboka, v., to be tepid, to get luke¬ 
 warm (as water). 
 
 Leboka, 9, iz., tepidity, lukewarmness. 
 
 Leboka, v., to be soft (as a pillow), to 
 be limp (“not strong ”); to fade, 
 wither ; to be languid. 
 
 Lebola, v., to make soft, limp, to 
 cause to fade, wither. 
 
 Lebola, v., to make tepid, lukewarm. 
 
 Lebuka, v., see Leboka. 
 
 Lebula, v., see Lebola. 
 
 Lebulwa, v.z., see Leboka. 
 
 Lejima, v., to gleam, be brilliant, 
 shine with splendour. 
 
 Lejima, 9, n., splendour, lustre, glory, 
 brilliance. 
 
 Leka ( perf. lele), v., to sleep, slumber, 
 repose, take a nap, lie down ; 
 sleep, hence to get better, well, 
 to be well; nga olele, how are 
 you (did you sleep) ? Ndele 
 kwame ingeta, very well, 
 thank you. 
 
 leka e or ye nzala (2), v., to sleep 
 hungry; to fast, hunger, 
 leka e kintongi (5), to be sleepless, 
 leka 0 mambemba, to lie on one's 
 back. 
 
 leka 0 mambukama, to sleep on 
 one’s face. 
 
 leka 0 tulu (pi. 10), to sleep, 
 leka 0 tulu twa mete, to be fast 
 asleep, to sleep very soundly. 
 
( 321 ) 
 
 Lek-Len 
 
 Leka {peTf. lekele), v, to set a snare, 
 bait, trap or spring ; to tune an 
 instrument, cock (a gun). 
 
 leka e diambu (7), to make a fuss 
 over an affair, to get up a 
 palaver. 
 
 leka e mbumba (2), to make secret. 
 
 oku leka menemene, the next morn¬ 
 ing (in relating a matter which 
 is past). 
 
 leka e mfulu (2) ambi, to con¬ 
 spire. 
 
 . Lekama, v.t., to be cocked (as a gun), 
 tuned (as an instrument), set 
 (as a trap), made secret. 
 
 Lekamayenga, 6, zz., bird living in 
 the mayenga chasms. 
 
 Lekana, v.t., to harmonize with. 
 
 Lekailisa, v.t., to arrange nicely, make 
 to accord, harmonize, attune, 
 make all things work together 
 well. 
 
 lekanisa e nlembo (4), v., to direct 
 the flow with the fingers. 
 
 Leke, 6, n., child, boy, lad, youth, little 
 girl, servant, follower, retainer, 
 attendant, disciple, subordinate, 
 inferior (in rank). 
 
 Lekela, v., appliedform of Leka. 
 
 Lekela, v., to sleep with, lie with. 
 
 oku kwa lekela, a very respectful 
 manner of commencing a mes¬ 
 sage or letter to one highly 
 esteemed. 
 
 oku walekela, a very respectful 
 manner of commencing to speak 
 before one who is highly 
 esteemed. 
 
 Leketa, v.i., to wave or sway about, 
 as something which is long and 
 very pliable. 
 
 dibala di leketa, see Appejzdix 
 (Games). 
 
 Leketesa, v.t., to cause to sway, see 
 above. 
 
 leketesa 0 mavembo, v, to os¬ 
 cillate the shoulders as in 
 dancing. 
 
 Lekesa, v., to put to sleep. 
 
 Leko, 6, 7 t., a good and safe place. 
 
 Lekoka, v., to be uncocked, released 
 (as a spring), to be unset (as a 
 trap); to be settled (of a matter). 
 
 Lekokelwa 0 moyo, see Lengokelwa 
 0 moyo. 
 
 Lekola, v.t., to settle (a matter), un¬ 
 cock, release (a spring), unset 
 (a trap). 
 
 Lekuka, v., see Lekoka. 
 
 Lekula, v., see Lekola. 
 
 Lekukilwa 0 moyo, v., see Lsngo- 
 kelwa 0 moyo. 
 
 Lekwa, 6, n., thing, something, any¬ 
 thing, object, article; {pi.) goods, 
 property, things, 
 lekwa yawanso, every thing. 
 
 Lekwa, 6, n., a large basket. 
 
 Lela, v., to nurse. 
 
 Lela, 6, n., breast part of nxiji, (palm- 
 rat). 
 
 Lelama, v., to be even, smooth, level. 
 
 Lelama, 9, 71., smoothness. 
 
 Lele, v. ( perf'. of Leka), to have slept 
 hezice, to be well. 
 
 Lele, 6, n., weariness and disinclina¬ 
 tion to work. 
 
 ke numoni lele kia vanga mawete 
 
 ko, be not weary in well doing. 
 
 Leleka, v., to make smooth, even, 
 level. 
 
 Lelema, v., to be lubricated, slippery. 
 
 Lelemesa, v.t., to lubricate. 
 
 Lelomoka, v., to be slippery, lubri¬ 
 cated. 
 
 Lelomona, v.t., to make slippery. 
 Lelomona, v.t., lelomona e mbwa- 
 bwa (2), to utter the alarm cry. 
 
 Lelumuka, v., see Lelomoka. 
 
 Lema, v., to glow, gleam, glare, Uaze, 
 flare, burn, shine (as a light). 
 
 Lemba, aitx. v., to fail to...,not to..., 
 neglect to...,forbear to, omit to, 
 abstain from, overlook, refrain 
 from, leave off... 
 
 adieyi kalembele kwizila, why did 
 he fail to come. 
 
 Lemba, v., to make gentle, to tamo, 
 civilize ; soothe, allay, appease 
 assuage ; cut, castrate, ge'd. 
 
 Lembakana, v., to be tameab e. 
 
 Y 
 
I-J M—LFN 
 
 ( 322 ) 
 
 Lembalala, v., to be nearly closed 
 (of the eyes). 
 
 Lembama, v., to be tame, meek, 
 gentle, assuaged, appeased, 
 demure,civil,calm, quiet, docile, 
 humble ; to be at peace, to lull, 
 abate. 
 
 Lembama, 9, n., tameness, meek¬ 
 ness, lowliness, peaceableness, 
 quietude, calmness, gentleness, 
 docility, humility, civility, civil¬ 
 ization, suavity, gravity, tract¬ 
 ableness, modesty, reserve. 
 
 Lembanzau, 6, /z., a bush, the branches 
 of which are arranged in whorls. 
 A charm made of the wood of 
 this bush is supposed to enable 
 one to kill as many elephants 
 as one wishes without much 
 trouble. 
 
 Lembe, 6, n., cassava leaf. 
 
 Lembeka, v.t ., to tame, make calm, 
 soothe, allay, pacify, appease, 
 assuage, civilize, break in, to 
 cool (by adding cold water), 
 lembeka 0 lulendo (10), to humble, 
 lembeka (e njingu, 4), to quell (a 
 disturbance). 
 
 -lembele, p., without, except, less. 
 
 Lembeleka, v.t., to nearly close (the 
 
 eyes). 
 
 -lembelo, ft., without, except, less. 
 
 -lembi, a negative verb used only in 
 the indefinite present, past and 
 future tenses, implying that in 
 spite of all efforts it was impos¬ 
 sible to accomplish that which 
 was desired. Yalembi dio xi- 
 nsa 0 nata, in spite of all my try¬ 
 ing I could not lift that (stone). 
 
 Lembo, 6, n. (Bako.), fish-basket (trap 
 like lobster basket). 
 
 LembolaAz/., to destroy the influence 
 
 LembulaJ of a fetish. Lembula 0 
 nkixi (4), to cure, when the dis¬ 
 ease is the result of witchcraft. 
 
 Lembwa, v. (used with nouns), to be 
 without, lack, to stop, abstain 
 from, cease from, leave off, 
 desist, refrain from. 
 
 Lembwa, to be castrated. 
 
 Lemoka, v., to be blown (of the 
 fire). 
 
 Lemoka, v., to jump. 
 
 Lemona, v.t., to cause to jump. 
 
 Lemona, v.t., to blow (the fire). 
 
 Lemuka, see Lemoka. 
 
 Lemuna, v., see Lemona. 
 
 Lemvo, 12, n., docility, obedience, 
 tractability, tameness, submis¬ 
 siveness, faithfulness. 
 
 -alemvo, a., docile, obedient, tract¬ 
 able, tame, quiet, dutiful, sub¬ 
 missive, faithful. 
 
 Lemvoka, v., to be well trained, tamed, 
 docile, rendered obedient. 
 
 Lemvokela, v., to be tractable, 
 obedient to, dutiful, faithful to, 
 docile, tame, to mind, obey. 
 
 Lemvola, v., to train, break in, tame, 
 make obedient, subdue. 
 
 Lemvokesa, v., see Lemvola. 
 
 Lemvuka, v., see Lemvoka. 
 
 Lemvukila, v., see Lemvokela. 
 
 Lemvukisa, v., see Lemvola. 
 
 Lemvula, v., see Lemvola. 
 
 Lenda, v.i., to be able to. 
 
 Lenda, v., to possess, own. 
 
 -lende,/., next, following. 
 
 Lendwa, v. (followed by another verb 
 in the middle or passive voice'), 
 to be possible. Kiaki kile- 
 ndwa natuka or natwa, it is 
 possible to carry this. 
 
 Lenga, v.t., to sharpen (the edge), to 
 whet. 
 
 Lenga, v.t., to flatter, 
 lenga 0 malengo (pi. 8), to coax, 
 
 woo. 
 
 Lenga, v.t., to smear on, daub, rub on, 
 smooth over, spread (as mud, 
 butter, &c.). 
 
 lenga (e nteke), v., to plaster. 
 
 Lengalakana, v.i., to be smeared on, 
 or over. 
 
 Lengalakesa, v., to smear on. 
 
 Lengalala, v.i., to be half or only 
 partly open, to be nearly closed 
 {of the eyes o?ily). 
 
 meso (pi. 7 ma-) lengalala, to have 
 
( 323 ) 
 
 Len-Lob 
 
 Lengalala, continued . 
 
 the eyes half open, to be nearly 
 closed (of the eyes). 
 
 Lengalalameso, 6, n., a person who 
 has his eyes nearly shut, half 
 open. 
 
 -alengejia, a., smooth, polished. 
 
 Lengela, 6, n., a hawk. 
 
 Lengela, v., to hover (as a hawk). 
 
 Lengela, v.i., to droop, wither, wilt, 
 fade, flag. 
 
 Lengeleka o meso (pi. 7 ), v.t., to 
 nearly close or shut the eyes, to 
 have the eyes half open. 
 
 Lengelenge, 6, 71., lily (crinum zelani- 
 cum). 
 
 Lengelesa, v.t., to cause to wither. 
 
 Lengoka, v.i , to be polished, smooth, 
 nice ; comfortable ; sharp (of 
 knives). 
 
 Lengokelwa, 7/., ...omeso (pi. 7), to 
 look at longingly, lustfully. 
 The object immediately follows 
 the verb. Olengokelwa e le- 
 kwa 0 meSO, he looked longing¬ 
 ly after the thing. 
 
 lengokelwa... 0 meso kwa, to be 
 
 looked at longingly, lustfully, 
 by... 
 
 lengokelwa 0 moyo (sing. 3), to 
 set one’s heart upon, to desire 
 earnestly. 
 
 lengokelwa 0 moyo kwa.. ., to 
 
 be longed for by... ; Kialengo- 
 kelwa 0 moyo kwa yandi, he 
 had set his heart upon it. 
 
 Lengola, v., to sharpen, whet, stroke, 
 smooth, polish, make nice, 
 clean, comfortable. 
 
 Lengola, v ., to look askance, con¬ 
 temptuously. 
 
 Lengolengo, 6, n., a small tree used 
 medicinally, also bird lime pre¬ 
 pared from it. 
 
 -alengolengo, a ., polished, smooth. 
 
 Lengolola, v ., to smooth over 
 thoroughly. 
 
 Lengomoka, v.i., to roll on to the 
 other side (as a person or 
 animal). 
 
 Lengnka, 7/., see Lengoka. 
 
 Lengnkilwa, see Lengokelwa 1 . 
 Lengula, v., see Lengola. 
 
 Lengulula, v., see Lengolola; 
 
 Lenza, v.t., to eat (of animals), a~very 
 offensive term whe?i used of or 
 to a person. 
 
 Leta, v.t., to lap (as a dog), to lick 
 (hence also an abusive word 
 as above). Adieyi oletele e 
 mbele ame, what did you 
 lick my knife for (a quarrel 
 would ensue because the man 
 is compared to a dog). 
 
 Leva, v.i:, to be pliant, yielding, 
 flexible, pliable, soft. 
 
 Leva, 9, 71., flexibility, pliability. . 
 
 Levesa, V., to soften, render flexible 
 or pliant. 
 
 Levola, \t/., to curse, revile, abuse, 
 
 LevulaJ sw^ear at, execrate. 
 
 Lezo, 6, 71., a plant the leaves of which 
 may be cooked' and eaten as 
 spinach. 
 
 Li, 1 before i becomes d. 
 
 Lo, 6, 71., a time spent in. an unbroken 
 sleep, whether dhy or night ; a 
 part of the night. A period of 
 sleeplessness is also spoken of 
 as lo, or if long perhaps even 
 as two lo. Lo is then an in¬ 
 definite period, and more pro¬ 
 perly expresses the time that a 
 Kongo, sleeping on his hard 
 mat, would spend before turn¬ 
 ing over on to his other side, 
 lo kia mvolwa makukwa, 9 
 o’clock p.m. The ti 77 ie whe 7 i 
 the hearth stones have become 
 cool. 
 
 lo kia mamoko, the time after the 
 evening meal when people chat 
 before retiring to rest. 
 
 Lo, obj. pro 7 i., cl. 10 & 11, sing., it. 
 olo, de/n. pro 7 i., cl. 10 & 11, sing. 
 2ndpos., that. 
 
 Loa, v.t., to catch with a hook. 
 
 Loba, v.t., to rub on. 
 
 Loba, v. (Mpa.), to use abusive lan¬ 
 guage, to abuse. 
 
Lod-Lon 
 
 ( 324 ) 
 
 Lodia-lodia, pi., 6, zz., crying, wail¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Lodiana, v., to cry, wail. 
 
 Loka, v., to be red, become red. 
 
 Loka, 9, zz., redness. 
 
 Loka, v.t ., bewitch, kill, harm (by 
 witchcraft). 
 
 loka e nkixi (4), pi ., to curse by 
 means of a charm. When any¬ 
 thing is stolen, or when there is 
 . an occasion to seek the aid of 
 charms, it is customary to strike 
 , the charm-images, and to tell 
 them to do their work, viz. to 
 kill, the thief or to aid in finding 
 , out, the<culprit. 
 
 Lokela e ngnji (2), v., to swear at, 
 curse, .abuse, execrate, use bad 
 language. 
 
 Lokesa, v., to make red. 
 
 Lokoka, v., ,to be greedy, voracious, 
 .covetous. 
 
 Lokokela, v.„ to covet, hanker after. 
 
 Lokosa, v ., to stammer, stutter. 
 
 Lokosa, 9, zz ., stuttering, stammering. 
 
 Lokota, v., see Bokota. 
 
 Lokotela, 6, zz., delirium, talk in one's 
 sleep. 
 
 vova e lokotela, v., to talk in 
 one’s sleep or in delirium. 
 
 Lolo, 'deni, pron ., cl. 10 & 11, sing., 
 2ndpos., emphatic , that. 
 
 Lolo, 6, zz., a low tree the wood of 
 which is of a bright yellow 
 colour, very astringent, also a 
 bush yielding a yellow edible 
 fruit. 
 
 Loloka, v., to forgive, pardon, absolve, 
 remit, excuse. 
 
 Loloka, 9, zz., pardon, forgiveness 
 granted (active). 
 
 Lolokwa, v.i., to be pardoned, for¬ 
 given. 
 
 ke -lolokwa ko, a., inexcusable, un¬ 
 pardonable. 
 
 Lolokwa, 9, zz., forgiveness, pardon 
 obtained (passive). 
 
 Lolomoka, v.i ., to assemble, muster, 
 come in crowds, great abund¬ 
 ance, numbers. 
 
 Lolomona, v.t., to cause to come in 
 crowds, abundance, great num¬ 
 bers. 
 
 lolomona e diambu (7), to prolong 
 a speech, talk ceaselessly. 
 
 Lolonji, 2, zz. (P. relogio), watch, 
 timepiece, clock. 
 
 Lomba, v., to blacken with clouds, 
 become cloudy, dark, to darken 
 (as the sky), get black, lower. 
 
 Lomba, v.t., to ask for, beg, request, 
 pray, apply, beseech, claim, de¬ 
 mand, want, plead for, suppli¬ 
 cate for. 
 
 lomba e kinia (5), to challenge, 
 dare, defy. 
 
 lomba e ntalll (4), to ask or name 
 a price. 
 
 lomba 0 nswa (4), to ask permis¬ 
 sion. 
 
 Lombo, 6, zz., company, caravan, party, 
 crowd of strangers. 
 
 Lombo, 6, zz., lodging, the house lent 
 for a stranger to sleep in. 
 
 SOllga e lombo, v., to entertain hos¬ 
 pitably, show hospitality. 
 
 Lombo, 6, zz., a person supposed to be 
 the incarnation of a ximbi (6), 
 water fairy. 
 
 Lomboka, v.i., to get black, blacken, 
 be darkened, darken, ripen, 
 turn the right” colour (black). 
 
 Lombola, v.t., to blacken, darken, dye 
 black. 
 
 Lombolola, v., to repeat or renew a 
 request, be importunate, to 
 chatter, talk on and on, talk 
 much, argue, discuss, debate, 
 bore (any one) with endless 
 talk. 
 
 Londa, v., to mend, repair, patch, sew 
 up. 
 
 Londana, v., to come or go one after 
 the other, to follow in Indian file 
 
 Londe, IO, zz., hill. (This word is 
 only used in adverbial clauses.) 
 
 oku or vana londe, higher up on 
 the hill (comparatively). 
 
 mwixi (1 pi. exi) londe, zz., a High¬ 
 lander, one living on the hills. 
 
( 325 ) 
 
 Lon-Lu. 
 
 Londoka, v., to set out, set forth, 
 depart, start on a journey. 
 
 Londoka, v.i., to be mended. 
 
 Longa, v.t., to instruct, teach, exhort, 
 counsel, reprove, advise, ad¬ 
 monish, educate, train. 
 
 Longa, v.t., to cheer, console, comfort. 
 
 Longakana, v.i., to be teachable^ 
 tractable, docile. 
 
 Longalakana, v., to go in a crowd, in 
 a great number. 
 
 Longeleka, v.i., to crowd in, cause to 
 go in a crowd. 
 
 Longesela, v., to advise, counsel, 
 suggest, propose. 
 
 longesela...ovo, v., to recommend 
 to. 
 
 LongO, io, «., wedlock, the state of 
 wedlock, matrimony, marriage. 
 
 kala kuna longo lua, v., to cohabit 
 with (of the woman) ; sompa 0 
 longo, to cohabit with (of the 
 man). 
 
 nkama (2) a longo, 71., payment for 
 a wife, dowry. 
 
 kala okn longo, v., to live in wed¬ 
 lock (of women only). 
 
 SOmpa 0 longo, to marry. 
 
 vonda 0 longo, to divorce, put away 
 a wife. 
 
 Longo, 10, 71., lust, sexual desire, 
 concupiscence. 
 
 Longola, v., to peep, peer. 
 
 Longolola, v., to pour into another 
 receptacle, to decant. 
 
 Longomoka, v., to go or come crowd¬ 
 ing, to press along as a crowd. 
 
 Longomona, v., to drive out (a 
 woman’s word when angry), 
 ovo kuvaika ko, ngiza kulo- 
 ngomona, if you do not go out 
 I shall come to make you go. 
 
 Longwa, v., to learn, to be taught. 
 
 Lonzo, 10, 7 t., the fury of beasts in the 
 rutting season ; very inordinate 
 sexual desire. 
 
 Lonzoka, v.i.. to come a little way out 
 of its hiding place or sheath 
 (as a rat, or propelling pencil), 
 to come a little way out of cover 
 
 Lonzoka, co 7 itinued. 
 
 (as game), e nkayi ilonzokele 
 kuna mpembe, the antelope 
 came a little way out into the 
 open. 
 
 Lonzola, v.i., to cause to come out of 
 its hiding place ; see Lonzoka. 
 
 Lonzomoka, v.i., to rush, come out of 
 a hole, house, or cover, and run 
 away. 
 
 Lonzomona, v.t ., to bring or drive 
 out of cover, or out of a hole, 
 or house. 
 
 Lose, 10, 71., forehead, brow, face, 
 countenance, presence. 
 
 Oku (&c.) lose, in front, in the 
 presence ; for Locatives, see 
 under Kuma. 
 
 Oku (&c.) lose lua, pref., in front 
 of, before, in the presence of ; 
 for Locatives , see U7ider Kuma. 
 
 kuna (&c.) lose, adv., hereafter, in 
 the future, eventually ; for Loca¬ 
 tives , see wider Kuma. 
 
 Loso, 10, 71. (P. arroz), rice. 
 
 Losoka, v.i., to go, pass through. 
 
 Losola, v.t., to cause to pass through. 
 
 e losola, adv. 
 
 kwenda e losola, v.t., to go through 
 (as a bullet). 
 
 kwiza e losola, to come through. 
 
 losola 0 mambu, v., to speak 
 thoughtlessly. 
 
 Losolwa, v.i., see Losoka. 
 
 Loswela, v.t., see Losola. 
 
 Lota, v., to dream. 
 
 Lotia, 10, 71, a skin disease slightly 
 squamous, accompanied by 
 itching, affecting chiefly the 
 back. 
 
 Loto, 10, 71., trowel, spoon. 
 
 loto lua evembo ( 8 ), n., shoulder 
 blade. 
 
 Lowa, v., to fish with a hook. 
 
 Loza, v., to throw away, throw out, 
 cast, fling away. 
 
 Loza, v. (Bako.), to shoot, fire a gun. 
 
 Lozela, v., to lay (eggs). 
 
 Lu-, singular prefix of nouns, classes 
 10 & 11; plural Tu. 
 
Lu-Lub 
 
 ( 32 $ ) 
 
 Lu-, subj. pronom. prefix applied to 
 adjectives and verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of the 
 -loth & nth cl., sing, 
 olu, dem. & rel. fir on., cl. io,& n, 
 sing ., 1st pos., this, which. 
 
 ..Ln-, prefix applied to collective nouns, 
 previously deprived of any other 
 prefix, thus reducing them to 
 cl. 11, which is used to express 
 one (or, in the plural, a very 
 small number) of the indi¬ 
 viduals out of the mass gene- 
 .rally expressed by such nouns, 
 thus : Kinswa, a swarm of 
 .winged white ants, or yinswa, 
 individual specimens (pi.), be¬ 
 comes lnnswa, one in particular, 
 or tunswa, plural (two or 
 more of such ants). In depriv¬ 
 ing nouns of their other prefixes, 
 in order to add the In- and 
 bring them into this class, any 
 euphonic changes caused by the 
 old prefixes will no longer exist, 
 the root will resume its 
 .original form. Ndala (2), palm- 
 frondlets, the root lala becomes 
 Inlala, a palm-frondlet. Such 
 collective nouns will be generally 
 -found under their collective form. 
 In a few instances nouns have 
 been thrown into this class (11), to 
 prevent misunderstanding, thus 
 Mpambu chains have for their 
 singular luvambu, to prevent 
 confusion with mpambu, a point 
 where roads separate ; in such 
 cases the plural form in tu 
 may also be used. 
 
 La-, a prefix sometimes applied to the 
 name of a country, previously 
 deprived of other prefixes, to 
 denote the language or custom 
 of that country ; see Language, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Luaji, 6, ?i., axe, hatchet. 
 
 Luajisa, v., to suckle. 
 
 Luaka, v.i ., to come, arrive, reach, 
 luaka (kuna, muna or vana), v. 
 
 Luaka, continued. 
 
 to arrive at, reach, get to, come 
 to, extend to. 
 
 zunga (6, ki-) luaka, to feel faint 
 
 or dizzy. 
 
 Luakakana, v.i., to be accessible. 
 
 Luakisa, v.t., to bring near, take near, 
 cause to approach, or arrive 
 at. 
 
 Luala, v., to be cut, gashed, wounded 
 (by a knife). 
 
 ntima (4, u -) luala, v., to be grieved, 
 cut to the heart, to break one’s 
 heart. 
 
 Lualu, dem. pron., cl. 10 & 11, sing., 
 1st pos., emphatic , this, these. 
 
 Lualu, 10, n., a layer of grass on a 
 roof. 
 
 Lualuna, dem. pron., cl. 10 & 11, 
 sing., 3 rd pos ., emphatic , that, 
 those. 
 
 Luamvu, 10, n., flaw, crack, fissure. 
 
 buka 0 luamvu, v., to be cracked, 
 sprung. 
 
 Luandu, 10, n., mat of split papyrus 
 stems sewn together. 
 
 Luandu, 11 & 12, see Wandu. 
 
 Luanga, 10, ?t., see Luwanga. 
 
 Luanzu, 10, n., small track (under the 
 grass, as a rat’s track). 
 
 Luasu, 10, 71., a shrub, the leaves of 
 which have medicinal proper¬ 
 ties. 
 
 Luau, subj. also emphatic obj. pron., 
 cl. 10 & 11, sing., it, them. 
 
 Luau , poss. pro 7 i., see -au. 
 
 Luavu, 10, n., an adze. 
 
 Luayi, 10, umbilical cord. 
 
 Luaza, v., to tap (a palm for wine), 
 get (wine), suck (the breast). 
 
 -alubakala, a. (Bako.), right (of the 
 arm, hand). 
 
 Lubangiku, 10, n., persecution, op¬ 
 pression, worry, annoyance 
 (used only of oppression, etc., 
 conducted by words, as by de¬ 
 manding persistently or insist¬ 
 ing, without direct violence). 
 
 Lubangiku, 10, n., hell torment; see 
 also Bangika. 
 
( 327 ) 
 
 Lub-Luj 
 
 Lubantamu,) io, n., origin, com- 
 
 Lubantiku, / mencement, beginning, 
 -alubantiku, a., first, commencing. 
 
 Lubasa, 11 & 2, tz., midrib or leaf 
 stem of palm frond, 
 lubasa lua nima, n., backbone, 
 spine. 
 
 Lubata, 11 & 2, n., a slap, 
 wanda 0 lubata, v., to slap. 
 
 Lubatabata, 10,moss. 
 
 Lubatabata, 6 , u., a title of nobility. 
 
 Lubela, 10, n., a stream having pipe¬ 
 clay on its banks or in suspen¬ 
 sion in its waters ; also a very 
 light-skinned person. 
 
 Lubielekese, 10, n ., thinness, slight¬ 
 ness, leanness. 
 
 -alubielekese, a ., lean, thin, slight. 
 
 Lubini, 10, tongue. 
 
 Lubo, 10, n. } sediment, dregs, floating 
 scum, hence also cream, yeast. 
 
 Lubongo, 10, n ., a kola nut. 
 
 Lubuka, 10, n., a fetish of the Ndembo 
 mystery. 
 
 Lubuku, 10, zz., squirrel (large). 
 
 Lubulu, 10, u., small torrent bed, 
 brook, ditch, drain. 
 
 Lubululwisu, 10, n., digestion. 
 
 Lubundakeso, 10, n ., addition, an 
 addition sum, an adding up. 
 
 Lubunda, 10, n., sheath of knife. 
 
 Lubunda, 11 & 2, n., a fold. 
 
 Lubutiabutia, 10, zz., a bird (insect¬ 
 ivorous). 
 
 Ludi, 6 , n ., truth, reality, veracity, 
 fact, evidence, advice, 
 mona e ludi, v ., to believe. 
 
 -aludi, a ., true, real, firm (of a price), 
 sure, certain, correct, right, 
 e ludi, adv., indeed, truly, really. 
 
 Ludika, v., to tell, or speak the truth, 
 give evidence, bear witness, 
 declare, testify, assure, to be 
 candid, to persuade, dissuade, 
 counsel, advise, exhort ; to tell 
 something, to confess. 
 
 Ludikisa, v., to consult, to seek advice, 
 to take counsel. 
 
 Ludiku, 10, zz., a present of food, as a 
 goat, &c. 
 
 Ludimi, 10, n. (Bako.), tongue. 
 
 Lueka, v.t., to wound, to cut, gash 
 (with a knife only). 
 
 Lueka, 10, zz., half ( = part). 
 
 Luela, 10, n., African backgammon. 
 
 -aluelo, a ., little, fine, small, narrow. 
 
 -luelo, a., too little, too fine or small. 
 
 Luenga, v ., to be very clever, talented. 
 
 Luenga, 9 , zz., cleverness, great ability, 
 talent, skill. 
 
 Luenia, 10, n., sickness, biliousness 
 (after overfeeding). 
 
 Luenga, 10, zz., very small pot. 
 
 Lufionzo, 10, 11. {sing, only ), the nick¬ 
 name of a very thin boy or lad. 
 
 Lufiaulwisu, 10, zz., joy, happiness, 
 gratification, contentment, com¬ 
 fort, quiet, congratulation, 
 vana 0 lufiaulwisu, v. } to con¬ 
 gratulate. 
 
 Lufionzo, 10, zz., a little, thin skinny 
 boy. 
 
 Lufuka, v., to spirt, spout, jet, gush, 
 squirt. 
 
 Lufuku, 11 & 2, n. (used specially 
 in counting beads of the cur¬ 
 rency), fifty. 
 
 Lufulu, 10, zz., site (for a house), po¬ 
 sition, place, foundation, 
 kumba 0 lufulu, v., to cut a terrace, 
 cut out a site. 
 
 lufulu luakumbwa, n., terrace. 
 
 Lufulu, 10, zz., the lungs, 
 lufulu luandi lubisukidi 0 menga, 
 his lungs are congested. 
 
 Lufumba, 10, zz., pitch, slope of roof, 
 an arch. 
 
 Lufunde, IO, n., sensitive plant (mi¬ 
 mosa). 
 
 Lufwa, 10, n , death, manner of death. 
 
 Luila, 10, n., ant nest (pagoda-like, of 
 yellow ants, or conical, or any 
 in woods). 
 
 Luina, IO, n., perspiration, sweat, 
 transpiration. 
 
 Luinda, 10, n., wattles or comb (of 
 fowl), cock’s comb. 
 
 Luinda, IO, n. } candle or lamp (Mpa.). 
 
 Lujiejie, 10, n., a climbing plant. 
 
 Lujiku, 10, n. } funeral, burial. 
 
Luj-Luk 
 
 ( 328 ) 
 
 Lujingameno, n., 10, perplexity, 
 
 trouble, predicament. 
 
 Luka, v., to be forewarned (know), 
 beware, be aware, be wary, 
 cautious, on one’s guard, watch¬ 
 ful, take precaution, be far- 
 seeing, skilful, sly, crafty, 
 cunning. 
 
 Luka, v., to vomit, be sick. 
 
 luka 0 maza, v., to reply after con¬ 
 sideration ; see Consider, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Lukailu, 10, n ., offering, gift ( applied 
 form, an offering for). 
 
 Lukalakala, 11 & 2, n ., side (of meat, 
 a carcase divided in half length¬ 
 ways). 
 
 Lukamba, 10, n., sling of palm 
 
 climber. 
 
 Lukananu, 10, n., parting ; farewell. 
 
 Lukanu, 10, n ., intention, determina¬ 
 tion, project, resolve, purpose, 
 plan, scheme, decision, disposi¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Lukandala, 10, n., trigger guard. 
 
 Lukandu, 10, n., a bundle of charms 
 which are said to be able to 
 prevent rain. 
 
 Lilkata, 11 & 2, n., box, case, chest. 
 
 Lukau, 10, 71., gift, donation, offering, 
 present, dividend, 
 lukau luankenda, alms. 
 
 Lukaya, 11 & 8 {pi. makaya), leaf (of 
 a tree), a leaf, sheet of paper, 
 paper, page. 
 
 Lukelekese, 10, n., thinness, slight¬ 
 ness, leanness. 
 
 -alukelekese, a., thin, slight, lean. 
 
 Lukenene, 10, n., disgust, loathing, 
 revulsion, abhorrence. 
 
 Luketo, 10, 7 i., loins, waist, hip. 
 
 Lukevo, 10, 77., decrease. 
 
 Lllkiatiku, 10, 72 ., order, arrangement. 
 
 Lukila, v.t., to feed (as pigeons their 
 young). 
 
 Lukisa, v., to give warning, make 
 aware of, caution, give informa¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Lukisa, v., to cause to vomit, to act 
 as an emetic. 
 
 Lukofi, 10, 7 t., clap of the hand (ex¬ 
 pressive of thanks or of con¬ 
 gratulation). 
 
 vana 0 lukofi, to congratulate (by 
 clapping the hands), 
 wanda 0 lukofi, v., to clap the 
 hands in token of thanks and 
 acceptance. 
 
 Lukokoto, 10, 7 i. (Bako.), hardness in 
 a bargain, stinginess. 
 
 Lukondeso, 10, n., subtraction. 
 Lukonananu (10) lua ntima (4), dis¬ 
 appointment. 
 
 Lukonoko, 10, zz., decrease. 
 
 Lukove, 11 & 2, 71., a cabbage leaf. 
 
 Luku, 10, 72., prepared cassava root 
 beaten into flour, also a pudding 
 made of such meal ; see Cas¬ 
 sava, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Lukubiku, 10, n., order, arrangement. 
 
 Lukudi, pi. 6, 71., the cud, vomit. 
 
 -alukufi, a., short. 
 
 Lukufiku, 10, 72., the abbreviation, 
 shortening. 
 
 Lukuka, v.t., to abound, to be in great 
 numbers or quantities, 
 tiya (pi. 10, tu-) lukuka, v., to flare 
 up. 
 
 Lukuka, v., to be vomited up. 
 
 Lukukutu, 10, 7 i., ganglion, on the 
 wrist. 
 
 Lukula, v.t., to collect, get together, 
 amass, heap up ; put plenty, 
 much, many. 
 
 Llkula, v., to vomit, chew the cud, 
 ruminate. 
 
 Lukumpiku, 10, 71 ., order, arrange¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Lukuni, 11 & 2 (ft. nkuni), zz., log of 
 
 firewood. 
 
 Lukusu, 10, 7i., a pigmentary change, 
 by which some parts of the 
 hands become white, causing ; 
 a disease unaccompanied by 
 any discomfort. 
 
 Lukuta, v.t., to be burnt, charred, to 
 be converted into charcoal. 
 
 Lukutisa, v.t., to burn, char, convert 
 into charcoal. 
 
 Lukutu, 10, 71., stomach. 
 
1 329 ) 
 
 Luk-Lum 
 
 Lukwatu, 10, n., tongs, a vice (tool), 
 forceps, nippers, pliers, pincers. 
 
 Lukwikilll, 10, faith, belief, trust, 
 creed, conviction, confidence, 
 engagement, contract, agree¬ 
 ment ; confession. 
 
 Lula, v., to be acrid, bitter. 
 
 Lul-, Nouns of class 11 in lul, when 
 exchanging the singular prefix 
 lu for the collect, or plural 
 form n, the initial 1 becomes d 
 according to euphonic laws ; 
 e.g. Lulala, ndala. 
 
 Lulala, 11 & 2 {pi. ndala), n., frondlet 
 (palm). 
 
 Lulalu, 10, n., decrease, wearing away. 
 Lulembe, 11 & 2, n. {pi. ndembe), 
 leaf (of grass, onions, &c.). 
 
 Lulendo, 10, 71., pride, arrogance, 
 ambition, vanity, conceit, in¬ 
 solence, impudence, wilfulness, 
 stubbornness, independence, 
 lembeka, kulula or sakula 0 
 lulendo, v.t ., to humble, 
 nkwa or yo lulendo, a., ambitious, 
 proud, haughty, insolent, im¬ 
 pudent. 
 
 Lulengya-lengya, 10, n a very small 
 green snake. 
 
 Lulewa, 11 & 2, n. {pi. ndewa), a 
 piece of pith of the midrib of 
 the palm. 
 
 Luloloko, 10, n., remission, forgive¬ 
 ness, pardon, absolution. 
 
 Lulu, dem. pron., cl. 10 & 11, sing., 
 islpos. emphatic , this is it, here 
 it is ; used only after the verbal 
 particle i. 
 
 Luludiku, 10, ?i., advice, counsel, ex¬ 
 hortation, affirmation, witness, 
 testimony, evidence. 
 
 Lulungalalu, 10, u., insight,prudence, 
 wisdom ; see Lungalala. 
 
 Luma, v.i., to emit semen. 
 
 Lumba, v., to throw down, cast down 
 violently, to cause to fall heavily ; 
 pay a heavy price, pay ex¬ 
 orbitantly, extravagantly. 
 
 Lumbama, v.i., to fall heavily, strike, 
 beat against heavily. 
 
 Lumbamba, 10, n., language of 
 Mbamba (a tribe to the west¬ 
 ward of San Salvador). 
 
 Lumbembambemba, 10, n., butterfly. 
 
 Lumboma, 10, n., languageof Mboma 
 people. 
 
 Lumbu, 6 , n., day. 
 
 Lumbu e lumbu kina, the day before 
 yesterday, the other day. 
 lumbu kia ezandu (8), market-day. 
 lumbu kiatutu, seldom, occasion¬ 
 ally, rarely, now and then, some¬ 
 times, from time to time, 
 lumbu kiawanso, all day long, 
 lumbu kwa, how long ? how many 
 days ? 
 
 lumbu yawanso, every day, for 
 ever, always. 
 
 lumbu ya lumbu, day by day. 
 -alumbu ya lumbu, a., daily, day 
 by day. 
 
 -a lumbu yawanso, daily, usual, 
 every day, general, ordinary, 
 e lumbu yawanso, usually, or¬ 
 dinary, daily, generally, 
 e yaka lumbu, from time to time, 
 sometimes. 
 
 kulula or vunza e lumbu, v., to 
 put off; to defer, postpone, 
 lumbu yole, kina kietatu ke- 
 kwiza, in three days he will 
 come. 
 
 tuka muna lumbu kiaki, hence¬ 
 forth. 
 
 yau lumbu eyi, lately, recently 
 (these days). 
 
 xia e lumbu kiakaka, v ., to put 
 
 off to another day. 
 
 Lumbu, 10, n., hedge, stockade, rail¬ 
 ing, wall, fence, compound, en¬ 
 closure, palace, house of the 
 chief, home, residence, premises. 
 
 Lumbu lua ntima, 10, n., the midrif, 
 diaphragm. 
 
 tunga 0 lumbu, v., to fence, make 
 a railing or enclosure. 
 
 Lumbu, 10, n. (Bako.), song. 
 
 Lumbuta, 10, n ., the adult state, 
 puberty. 
 
 -alumbuta, a., adult, of adults. 
 
Lum-Lun 
 
 ( 330 ) 
 
 Lumbuta, continued. 
 
 -alumfulumbumbu, a. 
 makaxi (pi. 8), malumfulumbu- 
 mbu, hasty temper. 
 
 Lumemo, 10, ?i., slice. 
 
 Lumingu, 10, n., a dressing up in fine 
 things. 
 
 lumbu kia lumingu, the day on 
 
 which everybody puts on finery, 
 as for a dance, etc. ; see Minga. 
 -alumingu, a., festive. 
 
 Lumingu, 10, n. (P. domingo), or 
 lumbu kia lumingu, Sunday, 
 the Lord’s day, Sabbath. (A 
 most unfortunate coincidence 
 with the preceding word), the 
 Christian week (the Kongo week 
 has four days only), Tumingu 
 tutatu, three weeks (three 
 Sundays). 
 
 lumingu (10) luamputu, n ., Christ¬ 
 mas day. 
 
 Lumoni, 10, n., or va lumoni, the 
 
 place whence a fine view may 
 be obtained, or where there is 
 plenty of light. 
 
 Lumonso, 10, n., left-handedness, 
 -alumonso, a., left-handed, 
 kuna lumonso, adz/., left-handedly. 
 
 Lumpempe, 10, n., craving for food 
 (as in convalescence), hunger. 
 
 Lumpukunia, 10, n., a small bat. 
 
 Lumpungumpungu, 10, n., dragon 
 fly. 
 
 Lumunga, 10, n., the part of the fore¬ 
 head between the eyes, 
 jitula 0 lumunga, v., to cease to 
 scowl. 
 
 kanga 0 lumunga, v., to scowl, 
 okangidi 0 lumunga or 0 lumu¬ 
 nga luandi luna e nzua or e 
 toyo, he is scowling, frowning. 
 Lumweno, 10, n., or va lumweno, 
 see Lumoni. 
 
 Lumweno, 10, n. (Bako.), looking- 
 glass, mirror. 
 
 Luna, ) dem. & rel. proti., cl. 10 & 11, 
 
 oluna, \ sing., 3rdpos., that, which, 
 that which. 
 
 Lunana, 10, n., eighty. 
 
 Lunda, v.t., to guard, keep, take care 
 of, protect, watch, look after, 
 reserve, preserve, hide, put away, 
 lay by, set aside, save up, store, 
 hoard. 
 
 lunda (e konko, 6 ), to obey (com¬ 
 mands, &c.). 
 
 lunda e mbumba, v., to keep a 
 secret. 
 
 Lundengwa, 10, n., a lady-bird. 
 
 Lundidila, v.t., to save up. 
 
 Lundila, v., to devote, to keep for. 
 
 Lundisa, v., to commit to, cause to 
 keep, entrust with. 
 
 Lundumuka, v., to run, rush off, 
 scamper away, trot off, race. 
 
 Lunengenenge, 10, n., a precipice, 
 having sides slightly sloping. 
 
 Lunga, v., to come to, to amount to, 
 be complete (in number, quan¬ 
 tity), be exact, just, accurate, 
 right, perfect, expired, fulfilled, 
 legally right, all come, all to 
 hand, all present. 
 
 This word is also used of the 
 triumph of might over right, so 
 that to overcome or conquer in 
 a fight is spoken of as to lunga, 
 whether the right was on the 
 winning side or not, hence to win 
 (a. cause, palaver) ; to prove 
 one’s self right in a palaver, 
 master, overcome, beat, defeat. 
 
 -lunga,/., perfect, complete. 
 
 ke lunga ko, v., to be deficient, 
 short (in number or quantity), 
 incomplete, less than, not attain 
 to. 
 
 Lunga 0 tiya (pi. 10), v , to make 
 light, or blow the fire. 
 
 Lunga, v.t., to mind ; to take care of, 
 keep, watch, look after, protect, 
 guard. 
 
 lunga e futa (6), to watch the jungle 
 during a bush fire, in order to 
 shoot the game flying before it. 
 
 Lunga-lunga, v., an emphatic of 
 above. 
 
 Lunga, 10, 71., a smithy, forge, foundry, 
 a gale, blast, a strong wind. 
 
( 33 1 ) 
 
 Lun-Lun 
 
 Lunga, 6, bracelet, earring. 
 
 Lungalakana, v.i., to congregate, 
 assemble. 
 
 Lungalakesa, v.t ., to assemble, gather 
 together. 
 
 Lungalala, v., to be wary, cautious, 
 prudent, skilful, far-seeing, dis¬ 
 creet, judicious, shrewd, sly, 
 cui ning, crafty. 
 
 Lungalala, 9, u., prudence, discretion, 
 wisdom, shrewdness, skilfulness. 
 
 Lungana, v.i., to gather together, 
 assemble. 
 
 Lunganga, 10, n., kite. 
 
 Lungidika, v.t., to make aware, warn, 
 render cautious, prudent, wary. 
 
 Lungidila, v., to watch, or look after 
 (a pot on the fire only). 
 
 Lunginga, 10, u., cloth with small 
 check pattern. 
 
 Lungisa, v.t., to complete (in number, 
 Quantity), make exact, fill up 
 in number, give best, vindicate, 
 justify, make right, pronounce 
 innocent, express approval, 
 commend. 
 
 Lungisa, v.t., to assemble, cause to 
 assemble. 
 
 Lungisa, 9, n., justification [active). 
 
 Lungiswa, v.i., to be justified {pass, 
 causative of Lunga, which see). 
 
 Lungiswa, 9, n., justification [passive). 
 
 Lungowa, 10, n., hooked stick. 
 
 Lungu, 13, n., canoe. 
 
 Lungubanguba, 10, n., a plant having 
 leaves like the arachis, tares. 
 
 Lunguka, v.i., to abound, exceed, be 
 in excess, overflow, fill to over¬ 
 flowing. 
 
 Lungula, v.t., to fill to overflowing, 
 heap up, put plenty, put much, 
 many, amass, pour out (in 
 abundance). 
 
 Lungungu, 10, n ., harp, a stringed 
 instrument ; the commonest 
 form is like a small bow with 
 one string ; a game played with 
 a hoop. See Appendix (Games). 
 
 Lungwedi, jo, «., loquacity, talkative¬ 
 ness. 
 
 Lungwenia, 10, n., chameleon. 
 
 Lungwengwe, 10, n., trap, a deft 
 arrangement with a noose for 
 catching animals. 
 
 Lunianginiangi, 10, ;/.,moth, a small 
 water fly found in immense 
 numbers among the trees on a 
 river bank, an ox bird (white). 
 
 Luniatu, 10, n., sickness, biliousness 
 in consequence of overfeeding. 
 
 0 lunima, adv., backwards, 
 kwenda 0 lunimanima, v., to go 
 backwards. 
 
 vutuka 0 lunima, v., to recoil, 
 shrink backwards. 
 
 Luningamu, 10, n ., the nickname of 
 a little thin girl. 
 
 Lunji, 6, n., fierceness, ferocity, savage¬ 
 ness, fury, rage, 
 lunji kiansuva, n., fury. 
 
 -alunji, a., ferocious, fierce, savage, 
 furious. 
 
 Lunkelemba, 10, n., treble or falsetto 
 voice. 
 
 -alunkelemba, a., treble, falsetto. 
 
 Lunkulu, 10, 7 i., unwillingness, 
 ku lunkulu, unwillingly, against 
 one’s will. 
 
 Lunkumbidila, 10, n.,see Lunkundia. 
 
 In some districts this name 
 appears to be also applied to 
 the chameleon. 
 
 Lunkumfu, 10, 11., apron of leaves (to 
 catch the dew when travelling 
 on a dewy morning), waterproof 
 coat, mackintosh coat. 
 
 Lunkumfu, 1 o,n., wilfulness, obstinacy, 
 pig-headedness, perverseness, 
 refractoriness, stubbornness, 
 -alunkumfu, a., perverse, obstinate, 
 wilful, pig-beaded, 
 kala yo lunkumfu, v., to be ob¬ 
 stinate, stubborn. 
 
 Lunkundia, 11 & 12, 71., see Unkundia. 
 
 Lunkunku, 10, n., shivering. 
 
 Lunsunga, 6, 71 ., a small green grass¬ 
 hopper, said to be very poisonous 
 to goats, &c. (The mouth of 
 the animal bitten becomes filled 
 with froth.) 
 
Lun-Luv 
 
 ( 332 ) 
 
 Luiltujia, 10, 11., sty in the eye. 
 
 Lunza, v., to ache, hurt. 
 
 lunzwa 0 meno (pi. 7), to have the 
 tooth-ache. 
 
 Lunza, v., to snap and bite (as a dog). 
 
 Lusa, v., to prowl about. 
 
 Lusakalalu, 10, n., abatement, reduc¬ 
 tion, decrease. 
 
 lusakalalu lua makaxi, concilia¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Lusala, 11 & 2 (nsala), n., plume, 
 feather. 
 
 Lusambu, 11 & 2, 71., tip of palm- 
 frond. 
 
 Lusambwadi, 10, 71., seventy. 
 
 Lusambwandala, 11 & 2, n., tip of 
 midrib of palm-frond. 
 
 Lusanu, 10, n., boasting, display. 
 
 Lusansu, 10, n., instruction. 
 
 Luse, 10, n., see Lose. 
 
 Lusende, 11 & 2 (nsende), n., prickle, 
 thorn, spine, splinter. 
 
 Lusoka, 10, n , ramrod. 
 
 Lusolo, 10, n., election, choice. 
 
 Lusu, 10, n., taste of something un¬ 
 pleasant, unpleasant flavour. 
 -alllSU, a., having an unpleasant 
 taste, dirty, obscene. 
 
 Lusumuka, v.i., to be partly pounded. 
 
 Lusuniuna, v.t., to partly pound. 
 
 Lusungameno, 10, 71., care ; concern. 
 
 Luta, v.t ., to pass, go beyond, by, past, 
 exceed, surpass, excel, come 
 past, flow past, by, go further 
 than, roll by, to pass,, elapse, 
 be more than, to outdo,, gain, 
 make a profit. 
 
 luta 0 nluta (4), to make a profit, 
 luta 0 zola, to prefer, to like best. 
 
 Lutaku, 2 & 11, n., ramrod, a brass 
 rod. 
 
 Lutama, 11 & 2 (pi. ntama), «., a 
 measured pace, a span (of the 
 hand). 
 
 Lutambi, 11 & 2, n. (pi. ntambi), 
 foot-step, step, pace, 
 lutambi lua malu, pace, a stride, 
 diata 0 lutambi, v., to take a step. 
 
 Lutambiku, 10, 71., offering ; thing 
 offered, sacrifice. 
 
 Lutangu, 10, n., figure, number. 
 
 Lutaninu, 10, n., defence. 
 
 Lutantu, 10, 71., grievance, offence, 
 annoyance, injustice, wrong, 
 vexation. 
 
 vwa 0 lutantu, v., to be aggrieved, 
 feel wronged, annoyed, have a 
 grievance, have a- grudge 
 against. 
 
 Lute, 10, n., a fishy flavour. 
 
 Lutemweno, 10, 71., information, warn¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Lutialu, 10, n., fault finding. 
 
 Lutila, v., appl. form of Luta. 
 
 lutila muna (nxi), v.i., to go 
 through (a district). 
 
 Lutisa, v.t., to let pass, to get (a thing) 
 past. 
 
 Lutuka, v., to be petted, spoiled. 
 
 -alutuka, a., pet, loved. 
 
 Lutula, v., to indulge, spoil, pet, 
 neglect, leave to oneb, own 
 way, leave to one’s self. ‘ 
 
 Lutumu, 10, «., direction, bidding. 
 
 Luv-> Nouns of class 11 in luv, when 
 exchanging the sing, prefix lu 
 for the collective or plural form 
 m, the V often becomes p ac¬ 
 cording to 1 euphonic laws; e.g. 
 Luvambu, Mpambu. 
 
 Luvadi, ro, ir & 2 (mpadi), ?i., squir¬ 
 rel. 
 
 Luvaku, 11 & 2 (mpaku), «., hook, 
 fish-hook. 
 
 Luvambu, 10, 11 & 2 (mpambu), n ., 
 strong rope, chain, fetters, strap 
 rings (of gun), handcuff, jail, 
 prison. 
 
 koma omu luvambu, v., to put in 
 fetters. 
 
 Luvanza, 11 & 2, n., see Mpanza. 
 
 Luvati, 11 & 2 (mpati), n., rib, 
 side (of body), also a pain in 
 the side, a “stitch,”^ Kala 
 ye. 
 
 0 luvati, adv ., sideways. 
 
 kwenda 0 luvati luvati, v.i., to 
 go sideways. 
 
 leka 0 luvati, v.i., to lie on one’s 
 side. 
 
( 333 ) 
 
 Luv-Luz 
 
 Luve, io, 7t., truce, peace. 
 
 boka 0 luve, v., to proclaim truce, to 
 make a truce. 
 
 Luveleleso, IO, n., purification, all that 
 was necessary to purification or 
 sanctification. 
 
 Luvemba, u & 2 (mpemba), «., pipe 
 clay, marks made with pipe-clay. 
 This is much used in connection 
 with fetish ceremony, for decor¬ 
 ation, also to make hideous. 
 A witch or other doctor often 
 whitens his face and body to 
 render himself still more an 
 object of fear. The doctors 
 often mark the site of a pain 
 and all about the body of a 
 patient with pipe-clay. After 
 arranging his nkixi or weaving 
 a spell, a man puts little marks 
 of it on his temples, forehead, 
 &c. It enters into the com¬ 
 position of many medicines and 
 charms. When a man is 
 acquitted of a charge, marks of it 
 are made on his temples; hence 
 vana e mpemba is, to acquit. 
 
 Luveve, IO, fin, tail (of fish), screw 
 propeller. 
 
 Luvevekejia, 10, n., thinness (of 
 paper). 
 
 -aluvevekejia, a., thin (as paper, 
 &c.). 
 
 Luvezo, 10, n. y transgression, dis¬ 
 obedience, slight, scorn, dis¬ 
 regard, contempt. 
 
 -aluvezo, a., regardless, scornful. 
 
 Luvila, 10, n. (mvila), relationship^ 
 family, clan ; see Clan, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Luvu, II & 2, n., a gray hair. 
 
 Luvuluzu, 10, n., deliverance, sal¬ 
 vation, all that was necessary 
 to salvation. 
 
 Luvumbu, 10, //., the language of 
 Mpuntbu. 
 
 matadi (pi. 8 ) ma luvumbu, the 
 
 coloured earths with which the 
 Upper River folk mark their 
 bodies. 
 
 Luvungula, 11 & 2 (Mvungula), >/., 
 a spark, a glowing ash. 
 
 Luvunu, 10, n., dissimulation, lie, 
 deceit, deceitfulness, falsehood, 
 untruth, trick, affectation, arti¬ 
 fice, sham, pretence, fraud, im¬ 
 posture. 
 
 nkwa (1) luvunu, a cheat, a 
 liar. 
 
 -aluvunu, a., deceitful, false, untrue, 
 fabulous, counterfeit, artificial, 
 mock, sham, fraudulent, imita¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Luvwa, 10, ninety. 
 
 Luwananu, IO, zz., meeting together. 
 
 Lliwanga, io,zz.,a boil,asmall abscess, 
 also a small frog. 
 
 Luwumbu, IO, n., language of Ba- 
 wumbu (Mpumbu). 
 
 Luwutilu, 10, 71., birth, the giving of 
 birth (active). 
 
 Luwutuku, jo, 7i., birth, the being 
 born (passive). 
 
 Luxikilu, 10, 71., exactness, accu¬ 
 racy. 
 
 Luxila, v., to prowl about for. 
 
 Luxila, 11 & 2 {pi. nxila), 71., chop 
 (of pork). 
 
 Luxindu, 10,zz., noise, riot, scuffling. 
 
 nikuna 0 luxindu, v., to start a 
 riot or disturbance, make a 
 noise. 
 
 Luxinsu, 10, 71., an attempt, en¬ 
 deavour. 
 
 Luxioko, 10, 7i., decrease. 
 
 Luyalu, IO, 71., accession, reigning, 
 rule, dominion, reign, govern¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Luyangalalu, 10, zz., contentment, 
 enjoyment, peace, comfort, hap¬ 
 piness, pleasure, gladness, joy, 
 rejoicing, felicity, exultation, 
 delight. 
 
 Luyikilu, 10, 71., an attribute. 
 
 Luyinduxianu, 10, 71., the remem¬ 
 brance one of another. 
 
 Luzala, n & 2 {pi. nzala), zz., talon, 
 claw, finger-nail. 
 
 Luzayilu, 10, 71., knowledge, a degree 
 or extent of knowledge. 
 
Luz-Ma 
 
 ( 334 ) 
 
 Luzemba, IO, the sling upon which 
 an infant is carried. 
 
 Luzevo, 11 & 2, n, a hair of the beard. 
 
 Luzolaiianii'i 
 
 _ , J >lio, n mutual affection. 
 
 Luzolanu, J ’ 
 
 Luzolo, io, n., purpose, will, pleasure, 
 desire ; unyambwila o luzolo 
 luandi, let him do as he likes. 
 
 Luzonzeko, IO, n., order, arrange¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Luzuntu, io, n., aim. 
 
 Luzuntu, io, n. t a way of cutting. 
 
 Lw-, see lu. 
 
 M. 
 
 M and N are the only consonants 
 which can be combined with 
 other consonants. M can only 
 be used before the labials b, f, 
 p, V. Mw is really a combina¬ 
 tion of m and 0, or m and u 
 before a vowel, and is only to 
 be found in such a position. 
 
 It has, however, been noted in 
 other Bantu languages, that 
 there are really two kinds of 
 ni’s and n’s ; it is perhaps more 
 correct to speak of three of 
 each. The first is the ordinary 
 consonant m, appearing in com¬ 
 bination with the above-named 
 letters, or as m pure ; that is to 
 say, the sole consonant in the 
 syllable. This kind may be 
 considered as m radical, and is 
 pronounced in the ordinary way 
 as in English. 
 
 The second kind is the heavy 
 nasal, which is prononuced by 
 keeping the lips closed and con¬ 
 tinuing the nasal sound longer 
 than in ordinary speaking. In 
 rapid speech this is scarcely 
 perceptible, but it will be ob¬ 
 served if an intelligent native 
 is asked to pronounce it care¬ 
 fully. It is used before the 
 
 M, continued. 
 
 above-named consonants, and 
 creates no change. This heavy 
 m invariably represents a con¬ 
 tracted prefix mu, which may 
 be traced in other Bantu lan¬ 
 guages, and indeed very often 
 in dialects spoken very near to 
 Kongo. Wherever it is pre¬ 
 fixed to an m pure, that one is 
 elided, and the heavy m re¬ 
 mains : mana, to finish ; mani, 
 one who finishes. Its history 
 is more fully referred to in the 
 Grammar. 
 
 The third m, which we may call 
 the light m, is invariably a pre¬ 
 fix, the history of which has not 
 yet been traced, although it 
 appears in all Bantu languages. 
 In some, however, it appears 
 with the vowel i prefixed to it. 
 It is pronounced in the ordin¬ 
 ary way as in English, but when 
 it is applied to a root having v 
 for its initial, the V is changed 
 into p. When it has to be pre¬ 
 fixed to an m pure it becomes 
 mb. 
 
 Vanda, to plait. 
 
 Mpanda, a manner of plaiting. 
 Mona, to see. 
 
 Mbona, a sight. 
 
 Sometimes in speaking carelessly, 
 Kongos do not make this 
 change, especially in syllables 
 having the vowel u; it is not, 
 however, considered to be cor¬ 
 rect so to do. 
 
 -m- ( light nasal), subj. also obj. pronom. 
 Prefix , istpers., sing, I, me. 
 
 -m- ( heavy nasal), obj. prono?n. prefix , 
 $rdpers., sing, him, her. 
 
 ma-, the prefix n.a is sometimes used 
 without any noun apparent with 
 which it concords. In such a 
 case, mambu, things (abstract), 
 is understood. 
 
 M-, subj. pron. Pref., cl. J, 8, 9, & 13, pi. 
 Ma = mio+a, see To, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
( 335 ) 
 
 Ma-Mak 
 
 Ma, 6, n., thing, something, anything, 
 object, substance, article, (pi.) 
 goods, things, property, 
 ma kia moyo, a living creature, 
 ma kia nzambi, n., an insect, see 
 Insect, Eng.-Kongo. 
 ma yawanso, everything. 
 
 Ma ! interj., here, take it ! 
 
 Mabakala, pi. 8, zz. (Zombo), pepper 
 (chili). 
 
 Mabanda, pi. 8, n., scald head. 
 
 Mabibi, pi. 8, n., fatigue, weariness, 
 faintness. 
 
 xia o mabibi, v.i., to fatigue, weary, 
 yela or mona o mabibi, v., to be 
 or feel weary, tired. 
 
 Mabolo, pi. 8, n. {obscene). 
 
 Madezo, pi. 8, n. (Mpa.), a bean tree 
 (bearing small beans round like 
 peas, called wand'll in Kongo). 
 
 Madia, pi. 9, 71., food, victuals, eat¬ 
 ables, rations. 
 
 dia 0 madia, v., to take a meal, 
 vana 0 madia, v.t., to feed, to give 
 food to a person. 
 
 madia ( pi. 9) mangnln, «., purslain. 
 
 Madia, n. (Luwumbu), water. 
 
 Madila ma malu, n. [sing., edila (8) 
 dia kulu (9)], socks, stockings. 
 
 Madiumba, pi. 8, n., a harmonicon ; 
 also a native dance to the music 
 of a harmonicon. 
 
 Madza, n. (Kiteke), water. 
 
 -amafewo, a. (P. fava 1 ?), see under 
 Nkasa. 
 
 Mafnln, pi. 8, pith of palm stem. 
 
 Mafunga, pi. 8, n., weariness, tired¬ 
 ness, fatigue, sullenness, faint¬ 
 ness. 
 
 xia 0 mafnnga, v.t., to fatigue, tire, 
 weary. 
 
 yela or mona 0 mafunga, v., to be 
 
 weary, tired. 
 
 Maji, pi. 7, 72., fat, fatness, grease, 
 greasiness, tallow, oil, gravy. 
 Fidiaji, a little fat, oil, &c. 
 -amaji, a., fat, greasy, oily, 
 maji ma ngombe, n., butter, 
 maji ma wiki, n., honeycomb, wax. 
 xia 0 maji, v., to grease. 
 
 Makaka, pi. 8, ?i., loud laughter. 
 
 Makala pi. 8, n., charcoal. 
 
 -amakala, a. (pi. only), male (a word 
 used by women only). 
 
 Makanga, pi. 8, n., wilderness, desert. 
 
 Makangu, pi. 8, n ., friend. 
 
 Makata, pi. 8, n., scrotum. 
 
 Makaxi, pi. 8, n., wrath, anger, irrita¬ 
 bility. 
 
 -amakaxi, a., angry, cross, irritable, 
 passionate, ill-tempered, 
 baka 0 makaxi, v., to get angry, 
 fuluta yo makaxi, to get, be in 
 a rage, passion, exceedingly 
 angry. 
 
 fulutisa yo makaxi, to irritate, 
 to make exceedingly angry, 
 fnnga 0 makaxi, to be angry, sullen, 
 to sulk. 
 
 fnngisa 0 makaxi, to make angry, 
 irritate, affront, offend, enrage, 
 kululwisa 0 makaxi, to con¬ 
 ciliate. 
 
 makaxi (ma-) kuluka, to be 
 
 conciliated. 
 
 makaxi mafungidi muna ntima 
 andi, he was angry, 
 makaxi malnmfulumbumbu or 
 manswalu or matuntu 07 
 manzaki, hasty temper, quick 
 temper. 
 
 makaxi (ma-) sakuka or (ma-) sa- 
 kalala, v.i., to be conciliated, 
 sakidika or sakula 0 makaxi, to 
 
 pacify, conciliate. 
 
 zezola or zezula 0 makaxi, to 
 relent. 
 
 Makaya, pi. 8 & 11 ,n., leaves, foliage, 
 medicinal leaves, he 7 ice medi¬ 
 cine, tobacco. 
 
 Makawa, pi. 8, 71 ., pith in the midrib 
 of palm. 
 
 Makeke, see Ekeke. 
 
 Makekebende, pi. 8, n., a nickname 
 for a strong man. 
 
 Makene, pi. 8, n. {obscene). 
 
 Makesa, pi. 8. n., army, soldiers. 
 
 Makeya, pi. 8, ;z., spots, marks. 
 
 -a makeya -makeya, a., parti¬ 
 coloured, v..negated. 
 
Mak-Mam 
 
 ( 336 ) 
 
 Makinu, pi. 8, zz., dances, a dance 
 (the sing, of makinu has a 
 different meaning). 
 
 Makoji, pi. 8, zz., fine for adultery. 
 (Such a fine is paid to the hus¬ 
 band.) 
 
 Makomve, pi. 8, zz., the pulp in 
 the interior of a calabash or 
 gourd, the sloughs of dysen¬ 
 tery. 
 
 Makongo, (pi. 8, irreg. of Nekongo), 
 zz., persons having some physi¬ 
 cal deformity. 
 
 Makoyo, pi. 8, zz., a cackle, 
 ta 0 makoyo, v., to cackle. 
 
 Makudi pi. 8, zz., fierce anger, 
 -amakudi, a., fierce. 
 
 Makulu, pi. 8, zz., dysentery. 
 
 Makumole makondwa ole, eighteen. 
 
 Makumole, pi. 8, twenty, a score. 
 
 Makumatatu, 
 Makumi matatu, 
 
 pi. 8, thirty. 
 
 Makumaya, pi. 8, forty. 
 Makumatanu, pi. 8, fifty. 
 Makumasambanu, pi. 8, sixty. 
 Makumi nsambwadi, pi. 8, seventy. 
 Makuminana, pi. 8, eighty. 
 Makumivwa, pi. 8, ninety. 
 
 Makuka, v.i., to fall backwards, fall 
 
 over. 
 
 Makuna, v.t., to throw over, knock 
 over backwards. 
 
 Makwa, pi. 8, zz., scaly skin, scales. 
 
 Malangula, pi. 9, zz., a person who 
 can kill at a long range, a good 
 shot. 
 
 Malatelo, pi. 8, zz. (P. martello), 
 hammer. 
 
 Malavu, pi. 8, ;z., palm-wine, spirit, 
 wine generally. 
 
 malavu mambulu, wine from a 
 felled palm tree. 
 
 malavu mamwenge, fresh wine. 
 
 malavu mansamba, wine from the 
 flower base of a living tree of 
 the Elaeis Guinaeensis. This 
 word is used to distinguish 
 very definitely from any other 
 palm wine, or wine otherwise 
 obtained. 
 
 Malavu, continued. 
 malavu mesoka, wine from the 
 heart of a tree (not the flower 
 base). 
 
 Malembe, pi. 8, n., kindness, gentle¬ 
 ness, moderation, patience, 
 softness, slowness, sluggishness, 
 slow pace (rate). 
 
 -amalembe, a., gentle, moderate, 
 sluggish, slow. 
 
 0 malembe, adv., in a gentle care¬ 
 ful manner, gently, mildly, 
 meekly, tenderly, quietly, softly, 
 patiently, slowly, moderately, 
 gradually. 
 
 Malu (pi. of Kulu, 9), legs, 
 vwa or zabula 0 malu, v., to be 
 quick, make haste, look sharp. 
 
 0 malu malu, adv., on foot, 
 (makela) ma malu kala ma ntu 
 nga ntinini, (Proverb) you 
 have shot me in the legs, if 
 in the head only I should 
 have run away=I have nothing 
 to answer, or you have me this 
 time. 
 
 Maluele, a Santu name, Dom Manuel, 
 
 see Santu. 
 
 Malumi, pi. 8, n., semen. 
 
 Malunda, pi. 8, zz., hunchbacked 
 person. This deformity is as¬ 
 cribed to the fetish ndembo. 
 
 Mama, 1 sing., zz., mother. 
 
 Mama, 6, zz., a fool. 
 
 -amama, a., foolish. 
 
 Mama, dem. pro?i., cl. 7, 8, 9, 13, pi., 
 1st pos., eniphatic , these. 
 
 Mamana, don. pron., cl. 7, 8, 9, 13, 
 pi., 3rd pos., eniphatic , those. 
 
 Mamba, pi. 7, n. (Kib.), water. 
 
 Mambemba, pi. 7, n. 
 leka 0 mambemba, v.i., to lie on 
 one’s back. 
 
 sengoka 0 mambemba, to fall back¬ 
 wards. 
 
 sengola 0 mambemba, to throw 
 backwards. 
 
 Mambu pi. 7, zz., talk, care, concerns, 
 affairs, business, palavers ; see 
 also Diambu. 
 
( 337 ) 
 
 Mam-Map 
 
 Mambukama, pi. 7, n. 
 leka 0 mambukama, to lie or sleep 
 on one’s face. 
 
 Mamoko, pi. 8, n., conversation. 
 
 Mampuvulu, pi. 7, n. 
 leka 0 mampuvulu, to lie on one’s 
 face, or face downwards. 
 
 Mamvumina, pi. 7, n ., milk. 
 
 Mana, v.t., to perfect, finish, stop, 
 consume, spend, exhaust, bring 
 to an end, settle (a palaver), 
 
 Mana, v.i., to be finished, to come to 
 an end, end, cease, expire (of 
 time),beexhausted(of resources), 
 be spent, be settled (a dispute). 
 
 Mana, v ., used as an auxiliary, as 
 an emphatic perfect. Bamene 
 kwenda, they had every one of 
 them gone (they had finished to 
 go); bamana zo dia, they had 
 eaten them all up. 
 
 Mana, pi. 7, n ., produce, merchandise, 
 “ trade.” 
 
 Mana, deni. & rel. ftro?i., cl. 7, 8, 9 & 
 13, pl-i pos., those, those 
 which, which. 
 
 Manama, v.i., to hang on, to hang up, 
 to hang from, to be put up (as 
 on a shelf). 
 
 Manansusu, 6, n., a plant having aro¬ 
 matic leaves. 
 
 Manda, pi. 13, n. {see Wanda). 
 
 Mandunguna, pi. 7, n. 
 kwenda 0 mandunguna, v., to be 
 
 out of the perpendicular, leaning 
 over, to be out of the square, 
 -amandunguna, a., not square, out 
 of the perpendicular, awry, 
 leaning over (as a house). 
 
 Manene, pi. 7, n., highway, highroad, 
 path (much used). 
 
 Manesa, v.t., to see that a palaver or 
 work which has been dragging 
 on for some time is settled ; to 
 finish, dispatch, complete, wind 
 up, put an end to. 
 yambula yamanesa 0 madia ma- 
 me or yambula yamanesena 
 ekulu 0 madia mame, let me 
 finish my food first. 
 
 Manesa, continued. 
 manesae diambu (7), v., to mediate, 
 to settle a palaver. 
 
 Manga, 4, n., sting, venom. The 
 sting (manga) or fang of a 
 snake, &c., is supposed to re¬ 
 main in the wound and thus 
 cause the mischief; there is no 
 notion of the injection of a 
 poison. 
 
 ta 0 manga, v., to sting. 
 
 Manga, 4, n., see Appendix (Games 
 Wadi). 
 
 Manga, v. (Bako.), to object to, dis¬ 
 approve, refuse, decline. 
 
 Manganana, to be erect, sit throwing 
 out the chest. 
 
 Mangu, pi. 7, n., chordee. 
 
 Manguna, v., to knock over back¬ 
 wards. 
 
 Mangwangwa, pi. 7, n., 
 kwenda 0 mangwangwa, v., to 
 
 run along with short steps (as 
 a bird or little child), to toddle. 
 
 Manika, v. (with the Locative), to put, 
 hang up, on, &c. 
 
 manika (e dimbu, 6), v., to hoist 
 (a flag). 
 
 Manisa, v.t., to cause to finish, to send 
 (somebody) to finish. 
 
 Manjene, pi. 7, «•, urine. 
 
 Mankwa, pi. 7, n. 
 bala 0 mankwa, v., to go off with¬ 
 out catching anything (of a 
 trap). 
 
 Mansa, pi. 7. 
 ta 0 mansa, v., to swim, 
 kwenda 0 mansa ma mantelamx, 
 to tread water. 
 
 Mansaya, pi. 7 , n. (P. saia), petticoat, 
 gown, dress, frock, cassock. 
 
 Manta, v., to ascend, climb (generally 
 of a tree). 
 
 Mantala, pi. 7, »•, tattoo of Bateke. 
 
 Mantelema, see Mansa. 
 
 Manuka, v.i., to be taken down. 
 
 Manuna, v.t., to get down, take down, 
 reach down (a thing that was 
 put up), haul down (a flag). 
 
 Mapi, 2, n. (Eng.), map. 
 
 z 
 
Mas-May 
 
 ( 33S ) 
 
 Masa, pi. 7, zz. (P. maiz), maize, Indian 
 corn, wheat ; also measles (?) 
 (in pork). 
 
 masa mamputu, zz., maize (Portu¬ 
 guese corn), also Kaffir corn. 
 
 masa mankukutu or mambukutu, 
 dry, hard maize. 
 
 masa mansweswa, zz., green maize. 
 
 Masakll, zz., a title of nobility. 
 
 Masanza, pi. 8, n., the season of the 
 early light rains. 
 
 Mastadi, pi. 8, n. (Eng.), mustard. 
 
 Maselalele, pi. 8, n., a cloth worn by 
 the women at San Salvador, a 
 yard long by 18 inches wide, 
 often flounced, fringed and 
 piped. The ends scarcely meet 
 on the left hip and are tied by 
 two strings at the corners. 
 
 Maselalele, pi. 8, zz., red cords (a kind 
 of cloth). 
 
 Masuba, pi. 8, n., urine. 
 
 Masumu, pi. 8, n. } guilt, wickedness, 
 sin, fault. 
 
 -amasumu, a ., culpable, wrong, bad, 
 wicked. 
 
 nata 0 masumu, v., to be guilty; 
 masumu tunete kwa Nza- 
 mbi, we have sinned against 
 God. 
 
 nkwa (1) masumu, zz., a culprit, 
 sinner, wicked man, criminal. 
 
 Maswa, pL 8, zz., netting. 
 
 tunga 0 maswa, v., to net (make a 
 net). 
 
 Mata, 4, zz., yaws ( a disease of child¬ 
 hood). 
 
 Matadi, pi. 8, zz., stones, rocks. 
 
 -amatadi, a., rocky. 
 
 matadi mampembe, zz., quartz. 
 
 Mataku, pi. 8, zz., rump, buttocks. 
 
 Matanu, a., five beads of the currency, 
 matanu matatu, fifteen beads 
 of the currency; matanu or 
 matanu matanu, twenty-five 
 beads. 
 
 Mataya, pi. 8, zz., ragged cloth, tatters. 
 
 Mate, pi. 8, zz., the saliva. 
 
 -amatete, a., speckled (of fowls 
 only). 
 
 Matietie, pi. 8, zz., fun, jokes, jest, 
 chaff. 
 
 ta or vova 0 matietie, v., to joke, 
 to jest, to make fun, to chaff. 
 
 Matona, pi. 8, zz., spots, marks, 
 -amatonamatona, a ., variegated, 
 party-coloured, spotted. 
 
 Matonti, pi. 8, zz. (Mayombe), water. 
 
 Matuku, pi. 8, zz., cause, origin. 
 
 Mau, subj. also emphatic obj. pron ., 
 cl. 7, 8, 9, & 13, pi., they, them. 
 
 Mau , poss. pron., see -au. 
 
 Mavavala, pi. 8, zz., flakes, scales, 
 scurf, scaly skin, cast skin, 
 slough, scum (of metals), dross. 
 
 Maveko, pi. 8, zz., delay, hindrance, 
 interruption. 
 
 xia or vanga 0 maveko, v., to 
 
 hinder, to impede, to delay. 
 
 Mavembo, pi. 8, zz., the shoulders, 
 saka 0 mavembo, v., to shrug the 
 shoulders. 
 
 Mavimpi, zz., see Vimpi. 
 
 Mavolo, pi. 8, zz., charcoal, coal. 
 
 Mavindavinda, pi. 8, n., hotch-potch. 
 Mavu, 
 
 dia 0 mavu, v.t., to eat dust or dirt 
 (as an infant). 
 
 Mavuku, pi. 8, zz., delay, hindrance, 
 xia or vanga 0 mavuku, v., to 
 delay, hinder, impede. 
 
 Mavuku, pi. of evuku, waves. 
 
 Mawazawaza, pi. 8, zz., talk in 
 delirium, raving. 
 
 Mawete, pi. 8, zz., goodness, kind 
 actions. 
 
 Mawuta, pi. 8, zz., child-birth, travail, 
 mana 0 mawuta, v., to stop bear¬ 
 ing, pass the change of life. 
 
 Maxika, pi. 8, zz., night, evening, dusk. 
 0 maxika, adv., to-night, in the 
 evening. 
 
 Mayembe, pi. 8, zz., pigeons, 
 vaka kia (6) mayembe, red and 
 white check cloth. 
 
 Mayembo, pi. 8, zz., electricity, 
 -amayembo, a., electric. 
 
 Mayeni, pi. 8, zz. (Bako.), milk. 
 
 Mayi, pi. 13. 
 
 mumpanga (3) mayi, a bad mam 
 
( 339 ) 
 
 May-Mra'? 
 
 Mayimbi, 8, n., see Appendix (Games 
 Wadi). 
 
 Mayititi, pi. 8, n ., swollen cheeks. 
 
 Mayovoka, pi. 8, ?i., weakness, fatigue, 
 weariness, faintness, exhaustion. 
 
 yela or mona o mayovoka, v., to 
 
 be weary. 
 
 xia o mayovoka, v.t., to fatigue. 
 
 Mayukuta, pi. 6, //., appetite, hunger. 
 
 Maza, pi. 7, n., water, moisture, wet, 
 damp, juice, sap, whey, quick¬ 
 silver, mercury, solder, lead, 
 white (of egg). 
 
 budila o maza, v ., to embank, to 
 irrigate. 
 
 diata omu maza, to wade, 
 luka 0 maza, to reply after con¬ 
 sultation or consideration, 
 maza makieji, n., a cataract (on the 
 river). 
 
 maza mangolo, a rapid (on the 
 river). 
 
 maza ma palata, n. (P. prata), 
 
 mercury. 
 
 nua 0 maza, v., to take time to con¬ 
 sider, to go aside for consulta¬ 
 tion. 
 
 teka o maza, to fetch water, 
 xia or yitila o maza, to water 
 (plants, gardens), 
 o maza-maza, adv., by water. 
 
 Mazakazaka, pi. 8, n , flank of the 
 body. 
 
 Mazu, pi. 8, n., noise, riot, racket, 
 bluster, commotion, crash, 
 butika or bika or yambula o 
 mazu! silence! stop the noise 1 
 hush ! be quiet ! 
 
 tumba or tudika o mazu, v., to 
 make a noise. 
 
 -nkwa mazu, a ., noisy, 
 yo mazu, adv., noisily. 
 
 Mazudikila, pi. 8 , n. 
 vanga or tudika o mazudikila 
 mazudikila, to put in heaps. 
 
 Mazunu, pi. 13, n., muzzle (of beast). 
 
 Mb = m (light nasal)+ m pure or b 
 (see m). Mona, to see ; mbona, 
 a sight. 
 
 Mba, 2, n., palm nut. 
 
 Mbaba, 4, n., hardness in a bargain, 
 stinginess. 
 
 nkwa (1) mbaba, n., stingy person. 
 
 -ambaba, a., stingy. 
 
 Mbaba, 2, n., a beating out flat, 
 
 Mbaba, 2, n., a scorching. 
 
 M iabala, 2, ?i., film, scum. 
 
 Mbabu, 2, n., small charge (of powder).. 
 
 Mbadi, 2 & 11, n., a cloth of native 
 manufacture -made of the fibre 
 of frondlets of rnpusu palm. 
 
 mbadi za mafuba, n ., a cloth of 
 native manufacture from fibre 
 of frondlets of the panianus 
 candelabrum. 
 
 mbadi za mafuba or bintu (Pa- 
 ko.), cloth of native manufacture 
 from the fibre of pine-apple 
 leaves. 
 
 Mbadi, 2, n., a node (syphilitic). 
 
 Mbadi, 4, n., hardness, toughness, 
 firmness, costliness, sourness 
 (of palm wine). 
 
 -ambadi, a., hard, firm, tough, sour 
 (of palm wine), dear (in price). 
 
 Mbadio, 2, n., boy, “ nipper ” (not a 
 complimentary word). 
 
 Mbafuna, 2, n., a blow. 
 
 Mbafunga, 4, n., a morose, taciturn 
 or sulky person. 
 
 -ambafunga, a., morose, taciturn, . 
 sulky. 
 
 Mbaji, 2, n., outside, exterior. 
 
 kuna (&c.), mbaji, adv., outwardly, 
 outside, without (a place), forth. 
 For Locatives , see under Kuma. 
 
 -ambaji, a ., external, exterior. 
 
 O' mbaji, adv., to-morrow. 
 
 0 mbaji mene, adv., to-morrow 
 morning, 
 
 Mbaji, 2, n. y palaver place, court. 
 Vana mbaji a nsusu, ke va- 
 lungila e mpese 0 nkanu ko, 
 in a court of fowls the cock¬ 
 roach would never win his case. 
 
 mbaji a ekongo, palaver place in a 
 town. 
 
 mbaji a nkanu, n., place of judg¬ 
 ment, palaver place, place 
 where the criminal court is held. 
 
Mba-Mba 
 
 ( 34o ) 
 
 Mbaji, co?itinncd. 
 
 mbaji a nkanu, a halo round the 
 • sun. This is believed by the 
 Kongos to be the assemblage 
 . at a great court of judgment in 
 . heaven, and when it is seen it 
 is believed that some one who 
 has just died is being tried for 
 his sins, and the assumption is, 
 that the fact of such a court 
 being necessary, the spirit in 
 question would be sent to hell. 
 A case in point happened in 
 1880, when a native of high 
 position in Kongo died ; a halo 
 appeared round the sun shortly 
 . after, and the people, with bated 
 breath, said to each other that 
 -was being sent to hell. 
 
 "Mb&ka, 2, n ., dwarf. 
 
 ;.Mbaka, 2, n., a catching, a capture. 
 
 Mbakala, 2, n., a male nxiji, or palm 
 rat. 
 
 Mbaki, 1 & 4, n., accuser, one who 
 catches. 
 
 Mbaki, 2, n ., ambuscade, ambush ; 
 ntento (4) mbaki, a party of 
 ,liers-in-wait. 
 
 nkwa (1) mbaki, n., capturer, a 
 lier-in-wait,one of an ambuscade 
 party. 
 
 tubakidi e mbaki, we have made 
 a capture by an ambush, 
 mbaki ibakwanga muna njila, 
 an ambuscade is laid in the 
 road. 
 
 Mbakll, 4, kind, sort, quality, 
 shape. 
 
 Mbakll, 2, ;z., payment (for produce 
 sold at a iactory), wages. 
 
 Mbakll, 4, n., one who goes to fetch 
 the riganga a ngombo (witch¬ 
 doctor). 
 
 Mbaku, 2, «., an otter (?) which often 
 tears the basket fish-traps, to 
 get at the fish inside. 
 
 Mbaku, 2, n ., thought, recollection. 
 
 Mbala, 2, «., sweet potato. 
 
 Mbala, 2, «., the portion of the coast 
 between the mouth of the 
 
 Mbala, continued. 
 
 Kongo River and Ambrizette. 
 where until quite recently 
 nearly all the trade with 
 Europeans was carried on. 
 ta e mbala, to go to the coast with 
 produce. 
 
 Mbala, 2, zz., leopard-cat. 
 
 Mbala, 4, zz., pipe-bead (red, large). 
 
 Mbala, 2, zz., a hardening. 
 
 Mbalakani, 1 & 4, zz., a lean, thin, 
 emaciated person. 
 
 Mbalantiantia, 4, n., a large red pipe- 
 bead. 
 
 Mbalata, 4, zz., a hard man. 
 
 Mbalu, 4, n., value, worth, dearness, 
 -ambalu, a., expensive, costly. 
 
 Mbalu, 2, zz., reflection, thought, 
 recollection, reckoning,estimate, 
 remembrance, memory. This 
 word is used i?i matters of which 
 there is no uncertainty . 
 
 Mbama, 4, «•, girdle. 
 
 Mbama, 2, n., a scolding. 
 
 Mbama, 2, zz., a tightening. 
 
 Mbamba, 2, zz., coronella snake. 
 
 Mbamba, 2, n ,., a demijohn. 
 
 Mbamba, 2 & 11, n., cane. 
 
 Mbamba, 2, zz., a district near the 
 coast westward from San Sal¬ 
 vador. 
 
 Mbambi, 2, zz., border, edge (of field, 
 farm, &c.), boundary (of field, 
 country, &c.), frontier, limit, 
 bula or xia e mbambi, v.. to bound, 
 to put a limit. 
 
 Mbambi, 2, zz., whistle (of wood, &c.). 
 
 Mbambi, 2, zz., a fetish image. 
 
 Mbambi, 2,zz., monitor lizard (varana). 
 
 Mbamvu, 2, n., fissure, crack in the 
 earth (only). 
 
 Mbamvu, 2, n , ale, beer ; see Beer, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Mbanda, 2, n., a choice (the act), a 
 bespeaking. 
 
 Mbanda, 2, zz., the top (of the head 
 only), used only in the following 
 adverbial clauses. Vana or 
 kuna mbanda a ntu, on the 
 top of the head. 
 
( 34i ) 
 
 Mba-Mbe 
 
 Mbanda, 2, 71., an ascent. 
 
 Mbanda, 2, a nailing up. 
 
 Mbandabanda, 2, an adviser, 
 counsellor. 
 
 Mbandu, 2, «., dwarf. 
 
 Mbandudi, 1 & 4, n., an artist, one 
 who sketches. 
 
 Mbangaji, 2, n ., warmth, a radiant 
 heat. 
 
 Mbangala, 2, the season when the 
 grass is burnt (July to October). 
 
 Mbangala, 2, 71., stick, cudgel. 
 
 Mbangi, mbangi a nti, 1 & 4, n., 
 one who searches for medicinal 
 roots and bark, a herbalist; see 
 also Nkayi. 
 
 Mbangi, 2, 71., a witness. 
 
 Mbangiki, 1 & 4, 71., an oppressor, a 
 persecutor, tyrant ; a persistent 
 beggar ; a person who troubles 
 by words and demands rather 
 than by direct violence; see 
 Bangika. 
 
 MbangU, 2, //., a skilful, ingenious 
 person, a clever workman. 
 
 mwana (1) ambangu, a clever 
 fellow. 
 
 -ambangu, a., skilful, ingenious, 
 clever. 
 
 MbangU, 2, 71., basket (general). 
 
 Mbangu, 4, «., ridge pole. 
 
 MbangU, ) 4, n., a large tree 
 
 Mbangubangu, ( having an astrin¬ 
 gent bark which is used in pre¬ 
 paring a medicinal bath. 
 
 Mbaninu, 2, 71., end, conclusion, com¬ 
 pletion, expiration, a finishing, 
 extremity, finale. 
 
 -ambaninu, a., last, final, extreme, 
 finishing, concluding. 
 
 Mbantamu,\2, n., beginning, com- 
 
 Mbantiku, / mencement. 
 
 0 mbanu, adv ., by and by, presently, 
 later on in the day, towards 
 evening. 
 
 Mbankanka, 2,71., tares. 
 
 Mbanza, 2, «., chief town, city. 
 
 Mbanzangala, 2, n., palm of the 
 hand. 
 
 Mbasa, 2, 71., (hunter’s) whistle. 
 
 Mbasa, 2 & 11, 11., midrib or leaf stem 
 of palm-frond. 
 
 Mbasa, 2, n., a splitting {active). 
 
 Mbata, 2, 7t., perquisite (as when a 
 man buys for less than the 
 price sent and keeps the differ¬ 
 ence), commission, brokerage, 
 dia e mbata, v., to take a per¬ 
 quisite. 
 
 Mbata, 2 & 11, «., a blow with the 
 open hand. 
 
 wanda e mbata, v., to strike with 
 the open hand. 
 
 Mbata, 2, 71., used only in adverbial 
 and prepositional clauses, as : 
 vana^rkuna mbata a .prep., 
 above, on the top of, over ; 
 vana or kuna mbata, adv., on 
 the top. 
 
 Mbatakani, 2, n., nearness, closeness, 
 -ambatakani, a., narrow, close, 
 near. 
 
 -ambatakiani, a ., close together, ad¬ 
 joining, in contact with. 
 
 Mbati, pi. 4, 71 , trousers. 
 
 Mbatikina, 2, 71., a grasp. 
 
 0 mbatu, adv., see 0 mbanu. 
 
 Mbaxi, 2, 71. (P. embaixador), mes¬ 
 senger, ambassador, embassy. 
 
 Mbaxi, 1 & 4, 71., one who splits. 
 
 Mbaxinga, 2, n., mug, cup, jug 
 
 (small). 
 
 Mbaya, 4, n., a pipe for smoking, 
 Indian hemp. 
 
 Mbaya, 2, n\, a coming out of the sun 
 after dullness, 
 
 Mbazu, 2, 71 . (Mpa., &c), fire. 
 
 Mbe, interrogative interjection equiva¬ 
 lent to the English eh ? is it 
 not ? 
 
 Mbebia, 4, 71 ., unripe, immature fruit, 
 -ambebia, a., unripe, immature. 
 
 Mbeji, 2, n. (Sundi), a knife. 
 
 Mbeka, 2, n., precipice, cliff. 
 
 Mbekele, 2, « , the nickname of a 
 short person. 
 
 Mbela, 2, 71. 
 
 muna mbela, adv., near at hand. 
 For Locatives, see u?ider 
 
 Kuma. 
 
Mbe-Mbi 
 
 ( 342 ) 
 
 Mbelambela, 2, zz. 
 kwenda e mbelambela, v. y to go 
 by the side of, to go alongside, 
 muna mbelambela a, prep., by the 
 side of. 
 
 Mbela, 2, zz. (Bako.), a sickness, a 
 being ill. 
 
 Mbela, 2, zz., a perching. 
 
 Mbele, 2, zz., knife, blade of knife, 
 dagger. 
 
 Mbele, 2, zz., a game, see Appendix 
 (Games). 
 
 ta e mbele, v ., to play “ mbele” 
 
 Mbemba, 2, zz., the fishing vulture 
 (gypohierax). 
 
 Mbembe^ 2, zz., a red olive bead, once 
 used as currency. 
 
 Mbembo, 2, n ., funeral chant, song, 
 hymn, dirge. 
 
 dila or yimbila e mbembo, v ., to 
 
 sing a dirge. 
 
 Mbembo, 2, zz. (Kib.), news, matter, 
 fame. 
 
 tuba e mbembo, v ., to speak. 
 
 Mbende, 2, zz., mouse (striped). 
 
 Mbengi, after that, afterwards, 
 
 then, next. Generally preceded 
 by the article i; i mbengi, it 
 was after that. 
 
 Mbeni, 2, zz., opponent, foe, enemy, 
 adversary. 
 
 Mbete, 2, zz., slug, snail. 
 
 Mbetomoka, ) 2, zz., a fall in great 
 
 Mbetmnuka, ) abundance (as leaves 
 in the autumn). 
 
 Mbevo, 2, zz., invalid, sick person. 
 
 -ambevo, a ., sick. 
 
 Mbi, 2, zz., evil, wickedness, naugh¬ 
 tiness, badness, evil doing. 
 
 -ambi, <?., bad, abominable, wicked, 
 profane, scandalous, wild, worth¬ 
 less, injurious, pernicious, im¬ 
 proper, not good, hurtful, nasty, 
 odious, noxious, repulsive, 
 hideous (of things), vicious, vile, 
 venomous, terrible, unfortunate, 
 sad, sinful, ill, hard-hearted, 
 naughty, amiss, base, unkind, 
 cruel, evil, dangerous, dreadful, 
 disgraceful. 
 
 Mbiba, 2, zz., a blow. 
 
 Mbidi, 4, zz., an abundance, a great 
 quantity, crowd, great number, 
 mass. 
 
 Mbidi, 2, zz., a small, wild variety of 
 nsafu ; see Nsafll. 
 
 Mbidi, 4, zz., the tree which bears the 
 above. 
 
 Mbidibidi, 4, zz., bedstead or stool 
 made of matombe (mid-ribs of 
 raphia and other palms which 
 have large mid-ribs). 
 
 Mbie, see Mbe. 
 
 Mbiji, 2, zz., an animal whose flesh is 
 eaten for food; meat (uncooked), 
 “ beef.” 
 
 mbiji a maza, fish, 
 mbiji antombo, fresh fish, 
 mbiji a mwana (1) a ngombe (2), 
 veal. 
 
 mbiji a ememe, mutton, 
 mbiji a futa, wild beast, 
 mbiji a ngulu, pork, 
 mbiji a ngombe (2), beef, 
 mbiji-a-zambn (6), climbing animal, 
 mbiji a -nkanda (4), animal having 
 a handsome skin. 
 
 mbiji -amwalakaji, animal that has 
 recently given birth. 
 
 Mbika, 2, zz., seeds, pips of the gourd 
 kind, vegetable marrow, melon, 
 etc. 
 
 Mbiki, 4, zz., gluttony, greed (of food), 
 dia 0 dia kwambiki, v., to eat glut¬ 
 tonously, greedily, to gorge, 
 -ambiki, a., grasping, greedy. 
 
 Mbikula, 2, zz., spasm of wind (spoken 
 of infants only). 
 
 Mbila, 2, zz., a summons, a call. 
 
 boka e mbila, v., to summon, to 
 call. 
 
 ta e mbila (Bako.), to summon, to 
 call. 
 
 Mbilubisn, ) 2, zz., the gall, the gall- 
 
 Mbilumbisu, ) bladder. 
 
 -ambimbi-imbi, a., very bad, very 
 wicked, a very emphatic form of 
 
 -ambi. 
 
 Mbimbu, 2, zz., a taste, a small taste, 
 returned to the giver or bearer 
 
( 343 ) 
 
 Mb:-Mi?o 
 
 Mbimbu, continued. 
 
 of a gift ; also the first clap 
 when paying homage ; see Sa¬ 
 lute, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Mbindama, 2, n. ( passive ), alteration, 
 difference. 
 
 Mbindi, 1 & 4, one who locks up, &c., 
 see Bin da. 
 
 Mbindi, 2, n., bolt. 
 
 Mbindika, 2, n. {active), alteration, 
 difference. 
 
 Mbinza, 2, n. (P. camisa), white baft, 
 calico. 
 
 Mbiodi, 4, 11., an infant that learns 
 to talk very early. 
 
 -ambiodi, a., talkative. 
 
 Mbiu, 2, n., a perverse, disobedient 
 child. 
 
 -ambisu, a., raw, fresh, uncooked (of 
 meat or vegetables) green. 
 
 Mbiya, 2, n ., bead (a single one), 
 mbiya a nkangu, a red olive bead, 
 given as a token of a very bind¬ 
 ing promise. Repudiation of a 
 promise after this bead has been 
 given, places the repudiator, his 
 family, relatives, and property 
 at the mercy of the recipient. 
 
 Mboba, 4, n., basket. 
 
 Mbobela, 2, n., a small capital to start 
 with in bartering. 
 
 Mbobobo, 2, n., woodpecker. 
 
 Mbodi, 2, 71., menses. 
 
 Mboka, 4, 7 i., a long cap (knitted) the 
 point of which hangs over on 
 the side of the head. 
 
 Mboka, 4, u., a large spherical bead 
 (red). 
 
 Mboka, 2, 71. {fro 7 ii Boka, to call), a 
 call, a shout, an exclamation. 
 
 Mboka, 2, 71. {froi 7 i Moka), to con¬ 
 verse, conversation. 
 
 Mbokena, 2, 71 ., palaver, subject of 
 conversation. 
 
 Mboko, 2, n., fold, hem. 
 
 Mboko, 2, n., kneeling posture. 
 
 Mbokoko, 2, n., red ferruginous slime 
 in water. 
 
 Mbola, 2, 71., a fetish image said to 
 cause scrofula. 
 
 Mbole, 2, 71., excrement, dung (mbole 
 is seldom used, but is more 
 decent than tuvi or wi). 
 
 Mbole, 2, n., a rodent ulcer (scrofu¬ 
 lous), which destroys the nose. 
 
 Mbolo, 2, 71. (P. bolo), bread, loaf (of 
 bread), cake, biscuit. 
 
 Mbolo, 2, n ., film, scum. 
 
 Mbolo, 2, n., unripe pod or husk. 
 
 Mbolongonzo, 2, n., ankle. 
 
 Mboma, 2, n ., black python. 
 
 Mboma, 2, n., wall plate. 
 
 Mbombe, 2, zz., priming powder of agun. 
 
 xia or soma e mbombe, v., to prime 
 a gun. 
 
 Mbombe, 2, n., the burnt earth where 
 a fire has been. 
 
 Mbombo, 2, 71 ., smoky mist, haze, 
 “the smokes.” 
 
 lumbu (6) kiambombo, u., a misty 
 day. 
 
 mbombo (i-) -fuknmuka, v., to be 
 
 misty, hazy. 
 
 -ambombo, a., dull, hazy. 
 
 Mbombo, 2, n. (Bako.), nose, muzzle. 
 
 Mbona, 2, n., vision, sight, seeing, 
 view. 
 
 Mbonana, 2, n., visit, interview. 
 
 Mbonde, 2, n., a vegetable, the leaves 
 of which are cooked and eaten 
 as cabbage. 
 
 Mbonde, 2, 71 ., a large many tongued 
 marimba. 
 
 Mbonde, 2, n. (Sundi), a dog. 
 
 Mbondo, 2, n., 1,000 beads of the cur¬ 
 rency (10 strings of 100 each). 
 
 Mbondo, 2, n., the long basket (coni¬ 
 cal). 
 
 Mbondongolo, 4, «•» a huge awkward 
 thing. 
 
 -ambondongolo, a., huge, great, 
 large (of things only). 
 
 Mbongi, 2, 7i., boy’s house ; a house 
 for boys and unmarried young 
 men. 
 
 Mbongi, 2, 7 i., leopard-cat. 
 
 Mbongi, 1 & 4, 71., one who fetches. 
 
 mbongi a nkunga (4), a soloist; the 
 singer of a solo at funerals, 
 dances, &c. 
 
Mbo-Mbu 
 
 ( 344 ) 
 
 Mbongo, 2, n., cloth, goods, wealth, 
 possessions, property, money, 
 treasure, riches. 
 
 Mbongo, 2, 72., general name for vege¬ 
 tables and things cultivated for 
 food ; seeds, food. 
 
 bwisa e mbongo, v ., to yield in 
 abundance. 
 
 -ambongG, a., productive (of soil). 
 
 MboilgO, 2, 7?., kola nuts. 
 
 Mbono, 4,77. (P. mamona), castor-oil 
 plant (ricinus communis). 
 
 Mbota, 2, 72 ., lonchocarpus, a very 
 hard, light yellow wood, which 
 the white ants cannot eat. 
 
 Mbota, 2, 72 ., a losing of colour, a 
 fading. 
 
 Mbote, 2, 72 ., goodness, excellence. 
 interjection , all right. 
 
 •ambote, a ., good, nice, excellent, 
 right, noble, fine, capital, suc¬ 
 cessful, safe, expedient, proper, 
 good-tempered, pleasant, de¬ 
 licious, comfortable, delightful, 
 convenient; fresh (of water), 
 handsome, becoming, pretty, 
 lovely, graceful (said of things), 
 honest, virtuous, not bad. 
 
 Mbotomoka, 2, 72 ., a falling to pieces. 
 
 Mbn, 4, 72., sea, ocean, 
 muna mbn a mbn, by sea. 
 
 Mbn, 2 & 11 {pi. lnbn), 72., mosquito. 
 
 Mbn, 2, 72., breast (of bird). 
 
 Mbnba, 2,77., blow. 
 
 Mbnba, 4 , n., sheaf, bundle (of grass). 
 
 Mbnbika, 4, 72., (small) sheaf. 
 
 Mbnbn, 2, 72 ., awe, dread, fear. 
 
 -ambnbn, a., awful, dreadful, fearful. 
 
 Mbnbn ansala, 4, 72., a water rat. 
 
 -ambnbwansala, a., purple. 
 
 Mbndangi, 4, n. 
 
 mbudangi a nsnsn, a very large 
 fowl. 
 
 -ambndangi, u:., great, large (spoken 
 of birds only). 
 
 Mbndila, 2, 72., excess ; remainder. 
 
 Mbnfnbnfn, 4,72., a blunt thing, 
 -ambnfnbnfn, 22., blunt. 
 
 Mbnfnln, 4, 72., a huge thing, 
 -ambnfnln, a., huge, great. 
 
 Mbnfnngn, 4, 22., see Mbnfubnfn. 
 
 Mbnji, 2, 72 ., a fetish image. 
 
 Mbnka, 2,72., explosion. 
 
 Mbnka, 4, 72., stem or trunk of plan¬ 
 tain. 
 
 Mbllknmnka, 2, n. ( passive ), a des¬ 
 troying, a destruction, annihila¬ 
 tion, extermination. 
 
 Mbnknmnna, 2,72., {active) as above. 
 
 Mbnla, imperative (contracted from 
 the aux. verb yambnla, let ; 
 see Yambnla); mbnla yama- 
 nina eknlu, wait until I have 
 finished (“let me finish first ”). 
 
 Mbnla, 2, n., blow. 
 
 Mbulangiana, 2,72., a flowing together, 
 a union, uniting, confluence, 
 coalescence. 
 
 Mbnlangiann, 2, 77., a point of con¬ 
 fluence. 
 
 Mbnln, 2, 72., between the eyebrows, 
 the middle of the forehead. 
 
 kanga or jitika e mbnln, v., to 
 scowl, frown, knit the brows. 
 
 zeznla or jitnla e mbnla, to frown 
 no longer, cease to scowl. 
 
 Mbnln, 2,77., a jackal. 
 
 Mbnln, 2 or malavu (pi. 8), mambnln, 
 72., wine from a felled palm- 
 tree. 
 
 Mbulnbnln, 2, 72., a small black fly 
 which makes honey. 
 
 Mbnlnkoko, 2, 72 ., a green plantain- 
 eater (musophaga violacea). 
 
 Mbnlnlnka, 2, 72., digestion, a being 
 digested. 
 
 Mbnmba, 2,72., cat, kitten. 
 
 Mbnmba, 2, 72 ., a fetish image. 
 
 Mbnmba, 2, 77 ., secret, mystery. 
 
 baka or bangnla or tendola or 
 tengola e mbnmba, v., to tell 
 
 a secret. 
 
 kanga or leka (perf., lekele) e 
 mbnmba, to make secret. 
 
 lnnda e mbnmba, to keep secret. 
 
 snnnna e mbnmba, to let out a 
 secret unintentionally. 
 
 Mbnmbn, 2,72., mould, rust. 
 
 baka e mbnmbn, v., to rust, get 
 rusty, mouldy. 
 
( 345 ) 
 
 Mbu-Mbw 
 
 Mbumbu, continued. 
 
 fundamena e mbumbu, to mould, 
 get mouldy (not rust), 
 -ambumbu, a., mouldy, rusty. 
 
 Mbumi, 4, ;z., a low tree bearing a 
 fruit with a woody rind, re¬ 
 sembling an orange in size and 
 
 colour. 
 
 Mbumu, 4, n., belly of pork. 
 Mbunda, 2, n., a fold (in a cloth). 
 
 Mbundangi, ) M M1)udangi . 
 
 ambundangi, 
 
 Mbundi, 2, 71., the commonest variety 
 of the elaeis guinaeensis (oil- 
 palm). 
 
 Mbundi, 2, 71., spathe or sheath of 
 palm frond. 
 
 Mbundi, 1 & 4, n., one who performs 
 the actions expressed by Blinda. 
 mbundi (1 & 4) ayongo, n., a peace¬ 
 maker (among many people). 
 
 Mbundimbimdi, 2 & 11, 71. (Bako.), 
 warts. 
 
 Mbundu, 2, n., heart. 
 
 Mbundu, 1, n., slave. 
 
 Mbundukutu, 2, n., dust (of earth), 
 kibukamene ye mbundukutu a 
 ntoto, it is covered with dust, 
 ye mbundukutu, a ., dusty. 
 
 Mbunduna, 2, n., amputation, an 
 
 amputating. 
 
 Mbunduni, 1 & 4, 71 ., slaver, one who 
 enslaves. 
 
 Mbungeji, 4, n., mist, fog. 
 mbungeji (u-) fukumuka, v., to be 
 misty. 
 
 Mbungululu, 2, 71., early morning, 
 just as it dawns, 
 una mbungululu, at dawn. 
 
 Mbungwa, 2, n., cup, mug. 
 
 Mbunji, 1, 71., a younger brother or 
 sister, a cousin, a son or 
 daughter of one’s maternal 
 aunt junior to one’s self, 
 mbunji a tata, n., (paternal) uncle. 
 A paternal unde is not con¬ 
 sidered in any way as a relative, 
 -ambunji, a., younger, junior. 
 
 Mbunze, 2, 71., the fruit of ewunze, 
 which yields a black dye. 
 
 Mbuta, 2, 7 i., one who is older, an 
 elder, senior, senior relative, 
 superior, a chief, head man, 
 captain, manager, a maternal 
 relation, an adult. 
 
 mbuta (a makesa), general, officer 
 (of army). 
 
 -ambuta, a., adult, full-grown, elder, 
 older, superior, senior, supreme, 
 chief, arch- (prefix). 
 
 (i)mbuta, (it is) the best, the bet¬ 
 ter, the most. 
 
 Mbutaji, 2, n. (P. botao), button. 
 
 Mbutu, 2, 71., top (the toy), teetotum. 
 
 Mbutumuka, 2, n., a fall in great 
 quantity, of many things. 
 
 Mblltutu, 4, 71., a fog, mist, haze, 
 vapour, smoky haze, 
 mbututu (u-) fukumuka, v., to be 
 misty, foggy, hazy. 
 
 Mbuzubuzu, 4, n., tastelessness, un- 
 savouriness, insipidity, 
 -ambuzubuzu, a., unsavoury, taste¬ 
 less, insipid. 
 
 Mbwa, 2, 7i., dog. 
 mbwa a eveta, ;z., hunting dog. 
 mbwa yo nxiji yo nkongwambwa, 
 Orion’s belt (in the constella¬ 
 tion). 
 
 Mbwa, 2, n., an anchor. 
 
 Mbwa, 2, 71., a fall. 
 
 Mbwa, 2, 71., the string with corn 
 husks on the ends, used in the 
 game of Lungungu ; see Appe7i- 
 dix (Games). 
 
 Mbwabwa, 2, n., a noise made by 
 putting the hand rapidly on the 
 lips whilst uttering a cry. It is 
 the cry of alarm or surprise, 
 ta e mbwabwa, v., to utter the 
 mbwabwa. 
 
 -ambwabwanini, a., tearful. 
 
 Mbwaki, 2, 71., scarlet, red, redness, 
 crimson. 
 
 -ambwaki, a., red, scarlet, crimson, 
 -ambwaki-amfufulu, a., pink, 
 very light red. 
 
 Mbwanga, 2, «., a bundle of aromatic 
 and peppery powder, used as a 
 cure for head-ache. 
 
Mbw-Men 
 
 ( 346 ) 
 
 Mbwanji, 2, n., a fly, the sight (of a 
 gun). 
 
 Mbwata, 2, n . (Eng., bottle), bottle. 
 
 Mbwatidi, 2, n. (Vivi), bottle (Eng., 
 bottle). 
 
 Mbwaza, 2, n ., a grain (of corn), 
 mbwaza a disa (7), n., grain of 
 maize. 
 
 Mbwela, 2, n., a turtle dove, small 
 wild pigeon. 
 
 Mbwengene, 2, n., louse (of animals). 
 
 Mbwenia (4) a disa, «., a head of un¬ 
 ripe maize. 
 
 -ambwenia, a., unripe (of maize). 
 
 Mbweno, 2, n ., telescope, spectacles. 
 
 Mbwesa, 2, n., exhibition. 
 
 Mbwetete, 2, n. (Mpa.), star. 
 
 Mbwidi, 2, n., imaginary beings sup¬ 
 posed to have heads so large 
 that when they fall down they 
 cannot get up without assist¬ 
 ance. 
 
 Mbwila, 2, n., a very destructive 
 locust, which sometimes ap¬ 
 pears in swarms. 
 
 Mbwindimbwindi, 2 & 11, warts. 
 
 Mbwingina, 2, n., a bee. 
 e mbwingina antentaxialu, i nkwa 
 ta 0 nkuta, 0 malavn ma- 
 sata, e njila a Mbanza yavu- 
 nzana, a rascally bee which 
 stings the wine funnel (which 
 conducts the sap from the cut 
 tissue to the receptacle), the 
 wine is sour and the road to 
 the Mbanza forsaken ; a pro¬ 
 verb, hence mbwingina ante¬ 
 ntaxialu, one who wantonly 
 spoils other people’s property 
 or business. 
 
 Me = ma-f i. 
 
 Me, subj. pron. pref, cL 7, 8, 9, 13, pi., 
 they. 
 
 -ame, pron., my ; secondary form , 
 mine. 
 
 Me, 6, dew. 
 
 Meka, v., to bleat, bellow (of bull). 
 
 Meka yo tiya (pi. 10), v., to be, be¬ 
 come, get red-hot, to glow. 
 
 Mekesa yo tiya, z/., to make red-hot. 
 
 Mema, v., to make the daily cut in 
 the palm for palm-wine, to cut 
 a slice. 
 
 Mena, z/.z., to grow, spring up, sprout, 
 vegetate, germinate, cut (the 
 teeth). 
 
 v.t., to cut (the teeth), cause to grow 
 (of the earth). 
 
 Mene, 6, morning, 
 mbaji mene, to-morrow morning, 
 to-morrow. 
 
 e or oku or una menemene, in the 
 morning. 
 
 Menga, v. (Mpa.), to hate. 
 
 Menga, pi. 7, n., blood, gore. 
 
 -amenga, a., blood-stained, bloody. 
 
 Menga, 6, n., frying-pan. 
 
 Mengi, a., classes 7, 8, 9, J 3,//., many, 
 much. 
 
 Mengi, 1 & 4, n. (pi. amengi), one 
 who hates, a hater. 
 
 Menia, 4, n., malt, malted maize ; see 
 Beer, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Meno, pi. of dinu, 7, = ma+inu = me¬ 
 nu, the u then becomes 0 eu- 
 phonically after the penult e ; 
 see also dinu, teeth, fangs, the 
 edge, sharpness of a tool, &c. 
 meno mengi, n., keen edge, sharp 
 point. 
 
 bula 0 meno, v., to give an edge 
 (for the first time), 
 fwa 0 meno, to lose the edge, get 
 blunt. 
 
 fwameno, see wider Fwa. 
 keneneka or venza 0 meno, to 
 
 grin, show the teeth in smiling 
 (used in sarcasm). 
 
 kwetesa or bukuta 0 meno, to 
 
 grind the teeth. 
 
 meno mampaya or masonswa or 
 masongolwa, the two top front 
 teeth cut diagonally from the 
 centre. 
 
 meno mansevelo, the two top front 
 teeth in the natural state, 
 vonda 0 meno, v ., to make dull, 
 blunt, take off the edge, 
 yanga 0 meno, v., to show the teeth 
 (in a rage). 
 
( 347 ) 
 
 Men-Mfi 
 
 Meno, continued. 
 yo meno, a., sharp. 
 
 Meno, poss. ftron., cl. 7, 8, 9, 13, //., 
 your ; seco?idary form , yours. 
 
 Meso, pi. of disu,7,zz.,Meso = ma-|- 
 isu = mesu, the u of which be¬ 
 comes 0 euphonically after the 
 penult e, eyes, insight; see 
 also disu. 
 
 meso (ma-) kaya, v ., to be sleepless, 
 to have “ parched eyes/’ 
 meso (me-) zenzela, to be drowsy 
 with sleep or drink, 
 kala yo meso mengi, to be always 
 ' looking about. 
 
 kiesa 0 meso, to watch, to keep 
 awake, remain awake, 
 vana meso ma, before the eyes, in 
 the face of, in the presence. 
 For Locatives , see wider Kuma. 
 visa or vixisa 0 meso, v., to be 
 vigilant. 
 
 Mete, pi. 8, zz. (sing., &c., seldom used), 
 saliva, spittle, expectoration, 
 tulu twa mete, v., a sound sleep, 
 taula 0 mete, to spit. 
 
 Meza, pi. 8, zz. (P., mesa), table, 
 yala 0 meza, v., to prepare, lay, 
 spread the table. 
 
 yalula 0 meza, to clear the table. 
 
 Meza, v ., see Kwiza. 
 
 Mfiala, 4, zz., an unripe plantain, 
 -amfiala, a., unripe (of plantains). 
 
 Mfiandn, 2, zz., insolence. 
 
 -amfiandu, a ., insolent. 
 
 Mfiantalakani, 2, zz., contraction, a 
 contracting. 
 
 Mfiantwa, 2, zz., the stick in a trap 
 upon which the animal is 
 strangled when caught in the 
 noose. 
 
 Mfiauki, 1 & 4, zz., grateful person, 
 one who is thankful. 
 
 Mfiaukidi, I thank you. 
 
 Mfiba, 2, zz., kiss (Kongos never kiss 
 each other). 
 
 Mfidi, 1 & 4, zz., guide, escort, leader, 
 conductor. 
 
 mfidi a mpaka, (2), zz., opponent, 
 disputant. 
 
 Mfiengenge, 2, zz., a galago. 
 
 -amfifaladi, a., flickering. 
 
 Mfika, 2, zz., pillow, cushion, bolster, 
 a wooden pillow. 
 
 -amfiku, a ., old, stale (of wine and 
 liquids, seldom used of solid 
 food). 
 
 Mfilu, 4, zz., a low tree. 
 
 Mfimpa, 2, zz., inquiry, close question¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Mfmakani, 2, zz., narrowness, close¬ 
 ness, nearness. 
 
 -amfinakani, #., close together. 
 Mflnangani, ) ^ Mfinakani . 
 
 Mfinangiani, ) 
 
 -amfinangiani, a., narrow, close, 
 near. 
 
 Mfinda, 2, zz., a forest, a wood. 
 
 The land of the dead is often 
 spoken of as mfinda. 
 mfinda a mazamba, a great forest, 
 mwixi (1) mfinda, an inhabitant of 
 the forest of spirits. This 
 epithet is sometimes used as 
 equivalent to bushman (uncivil¬ 
 
 ised). 
 
 -amfinda, a., wild (of animals). 
 
 Mfinda, 2, zz., a coup de grace. 
 
 Mfinga, 2, zz., heaviness, weight, 
 -amfinga, heavy, weighty. 
 
 Mfinga, 2, zz., abuse, curse. 
 
 Mfinga, 2, zz., constipation. 
 
 Mfingi, 2, zz., the smallest mouse. 
 
 Mfingi, 2, zz., the biceps muscle, also a 
 singular swelling of this muscle 
 caused by a sharp blow with 
 the edge of the hand. 
 
 Mfingi (4) a Nzambi, n., this wasp 
 mfingi, to which the appellation 
 a Nzambi (God) is given, is so 
 called because it feeds its grub 
 with caterpillars, or as they 
 suppose gets caterpillars and 
 turns them into young wasps 
 in its clay cells. This seems to 
 them a work of creation. 
 
 Mfini, 2, zz., closeness, nearness. 
 Mfini, 1 & 4> »•> one who performs the 
 actions of fina ; see Tina, to 
 bewitch, draw, &c. 
 
Mfi-Mfu 
 
 (348) 
 
 Mfiongo, 4, n., flesh or muscle of the 
 back. 
 
 Mfioti, 1 & 4, 7 i. (Vivi & Kabinda), 
 negro, black man. 
 
 -amfioti, a. (Vivi & Kabinda), black. 
 
 Mfite, ) 11 & 2, n ., the smallest 
 
 Mfitete, ) variety of ants. 
 
 Mfiti, 2, «., nicotine, the deposit in 
 the stem of tobacco pipes. 
 
 Mfitu, 2, n. (Bako.), see Mfutu. 
 
 e mfiumbu, (2), adv., under water. 
 
 Mfixi, 2, 71., itch. 
 
 mona e mfixi, v., to itch {used of 
 the perso?i, not of the itchi?ig 
 fart). 
 
 Mfoko, 2, n., meaning, sense, signifi¬ 
 cation. 
 
 Mfoko, 2, //., end, conclusion, com¬ 
 pletion. 
 
 Mfoko, 2, fold, hem. 
 
 Mfomo, 2, 7 i. (P. fumo), tobacco, 
 snuff. 
 
 nna e mfomo, v ., to smoke tobacco, 
 vola or volela e mfomo, to take 
 snuff. 
 
 Mfuba, 2, cassava meal (this name 
 is only used of meal sold on the 
 markets ; see Cassava, Eng.- 
 Kongo). 
 
 Mfubu, 2, 7 i ., the screw-pine, pandanus 
 candelabrum. 
 
 Mfubungu, 4, n., a blunt knife, 
 -amfubungu, a., blunt. 
 
 Mfufulu, 4, 7 i. indistinctness, obscur¬ 
 ity, dimness. 
 
 -amfufulu, a., faint, indistinct, 
 obscure, dim. 
 
 Mfufulukia, 4, see Mfufulu. 
 
 Mfuka, 2, n., loan, debt. 
 
 dia e mfuka, v., to owe, be in¬ 
 debted to, incur a debt, 
 mundia (3) a mfuka, n ., a debtor. 
 
 Mfuka, 4, n., stalk of plantain,, or of 
 flower, bunch of palm., 
 mfuka a nxingu, nape of the neck. 
 
 Mfuki, 1 & 4, 7 i., a coverer. 
 
 Mfuki, 4, n., a small civet. 
 
 Mfuku, 11 & 2, 71., half-hundred, fifty. 
 
 Mfula, 2, 7 i., a close questioning, 
 inquiry, cross examination. 
 
 Mfula, 2, 71., pronunciation. 
 
 Mfula, 2, 71. (P. polvora = pulfula = 
 fula), gunpowder. 
 
 Mfula, 2, 7 i., a forging, working in 
 metals. 
 
 Mfulu, 2, 71., bed. 
 
 Mfulu, 2, 7 t., council, conference, con¬ 
 sultation. 
 
 mfulu ambi, n., conspiracy, 
 leka ( ferf. lekele) or kanga e 
 mfulu ambi, to conspire against, 
 make a conspiracy, 
 vangae mfulu, to hold a council, 
 consult, confer. 
 
 Mfulu, 2, 71., turtle, tortoise. 
 
 Mfuluka, 2, n. {? 7 iid. v.\ resurrection, 
 a rising from the dead. 
 
 Mfulumuna, 2, n. r a breath, a respira¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Mfuluta, 2, 71. (P. fruta), guava 
 (psidium). 
 
 Mfulwa, 2, n. (pass.), resurrection, a 
 being raised from the dead, 
 lumbu (6) kia mfulwa a wantu, 
 the resurrection day. 
 
 Mfuma, 4, 71 ., cotton tree (eriodendron, 
 bombax). 
 
 Mfumba, 4, n., arch, hoop (of cask), 
 bow (the weapon), cross-bow, 
 the spring of a trap. 
 
 Mfumbi, 1, 2, &4, 71 ., highway robber 
 or murderer, highwayman. 
 
 Mfumbula, 4, rain lasting all day, 
 or nearly so. 
 
 Mfumfu, 2, 7 i., flour, cassava meal, 
 prepared cassava root beaten 
 into flour ; powder, dust, meal, 
 mfumfu amputu, maize meal. 
 
 Mfumfula, 4, n., a bank, brink, brim, 
 edge, verge, side. 
 
 Mfumfuta, 2, n., crumb, dust, dusty 
 stuff. 
 
 Mfumu, 2, n.y chief, sovereign, em¬ 
 peror,, king ; master, lord, pro¬ 
 prietor;: free man, nobleman, 
 gentleman ; sir ! 
 
 mfumu a muntu (1), a free per¬ 
 son. 
 
 mfumu angani, an independent or 
 free person : nulutidi kweno 
 
( 349 ) 
 
 Mfu-Mia 
 
 Mfumu, continued. 
 
 emfumu zangani you passed 
 without let or hindrance, no 
 one had anything to say to you, 
 or interfered with you ; or you 
 passed with perfect freedom, 
 mfumu ankento, zz., queen, chief- 
 tainess, lady, mistress, a free 
 woman. 
 
 mfumu a nzo, zz., householder, 
 ue mfumu, adv., kingly, royally. 
 
 Mfuna, 4, n., pack, bale. 
 
 Mfunani, i & 4, zz., a sulky person. 
 
 -amfunanani, a., sulky. 
 
 Mfunda, 2, zz., mould. 
 
 -amfunda, a., mouldy. 
 
 Mfundi, 2, zz., vegetable food, eaten 
 with meat and stews ; pudding 
 made of cassava meal, 
 mfundi amputu, zz., maize-meal. 
 
 Mfundi, 1 & 4, n., a party, or any 
 one engaged in any way in a 
 law-suit, either as judge or liti¬ 
 gant. 
 
 Mifune, 2, n ., dizziness, faintness 
 caused by hunger. 
 
 fwa e mfune, v., to feel faint with 
 hunger. 
 
 Mfunguna, 2, n ., confession. 
 
 Mfungwa, 4, zz., a large fish. 
 
 Mfuni, 4, zz., a breaking of wind (down¬ 
 wards). 
 
 Mfunia, 2, 71. (Bako.), cruelty, 
 nkwa (1) mfunia, a cruel man. 
 
 Mfunu, 4, 7 i., use, advantage, purpose, 
 kala 0 mfunu, v., to serve, to be of 
 use. 
 
 nkia mfunu osala, what are you 
 doing ? 
 
 yo mfunu, a., useful, necessary, of 
 use, serviceable. 
 
 ke ya mfunu ko, inexpedient, of 
 no use, good for nothing, need¬ 
 less, useless. 
 
 Mfuta, 2, n., a payment, paying, man¬ 
 ner of payment, or reward. 
 
 -amfuta, a., stale (of food). 
 
 Mfutila, 2, 71., a payment for or to, 
 &c. 
 
 Mfutila, 2, n., a title of nobility. 
 
 Mfutu, 2, 7 i., payment, wages, fee, 
 hire, rent ; reward, recompense. 
 
 Mfwa, 2, 71., death. 
 
 umfwa nkenda, if you please, for 
 mercy’s sake. 
 
 Mfwanana, 2, zz., relationship. 
 
 Mfwanani, 2, zz., similarity, equality, 
 likeness. 
 
 -amfwanani, a., the same, equal, 
 alike. 
 
 -amfwani, a., becoming, fit, big (&c.) 
 enough. 
 
 Mfwanka, 4, zz., a blunt knife, 
 -amfwanka, a., blunt, dull. 
 
 Mfwanti, 2, zz., stuff, rubbish, twaddle, 
 trash, foolish words, idle talk, 
 nonsense. 
 
 -amfwantalakani, a., carelessly made 
 or done. 
 
 -amfwemoki, a., elastic. 
 
 Mfwele, 4, zz., menses. 
 
 Mfwenge, 2, zz., a small predatory 
 animal of the civet (?) kind. 
 
 Mfwofwo, 4, n., whydah bird. 
 
 Mi, prefix of nouns of the 3rd class 
 plural. 
 
 Mi, subj. pr 0710771 . pref., applied to ad¬ 
 jectives or verbs qualifying or 
 agreeing with nouns of the 3rd 
 and 4th classes plural. 
 
 emi, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 3 & 4, pi., 
 1 st pos., these, these which, 
 which. 
 
 Mia =mio + a ; see To, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Mia, cl. 3) 4> P^ % y pnep., of, about, 
 concerning, from. 
 
 Mia, v.i. ( per/, mini), to dissolve ; 
 to deliquesce (as salt), to melt, 
 to ascend by capillary attrac¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Mia, 9, zz., capillary attraction, deli¬ 
 quescence. 
 
 Miame, poss. pron. of the 1st pers., 
 cl. 3 & 4, pi., my, mine. 
 
 Miami, de7n. pron., cl. 3 & 4, pi., 1st 
 pos., emphatic, these. 
 
 Miamina, as above, 3 rdpos., those. 
 
 Miangala, 3 pi., n., a pain that affects 
 the whole member, as in the 
 case of a bad abscess. 
 
Mia-Mo 
 
 ( 35° ) 
 
 Miangana, 9, n., prettiness (very), Mini, continued. 
 
 niceness. mwesa or minika e mini, v., to 
 
 -amiangani, pretty, nice. illuminate, enlighten, show a 
 
 Miangana, a woman's word, farewell ; light. 
 
 nda miangana (by those re- Minika, v., to shine ; to give a light; 
 maining) ; sala miangana (by to show a light, enlighten, 
 
 those departing) ; see Salute, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Miangn, pi. 3, n ., bluster. 
 
 Mian, subj. also emphatic obj. pron., 
 cl. 3 & 4, pi., they, them. 
 
 Mian, poss. pron. of the 3rd pers.pl., 
 cl. 3 & 4, pi., their, theirs, see 
 An. 
 
 Mianka, v., to mew (as a cat). 
 
 Mieji, pi. 3, n ., moonlight, moonshine, 
 light of stars. 
 
 Mika, pi. 3, n. (mwika, sing.), wool, 
 fur, hair. 
 
 kala ye mika, v ., to be hairy. 
 Mileka (e nkongo mileka 0 masa- 
 ngn mabatama, proverb), no 
 (emphatically refusing to have 
 anything to do with the mat¬ 
 ter). 
 
 Mimi, dem. pron., cl. 3 &4,//., 1st 
 pos., emphatic, used o?ily after 
 the verbal particle i, these. 
 
 Mina, ) dem. & rel. pron., cl. 3 & 4, 
 
 emina, i pi., 3rd pos., those, those 
 which, which. 
 
 Mina, v.t ., to swallow, 
 mina 0 nsnnznln, v., to swallow 
 the food unchewed. 
 
 Mina, appl.form of Mm. 
 
 Minamaki, 6, n., a small snake. 
 
 Minga, v., to put on fine things and 
 go out merry making, dress up 
 for a dance. 
 
 Minganana, v., to be erect, to throw 
 the chest well forward. 
 
 Mingiedi, a Santu name, Dom Miguel; 
 
 see Santn. 
 
 Mingi, a., cl. 3, 4, pi., many, much. 
 
 Mingiji-mingiji, pi. 3, n. (Bako.), 
 stripes. 
 
 Mini ,perf. of Mia. 
 
 Mini, 1 & 4, n., one who swallows. 
 
 Mini, 6, n., a light, light torch, candle, 
 lamp, lantern. 
 
 gleam. 
 
 I Minikamalenge, 6, n., fire fly. 
 
 ! Mininwa, 6, n., tonsils, throat, gullet, 
 oesophagus. 
 
 Minsa, pi. 3, n. (P. missa), mass (of 
 the Romish church). 
 
 Minse, pi. 3, n., cartilage, gristle. 
 Minse, pi. of munse, 3, n., sugar-cane. 
 Mintalaji-mintalaji, pi. 3, n., stripes. 
 Min Vi, pron. (Kabinda and Loango), I. 
 Minu-ete, 4, n., breakfast. 
 
 Minnka, v.i., to be swallowed. 
 
 Mio, obj. pron.., cl., 3 & A, pi., them. 
 Mio, ■) dem. pron., cl. 3 & 4, pi., 2nd 
 emio, i pos., those. 
 
 Miomio, emphatic of the above. 
 -amiongo, a., hilly. 
 
 Misa, causative of Mia,. 
 
 Mixi, 2, n., cat. 
 
 mwana (1) a mixi, 2, n., kitten. 
 Mkoko, 4, 7 i. (Kib.), water. 
 
 Mo = , a combination of mu pref.-\-o , 
 in stems having 0 for their 
 initial. 
 
 Mo, obj. pro?i., cl. 7, 8, 9, 13 & 14, pi., 
 them. 
 
 Mo, ■) dem. pro 7 i., cl. as above, 2nd 
 omo, ) pos., those. 
 
 Moka, v., to talk, speak to, converse, 
 chat. 
 
 Mokajiana, v., to talk, converse, to¬ 
 gether (of many). 
 
 Mokana, v., to speak, converse, talk 
 together, chat. 
 
 Mokena, v., to talk about. 
 
 Mokesa, v., to chat with. 
 
 Moko, 6, 7 i., subject of conversation. 
 Moko (pi. of koko, 9), 71., = ma+oko, 
 arms, hands. 
 
 binia 0 moko, v., to fold the arms, 
 jinga 0 moko, to cross the arms. 
 Moko 
 
 nganga (2) a moko, the doctor 
 who is called in in case of sick- 
 
( 35i ) 
 
 Mok-Moy 
 
 Moko, continued. 
 
 ness, to ascertain whether the 
 complaint is caused by witch¬ 
 craft or natural causes ; see 
 Witch-doctor, Eng.-Kongo. 
 ta o moko, v ., to declare by divin¬ 
 ation. 
 
 tesa o moko, to consult the 
 nganga o moko, witch doctor. 
 
 Molo, 3, n., lazy, indolent person, 
 idler, sluggard. 
 
 -amolo, a..,, idle, lazy, dilatory, 
 sluggish, slothful. 
 
 Molowa, 3, zz., a creeper. 
 
 Momo, dem. fir on., cl. 7, 8, 9, 13 & 14, 
 pi ., 2nd pos., emphatic , those. 
 
 Mona, v.t. (appl. form mwena, caus¬ 
 ative mwesa and mwesesa, 
 causative appl. mwesesena 
 mid. voice, moneka), to see, 
 observe, view, notice, perceive, 
 descry, espy, distinguish, dis¬ 
 cern, feel (cold, &c.), find, ex¬ 
 perience, witness, feel, suffer, to 
 sight. For special use of this 
 verb applied to nou?is, see under 
 the nomis themselves. 
 
 Mona, 9, zz., vision, sight, light (ability 
 to see about). 
 
 mnna nzo za mindele mona kwi- 
 ngi mu monanga, in white 
 people’s houses it is very light ; 
 0 mona kufwene kuna muna 
 esuku diame muna sonekena, 
 it is light enough in my room 
 to write (by). 
 
 Monakana, v., to be visible. 
 
 Monana, v., to see each other, visit, 
 interview, greet, salute. 
 
 tumonana, inte 7 'j., a salutation to a 
 man who returns to his* town 
 after having been away for a 
 while. 
 
 Mondo, 3, zz., drum hollowed out of 
 the trunk of a tree, and used in 
 war time. 
 
 Moneka, v., to appear, come to view, 
 be or become visible, to be seen, 
 be exposed, show, emerge, to be 
 found, conspicuous. 
 
 Moneka, continued. 
 
 ke moneka ko, to be invisible, 
 ke toma moneka ko, to be ob¬ 
 scure. 
 
 -monekanga, p ., prominent, con¬ 
 spicuous. 
 
 ke -monekanga ko, p., invisible, 
 missing (not appearing). 
 
 Mongo, 3, zz., hill, mountain, down, 
 ascent, plateau. 
 
 Monji, 3, zz., bend in a stick. 
 
 Mono, ) , T 
 
 ’ > pron., I, me. 
 
 0 mono, > 
 
 -a mono, pron ., my, mine, 
 mono kwame, 
 mono kibeni, 
 mono kwame kibeni, 
 mono veka, 
 mono kwandi, 
 mono oyu, here am I. 
 
 Monso, pi. 3, zz., the left hand, also a 
 left-handed person. 
 
 -amonso, a., left. 
 
 kuna monso, adv., left-handedly. 
 
 Mote, 3, zz., beautiful, handsome, good- 
 looking person. 
 
 -a mote, a., handsome, beautiful, 
 lovely, pretty, good-looking 
 (used of persons only). 
 
 -moxi, zzzzzzz. a., one, a certain, one 
 particular, identical, the same, 
 equal. 
 
 -moxi diaka, a., another, one other, 
 -moxi kaka, a., single, one only, 
 
 | emphatics of 
 
 mono, my¬ 
 self, I my¬ 
 self. 
 
 sole. 
 
 -au a -moxi, a., that one only, the 
 sole, the only one ; see also au. 
 amoxi, adv., alone, solely, singly, 
 mono amoxi kaka (with personal 
 pronouns and names only), I 
 only, I alone. 
 
 -moxi -moxi, adv., one by one ; 
 one at a time, separately, 
 singly. 
 
 Moyo, 3, zz., life, spirit, soul, mind, 
 heart. 
 
 -amoyo, a., living, alive, 
 kala 0 or yo moyo, v., to be alive ; 
 wina kwandi yo moyo, he is 
 alive. 
 
Moy-Mpa 
 
 ( 352 ) 
 
 Moyo, contijiued. 
 
 -a moyo, a., vital, of or concerning 
 life. 
 
 yo moyo, a., alive, 
 moyo (3 u-) babala or (11-) jina, v., 
 to be very wishful for. 
 jinisa or babadisa 0 moyo, v., to 
 be very wishful for, to cause to 
 be wishful for. 
 
 moyo (u-) kuluka or bwa, v., to 
 
 be calm, free from anxiety, at 
 peace, at rest in one’s mind, 
 content, resigned, be composed, 
 bwisa or kulula 0 moyo, v. y to 
 wait patiently ; be content, re¬ 
 signed, to set the mind at rest, 
 to be comforted, also to cause 
 the same in others, 
 teleka or yangika 0 moyo, v., to 
 trouble, to be anxious, worry, 
 fret, be uncomfortable in mind, 
 be unsettled. 
 
 moyo (u-) telama or yangama 
 
 to be concerned about, be in 
 trouble, uneasy in mind. 
 
 Moyo is often an alternative for 
 ntima in many of the combin¬ 
 ations found under Ntima. 
 
 Mp is nearly always the result of a 
 combination of m (light nasal) 
 and V, the V having become p 
 according to euphonic law. If 
 the m were removed under any 
 circumstances, the p reverts 
 to v, mpaku, luvaku. 
 
 -ampa, a ., new, fresh, green, 
 strange, recent, modern. 
 
 Mpadi, 2 & 11, n., a large squirrel. 
 
 Mpaka, 2, 72., a questioning, doubt, 
 denial, objection, opposition, 
 contradiction, resistance, pro¬ 
 test, interference. 
 
 fila e mpaka, v., to oppose, object, 
 raise an objection, resist, with¬ 
 stand, contest, question, dis¬ 
 pute, thwart, contradict, protest, 
 interfere, disapprove. 
 
 Mpaka, 2, 72., enclosure (for animals), 
 cattle pen, pound, 
 mpaka a mameme ( 8 ),. sheep-fold. 
 
 Mpaka, continued. 
 mpaka a mayembe (. 8 ), dove-cot. 
 mpaka a nsusu (2), fowl-house. 
 
 Mpaka, 2, //., horn, 
 suka e mpaka, v., to gore. 
 
 Mpaka, 2, n., a scratching about (as a 
 fowl). 
 
 Mpakasa, 2, n., buffalo. 
 
 Mpaku, 2, n ., tribute, duty, toll, 
 customs, tax, due, blackmail, 
 payment (for crossing a river 
 by ferry or bridge). 
 
 Mpaku, 2 & 11, 72., fish-hooks. 
 
 Mpala, 2, 77., rival. 
 
 -ampalakasa, a., careless, thought¬ 
 less, slovenly. 
 
 Mpalanga, 2, 72 ., mpalanka antelope. 
 
 Mpalu, 2, 72., pointed stake in a pit 
 trap, a wedge. 
 
 Mpamba, v. 
 
 kwenda e mpamba, to climb a tree 
 without any instruments or sup¬ 
 port, “to swarm.” 
 
 Mpambu, 2, 72 ., point of separation, 
 parting, branching, forking of 
 roads; junction, meeting of 
 roads, division ; branching, bi¬ 
 furcation. 
 
 Mpambu, 2 & 11,72., chains. 
 
 Mpampa, 2, n. (Bako.), a large 
 number, many, a lot, crowd. 
 
 Mpamvu, 2,72., fool. 
 
 Mpanda, 2, 72 ., a capital offence, crime, 
 nata or vola e mpanda, v., to 
 commit, to be guilty of a capital 
 crime. 
 
 Mpanda, 2, 72 ., divination, a resort to 
 magic. 
 
 Mpandi, 2, 72 ., bifurcation (of tree), the 
 branching of a fork, forking of 
 a branch, a crutch, 
 vanga e mpandi, 77., to fork, branch 
 out. 
 
 Mpandu, 2, 72 ., charms, “ fetish.” 
 
 Mpanga, 2, n., chain (small), strap 
 rings (of a gun). 
 
 Mpangala, 2, 72., one of the days of 
 the Kongo week, identical with 
 nsona. (The Kongo week has 
 four days only). 
 
( 353 ) 
 
 Mpa-Mpa 
 
 Mpangi, 2, n ., elder brother or sister, 
 cousin, son or daughter to one’s 
 maternal aunt senior to one’s 
 self. 
 
 mpangi a tata, n ., uncle (paternal). 
 A paternal uncle is not con¬ 
 sidered in any way as a relative. 
 
 Mpangu, 2, ?i., when a woman is ap¬ 
 proaching confinement, a doctor 
 is called, who orders a feast. 
 A variety of vegetables are 
 prepared, and certain kinds 
 of meat are also cooked. The 
 feast is eaten only by people of 
 the same clan (ekanda) as the 
 woman. The doctor then in¬ 
 structs the mother that the 
 child is on no account to eat 
 any of the meats or fish which 
 were ordered by him for the 
 feast. These meats (not the 
 vegetables) are henceforth to 
 the child lekwa yampangu = 
 tabooed things. The restric¬ 
 tion is called mpangu ; to im¬ 
 pose such restriction, xia e 
 mpangu ; the doctor is said to 
 place the woman under a spell 
 or charm, kotesa 0 nkento. 
 Sometimes the doctor will limit 
 these restrictions ; thus, he may 
 say the child shall not eat these 
 things until it has become the 
 parent of a boy and a girl, after 
 which anything may be eaten. 
 These restrictions are the mere 
 whims of the doctor, although 
 the most frightful consequences 
 are supposed to follow any 
 transgression. For instance, the 
 mpangu of one lad are as fol¬ 
 lows : not to eat (nguvu) hip¬ 
 popotamus flesh, or (kwa kia 
 nguvu) yam, the penalty being 
 leprosy ; not to eat cray-fish, 
 the penalty being a skin disease 
 on the hand ; nor raw palm 
 nuts, the penalty, an out-break 
 of scald head, nor a small 
 spotted fish, called nlumbu, 
 
 Mpangu, cojitimied. 
 
 penalty, ophthalmia and loss 
 of eyelashes ; nor the great 
 ezunda frog, penalty, his eyes 
 will become big in the same 
 manner as the frog’s. The 
 mpangu restrictions are only 
 those imposed upon an unborn 
 child. Restrictions upon a sick 
 person are called konko. 
 
 Mpangu, 2, n. (Bako.), (seldom used 
 in Kongo), an affair, a matter. 
 
 Mpangu, 2, ?i., a porter’s staff. 
 
 Mpangula, 2, n., a rope. 
 
 Mpangulula, 2, n. (< active ), regenera¬ 
 tion, a making over again. 
 
 Mpangululwa, 2, n. (passive), a be¬ 
 ing made over again, regener¬ 
 ation. 
 
 Mpangwa, 2, 11., a being done, or 
 made. 
 
 Mpanza, 2, n ., counters, coloured 
 discs. 
 
 Mpanza, 2, n ., piece of cassava root 
 (cut longitudinally). 
 
 Mpanzu, 2, n., the gate of Ndembo. 
 
 Mpatakani, 2, n., division, interval, 
 bifurcation (of a tree), branch¬ 
 ing (of a fork) ; crutch. 
 
 Muna or kuna or vana mpatakani 
 a, p., between, betwixt ; for 
 Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 Mpati, 2 & 11, n., ribs. 
 
 Mpati (2) a nsengo, n., general term 
 for vegetables and things culti¬ 
 vated for food, garden produce. 
 
 Mpatu, 2, n ., garden, field, cultivated 
 land, farm. 
 
 Mpatu, 2, n. (P. pato), duck, goose, 
 mpatu anzadi, n., spur-winged 
 goose (plectropterus gambi- 
 ensis). 
 
 Mpatwa, 2, n., scoop, ladle. 
 
 Mpavala, 2, n., emptiness, desolation, 
 vacuum, uselessness,blank, zero, 
 nought. 
 
 kwampavala, \ there is nothing 
 mwampavala, > there are none 
 vampavala, ) For Locatives 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 A A 
 
Mpa-Mpe 
 
 ( 354 ) 
 
 Mpavala, continued. 
 
 -ampavala, a ., desolate, empty, 
 vacant, void, blank, invalid, 
 fruitless, useless, vain, 
 e mpavala, adv ., in vain, to no 
 purpose, uselessly. 
 
 Mpaxi, 2, n., pain, aching, ache, pang, 
 affliction, suffering, distress, 
 trouble, difficulty, labour, hard¬ 
 ship, misfortune, grief, woe, 
 harm. 
 
 tunyambula kwandi mpaxi vo 
 tnmbaka kaka konso lumbu, 
 
 we will leave him so long as we 
 catch him some day. 
 mpaxi jingi, n., anguish, agony, 
 mona e mpaxi, v., to be in pain, 
 to feel, have, suffer, or endure 
 pain, encounter difficulties, &c.; 
 see above. 
 
 mwesa e mpaxi, v., to give, cause 
 pain, &c. ; see above. 
 
 -ampaxi, a., painful, troublesome, 
 hard, difficult. 
 
 Mpaxi, conj. when followed by a noun, 
 
 only, but. Twasa konso-yo 
 zolele mpaxi nsusu ame, 
 
 bring any one (fowl) you like, 
 only a fowl of mine, 
 mpaxi yavana, a most emphatic 
 
 assertion of determination to 
 
 < 
 
 have one’s own way in a certain 
 point. Kana nukungwanda 
 kana nukumponda mpaxi ya¬ 
 vana nsambaNzambi, whether 
 you beat me or kill me, I will 
 pray to God. 
 
 Mpaxi owu A adv., only, if only, so long 
 Mpaxi vo, J as, but. Yo is used 
 when making a new stipulation ; 
 OWU conditionally on the fulfil¬ 
 ment of a stipulation mentioned. 
 Mpaya, 2, n., the curved protuber¬ 
 ance on the bone of the upper 
 lip of the cat-fish or baghre. 
 ampaya meno (pi. 7), mampaya, the 
 two front teeth filed diagonally 
 from the centre. 
 
 Mpe, adv., also, as well as, even and. 
 Mpe follows immediately after 
 
 Mpe, cojitinued. 
 
 the principal or most emphatic 
 word in its clause. It always 
 draws the accent of the word 
 preceding it on to the last 
 syllable : wenda, go ; wenda 
 mpe, go also. 
 
 ke...mpe ko, not also, and not, 
 nor. 
 
 Mpela, 2, n., the season when the grass 
 is burnt (July to October), the 
 ground which has been cleared 
 by fire. 
 
 Mpelela, 2, n., purity, holiness. 
 
 Mpelelesa, 2, n ., sanctification [active). 
 
 Mpeleleswa, 2, n ., sanctification 
 [passive). 
 
 Mpelo, 2, n., fruit. 
 
 Mpemba, 2, n., see Luvemba, pipe¬ 
 clay, marks of pipe-clay, 
 vana e mpemba, v., to acquit, ex¬ 
 culpate. 
 
 Mpembe, 2, n., an open, clear space ; 
 the open air, out of doors. 
 
 Mpembe, 2, n., whiteness, white, pallor, 
 -ampembe, a., white, clean, pale, 
 fair, light, grey. 
 
 Mpembele (2) a mvula, n., a winged 
 white ant (having darker wings 
 than the yinswa). 
 
 Mpemo, 2, n., wind (light), breeze. 
 
 Mpena, 2, n., see Mpavala. 
 
 -ampena, a., see -ampavala. 
 
 Mpese, 2, n., cockroach, also the bracts 
 (of palm nut), so called on ac¬ 
 count of their fancied resem¬ 
 blance in shape to the wings of 
 the cockroach. 
 
 mpese a maza, n ., water beetle. 
 
 Mpeta, 4, n., a cloth worn over the 
 shoulder by day, and used as a 
 counterpane at night. 
 
 Mpeta, 2, n., a throwing away. 
 
 -ampeteka, a., curved. 
 
 Mpeve, 2, n., wind (light), breeze. 
 Mpeve, 2 & 11, n., fin. 
 
 Mpevelo, 2, n., breeze, wind (light). 
 
 Mpevola, 2, n., kindness, generous 
 action. 
 
 Mpeza, 2, n ., rejection. 
 
( 355 ) 
 
 Mpi-Mpo 
 
 Mpiavia, 2, sudamina, small blisters 
 appearing on the body, due to 
 some abnormal state of the skin. 
 
 Mpiaza, 2, 77., the season when the 
 grass is burnt (July to October), 
 ground cleared by fire. 
 
 Mpidi, 2, 71., a serpent (a species of 
 viper). 
 
 Mpidixipe, 2, n. (P. principe), a title 
 of nobility. 
 
 Mpiese, 2, 77., seed-bead. 
 
 Mpiki, 2, 77., scrotal hydrocele or 
 hernia. 
 
 Mpila, 2, 77 ., disappearance, a dis¬ 
 appearing. 
 
 Mpila, 2, 77., manner, sort, kind, 
 species, breed, class, quality, 
 style, description, size, form, 
 shape, pattern. 
 
 -a mpila akaka, a., unlike; of 
 another kind, other, different, 
 diverse, dissimilar, 
 a mpila a, alike, like ; such as ; 
 
 of the kind of. 
 
 -ampila -mpila, a., various, 
 e mpila akaka, adv ., otherwise, in 
 another way. 
 
 e mpila moxi ye or yo, like, the 
 same as (of things compared). 
 
 Mpilakanwa, 2, 77., a blunder, mis¬ 
 take, error, forgetfulness, loss. 
 
 Mpiluka, 2, 77., repentance (of the 
 heart), alteration ( passive ). 
 
 Mpilula, 2, 77. {active), alteration. 
 
 Mpimbi, 2, 77 ., flower of plantain (in 
 purple bracts, edible). 
 
 Mpimpa, 2, 77. (P. pipa), pipe (great 
 cask), barrel, keg, cask. 
 
 Mpinda, 2, 77 ., ground-nut (arachis 
 hypogoea). 
 
 Mpindindembo, 2, 77., leg of pork. 
 
 Mpinga, 2, 77., a waiting, a halting for, 
 a halt for. 
 
 Mpinga, 2, 77., a replacing, a being 
 substituted for. 
 
 Mpingila, 2,77., a halt for... at, or in 
 or by. 
 
 Mpinji, 2, 77., the game of odds and 
 evens ; see Appendix (Games), 
 ta e mpinji, v., to play odds and 
 evens.” 
 
 Mpintudi, 1 & 4, 77., an infant who 
 early learns to speak or is a 
 very talkative child, or bird that 
 sings or chatters very much, 
 -ampintudi, a ., very talkative, full 
 of chatter. 
 
 Mpintuludi, 1 & 4, see Mpintudi. 
 ampintuludi, a., see -ampintudi. 
 
 -ampionda, a., winding, tortuous, 
 round about, circuitous. 
 
 Mpiti, 2, 77., antelope (gazelle-like). 
 There are no true gazelles, al¬ 
 though the mpiti is often called 
 so. 
 
 Mpitn, 2, 77., reason, object, purpose, 
 i mpitn or i mpitn yiyi, therefore, 
 so, for this or that reason. 
 Mn nkia mpitn ? or e mpitn 
 nki ? for what reason ? why ? 
 wherefore ? (The above clauses 
 all require the applied form of 
 the verb.) 
 
 Mpivi, 2, 77. (Mpa.), orphan. 
 
 -ampinki, a., black. 
 
 Mpodiakanu, 2,77., see Mpolakanu. 
 
 Mpodi (2) a nkann, 77., a criminal, a 
 convict, a law-breaker. 
 
 Mpofo, 2, 77., blind person. 
 
 -ampofo, a., blind. 
 
 Mpoka, 2, 77. (Bako.), a horn. 
 
 Mpolakanu, 2, 77., bad, wicked, law¬ 
 less, dissolute, cruel person. 
 (Used of one guilty of worse 
 crimes than lying and stealing.) 
 -ampolakann, a., wicked, lawless, 
 cruel, criminal. 
 
 Mpolo, 2, 77., face, countenance. 
 
 Mponda, 2, 77 ., belt, girdle, waist string. 
 
 Mponda, 2, 77., slaughter, manner of 
 slaying, murder, killing, execu¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Mpondwa, 2, 77 . (passive), slaughter. 
 
 Mpongi, 2, 71., chimpanzee. 
 
 Mpongo, 2 ph, 7 i., fatness, obesity, 
 corpulence. 
 
 Mpongomoka, 2,77., a falling in, caving 
 in, a landslip. 
 
 Mpongongo, 2, 77., whydah bird, in 
 the breeding season when in 
 full feather. 
 
Mpo-Mpu 
 
 ( 356 ) 
 
 Mpota, 2, 77., a large coil. 
 
 Mpotomoka, 2, n., a falling, caving in, 
 a landslip. 
 
 Mpova, 2, ?i., pronunciation, manner 
 of speaking, so 77 ietivies co 77 ibmed 
 with ordinary adjectives. 
 
 nkwa mpova a mpunzu, a snappish 
 person, one who will say one 
 thing one minute and some¬ 
 thing very different another, 
 nkwa mpova a ntiamvuna (2), pi., 
 an insolent fellow. 
 
 nkwa mpova za vilnka e ekunji, 
 
 one who tells you the truth, but 
 tells a lie when another asks 
 him. 
 
 Mpovi, 2, 7 i., speaker, orator. 
 
 Mpozi, 2, 7 t. (Vivi), sunlight, sunshine, 
 
 Mpu, 2, 77 . (P. chapeo), cap, hat. 
 
 Mpndi, 2, 7 i., a fish. 
 
 Mpnkama, 2, 77., a fall down on one’s 
 face. 
 
 Mpuki, 2, 77., a gross liar, a scoundrel, 
 rascal, scamp. 
 
 Mpuku, 2 ,?z.,rat, field mouse (generic). 
 
 Mpukuka, 2, 77 . {passive), explo¬ 
 
 sion. 
 
 Mpuknln, 2, 77., side of house (under 
 the eaves), verandah (not under 
 the gable). 
 
 Mpukulula, 2, 77., invitation. 
 
 Mpukumuna, 2, 77., temptation, a 
 tempting, enticement. 
 
 Mpnkumuni, 2, n., tempter. 
 
 Mpukumwivi, 2, Palisota Barterii. 
 
 Mpuluka, 2, 77. (P. pnrga), croton 
 (jatropha curcas, bot.). 
 
 Mpulnza, 2, 77., salvation (wrought, 
 active). 
 
 Mpuluzwa, 2, 77., salvation (enjoyed, 
 passive), deliverance. 
 
 Mpumbu, 2, 77., the Kongo name for 
 country of Avumbu or Awumbu, 
 the tribe to the west of Stanley 
 Pool, south of the river; the 
 trading district about Stanley 
 Pool. 
 
 ta e Mpumbu, v., to go on a trad¬ 
 ing expedition to Mpumbu ; to 
 make a journey to Mpumbu. 
 
 Mpumpa, 2, 77., one not living in wed¬ 
 lock, man or woman, bachelor, 
 spinster. 
 
 Mpunda, 2, n a rest, a resting, a 
 halt. 
 
 Mpundu, 2, 77., a nostril. 
 
 Mpunga, 2, 77., sparmania (a common 
 plant having a good bast, which 
 furnishes a fibre for string, rope 
 nets and house building.) 
 
 Mpungi, 2, 77., a tusk of ivory, an 
 ivory horn ; sometimes a very 
 hollow tusk of ivory is bored 
 near the point and blown as 
 a trumpet ; a trumpet, bugle, 
 cornet. 
 
 xika e mpungi, v., to play the ivory 
 horn, trumpet, &c. 
 
 -ampungi, a., ivory. 
 
 Mpungu, 2, 77., the highest, the 
 supreme. 
 
 Nzambi (2) ampungu, 77., God; for 
 the 77 iea 77 i 77 g of mpungu see be¬ 
 low. In a dialect spoken on 
 Lake Tanganika, God is spoken 
 of as Kabega ampungu ; mpu¬ 
 ngu is probably allied to Muti- 
 ngu, Mulungu, Moongo, Molo- 
 ngo, and other names for God 
 used towards the East Coast ; 
 see God, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 mpungu a ngangu, the sharpest 
 man about. 
 
 -ampungu, a., highest, supreme ; 
 
 see above. 
 
 Mpungu, 2, 77., a fetish image, a 
 bundle of charms kept by some 
 chiefs in the belief that it will 
 attract “goats” (runaway slaves) 
 to them {see Slave) ; or that it 
 will render the possessor suc¬ 
 cessful in business. 
 
 Mpungu, 2, 77 . (Loango), a fish that 
 may be heard bellowing in the 
 sea along the South-West Coast 
 of Africa. 
 
 Mpungunzakama, 2, 77., an ant. 
 
 Mpuninu, 2, 77., a delusion, a deceiv¬ 
 ing, a deception. 
 
 Mpunza, 2, n ., bullet, shot, slug. 
 
( 357 ) 
 
 Mpu-Mum 
 
 Mpunzu, 2, 77., blot, smear, an erasure, 
 nkwa mpova a mpunzu, see Mpova. 
 
 Mpusu, 2, n., mbadi palm, from the 
 fronds of which native cloth is 
 made, fine long fibre, cotton, 
 cotton-thread, wick, 
 mpusu zankambika, woof, 
 mpusu zantongeka, warp (in things 
 woven). 
 
 mpusu za yimpiatu, silk, 
 mpusu zansongo, copper wire, 
 mpusu zantaku, brass wire, 
 mpusu zatadi, iron wire. 
 
 Mputa, 2, n. (Bako.), ulcer, sore. 
 
 Mputu, 2, n. (derived from the word 
 Portugeza = Mputulukezo = 
 Mputu), originally the native 
 corruption of the name of 
 the Portuguese, it has now 
 become the name for the white 
 man’s country, in the belief that 
 the Europeans were a small 
 tribe, living away in the land 
 under the sea, where the ximbi 
 (water fairies) make cloth for 
 the white man. The submarine 
 idea originated in the obser¬ 
 vation that as ships came into 
 sight, only the tops of the masts 
 were visible at first, and the 
 hull rose to view later on, as if 
 the vessel rose out of the sea ; 
 hence Mputu means Portugal, 
 the white man’s land, Europe ; 
 and also cloth. In some parts 
 it even means iron. 
 
 Mpwabu, 2, 77., a plate, dish, pot, or 
 anything having a mouth, which 
 has a piece chipped out of the 
 rim, hence also a person who 
 has lost some of his teeth, 
 -ampwabu, a ., having a piece 
 chipped out of the rim (or of 
 persons) having lost some 
 teeth. 
 
 Mpwanga, 2, 77., an unprincipled, 
 unscrupulous, relentless fellow, 
 a man who sticks at nothing. 
 
 Mpwata, 2, 77 ., manner of dressing, 
 fashion (of dress). 
 
 Mpwaxi, 2,77., space between, interval, 
 division. 
 
 kuna or muna orv ana mpwaxi, a., 
 
 between, betwixt. For Locatives , 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 -ampwena, see Nene. 
 -ampwena-mpwena, a., very large, 
 huge, immense, enormous, 
 intensive of -ampwena. 
 
 -ampwenia, a. (Bako.), see -ampwena. 
 
 Mu, 3, 77. (pi. miu), see Muvu. 
 
 Mu, subj. projiom. prefix , cl. 14, 
 pi. For Locatives , see under 
 Kuma. 
 
 Mu, prefix to nouns of the 4th class, 
 having a nasal on the stem ; all 
 such words make their plural in 
 mi, except mumbu, mungula, 
 and mungwa, which are con¬ 
 tractions of muumbu, muu- 
 ngula. 
 
 Mu before non-nasal stems = mu+U, 
 pi. miu. 
 
 Mu ; antu mu wantu, there are men 
 and men. 
 
 Mu, \ dem. & rel. pron ., cl. 14? pl"> 
 
 omu, j \stpos., these, these which, 
 which ; for Locatives , see under 
 
 Kuma. 
 
 Muku, 3, 77. (pi. miuku), the scent 
 arising with the steam of hot 
 food. 
 
 Mukufi, loc., too near, at too short a 
 distance. 
 
 Mukuka, v.i., to be broken in two. 
 
 Mukuna, v.t., to break in two. 
 
 Mula, 3, 77. (P. mula), mule. 
 
 Mula, loc n at too great a distance, too 
 far, too distant, too high, too 
 deep. 
 
 Mulu, 3, 77., new beer ; see Beer, Eng- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Mululu, 3, 77., blood (from the nose). 
 
 Mumbembe, 3, 77., plume, feather 
 (large). 
 
 Mumbu, 3 (pi. miumbu), n., small 
 stream in marsh. 
 
 Mumpampala, 3, 77., root (exposed as 
 in swamps). 
 
 Mumpanga-, 3, 77., one who acts. 
 
Mum-M un 
 
 ( 358 ) 
 
 Mumpanga-, continued. 
 mumpangamayi, zz., a bad person 
 ( = mumpanga mambu mayi). 
 mumpangamawete, a person who 
 does what is good and kind. 
 
 Mumpangi, 3, one who acts, 
 mumpangi a mbi, an evil doer, 
 mumpangi a mawete, one who 
 acts kindly. 
 
 Mumpempe, 3, zz., a white bottle. 
 
 Mumpiji, 3, zz., a whistle with the 
 mouth. 
 
 xika 0 mumpiji, v., to whistle with 
 the mouth. 
 
 Mumpita, 3, n., captive, prisoner of 
 war. 
 
 Mumu, dem. ftron., cl. 14, //., 1st pos., 
 emphatic , used only after the 
 verb “ to be.” For Locatives , 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 Mumvidi, 3, n., maggot, fly-blow, 
 grub, a female jigger which has 
 burrowed under the skin, the 
 abdomen of which has become 
 distended and white ; see Jigger, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Mumvubu, 3, n., rope laid across a 
 swollen stream to help people 
 to cross, “ hand over hand.” 
 
 Mumvumvu, 3, n ., the small variety 
 of sparmania. 
 
 Muna, \dem. & rel. pron ., cl. 14, pi ., 
 
 omunaj 3rd pos., those, those 
 which, which. For Locatives , 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 yamuna yamuna, adv., hither and 
 thither, here and there. For 
 Locatives , see under Kuma. 
 
 Mundalandala, 3, n ., the screw-pine, 
 pandanus candelabrum, dra- 
 coena, palm-swallow. 
 
 Mundele, 3, n ., white man, European 
 trader ( derivation uncertainj 
 query nlele, cloth). 
 
 Mundia, 3, zz., one who eats. 
 
 mundiimfuka, a debtor, one who 
 runs into debt. 
 
 mundiawantu, a cannibal. 
 
 Munduti a njila, 3, zz., stranger, way¬ 
 farer, passenger. 
 
 Mungela, 3, n., a tall straight tree. 
 
 Mungeleji, 3, n., stalk (of maize). 
 
 Mungiji, 3, n., nsafu kernel. 
 
 Mungingi, 3, n., quill (of feather), 
 stalk (of fruit, &c.). 
 
 Mungodia, 3, n. (Bako.), cassava, 
 pudding, kwanga ; see Cassava, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Mungomena, 3, n., a bush, the stakes 
 of which are much used for 
 fencing. 
 
 Mungula, 3 (pi. miungula), zz., 
 warmth, heat. 
 
 Mungunia, v. {per/, mungwiui), to 
 
 eat with the gums (having no 
 teeth), also to eat with the 
 mouth full. 
 
 Mungyengye, 3, zz., a tree yielding a 
 yellow astringent plum. Stakes, 
 cut from this tree, grow very 
 readily. 
 
 Mungwa, 3 (pi. miungwa), ;z., salt, 
 -amungwa, a., salt. 
 
 Mungwangwa, ) 3, zz., a large, 
 
 Mungwanza, i straight tree. 
 
 Munjiaku, 3, zz., a noise made by 
 chewing, a noisy chewing. 
 
 Munjikila, 3, zz., a shrivelled ground¬ 
 nut. 
 
 Munkanda, 3, zz., a fall (of a person), 
 bwa 0 munkanda, to fall down 
 (spoken of people and living 
 creatures only). 
 
 Munkita, 3, zz., merchandize, produce 
 “ trade.” 
 
 Munkondwa, 3, zz., one who lacks —, 
 has no —. 
 
 munkondwangemba, 3, zz., an un¬ 
 friendly person. 
 
 munkondwankenda, zz., pitiless 
 person. 
 
 Munkwa, conj ., lest, for fear that. 
 
 Munkwalala, 3, zz., scratch, cut (for 
 cupping). 
 
 Munkwikiji, 3, zz., religious person. 
 This word remains from the old 
 times of the Catholic missions, 
 and although its meaning had 
 come to be little more than a 
 good, trustworthy person, its old 
 
( 359 ) 
 
 Mun-Mve 
 
 Munkwikiji, continued. 
 
 meaning of Christian has re¬ 
 vived. 
 
 Munsangania, 3, //., a green edible 
 caterpillar. 
 
 Munsansa, 3, n., chestnut colour 
 (only used in reference to 
 cattle). 
 
 -amunsansa, a., chestnut (colour). 
 
 Munse, 3, n., sugar-cane. The plural 
 minse also means cartilage. 
 
 Munsongwa, 3, n., a palm wine 
 tapster. 
 
 Munta, 3, 11 ., the doer of the action 
 represented by the word ta. 
 munta-zumba, adulterer {mi), 
 adulteress {/.), immoral person, 
 whore, harlot, whoremonger, 
 fornicator. 
 
 Muntala, 3, n., a cicatrix of the 
 Bateke tatoo. 
 
 Muntiozo, 3, n., a click expressive of 
 vexation. 
 
 Muntu, 1, n., person, individual, man 
 or woman, some one, some 
 body, some person or other. 
 
 When followed by possessive 
 pro?ioun or a, of : slave, 
 muntu afwa, corpse, 
 muntu akaka, some one else, 
 muntu ambaki, prisoner, captive, 
 muntu dimoyo,* human being. 
 
 Muntudia, 3, n., leech. 
 
 Munxienxiambulu, 3, n., whydah bird 
 in the breeding season, when in 
 full feather. 
 
 Munzenze, 3, n., a small plant. 
 
 Munzungulu, 3, n ., an abscess in the 
 ear. 
 
 Musungula, conj ., especially, also, 
 and, as well as, too, likewise, 
 even. 
 
 MUVU, 3, n., furrow, trench, ditch, 
 dike. 
 
 tima 0 muvu, v., to cut a trench, 
 dig a ditch. 
 
 * Bunda idiom, the first class in Bunda 
 
 takes the prefix di- in the singular. The 
 
 plural of this idea is antu a dezo, human be¬ 
 ings, mortals. 
 
 Muwu, 3, n. (pi. miuwu), sea, ocean. 
 
 Muxi, see Mwixi. 
 
 Mv ; when a light m is prefixed to v, 
 the latter may become p; it 
 often, however, remains un¬ 
 changed. 
 
 Mva, 4, n., haft, handle (of hoe, knife 
 or sword). 
 
 Mvadi a nti, 1 & 4, ?i., carpenter, a 
 worker in wood. 
 
 Mvakala, 4, n., labyrinthic entrance 
 to a stockade, street. 
 
 Mvakudi, 1 & 4, n., betrayer; one 
 who pays taxes. 
 
 Mvalu, 4, 71. (P. cavallo), horse. 
 
 Mvambala (4) a mvula, n., a heavy 
 downpour (of rain). 
 
 Mvanda, 4, 71 ., a braid, plait. 
 
 Mvanda, 4, 71., the springbok. 
 
 Mvandi, 4, 71., diviner, a man who 
 makes, or has resource to 
 charms. 
 
 Mvanga, 4, n ., a thorny bush (mimosa). 
 
 -amvangani, a., impatient. 
 
 Mvangi, 1 & 4, 71., doer, author, actor, 
 maker, creator. 
 
 mvangi a ngemba (2 pi.), n., peace¬ 
 maker, reconciler, mediator, 
 one who makes or restores 
 friendship (where there has 
 been a quarrel between friends). 
 
 Mvangilu (4) a ngemba, n., propitia¬ 
 tion, reconciliation, that which 
 has restored friendship, that 
 which atones, the atonement. 
 
 Mvangixi (1 & 4) a ngemba {causa¬ 
 tive), see mvangi a ngemba. 
 
 Mvati, 1 & 4, 7i., cultivator, planter, 
 gardener. 
 
 Mveko (4) a ntangwa, sunset, 
 
 Mvekwantangwa, 4, n ., see Mveko. 
 
 Mvela, 2, n. (P. vela), candle. 
 
 Mvelela, 2, 77 ., purity, holiness. 
 
 Mvelelesa, 2,zz., sanctification {active) 
 
 Mveleleswa, 2, 71., sanctification 
 
 {passive). 
 
 Mvengele, 4? »•> famine. 
 
 Mvengo, 4, 71 ., corps, detachment,divi¬ 
 sion, company, regiment, band, 
 party, body (of fighting men). 
 
Mve-Mvu 
 
 ( 360 ) 
 
 -amvengojioki, a ., cautious, wary. 
 Mvete, 4, zz., a bush (sp. ?) 
 
 -amvevi, a ., soft, not hard, easy to 
 cut, cheap. 
 
 Mvevodi, 1 & 4, zz., benefactor. 
 
 -amvevodi, a., liberal, kind, gener¬ 
 ous, benevolent, bountiful. 
 Mvia, 4, zz., distress, calamity, ill, 
 disaster, adversity, affliction, 
 tribulation, trouble, misfortune, 
 -amviaviani, a., restless, impatient. 
 Mvia, 2, zz., penis. 
 
 Mviba, 4, zz., lash, stripe, wale. 
 
 mviba a mfomo, cigar. 
 
 Mvidingi, 4, zz., foreleg, shin, shank. 
 Mvika, 1, zz., wife (of a chief), queen. 
 Mvila, 2 & 11, zz., clans, see Luvila. 
 
 z 4, zz., the edge of a basket, 
 Mvila, ' &c., which has been strong- 
 
 Mvilu, \ ly bound, border (not a 
 ( rough edge), see Vila. 
 Mviluka, 2, zz. {mid. v.), a change, a 
 manner of change, alteration or 
 reversal, see Vilula. 
 mviluka a ntima (4), zz., the man¬ 
 ner in which one’s mind or 
 heart is or was changed. 
 Mviluki, 1 & 4, zz., one who changes or 
 repents, a penitent. 
 
 -amviluki, a., repentant. 
 
 Mviluku, 4, zz. {mid. v.), a change, 
 alteration, reversal; see Vilula. 
 mviluku a ntima (4), zz., the accom¬ 
 plishment of a change of mind 
 or heart, repentance. 
 
 Mvilula, 2, zz. (< act .), a changing, alter¬ 
 ing, reversing ; see Vilula. 
 mvilula a ntima (4), v. {active), the 
 manner of changing the mind 
 or heart, the manner of bringing 
 about repentance. 
 
 Mvilulu, 4, zz. {act.), the bringing 
 about of a change, alteration or 
 reversal ; see Vilula. 
 mvilulu a ntima (4), zz. {active), 
 the bringing about of a change 
 of mind or heart, the bringing 
 about of repentance. 
 
 -amvimba, a., whole, entire, complete, 
 perfect, sound. 
 
 Mvimbila, 4, zz., swelling, bump, 
 wale. 
 
 Mvimvi, 2, zz., satiety, loathing. 
 
 Mvinda, 4, zz., rim of basket; see 
 
 Mvila. 
 
 Mvindu, 2, zz., dirt, filth, defilement, 
 pollution, uncleanness, soil, 
 -amvindu, a., filthy, dirty, unclean, 
 defiled, polluted, soiled, 
 kala e mvindu, v., to be filthy, 
 dirty, &c. (as above), 
 xia e mvindu, to make filthy, dirty, 
 &c. (as above). 
 
 Mvinga (4) a tuvi (pi. 10), a mess of 
 ordure. 
 
 Mvinga, 2, zz., see Mpinga. 
 
 Mvingi, 1 & 4, zz., beggar. 
 
 Mvingi, 1 & 4, zz. (Bako.), one who 
 makes a change, alteration. 
 
 Mvingi, 1 & 4, zz., one who waits. 
 
 Mvingi, 1 & 4, zz., one who takes the 
 place of another, a substitute. 
 
 Mvingidi (1 & 4) a efwa (8), zz., an 
 inheritor, an heir. 
 
 Mvingila, 2, zz., see Mpingila. 
 
 Mviza a mfomo, 4, zz., cigar. 
 
 Mvodivodi, 4, zz., (hunter’s) whistle. 
 
 Mvolexi (1) a nkanu, zz., prosecutor. 
 
 Mvolotolo, 4, zz. (P. cobertor = covo- 
 lotolo), blanket. 
 
 Mvonda, 2, zz. {active), murder, execu¬ 
 tion, killing, slaughter. 
 
 Mvondi, 1 & 4, zz., murderer, execu¬ 
 tioner, one who kills, spoils, 
 destroys. 
 
 -amvondi, a., blood-thirsty, de¬ 
 structive, hurtful. 
 
 Mvondo, 4, zz., killing, murder. 
 
 Mvondo, 2, zz., hornbill. 
 
 Mvondwa, 2, zz. {passive), murder, 
 slaughter. 
 
 Mvonono, 4, zz., the nickname of a 
 person who is slovenly in 
 dress. 
 
 Mvovo, 4, zz, matter under discussion, 
 speech, thing spoken, palaver, 
 address, discourse, utterance, 
 expression, direction, bidding. 
 
 Mvu, 4, zz., a season, year, time 
 (season). 
 
( 361 ) 
 
 Mvu-Mvu 
 
 Mvu, continued. 
 mvu amputu, European year, 
 mvu kwa, adv., how long? how 
 many years. 
 
 -amvu ya mvu, a., yearly, 
 kwa mvu ya mvu, adv., for ever 
 and ever, eternally, for ever, 
 kwenda mvu kuvutuka mvu, 
 
 from one year’s end to another, 
 year by year, always, everlast- 
 ingly. 
 
 muna-mvu, adv., annually, 
 mvu miawanso, for ever. 
 
 Mvu, 2, n., old age, grey hairs, 
 ye mvu, a., old, whitehaired, elderly. 
 
 Mvu, 4, n., spiral, spiral screw, worm 
 of a screw, screw propeller, 
 nsonso (2) a mvu, a screw. 
 
 Mvua, 4, n., a nut of the cola (ster- 
 culia) tree. 
 
 Mvuba (muna maza), 2, n., a baptiz¬ 
 ing, a baptism, immersion, dip¬ 
 ping (into water). 
 
 Mvuba (a nsangu, &c.), 2, n., exag¬ 
 geration. 
 
 Mvubi (muna maza), 1 & 4, «•> 
 a baptist, one who baptizes, 
 -amvubi (muna maza), a., baptist. 
 
 Mvubi, 1 & 4 (a nsangu, &c.), n., 
 exaggerator. 
 
 -amvubi (a nsangu, &c.), ex¬ 
 aggerating. 
 
 Mvubi (a madia, &c.), one who acts 
 greedily, a greedy person, 
 -amvubi, a., greed. 
 
 Mvudi, 2, 11., a water antelope. 
 
 Mvudiangunda, 1 & 4, n., a mediator, 
 one who speaks for another in 
 a palaver, an interpleader. 
 
 Mvuka, 2, n., fever, ague. 
 
 Mvukixi, 1 & 4 (Bako.), n., the 
 Saviour. 
 
 Mvukixi, 1 & 4, n., one who enables 
 to escape. 
 
 Mvukulu (4) a ntima, n., amusement, 
 diversion. 
 
 Mvukulula, 2, n., invitation. 
 
 Mvukumuna, 2, n., enticement, 
 
 temptation. 
 
 Mvukumuni, 1 & 4, n., tempter. 
 
 Mvukwavukwa, 4, n., a large tree 
 (pentagona macrophylla ?). 
 
 Mvula, 2, 71., rain, wet weather, 
 mvula (i-)bwa, v., to rain, 
 matadi ma mvula, n., hail, 
 mvambala (4) a mvula, a down¬ 
 pour of rain, heavy rain, 
 mvula za masanza, the first rains, 
 which fall about September 
 15 - 
 
 vento amvula, tornado, 
 mpembele (2) amvula, winged ants 
 (not the white ant). 
 
 Mvuluji, 1 & 4, n., a saviour, de¬ 
 liverer, the Saviour. 
 
 Mvuluza, 2, 71., a saving, deliverance 
 {active). 
 
 Mvuluzu, 4, n., salvation (wrought, 
 active), deliverance. 
 
 Mvuluzwa, 2, 7 i., salvation (enjoyed, 
 passive), deliverance. 
 
 Mvuma, 2, n., a flower, a blossom, 
 bloom. 
 
 Mvumba, 2, 7 i., scent, aroma, smell. 
 
 Mvumba, 4, 71 ., barrel of gun. 
 
 Mvumbi, 2, 71., corpse, dead person. 
 
 Mvumbu, 1, 71., a man of Mpumbu ; see 
 Mpumbu. Being the name of 
 a remote up-country tribe it has 
 come to be used as a general 
 term of contempt towards 
 strangers, “ bushman, stupid 
 fellow, slave,” &c. 
 
 -amvumi, a., fearful, dreading, timid 
 (towards people). 
 
 Mvumu, 4, 71., rolling thunder. 
 
 -amvumvudi, a., at large, roaming. 
 
 -amvumuki, a., flying, 
 
 Mvunda, 2, n., halt. 
 
 -amvungela, a. 
 
 nzongo (4) amvungela, blank 
 charge. 
 
 Mvungu, 4, 7 i., water cooler (earthen 
 porous bottle). 
 
 Mvungu, 2, 7 i., deep, bass sound. 
 
 Mvungudi, 1 & 4, n., herdsman, 
 shepherd, one who keeps flocks. 
 
 Mvungula, 2, n., early morning, just 
 as it dawns, dawn, 
 una mvungula, at dawn. 
 
Mvu-Mwa 
 
 ( 362 ) 
 
 Mvungula, 2 & 11, zz ., spark ; glowing 
 ash, as of burnt grass, &c. 
 
 Mvungula, 2, n ., a tending of flocks, 
 a shepherding. 
 
 Mvunguvungu, 2, zz., early morning, 
 dawn. 
 
 -amvumangi, a., great, large, used 
 of birds 07 ily. 
 
 Mvuni, 1 & 4, zz., impostor, deceiver, 
 cheat. 
 
 -amvuni, <2., fraudulent, deceptive, 
 deceitful. 
 
 Mvuninu, 2, zz., a delusion, a deceiv¬ 
 ing, a deception. 
 
 Mvunixi, 1 & 4, zz., unbeliever. 
 
 Mvusu, 4, ?i., cotton plant. 
 
 Mvutu, 2, 72., answer, reply. 
 
 Mvutu, 2, 7 i., moisture, dampness, 
 wet, damp. 
 
 -amvutu, a., damp, humid, wet, 
 moist. 
 
 kala ye mvutu, to be damp, wet, 
 moist. 
 
 Mvutwilu, 2, 72., reply, answer. 
 
 Mvuvu, 4, 72., wind-pipe, trachea, 
 gullet, oesophagus, tube, 
 mvuvu a menga, an artery, 
 mvuvu a mwixi, funnel, chimney. 
 
 Mvwa, 4, 72 ., kola nuts. 
 
 Mvuyi, 2, 72., a plant with broad 
 lanceolate leaves, often used in 
 tying up kwanga. 
 
 Mvwala, 2, zz., staff, 
 mvwala a mfumu, zz., a staff (of 
 chief), a sceptre, emblem of 
 authority ; hence a special 
 messenger from a chief, one 
 acting with full power ; viceroy, 
 administrator general. 
 
 Mvwama, 2, zz., a rich, wealthy per¬ 
 son. 
 
 -amvwama, a., rich, wealthy, 
 affluent. 
 
 Mvwambu, 2 & n, n., a rafter, 
 amvwami, a., rich, affluent, wealthy. 
 
 Mvwanga, 2, 77., publicity, 
 -amvwanga, a., public (not pri¬ 
 vate). 
 
 Mvwangalakani, 2, 71., a tangle, an 
 entanglement, derangement. 
 
 Mvwatu, 4, 72 ., clothes, clothing, at¬ 
 tire, dress, garment, raiment, 
 robe, suit of clothes, apparel. 
 
 Mvwe, 1 & 4, 72 ., owner, possessor. 
 
 Mvwela, 2, n., (P. vela), sail. 
 
 Iwa-mu+a; Mwa=mo ; see To, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Mwadi, 3, 72. (Kib.), earthworm. 
 
 Mwakaka, loc., elsewhere ; for Loca¬ 
 tives, see imder Kuma. 
 
 Mwalakaji, 3, zz., a woman recently 
 confined. The term is gene¬ 
 rally applied as long as she 
 suckles her child. 
 
 -amwalakaji, a., a term applied to 
 women or animals which have 
 recently given birth, or have 
 young in charge, as, USUSU 
 amwalakaji, hen with a brood. 
 
 Mwamba, 3, zz., gravy of a stew, soup. 
 
 Iwamu, dem. pron., cl. \/\,pl.,\st pos., 
 emphatic, these ; for Locatives, 
 see imder Kuma. 
 
 Mwamuna, dem.proii., cl. 14, pi., 3rd 
 pos., emphatic, those ; for Loca¬ 
 tives, see imder Kuma. 
 
 Mwana, 1, zz., child, offspring, son or 
 daughter, descendant, boy or 
 girl, baby, babe, infant, lad, 
 lassie, cousin (the child of one’s 
 maternal uncle only), subject of 
 a king, slave ; cub, whelp, kid 
 (of goat), calf (of cow), young 
 of any animal. 
 
 mwana a ebuluku, zz., foal of ass. 
 mwana a ememe (8), lamb, 
 mwana a mbangu (2), clever 
 fellow, skilful person, 
 mwana a mvalu (4), foal of horse, 
 mwana a ngamba (1), carrier, 
 porter. 
 
 mwana angenji, traveller, trader, 
 one of a caravan. 
 
 ngudi a mwana, the after-birth, 
 placenta. 
 
 mwana a nkanda, scholar, 
 mwana a nkento, daughter, 
 mwana a nkombo (2), kid. 
 mwana antete, firstborn child, 
 mwana a ntinu, prince. 
 
( 363 ) 
 
 Mwa-Mwi 
 
 Mwana, continued. 
 
 mwana e zumba (6), pronounced 
 mwanaziimba or mwanezu- 
 mba, illegitimate child, bastard. 
 
 Mwanankaji, r, n ., nephew, niece 
 (child of one’s sister). 
 
 Mwanda, 3, n., breath ; hence the term 
 adoptedfor spirit, soul. 
 
 Mwanda avelela, n., the Holy 
 Spirit. 
 
 Mwandaji, 3, n ., a clap of thunder, 
 forked lightning (they are, con¬ 
 sidered one). 
 
 bwidilwa 0 mwandaji, v., to be 
 
 struck by lightning. 
 
 Mwanga, Mwanganisa (mwa- 
 nga cannot be used of living 
 creatures). 
 
 mwanga e ebnnge (8), v., see 
 Ebnnge. 
 
 Mwangala, 3, n. (more often plural), 
 pain that extends up the whole 
 member. 
 
 Mwangalakana, vd., to be wrecked, 
 scattered about, &c., in all 
 directions ; see Mwangana. 
 
 Mwangalakesa, v.t., to destroy, 
 wreck, scatter, &c., about : see 
 Mwanganisa. 
 
 Mwangana, v., to be scattered, spread 
 about, strewn, spent, wasted, 
 dispersed, diffused, circulated (a 
 report, &c.), get about, come to 
 pieces, be wrecked. 
 
 Mwanganisa, v.t ., to scatter, spread, 
 throw about, strew, waste, spend, 
 sprinkle about, splash, diffuse, 
 disperse. 
 
 mwanganisa e nsangn (2), v., to 
 spread, publish news, make 
 known, circulate (a report). 
 
 Mwangi, 3, n., the fibre in the oily 
 part of palm nut, cocoa nut 
 fibre. 
 
 Mwangu, 3, n., ridge pole. 
 
 Mwanguka, v.i., see Mwangana. 
 
 Mwanji, 3, n., muscle, sinew, tendon, 
 root. 
 
 mwanji (a menga), 3, vein. 
 
 m w anj i a sala-nima, t he ham - s tri ng. 
 
 Mwanza, 3, n., the River Congo. 
 
 Mwanzn, 3, 71., small track under the 
 grass (of rats, &c.). 
 
 Mwau, subj., also emphatic obj. pron., 
 cl. \\,pl., they, them. 
 
 Mwan, poss. pron., see -an. 
 
 Mwan, 3, 71., a small pudding (of 
 luku). 
 
 Mwaya, 3, n., gape, yawn. 
 
 ta 0 mwaya, v., to gape, to yawn. 
 
 Mwayi, 1 & 3 (pi. awayi and miayi), 
 n., slave. 
 
 -mweka, a. (Mpa., Kab., &c.), one. 
 
 Mwela, 3, 7 i., breath, air, atmosphere. 
 
 Mwelo, 3, 7 i., doorway, gateway, 
 
 entrance. 
 
 mwelo a nteto (4), n., back door¬ 
 way. 
 
 Mwemvo, 3, n., (hunter’s) whistle. 
 
 Mwenge, 3, n., a flower bunch of the 
 elaeis palm, at the base of 
 which the cut is generally made 
 for tapping palm wine ; see also 
 Ngela. 
 
 jinla 0 mwenge, v., to cut into the 
 mwenge to get wine, 
 malavn (pi. 8) mamwenge, fresh 
 sweet palm wine. 
 
 Mwenze, 3, n., thatching grass. 
 
 Mwenze a mputu, 71., an orchid. 
 
 Mwesa, v. ( app.forin mwesesa, double 
 app. fomn mwesesena), to 
 cause to see, show, disclose, 
 reveal, display, expose, exhibit, 
 manifest, lay open, make clear, 
 convince, demonstrate, cause to 
 feel, excite. 
 
 Mwexi, 1 & 4, one who shows, an 
 exhibitor, a revealer. 
 
 Mwika, 3, n., a hair (of body), a 
 bristle ; see Mika, 
 mwika (3) ansndi (a stinking hair). 
 Some coloured people have a 
 very strong smell ; it is spoken 
 of as above. 
 
 Mwila, 3, 7 i., a small affluent, embou¬ 
 chure, a creek. 
 
 Mwilu, 3, n., a fetich image. 
 
 Mwimba, 3, 71. (pi. mimba), quill (of 
 porcupine). 
 
Mwi-N 
 
 ( 364 ) 
 
 Mwimba, continued. 
 
 mwimba a ngumba, quills of por¬ 
 cupine. 
 
 Mwimi, 3, n ., mean, stingy, grudging 
 person. 
 
 -amwimi, zz., mean, stingy. 
 
 Mwinda, 3, n (Bako.), candle. 
 
 Mwindi, 3, zz., claw (of a crab, scor¬ 
 pion, &c.), the encased legs of 
 insects. 
 
 Mwindu, 3, n ., a small tree. 
 
 Mwinga, 11 & 3, zz., charred stalks 
 left after burning grass before 
 properly dry ; charred stubble, 
 pencil, quill (of porcupine). 
 
 Mwingi, zz., class 14, many. 
 
 Mwingilu, 3, zz., no-man’s land be¬ 
 tween two properties, neutral 
 land, boundary, line of demarca¬ 
 tion, division, blank space be¬ 
 tween, a court marked out on 
 the ground, within which a game 
 may be played. 
 
 Mwini, 3, zz., sunshine, sunlight, day¬ 
 light- 
 
 mwini akiendantangwa, twilight. 
 
 Oku mwini, adv ., by day, in the day 
 time. 
 
 Mwisu, 3, n., pestle. 
 
 Mwita, 3, n. (Bako.), sheaf, bundle (of 
 grass, &c.). 
 
 Mwivi, 3, zz., thief, robber, dishonest 
 person. 
 
 Mwixi, 1 (pi. exi), zz., inhabitant of, 
 native of, person of, clansman 
 of, citizen of. Mwixi is only 
 used when the place inhabited 
 is named, as mwixi Ngombe, 
 an Ngombe man. 
 
 mwixi belo (6), neighbour. 
 
 mwixi Juda, a Jew. 
 
 mwixi Fwalansa, a Frenchman. 
 
 mwixi ’Kongo (1), a person of 
 Kongo. 
 
 mwixi Majinga, a man of the 
 Majinga. Often used as a 
 term of contempt, equivalent to 
 bushman- 
 
 mwixi nxi (2), a native of the coun¬ 
 try, an inhabitant of the place. 
 
 Mwixi, 3, zz., smoke, haze, fume, 
 vapour. 
 
 mwixi antoto (4), sandy earth. 
 
 mwixi a maza, steam. 
 
 mwixi (u-) tnmbama muna, v ., to 
 
 be filled with smoke, the smoke 
 fills. 
 
 mwixi (u-) vaika, v., to smoke, 
 steam. 
 
 Mwiyi, 4, zz., hideous person. 
 
 -amwiyi, a ., horrible, hideous, ugly 
 (of persons). 
 
 N. 
 
 N is used on the same principles as 
 m before the following con¬ 
 sonants : d, g, j, k, 1 , s, t, x, z, 
 also before the semi-vowels w 
 and y. As in the case of m, 
 there are three kinds of n. The 
 first may be considered as n 
 simple, and may be combined 
 with any of the above consonants 
 except 1, or appear as n pure, 
 it is then pronounced in the 
 ordinary manner as in English 
 and needs no further comment. 
 The heavy kind of n is used 
 before all the above-named con¬ 
 sonants, 1 included, and is pro¬ 
 nounced by holding the tongue 
 longer than usual against the 
 front of the palate. It creates 
 no change in any of the letters 
 with which it may combine, but 
 with the semi-vowels, w and y, 
 a sound is produced which can¬ 
 not be compared with anything 
 familiar to English ears. It is 
 a true nasal sound before w and 
 y, created whilst the lips are 
 open, and the tongue is not 
 allowed to touch the palate at 
 all. The protracted nasal sound 
 is checked when the mouth is 
 brought in position to pronounce 
 
( 365 ) 
 
 N-Nan 
 
 N, continued. 
 
 the w or y. It is not the labial 
 nasal, because the lips are not 
 closed, and therefore must be 
 written with an n. The heavy 
 n has the same history as the 
 heavy m, and represents a con¬ 
 tracted prefix mu before con¬ 
 sonants other than the labials. 
 The light n is prefixed to all 
 the non-labial consonants, ex¬ 
 cept n, 1 , W and y. When it is 
 required before an n pure or 1 
 the combination nd results : 
 nana, ndana; lala, ndala; when 
 prefixed to y the combination 
 ngy results : yala, ngyala ; but 
 before yi, it stands as ngi: 
 yinga, nginga ; when prefixed 
 to w the combination ngw re¬ 
 sults : wanda, ngwanda; but 
 before wu it becomes ngu: 
 wuna, nguna. 
 
 -H- {heavy nasal) obj. pron. prefix, y'd 
 per., sing., him, her. 
 n- (light nasal), subj. prozi. prefix, ist 
 per., sing. I, also obj. prep. , me. 
 -na, suffix, added to demonstrative 
 pronouns and locatives to denote 
 remoteness. 
 
 -na, a. (Kab.), four, 
 ana, see under A. 
 ona, see under 0. 
 
 Naka, v., to think, reason, reckon, 
 consider. 
 
 Nakanaka, 6 , n. 
 
 vova e nakanaka, v., to talk without 
 taking breath. 
 
 Nambwa, 2, ?z., a fetish, consisting of 
 a stick notched so as to appear 
 like a number of cones stuck 
 partly into each other, to secure 
 luck in rat hunting. 
 
 Nana, v., to stretch, extend, to draw 
 out long, to draw (a bow), to 
 straighten out (creases). 
 
 -anana, a., useless, void, vain, vacant, 
 to no purpose, empty, for no¬ 
 thing, blank, fruitless, desolate, 
 invalid. 
 
 -anana, cozztinued. 
 kwanana, mwanana, vanana, 
 there is nothing or are none. 
 For Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 Nana, adj., eight. 
 
 Nana, adv., so ; thus, in this or that 
 way, in the same fashion, like 
 this. 
 
 Nanaji, 2, n. (P. ananas), pine apple. 
 
 Nanama, v.i., to be strained, tense. 
 
 Nanga, v., to tarry ; stay or remain 
 for a while, stop (at), to reside 
 (for a time), sojourn. 
 
 Nanga, 4, n., slave (exchanged for 
 food in famine time). 
 
 Nanga, adv., perhaps, it may be that, 
 nanga wau, perhaps so. 
 
 nanga ke wau ko, adv., perhaps 
 not. 
 
 Nangama, v., to be strained, tense. 
 
 Nangama, 9, n ., tension {passive). 
 
 Nangama, v.i., \ to desire earnestly, 
 
 Nangamena, v.t.,) be very anxious 
 for, to wish very much (to go, do, 
 have), long for, hanker after, 
 be fond of, become or be 
 attached to, charmed or fas¬ 
 cinated with, to be loth to give 
 up, hence to detain, retain, with¬ 
 hold wrongfully. 
 
 Nangamena, v., app.fonzi of nanga¬ 
 ma, to be tense for, or with, or 
 at. 
 
 Nangamesa, causative of nangama, 
 
 to desire earnestly. 
 
 Nangamesa, v., see Nangika (worry). 
 
 -anangami, a., tense. 
 
 Nangamwa, v.i., to be strongly urged, 
 persuaded ; to be worried, an¬ 
 noyed. 
 
 Nangana, v., to walk slowly and with 
 short steps, as one very weak. 
 
 Nanganisa, v., see Nangika (worry). 
 
 Nangi, adv., see Nanga. 
 
 Nangika, v.t., to strain; to make 
 tense, to stretch, to pull hard. 
 
 Nangika, v.t., allied to above, to 
 urge strongly, to persuade, to 
 be importunate with, to exer¬ 
 cise influence, to worry, annoy ; 
 
Nan-Nde 
 
 ( 366 ) 
 
 Nangika, continued. 
 
 to pull along some one who 
 does not wish to come. 
 
 Nangisa, v.t., to cause to remain for 
 a while. 
 
 Nangu, adv., see Nanga. 
 
 Nani, ftron. inter. (pi. akinani, see 
 
 aki under A), who ? 
 
 -a nani, whose, of whom. 
 
 Nani, 1 & 4, n., one who stretches, or 
 extends. 
 
 -anani, a. (active), stretching. 
 Nanika, v., see Nangika (to strain). 
 Nanil, 4, n, ., vest ; singlet, jersey. 
 Nanilka, v.i., to be extended in length; 
 
 stretched out, pulled tight. 
 Nannkina, v., to reach after. 
 
 Nannna, v ., see Nana, to lengthen. 
 Nata, v.t., to carry, bear, convey, take, 
 transport ; also to take (a hook 
 or snare understood, hence), to 
 be caught. 
 
 nata e kuma (6), v., to be respon¬ 
 sible (in fault). 
 
 nata e mpanda (2), see under 
 
 Mpanda. 
 
 nata 0 masumu (8), v., to be 
 
 guilty. 
 
 nata 0 nsamn (4), v., to bring word, 
 carry news. 
 
 Natinwa, 6 , n., a thing to carry in, or 
 with. 
 
 Natisa, v., to help carry, to cause to 
 carry. 
 
 Natixina, v., to get a thing carried 
 for another. 
 
 Natu, 4, n., the small present which 
 is always given by those who 
 go to fetch a medicine or witch 
 doctor. 
 
 Natuka, v.i., to be borne, carried, 
 natnka (muna wanda), v ., to ride 
 (in a hammock). 
 
 Naximento, 2, n, (P. Nascimento), 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 Nd = light nasal -f d or 1 or n pure. 
 
 Nd- is often a combination of the light 
 nasal on n, pure, or d ; n + 
 
 nana = ndana; n+lula = ndu- 
 la ; n -f danuka = ndannka. 
 
 Nda! go! (a contracted imperative 
 form of kwenda). 
 
 -anda, a., tall, high, long, 
 nsanga (4) anda, string of currency 
 beads of full count. 
 
 Ndakala, 2, n ., larynx. 
 
 Ndaku, 2, n., wooden-tongued rattle. 
 
 Ndala, 2 & 11, n., palm frondlet. 
 
 Ndala, 2, n., the fall of a river after a 
 flood. 
 
 Ndamba, 2, n., ring. 
 
 Ndamba, n., a district to the south of 
 Kongo. 
 
 Ndamba, 2, n., a manner of cooking, 
 a cooking. 
 
 Ndambi, 2, n., a ring. 
 
 Ndambu, 2, n., side, edge, bank (of 
 river), shore, coast, beach, 
 kuna or muna or vana (&c.) nda- 
 mbu, aside, on one side, 
 knna (&c.) ndambn a, by or at 
 the side of, beside, alongside. 
 For Locatives, see tinder Kuma. 
 muna (&c.) ndambu a ndambu, 
 alongside, along. 
 
 Ndambu, 2, n., a part, piece, fraction, 
 a division, a section, a bit, half 
 (indefinite). 
 
 Ndambuka, 2, n., length. 
 
 Ndamuka, 2, n., a jump. 
 
 Ndandana, 2, n., a throb, pulsation. 
 
 -andandanda, a., very long, tall, high, 
 lofty. 
 
 Ndanga, 2,;z., an espial, an exploration, 
 an exploring. 
 
 Ndangala, 4, n., tall person, 
 -andangala, a., tall (of people). 
 
 Ndaulau, 2, n., small white ants which 
 do not build above the soil. 
 
 Ndaulwila, 2, n., a nod, a beckoning. 
 
 Ndavalala, 2, n., a recumbent posture. 
 
 Ndeba, 2, n., persuasion. 
 
 Ndebela, 2 & 11,72., a small round 
 reed. 
 
 Ndeji, 2, 72., nurse. 
 
 Ndembe, 2 & \\,n.(sing. lulembe), 
 leaves (of grass, onions, pine 
 apples, &c.), leaflets of palm 
 fronds, blades (of grass, maize, 
 &c.). 
 
( 367 ) 
 
 Nde-Ndi 
 
 Ndembo, 2, n., a “ fetish ” ; see Appen¬ 
 dix (Fetish). 
 
 Ndemoka, 2, 71., a jump. 
 
 Ndenda, 2, 72., a means of doing, a 
 being able to do. 
 
 Ndenda, 2, 72., a possessing. 
 
 Ndendanu, 2, zz., a having things in 
 common. 
 
 Ndevo, 2, ;z., a curse, an abuse. 
 
 Ndewa, 2 & 11, 72., pith in midrib of 
 palm frond. 
 
 -andi, poss. pro 7 i., 377/ pens., smg., his, 
 her, hers, its. 
 
 Ndia, 2, 71., eating, a manner of eating. 
 
 Ndia, 4, 7 i., intestine, viscera, bowels, 
 entrails. 
 
 ndia ambuti, 72., uterus, womb. 
 
 Ndiadia, 4, n., soft head of ediadia 
 (8) grass (edible). 
 
 Ndiakianga, 4, n ., the pitchy deposit 
 on the inner part of the roof of 
 a house, caused by the smoke ; 
 pitch, tar, soot. 
 
 Ndiangila, 4, ;z., lizard (generic). 
 
 Ndiata, 2, 72., a journey, gait. 
 
 Ndiaxila, 4, 7z., lizard (generic). 
 
 Ndiba, 4, 7 i., pudding of cassava 
 meal. 
 
 Ndidi, 1 & 4, 72., weeper. 
 
 Ndie, 1 & 4, 71., an eater, one who 
 consumes (eats). 
 
 ndie a efwa (8), n., inheritor, heir. 
 
 ndie wantu, n., cannibal. 
 
 Ndiedie, 4, 72 ., stripe, streak, band. 
 
 Ndiediedie, 2, 72., a small blue bird. 
 
 Ndieyi, i 72 terr. pro 7 i., where is he ? 
 
 Ndika, 4, 72., strings of beads from 
 neck to waist, worn by children 
 and girls. 
 
 Ndika, 2, 72., a manner of feeding 
 (children), a presentation (of 
 goat, &c., for food). 
 
 Ndiki, 1 & 4, 72., one who feeds ; also 
 a strip of no-man’s land, between 
 two properties. 
 
 ndiki (1) a mfuka, a creditor. 
 
 Ndikila, 2, 72., poison. 
 
 Ndikuka, 2, 72., a shaking. 
 
 Ndila, 4, 72., border (of farm, &c.) in 
 process of extension. 
 
 Ndila, 2, n., a manner of weeping, a 
 lamentation. 
 
 Ndimba, 4, n., valley, glen. 
 
 kuna or muna ndimba, to the 
 valley, below, down, down be¬ 
 low, beneath, lower down. For 
 Locatives, see under Klinia. 
 
 kuna or muna ndimba a, lower 
 down than, below, beneath, 
 under. 
 
 muna ndimba ndimba, by a series 
 of valleys, by way of the plains. 
 
 Ndimbadimba, 4, n., little valley. 
 
 Ndimbudimbu, 4, n., bird lime, also 
 the tree which produces it. 
 
 Ndindangana, 1 & 4, n., a sulky 
 person. 
 
 -andindangani, a., sulky. 
 
 Ndindi, 4, 72., vagina. 
 
 Ndinga, 2, 72 ., a decreasing, lessening, 
 a fall, a going down (of a river 
 after a flood). 
 
 Ndinga, 2, 72., voice, speech, language, 
 dialect. 
 
 ndinga alekama, harmony. 
 
 ndinga andwelo, 72., a shrill, small, 
 high, treble voice. 
 
 kasumuna or wokesa or xiamisa 
 e ndinga, v., to speak louder, 
 raise the voice. 
 
 kekeleka e ndinga, v., to speak in 
 a shrill falsetto voice. 
 
 sekula or sekola e ndinga, v., to 
 interpret. 
 
 ndinga (i-) tata, v., to be hoarse. 
 
 tatula or xiamisa e ndinga, v., to 
 speak loudly. 
 
 tumbula e ndinga, v., to talk 
 louder (so as to be heard), to 
 raise the voice. 
 
 Ndingalala,\2, n., halt, pause, delay- 
 
 Ndingama, j ing. 
 
 Ndingameno, 2, 72., an earnest, a 
 token. 
 
 Ndingu a nxi, 4, 72., midnight. 
 
 Ndiokololo, 4, 72 ., improvidence (in 
 the matter of food only) ; the 
 habit of eating all that is in 
 store without thinking of the 
 morrow’s needs. 
 
Ndi-Ndu 
 
 ( 368 ) 
 
 Ndiokololo, continued. 
 
 dia 0 dia kwa ndiokololo, v., to 
 
 be improvident. 
 
 nkwa dia kwa ndiokololo, an 
 
 improvident person. 
 
 Ndi, particle derived fromyandi, com¬ 
 bining with the simple forms of 
 demonstrative pronouns, cl. 1, 
 sing., to form their emphatics, 
 oyn, ndioyu. 
 
 andi = ndi, prefixed by its article. 
 
 -andi , floss, pron., of the 3 rd pens., 
 sing., of him, of her, of it; his, 
 hers, its. 
 
 Ndituki, 4, n., a sulky person, 
 -andituki, a., sulky. 
 
 Ndiuka, 2, n., entry. 
 
 Ndiumba, 4, n ., hole (in a river or 
 marsh). 
 
 Ndivo ? interj., is it not ? 
 
 Ndo, 2, n., camp, encampment, sleep¬ 
 ing place (on a journey), 
 vanga e ndo, v., to encamp. 
 
 Ndofi, 2, n., oath. 
 
 dia e ndofi, v., to swear, take an 
 oath. 
 
 dia e ndofi alnvunu, v., to per¬ 
 jure. 
 
 Ndoji, 2, n., dream. 
 
 Ndoka, 2, ?i., a fall of rain. 
 
 Ndoki, 2, n., witch. 
 
 Ndoko, 2, 71., click (as when a trigger 
 is cocked), crack (of the fingers). 
 
 Ndolo ! interj., go on ! come on ! go 
 ahead forward. 
 
 Ndom (P. dom), corrupt forms of 
 Portuguese names, preceded by 
 the title Ndom, are assumed by 
 Kongos as Christian names, 
 Santu, 2 (Santo), see Santu. 
 Women are styled Ndona. 
 Ndomaluele, Dom Manuel ; Ndo- 
 mbaxi, Dom Bastiano; Ndo- 
 mpauln, Dom Paulo; Ndo- 
 mpetelo, Dom Pedro, &c. 
 
 Ndombe, 2, n., blackness. 
 
 -andombe, a., black, dark, brown 
 (vaguely), blue (blue is always 
 called black). 
 
 Ndombe, 1 & 2, n ., black man. 
 
 Ndombo, 2, n., papyrus mat (when 
 used to sleep on). 
 
 Ndona (P. dona), names of women 
 are prefixed by Ndona ; see 
 Ndom. 
 
 Donamadia, Dona Maria; Dona- 
 jiabele, Dona Isabel; Donazu- 
 lante, Dona Juliana. 
 
 Ndonabidi, 2, 71. (P. tornado?), hurri¬ 
 cane, cyclone, whirlwind, tor¬ 
 nado ; this is only used of the 
 very severe for 77 i. 
 
 Ndonda, 2, n., hole of, or entrance to, 
 ants 5 nest. 
 
 Ndonda, 2, n., a mending. 
 
 Ndonga, 2, n ., crowd, multitude, host, 
 great number of people, party, 
 assembly, company, gang. 
 
 Ndonga, 2, n., a manner of teaching, 
 a lesson. 
 
 Ndongela, 2, n., a plantain, yielding a 
 short thick cluster of fruit. 
 
 Ndongeleka, 2, n ., crowd (that comes 
 crowding). 
 
 kwiza e ndongeleka, v.i., to come 
 in a crowd. 
 
 Ndongoka, 2, zz., a fall from an up¬ 
 right position. 
 
 Ndongololo, 2, n., a plant having a 
 long tall stem, used by the 
 natives as battens for build¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Ndonzwan (a Sa 7 ituna 7 ne ), Dom Joao; 
 
 see Ndom. 
 
 Ndose, 2, n., face, countenance, front, 
 presence, appearance, features, 
 right side (of cloth), 
 ndose vamoxi, adv., face to face, 
 kuna or vana ndose a, before the 
 face of, in front of, before. For 
 Locatives, see U 7 ider Kuma. 
 
 Ndoximau (a Santu 7 ia 7 ne), Dom 
 Simau ; j^Ndom. 
 
 Ndualu (a Sa 7 itu 7 ia 77 ie ), Dom Alvaro ; 
 
 see Ndom. 
 
 Ndudi, 2, 7 t., acridity, bitterness, 
 -andudi, a., acrid, bitter. 
 
 Nduka, 2, n., generally plural (fro 77 i 
 luka, to be aware), caution, pre¬ 
 caution, foresight, sharpness, 
 
( 369 ) 
 
 Ndu-Ne 
 
 Nduka, co7itinued. 
 
 slyness, cunning, craftiness, 
 craft, artfulness. 
 
 -anduka, a., wary, cautious,sharp, sly, 
 crafty, cunning, artful, far-seeing. 
 
 Nduka, 2, zz., a vomiting. 
 
 Nduka, 4, zz., a house without walls, a 
 palaver house. 
 
 Nduku, 4, zz., fountain, spring (used of 
 water flowing in volume from 
 under a rock), a hole in the 
 banks of a stream, under water, 
 a covered drain. 
 
 Nduku, 4, zz., a game like hunt the 
 slipper ; see Appendix (Games). 
 
 Ndumba, 2, zz., a young woman, 
 girl, maiden, virgin. There is 
 no word for “ virgin,” immorality 
 is too rife; ndumba is the 
 nearest possible. 
 
 nleke or mwana andumba, a young 
 woman, a daughter ; see above. 
 
 Ndumba, 2, zz. (active), a putting a 
 thing down heavily, the pay¬ 
 ment of a heavy price. 
 
 Ndumbama, 2, zz. (passive), a heavy 
 fall, a heavy price (paid). 
 
 Ndumvu, 4, zz., snout of a pig. 
 
 Ndundalunda, 2, zz., swarm (of bees), 
 ndundalunda (za lunda e mvula), 
 the Pleiades. 
 
 Ndundu, 2, zz., an albino. 
 
 Ndunga, 2, zz., drum (long conical 
 wooden). 
 
 Ndungu, 2 & 11, zz. (lulungu), pepper 
 (chili). Kongos are so fond of 
 hot things, that in their food 
 the taste of pepper often pre¬ 
 ponderates ; hence soup is often 
 called ndungu. When a pre¬ 
 sentation of meat is made, it is 
 often modestly spoken of as 
 ndungu. 
 
 ndungu za nkombo or ngulu, zz., 
 pepper (large variety). 
 
 Ndunji, 2, zz., stomach ache, pain in 
 the stomach. 
 
 ndunji itiukwa, to be much 
 grieved, distressed, pained to 
 the heart. 
 
 Ndunji, 2, zz., the gills of Crustacea. 
 
 Nduta, 2, zz., an excess, gain, profit. 
 
 Nduvu, 2, zz., drunkard. 
 
 Nduwa, 2, zz., plantain eater (schizorhis 
 gigantea), a bird with purple 
 breast; hence also purple, 
 -anduwa, a., purple. 
 
 Ndwa, 2, zz., a draught (drunk), a 
 drink. 
 
 Ndwafunsu (a Santu name); Dom 
 Alfonso ; see Ndom. 
 
 Ndwakilu, 2, zz., access, approach. 
 
 Ndwana, 2, zz., engagement, fight, 
 struggle, contest, battle, strife. 
 
 Ndwandidiki (a Santu name); Dom 
 Henrique ; see Ndom. 
 
 Ndwanisa, 2, zz., attack (offensive). 
 
 -andwelo, a., small, slight, little, 
 narrow, fine (delicate), few, 
 scanty; shrill, falsetto, treble, 
 high (of voice). 
 
 -andwelondwelo, a., intensive of 
 above. 
 
 Ne, a prefix denoting possession which 
 appears in various forms in 
 the Bantu languages (mwene, 
 mwenye, &c.). It appears in 
 Kongo, in the names of some 
 titles of nobility, of clans, and 
 of persons, also of some nkixi 
 and the names of people having 
 some physical deformity, who 
 bear in consequence the name 
 of the nkixi which is supposed 
 to be the cause of such mal¬ 
 formation. The nkixi nekongo 
 is believed to be the cause of 
 hunchback, clubfoot, and a 
 deformed person is therefore 
 called nekongo. 
 
 Titles of nobility: nekongo, ne- 
 loto, nelumbu, nempangu, 
 nemwanda, nenkondo ; a clan, 
 nenlaza : names of persons, ne- 
 ngudi* nenkanga, nenkondo. 
 In some districts the chief bears 
 the name of his town prefixed 
 with ne. The king of Kongo 
 is styled Nekongo ; the chiefs 
 of Mwidi and Nkonji are called 
 
Ne-Nga 
 
 ( 370 ) 
 
 Ne, continued. 
 
 Nemwidi and Nenkonji. In 
 
 the following ditty which refers 
 to the three stars in the belt of 
 the constellation Orion, a gun 
 personified is called nenkanga 
 a mbinibi, 
 
 Nenkanga a mbimbi, 
 
 Nkongo a mbwa olandanga e mbwa 
 andi, 
 
 E mbwa andi ilandanga e nxiji. 
 
 E nxiji yayenda valakana vana vamena 
 0 nti. 
 
 0 nti wakangamena nenkanga a mbi- 
 mbi 
 
 Nenkanga a mbimbi oketeka. 
 
 Ne, adv., such as, like, resembling, as, 
 as if, as though, the same as, 
 as...as, just like, wampembe 
 ne luvemba, as white as pipe¬ 
 clay ; ne nleke, like a child. 
 (Kuma) kwina ne kwau ku- 
 noka,it looks as if it were about 
 to rain.. 
 
 Ne i, the particle i which frequently 
 serves as the impersonal verb 
 “ to be ” (in all its forms), often 
 follows ne, which may then be 
 translated, “ as though it were/ 5 
 like, resembling, as ; the same 
 as, kina ne i kiaki, it is just 
 like that, it is as if it were 
 that.. 
 
 Neka, v:, to tease (so as to cause to 
 fight), to. irritate, provoke, 
 annoy.. 
 
 Nekena, v., to entice, decoy, allure, 
 lure, ensnare, tempt, bait. 
 
 Nekongo, 1, n., deformed person, 
 cripple. 
 
 Nela, 2, n. (P.. annel), ring. 
 
 Neloto, the lowest in rank of Kongo 
 nobility. 
 
 Nelumbu, a title of nobility. 
 
 Nempangu, a title of nobility. 
 
 Nemwanda, a title of nobility. 
 
 Nena, v., to go to stool, to ease the 
 bowels. 
 
 nena 0 mfuni (4), to break wind 
 (downwards). 
 
 Nene, 12, n., greatness, importance, 
 stoutness, largeness, magnitude, 
 size, girth. 
 
 -nene, a., too large, very large, see 
 above. 
 
 -anene, a., great, large, massive, 
 spacious, vast, big, wide, broad, 
 copious, stout, enormous, huge, 
 chief, important, capital, grand, 
 famous, considerable, noble, 
 honourable, mighty, 
 knna kwanene (koko understood ), 
 on the right hand. 
 
 Nenga, 4, 11., egg of insect (very small), 
 nit, eg£ of jigger. 
 
 Nenga, v., to kill between two thumb 
 nails (as a flea). 
 
 Nenganana, v., to overhang, and be 
 likely to fall. 
 
 Nengandi,i, n., irreg.pl. akinengandi, 
 what’s his name. A person 
 whose name you forget or do 
 not care to mention; So and 
 so (of persons). 
 
 Nengeneka, v., to put in an overhang¬ 
 ing condition. 
 
 Nengomoka, v.i., to turn over and 
 over (as anything rolling down 
 a hill), roll about, roll along, 
 roll away, roll down. 
 
 Nengomona, v.t., to turn (a thing) 
 over and over, to cause or let 
 roll. 
 
 Nengomona 0 meso (pi. 7), v.t., to 
 roll the eyes, slowly. 
 
 Nengnmuka, v.i., see Nengomoka. 
 
 Nengnmnna, v.t., see Nengomona. 
 
 Nengwa, 1, sing., n., mother, one’s 
 maternal -relations are often 
 called nengwa also. 
 
 Nenkondo, a title of nobility. 
 
 Netoko, 1, it-, a young man whose 
 name you forget, or do not wish 
 others to hear. 
 
 Ng = heavy nasal -f-y, see N. 
 
 Nga, a particle used to introduce a 
 sentence which is dependent on, 
 or connected with, a matter pre¬ 
 viously stated, or understood ; 
 kala vekala nzo ambote, nga 
 
( 37 J ) 
 
 Nga-Nga 
 
 Nga, continued. 
 
 nsumbidi yo; had there been 
 a good house I should have 
 bought it; fiandwelo fixidi 
 nga ofwidi, a little more and 
 you would have died. It is also 
 used in initiating interrogative 
 sentences,which follow naturally 
 on circumstances stated or 
 mutually known. Nga nkai 
 nibiji ozolele yalamba? what 
 meat do you wish me to cook ? 
 (it is time to arrange for din¬ 
 ner being understood). 
 
 Ngabu, 2, n. (Gaboon ?), Kroo boy. 
 
 Ngaji, 2, zz., nut of the oil palm, also 
 the oily part of the nut. 
 
 Ngalata, 2, n ., olive-bead (china), 
 “ ganheta.” 
 
 Ngamba,2,zz., hired servant, labourer, 
 porter, carrier. 
 
 Ngambaka, 2, zz., copper. 
 
 Ngambu, 2, zz., whirlpool. 
 
 Ngambwila, 2, zz., expanse of heaven, 
 atmosphere, air, space, sky, fir¬ 
 mament, the heavens. 
 
 nuni za ngambwila, birds of the air. 
 
 Ngana, 2, zz., folk lore, story, proverb, 
 saying, fable, parable, allegory, 
 legend, anecdote. 
 
 ta e ngana, v., to tell, relate, nar¬ 
 rate an ngana. 
 
 Nganda (2) aekongo (ngandekdngo), 
 
 a name given to San Salvador 
 as the mbanza or capital of 
 the Kongo country (compare 
 Herero, Nganda, a village). 
 Ngandi, eteva (8) dia ngandi a ngo, 
 a mat having the figure of an 
 animal, &c., worked in it. 
 
 Ngandu, 2, zz., crocodile. 
 
 Nganeta, 2, zz., olive-bead (china). 
 
 Nganga, 2, zz., doctor, medicine man, 
 surgeon, diviner, learned man, 
 priest. 
 
 nganga a moko, witch-doctor. A 
 doctor called during sickness, 
 who pretends to ascertain who 
 the witch is that has caused 
 the evil, but does not mention 
 
 Nganga, continued. 
 
 names; Witch-doctor, Eng.- 
 Kongo, and Apfie?idix. 
 nganga a ngombo, a witch-doctor, 
 a doctor called to point out a 
 witch ; see Witch-doctor, a?id 
 Appe?idix (Witchcraft), 
 nganga a Nzambi, zz., missionary, 
 nganga a nua, zz., a scold, 
 nganga (a wnka), zz., physician, 
 surgeon, doctor. 
 
 Ngangala, 2, zz., an embrace, 
 kwenda e ngangala, to embrace, 
 clasp (any part of the body). 
 
 Ngangi, 2, zz., fraudulent person, a 
 deceiver, liar, cheat, impostor. 
 
 Ngangn, 2,//., zz., sharpness, cunning, 
 craft, craftiness, art, wile (cun¬ 
 ning), slyness, guile, subtlety, 
 caution, discretion, dodge, trick, 
 artifice, artfulness, ingenuity, 
 skill, sagacity, wisdom, genius, 
 vwa or kala e ngangn, v., to be 
 cunning, &c. ; see above. 
 -angangu, a ., sly, sharp, cunning, 
 crafty, artful, guileful, subtle, 
 cautious, discreet, skilful, saga¬ 
 cious, wise, ingenious, expert, 
 vigilant. 
 
 Ngangnla, 2, zz., worker (in metal), 
 smith, blacksmith, person skilled 
 in smith work. 
 
 Ngani, 2, zz., grit, sand which has 
 been taken into the mouth with 
 food. 
 
 -angani, a., other people’s, that which 
 belongs to others, anything that 
 is not one’s own property; 
 lekwa yangani, other people’s 
 things. 
 
 mfnmn or mwana angani, a free¬ 
 man, or a person over whom 
 one has no authority or control; 
 see also Mfumu (angani). 
 
 Nganji, 2, pi ., zz., pain, aching, ache ; 
 in many other districts nganji 
 means anger, &c. 
 
 Nganji (2) anrwalala, zz., centipede. 
 
 0 ngann, adv ., later on, presently, in 
 the evening, to-night. 
 
Nga-Ngi 
 
 ( 372 ) 
 
 Nganzu, 2, n., outskirts, the immediate 
 vicinity of a town. 
 
 0 ngatu, adv., see nganu. 
 
 Ngau, 2, 71., bird weaving a hanging 
 nest in palm trees and nsanda. 
 
 Nge, pro?i. {singular), thou, you, 
 thee. 
 
 nge kwaku or kibeni or veka, thou 
 thyself, you yourself. 
 
 -a nge, pron. {sing.), thy, your ; {se¬ 
 condary), thine, yours. 
 
 Ngela, 2, n., the portion which is left 
 at the base of the flower bunch 
 of the palm in which the daily 
 cut is made when tapping palm- 
 wine. In its natural state it 
 would be called mwenge, but 
 when trimmed and cut for wine 
 it is called ngela, although even 
 then it may be called mwenge. 
 keka e ngela, v., to make the daily 
 cut ; see above. 
 
 Ngelezo, 2, n., an Englishman, 
 -angelezo, a., English. 
 
 Ngema, 2, n., a man who climbs for 
 wine, a wine-tapster. 
 
 Ngemba, 2, n., friendship, intimacy, 
 peace ; when friendship is spo¬ 
 ken of in its mutual aspect the 
 plural is used. 
 
 banda e ngemba, v., to make a 
 friendship, acquaintance, 
 ku or kuna ngemba, adv., peace¬ 
 ably, in a friendly manner, 
 vanga e ngemba, v., to mediate ; 
 to bring about friendship, make 
 friends. 
 
 ngemba (pi. 2 ji-) vangama, v., to 
 be reconciled. 
 
 vutula e ngemba, v., to propitiate, 
 restore friendship. 
 
 -angemba, a., friendly, peaceable. 
 
 Ngembo, 2, n., bat. 
 
 Ngemi, 2, n., abhorrence, loathing, 
 disgust, revulsion. 
 
 mona e ngemi v.t ., to abhor, loathe, 
 be disgusted. 
 
 -angemi, a., disgusting, loathsome, 
 revolting, indecent, obscene, 
 odious, dirty. 
 
 Ngemi, continued. 
 
 mambu (pi. 7) mangemi, filthy, 
 obscene language. 
 
 Ngemvo, 2, n., beard of maize. 
 
 Ngenda, 2, n., title (of nobility), 
 dignity, rank, degree, 
 yeka e ngenda, v., to confer a title, 
 to knight. 
 
 Ngenga, 2, n., neighbourhood (near 
 by) ; only used in adverbial and 
 prepositional phrases, 
 mu or va ngenga, near at hand, 
 near by, by. For Locatives, see 
 under Kuma. 
 
 Ngenge {conip. benga), 2, n., incan¬ 
 descence, redness, fire, 
 kala e ngenge yo tiya, to be 
 red hot. 
 
 Ngengexi, 2, n., a loathing (which 
 causes a shudder), disgust, 
 abhorrence, revulsion, 
 mona e ngengexi, v., to loathe, 
 abhor, have a feeling of revul¬ 
 sion. 
 
 mwesa e ngengexi, v.t., to dis¬ 
 gust, create a loathing, 
 -angengexi, a., revolting, disgusting, 
 loathsome {causing a shudder). 
 Ngengo, 2, n., 
 
 tekela e ngengo, v., to tantalize 
 (said of persons, not things ; 
 there is no intention to sell 
 when this word is used). 
 Ngengo, 2, n ., precipice. 
 
 Ngenji, 2, n. (Bako.), the vagina, 
 -angenji, a. 
 
 mwana (1) angenji, one of a party 
 of traders, or caravan. 
 
 Ngenza, 2, n., lumps in badly mixed 
 farinaceous food, 
 a ngenza a luku, 
 
 evumbu ( 8 ) diangenzaluku, a small 
 boil, pustule. 
 
 Ngeye, see Nge. 
 
 Ngi-li ght nasal +yi. 
 
 Ngie, see Ngye. 
 
 Ngikakana, 2, «., union, a joining 
 together. 
 
 Ngikwa, 2, 71., style; that which one 
 is styled. 
 
( 373 ) 
 
 Ngi-Ngo 
 
 Ngindu, 2, n ., a thought, reflection, 
 intention, recollection, reckon¬ 
 ing, remembrance, memory. 
 This word is used in matters 
 where there is no uncertainty. 
 
 Nginga, 2, zz., seed, pip, berry, 
 grain. 
 
 Ngingi, 2, zz., firmness, security, fixed¬ 
 ness, steadiness, immobility of 
 things. 
 
 kala e ngingi, v., to be secure, 
 firm. 
 
 xia e ngingi, to make secure, to fix 
 firmly. 
 
 Ngingidi, 2, zz., pupil of the eye. 
 
 Ngingwa, 2, zz., expulsion. 
 
 -angisn, a ., raw, fresh, uncooked, 
 green. 
 
 Ngiva, 2, zz., a growing ugly. 
 
 Ngivu, 2, zz., question. 
 
 Ngiya, 2, zz., a theft, a robbery. 
 
 Ngiza, 2, zz., a coming, an advent. 
 
 Ngo, 2, zz., leopard, panther ; .sv?*? zz/fo? 
 Appe?idix (Games), Wadi, 
 ngo a ezulu, Ngwezulu. 
 mwini (3) a ngo, a glint of sunshine 
 at a very low angle just before 
 sunset; {the only sunshine which 
 a leopard ever sees , being a noc¬ 
 turnal animal). 
 
 Ngodia, 2, zz., an abyss, 
 ngodia-ngodia, a deep, bottomless, 
 immeasurable abyss. 
 
 Ngola, 2, zz., the bagre or cat fish. 
 
 Ngolamaza, 2, zz., seal (the animal). 
 
 Ngolankasa, 2, zz., the man who gives 
 the nkasa (ordeal) draught. 
 
 Ngolo, 2, pi., zz., strength, vigour, 
 power, might, hardness, firm¬ 
 ness, force, violence, vehemence, 
 earnestness ; health, 
 mn or muna or ku or kuna ngolo, 
 adv ., strongly, powerfully, with 
 force, forcibly, firmly, violently, 
 with violence, vigorously, 
 sunda e ngolo, v ., to excel in 
 strength, be stronger than, 
 overcome, overmaster, win (in a 
 struggle or battle), be victorious, 
 to vanquish. 
 
 Ngolo, continued. 
 
 vana e ngolo, v., to invigorate, 
 refresh, make strong, strengthen, 
 xia e ngolo, v., to strengthen, give 
 strength, support. 
 
 -angolo, a ., strong, mighty, forcible, 
 firm, powerful, vehement, vigor¬ 
 ous, hardy, healthy, 
 ke -angolo ko, a ., frail, delicate, 
 weak, not strong. 
 
 Ngolokoso, 2, zz., one who spreads 
 false news or reports. 
 
 Ngoma, 2, zz., drum, 
 etembo (8) dia ngoma, the mouth 
 of a drum. 
 
 yanda e ngoma, v., to stretch and 
 peg the skin on a drum. 
 
 Ngoma (2) a kinla (5), zz., amorpho- 
 phalus (bot.). 
 
 Ngoma, 2, zz. (P. gomma), starch. 
 
 Ngombe, 2, zz., cow, bull, ox, cattle, 
 bullock, heifer, 
 mbiji (2) a ngombe, beef, 
 mwana (1) a ngombe, calf. 
 
 Ngombo, 2, zz., the charm to which 
 the witch doctor appeals, in 
 order that he may discover a 
 witch ; see Witchcraft, Eng.- 
 Kongo, and Appendix. 
 nganga a ngombo, witch doctor, 
 ta e ngombo, v., to resort to divin¬ 
 ation, to consult the charms, to 
 ascertain the person guilty of 
 witchcraft (as a witch doctor), 
 tesa e ngombo, to call in a witch 
 doctor. 
 
 Ngonde, 2, zz., moon, time, season 
 (vaguely), month, “moon.” 
 
 ngonde tatn jiluta i boxi, in three 
 months. 
 
 ngonde amalekaleka, zz., waning 
 moon. 
 
 ngonde ampa, new moon, 
 ngonde izangama, next month, 
 ngonde kwa, adv., how long? how 
 many months ? 
 
 kala 0 ku ngonde, v., to men¬ 
 struate. 
 
 ngonde lunga, v., to be full moon, 
 e ngonde ilungidi, full moon. 
 
Ngo-Ngu 
 
 ( 374 ) 
 
 Ngonde, cojitinued. 
 
 ngonde tava e tombe (6), v., to be 
 nearly gone, to wane (of the 
 moon). 
 
 e ngonde a xivn, in xivu, in the 
 cold dry season. 
 
 Ngondo, 2, zz., an ornamental ring of 
 metal, a transverse section of 
 which would present a triangular 
 surface. 
 
 Ngone, 2, zz., a forest rat, the largest of 
 the rat species. 
 
 Ngonge, 2, zz., internode, 
 ngonge a koko (9), zz., fore-arm. 
 ngonge a kulu (9), zz., shank. 
 
 Ngonge, 2, zz., native gong (double). 
 
 NgOllgO, 2, zz., the contrary to one’s 
 wishes, the opposite to one’s 
 will, unwillingness, aversion, 
 dislike, objection, reluctance, 
 disinclination, disapprobation, 
 disapproval, dissent. 
 
 NgOngO is combined with the per¬ 
 sonal possessive pronouns as a 
 direct refusal ; ngoilgo ailie 
 (ngongwame), I will not; No. 
 Ngongo eto (ngongweto), we 
 refuse, we do not want to ; 
 No. 
 
 Ngongo, 2, zz., conical twist (of leaf, 
 &c.), in which to hold some¬ 
 thing. 
 
 Ngongo (2) anzadi, large wild bean 
 (not eaten, frequently found 
 floating on the river), also 
 Calabar bean (Physostigmatis 
 Faba), which is very rare ; see 
 Bean, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 nkandi a ngongo, see Appendix 
 (Games). 
 
 Ngongofila, 2, zz., 
 dia e ngongofila, v., to tickle. 
 
 Ngongolo, 2, zz., millipede ; hence, be¬ 
 cause of the resemblance in 
 appearance , the trachea, gullet. 
 
 Ngongongo, 2, zz., edging, border 
 (sewn on to a cloth). 
 
 Ngongwame,) , T 
 
 Ngongweto, /"* Ng0ng0 ' 
 
 Ngonji, 2, zz., rope, cable. 
 
 Ngono, 2, n., a black and white crow 
 (corvus scapulatus). 
 
 Ngoto, 2, n., canvas, wrapper of bale, 
 sackcloth, sacking. 
 
 Ngovo, 2, ZZ., 
 
 e ngovo, adv., freely, for nothing, 
 gratis, free of charge, gratui¬ 
 tously. 
 
 -angovo, a., gratuitous, free, for 
 nothing, costing nothing. 
 
 Ngu = n (light nasal) +wu as wuna, 
 nguna. 
 
 Ngnba, 2, zz., the kidney, andfrom its 
 resemblance in form , the arachis 
 hypogcea, arachide. 
 nguba a mpntn, a tree bearing a 
 medicinal seed (aperient). 
 
 Ngubu, 2, n., shield. 
 
 Ngubwangn, 2, zz., (large) basket. 
 
 Ngudi, 2, zz., mother, dam, doe, a 
 female (adult) ; one’s maternal 
 relatives are also spoken of as 
 ngudi. 
 
 ngudi ankaji, (sing.), n., the 
 mother’s brother ; uncle, 
 ngudi a mwana (1), the after-birth, 
 the placenta. 
 
 ngudi a nkama, a respectful epithet, 
 zz-y gentleman or \ady or esquire ; 
 ngudi a nkama ovovele wo, 
 the gentleman said so. 
 ngudi zansakila, the wives of one’s 
 father. 
 
 -angudi, a., female. 
 
 Ngudi, 2, n., inner part, inside, core, 
 heart, midst, interior, 
 muna ngudi, adv., internally, inside, 
 muna ngudi a, prep., inside of, in 
 the heart of, in the midst of. 
 
 Ngudianzo, 2, n ., innermost room in 
 a house. 
 
 Nguji, 2, zz., an execration, abuse, 
 curse. 
 
 lokela e nguji, v., to abuse 
 “ curse,” swear at. 
 
 Ngulu, 2, n., pig, hog, sow. 
 ngulu amunxitu, wild pig. 
 madia (9) ma ngulu, purslain. 
 
 Ngulu a maza, zz., a fish, the flesh of 
 which is red like beef, and 
 
( 375 ) 
 
 Ngu-Ngw 
 
 Ngulu a maza, continued. 
 
 contains an exceptional amount 
 of fat. 
 
 Ngumba, 2, zz., porcupine. 
 
 Ngumba, 2, n., a moulding of pottery. 
 
 Ngumbe, 2, n ., a wild fowl resem¬ 
 bling grouse. 
 
 Nguna, 2, zz., a roar, growl, murmur, 
 groan. 
 
 Ngundubiola, 2,zz., a mocking-bird. 
 Ngunga, 2, n ., bell. 
 
 Nglingu, 2, zz., midriff, the diaphragm, 
 a membrane. 
 
 Ngunga, 2, zz., spider (great, which 
 makes a drumming noise). 
 
 Ngungula, 2, zz., the current, the 
 stream, a flow, rush of water. 
 
 Ngungulula, 2, zz., weeds which have 
 been pulled up. 
 
 Ngunguya, 2, pi., zz., albumen, the 
 white of an egg, zz/jy? an unfe¬ 
 cundated egg. 
 
 Ngungwanguma, 2, zz., a precocious 
 child, one forward for his years, 
 a child who early learns to 
 walk alone. 
 
 Ngunza, 2, zz., one who speaks on 
 behalf of a chief, a herald, 
 preacher, prophet. 
 
 Ngunza, 2, zz., a tall plant, with broad, 
 lanceolate leaves, which are used 
 to wrap kwanga in. Its fibrous 
 stem is split and used to tie 
 the materials together in build¬ 
 ing houses; mats made of the 
 frondlets of the rafia palm are 
 used as thatch. 
 
 Ngunza, 2, zz., a careful, gentle exam¬ 
 ination (of something painful or 
 very fragile). 
 
 NgUSU, 2, zz. (Bako.), beam of loom. 
 
 Nguta, 2, zz., a birth, a bearing. 
 
 Ngutu, 2, zz., cassava (jatropha mani- 
 hot). 
 
 Ngutuka, 2, zz., a birth, a being born. 
 
 -angutukila, a. 
 
 nkumbu (2) angutukila, zz., sur¬ 
 name, name given at one’s birth, 
 in contradistinction with the 
 santu. 
 
 Ngutuluka, 2, zz. ( mid. v .), the being 
 born over again, the new birth, 
 regeneration. 
 
 Ngutulula, 2, zz. (active), a bringing 
 forth over again, a regenerating, 
 regeneration. 
 
 Nguvu, 2, zz., hippopotamus. 
 
 Nguya, 2, zz. (P. guia), telescope, com¬ 
 pass. 
 
 nguya za meso, spectacles. 
 
 Nguya, 2, zz. (P. agulha), a needle. 
 
 NgW = light nasal -}-w. 
 
 Ngwa, 2, zz., mother, dam, doe, a 
 female (adult), one’s maternal 
 relatives are also spoken of as 
 ngwa. 
 
 Ngwala, 2, zz., a riddle, an enigma ; 
 see Appendix (Games), an enig¬ 
 matic expression. 
 
 ta e ngwala, v., to ask a riddle, 
 &c. 
 
 Ngwala, 2, zz. (P. aguardente = 
 gwaladente = ngwala), spirit, 
 •rum. 
 
 Ngwana, 2, zz., a meeting, encounter. 
 
 Ngwananu, 2, zz., a meeting together. 
 
 Ngwanda, 2, zz., blow. 
 
 Ngwava, 2, zz. (P. guava), guava. 
 
 Ngwengwe, 2, zz., trap, a deft arrange¬ 
 ment with a nooze for catching 
 animals. 
 
 Ngwento, 2, zz. (P. unguento = Porto 
 Unguento), (Porto Unguento 
 was the port from which the 
 malachite was shipped, hence :—) 
 malachite, green carbonate of 
 copper, blue stone (cupri sul¬ 
 phas.) 
 
 Ngweta, 2, zz., blow. 
 
 Ngwezulu, 2, zz. (ngo a ezulu), a 
 
 large eagle (the leopard of the 
 heavens.) 
 
 Ngwilu, 2, zz., a being heard. Nkia 
 ngwilu diwidilu, how was it 
 heard of, how was it found out. 
 
 Ngwingwi, 2, zz., steadiness; see 
 
 Ngingi. 
 
 Ngwola, 2, zz., corruption, rotting, 
 decomposition. 
 
 Ngwolomoka, 2, zz., a falling to pieces. 
 
Ngw-Nik 
 
 ( 376 ) 
 
 Ngwongomoka, 2, n., a falling in, a 
 landslip, a giving way, caving 
 in. 
 
 Ngwongwena, 2, zz., grimace, dis¬ 
 tortion (of the face). 
 
 Ngwotomoka, 2, zz., see Ngwongo¬ 
 moka. 
 
 Ngwotwena, 2,zz., see Ngwongwena. 
 
 Ngwulumuka, 2, zz., a fall of many 
 things. 
 
 Ngy = light nasal -fy. 
 
 Ngyambila, 2, zz., adultery (this 
 may be with or without the 
 husband’s consent, whereas 
 “ zumba ” is used when it is 
 without consent, and altogether 
 illicit), immorality, unchastity, 
 nkwa (1) ngyambila, unchaste, 
 immoral person, whore, harlot, 
 adulterer (zzz.), adulteress {/.). 
 nkwa or ye ngyambila, a., im¬ 
 moral, unchaste, immodest, 
 adulterous. 
 
 Ngyamn, 2, zz., reckless, daring per¬ 
 son, recklessness, daring. 
 
 Ngyangn, 2, zz., recommencement. 
 
 Ngyangya, 2, zz., liar, deceiver, deceit¬ 
 ful person, hypocrite. 
 
 Ngyeka, 2, zz. {active), election. 
 
 Ngyekwa, 2, zz. {passive), election, 
 accession, the conferring of a 
 title. 
 
 Ngyele, 2, zz., a being sick. 
 
 Ngyeleka, 2, zz., a test, taste. 
 
 Ngyelele, 2, zz., wrong doing, trans¬ 
 gression, blame, fault, a being 
 in the wrong ; also a being 
 vanquished, overcome, beaten 
 in contest,, submission. 
 
 Ngyembama, 2, zz., a heavy fall. 
 
 Ngyenda, 2, zz., a going, a journey, 
 excursion, a departure, course, 
 a manner of going. 
 
 Ngyi, the addition of the light nasal 
 to yi- is more properly spelt 
 ngi; under which all such words 
 will be found. 
 
 Ngyowela, 2, zz., bath {lit. a bath¬ 
 ing). 
 
 Ngyomoka, 2, zz., jump. 
 
 Ngyunga, 2, zz., bath {lit. a bathing). 
 
 Ngyuvn, 2, zz., an inquiry, a question, 
 an asking. 
 
 Niafuna, v.t., to flash. 
 
 Niafuka, v.i., to flash. 
 
 Niakuna, v.t., to chew noisily. 
 
 Niamvuka, v.i., to protrude (of the 
 eyes only). 
 
 Nianga, 2 & 11, n., thatching grass. 
 
 Niangi, 2, zz., epilepsy, epileptic fit. 
 
 Niania, 6, zz., earthworm. 
 
 Niania, 6, zz., small blisters between 
 the toes. 
 
 Nianina, v., to shine, glitter, sparkle. 
 
 Nianji, 2, zz., tick ; louse (of head and 
 body). 
 
 ta e nianji, to search the hair and 
 clothes for lice, 
 nianji a mbwa, flea. 
 
 Niaza, 2, zz., onion. 
 
 Nieka (mnna), v., to reach, get to, 
 arrive (at). 
 
 Niema, v., to press, compress, squeeze. 
 
 Niemenena, v., to press firmly, 
 strongly, hard. 
 
 Niemojioka, v.i., bruised, pressed 
 about, soft, yielding. 
 
 Niemojiona, v.t., to press about, 
 bruise, make soft, squeeze. 
 
 Nienga, v.i., to be burnt, charred. 
 
 Niengesa, v.t., to burn, char. 
 
 Nienie, 6, zz., meteor, shooting star, 
 comet. 
 
 Nika, v., to grind, to crush on a stone, 
 pound, rub and pound in 
 washing. 
 
 Nikujioka, v.i., to move, shake about 
 (constantly). 
 
 Niknjiona, v.t., to move, shake about 
 (constantly). 
 
 Nikuka, v.i., to move about, shake 
 about, rock about, roll about, 
 toss about. 
 
 Nikuka, 9, zz., motion, a shaking 
 movement. 
 
 Nikuna, v.t., to shake, agitate, stir, 
 rock, move, wag, jog. 
 nikuna e nkindu (2) or 0 luxindu 
 (10), to make a disturbance, 
 make a noise, start a riot. 
 
I 377 ) 
 
 Nim-Nji 
 
 Nima, 2, n., back, rear, hind part, 
 posterior, keel. 
 
 fila e nima, v., to turn away, to 
 turn the back. 
 
 filana e nima, to be back to back. 
 
 oku (&c.) nima a, prep., behind, 
 after (in place), abaft, in the rear 
 of, at the back of. 
 
 okengelele 0 kuna nima a nti, he 
 
 looked from behind the tree. 
 
 Nimba, v., to fall asleep, to doze, have 
 a nap, to nod (in sleepiness). 
 
 Ninga, v.i., to grow less, grow small, 
 waste, contract, decrease, ebb 
 (as the tide), to narrow, shrink, 
 become smaller, fall, sink (as a 
 river), be slender. 
 
 Ninga, 9, 77., contraction, decrease, 
 narrowing, shrinking. 
 
 -aninga, a., slender. 
 
 Ningina, v.i., to move, to be loose, to 
 shake (as a loose thing). 
 
 Ninginisa, v.t., to move, loosen, make 
 loose, to shake. 
 
 Nioka, 2, 77., snake, serpent. 
 
 nioka a moyo, n., intestinal worm 
 (generic). 
 
 nioka mu lulala, n., zigzag thing 
 (“ a snake on a palm branch ”). 
 
 nioka a xivu, a large caterpillar. 
 
 Nioka, v., to be weary (of the body 
 only). 
 
 to (6, ki-) nioka, to be faint, weak, 
 weary, tired, fatigued. 
 
 Niongota, v.i., to crawl (as cater¬ 
 pillar). 
 
 Nionza, v., to be thin; get thin, 
 get lean, be emaciated. 
 
 Nionza, 9, 71., thinness, leanness. 
 
 Nitu, 2, 71., flesh of the body, the 
 body. 
 
 Niukumuka, v.i., crumble, be broken 
 up, to go, fall, be boiled, to rot 
 and go to pieces, powder, or 
 pulp. 
 
 Niukumuna, v ., to pound, grind, 
 break up into, beat to, crumble, 
 boil to pieces, powder or pulp. 
 
 Niunga, v., to move, shift, push, wag, 
 shake about. 
 
 Niungwa, v.i., to be shaken, shifted, 
 pushed about. 
 
 Njalwa, 2, 7t., ^ nest (of soft ma- 
 
 Njambwa, 2, 71 terials, woven). 
 
 -anje, a., little, small, very fine, tiny. 
 
 Njembe, 2, 71., a mess of mud that 
 children would play with, mud- 
 pies. 
 
 zoba e njembe, to make mud-pies, 
 play with mud. 
 
 -anjenje, a., hiteTisive of - anje. 
 
 Njeta, 2, 71., a revolution, circuit, 
 -anjeta, v., circuitous, roundabout; 
 out of the way. 
 
 Nji, 2, 7 i., touch-hole, nipple (of a 
 gun). 
 
 Nji, 2, 7 i. (Vivi), fly. 
 
 Njididi, 4, 77., straight mark, streak, 
 line, stripe. 
 
 Njiji, 2, 77., cold, chilliness, coolness, 
 dampness, damp (as indicated 
 by cold). 
 
 -anjiji, a., cold, chilly, damp and 
 chilly, cool. 
 
 -anjijidi, a., unflinching, patient, faith¬ 
 ful, constant, enduring, devoted, 
 staunch, true, brave, steadfast, 
 firm, courageous, fearless, valiant. 
 
 Njiknna, 2, 77., sneer. 
 
 Njila, 2, 77 ., road, path, way, highway, 
 foot-path, lane, passage, course, 
 direction, route, street, 
 njila a, the road of, the way to. 
 njila -abatn-abatn, or -ankufi, or 
 -alnkufi. or -anzaki, a short, 
 quick, direct road, the nearest 
 most direct way, a short cut. 
 njila atadi, 77 ., railway (iron 
 road). 
 
 katuka omu njila, v., to get out of 
 the way. 
 
 muna njila eyina, by that road, 
 njila moxi ye, along with, in com¬ 
 pany with. 
 
 nwanina e njila, v., to press 
 through, to elbow one’s way. 
 samba e njila, v., to beat down the 
 grass on each side of the road. 
 
 Njila, 4, 77., whip. 
 
 Njila, 4, 77., small prickly creeper. 
 
Nji-Nka 
 
 ( 378 ) 
 
 Njima, 2, zz., civet-cat. 
 
 Njimba, 2, n ., mine, pit, quarry, cave. 
 
 Njimbalakanwa, 2, zz., a mistake, an 
 error, a blunder. 
 
 Njimbu, 2, zz., beads, money, 
 futisa dia e njimbu, v., to fine, 
 njimbu za kinganga (5), doctor’s 
 fee. 
 
 Njimbu (4) a efuni (8), zz., the dimple 
 at the point where the skin is 
 attached to the os coccys. 
 
 Njimbu, 4, zz., stripe. 
 
 Njirnina, 2, zz., the game of blind- 
 man’s buff; see Appendix 
 (Games). 
 
 Njinga, 2, n., entrails (cleaned and 
 coiled for food). 
 
 Njingalakani, 2, n ., entanglement. 
 
 -anjingi, zz., lasting, enduring, per¬ 
 manent, durable, abiding. 
 
 Njingu, 4, zz., a fight, battle, contest, 
 war, engagement (military), 
 nwana 0 njingu, v., to fight, make 
 war. 
 
 vambula e njingu, to stop a 
 fight, separate fighters. 
 
 Njingu, 2 & 11, n., coil. 
 
 Njingula, 2, zz., narration, relation. 
 
 Nj ini, 2, zz., vagina. 
 
 Njinta, 2, zz., aim. 
 
 Njiojio, 2, zz., a smart, a sting, a 
 pain. 
 
 -anjiti, <2., heavy. 
 
 Njitikila, 2, zz. (of the man), engage¬ 
 ment, betrothal. 
 
 Njitikilwa, 2, zz. (of the woman), 
 engagement, betrothal. 
 
 Njitu, 1 & 4, zz., godmother, godchild, 
 sponsor; those relations to 
 whom you cannot be married 
 according to proper Kongo 
 custom, as nkaka, ngudi, 
 ngudi ankaji, mwana, ko. 
 
 Njiukila, 2, zz., an ant which eats 
 white ants. 
 
 Njiya, 4, zz., stick of nkula. 
 
 -anka, a. (Bako.), other, another, some 
 more. 
 
 Nkaba, 2, zz. (Kib.), cassava (Jatropha 
 manihot). 
 
 Nkabu, 2, zz., recklessness, daring, 
 a reckless, daring person. 
 
 Nkadi, 1 & 4, zz., one who is —, has 
 become —. 
 
 Nkadi (2) -ampemba, zz., Satan, the 
 Devil, a demon, a fiend. The 
 Bakongo do not use this word, 
 which was most probably intro¬ 
 duced from Angola by the 
 Roman Catholic missionaries. 
 It means a witch, and is often 
 an equivalent to ndoki. 
 
 Nkadidi kwame, it is not I (who 
 did it). 
 
 Nkafi, 2, zz., oar, paddle. 
 
 Nkafinina, 2, zz., a grasp, a grip (in 
 the hand only). 
 
 Nkafuna, 2, zz., blow. 
 
 Nkafunga, 4, zz., morose, taciturn, 
 sulky person. 
 
 -ankafunga, a., morose, taciturn, 
 sulky, sullen, sullenly silent. 
 
 Nkaji, 1, zz., a wife or husband. The 
 singular form is seldom used in 
 Kongo, Nkaza taking its place, 
 but the plural akaji is always 
 used in speaking of wives 
 and husbands ; see also Nkaza. 
 
 -ankaji, a ,., see mwana ankaji, ngudi 
 ankaji a 7 id ngwa ankaji. 
 
 Nkaji, 2, zz., a relative. 
 
 Nkaji,//., 4, zz., others, more besides ; 
 a remainder. 
 
 Nkajiau, 4, zz. (P. acajou), the cashew 
 tree (anacardium occidentale). 
 
 Nkaka, 2, zz., a parent of one’s mother, 
 grandparent, grandfather or 
 grandmother ; chief (a very re¬ 
 spectful title). 
 
 Nkaka, 2, zz., manis or pangolin, the 
 scaly ant-eater. 
 
 -ankaka, a. (Bako.), complete, whole, 
 entire. 
 
 Nkakamatu, 2, zz., an edible fungus. 
 
 Nkaki, 2, zz. 
 
 nua e nkaki, vd., to drown. 
 
 Nkaku, 2, zz., a dam made in a stream 
 in which one or two small 
 waterways are left wherein to 
 place fish-traps, a weir. 
 
( 379 ) 
 
 Nka-Nka 
 
 Nkaku, 4, zz., an obstruction, a barrier, 
 a stoppage. 
 
 nkaku a mpatu, rubbish heap (on 
 the sides of a field). 
 
 Nkala, 2, zz. (P. cal), lime, mortar. 
 
 Nkala, 2, zz., a state of being, exist¬ 
 ence, condition, state, plight, 
 manner of life. 
 
 Nkala, 2, zz., crab, 
 nkala a nzanza (4), land crab. 
 
 Nkalakaboxia, \ 2, zz. (P. aracabuz), 
 
 Nkalakabuxia, J arquebuse. 
 
 Nkala, | 4, zz., burial ground or 
 
 Nkalamenga, ) place, cemetery,grave. 
 
 Nkalu, 4, zz., refusal, denial, contra¬ 
 diction, dissent, negative, re¬ 
 pudiation, refutation, negation, 
 vana 0 nkalu, v., to contradict, 
 deny, refuse, protest against, 
 object to, repudiate, refute, 
 vanina 0 nkalu, to absolve from all 
 blame (in a matter). 
 
 Nkalu, 2, zz., calabash ; bucket, pail. 
 
 -ankalunkalu, a., 
 nguba (2) ankalunkalu, a roasted 
 ground nut, which was properly 
 ripe when gathered. 
 
 Nkama, 2, zz., one hundred, 10,000 
 beads of the currency (100 
 strings of 100 each). 
 
 Nkama, 2, zz., 
 
 e nkama a...awonso, every one of 
 ..., the whole lot of... 
 e nkama a maki mandi mawonso 
 mawudikidi, every one of his 
 eggs was broken. 
 
 nkama a longo (10), wedding dowry, 
 the sum paid by the husband to 
 the parents and relatives of the 
 bride. 
 
 Nkama, 4, zz., bank, dyke, dam (of 
 earth to divert the flow of water). 
 
 Nkamba, 4, zz., spring of metal. 
 
 Nkamba, 4, zz., fine night. 
 
 (kuma) kulele 0 nkamba, it was a 
 fine night ; 0 unu vo (kuma) 
 kuleka nkamba, if it is fine 
 to-night, or if it does not rain 
 during the night. 
 
 Nkamba, 4, zz., eel. 
 
 Nkamba, 4, zz., the charms hung round 
 a woman’s neck after she has 
 been placed under the influence 
 of a charm. 
 
 Nkambalalu, 2, zz., a pass (between 
 hills). 
 
 Nkambwankaka, 4, n ., roller bird 
 (Eurystomus). 
 
 Nkamvu, 2, n. (used by men), hair 
 (of arm-pit and pubes). 
 
 Nkanda, 4, zz., skin, hide, peel, rind, 
 bark, crust, covering, integu¬ 
 ment ; a bundle of cloth done 
 up in a skin ; hence any bundle 
 of cloth ; leather, parchment, 
 paper, book, epistle, letter, 
 note,contract,engagement,docu¬ 
 ment, register ; “book” ( i.e ., a 
 note, letter, &c.) 
 nkanda (a mbiji), hide, 
 oyandi i nkanda a nlumba katina 
 tanuka ko (Proverb), he is a 
 rabbit’s skin, and does not fear 
 a scratch = he is not afraid of a 
 small danger. 
 
 Nkanda a Nzambi, zz., the Bible, 
 vana 0 nkanda, to engage, hire, 
 “ to give a book.” 
 
 -ankanda, a., leather, paper. 
 
 Nkanda, 2, n. } hoop iron, iron hoop 
 (as on bales). 
 
 Nkanda, 2, zz., a long conical rat-trap 
 of basket work. 
 
 Nkanda, 2, zz., a straightening, bend¬ 
 ing straight. 
 
 Nkanda (2) a ezulu, zz., a prevention 
 of rain by charms. 
 
 -ankandalala, a very long measure; 
 see Kandalala. 
 
 -ankandalala, a., dry, warped. 
 
 Nkandi, 4, n., stone of fruit, &c., nut ; 
 also the kernel, palm-kernels, 
 seed (of the nut kind), gland, 
 nkandi a ngongo, n., a game ; see 
 Appendix (Games). 
 
 Nkandi, 4, zz., coney (rock rabbit). 
 
 Nkandu, 2, zz., a prohibition, a close 
 season, a law making it criminal 
 to hunt certain game, or catch 
 certain fish, during a season. 
 
Nka-Nka 
 
 ( 380 ) 
 
 Nkandu, 4, zz., thickness, bulk, stout¬ 
 ness, size. 
 
 -ankandu, a., thick, stout, strong. 
 
 Nkandu, 2, zz., one of the four days 
 of the Kongo week (nkandu, 
 konzo, nkenge, nsona). 
 nkandu tatu, three nkandus = 
 twelve days. 
 
 Nkanga ampaka, 4, a title of no¬ 
 bility. 
 
 Nkangadi, 1 & 4, zz., one who travels 
 about, a traveller. 
 
 Nkangaji, 4, zz., shadow (of person 
 only). 
 
 Nkangala, 2, zz., walk, journey, stroll, 
 excursion, trip, expedition, the 
 manner of travelling. 
 
 Nkangalu, 4, zz., an expedition, jour¬ 
 ney, voyage. 
 
 nkangalu moxi nukangele, you 
 
 made one expedition. 
 
 Nkangani, 2, zz., entanglement. 
 
 Nkangi, 2, zz., bunchlet, or “ hand ” 
 of plantains. 
 
 Nkangu, 4, zz., see Ndonga. 
 
 Nkanka, 2, zz., great kindliness, or 
 goodness, loving-kindness, 
 nkwa (1) nkanka, a very kind per¬ 
 son. Nkanka has been ex¬ 
 plained as implying also a law, 
 e.g. nkanka za Nzambi, God’s 
 commandments. It is far more 
 probable, however, that it im¬ 
 plies the sense given above, 
 and that nkanka za Nzambi, 
 means God’s great goodness. 
 
 Nkanka, 2, zz., pin of funnel used to 
 conduct the wine from a cutting 
 in a palm. 
 
 Nkanka, 4, zz., small squirrel with two 
 stripes on its back. 
 
 Nkanka, 2, zz., a fish. 
 
 Nkanka, 2, zz., manis or pangolin, the 
 scaly ant-eater. In some parts 
 the skin of this animal is con¬ 
 sidered a charm (nkixi) against 
 white ants. 
 
 Nkankalakani, 1, zz., awkwardness, 
 clumsiness (used of things). 
 
 -ankankalakani, awkward. 
 
 Nkankalu, 2, zz., the tying on of the 
 battens upon which the thatch 
 grass is laid. Mbene e nka¬ 
 nkalu, I have finished putting 
 on the battens. 
 
 Nkankatu, 4, zz., scarlet fever (?). 
 
 Nkanku, 2, zz., chisel. 
 
 Nkanu, 4, zz., trial, lawsuit, quarrel, 
 prosecution, criminal court, 
 judgment. 
 
 funda 0 nkanu, v ., to sit in judg¬ 
 ment, try a case, to judge, 
 sasa (or zenga) 0 nkanu, to give 
 judgment, to judge, 
 tambidila 0 nkanu, to induce a 
 man to break a law or custom 
 in order to be able to extract 
 a fine. 
 
 vola 0 nkanu, to be guilty of 
 a crime, to incur a lawsuit, to 
 do anything which involves a 
 nkanu. 
 
 volesa 0 nkanu, to prosecute. 
 
 Nkasa, 2, zz., an ordeal draught, com¬ 
 posed of the poisonous bark ot 
 a tree pounded and mixed with 
 water, to be drunk by a person 
 accused of witchcraft, theft, &c. 
 ngola (2) a nkasa, the man who 
 administers nkasa. 
 nkasa za nianga (2) or mienze (3), 
 bits of thatching grass to be 
 used in drawing lots, 
 nua or dia e nkasa, v., to drink or 
 eat the ordeal poison (the test 
 of witchcraft). 
 
 vanga e nkasa, to draw or cast 
 lots. 
 
 Nkasa, 2 & n, zz., beans (generic), 
 nkasa zandamba, a climbing bean, 
 much eaten. 
 
 nkasa zamafewo, dwarf bean, much 
 eaten. 
 
 Nkata, 2, zz., pad (of leaves, &c., to 
 place under a load carried on 
 the head or shoulder). 
 
 Nkata, 2, zz., lap. 
 
 funda e nkata, v., to sit tailor 
 fashion (the only proper position 
 according to Kongo etiquette). 
 
( 38i ) 
 
 Nka-Nke 
 
 Nkatanga, 2, zz., numbness ; cramp 
 produced by remaining long in 
 one position. 
 
 yela e nkatanga, v., to be numb ; 
 to be cramped. 
 
 Nkati, 4, n ., trunk (of elephant), pro¬ 
 boscis. 
 
 Nkatu, 2, zz., emptiness, uselessness, 
 void, vacancy, desolation, blank, 
 zero, nought. 
 
 kwankatu, mwankatu, vankatn, 
 
 there is nothing there, there are 
 none. 
 
 -ankatu, a ., useless, vain, invklid, 
 fruitless, good for nothing, to no 
 purpose, empty, void, blank, 
 vacant, desolate. 
 
 Nkau, 4, zz., the doctor of Ndembo. 
 
 Nkau, I4, zz., staff cut from stem 
 
 Nkawu, / of climbing palm (calamus 
 secundifloris). 
 
 Nkaxikaxi, 2, zz., tiff, pet, little fit of 
 anger. 
 
 Nkaya, 2, zz., a division ; an apportion¬ 
 ing, distribution. 
 
 Nkayakaya, 4, zz., a hornbill. 
 
 Nkayi, 2, zz., maternal grandfather, or 
 grandmother, or grandparent ; 
 a parent of one’s mother only. 
 
 Nkayi, 1 & 4, zz., one who divides, 
 apportions ; one who is free in 
 giving away, a generous, liberal 
 person. 
 
 -ankayi, a ., liberal, generous. 
 
 Nkayi, 1 & 4, zz., a herbalist, one who 
 collects medicinal leaves. 
 
 Nkayi, 2, zz., harnessed antelope (tra- 
 gelaphus scriptus). 
 
 Nkayisa, 2, zz., salutation, reception, 
 greeting. 
 
 Nkaza, 1, zz., sing, only, see Nkaji, 
 spouse, husband, wife, betrothed 
 (a betrothed is spoken of as a 
 wife and considered so in 
 Kongo law). 
 
 nkaza a ngonde (2), n ., planet 
 (“ spouse of the moon ”), Jupiter 
 or Venus. 
 
 Nkazn, 4, n., the cola tree (sterculia), 
 the nut is called ekazu (8). 
 
 -anke, a., small, little, tiny, fine, few. 
 
 Nkedivana, 2, n., the hand {last part 
 of a wing) of a fowl, derivedfrom 
 nkedi vana vana va didilu e 
 nsusn, I was there where a 
 fowl was being eaten. Kongos 
 always share their food, and 
 where they are dining off a 
 fowl a stranger coming in, or 
 slave, may have this little scrap 
 given to him, so that he cannot 
 say that he had to look on 
 without getting a taste, hence 
 that part has obtained the 
 name of nkedi vana. 
 
 Nkejikeji, 4, n., ray of light, lustre, 
 glory, brightness, sparkle, 
 gleam, reflection, reflected light; 
 a glint. 
 
 -ankejimi, a., shining, glittering, 
 sparkling, gleaming, bright, lus¬ 
 trous, twinkling. 
 
 Nkeka, 1 & 4, n., babe, baby, infant. 
 
 Nkeka, 2, zz., the daily cut made in 
 the palm to clear the tissue 
 from which the wine-sap flows. 
 
 Nkela, 2, zz. (Bako.), see Nkele, box. 
 
 Nkele, 2, zz., box, case, chest. 
 
 nkele elnndu, a tin trunk (so 
 called from the ordinary colour 
 of Scarborough trunks, which is 
 like that of the elundu ant nest). 
 
 Nkele, 4, zz. {for derivation, see Gun, 
 Eng.-Kongo), gun, musket, 
 rifle. 
 
 nkele a makakn ( 8 ), pop-gun. 
 nkele a matuza ( 8 ), breech¬ 
 loading gun. 
 
 nkele a pulete, cap gun. 
 nkele a sanu ( 6 ), flint gun. 
 ta-tutu-nkele, (gun, powder-flask 
 and gun,) fully armed. Bejidi 
 kwau awanso ta-tutu-nkele, 
 they all came fully armed. 
 
 Nkele, 4, zz., “ gun ” {a gun having 
 been taken as a standard of 
 value), a dollar, four shillings, 
 five francs. 
 
 nkele ntanu, zz., a pound, fi, 5 dol¬ 
 lars, 20 shillings, 25 francs. 
 
Nke-Nki 
 
 ( 382 ) 
 
 Nkelele, 2, n., a guinea fowl, also a 
 cloth having white spots on an 
 indigo ground. 
 
 Nkelo, 2, 71., a funnel, also medicine 
 for the eyes which is adminis¬ 
 tered through a funnel. 
 matu...e nkelo, all ears, very atten¬ 
 tive or receptive, lit. the ears 
 being funnels taking all and 
 losing nothing (of instruction, 
 &c)/ 
 
 Nkelo, 4, n ., a rocky fountain, or 
 spring, or stream of clear water 
 running into foul. 
 
 Nkernbi, 2, n., rattle (with wooden 
 tongues, for dogs, pigs, &c., 
 also used in some parts by 
 witch doctors. 
 
 Nkembi, I & 4, n concubine, mistress, 
 paramour, harlot. 
 
 Nkembo, 4, n > merriment, joy, re¬ 
 joicing, festivity, praise, glory, 
 mwesa 0 nkembo, v., to glorify, 
 praise. 
 
 -ankembo, a., festive, joyful, gay, 
 fine. 
 
 Nkeilda, 2, n., mercy, sympathy, pity, 
 compassion, kindness, grace, 
 favour, sorrow (for others), 
 mona or fwa e nkenda, v., to be 
 merciful, gracious, pitiful, feel 
 pity for, to pity, be sorry for 
 (others), sympathise with ; 
 nmfwa e nkenda, if you please, 
 for mercy sake. 
 
 -ankenda, a., merciful, gracious, 
 kind, compassionate, 
 muna nkenda, adv., out of pity, in 
 mercy, from sympathy, 
 ye nkenda ye nkenda, adv., com¬ 
 passionately, mercifully, ten¬ 
 derly. 
 
 Nkendelo, 2, v., see Mwingilu. 
 
 Nkenene, 
 
 beni nkenene, adv., exceedingly ? 
 Mfiaukidi beni nkenene, I 
 am exceedingly obliged. 
 
 Nkenga, 2, n., a style of beauty. 
 
 Nkenga, 4, n., a handsome, beautiful 
 person. 
 
 Nkenge, 2, n., one of the four days 
 of the Kongo week (nkenge, 
 nsona, nkandu, konzo) hence 
 nkenge tatu, three nkenges = 
 12 days. 
 
 ye nkenge ye nsona, every day. 
 
 Nkenge, 2, ?i ., the ant lion, (myrmelson 
 formicaleo). 
 
 Nkenge (2) amayenga, 71., gorge, 
 chasm, precipice. 
 
 Nkenge (2) ambatikina, n ., wasp. 
 
 Nkenji, 4, n., fine for bloodshed (paid 
 to the judges). 
 
 Nkenka, 4, 71 ., the game of African 
 backgammon, see Aftpe 7 idix 
 (Games). 
 
 -ankenkenke, a., very fine, small, tiny, 
 minute, few (i 7 ite 7 isive of -alike). 
 
 Nkenko, 4, n ., see Nkwenko. 
 
 Nkento, 1, n ., woman, female, 
 nkento axita, childless woman, 
 nkento-mu-yakala, 1, n., a herma¬ 
 phrodite. 
 
 mwana (1) or nleke (1) a nkento, 
 girl. 
 
 -ankento, a., {cl. 1, pi. akento), fe¬ 
 male, woman’s, belonging to a 
 woman. 
 
 -ankento, a. (Bako.), left (of the 
 arm, &c.). 
 
 Nkete, 2, 71., one skilled in making 
 small things. 
 
 Nketedienge, 2, 71., a small bird. 
 
 Nkewa, 2, n , monkey (generic), 
 nkewa a mpumbu, a very large 
 monkey, said to exist some 
 distance inland in the neigh¬ 
 bourhood of Mpumbu, probably 
 the gorilla or chimpanzee. 
 
 Nkexia, 2, 71., sneeze, 
 ta e nkexia, v., to sneeze. 
 
 Nki, pro 7 i. interrog., 7 iever used before 
 7 iou 7 is , which, what, 
 muna, &c. nki, wherewith, wherein, 
 whereby. 
 
 Nkia, interrog. pron. (< before a 7101171 
 only), which, what. Before an 
 abstract noun nkia may often 
 be translated by “how,” with 
 the adjective formed from the 
 
(383) 
 
 Nki-Nko 
 
 Nkia, continued. 
 
 abstract noun. Nkia kllfi, how 
 short ; nkia la, how long, what 
 length, what height. Nkia 
 when used with the verb in the 
 infinitive, or with a second class 
 noun formed from the verb, 
 how, in what way. Nkia 
 ngyenda okwenda, or nkia 
 kwenda okwenda, how will you 
 go, lit. what going will you 
 
 go- 
 
 muna nkia, with or in or by or for 
 or what. 
 
 mn nkia diambn ^ruma or knma, 
 or mpitu ( with the appliedform 
 of the verb), why, for what 
 reason or purpose or cause, 
 wherefore, what for. 
 
 nkia mfunu osala ? what are you 
 doing. 
 
 nkia tezo (6), how much, what 
 length, what size, how big? 
 
 nkia tini (6) or ntama (2) or vala 
 
 (14), how far? 
 
 Nkiambiembie, 2, 71., a small, hard, 
 brightly coloured seed. It is 
 also used in a game of the same 
 name ; see Appendix (Games). 
 
 Nkianznka, 2, n ., a jump. 
 
 Nkiata, 2, 71., disposition, arrange¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Nkidi, 2, n., gum copal. 
 
 nkidi a mbwa, a cowrie shell. 
 
 Nkidiambwa, 2, 71., a cowrie shell. 
 
 Nkidikilwa, 4, 11 ., enticement, bait. 
 
 -ankidinginza, a ., solitary, alone. 
 
 e nkidinginza, adv ., alone, solitarily. 
 
 Nkiedi, 2, n ., wager, bet. 
 
 Nkiela, 4, n ., the time when the rain 
 ceases (about May 15th), the 
 beginning of xivu. 
 
 Nkiendi, 4, n a game of “touch last” 
 with the feet, on all fours, back 
 undermost ; see Appe?idix 
 (Games). 
 
 Nkila, 4, n., tail (of animal or reptile). 
 
 Nkiln, 4, n ., a mungoos. 
 
 Nkima, 2, n., monkey (white-faced), 
 an ape. 
 
 Nkimba, 2, n., nkimba-man ; see 
 Appendix, Nkimba. 
 zunga e nkimba, v., to initiate into 
 the mysteries of nkimba. 
 
 Nkinda, 4, n., a throw of the discs in 
 the game of wadi, in which one 
 or more of the discs do not lie 
 flat. 
 
 Nkindi, 2, n. (Bako.), the vagina. 
 
 -ankindikindi, a., unsteady, rocking 
 about. 
 
 Nkindu, 2, n., noise, riot, commotion, 
 disturbance. 
 
 niknna e nkindn, v., to make a 
 noise, start a riot, or dis¬ 
 turbance. 
 
 Nkingn, 2, n. (Bako.), the neck. 
 
 Nkinji, 4, n., feast (of which many 
 partake). 
 
 nkinji a longo (10), marriage 
 feast, wedding feast, 
 nkinji a lnjiku (10), a funeral feast. 
 
 Nkinji, 4, n., a purpose, a use. 
 
 kala 0 nkinji, to be useful, applic¬ 
 able to some purpose, 
 vwa 0 nkinji, v., to wish for, need, 
 want, have a use for, require. 
 
 Nkinza, 4, n., a small mouse, living in 
 woody places near streams. 
 
 Nkiongolo, 4, n., thinness (of fluids). 
 
 -ankiongolo, a., thin (of a fluid). 
 
 Nkiti, 1 & 4, n., trader, merchant. 
 
 Nkitikiti, 2, 71., a moor hen. 
 
 Nkitnla, 2, 7 i., a transformation. 
 
 Nkixi, 4, 7 i., a charm, an enchant¬ 
 ment, a fetish, medicine, 
 -ankixi, a., fetish. 
 
 nzo (2) nkixi, a grave, 
 nkixi ampa mnmbana makazu 
 (Proverb), a new fetish takes a 
 lot of kola nut ; E 7 ig., a new 
 broom sweeps clean. 
 
 Nkiya, 2, 71., walk, stroll, journey, 
 excursion. 
 
 Nkiyi, 1 & 4, 71., traveller. 
 
 Nkizn, 4, 71., a bush. 
 
 Nkobe, 2, 71. (Bako.), a box. 
 
 Nkoboka, 2, zz., a fall into something 
 (as into a hole). 
 
 i Nkofi, 2 & 11, n., a clap (of the hands). 
 
Nko-Nko 
 
 ( 384 ) 
 
 Nkokela, 2, 71. (Bako.), evening. 
 
 Nkoki, 4, n., a proclamation, any law, 
 command, or decree that is 
 issued by proclamation at sun¬ 
 down, when everybody is in 
 town. 
 
 boka 0 nkoki, v., to proclaim, de¬ 
 clare, or announce a decree as 
 
 above. 
 
 Nkoko, 4, n., river, stream, brook. 
 
 Nkoko, 4, n. (sing.), (Bako.), water. 
 
 Nkoko. 2, 7i., large grey antelope. 
 
 Nkola, 4, 7i., basket (medium size;. 
 
 Nkola, 2, 71., a miss-fire. 
 
 -ankolami, a., disobedient. 
 
 Nkole, 2, 7i., animal having hoofs of 
 horny structure (not of the pig 
 kind). 
 
 Nkole, 2, n. (Bako.), prisoner, captive, 
 hostage. 
 
 Nkololo, 2, 71., noise, clamour, shout¬ 
 ing, yelling, riot. 
 
 xia or ta e nkololo, v., to make a 
 noise, to clamour, yell, shout. 
 Nkolonado, 2, 71. (P. encarnado), a 
 Turkey-red cloth. 
 
 -ankolondondo, a., very long (of a 
 road, talk, &c.). 
 
 Nkolongonzo, 2, n., a useless gun 
 (used 07 ily hi ridicule). 
 
 Nkolwa, 2, 71., alcohol, intoxication, 
 drunkenness : also intoxicated 
 with pride and conceit, 
 nkolwa (i-) sakuka, to become 
 sober after a carousal. 
 
 -ankolwa, a., intoxicating ; also tipsy, 
 drunk. 
 
 Nkomba, 2, 71., a sweeping. 
 
 Nkomba, 2, 71. (Vivi), friend. 
 
 Nkombo, 2, n., goat. Runaway slaves 
 who have attached themselves 
 to a new master are sometimes 
 called goats ; see Eng.-Kongo, 
 nkombo a kimboko (5), n., he-goat. 
 
 Nkombo, \ 2 b] ac k ibis. 
 
 Nkombo a londe, 1 
 
 Nkombo, 4, gun (with a very long 
 barrel). 
 
 Nkome, 2, 71., fist; also a blow with 
 the fist. 
 
 Nkome, co 7 ithiued. 
 
 buba, tua, or wanda e nkome, 
 
 v., to strike with the fist, to 
 punch. 
 
 vinda e nkome, to clench the fist. 
 
 Nkomwa, 2, n., a nailing, being nailed 
 to. 
 
 nkomwa (muna ekuluzu), 71., cruci¬ 
 fixion. 
 
 Nkonda, 2, 71., hunt (without dogs), a 
 stalking. 
 
 Nkondi, 2, 71., a fetish image. 
 
 Nkondi, 1 & 4, 71., a sportsman, one 
 who stalks game. 
 
 nkondi (1 & 4), a mambu (pi. 7), 
 71., eavesdropper. 
 
 Nkondi, 2, 71 ., a title of nobility. 
 
 Nkondo, 4, n., the baobab or calabash 
 tree, Adansonia. 
 
 Nkondo, 2, 71., the upper part of the 
 foreleg of an animal. 
 
 Nkondoloka, 2, n., a winding, cir¬ 
 cuitousness. 
 
 -ankondoloka, a., roundabout, out 
 of the way, circuitous, tortuous, 
 meandering. 
 
 Nkonge, 2, n., manilla hemp, the fibre 
 from plantain and bananas. 
 
 Nkongo, 2 ,71., huntsman, great hunter, 
 a person skilful in hunting. 
 
 nkongo a mbwa, chief huntsman, 
 master of the dogs. 
 
 Nkongolo, 2, 71., rainbow. 
 
 Nkonji, 4, 71., a native dress, consist¬ 
 ing of a long cloth worn so as 
 to allow of its trailing along the 
 ground. 
 
 Nkonko, 4, 71., a small hairy cater¬ 
 pillar (edible). 
 
 Nkonko, 2, 71., a hammer, mallet. 
 
 Nkonkola, 4, 71., wager, bet. 
 
 Nkota, 2, 71 ., an entering, entry. 
 
 Nkote (Bako.), No (emphatic refusal 
 to have anything to do with the 
 matter). 
 
 Nkotelo, 2, 71., ingress, entrance, way 
 in, admission. 
 
 Nkove, 2 & 11 (P. couve), cabbage. 
 
 Nkovolo, 2, 71., a cough. 
 
 yela e nkovolo, to have a cough. 
 
( 385 ) 
 
 Nko-Nku 
 
 Nkovolo, continued. 
 
 nkovolo itulumuka, to choke and 
 cough (with laughter, crying, 
 swallowing, &c.). 
 
 Nkoxi, 2, n. (from kosa, to crush with 
 the paw), lion. 
 
 nkoxiamokena, n., crowned hawk 
 eagle (Spizaetus coronatus). 
 This bird is considered to be 
 very stupid. 
 
 kala ne nkoxi amokena, to be as 
 
 stupid as a crowned hawk eagle. 
 
 Nkoxi (2) a yaka, n., a fetish image. 
 
 Nkuba, ■) 2, n ., yaws (pian, framboe- 
 
 Nkudi, 5 sia), a disease of child¬ 
 hood. 
 
 Nkudi, 1 & 4, n., redeemer. 
 
 Nkudi, 4, n ., a little, a small quantity 
 (of liquid). 
 
 Nkudi, 2, ganglion, on the elbow. 
 
 Nkudu, 4, n., jar. 
 
 -ankufi, a., short, stunted, low, squat, 
 (beads of) short count, near, not 
 far. 
 
 vana vankufi, adv ., handy; near at 
 hand, close by. 
 
 Nkufuna, 2, n ., snort. 
 
 Nkuka, 4, a tunnelled track (of 
 beasts) through jungle. 
 
 Nkuka, 2, #., torrent, stream, current, 
 rush, flow, drift of water. 
 
 Nkuki, 2, n., a plundering, slaving, 
 or marauding expedition, raid, 
 night attack, siege ; see Kuka. 
 
 Nkuku (4) ampela, n ., a bird a little 
 larger than a thrush. 
 
 Nkuku (4) a nima, n., back-bone, 
 spine. 
 
 -ankukudi, <2., running, flowing along 
 or down, adrift, drifting. 
 
 Nkukulll, 4, n., hernia, hydrocele 
 (scrotal). 
 
 Nkukumi, 1 & 4, n., stutterer, stam¬ 
 merer. 
 
 Nkukutu, 2, n., crispness, hardness. 
 
 -ankukutu, a ., dry, hard, crisp. 
 
 Nkukwila, 4, n ., torrent bed, water 
 course, mark (of tears). 
 
 Nkula, 2, «., a preparation of cam¬ 
 wood reduced to powder and 
 
 Nkula, continued. 
 
 mixed with oil, used in many 
 ways as a cosmetic, 
 nti (4) ankula, the camwood tree. 
 
 Nkula, 2, n., a redeeming, redemption. 
 
 Nkula, 2, n ., growth (in stature). 
 
 Nkula, 2, n ., a driving away, banish¬ 
 ment. 
 
 Nkulaua, 2, n., throb, pulsation, beat¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Nkulu, 1, n., an ancestor, progenitor, 
 forefather. 
 
 -ankulu, a ., old, ancient, antique, 
 original, former, previous, usual, 
 regular, ordinary, 
 ke -ankulu ko, a., modern, re¬ 
 cent. 
 
 Nkuludi(i&4) a makaxi, n ., con¬ 
 ciliator, a reconciler. 
 
 Nkuluka, 2, n ., descent, hanging low ; 
 
 width of cloth. 
 
 -ankuluka, <2., descending, hanging 
 low, hence wide (of cloth). 
 
 Nkululu, 4, n., a lowering, decrease, 
 bringing down. 
 
 nkululu a moyo, n., resignation ; 
 
 calmness, ease of mind, 
 nkululu a makaxi, conciliation. 
 
 Nkulumuku, 2, n. } descent, the place 
 of descent. 
 
 Nkuluntu, 1, n. (nkulu a muntu), 
 
 senior, elder, adult, chief, man¬ 
 ager, head-man, commander, 
 captain, officer (of army), 
 -ankuluntu, a. (fll. 1st cl. aku- 
 luntu), adult, senior, elder, of 
 age. 
 
 Nkulwa, 2, n. (passive), redemption. 
 
 Nkulwa, 2, n ., expulsion, banishment. 
 
 -ankumami, a., strong, sturdy. 
 
 Nkumba, 4, track (of beasts). 
 
 Nkumba, 4, n., navel. 
 
 Nkumbi, 4, n. } a drum used when li¬ 
 bations of blood are being 
 poured out at the grave of a 
 great hunter. 
 
 Nkumbi, 1 & 4, n ., slanderer. 
 
 Nkumbi, 2, n., sub-chief, under a king; 
 subordinate chief, a vassal 
 chief. 
 
 C C 
 
Nku-Nkw 
 
 ( 386 ) 
 
 Nkumbi, 4, n ., a large tree. 
 
 Nkumbi, 2, zz., a large rat. 
 
 Nkumbu, 4, zz., time, repetition, 
 nkumbu moxi, tzafo., once, 
 nkumbu miole, twice, 
 nkumbu ntatu, thrice, three times, 
 nkumbu nya, four times, &c. 
 nkumbu kwa, how often, 
 nkumbu mingi, often, many times. 
 
 Nkumbu, 2, 71., name, surname, signa¬ 
 ture. 
 
 nkumbu ansaka, nickname. 
 
 Nkuna, 2, zz., slip, cutting, a sowing. 
 
 Nkunda, 2, zz., homage (paid). 
 
 Nkunda, 4, zz., hair (of elephant’s tail). 
 
 Nkunda, 4, zz., 
 
 tangidika 0 nkunda, v ., to sit with 
 the knees raised in front. 
 
 Nkunda, 4, zz. (Bako.), loom. 
 
 Nkundi, 1, 7 t ., friend, acquaintance. 
 
 Nkundu, 2, zz. (used by women), hair 
 (of armpit and pubes). 
 
 Nkundwa, 2, zz., homage (received). 
 
 Nkunga, 4, zz., song, chant, poem, 
 hymn, psalm, anthem. 
 
 Nkuni, 1 & 4, zz., sower, planter. 
 
 Nkuni, 2 & 11, zz., firewood, fuel, 
 tiama e nkuni, v., to fetch wood. 
 
 Nkunji, 1 & 4, zz., ambassador, mes¬ 
 senger, embassy. 
 
 Nkunka, 2, zz., questioning (close), 
 cross examination. 
 
 Nkunku, 2, zz., an eagle. 
 
 Nkunkumuka, 2, zz., a fall; kunku- 
 muka is to lose one’s balance 
 and fall (as from a bridge). 
 
 Nkunza, 4, zz., funeral feast. 
 
 -ankunza, a ., fresh; uncooked, raw, 
 green. 
 
 Nkusa, 2, zz., coating (a painting), a 
 rubbing on. 
 
 Nkusu, 2, zz., parrot (generic). 
 
 Nkusu, 4, zz., a rat. 
 
 Nkusumuka, 2, zz., an accidental fall. 
 
 Nkuta, 2, zz., provisions (for the road), 
 rations or food (for a journey), 
 victuals; also a reward, pay¬ 
 ment, wages, for a small service 
 rendered ; mfutu, &c., is used 
 of a regular payment. 
 
 Nkuta, 4, zz., a funnel made of the 
 spathe of a palm to direct the 
 flow of the sap into the recept¬ 
 acle for palm wine. 
 
 Nkuta, 4, zz., cloth of native manufac¬ 
 ture, made from the fibre of 
 frondlet of mpusu palm, a cloth 
 of twelve mbadi cloths sewn to¬ 
 gether. 
 
 Nkuta, 2, zz., coward. 
 
 -ankuta, a ., cowardly. 
 
 Nkuti (4) a ngulu, zz., herd of wild 
 pigs. 
 
 Nkutu, adv., wholly, entirely, utterly, 
 completely, absolutely, totally, 
 perfectly, altogether, exactly, 
 fully, throughout, thoroughly, 
 real, evenly, pure (undilute), 
 quite, each, all, at all, every 
 one. 
 
 ke...nkutu ko, on no account, not 
 at all, not even, never ; mono 
 kwame nkutu kilendi ko 
 kwenda ko, not even I may 
 go there ; kaxinxidi kwandi 
 nkutu ko, he did not even 
 try. 
 
 vawonso nkutu, everywhere. 
 
 Nkutu, 2, zz., bag, satchel, scrip (of 
 vegetable fibre only), envelope, 
 case. 
 
 nkutu a nzanza (2), zz., a quiver 
 (for arrows.) 
 
 Nkutu, 2, zz., scorpion. 
 
 ke akanini nkutu ko, see -akanini. 
 
 Nkutulujia, 2, zz., a green pigeon. 
 
 Nkuvu, 4, zz., smell or odour of urine. 
 
 Nkuwu, 2, zz., hearthrug, carpet, rug. 
 
 Nkuxi, 4, zz. (Bako.), a breaking of 
 wind (downwards). 
 
 Nkuzu, 2, zz., clamour, noise, sound of 
 many voices. 
 
 tumba e nkuzu, v., to make a 
 noise. 
 
 Nkuzu, 4, zz., sty, pigs’ house. 
 
 Nkwa, 1, zz., fellow, comrade, mate, 
 associate, colleague, companion, 
 accomplice, friend, one of a 
 pair, partner, duplicate, acquaint¬ 
 ance. 
 
 
( 3^7 ) 
 
 Nkw-Nla 
 
 Nkwa, i, zz., always followed by the 
 noun of the thing possessed; 
 possessor, owner, or proprietor 
 of, one who owns, has, feels, 
 experiences, suffers, 
 nkwa ... afwa, zz., cripple; as 
 nkwa kulu kwafwa, a man 
 crippled in his leg. 
 nkwa luvezo, transgressor, 
 nkwa mbiji, fisherman, 
 nkwa ntela (4) anknfi, short man. 
 nkwa nzo, owner of the house, 
 nkwa kiese, one who is happy, a 
 happy man. 
 
 -nkwa, a. (pi., cl. 1, akwa), used with 
 prefixes series No. 3, to denote 
 the possession of a quality, 
 which is always spoken of in 
 the abstract. Aleke akwa 
 kiese, happy children. 
 
 -nkwa, cojij., when used before verbs 
 becomes equivalent to : lest, 
 for fear that, in case of; toma 
 kanga e nkombo jinkwa taya, 
 tie the goats carefully, lest they 
 get away; munkwa bwa e 
 diambu, lest anything happen; 
 nkwa moneka, for fear of ob¬ 
 servation ; nata e vevo (kuma, 
 the weather) kunkwa noka e 
 mvula, take an umbrella in 
 case of rain. 
 
 Nkwa, 2, n ., a game like “ hockey,” 
 see Appendix (Games), 
 ta e nkwa (2), v., to play at Nkwa. 
 
 Nkwabula, 2, n ., whipping. 
 
 Nkwadu, 2, n. (Vivi), broth, gravy of 
 a stew. 
 
 Nkwaka, 4, zz., shank, shin. 
 
 Nkwala, 4, zz., a channel. 
 
 Nkwanga, 2, n. (Bako., etc.), fathom. 
 
 Nkwanga, 4, n., saw. 
 
 Nkwanga, 4, n ., rattle (having loose 
 seeds or stones inside). 
 
 Nkwanga, 2, zz., a scratching with the 
 finger nails. 
 
 Nkwangila, 2, zz., a foolishly long 
 thing. 
 
 Nkwangu, 2, zz., brass anklet or 
 bracelet. 
 
 Nkwasa, 2, zz., rope, thick string. 
 
 Nkwasa, 2, zz., a rubbing on, painting, 
 daubing. 
 
 Nkwenko, 4, zz., edge, margin, brim, 
 rim, verge, side, brink, brow (of 
 a precipice). 
 
 nkwenko a etembo (8), circumfer¬ 
 ence of a circle. 
 
 Nkweza, 4, zz., india rubber (landol- 
 phia), elastic. 
 
 doda 0 nkweza, v. f to tap for india 
 rubber. 
 
 Nkwikidi, 1 & 4, zz., a believer, one 
 who agrees, assents. 
 
 -ankwikidi, a ., trustful, believing, 
 agreeing, assenting. 
 
 Nkwimbi, 2, ZZ- (Loango), shark. 
 
 Nkwiya, ) 4, zz., ghost, sprite, fiend, 
 
 Nkwiyi, ) demon, evil spirit, ghoul. 
 
 Nkyekye, 4, zz., flavour or taste of 
 stale palm nuts. 
 
 Nkyengye, 4, zz., moustache, whiskers 
 (of a cat). 
 
 N 1 = n (heavy nasal) + 1; the light 
 nasal always turns 1 into d. 
 All nouns in nl belo?ig to cl. 4. 
 
 Nlaba, 4, zz., a very scanty cloth, or a 
 cloth rolled up, the ends passed 
 between the legs, and fastened 
 behind, so as to impede as little 
 as possible. 
 
 vwata 0 nlaba, v., to draw the 
 end of the loin cloth between 
 the legs and tuck it in behind. 
 
 Nlaku, 4, zz., a flame. 
 
 -anlalami, a., afloat, floating. 
 
 Nlamba, 4, zz., belly part of game, 
 (the perquisite of the man who 
 carries it home). 
 
 -anlambaladi, adj., reclining (resting 
 on one’s elbow lying on the 
 ground, one end being sup¬ 
 ported on something.) 
 
 Nlambi, 1 & 4, zz., cook. 
 
 Nlambi, 4, mint (the herb). 
 
 Nlambu, 4, zz., the flat shore beside a 
 river, beach, side, bank, course 
 of river. 
 
 muna nlambu-a nlambu a, adv., 
 along. 
 
N la-N le 
 
 ( 388 ) 
 
 Nlambu, 4, n., track of beasts. 
 
 Nlambu, 4, n., a hoe in the process of 
 forging ; the coil of hoop iron 
 having been welded and drawn 
 out. 
 
 -anlami, a., tenacious, sticky. 
 
 Nlamu, 4, n., a soreness, chafe. 
 
 Nlamvangani, 4, n., a tall, thin, 
 gawky, overgrown person or 
 thing; not strong in conse¬ 
 quence. 
 
 Nlamvu, 4, n ., a native dress consist¬ 
 ing of a long cloth worn so as 
 to allow of its trailing along the 
 ground, the part of a man’s 
 cloth allowed to trail on the 
 ground, a train (of cloth). 
 Nlamvungila, 4, n. ; see Nlamva¬ 
 ngani. 
 
 -anlamvungila, a ., straight; lank 
 (of hair), tall and skinny, 
 scraggy. 
 
 Nlandi, 1 & 4, n., a follower, escort, 
 nlandi a kunda (6), 71., revenger, 
 avenger. 
 
 -anlandi, a., following, after, next. 
 
 Nlandn, 4, 71., affected deafness ; stub¬ 
 bornness, regardlessness, diso¬ 
 bedience, torpidity. 
 
 -anlandll, a., stubborn, regardless, 
 torpid. 
 
 Nlangi, 1 & 4, n ., a scout, spy, ex¬ 
 plorer. 
 
 Nlangididi, 1 & 4, n., keeper, a guard, 
 one who keeps watch, overseer. 
 
 Nlangu, 4, n. (Coast dialects), water. 
 
 Nlangu, 4, 71 ., a long narrow strip 
 of grass jungle, which has re¬ 
 mained untouched after a great 
 bush fire, or whilst making a 
 clearing. 
 
 -anlavaladi, a., recumbent, prostrate, 
 lying flat on the ground. 
 
 -anleboki, ^ a., flabby, flaccid, limp, 
 
 -anlebuki, j soft (as a pillow), droop¬ 
 ing, withered, luke-warm, slightly 
 hot. 
 
 Nleka, 4, 7 i., a person who is gentle, 
 civilized, meek, humble, used 
 also of aTiwials, a tame animal. 
 
 Nleka, C 07 itinued. 
 
 -anleka, a., meek, tame, gentle, 
 humble, civilized. 
 
 Nleke, 1, 71., youth, boy, lad, child, 
 girl, disciple, attendant,retainer, 
 subject of a king, follower, ser¬ 
 vant, subordinate, inferior (in 
 rank). 
 
 -anleke, a., junior, inferior, subordi¬ 
 nate, young. 
 
 nleke a xikola, n., pupil, 
 nleke andumba, young woman, 
 maiden. 
 
 Nlekelo, 4, 71 ., supper, late dinner, the 
 evening meal. 
 
 Nleki, 1 & 4, 71., a sleeper, one who 
 sleeps, one who performs any 
 of the actions expressed by 
 
 Leka. 
 
 nleki a vnwa (6), one who sets 
 traps, a fisherman. 
 
 Nlela, 4, 7i., the sense of satisfaction, 
 laziness, or drowsiness after a 
 good meal ; weariness of one 
 kind of food constantly parta¬ 
 ken of, or of some food in which 
 one has too freely indulged. 
 
 Nlele, 4, 7 i., cloth {of Eu7'opea7i 77ianu- 
 facture ), a cloth, a loin cloth, 
 nlele a kioji, blanket, railway rug. 
 nlele a meza, table-cloth, 
 nlele ankweza, india-rubber cloth, 
 mackintosh or waterproof sheet, 
 ground sheet. 
 
 -anlelemi, a., smooth. 
 
 Nlelo, 4, n., slipperiness, slime, 
 -anlelo, a., slippery, slimy. 
 
 -anlembakani, a., tameable. 
 
 -anlembami, a., tame, tractable, do¬ 
 cile, good tempered, gentle, 
 humble, lowly, meek, peaceable, 
 quiet, modest, reserved, civil, 
 grave, demure, sober, moderate, 
 
 -anlembeki, a., taming, calming, 
 soothing, cooling, pacifying, 
 quieting, appeasing, assuaging, 
 civilizing. 
 
 Nlembo, 4, n., finger, thumb, toe, 
 pincers (of Crustacea), a “ fin¬ 
 ger ” of palm flower. 
 
( 389 ) 
 
 Nle-Nlu 
 
 Nlembo, continued. 
 nlembo exina, 72., thumb, great toe. 
 nlembo alandila exina, first or 
 forefinger, or second toe. 
 nlembo akati, second finger or 
 third toe. 
 
 nlembo alandila kati, third finger, 
 or fourth toe. 
 
 nlembo ansuka, fourth finger or 
 fifth toe. 
 
 Nlemboji, 4, 72., a bundle of charms. 
 
 Nlemo, 4, 72., blaze, light, flare, glare, 
 gleam, flame. 
 
 -anlemi, a., gleaming, glowing, shi¬ 
 ning, blazing, flaring, flaming. 
 
 Nlemvo, 1 & 4, 72., obedient, docile, 
 tractable, tame, submissive, 
 a faithful person. 
 
 Nlendi, 1 & 4, n ., possessor, owner, 
 one who is able. 
 
 Nlenge, 4, n., grass. 
 
 Nlenge, 4, n. (Mpa.), hair. 
 
 Nlengi, 1 & 4, 72., a flatterer, one who 
 performs any of the actions 
 expressed by lenga. 
 
 NlengO, 4, 72., a joint swollen by yaws. 
 
 Nlengwa, 4, n ., a swallow (the bird), 
 martin, swift. 
 
 -anlevi, <2., soft, pliant, pliable, flexible, 
 yielding. 
 
 Nlevodi, 4, 72., an abusive fellow, 
 -anlevodi, a ., abusive. 
 
 Nlevudi, 4, 72., see Nlevodi. 
 
 -anlevudi, a., abusive. 
 
 Nloko, 4, 7 ?., an imprecation, a curse, 
 a bewitching, sorcery. 
 
 Nlokoso, 4, 72., ) stammerer, stut- 
 
 Nlokoxi, 1 & 4, 72., j terer. 
 
 Nlola, 4, 72 ., a sympathetic bubo, or 
 glandular swelling. 
 
 Nlola, 4, 72., a chafe, soreness. 
 
 Nlombi, 1 & 4, 72., beggar. 
 
 Nlombo, 4, 72., debate. 
 
 Nlonga, 4, 72., line, row, file, a swarm 
 of driver ants on the march, a 
 troop, swarm, train of people 
 filing along. 
 
 kiatika 0 nlonga, v., to put in a 
 line, set in a line or row. 
 
 Nlongi, 1 & 4, 72 ., teacher, instructor. 
 
 Nlongo, 4, 72., medicine, drug, fetish, 
 poison. When a doctor has 
 forbidden any one to eat certain 
 articles of food, they are re¬ 
 garded as nlongo. It is be¬ 
 lieved that to eat them will 
 break some protective spell,, 
 and entail most disastrous 
 consequences. Nlongo there¬ 
 fore equals taboo. Kidianga 
 kwame nkombo ko nlongo, I 
 do not eat goat flesh, it is taboo, 
 See also Konko and Mpangu. 
 -anlongo, <2., proscribed, prohibited 
 by doctor, tabooed, fetish, un¬ 
 lawful. 
 
 Nlongwa, 4 , 72 ., a tree yielding very 
 good timber for planks. 
 
 Nloti, 1 & 4, 72, dreamer. 
 
 Nlnba, 4, n., sly, artful, cunning per¬ 
 son. 
 
 Nlndi, 4, 72., a roof. 
 
 Nlndiki, 1 & 4, n., an adviser, coun¬ 
 sellor. 
 
 Nlnengi, 1 & 4, n ., a clever person, 
 -anluengi, a ., clever. 
 
 -anlllki, a ., cautious, wary, artful. 
 
 Nluku, 4, 1 
 
 , T1 , .. , , r y 72., marrow. 
 
 Nhiku a maji (pi. 7), J 
 
 Nlnlu, 4, 72., an edible bitter leaf. 
 
 Nlnmba, 4,72., rabbit, hare. 
 
 Nlumbn, 4, 22., a very small fresh¬ 
 water fish, which if eaten is 
 supposed to cause ophthalmia. 
 
 Nlnndi, 1 & 4 , 72 ., watchman, guard, 
 keeper. 
 
 Nlunga, 4,72., flange or guard of knife ; 
 bracelet, anklet. 
 
 Nlungaladi, 1 & 4,72.,prudent, shrewd, 
 sly, cunning, discreet, skilful 
 person. 
 
 -anlungaladi, a., prudent, far-seeing, 
 discreet, skilful, shrewd, crafty, 
 sly, artful. 
 
 Nlnngi, 4, 72., this time next —, the 
 recurring season. The recur¬ 
 rence of a season which is being 
 spoken of ; nlungi a xivu, this 
 time next xivu ; nlungi a kon- 
 zo, next konzo. 
 
Nlu-Nsa 
 
 ( 390 ) 
 
 Nlungi, 1 & 4, 22., keeper, overseer. 
 
 Nlungu, 4, 22., justification (the state 
 of being just), justice, righteous¬ 
 ness, blamelessness, complete¬ 
 ness. 
 
 Nlungu, 4, 22., canoe. 
 
 Nlunji, 4, ;z., ache, aching, pain. 
 
 Nluta, 4, 22., surplus, profit, excess, 
 advantage, balance, gain, in¬ 
 crease. 
 
 baka luta 0 nluta, v ., to gain, 
 make a profit. 
 
 Noka, 2/., to rain, pour, fall (as rain). 
 
 Nona, v., to pick up. 
 
 Nonga, v.t., to shoot, fire, discharge a 
 gun or bow, shoot an arrow, to 
 shoot at. 
 
 Nongo, 4, 22., beam of loom. 
 
 Nongoka, v.i., to fall from an upright 
 position, to be blown, knocked 
 down, upset. 
 
 Nongona, v.t., to cause to fall from an 
 upright position, to blow, knock 
 down, upset, tip over, over¬ 
 throw. 
 
 Nono, 6,22., a free unctuous (sebaceous) 
 exudation from the skin. 
 
 Nsa, 4, 22., pi. retainers, retinue, 
 followers. 
 
 Nsa, 2, 22., red antelope. 
 
 Nsabi, 2, 22. (P. chave), key. 
 
 Nsabu, 2, 22. (Bako.), ferryman. 
 
 Nsabuka, 2,22. (Bako.), passage, cross¬ 
 ing (over a river). 
 
 Nsadi, 1 & 4, 22., worker, one who 
 works. 
 
 Nsadi, 1 & 4, 22., reaper (of corn only). 
 
 Nsadi, 2, 22., shingle, grit, small stones. 
 
 Nsadidi, 1 & 4, 22., an agent, one who 
 works for another, a helper. 
 
 Nsadisa, 2, 22., an aid, a helping, an 
 assistance. 
 
 Nsadiswa, 2,22., excess ; remainder (of 
 things). 
 
 Nsadixi, 1 & 4, 22., helper, assistant. 
 
 Nsafu, 2, 22., a fruit much eaten by the 
 natives, in shape like a date, 
 growing on a fine tree ; see also 
 
 Mbidi. 
 
 nsafu a evala (8), unripened nsafu. 
 
 Nsafu, continued. 
 
 nsafu apilu, ripe (very dark purple) 
 nsafu. 
 
 Nsafu, 4, n., the nsafu tree. 
 
 Nsaka, 2, 22., fun, frolic, sport, play, 
 game, amusement, diversion, 
 trick. 
 
 ku nsaka, in sport, in play. 
 
 -ansaka, a ., amusing, which may be 
 played with. 
 
 lekwa kia nsaka, a plaything, 
 toy. 
 
 Nsaka, 4, 22., a pipe for smoking 
 Indian hemp. 
 
 Nsakalala, 2, 22., an abatement, a 
 decrease, a fall in price, a 
 lessening. 
 
 Nsakasu, 4, 22., bellows. 
 
 Nsaki, 1 & 4, 22., reaper, one who cuts 
 grass or brushwood. 
 
 Nsakila, 2, 22., junior relative. 
 
 -ansakila, a ., junior (of relatives 
 only), younger. 
 
 Nsakila, 2, 22., submission. 
 
 Nsaku, 2, 22. (P. saco), bag, sack. 
 
 Nsaku, 4, 22., knife having a very 
 large blade. 
 
 Nsaku, 2, 22., the name of a very 
 indefinite complaint, character¬ 
 ized by a pain in the back. 
 
 Nsaku, 2, 22., the title of the heir ap¬ 
 parent of the throne of Kongo. 
 
 Nsakusaku, 2 & 11, 22., a small round 
 reed. 
 
 Nsala,2 & 1 i,n.,ftl., plumage, feathers, 
 down, wing of insect. 
 
 -ausala, a., winged. 
 
 Nsala, 4, 22., crawfish, shrimp, lob¬ 
 ster. 
 
 Nsala, 2, 22., a manner of working. 
 
 Nsalaba, 4, 22. (P. chale?), shawl, 
 native cloth with a fringe, 
 Nkimba crinoline. 
 
 Nsalaji, 2, 22. (P. serjir?), braid, 
 ribbon. 
 
 Nsalata, 2, 22. (P. salada), salad, 
 lettuce, a crucifer eaten by the 
 natives, evidently introduced by 
 Europeans; it makes a good 
 salad. 
 
( 39i ) 
 
 Nsa-Nsa 
 
 Nsalu, 4, 72., land recently cultivated, 
 but now lying untouched and 
 becoming overgrown ; land lying 
 waste after a crop has been 
 gathered ; land lying fallow. 
 
 Nsalu, 2, n., earthworm. 
 
 Nsalu, 2, n. (P. sal), salt. 
 
 Nsalu, 4, n ., sieve. 
 
 Nsaluka, 2, 72., jump, start. 
 
 Nsamba, 2, 72., eaves. 
 
 Nsamba, 2, n ., an offering of prayer, a 
 praying, a prayer. 
 
 Nsamba, 4, 72., parting (of hair), grass 
 beaten down on each side of 
 the road. 
 
 Nsamba, 2, 72., tribal mark, cicatrices, 
 tattoo. 
 
 zenga e nsamba, v., to tattoo. 
 
 Nsamba, 2, 72., an ascent, a climbing. 
 
 -ansamba, a ., see Malavu. 
 
 Nsambakundundu, 2, 72., a species 
 of grasshopper. 
 
 Nsambansala, 4,72., a mane, the brush 
 of hair on a beast’s neck (civet, 
 & c.). 
 
 Nsambanu, a. {cl. 1, 3, & 4), six. 
 
 Nsambanu, 2, 72., native dress, made 
 of six mbadi sewn together. 
 
 Nsambi, 1 & 4, 72., worshipper, one 
 who prays. 
 
 Nsambi, 2, 72 ., guitar, banjo, har¬ 
 monium, mouth organ. 
 
 Nsambu, 2, 72., anvil (small). 
 
 Nsambu, 2, 72., good fortune, good 
 luck; ^ also Taulwila; derived 
 possibly from Samba, to pray, 
 invoke (a blessing), 
 ye nsambu yo malawu, fortunate, 
 happy. 
 
 -ansambukila, a., infectious, con¬ 
 tagious. 
 
 Nsambwadi, a., seven. 
 
 -ansambwadi, a ., seven, seventh. 
 
 Nsampatu, 2, ?i. (P. sapato), boot, 
 shoe, slipper, sandal. 
 
 Nsamu, 4, 22., news, intelligence, re¬ 
 port, information, message, 
 legend. 
 
 nata 0 nsamu, v., to bring word, 
 news. 
 
 Nsamuna, 2,72., relation, narration. 
 
 Nsanda, 4, 72., a wild ficus, a banyan 
 tree, a fig tree. 
 
 nsanda a nzondo (2), a tree growing 
 on a rock in the river. 
 
 Nsanga, 2, 72., a sister, cousin, the 
 daughter of one’s maternal 
 aunt. 
 
 Nsanga, 2,72., a shoot (of a plantain). 
 
 Nsanga, 4, n., string of beads, a string 
 of 100 blue beads of the cur¬ 
 rency. 
 
 nsanga andungi, string of currency 
 beads, full count. 
 
 Nsanga, 2, 72 ., the entrance hole of a 
 fish-trap (shape like a lobster- 
 basket). 
 
 Nsangi, 4, 72., farm on forest land. 
 
 Nsangi, 2,72., 
 
 kala muna nsangi a, v., to be 
 
 mixed up in or with. 
 
 Nsangi, 2, n. (Bako.), whitebait. 
 
 Nsangu, 2, 72 ., //., information, intelli¬ 
 gence; news, rumour, report, 
 tale, anecdote, history, fame, 
 renown. 
 
 nkwa (1) nsangu, 72 ., a tale-bearer, 
 a tell-tale. 
 
 mwanga e nsangu, v., to make 
 known, spread, publish news. 
 
 Nsangumuka, 2, 72., a fall from or off. 
 
 I Nsansansala, 1 & 4, 72., a careless, 
 clumsy fellow. 
 
 -ansansansalu, a., clumsy, careless. 
 
 Nsansu, 2, 72 ., plantain (large fruit). 
 
 Nsanxi, 1 & 4, 72., one who provides. 
 
 Nsanxi, 2,72., tip of tail (>not tufted , of 
 beasts or reptiles). 
 
 Nsasa, 2, 72 ., a basket of papyrus. 
 
 Nsasa, 2, 72 ., import, meaning, sense, 
 drift, definition, exposition, in¬ 
 terpretation, explanation, a cut¬ 
 ting up, carving. 
 
 Nsasala, 2, 72 ., margin of the sole of 
 the foot. 
 
 -ansati, a ., acid, tart. 
 
 Nsatu, 2, 72. (Bako.), hunger. 
 
 Nsau, 2, 72 ., ferryman, sailor, crew (pi). 
 
 Nsauka, 2, 72 ., passage, crossing (over 
 a river). 
 
Nsa-Nso 
 
 (392) 
 
 Nsaula, 2, 71., a transporting across a 
 river, a ferrying across. 
 
 Nsaula, 2, ;z., a revolt, a hating. 
 Nsava, 2, n., breasts (of women only). 
 Nsavu, 'i , , , 
 
 Nsavukila,} 2 ’ sprout > buA 
 Nsazu, 4, 71., cassia fistula, a lliana 
 bearing a long seed pod, which 
 when dry is used as a rattle. 
 Nse, 2 & 11, 71., eyebrow. 
 
 -anse, a., green, uncooked, fresh, 
 raw. 
 
 Nsedia, 1 & 4, n., newly-born babe, 
 infant. 
 
 Nseka, 2, n ., siftings (left in the sieve 
 after sifting). 
 
 Nseka, 4, n., a leaf of pumpkin. 
 Nseke, 2, n., menses. 
 
 Nseke, 2, ;z. (Bako.), distance, remote¬ 
 ness. Not used by the Exi 
 Kongo in consequence of the 
 preceding word. 
 
 -anseke, adj., far, distant, remote, 
 -anseke, a., wild (of animals). 
 
 Nsekele, 2, n., rock rabbit. 
 
 Nseko, 2, n ., a translation, that which 
 has been turned from one re¬ 
 ceptacle into another. 
 Nsekodi,\i & 4, n., a translator, an 
 Nsekudi,/ interpreter, one who 
 pours things from one receptacle 
 into another. 
 
 Nsekula, 2, n., an interpreting, a trans¬ 
 lating, a decanting. 
 
 Nsele, 2, 7 i., fringe. 
 
 Nselele, 2 & 11, n ., white ant. 
 Nselesele, 4> n -> a bush, an infusion 
 of the astringent roots of which 
 are used for a medicinal bath. 
 Nsema, 2, 71 ., a flash, a flashing, as of 
 lightning. 
 
 -ansemi, a., bright, shining. 
 
 Nsemo, 2, n., brightness, reflection, 
 sheet lightning, flash (as of 
 lightning). 
 
 Nsemo, 2, 71., an ache, a shooting 
 pain. 
 
 Nsempedia, 2, an edible fungus, 
 -ansemvo, a., ripe and red (of plantain), 
 -ansendaladi, a ., slanting, sloping. 
 
 Nsende, 2 & ir, 71., prickles, small 
 fish-bones. 
 
 -ansende, a., thorny, prickly. 
 
 Nsenga, 4, n., a forest tree. 
 
 Nsenga, 4, n ., white-bait. 
 
 Nsengele, 4, a knife or hoe with¬ 
 out a handle. 
 
 Nsengelejia, 1 & 4, tz., infant, babe. 
 
 Nsengo, 2, n., hoe. 
 
 Nsengoka, 2, «., a fall backwards. 
 
 Nsesa, 4, 71., flower of maize. 
 
 Nsesa a mpakasa,\ 4, n., plantain 
 
 Nsesampakasa, J (very long). 
 
 Nseselela, 2, a joke, jest. 
 
 Nseta, 4, 7 i., intestinal worm, a variety 
 of the ascaris. 
 
 Nseve, 2, 7 t., heel of hoofed animals. 
 
 -ansevi, a., laughing. 
 
 Nsexi, 2, 7 i., gazelle-like antelope. 
 There are no true gazelles, al¬ 
 though the nsexi is often so 
 called. 
 
 Nsoba, 2, n ., an alteration, a change. 
 
 Nsofi, 4, 7 i., a tree. 
 
 Nsoke, 2 & 11, 7 t., an awn of grass. 
 
 Nsoki, 1 & 4, 7 i., a schemer, pnven- 
 tor. 
 
 nsoki a nkunga, n ., one who com¬ 
 poses songs. 
 
 Nsoki, 4, 77., an indirect wrong com¬ 
 mitted against a man, as by 
 destruction of his property or 
 injury to his’relatives ; wicked¬ 
 ness, sin, vice, fault, wrong¬ 
 doing, guilt, iniquity. Nsoki 
 against God would not consist 
 in irreverence, blasphemy, &c., 
 but in a wrong done towards 
 His children or any of His 
 creatures. 
 
 kota...o nsoki, v., to wrong, per¬ 
 secute, trouble, commit a fault 
 against, injure indirectly, sin 
 against. Tunkotele 0 nsoki, 
 we have wronged him. 
 
 nkwa (1) nsoki, n., a wicked, guilty 
 person, a sinner, a wrong-doer, 
 a criminal. 
 
 -nkwa or yo nsoki, wicked, guilty. 
 
 -ansoki, a., sinful, wrong, wicked. 
 
( 393 ) 
 
 Nso-Nso 
 
 Nsoko, 4, n ., track, small path (sel¬ 
 dom traversed). 
 
 Nsoko, 4, n ., young palm-frond (un¬ 
 opened). 
 
 Nsoko, 2, n ., entrails of nxiji (palm rat). 
 
 Nsola, 2, n ., a choosing, choice (the 
 act). 
 
 Nsole, 4, ?z., buttress of cotton tree, 
 large root. 
 
 nsole a nselesele, a native medicine 
 (aperient). 
 
 nsole a lolo, lolo root. 
 
 -ansole a lolo, <z., yellow (“ bright as 
 lolo root”)* 
 
 Nsolela, 4, n ., path, tracks in a wood, 
 ambuscade, ambush, a lurking 
 place. 
 
 Nsolo, 2, n., a strip of mbasa (midrib 
 of palm-frondlet) pointed and 
 used as the shaft for a spring 
 toy gun. 
 
 ta (13) wa nsolo, n., a spring toy 
 gun. 
 
 Nsoma, 4, n., table-fork. 
 
 Nsoma, 2, n., a threading, impaling, 
 transfixing, a loading (of a gun). 
 
 Nsombe, 2, n., the palm-weevil or its 
 grub. The adult insect is some¬ 
 times spoken of as nsombe a- 
 nsala, (the winged nsombe). 
 
 Nsomboka, 2 n., jump (of a frog). 
 
 Nsoinbokela, 2, ?z., jigger (sarcopsylla 
 penetrans). 
 
 Nsompa, 2, n., a wedding, marriage. 
 
 Nsompa, 2, n., a borrowing. 
 
 Nsompeki, 1 & 4, n., lender. 
 
 Nsompi, i & 4, n., a borrower. 
 
 Nsompi, 1 & 4, n -> on e who marries, 
 a bridegroom. 
 
 Nsomvi, 4, n., eels. 
 
 Nsona, 2, zz., one of the four days of 
 the Kongo week identical with 
 Mpangala (nsona, nkandn, 
 konzo, nkenge), nsona tatu = 
 3 nsonas = 12 days. 
 
 ye nkenge ye nsona, every day. 
 
 Nsona, 2, n, an orphan, a bereaved 
 one. 
 
 -ansona, a ., lonely, desolate, be¬ 
 reaved, orphan. 
 
 Nsoneki, 1 & 4, n., writer, scribe. 
 
 Nsonga, 4, 11., the shaft of a hoe or 
 knife, the iron point by which 
 it is fastened into its handle. 
 
 Nsonga, 2, n ., a shewing, pointing 
 out. 
 
 Nsonge, 2, n., a humming or sun 
 bird ; a snipe-fish ; a spout, a 
 sharpened end (of a stick). 
 
 Nsongi, 1 & 4, n., wine-tapster. 
 
 Nsongi, 1 & 4, zz., one who shows. 
 
 nsongi a lombo (6), host, enter¬ 
 tainer. 
 
 nsongi a njila, zz., leader, guide, 
 one who shows the road. 
 
 Nsongi, 1 & 4, zz., a just man, an up¬ 
 right man. 
 
 -ansongi, a ., upright, just. 
 
 NsongO, 4, zz., severe suffering, serious 
 and painful illness, complaint, 
 disease, malady, pains of labour, 
 in child-birth, pangs, anguish. 
 
 Nsongo, 2, zz., copper. 
 
 -ansongo, a., copper. 
 
 Nsongongo, 2, zz., 
 
 diata e nsongongo, v., to hop; to 
 
 go on one foot. 
 
 Nsongonia, 2 & n, n., driver ants. 
 
 Nsoni, 2, ?z., modesty, self-respect, 
 bashfulness, shyness, relutance, 
 shame, disgrace, dishonour, 
 ignominy. 
 
 fusulwisa e nsoni, v., to fill with 
 shame. 
 
 mona-e-nsoni, to be bashful, shy, 
 feel ashamed. 
 
 mwesa e nsoni, to cause shame, 
 make ashamed. 
 
 ye nsoni, a., modest, bashful, 
 reluctant, shy. 
 
 ke ya nsoni ko, a., indecent, im¬ 
 modest, shameless 
 
 -ansoni, a ., modest, bashful; shy, 
 scandalous, disgraceful. 
 
 Nsoni, 1 & 4, writer, one who 
 writes. 
 
 Nsonji, 4, ;z., eels. 
 
 Nsonso, 2, 71., nail, screw. 
 
 nsonso za mvu (4), n., screw; 
 grooved nail. 
 
Nso-Nsu 
 
 ( 394 ) 
 
 Nsosolo, 4, n ., sword. 
 
 Nsotoka, 2, n. t a fall. 
 
 Nsoyo’ | 2 & IIj n -> hatching grass. 
 
 Nsudiadila, 2, //., the filling of the 
 eyes with tears. 
 
 Nsudi, 2, n ., stench, stink, bad odour 
 smell. 
 
 sambukisa e nsudi, 2/., to taint. 
 
 ta e nsudi, v., to smell, stink, make 
 a bad stench, emit a stench or 
 bad odour, to go bad, decom¬ 
 pose. 
 
 wa or unikina e nsudi, v., to catch, 
 to notice a smell. 
 
 -ansudi, a., stinking, decomposing, 
 fetid. 
 
 Nsuka, 4, n., early morning just as it 
 dawns. 
 
 Nsuka, 2, n., end, extremity, tip, point, 
 termination, beginning, bound¬ 
 ary, limit, bottom, expiration, 
 completion, execution, finishing, 
 conclusion, upshot (of an affair). 
 
 nsuka a kutu (9), n., lobe of the 
 ear. 
 
 ke ya nsuka ko, a., infinite, bound¬ 
 less, endless. 
 
 -ansuka, a., last, final, completing, 
 concluding. 
 
 Nsuka, 4, n., the last child a woman 
 
 bears. 
 
 Nsuki, 2 & n,n., hair, 
 nsuki za injingela, curly, woolly 
 hair. 
 
 nsuki zanlamvungila, straight, 
 lank hair. 
 
 -ansukinina, a., latter, concluding, 
 towards the end, after, finish¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Nsuku, 4, n., tongs ; the piece of wood 
 into which the handle spike of 
 a hoe is driven, that it may 
 be held during the process of 
 forging. 
 
 Nsuku, 4, 11., inlet, bay, gulf, creek. 
 
 Nsuku (4) a ekudi, n ., vexation, 
 annoyance, anger. 
 
 Nsuku, 2, n., great length, long 
 duration, prolongation ; this 
 
 Nsuku, continued. 
 
 word is generally used with the 
 negative : ke ya nsuku ko, not 
 very long, not very much, 
 -ansuku, a ., very long, prolonged, 
 much. 
 
 ke ansuku ko, not long, not much. 
 
 Nsula, \ 2 electric fish. 
 
 Nsulu, J 
 
 Nsulu, 4, n., brook, stream. 
 
 Nsuluka, 4, n., that which is mis¬ 
 carried, a child prematurely 
 born. 
 
 -ansuluka, a., still-born. 
 
 Nsulula, 2, n., the act of abortion, a 
 miscarriage. 
 
 Nsululu, 4, n., a handful, small quan¬ 
 tity, few, little. 
 
 Nsumbi, 1 & 4, n., purchaser, buyer. 
 
 Nsume, 2, n., an ant. 
 
 Nsumiki, 1 & 4, n., cupper, one who 
 bleeds. 
 
 Nsumpu, 4, n. (Mpa.), water. 
 
 Nsumuki, 1 & 4, n., sinner. 
 
 Nsunda, 4, n., foot presentation (ob¬ 
 stetric). 
 
 Nsimdanduta, 2, n., increase, excess, 
 profit, balance, surplus, gain. 
 
 Nsundi, 2, ?i., a dance in which the 
 chief action consists in tossing 
 up the cloth by a jerk of the 
 leg. 
 
 Nsunga, 4, n ., the seed-pods of the 
 Adansonia or baobab tree. 
 “ When fresh they add a plea¬ 
 sant acid to water for a drink ” 
 (Monteiro) ; when dry, if burnt, 
 the pungent smoke will drive 
 away mosquitos ; they are used 
 as calabashes, pipes, hookahs, 
 &c. 
 
 Nsunga, 2, n ,., perfume, aroma, pleas¬ 
 ant smell or odour, scent. The 
 Babwendi use the word nsunga 
 also for a foul stench, 
 ta or xia e nsunga, v., to perfume, 
 make or emit a pleasant odour, 
 wa or unikina e nsunga, to catch, 
 notice a pleasant smell. 
 
 Nsunga, 2, n. (Bako.), tobacco, snuff., 
 
( 395 ) 
 
 Nsu-Nsw 
 
 Nsunganiena, 2, n ., recollection, recog¬ 
 nition, remembrance, memory. 
 
 Nsungi, 2, 71., time, season (for things), 
 wail i nsungi a nsafu, the nsafu 
 season is on now. 
 
 nsungi a mvula, the rainy season. 
 
 Nsungu, 2 & 11, 7 t., branch, arm, 
 limb, bough (of a tree). 
 
 Nsungu, 2, n., cowry shell. 
 
 -ansungu, a., oval. 
 
 Nsungu, 4, n., a small pig in a litter. 
 
 Nsunguluwa, 2, n., kingfisher. 
 
 Nsuni, 4, 71., flesh (lean), meat. 
 
 Nsunsu, 2, 7 i., a great resemblance, 
 similarity, likeness; e lekwa 
 yayi nsunsu ku lekwa ina, 
 these things are similar to those, 
 kala e nsunsu ku, v., to be similar. 
 
 Nsununi, 1 & 4, 71., betrayer of a 
 secret (unintentionally). 
 
 Nsunimgu, 2, zz., toothache in front 
 teeth. 
 
 Nsunuke, 2, ti., a hair’s breadth, 
 va nsununke vaxidi, adv., almost. 
 Va nsununke vaxidi nga se 
 kiadi bwa, the least bit (a 
 hair’s breadth) more, and it 
 would have fallen. 
 
 Nsunzulu, 4,7 i., 
 
 mina 0 nsunzulu, v., to swallow 
 the food unchewed. 
 
 Nsusu, 2, ti., chicken, fowl, poultry, 
 nsusu -ankento, n., hen. 
 nsusu -ekoko, cock, 
 e nsusu antete, at cockcrow, four 
 o’clock in the morning, 
 nsusu ye tanu, n., the fee carried 
 to the nganga a ngombo (witch¬ 
 doctor) by those who go to 
 fetch him. 
 
 nsusu a zumbi (6), a fowl into which 
 the fetish zumbi has entered, 
 a lucky fowl. 
 
 Nsusu (4) a disa (7), n., the spike of 
 maize, the part round which the 
 corn is studded. 
 
 Nsusu (2) ankiengele, n ., water- 
 spider. 
 
 Nsusumuka, 2, n., invitation {passive). 
 
 Nsusumuna, 2, n., invitation {active). 
 
 Nsuti, 4, n., impatience, haste. 
 
 -ansuti, a., impatient. 
 
 Nsuva, 4, n., surplus, excess, balance, 
 profit, remainder. 
 
 -ansuva, a., over and above, remain¬ 
 ing, left. 
 
 Nsuvila, 4, n., inlet, gulf, bay, creek, 
 arm of the sea. 
 
 Nswa, 4, n., approval, assent, consent, 
 leave, permission, liberty, sanc¬ 
 tion, licence, acquiescence. 
 
 vana 0 nswa, to acquiesce, ap¬ 
 prove of, to accede to, agree, be 
 willing, consent, permit, grant 
 or give permission, allow, give 
 leave. 
 
 vinga or lomba 0 nswa, v., to ask 
 
 permission, beg leave. 
 
 Nswa, 4, n., a very long basket-work 
 fish-trap. 
 
 nswa ambinza, n. (mbinza, P. 
 camisa), shirt. 
 
 -answa, a., young, small. 
 
 Nswadi, 2, n., white baft, calico. 
 
 Nswalu, 4, n., rapidity, speed, rapid 
 rate, pace, swiftness, quickness, 
 activity, alacrity, despatch, 
 haste, agility, facility, ease. 
 
 •answalu, a., quick, fast, easy, 
 hasty, swift, nimble. 
 
 0 nswalu, adv., swiftly, smartly, 
 quickly, speedily, hastily, fast, 
 soon, promptly. 
 
 kwenda or kwiza 0 nswalu, v.i., 
 
 to hasten, go quickly or fast, 
 be quick. 
 
 Nswamba, 2, n., frog. 
 
 Nswambinza, 4, n., see under Nswa. 
 
 -answatata, a., oval, oblong. 
 
 Nswenenozo, 2, n., the true arm 
 (first joint) of a bird’s wing, 
 derived from nsweneno zo, 
 they choked me : because when 
 the end of the bone is bitten 
 off and sucked, the pepper 
 which had been put in during 
 the cooking, chokes. 
 
 Nswe, 2, n., 
 
 una nswe, in the (very) early morn¬ 
 ing. 
 
Nsw-Nta 
 
 ( 396 ) 
 
 Nswela, 2, n., grasshopper. 
 
 Nswelele, 2, n., 
 
 kwenda e nswelele, v., to run 
 
 about fast under the grass. 
 
 Nswengenia, 2, n., wheezing, asthma. 
 
 -answeswa, a., new, unripe, early (as 
 of maize and ground nuts), 
 green, young. 
 
 Nsweswe, 4, n., pullet, a young hen 
 that has not yet begun to lay. 
 nsweswe a nsnsu or nsusu a 
 nsweswe, ?i., see above. 
 
 Nswikidi, 2, n. (P. assucar), sugar. 
 
 Nswiku, 4, n., seam, edge, border (of 
 cloth), hem. 
 
 Nta, 2, n., the performance or manner 
 of performing any of the actions 
 which ta sets in motion, see ta: 
 ta 0 matietie, to joke ; nta 0 
 matietie, the making of a joke; 
 ta e ngana, to narrate a story ; 
 nta a ngana, a narration. 
 
 Nta, 4, 71., sourness, 
 baka 0 nta, v., to become sour, 
 turn sour. 
 
 -anta, a., sour. 
 
 Ntaba, 4, 71., a swamp, marsh, muddy 
 place. 
 
 Ntaba, 2, n. (Bako.), a goat. 
 
 Ntadi, 1 & 4, 71., onlooker, looker- 
 on. 
 
 Ntaka, 2, zz., ground which is almost 
 always moist, marshy ground. 
 
 Ntakn, 2 & 11, zz., brass rods, brass, 
 -antaku, a., brass. 
 
 Ntakndi, 1 & 4, zz., traitor. 
 
 Ntaknka, 2, zz., a jump, a leap (up or 
 over). 
 
 Ntakula, 2, zz., a betraying. 
 
 Ntaknla, 2, zz., trap (for birds). 
 
 Ntala, 2, 7 i., a look, glance, 
 ku ntala a tembwa (6), to lee¬ 
 ward. 
 
 Ntalu, 2, zz., value, price, worth, cost, 
 amount, charge, expense, pro¬ 
 ceeds. 
 
 badisa e ntalu, v., to make dear, 
 render expensive. 
 
 sakidika e ntalu, to make cheap, 
 lessen the price. 
 
 Ntalu, continued. 
 
 vuna or ta e ntalu, to name a 
 price, to bargain, 
 xia e ntalu, to value. 
 
 -antalu, a., precious, valuable, 
 costly, expensive. 
 
 Ntalwa (4) a sunga (6), zz., the test¬ 
 ing of one’s character, as by 
 giving an opportunity to steal, 
 &c. ; temptation, trial, test. 
 
 Ntama, 2, ;z., distance, remoteness, 
 kala e ntama, v., to be far from, 
 remote. 
 
 -antama, a., distant, far, remote, 
 e ntama, adv., afar, far, at a remote 
 distance. 
 
 e ntama-ntama, adv., in due 
 course, by and by, one of these 
 days, some time or other, before 
 long, used only ill the future. 
 
 Ntama, 2 & 11, n., a span (of the 
 hand) ; a stride (of the legs), a 
 distance measured, a measuring. 
 
 Ntambi, 2 & 11, n., foot-mark, track, 
 spoor, hoof-marks, paw-marks. 
 
 Ntambi (1 & 4)ambiji (2), 71., fisher¬ 
 man. 
 
 Ntambu, 4, n., snare, trap, gin ; the 
 stick which acts as a spring in 
 a trap, spring (of gun, lock, &c.), 
 a lock, a bolt. 
 
 ntambu a enekwa (8), zz., trap in 
 which a door closes, 
 ntambu a ewulu ( 8 ) (ntambwe- 
 witlu), 7 i., pit-trap, 
 leka (perf lekele) 0 ntambu, v., 
 to set a trap. 
 
 Ntambuludi ankunga, i,zz., chorister 
 in a chorus, pi. atam buludi, 
 choir of singers at a funeral or 
 dance. 
 
 Ntambwankala, 2, n., wagtail. 
 
 Ntamu, 2 & n,zz.,a span (of the hand), 
 stride (of the legs), a measure¬ 
 ment, a measured distance. 
 
 Ntandakani, 1 & 4, n., a thin, lean, 
 emaciated person. 
 
 Ntandandangwa, 4, n., india rubber 
 (landolphia), also the jigger, 
 which was thus named because 
 
( 397 ) 
 
 Nta-Nte 
 
 Ntandandangwa, continued. 
 
 the pest was brought into the 
 country by those who traded in 
 india rubber. 
 
 Ntandu, 2, n ., pi., thinness, leanness, 
 emaciation. 
 
 -antandu, a., thin, emaciated. 
 
 Ntandu, 2, n., top, summit, 
 vana, kuna or muna ntandu, 
 additionally, on the top, above, 
 over, besides, again, 
 kuna ntandu a ,prep., on the top 
 of, on, upon, above, over, 
 -antandu, a., upper. 
 
 Ntanga, 2, a Madras cloth. 
 
 Ntanga, 2, n., a reading, a counting, 
 
 Ntangi, 1 & 4, n., reader, learner, 
 student. 
 
 Ntangwa, 2, n., the sun, time, time 
 of the day, opportunity, chance, 
 ntangwa abiza, a good opportunity ; 
 
 fit time, convenient time, 
 ntangwa akaka^r eyaka ntangwa, 
 another time, some other oppor¬ 
 tunity ; ntangwa zakaka or 
 esaka ntangwa, sometimes, at 
 other times. 
 
 e ntangwa isakidi or e ntangwa 
 yayisakila, it is too late, 
 ntangwa ivengele, n., the afternoon, 
 ntangwanlimgu, noon, 
 konso ntangwa, any time, some 
 time or other, as often as. 
 nkia ntangwa, what time, when ? 
 
 Ntangwa, 4, n., see Nkoki. 
 
 Ntanina, 2, ?i., a defence, means of 
 defence. 
 
 Ntanini, 1 & 4, ?z., defender, protector, 
 escort, guard. 
 
 -antantami, a., tense, taut. 
 
 Ntantani,2, ;z., wrangling, disputation, 
 controversy, noise, altercation. 
 
 Ntantu, 2, n ., sorrow, grief. There is 
 no word for sorrow or repent¬ 
 ance for wrong done, although 
 this word has been used in that 
 sense of late. 
 
 mona e ntantu, v., to be or feel 
 sorry ; to grieve, to regret, 
 mwesa e ntantu, to make sad. 
 
 Ntantu, 1, n., enemy, foe, opponent, 
 adversary, one who wrongs 
 another. 
 
 Ntata, 2, n., cry ; exclamation. 
 
 Ntau, 4, n ., width, breadth, size. 
 
 Ntaudi, | 1 & 2, n., boy, lad, child. 
 
 Ntauji, i This is not a complimen¬ 
 tary expression, but is in Kongo 
 more akin to the slang word 
 “ nipper.” 
 
 Ntaxi, 2, n., a long time. 
 
 Ntayi, 2, n. (pi. only), the branches of 
 a tree. 
 
 bula e ntayi, v., to branch out (as 
 a tree). 
 
 Nte, 1 & 4, n ., one who performs any 
 of the actions which “ ta ” sets 
 in motion ; see ta. Ta o ma- 
 tietie, to joke ; nte a matietie, 
 a joker: ta e ngana, to tell a 
 story ; nte a ngana, a story¬ 
 teller. 
 
 -antedingi, a ., lame. 
 
 Nteji (4) a ntangwa (2), a ray of light, 
 a sunbeam. 
 
 Ntejiteji, see Nkejikeji. 
 
 Nteke, 2, n., dirt, mud, mire, plaster, 
 mortar. 
 
 kusa or lenga (e nteke), v., to 
 plaster, daub mud (&c.). 
 
 Nteke, 1, n., a man of the tribe of 
 Bateke. 
 
 Nteki, 1 & 4, a seller. 
 
 Ntekolo, "i 1 & 4, n -> grandson, grand- 
 
 Ntekulo,) daughter, grandchild. 
 
 Ntela, 2, n., the measure or extent of 
 height ; height, stature {of per¬ 
 sons only). 
 
 nkia ntela kena, how big is he ? 
 
 a ntela a, a ., like, such as, as big 
 as. 
 
 nleke a ntela aku, a child like 
 you. 
 
 Ntela, 4, n., tallness, height, size, 
 stature {of persons only ) ; ntela 
 anda kena wau, he is very tall, 
 “ he has a lofty stature.” 
 
 Ntela, 2, n., a climbing fern (Ly- 
 godium). There are two climb¬ 
 ing ferns the stems of which 
 
Nte-Nti 
 
 ( 398 ) 
 
 Ntela, continued. 
 
 are strong and useful in binding 
 all kinds of basket work. The 
 above has a larger leaf than 
 that of the kinkadi. 
 
 Ntelama, 2, n., attitude, posture, a 
 standing. 
 
 Nteleka, 4 n., cascade, fall, waterfall. 
 
 Nteleka, 2, n., the putting (of a pot) 
 on the fire. 
 
 Nteleko (4) a moyo, n., anxiety, un¬ 
 rest of mind. 
 
 Ntelo, 2, n ., a little portion added to 
 what is bargained for ; make¬ 
 weight. Kongos are never 
 satisfied unless a morsel more 
 than what is bargained for is 
 given in. 
 
 Ntembo, 2, n ., the stem. 
 
 ku ntembo, abaft or aft, in the after 
 part of a ship. 
 
 Ntenda, 2, n., a cutting made in a 
 palm in order to get the wine. 
 
 Ntend^a, 2, n., a shaving of the hair. 
 
 Ntende, 2, n., seedling of any palm 
 tree. 
 
 Ntende, 4, n., pepper-bush. 
 
 Ntende, 2, 
 
 telama e ntende, to stand alone, 
 used only of an infant just be¬ 
 ginning to use its legs, kwe- 
 nda or diata e ntende, to 
 toddle. 
 
 Ntenji, 2, n. (Bako.), a pearl or china 
 button. 
 
 ntenji, 2, n., a disease of the eye, 
 in which the pupil becomes 
 white and blind ; cataract (of 
 the eye). 
 
 Ntentaxialu, 2, «., a rough, a rowdy 
 fellow, a scamp, scoundrel, 
 rascal; a reckless, rash, lawless, 
 vicious, wicked, dissolute, lying, 
 thieving fellow. 
 
 -antentaxialu, a., reckless, dis¬ 
 solute, rowdy, good-for-nothing 
 (see above). 
 
 Ntente, 2, n., springbok. 
 
 e ntentela, adv., 
 
 sanka or kwenda e ntente la, v., 
 
 Ntente, continued. 
 
 to cross a bridge with nothing 
 by which to steady one’s self. 
 
 Ntenteni, 2, n., spark. 
 
 -antenteni, a., shining, sparkling. 
 
 Ntento, 4, n., a party, band, detach¬ 
 ment, regiment, division of an 
 army. 
 
 ntento a mbaki, a band of liers-in- 
 wait, in ambush, or in ambus¬ 
 cade. 
 
 Nteta, 2, 71., (small) shot. 
 
 Nteta, 2, n ., a peeling, skinning, 
 hatching. 
 
 Ntete, 4, n., (carrier’s basket of woven 
 palm fronds), hence, the package 
 inside it, a load, burden, bun¬ 
 dle ; sheaf (of thatching grass), 
 vana ntete, in a ntete. 
 
 -antete, a., first, former, original, old, 
 previous, primary. 
 
 e ntete, adv., formerly, at first, origin¬ 
 ally. 
 
 edi diantete, in the first place; 
 firstly. 
 
 Ntetembwa, 2, n., star. 
 
 Nteto, 4, n., side, 
 kielo (5) kia nteto, a back door, 
 kuna or muna or vana nteto a, by 
 the side of, beside, alongside of, 
 along the side of. 
 
 Nteva, 4, n., fan palm (Hyphene palm, 
 Borassus palm). 
 
 Ntewa, 2, 7 i., wounded person or 
 animal, bird, &c. 
 
 Nti, 4, 71., tree, timber, trunk or stem 
 of a tree (the stem being con¬ 
 sidered as the tree proper), bush, 
 wood, log of wood (large), stick, 
 stake, post, pole, mast, flagstaff, 
 staff, walking-stick, cudgel. Nti 
 may sometimes be used vaguely 
 for plants in general, especially 
 medicinal plants, hence also 
 medicine. 
 
 -anti, a., wooden, timber. 
 
 Nti a Kongo, a tree yielding a fine 
 durable timber readily worked. 
 It is also ground up for a 
 cosmetic. 
 
( 399 ) 
 
 Nti-Nti 
 
 Ntiakalakani, 2, n., confusion, de¬ 
 rangement, entanglement, dis¬ 
 order. 
 
 -antiakalakani, a ., complicated, 
 entangled, untidy, deranged. 
 
 Ntiala, 2, n., person affected with 
 talipes, club-footed person, club¬ 
 foot (talipes). This affection is 
 considered due to the fetish 
 ndembo. 
 
 Ntiamvu, 2, n., insolence, impudence. 
 
 -antiamvu, a ., insolent, impudent. 
 
 Ntiamvuna, 2, n ., an insolence, in¬ 
 sult, impudence. 
 
 nkwa mpova antiamvuna ^rnkwa 
 ntiamvuna, an insolent fellow. 
 
 Ntibu, 2, n., bow (the weapon). 
 
 Ntiebo, 2, n ., small red pipe-bead. 
 
 -antie, a., fine, tiny, very small. 
 
 -antientientie, a, very fine, tiny, 
 small, minute, intensive of above. 
 
 Ntietie, 2, n., small bird. 
 
 Ntikavuki, 4, n., a tree with long 
 straight branches, resembling a 
 poplar. 
 
 Ntima, 4, n., heart, mind, conscience, 
 breast (indefinite), core, inside, 
 interior. Moyo is ofte?i used in¬ 
 stead of ntima, and sojne uses 
 of ntima will be found imder 
 moyo. 
 
 ntima is combined with verbs : 
 to break, cut, etc., to indicate 
 the shock of pain at the re¬ 
 ceipt of bad news ; poignant 
 grief, not a prolonged feeling ; 
 as, ntima vanznka, or bndika 
 (burst) or luala (be cut) or 
 pwa, interj. (the sound of some¬ 
 thing breaking), to be cut to 
 the heart, very much grieved, 
 shocked, much distressed, break 
 one’s heart, be pained to the 
 heart ; ntima timvuka (to be¬ 
 come muddy) or yanduka (be 
 warmed up again), to be over¬ 
 whelmed, overcome with grief, 
 distressed, pained to the heart. 
 The last express a more pro¬ 
 longed feeling of distress. 
 
 Ntima, contmued. 
 ntima dingalala, to be at rest in 
 one’s mind (after trouble, &c.). 
 dingidika 0 ntima, to set one’s 
 mind at rest. 
 
 kanga or jitika 0 ntima, v., to 
 
 determine, be determined, to 
 resolve, make up one’s mind, to 
 have one’s own way ; to refuse 
 to listen to advice ; to harden 
 one’s heart, to be impenitent, 
 ntima (u-) konanana, to be disap¬ 
 pointed, mortified, annoyed, 
 koneneka 0 ntima, to disappoint, 
 grieve. 
 
 muna ntima, adv., inwardly, in the 
 heart, inside. 
 
 kunanxi or munanxi a ntima, in¬ 
 wardly, in the inmost heart, 
 heartily, earnestly (of a desire), 
 ntima (u-) telama, v., to quail, be 
 full of apprehension, 
 tnngika 0 ntima, v., to suffocate ; 
 ntima (u-) tnngama, to be 
 suffocated. 
 
 ntima (u-) viluka, v., see under vi- 
 lnka. 
 
 vilnla 0 ntima, see under vilnla. 
 vukula 0 ntima, v., to entertain, to 
 amuse. 
 
 ntima (u-) yangama, v., to be per¬ 
 plexed, in a fix, puzzled, be¬ 
 wildered, perturbed, 
 yangika 0 ntima, v., to perplex, 
 bewilder. 
 
 yindula or badika muna ntima, 
 
 v., to remember, to bear in mind, 
 to think, to turn over in one’s 
 mind. 
 
 ntima (u-) zeza, to have one’s mind 
 at ease, to be relieved of anxiety, 
 become calm, collected, cool, 
 free from fear, to be resolved 
 to do otherwise than was at 
 first determined. 
 
 zezesa or zezola 0 ntima, v.t., to 
 relax or change one’s determin¬ 
 ation, to make up one’s mind 
 not to do what one had first 
 determined to do, to yield to 
 
Nti-Nto 
 
 ( 400 ) 
 
 Ntima, continued. 
 
 advice, to relent, to take up 
 with something from which one 
 had previously held aloof, to 
 throw one’s self heartily into a 
 matter, to relieve (one’s own) 
 mind (or that of another, from 
 anxiety, &c.), to ease the mind, 
 set the mind at rest, to be cool, 
 calm, free from fear; baze- 
 zwele e ntima kwenda be- 
 kwenda, they have changed 
 their minds, and are going; 
 otoma zezola 0 ntima aku 
 omu salu kiaki, throw yourself 
 thoroughly into this work. 
 
 Ntimelenge, 2, n. (ntima-elenge), 
 unripe palm fruit. 
 
 Ntimpu, 4, n., pipe for smoking 
 hemp. 
 
 Ntimuka, 2, n., flight (flying). 
 
 -antimuki, a ., flying. 
 
 Ntimvu, 2, n., mud, filth, dirt, pollu¬ 
 tion (in water only). 
 
 -antimvn, a ., filthy, dirty, muddy, 
 foul. 
 
 Ntimvuka, 2, n. (passive'), a defiling, 
 a fouling (of water only). 
 
 Ntimvuna, 2, n. (active), a defiling, a 
 fouling. 
 
 Ntini, 1 & 4, n., refugee, one who runs, 
 a fugitive. 
 
 Ntintele, 4, n., green snake. 
 
 Ntinti, 2, n., scrupulous cleanliness, 
 dislike to touch anything dirty, 
 or to soil one’s fingers, fastid¬ 
 iousness, daintiness, fanciful¬ 
 ness. This word might be used 
 for the holiness of the Aaronic 
 priesthood. 
 
 nkwa (1) ntinti, n., a person very 
 fastidious in his habits, see 
 above. 
 
 -antinti, a., fastidious, cleanly, 
 dainty, particular. See Appen¬ 
 dix (Games), Wadi. 
 
 Ntintu, 4, n., instantaneous death. 
 
 Ntinn, 2, n., pi., flight, speed, swift¬ 
 ness, quickness, rapidity, haste, 
 talana e ntinu, v., to run a race. 
 
 Ntinu, continued. 
 
 -antinn, a., quick, rapid, swift, 
 speedy, hasty. 
 
 e ntinu, adv., speedily, swiftly, 
 quickly, rapidly. 
 
 e ntinu ntinu, fast, quickly ( inten¬ 
 sive of above). 
 
 Ntinu, 4, n., king, chief, emperor. 
 
 ntinu ankento, n., queen, chief- 
 tainess. 
 
 -antio (ankio ?) a. (Kabinda), little, 
 small. 
 
 Nto, 2, n., fountain ; spring, leak. 
 
 Ntoba, 2, 11., intestines of nxiji. 
 
 Ntoba, 2, n. (Bako.), a dainty dish of 
 cassava leaves. 
 
 -antodimi, a., cool, chilly. 
 
 Ntoko, 2, n., ornament. 
 
 Ntokoji, 1 & 4, 71., ungrateful person. 
 
 -antokoji, a., ungrateful. 
 
 Ntombo, 2, 71., seedling, sprout, shoot. 
 
 -antombo, a., fresh (used of fish). 
 
 Ntomfi, 2, n., 
 
 dia e ntomfi, v., to dig round a 
 thing at a short distance off 
 (as in digging out a rat). 
 
 nua e ntomfi, v.i., to drown. 
 
 -antomi, a., sweet (not of sugar), agree¬ 
 able, pleasant, pleasing, nice, 
 delicious, fresh (of water). 
 
 Ntomo, 4, 71., a flavour, taste (pleasant 
 only). 
 
 Ntonda, 2, 71., thanks. 
 
 Ntondi, 4, n., an eel. 
 
 Ntondi, 1 & 4, n., one who loves, or 
 is thankful, a grateful person ; 
 
 see Tonda. 
 
 -antondi, a., affectionate, loving, 
 fond ; see Tonda. 
 
 Ntongo, 4, 71., gossamer (down on 
 plants). 
 
 Ntongo a ngulu, 2, n., a great hog. 
 
 Ntonji, 4, 7 i., sleep sickness (beri¬ 
 beri). 
 
 Ntonta, 2, 7i., test, trial, experiment, 
 attempt. 
 
 Ntontoji, 4, n., “tree of life,” brio- 
 phyllum calycinum, bot. 
 
 -antotakiani, a., adjoining, in con¬ 
 tact. 
 
( 4oi ) 
 
 Nto-Ntu 
 
 Ntotela, 2, emperor (title of the 
 kings of Congo). 
 
 ntotela ntinu nekongo, “king of 
 Kongo.” 
 
 Ntoto, 4, 7 /., earth ; soil, mould, dust 
 (of the earth), land, ground, 
 floor. 
 
 ntoto abuma, earth, black mould, 
 good humus. 
 
 ntoto ambongo, fertile soil. 
 
 ntoto ampolo, wood ash (calcined). 
 
 ntoto a eyenga (ntotweyenga), 
 decomposed laterite, which is 
 often torn by deep chasms, 
 antoto a eyenga, yellow, chasm 
 earth colour. 
 
 ntoto a makanga, earth ; yellow, 
 barren clay, barren soil. 
 
 munanxi a ntoto, adv ., under¬ 
 ground, under the ground. 
 
 vntnla o ntoto, v.t., to fill up a 
 hole with earth. 
 
 xika o ntoto, to place the hands to¬ 
 gether and touch or stroke the 
 third finger of each hand on the 
 ground when paying homage. 
 
 Ntoto, 2, n ., mungoos. 
 
 -antovoki, a., limp ; weak. 
 
 Ntoyo, 2, 7Z., blue plantain eater (this 
 bird is supposed to talk very 
 much when some one of im¬ 
 portance dies). 
 
 Ntu, 4, ?/., head, tip, end, chapter, bow 
 (of a canoe). 
 
 kala o ntn, v., “ to have a head ” 
 = to have a headache, or some¬ 
 thing the matter with one’s 
 head. 
 
 ntu ampavala, bare headed, with¬ 
 out a hat. 
 
 ntu (u-) bwanga, v., to have a 
 headache, pain in the head. 
 
 ntu a disa (7), n., head of maize, 
 ear (of corn). 
 
 kuna ntu, adv., in advance, ahead, 
 at the head, in front, before, in 
 the bow (of canoe), in future, 
 hereafter. 
 
 ntu a ntulu (2), n ., teat, dug, nip¬ 
 ple. 
 
 Ntu, continued. 
 
 vilangesa e ntu, v ., to recline (with 
 the head towards another per¬ 
 son’s feet, and the other's feet 
 opposite one’s head). 
 
 vita kuna ntu, to lead the way. 
 
 Ntu, 4, n., a person guilty of a capital 
 crime ; a slave-substitute to be 
 put to death in place of a real 
 offender ; a person condemned 
 to death. 
 
 sokola 0 ntu, to avoid the penalty 
 of death by substituting a slave 
 in one’s place ; nsokwele 0 
 ntu ame mpene Lusala, I 
 gave Lusala as a substitute for 
 my head. 
 
 yasokwele 0 mbundu i ntu ame, 
 
 I substituted a slave for my 
 head ( = to be killed instead of 
 me). 
 
 Ntuba, 2, n. (Mpa.), sun ; see Nta- 
 ngwa. 
 
 Ntukila, 4, 7/., a root of cassava that 
 has been exposed above the 
 soil and become woody. 
 
 Ntukumpanda, 4, n., whydah bird. 
 
 Ntula, 4, 7 Z., size, height (of quad¬ 
 ruped). 
 
 Ntulu, 2, n., breast, udder. 
 
 ntu (4) a ntulu, n., nipple, teat, 
 dug. 
 
 ntulu zabokola, n., pendulous 
 breasts. 
 
 Ntumami, 1 & 4, n ., obedient per¬ 
 son. 
 
 -antumami, a., obedient. 
 
 Ntumba, 2, n., green beetle having 
 horns. 
 
 Ntumba, 2, n ., a scolding, blaming. 
 
 -antumbami, a., dense (as jungle 
 smoke, &c.). 
 
 Ntumbidika, 4, n ., heap. 
 
 Ntumbu, 2, n., needle. 
 
 ntumbu afinete, (P. alfinete), a 
 pin. 
 
 ntumbu a nsoyo, sharp pointed 
 shoot of thatching grass. 
 
 Ntumbu, 4,7/., calabash. 
 
 Ntumpa, 2, 77., a throb, a fontanel. 
 
 D D 
 
Ntu-Nun 
 
 ( 402 ) 
 
 Ntunda, 4, zz., black tattoo mark down 
 the nose (as of Krooboysj. 
 
 Ntundu, 2, zz., brass “ chair nail.” 
 
 Ntundulu, 2, zz., guinea grain. 
 
 Ntunduluki, 2, zz., one who has often 
 been found out in wrong doing, 
 a well-known rascal; see Nte- 
 ntaxialu. 
 
 Ntunga, 2, zz., a construction, a build- 
 
 i ng. 
 
 Ntungi, 1 & 4, zz., builder, founder. 
 
 Ntungi, 2, zz., inhabitant, native, re¬ 
 sident, citizen. 
 
 Ntungu, 2, zz., structure, building, 
 fabric. 
 
 Ntungulujia, 2, zz., kingfisher, also 
 the green pigeon. 
 
 Ntunguluki, 2, zz., Ntunduluki. 
 
 Ntunia, 2, zz., cleanness, whiteness, 
 purity. 
 
 e/ntunia (pi.), bright, very clean, 
 very white. 
 
 Ntunta, 2, zz., a pull. 
 
 -antuntu, «., unripe (of pumpkins). 
 
 Ntunu, 4, zz., a small tree yielding a 
 bright red dye. 
 
 -antunungina, a ., unripe (of cassava). 
 
 Ntuparna, 2, zz., a heavy fall in a 
 sitting posture. 
 
 Ntupika, 2, zz., the throwing (of a 
 box, &c.) heavily to the ground. 
 
 Ntutula, 2, zz., a stitch, an insertion. 
 
 e ntwadi, together, unitedly. 
 
 Ntwala, 4, zz., stem of pipe. 
 
 Ntwala, 2, zz., a bringing. 
 
 Ntwedi, 1 & 4, zz., a breeder, keeper, 
 one who keeps animals. 
 
 Nu-, subjective and objective pronomi¬ 
 nal prejix to verbs in non-remote 
 tenses , you, ye. 
 
 Nua, 4, zz., mouth ; he?ice also lips, 
 orifice, hole (of rat, &c.). 
 
 Nua, v., per/., nwini ; passive, nuwa; 
 causative , nwisa ; to drink, 
 imbibe, absorb. 
 
 nua amvovi, zz., orator, one who 
 speaks for another, the mouth¬ 
 piece of another. 
 
 nua mo, to be unable to reply, to be 
 silenced, to have nothing more 
 
 Nua, continued. 
 
 to say in defence (never said of 
 one's self ) ; onwini mo, there 
 now, you cannot get out of that, 
 you cannot refute that (lit., you 
 have drunk it, i.e., the malavu), 
 [0 dia fio (fiuma) is used in 
 the same way]. 
 
 nua e nkasa (2), v., to drink the 
 ordeal poison, the test of witch¬ 
 craft. 
 
 nua 0 maza (pi. 8), to take time for 
 consideration, to consider, think 
 over a thing; see Consider, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 nua e mfomo, to smoke tobacco. 
 
 nua e nkaki or ntomfi (2), v.i., to 
 drown. 
 
 Nuamfomo, 6, zz., a yellow parroquet. 
 
 -anui, a., absorbent. 
 
 Nuka, v., to smell, stink, emit a bad 
 odour, go bad, decompose, be 
 putrid, putrify. 
 
 Nuka, 9, zz., corruption, rottenness, 
 decomposition, putrescence. 
 
 Nukana, v.t., to smell, sniff. 
 
 Nukaya, a jocular salute, to strangers 
 or young friends. 
 
 Nukisa, v., to corrupt, cause putres¬ 
 cence. 
 
 Nuku, 4, zz., a stench, a bad smell. 
 
 Nukwa, v., to dislike, disapprove, 
 object, hate, not to wish for. 
 
 Nuna, v. (perf. nunini),to be, org row 
 old, aged, gray. 
 
 Nunge, 4, zz., mouse (shrew). 
 
 Nungu, 4, zz., a tree covered with very 
 large thick prickles. 
 
 Nungu, 2, zz. (Kib.), pepper (chili). 
 
 Nunguka, v.i., to spread over (as a 
 flood), to flood, to be pushed 
 over, down or along. 
 
 Nunguna, v., to push, thrust, shove 
 over or along or down. 
 
 nunguna muna maza, to launch. 
 
 Nungunuka, v.i., to be shifted (nearer 
 or further off), be raised, in¬ 
 creased (of price, speed, &c.), 
 roused, excited to rise (of pas¬ 
 sion, thought, &c.), quickened. 
 
 
( 403 ) 
 
 NuN-JNxt 
 
 Nungununa, v., to shift (nearer or 
 further off), to raise, increase 
 (in price, speed, &c.), accele¬ 
 rate, to rouse, excite (passion), 
 quicken. 
 
 Nuni, 2, n., a bird, a fowl, 
 nuni a eyanga (8), stork, crane, 
 heron. 
 
 nuni za ngambwila, fowls of the 
 air. 
 
 Nunu, 4, 7 i ., an old or aged person, 
 -anunu, a., aged, old, elderly. 
 
 Nunuva, v ., to become, be, or grow 
 old, aged, gray. 
 
 Nuwa, v.i., to be drunk {pass, of 
 nua), absorbed. 
 
 Nuwuka, v. {mid. v. of nua), to be 
 drunk. 
 
 Nw = heavy nasal + w ; see N. 
 
 Nwa = nu+a; see Nu. 
 
 -anwakani, a., audible. 
 
 -anwakaxi, a., rough. 
 
 Nwana, v., to fight, wrestle, struggle, 
 resist, quarrel, scuffle together, 
 engage in fight, strive, struggle, 
 try hard, endeavour earnestly, 
 nwana ye, v.t ., to fight against, 
 fight with ; strive hard, do one’s 
 best; onwene ye lekwa, he 
 struggled hard with the thing, 
 z.e. he did his best, tried his ut¬ 
 most to lift or perform the action 
 he desired with or to the thing, 
 nwana o njingu (4) or e vita (2), 
 to fight, make or wage war, to 
 war. 
 
 -anwani, a., hostile. 
 
 Nwanina, v., to fight for, scramble 
 after, strive or struggle for. 
 nwanina e njila (2), v., to press 
 through ; to elbow one’s way. 
 
 Nwanisa, v.t., to attack, cause to 
 fight, invade. 
 
 Nwaninwa, 6 , 71 ., weapon, a thing to 
 fight with, contraband of war. 
 
 Nwe, 6 , 7 t., a drinker, 
 nwe kiamalavu (pl.8), n., drunkard. 
 
 Nwe, 1 & 4, 71., hearer, auditor, {pi. 
 awe) audience. 
 
 Nwenga, v ., to be tight, very tight. 
 
 Nwengena, v., to draw tight, tie 
 tightly, to hold tightly or too 
 tight, to pinch, throttle, con¬ 
 strict ; 0 nxinga unwengene 
 omu elaka dia nkombo, the 
 string strangled the goat, or 
 the string was tight on the 
 goat’s neck; toma nwengena 
 0 nxinga, tie the string very 
 tightly. 
 
 Nwengesa, v., to make tight, to bind, 
 or tie very tightly. 
 
 nwengesa 0 nxinga (4) muna ela¬ 
 ka (8), v., to strangle. 
 
 Nwika, v., to give drink, give to drink. 
 
 Nwolodi, 1 & 4, 71., gleaner. 
 
 Nwombototi, 1 & 4, n., slow person. 
 
 Nwumbi, 1 & 4 (a yinzu), ti., potter. 
 
 Nwuwa, 4, 7 i., a tree ; see Ewuwa. 
 
 Nxi, 2, 71., country, land, region, state, 
 kingdom, district, dominion, 
 empire, the earth, ground ; nxi 
 is combined with the locatives 
 in all their forms (for Locatives, 
 see inider Kuma, they may be 
 written in one word, and the 
 accent is thrown on the penult; 
 the 3rd position only has been 
 given below). 
 
 kunanxi, adv., down, underneath, 
 to the bottom. 
 
 kunanxi a, prep., below, under, 
 amongst. 
 
 kunanxi a ntima, really ; in the 
 inmost heart, from the bottom 
 of the heart. 
 
 munanxi, adv., under the ground, 
 underground. 
 
 munanxi a, prep., below, under. 
 
 munanxi a maza, under the 
 water. 
 
 munanxi a titi, among the grass. 
 
 vananxi, adv., on the earth, on the 
 ground, on earth, in the world, 
 down. 
 
 kala vananxi, to be in great trouble, 
 to sit ontheground overwhelmed 
 with grief; ovanxi kena, he 
 is in trouble (sitting on the 
 earth in his grief). 
 
Nxi-Nxi 
 
 ( 404 ) 
 
 Nxiakoka, 2, 71., a hoopoe (a bird with 
 crested head). 
 
 Nxiampakania, 2, n., armpit, axilla. 
 
 Nxiamu, 2, 71., support, stay, buttress. 
 
 Nxibidi, 2, n., the game of “ odds 
 and evens” ; see Appendix 
 (Games). 
 
 ta e nxibidi, v., to play “odds and 
 evens.” 
 
 Nxibu, 4, n., imprecation, bane, curse. 
 
 Nxie, 1 & 4, n., one who puts, 
 nxie a malavu (8), one who climbs 
 for wine, a wine-tapster, 
 nxie a nxiku (4), n., lawgiver, 
 
 lawmaker. 
 
 Nxiele, 4, 11., whydah bird. 
 
 Nxienxiele, 2, n., the midribs of the 
 frondlet of the palm. 
 
 Nxieta, 4, n., string, twine. 
 
 Nxiji, 2, 7 i., palm rat (a rodent allied 
 to the hedgehog. The male 
 nxiji is called mbakala, and is 
 smaller than the female.) 
 
 Nxika, 2, n., 7 Lsed onlyvi the following 
 combi?iatio 7 is , kati (9) kwa nxi- 
 ka ; it never precedes a noun, 
 but is eitherfound in a7i adverb¬ 
 ial clause, or as a phrase itself ; 
 a point exactly half way, the 
 very centre, the exact middle, 
 neither too much nor too little, 
 mediocrity, the happy medium, 
 just as it ought to be ; neither 
 one thing nor the other, a result 
 only partly accomplished, a 
 very unsatisfactory condition, 
 neither hot nor cold, an inter¬ 
 mediate condition ; e mfundi 
 amputn, yan ke ikolele, ke 
 izezele, kati kwa nxika, the 
 maize porridge is neither too 
 thick nor too thin, just as it 
 ought to be ; ke yambisn ko, 
 ke yavia ko, kati kwa nxika, 
 neither raw nor cooked, only 
 half done ; muntu ndiona ke 
 ezowa ko, ke nlungaladi ko, 
 kati kwa nxika, that man is 
 neither foolish nor prudent, a 
 very ordinary fellow; ke muntu 
 
 Nxika, continued. 
 
 abisa ko, ke wambi ko, kati 
 kwa nxika, he is neither a good 
 man nor a bad man, an indif¬ 
 ferent sort of a fellow. 
 
 It also combines with the Loca¬ 
 tives muna or vana; ekela 
 dikotele muna kati kwa 
 nxika, the bullet penetrated 
 into the very centre (or heart) ; 
 ekela dikotele vana katikwa 
 nxika, the bullet entered at 
 the very centre (of the target) ; 
 e mbiji yayi itomene via ya 
 muna kati kwa nxika, this 
 meat is well cooked, even to the 
 very centre. 
 
 Nxika, 2, n., a playing (on an instru¬ 
 ment), a shooting (of a gun), a 
 shot. 
 
 Nxiku, 4, 71., law, command, com¬ 
 mandment, rule, regulation, a 
 law agreed to by all, and bind¬ 
 ing on all ; if broken by any 
 one it ceases to be any further 
 binding on any until the law is 
 vindicated and re-established. 
 This custom is said to be of 
 recent origin, dating from about 
 1870. 
 
 bangula 0 nxiku, v., to break and 
 thus render a law void. 
 
 xia 0 nxiku, v., to make a law* 
 
 &c. 
 
 -anxiku, a., illegal, prohibited. 
 
 Nxiku, 2 ,71., a fetish post partly buried 
 in the ground, supposed to 
 protect the town. 
 
 Nxila, 4, n., whip, lash. 
 
 Nxila a ngulu, pi , 2 & 11, n., pork 
 cutlets. 
 
 Nxilu, 4, 7i., promise. 
 
 Nxilwa, 2, 7 i., a fit, convulsion,, 
 
 spasm. 
 
 Nximba, 2, n., a grasp, a holding. 
 
 Nximba, 2, 71., a twin, the name of 
 the firstborn of twins is nximba,. 
 of the second, nzuji. 
 
 Nximbi, 2, n., pledge, security, surety* 
 pawn. 
 
( 405 ) 
 
 Nxi-Nza 
 
 Nxindu, 2, zz., stone or pebble (used 
 for breaking shells, or crush¬ 
 ing pepper, nguba, &c.), nut¬ 
 cracker. 
 
 Nxindu, 4, zz., tramp, foot-fall, noise 
 of feet. 
 
 Nxinga, 4, zz., string, cord, twine, 
 rope, line (string), a lliana, a 
 creeper, a vine ; halyard, net. 
 
 nxinga mia mayembo, telegraph 
 wires. 
 
 nxinga avwatila, a string worn 
 round the waist to secure the 
 cloth. 
 
 Nxinga, 2, zz., fibre of palm stem, 
 hair of elephant’s tail. 
 
 Nxinga za yaka, 2 pi., zz., a fetish 
 image. 
 
 Nxingi, 4, 7z., a suspected witch, an 
 unnamed witch; see Witch, 
 Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Nxingn, 2, zz., neck. 
 
 nxingu a koko (9), zz., wrist. 
 
 -anxini, a., deep, profound. 
 
 Nxinimbwa, 2, zz., a bow (the knot). 
 
 Nxinsa, 2, zz., an attempt, exercise, 
 effort, trial, practice, experi¬ 
 ment, test. 
 
 Nxinn, 2, zz., cold chisel. 
 
 Nxinxikila, 2, zz., threat. 
 
 Nxinza, 2, zz., a freshening (at noon) 
 of the cutting (made in the 
 morning) in a palm for the 
 purpose of getting palm wine. 
 
 Nxiobongo, 2, zz., challenge. 
 
 Nxioka, 2, zz., an ebb, the fall of a 
 river after a flood. 
 
 Nxita, 2 fil., zz., malice, malignity, 
 hatred, spite, rancour, pitiless¬ 
 ness, revenge, rage, fury, fierce¬ 
 ness, barbarity. 
 
 -anxita or nkwa nxita, a ., fierce, 
 barbarous, savage, angry, mali¬ 
 cious, revengeful. 
 
 Nxinmbu, 2, zz. (P. chnmbo), lead, 
 European shot. 
 
 Nyaba, 4, zz., swamp, marsh, a muddy 
 place. 
 
 Nyadi, 1 & 4, zz., ruler, chief, king, 
 governor. 
 
 Nyadiki, 1 & 4, zz., a midwife, ac¬ 
 coucheuse. 
 
 -anyangami, a., afloat, floating. 
 
 -anyangiki a ntima, a., perplexing. 
 
 Nyangiku (4) a ntima, zz., perplexity, 
 -anyedi, a., sick, ill, unhealthy. 
 
 Nyende, 4, zz., basket (conical, having 
 a stand). 
 
 Nyendi, 1 & 4, zz., a goer, one who goes. 
 
 Nyenge, 4, zz., sand, 
 va-nyenge, a sandbank. 
 
 -anyevi, a., stout, thick, broad- 
 shouldered, big, corpulent. 
 
 Nyeye, 4, zz., iron anklet. 
 
 Nyi, 1 & 4, zz., an ugly person. 
 
 Nyiji, i & 4, zz., a comer, one who 
 comes. 
 
 Nyimbidi, 1 & 4, zz., singer, chorister. 
 
 Nyinda, 4, zz., plait. 
 
 Nyindaladi, 1 & 4, zz., pensive, 
 thoughtful, melancholy person, 
 -anyindaladi, a., melancholy, pen¬ 
 sive, thoughtful. 
 
 Nyingidi, 1 & 4, zz., watchman, sen¬ 
 tinel, sentry, guard. 
 
 Nyini, 1 & 4, zz., dissatisfied person, 
 grumbler. 
 
 Nyivi, 1 & 4, zz., an ugly person. 
 
 Nyoxi, 2, zz., bee. 
 
 Nyukutu, 2, zz., 
 
 e nyukutu yo nta, a very sour. 
 
 Nyululu, 4> #.» see Nyunguba. 
 
 Nyumbwila, 2, zz., bee. 
 
 Nyunguba, J 4 > n -, an absurdly large 
 
 Nyututu, ) wearing cloth, gar¬ 
 ment or robe ; see Yutumuka. 
 
 Nza, 2, zz., the world, the earth, the 
 globe. 
 
 -anza ankulu, a., old ; of old time, 
 ancient. 
 
 e nza ankulu, adv ., in old, ancient 
 times, formerly. 
 
 -anza, a., worldly, earthly. 
 
 Nza yo lulendo (10), zz., pride, 
 haughtiness, vanity, insolence, 
 arrogance, conceit, 
 ye nza yo lulendo, ^., proud, inso¬ 
 lent, high-minded, haughty, im¬ 
 perious, vain, arrogant, con¬ 
 ceited, contemptuous. 
 
Nza-Nza 
 
 ( 406 ) 
 
 Nza, 4, 71., habit, style, manner, fashion, 
 custom, way, practice, conduct, 
 temper, disposition. 
 
 Nza ! a contracted imperative form of 
 kwiza, come ! Nza kunsa- 
 mwina, come and tell me. 
 
 Nzaba, 2, n., lead. 
 
 Nzahi, 2, n., a bean which is crushed 
 and used as insect powder for 
 the hair ; also the plant. 
 
 Nzabu (2) a menga, n., a pool of blood, 
 the blood of an animal (offered 
 in sacrifice, or used in an en¬ 
 chantment). A libation of the 
 blood of a beast killed in the 
 chase poured on the grave of a 
 great hunter, to ensure further 
 success. 
 
 Nzadi, 2, 71., a brother or sister-in-law. 
 
 Nzadi, 2, ?i ., a great river, the river 
 Congo. 
 
 nzadi a mungwa (3), u., sea (“ the 
 salt river”). 
 
 Nzadilwa, 4, n ., lath of a bedstead. 
 
 Nzaji, 2, n., a fetish image, said to 
 cause the lightning. 
 
 Nzaki, 2, 71., speed, facility, rapidity, 
 ease, quickness, despatch, agil¬ 
 ity in work. 
 
 -anzaki, a., quick, nimble, fast, 
 speedy, active ; concise, idio¬ 
 matic ; the direct, best, or 
 quickest road. 
 
 e nzaki, adv., quickly, easily, speed¬ 
 ily, fast. 
 
 njila (2) -anzaki, a near road. 
 
 Nzala, 2, 71., hunger, starvation, long¬ 
 ing, appetite. 
 
 kala or mona or fumbuka or fwa 
 e or ye nzala, v., to be hungry, 
 starving, famishing. 
 
 katula e nzala, to satisfy hunger. 
 
 vonda e nzala, v.t., to starve to 
 death. 
 
 e nzala, adv., without eating. Leka 
 e or ye nzala, to sleep without 
 a meal. 
 
 Nzala, 2 & 11, 7i., finger-nails, claws. 
 
 jika e nzala, v., to bury the claws 
 (in the flesh). 
 
 Nzala, co7iti7med. 
 
 katula e nzala, to pare, cut the 
 nails. 
 
 Nzalambiji, 2, n., spleen. 
 
 Nzamba, 2, n ., elephant. 
 
 Nzamhalalu, 2, 77., feathery grass. 
 
 Nzambi, 2, 71., God ; see God, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Nzambi ampungu, 71., God, the 
 Almighty, Most High. 
 
 -anzambi, a., divine ; “ of God.” 
 
 Nzambi edivanga (?), n., God the 
 Creator. 
 
 Nzambi! interj., respectful answer to 
 a call. 
 
 Nzambu, 2, 71 ., freight, toll, for bridge 
 or ferry. 
 
 Nzambu, 2, 71 ., monkey, or any animal 
 that climbs a tree or lives in the 
 branches of trees (zambu). 
 Nzandu, 4, n ., 
 
 nata 0 nzandu, to have done some¬ 
 thing which brings trouble, to 
 get into trouble (this word is 
 07 ily used of si 7 iall 77 iatters ). 
 
 Nzanga, 2, 71 ., large marimba. 
 
 Nzanga, 2, 71., a mess ; see Zanga. 
 Nzangalavwa,) . . , 
 
 Nzangi, j 2 > *•> twl S’ stlck - 
 
 Nzangu, 2, 71., the noise of shouting 
 and singing during a witch 
 palaver, or other divination. 
 
 Nzanguka, 2, n. (fassi), exaltation, a 
 being lifted up. 
 
 Nzangula, 2, n. (act.), exaltation, a 
 lifting up. 
 
 Nzanza, 2, 71., stand, foot of basket, &c. 
 
 Nzanza, 4, 71. The country of Kongo 
 has been so eroded by water 
 that the old plateau level re¬ 
 mains only as table-lands, or 
 flat topped hills, which the 
 natives call nzanza; plateau- 
 level, flat hill tops, table-land. 
 
 Nzanza, 4, 71 ., a feathery marsh grass, 
 or reed from which arrow shafts 
 have been made; he 7 ice also 
 arrow, harpoon. 
 
 ta (13) wa nzanza, n., bow (the 
 weapon). 
 
( 407 ) 
 
 Nza-Nzo 
 
 Nzanza, 2,zz., a throwing down heavily 
 on to the ground. 
 
 Nzau, 2, zz., an elephant, also the uni¬ 
 corn beetle. 
 
 Nzaya, 2, zz ., a knowing, means of 
 knowing. Nkia nzaya ozeye 
 dio ? how did you know it ? 
 
 Nzayi, 1 & 4, zz., wise person, one who 
 knows. 
 
 Nzayila, 2, zz., a means of knowing. 
 Nkia nzayila kazayidi dio? 
 how did he know it ? or how 
 did he get to know it ? 
 
 Nzayilu, 2, zz., a becoming known. 
 Nkia nzayilu dizayilu? how 
 was it known ? 
 
 Nzayiwa, 2, zz., a becoming known, a 
 means of becoming known. 
 Nkia nzayiwa dizayilu ? how 
 did it become known ? or how 
 did it get about ? 
 
 Nzaza, 2, zz., a sailing ship, or vessel, 
 boat. The word is said to be 
 derived from Nzanza, and thus 
 used because masts stand out 
 of the sea like the nzanza in 
 the marshes. 
 
 Nzaza, 2, zz., sordes, sore gums. 
 
 Nze, adv., as ; see Ne. 
 
 Nzekelwa, 4, zz., something to bore 
 with, a drill, gimlet, corkscrew, 
 bradawl, a brace and bit, a bit. 
 
 Nzekezeke, 2, zz., borer insects, the 
 boring beetle. 
 
 Nzeko, 4, zz., an ulceration on the sole 
 of the foot. 
 
 Nzemba, 2, zz., nursing band, sling on 
 which infants are carried, 
 nzemba a mawuta, the bearing of 
 children in rapid succession. 
 Nkento ndiona unkwa nze¬ 
 mba a mawuta, that woman is 
 always having children. 
 
 Nzemba, 2, zz., a hating, hatred. 
 
 Nzengalakani, 2, zz., tangle, entangle¬ 
 ment, derangement, confusion, 
 disorder, of string, hair , See., 
 only. 
 
 -anzengalakani, a ., complicated, 
 confused, entangled, deranged. 
 
 Nzengi (1 & 4) a nkanu, zz., judge. 
 
 Nzenji, 4, zz., sweetness (as of sugar). 
 
 -anzenji, a ., sweet. 
 
 Nzenza, 2, zz., foreigner, stranger, 
 visitor (stranger). 
 
 -anzenza, a ., strange, foreign, from 
 other parts, rare. 
 
 Nzenze, 2, zz., the mole cricket. 
 
 Nzenzo, 4, zz., water flowing from a 
 spring. 
 
 Nzevo, 2 & 11, zz., beard, also hair of 
 beard, antennae, 
 papa kia nzevo, a long beard, 
 tenda or wona e nzevo, v., to 
 
 shave. 
 
 Nzo, 2, zz., house, hut, cottage, abode, 
 residence, habitation, home, 
 nzo a etoko (8), house of an un¬ 
 married man, boy’s house, 
 nzo a luse (10), mask of wicker¬ 
 work worn over the face to keep 
 a man’s cloth from smothering 
 him as he sleeps. 
 
 nzo a mbwingina (2), honeycomb, 
 cells of bees. 
 
 nzo a mfumu a nxi, palace, 
 nzo a mbu, mosquito curtain, 
 nzo andwelo, water-closet, 
 nzo ankixi, grave. 
 
 Nzodi, 1 & 4, zz., one who loves, likes, 
 desires, a lover. 
 
 Nzoka, 4, zz., a fathom and a half. 
 
 Nzoka, 4, zz. (Bako.), two fathoms. 
 
 Nzola, 2, zz. ( act .), love, a manner of 
 loving. 
 
 Nzolani, 2, zz., mutual affection, love. 
 
 Nzolwa, 2, zz. {pass.), a being loved, 
 -anzolwa, a., favourite, beloved, pet, 
 dear, darling. 
 
 Nzongi, 4, zz., soup (thin, weak, 
 watery). 
 
 Nzongo, 4, zz., a charge (of powder), 
 shot (fired), a measure used in 
 serving out powder ; a measure 
 of capacity. 
 
 nzongo ampavala or ampena or 
 amvungela or ankatu, a blank 
 charge, blank cartridge. 
 
 Nzonji, 1 & 2, zz., a quarrelsome 
 person. 
 
Nzo—O 
 
 ( 408 ) 
 
 Nzonji, 4,zz., a quarrel, strife, 
 -anzonji, a., quarrelsome, disagree¬ 
 able. 
 
 Nzonji, 2, zz., a small scaly fish. 
 
 Nzonza, 2, zz., quarrel (a quarrelling). 
 
 Nzonza, 4, zz., a stick pole stem 
 of a tree laid across a stream, 
 to serve as a bridge. 
 
 Nzonzama, 2, zz. {mid. v.), disposition ; 
 arrangement, manner of ar¬ 
 rangement. 
 
 Nzowaladi, 1, zz ., a melancholy per¬ 
 son. 
 
 -anzowaladi, a ., melancholy, dejec¬ 
 ted, depressed, sad, unhappy, 
 wretched. 
 
 Nzua, 2, zz., 
 
 Lumunga luandi luna e nzua, he 
 
 is scowling, frowning. 
 
 Nzuji, 2, zz., the name of the second 
 child of twins. 
 
 Nzuji, 2, zz., leopard-cat. 
 
 Nzuka, 4, zz., interest (on a loan), 
 usury. 
 
 Nzuka, 2, 7t., a blow. 
 
 Nzulu, 2, 7i., small ants. 
 
 Nzumbu, 4, 77 ., a snout. 
 
 Nzundu, 2, zz., hammer, anvil, a heavy 
 stone, sledge-hammer. 
 
 Nzungu, 4, 7i., a curve, bend, 
 -anzungu, <2., tortuous, roundabout, 
 crooked. 
 
 Nzungu, 2, 77. (Vivi), trouble, difficulty, 
 pain. 
 
 Nzungu, 2, 77. (Vivi), a pot, boiler, 
 caldron. 
 
 Nzunta, 2, 77., aim. 
 
 Nzunta, 2, 77 ., a wrench, a wringing off. 
 
 Nzunzu, 2, 77., cheerfulness, bright¬ 
 ness,vivacity, playfulness, merri¬ 
 ment, levity, seldo 77 i used except 
 of children. 
 
 -anzunzu, a., happy, merry, blithe, 
 cheerful, bright, lively,vivacious, 
 playful, frolicsome, 
 ku nzunzu, adv., merrily, playfully. 
 
 Nzwangi, 2, zz., a twig, small stick. 
 
 o. 
 
 0 , a, an, the, the article : classes I. III. 
 IV. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII.XIV., 
 sing.: also classes VII. VIII. 
 IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV., 
 fl. This particle is also used 
 in the construction of adverbs, 
 thus, when a noun preceded by 
 its article follows a verb, and 
 is clearly not the object of the 
 verb, it must be translated in 
 English as an adverb kwenda 
 0 nswalu, go quickly (go quick¬ 
 ness). In negative sentences 
 the article is dropped : kwendi 
 nswalu ko, do not go quickly. 
 When this combination of a 
 noun with 0 follows the verb “to 
 be,” or other verbs implying a 
 condition, it must be translated 
 into English by an adjective. 
 The noun in this combination 
 is regarded as an inherent 
 quality or condition, not an 
 accompaniment or accession. 
 Mbele ina 0 meno mengi, the 
 knife is very sharp. Wele 
 kwandi 0 nialu malu, he 
 walked on his own legs. For 
 the combination yo see ya. 
 
 0 -, pronouns bearing the article of 
 their class (0-) as a prefix, are 
 to be found under the prefix 
 proper; oma 7 inder ma, oku 
 7 U 7 der ku, &c. 
 
 0 -, subj. pers. pro 77077 i. prefix, I7id 
 & 3rd pers. sing., thou, you, 
 he, she, it. 0 - becomes u- when 
 followed by an objective pro¬ 
 nominal prefix, or where the 
 2nd pers. sing, is the object, 
 except in those tenses in which 
 the prefix ku is retained. 
 
 - 0 , obj. pro 77 ., bearing the prefixes 
 Series No. 2, it, them. Where 
 an auxiliary verb is used, this 
 pronoun precedes the second 
 verb ; carry it carefully, toma 
 kio nata. 
 
( 409 ) 
 
 -0-Pia 
 
 ~ 0 j continued. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PI. 
 
 2 
 
 jo 
 
 zo 
 
 3,4 
 
 wo 
 
 mio 
 
 5 , 6 
 
 kio 
 
 jo 
 
 7,3 
 
 dio 
 
 mo 
 
 9 
 
 ko 
 
 mo 
 
 0, 11 
 
 lo 
 
 to 
 
 12 
 
 wo 
 
 wo 
 
 13 
 
 wo 
 
 mo 
 
 14 
 
 VO 
 
 mo 
 
 15 
 
 fio 
 
 
 ., 11. 
 
 (P. ora), 
 
 hour (of time) 
 
 tatu, three o’clock, 
 yole, n., “evens” (in the game of 
 “ odds and evens ”). 
 
 -Ole, a ., two, a pair. 
 
 -ole ole, adv., double. 
 
 Ona, dein. & rel. fir on., cl. i, sing., 
 2 >rd fios., he, who, he that, 
 he who. 
 
 ndi ona, emphatic of above. 
 
 Owo, dem. & rel. firon., cl. i, fil., 
 2nd fios., they who, they that, 
 they who. 
 
 yau OWO, emphatic of above. 
 
 Owo, see Wo. 
 
 Oyo, dem. & rel. firon., cl. i, sing., 2nd 
 fios„, he who, he that, he who. 
 ndi oyo, £infihatic of above. 
 
 Oyu, dem. & rel. firon., cl. i, sing., 
 ist fios., he who, he that, he 
 who. 
 
 ndi oyn, emphatic of above. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paka, v~, to scratch about (as a fowl). 
 
 Pakula, v., to knock something off by 
 striking or jerking that on which 
 it is lying. 
 
 Pakulula, v., repetitive of paka. 
 
 Palakasa-palakasa,^/. 6 , n., thought¬ 
 lessness, heedlessness, care¬ 
 lessness. 
 
 e palakasa-palakasa (fil. 6 ), adv., 
 hastily, carelessly, heedlessly, 
 thoughtlessly. 
 
 Palasola, 2, n. (P. parasol), sun¬ 
 shade. 
 
 Palata, 2, n., silver (P. prata). 
 -apalata, a., silver. 
 
 Papa, 6 , 11., a long beard. 
 
 Papa, v., to flutter, to flap (the wings). 
 
 Papala, v., to flutter, to wriggle (as a 
 hooked fish). 
 
 Papela, 2 n. (P. papel), paper, 
 papela akungwina, blotting- 
 paper. 
 
 papela angolo, card (strong paper), 
 -apapela, a., paper. 
 
 Papumuka, v.t., to flap as wings, fly 
 as a bird. 
 
 Patalala, v.i., to spread, be squat, 
 short, flat (as a low, spreading 
 tree). 
 
 Pau, 2, 11. (P. pao), half fathom, yard ; 
 also the usual cloth worn by 
 women. 
 
 Pau, 2, 11. (P. pao), spades (in cards). 
 
 Pekepeke, fil. 6 , n., clearness and 
 whiteness (excessive), 
 e pekepeke (fil. 6 ), clean, bright, 
 very white. 
 
 Pekomoka, v.i., to flap in the wind. 
 
 Pekomona, v.t., to blow about (a 
 thing) as the wind. 
 
 Pekumuka, v.i .,) su above . 
 
 Pekumuna, v.t.,) 
 
 Pele, interj., ] 
 
 Pele kwandi,-* 
 
 Pelo, 2, 11. (P. espelho), mirror, look¬ 
 ing-glass, glass (transparent), 
 -apelo, a., glass. 
 
 Pemba, v., to be, get white. 
 
 Pembesa, v., to bleach, make white, 
 whiten. 
 
 Pemboka, 9 v., to become white, 
 
 Pembuka, j whiten. 
 
 Pena, 2, n. (Eng.), pen. 
 
 Pi-i ,fil. 6, n. (the final i is often much 
 prolonged), peace, quiet, tran¬ 
 quillity, silence, calm, 
 kala e pi-i, v., to be silent, calm, 
 quiet, still, tranquil. Nukala 
 e pi-i, hush, be very quiet. 
 
 Piata, \ v., to lick, lap, drink (as a 
 
 Piatula>J dog). 
 
Pil-Sad 
 
 ( 4io ) 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Pilu, 6, n., the dark colour of ripe 
 nsafu, purple. 
 
 -apilu, a., dark purple (as ripe 
 nsafu), ripe (of nsafu). 
 
 Pingelo, 2, n. (P. espingarda, see gun 
 Eng.-Kongo), trigger. 
 
 Pintula, | ^0 be talkative. 
 
 Pmtulula, y 
 
 Pipa, v.i., to become cloudy,very dark; 
 to lower, blacken, darken (as the 
 sky with clouds), to grow dark. 
 
 Pita, 6, bracelet, anklet of brass 
 or sometimes of plaited grass. 
 
 Pitakana, v.i., to be mixed up together 
 or with other people’s things, 
 and taken away with them. 
 
 Pitakesa, v., to mix up other people’s 
 things with your own, and take 
 them as though they were all 
 your own. Pitakesa e ndinga, 
 to borrow words from other 
 languages or dialects. 
 
 Pitakiana,) v., to be mixed up among 
 
 Pitana, J themselves, to wheel 
 about (as swifts and swallows) 
 in great numbers. 
 
 Pitu, 2, 71. (P. apito), whistle. 
 
 Piuka, v.i., to blacken, be black. 
 
 Piukisa, v.t., to blacken. 
 
 Pola, v.t., to beat with a thick stick, 
 to club, strike with a club. Pola 
 
 is 77 iore used by wo 77 ie 7 i; 77 ie 7 i 
 77 iore freqice 7 itly use vombola. 
 
 Pomoka, v.i., to pour over, to spill, be 
 spilt, be shed, pour, gush out 
 (as blood). 
 
 Pomona, v., to pour out, to pour away, 
 to spill. 
 
 Ponda,) 6, 71 ., table-knife, knife (of 
 
 Ponde,i good quality. 
 
 Pongoka, v.i., see Pomoka. 
 
 Pongola, v.t., see Pomona. 
 
 Posola, v.t., to smash, crush to atoms, 
 squash. 
 
 Pudingi, 6 , 71. (Eng.), pudding. 
 
 Puknka, v.i., to explode, generally used 
 of loose powder, or the flash 
 of powder in the pan, especially 
 when a gun misses fire, hence to 
 miss fire. 
 
 Pukuka, 9, n., an explosion, a flash in 
 the pan only, a habit of missing 
 fire. 
 
 Pnknla, v.t., to cause an explosion, 
 as above, to fire a miss-fire. 
 
 Puknmuka, v., to bluster (as the 
 wind), to fly heavily as a fowl. 
 
 Pulete, 2, 7 i. (P. espoleta), a percussion 
 cap. 
 
 nkele a pulete, a cap gun. 
 Pulnkante, 2, n. (P. pnrgante), an 
 aperient, a purgative medicine, 
 Epsom salts. 
 
 Pupidila, v., to shiver, shudder, with 
 cold. 
 
 Pupila, v., to tremble, shiver, shake 
 with fear or cold. 
 
 Pupu, 6, 7 i., a gun-case, a cover made 
 of skin to shield the lock of a 
 
 gun. 
 
 Pwa ! see 2 i 7 ider Ntima, &c. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sa, adv., soon, directly, very shortly 
 (used only of a future time, but 
 not the immediate future). The 
 verb which follows sa is always 
 in the Subjunctive mood, 
 sa ngienda, I shall soon go; sa 
 kaluaka, he will soon be here. 
 
 Saba, 6, 71 ., hut, shelter, cover, house 
 (one erected as a temporary 
 shelter, not a dwelling-house). 
 
 Sabala, 2 (P. sabre), clubs (in cards). 
 
 Sabisabi (P. sabe, I know), No (em¬ 
 phatic refusal to have anything 
 to do with the matter). 
 
 Sabuka, v.i. (Bako.), to go, come, get,, 
 pass, cross over (a river) ; to 
 be ferried or carried across (a 
 river). 
 
 Sabula, v.t. (Bako.), to ferry, carry,, 
 take, bring (things) over (a 
 river). 
 
 Sadi, 6 , 71., a wild yam, the creeping 
 stalk and roots of which are 
 thickly covered with thorns. 
 
( 4 11 ) 
 
 Sad-Sak. 
 
 Sadi, 6, n., a workman, one who 
 works ; hence a rich man. 
 
 Sadijiana, v., to help, work for each 
 other, co-operate. 
 
 Sadila, v., to work for, serve, render 
 service, attend, be in the em¬ 
 ployment of, to wait on (at 
 table), to help. 
 
 Sadila, 9, n., relief, help, service, 
 attendance upon. 
 
 Sadila, v.i., to be broad, be wide, 
 to broaden, widen, extend (in 
 width), to spread out, to 
 expand. 
 
 sadila,/., broad, wide, expanded. 
 
 Sadila, 9, n., expanse, width, breadth. 
 
 Sadilwa, 6, n ., tool, an apparatus or 
 something to work with. 
 
 Sadisa, v.t., to widen, expand, spread 
 out, broaden, to make broad, 
 wide, &c. 
 
 Sadisa, v., to cause to work, set to 
 work, to superintend, inspect 
 work; to assist, aid, help, 
 succour, further, relieve, back 
 up, forward, advocate. 
 
 Sadisa, 9, n., superintendance, relief, 
 help, assistance. 
 
 -sadisanga, /., helpful, favourable, 
 ke sadisanga ko, contrary, ad¬ 
 verse, not helpful. 
 
 Sadixila (muna), v., to make use of, 
 take advantage of. 
 
 Sadixiana, v., to work for each other, 
 help one another. 
 
 Saji, 6, ?z., the stalk by which several 
 sota (stalklets) are connected 
 with the susu (spike) of palm 
 nut; also the small cluster on 
 the saji. 
 
 Saka, v.t., to cut off a part, reap, mow, 
 lop off, cut grass, cut the hair, 
 cut through or off at one stroke. 
 
 saka 0 ntu (4), v., to decapitate, be¬ 
 head. 
 
 Saka, 6, n., splint. 
 
 Saka, v., to be too late, be passed, 
 elapsed, expired ; also to be too 
 much, too many, over abundant, 
 exceed, surpass. 
 
 Saka implies that a certain action is 
 impossible because the subject 
 of saka is too great, or where 
 time is the subject of saka, too 
 much has already elapsed. Ki- 
 lenda kio kwame nata ko ejito 
 disakidi, I cannot carry it, the 
 weight is too great; e ngangu 
 zaku jisakidi, you are too art¬ 
 ful ( a sarcasm) ; kwendi ko e 
 kolo kisakidi, do not go, it is too 
 late (too much time has elapsed); 
 e lekwa isakidi kilenda yo.< 
 xia ko muna nkele, the things 
 are too many, I cannot put 
 them in the box ; (ku-) sakidi 
 (yela understood ), he is getting 
 worse ; that is to say, the com¬ 
 plaint is too severe, consequently 
 he is getting worse. 
 
 Saka omavembo (//. 8), v., to shrug 
 the shoulder, which implies 
 denial, refusal, or ignorance. 
 Saka 0 koko (9), to throw up 
 the arm, implying pleasure. 
 
 Saka, 6, n., rat-trap. 
 
 Sakala, 6, n., a basket of wicker-work 
 not of woven grass, cage. 
 
 Sakalala, v.i., to become less, abate,, 
 lull, grow less, lessen, decrease, 
 subside, be appeased, assuaged, 
 be too weak, conquered, to be¬ 
 come subject, to submit, yield,, 
 run short, come short in quan¬ 
 tity, be too few, be inferior, to- 
 fall, be less (in price). 
 
 Sakalala, 9, n., abatement, lull, de¬ 
 crease, submission, subjection, 
 defeat, insufficiency, inferiority. 
 
 Sakana, v., to play, sport, frolic, joke, 
 to fight (ironical). 
 
 Sakanina, v., to play with. 
 
 Sakanisa, v., to cause or help to play, 
 to play with, amuse. 
 
 Sakasa, v., to pant, breathe quickly, 
 blow (as bellows). 
 
 Saki, 6, n., bunch (of things strung or 
 fastened together). 
 
 Sakidika, v.t. ( trans. of sakalala), to 
 make less, lessen, decrease,. 
 
Sak-Sal 
 
 ( 4i2 ) 
 
 Sakidika, continued. 
 
 lower, subdue, subjugate, sub¬ 
 ject, abase, assuage, allay, miti¬ 
 gate, appease, soothe, relieve, 
 satisfy. 
 
 sakidika 0 makaxi ( pi. 8), to pacify. 
 
 sakidika e ntalu (2), to make 
 cheap, lessen, beat down in 
 price. 
 
 Sakidila, v.t. (applied form 0/ sakila), 
 to congratulate, salute, thank, 
 submit to. 
 
 Sakila, v.i., to surrender, yield ; to 
 clap in token of surrender or 
 gratitude, salutation, or congra¬ 
 tulation. 
 
 sakila 0 lukofi (10), to clap the 
 hands with the thumbs in¬ 
 terlocking (men only clap after 
 this fashion). 
 
 Saku, 6, n., during the harvest of 
 nguba (arachis) the nuts are 
 made into a heap in the farms, 
 and surrounded by a circle of 
 the dry plants, which have been 
 torn up. This ring and heap is 
 called saku. 
 
 Saku, 2, n. (P. saco), a sack. 
 
 Sakuka, v.i. ( per/, sakukidi), to be 
 cut off (as a part), to be reaped, 
 mown, lopped off, cut (of the 
 hair). 
 
 Sakuka, v.i. {per/, sakukini), mid. v. 
 tf/sakuna ; see Sakuka above. 
 
 Sakuka, v. [ferf sakukidi), to be 
 pulled up (as weeds). 
 
 Sakuka, v., to abound, exceed, be in 
 excess. 
 
 Sakuka, v., to be appeased, assuaged, 
 to cease, abate, be satisfied, 
 allayed, relieved (of desires 
 only). 
 
 makaxi akuka (8, pi., ma-), v., to be 
 conciliated. 
 
 nkolwa (2, i-) sakuka, v., to be¬ 
 come sober after a carousal, 
 recover (from drunkenness). 
 
 Sakula, v., to eat, also to speak (used 
 only in reference to a great 
 chief). 
 
 Sakula, v., to weed, pull up weeds 
 (not used of the ground , for 
 which see Sakwila). 
 
 Sakula, v.t., to collect, amass, heap 
 up, put plenty, much, many. 
 
 Sakula, v.t., to appease, assuage, 
 soothe, pacify, allay, relieve, 
 satisfy, slake (hunger), 
 sakula 0 lulendo (10), to humble, 
 bring down pride, humiliate, 
 sakula 0 makaxi (pi. 8), to pro¬ 
 pitiate, conciliate. 
 
 Sakumuka, v., to spring out of the 
 ground, grow, spring up, be in 
 leaf, come into leaf, put out 
 leaves. 
 
 Sakuna, v.t., see Saka, to cut off. 
 
 Sakwila, v., to weed (the ground, not 
 used of the weeds, see Sakula). 
 
 Sala, v.i. ( perf. sadidi & sele, 
 applied form, sadila), to do, act, 
 work, toil, labour, execute (a 
 work), to profit, make a profit, 
 to be of advantage, be of use ; 
 to be industrious, to prosper in 
 business, get on in the world, 
 to be getting rich, making a 
 fortune, to get rich, be rich, 
 have made a fortune (the last 
 two meanings can seldom be 
 attached to any but the past 
 tenses in a). E mfumu ina 
 yasala e ? was that chief rich ? 
 Wasala beni, Yes, very rich, 
 sala e salu, v., to prosecute, per¬ 
 form, effect, engage in a work, 
 be busy, engaged, occupied. 
 
 Sala, 9, 7 i., industry, work, labour. 
 
 Sala, v.t., to reap, cut, gather (corn). 
 
 Sala, v. ( pe>f xidi, causative, xisa), 
 to remain, be left, dwell, abide, 
 sala kiabiza or kiambote, adieu 
 (said by those departing), fare¬ 
 well, women ai 7 iong themselves 
 say sala miangana. 
 sala 0 ku nima (2), v., to be left, 
 remain behind, be late, last. 
 Sala is also used as a?i auxiliary 
 verb implying to stop and — ; 
 osala vonda e nsusu, stop and 
 kill a fowl. 
 
 
( 4i3 ) 
 
 Sal-SAm 
 
 Sala, 6, n., a dance, characterized by 
 rapid oscillation of the hips. 
 
 Sala, 6, fin, tail of fish. 
 
 -a sala-nima, a., 
 
 mwanji (3) a sala-nima, the ham¬ 
 string, also the achilles tendon. 
 
 Salaji, 2, 7 t. (P. sara^a 1 ?), Turkey-red 
 (cloth). 
 
 Salajiana, v., to buy and sell each 
 other (as in times of famine). 
 
 Salakana, v.i., able to be performed, 
 done. 
 
 Salata, 2, n. (P. salada), see Nsala- 
 ta. 
 
 Sain, 6, n., toil, labour, industry, work, 
 occupation, profession, vocation, 
 function, task, job, deed, opera¬ 
 tion, feat, exertion, use, profit, 
 activity, service, effect, act, 
 something to do ; also the pro¬ 
 ceeds of work. If I work, and 
 with the proceeds buy a slave, 
 that slave is salu kiame. 
 nkwa (1) salu, n ., labourer, 
 vanga e salu, v., to work, perform 
 work. 
 
 ye salu, a., busy, useful, of use. 
 
 Salujioka, v.i., to keep jumping up 
 and down. 
 
 Saluka, v., to be reaped, gathered 
 (of corn only). 
 
 Saluka, v., to start, jump, spring back, 
 in fear or pain, recoil, wince, 
 flinch. 
 
 Salukisa, v., to startle, frighten. 
 
 Salukwa, v ., to be surprised, startled ; 
 taken unawares, by surprise, 
 miss, discover a loss. 
 
 Salulula, v., to do, perform a work 
 over and over again. 
 
 Salwa, v., to progress, to be being 
 done, carried on. 
 
 Sama, v.i. (Bako.), see Serna 
 
 Samba, v., to pray, entreat, supplicate, 
 worship, used only in reference 
 to God. 
 
 Samba, v., to squall (as an infant). 
 
 Samba e nsuki, v., to part the hair, 
 samba e njila, v ., to beat down the 
 grass on each side of the road. 
 
 Sambakana, v., to be parted (of the 
 hair). 
 
 -sambanu, a ., six. 
 
 Sambila, v., to climb, ascend, get up, 
 go up or on to (a roof), mount, 
 jump, to get (on board, into a 
 canoe). 
 
 sambila (muna nlungu, 4), v ., to 
 embark. 
 
 Sambu, 6 , n ., prayer, supplication,, 
 worship. 
 
 Sambu, 6, n., squall (of a baby). 
 
 Sambukila, v.t., \ to take, catch (a 
 
 Sambukilwa, v.i., ) contagious dis¬ 
 ease), also to be caught (of the 
 disease). Kongos do not un¬ 
 derstand infection ; they do not 
 know whether they catch the 
 disease, or the disease catches 
 them. 
 
 Sambukila, 9, infection, contagion. 
 
 Sambukisa, v., to infect, taint; to 
 transmit or communicate con¬ 
 tagion. 
 
 sambukisa e nsudi (2), to taint. 
 
 Sambula, v., to hammer out the edge 
 (of a hoe, &c.). 
 
 Sambula, v., tusambwidi, interj., a 
 salutation to a man who returns 
 to his town after having been 
 away for a while. 
 
 Samika, v.t., to cork, plug, to put in a 
 stopper. 
 
 Sampujioka, v.i., to be incessantly 
 looking round (as a monkey,. 
 &c.), to be very wary. 
 
 Sampuka, v., to be wary, to look, 
 glance round, up, down, to be 
 alert. 
 
 Sampuka, v., to be quick. 
 
 Sampuka, v., to recover from sick¬ 
 ness, get well, get better, im¬ 
 prove in health, convalesce. 
 
 Sampusampu, 6, n ., fancy, apprehen¬ 
 sion of danger, or the approach 
 of something, uneasiness, 
 kala ye sampu-sampu, v., to ima¬ 
 gine, fancy, be uneasy, appre¬ 
 hensive ; sampusampu kia 
 mona yandi ndina kiau, I 
 
Sam-San 
 
 ( 4i4 ) 
 
 Sampusampu, continued. 
 
 fancied that I saw him ; sa- 
 mpusampu kia ndinga a mu- 
 ntu ndina kiau, I fancy I 
 heard a person’s voice. 
 
 Samuijiana, v., to tell each other. 
 
 ■Samuna, v. (used of matters only), to 
 tell, inform, say, state, relate, 
 narrate, deliver (a message), 
 declare, describe, announce, 
 communicate, enumerate, make 
 known, publish, preach, pro¬ 
 phecy, profess, confess. 
 
 Samuna, 6 , ?i., story, anecdote, tale, 
 folklore, parable. Samuna and 
 Savu are always interspersed 
 with songs. 
 
 Samuna, 9, n., telling, informing, pub¬ 
 lishing, preaching, professing. 
 
 Samunwina, v ., to tell about or of, 
 acquaint with ; report, say, 
 declare, counsel, exhort, in¬ 
 struct, commend, bid or direct 
 about. 
 
 Samwina, v. 
 
 Sana, v.t ., to comb, card. 
 
 Sana 0 lusanu (10), v., to boast. 
 
 Sanga, v., to dance or leap with joy, to 
 triumph, exult, shout (as those 
 victorious or sure of victory), to 
 shout (as those going to war), 
 also to dance the sword-dance, 
 which is only done by a chief 
 on very special occasions. 
 When some one is to be exe¬ 
 cuted the chief dances the 
 sanga for a while, then stopping 
 suddenly points the sword at 
 the victim, who is immediately 
 killed. 
 
 Sanga, 9, n ., triumph, exultation, the 
 clamour of warriors, also the 
 sword-dance. 
 
 Sanga, v.t., to mix, mingle, inter¬ 
 mingle. 
 
 Sanga, 6, n., island. 
 
 Sanga, adv., see Sa. 
 
 Sangala, 6, n ., thing. 
 
 Sangalakana, v.i., to mix up, be 
 mixed up. 
 
 Sangalakesa, v.t., to mix up. 
 
 Sangama, v.i., to be caught (on any¬ 
 thing so as not to fall) r to hang 
 on (as something which has 
 fallen). 
 
 Sangana, v.i., to intermingle, mix to¬ 
 gether. 
 
 Sanganisa, v.t., to mix, put, throw 
 together. 
 
 Sangika (muna), v.t., to hang on; 
 catch on (something so as not 
 to fall). 
 
 Sangula, v.t., to get, take, knock 
 down (with a stick, &c., some¬ 
 thing which is out of reach). 
 
 Sangula, v.t., to kill at a long range. 
 
 Sangumuka (kuna), v.i., to fall from, 
 or off. 
 
 Sanguna, v., see Sanga. 
 
 Sanguna, v., to be delighted, full of 
 glee, in raptures, enraptured. 
 
 Sanguna, 9, n., rapture, delight, joy, 
 glee, exultation. 
 
 Sangwa, 6, n rattle (having loose 
 seeds or stones inside, for 
 children, and for use in incan¬ 
 tations). 
 
 Sanji, 6, 7 i., marimba. 
 
 Sanjika, v., to scatter. 
 
 Sansa, v., to provide, supply, support, 
 nourish, keep, feed, provide for, 
 distribute. 
 
 Sansa, v., to impart knowledge, in¬ 
 struct, train. 
 
 Sansa, 9, 71., providence. 
 
 Sansakana, v., to be scattered, dis¬ 
 tributed, provided, able to be 
 provided. 
 
 Sansakesa, v., to scatter, put about 
 (here and there). 
 
 Sansala, v., to stumble, stagger, reel, 
 trip, go blundering over a 
 thing. 
 
 Sansala, 9, 71., carelessness, blunder¬ 
 ing, clumsiness. 
 
 Sansanisa, v., to put about (here and 
 there). 
 
 Sansuka, v.i., to be provided with 
 (food), supported, kept. 
 
 Sansumuka, v.i., to go off (as dew). 
 
( 415 ) 
 
 San-Sav 
 
 Sansumuna, v.t., to shake with a 
 quick motion (as when bitten or 
 burnt). 
 
 Santu, 2, n ., (P. sancto), the name 
 given at baptism. It has now 
 become customary to assume 
 Portuguese names prefaced by 
 the title Dom. These also are 
 called santu. 
 
 Sanu, 6, u ., comb, rake. 
 
 Sanxila, v.t., to sprinkle (from the 
 fingers, as meal into a pot). 
 
 Sanza, v.t., to plunder, spoil, pillage, 
 rifle, rob, loot, ransack, despoil, 
 seize, take. 
 
 Sanzala, 6, n., the lying in state of a 
 great chief. 
 
 sanzala kia ntinu, is often used 
 as an oath of affirmation, they 
 swear by the sanzala of the 
 king. 
 
 Sanzama,) , , 
 
 Sanzana, j "•» t0 be scattered. 
 
 Sanzuka, v.t., to widen, spread out, 
 expand, be broad, broaden. 
 
 Sanzuka, 9, n., expanse, width, 
 breadth. 
 
 -asanzuka, a ., broad, extended, wide. 
 
 Sanzula, v.t., to widen, expand, 
 broaden, spread out, beat out 
 (as metal). 
 
 Sanzumuka, v.i., see Sanzuka. 
 
 Sanzumuka, 9, «., see Sanzuka. 
 
 Sanzumuna, v.t., see Sanzula. 
 
 Sapala, 6, n., wood, copse, grove, 
 “ bush.” 
 
 Sapi, 6, 7 t., yellowish green slough on 
 an ulcer. 
 
 Sapu, 2, 11. (P. chapeo), straw hat, cap. 
 
 Sasa, v., to explain, show the meaning 
 of, make plain, define, illustrate, 
 sasa 0 nkanu (4), to give sentence, 
 judgment. 
 
 Sasa, v., to cut up, carve, dissect. 
 
 Sasabala, 6, n., a braid, plait, also 
 a mat of split papyrus stems 
 woven together. 
 
 Sasuka, v.i., to recover, get well, get 
 better, mend, improve in health, 
 be cured, convalesce. 
 
 Sasuka, 9, n., relief (from pain or 
 sickness), improvement, con¬ 
 valescence. 
 
 Sasula, v.t., to cure, make better, to 
 restore to health. 
 
 Sata (muna), v.t., to search for (in). 
 
 Sata, v., to be acid, tart. 
 
 Sata, 9, 11., tartness, acidity, an acid. 
 
 Satade, 6, n. (Eng.), Saturday. 
 
 Saujiana, v., to be at feud, to hate 
 each other. 
 
 Sauka, v.i., to ford, get over a river, 
 go across, pass or cross over, be 
 ferried. 
 
 Saula, v.t., to put over (a river), carry, 
 bring, take, ferry across. 
 
 Saula, v., to hate, scorn, despise, re¬ 
 ject, spurn, disdain, detest, 
 abominate, execrate, contemn, 
 abhor, to refuse with scorn, 
 treat with contempt, to rebel 
 against, to revolt, resent. 
 
 Saula, 9, 7i., hatred, scorn, contempt, dis¬ 
 dain, resentment, dislike, abom¬ 
 ination, abhorrence, rebellion, re¬ 
 volution, rejection, detestation. 
 Savu, 6 , 71., see Samuna. 
 
 Savuka, v.i., to bud, shoot, sprout, 
 come into leaf, put forth leaves ; 
 to be or become very abundant, 
 to abound, to be too many, to 
 be in excess, or surfeit, to be 
 cheap (in consequence of abund¬ 
 ance), to be lightly esteemed, 
 thought little of, despised, dis¬ 
 respected, of no worth or value, 
 he 7 ice to be useless. 
 
 Savuka, v., to be light (not heavy), 
 become light, lessened (in 
 weight), lighter. 
 
 Savuka, 9, 71., dishonour, disrespect, 
 disregard, cheapness. 
 
 Savula, v.t., to cause to sprout, make 
 to bud, make abundant, make 
 too many, cause to be cheap 
 (by reason of excess), to dises- 
 teem, despise, disrespect, con¬ 
 sider lightly, to risk ; 0 savwidi 
 0 moyo andi, he risked his life, 
 he counted not his life dear. 
 
Sav-Sel 
 
 ( 416 ) 
 
 Savula, v.t., to lighten, lessen (in 
 weight). 
 
 Saya, 6 , n., bank or bed of earth, 
 ridge, garden bed. 
 
 vanga e saya, v ., to hoe into 
 ridges. 
 
 -asaya,^.,earthenware, crockery ware. 
 
 Sazu, 6 , n., haste, quickness, speed, 
 rapidity, swiftness, ease, facility, 
 -asazu, a., quick. 
 
 e sazn, adv., swiftly, speedily, 
 hastily, quickly. 
 
 Sazuka, % /./., to be quick, to hasten, 
 hurry. 
 
 Sazuka, v., to be better, convalesce. 
 
 Sazula, v.t., to hasten, hurry, make 
 quick, expedite, urge. 
 
 Sazulwisa, v.t., to urge, hasten, cause 
 to hurry, accelerate. 
 
 Se, a particle used with nouns, adj., 
 & verbs. It may always be 
 translated by : now just, about 
 to, going to, the verb “ to be ” 
 is always understood. It calls 
 attention to a change of circum¬ 
 stances ; some other state 
 having previously existed, now 
 something else has ensued or 
 will ensue. Se yambote, they 
 are now good. Wause nunu, 
 now he is old; se nkwenda 
 kwame, I am going. When 
 se is used in talking of matters 
 which happened in the past, 
 it must be translated by “ then.” 
 se fuku, it was then night, it is now 
 night ; se yandi, it is he (now), 
 there he is (then), 
 se tadi, interj., lo ! behold ! 
 
 Se, 6 , n., colour, tint, mark, pattern. 
 
 Sebe, 6 , n., obstinacy (in children). 
 
 Seda, 2, n. (P. seda), silk. 
 
 Sejima, v., to flash (as lightning). 
 
 Seka, v.t., to scour, grind (a knife), 
 clean by scouring or rubbing 
 (as a gun, the teeth, &c.),*to 
 brighten, polish. Seka is oiily 
 used when the grinding or 
 scouring material is rubbed on 
 the article. 
 
 Seka, v.i., to be bright, gleam, to turn 
 or lie bright side uppermost, to 
 turn face, or (as a dead fisli) 
 belly uppermost. 
 
 Sekesa, v.t., to whet, sharpen, rub, 
 grind, &c. (on a stone). Sekesa 
 is used when the article is rubbed 
 on the grinding material. 
 
 Sekesa, v.t., to cause to turn or lay 
 the bright side uppermost, to 
 turn face, or (as a dead fisli) 
 belly uppermost. 
 
 Sekoka, v.i., to be scoured, rubbed 
 (with grinding material). 
 
 Sekoka, v.i., to be poured from one 
 receptacle into another ; to be 
 decanted. 
 
 Sekola, \z/., to transfer into some- 
 
 Sekula,/ thing else, change, pour 
 out into (another receptacle), 
 to translate ; to decant (fluids 
 and gases). 
 
 sekola (e ndinga, 2), to translate, 
 interpret. 
 
 Sela, v.t., to tuck up one’s cloth, to 
 gird up loose robes, gird up the 
 loins. 
 
 Sela, 2, n. (P. cera), wax. 
 
 Selalala, v.i., to abound, to be plenti¬ 
 ful, be in great numbers. 
 
 Selalala, v.i., to be left out (of things 
 which one wished to keep secret 
 or hidden, of many things 
 only). 
 
 Seleleka, v.t., to put plenty, to cause 
 to abound, make abundant. 
 
 Seleleka, v.t., to leave out, or expose 
 things which one wished to be 
 secret or hidden (of many 
 things). 
 
 Seleka, v.t., to dress (another) finely. 
 
 Selo, 6 , n. (P. despenseiro = sero), 
 steward, attendant, servant, 
 selo kiankento, maid servant. 
 
 Selojioka, v.i., to keep on turning up, 
 as below. 
 
 Seloka, v.i., to turn or lie face, or 
 (as a dead fish) belly uppermost. 
 
 Seloka, v.i., to be tucked, girded up 
 (of loose clothes). 
 
( 417 ) 
 
 Sel-Ses 
 
 Selola, v.t., to turn or lay face upper¬ 
 most, or (as a dead fish) belly 
 uppermost, to set right side up, 
 to correct, trip up and throw 
 down backwards. 
 
 Selnka, v.t., see Seloka. 
 
 Selula, v.t., see Selola. 
 
 Sema, v ., to gleam, shine, glow, be 
 bright or clean, to flash as light¬ 
 ning, &c., to lighten, hence also 
 to have a shooting pain, 
 ezulu disemene, it lightens. 
 
 Sembo, 6 , n ., spur (of fowl). 
 
 Sempoka, v.t., to pour over, spill, be 
 spilt. 
 
 Sempola, v.t., to pour out, pour away, 
 spill. 
 
 Sempuka, v., see Sempoka. 
 
 Sempula, v.t., see Sempola. 
 
 Sena, v.t., see Senona. 
 
 Senda, v.t., to pay or reward for 
 services rendered, to give a 
 present in return. 
 
 Sendalala, v.t., to slant, slope, be 
 slanting, incline. 
 
 Sendeleka, v.t., to slant, put slanting, 
 slope, incline. 
 
 Sendoka, v., to strut about proudly. 
 
 Sendoka, v.t., to be tripped up, be 
 grasped by the feet and knocked 
 over. 
 
 Sendola, ) v.t., to push over or upset 
 
 Sendona,J (a person or thing) by 
 catching and lifting the feet or 
 base off the ground, to trip up 
 and push over ; to lift (a long 
 stick, &c., on to the shoulder, 
 by picking up one end of it, and 
 lifting at the centre of gravity). 
 
 Senduka, see Sendoka. 
 
 Sendula, \ v j see Sendola. 
 
 Senduna,J 
 
 Senga o makeke (pi. 8), v., to cut 
 out the makeke. 
 
 Sengana ye or yo, v.t., to strain [at] 
 (lifting or pulling). 
 
 Sengele, 6 , n., a title of nobility. 
 
 Sengenena, v., to shine not very 
 brightly (of sun, moon, or 
 stars). 
 
 Sengexi, 12, n., sand. 
 
 Sengojioka, v., to toss about (as in 
 pain). 
 
 Sengoka, v.t., to turn or lie face or 
 belly uppermost (as a dead 
 fish). 
 
 sengoka 0 mambemba (pi. 7 )? to 
 fall backwards. 
 
 Sengola, v.t., to lay, put face up¬ 
 wards, or right side up ; also 
 to bring to light, divulge, find 
 something long hidden or secret, 
 sengola 0 mambemba, to throw 
 backwards. 
 
 Sengomoka, v., to emerge, rise (as 
 the sun), rise, come to the sur¬ 
 face, be brought to light, recalled 
 to mind, recollected. 
 
 Sengomona, v., to remember, re¬ 
 collect, recall to mind; bring 
 to light (something long hidden 
 and forgotten). 
 
 Sengnka, v.t., see Sengoka. 
 
 Sengula, v.t., see Sengola. 
 
 Sengumuna, v., see Sengomona. 
 
 Sengwa, 6 , n. (Bako.), iron (the 
 metal). 
 
 Senoka, v.t., to be girded up tightly. 
 
 Senona, v., to gird up loose robes, to 
 tuck up one’s cloth, to gird the 
 loins. 
 
 Sensa, v.t., to mince, cut up, slice off, 
 slice up, shave off slices. 
 
 Sensa, v.t., to be beached, lie at 
 anchor. 
 
 Sensesa, v.t., to beach, run ashore. 
 
 Senswa, 6 , n., a calabash with a lip. 
 
 Senswa, 6 , n., a euphemism, 
 vova mnna senswa, to speak in 
 euphemisms. 
 
 Senze, 6 , n., basket (hung over the 
 fireplace). 
 
 Sesa, v., to sift, shake in a sieve. 
 
 Sesa, 6 , n., broom. 
 
 Seselela, v.t., to joke. 
 
 Seswila, 6 , n., bush burnt clean to 
 the ground, 
 e seswila, adv. 
 
 via e seswila, v., to burn close to 
 the ground. 
 
 E E 
 
Set-Son 
 
 ( 4i8 ) 
 
 Seta, v., to fabricate a story, news. 
 
 Seva, v., to laugh, smile, grin, giggle, 
 laugh at, to ridicule, deride, 
 scoff, jeer, taunt, make fun 
 of. 
 
 Si, S before i, becomes x. 
 
 Soba, v.t., to alter, change, exchange, 
 shed (feathers). 
 
 Soba, 9, n., alteration. 
 
 Sobakana, v., to be alterable, change¬ 
 able. 
 
 Soboka, 1 to alter, change. 
 
 Soka, 77./., to discover, invent, find 
 out, devise, design, plan, con¬ 
 trive, scheme, plot, project; 
 fabricate, or make up some¬ 
 thing not true. 
 
 Soka, 7/., to put in many things one or 
 a few at a time, to pack full, to 
 shuffle (cards). 
 
 Soka, 6, n., armlet, bangle, bracelet, 
 of coiled metal. 
 
 Soka, 6, ?i., cassava root, as sold in 
 the markets after being steeped 
 in water, peeled, and dried in 
 the sun. 
 
 Soka, 6, #., small tusk of ivory, a 
 scriveller. 
 
 Sokela, 7 /., to ridicule, “ chaff,” make 
 fun of, jeer, deride, joke (about 
 something). 
 
 Sokola, 7/., to unload (a gun). 
 
 Sokola, 7/., to pick palm nuts from the 
 spike or stalklets. 
 
 Sokola 0 ntu, v., see under Ntn. 
 
 Sokolola, 7/., to imitate, do in imita¬ 
 tion, ape, mimic, repeat, follow, 
 copy, do like. 
 
 Sokomoka, v ., to fall out of, leak, 
 ooze out of from something 
 close (as sand out of a bag). 
 Sokomoka may be used of 
 liquids provided they are thin 
 and flow freely ; to be put out, 
 used of the mpimbi. 
 
 Sokomona, v.t., to let fall, as above, 
 to put forth the mpimbi (of the 
 plaintain). 
 
 Sola, v.t., to select, choose, pick, sort, 
 prefer, look out. 
 
 Sola, v., to make a clearing (in a 
 wood), make a farm on forest 
 land. 
 
 Soloka, v.i., to emerge, come to view, 
 to appear, be found, discover 
 itself. 
 
 Solola, v., to find, discover. 
 
 Solonga, v., to drip, fall in drops, flow 
 (of blood). 
 
 Solongo, 6, n., language of Asolongo 
 (Musurongo). 
 
 Soma, v., to String, thread, impale. 
 
 Soma, v., to load (a gun), 
 soma e mbombe (2), to prime a 
 gun. 
 
 Somala, v. (P. sommar), to do sums. 
 
 Somala, 9, n., arithmetic, sums. 
 
 Somboka, v., to jump. 
 
 Somona, v., to unravel, make a fringe, 
 unthread, to take out (a pin or 
 skewer or bolt or nail, &c.), to 
 unpin. 
 
 Somonona, v., to reload (a gun), to 
 thread over again. 
 
 Sompa, v., to marry, wed (ot the 
 man). 
 
 sompa 0 longo (10) lua, to cohabit 
 
 with (of the man). 
 
 Sompa, v.t., to borrow. 
 
 Sompajiana, v., to intermarry. 
 
 Sompeka, v., to lend. 
 
 Sompela, v.i. {applied form oj sompa), 
 to borrow from or for. 
 
 Sompesa, v., to marry (of the woman’s 
 parents). 
 
 Sompwa, v., to marry (of the woman). 
 
 Somwa, v., to be loaded (of a gun). 
 
 Sona, v., to drip, fall in drops (as 
 blood, used also of the first few 
 drops of a shower). 
 
 Sona, v., to make a mark, to write, 
 sona 0 nkanda (4), to write a 
 letter. 
 
 sona e sono (6), v.t., to make amark. 
 
 Sonajiana, v., to correspond with or 
 write to each other. 
 
 Sondama, v., to sit; to squat, resting 
 on the feet (the soles of the feet 
 only touching the ground). 
 
 Sondo, 6, n., the clitoris. 
 
( 419 ) 
 
 SON-SUK 
 
 Soneka, v., to write, register, enrol, 
 engage (for service). 
 
 Sonekena, v.t ., to correspond with, 
 to write to, or for, or with, or 
 about, or on. 
 
 Songa, v.t., to show, point out, con¬ 
 vince, prove, demonstrate, direct, 
 describe, display, exhibit, ex¬ 
 pose, introduce (of friends), 
 instruct, show how. 
 songa e lombo (6), v., to show hos¬ 
 pitality, to entertain hospitably, 
 songa e njila (2), v., to lead, guide, 
 show the way. 
 
 songa e nkenda (2), v., to give 
 quarter, show mercy. 
 
 Songa, v.i., to be just, upright, correct, 
 fair ; deal or act fairly, justly, 
 righteously ; be virtuous, moral, 
 honest, straightforward. 
 
 Songa, 9, n., justice, uprightness, recti¬ 
 tude, correctness, righteousness, 
 integrity, propriety, honesty, 
 virtue. 
 
 -asonga, a., fair, just, right, upright, 
 good, equitable, honest, honour¬ 
 able, virtuous, righteous, law¬ 
 ful. 
 
 Songela, v.t., to show ; see Songa. 
 
 Songelela, v., to point at, point to. 
 
 Songesa, v., to rectify ; make or prove 
 right, to correct, revise, vindi¬ 
 cate. 
 
 Songoka, v., to be pointed, sharp. 
 
 Songola, v.t., to cut, sharpen, make a 
 point. 
 
 Sono, 6, 71., mark, writing, handwrit¬ 
 ing ; also, a dust mark made on 
 the forehead, temple, nose, or 
 lip, when paying homage to a 
 king. 
 
 Sononona, v., to rewrite. 
 
 Sonsa, v.t., to cut gashes (small), 
 sonsa 0 meno (7), to cut or file 
 teeth. The fashionable manner 
 is to sharpen the two top front 
 teeth, or to cut them diagonally 
 from the centre. 
 
 Sonsa, v.i., to drip, fall in drops, 
 sonsa 0 menga, {pi. 7), to bleed. 
 
 Sonsoka, v., to go about, be always 
 on the move. 
 
 Sosa, v., to make a clearing in a wood 
 for a garden ; to make a farm 
 on forest land. 
 
 Sosa, v.t. (Bako.), search, look for. 
 
 -asoso, a., of full count (of beads). 
 
 Sosola, v.t., to rustle. Kongos do not 
 say that the leaves rustle, but 
 that some one rustles them. 
 
 Sota, 6, 7 i., a stalk, stalklet. 
 
 Sotojioka, v., to tumble about. 
 
 Sotoka, v.i., to fall, fall down. 
 
 Sotola, v.t., to let fall. 
 
 Stufu, 2, 7 i. (Eng. stove), stove. 
 
 Su, 6, 71., mortar (for pounding). 
 
 Suba, v., to make water, urinate, 
 micturate. 
 
 Suka, v.i., to come to an end, to finish, 
 end, to be done, finished, all 
 paid away, expended, exhaust¬ 
 ed. 
 
 Snka, v.i., to ache (used of the limbs, 
 the back and the neck). 
 
 Suka, v.t., with the locative muna tn 
 its various for771s, to poke, put, 
 push, run, stick or thrust into, 
 or through or up ; to insert, 
 pierce, penetrate, to thread 
 through (as cotton), 
 suka e mpaka (2) muna, v.t., to 
 gore. 
 
 suka.. .muna (suka e mbele muna), 
 
 v., to stab, stick a knife into, 
 suka 0 nlembo (4), v., to touch one 
 in the face or chin with the fin¬ 
 ger as a challenge. 
 
 Suka, 6, 7 t., tail (of bird). 
 
 Sukama, v., to be poor, be in want. 
 
 Sukama, 9, 71., the (condition of) 
 being in want ; want, necessity, 
 need ; a state of deprivation, 
 poverty. 
 
 Sukami, 12, n., poverty, destitution, 
 deprivation, want, need, 
 -asukami, a., poor, needy, destitute. 
 
 Sukasuka, 9, n., an aching pain in 
 the joints, limbs, neck or back, 
 stiffness, cramp, rheumatism, 
 lumbago. 
 
SUK-SUN 
 
 ( 420 ) 
 
 Sukika, v., to impoverish, make poor, 
 reduce to poverty. 
 
 Sukinina, v., to be the last, be behind 
 all. 
 
 Sukisa, v.t., to finish, exhaust, make 
 an end of. 
 
 sukisa e ekudi (8), to irritate, make 
 angry, enrage, vex, annoy, used 
 only of the anger of vexation. 
 
 Sukisa, to cause to ache ; see Suka. 
 
 Suku, 6 , haunch, rump (of beast). 
 
 Sukula, ?/./., to wash clean (with 
 water), wash out. 
 
 Sukula, v., to drive animals or fowls 
 quietly along. 
 
 Sukula-malonga, 6 , n, wild cucum¬ 
 ber, the loofa ; also the green 
 tree-frog. 
 
 Sukumuna, v.t., to wash out, clear 
 out, rinse out. 
 
 Sukwa, v.t., to stick into, be stuck 
 into, or up or through. 
 
 Sukwa, v., to have a pain in ; see 
 Suka (to ache). 
 
 Sukwa e ekudi (8), v., to be angry, 
 enraged, vexed, annoyed, irri¬ 
 tated, of the a)iger of vexation 
 only. 
 
 Sula, v.t., to press the pulp of palm 
 nuts in the hand with the thumb 
 against the palm of the hand. 
 
 Sula, 6 , n., shell of a nut. 
 
 Sulu, 6 , n., ascites, dropsy. 
 
 Sulu, 6 , n., the electric fish. 
 
 Suluka, v.i., to be miscarried. 
 
 Sulula, v.t., to miscarry, abort. 
 
 Sulumuka, v., to spring, pop out, slip 
 out or aside, (as something 
 slippery when pressed upon, or 
 struck). 
 
 Sulumuna, v.t., to cause something 
 slippery to slip or slide out or 
 aside by pressure or a stroke. 
 
 Sumata, v., to sip. 
 
 Sumba, v.t., to buy, procure, purchase, 
 trade in, get (by purchase). 
 
 Sumbate yamu, or yaku, or yava, or 
 yamuna, or yakuna, or yava- 
 na, until, as far as. 
 
 Sumbisa, v., to cause to buy, sell. 
 
 Sumbuka, 6, n., door-sill, step,, 
 
 threshold. 
 
 sumbuka kiantandu, n., lintel of 
 door. 
 
 Sumbuka, v.i., to be bought. 
 
 Sumbula, 6, n., extreme danger, peril,, 
 jeopardy. 
 
 kala omu sumbula, v., to be in 
 
 extreme danger, peril. 
 
 Sumika, v., to let, draw, extract blood, 
 to cup, bleed. 
 
 Sumikwa, 6, n., a goat’s horn used in 
 the operation of cupping. 
 
 Surnuna, v., to infringe, transgress, 
 disobey, break (a rule or taboo 
 imposed by a doctor) ; see 
 Konko & Mpangu. 
 
 Sunda, v., to excel, exceed, beat,, 
 defeat, be first (in excellence),, 
 eclipse, surpass, be over, be to 
 spare, be superior, go beyond,, 
 outdo, be more than, better 
 than, be the greater, the greatest, 
 be in excess, left behind.. 
 Sunda and Suva are used in the 
 construction of the comparative 
 and superlative of the adjective.. 
 0 yandi osundidi mono muna 
 kaya, he gave more than I = 
 he exceeded me in giving ; 
 mbolo isundidi 0 wete ye 
 kwanga, bread is better than 
 kwanga ; ye eki ye ekio 
 kiaki kwandi kisundidi 0 la,, 
 this is longer than that = and 
 this and that, this one exceeds 
 in length; kiaki kisundidi 
 yawanso, this is better than 
 all ; eki kisundidi 0 bi (12), 
 this is the worst ; ekiaki kia- 
 biza kanxi kiakina kisundidi 
 0 wete, this is good, but that is; 
 better; ke vasundidi kwanga. 
 ko, there are no spare kwanga. 
 sunda e ntela (4), v., to be taller than, 
 sunda e ngolo (2), v.t., to be stronger 
 than, conquer, overcome, pre¬ 
 vail, be victorious, vanquish, win. 
 
 Sunda, 9, n., victory, exceeding, the 
 excelling. 
 
( 421 ) 
 
 Sun—S ux 
 
 Sundalala, v.i., to lie down flat. 
 
 Sundidika, v.t., to lay down flat. 
 
 Sundisa, v.t., to cause to excel, exceed, 
 &c. ; see Sunda. 
 
 Sunduka, v., see Sunda. 
 
 Sundula, v.t., see Sundisa. 
 
 Sunga, 6, ?i., a habit of mind or 
 thought. 
 
 tala e sunga, v., to test, try (the 
 heart), tempt. 
 
 Sunga, v., to enshroud, wrap in a 
 shroud, wrap a corpse. 
 
 Sungama, v.t., to sit improperly. 
 
 Sungama, v.i. (Bako.), see Xingama. 
 
 Sungamena, v., to recollect, re¬ 
 member, recognise, know, 
 sungamena (beni), to be certain 
 (remember well). 
 
 Sungela, 6, n., round missile. 
 
 Sungididi, 6, n., perseverance, 
 xia e sungididi, v., to persevere. 
 
 Sungu, 6, n., violent death. 
 
 -asungu, a., violent (of death only). 
 
 Sungula, v., to talk about, mention, 
 speak about, allude to, name, 
 say, remark. 
 
 Sungumuna, v.t., to shape, make oval 
 (in shape like the baobab pods). 
 
 Sunsa, 6, correctness of aim, the 
 ability to throw well or far, skill 
 in shooting. 
 
 nkwa (i) sunsa, agoodshot, agood 
 marksman. 
 
 nkwa nua (4) a sunsa, one who 
 
 guesses well, appropriately, 
 almost correctly, who suggests 
 something very satisfactory. 
 
 Sunuka, v., to become unsewn, come 
 undone (as something badly 
 sewn or tied), be let fall by 
 accident, be told, divulged, in¬ 
 advertently (of a secret), be 
 clear, plain, explicit. 
 
 Sununa, v., to detach, undo, unfasten 
 (careless stitching), to unpick, to 
 thoughtlessly let out, to betray, 
 blab, tell (a secret, inadvert¬ 
 ently), divulge, disclose, speak 
 prematurely, to explain, make 
 plain, make clear. 
 
 Sunzuka, v.i., to come, be brought, 
 taken, conducted, carried near 
 or to, to approach. 
 
 Sunzula, v.t., to bring, bring close, 
 conduct, take to, to draw near 
 to, cause to approach, carry 
 to, carry near, lead to. 
 sunzula e diambu (7), v., to tell a 
 matter. 
 
 Sunzulwila, see Sunzwila. 
 
 Sunzumuka, v., to come, arrive un¬ 
 expectedly. 
 
 Sunzwila, applied form of sunzula, 
 to bring to...for. Adieyi OSU- 
 nzulwidi e lekwa kiaki kwa 
 mfumu, what did you take 
 take this thing to the chief for ? 
 sunzwila e diambu, to inform, tell 
 of a matter. 
 
 Susa, v., to urinate, make water. 
 
 Susu, 6, n., a spike (of palm fruit), 
 the base upon which the fruit 
 clusters. 
 
 Susula, v., to remind. 
 
 Susumiana, v., to fetch, invite each 
 other. 
 
 Susumuna, v., to invite, go to fetch, 
 ask to come; call for, go for, 
 summon. 
 
 Susumuna, v., to start, frighten game, 
 to startle. 
 
 Susumwisa, v.t., to send for, to in¬ 
 vite (by message), to cause to 
 go for (persons only). 
 
 Suta, v., to be too soon, be in a 
 hurry (spoken of others), im¬ 
 patient, eager. 
 
 ke suta ko, v., to be patient. 
 
 Suta, 1 9,72., impatience, eagerness. 
 
 Sutana, J 
 
 Sutana, v., see Suta. 
 
 Sutanisa, v., causative of above. 
 
 Suva, see Sunda. 
 
 Suvisa, v., see Sundisa. 
 
 Suvuka, v., see Sunda. 
 
 Suvula, v., see Sundisa. 
 
 Suxi, 6, n., chance, accident, mis¬ 
 chance, a chance incident, 
 -asuxi, a., accidental, unintentional, 
 chance. 
 
Sux-Tad 
 
 ( 422 ) 
 
 Suxi, continued. 
 
 ku or kuna suxi, adv., with the 
 applied form of the verb , by 
 chance, by accident, inadver¬ 
 tently, unintentionally, acci¬ 
 dentally. 
 
 Swa, 6, n., a short narrow strip of 
 grass jungle which has remained 
 untouched after a great bush 
 fire, or during the hoeing. 
 
 Swa, adv., kwenda or kwiza e swa, 
 to go or come into hiding. 
 
 Swama, v., to go to stool. 
 
 Swama, v. (Mpa.), to hide. 
 
 Swanga, 6, n., see Swa. 
 
 Swanga, v.t ., to put in alternate order, 
 swanga -tatu -tatu, using the 
 secondary numerals , to put by 
 threes alternately. 
 
 Swangana, v., to be arranged alter¬ 
 nately. 
 
 Swanganisa, v.t., see Swanga. 
 
 Swaswana, v.i., to be different, to 
 differ, be diverse, from each 
 other. 
 
 Swaswana, 9, n., diversity, difference. 
 
 Sweka, v.t., to cover, hide, conceal, 
 keep, reserve, put away. 
 
 Swekama, v., to be hidden, to lurk, 
 to lie hid, lie in wait, hide, be 
 concealed. 
 
 Swekama, v.i., to abscond. 
 
 Sweki, 6, n., concealment, secrecy, 
 kuna sweki, adv., privately, 
 secretly. 
 
 Swena, v., to be choked. 
 
 Swenesa, v.t., to cause to choke, to 
 choke (of the obstacle). 
 
 Sweneswa, v., to be choked. 
 
 Swengena \z/., perf. swengene, to 
 
 Swengenia, / wheeze. 
 
 Swengena, j whe ezing. 
 Swengenia,/ y ’ 
 
 nswengenia, 2, n., wheezing, asthma, 
 bronchitis. 
 
 Swenwa, v.i., to be choked. 
 
 Swenswena, v., to begin to fall (as 
 rain). 
 
 Swika, v.t., to hem, sew. 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta, v.t. mid. v. if erf l) tele ; appl.form , 
 tela; causative,pass.,tews,', 
 intrans. form, tewuka or tewo- 
 ka. A verb of very indefinite 
 meaning used with many nouns 
 which otherwise have no verb 
 to express the performance of 
 the action which is peculiar 
 to them, a few instances are 
 quoted as examples below, but 
 ta will generally be found under 
 the noun with which it is con¬ 
 nected :—to recite, relate (a 
 story), play (a game), go (to mar¬ 
 ket), bite (as a snake), declare 
 (by divination). Very often the 
 noun with which the ta is 
 coupled, is so self-apparent, 
 that it is omitted ; see sentence 
 under Mb wing a. 
 
 Ta, v., auxiliary verb used in making 
 a continuative form (Bako.) ; 
 
 nata bata nata, they are 
 carrying. 
 
 Ta, 9, n., the usual noun derived from 
 the infinitive mood, which must 
 therefore serve for ta in all its 
 meanings. 
 
 Ta, 6, n., body. 
 
 Ta, 13, n., a bow ; a gun is also called 
 ta now. 
 
 ta tutu nkele, see Nkele. 
 
 ta wa nsosolo (2), a spring toy gun ; 
 
 see Nsolo. 
 
 Tabila, 6, n., distance, extent, stage of 
 a journey. 
 
 tabila kiebeni tudiete 0 unu, we 
 
 have come a long way to-day 
 or we have made a good march 
 to-day. 
 
 Tadi, 12, iron (the metal), metal, 
 tadi (wa mbele), n., steel. 
 
 Tadi, 6, n., an article, tool or instru¬ 
 ment made of metal having a 
 definite use or purpose ; hence, 
 an iron, fetters, shackles, anvil, 
 
( 423 ) 
 
 Tad-Tam 
 
 Tadi, continued. 
 
 crowbar, machine mill, candle¬ 
 stick, inkstand, chain, tongs, 
 key, &c. 
 
 tadi kia mini, candlestick. 
 
 tadi kitunganga o nlele (4), sewing 
 machine. 
 
 -atadi, a ., iron, steel, metal. 
 
 Tadi ! se tadi ! look ! lo ! behold ! 
 
 Tadila, v., applied form of Tala. 
 
 Tafuna, v.t., to chew. 
 
 Tai, see Tayi. 
 
 Taika, see Tayika. 
 
 Taji, 6 , 7 i. 
 
 landa e taji, v., to sleep on after 
 every one else is about; hence , 
 to rise late. 
 
 Taka, 6, 71., a wooden hook or hitch, 
 a short straight piece of wood 
 fastened in the centre to a fish¬ 
 ing line, which, when swallowed, 
 hitches crosswise, and so the 
 fish is caught. 
 
 Takakana, v., to be able to be — (used 
 with all the various meanings 
 of ta ; see Ta). 
 
 Takala, v., to waddle. 
 
 Taknjioka, 7/., to frisk, jump about 
 (like a kid). 
 
 ^ Takuka, v., to be flung, thrown away. 
 
 Takuka, v., to jump, bound along, 
 gallop, to bounce up. 
 
 -*• Taknla, 7/., to throw away, overboard, 
 up, down, into ; to heave, cast, 
 fling away, out ; to toss. 
 
 Taknla, v.t ., to cause to jump, to 
 bounce, dance. 
 
 Takula, v ., to act as a traitor, traitor¬ 
 ously, to betray. 
 
 Takula, 9, n., traitorous treachery. 
 
 Takula, 7/., to scratch about (as a 
 fowl). 
 
 Takulula, repetitive 0/Takula. 
 
 Tala, 7/., to flay, skin, strip off the 
 skin (with the aid of an instru¬ 
 ment). 
 
 Tala, 7/., to look, look at, for, after, 
 inspect, notice, view, review, 
 watch, regard, observe, gaze at. 
 tala-ndungu (6), neck of a fowl 
 
 Tala, continued- 
 
 (the perquisite of the man who 
 killed it). 
 
 tala e sunga (6), v., to test; to try 
 (the heart), tempt. 
 
 tala e tukutuku (6), 7/., to stare 
 at, to gaze at, to fix the eyes, to 
 gaze fixedly. 
 
 Tala, 9, 7 i., attention, observation, 
 view, gaze. 
 
 Talajiana, 
 
 se nta se ntalajiaua, a saying 
 with which Kongos open a 
 country story, equivalent to: 
 now I will tell you a story. 
 Talajiana, | v., to look at each other, 
 Talana, i be opposite, be facing, 
 be face to face. 
 
 talana e ntinu, (2), v., to race with 
 any one, run a race. 
 
 Talanisa, v., to put opposite, face to 
 face. 
 
 Taluka, v.i., to be looked at. 
 
 Talulula, v., to look over again, re¬ 
 vise, review. 
 
 Talumuka, v., to thunder (spoken of 
 thunder only). 
 
 Tama, v., to measure (length, dis¬ 
 tance), measure by paces, &c., 
 pace, space, fathom, take the 
 dimensions. 
 
 Tamba, v., to hold out in the hand, 
 offer, show, hold, put, reach 
 out, extend (the hand or arm). 
 Tamba, v., to tie, fix or fasten roughly, 
 to baste, run, sew roughly. 
 Tamba 0 ntambu (4), v., to set traps 
 for animals or fish. 
 
 Tambajiana, v., to hold out, show to 
 one another. 
 
 Tambakana, v., to be able to be held 
 out in the hand, to be held out 
 in the hand. 
 
 Tambakana, v., to hand, pass from 
 one to the other, to relieve each 
 other, to interchange, take turns, 
 to spread (as news), to spread, 
 meet (as fire ; see below). 
 tambakana yo tiya, {pi. 10), to be 
 set on fire in various places. 
 
Tam-Tan 
 
 ( 424 ) 
 
 Tambakesa, v., to render it possible 
 to be held out in the hand. 
 
 Tambakesa, v., to cause to hand to ; 
 to pass to, to cause to communi¬ 
 cate from one to the other, to 
 cause to spread, to spread (as 
 news, fire, &c.). 
 
 tambakesa...yo tiya, to burn, set 
 on fire in various places. 
 
 Tambakiana, v., see Tambakana. 
 
 Tambama, v.i., to be fixed roughly. 
 
 Tambangana, v.i., see Tambakana. 
 
 Tambangesa, v.t., see Tambakesa. 
 
 Tambangiana yo tiya, v., see ta¬ 
 mbakana yo tiya. 
 
 Tambi, 6, n., foot, paw, hoof. 
 
 Tambidila 0 nkanu (4), see Nkanu. 
 
 Tambika, v., to hand (to), to offer, 
 give, grant, present, render, 
 deliver, to commit (to), hand 
 over (to), used only of things. 
 
 Tambujiana, v., to take turns at, to 
 relieve each other, receive from 
 one another. 
 
 Tambnla, v.t., to receive, accept, take, 
 get, of things only, 
 tambula e bensawu, v. (P.bengao), 
 to make the sign of acceptance 
 of homage, by placing the hands 
 together and moving the fin¬ 
 gers slightly. 
 
 Tambulwila, v., to reply, answer 
 favourably, or in the affirma¬ 
 tive, to protest affirmatively, to 
 affirm, assent, approve, consent, 
 concede, to be willing, agree, 
 nod in assent, acquiesce, grant 
 permission, allow, agree to, ac¬ 
 cept, to acknowledge, recognize, 
 confess. 
 
 tambulwila 0 nkunga, to reply as 
 singers in chorus to a solo. 
 
 Tambuxiana, see Tambujiana. 
 
 Tambwila, v., see Tambulwila 
 
 Tamika, v., see Tama. 
 
 Taminika 0 malu (9), v., to straddle, 
 stride. 
 
 Taminika 0 moko (9), v., to put the 
 arms wide apart when leaning 
 on them. 
 
 Tampahana, see Tapakiana. 
 
 Tampalala, v., to wallow. 
 
 Tamuka, v., to be measured. 
 
 Tamuka, v., to be apart. 
 
 Tamuna, v., to put, set, place, ar¬ 
 range far apart, to separate. 
 
 Tamvuna, v ., to walk with the legs 
 straddling. 
 
 Tanda, 6, n., a Portuguese person. 
 
 Tanda, v., to grow, get, be, or become 
 thin, lean, emaciated ; to waste 
 (as in sickness). 
 
 Tanda, 9, n., thinness, leanness. 
 
 Tandabala, 6, n., a stand or frame¬ 
 work (made to dry foodstuffs on, 
 by exposure to the sun). 
 
 Tandakana, v., to be able to become 
 thin ; to be thin, get thin or 
 lean. 
 
 Tandakana, 9, n., thinness, leanness. 
 
 Tandu, 6 n., time, period, epoch, era, 
 age, generation, reign of, time 
 of. 
 
 e tandu kikwizanga, adv., here¬ 
 after, in some future time. 
 
 Tanduka, v.i., to be broad, to broaden, 
 to spread out, expand, widen. 
 
 Tanduka, 9, n., breadth, width, ex¬ 
 panse. 
 
 Tandula, v.t., to widen, broaden, to 
 spread out, to expand. 
 
 Tanga, v., to count, enumerate, read, 
 learn, study. 
 
 tanga dimoxi dimoxi, v., to spell. 
 
 Tangakana, v.i., to be able to be 
 counted. 
 
 Tan'galala, v.i., to be raised up in 
 front of one’s body (of the legs), 
 see below. 
 
 Tangidika 0 malu (9) or 0 nkunda 
 
 (9), v., to sit with the knees 
 raised in front. 
 
 Tangisa, v., to teach, instruct, teach 
 to read. 
 
 Tangulula, v., to count over again. 
 
 Tanianji, 6, n., a caterpillar weaving a 
 cocoon case of sticks. 
 
 Tanina, v., to protect, shield, defend, 
 guard, escort, save, keep, pre¬ 
 serve. 
 
( 425 ) 
 
 Tan-Tat 
 
 Taninwa, v., to be guarded, kept, 
 defended. 
 
 Taninwa, 6 u., armour, things for 
 defence. 
 
 Tanji, 6, n., cutlass, matchet. 
 
 Tanta, v.i., to be sticky and thready, 
 to stretch (as india rubber), to 
 be viscid. 
 
 Tantama, v., to be strained, stretched, 
 tense. 
 
 Tantama, 9, n., tension. 
 
 Tantama, v., to be troubled, annoyed, 
 vexed, teased. 
 
 Tantana, v., to dispute, wrangle, argue, 
 debate. 
 
 Tantika, v., to stretch, strain, make 
 tense, to tease, annoy, worry, 
 harass, irritate, trouble, plague, 
 grieve, give trouble, to be im¬ 
 portunate, to compel against the 
 will. 
 
 Tantisa, v., see Tantnmuna. 
 
 Tantu, 6, 71., hostility, hatred, enmity. 
 
 Tantumuka, v., see Tanta. 
 
 Tantumuna, v.z., to stretch, strain, of 
 something elastic. 
 
 -tann, a ., five. 
 
 -tanu tanu, by fives, five at a time, 
 -etanu, a., a fifth. 
 
 Tanuka, v.z., to rend, be rent; tear, be 
 torn. 
 
 Tannna, v., to rend, tear. 
 
 Tapakiana, v., to swim (as some dogs 
 or animals, which lift their fore¬ 
 paws out of the water at each 
 stroke, and thus cause a flopping 
 sound), also to flounder about 
 as a person unable to swim. 
 
 Tata, 1, n., father, 
 e tata ! Oh ! father (an exclamation 
 of pain, fear, or surprise, some¬ 
 times prolonged to e tata-tata- 
 tata). 
 
 Tata, v., to utter a cry, cry out, call 
 out (as with pain), to shriek, 
 yelp, call out tata-tata as 
 above. 
 
 Tata, v., to stick, adhere, join, hezzce 
 to dry (as paint, mud, &c.). 
 ndinga (2 i-) tata, to be hoarse {the 
 
 Tata, cozztinued. 
 
 voice sticks ); e ndinga andi 
 itatidi beni, he is very hoarse. 
 
 Tatama, v.i., to stick, cleave, cling, 
 adhere, to be caught (on or 
 in something), to hitch, to be 
 hitched, wedged, to choke, get 
 fixed, be hemmed, enclosed, 
 shut in, to be in a fix, be 
 puzzled. 
 
 tatama yo tiya, to be set on fire. 
 
 Tatamena, v.i. {applied form of Tata¬ 
 ma). 
 
 Tatamena, v.t ., to become attached 
 to, charmed with, fascinated 
 with, fond of, to desire, hanker 
 after, to be loth to give up, to 
 detain (stick to, slang), retain, to 
 withhold, keep back (something 
 belonging to another). 
 
 Tatamenwa, v., to be adhered, stuck 
 to, to be charming to, fascina¬ 
 ting to. 
 
 Tatamesa, v., to cause to adhere to, 
 stick, join, affix, catch, pen, shut, 
 enclose, hem, wedge in; to 
 puzzle, attract, charm, fascinate. 
 
 Tatamwa, v., to be adhered to, stuck 
 to. 
 
 Tatana, v.t., to perform upon each 
 other the actions expressed by 
 
 ta. 
 
 Tatika, v., to bite, prick, hurt. 
 
 Tatika 0 tiya {pi. 10), v., to ignite, 
 set fire to, kindle, light a fire, 
 set on fire, burn. 
 
 Tatila, v.t., to call upon one’s father 
 or mother. 
 
 Tatila, v.i., to stick, adhere to. 
 
 Tatila, v.t., to hold responsible ; e 
 mbele ame ovo i tolokele 
 ngeye ntatila, if my knife 
 breaks I shall hold you respon¬ 
 sible. 
 
 -tatu, a., three, 
 tatu tatu, three by three. 
 
 -etatu, a., third. 
 
 Tatu, 6, 71 ., a shrieking, a shriek. 
 
 Tatuka, v.i., to sound, sound out, be 
 heard, be audible. 
 
Tat-Tel 
 
 ( 426 ) 
 
 Tatula e ndinga (2), v., to speak 
 aloud, make or utter a sound, 
 to exclaim, pronounce, cry out, 
 make the voice heard. 
 
 Tauka, v., to be weaned. 
 
 Tania, v.t., to wean. 
 
 Taula, v., to spit, eject from the mouth, 
 vomit. 
 
 taula (0 mete,//. 8 ), to expectorate, 
 spit. 
 
 Taulwila,?/./., to pronounce the follow¬ 
 ing blessing : ovwa e nsambu 
 yo malawu, may every blessing 
 and good fortune be yours. 
 
 Taulwila, v.t., to burn a clearing 
 round a town, &c., to protect it 
 from bush fires. 
 
 Tava, v., to take greedily. 
 
 Tava e tombe (6), v., to wane (of the 
 moon). 
 
 Tawila, v.t., see Taulwila, to burn, 
 &c. 
 
 Taxi, ) 6,7 t., a long while, long 
 
 Taxi kingi, t time, long ago, long 
 before, long since. 
 
 taxi kiavioka, adv., long ago, a 
 long time ago. 
 
 ke taxi ko, adv., not long (as re¬ 
 gards time). 
 
 taxi kiandwelo, a short time, not 
 long. 
 
 Taya, v., to run away, escape, get free, 
 get or break away, fly away 
 (after capture). 
 
 Tayi, 6, n., branch, bough, limb or 
 arm of a tree. 
 
 bula e tayi, v., to fork, branch. 
 
 Tayika, v., to be sold. 
 
 Tayisa, v., to set free, release, liber¬ 
 ate, loose, unloose, let loose, let 
 slip, let go, to turn loose, to free, 
 discharge (a prisoner). 
 
 Taza, v.t., to rend, tear. 
 
 Tazuka, v.t., to rend. 
 
 Tazuna, v.t., to tear, rend. 
 
 Tebe, 6 , n. (Mpa.), plantain. 
 
 Tebeka, v., to daub, spread out (as 
 mud, butter, &c.). 
 
 Tedinga, v. ( appl. form, tedingila), 
 to be lame, walk lame. 
 
 Tedinga, continued. 
 tedinga,/., lame. 
 
 kwenda atedinga, v., to go or walk 
 lame, to halt. 
 
 Tedinga, 9, n., lameness. 
 
 Teesa, see Tesa. 
 
 Teka, v., to sell, trade, buy. 
 teka muna, to exchange for. 
 
 -ateka, a., for sale. 
 
 Teka, v.t., to dip (a vessel into water,, 
 in order to fill it). 
 
 teka 0 maza (//. 7), v., to draw, 
 fetch, go for water. 
 
 Teka, aux. verb, to...first or before 
 (used of time only). Dingalala, 
 mono kibeni yateka kwenda, 
 wait a bit, I will go first. 
 
 Tekama, v., to be or grow twisted, 
 bent, distorted, contorted,, 
 crooked. 
 
 Tekamiana, v., to meander. 
 
 Teke, 6 , n., image, idol, statue. The 
 only idols in Africa are charms, 
 and do not represent gods, but 
 influences. Sometimes they are 
 addressed, and spoken of, as the 
 dwelling of a spirit, as in the 
 case of things not made to re¬ 
 semble the human form. 
 
 Tekeka, v.t., to contort, distort, make 
 crooked, bend. 
 
 Tekela, appl. form of Teka. 
 tekela e ngengo (2), to tantalize 
 (said of persons, not things; 
 there is no intention to sell 
 when the above is used). 
 
 Tekomoka, v.t., see Tekama. 
 
 Tekomona, v.t., see Tekeka. 
 
 Tekumuka, v.i., see Tekama. 
 
 Tekumuna, v.t., see Tekeka. 
 yandi otelele e ekele, he was 
 wounded by a bullet. 
 
 Tela, v., appl. form of ta. 
 tela (muna), v.t., to touch against, 
 come in contact with, strike, hit, 
 wound. 0 lukaya lualu lunte- 
 lele omu kulu, this leaf touched 
 against my leg. 
 
 tela (muna), v.i., to be hit, 
 wounded, struck. Mono kwame 
 
( 4 2 7 ) 
 
 Tel-Ten“ 
 
 Tela, continued, 
 
 ntelele omu ntu, I am wounded 
 in the head. 
 
 Tela, v.t., to add, put a little more, 
 to put a little more than was 
 bargained for. 
 
 Telama, v., to stand up, to rise, arise, 
 get up, start, depart, set out on 
 a journey. 
 
 Telama, 9, n., standing up, starting, 
 departure. 
 
 Telama, 7/., to be put on the fire (of a 
 pot or water). 
 
 ntima (4 u-) telama, to be very ap¬ 
 prehensive, to quail, be full of 
 fear, terribly anxious. 
 
 Telamesa, v.t., to cause to stand up, 
 make...get up. 
 
 Teleka, v.t., to put, set (a pot on the 
 fire), to heat (water), put (water) 
 on the fire. 
 
 teleka 0 moyo (3), lit. to be in a 
 stew, anxious, troubled, con¬ 
 cerned about; disquieted, un¬ 
 settled, uncomfortable in mind, 
 to be distressed, to fret, w r orry. 
 
 Telekesa 0 moyo (3), v.t., to disquiet, 
 trouble, worry. 
 
 Telesa, v.t., to hit, strike, wound (with 
 something). 
 
 Telola, ) 7/., to take, set, put (a pot) 
 
 TelulaJ off the fire. 
 
 Tembela, v.i ., to shake, tremble, 
 quiver, quake, totter (as persons 
 and things erect), to sway (as a 
 bridge or tall tree), to rock 
 about (as a ship). 
 
 Tembelela, v.i., to shake, shiver, 
 quiver (of persons only). 
 
 Tembelela, v., appl. form of Tembe¬ 
 la, to shake, sway with or for. 
 
 Tembwa, 6 , n., a strong wind or 
 breeze, a squall, storm, 
 tembwa kiampwena kikianga, a 
 strong wind is blowing. 
 
 ku tembwa, to windward. 
 
 ku ntala (2) a tembwa, to leeward. 
 
 Temo, 6 , n. Sometimes three or four 
 men will club together to help 
 each other in house building, 
 
 Temo, continued. 
 
 &c., &c., or women to clear for 
 farms. Among the Bakongo 
 and others it is customary to 
 club together, and each contri¬ 
 bute a small amount of money 
 every market day. The con¬ 
 tributors each receive the whole 
 amount of one day in turn. 
 Sometimes young men will club' 
 together to find the money 
 necessary to make the marriage 
 present which has to be paid to 
 the parents of the bride, “ wife 
 clubs .' 5 The failure to con¬ 
 tribute involves serious conse¬ 
 quences. 
 
 ta e temo, v., to club together for 
 mutual help. 
 
 vika e temo, to help another in 
 order that he may help you. 
 afterwards. 
 
 futa e temo, to return the ser¬ 
 vices of another, to pay the club 
 money. 
 
 Temoka, v., to be open (of the eyes). 
 
 Temona, v., to open (the eyes) widely. 
 
 Tempoka, v.i., to pour over, be spilt, 
 to be shed (of blood). 
 
 Tempola, v.t., to pour out or away, to 
 spill. 
 
 Temuna, v., to open (the eyes) widely. 
 
 Temwena, v., to inform, make known, 
 cause to know, make aware of, 
 put up to. 
 
 Tena, v., to retract the prepuce. 
 
 Tenda, v., to cut (cloth or paper or the 
 hair), to make the daily cut in 
 the palm to get wine, to shave, 
 shear (the hair). 
 
 Tenda, 6 , n., a band, strip, small piece 
 (of cloth or paper), a remnant, 
 bit, piece, bandage, patch, shred, 
 rag. 
 
 Tenda, v., to shriek or scream like a 
 grasshopper or the cicada {tree 
 cricket). 
 
 Tendoka, v.i., to be cut open, to be 
 clear, plain, apparent, explicit,, 
 disclosed, explained, revealed. 
 
Ten-Tia 
 
 ( 428 ) 
 
 Tendola, v., to cut open, to explain, 
 illustrate, make clear or appa¬ 
 rent ; to tell, let out, disclose or 
 reveal fa secret), to solve. 
 
 Tenduka, v.i., see Tendoka. 
 
 Tendula, v., see Tendola. 
 
 Tenganana, 2/./., to be exposed, as 
 when sitting in a careless 
 posture. 
 
 Tengelejia, 6, n., circle, ring, a circular 
 mark. 
 
 Tengeneka, v., to expose one’s self by 
 sitting in a careless posture. 
 
 Tengoka, v.i., to be spilt, shed, poured 
 out, let out, hence to be told, 
 disclosed, explained, revealed, 
 explicit. 
 
 Tengola, v.t., to spill, pour over, pour 
 away, hence to tell, disclose, 
 explain, make plain or clear, to 
 reveal, let out, divulge, solve. 
 
 Tengomona, v., to set open, open 
 wide (a door). 
 
 Tengona, v.t., to part the labia. 
 
 Tengnka, v., see Tengoka. 
 
 Tengnla, v., see Tengola. 
 
 Tengumuna, v., see Tengomona. 
 
 Tensakana, v., to be piled, heaped, 
 put one on the top of the other. 
 
 Tensakesa, v., to pile, heap, put one 
 on the top of the other. 
 
 Tensama, v ., to lie on, lie upon. 
 
 Tenseka vana, v., to put, place, lay 
 on or over or upon. 
 
 Tenta, v., to clink, clang. 
 
 Tentala, v.t. (P. tentar), to try in vain. 
 
 Tentangiana, v., to clatter or chatter 
 together (as plates, &c.). 
 
 Tentena, v., to gleam, glisten, shine 
 (as fire, light), to sparkle, be 
 brilliant. 
 
 Tentena, 9, n., brilliance, glittering, 
 gleaming. 
 
 Tesa, v., causative of ta. 
 
 Tesakana, second passive of the 
 causative of the verb ta, see ta. 
 
 Muna evata dieto e ngombo 
 ke i tesakana ko, in our town 
 witch-doctoring cannot be re¬ 
 sorted to. 
 
 Teta, v.t., to peel, pare ; break or 
 crack (the shell of eggs, nuts, 
 &c.). 
 
 Tetana, v., to be prolific (in hatching), 
 to breed prolifically, to be 
 fecund. 
 
 Tetoka, v.i., to be hatched, come out 
 of the egg. 
 
 Tewa, v., passive form ofUzi. 
 
 Tewoka, mid. v. of Ta. 
 
 Tewoloka, v.i., to be repeated (of the 
 actions expressed by ta). 
 
 Tewolola, V., to repeat over again the 
 action expressed by ta. 
 
 Tewuka, v., middle voice of Ta. 
 
 Tewuluka, see Tewoloka. 
 
 Tewnlnla, v., see Tewolola. 
 
 Teza, v., to measure, weigh, try, test, 
 gauge, compare, 
 teza omu balanza, to weigh. 
 
 Tezakana, v., to be measurable. 
 
 Tezo, 6, n., measure, gauge, rule, 
 scale, size, model, plan, pattern, 
 copy, design, test, degree, pro¬ 
 portion, dimension, length, 
 width, distance. 
 
 tezo kia, about, near, about as much 
 as ; as far, near, long, short, 
 wide, narrow, tall as, according 
 to, the same size as. 
 
 Ti, the combination of t with i is pro¬ 
 nounced like . tchi by most 
 Kongos. 
 
 Ti, 6, 71., leaf, rubbish, &c. ; see Titi. 
 
 -a ti kiambisu or kiankunzu or 
 kiangisu, a., green; lit. the 
 colour of fresh grass, 
 ti kia nguba, pan (of gun). 
 
 Tia, v., to copulate. 
 
 Tiabula, 6, n., pool of blood. 
 
 Tiaka, v.t., to scatter (things) in dis- 
 
 . order, to splash about (with 
 something), to flood, overflow 
 (as a river). 
 
 nkoko utieke mo, the river has 
 overflowed. 
 
 Tiakalakana, v., to be in disorder, in 
 confusion, to be deranged, en¬ 
 tangled, untidy, scattered in 
 disorder. 
 
( 429 ) 
 
 Tia-Tin~ 
 
 Tiakalakesa, v.t ., to scatter in dis¬ 
 order (things), to derange, en¬ 
 tangle, confuse. 
 
 Tiakamaza, 6, n., the vagina. 
 
 Tiakana, v., see Tiakalakana. 
 
 Tiakanisa, v., see Tiakalakesa. 
 
 Tiakuka, v.z., to be splashed up. 
 
 Tiakuna, v.t., to splash up (with 
 something). 
 
 Tialumuna, v.t., to cause to skim 
 along the surface. 
 
 tialumuna 0 maza muna nkafi, 
 
 v., to feather oars. 
 
 Tiama e nkuni (2 & n), v., to fetch, 
 collect, get, gather, or go for 
 fire-wood. 
 
 Tiamuka, o.z., to be spilt, poured out 
 or over, be shed, to overflow, 
 to run over, pour over. Kongos 
 do not say that a cup is running 
 over, but that the water is being 
 spilled. 
 
 Tiamuna, v.t., to spill, pour out, pour 
 away. 
 
 Tiamvuna, v., to be insolent. 
 
 Tianganana, v.z., to be turned up (of 
 the nose), see below. 
 
 Tianginika 0 zunu (13), to turn up 
 the nose, as an expression of 
 contempt. 
 
 Tiangumuna, v.t. to seduce, draw 
 away, induce another man’s 
 wife to leave him. 
 
 Tiaza, v.t., to rend, tear, slit. 
 
 Tiazuka, v.z., to rend, slit, be rent, 
 slit, torn. 
 
 Tiazuna, v., see Tiaza. 
 
 Tiba, 6, n ., the banana tree, also the 
 fruit. 
 
 Tidika, v.t., to cause to stay, stop, 
 keep still, to congeal. 
 
 Tiebola, v. (Mpa.), to joke. 
 
 Tiemba, v., to copulate. 
 
 Tiemboka, v.z., to be shattered, broken, 
 crushed to pieces, smashed to 
 atoms. 
 
 Tiembola, v., to shatter, break, beat, 
 crush to pieces, smash to atoms. 
 
 Tiki, 6, n., a cloth of native manu¬ 
 facture. 
 
 Tilama, v., to be rigid, stiff, still, 
 motionless, to stand still, to 
 stop, pause, wait, stay, remain 
 motionless, to congeal, coagu¬ 
 late. 
 
 Tima, v.t., to make a hole in the 
 earth, to dig, excavate, quarry, 
 burrow, sink (a well, shaft, &c.). 
 tima 0 muvu (3), v., to trench. 
 
 Timbuka, v., to glance off, bounce, 
 bound up, rebound. 
 
 Timbula, V., to throw or shoot so that 
 the missile strikes somethings 
 and glances off, bounds up or 
 rebounds ; the rock or object 
 from which the missile rebounds 
 is never considered to cause the 
 action. Timbula refers to that 
 which first propelled the missile; 
 also to flick (with the finger), to 
 fillip. 
 
 Timuka, v., to fly. 
 
 Timuka, 9, n., flight (flying). 
 
 Timvuka, v., to be or get dirty, 
 muddy, foul, defiled (as water), 
 ntima (4, u-) timvuka, to be much 
 grieved, distressed, pained to 
 the heart ; ntima andi uti- 
 mvukini, his heart sank within 
 him, he was distressed, upset. 
 
 Timvuna, v.t., to make muddy, to 
 stir up mud or sediment, to 
 make dirty or filthy or foul, to- 
 pollute, defile. 
 
 Tina, v., to run, scamper or run away,, 
 to flee, escape, abscond, decamp, 
 abandon, leave, desert, shun,, 
 shrink from, to fear, be afraid 
 of. 
 
 Tini, 6, zz., a part, piece, bit, fraction,, 
 fragment, morsel, stump, a piece 
 left, half = (part); stage, dis¬ 
 tance (part of journey). Tini 
 kianda tu diete 0 unu, we 
 have made a good march to¬ 
 day, or we have come a long; 
 way to-day. 
 e tini tini, in parts. 
 
 Tinta, 2, n. (P. tinta), ink. 
 
 Tintama, v., to be tight, tense. 
 
Tin-Tod 
 
 ( 430 ) 
 
 Tintika, v.t., to tighten, draw tight, 
 make tense. 
 
 Tintila, v., to clot, coagulate, con¬ 
 geal (of blood only). 
 
 Tintisa, v.t., to cause to clot or 
 coagulate. 
 
 Tintuka, v.i., to die suddenly (with¬ 
 out any previous warning of 
 disease), to die in an instant. 
 
 'Tintnla, v., to kill dead on the spot. 
 
 'Tiozona, v., to make a click expres¬ 
 sive of vexation. 
 
 Tita, v., to tremble, shiver, shake, 
 shudder. 
 
 Titi, 6 , n., skin, peel, rind, husk, pod, 
 shell (of egg), herbage, weeds, 
 grass, straw, chaff, rubbish, 
 litter, chip, dust, refuse, 
 titi kia disa, n., maize sheath, 
 titi kia lukasa, n., a game, see 
 Appendix (Games). 
 
 Tiukwa, v., 
 
 ndunji (2 i-) tiukwa, to be much 
 grieved, distressed, pained to 
 the heart. 
 
 Tiula e ndunji (2), v., to grieve much, 
 cause great distress, give pain. 
 
 Tiva, v.i., to become chilly, grow 
 cold. 
 
 Tiya, pi. 10 {contracted from tuyia, 
 tuvia, via to burn), fire, heat, 
 warmth, light (of fire), gun¬ 
 powder. 
 
 baka 0 tiya, v., to get hot. 
 kala yo tiya, to be hot. 
 kala e ngenge yo tiya, to be, 
 become, get red hot. 
 kengomoka yo tiya, to be red hot, 
 to glow with intense heat, 
 koka 0 tiya, v.i., to emit a spark 
 (of the stone when struck with 
 the steel). 
 
 (tiya tu) koka, to come out (of 
 
 a spark). 
 
 tiya tu kokele, a spark flew out. 
 kola 0 tiya, v.t., to strike fire, strike 
 a spark. 
 
 meka yo tiya, to be, become, get 
 red hot. 
 
 mekesa yo tiya, to make red hot. 
 
 Tiya, continued. 
 
 tatika or tumpa or kwika 0 tiya, 
 
 v., to put, set fire to, to ignite, 
 vanga or lunga 0 tiya, v., to make, 
 light a fire. 
 
 tiya twamputu, (= Portuguese fire), 
 gunpowder. 
 
 tiya twalukuti, false gunpowder. 
 The natives have a false powder 
 of exactly the appearance of the 
 ordinary trade gunpowder. It 
 is used for adulteration, and 
 is indistinguishable. Although 
 the natives declare that it is 
 made in Zombo, it may be of 
 European manufacture, 
 tiya twakimfuxia, fine gunpowder 
 (for the pan). 
 
 -atiya, a., hot, warm, fiery. 
 
 To, obj. pron., cl. 10 & 11, pi., them. 
 
 To, \dem.pron., md pos., cl. 10 & 11 
 
 oto, / pi., those. 
 
 To, 6, n., the body, trunk, a part or por¬ 
 tion of the body, a limb, mem¬ 
 ber, joint (of meat) ; as to kia 
 koko (9), fore-leg; to kia 
 kulu (9), 7t., hind leg. 
 to (ki-) yoya or tovoka or yovoka 
 or nioka, to be weary, tired, 
 fatigued, languid, weak, 
 to (ki-) kankumuka, v., to shudder. 
 
 Toba...muna, v.t., to stab, drive a 
 pointed instrument into some¬ 
 thing. 0 tobele e mbele muna 
 to kia muntu, he stabbed 
 somebody with a knife. 
 
 Toboka, v.i., to be pierced, pricked or 
 bored through, perforated. 
 
 Toboki, 6, 71., something which has 
 been rendered useless by having 
 a hole knocked into it. 
 
 Tobola, v.t., to prick, pierce, knock or 
 make a hole through, to per¬ 
 forate, bore, penetrate, 
 tobola e vita (2), v., to fire the 
 first shot. 
 
 Todi, 6, n., chilliness, cold, 
 e todi, a., chilly, cold. 
 
 Todima, v., to be, become, grow 
 chilly or cold, to cool. 
 
 1 
 
( 43i ) 
 
 Tod-Tom 
 
 Todima, 9, n., coolness. 
 
 Todimisa, v.t., to chill, make cold. 
 
 Tofoka, v., to be indented, and 
 cracked or made leaky in con¬ 
 sequence (as a calabash or tin, 
 &c.), to be fractured (of the 
 skull), to be staved in. 
 
 Tofona, v.t., to indent and crack, to 
 knock a hole in, to stave in. 
 
 Tokanisa, V., to worry, annoy, irritate, 
 tease. 
 
 Toko, 6, n., the love of finery. 
 
 Tokola, v., to be ungrateful. 
 
 Tokona, v., to make, scratch, pick a 
 small hole. 
 
 Tola, v., to be or get or grow fat, 
 corpulent, plump, great, large, 
 to increase (in size). 
 
 Tola, 9, n ., growth (in size). 
 
 Tolesa, v.t., to increase (in size), 
 make big, great, fat corpulent. 
 
 Toloka, v.t., to snap or be broken in 
 two. 
 
 Tolola, v.t., to break, snap in two. 
 
 Toma, v., to be good, pleasant, sweet, 
 nice, ornamented, pretty, beau¬ 
 tiful, to taste nice, to taste 
 (of things pleasant o?ily). 
 toma ne, v., to taste like. 
 
 -toma, ft., good, nice, dainty, sweet, 
 pleasant, agreeable, beautiful, 
 proper. 
 
 Toma (an aux. verb implying that the 
 action is, or is to be, well done), 
 (to do, &c.) well, carefully, 
 nicely, properly, correctly, neat¬ 
 ly, prettily, decently, steadily, 
 securely, rightly, thoroughly, 
 very well; toma kio nata, 
 carry it carefully ; kilenda 
 kwame tomo zo tala ko, I 
 cannot see them well. 
 
 With the negative (to do, &c.), 
 roughly, carelessly, improperly, 
 indecently,badly; ke batomene 
 kio kanga, they tied it care¬ 
 fully. 
 
 Toma (e kinzu, 5), v., to stir (a pipe). 
 
 Tomba, v., to look for, search for, seek, 
 desire, want. 
 
 Tombe, 6, n., darkness, gloom, 
 
 gloominess. 
 
 -atombe, a., dark, gloomy, 
 tava e tombe, v., wane (of the 
 moon). 
 
 Tomboka, v.t., to go, get, step, come 
 up ; climb, ascend (a hill or 
 high up into the air, into the 
 sky, to heaven) ; to ascend, go 
 or come up (a river), to go 
 against the stream, to stem (a 
 current). 
 
 tomboka knna eseke (8), v., to go 
 ashore, to be taken ashore; to 
 be unloaded from a ship, canoe 
 or boat, to disembark, be dis¬ 
 embarked. 
 
 tomboka muna kiana (5) or muna 
 evata (8), to go or return from 
 the farms to the town, whether 
 the road be up hill or down. 
 Where there is no reference to 
 a passage from the gardens to 
 the town, tomboka retains its 
 usual force, and is translated to 
 go up to the gardens or town, 
 tomboka muna lungu (13), to get 
 into a canoe (from out of the 
 water, not from the shore), 
 tomboka muna nzaza (2), to em- 
 bark, go on board a ship, to be 
 taken, put or carried on board a 
 ship. 
 
 Tomboka, 9, n., &c., the ascent, hill, 
 ascending. 
 
 Tomboka, v.t., to be sought after, 
 searched for, wanted, in de¬ 
 mand. 
 
 Tombola, v.t., to carry, fetch, take, 
 pull, push, bring up (a hill); to 
 cause to ascend (a hill or up 
 into the air) ; to discharge, un¬ 
 load (from a vessel), to get or 
 take (things out of a canoe, 
 &c.), to take out (of a cooking 
 pot), to dish up (food), 
 tombola kuna eseke (8), to take 
 put or carry ashore, 
 tombola muna kiana (5) or muna 
 evata (8), to carry from the 
 
Tom-Toz 
 
 ( 432 ) 
 
 Tombola, continued. 
 
 gardens to the town or to carry- 
 up to the farm or up to the 
 town ; see tomboka muna kia- 
 na, &c. 
 
 Tombola, v.i., to ascend, go up (of 
 smoke only, never followed by 
 an advez'bial clause). Where 
 the sky is mentioned as the 
 directioji of the ascent tomboka 
 is always used ; Nkia mwixi 
 ntombola, what smoke is that 
 going up. 
 
 Tomesa, v.t., to make nice, to flavour ; 
 to adorn, ornament, trim, im¬ 
 prove. 
 
 Tornfo, pi. 10, n ., the brain. 
 
 tomfo twa lubasa lua nima, spinal 
 marrow. 
 
 Tomo, 6, n., a stick or pin for stirring 
 a tobacco pipe, a pipe-stirrer. 
 
 Tomona, v., to eat the first-fruits. 
 
 Tompola, v ., to bore, make, prick or 
 knock a hole into anything, 
 perforate, pierce, penetrate. 
 
 tompola e disn, v., to destroy the 
 eye by sticking a needle, &c., 
 into it. 
 
 tompola e vita (2), to attack, to fire 
 the first shot. 
 
 Tonda, v., to love (the love of grati¬ 
 tude), thank, be grateful, much 
 obliged, praise, admire, esteem, 
 like ; to be fond of, be satisfied 
 (with a gift, &c.). 
 
 Tonda, 9, n., love, affection, admira¬ 
 tion, gratitude, thankfulness. 
 
 Tondakesa, \v.t., to knock, strike, 
 
 TondangesaJ hurt (a sore place). 
 
 Tondoka, to be disliked, not loved. 
 
 Tondola, v., to cease to love, be dis¬ 
 pleased, dislike; be not fond 
 of, detest, to not love. 
 
 Tonga, 6, n., size, bigness, corpulence. 
 
 Tongalala,'! v., to be upright, erect ; 
 
 Tongama, J to stand up (of a thing), 
 to sit up, be sitting up, to watch 
 (the sick at night) ; to rise, to 
 get up, as from a reclining into 
 a sitting posture ; to raise. 
 
 Tongeka, yv.t., to raise, erect, lift,. 
 
 TongelekaJ to raise into a sittin 
 posture, put upright, stand ( 
 thing) up. 
 
 tongeka (0 ntu, 4), v., to lift one’s 
 head. 
 
 Tongona, fud., to make a 
 
 Tongona e evundu,/ hole, push 
 aside a covering in order to 
 examine the interior, to pry. 
 
 Tonta, v., to try, attempt, test, make 
 an experiment, to endeavour; 
 to try the tone during tuning. 
 
 Tonza, v., to doze, have a nap, fall 
 asleep, sleep, nod in sleepiness, 
 be sleepy. 
 
 Topa, v., see Tompola. 
 
 Tota, v.t., to rap, knock. 
 
 Tota, v., to pick up. 
 
 Tota, 6, n ., arrow. 
 
 Totakana, v.z., to adjoin, be near, to 
 join together. 
 
 Totakesa, v. cans., to place in contact, 
 near, adjoining, to put near,, 
 put touching. 
 
 Totakiana, v.i., see Totakana. 
 
 Toto, dem. p?'o?z.,cl. 10 & 11 ,pl., those, 
 2 ?idpos., emphatic. 
 
 Toto, izzterj., the noise of clapping 
 twice. 
 
 Totolo, 6, n., tooth-pick (of wood), a 
 splinter, 
 
 Totona, v.t., to kill fish, or a small 
 creature, by crushing the head 
 in the hand. 
 
 Tova, \ v.i., to be weary, tired, ex- 
 
 Tovoka,J hausted, weak, feeble, 
 faint, languid, to grow weak ; 
 to be soft (as a pillow); to be 
 limp (“not strong”). 
 
 Tovoka, 9, ?z., weakness, infirmity. 
 
 Tovola, v., to exhaust, weaken, en¬ 
 feeble, enervate, soften. 
 
 Toyo, 6, n. 
 
 lumnnga lnandi Inna e toyo, he 
 
 is scowling, frowning. 
 
 Tozo, 6, n., unsavouriness (without 
 salt), tastelessness. 
 
 -atozo, a., unsavoury, insipid, taste¬ 
 less (without salt). 
 
 crq 
 
( 433 ) 
 
 Tu-Tuk 
 
 Til-, filur. pref to Jioiifis of cl. 10 & 11. 
 
 Tu, subj. Sc obj. pronom. prefix ist 
 pers. pi., we, us. 
 
 Tu, a particle used to mark impatience, 
 when instruction or advice given 
 is not acted upon, but elicits only 
 promises to perform ; it is equi¬ 
 valent to “then” in English, 
 when used in the following 
 manner : Why do you not do 
 it, then ? a dieyi olembele dio 
 vangilanga tu? The tu draws 
 the accent on to last letter of 
 the previous word. Tu should 
 follow the verb when in the 
 imperative, or when it concludes 
 the sentence. In an interroga¬ 
 tive sentence it should follow the 
 interrogative pronoun, when the 
 
 1/ verb does not stand at the end. 
 
 Tu (Swahili), only ( used by the Za?izi- 
 baris, and borrowed from them 
 by the natives of some places 
 along their route to Stanley 
 Pool). 
 
 Otu, dem. Sc rel. pron. cl. io Sc n, pi., 
 istpos., these. 
 
 Tua, v.t., to strike (with the fist or 
 foot), to ram (with the head), 
 to poke (with a stick or the 
 butt-end of a gun), to stab (with 
 a knife), to thrust (with a sword). 
 
 tua e ekofi (8), v. } to strike with a 
 hollow hand, or with the fist ; 
 see Ekofi. 
 
 tua e kinxi (5), v., to kick. 
 
 tua e nkome (2), v., to beat, strike 
 with the fist, punch. 
 
 Tua, v.i., to have an edge, be sharp, 
 or keen. 
 
 Tuba, v.t., to throw, cast, fling, dash, 
 pelt, hurl (at, into, See.). 
 
 tuba e efulufulu (8), to froth, foam, 
 effervesce. 
 
 Tuba, v ., to administer an enema. 
 
 Tubajiana, v., to throw from one to 
 the other. 
 
 Tubuka, v., to be thrown, hurled. 
 
 Tubuka, v., to be declared guilty of 
 witchcraft.) 
 
 Tubuka, v., to be blown (of fire). 
 Tubula, v.t., to convict or declare 
 guilty of witchcraft. 
 
 Tubula (0 tiya, pi. 10), v., to make, 
 light, or blow the fire. 
 
 Tubulula, v., to throw repeatedly. 
 Tudika, v.t., to heap, make into a 
 
 heap, pile up, make much or 
 many. 
 
 tudika 0 mazu {pi. 8), to make a 
 great noise. 
 
 tudika 0 mazudikila, to put in 
 heaps. 
 
 tudika 0 tiya {pi. 10), to make a 
 great fire. 
 
 Tudila, v ., to mould, cast metal. 
 Tudilwa, 6 , n ., mould (for casting 
 metal). 
 
 Tufina, pi. 10, n., matter, pus. 
 
 Tujiola, pi. 10, n. (P. tesoura), 
 
 scissors. 
 
 Tuka, v., to be, go, come, proceed, 
 depart (from), go away from ; 
 to blow from (of the wind). 
 Akweyi kitukanga e te- 
 mbwa ? which way is the wind 
 blowing from P Wau muna 
 evata diame batukidi, they 
 have come from my town. 
 Tuka serves as an auxiliary 
 verb, equivalent to : to be just 
 come from, to have just— {like 
 the French venir de), to have 
 already—. It thus implies that 
 the action has actually taken 
 place; ketuka lwaka, he has 
 not long, or just, or already 
 arrived. {II vient d^arriver.) 
 Tuka, prep, {with the applied for?n oj 
 the verb), since, after, from, 
 tuka yayendele ko ezono kiayele 
 ko diaka ko, I have not been 
 there since yesterday ; tuka ki- 
 akadila e nsona, vava nkala- 
 Uga, I have been living here 
 since nsona; tuka yatukila 
 ko yela kwambaka, ever since 
 I came from there I have been 
 ill; tuka kajiulwila e nkele, 
 since he opened the box ; tuka 
 
 F F 
 

 Tuk-Tum ( 434 ) 
 
 Tuka, continued. 
 
 muna lumbu kiaki, from this 
 time, or day, henceforth. 
 tuka...yaku or yamu or yavana, 
 from...to, until. 
 
 Tnkamena, adv., see tuka, prep. 
 Tukia tukia. 
 
 e tukia tukia, adv., blindly 
 wandering. 
 
 Tuku, particle , well...then ; an ex¬ 
 clamation of impatience used 
 with the imperative in “-anga.” 
 Wizanga tuku, well, come 
 then ; tuku draws the accent 
 to the final syllable of the pre¬ 
 ceding word. 
 
 Tukubisa, v.t., to shake in order to 
 awaken. 
 
 Tukuka, v.i. {per/, tukukidi), to come 
 out, break out (as perspiration). 
 
 Tukuka, v. {per/ tukukini), to be 
 rubbed to pieces, or wrung in 
 the hands. 
 
 Tukumuka, v., to shoot forth, shoot 
 up (as a plant), grow, spring up 
 (out of the ground). 
 
 Tukumuka, v.i., to be dragged out 
 (root and all), to be rooted up. 
 
 Tukumuna, v., to cause to shoot or 
 spring up. 
 
 Tukumuna, v., to draw out, pull up, 
 take out (with the roots at- 
 . tached), to root up. 
 
 Tukuna, v., to press in the hand with 
 the motion of wringing ; to rub 
 to pieces in the hand (of some¬ 
 thing not dry). 
 
 Tukuta muna, v.t., to poke in or up, 
 to put or push up, stick into, or 
 through. 
 
 Tukutuku, 6, n., a fixed gaze, a stare, 
 tala e tukutuku, v., to stare, gaze 
 fixedly. 
 
 Tukwa, oku kwatukwa, adv., once, 
 at one time, once upon a time, 
 in the first time, long long ago, 
 in the beginning. 
 
 Tula, v.t., to butt, toss. 
 
 Tula, v. (Bako), to arrive at, come to, 
 get to, reach. 
 
 Tula, v. (Bako.), to put, lay, set, place. 
 
 Tulama, v.i., to be made into a heap, 
 be piled up, heaped, to be very 
 plentiful, made in great numbers 
 or quantities, to burn fiercely (of 
 fire). 
 
 Tulangana, v., to be gored. 
 
 Tulangesa, v., to gore. 
 
 Tulante, ?i., a title of nobility. 
 
 Tulu,y^/. io, n., sleep, slumber, drow¬ 
 siness. 
 
 kala yo tulu, v., to be sleepy, 
 leka o tulu, v., to sleep, be asleep, 
 fall asleep, to slumber, 
 tulu twa konono or mete, n., a 
 heavy, sound sleep, 
 kuna tulu twa mete, fast asleep, 
 tulu twandwelo, a nap. 
 
 Tulu, 6, n., chest, breast, bosom. 
 
 Tuluka, v., to arrive at puberty, at a 
 marriageable age. 
 
 Tulumbeta, 2, n. (P. trombeta), 
 trumpet. 
 
 Tulumuka, v., to slip, or slide down. 
 Tulumuka e nkovolo (2), "t v., to 
 nkovolo (2) itulumuka, J choke 
 and cough (with laughter, cry¬ 
 ing, swallowing, &c.). 
 
 Tuma, v.t., to send, commission, dis¬ 
 patch, depute, order, bid, com¬ 
 mand, direct, instruct (a person). 
 
 Tuma, v.i., to be missed (not hit, ot 
 the animal), to miss (of the 
 projectile). 
 
 Tuma, pi. 10, n., pottery clay, brick- 
 earth. 
 
 -atuma, a., earthenware, crockery- 
 ware. 
 
 Tumama, v., to be ready, willing, 
 obedient ; to mind, obey. 
 
 Tumama, 9, n., obedience. 
 
 Tumata,//. 10, n. (P. tomate), tomato. 
 
 Tumba, v.t., to lay blame on, to blame, 
 find fault with, condemn as guilty, 
 revile, defame, vilify, calumniate; 
 taunt with, or chaff, or ridicule 
 (about some personal defect); to 
 slander ; to remonstrate, expos¬ 
 tulate, censure, reproach,rebuke, 
 reprove, correct, point out faults, 
 
( 435 ) 
 
 Tum-Tum 
 
 Tumba, continued. 
 
 to scold, speak disparagingly, 
 depreciate, decry, reprehend, 
 detract from, to blaspheme, 
 o Nzambiuntumba, a Kongo oath, 
 if not, let God correct me ; I 
 swear by God that it is true. 
 The idea imparted by tumba 
 is the imputation of blame, &c., 
 conveyed by words ; tumbula 
 expresses the action and punish¬ 
 ment that follow. 
 
 Tumba, v., to initiate (into fetish 
 mysteries), consecrate, ordain 
 to, to instal in or appoint to 
 an office, to invest with, 
 tumba [e kimfumu (5)], to appoint 
 or elect to the chieftainship to 
 invest with the dignity of king, 
 tumba e zumbi, to make “ fetish ” 
 or to cause the fetish zumbi to 
 enter into anything ; see Zumbi. 
 
 Tumba, v., to make a great —, make 
 much—,many—(fire, noise, &c.). 
 tumba e efulufulu (8), v., to loam, 
 froth, effervesce. 
 
 Tumbala, 2, n. (P. tumba), grave, 
 tomb. 
 
 Tumbama, v.i., to be much, many, 
 to burn fiercely (of fire) ; to be 
 dense, to fill (as smoke). 
 
 Tumbama, v.i ., to be put up for the 
 first time to catch wine (of a 
 calabash). 
 
 Tumbalala, v.i., to be piled up, made 
 up into a heap. 
 
 Tumbidika, v.t., to pile up, heap, 
 make into a heap. 
 
 Tumbika, v., to put up a calabash for 
 the first time to catch palm wine. 
 
 Tumbila, v., to soar. 
 
 Tumbu, 6, n ., blame, ridicule, re¬ 
 proach, reproof, rebuke, expos¬ 
 tulation, censure, condemnation, 
 damnation, doom, penalty, 
 punishment, hurt, calumniation, 
 slander. 
 
 twasa e tumbu, v., to punish. 
 
 yekeka e tumbu muna, to put, 
 lay the blame on somebody else. 
 
 Tumbuka, v., to spoil, become useless, 
 be spoilt, made useless, be 
 harmed, hurt ; also to dry up ; 
 to yield no more (of a palm 
 which had been yielding wine). 
 
 Tumbuka, v., to be punished. 
 
 Tumbuka, v., to be convicted, or 
 declared guilty of witchcraft. 
 
 Tumbuka, v ., to be raised (of the 
 voice). 
 
 Tumbula, v., to make, render, use¬ 
 less, to spoil, hurt, harm, injure, 
 to take away the powers of a 
 chief, or of a charm, to depose, 
 to punish, chastise ; see note 
 on Tumba. 
 
 tumbula e eya (8), to give up cut¬ 
 ting a palm whence wine had 
 been obtained, and thus render 
 the cutting useless. 
 
 Tumbula e ndoki (2), v.t., to convict 
 or declare guilty of witchcraft. 
 
 Tumbula e ndinga, v.t., to speak 
 louder so as to be heard, to 
 raise the voice. 
 
 Tumbula, v.i., to be still breathing (of 
 a dying man). 
 
 Tumbula, v.i., to prattle, begin to talk. 
 
 Tumbuluka, v., to emerge, rise, come 
 to the surface (of water only). 
 
 Tumina, v., applied form of Tuma. 
 
 Tumina, v., to send (a thing to a 
 person). 
 
 Tumisa, v., to cause to send ; he?ice 
 to send for a thing. 
 
 Tumisa, v.t., to miss, not to hit the 
 mark (said of the hunter). 
 
 Tumpa, v.t., to beat, pulsate, palpitate, 
 throb. 
 
 Tumpa, 9, n., a throb, pulsation. 
 
 Tumpa 0 tiya kuna, v., to set fire to, 
 to ignite. 
 
 Tumpuka, v.i., to stick, penetrate 
 through, be stuck through ; be 
 transfixed, be perforated by, be 
 pierced through. 
 
 Tumpuka 0 tiya (//. 10), v., to be set 
 on fire. 
 
 Tumpula, v.t., to stick, make a hole 
 through, to pierce, transfix. 
 
Tun-Tun 
 
 ( 436 ) 
 
 Tuna, ) dein. & rel. pron., 3rd pos., 
 
 Otuna, / cl. 10, 11, pi., those which, 
 those. 
 
 Tuna, 71., to skin, strip or take off 
 bark, pare, flay (-without aid of 
 an instrument). 
 
 Tunda, v., to be well known, grow 
 famous, distinguished, re¬ 
 nowned, notorious. 
 
 Tunda, 9, 11., fame, renown, notoriety. 
 
 Tunda, 6, 11., a fine view, landscape. 
 
 Tundisa, v.t., to make famous. 
 
 Tundubudi, 6, n., red olive beads, 
 once used as currency. 
 Tunduluka, see Tunguluka. 
 
 Tunga, v., to sew, hem, stitch, to con¬ 
 struct anything which is made 
 by tying it together with string ; 
 hence, because Kongo houses are 
 made by tying the materials to¬ 
 gether, to erect, build, construct, 
 put up, found, to make a nest, 
 a basket, &c. 
 
 tunga 0 lumbu (10), v., to fence, 
 make a stockade or kraal, 
 tunga 0 maswa {pi. 8), to net 
 (make a net). 
 
 Tunga, 6, n., a fool. 
 
 Tungalakana, ^ v.i., to grow thickly 
 
 Tungalakiana / (as trees, hair, &c.) 
 and mat together, to be matted 
 together, to be entangled. 
 
 Tungama, v., to be spent, exhausted, 
 unable to go further, to stop, 
 become spent (of strength or 
 energy). 
 
 ntima(4, u-) tungama, to be out of 
 
 breath. 
 
 Tungama, v.i., to be left or set in 
 a wrong place. 
 
 Tunganana, v., to be very widely open 
 (of the eyes). 
 
 Tungiana, v., to rove about, roam, 
 wander in search of. 
 
 Tungianisa, v., to cause to wander, to 
 pervert, lead astray, lead wrong, 
 e tungiatungia, adv ., blindly wan¬ 
 dering. 
 
 Tungika, v., to exhaust, cause to be 
 spent (of strength or energy). 
 
 Tungika, v., to place or leave where 
 (a thing) has no right to be. 
 tungika 0 ntima (4), v., to stifle, 
 suffocate. 
 
 Tunginika, v., to open (the eyes) very 
 wide. 
 
 Tunguka, v. ( per/, tungukini), to 
 be picked, pulled, taken out (of 
 something embedded). 
 
 Tunguka, v.i. {per/, tungukidi), 
 mid. v. of tunga. 
 
 Tunguluka, v.i., to be discovered in 
 a crime. 
 
 Tungulula, v.t., to discover, find out, 
 detect (the perpetrator of some¬ 
 thing wrong), to prove con¬ 
 clusively that a person is a liar, 
 thief, &c. 
 
 Tungulula, v., to rebuild. 
 
 Tunguna, v., to take or pick out 
 (something that sticks or is 
 embedded, as a jigger, palm- 
 kernel, &c.). 
 
 Tungununa, v., to look, stare, gaze at. 
 
 Tungwa, 6, n., post, stick, stake, pole, 
 door-post, framework, 
 tungwa kia mwelo (3), door-post. 
 
 Tunia, pi. 6, n., whiteness (excessive), 
 cleanness. 
 
 Tunta, v., to pull, draw, haul, drag, 
 tug, tow, wrench, jerk, pull up, 
 hoist. 
 
 Tunti, 6, n., pulley. 
 
 -atuntu, a. 
 
 ekaxi (8) diatuntu, quick temper. 
 
 Tuntuka, v., to be shifted, moved, 
 pushed. 
 
 Tuntuka, v., to be drawn, pulled, 
 hauled. 
 
 Tuntula, v., to move, shift, push. 
 
 Tuntumuka, v., to swell, increase, 
 enlarge (of small things) ; to 
 grow longer (of something pro¬ 
 truding, as a pig’s snout). 
 
 Tuntumuna, v.t., to increase, cause to 
 swell, to make longer (of some¬ 
 thing protruding). 
 
 Tunuka, v., to be peeled off, grazed, 
 abraded (of the skin), to be 
 barked, skinned. 
 
( 437 ) 
 
 Tun-U 
 
 Tununa, v., to abrade, graze or 
 knock or rub off the skin, to 
 hurt (a sore place). 
 
 Tunze, 6 , n., a little bird which nods 
 its head when any one speaks to 
 it, and in consequence is said 
 to give an affirmative answer to 
 anything however absurd ; hence 
 also a fool, who will do or assent 
 to anything. 
 
 -atunze, a., foolish. 
 
 Tupama, v., to fall or sit or be put 
 down heavily. 
 
 Tupika, v.t., to set or put down 
 heavily. 
 
 Tupuka, v.t., see Tumpuka. 
 
 Tupula, 7 /./., see Tumpula. 
 
 Tusevo,//. io, n., laughter, merriment, 
 £Pg©kng, levity, derision, 
 -atusevo, a., comic, absurd, laugh¬ 
 able, funny. 
 
 Tuta, v., to beat, pound in a mortar. 
 
 Tuta, 7/., to take more than is neces¬ 
 sary. 
 
 Tuta, 6 , n., a striped cloth. . 
 
 Tutu, dem. pron., cl. io, n, pi., ist 
 pos., emphatic , these. 
 
 Tutu, 6 , n ., calabash (small), powder- 
 flask. 
 
 -atutu, a ., rare ; seldom, occasional. 
 
 Tutubuka, t to go through or in 
 (as a pointed instrument). 
 
 Tutubula, v.t., to stick in or through 
 (of a pointed instrument). 
 
 Tutuka, t/., to be beaten or pounded 
 in a mortar. 
 
 Tutuka, t/., to be taken in un¬ 
 necessary quantity. 
 
 Tutula, v.t., thunder, make a thunder¬ 
 ing noise. 
 
 Tutula, v., see Tutubula. 
 
 Tutumuka, v., to swell, increase, en¬ 
 large (of something great); to 
 rise (as dough leavened). 
 
 Tutumuna, v.t., to increase, cause to 
 swell, leave or allow to rise (of 
 leaven). 
 
 Tuva, v.t., to distend, inflate, blow out. 
 
 Tuvalala, v., to be blown out, to be 
 distended. 
 
 Tuvi ,pl. io, n., excrement, dung. 
 
 Tuvia, pi. io, n. (Mpa.), fire. 
 
 Tuvidika, v.t., to inflate, blow out, 
 distend. 
 
 Tuwa {pass. <?/tua), v., to be poked, 
 stabbed, thrust at. 
 
 Twa-, snbj. pron. prefix, ist pers., pi., 
 we. 
 
 Twa = a particle, see A. 
 
 Twa, 7i.i., see Tua. 
 
 Twala, ) v.t., to bring, introduce ; to 
 
 Twasa, ( inflict (punishment). 
 
 Twatu, dem. pron., cl. io & n, pi., 
 ist pos., emphatic, these. 
 
 Twatuna, dem. pron., cl. io & 11, pi., 
 3rd pos., emphatic, those. 
 
 Twatwana, v. {reciprocal form of tua, 
 v.t.), to strike each other with 
 the fist or foot, to fight. 
 
 Twau, subj. & emphatic obj. pron., cl. 
 10 & n,pl., they, them. 
 
 Twau, pass. pron. of the 3rd pers. pi., 
 cl. 10 & 11, pi., their, theirs. 
 
 Twavinga, pi. 10, n., elephantiasis (of 
 foot). 
 
 Twela, v., to keep, breed (animals, 
 birds, &c.). 
 
 Tweleji, 6 , n., live-stock, flock, herds, 
 cattle, domesticated animals, 
 birds, &c., poultry. 
 
 Twelwa, v., to be bred, kept (as do¬ 
 mesticated animals, &c.). 
 
 Twenga, v., to yelp, yell, howl (as a 
 beaten dog). 
 
 Twengena, \v. {perf. twengene), to 
 
 TwengeniaJ pant, wheeze, 
 twengenia e kintwentwe, v., to 
 pant. 
 
 -twidi, p., keen, sharp (of an edge). 
 
 Twika, v.t., to send, remit, dispatch, 
 forward (a thing). 
 
 Twisa, v., to sharpen. 
 
 U. 
 
 U before a vowel becomes w. When 
 it stands as the initial of a root, 
 u is frequently pronounced as 
 wu ; the Bakongo often prefix 
 it with b. 
 
U-Uma 
 
 ( 438 ) 
 
 TJ, subj. ftronom. prefix , applied to 
 verbs and adjectives qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of cl. 
 3, 4, 12 & 13 sing., and 12 pi. 
 Before a vowel u becomes w. 
 
 U-, pers. pronom. prefix, 2nd and 3rd 
 pers. sing., subjective, used only 
 when followed by an objective 
 prefix. As there is no objective 
 prefix for the 2nd pers. sing., 
 the absence of this after u 
 implies that the 2nd pers. sing, 
 is the object of the verb. Yandi 
 usamunwini dio, he told you 
 of it. 
 
 TJ-, prefix applied to nouns to express 
 the idea of any inherent es¬ 
 sential and characteristic quality 
 connected with them, is equiva¬ 
 lent to the English suffixes: 
 -ship, -ness, -dom, &c.; thus 
 muntu, a person ; uwuntu, 
 humanity, human nature ; 
 mfumu, king ; umfumu, king¬ 
 liness. The tendency to drop 
 prefixes (see Grammar), has 
 stripped some abstract words 
 of their distinctive prefix, still 
 all such words belong to class 
 12, and as such remain un¬ 
 changed in the plural. 
 
 U-, the prefix 11 is sometimes used 
 without any noun apparent with 
 which it concords. In such a 
 case uma, a thing (abstract), is 
 understood ; see Uma. 
 ke bena owu basumba 0 madia 
 ko, they are at their wit’s end 
 to buy food ; = they have not 
 the remotest idea how or where 
 to buy food. 
 
 IT, verbal particle, 2nd pers. sing., thou 
 art, you are. 
 
 an, see wider A. 
 
 ou, see Owu. 
 
 Ubi, 12, n., evil, badness, vice, wicked¬ 
 ness, depravity, sinfulness, 
 naughtiness. 
 
 Ubilungi, 12, n., hell; see Hell, Eng.- 
 Ivongo. 
 
 Ubolo, 12 ,n., uncircumcision. 
 
 Ubundu, 12, n., slavery. 
 
 Udika, v.i., to be broken, smashed, 
 shattered. 
 
 12, n -i folly, foolishness. 
 
 Ududu, J 
 
 Ufwa, 12, n., deadness, paralysis ; 
 used in combinations with the 
 name of the part in which there 
 is deadness or which is para¬ 
 lysed. Ufwa-matu, deafness ; 
 ufwa-meso, blindness ; and so 
 on with singular or plural parts. 
 Ufwa-koko,ufwa-moko,ufwa- 
 kulu, &c. 
 
 Ukesa, 12, n., soldierliness, the office 
 of a soldier. 
 
 Ula, v.t. (z'ntrans. udika), to shatter, 
 crush, break, smash. 
 
 Uleke, 12, n., youthfulness, boyhood. 
 
 Ulolo, 12, n., great number, quantity, 
 abundance, mass, crowd. 1 
 
 Uma, a root of very indefinite mean¬ 
 ing, the import of which can 
 only be gathered from the 
 meanings resulting from its 
 combination with different 
 prefixes. When wearing the 
 prefix ki it stands as kiuma, a 
 material object, a thing; with 
 the plural prefix y ( = i), the 
 plural noun yuma (=i-uma), 
 food. With the locative pre¬ 
 fixes ku and va sing., and mu 
 pi. it makes kuma( = ku-uma), 
 9, and vuma ( = va-uma), 14, a 
 place ; mum a ( = mu-uma), 14, 
 places. With the prefix u, pe¬ 
 culiar to abstract nouns, it 
 makes uma ( = u-uma) a matter, 
 an abstract idea. With the 
 diminutive prefix fi, fiuma, it 
 stands for a small thing either 
 material or abstract. 
 
 It is difficult to understand 
 whether kuma (originally kiku- 
 ma), an affair, is a compound 
 of this root, but it is highly prob¬ 
 able. 
 
 As in the case of diambu, kuma, 
 
( 439 ) 
 
 Uma-Una 
 
 lima, continued. 
 
 &c., the pronominal prefixes 
 and demonstrative pronouns 
 proper to lima, as a noun of cl. 
 12, are often used without any 
 mention of the noun ; in this 
 case uma, a thing (abstract), is 
 understood. These pronouns 
 are also used to denote a man¬ 
 ner of doing, in which case 
 they are to be translated : in 
 this or that manner, like this 
 or that, so, thus, like, as, just as, 
 just so, even as. 
 
 In the same manner as kuma, 
 muma and vuma, the demon¬ 
 strative pronouns of uma are 
 used in reference to time, in 
 which case only the emphatics 
 of the ist position, wau, wuwu, 
 andi wau wumu and the simple 
 and emphatic forms of the 3rd 
 position, una, and wau una 
 are used, which see in their re¬ 
 spective places ; when used of 
 time they imply ist pos ., the 
 Present time , now, immediately, 
 at once, just now, at this time, 
 at present, of late, lately, now 
 already, now during, now 
 awhile ; 3rd pos., either in the 
 i>ast or future , when, whilst, at 
 or during the time when, mean¬ 
 while, during immediately. 
 
 Uma, 12, n., matter (abstract), afifair 
 “ palaver,” concern, case, state¬ 
 ment, subject, word, cause, 
 fault. 
 
 Umbangu, 12, n., skill, ingenuity, 
 genius, art, deftness in making 
 things, skilled workmanship. 
 
 Umbeni, 12, n., enmity, hostility. 
 
 Umbiu, 12, n., disobedience, refrac¬ 
 toriness, rebelliousness, naughti¬ 
 ness, perverseness, insubordina¬ 
 tion (of children only), 
 nkwa (1) umbiu, disobedient, re¬ 
 fractory (child). 
 
 Umfumu, 12, n., kingship, majesty, 
 kingliness, kingly character, 
 
 Umfumu, cojitmued. 
 
 royalty, dignity, kingly power, 
 freedom. 
 
 Umfwa nkenda, do, for mercy’s sake ; 
 have mercy upon me. 
 
 Umpalakasa, 12, slovenliness, 
 thoughtlessness., carelessness. 
 
 Umpamvu, 12, n ., foolishness, folly, 
 stupidity. 
 
 Umpofo, 12, n., blindness. 
 
 Umpolakanu, 12, n., lawlessness, 
 wickedness, criminal reckless¬ 
 ness, cruelty, wrongful violence. 
 
 Umpuki, 12, n., see Ungyangya. 
 
 Umpukumuui, 12, n., temptation, 
 sedution, seductiveness. 
 
 Umpumbulu, 12, n., wildness; reckless 
 wickedness, passion (unreason¬ 
 ing), recklessness; heedlessness, 
 dissipation, licentiousness, un¬ 
 reliability, insubordination; law¬ 
 lessness, badness, rascality, vice, 
 reckless fury. 
 
 Umpumpa, 12, n., the unmarried state, 
 spinsterhood, bachelorship, also 
 widowhood, the living without 
 a husband or wife. Widow¬ 
 hood seldom lasts long in Kongo, 
 indeed there is no proper word 
 for the state nor for those thus 
 living. 
 
 Umvwama, 12, n., wealth, affluence, 
 wealthiness. 
 
 Umwana, 12, n., childhood, sonship. 
 
 Una, deni. & rel. pro?i. cl. 3, 4, 12 & 
 13 sing., 12, pi., 3rd pos., that ; 
 that which, those, those which. 
 Una prefixed by its article be¬ 
 comes owuna. 
 
 una (uma understood, see uma, used 
 of time past or i?i the future ), 
 as soon as, immediately, at 
 that time, when, just when, 
 meanwhile, during, while, whilst; 
 also used of manner, in that 
 manner, like that, thus, so, just 
 as, just so, even so, in that way. 
 Wiza una wina, come even as 
 you are. 
 
 i wau una, emphatic of above, at 
 
Una-Unt 
 
 ( 440 ) 
 
 Una, continued. 
 
 that very time, in that very 
 way. 
 
 nna ke...ko, before ever, before, 
 una he or hen or nswe, in the 
 (very) early morning, at dawn. 
 This is the only case in which 
 the aspirate is heard in the 
 language ; hen is not really a 
 Kongo word, it is aspirated, and 
 then final is pronounced through 
 the nose ; it partakes more of an 
 interjection than anything else, 
 like an interrogative we some¬ 
 times use in the place of “ what.” 
 kala una, to be alive. 
 
 wina kwandi una, he is alive, 
 una...una, as...so. 
 una mwene kio una nxixidi kio, 
 as I saw it, so I left it. 
 una se... aka, in the very act 
 of. 
 
 Undoki, 12, ?/., that which pertains to 
 a witch, witchcraft, 
 dia 0 undoki, v ., to eat what comes 
 to witches, i.e. the ordeal 
 poison. 
 
 Undoloka, I beg your pardon = pardon 
 me. 
 
 Undumba, 12, n ., virginity, maiden¬ 
 hood, young womanhood ; there 
 is no name for virginity, immor¬ 
 ality is too rife, undumba is the 
 nearest possible. 
 
 Unene, 12, n., renown, greatness. 
 
 Unganga, 12, n ., the art of the medi¬ 
 cine man,that which constitutes 
 a doctor. 
 
 Ungangi, 12, n ., see Ungyangya. 
 Ungolokoso, 12 the habit of pub¬ 
 lishing false news. 
 
 mambu (//. 7), ma ungolokoso, 
 
 lying information, false news, 
 nkwa (1) ungolokoso, one who 
 
 spreads false news. 
 
 Ungangula, 12, n ., skill (in smith work, 
 or working in metals). 
 
 Ungunza, 12, n ., the office of spokes¬ 
 man (the prophetic office, the 
 office of preacher). 
 
 Ungyangya, 12, deceit, deceitful¬ 
 ness, falsehood, fraud, fraudu- 
 lence,faithlessness ; lie, untruth, 
 rascality, a habit of lying. 
 nkwa(i) ungyangya, liar. 
 
 Ungyamu, 12,«., recklessness, daring, 
 bravery, courage, pluck, valour. 
 
 Unikina, 7/., to listen, hearken, attend, 
 give ear. 
 
 unikina e nsudi or nsunga, 7/., to 
 catch, to notice a smell. 
 
 Unkabu, 12, n., see Ungyamu. 
 
 Unkadi (12) wampemba, n ., hell, see 
 Hell, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Unkeka, 12, «., babyhood, infancy. 
 
 Unkete, 12, ?i., skill, ingenuity, work¬ 
 manship, art, genius (in making 
 small things). 
 
 Unkidinginza, 12, //., loneliness, soli¬ 
 tariness, solitude, lonesomeness. 
 
 Unkundia, 12 & 11, a species of weevil ? 
 
 Unkuta, 12, ;z., cowardice, cowardli¬ 
 ness, fear. 
 
 kala yo unkuta, 7/., to be cowardly, 
 to be afraid. 
 
 mona 0 unkuta, to fear,be cowardly, 
 to feel afraid. 
 
 Unkwikiji, 12 , n., faithfulness, trust¬ 
 worthiness, reliability. 
 
 kala yo unkwikiji, v., to be faith¬ 
 ful, be trustworthy. 
 
 zaya 0 unkwikiji, to believe to be 
 true, to be assured of the truth¬ 
 fulness (of a report or matter). 
 
 Unleka, 12, n., meekness, humility, 
 tameness, gentleness, civiliza¬ 
 tion (passive). 
 
 Unsedia, ">12, #., babyhood, in- 
 
 Unsengelejia,) fancy. 
 
 Unsona, 12, n., solitude, loneliness, 
 friendlessness, state of bereave¬ 
 ment. 
 
 kala yo unsona, v., to be lonely, 
 solitary, friendless, bereaved, 
 orphaned, widowed. 
 
 Untentaxialu, 12, n ., this word has 
 rather a stronger meaning than 
 Umpumbulu, which see. 
 
 Unti, 12, n., vegetable nature. 
 
 Untie, 12, n. } fineness, minuteness. 
 
( 44i ) 
 
 Unt-Vak: 
 
 Untokoji, 12, n., ingratitude. 
 
 Untunduluki, 12, 71., rascality, vicious¬ 
 ness, see Ntunduluki and Tu- 
 nduluka. 
 
 Unu, 1 7 
 
 0 unu, r dv •» t0 - da y- 
 
 UHU kiaki (6th class agreeing with 
 lumbu), this very day, to-day 
 (emphatic), now (to-day). 
 
 tllka mu unu, henceforth, from this 
 day forth. 
 
 unu e menemene, this very morn¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Ununu, 12, n ., old age. 
 
 Unzambi, 12, n., Godhead, divinity. 
 
 -a Unzambi, a ., divine. 
 
 Unzonji, 12, n., quarrelsomeness, pug¬ 
 nacity, discord, contention. 
 
 vava 0 unzonji, 2/., to pick a quar¬ 
 rel. 
 
 Usutu, 12, 71., uncircumcision. 
 
 Uta, v., see Wuta. 
 
 Utata, 12, 71., fatherhood. 
 
 Utuka, v.i., see Wutuka. 
 
 Uvwengele, 12, n., foolishness. 
 
 Uwuntu, 12, 71., manhood; humanity. 
 
 Uxita, 12, n., barrenness (of persons 
 or animals of either sex). 
 
 Uzenga, 
 
 Uzeza, l I2 ’ n •’ foollshn ess, folly, 
 
 Uzoa, ) stupidit y- 
 
 TJzoba, 12, 11. (Bako.), folly, foolish- 
 ness. 
 
 Uzowa, 12, n., see Uzoa. 
 
 V. 
 
 Va, subj. pronoTtt. prefix applied to 
 adjectives and verbs qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of the 
 14th class sing. For Locatives, 
 see wider Kuma. 
 
 Ova, dei7i. a7id rel. pro7i., cl. 14, si71 <^., 
 1stpos., this. 
 
 Va, 12, 7 i., newness, novelty. 
 
 -va, a., too new, very new. 
 
 Vaba, v., to strike with a hoe 07 an 
 adze. 
 
 Vabula, v.t., to cut off with a hoe or 
 adze. To chip a piece out of a 
 rim. 
 
 Vadi, 6 , 71., small fish. 
 
 Vaika, v.i., to come, go, step, leap, 
 jump, pass, pour, flow, ooze, 
 or leak out; to escape, exude, 
 issue forth, to emerge, stick out, 
 protrude, project, to rise (as the 
 sun), to come to view (from 
 behind). 
 
 vumu (6, ki-) vaika, v.i., to purge, 
 have an attack of diarrhoea, 
 vaika vana evundu, v.i., to get 
 through a hole. 
 
 Vaika, v.t., to eject, discharge (as 
 blood). The trans. form of 
 vaika is only used of the pas¬ 
 sive spot, tissue or hole from 
 which the flow or exit is made ; 
 Disu diandi divaikanga 0 
 menga, his eye is discharging- 
 blood; vaikilwa i nonga (Pro¬ 
 verb), lit. to be rushed out upon 
 is to shoot = when something 
 comes I will shoot = I will wait 
 till it happens or I will wait till 
 I see it. 
 
 Vaikisa, v.t., to turn, drive, thrust, 
 push, put, stick, shake, roll, 
 clear, pull, take, carry, fetch, 
 pass or let out; to expel, empty, 
 extricate, extract (as teeth, &c.), 
 abstract, to dislodge, eject ; to 
 put, cast or bring forth, to pro¬ 
 duce (something). 
 
 vaikisa e ndia (pi. 4), v., to dis¬ 
 embowel. 
 
 vaikisa e vumu (6), v.t., to purge. 
 
 Vaka, 6, 71., a male of sheep or 
 goats. 
 
 vaka kia ebokolo (8) or ememe (8), 
 a ram. 
 
 vaka kia nkombo, he-goat, buck. 
 
 Vaka, a house for fowls, pigeons, 
 ducks. 
 
 vaka kia mayembe (pi. 8), pigeon- 
 house, dove-cot. 
 
 vaka ya mayembe, red and white 
 check (cloth), (pigeon holes). 
 
Vak-Van 
 
 ( 442 ) 
 
 Vakaka, loc., elsewhere, somewhere 
 else; at, on, or off som3 other 
 place. 
 
 Yakama, v., to attempt something too 
 great, to strive, endeavour, try 
 (to do, make, carry, &c., some¬ 
 thing beyond one’s power). 
 
 Vakama, 1 v., to be caught, hooked, 
 
 Vakamena, f hitched (on to round). 
 
 Vakamesa,\2/., to catch, hook (on to), 
 
 Vakika, J hitch (round). 
 
 Yakuba, 6, n., prank, trick, gambol, 
 caper. 
 
 ta e vakuba, v., to skip, play pranks, 
 play tricks, cut a caper, frisk 
 about, frolic. 
 
 Vakufi, loc ., too near, at too short a 
 distance, 
 
 Vakula, v., to pay a tax, toll, tribute, 
 customs, duty, blackmail ; to 
 give or hand over or up; to 
 betray, to forfeit. 
 
 vakula 0 moyo (3), to give up one’s 
 life, risk or lose one’s life. 
 
 kwenda vakula muna, to flow into 
 (as a river). 
 
 Yakula, v., to extricate; to unfasten a 
 thing caught or hitched. 
 
 Yakulwisa, v., to levy a tribute, toll, 
 tax, customs ; to tax, extort, 
 exact; to compel to pay black¬ 
 mail, &c. 
 
 Yala, v., to scrape, hollow, scoop out, 
 to plane, cut (with an adze), to 
 clean, chip, carve (in wood). 
 
 Yala, loc., too far, very far, too or 
 very distant, remote, too high, 
 too deep. 
 
 kala 0 vala, v., to be remote. 
 
 Yala, 6, n., black and red lizard. 
 
 Yalakana, v., to approach; to be, go 
 or come near, to be near at 
 hand. 
 
 Valakesa, v ., to push, put or place 
 near, to cause to approach to. 
 
 Yalakiana, v., to be near to each 
 other. 
 
 Yalanti, 1, n., carpenter. 
 
 Valembama, loc., at, on, or off a safe 
 or quiet place. 
 
 Valuka, v., to go, come or be further 
 off, to put at a distance, be far 
 apart. 
 
 Valuka, v.i., to be adzed, cut with an 
 adze. 
 
 Valukuta, v., to make a noise or 
 rustle (used only of something 
 not seen). 
 
 Yalula, v., to put far apart. 
 
 Vama, v.t., to strike or beat with 
 (used by women only). 
 
 Vambala, 6, n., a fall (of living 
 creatures). 
 
 bwa e vambala, to fall down. 
 
 Vambaua,, v., to part from each other, 
 to separate, divide, be separate 
 or apart; to dissolve partner¬ 
 ship. 
 
 Vambaua, 9, n., parting, separation. 
 
 Vambanisa, v.t., to separate, divide, 
 disjoin, disperse, disband. . 
 
 Vambuka,7/.z'.,to part, divide, separate, 
 be divided, parted, apart, to 
 branch or fork (as a road), to 
 turn aside; to branch off, go 
 aside from. 
 
 Vambuka, 9, n., separation, parting. 
 
 Vambula, v..t., to separate, divide or 
 push apart. 
 
 vambula e njingu {pi. 4), v., to 
 
 stop a fight. 
 
 Vampama, v., to attempt something 
 too great, to strive, endeavour, 
 try (to do, make, carry, &c., 
 something beyond one’s power). 
 
 Vana, Idem, and rel. pron., cl. 14, 
 
 ovana, ) sing., 3 rd pos., that, that 
 which. For Locatives, see under 
 Kuma. 
 
 Vaua, v., passives vauwa & vewa, 
 to give, grant, render, present, 
 provide, subscribe, spend, sur¬ 
 render up. 
 
 vana e elongi (8), to comfort, 
 console. 
 
 vana e kibwanga (5), to remun¬ 
 erate, pay wages, give a pre¬ 
 sent for service rendered. 
 
 vana-e-mpemba (2) {see Luvemba), 
 to acquit, exculpate, declare in¬ 
 nocent. 
 
( 443 ) 
 
 "Van-Van 
 
 Vana, continued. 
 
 vana e ngolo (2), to strengthen, 
 give strength, to invigorate, re¬ 
 fresh. 
 
 vana 0 nkalu (4), to contradict, 
 deny, oppose, dissent, protest, 
 speak against <?rtothe contrary, 
 to object to, to refuse, decline. 
 
 vana 0 nkanda (4), to hire, to 
 engage. 
 
 vana 0 nswa (4), to consent to, 
 be willing, concede, allow, agree 
 to, accede to, to grant, give 
 leave, give consent, to permit, 
 grant permission, to sanction. 
 
 Vanana, loc. there is nothing. 
 
 Vananana, v., to sit so as to expose 
 one’s self indecently {of women 
 only). 
 
 Vanda, v.t ., to plait (the hair), to 
 braid, interweave. 
 
 vanda 0 nkixi (4), to weave a spell, 
 to make, compound a charm, to 
 divine. 
 
 Vandu, 6, baldness, a bald head. 
 
 Vanga, 7/./., to make, do, act, perform 
 execute, construct, prepare, 
 cause, form, mend, repair. 
 
 vanga or vangisa or vangiswa e 
 fuka, see wider Fuka cere¬ 
 monies. 
 
 vanga va -kala, 7/., to make room 
 for. 
 
 Vanga, 6, n., a faggot, bundle (of fire¬ 
 wood). 
 
 Vangakana, 7/., to be able to be made. 
 
 Vangala, 6, n., unfinished house. 
 
 Vangalala, v. (followed always by ya, 
 ye or yo), to apply one’s self 
 earnestly, zealously, indus¬ 
 triously, hard to (a work), to do 
 one’s best; vo ovangalala ye 
 salu (6) kiaku, ozevo unu 
 omana kio, work hard, and 
 you will finish it to-day. 
 
 Vangalakana, v., to be caught on an 
 obstacle, to knock against. 
 
 Vangalakesa, v.t ., to catch one’s load 
 against something. Kuvanga- 
 lakesa 0 ntete akn muna nti 
 
 Vangalakesa, continued. 
 
 ko, don’t let your pack catch on 
 the trees. 
 
 Vangama, 7to be made, done, 
 finished, ready, prepared, per¬ 
 fect, mature. 
 
 Vangamiana, v ., to make, prepare 
 quickly. 
 
 Vangana, 7/., be in a hurry, be im¬ 
 patient, eager, too soon. Va¬ 
 ngana ovanganini, you are too 
 soon. 
 
 Vangana, reciprocal for?n of vanga, 
 to cause...each other. 
 
 Vangana, 9, n., hurry, eagerness. 
 
 Vanganisa, 7/., to cause to be in a 
 
 hurrv. 
 
 * 
 
 Vangila, v., applied form ofV anga. 
 vangila e fulu (6), to make room for. 
 vangila 0 nti, to prune, trim a tree. 
 
 Vangilwa, 7/., to be composed, made 
 of, done or made with, 
 vangilwa mnna, v., to consist of, 
 be made with. 
 
 Vangilwa, 6, n., that with which a thing 
 is made, a thing to make...with, 
 vangilwa kia ngeniba {pi. 2), that 
 which brings about friendship 
 or reconciliation. 
 
 Vangn, 6, n., a stick, piece of wood, 
 ruler. 
 
 Vangnka, v., to be maimed, mutilated, 
 crippled. 
 
 Vangnla, v.t., to mutilate, maim, 
 cripple. 
 
 Vangulula, v.t., to do again, to re¬ 
 make, make over again. 
 
 Vangwa, v., to compose, to make 
 (used of the materials) ; to be 
 made, be done, be complete. 
 
 Vangwa, 6, n., deed. 
 
 Vanika, v., see Vana, to give. 
 
 Vanika, v., to shoulder, to put on one’s 
 shoulder. 
 
 Vanina, applied form of vana. 
 vanina 0 nkalu (4), to deny some¬ 
 thing about another person, to 
 contradict...about, disown ; to 
 refute, disclaim, renounce, re¬ 
 pudiate. 
 
Van-Vel 
 
 ( 444 ) 
 
 Vaninika o malu (9), to sit on the 
 ground with the legs straddling 
 as widely as possible. 
 
 Vanuka, mid. v. ofV ana. 
 
 Vanwa, v., passive of Vana, to be 
 endowed with to have given to 
 one, to be given to, to be given. 
 
 Yanxi, ovanxi, vananxi, &c., see Nxi. 
 Vanzuka, 
 
 ntima (4 u-) vanzuka, v.i., to be 
 grieved, be cut to the heart, 
 to break one’s heart. 
 
 Vanzuna 0 ntima (4), v.t., to grieve 
 deeply. 
 
 Vasa, v.t., to split, cleave. 
 
 Vasuka, v.i. (perf. vasukini), to be 
 split, broken, knocked off. 
 
 Vasuna, v.t., to knock, cut, split? 
 break off a piece. 
 
 Vata, v ., to scratch about, hoe, dig, 
 cultivate (the ground). 
 
 Vatakana, to be able to be cultivated, 
 arable, fit for cultivation. 
 
 Yatakana, v.t., to carry, nurse, fold 
 in the arms. 
 
 Vatakana, v.i., to put out the head 
 (of maize). Masa me vataka- 
 nanga, the maize is putting 
 forth its cob. 
 
 Yatika, V., to pin, peg, put on (a peg, 
 &c.). 
 
 Vatuna, v., to dilate. 
 
 Van, subj. pron., also obj. pron., em¬ 
 phatic, cl. 14, sing., it. For 
 Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 V&Vi,poss. pron., see -au. 
 
 Vava, dem. pron., cl. 14, sing., 1st pos., 
 emphatic, this. For Locatives , 
 
 see under Kuma. 
 
 Vava, v., to seek, search, look for, to 
 want, wish for, need, 
 vava 0 unzonji (12), v., to pick a 
 quarrel. 
 
 Vava, 9, n., want, necessity, need, 
 poverty. 
 
 Vavalala, v.i., to sprawl, be opened a 
 little (as the wings of a fowl in 
 hot weather). 
 
 Vavana, dem. pron., cl. 14, sing.' 3 rd 
 pos., emphatic, that. 
 
 Vavidika, v.t., to sprawl, to spread 
 open the wings (as a fowl in hot 
 weather). 
 
 Vavila, v.i., to flap the wings, to flap 
 (of wings). 
 
 Vavila, v., to look or search for or 
 about. 
 
 Vavnka, v.i., to be apart, go farther 
 off, be put some distance 
 apart. 
 
 Vavnla, v., to put, set, place far or 
 further or wide apart, separate, 
 put some distance apart. 
 
 Vavwa, v., to be necessary, wanted, 
 searched for. 
 
 Vaxi, 6, n., splinter, chip. 
 
 Vayika, v., see Vaika. 
 
 Ve-, pronom. prefix, cl. 15, sing., ap¬ 
 plied to verbs in the present in¬ 
 definite indicative. 
 
 Ye, 6, n., eyelash. 
 
 Ve! interj., no. 
 
 Vedulu, 2, n. (P. velndo), velvet. 
 
 -Veji, = va + iji ; see Kwiza. 
 
 Veka, v., to go far away, to depart, 
 set (of the sun). 
 
 ovo ntangwa ivekele, in the after¬ 
 noon, towards sunset. 
 
 Veka, v., to dance with a woman in 
 an indecent manner. 
 
 Veka ,pron., self, selves ; ngeye veka, 
 you yourself. 
 
 Vekama, v.i., to delay, to be hindered, 
 be delayed. 
 
 Vekeka, v.t., to delay, to tarry, hinder, 
 impede. 
 
 Vekoka, v., see Veka (to depart). 
 
 Vekomoka, v.i., to blow about (as the 
 wind). 
 
 Vekomona, v.t., to blow about (as the 
 wind). 
 
 Vekuka, v., see Veka (to depart). 
 
 Vekumuka, v.i., see Vekomoka. 
 Vekumuna, v.t., see Vekomona. 
 
 Vela, v., to gather, pick, pluck, cull, 
 strip off fruit or leaves, to pick 
 (a bone). 
 
 Vela, 5, n., a hut in the compound 
 where people are initiated into 
 the mystery of ndembo. 
 
( 445 ) 
 
 Vel-Ven 
 
 Vele = va-fele, per/, of kwenda, to 
 go- 
 
 0V0 vele VO, although, even if. 
 
 ovo vele vo...ovo, whether or not. 
 
 Velela, v.i., to be bright, clean, un¬ 
 spotted, pure, limpid. This 
 verb has been adopted to express 
 the idea of “to be holy.” 
 
 Velela, 9, n ., brightness, cleanliness, 
 purity, holiness. 
 
 -avelela, a., bright, clean, unspotted, 
 undefiled, pure, limpid, holy, 
 mwanda (3) avelela ,(pr., mwa- 
 ndavelela), the Holy Spirit, 
 the Holy Ghost. 
 
 Velelesa, v.t ., to cleanse, purify, 
 sanctify. 
 
 Velelesa, 9, n., sanctification {active). 
 
 Veleleswa, 9, n., sanctification {pas¬ 
 sive). 
 
 Verna, v., to roam, wander or prowl 
 about. 
 
 Vemadia, Ave Maria. 
 
 Vemba, v.i. (can only be used in 
 actually or historically present 
 time), to turn up, appear, just 
 arrive, come in sight, come in 
 view. 
 
 Vemba e ezunn (8), v.t., to blow (the 
 nose), to wipe the nose (d la 
 inode). 
 
 Vemboka, v., to be or become pale, 
 ashen white (from sickness). 
 
 Vemboka {mid. v. of Vemba). 
 
 Vemboka, v.i., see Venga. 
 
 Vembola, v.t., see Vengesa. 
 
 Vembuka, v.i., see Vemboka. 
 
 Vembula, v.t., see Vengesa. 
 
 Vemoka, v.i., to be blown about, 
 along, away, off. 
 
 Vemona, v.t., to blow about, alon 0- 
 away, off. 
 
 Vempa, v., to scrape, plane, clean (by 
 scraping). 
 
 Vempoka, v.i., to be scraped, planed. 
 
 Vempola, see Vempula. 
 
 Vempuka, see Vempoka. 
 
 Vempula, v.t., to devour, to eat raven¬ 
 ously, voraciously, greedily, as 
 when very hungry. 
 
 Vena, v.t., to gird up the loin cloth 
 very tightly, to tuck up one’s 
 cloth. 
 
 Venanana, v.i. 
 
 meno (pi. 7, ma-) venanana, to 
 
 grin (a sarcastic word; see 
 
 Veneneka). 
 
 Venanana, v.i., to sit carelessly so as 
 to expose one’s self indecently 
 (of women only). 
 
 Venda, v., to lick, lap. 
 
 Venda, v.t., to miss; not to hit (said 
 of the bullet). 
 
 Vendesa, v.t., to miss ; not to hit (the 
 mark, said of the hunter). 
 
 Veneneka 0 meno, v., to expose the 
 teeth by parting the lips, to grin 
 (a sarcasm). 
 
 Venga, v.i., to go, come, pass or step 
 on one side; to turn, move, draw 
 aside, to avoid, stand aloof, stand 
 out of the way, evade, dodge, 
 deviate ; to be low down (of 
 the sun). 
 
 ovo e ntangwa ivengele, late in 
 the afternoon. 
 
 Vengalala, v.i., to be nearly closed, 
 to close nearly (of door, or 
 curtain), to be ajar. 
 
 meso (pi. 7 ma-) vengalala, v., to be 
 cross-eyed. 
 
 Vengalalameso, 6, n., a cross-eyed 
 person. 
 
 Vengampunza, 6, n., swallow or swift 
 (the bird) also a dragon fly. 
 
 Venganana, v.i., to be gone far away, 
 to have departed for a distance 
 (used only of a completed state). 
 
 Vengela, 6, n., a small green grass¬ 
 hopper. 
 
 Vengeleka, v.t., to set ajar, to nearly 
 close or shut (a door, curtain 
 &c.) 
 
 Vengeneka, v.i., to depart, go far 
 away (spoken only of progres¬ 
 sive action). 
 
 Vengenena, v.t., to blow (fire). 
 
 Vengesa, v.t., to turn or put, stand, 
 push aside, avert, isolate, to pro¬ 
 hibit from entering into (muna, 
 
Ven-Vev 
 
 ( 446 ) 
 
 Vengesa, co?iti?iued. 
 
 kuna, &c.), or from going out 
 of (kuna mbaji a). 
 
 Vengojioka, v ., to look about (warily), 
 to be watchful, on one’s guard, 
 to be wary, vigilant, alert, 
 cautious. 
 
 Vengojioka, 9, n., caution, watchful¬ 
 ness. 
 
 Vengoka, v.i., to be pushed aside (of 
 a covering). 
 
 Vengola, v., to push aside or remove 
 a covering, he 7 ice to be un¬ 
 covered by this ?nea?is. 
 
 Vengoloka, v.i., to turn aside, off, 
 from, to keep at a distance, 
 at a safe distance from, to 
 avoid. 
 
 Vengomoka, v.i., see Venga. 
 
 Vengomona, v., see Vengesa. 
 
 Vengula, v.t., see Vengola. 
 
 Venguluka, v.i., see Vengoloka. 
 
 Vengumuka, v.i., see Venga. 
 
 Vengumuna, v.t., see Vengesa. 
 
 Venoka, v.i., to be girded up tightly. 
 
 Vento, 2, n. (P. vento), the wind, 
 vento amvula, n., storm. 
 
 Venza, v., to grin, 
 venza 0 meno {pi. 7), v., to show 
 the teeth in smiling. 
 
 Veta, v.t., to throw, cast, fling, heave 
 away, to cast out. 
 
 Veta, v., to hunt with dogs. 
 
 Veta, 6, n., gable, gable end, the 
 veranda (at the gable end). 
 
 Vetakana, v.i., to be bendable. 
 
 Vetama, v.i., to curve, bend, be bent 
 down, to stoop, hang down, 
 bend low, to be bowed down, 
 to lean over, to sag. 
 
 Vete, found only in the following com¬ 
 binations, vo ke vete ko, per¬ 
 haps. 
 
 Veteka, v.t., to curve, bend ; bend or 
 bow down ; to tilt. 
 
 veteka 0 meso (7), to look down. 
 
 Vetoka, v. {per/, vetoele), to be 
 thrown away ; see Veta. 
 
 Vetoka, v. {per/ vetoene), to be ex¬ 
 amined ; see Vet on a. 
 
 Vetona, v., to pry, examine (making a 
 small hole to see through). 
 
 Veva, v.i., to be soft, easy to cut, not 
 tough ; to be cheap. 
 
 Veva, v.t., to winnow (by tossing in a 
 basket). 
 
 Veva, 9, 71., cheapness. 
 
 Vevela, v.i., to blow, flap about, to 
 flutter in the wind. 
 
 Vevele, 6, n., skin (of a ground nut, 
 &c.). 
 
 kala e vevele, v., to be light (not 
 
 heavy). 
 
 Vevelesa, v.t., to cause to flap about 
 (as the wind). 
 
 Vevelo, 6, ?i., shelter, shade, shadow. 
 
 Vevesa, v.t., to soften ; make cheap. 
 
 Vevo, 6, ft., sunshade, parasol, um¬ 
 brella. 
 
 Vevoka, v.i., to recover, be or get 
 better, get well, to mend, con¬ 
 valesce. 
 
 Vevoka, v.i., to be light (not heavy), 
 to be cheap, valued lightly, 
 risked, disesteemed, despised. 
 
 Vevoka, v.i., to be winnowed. 
 
 Vevola, v., to regard lightly, to hold 
 cheap, to risk, endanger (as 
 life, property, &c.) ; to give 
 liberally or generously ; to be 
 liberal, bountiful, generous, 
 kind (in giving). The object oj 
 vevola is always the thing 
 given, &c. 
 
 0 vevwele 0 moyo andi, he counted 
 not his life dear unto him. 
 
 Vevola, 9, 71 ., regardlessness of cost, 
 risk, &c., generosity, liberality. 
 
 Vevola, v.t., to cause to get better, 0? 
 improve in health, to make 
 well, to assist or be conducive 
 to convalesence. 
 
 Vevolwela, v., to indulge, give freely 
 to. 
 
 Vevomoka, v.i., to blow about, along, 
 away, off. 
 
 Vevomona, v.t., to blow about, along* 
 away, off. 
 
 Vevuka, v., see Vevoka. 
 
 Vevula, v., see Vevola. 
 
( 447 ) 
 
 Vev-Vil 
 
 Vevumuka, v., see Vevomoka. 
 
 Vevumuna, see Vevomona. 
 
 Vewa, v. (pass. o/V ana), to be given 
 to, to be given. 
 
 Veza, v., to slight, disrespect, neglect, 
 reject, scorn, disregard, be 
 heedless, regardless; to treat 
 with contempt, to disobey, 
 transgress or break (a law), 
 to infringe. 
 
 Vezo-vezo, 6, n., a trade knife (bone 
 on each side of shaft). 
 
 Via, v.(of common derivation with va, 
 ya, yia, &c., in ma?iy dialects ), 
 to burn, be burnt, to cook, be 
 cooking, be done, cooked 
 (enough) ; to be consumed by 
 fire. 
 
 o madia mavidi, the “chop” is 
 ready. 
 
 Via, vd •, to be ripe, to ripen. 
 
 -avia, a., ripe. 
 
 Via, v.i. 
 
 meso (7 ma-) via. v., to be on the 
 look out, to be watchful, vigilant. 
 
 Viakakana, va ., to be able to burn, 
 to be combustible. 
 
 Viakana, v., to touch, feel. 
 
 Vianga vianga, 6, n., a sobriquet 
 applied to a person who always 
 bustles about, a ubiquitous per¬ 
 son. 
 
 Viangavianga, v., to be in a great 
 hurry. 
 
 Viangujioka, v., to be constantly 
 prowling about. 
 
 Vianguka, v.i., to go, come, &c., 
 silently, quietly, stealthily, to 
 be stolen secretly. 
 
 Viangula, v., to steal secretly, 
 
 Viaviana, v., to be eager, restless, in a 
 hurry, impatient, anxious to —. 
 
 Viaviana, 9, n., eagerness, restless¬ 
 ness, impatience, hurry. 
 
 Viavianisa, v., to cause to be in a 
 hurry. 
 
 Viba, v., to roll, twist round in the 
 fingers. 
 
 -vidi, p., burnt, cooked, ready (of 
 food). 
 
 Vidi, 6, ?i., a nettle. 
 
 Vididi, 6, n., featherless fowl (adult). 
 
 Vidisa, v.t ., to lose, miss, to forget. 
 
 Vienga, v., to be adorned, ornament¬ 
 ed, smart, fine. 
 
 Viengesa, v.,to trim,adorn, ornament, 
 make smart, fine, pretty, to 
 dress. 
 
 Vika, v.t., to burn, to set fire to ; to 
 touch in game of “ touch last 
 see Appe?idix, Games (ejio). 
 
 Vika, v. (an auxiliary verb indicating 
 that the action was or is to be 
 performed early or soon), to go, 
 be, come, do early or soon, 
 adieyi ovikidi vutukila? why did 
 you return so soon ? ovika 
 kwiza, come early. 
 
 Vikimika, v.t., to throw (something 
 which flies with a whirling- 
 motion), to whirl along, to cause 
 to move quickly, rapidly (not 
 used of anything spherical). 
 
 Vikiviki, 6, 11., quickness, velocity, 
 whirling ; see above. 
 
 Viku, 6, ?i., a lie, untruth, falsehood, 
 deceit, pretence. 
 
 vova e viku, v., to tell a lie, untruth, 
 to utter a falsehood. 
 
 -aviku, a., false, untrue, deceitful, 
 imitation. 
 
 Vikumuka, v.i., to whirl along, to 
 move (rapidly whirling). 
 
 Vikumuna, v.t., see Vikumuka. 
 
 Vila, v. (appliedform <9/ Via). 
 
 Vila, v.t., to bind strongly the edge of 
 a basket, &c., to sew the edges 
 of a button hole. 
 
 Vila, v.i., to be lost, go out of sight, to 
 vanish, disappear, perish. When 
 vila a?id its other forms are 
 used there is little hope of find¬ 
 ing or recollection. 
 
 Vilakaua, v., to slip from one’s 
 memory, to be forgotten, over¬ 
 looked, lost by mistake. 
 
 Vilakanwa, v., to allow to slip from 
 one’s memory, to forget, mistake, 
 lose by mistake, overlook, err, 
 blunder. 
 
VlL-VlL 
 
 ( 448 ) 
 
 Vilakanwa, continued. 
 vilakanwa kwa, to be forgotten by, 
 to be overlooked by. 
 
 Vilakesa, v.t., to cause to forget, to 
 confuse, mislead, to interrupt 
 (in speaking). 
 
 vilakesa e njila (2), v., to cause to 
 lose the road. 
 
 Vilakeswa, v., to be caused to be for¬ 
 gotten by —. Diambu diame 
 diavilakeswa kwa Mpanza, 
 my business was caused to be 
 forgotten by Mpanza= Mpanza 
 caused my business to be for¬ 
 gotten. 
 
 Vilama, v. (a euphemism), to be 
 pregnant, enceinte, to be in the 
 family way. 
 
 Vilangana, see Yilangiana. 
 
 Vilangesa, v.t., to put, or place 
 opposite each other or parallel ; 
 to put out of joint; to dislocate, 
 vilangesa e ntn (4,//.), v., to re¬ 
 cline (with the head at another 
 person’s feet, and the other’s 
 feet opposite one’s own head). 
 
 Yilangiana, v.z'., to be opposite each 
 other, to be parallel, also to be 
 put out of joint, to be dislo¬ 
 cated (of bones). 
 
 Viln, 12, soot, grime (on the bottom 
 of a cooking pot) ; also a com¬ 
 pound of soot (off pots), which 
 Kongos rub on the face and 
 hair when mourning. 
 
 Yilnjiola, v., to look at all round, ex- 1 
 amine closely, to inspect (turn¬ 
 ing a thing round and round). 
 
 Viluka, v.z'., to turn, be turned round, 
 to change, be changed, be 
 altered, be reversed; see Vilula. 
 
 viluka oku nima, &c., to go be¬ 
 hind, &c. 
 
 ntima (4, u-) viluka, v ., to repent, 
 change one’s mind, to be re¬ 
 pentant, be of a different mind, 
 to have a different opinion. 
 
 Viluka, 9, Ji. (mid. v.), change, alter¬ 
 ation, reversal. 
 
 viluka kwa ntima (4), the 
 
 Viluka, continued. 
 
 change of one’s mind or heart, 
 repentance. 
 
 Vilukana, v.z., to be able to be 
 changed, altered, reversed, 
 ntima (4, u-) vilukana, to be 
 capable of a change of mind, 
 or capable of repentance. 
 
 Vilukiana, v., to be opposite to, or 
 facing each other. 
 
 Vilula, v.t., to turn a thing round so 
 that the position of its face 
 or some particular point is re¬ 
 versed. In the case of a thing 
 erect, the face or point which 
 turned towards the north would 
 be directed towards the south. A 
 book standing up or lying down 
 and presenting its back, would 
 be turned so that its front 
 should be in exactly the same 
 position where its back was 
 before. 
 
 Kongos would use vilula when 
 twisting round a piece of paper, 
 in order that the writing which 
 was upside down should be in 
 the proper position towards 
 the reader. The action of and 
 mode of reversing is expressed 
 by bangumuna and other 
 Avords ; but vilula does not 
 consider the manner in which 
 the reversal is brought about, it 
 expresses only the idea that a 
 surface or point is brought 
 round into a position or direc¬ 
 tion diametrically opposite to 
 that in which it previouslystood, 
 or when the relative position of 
 two objects is considered the 
 relative position is reversed; 
 e.g. a box standing in front of 
 a tent would be shifted to the 
 back. In that case the new 
 relative position must be 
 distinctly stated. Vilula e 
 nkele ina kuna nima a nzo, 
 kuna luse lua nzo, shift that 
 box which is at the back of 
 
 
( 449 ) 
 
 VlL-VlN 
 
 Vilula, continued. 
 
 the house round to the front. 
 Vilula may therefore be trans¬ 
 lated by: to turn, turn round, re¬ 
 verse, change, alter, shift round, 
 vilula o ntima (4), v.t., to cause a 
 change of mind, to cause to 
 repent. 
 
 Vilula, 9, n. (act.), alteration, change, 
 reversal. 
 
 vilula kwa ntima (4), n. (active), 
 the changing of one’s mind or 
 heart, the causing Qr bringing 
 about of repentance. 
 
 Vimba, V., to swell (with inflamma¬ 
 tion). 
 
 Vimpa, 6, n ., log of wood (small), bar 
 of metal, ingot. 
 
 Vimpamenwa, v., to allow to slip 
 from one’s memory, to forget 
 (for the moment), to mistake 
 (of abstract matters only). 
 When the above word is used 
 there is every hope of being 
 able shortly to remember, 
 vimpamenwa kwa, to be forgotten 
 ky; e diambu divimpameno 
 kwa mono, I have forgotten 
 the matter for the moment. 
 
 Vimpi, 13, n., compliments (respect¬ 
 ful)» regards; itumini 0 ma- 
 vimpi, vana ntandu a mavi- 
 mpi itwikidi e nkombo = I 
 send you my compliments, and 
 beside my compliments I send 
 a goat; itumini 0 vimpi, 
 vana ntandu a vimpi dodo- 
 kolo unsompeka e nsengo 
 a ku = I send you my compli¬ 
 ments and please lend me your 
 hoe ; mavimpi maku matu- 
 kidi kwa Mantu, Mantu sent 
 his kind regards to you. 
 
 Vina, v.t. (Mpa.), to draw tight, to 
 tighten. 
 
 Vinda, v.t., to clench, close (the fist), 
 
 Vinda, v., to sink, to settle as mud. 
 
 Vindakana, v.t., to be enclosed (by 
 mistake). E mbele ame ivi- 
 ndakene vana ntete aku, my 
 
 Vindakana, continued. 
 
 knife has been wrapped up by 
 mistake in your bundle. 
 Vindakana, v., to be able to sink. 
 Vindakesa, v., to enclose (by mis¬ 
 take). 
 
 Vindana, v., to crowd together. 
 
 Vindu, 6, ?1 ., heaviness, weight 
 weightiness, massiveness, dens- 
 < ity, the recoil (of a gun), 
 -avindu, a., weighty, heavy, mas¬ 
 sive, dense. 
 
 xia e vindu, v., to recoil (as a gun) 
 Vindumioka, v., to toss about (as in 
 pain), to be tossed over and 
 over. 
 
 Vindumiona, v.t ., to toss over and 
 over, to cause to toss about (as 
 in pain). 
 
 Vindumuka, v.i., to turn over and 
 over; to roll down, along, up, 
 away, about (rolling over and 
 over). 
 
 Vindumuna, v.t., to turn over and 
 over ; to roll down, along, up, 
 away, about; to cause to roll or 
 turn over and over. 
 
 Viluvilu, 6, n., changeableness, un¬ 
 reliability. 
 
 -aviluvilu, a., changeable. 
 
 Viluxiana, v., to be opposite to each 
 other. 
 
 Vilwa, v., see Vilakanwa. 
 
 Vinga, v.t., to be changed for, re¬ 
 placed, do instead, take the 
 place of, follow in succession, 
 take one’s turn, to succeed to 
 a position. 
 
 Vinga, v.t. (Bako.), to change, ex¬ 
 change, replace. 
 
 Vinga, v.t., to stay, wait, halt, stop, 
 remain for, await, tarry, delay, 
 stay until. 
 
 vinga 0 mbaji, stay until to¬ 
 morrow. 
 
 Vinga, v., to beg, pray, ask for, re¬ 
 quest, entreat for, plead for, 
 want, claim. 
 
 vinga e njila, to beg for a road 
 path, hence a respectful way of 
 
 G G 
 
VlN-VlT 
 
 ( 450 ) 
 
 Vinga, contmued. 
 
 enquiring which is the road, to 
 pass the town or country, 
 vinga 0 nswa (4), to ask permission, 
 ask leave ; ( Proverb ) Ova 
 wina vinga wijidi a vingi? 
 Lit . .* did you have to ask per¬ 
 mission to be where you are ? 
 the inference being: I have 
 as much right here as you. 
 
 Vingajiana, v., to take in succession ; 
 to take by turns. 
 
 Vingesa, v., to substitute, change, 
 put in the place of another, re¬ 
 place with. 
 
 Vingila, v. (appliedform of Vinga). 
 vingila e efwa (8), to inherit; to 
 succeed to the inheritance. 
 
 Vingnka, v.i., to be cut, or chopped 
 down, or off. 
 
 Vingnla, v.t., to borrow. 
 
 Vinguluka, v.t., to rob (from a house 
 during the absence of the 
 owner). 
 
 Vingnna, v., to cut, to chop down or 
 off. 
 
 Vinika, 2, n. (Eng.), vinegar. 
 
 Vinjingidi, 6, n., sphere, globe, 
 -avinjingidi, a., round, spherical, 
 globular. 
 
 Vinyo, 2, n. (P. vinho), wine. 
 
 Vinza, 6, n., an excuse. 
 
 vanga e vinza, v., to make an ex¬ 
 cuse. 
 
 Vinza, 7/., to rub with a circular motion, 
 to rub round in the hands, to 
 make a thing round (spherical) 
 (in that manner). 
 
 vinza 0 meso (7), to rub the eyes. 
 
 Vioka, v.i., to pass, flow, fly, come, 
 go, get past or by or beyond or 
 further than; to exceed, surpass, 
 to be past, to elapse, be 
 elapsed. 
 
 -vioka, p ., past, ago. 
 
 Viokesa, v.t., to cause to pass, let, 
 allow, push, pull, make to pass 
 or pass by, &c.; see Vioka. 
 
 Viondoka, v., to be winding, crooked, 
 tortuous, distorted. 
 
 Viondola, v.t., to make crooked, make 
 winding, to distort. 
 Viondoloka, see Viondoka. 
 
 Visa, v.t. {causative 0/ Via). 
 
 visa (0 madia), v.t., to cause to be 
 thoroughly cooked, to cook 
 well, sufficiently. 
 
 visa 0 meso {pi. 7), v., to be watch¬ 
 ful, vigilant, on the look out, to 
 keep one’s eyes open. 
 
 Vita, v., to be, go, come, do, make, 
 first or beforehand or foremost 
 or in the front or in advance or 
 at the head, to head, to precede. 
 Vita when used before a verb 
 in the infinitive implies :—to be 
 the first to —, to...previously, 
 or already ; yandi ovitidi 0 
 kwenda, he was the first to go. 
 Vita is also often used as an 
 auxiliary verb to state definitely 
 that an action will very soon 
 take place. It always assumes 
 the form of the future consequent 
 subjunctive. It never appears in 
 the imperative, in that case vika 
 is used. Wavita vutuka, he 
 will return in a day or two. 
 The article before the .infinitive 
 in positive sentences will aid in 
 deciding whether the second 
 verb is an infinitive or whether 
 the vita is an auxiliary ; just 
 as in English the infinitive 
 mood is used after the verb “ to 
 be able,” and not after the aux. 
 “ can.” 
 
 vita kuna ntu, 4, v., to take the 
 lead, go in front, or at the head. 
 
 Vita, 2, ?i., war. This word is intro¬ 
 duced from Angola, ovita, war, 
 n. ; vita, to war, to fight. It is 
 treated as a foreign word, and 
 thus the absence of a nasal is 
 accounted for. 
 
 mu vita, at war. 
 
 nwana e vita, v., to fight, to wage 
 war. 
 
 tobola or tompola e vita, v., to 
 fire the first shot. 
 
1 45i ) 
 
 V IT— V OL 
 
 Vitika, v.t ., to bring, carry, take with 
 ojie when coming or going for 
 some other purpose. 
 
 Vitisa ( causative of Vita). 
 
 Vitula, v., to take up or carry with one 
 something on the way ; to call 
 for and take on something which 
 happens to be in the way when 
 going on some other business ; 
 to take up (passengers) en route , 
 to be joined by others on the 
 way. 
 
 Vitulwa, v.i., to be taken up by, or 
 to join others who are on the 
 way. 
 
 Vitumuna, v., to knock down and 
 run over ; to run down (as a 
 canoe). 
 
 Viva, v.t. } to chop, to chop or cut 
 down (of something great only). 
 
 Vivana, v.t., to pass and repass (as 
 swallows flying or people in a 
 great thoroughfare). 
 
 Vivi, 6, n. (Mpa.), a piece. 
 
 Vixi, 6, 71.) bone. 
 
 vixi kia ekungunu (8), 71 ., knee-cap. 
 
 vixi kia luketo (io), the pelvis, a 
 hip bone. 
 
 vixi kia nkuku (4) a nima (2), the 
 spine. 
 
 vixi kia ntu (4), skull, 
 vixi (yawanso ikalanga muna to), 
 skeleton. 
 
 Vixisa 0 meso (pi. 7), v., to look well 
 at, to cause another to look 
 well at. 
 
 Viza, v.) see Vinza. 
 
 Vo, obj. pron.) cl. 14, sing.) it. 
 
 Vo, j detn. profi.) cl. 14, sing.) 2 nd 
 
 Ovo,J pos.) that. For Locatives, see 
 U7ider Kuma. 
 
 Vo, conj.) if Locative , see under Kuma. 
 
 Vo, particle initiating a reply. Loca¬ 
 tive, see under Kuma. 
 
 Oku vo, then he (said), he replied. 
 
 Voba, v.t., see Vobola. 
 
 Vobola, V., to knock a hole into any¬ 
 thing; umvobwele e mbele, 
 he stabbed him ; lit. knocked 
 a hole into him with a knife. 
 
 Voka, v.i., to be or become paralysed, 
 to wilt, to wither. 
 
 0 koko kwandi kuvokele, he is 
 
 paralysed in one arm. 
 
 Vokoka, v.i., to be or become para¬ 
 lysed, to wither, to wilt. 
 Vokoka, v.i., to be castrated, cut, 
 gelded. 
 
 Vokola, v.t., to paralyse, to wither, to 
 wilt, to cause to wither ; to cut, 
 castrate, geld. 
 
 Vokolo, 2, n. (P. binocullo), a bin¬ 
 ocular glass. 
 
 Vokonia, 6, n., a style of dress worn 
 by the natives, consisting of a 
 long cloth gathered in plaits 
 behind. 
 
 Vola, v.i., to become, grow, get cold ; 
 to cool, to be cold and stiff in 
 death. 
 
 Vola, v.t., to draw, drag, pull, attract, 
 entice, hoist, lower to or towards 
 one’s self whilst remaining in 
 the same position , to divest, 
 strip (off clothes, &c.), to un¬ 
 sheath (a knife), to win (a bet 
 or in gaming). 
 
 vola e mpanda (2), to commit a 
 capital crime ; lit., to bring the 
 forked branch upon one’s neck, 
 vola e mpusu (2), to make a 
 fringe by pulling out the warp 
 or woof. 
 
 vola 0 nkanu (4), to commit, be 
 guilty of a crime. 
 
 vola 0 nswalu, to walk fast, to 
 go or move at a rapid rate, to 
 be quick; come quickly with 
 rapid pace or step, 
 vola e nxi angani, to encroach on. 
 another’s land. 
 
 mbu (4, u-) vola (Luang,u), to ebb 
 (as the tide).. 
 
 Vola, V., to smell, sniff. 
 
 vola e mfomo (2), to take snuff 
 Volalala, to be opened wide (not used 
 of the eyes). 
 
 Volela, V., to smell, sniff. 
 
 volela e mfomo (2), to take snuff. 
 Volela, V., appliedform of Vola, v.t. 
 
Vo l-Von 
 
 (452) 
 
 Volelwa, 6, n., anything which is used 
 to perform the actions expressed 
 by vola, v.t., hence an entice¬ 
 ment, inducement. 
 
 Voleleka, v.t., to open wide (not used 
 of the eyes'). 
 
 Voloka, v.i., to be drawn, dragged, 
 pulled, attracted, enticed, &c., 
 hence , to come down, to fall ; 
 see Vola, v.t., to be stiff and 
 drawn up (of a limb). 
 
 Vololola, v. {repetitive of Vola, v.t.), 
 vololola (0 nxinga, &c.), to 
 tie tightly, strongly, to tighten, 
 make tighter (cord, &c.). 
 Vololola 0 nxinga (4) muna elaka 
 (8), v., to strangle. 
 
 Volomoka, v., to become untied and 
 drop down. 
 
 Volongoma, 6 , n ., a sound sleep (when 
 very weary). 
 
 Voma, v.i., to crowd, stream, pour 
 along or down, to pass in crowds, 
 to flow in abundance. 
 
 Vombola, v., to beat with a thick 
 stick, to strike with a club, to 
 club. This word is often used 
 by women, for :—to beat with a 
 stick whether large or small; it 
 is an exaggeration which has 
 grown into a word of common 
 use. 
 
 Vombola, v., to start (of many people). 
 
 Vomena, v.i. {appliedform of Voma), 
 to crowd along past, in, to, from, 
 for, &c. 
 
 Vomona, v.t., see Vombola. 
 
 Vomwa, v., to be passed by a great 
 crowd or stream, to have a 
 
 stream of ... flowing from_ 
 
 Yandi ovomwanga oma- 
 nsanga, he is crying bitterly, 
 shedding many tears. 
 
 Vona, v., to seize or snatch away with 
 violence, to rob, rescue (by 
 force). 
 
 Vonda, v., to kill, slay, slaughter, 
 murder, dispatch, execute, put 
 to death, massacre, shoot (kill), 
 destroy, to injure seriously, hurt, 
 
 Vonda, continued. 
 
 spoil, harm, ruin, do away with, 
 render useless. 
 
 vonda vana ekuluzu (8), to 
 crucify. 
 
 vonda e kiambu, to stun, render 
 unconscious, stupefy, 
 vonda 0 longo (10), to divorce, 
 put away a wife or husband, 
 break the marriage tie. 
 vonda 0 meno (7), to mak;e dull, 
 blunt ; to spoil the teeth, 
 vonda muna maza, to drown, 
 vonda...e nzala (2), to starve. 
 
 Vonda, 9, ?i., slaughter, murder, 
 
 massacre, destruction, spoiling. 
 
 Vondesa, v.t., to cause or help to kill. 
 
 Vondesela, v., to spoil, injure, harm, 
 destroy, squander, waste. 
 
 Vondesela, v. {the applied form of the 
 causative of Vonda), to cause 
 to kill for. 
 
 Vondesesa, v.t., to be the cause of the 
 killing of, to bear false witness, 
 or in some such way bring 
 about the death of another. 
 
 Vondesesela, v.t., to be the cause of 
 the killing of...for —. 
 
 Vondeseselwa, v.i., to be caused to 
 be killed indirectly for. 
 
 Vondeseswa, v.i., to be caused in¬ 
 directly to be killed. 
 
 Vondeswa, v.i., to be caused to be 
 killed. 
 
 Vondwa, v.i., to be killed, spoiled, 
 destroyed. 
 
 Vondwa, 9, n. {passive), slaughter, 
 massacre, murder, destruction. 
 
 Vonga, v.i., to be, grow or get large, 
 larger, great, fat, fatter, plump, 
 corpulent ; to increase in size, 
 to fatten. 
 
 -vonga, part., large, fat, big, stout, 
 great, corpulent, thick. 
 
 Vonga, 9, 7 t., bigness, stoutness, fat¬ 
 ness, corpulence, bulk, magni¬ 
 tude, dimension, size, girth, 
 growth (in size). 
 
 Vongesa, v.t., to fatten, enlarge, 
 magnify, increase in size. 
 
( 453 ) 
 
 VON-VUB 
 
 Vongoka, v.z., to be spilled, to pour 
 over, be poured over, be shed, 
 to gush out, in great quantity. 
 
 Vongola, v.t ., to spill, pour out, or 
 over, to cause to gush forth, in 
 great quantity. 
 
 Vongomoka, v., to spill, be spilt, pour, 
 be poured, in great qua?itities j 
 to fall in, cave in (as earth into 
 a hole or of the sides of a pre¬ 
 cipice). 
 
 Vongomona, v.t., to spill, pour over, 
 shed, i?i great quantities j to 
 cause to fall in or cave in (as 
 earth into a hole or of the sides 
 of a precipice). 
 
 Vonoka, v.i., to be seized, snatched 
 away, rescued (by force). 
 
 Vonoka, v.i., to be slipping off (of the 
 loin cloth), to be very clumsily 
 fastened. 
 
 Vonona, to have one’s cloth slipping 
 off, or very clumsily fastened. 
 
 Vonono, pi. 6, n., slovenliness in dress. 
 
 Vosa, v.t., see Vosona. 
 
 Vosona, v.t., to hack or gash a surface 
 so as to be able to chip it 
 smooth, as when adzing for a 
 smooth surface, to gash the 
 bark of a tree so as to strip it 
 off, to rough hew, to cut roughly, 
 to roughen. 
 
 Vota, v., to mash, knead, beat (eggs). 
 
 Vota, v., to take by the handful (many, 
 much). 
 
 Vota, 6, n., mucus of the eye. 
 
 Votomoka, v.i., to cave in (as the 
 sides of a precipice), to fall into 
 a hole (as something great or 
 in quantity). 
 
 Vova, v., to speak, exclaim, talk, make 
 a sound, to express, say, declare, 
 pronounce ; to utter a sound, 
 to make a noise, to jingle, 
 tinkle, ring, to chatter (as birds 
 that do not sing), to make a re¬ 
 port ; hence, to be fired, fire, go 
 off (as a gun). 
 
 vova e kimfundumfundu, to 
 
 whisper, speak in a whisper. 
 
 Vova, continued. 
 
 vova e lokotela (6), to talk in 
 one’s sleep. 
 
 vova o mambu (pi. 7), to palaver, 
 vova e nakanaka (6), to talk with¬ 
 out taking breath. 
 
 vova 0 matietie (8), to joke,“ 
 
 chaff. 
 
 vova e mfwanti (2), to talk non¬ 
 sense, rubbish. 
 
 vova muna senswa (6), to speak 
 in euphemisms. 
 
 vova e viku (6), to tell a lie, lies, 
 a falsehood, or an untruth, to 
 lie. 
 
 vova e vumbi (6), v.i ., to be fired 
 in a volley. 
 
 Vovela, v., to speak for, advocate, in¬ 
 tercede for. 
 
 Vovesa (causative of Vova). 
 
 Vovesa, v.t., to say, or tell to, to com¬ 
 mand to, order to, bid, direct, 
 address, suggest, propose, talk 
 about or against. 
 
 Vo VO, detn. pron., cl. 14, sing., md 
 pos., emphatic, that. 
 
 Vovolola, v., to say repeatedly, again 
 and again, to keep on talking. 
 
 Voxi, 6, n., a large ulcer. 
 
 vanga e voxi, v., to ulcerate. 
 
 Vu, 6, n., host, a great crowd, a swarm, 
 a mass (of living beings), an 
 army. 
 
 Vu, 6, n., a period, epoch, age, time. 
 Vu kia xika, the time when 
 small pox raged. 
 
 Vua, 6, 11., cut, gash, an open wound 
 (of knife). 
 
 Vua, 6, n., fish basket (trap like lob¬ 
 ster basket). 
 
 Vuba, v., to take greedily or much, 
 receive. 
 
 vuba (e nsangu, 2), v., to exag¬ 
 gerate. 
 
 Vuba, 9, n., greediness, greed, free¬ 
 dom in taking or appropriating 
 many things to one’s self. 
 
 Vuba, v.t., to dip, immerse, baptize, to 
 plunge into. 
 
 Vuba, 9, ?i., baptism. 
 
Vltb-Vul 
 
 ( 454 ) 
 
 Vubama niuna maza, v., to go under 
 the water, when immersed, 
 plunged, baptized. 
 
 Vubika, v., to dip, immerse, baptize, 
 plunge into. 
 
 Vubika, v., to allow a person to take 
 freely, much, in a great quantity. 
 
 Vubuka, v.i., to be singed ; see 
 
 Vumpuka. 
 
 Vubula, v.t., to singe ; see Vumpa. 
 
 Vubwa, to be dipped, immersed, bap¬ 
 tized, plunged. 
 
 Vudisa, v. {causative of Vula.) 
 
 Vudisa, v.t., to heal, make well, to 
 restore to health, to cure, to 
 make better. 
 
 Vudisa, v.t., to enlarge something 
 which has already been made, 
 as a hole, house, &c. 
 
 Vuka, v.t., to copulate. 
 
 Vuka, v.i., to be stripped or pulled off, 
 taken, slipped, thrown off, to 
 come off {of clothes o?ily). 
 
 Vukama, v., to fall on to one’s face, 
 to lie, be put mouth downwards, 
 or on one’s face. This verb 
 can only be used in reference 
 to persons or things having a 
 mouth. 
 
 Vukika, v., to lay or put down with 
 the mouth or face downwards ; 
 see above. 
 
 Vukisa, v.t. (Bako.), to save, de¬ 
 liver, set free, liberate, let go, 
 free. 
 
 Vuku, 6, n., pest, pestilence, plague, 
 epidemic. 
 
 Vukuka, v., to stay, loiter, tarry, delay, 
 be delayed, amused. 
 
 Vukula, v., to hinder, delay, impede, 
 to disobey, disregard, to remain 
 inattentive (to a call), to amuse, 
 vukula o ntima (4), to divert, 
 amuse, entertain. 
 
 Vukulula, v., to invite, ask to come, 
 go to fetch, to go for, call for, 
 summon {a person only). 
 
 Vukulwisa, v.t., to send for, to invite 
 (by message), to cause to go 
 for (persons only). 
 
 Vukumuka, v.i., to bluster (as the 
 wind). 
 
 Vukumuka, v.i., to be enticed, tempted 
 to evil, to be seduced into... 
 
 Vukumuna, v., to entice, tempt to 
 evil, to seduce into... 
 
 Vukuna, v.i., to twist off (a piece of 
 luku pudding, or other soft; 
 food.) 
 
 Vukuna, v.t., to rut, copulate (of 
 animals). 
 
 Vula, v.t. [mid. v., Vuka), to take, 
 pull, slip, throw, put off (clothes 
 only), to strip. 
 
 vula 0 mvwatu (4), to undress, 
 take off one’s clothes. 
 
 Vula, v.i., to get better, recover, 
 improve in health, get well, to 
 convalesce, be cured. 
 
 Vula, v.i., to be enlarged ; see Vudisa. 
 -avula,/., 
 
 meso (7), ma vula, hollow-eyed. 
 
 Vula, v.t. {mid. v., Vuluka), to boil, 
 to cook, prepare (by boiling). 
 
 Vuluka, v., to be safe, saved, rescued, 
 delivered, to escape, get away 
 alive, to revive, recover, get 
 well, get better from very serious 
 sickness, or great datiger to life, 
 or appare?it death. 
 
 Vuluka, v.i., to be boiled, cooked, 
 prepared (by boiling). 
 
 Vulula, v.t., to save, deliver, rescue, 
 recover from great danger to 
 life. 
 
 Vulula, v.i., to gush forth, pour out in- 
 quantity. 
 
 Vululu, 6, ?i., a small stick, a twig. 
 
 Vululwisa, v.t., to cause to save, 
 rescue fro 7 >i great danger. 
 
 Vululwisa, v.t., to cause to gush, 
 forth, pour out i?i qua 7 itity. 
 
 Vululwiswa, vd., to be caused to be 
 saved or rescued. 
 
 Vulumuka, v.i., to be startled, to start 
 and run, to start off and run, to 
 start and wake from sleep, to be 
 aroused (suddenly), be awake. 
 
 Vulumuna, v.t., to startle, to start 
 and cause to run, to alarm, 
 
( 455 ) 
 
 VUL-VUM 
 
 Vulumuna, continued. 
 
 frighten, arouse, awaken, wake 
 suddenly. 
 
 Vuluta, v.t., to scratch (with the 
 nails, claws, &c., not to make a 
 scratch mark). 
 
 Vuluza, v., to save, deliver, to rescue, 
 (from danger), to preserve (life). 
 
 Vuluza, 9, n., salvation, deliverance, 
 (wrought, active). 
 
 Vuluzwa, v ., to be saved, delivered, 
 rescued. 
 
 Vuluzwa, 9, n., salvation (enjoyed, 
 Passive). 
 
 Vuma, 14, n., place, position, space, 
 room ; also ulcer, wound, sore 
 place. 
 
 vanga 0 vuma, v., to ulcerate. 
 
 Vuma, v., to flower, come into flower, 
 to blossom, bloom. 
 
 Vurnba, v., to leak, leak out, to ooze 
 out, drip, used only of a liquid 
 leaking, &c., out, never enter¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Vumbana, v.i., to stoop, be bowed 
 down, be bent, curved (of some¬ 
 thing erect). 
 
 Vumbi, 6, n., a spring gun, a volley. 
 
 xika or vova e vumbi, v.t., to fire a 
 volley. 
 
 Vumbika, v.t., to cause to bend or 
 stoop (of something erect). 
 
 Vumbisa, v., to leak, let out water, 
 &c., used only of a vessel which 
 allows the fluid to escape out. 
 
 Vumbuka, v.i., to rise, arise, be raised 
 up, to get up (as from a reclin¬ 
 ing into a sitting posture, or 
 erect), to sit up, be erect, to 
 cease stooping, to straighten 
 one’s self, be straightened after 
 stooping. 
 
 Vumbula, v.t., to straighten that 
 which is bending or stooping, 
 to raise, lift up into a sitting or 
 erect posture that which was 
 lying down, to lift up (a part of 
 the body). 
 
 vumbula (0 ntu, 4), v., to lift or 
 raise one’s head. 
 
 Vumi, 6 & 12, n., respectful fear, 
 respect, awe, fear, dread, fright, 
 dismay. Vumi expresses the 
 effect caused by the realization 
 of a superior greatness and 
 might which cannot therefore 
 be withstood ; hence it is the 
 best word by which to express 
 the thought of the fear of God, 
 as it combines respect, honour, 
 and fear, without the necessary 
 dislike, distrust, and sense of 
 danger expressed by wonga 
 and wongola, or the horror, 
 awe, and shrinking fear of 
 mbubu. 
 
 -avumi, a., awful, awe inspiring. 
 
 Vumina, v., to fear, respect, honour. 
 
 Vumisa, v.t., to appeal, intimidate, to 
 alarm, to frighten, dismay ; see 
 
 Vumi. 
 
 Vumoxi, adv., together. For Loca¬ 
 tives, see under Kuma. 
 
 Vumpa, v.t., to burn, singe, scorch, by 
 burning grass over, or in any 
 way bringing the fire to the 
 object. 
 
 Vumpuka,7/.z., to be singed; see above. 
 Vumpula, see Vumpa. 
 
 Vumu, 6, n., the abdomen, belly, 
 stomach, pregnancy ; the ball 
 (of a toe or finger), 
 vumu (ki-) vaika, v.i., to purge, 
 to have diarrhoea, 
 vaikisa e vumu, v.t., to purge, 
 kala ye vumu, v., to be pregnant. 
 
 Vumuka, v., to sigh, to heave a sigh. 
 
 Vumuka, v., to fly. 
 vumukina, v. (applied form of Vu¬ 
 muka), to fly at (as a brood- 
 hen). 
 
 Vumuku, 6, n., a sigh. 
 
 Vumuna, v., to breathe, to take a 
 breath, respire. 
 
 Vumvula, v.i., to stroll, wander, roam, 
 ramble, go about, stray, rove, 
 go astray. 
 
 Vumvula, v.i., to rush into and be 
 caught (in a net, noose, thicket 
 &c.j. 
 
VUM-VUN 
 
 ( 456 ) 
 
 Vumvumuka, v., to run away, scam¬ 
 per off. 
 
 Vumwa, v., to perspire, sweat, to 
 blush. 
 
 Vuna, v., to tell a lie, utter a falsehood, 
 deceive, dupe, trick, defraud, 
 “take in,”cheat,delude,swindle, 
 mislead. 
 
 vuna-e-ntalu, v., to bargain, to 
 name a price, to bid (for a 
 thing). 
 
 Vuna, v., to strip off, to skin, flay, 
 knock off (1 without the aid of a 
 knife or any instrument). The 
 object of this verb must be that 
 which is stripped off, skin , bark, 
 &c. 
 
 vuna...e mbele, to make a scratch 
 with a knife, the object of vuna 
 in this combination must be the 
 person or article scratched. 
 
 vuna e nzala, to scratch with the 
 nails. 
 
 Vuna, to cause to be deformed 
 (used only of the charm which 
 causes the deformity). 
 
 Vunanana, v.i ., to be bowed ; to be 
 bent; bow, bend. 
 
 Vunda, v.i., to rest, take rest, to halt 
 for rest. 
 
 Vundisa, v., to ease, to cause to rest, 
 rest. 
 
 Vundu, 6, n., rest, ease. 
 
 vavundu (6), n., resting-place. For 
 Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 Vunduka, v.i., to increase, swell (as 
 things soaked). 
 
 Vunduka, v.i., to be levered up, to be 
 raised up with a lever, to be 
 raised as a “ ntete,” by placing 
 the top of the walking staff at 
 the centre of gravity and throw¬ 
 ing the weight on the stick. 
 
 Vunduna, v.t ., to cause to swell by 
 soaking. 
 
 Vunduna, v., to lift up, to raise up 
 (with a lever or in the same 
 manner, with the same action 
 as a “ntete” is shouldered). 
 
 Vunga, v., to moisten, wet, soak. 
 
 Vunga, v.i., to be exceedingly ashamed. 
 
 Vunga, 9, n., (great) shame. 
 
 Vungama, v., to be wet, soaked, 
 moistened. 
 
 Vungisa, v.t. (causative of Vunga), to 
 make exceedingly ashamed. 
 
 Vungisa, 9, ?i., great shame. 
 
 Vungu, 6, n., an eagle. 
 
 Vunguka, v., to dawn, to become 
 light, to be quite light, 
 vunguka 0 zayi (12), to recover con¬ 
 sciousness, to come to one’s self, 
 senses, wits, to recover (from 
 fainting). 
 
 Vungula, v., to tend, herd, look after 
 (live stock). 
 
 Vungula e futa (6), v., to follow up a 
 bush fire in order to dig out the 
 small animals that have taken 
 refuge in the ground. 
 
 Vungula, v., see Vengola. 
 
 Vungumuka, v.i., to be spread out of 
 things which were heaped to¬ 
 gether, to be scattered, to clear, 
 grow clear (as mist, clouds, dew, 
 &c.). 
 
 Vungumuna, v., to spread out things 
 which were heaped together, to 
 break up, scatter and clear away 
 (clouds, mist, &c.). 
 
 Vunguta, v., to make a murmuring 
 sound, to mumble. 
 
 Vunina, v., to bear false witness, to 
 tell lies about, to defame. 
 
 Vuninika, v.t., to bow, bend, to cause 
 to stoop. 
 
 Vunisa, v., to distrust, disbelieve, 
 disregard, doubt, mistrust, be 
 faithless, be disbelieving. 
 
 Vunisa, 9, 71., unbelief, disbelief, mis¬ 
 trust, faithlessness. 
 
 Vuniswa, v.i., to be disbelieved. 
 
 Vunjisa, v., to discourage ; to cause 
 to relinquish, cause to abandon, 
 to derange, to upset plans. 
 
 Vunu, 6, 71., a tune or particular beat 
 on a drum. 
 
 Vunuka, v., to be peeled, stripped off, 
 broken, knocked off (of skin, 
 bark, &c.). 
 
( 457 ) 
 
 Vun-Vuv 
 
 Vunuka, to be deformed (by a charm). 
 
 Vununa, v., see Vuna (to strip off, &c.) 
 
 Vunza, v.i., to give up, leave off, for¬ 
 sake, abandon, relinquish, stop 
 before completion, to desist, dis¬ 
 continue. 
 
 vunza e lumbu (6), v., to put off; 
 to defer, postpone. 
 
 Vunzakana, v.i., to be relinquished, 
 &c., to be able to be relin¬ 
 quished, &c., see Vunza. 
 
 Vunzakana, v.i., to be obliterated, to 
 be able to be obliterated, &c.; 
 see Vunzuka. 
 
 Vunzakesa, v., see Vunza. 
 
 Vunzakesa, v., see Vunzuna. 
 
 Vunzalakana, v.i., see Vunzuka. 
 
 Vunzalakesa, v.t., see Vunzuna. 
 
 Vunzana, v.i., to be relinquished, given 
 up, abandoned, discontinued. 
 
 Vunzanisa, v.t., to relinquish, give up, 
 abandon ; to cause to be aban¬ 
 doned, relinquished, &c. 
 
 Vunzuka, v.i., to be blotted out, 
 obliterated, effaced, erased, 
 scratched or rubbed out, blotted 
 out, smeared, smeared out, 
 spoilt, of a mark or writing. 
 
 Vunzuna, v.t., to obliterate, efface, 
 erase, strike out, scratch out, 
 rub out, wipe out, blot out, 
 smear out, smear, spoil, a mark 
 or writing. 
 
 Vusuna, v., to knock off a scab. 
 
 Vuta e nzala (2 & n), v., to scratch 
 with the nails or claws. The 
 object of this verb must be the 
 person or thing scratched. 
 
 Vutuka, v., to return, go come or 
 get back, to recede, retire, re¬ 
 treat ; to be at half-cock. 
 
 vutuka 0 lunima, v., to recoil. 
 
 Vutukila, v.i., applied form of Vutu¬ 
 ka. 
 
 Vutukila, v.t., to take or receive back 
 something that had been given 
 or sold. 
 
 Vutukisa, v.t., to cause to return, to 
 bring or drive back, of living 
 creatures only. 
 
 Vutukisa, v.i., to return, return back, 
 go back, arrive back, to be re¬ 
 turned, to have come back. 
 
 Vutula, v.t., to return, to give, send, 
 bring, take, fetch, pull, put, push, 
 throw or get back, to restore, to 
 half-cock (a gun). 
 
 vutula e ngemba {pi. 2), v., to pro¬ 
 pitiate, to restore friendship, 
 vutula 0 ntoto (4), v., to fill up a 
 hole with earth. 
 
 Vutula, v., to answer, reply. 
 
 Vutula, v.i., to be damp, moist. 
 
 Vutulwila, v. {applied form of 
 Vutula). 
 
 Vutulwisa, v., to recall, to call back, 
 send to, to fetch back, to cause 
 to return, used in this sense only 
 of people or animals which can 
 hear and have the power of re¬ 
 turning in themselvesj also to 
 get back, send somebody to 
 fetch, bring or put back, to re¬ 
 cover {of inanimate objects ). 
 
 Vutulwisa, v.t., to make damp or 
 moist, to damp, moisten, to 
 cause a thing to be damp. 
 
 Vutwila, v. {appliedform ^Vutula, 
 to return only). 
 
 Vuvama, V., to be still, to be at peace, 
 be at rest, quiet, calm, tranquil, 
 safe, out of danger, be out of 
 harm’s way, to escape beyond 
 the reach of trouble. 
 
 Vuvama, 9, n., safety, tranquillity, 
 quiet, peace. 
 
 Vuvika, v., to bring into safety, to 
 keep safe, to rescue, to place 
 out of danger or beyond reach 
 of trouble. 
 
 Vuvila, v.t., to fan. 
 
 Vuvila, v.i., to flap about. 
 
 Vuvilwa, 6 , n., a fan. 
 
 Vuvu, 6, n., hope, expectation, expect¬ 
 ancy, anticipation, 
 dimbula or katula e vuvu, v., to 
 give up or relinquish hope, to 
 despair. 
 
 dimbulwisa or katula e vuvu, to 
 
 remove all hope or expectation, 
 
VUY-VWE 
 
 ( 458 ) 
 
 Vuvn, continued. 
 
 to render hopeless, to cause to 
 despair. 
 
 xia e vuvn, v., to hope, expect, 
 anticipate, to be hopeful. 
 
 Vuwa, v.i., to be owned, possessed, 
 acquired, obtained, to belong 
 (to), to be got. 
 
 Vuwa, 6, n., fish trap (like a lobster 
 basket, long), the entrance is 
 called nsanga, 2. 
 
 Vuwila, v.t., to paddle, to pull (oars), 
 to row. 
 
 Vuza, v., to uproot, root up, tear up, 
 pull up, or out, pluck up or take 
 out (by the roots), to eradicate. 
 
 Vuzuka, v ., to be uprooted, to come 
 up or out by the roots, to fall 
 off (as hair, feathers, &c.). 
 
 Vwa, v.t., to be done, finished, ended, 
 perfected, completed, to come to 
 an end, be spent, be exhausted, 
 to expire, be expired ; a/so, aux. 
 verb asserting defi?iitely that the 
 actio?i is completed. Bavwidi 
 kwenda, they have gone ; lit., 
 they have finished to go. 
 ke -vwa ko, a., endless, everlasting. 
 
 Vwa, v.t., to own, possess, have. 
 
 Vwa, 9, n., property, possessions, 
 estate, riches, wealth. 
 
 Vwa, 6, n., a cut, gash, an open wound 
 (of knife). 
 
 Vwabama, v.i., to be stuck fast (in the 
 mud). 
 
 Vwablka, v.t., to stick or cause to 
 stick fast (in mud only). 
 
 Vwadangu, 6, n. (P. adem), duck, 
 
 goose. 
 
 Vwala-vwala, v.t., to make, manu¬ 
 facture, build, construct, sew 
 (very quickly), to make whole¬ 
 sale. 
 
 Vwalala, ^ v.i., to flow or gush 
 
 Vwalumuka, J out in great quan¬ 
 tity. 
 
 Vwalunru.ila, v.t., to cause to gush 
 forth, pour out in great quan¬ 
 tity. 
 
 Vwama, v., to be rich. 
 
 Vwamisa, v., to enrich, make rich. 
 
 Vwamvula, v., to rush into and be v 
 caught (in a net, noose, thicket, 
 &c.). E nkayi ivwamvwidi 
 e esokolo, the antelope rushed 
 into the noose, and became 
 entangled. 
 
 Vwamvulwisa, v.t., to drive along so 
 as to catch (in a snare). 
 
 Vwamvwana, v., to rove, roam about, 
 wander, stray, in a pathless 
 jungle or forest. 
 
 Vwanda (vana), v., to sit. 
 
 Vwanga, v.t., to spoil, injure. 
 
 Vwangalakana, v.i., to be entangled, 
 confused, deranged, mixed up, 
 scattered, spoilt, destroyed, 
 wrecked. 
 
 Vwangalakesa, v.t., to tangle, de¬ 
 range, mix up, confuse, throw 
 about, to huddle, put in any¬ 
 how, to spoil, harm, destroy, 
 scatter, wreck. 
 
 Vwangama, v.i., see Vwabama. 
 
 Vwangika, v.t., see Vwabika. 
 
 Vwanza, v.t., to spoil, injure. 
 
 Vwanzakana, v., ^Vwangalakana. 
 
 Vwanzakesa, v., see Vwangalakesa. 
 
 Vwanzalakana, v., see Vwangala¬ 
 kana. 
 
 Vwanzalakesa, v., see Vwangala¬ 
 kesa. 
 
 Vwanzuka, v.i., to be spoilt, injured, 
 no longer nice. 
 
 Vwasasa, v.i., see Vwalala. 
 
 Vwasumuka, v.i., see Vwalumuka. 
 
 Vwasumuna, v.t., see Vwalumuna. 
 
 Vwata, v.t., to wear, be clothed in, 
 dress in, put on (clothes), 
 vwata 0 nlaba (4), to draw the ends 
 of the loin cloth between the 
 legs, and tuck it in behind. 
 
 Vwatuka, v.i., to be worn (of clothes 
 or a cloth). 
 
 Vwavwana, v., to enslave each other, 
 to own one another. 
 
 Vwayi, 2, n. (P. navalha), razor. 
 
 Vwemba, v., to move, to sway up 
 and down (fast), to jerk up and 
 down. 
 
( 459 ) 
 
 Vwe-Wal 
 
 Vwembesa, v.t ., to bend or jerk or 
 cause to sway up and down. 
 
 Vwena, v., to stop or leave off (what¬ 
 ever one was doing, as writing, 
 , talking, working, &c. Vwena 
 implies only a temporary stop¬ 
 page). 
 
 Vwena (kwaku)! nevermind ! it does 
 not matter, all right. 
 
 Vwenga, v ., to be foolish. 
 
 Vwengele, 6, n., a fool. 
 
 -avwengele, a., foolish. 
 
 Vwengomona, W t0 bite out off 
 
 Vwengona, > \ 
 
 Vwenguna, f a large plece ' 
 
 Vweta, v.t., to scoop up ( of liquids 
 ojily). 
 
 Vwetama, v.t., see Vetama. 
 
 Vwetomoka, v.i., to sway up and 
 down tfrbackwards and forwards 
 (slowly), to be swayed down, to 
 hang down, to be weighed down. 
 
 Vwetomona, v.t., to cause to sway up 
 and down or backwards and 
 forwards (slowly), to sway or 
 weigh down, to cause to hang 
 down. 
 
 Vwetnmuka, v.i., see Vwetomoka. 
 Vwetumuna, v.t., see Vwetomona. 
 
 Vwika, v., to put (clothes) on (another), 
 to dress, clothe, attire, give 
 clothes, or a cloth. 
 
 Vwila, v.i., to abound, swarm, team. 
 
 Vwisa, i v., to pile, amass, put 
 
 Vwixisa,J plenty or much ^ many, 
 heap up. 
 
 W. 
 
 W = u or o before a vowel. 
 
 W-, subj. pronom. prefix applied to 
 verbs and adjectives qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of the 
 3rd, 4th, 12th, 13th classes sing., 
 and 12th pi. W is used before 
 a vowel, u before a consonant. 
 
 W-, pers. pronom. prefix, 2nd and 3rd 
 pers. sing, subjective. 
 
 Wa-, the prefix wa is sometimes used 
 without any noun apparent with 
 which it concords. In such a 
 case lima, a thing (abstract), is 
 understood. 
 
 Wa, v.t. fiote that this verb is transi¬ 
 tive and needs a?i object), to 
 hear, listen to, attend to, pay 
 attention to, take heed to, to 
 mind, comprehend, understand ; 
 to see, perceive ( with the 
 mind). 
 
 wa e nsudi (2) or nsunga (2), to 
 catch or notice a smell. 
 
 Wa ! interj., hark ! 
 
 Wa, 9, hearing, attention. 
 
 Wa, see -a, of. 
 
 awa, pron ., see under A. 
 
 Wadi, 12, n., a game of “ odds and 
 evens,” see Appendix (Games). 
 
 Waji, 12, n., a skin disease supposed 
 to be due to the disregard of 
 taboo law, e.g. eating something 
 forbidden, see Konko and Mpa- 
 ngu. 
 
 waji wambunduna, n., leprosy. 
 nkwa(i) waji wambnnduna, a 
 
 leper. 
 
 yo waji wambnnduna, a., 
 
 leprous. 
 
 Waji, 2, n. (P. as, hence asi, = axi, 
 =waxi, = waji), the ace (in 
 cards). 
 
 Wakana, v., to be heard, understood, 
 comprehended ; to be audible, 
 comprehensible. 
 
 Wakasa, v., to be rough. 
 
 Wakasa, 9, ?i., roughness. 
 
 Wakaxisa, v., to roughen. 
 
 Walakaji, 12, n., motherliness, fatherly 
 or paternal or parental kind¬ 
 ness. 
 
 -awalakaji, a., kind, fatherly, 
 motherly. 
 
 Walumuka, v., to shoot up, of veget¬ 
 able life only, to spring up (out 
 of the ground), to sprout, ger¬ 
 minate, come up well in great 
 numbers, to come out in abund¬ 
 ance as leaves, to be in leaf. 
 
Wam-Wau 
 
 ( 460 ) 
 
 Wambula, v., to dine, eat a meal 
 (spoken of chiefs only). 
 
 Wana, v., to meet, encounter, find. 
 
 Wana {pi. of mwana), n., family, 
 children, brood, progeny, seed, 
 offspring, posterity. 
 
 awana, pron., see under A. 
 
 Wanana, v., to join together. 
 
 Wananisa, v.t., to join, cause to 
 meet. 
 
 Wanda, 13 {pi. manda), n., web, net, 
 hammock; spider’s web, cob¬ 
 web. 
 
 Wanda, v.t., to beat, strike, lash. 
 
 wanda e ekofi (8), to strike with 
 the hollow hand or with the 
 fist, see Ekofi. 
 
 wanda e kinkodia, v., to rap with 
 knuckles. 
 
 wanda embata (2 & 11), to slap, 
 strike, or beat with the open 
 hand. 
 
 wanda e nkome (2), a blow with 
 the fist. 
 
 Wandakana, v.i ., to be strikeable. 
 
 Wandakana, v.i., see Wandama. 
 
 Wandakesa, v. {causative of Wanda¬ 
 kana). 
 
 Wandama, v.i., to be struck, beaten 
 (by a stick, &c.). E lekwa 
 kiaki kiwandamene 0 nti, this 
 thing was struck by a stick. 
 
 Wandama muna, v.i., to strike, beat, 
 patter, come or run against or 
 upon. E mvnla iwandamene . 
 muna kielo, the rain beat 
 against the door. 
 
 wandama muna mazunu, to 
 
 come into the nose; nsunga 
 jiwandamene muna mazunu 
 mame, the perfume came into 
 my nose. 
 
 Wandu, 12 & 11, n. (luandu), a small 
 round bean, growing on a stem 
 which branches at about three 
 feet from the ground. 
 
 Wangala, v., to scamper, run off or 
 away and hide in a jungle or 
 wood. 
 
 Wangawanga, 6, n., a shower of rain. 
 
 Wangila, 12, n., semsem (Sesamum 
 Indicum, a small seed rich in 
 oil). 
 
 Wanjo, 12, n. (P. anjo), angel. 
 
 awanso, a., see wider A. 
 
 Wantu, 1, n. {pi. of muntu), people, 
 folk, persons, men, mankind, 
 the human race, population. 
 
 Wanuka, v., to be met. 
 
 Wasajiana, v., to hear, understand 
 each other. 
 
 Watu or watu kadi, interj., intro¬ 
 duces a sentence which states 
 that whether with or against 
 one’s will a certain action has 
 to be performed, regardless even 
 of a flat refusal to do it. It can 
 therefore only be used where 
 circumstances or power com¬ 
 bined with determination will 
 enforce the action. Watu is 
 therefore equivalent to those 
 emphatic interjections, such as : 
 indeed, however, notwithstand¬ 
 ing, surely, or do what you may; 
 in spite of all you will have to; 
 dotfr say what you will you will 
 have to. 
 
 watu kadi wenda, indeed you shall 
 go or you will have to go how¬ 
 ever, whether you like it or 
 not. 
 
 watu kiambwaki kwandi, indeed 
 it is red, say what you may. 
 
 Wau, snbj. or emphatic obj. pron., cl. 
 3, 4, 12 & 13, sing., 12, pi., it, 
 they, them ; also dem. pron. 
 emphatic, of the above classes , 
 1stpos., this, these. 
 
 Wau, the pronouns proper to Uma, 
 are sometimes used without 
 mention of their noun, see Uma. 
 
 ^2CW., poss. pron., see -au. 
 
 muna wau, therefore, that is why, see 
 Uma. 
 
 vo ke wau ko, lest, if not so, other¬ 
 wise. 
 
 Wauna, dem. pron., cl. 3, 4, 12 & 13, 
 sing., 12, pi., 3rd pos., emphatic, 
 that, those. 
 
( 461 ) 
 
 Wav-Wis 
 
 Wavo, coiij., introducing the statement 
 of possibilities upon which the 
 action spoken of in a contingent 
 sentence depends. The possi¬ 
 bilities are introduced by wavo, 
 and the contingent sentence by, 
 zavo, ozavo, zevo, or ozevo; 
 wavo...zavo, if...in that case 
 or then ; in case...then. Ovo 
 may be used instead of wavo 
 and in the same manner. Wavo 
 ozengela mio wowo ozevo fwa 
 mifwa, kanxi ovo kuzenga 
 mio ko zavo mena mitoma 
 mena, if you cut them like that, 
 then they will die, but if you 
 don’t cut them, they will grow 
 well. The zavo, &c., is not 
 always used in introducing the 
 contingent sentence, but it is 
 more correct to do so. 
 
 Wawajiana, v., to hear, understand 
 each other or one another. 
 
 Wawana, v., to hear, understand each 
 other, to agree, come to terms, 
 to be settled (of a palaver). 
 
 Wawuna, see Wanna. 
 
 awaya, dem. pron., cl 1, pi, 1stpos ., 
 emphatic , they, these. 
 
 Wazumuna, v., to talk, rave, wander 
 in delirium. 
 
 We = wa-f e. 
 
 Wela, v. (Bako.), to hunt. 
 
 Wele, pres. perf. of Kwenda, 2nd & 
 3rd pers. sing. 
 
 Welexi, 6, n ., grassy marsh (where 
 the welewele grass grows). 
 
 Welo, 12, n. (P. ereo), brass, copper, 
 copper ingots. 
 
 Welo, 12, n. (P. ouros), diamonds (in 
 cards). 
 
 Wenga, v., to squeal or squeak (as a 
 large pig), howl (as a dog when 
 beaten). 
 
 Wengexi, 12, n., sand. 
 
 Wet a, v.t., to beat, strike. 
 
 Wete, 12, n., the quality of being nice, 
 niceness, goodness, beauty, com¬ 
 fort, ease, delight, pleasure, hap 
 piness, joy, propriety, decency. 
 
 Wete, continued. 
 
 -awete, a ., nice, good, pleasant, 
 lovely, neat, becoming, hand¬ 
 some (said of things), beautiful, 
 fine, pretty (of things), smart, 
 convenient, right. 
 
 mona 0 wete, v.i., to be delighted, 
 glad, joyful, pleased, happy, to 
 rejoice. 
 
 mwesa 0 wete, v., to gladden, re¬ 
 joice. 
 
 vanga 0 wete, v., to improve, adorn, 
 beautify, make comfortable or 
 pleasant or agreeable. 
 
 -wete, a., very good, too good. 
 
 Weyi, \inter. pro?i., cl. 3, 4, 12, 13, 
 
 Aweyi,J sing., & cl. 12, pi, where or 
 which or what is it or this or 
 these are ; when Uma is under¬ 
 stood, what, how ; aweyi ka- 
 vovele, what did he say? 
 
 Wi, 12, n ., dung, excrement. 
 
 Widiwidi, 6, n ., inattention, the let¬ 
 ting things in at one ear and 
 out at the other. 
 
 wa e widiwidi, v., to let things in at 
 one ear and out at the other, 
 oyo owidi, owidi; oyo owidiwidi 
 owidiwidi, those who care let 
 them attend to what I say; “ He 
 that hath ears to hear, let him 
 hear.” 
 
 Wika, 12 & 11, n., downy hair (of 
 body), fur, wool, bristle. 
 
 Wiki, 12, n ., honey. 
 
 Wila, v., appliedform of Wa. 
 
 Wilwa, v., passive of the above. 
 
 Wimi, 12, n ., meanness, stinginess. 
 
 A^Timi, 12, n ., fish poison, of two 
 kinds, one a great lliana, the 
 other a bulb. 
 
 Winga, v ., to squeak or squeal, as a 
 small pig. 
 
 Winikina, v.i., to hearken, listen, 
 attend, give ear. 
 
 Wisa, v.t., to cause to hear. 
 
 Wisa, 6 , n., the power to make people 
 hear and obey; authority, in¬ 
 fluence, power, mastery, con¬ 
 trol, jurisdiction. 
 
Wiv-Won 
 
 ( 462 ) 
 
 Wivi, 12, n., dishonesty, thievishness, 
 thieving, theft, robbery (the 
 abstract idea only). 
 
 umbakidi 0 wivi, he charged me 
 with stealing (theft). 
 
 Wivwa, 11 & 12, 71., a fungus, mush¬ 
 room, see Fungi, Eng.-Kongo. 
 wivwa wa maxinde or wa njila- 
 njila or wa nzau, edible fungi. 
 
 Wixixi, 12, n., haze, mist, fog. 
 
 wixixi (u-) fukumuka, v., to be 
 misty, hazy, foggy. 
 
 Wiyi, 12, 11., ugliness, hideousness. 
 
 Wo, obj. firon., cl. 3, 4, 12, 13, sing., 
 12,//., it, them. 
 
 WOWO, dem. pron., cl. 3, 4, 12, 13, sing., 
 
 1 & 12, pi., 2ndpos., that, those. 
 
 0 W 0 (uma understood), so, like that, 
 in that way or manner, 
 xia owo, leave it so, that will do, 
 that is enough. 
 
 Wobola, v., to knock a hole into any¬ 
 thing. 
 
 Wodiana, v.i., to cry, wail, making a 
 great noise. 
 
 Woka, v., to howl, bark (as a dog). 
 
 Wokela, v.i., to accumulate, increase, 
 to be or become more frequent, 
 or plentiful or abundant, to 
 multiply, abound. 
 
 tiya (11 tu-) wokela, to burn 
 
 fiercely. 
 
 Wokesa, v.t., to cause to accumulate, 
 to accumulate, amass, heap up, 
 multiply, to put plenty, much, 
 many. 
 
 wokesa e ndinga (2), n., to talk 
 louder. 
 
 Wola, v.i., to decay, rot, decompose, go 
 bad, hence to putrify, be putrid. 
 
 Wola, 6, 7 i., decay, decomposition, 
 rottenness, corruption, putre¬ 
 faction. 
 
 -awola, a., decayed, rotten, fetid, 
 putrid. 
 
 Wolesa, v.t., to cause to rot, putrify, 
 decompose. 
 
 Wolo, 12, 71., laziness, indolence, sloth¬ 
 fulness, sloth, sluggishness, idle¬ 
 ness. 
 
 Wolo, contmued. 
 kala yo wolo, v., to be indolent, 
 -awolo, a., lazy, indolent, idle. 
 
 Wolo, 12, 7i. (P. onro), gold, brass, 
 kusa 0 wolo, v., to gild. 
 
 -awolo, a., gold, golden. 
 
 Wolola, v., to search for or gather 
 whatever may be left, to glean, 
 wolola e vixi (6), v., to pick a bone. 
 
 Wolomoka, v., to rot, fall, go, be boiled 
 (to pieces), be broken (in pieces), 
 to cook until very soft, to cook 
 to pieces, to get soft and go to 
 pieces. 
 
 Wolomona, v.t., to cause to rot, to 
 break, boil, &c., to pieces. 
 
 Womala (P. engomar), v., to starch 
 and iron. 
 
 Wornba, v.i., to be soaked and softened, 
 become soft ( 7 iot rotte 7 i). 
 
 Wombesa, v.t., to soak and soften. 
 
 Womboka, v.i., to move, come, go, 
 walk slowly, to loiter, dawdle, 
 to go or come stealthily. 
 
 Wombola, v.t., to steal, thieve, rob, be 
 dishonest. 
 
 Wombolola, v.t., to take away steal¬ 
 thily, very cautiously (as when 
 stealing or wishing to be un¬ 
 observed). 
 
 Wombomoka, v.i., to be soaked or 
 rot and go to pieces. 
 
 Wombotota, v., to be slow, to dawdle, 
 go very slowly. 
 
 Wona, v.t., to shave (the head or 
 beard). 
 
 Wondama, v.i. (Mpa.), see Womba. 
 
 Wondeka, v.t. (Mpa.), see Wombesa. 
 
 Wondelela, v., to sing a lullaby. 
 
 Wonga, 12, 71., fear, alarm, dread, awe, 
 terror, fright, apprehension, 
 timidity. 
 
 mona 0 wonga, v., to fear, be afraid, 
 be frightened, be timid, to dread, 
 mona 0 wonga wingi, to be 
 terrified. 
 
 mwesa 0 wonga, to cause to fear, 
 to frighten, affright, intimidate, 
 mwesa 0 wonga wingi, to terrify. 
 
 -awonga, a., fearful, terrible, awful. 
 
( 463 ) 
 
 Won—Wun 
 
 Wongola, 12, n., see Wonga. 
 
 Wongomoka, v.i., to cave in, fall in. 
 
 Wongona, v., to make a grimace. 
 
 Wongwena, v.t ., to make a grimace 
 at. 
 
 -awonso, ^ ,. 
 
 la., all, every. 
 
 -awonsono, J y 
 
 Wonza, v.t., to soothe, quiet (a fretful 
 child). 
 
 Wonzakana, v.t., to hug (a child), to 
 nurse in the arms. 
 
 Wonzakana, v., to be brought or 
 collected together in a heap. 
 
 Wonzakesa, v., to gather or collect 
 together into a heap. 
 
 Wonzekela, v.t., to collect by degrees, 
 or gather little by little, and 
 store up carefully. 
 
 Wosakana, v.i., to go to atoms, to be 
 able to be smashed or crushed 
 to atoms, to be breakable. 
 
 Wosakesa, v.t., to crush or smash to 
 atoms. 
 
 Wosoka, v., to go, be smashed, to 
 atoms. 
 
 Wosola, v.t., to crush or smash to 
 atoms. 
 
 Wosomoka, v.i., see Wosoka. 
 
 Wosomona, see Wosola. 
 
 Wotomoka, v.i., to fall, cave in. 
 
 Wotona, v., to make a grimace. 
 
 Wotwena, v.t., to make a grimace at. 
 
 Wowo, dem. pron., cl. 3, 4, 12, 13, 
 sing., & 12, pi., 2ndpos.,emphatic, 
 that, those (pi.) 
 
 wowo (uina understood , see Uma), 
 in that way or manner, like that, 
 thus, so, just as, just so, even 
 so. 
 
 xia wowo, leave it as it is, that is 
 enough, that will do. 
 wowo...wowo, as ... so; wowo 
 kina wowo kixinga kala, as 
 it is so it must be. 
 
 Owu, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 3, 4, 12, 
 13, sing., & 12,//., 1st pos., this, 
 this which, which, these, these 
 which (with uma understood), 
 in this way or manner, like this, 
 thus. 
 
 Owu, continued. 
 
 OWU, dem. pron. of a noun of cl. 12, 
 probably uma combining with 
 kala, to be ; thus kala owu, to 
 be able to, to know how to ; ke 
 kala owu ko, to be unable to, 
 to be puzzled, to be at one’s wits’ 
 end to know how to. 
 
 Wudika, v.i., to be broken, smashed, 
 shattered. 
 
 Wuka, v.t., to give medicine, to heal 
 (from sickness), to cure. 
 
 Wula, v.t., to shatter, crush, break, 
 smash. 
 
 Wulakana, v.i., see Wosakana. 
 Wulakesa, v.t., see Wosakesa. 
 Wulumuka, v.t., see Wolomoka. 
 
 Wulumuka, v.i., to fall in plenty 
 (many, much), to fall as leaves, 
 to flow on endlessly {as an 
 interminable discourse). 
 Wulumuna, see Wolomona. 
 
 Wulumuna, v.t., to let much, many 
 fall, to shed (leaves); to talk on 
 and on, talk endlessly, to chatter, 
 gossip, expatiate. 
 
 Wuma, v.i., to dry, absorb, get dry, 
 evaporate. 
 
 Wuma, 9, n., dryness. 
 
 -awuma, a., dry, dried. 
 
 Wumba,?y., to make pottery or earthen¬ 
 ware or crockery ware, to mould 
 in clay. 
 
 wumba 0 ntoto (4), to make a 
 mound. 
 
 Wumisa, v.t., to dry, cause to dry, to 
 absorb, desiccate. 
 
 Wuna, v., to groan, grumble, mutter, 
 complain, murmur, whir, growl, 
 snarl, roar. 
 
 Wuna, 9, n., complaint, murmuring. 
 
 owuna, pron., see Una. 
 
 Wundula, v.t. (Mpa.), to feed, give 
 food to a person, to give a 
 present of food. 
 
 Wunga, v., to suppurate, to gather (as 
 pus), fester. 
 
 Wungalala, v.i., to be blown out, 
 to be distended, inflated, tense 
 (by inflation). 
 
WUN-XlD 
 
 ( 464 ) 
 
 Wungalala, 9, n., tension, distension, 
 inflation. 
 
 Wungidika, v.t., to blow out, to dis¬ 
 tend, inflate. 
 
 Wungula, v., to take many or plenty. 
 
 Wungulula, v., to take away weeds 
 when dry, to gather together 
 and clear away weeds. 
 
 Wunikina, v.t., to listen, hearken, at¬ 
 tend, give ear to. 
 
 wunikina e nsudi (2) or nsuga (2), 
 to catch or notice a smell. 
 
 Wunza, v.t., to examine carefully, 
 tenderly or gently (something 
 painful or very fragile). 
 
 Wunzulula, v.t., to drain the last drop 
 of liquid from a mug or vessel. 
 
 Wuta, v., to bear, bring forth, give 
 birth to, to be delivered (of a 
 child), to breed, produce, to be 
 fruitful; also of the male parent, 
 to generate, beget; also of 
 animals, to calve, pup, &c. 
 Wuta is not used of vegetable 
 reproduction. 
 
 wuta e mbumbu (2), to rust, become 
 rusty. 
 
 Wutana, v., to be fecund, to be pro¬ 
 lific (in bearing), to multiply 
 prolifically. 
 
 Wutuka, v.i., to be born. 
 
 Wutukiana, v., to be related (by 
 blood), to be akin. 
 
 Wutuluka, v., to be born over again, 
 to be born again. 
 
 Wutuluka, 9, n., passive, the new 
 birth, regeneration. 
 
 Wutulula, v., to regenerate, to give 
 birth to the same once more. 
 
 Wutulula, 9, n., active, regeneration. 
 
 Wutwa, v.i., to be the child of, be 
 descended from. 
 
 WuWU ,dem.pron., cl. 2, 3, 12, 13, sing., 
 12, pi. 1 st pos., emphatic, see 
 
 Wau. » 
 
 X. 
 
 Xi = s+i. 
 
 Xi, adv., see Xinga. 
 
 Exi, see Mwixi (inhabitant). 
 
 Xia, v., to put, place, lay, set, add ; 
 appoint, fix (a day), apply 
 (medicine), make (a noise). 
 
 Xia wowo, that is enough, leave it so, 
 that will do. 
 
 Xia, v., to say, state, argue, urge. 
 
 Xia, 6, n. (P. chd), tea. 
 
 Xiakakana, v.i., to be able to be put, 
 placed, &c. 
 
 Xialela, 2, n. (P. chaleira), tea-kettle. 
 
 Xiama, v.i., to be fast, secure, steady, 
 firmly fixed, immovable, strong ; 
 loud (of sound). 
 
 Xiama, 9, n., firmness, strength, 
 security, immobility. 
 
 Xiamisa, v.t., to make fast, to fasten, to 
 make firm, secure, to fix firmly, 
 to tighten, strengthen, stay, sup¬ 
 port, to... firmly, strongly. Xia¬ 
 misa 0 kanga, tie tightly, 
 xiamisa 0 makaku {pi. 8), to ram 
 the wads. 
 
 xiamisa e ndinga (2), to speak or 
 talk louder. 
 
 xiamisa e to (6), to invigorate, 
 xiamisa 0 ximba, to grip, gripe. 
 
 Xiandama, v., to be persistent, be 
 obstinate in. 
 
 Xiandama, v.i., to be persisted in. 
 
 Xiandama, 9, n ., persistance, per¬ 
 sistency, obstinacy. 
 
 Xiandika, v.t., to persist, be obstinate 
 in. 
 
 Xianzuka, v.i., to get, spout, spirt, 
 squirt. 
 
 Xiaxiana, v.t. {recip. ofX ia), to place 
 each other. 
 
 Xiba, v.t., to curse, accuse, doom, 
 blight, place under a ban. 
 
 -xidi, v.i. {perf. of Xia, to be put). 
 
 -xidi, v.i. {perf. of Sala, to be left). 
 
 Xidi, 6, n., a frog having a very dark 
 back and light yellow belly. 
 
( 46 5 ) 
 
 XlD-XlM 
 
 Xidivila, v.i. (p. servar), to serve at 
 table. 
 
 Xielomoka, ) . 
 
 Xielumuka ,/ v ' t ' i t0 s ip ' 
 
 Xienge, 6, fetters, handcuffs, jail, 
 prison. 
 
 Xienxia, v ., to swim. 
 
 Xienxiele, 6, 71., the midrib of a 
 frondlet of a palm. 
 
 Xienxiumuka, v., to glide, slip, slide, 
 glance (along), to shoot (as a 
 star). 
 
 Xieta, v., to twist together the strands 
 of a rope or string, to make 
 _ (rope or string), to spin (yarn). 
 
 Xiexiabende,) 6, a slightly built 
 
 Xiexiele, J or ver y thin or lanky 
 person. Sometimes used of 
 animals, in which case the 
 animal is named. Sometimes 
 nnintu is appended in case of 
 persons, to show that a person 
 is spoken of. 
 
 Xika, y., to play or perform on an 
 instrument, to ring (a bell), beat 
 (a drum), blow (a wind instru¬ 
 ment), to shoot, fire (a gun). 
 
 xika e exikilu (8), to play music. 
 
 xika e kintumba a ezulu, to fire 
 a gun into the air, straight up 
 overhead. 
 
 xika e mbwabwa (2), to utter an 
 
 alarm cry, to cry out with sur- 
 prise. 
 
 xika 0 mumpiji (3), to whistle with 
 the mouth. 
 
 xika 0 ntoto (4), to place the hands 
 together and touch or stroke 
 the third finger of each hand 
 
 on the ground when paying 
 
 homage. 
 
 xika e vumbi (6), v.t., to fire a 
 volley. 
 
 Xika, 6, n., small pox. 
 
 Xikala, 2, n. (p. chicara), tea-cup. 
 
 Xikalala, v.i., to sit up. 
 
 Xikama, v.i., to awake, be awake, be 
 aroused. 
 
 Xikamesa, v.t., to waken, awake, 
 rouse. 
 
 Xikansambi, 6, n., mantis. 
 
 Xikidika, v.t., to cause to sit up or 
 remain sitting up. 
 
 Xikidisa, v.t., to make sure, certain, 
 coiiect, exact, accurate, to put 
 iight, to fix securely, firmly, 
 immovably, to assure, corrobo¬ 
 rate, to make firm, strong, im¬ 
 movable, steady, to consolidate, 
 settle, sustain, confirm, regulate, 
 reform. 
 
 Xikila, v., to be sure, certain, correct, 
 exact, accurate, reliable, firm, 
 secure, immovable, fixed se¬ 
 curely, established, strong, 
 xikila vana salu, to persevere, 
 stick to (one’s) work, to work 
 on steadily or faithfully. 
 
 Xikila, 9, n., firmness, correctness, 
 certainty. 
 
 Xikina, | v., to support, hold up, 
 Xikinina, J sustain, stay, prop. 
 Xikinina, v. (appliedform ^Xikina). 
 Xikola, 2, n. (P. escola), school. 
 Xikova, 2, 71. (P. escova), brush. 
 Xikumuka, v., to sob. 
 
 Xikuxiku, 6, n., hiccup. 
 
 Xila, v., to cause a spasm, to convulse 
 (as a fit). 
 
 Xila, 7/., to promise, engage, destine. 
 Xila, 6, 71 ., red paint (for face, &c.). 
 Xila, v.t. ( appliedfor7)i of Xia). 
 Xilanku.su, 6, 71 ., paroquet. 
 
 Xilwa, v.i., to be convulsed (as in a 
 fit). 
 
 Xilwa, 9, 7i., a fit, spasm, convulsion. 
 Xilwa, v.t., to be promised, destined. 
 Xilwa, 6, 71., receptacle (temporary), 
 the thing with which. 
 
 Xilwa, v.i. ( pass, of afplied form of 
 Xia). 
 
 Xima, v., to forbid, refuse to allow, 
 prohibit, object, restrain, keep 
 back, interdict, stop, 
 xima (e njingu, 4), to quell 
 disturbance. 
 
 Xima, 6, 77., pool, pond, hole for water 
 well. 
 
 Ximama, v.i., to stick into, be fixed 
 in the ground. 
 
 H H 
 
XlM-XlN 
 
 ( 466 ) 
 
 Ximba, v., to hold, to keep or lay or 
 seize or take hold of, to grasp, 
 comprehend, understand, to 
 hold to, to keep, observe, main¬ 
 tain, obey (commands, &c.), to 
 uphold, support, sustain, to hold 
 back, to restrain, govern, con¬ 
 trol, confine, fetter, hamper, 
 withhold, check, detain, retain ; 
 to feel, touch, handle, to hold, 
 attach one’s self to, cling to ; 
 to take up, commence, begin, 
 undertake anew, assume, en¬ 
 gage in. Oximbidi 0 dila, he 
 began to cry. 
 
 Ximba, 9, 7/., the 'usual noun derived 
 from the infinitive of the above, 
 the seizing, grasping, maintain¬ 
 ing, undertaking (of), observ¬ 
 ance of, &c. 
 
 Ximba, 6, n., thread. 
 
 Ximbana, v., to catch, seize, grasp, 
 take hold of, to grapple with 
 (each other). 
 
 Ximbi, 6, n., water fairy. 
 
 Ximbinina, v. (implies all that is 
 foiuid u?ider ximba, but is an 
 intensive implying that the 
 actioii was not a momentary 
 one. Otomene kio ximbinina, 
 lie maintained it carefully in his 
 grasp, or he maintained careful 
 hold of it. 
 
 Ximbisa, v., carisative of Ximba, 
 hence also to give as surety, to 
 pledge. 
 
 ximbisa (e nximbi, 2), v., to pawn, 
 pledge. 
 
 Ximbnka, v. {mid. voice of Ximba), to 
 be held, &c. 
 
 Ximika, v /., to stick, drive, fix, put, 
 set in. 
 
 Ximina, v., applied form of Xima, 
 hence also to stop from, to stop 
 (a fight, a quarrel). 
 
 Ximn, 6, 7/., prohibition, refusal to 
 allow. 
 
 Ximnka, v.i., to be pulled out (of 
 something that was fixed into 
 -)• 
 
 Ximuna, v.i. {reversive of Ximika ), to 
 pull out (something that was 
 • fixed or stuck in). 
 
 Ximwa, v.i., to be forbidden, unlaw¬ 
 ful, prohibited. 
 
 Xina, v.i., to be deep, 
 ke xina ko, to be not deep, to be 
 shallow, to shoal. 
 
 Xina, 9, n., deepness, depth. 
 
 Xina, 6, n., wealth, capital (in trade). 
 
 Xina, 6, 7 i., a wealthy or rich person. 
 
 Xinanana, v., to be stiff and straight, 
 to be rigid. 
 
 Xinda, v., to sink, to go under water 
 or mud, to founder, to settle (as 
 mud). 
 
 Xindika, v.t., to take leave, to bid 
 farewell (used of those who re¬ 
 main), to dismiss, send away, to 
 see off, to give leave, allow, per¬ 
 mit to go, to give leave to go 
 and—, to favour an expedition 
 to—, to back up, to incite. 
 
 Xinga, adv., soon, shortly (followed 
 by the verb in the subjunctive); 
 xinga kaluaka, he will soon 
 come. 
 
 Xinga, aux. verb wiplying that a7i 
 actio 7 i will certamly have to be 
 perfor77ied. It is foinid 07 ily vi 
 the subjunctive, shall have to, 
 must, be obliged to. Nxinga 
 kwenda, I shall have to go ; 
 yaxinga kwenda, I shall have 
 to go ; the latter being less 
 defi, 7 iite a 7 id i 7 iore re 7 )iote , though 
 equally certain. 
 
 Xinga, v.i., to starve, be starved. 
 
 Xinga, 9, 71., convulsion (of laughter). 
 
 Xingalakiana, v., to be parallel (?) 
 
 Xingama, v., to be or stand straight, 
 level, square { 7 iot crooked or 
 uneveri), to be correct (of infor¬ 
 mation, & c.). 
 
 xingama ova kati, v.i, to be 
 balanced. 
 
 Xingamanxiji, 6, n., a dwarf species 
 of plantain. 
 
 Xingana, v., to keep wishing each 
 other to go first, either in token 
 
( 467 ) 
 
 Xin-Ya 
 
 Xingana, continued. 
 
 of respect, or from some other 
 motive ; baxinganini 0 vita 
 kuna ntu e kuma me kingi, 
 each wished the other to go 
 in front because there was so 
 much dew (on the grass). 
 
 Xingika, v.t., to straighten, make 
 straight or level, 
 xingika ova kati, to balance. 
 
 Xingini, 6, n., heel. 
 
 Xingisa, v.t., to starve, cause to starve. 
 
 Xingisa, v.t., to convulse, cause to be 
 convulsed. 
 
 Xinguka yo tusevo, v., to be convulsed 
 with laughter. 
 
 Xinguka ye nzala, v.i., to be starved, 
 starved to death. 
 
 Xingula ye nzala, v.t., to starve to 
 death, to cause to starve. 
 
 Xininika, v.i., to make stiff and 
 straight, to make rigid. 
 
 Xinisa, v.t., to deepen. 
 
 Xinsa, v., to try, attempt, endeavour, 
 strive, practise, exercise, make 
 an effort, make an experiment 
 or test, to venture. 
 
 Xinsu, 6, n., a mark, sign, seal, signal, 
 badge, brand, memorial-mark, 
 vestige ; a buoy. 
 
 xia e xinsu, v., to make a mark, 
 sign, seal, to mark. 
 
 Xinuka, v., see Xinda. 
 
 Xinxikila, v., to warn, threaten, 
 menace (brandishing a wea¬ 
 pon). 
 
 Xinza, v., to freshen the cutting (at 
 noon) in a palm. 
 
 Xinza, 6, n., stump. 
 
 Xioka, v.i., to decrease (of something 
 swollen), to go down (as a 
 swelling), to fall, sink, subside 
 (as a flood or swollen river), to 
 ebb (as the tide). 
 
 Xiokesa, v.t. {causative of Xioka), to 
 decrease. 
 
 Xiona, v. {mid. v., Xionoka), to 
 clean or comb thatching grass. 
 
 Xionenwa, 6, n., comb, an instrument 
 used in cleaning thatching grass. 
 
 Xiotobolo,j 6, n., a little bit of stick, 
 
 Xiotolo, J a splinter. 
 
 Xioxia, v.i., to splutter and frizzle in 
 cookinsr. 
 
 o 
 
 Xisa, v. {causative of Sala, to remain), 
 to leave, forsake, desert,abandon, 
 to leave behind, to deposit. 
 
 Xisa, 6, n., a picture, illustration, 
 drawing, sketch, a likeness, 
 portrait, photograph. 
 
 Xita, 6, n., a barren, impotent person 
 _ or animal (of either sex). 
 
 -axita, a., barren, impotent. 
 
 Xiuka, v., to swoop. 
 
 Xiunta, } . ^ 
 
 Xiuntula, J to move ’ shlft ’ P ush - 
 
 Xivata, 2, n. (P. espada), sword, 
 dagger, clubs (in cards). 
 
 Xividila, v.t. (P. servir), to wait at 
 table. 
 
 Xivika, v., to wonder, marvel, be sur¬ 
 prised, astonished, amazed. 
 
 Xivikisa, v.t, to surprise, astonish, 
 fill with wonder. 
 
 Xivu, 6, n., the cold season (the earlier 
 part of the dry season, com¬ 
 mencing about May the 15th). 
 
 Xixi, 6, n., firewood partly burnt, fire¬ 
 brand, half burnt log of wood. 
 
 konka e xixi, v., to draw together 
 the burning wood. 
 
 Xixisa, v.t., to frighten, threaten, to 
 intimidate, by mouth only. 
 
 Xiwa, v.i. {pass, of Xia), to be fixed, 
 appointed. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y, subj.pronom. prefix applied to verbs 
 and adjectives qualifying or 
 agreeing with nouns of cl. 2, 
 sing., 5 and 6, pi. Y is used 
 before a vowel, i before a con¬ 
 sonant. 
 
 Ya, = i-j-a. 
 
 Ya=yo + a, see To, Eng.-Kongo 
 
Ya-Yal 
 
 ( 468 ) 
 
 Ya, prep., with, and. This particle 
 combines with the article of 
 the noun that follows it, thus 
 becoming ya ( = ya+a), ye 
 ( = ya-fe), yo (=ya+o). In 
 negative sentences the article is 
 omitted, and ya only remains. 
 Ya thus serves for the conjunc¬ 
 tion “and” in English, but the 
 Kongo idea is really “with.” Yo 
 ttge yo mono would be trans¬ 
 lated, both you and I ; lit. with 
 you, with me. When an abstract 
 noun is preceded by ya, ye or 
 yo, the combination may be 
 translated by its English adverb, 
 as: ovovele yo makaxi, he 
 spoke angrily, or with anger. 
 When ya is thus used with a 
 noun, the noun in question is 
 always considered as an ad¬ 
 dition, or accession, or accom¬ 
 paniment, to the subject of the 
 verb qualified, never as its in¬ 
 herent quality ; see A. Ya is 
 used to combine repeated nouns, 
 as: “by” in English. Lumbuya 
 lumbu, day by day ; an action 
 being considered as constantly 
 repeating itself. Lumbu ya 
 lumbu kabamona, he saw 
 them day by day. The articles 
 do not combine with ya in this 
 usage. 
 
 Ya, prep., cl. 2, sing., & 5 & 6 , pi., of, 
 concerning, about. 
 
 -ya, a., four. 
 
 -aya, see under A. 
 
 Yaba-, a combination of the subjec¬ 
 tive prefix, 1st pers. sing., with 
 the objective prefix, 3rd pers. 
 plur. 
 
 Yaba, to pull up (weeds, hair, &c.) 
 by the roots in handfuls. 
 
 Yabakiana, j v., to scream, shout, yell, 
 
 Yabana, J squall (cry as a baby). 
 
 Yabuka, v.i., to burn imperfectly, as 
 damp grass, to be singed. 
 
 Yabula, v.t., to burn imperfectly 
 (damp grass, &c.), to singe. 
 
 Yadika, v.t. (only refei's to a mild 
 heat) ; to heat, warm, render 
 lukewarm (water), to cause the 
 temperature {of a fever patient ) 
 to rise. 
 
 Yadika, v., to act as midwife, to 
 deliver of a child, to act as 
 monthly nurse. 
 
 Yaka, v.t., to catch something that is 
 falling, thrown, or flying. 
 
 Yaka, 6, n., wall, partition, fence. 
 
 Yaka, see -aka. 
 
 Yakini ke...ko (Bako.), not yet. 
 
 Yaku, j adv., until, as far as, to. 
 
 Yakuna, J For Locatives, see under 
 
 Kuma 
 
 Yala, v.t., to spread, open out, lay out. 
 yala 0 meza (pi. 8), to prepare, 
 lay, set the table (for a meal), 
 yala e mfulu (2), to make a bed. 
 
 Yala, V., to reign, rule, govern. 
 
 Yala, v., to menstruate (a euphemism). 
 
 Yalama, v.i. {only refers to a mild 
 heat), to be warm, lukewarm, 
 hot, heated, put on the fire (of 
 water), to be feverish. 
 
 Yalama, v., to be assisted in child¬ 
 birth, to be delivered (of a child). 
 
 Yalujiola, v., to look through a quan¬ 
 tity of cloth, mats, &c., turning 
 over one piece after another, to 
 turn over the pages of a book. 
 
 Yaluka, v.i., to migrate, quit, emigrate, 
 go away from, to move (to 
 another dwelling place), to 
 come far from, to remove. 
 
 Yaluka, v., to be rolled up (of some¬ 
 thing which was spread out), 
 to be cleared (as a table after 
 a meal), to be stripped (as a 
 bed). 
 
 Yalula, v., to roll up (something 
 which has been spread out), to 
 clear away (things on a table 
 after a meal), to strip (a bed). 
 
 Yalumuka, v.i., to open out, spread 
 out, lie open, widen, expand, 
 broaden, broaden or widen or 
 expand out, be broad, wide, ex¬ 
 tended, to be unfurled. 
 
( 469 ) 
 
 Yal-Yan 
 
 Yalumuka, 9, n., breadth, expanse, 
 width, size, calibre or bore (of 
 gun). 
 
 Yalumuna, 7 >.t., to spread out, to ex¬ 
 pand, broaden, extend in width, 
 to widen, open out, lay open, to 
 make broad or wide, unfold, un¬ 
 wrap, unfurl, to put up (an um¬ 
 brella). 
 
 Yama, 7/./., to smart, burn, pain. 
 
 Yambalala, 7/., to be helpless, power¬ 
 less. 
 
 Yambama, 7/., to be put, placed upon 
 (used of something spread¬ 
 ing). 
 
 Yambidika, 7/./., to render powerless, 
 helpless. 
 
 Yambidisa, v., to seduce, to cause 
 to commit adultery, hence to 
 commit adultery with. (The 
 subject of this verb must al¬ 
 ways be the male). 
 
 Yambidisa, v. {causative of Yambila). 
 
 Yambidiswa, 7/., to be seduced, led 
 into adultery (used of women 
 only). 
 
 Yambika, ) 7to put, place 
 
 Yambikila, J (something spread- 
 ing) upon, to cover (by spread¬ 
 ing something over). 
 
 Yambikila {applied form of Yambi¬ 
 ka). 
 
 Yambikwa, 7 /.z., to be covered by 
 something spreading upon. 
 
 Yambila, 7/./., to go after women, to 
 play the harlot, to hold corrupt 
 conversation with a woman, to 
 seduce, to commit adultery. 
 (Yambila is used even in the 
 case of the husband's knowledge 
 and consent, and is said of 
 either sex). 
 
 Yambujiana, v. {recip. form of Ya- 
 
 mbula). 
 
 Yambuka, v., to be left alone, aban¬ 
 doned, deserted, forsaken, ne¬ 
 glected ; to be left off, re¬ 
 nounced, discontinued, dis¬ 
 pensed with, relinquished, re¬ 
 mitted (of a debt) ; to be left 
 
 Yambuka, continued. 
 
 out, excepted, omitted ; to be 
 let go, released, untied ; to be 
 tolerated, permitted, sanctioned, 
 allowed, suffered. 
 
 Yambula, z>., to leave, to leave alone, 
 let alone, abandon, desert, for¬ 
 sake, neglect; set (down) ; to 
 leave off, stop, cease or refrain 
 or abstain from, renounce, give 
 up, discontinue, dispense with, 
 relinquish, remit (of a debt) ; to 
 leave out, except, omit; to leave 
 go, lelease, untie ; to tolerate, 
 permit, sanction, allow, suffer, 
 to submit to what cannot be 
 avoided. 
 
 yambula 0 mazu! silence ! stop 
 the noise ! be quiet! 
 
 Yambula is also used in the for¬ 
 mation of the imperative ; ya¬ 
 mbula kenda, let him go. In 
 such case it is often contracted 
 to mbula. 
 
 Yambulwila, v. {appliedform of Ya¬ 
 mbula). 
 
 yambulwila e mfuka (2), to forgive 
 any one a debt. 
 
 Yambulwisa, v., to disburden {causa¬ 
 tive Yambula). 
 
 Yambuxiana, v. {recip. form of Ya¬ 
 mbula). 
 
 Yamu, adv., until, as far as, to. For 
 Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 yamu unu, before or until to-day. 
 
 Yamuka, v., see Yanduka. 
 
 Yamuna, v., see Yandula. 
 
 Yamuna, v., to tear to pieces (with 
 hands, claws or teeth). 
 
 Yamuna, prep., until, as far as, to. 
 Lor Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 yamumu ntangwa yayi, hitherto, 
 until now. 
 
 yamuna yamuna, adv., here and 
 there, hither and thither. For 
 Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 Yanda, v., to spread and peg out (as 
 a skin to be dried), to nail out 
 to dry ; to stretch and fasten 
 (the skin on a drum). 
 
Yan-Yan 
 
 ( 470 ) 
 
 Yanda, continued. 
 yanda oku. mwini (3), to spread 
 out in the sun as above. 
 yanda omu nti (4), to peg on a tree 
 
 as above. 
 
 Yandakesa, v.t., to cause to spread, to 
 spread, communicate from one 
 to the other (news, fire, &c.). 
 
 Yandakiana, v.i., to spread, be spread, 
 be communicated from one to 
 the other (as news, fire, &c.). 
 
 Yandala, v., to ask, inquire for a lost 
 thing, &c., to seek, search for. 
 Yandala always implies that 
 inquiries are made. 
 
 Yandama, v.i., to be stretched and 
 pegged out (as a skin on a 
 drum, or to be dried). 
 
 Yandana, v.i., see Yandakiana. 
 
 Yandangesa, v.t., see Yandakesa. 
 
 Yandangiana, v.i., see Yandakiana. 
 
 Yandanisa, v.t., see Yandakesa. 
 
 Yandi, ) pers. & rel. pron., 3rd pers, 
 
 oyandi,J sing., he, she, it, him, her, 
 it ; he who (used of persons or 
 living creatjires only). 
 yandi amoxi, he, she or it alone, 
 or only, this or that one single 
 out of all. 
 
 yandi kibeni or veka, h (emphatics 
 yandi kwandi, { ^/yandi), 
 
 yandi. .kwandi, f he...him- 
 
 yandi kwandi kibeni, J self, him¬ 
 self, she...herself, herself, it... 
 itself, itself. Yandi is fre¬ 
 quently p?'efixed by the article 0. 
 -a yandi, poss. pron., of him, of her, 
 of it, his, hers, its. 
 yandi nani ? who is he ? 
 yandi ona, &c. The emphatics of 
 the demonstrative pronoun 3rd 
 pers. sing, are formed by placing 
 yandi before the simple forms. 
 1st. pos. emphatic, yandi oyu; 
 2nd pos., yandi oyo ; 3rd pos., 
 yandi ona, this, that, 
 i yandi yuyu, this is he, she, or it. 
 
 Yanduka, v., to be heated (of food), 
 to be warmed up again ; to be 
 feverish (of babies only). 
 
 Yandula, v., to warm up again, to 
 heat (food left over from another 
 meal). 
 
 ntima (4, u-) yanduka, to be much 
 grieved, distressed, pained to 
 the heart. 
 
 Yanga, v., to roast on a spit, to toast, 
 broil. 
 
 yanga 0 meno, v., to show the teeth 
 (in a rage). 
 
 Yangalala, v.i., to be pleased, feel 
 happy, be glad, content, joyful, 
 delighted, to rejoice, be cheer¬ 
 ful, comforted, be in a good 
 humour. 
 
 Yangalala, v., to get warm (of per¬ 
 sons). 
 
 Yangama, v.i., to float, be afloat. 
 
 moyo (3) or ntima (4, u-) yangama, 
 v., to be perplexed, puzzled, 
 anxious, bewildered, disquieted, 
 concerned, in suspense. 
 
 Yangamesa, v.t., to cause to float. 
 
 Yangayanga, 6, n., a small lake. 
 
 Yangidika, v., to please, make happy 
 or glad, to gladden, make content, 
 joyful, to delight, cheer, rejoice, 
 comfort, encourage, bless. 
 
 Yangika, v.t., to cause to float, to set 
 afloat, to buoy up. 
 
 yangika 0 ntima (4) or moyo (3), v., 
 to be perturbed, bewildered, per¬ 
 plexed, anxious, disquieted, con¬ 
 cerned, in suspense. 
 
 Yangikila 0 ntima or 0 moyo, v., 
 to perplex, bewilder, perturb, 
 make anxious, to disquiet, make 
 concerned, to keep in suspense, 
 
 Yangikila, v. (applied form of Ya¬ 
 ngika). 
 
 Yanginu...ke...ko, not yet. Yanginu 
 kayijidi ko, he has not yet 
 
 come. 
 
 Yanguka, v.i., to recommence, begin 
 again, be resumed, be reminded 
 of, be unearthed, raked up. 
 
 Yangula, v.t., to begin again, to re¬ 
 commence, resume, to go on 
 (with something discontinued), 
 to put in mind of; to remind, 
 
 
( 47i ) 
 
 Yan-Yay 
 
 Yangula, continued. 
 
 unearth, rake up (an old quarrel), 
 to excite (passions). 
 Yangumuka, t/.z., see Yanguka. 
 Yangumuna, t/./., see Yangula. 
 Yanika, v ., to dry, put, spread out, to 
 air, warm in the sun. 
 
 Yantama, 7/./., to begin, commence, 
 arise, set about, start. 
 Yantamesa, 7/./., to cause to begin. 
 Yantika, 7/./., to begin, commence, to 
 arise, set about, to start. 
 Yantikisa, 7/./., to cause to begin. 
 Yanuna, 7/., to take out of the sun (of 
 things airing or placed there 
 to dry). 
 
 Yanza, v.t ., to tear to pieces (with the 
 teeth). 
 
 Yanzala, 6 , n., yard, courtyard. 
 Yanzuna, v., see Yanza. 
 
 Yasa, 6 , n., a very rocky torrent bed. 
 Yasalala, t/.z., 
 
 nua (4, u-) yasalala, to be or re¬ 
 main open, of the mouth. 
 Yasuka, t/.z., to be open or opened (of 
 the mouth). 
 
 Yasuna, 7/., to open (the mouth). 
 
 Yata, v.t. (Bako.), to carry, bear. 
 Yatakiana, 'It/., to scream, cry, squall 
 Yatana, J {as an infant). 
 Yatata,7/.z., to crawl, creep (as insects). 
 Yatika, v.t., see Yantika. 
 
 Yatuka, t/.z. (Bako.), to be borne, 
 carried. 
 
 Yau, \fiers. & ret. fir on., cl. 1, 3rd 
 •oyau,J fiers., fit., they, them, they 
 who ; used of persons or living 
 creatures only. 
 
 yau kibeni or veka,') cmfihatics of 
 yau kwau, [ yau, them- 
 
 yau...kwau, I selves, they 
 
 yau kwau kibeni, ) themselves. 
 Yau is frequently firefixed by 
 the article 0. 
 
 -a yau, theirs, of them, 
 yau amoxi, they are the same, 
 yau akinani ? who are they ? 
 yau ana. The emphatics of the 
 demonstrative pronoun 3rd pers. 
 pi. are formed by placing yau 
 
 Yau, continued. 
 
 before the simple forms. 1 st 
 fios., emphatic , yau aya; 2nd 
 fios., yau owo; 3rd fios., yau 
 ana. 
 
 Yau = yo yau, with them. 
 
 Yau, sub], also emphatic obj. firon., cl. 
 2, sing., he, she, it. 
 yau ewole or awole, both together, 
 those two (in particular), 
 i yau yaya, these are they, 
 yau ayimoxi, this, that one (single 
 out of all), it is the same, 
 yau eyi, this one. 
 i yau yiyi, this is it. 
 
 Yau, subj. also emphatic obj. firon., cl. 
 5 & 6 ,fil., they, them, 
 yau ayi moxi, they are the same, 
 yau ayole, both together, those two. 
 i yau yiyi, these are they. 
 
 Yauka, t/.z"., to be cooked so that it 
 is well done outside and raw 
 inside. 
 
 Yaula, v.t., to cook so that it is well 
 done outside and raw inside. 
 
 Yava, v., to take greedily, take much, 
 many. 
 
 Yava, adv., until, as far as, to. For 
 Locatives, see tinder Kuma. 
 
 Yavalala, t/.z’., to sprawl. 
 
 Yavana, until, as far as, to. For 
 Locatives, see under Kuma. 
 
 mpaxi yavana ; see under mpaxi. 
 
 Yavidika, v.t., to cause to sprawl. 
 
 Yavula, 7/.z., to crawl (as infant, on all 
 fours). 
 
 Yaxidika 0 nua (4), v.t., to hold the 
 mouth open. 
 
 Yaxika, v., to open (the mouth). 
 
 Yaya, 1, n., sing., mother, also mother’s 
 sister, and other maternal rela¬ 
 tions. 
 
 e yaya ! int., alas ! interjection of 
 pain, fear, or surprise. 
 
 Yaya, v., to be well known ; to be or 
 grow famous, renowned. 
 
 Yaya, 9, n., fame, renown. 
 
 -ayaya, a., famous, renowned. 
 
 Yaya, v., to hiss, siss, fizz; to murmur 
 (as flowing water). 
 
Yay-Yel 
 
 ( 472 ) 
 
 Yaya, v., to bale out, scoop out 
 (water). 
 
 Yaya, dem. pron. {cl. 1, pi.), these, 
 emphatic used only after the 
 verbal particle i. I yau yaya, 
 these are they. 
 
 Yayala, v ., to flow softly, making a 
 murmuring sound, to hiss, siss, 
 fizz. 
 
 Yayana, v., to cry (as a baby), to 
 squall. 
 
 Yayi, dem. pron., cl. 2, sing., & 5 & 6, 
 pi., this, these, emphatic. 
 
 Yayina, dem. pron., cl. 2, sing., & 5 
 & 6, pi., 3 rd pos., that, those, 
 emphatic. 
 
 Ye, see ya. 
 
 Yeka, v.t., to confer (a title dignity), 
 to make, crown, elect, con¬ 
 stitute (as king). 
 
 Yekama, v., to take upon one’s self, 
 to take in hand, to undertake; 
 engage to or in, to assume (a 
 work), to set to work. 
 
 yekama muna, v.i., to be put, 
 placed or set against; to lie, 
 lean, recline, or rest against; to 
 fall to, devolve, or come upon ; 
 to be shifted, handed over or 
 transferred to. 
 
 yekama vana, v.i., to lean upon ; 
 vana can only be used where 
 something is placed upon 
 another; against is always ex¬ 
 pressed by muna. 
 
 Yekamwa kwa, v.i., to be leaned 
 upon by. 
 
 Yekeka, v.t., to cause to take upon 
 one’s self, to cause to under¬ 
 take or assume, to impose. 
 
 yekeka muna, v.t., to put, place, 
 or set against, to cause to lean 
 against ; to shift (the responsi¬ 
 bility) on to, to lay (the blame) 
 on to ; to hand over or transfer 
 (one’s work, duties, &c.) to. 
 
 yekeka vana, v.t., to cause to lean 
 upon. 
 
 Yekola, v. {reversive of Yeka), to de¬ 
 grade, depose ; rebel against. 
 
 Yekola, v.t. {reversive of Yekeka), to* 
 remove from a leaning position.. 
 
 Yekolola, v.t., to reinstate (in an 
 office). 
 
 Yekula, v., see Yekola. 
 
 Yela, v.i., to be or feel ill, to be poorly,, 
 sick, diseased, to ail, suffer, be 
 unhealthy, to have bad health, 
 yela 0 mabibi or mafunga, or 
 mayovoka (8), to be tired,, 
 weary, faint. 
 
 yela e lau (6), to be mad, insane, 
 yela e nkatanga (2), to be cramp¬ 
 ed. 
 
 yela e nsunungu (2), to have the 
 toothache in the front teeth, 
 yela e xikuxiku (6), to have a hic¬ 
 cup. 
 
 yela e zunga, (6), to feel faint,, 
 dizzy. 
 
 Yela, 9, n., illness, malady, sickness,, 
 complaint, disease, ailment,, 
 affliction, bad health, 
 baka 0 yela, v., to fall sick. 
 
 -ayela, a., ill; sick. 
 
 Yela, v., to be guilty, be in the wrong,, 
 to be wrong, to lose (in a game,, 
 lawsuit, or contest of any kind),, 
 to be beaten, overcome, to sub¬ 
 mit ; yela is used even when 
 might prevails against right. 
 
 Yeleka, v.t., to taste, test, try, examine 
 by tasting. 
 
 Yelesa, V., to attend, nurse, help in 
 sickness, to take care of, to 
 watch by, to tend (the sick). 
 
 Yelesa, v., causative ^Yela. 
 
 Yelesa, v.t., pass judgment against, to* 
 condemn, declare as guilty, to 
 pronounce guilty, to declare to 
 be in the wrong, to blame, lay 
 the blame on ; to beat, defeat,, 
 overcome (in a contest of any 
 kind, regardless of right or 
 wrong). 
 
 Yeloka, v.i., to heal, get well (as a. 
 wound or sore), to amend in 
 health. 
 
 ke yeloka ko, to be incurable. 
 
 Yelola, v.t., to cure, heal. 
 
( 473 ) 
 
 Yel-Yik 
 
 Yelomoka, v ., to move, go, come, 
 flow, or trickle slowly and 
 noiselessly or stealthily along ; 
 to sneak along. 
 
 Yeluka, v.i ., see Yeloka. 
 
 Yelula, v., see Yelola. 
 
 Yelumuka, v., see Yelomoka. 
 
 Yema, v., to suck (as an infant). 
 Yemba, v.t., to set, put, cast, throw, 
 dash down, let fall, cause to 
 fall heavily or violently, 
 yemba e ntalu (2), to pay a 
 heavy price, pay exorbitantly. 
 Yembama, v.i., to fall, drop, be put or 
 thrown down heavily ; to roll 
 over heavily (as great waves). 
 Yemeka, v ., to give suck, suckle. 
 Yemvona, ) v., to bite, tear off (a large 
 Yemvuna,J piece with the teeth). 
 Yenda, v., see Kwenda. 
 
 Yendama, 7/., to be soaked, very wet. 
 Yendeka, v., to soak, make very wet. 
 Yendelesa, v., to let go, let alone, to 
 leave to one’s own course. 
 Yenga, 7 /., to chirp, screak, as a cricket. 
 Yenga, 7/., to sing in Ndembo. 
 Yengalala muna, 7 >.i., to hang upon, 
 on, over ori rom, to be suspend¬ 
 ed from. 
 
 yengalala vana tiya, to hang over 
 the fire. 
 
 Yengele (6) kia kutu (9), n., ear-ring. 
 Yengeleka, v. {with the Locative see 
 
 Yengalala), to suspend, hang 
 (on or over or up or from). 
 Yengokelwa 0 meso or moyo or 
 ntima, see Lengokelwa. 
 yengokelwa... 0 meso (&c.) kwa, see 
 Lengokelwa ... 0 meso kwa. 
 Yengomona,\7/., to take a large piece 
 Yengona, J (of something). 
 
 Yeno, ) pers. pron., 'indpers ., pi., you, 
 oyeno, J ye. 
 yeno kweno, \ 
 
 yeno.. .kweno, emphatics of 
 yeno kweno kibeni,! above , you 
 
 yeno kibeni, | or ye your- 
 
 yeno veka, selves, 
 
 yeno kwandi, 
 
 -a yeno, your, yours. 
 
 Yenzama, v.i., to be bowed down, 
 bent down, to stoop ; to be 
 tilted (as a vessel). 
 
 Yenzakana, v.i., be able to stoop or 
 bend down. 
 
 Yenzeka, v.t., to bow, bend, stoop 
 down, to tilt (a vessel), to be 
 tilted or tipped up ; to be tilted 
 
 or tipped out. 
 
 Yenzomona, v.t., to tip or tilt up ; to 
 tilt or tip out (contents). 
 
 Yetela, v., to warm one’s self, to bask. 
 
 Yeto, \pers. pron., 1st pers. pi., we, 
 
 oyeto,J us. 
 yeto kweto, \ 
 yeto...kweto, 
 yeto kweto kibeni, 
 yeto kibeni, 
 yeto veka, 
 yeto kwandi, 
 
 -a yeto, our, ours. 
 
 Yeva, v., to be stout, thick, broad- 
 shouldered, corpulent; spread¬ 
 ing (of a tree). 
 
 Yevo, 6, n., stoutness, thickness, cor¬ 
 pulence. 
 
 emphatics of 
 above, we, 
 or we our¬ 
 selves. 
 
 Yeyi, j inter, pron., cl. 2, sing., & 5 & 
 
 ayeyi, J 6, pi., which, what, or where 
 is it, or are they. 
 
 Yi, pi. pref. to nouns of cl. 5. 
 
 Yi-, see i. 
 
 Yi, 13, n., badness, wickedness, evil, 
 -ayi, a., bad, evil. 
 
 eyi, dem. pron., cl. 2, sing., 5 & 6 ,pl„ 
 1stpos., this, these. 
 
 Yiba, v.t. (Bako.), to steal. 
 
 Yiba, v. (Bako.), to copulate. 
 
 Yidisa, v.i., to cause to boil, to boil. 
 
 Yidika, v. (Bako.), to make. 
 
 Yika, v., to mention, allude to, refer 
 to, speak or talk about, to 
 name, call, term, remark, say 
 (something) about ; to nick¬ 
 name. 
 
 Yika, v.t., to add, put more. 
 
 Yikakana, v.i., to come together, to 
 join, unite, weld, to be joined 
 together. 
 
 Yikakana, v.i., to be added, added 
 
 to. 
 
Yik-Yin 
 
 ( 474 ) 
 
 Yikakesa, v.t., to put together; to 
 join, unite, weld, splice, connect, 
 attach, bring together. 
 
 Yikakiana, v.i., see Yikakana. 
 
 Yikama, v.t., to join a caravan, to 
 accompany, come, go, walk or 
 journey with. 
 
 yikama vana esambu dia, to 
 side with, to join a faction, 
 support in a contest. 
 
 Yikana, see Yikakana. 
 
 Yikana, v.t., to mention, talk about 
 each other. 
 
 Yikila, v., to talk about (doing), to 
 promise...to, to speak as though, 
 to attribute to, to compare...to. 
 
 Yikila, w., to add to. 
 
 Yikwa, v., to be spoken of as, to be 
 called, named, styled, termed. 
 
 Yikwa, v., to be added. 
 
 Yila, v.i., to boil. 
 
 Yila, v., to purr. 
 
 Yila, v., to begin to grow dark. 
 
 Yilama, v., to seize, pounce, spring 
 upon, to embrace, grasp, clutch, 
 cling to. 
 
 Yilama, v. (Bako.), to be made. 
 
 Yilamiana, v., to embrace each other, 
 to seize, clutch hold of each 
 other. 
 
 Yima, v., to run to seed, to seed, to 
 bear fruit, be in fruit, to produce 
 (seed). 
 
 Yimbana, v., to struggle together, to 
 wrestle. 
 
 Yimbila, v ., to sing, chant, sing (as 
 song birds). 
 
 yimbila e mbembo (2), to sing a 
 dirge. 
 
 Yimbidila, v., to sing about, to praise, 
 sing the praises of, to sing 
 for. 
 
 Yimina, v., to be mean, stingy, to 
 grudge. 
 
 Yimina, v., applied form of Yima. 
 
 Yimisa, v ., to fructify. 
 
 Yimita, v., to be, or become pregnant, 
 to conceive, be with child. 
 
 Yimita, 9, n ., conception, pregnancy, 
 -ayimita, a., pregnant. 
 
 Yimitisa, v ., to impregnate, 
 yimitiswa kwa, v., to be pregnant 
 by, be with child by. 
 
 eyina (a combination of ina with its 
 article as a prefix ), dem. & rel. 
 pron ., cl. 2, sing., 5 & 6, pi., 3rd 
 pos., that, those; that which, 
 those ; which. 
 
 Yina, v., to grumble, complain, be 
 dissatisfied, discontented. 
 
 Yina, 9, n., complaint; dissatisfac¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Yinda, v., to plait, braid. 
 
 Yindalala, v.i., to be thoughtful, wrapt 
 in thought, meditative, grave, 
 demure, pensive, melancholy, 
 sad, to ponder, mope, brood 
 over, be sorrowful, to hesitate. 
 
 Yindalala, 9, n., pensiveness, thought¬ 
 fulness, gravity, melancholy, 
 sadness. 
 
 Yindama, v.i., see Yindalala. 
 
 Yindidika, v., to render pensive, dull, 
 sad, sorrowful, &c. ; see Yinda¬ 
 lala). 
 
 Yinduka, v.i., to be plaited, braided. 
 
 Yindnka, v.i., to be thought of, 
 reckoned, considered. 
 
 Yindula, \z/.,to think 
 
 Yindula muna ntima (4), J imagine, 
 reckon, consider, ponder, re¬ 
 member, bear in mind. 
 
 Yinduxiana, v., to remember each 
 other. 
 
 Yinga, v., to drive or scare away, to 
 repulse, repel, banish, send or 
 chase away, put to flight, rout 
 disperse, expel, beat off, to exile 
 
 -ayingi, a., much, many, great. 
 
 Yingi, a., cl., 2, sing, 5, 6, pi., much 
 many, great. 
 
 Yingila, v., to keep watch, to watch, 
 guard. 
 
 Yinginina, v., to hum, buzz, whine, 
 sing a grief song. 
 
 Yingwa, v., to be driven back tfraway 
 to retreat. 
 
 Yinisa, v.t., to dissatisfy, to make dis¬ 
 satisfied, to cause to murmur. 
 
 Yinswa,^/. ^/lunswa, see Lunswa. 
 
( 475 ) 
 
 Yit-Yun 
 
 Yitika, v.i., to spill, be spilt, pour or 
 flow over, be poured out. 
 
 Yitila, v.t, to spill, pour out. 
 
 Yitu, 6, zz., a relative, a relation, a 
 kinsman, kin, kindred, family, 
 fellow-wife, fellow-slave. Rela¬ 
 tionship is only reckoned on the 
 mother’s side. 
 
 Yituka, v.i., to be startled. 
 
 Yitukwa, v.i., to be surprised; to be 
 come upon suddenly, 
 yitukwa kwa, v.i., to be visited un¬ 
 expectedly by, to be surprised 
 by. 
 
 Yitula, v.t., to startle. 
 
 Yiva, v.i., to grow ugly. 
 
 Yivula, v. (Bako.), see Yuvula. 
 
 Yiya, v., to steal, to thieve. 
 
 Yiyi, dem. pron., cl. 2, sing., 5 & 6, 
 pi., 1 si pos., it, this, these, em¬ 
 phatic, used only after the ver¬ 
 bal particle i. 
 
 Yiyua, v.i., to be stolen. 
 
 Yo, obj. pron., cl. 2, sing., 5 & 6, pi., it, 
 them. 
 
 «yo, dem. pron., cl. 2, sing, 5 & 6, 
 pi., 2nd pos., that, those. 
 
 oyo, dem. pro?i., cl. 1, sing, 2nd pos., 
 that. 
 
 Yo, conj. see Ya. 
 
 Yoba, pi., 5, n., cuts on the temples, 
 made in cupping for disease of 
 the eyes, never used for the 
 tribal or decorative mark. 
 
 Yobeka (yo), v., to shake hands 
 (with). 
 
 Yobela, v. (Bako.), to wash, bathe. 
 
 Yoka, v.t., to burn, consume by fire, 
 to roast, roast in ashes or fire, 
 to bake, broil. 
 
 Yokolola, v.t., to burn over again. 
 
 Yokosa, v., to dispute noisily, to 
 wrangle, shout, argue with noisy 
 shouting. 
 
 Yokosa, 9, zz., noisy disputation, shout¬ 
 ing, wrangling. 
 
 Yoma, ) „ • 
 
 Yomokr-’ t0) ” mp ’ ,ump0v£r ' 
 
 Yomoka, v., to be fringed. 
 Yomona, v., to make a fringe. 
 
 Yondalala, ) v., to be, become moist, 
 
 Yondama, i wet, soaked, to be 
 steeped. 
 
 Yondeka, ) v., to soak ; to make wet, 
 
 Yondeleka, J to moisten, steep. 
 
 Yonga, v., to copulate. 
 
 Yongo, 6, 71., people ; population 
 (great). 
 
 bunda e yongo, v., to make peace. 
 
 Yota, v.t., to be circumcised. 
 
 Yota, 9, 7 i., circumcision. 
 
 Yotesa, v., to circumcise. 
 
 Yova, ■) v.i., to be tired, fatigued, 
 
 Yovoka, ) weary, weak, feeble, faint, 
 exhausted. 
 
 to (6, ki-) yova, v., to be tired, &c., 
 
 see above. 
 
 Yovoka, 9, 71., weakness, infirmity (of 
 age, sickness). 
 
 Yovola, j v., to tire, fatigue, weary, 
 
 Yovona, i weaken, exhaust, en¬ 
 feeble, enervate. 
 
 Yowa, v.t., to anoint, rub on over one’s 
 self (as oil) ; to wallow (as a 
 Pig)* 
 
 Yowela, v., to wash, bathe. 
 
 Yoya, see Yova. 
 
 Yoyomoka, v.t., to cook too much, to 
 cook to pieces. 
 
 Yoyo, de 7 n. pro 7 i., cl. 2, smg., 5 & 6 ,pi., 
 27 idpos., e 7 nphatic, that, those. 
 
 Yubula, v., to throb, ache. 
 
 Yubula, 9, 71., throbbing pain. 
 
 Ynkuta, v., to have enough, be satis¬ 
 fied, with food. 
 
 Yukutisa, v., to satisfy. 
 
 Yuma, v.i., to dry, to be, get or become 
 dry, to evaporate. 
 
 Yuma, 9, 71., dryness. 
 
 -ayuma, a., dry. 
 
 Yuma ,pl. 6, zz., cooked food. 
 
 Yumba, v., see Yemba. 
 
 Yumisa, v.t., to dry, cause to dry. 
 
 Yuna, v.t., to skin, flay, strip off (bark 
 &c.). 
 
 Yundula, v.t. (Mpa.), to feed, to give 
 or supply food to a person, to 
 provide food. 
 
 Yunga, v.i. (Mpa.), to wash, bathe. 
 
 Yunga, 6, zz., shirt, coat. 
 
Yun-Zal 
 
 ( 476 ) 
 
 Yungana, v.i., to roam, rove, stroll, 
 wander about. 
 
 Yunga-yunga, v.z., to grow dark, to 
 darken (of the sky with clouds). 
 Yungulu, 6 , n ., a fool. 
 
 Yutumuka, v., to wear a very large 
 cloth. 
 
 Yuva, v.t ., to put, set, place or throw 
 down heavily. 
 
 Yuvula, v., to inquire, ask or put a 
 question, to question, interro¬ 
 gate ; also to ask questions and 
 begin to molest. 
 
 Yuwula, v.z. , to slough (as a reptile), 
 to cast (the skin). 
 
 Yuya, v ., to roar (as flames), to flare 
 away fiercely, to burn with a 
 roar. 
 
 Yuyu, dem. fir on., cl. 1, sing., isl ft os., 
 emphatic, zised ozily after the 
 verbal particle i, this. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Za,yV^., cl. 2, pi., of, about, concern¬ 
 ing. 
 
 Za-, subj. pronom. pref. applied to 
 adjectives and verbs, qualifying 
 or agreeing with nouns of cl. 2, 
 pi. 
 
 Za = Zo-f-a, see To, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 Za, aux. verb used in making a pro¬ 
 mise, or speaking definitely and 
 with certainty of the future, to 
 be sure to. 0 mbaji yaza kwe- 
 llda, I will surely go to-morrow ; 
 dingalala kaza kio twasa, 
 wait, he will be sure to bring it. 
 
 -za, keza, beza, eza, &c., parts of 
 kwiza, to come. 
 
 Za, 6, n., pool left by the fall of a 
 river, hole in bed of river. 
 
 Zaba-, a combination of the subj. pro¬ 
 nom. prefix, cl. 2, pi., with the 
 obj. pronom. pref., 3rd pers., pi. 
 
 Zaba, v.t. (Bako.), to know ; see Zaya. 
 
 Zabau, 2, n. (P. sabao), soap. 
 
 Zabuka, v.z., to hasten, be quick, go' 
 fast. 
 
 Zabula, v.t., to urge, hasten, expedite, 
 cause to move quickly, 
 zabula 0 malu ! look sharp ! make 
 haste ! go fast ! be quick ! 
 
 Zabulwisa, v.t., to urge, hasten. 
 
 Zadika, v.t., to cause to settle or 
 perch. 
 
 Zadisa, v., to replenish, fill, make full., 
 toma kio zadisa, fill it full. 
 
 Zai, see Zayi. 
 
 Zaji, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 2, pi., 1st 
 P°s., emphatic, these. 
 
 Zajina, dem. & rel. pron., cl. 2 ,pl., yd' 
 pos., emphatic, those. 
 
 Zaka, v.t., to catch in the hands (of 
 something flying through the 
 air, as birds, missiles, &c.). 
 
 Zakala, v. (Bako.), to sit. 
 
 Zakama, v.z., to shake, shiver, quiver, 
 quake, tremble, be agitated, to 
 vibrate. 
 
 Zakamesa, v.t., to cause to shake, 
 tremble, quiver, to shake, agitate. 
 
 Zakazaka, 6, n., shaking, trembling,, 
 agitation, excitement, hurry 
 hence carelessness, 
 mona e zakazaka, to be excited. 
 
 6 zakazaka, adv., carelessly, hur¬ 
 riedly. 
 
 Zakila, v.t., to toss...into the mouth 
 with the hand. 
 
 Zakuka, v.z., to be caught in the hands 
 (as something flying through 
 the air, birds, missiles, &c.). 
 
 Zakllla, v.t., to catch (in the hands), 
 to clutch at. 
 
 Zakula, v., to throw (water into one’s 
 mouth with the hand). 
 
 Zala, v.i., to be, become or get full, to 
 fill, to rise (as a river). 
 
 Zala, 6, zz., finger-nail, talon. 
 
 Zala, v.t., to hem. 
 
 Zala, 6, 7i., fringe. 
 
 Zalama, v., to perch, settle. 
 
 Zalu, 6, 71., spoon, trowel. 
 
 Zalumuna, v.t., to spread, scatter 
 lightly. 
 
Zal-Za y 
 
 ( 477 ) 
 
 Zalumuna, continued. 
 zalumuna (e nlembo, pi. 4), to 
 
 reply (as a king) when receiv¬ 
 ing the homage of another by 
 placing the hands together, and 
 moving the fingers slightly. 
 
 Zama, v., to settle, perch. 
 
 Zambala, 6, n., fringe. 
 
 Zambu, 6, n., a branch which spreads 
 out into the branches of another 
 tree, thus affording a means of 
 passing from one tree to another 
 without descending to the 
 ground. 
 
 mbiji (2) a zambu, climbing 
 animals. 
 
 tunga e zambu, v., to bring to¬ 
 gether and fasten the branches 
 of two trees, so as to make a 
 passage from one to the other. 
 
 Zamika, v.t., to cause to settle or 
 perch, to set (a fowl) upon its 
 perch. 
 
 Zana, v.t., to take between or pull off 
 with the finger and thumb. 
 
 Zanga, v.t., to dirty, to make a mess, 
 defecate (of babies only). 
 Zangama, v.i. {mid. v. of Zangika), 
 to be raised, lifted, set up upon 
 (something). 
 
 Zanganana, v.i ., to stand, be, or re¬ 
 main standing. 
 
 ^angika, v ., to set, put or raise up (on 
 something, i.e. by putting some¬ 
 thing under it); to hoist (a 
 flag). 
 
 Zangikila (vana ntandu a), v., to 
 
 place, set, raise upon (the top 
 of). 
 
 Zanginika, to cause to be or remain 
 standing. 
 
 Zanguka, v.i., to be raised, lifted, 
 elevated, to rise. 
 
 Zangula, v., to raise, lift, elevate. 
 
 Zangumioka, v.t., to be constantly 
 lifted or getting up and sitting 
 down. 
 
 Zangumuka, v.i., to stand up (of 
 persons), rise or be lifted up 
 (from). 
 
 Zangumuna, v.t., to raise or lift up 
 (from or off). 
 
 Zanuna, v., to take between the finger 
 and thumb. 
 
 Zanuzanu, pi. 6, n., rough edge, 
 splinters. 
 
 Zanza, v.t., to cast, put, set or throw 
 down violently or heavily, to 
 cause to fall heavily, to dash to 
 the ground. 
 
 Zanzala, v., to creep or climb (as a 
 plant), to creep or crawl (as an 
 insect), to circulate (as the 
 blood). 
 
 Zanzala, 9, n., circulation (of the 
 blood). 
 
 Zatuna, v., to tear or wrench off a 
 piece, to tear oft with the teeth 
 or between the thumb and the 
 edge of a knife ; to nibble (off 
 an end), to graze (as grass¬ 
 eating animals). 
 
 Zau, subj. or emphatic olj. pron.. cl 2 
 pi., they. 
 
 Zau, poss. pron., 3rd pers., pi, c l. 2, 
 their, theirs. 
 
 Zaula, 7/., to scoop up, bale up, with a 
 scoop or with the hand. 
 
 Zavo, \conf, then, in that case. Used 
 
 OZ&vOj J to introduce u sentence 
 which is dependent on circum¬ 
 stances previously stated. Oza- 
 VO is the best form. 
 
 Zavuna, v.t., to seize, snatch, pluck, 
 take away (with the hands only). 
 
 Zaya, v., to know, understand, com¬ 
 prehend, apprehend, to see (men¬ 
 tally), to recognise, remember, 
 zaya beni, to be familiar with, to 
 know well, be certain, confident, 
 zaya e jiku (6), to be positive, 
 know certainly or surely, to be 
 perfectly sure. 
 
 ke zaya ko, to be ignorant (not 
 to know). 
 
 Zayakana, v., to be knowable, able to 
 be understood or known, to be 
 known. 
 
 ke -zayakana ko, p., incompre- 
 
 hensible. 
 
Zay-Zen 
 
 ( 478 ) 
 
 Zayi, 12, n., knowledge, wisdom, in¬ 
 sight, judgment, prudence, dis¬ 
 cretion, intelligence, conscious¬ 
 ness, reason, sense, common 
 sense, wits, gumption, 
 vunguka 0 zayi, v., to come to 
 one’s senses, recover conscious¬ 
 ness, become conscious; to 
 recover (from fainting). 
 
 -azayi, a., wise, discreet, prudent, 
 intelligent. 
 
 Zayilwa, 6, n., a mark, sign, something 
 by which a thing is known. 
 
 Zayiwa, v ., pass, ^/zaya, per/, zayilu, 
 to be known. 
 
 Zayisa, v.t., to convince, to cause to 
 know, acquaint, inform. 
 
 Zayua, see Zayina. 
 
 Zaza, v ., to dash, jerk off (by a violent 
 motion), to sprinkle. 
 
 Zazala, v., to vibrate, to rattle together, 
 to rattle, shake, clatter, tremble. 
 
 Ze = za+e or i. 
 
 Zeba, v., to play, mess about with one’s 
 food. 
 
 Zebelezebele, pi. 6, n., slovenliness (in 
 dress). 
 
 -azebelezebele, a., slovenly (in 
 dress). 
 
 Zeji = za+iji, see Kwiza. 
 
 Zeka, v., to twist, to turn or wring 
 round, to screw in, to bore with 
 a circular movement, to put in 
 a screw. 
 
 Zekanisa, v., to irritate, to worry (try 
 to compel a person to do what 
 he does not wish to). 
 
 Zekela, v., to make a circuit; to 
 make a detour, to intercept, 
 cut off a retreat (by making a 
 circuit and heading). 
 
 Zekoka, v.i. {mid. v. of Zekola), to 
 twist back, to untwist, unscrew. 
 
 Zekoka, v. (mid. v. of Zeka), to be 
 twisted, turned round, screw¬ 
 ed. 
 
 Zekola, v.t., to unscrew, untwist, twist 
 back. 
 
 Zeloka, v., to go, come, pass, round 
 to the other side of. 
 
 Zelomoka, v.i., to pour, move, run 
 down, trickle, slowly, as a thick 
 viscid fluid ’ to become un¬ 
 soldered. 
 
 Zelomona, v .,to cause to flow ,as above, 
 to unsolder. 
 
 Zelumuka, v., see Zelomoka. 
 
 Zelumuna, v.t., see Zelomona. 
 
 Zemba, v., to hate, to treat with con¬ 
 tempt. 
 
 Zemba, 9, n., hatred, contempt. 
 
 Zembalala, v.i., to be carried in a 
 sling [as an infant on the nze- 
 mba (a sling)]. 
 
 Zembeleka, v., to carry an infant in 
 a sling (nzemba, 2). 
 
 Zemboka, v., to be hated, scorned, 
 treated with contempt. 
 
 Zemboka (ye), v.i., to weigh or sway 
 down, to be weighed down as 
 with fruit; to be stupefied, 
 heavy, overcome, with sleep or 
 drmk. 
 
 Zembola, to weigh down (as fruit), to- 
 stupefy, overcome, as drink or 
 sleep. 
 
 Zembuka, v., see Zemboka. 
 
 Zembula, v.t., see Zembola. 
 
 Zenda, v., to be or grow crooked, 
 twisted, distorted. 
 
 Zenga, v., to cut, saw, fell, rip, gash,, 
 shear. 
 
 zenga e elaka (8), to cut the throat., 
 zenga muna kati (9), to halve, 
 to cut in half. 
 
 zenga 0 nkanu (4), to judge, give 
 judgment, to settle a palaver, 
 zenga e nsamba (2), to tattoo, 
 zenga (e tayi, 6), to lop off (the 
 branches). 
 
 Zengalakana, v.i., to be entangled, 
 matted, to mat together, be 
 confused or in confusion, be 
 deranged, complicated. 
 
 Zengalakesa, v., to tangle, entangle, to 
 derange, confuse, complicate. 
 
 Zengelwa, 6, n an instrument to cut 
 with, a cutter. 
 
 Zengi, 6, n., fool. 
 
 -azengi, a., foolish. 
 
 I 
 
( 479 ) 
 
 Zen-Zol 
 
 Zengomona.'l . „ 
 
 Zengona, f vX > *‘ e Zen S a - t0 cut - 
 Zengonona, v.t ., to hack, cut with re¬ 
 peated strokes. 
 
 Zengumuna,) , „ 
 
 Zenguna, ) vX ' see Zen S a > t0 cut ' 
 Zengununa, v., see Zengonona. 
 
 Zenza, v., to be sweet, as sugar. 
 Zenzela, v., to stagger, reel, be drowsy, 
 as when drunk or very sleepy ; 
 meso mandi zenzela me ze¬ 
 nzela, his eyes are very heavy, 
 zayi (i 2, u-) zenzela, to be be¬ 
 wildered. 
 
 Zenzela, 9, n., drowsiness, stagger¬ 
 
 ing. 
 
 Zenzo, 6, n., a keg, cask, barrel (of 
 gunpowder). 
 
 Zevo, ^ r, 
 
 ’ yconj., see Zavo. 
 ozevoj 
 
 Zeyi, {inter. pron., cl 2, pi, what, 
 azeyij which, where are they. 
 
 Zeza, v.i., to be, become or get slack, 
 or loose; to slacken, abate, 
 relax, melt, thaw, give, yield ; 
 become weak, to despair, to 
 abandon what one had deter¬ 
 mined to do. 
 
 ntima (4) or moyo (3 11-) zeza see 
 wider ntima. 
 
 to (6, ki-) zeza, v., to be tired, weary, 
 weak. 
 
 -zeza, j£., slack, loose. 
 
 Zeza, 9, 11., slackness, relaxing, thaw; 
 despair. 
 
 Zeza, 6,fool. 
 
 -azeza, a., foolish. 
 
 Zezesa, v.t., to cause to loosen, to 
 make slack, to slacken, loosen, 
 ease, relax. 
 
 zezesa 0 makaxi ( pi. 8), to re¬ 
 lent. 
 
 zezesa e mbulu (2), to relax a 
 frown. 
 
 zezesa 0 ntima, v.t., see under 
 Ntima. 
 
 Zezoka, v.i., see Zeza. 
 
 Zezola, 7/./., see Zezesa. 
 
 Zezuka, v.i., see Zeza. 
 
 Zezula, v.t., see Zezesa. 
 
 Zi-, in pure Kongo z before i becomes 
 j, although in many dialects it 
 retains its harder form. 
 
 Zi- (Mpa) prefix applied to the plural 
 of nouns of cl. 2 by people in 
 the districts of the Lower River. 
 
 Zo, obj.pron., cl. 2, pi., them. 
 
 ezo, dem. pron., cl. 2, pi, 2nd pos.,. 
 those. 
 
 Zo, 6, 11., tuft (of grass, plants, or hair, 
 &c.) ; also the place on which 
 a single plant grows. 
 
 Zoa-, see Zowa-. 
 
 Zoba, v., to knead, make a paste of,, 
 to work up (clay), &c. 
 zoba e njembe (2), to make mud- 
 pies, play with mud. 
 
 Zodinga, v., to go lame, to limp. 
 
 Zoka, v., to bore, to make or bore or- 
 drill (a hole). 
 
 Zokola, v.t., to extract, withdraw (a 
 charge from a gun). 
 
 Zokona, v.t., to pick out, as maize 
 from the cob. 
 
 Zokonona, v., to pick about (as a fowl 
 her feathers). 
 
 Zola, 7/. (generally used in the perfect } 
 to love {simple, benignant affec¬ 
 tion or liking), to like, be fond 
 of, to prefer, choose, desire, wish, 
 want, to wish that, to wish or 
 long or seek for. 
 
 luta zola, v., to prefer'; to like best. 
 
 Zola, 9, 7 i., love, affection, fondness,, 
 desire. 
 
 Zolajiana, ) v., to love each other, 
 
 Zolana, J agree together, to be. 
 reconciled after a quarrel. 
 
 Zolana, 9, it., mutual love or affec¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Zolanisa, v.t., to cause to love each 
 other, to reconcile. 
 
 Zolela, v., applied form of Zola. 
 
 Zolela, 6 , n., a desire, wish. 
 
 Zoleswa, V., to be excessively fond of, 
 or have an intense, even mor¬ 
 bid, craving after (something). 
 Note the passive causative which 
 implies that the craving rwas 
 brought about by some one with 
 
Zol-Zoz 
 
 (480) 
 
 Zoleswa, continued. 
 
 a charm, or, as in cases of 
 pregnancy, by the condition. 
 
 Zoloka,) v., to be beloved, in request, 
 
 Zolwa, J on demand, wished for, de¬ 
 sired. 
 
 Zoma, v.t., to copulate. 
 
 Zomama, v.i., to be stuck or thrust 
 into (something in which there 
 had been no hole previously), 
 to stick into, to penetrate. 
 
 Zomba, \v., to be or get wet, 
 
 Zombalala, J drenched. 
 
 Zombeleka,\'z/./., to make wet, to 
 
 Zombesa, J drench, to wet. 
 
 Zomboka, v.i., to hop (in play, as 
 though lame, or as birds, frogs, 
 
 &c.). 
 
 Zomeka, v.t., to stick, stab, thrust 
 into (something in which there 
 had not been a hole previously). 
 
 Zonda, v.i., to be half released, as 
 the spring of a trap which has 
 caught something. 
 
 Zondama, v., to sit, squat, resting on 
 the feet (the soles only touch¬ 
 ing the ground). 
 
 Zondeka, v.t., to cause to sit as 
 above. 
 
 Zonga, v., to measure (in a measure of 
 capacity). 
 
 Zongakana, v., to be measurable. 
 
 Zongolotoma, 6, n., ring, circle, hole 
 (round); mouth (of a drum, 
 &c.). 
 
 Zonza, v.i., to quarrel, fall out, to dis¬ 
 agree. 
 
 Zonza, 9, 71., discord, contention, 
 strife. 
 
 Zonzama, v.i., to be arranged, put 
 in order, be tidy, put together, 
 packed up, stowed. 
 
 Zonzama, 9, 71., order; arrangement, 
 readiness (arrangement). 
 
 Zonzeka, v.t., to arrange, put straight, 
 put together, put to rights, set 
 right, get ready, prepare, set in 
 order, make tidy, clear up, trim, 
 disentangle; to collect, gather or 
 bring, or call together ; to'stow, 
 
 Zonzeka, continued. 
 
 pack, assemble (of persons or 
 things, not of the place or 
 receptacle, which is thus being 
 set in order). Zonzeka lekwa 
 ina mnna eseka, tidy up the 
 things which are in the saloon. 
 
 Zonzesa, v., to cause to quarrel, to 
 embroil. 
 
 Zonzoka, v., to be deranged, disorgan¬ 
 ized, unpacked. 
 
 Zonzola, V., to take out of its place ; 
 to unpack, derange, disorganize, 
 disarrange. 
 
 Zonzolola, v.t., to be always quarrel- 
 ing. 
 
 Zonzolola, v., to chatter, be very 
 loquacious. 
 
 Zonzona,\7/., to pick off; to pluck, 
 
 Zotona, J gather. 
 
 Zowa, 12 n., foolishness, folly, idiocy, 
 lunacy. 
 
 Zowa, v.t., to knead, to make a paste 
 of, work up (clay, &c.). 
 
 Zowalala, v., to be stupefied with 
 grief, perplexity, or wretched¬ 
 ness, to be sorrowful, sad, 
 miserable, dull, gloomy, stupe¬ 
 fied, stupid, foolish, depressed, 
 distressed, disheartened, de¬ 
 jected, cast down, despondent, 
 melancholy, low-spirited, hope¬ 
 less ; to despond, mope. 
 
 Zowalala, 9, n., misery, melancholy, 
 sadness, dejection, depression 
 of spirits, heaviness of heart, 
 despondency, gloom. 
 
 Zoweleka, v., to make sad, or gloomy, 
 to depress, deject, make melan¬ 
 choly, miserable (&c., see Zo- 
 walala). 
 
 Zowoka, v.i., to be made up into a 
 paste ; to be kneaded. 
 
 Zoza, v., to peck, to pick up (as a 
 fowl). 
 
 Zozo, 6 , bill, beak. 
 
 Zozo, dem. fir on., cl. 2, fil., 2nd fios., 
 emphatic, those. 
 
 Zozoka, v.i., to be motionless, still, 
 unmoved, unconcerned, imper- 
 
( 481 ) 
 
 Zoz-Zun 
 
 Zozoka, contimicd. 
 
 turbed, stoical, unflinching, un- 
 undaunted, to endure, bear, 
 suffer patiently, or bravely, or 
 faithfully; to be courageous, 
 staunch, true. 
 
 o tomene zozoka yo tulu, he lies 
 quietly sleeping. 
 
 Zozoka, 9, 7 i., immobility, imperturb¬ 
 ability, stoicism, unflinching 
 firmness, dauntlessness, endur¬ 
 ance, patience, courage, fidelity. 
 
 Zozokela, v.t.{appliedforni of Zozoka), 
 to'keep on with, continue in, go 
 on with (one's work), to dis¬ 
 regard. 
 
 zozokela yo, to be unmoved by, 
 or in spite of; to endure, bear, 
 sutler, patiently ; to remain true 
 to, to continue in, go on with 
 (one’s work, &c.) 
 
 Zua, v., to dash, or jerk off (by a 
 violent motion). 
 
 Zuba, v.t., to strike a blow with. 
 
 Zudika, v.t., to heap, pile up, to make 
 into a heap. 
 
 Zuka, v.t., to beat, strike. 
 
 Zuka, v., to pay interest. 
 
 Zulama, v., to be piled up, made into 
 a heap. 
 
 Zurnba, 6, 71 ., fornication, criminal 
 intercourse, adultery, immor¬ 
 ality. 
 
 mwana a zurnba or mwanezumba, 
 
 a bastard. 
 
 ta e zurnba, v., to commit adultery, 
 to have criminal intercourse. 
 
 Zumbi, 6, a fetish which is supposed 
 to bring good luck ; see Ap¬ 
 pendix, I'Jkixi. 
 
 nsusu (2), &c., a zumbi, a fowl, &c., 
 into which the Zumbi charm 
 has been imparted. 
 
 tumba e zumbi, to confer Zumbi. 
 
 tumbula e zumbi, to remove Zumbi. 
 
 Zuna, v.t., to cut off a small piece (of 
 something eatable). 
 
 Zunanana, v.i., to hang down, or from. 
 
 Zunga, v., to go, come or pass round 
 an obstacle, to make a detour, 
 
 Zunga, continued. 
 
 to surround, besiege, lay siege 
 to, also to swing (the arms), 
 edingidingi dizungidi, it was mid¬ 
 night, midnight silence reigned. 
 
 Zunga, 6, n ., faintness, dizziness, gid¬ 
 diness, vertigo. 
 
 kala ye zunga, to be dizzy, feel 
 faint. 
 
 zunga (ki-) kia, to recover (from 
 fainting), to come to one’s 
 senses. 
 
 kiesa e zunga, to go for a change 
 of air. 
 
 zunga (ki-) luaka, to feel faint, 
 yela e zunga, to feel faint, be 
 dizzy. 
 
 Zunga e Nkimba, v., to initiate into 
 the mysteries of Nkimba. 
 
 Zungana, v., to swing, whirl, twirl 
 round, to swing backwards and 
 forwards (as a pendulum), to be 
 whirled round. 
 
 Zunganisa, v.t., to whirl, twirl, swing 
 round, to swing backwards and 
 forwards, to brandish. 
 
 Zungula, v., to cut, lop off (the top), 
 to prune, to trim (a hedge). 
 
 Zunguluka, v., to be left, to remain 
 when others have gone away, 
 to be dull, lonely. 
 
 Zungumuka, v., to be bent, crooked, 
 or twisted awry. 
 
 Zungumuka, v., to be snatched away 
 angrily or haughtily. 
 
 Zungumuna, v., to make crooked, 
 to bend, twist. 
 
 Zungumuna, v.t., to snatch away 
 angrily or haughtily, to free 
 one’s self from, or shake one's 
 self clear of another’s touch. 
 
 Zunguta, v.i., to sway, move about, to 
 oscillate. 
 
 Zungutisa, v.t., to sway about. 
 
 Zunta, v.t., to wrench, twist, or wring 
 off. 
 
 Zunta, v., to take aim, to aim. 
 
 Zunta, 9, 7i., aim. 
 
 Zuntuka, v.i., to twist off, be twisted 
 
 off. 
 
 1 I 
 
ZUN-ZWA 
 
 ( 4S2 ) 
 
 Zunu, 13, ?t., nose, 
 tianginika 0 zunu, v.t., to turn up 
 
 the nose. 
 
 Zunza, v.t., to cast (metal), to found, 
 smelt, fuse. 
 
 Zunzuka, v.t., to be melted. 
 
 Zutuka, v.i., to snap (as a string), 1 
 break off, be torn or cut, be 
 twisted or wrenched off. 
 
 Zutuna, v., to twist, wring, or wrench 
 off, to snap, or break off (as a 
 string), to tear, cut off (a piece). 
 
 Zutununa, v ., to tear, cut, &c., into 
 small pieces. 
 
 Zuwa, v.t., to throw, dash, jerk, shake 
 off; to sprinkle. 
 
 Zuza, v.t., to roast or dry meat over 
 the fire in order to preserve it. 
 
 Zuzuna, v., to tear (off a piece, seldotn 
 used but of food). 
 
 Zuzwala, v. (P. julgar), to talk, speak, 
 remark (used, only in reference 
 to chiefs). 
 
 Zwa = zo+a, see To, Eng.-Kongo. 
 
 
APPENDICES. 
 
ENGLISH-KONGO APPENDIX. 
 
 The following words have mostly been acquired since the English-Kongo 
 
 section went to press. 
 
 Abound, | 
 
 Abundant, be,j • z ' 5 seiaiaAa « 
 make, v.t., seleleka. 
 
 Adze (to strike with an), v ., vaba. 
 
 Affection (mutual), 71., nzolani, 2. 
 
 Alarm, v., vumisa (seldom used ex¬ 
 cept in reference to children). 
 
 Although (• verbal conj .), -lembi. 
 Although I scrubbed it, it would 
 not come off, yalembi kio 
 fusula kanxi ke kikatukidi 
 ko. {See -lembi, Kongo-Eng.) 
 
 Amass, v., vwixisa. 
 
 Ancestor, 71., nkulu, 1. 
 
 Anger, very great, n. } makaxi (pi. 8) 
 mansuva. 
 
 Ant-lion (; myrmeleon formicarius\ 
 
 n., nkenge, 2. 
 
 Arduous, a., -afuki. 
 
 As soon as, adv., una...kaka. 
 
 Ascend (as smoke), v., fita. 
 
 Ask to come, v ., susumuna, vuku- 
 lula. 
 
 Asparagus, tz., kalala, 6 ; nsende, 2 
 & 11 ; nsendensende, 2. 
 
 Assemble, v.i., kuta (of people only). 
 v.t., kuta (of things only). 
 
 Assistance, n., nsadisa, 2. 
 
 Awake, v.t., katumuna. 
 v.i., katumuka. 
 
 Bale, n., mfuna, 4. 
 
 Bank of earth, n., ekunkwa, 8. 
 
 Bank (brink), n., mfumfula, 4. 
 
 Beads which are all “full count,” strings 
 of, ?i., njimbu ^2 pi.) zasoso. 
 
 Bear, patiently or stoically, v., zozo- 
 ka, jijila. 
 
 Beard (long), n ., papa, 6. 
 
 Beautiful, be, v., kenga. 
 
 Bedstead, n., kingembo, 5. 
 
 Begin, v.t., bantama. 
 
 Bend (be bent), v.i., koza. 
 Bewilder, v.t., jejianisa. 
 Bewildered, be , v.i., zayi (12 u-) 
 zenzela, jejiana. 
 Bewilderment, n., jejiana, 9. 
 Bigness (corpulence), n., tonga, 6. 
 Bite, off a large piece, v., vwengo- 
 mona, vwengona, vwenguna. 
 Blow (a fire), v., lemona, lemuna. 
 Blow (as the wind), v.i., vekomoka. 
 Blow out (distend), v.t., tuva. 
 Blunt, a., -ambufubufu. 
 Bluntness, 71., mbufubufu, 4. 
 
 Boil to pieces, v.i., bombomoka. 
 v.t., bombomona. 
 
 Boundary, 71., mwingilu, 3; nke- 
 ndelo, 2. 
 
 Breathe, v., tumbula (used in refer¬ 
 ence to a dying man). He still 
 breathes, tumbula ketumbu- 
 la owau. 
 
 Brim, ?/., mfumfula, 4. 
 
 Bring up (rear), kudisa. 
 
 Brink, 71., mfumfula, 4. 
 Broad-shouldered, a., -anyevi, 
 -yevi. 
 
 be, v., yeva. 
 
 Brokerage, 71., mbata, 2 ; mboko, 
 2. 
 
 Bruise, v., fungumuna. 
 
 Burn (set fire to), v.t., vika. 
 
 Burn up, v.t., fumpula. 
 
 Buttress, 71., nxiamu, 2. 
 
 Call for (on the way), v., vitula. 
 Calm, be (safe at rest), v., vuvama. 
 Cannibal, 71., mundiawantu, 3. 
 Canoe, 71., bwatu [{pi. matu) Bako.] 
 Capata (headman), 71., ekota> 8. 
 Carelessness, n., nsansansalu, 2. 
 
Car-Dir 
 
 ( 486 ) 
 
 Carry (take up and carry off at once), 
 
 v.t., kikula. 
 
 away by impetus, v., vitula. 
 
 Cassia-fistula, n., nsazu, 4. 
 
 Cave, n., njimba, 2. 
 
 Chafe (soreness), nlamu, 4. 
 
 Channel, n., nkwala, 4. 
 
 Chatterbox, n., nkwa (1) liingwedi 
 (10). 
 
 Charms, n., mpandu, 2. 
 
 Chew, v., kukuta. 
 
 Circumcised, be, v.t., yota. 
 
 Clap (of the hands, showing surprise), 
 
 7 i., efufu, 8. 
 
 Clap the hands together with surprise, 
 
 v., bunda e efufu, 8. 
 
 Clapping noise, n., toto, 6. 
 
 Clean, be (comfortable), v., lengoka, 
 lenguka. 
 
 Clean, make (white and shining), v.t., 
 
 kengomona. 
 
 Clear, the throat, v., kekomona. 
 
 Clever, a., -anluengi. 
 
 be, v., luenga. 
 
 person, uluengi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Cleverness (skill), n., luenga, 9. 
 
 Closeness, n., mfini, 2. 
 
 Cloth, striped, n., tuta, 6. 
 
 Clumsy, a., -ansansansalu. 
 
 Cold, n., etodi, 8. 
 
 a., -etodi. 
 
 Collect by degrees, little by little, v., 
 
 wonzakela. 
 
 Comfortable, be, v., lengoka, le¬ 
 nguka. 
 
 Commission (fee), mboko, 2 ; mbata, 
 2. 
 
 Congratulate, v., vana 0 lufiau- 
 lwisu (10), or 0 lukofi, 10. 
 
 Congratulation, n., lukofi, 10; 
 lufiaulwisu, 10. 
 
 Contain, v., Kongos do not say what 
 a thing contains, but rather 
 where the things are. 
 
 Contempt, n., luvezo, 10. 
 
 Contract (stipulation), n., ebika, 8 ; 
 generally plural. 
 
 Copper, n., ngambaka, 2. 
 
 Core (heart, centre), n., kingudi, 5. 
 
 Corpulence, n., tonga, 6. 
 
 Cramp and stiffness after sitting a 
 long time, n., sukasuka, 9. 
 Creek, »., nsulu, 4. 
 
 Crisp, be (hard), v.t,, balalala. 
 
 make, v.t. badidika. 
 
 Crooked, be, v.t., benda. 
 
 make, v.t., bendesa. 
 Cross-examine, v., kunka. 
 
 Crowd (come crowding), v.t., longo- 
 moka. 
 
 Cruelty, n., bobobo, 6 ; mfunia, 2 
 
 (Bako.). 
 
 Crunch, v., kukuta. 
 
 Cut (on the temples, made in the 
 operation of cupping), 7L,Jkio- 
 ba, 5. 
 
 (hew, fell), v., viva, 
 off (a slice), vasuna. 
 
 (small piece of something eat¬ 
 able), zuna. 
 
 round the margins of the hair, deka 
 e nsuki (2). 
 
 the throat, zenga e elaka (8). 
 up to pieces (of grass, paper, leaves, 
 &c.), kela. 
 
 Dead, be quite, v., fumbuka. 
 cold and, vola. 
 
 (a euphemism), budika. 
 not (still breathe), tumbula. 
 Deceitfulness, n., umpuki, 12. 
 Deface, v., bandula. 
 
 Dejection of spirits, n., zowalala„ 
 12. 
 
 Demon, n., nkwiya, 4. 
 
 Depress (the spirits), v., zoweleka. 
 Depressed, be (in spirits), v., zowa- 
 lala. 
 
 Depression of spirits, n., zowalala, 
 9 - 
 
 Desire earnestly, v., lekokelwa, or 
 lekukelwa, or lengokelwa, or 
 lengukilwa 0 moyo. 
 
 Despair, v.t., mayo (3 -u) zeza. 
 Difficult (arduous), a., -afuki. 
 Digest, v., bululwisa. 
 
 Digested, be, v.t., bululuka. 
 Digestion, n., mbululuka, 2 ; lubu- 
 lulwisu, 10. 
 
 Dimpled, be, v., kompoka, koboka. 
 Dirty, and spoil, v.t., bandula. 
 
Dis-Gat 
 
 ( 487 
 
 Disappointment, lukonananu 
 (10) lua ntima (4). 
 
 Discontinue (a habit which was once 
 frequent), v., kenga. 
 
 Discover, v.t., dimbula. 
 
 Disfigure, v., handula. 
 
 Dismay (fright, fear), /*., kinkenda, 
 5 ; keza, 9. 
 
 Disobedience, ;/.,nlandu, 4 (regard¬ 
 lessness). 
 
 Disobedient, a ., -anlandu (regard¬ 
 less). 
 
 Distend, v.t., tuva. 
 
 Distress, v.t., kandidika. 
 
 Distressed, be, v., kandalala. 
 
 Do thoroughly, v., vangalala. 
 
 Donkey, ji., ebuluku, 8 (P. burro). 
 
 Draught (drink), ndwa, 2. 
 
 Drill (to instruct in evolution), v.t., 
 
 vangisa e fuka (6). 
 
 Drilled, be, v.i., vangiswa e fuka. 
 
 Drink (making great noise in swal¬ 
 lowing), v., bokomona. 
 
 Drip (of sticky viscous fluid), v., zelo- 
 moka, zelumuka. 
 
 Drive out (a woman’s word when 
 angry), v.t., longomona (“bun¬ 
 dle out ”). 
 
 Dry, be (as paint, mud, gum, of 
 films only), v., babalala. 
 
 Dysentery, ji., makulu, pi. 8. 
 
 Eagle, ji., nkunku, 2 ; vungu, 6 ; 
 kavungu, 9. 
 
 Eat, without having washed the hands 
 since the previous day, v ., dia 
 e kidiaima (5). 
 
 Edge, n., mfumfula, 4. 
 
 Eel, 71., nsomvi, 4 ; nsonji, 4. 
 
 Electric fish, n., sulu, 6. 
 
 Embrace the feet, &c., v., kwenda 
 or kwiza e ngangala, yilama. 
 
 Endure, patiently or bravely, v., zo- 
 zoka, jijila. 
 
 Enema, administer by, or an, v., tuba. 
 
 Enlarge, a thing already made, as a 
 hole, house, &c., v.t., vudisa. 
 He has enlarged his house, 
 ovudixi e nzo andi. 
 
 Enlarged, be (as above), v.i., vula. 
 
 Enraptured, be, v., sanguna. 
 
 Entice, v., leba. 
 
 Erect, v.t., minginika. 
 be, v.i., minganana. 
 
 Especially, adv., musungula. 
 
 Euphemism, ji., senswa, 6. 
 speak in, v., vova muna senswa. 
 
 Examine gently, tenderly, or care¬ 
 fully, something painful or very 
 fragile, v., wunza. 
 
 Except, cojzj., see undergo and Kala, 
 Kongo-Eng. 
 
 Extract, from a deep socket or 
 spathe, v ., kongona. 
 
 Eye of needle, n., ekoji (8) dia 
 ntumbu (2). 
 
 Fail, v., lakwa. 
 
 Fall by accident, v.i., sunuka. 
 let, v.t., sununa. 
 
 Fault finding, ji., lutialu, 10. 
 
 F ear (cowardly), v., mona 0 unkuta 
 (12). 
 
 F eather, oars, v., tialumuna 0 maza 
 muna nkafi(2). 
 
 Fetish, «., mpandu, 2. 
 
 Filled up, be (as a hole), v.i., langa- 
 lakana. 
 
 Film, n., mbolo, 2 ; mbabala, 2. 
 
 Fire, set on, v., tumpa 0 tiya (10) 
 kuna. 
 
 Firewood, small, n., vululu, 6. 
 
 Fish, dead and floating on water, n., 
 
 etidi, 8. 
 
 Flutter, v., papa. 
 
 Fool, n., tunga, 6 ; dunga, 6 ; dudu, 
 6 ; mama, 6; dudu kia mu- 
 ntu. 
 
 Foolish, a., -adudu, -amama. 
 
 Forefather, n., nkulu, 1. 
 
 Forget, v., vilwa. 
 
 Frightened, be exceedingly, v., mo¬ 
 na 0 keza (9). 
 
 Fruit, ji., mpelo, 2. 
 
 Frying-pan, ji., kangilwa, 6. 
 
 Furious, be, v., fuluta yo makaxi 
 
 ( 8 ). 
 
 Fury, n., lunji (6) kiansuva. 
 
 Gather (little by little), v.t., wonza- 
 kela. 
 
 (small things), kongona. 
 
 (large fruit), konga. 
 
Gat-Lub 
 
 ( 488 ) 
 
 Gather, continued. 
 together, kutisa. 
 
 (of people), v.i.A 
 (of things), 7/.A,/■ ku ^ a • 
 
 Give, v., vanika. 
 
 up an old habit, v., kenga. They 
 have given up killing witches, 
 bavwidi kenga kio e fu kia 
 vonda e ndoki. He has given 
 up telling lies, okengele ko 
 vnna kwandi. 
 
 Gnaw, v., kesnmuna, kesomona. 
 
 Go crowding, v., longomoka. 
 for a change of air, v ., kiesa e 
 zunga (6). 
 
 round to the other side, v., zeloka. 
 to stool, v., swama. 
 
 Gore, v., tulangesa. 
 
 Great (arduous), a., -afuki. 
 
 (of birds only), a., -ambndangi. 
 
 (of trees and things made of wood), 
 
 a., -ambondongolo. 
 
 Grieve, 7 /., kandidika. 
 
 Grieved, be, v ., kandalala. 
 be much, 7 /., ntima (4, u-) yandu- 
 ka or timvuka, ndunji (2, i-) 
 tiukwa. 
 
 Grunt (as a pig), 7 /., kwinga. 
 
 Hack (strike with a blunt instrument), 
 
 v., fuba. 
 
 Half-released, be (as the spring 
 of a trap which has caught 
 something), 7 /., zonda. 
 
 Hammer, zz., nkonko, 2. 
 
 Handsome person, n., nkenga, 4. 
 Hard and crisp, be, t balalala. 
 
 make, v.t., badidika. 
 
 Heedless, be, v., veza. 
 
 Herbalist, zz., mbangi a nti ( 1 ), 
 nkayi, 1 & 4. 
 
 Hesitation, n., dingndingn, 6. 
 
 Hide, v., swama (Mpa). 
 
 Hit (with something), 7 /., bafa. 
 
 Hoe (to strike with a), v ., vaba. 
 
 Hold fast, 7 /., ximbinina. 
 
 (with the claws), vuta e nzala (2 & 
 
 11). 
 
 Hole (a.hollow), zz., kimpolokoso, 5. 
 in the earth, zz., kobodia, 6; ko- 
 bonga, 6. 
 
 Homage, the formalities, kneeling, 
 &c., which have to be observed 
 in approaching a great chief, n., 
 fuka, 6. 
 
 to perform such ceremonies, 7/., 
 
 vanga e fuka. 
 
 Horizon, zz., jetwela, 6. 
 
 House without walls, zz., nduka, 4. 
 
 Huge, a., see great. 
 
 If, co)ij., see wider Vo and Kala, 
 Kongo-English. 
 
 Impudence, zz., mfiandu, 2 ; ntia- 
 mvuna, 2 . 
 
 Increase, 7/., futuluka. 
 
 Inflate, v.t., tuva. 
 
 inform, v., sunzula (e diambu, 7). 
 Inherit (real property), v., vingila. 
 Insatiability, zz., kinzolanzola, 5. 
 Irritate, v., zekanisa. 
 
 Jet, 7/., xianzuka. 
 
 Jump, v., yoma, doma. 
 
 Kind action ,\ 
 
 Kindness, S’ ete ’ s - 
 Kneading-trough, zz., elonga, 8. 
 Knock, zz., dodo, 6 . 
 over backwards, v., manguna, 
 
 makuna. 
 
 Laborious (arduous), a., -afuki. 
 Landscape, (fine view), zz., tunda, 6. 
 Lap (as a dog), v.t., leta. 
 
 Large, a., see great. 
 
 Leave, out or about carelessly or by 
 accident, v.t., beleleka. 
 Leeward, to, adv., ku ntala a te- 
 
 111b wa. 
 
 Left out, carelessly, be, belalala. 
 
 Light, be (not heavy), v., kala e 
 esasala ( 8 ). 
 
 Long for, V., see desire. 
 
 Look down, v., veteka 0 meso (7). 
 
 slyly, 7/., ketoka. 
 
 after (a pot on the fire), v.t., lungi- 
 dila. 
 
 longingly at, 7/., lengokelwa or 
 lengukilwa 0 meso (pi. 7). 
 
 Looked at longingly or lustfully by, 
 be, v., lengokelwa or lengu¬ 
 kilwa 0 meso kwa —. 
 
 Love, mutual, zz., nzolani, 2. 
 
 Lubricate, v., lelemesa. 
 
( 4§9 ) 
 
 Lub-Sho 
 
 Lubricated, be, v., lelumuka, lelo- 
 moka, lelema. 
 
 Lump, 77., ebungela, 8. 
 
 Male, a ., -abakala (Bako.). 
 
 Mallet, ?i., nkonko, 2. 
 
 Mash, v.t., vota. 
 
 Mar, v., bandula. 
 
 Mat, or be matted together, v.i., tu- 
 ngalakana, tungalakiana. 
 Means of doing, 77., ndenda, 2. 
 Meanwhile, adv., wau. 
 
 Meek person, 77., nleka, 4. 
 Medicinal bark and roots, to search 
 for and collect, v., banga. 
 one who collects, n., mbangi, 1 
 & 4. 
 
 leaves, to collect, v., kaya. 
 one who collects, 77., nkayi, 1 
 & 4. 
 
 Mess (play with one’s food), v., zeba. 
 Moulding of pottery, a kind of, 77., 
 ngumba, 2. 
 
 the operation of, 71., luwumbilu, 10. 
 Mud-fish, 71., ngolamaza, 2. 
 
 Neck, 77., nxingu, 2; nkingu, 2 
 (Bako.). 
 
 (throat), elaka, 8. 
 
 Necklace, 77., nsanga, 4. 
 
 (of beads only), 77., dita, 6 ; diongo, 
 6 . 
 
 Nettles, 72., vidi, 6 ; dinxienxia, 
 7 - 
 
 Nibble, v., kela. 
 
 Noise (make a thundering),?/., dudula, 
 tutula. 
 
 Nsafu kernel, 71., mungiji, 3. 
 Obstinacy (of children), 77., sebe, 6. 
 Ocean, 77., muwu (3 pi., miuwu). 
 Open (the mouth), v., yasuna. 
 
 wide, a door, 7/./., bengomona. 
 Orchid {var. ?), 71., mwenji (3), a- 
 mputu. 
 
 Oval, be, v., swatata. 
 
 make, v., sungumuna. 
 
 Palm, a midrib of leaflet, 77., xie- 
 nxiele, 6. 
 
 midribs of leaflets on one frond, 77., 
 nxienxiele, 2. 
 
 Path (a direct), 77., njila (2), -abatwa- 
 batu. 
 
 Person, whose name you forget, or do 
 not wish others to hear, 77., 
 netoko, 1. 
 
 Pigeon, green, 77., nkutulujia, 2; 
 ntungulujia, 2. 
 
 Pluck (large fruit), v.t., konga. 
 
 (small things), v.t., kongona, zo- 
 nzona, zotona. 
 
 Pour (into another receptacle), v.t., 
 
 longolola. 
 
 out (of much only), v.i '., vongoka. 
 out, v.t., vongola. 
 
 Precipice (having sides slightly 
 sloping), 71., lunengenenge, 10. 
 Present, v.t., bemba. 
 
 Procurable, be, v., bongakana 
 (“getable”), bakakana (“catch- 
 able ”), sumbakana (“ pur- 
 chaseable ”). 
 
 (of medicinal roots and bark only), 
 v., bangakana. 
 
 (leaves only), v., kayakana. 
 Protrude (of the eyes only), 7/., 
 
 lanzuka. 
 
 Purslain, 71., madia (pi. 9) ma 
 
 ngulu. 
 
 Put into (the fire), v., fumpa. 
 back again, be (as earth into a hole), 
 v.i., langama. 
 
 Rap ; knock, v.t., tota. 
 
 Rapture, h ., sanguna, 9. 
 
 Reed, small round, 77., nsakusaku, 
 
 2 & 11 ; ndebela, 2 & n. 
 Remember (something forgotten), v., 
 bakula. 
 
 cause to, v., bakulwisa. 
 
 Ring, 77., ndambi, 2. 
 
 (ornamental metal), 77., ngondo, 2. 
 Roam, v., lasa, vema. 
 
 Rot, and swarm with maggots, v., 
 komoka. 
 
 to pieces, v., niengomoka. 
 
 Root up (by handfuls), v., yaba. 
 
 Run away, v.i., kungumuka. 
 
 (cause to), v.t., kungumuna. 
 
 Sea, 71., muwu, 3 (pi. miuwu). 
 
 Set one’s heart upon, v., see Desire. 
 Settle (a matter), v., lekula, lekola. 
 Shot, a good, 77., nkwa (1) sunswa 
 (6); malangula (pi. 9). 
 
Sit-Whe 
 
 ( 490 ) 
 
 Sit carelessly, so as to expose one’s 
 self, v.i ., venanana, vanana- 
 na. 
 
 Speak angrily, v.t., balata. 
 
 Sphere, n., bulungunzu, 6 («/«? a 
 ball). 
 
 Spherical, a., -abulungunzu. 
 
 Spill, 7/./., vongomona, vongola. 
 
 Splash about (as water when 
 carried), z/., dukinga, du- 
 kunga. 
 
 make a splashing sound, v., di- 
 
 kinga. 
 
 Split, v.i., vasuka. 
 
 v.i., vasnna. 
 
 Spoil, v., bandula. 
 
 Spread out (of things which had 
 been heaped together), v., bu- 
 ngula. 
 
 Spreading (of a tree), a., -anyevi. 
 
 be, v., yeva. 
 
 Squeak (as a pig), v.i., winga. 
 
 (as a mouse), v.i., kienga. 
 
 Squeal, as a pig, v., kwinga. 
 
 Start (of many people), v.i., vo- 
 
 mbola. 
 
 Stout, be, v., yeva. 
 
 a., -anyevi, -yeva. 
 
 Strike (a blow with), v.t., zuba, 
 vaba, vama (used by women 
 only). 
 
 (with a stick or blunt instrument), 
 v.t., bufuna, bufa. 
 
 Strip, (a short, narrow piece of grass 
 jungle, which has remained un¬ 
 touched after a great bush fire), 
 n., swa, 6 ; swanga, 6. 
 long (as above), nlanga, 4. 
 
 Sway (about, as water when carried), 
 v., dukinga, dukunga. 
 
 Take, (a large piece of something), 
 v.t., yengomona. 
 
 more than is necessary, v.t., tuta, 
 duda. 
 
 many, much, plenty, v.t., wunga. 
 
 up and carry away at once without 
 remark, v.t., kikula. 
 
 up one end of (something which is 
 very long, as a rope, snake, &c.), 
 v.t., langumuna. 
 
 Talkative, full of chatter, a., -a- 
 
 mpintudi, -ampintuludi, -a- 
 mbiodi. 
 
 be, v., pintula, pintulula, biola. 
 
 child, n., mpintudi, 1 ; mpintu- 
 ludi, 1 ; mbiodi, 1. 
 
 Tantalize, v.t., tekela e ngengo, 2: 
 (used of persons, not things). 
 
 Teachable, be, v., longakana. 
 
 Tenderly, to touch, handle (examin¬ 
 ing something fragile or pain¬ 
 ful), v., wunza. 
 
 Throw down (something heavy), v. r 
 
 yuva. 
 
 out (the chest), v., manganana. 
 
 Thunder, or make a thundering noise,. 
 v.i., dudula, tntula. 
 
 Tie (well), v.t., bamba. 
 
 Too, adv., expressed generally by re¬ 
 casting the sentence ; so that 
 instead of saying, It is too^ 
 white, say, too much white, 
 thus : because “ it is too white 
 = kadi pemba kwingi— lit.. 
 because too much white. 
 
 There are a few verbal adjectives 
 implying too, as follows :— 
 too bad, -bi. 
 too good, nice, -wete. 
 too great, large, -nene. 
 too little, small, -luelo, -ke, -kete. 
 too long, high, deep, far, -la. 
 too much, many, -ingi. 
 too new, -va. 
 too old, -kulu. 
 too short, near, -kufi. 
 
 Torrent bed (very rocky), n., yasa, 
 
 6 . 
 
 Try hard, v., nwana. 
 
 Tuck up one’s cloth, v.t., vena, 
 sena, senona, sela. 
 
 Umbilical cord, n., luayi, 10. 
 Unless, conj., see under V0 and Kala r 
 Kongo-English. 
 
 Urinate, v., susa. 
 
 Wander about, v., vema, lasa. 
 Water lily, n., elanga, 8. 
 
 Weak, be, 
 
 Weary, be 
 Wheeze, v.i., twengenia, twengena. 
 
 I v.i., tova, yova. 
 
( 49i ) 
 
 KONGO-ENGLISH APPENDIX. 
 
 The following words have been acquired since the Kongo-English section 
 
 went to press. 
 
 Badidika, v., to make crisp and hard. 
 
 Balalala, to be crisp and hard. 
 
 Bandungulu, 6 , n., a dwarf person or 
 thing. 
 
 Bangalala, v ., to storm and rave, to 
 talk angrily and loudly. 
 
 Batalala, v ., to be low and spreading, 
 to be squat. 
 
 Batumba, 6, n., see Bandungulu. 
 
 Bekele, 6 , 7 ?., splenitis. 
 
 Belalala, v., to be left about carelessly. 
 
 Beleleka, v., to leave about carelessly. 
 
 Bengomona, v., to open wide (a door, 
 &c.). 
 
 Butukulu, 6 , 77 ., a sphere, anything 
 spherical. 
 
 Bwadinga, v., to bubble slowly (of 
 thick fluids). 
 
 Bwenia, v., to pick out (as maize). 
 
 Diangila, 6, 77., a thin skinny fellow 
 “ like a lizard.’ 5 
 
 Diokolo, 6 , 77., tadpole. 
 
 Ekumba, 8 , 77., a protruding navel. 
 
 Elusa, 8,77., see Esunga. 
 
 Esasala, 8 ,77., 
 
 kala e esasala, to be light (not 
 heavy). 
 
 Esunga, 8 ,77., 
 
 nkwa (1) esunga, one who is too 
 impatient to let his food be pro¬ 
 perly cooked before he eats it. 
 
 Eyititi, 8 77., a swollen cheek. 
 
 Eumbalala, v.i., to double up (as with 
 pain in the stomach). 
 
 Jejianisa, v ., to give evasive answers, 
 to put on the wrong track, to 
 show the wrong road. 
 
 Kalala, 6 77., asparagus. 
 
 Kalumba, 9, 77., a rabbit. 
 
 Kana, conj ., whether, if, as to, a par¬ 
 ticle denoting uncertainty. Ki- 
 zeye kwame ko kana nsusu 
 kwa jina mo ; I do not know 
 
 Kana, continued. 
 
 as to how many fowls are in 
 there. 
 
 Kandalala, v., to be dry and warped. 
 Kanka, 6 ,77., hedge. 
 
 Kema, v.i., to grunt and strain. 
 Kemona, v., to snivel and fret (like a 
 child). 
 
 Kenga, 77., to be beautiful. 
 
 Kenga, v., to give up an old habit. 
 Bavwidi kenga kio e fu kia vonda 
 e ndoki, they no longer kill 
 witches = they have given up 
 killing witches. Okengele kio 
 vuna kwandi, he has given up 
 telling lies. (Kenga generally 
 takes the pronoun of its object 
 after it before mentioning the 
 object itself, as seen in above 
 examples.) 
 
 Kengomona, v., to make clean (white 
 and shining). 
 
 Kimbwatakala, 5, n., bottle. 
 
 Kinkonzo, 5,77., ugliness. 
 
 Kinzolanzola, 5? 77., insatiability. 
 
 Komoka, v.i., to rot and swarm with 
 maggots. 
 
 Kundakesa, v.t., to heap on, pile on. 
 
 Lava, v., to extract (charcoal only) 
 from the fire. 
 
 Lendana, v., to possess each other’s 
 goods, to have things in com¬ 
 mon. 
 
 Muwayi, 1, a slave. 
 
 Nganga, 2, n., one who has been 
 initated into the ndembo 
 mystery. 
 
 Niengomoka, v.i., to rot to pieces. 
 
 Nsende, 2 & 11, ) 
 
 Nsendensende, 2, as P ara S us - 
 
 Vanga, 6 , n., one who has not been 
 initiated into the ndembo 
 mystery. 
 
( 492 ) 
 
 The following lists have been made in order to group together, for the con¬ 
 venience and assistance of residents in the country, the names of games, 
 animals, plants, diseases, &c. As much information as was available at the 
 time, has been inserted. They are by no means complete, but, if only for the 
 roots contained, they will be of philological interest. 
 
 GAMES. 
 
 Balai, 2 (P. baralho), a game at cards, 
 clubs, sabala, 2 (P. sabre), 
 diamonds, kompa, 2 (P. copo). 
 hearts, welo, 12 (P. ouros). 
 spades, pau, 2 (P. pao). 
 
 Dibala, 7. Sometimes two or three arrange to play dibala (ta e dibala). 
 ter this has been agreed to, if either of the party forget the name of some 
 person or thing, or in any way hesitates, the others strike him; he calls out 
 dibala dileketa ; they reply muna ntu a nani (on whose head) ; he then 
 
 answers muna ntu a - (on the head of-), mentioning the name of an 
 
 acquaintance. He is then no longer beaten. 
 
 Dibulungu, 7. A number of players form a ring, sitting down on the 
 ground with their legs extended before them. One of the players puts a ball 
 lesomba) on his knees, and with one leg jerks the ball and rolls (nengoma) it 
 on to the knees of his neighbour. If the ball falls to the ground the person 
 v ho thus fails has to go into the centre of the ring and dance for the enter¬ 
 tainment of the others. 
 
 Ejio, 8. The game of “touch last.” The toucher (nkwa ejio), to touch 
 (vika ejio), to be touched (via ejio). 
 
 Esanga ngungu (8), “spider.” The players join hands and dance round (jeta) 
 a person m the middle, who is called “ esanga ngungu ” (the spider) ; he tries 
 to seize some one by the leg and drag him down. The victim then cries out 
 E yaya e yaya ? Ndiete lusende luanxi a maza.” 
 
 Reply in chorus. “ Odunguna lo.” 
 
 Reply. “ Yadi dungunanga e mbele mfubungu.” 
 
 Chorus. “ Oleka vovo.” 
 
 Reply. “ Yadi lekanga mono kimona tulu.” 
 
 Chorus. “ Otanga e nsa.” 
 
 Reply. “ Yadi tanganga; miau ke mitangakana.” 
 
 Chorus. “ Otanga kaka.” 
 
 Reply . “ Ndina ya yaya ame Nlemvo, 0 Nlemvo ovwete nsanga lusa- 
 mbwadi nga imvitikidi 0 nseka muna nsangi a lukove...o . 0 0 kia- 
 bonda.” 
 
 He then proceeds to name each of the other players in the same verse. 
 Kulukuta, 6. Played in the same way as wadi, the difference being that 
 the loser is required to eat a number of chili peppers, according to arrangement 
 sometimes as many as ten. Occasionally the players will stipulate that pepper 
 shall be rubbed into the eyes of the loser ; a cruel and foolish sport, recalling to 
 one s mind the hacking ” (kicking) in football, and other unnecessary cruelties 
 
 allowed in games. When a player has lost ten times in succession, he is excused 
 from further penalties. 
 
 Luela, 10. African backgammon. 
 
( 493 ) 
 
 Lungungu, io. A game in which the players form sides, and each provides 
 himself with a piece of string (mbwa, 2), at each end of which a small weight is 
 attached. . One side bowls a hoop (lungungu) towards the players on the 
 opposite side, each of whom endeavours to whirl his mbwa so that it catches 
 and twists up on the hoop’on the principle of the Bolas in America. The hoop 
 is caught up by the free end of the mbwa, and whirled round the head, after 
 which the hoop is handed back to the party who sent it, and these are con¬ 
 sidered to have lost the game. Sometimes the winner is challenged to dia e 
 nsusu (eat the fowl), that is, to continue whirling the hoop and jump over it, 
 without its touching the ground. 
 
 Mbele, 2. A game in which the players form a line, the first being called 
 Ntotela. One player faces the line and takes his stand before each of the 
 others in turn. Facing the first, he throws out both his hands, then he crosses 
 them on his breast, and after this throws out one hand. The one in the line 
 who is opposite has to do the same. If he can meet the thrust with the same 
 hand that is put out to him three times, he stands out, and the other takes the 
 last place (bada, 6) in the line. If he misses the three chances, his turn is 
 past, and the p^yer goes on to the next. If the player can go three times 
 along the line without being played out, the last man is called mbundu (slave), 
 and has to stand aside. In the case of the player being played out, and having 
 to take his place at the end of the line, the “ slaves” take their place after him! 
 If the player is able to play out all as slaves, the ntotela may return and try 
 until he redeems himself, by playing out the player. The ex-player then has be¬ 
 come ntotela, and tries to play back the “ slaves.” The movements are very 
 rapid, and the game causes much fun. 
 
 Mbemba, 2. Played in the same way as Lungungu, only the hoop is thrown 
 into the air, instead of being bounded along the ground. 
 
 Mpinji, 2. “ Odds and evens ” ; the odds are called kimoxi ; the evens, yole. 
 
 Mwana (1) a eyembe (8), (the young pigeon). A game played by two. 
 The left hands interlock, with the right hand each rubs his ribs, whilst the 
 following little song is sung by one (the mother):— 
 
 “ 0 mwana a eyembe 
 Kameneno nsala ko 
 E lumbu kemenwa e nsala ; 
 
 Ku Mputu kekwenda 
 0 Eyembe papa e papa.” 
 
 “ The young pigeon has not yet grown his feathers ; when he has grown his 
 feathers, he shall go to Mputu (white man’s land), flap, flap.” 
 
 The other player (the young pigeon) cooes an accompaniment, and when the 
 song is finished, the players clap their right hands over and under the inter¬ 
 locked left hands, which are then separated, and each claps his hands together 
 and strikes his right thigh, after which they lock hands and commence again. 
 
 Nduku, 4. A game in which those playing form two sides, and sit in lines 
 feet to feet. A cloth is thrown over the legs, and an article is taken and passed 
 about from one to the other under the cloth, every one rummaging about (fimfi- 
 dikita or fulukuta) as though he were passing it. A player on one side 
 challenges one on the other side with “ funguna ” (confess), and attention beino- 
 given, he asks further, “ ku ntu a nani ” (on whose head), and the person 
 
( 494 ) 
 
 •challenged guesses who has the ball. If he guesses right the ball is passed 
 over to his side. 
 
 Ngwala, 2. Charades and riddles. Some instances are given at the end of 
 the Grammar. 
 
 Njimina, 2. Blind man’s buff (always played in the house). 
 
 Nkandi (4) a ngongo. A game in which the players sit in a ring, and pass 
 round a palm nut. Every one pretends to be in the act of passing it on. A 
 person in the centre watches, and when he thinks that he knows who is in the 
 act of passing the nut, he springs upon the person who has it. If correct, the 
 person has to take his place in the centre. 
 
 Nkenka, 4. A hole (ewulu, 8), 4 inches in diameter and 2 feet deep, is 
 dug in the ground. The hole is half filled with ground nuts (nguba, 2), and 
 then filled up with earth and well rammed, then a piece of midrib of a palm-frond 
 (rnbasa, 2) is made into a kind of fork (nsoma, 4), with several prongs. 
 The “ nsoma ” is then violently driven into the hole, and when it is withdrawn, 
 if a “ nguba ” comes up on the fork, the player wins all in the hole. 
 
 Nkiambiembie, 2. A game in which a nkiambiembie seed is hidden in one 
 of five little heaps of sand or dust. The person who guesses has to brush away 
 (takula or vunzuna) four of the heaps, and leave the one having the seed. 
 If correct, he has the privilege of hiding. A register (soneka e xinsu) of suc¬ 
 cessful guesses is kept. 
 
 Nkiendi (4). A game in which all the players but one run about on all fours, 
 but face uppermost, one person alone being allowed to stand up ; he is called 
 the nkayi [(antelope). Those on all fours are each called nkongo (2, the 
 hunters). They scuttle about in this ridiculous attitude, and each tries to 
 touch or kick the nkayi with his foot. A large court (mwingilu, 3) has 
 been previously marked out on the ground, and the nkayi is not allowed to 
 go outside it. The nkongo try to hem him up in a corner. If the nkayi, to 
 avoid being touched, runs out of the court, every one gets up on to their feet and 
 chases him, and the one who first succeeds in pretending to cut him with a 
 knife will be nkayi next time. A general melee ensues, every one else pre¬ 
 tending to cut a piece of the nkayi, amid shouts of “ ekolo diame ! ntu ame! 
 lisuni mianii ! (the shank for me ! the head for me ! some flesh for me !) They 
 tumble one on each other (bumbama), making a heap (ebundu) of legs and 
 arms, like a scrimmage in football. Sometimes a rule (nxiku) is made that 
 there shall be no chasing beyond the court, and if the proper nkayi runs away 
 from his court, the first one who cries “ nkayi anzenga,” will become nkayi. 
 
 Nkwa, 2. Hockey. A game played by two people. A palm-nut called 
 the nkwa is dropped on the ground, and each with his stick tries to knock it 
 away to a good distance; each good stroke being registered. 
 
 Nsongongo, 4. A game in which the players see who can hop for the 
 greatest length of time. 
 
 Ntllba, 2. A hole (ewulu, 8) about 4 inches in diameter is dug in the 
 ground, and the player stands about 20 feet from it, and tries to throw “ tuba,” 
 a ball (esombo, 8), into the hole. The place from which he throws is 
 “ etubilu ” (8), the player “ ntubi ” (1 & 4). 
 
 Nxibidi, 2. Another name for mpinji, odds’and evens. 
 
 Samuna, 6. A country story interspersed with songs, and in some districts 
 with acting, and tableaux vivants. 
 
 Titi (6) kia lukasa. A number of players stand and form a ring, each 
 
( 495 ) 
 
 grasping loosely with his right hand the left wrist of his neighbour. One of the 
 pla\ ers then lifts his right leg over his right arm and the left of his neighbour, 
 and then lifts his left leg in the same way over his right arm. He then faces 
 his two neighbours, his arms crossing the left uppermost; then passing his left 
 arm over his head, he wheels round and once more stands as the others, the 
 hands which clasp the wrists allowing the wrists to turn in them. To pass the 
 legs over, klizula 0 malu ; to twist round once more into position, banglimuka. 
 One side of a fresh bean pod placed in the sun will warp and turn over as it 
 dries, hence the name of this game. 
 
 Vita (2) a intuitu. A game in which large numbers join and form sides. The 
 sides separate themselves at a distance of about 100 yards apart. Towards 
 the middle each party erects its towns, that is to say, places little piles of 
 croton fruits (jatropha curcas), four in each pile, and one pile for each player. 
 The sides then retire, and commence pelting the towns with other crotons 
 from their stores until one town is knocked down, upon which they rush on 
 to the losing side, and a general melee and pelting with crotons ensues, Ac¬ 
 cidents very frequently occur in the last rush and struggle, and the game is 
 therefore forbidden in many towns. 
 
 Wadi, 12. A game played with eight small discs, each having one side white 
 and the other side coloured. The discs cut out of a piece of calabash are most 
 frequently used. They are called mpanza. They are thrown from the hand 
 and some fall with the white side up, and some with the coloured side. To 
 throw the discs is “ta e mpanza;” to fall white side up, “sengoka;” to fall 
 coloured side up, “ bukama ; ” and the person who throws the discs, “ nte ” 
 (1 & 4). When the discs are thrown, if even numbers turn white side up, 2, 4 
 6 or 8, the player loses, and such a throw is called “ zole.” When 8 turn 
 up, it is called “ kaya ” (6). When odd numbers or no discs turn white side 
 
 U P> °j r > 3 5 5 ) 7 > the player wins. The winning- throws have the following 
 names :— 
 
 o. mayembe (8). 
 
 1. ntinti or manga (4). 
 
 3 'jngo (2). 
 
 7. ntinti or manga. 
 
 In this game the natives play for money, and often heavy stakes are laid, 
 sometimes even slaves. 
 
 QUADRUPEDS. 
 
 Pachyderms. 
 
 Nguvu, 2, hippopotamus. 
 
 Ngulu, 2, a pig. 
 
 Ngulu, a munxitu, or afnta, 2, a 
 
 wild pig. 
 
 Nkombo, 2, a goat. 
 
 Nkoko, 2, the largest antelope. 
 Esofi, 8 , large water antelope. 
 
 Mnci Ion era o 'l 
 
 Ngombe, 2, an ox, bull, cow. 
 Mpakasa, 2, buffalo. 
 
 Ruminants. 
 
 Nsa, 2, the red antelope. 
 
 Kinkuba, 5, a 
 
 Kimpiti, 5, , a gazelle-like antelope. 
 Mpiti, 2, J 
 
( 496 ) 
 
 Carnivora. 
 
 Budi, 6, t 
 
 Mbumba, 2, | a cat. 
 
 Mixi, 2 , ) 
 
 Nkoxi, 2, a lion. 
 
 Ngo, 2, a leopard. 
 
 Nzii'i^^ la l eo P ar d cat. 
 
 Ekombe, 8,j civet. The musk organ 
 Njima, 2, J in civets, &c., is called 
 ejiku, 8. 
 
 Mfuki, 4, small civet. 
 
 Mfwenge, 2. 
 
 Mbwa, 2, a dog. 
 
 Dievwa, 7,) . , , 
 
 Mbulu, 2, J J ka • 
 
 Kimbungu, 5, hyena. 
 
 Amphibia. 
 
 Ngolamaza, 2, seal. 
 
 Insectivora. 
 
 Nkaka, 2, the manis or pangolin. 
 Nkilu, 4,1 
 Ntoto, 2,J & 
 
 Rodents. 
 
 Ngumba, 2, the porcupine. 
 Ebulansunga, 8, the flying squirrel, 
 anomalure. 
 
 Lubuku, 10, a large squirrel. 
 
 Nkanka, 4, a squirrel having a striped 
 back. 
 
 Luvadi, 11&2A . , 
 
 Mbaku, 2, } squlrrels - 
 Mfiengenge, 2, a galago. 
 
 Nsekele, 2, rock rabbit. 
 
 Mpukll, 2, rat (generic). 
 
 Nxiji, 2, the palm rat. 
 
 the male animal, mbakala. 
 Kondwa-mpati, 60 
 Mbubu-ansala, 4, [ water-rats. 
 Nkinza, 4, • 
 
 Etonga, 8, a large water-rat having 
 pink lips and tail. 
 
 Etumpu, 8, 
 
 Esunjia, 8, 
 
 Kimbwa, 5, 
 
 Kutanguba, 6, 
 
 Mbende, 2, \ 
 
 Mfingi, 2, 
 
 Ngone, 2, 
 
 Nkumbi, 2, 
 
 Nkusa, 4, 
 
 rats. 
 
 Etutu, 8, mouse (generic). 
 
 Nunge, 4, a shrew-mouse. 
 
 Quadrumana. 
 
 Nkewa, 2, monkeys (generic). 
 
 Nkewa’ampumbu, 2) }m°nkeys. 
 
 Pterodactyls. 
 
 Lumpukunia, 10, a small bat. 
 Ngembo, 2, a large bat. 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 Nkusu, 2, a parrot. 
 
 Xilankusu, 6, a paroquet. 
 
 Nduwa, 2, plantain eater, schizorhis 
 gigantea. 
 
 Mbulukoko, 2, a plantain-eater, mu- 
 sophaga violacea. 
 
 Ntoyo, 2, the blue plantain eater. 
 
 Ebulansunga, 8, 
 
 ' hornbills. 
 
 Epangi, 8, 
 
 Mvondo, 2, 
 
 Nkayakaya, 4, 
 
 Nxiakoka, 2, a hoopoe. 
 Lubutiabutia, 10, a nightjar. 
 
 Ngono, 2, scapulated crow. 
 Ngo-e-zulu or ngwezulu, 2, an eagle. 
 Nkoxi a mokena, 2, the crowned 
 hawk eagle, Spizaetus coronatus. 
 Kimbi, 5, buzzard, hawk. 
 
 Lengela, 6, a hawk. 
 
 Kimbembe, 5, \ kites 
 Lunganga, io,J 
 Efimgu, 8, 1 
 
 Kutukudia,6, J 
 Elembe, 8, pelican. 
 
 Nuni-eyanga, 2, a stork. 
 Nkombo-a-londe, 2, the black ibis. 
 Mpatwa-a-nzadi, 2, the spur-winged 
 goose. 
 
 Nkitikiti, 2, a moor-hen. 
 Nsunguluwa, 2, kingfisher. 
 Ntambu-a-nkala, 4, water wagtail. 
 Munxienxie-a-mbulu, 3, ^ the why- 
 Nxiele, 4, J dah bird. 
 
 Eseke, 8 , whydah bird when not in 
 full plumage. 
 
 Kinsengwa, 5, a cock bird of the 
 Eseke or whydah when in full 
 plumage. 
 
 Lekamayenga, 6, a sand martin. 
 
( 497 ) 
 
 Yenga-mpunza, 6, a swallow. 
 Nlengwa, 4, a swift or swallow. 
 Mundalandala, 3, a bird which builds 
 its nest on palm fronds; a palm- 
 swallow. 
 
 Esokosa, 8, a yellow bird weaving a 
 hanging nest. 
 
 Ngau, 2, a bird weaving a hansrino* 
 nest. 
 
 Nsusu, 2, a fowl, hen. 
 
 Nkelele, 2, a guinea fowl. 
 
 Xinkwavi, 5, a partridge. 
 
 Eyembe, 8, pigeon, dove. 
 
 Mbwela, 2, ) a small variety 
 
 Eyembe dia ntele, 8, J of pigeon. 
 Nkutulujia, 2, green pigeon. 
 Kimbimbi, 5, a quail. 
 Lunianginiangi, 10, the white ox 
 bird. 
 
 Mbobobo, 2, a woodpecker. 
 Ngundubiola, 2, a mocking bird. 
 Nsonge, 2, a humming or sun-bird. 
 Esalampata, 8, ) 
 
 Nkuku a mpela, 4, J birds * 
 
 Ndiedie, 2, small blue bird. 
 Ekuluntietie, 8, or ntietie, ' 
 Nketeidenge, 9, (small 
 
 Nwamfomo, 6, [ birds. 
 
 Tunze, 6, 
 
 REPTILES. 
 
 Tdfulu, 2, a tortoise. 
 
 Ngandu, 2, alligator. 
 
 Ndiaxila, 4, a lizard. 
 
 Ekolombo, 8, a black and red lizard. 
 Mbambi, 2, the monitor lizard (varana). 
 Ndiangila, 4,^ 
 
 Vala, 6 , j-hzards. 
 
 Lungwenia, 10, a chameleon. 
 
 Nioka, 2, a snake {generic). 
 
 Mboma, 2, the black python. 
 
 Euta, 8, cerastes viper. 
 
 Kinzengele, 5, 1 
 
 Lulengia-lengia, 10, J sicen snakes - 
 Ximbanda, 5, a very small snake. 
 Mbamba, 2, a snake. 
 
 Minamaki, 6,1 
 Mpidi, 2, J acIders - 
 Nswamba, 2, frog (generic). 
 
 Diokolo, 6, tadpole, which has nearly 
 become a frog, the legs being 
 well developed. 
 
 Etakangola, 8, tadpole. 
 
 Xidi, 6, a frog. 
 
 Sukulamalonga, 6, the white and 
 green tree frog. 
 
 Luwanga, 10, a frog. 
 
 Ezundu, 8, bull frog. 
 
 Kiwula, 5, toad (generic). 
 
 FISH. 
 
 Nsangi, 2, ^rnsenga, 4, whitebait, 
 Nsulu, 2, electric fish. 
 
 Etakangola, 8, an African mud fish, 
 also a tadpole. 
 
 Eleka, 8, \, u . 
 
 Nsonge, 2,/ the smpe fish ‘ 
 
 Ngola, 2, the cat fish, baghre. 
 Ngulu-a-maza, 2, a fish having red 
 flesh, and very fat. 
 
 Vadi, 6, a small fish. 
 
 Nzonji, 2, a small scaly fish. 
 
 Nsonji or nsomvi, 4, eel. 
 
 Mfungwa, 4, large fish. 
 
 Mpudi, 2, 
 
 Nkamba, 4, 
 
 Nkanka, 2, 
 
 Nlumbu, 4, \ 
 
 Nsomvi, 4, / 
 
 Nsonji, 4, 
 
 Ntondi, 4, 
 
 Nzenze a maza, 2,/ 
 
 INVERTEBRATES. 
 
 Nkala, 2, crab. 
 
 Nsala, 4, lobster, crayfish. 
 
 Kimbidingi, 5, shrimp. 
 
 Mbete, 2, snail, slug. 
 
 Nkutu, 2, scorpion. 
 
 Esangangungu, 8, spider (generic). 
 Nygnngu, 2, a large spider. 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 Nsusn-a-nkiengele, 2, water spider. 
 
 Bees, Flies, &c. 
 Minikamalenge, 6, the fire-fly. 
 Xikansambi, 6, mantis religiosa. 
 Venga-mpnnza, 6, a dragon fly. 
 Lumpungumpungu, 10, dragon fly. 
 
 K K 
 
 eels. 
 
( 49 § ) 
 
 Mbn, 2 & ii, a mosquito. 
 Liimbembambemba, io, a butterfly. 
 Lunianginiangi, io, a moth. 
 Mbwingina, 2, n 
 
 Nyoxi, 2 (Bako.), ( bees. 
 
 Nyumbwila, 2 (Bako.), ) 
 Efungununu, 8 , the carpenter bee, 
 boring bee. 
 
 Etampakasa, 8, 1 
 
 Mfingianzambi, 4 ,} was P s ' 
 
 Dingungu, 7, a hornet. 
 
 Mbwanji, 2, fly {generic). 
 
 Evnknnia, 8, a very large fly. 
 Evekwa, 8, a large fly. 
 Ekulumbwanji, 8, the blow-fly. 
 Mbulubnlu, 2, a small black fly which 
 makes honey. 
 
 Kinkufu, 5, a small black blood¬ 
 thirsty fly. 
 
 Grasshoppers. 
 
 Ekonko, 8, grasshopper [generic). 
 Ebangia, 8, a large grasshopper hav¬ 
 ing red and purple wings. 
 Yengela, 6, small green grasshopper. 
 Kintele, 5, 
 
 Kinxiamaji, 5. 
 
 Kisasi, 5, 
 
 Kupala, 6, 
 
 Lunsungu, 10, 
 
 Mvanda, 4, 
 
 Nsamba-a-kundundu, 
 
 Nswela, 2, 
 
 Mbwila, 2, the locust (the pest), the 
 swarming locust. 
 
 grasshop¬ 
 
 pers. 
 
 Caterpillars. 
 
 Kimpiatu, 5, caterpillar (generic). 
 
 Baubau, 6, a light green caterpillar, 
 very poisonous, causing a blister 
 when touched. 
 
 Ebanda-nzaji, 8,\ a large hairy cater- 
 
 Elamalama, 8, J pillar. 
 
 Dinsende, 7, a thorny edible caterpil¬ 
 lar. 
 
 Munsangania, 
 Nkonko, 4, 
 
 3 ,\ 
 
 J 
 
 caterpillars. 
 
 Beetles. 
 
 Nzan, 2, unicorn beetle, male. 
 Kinkakala, 5, unicorn beetle, female. 
 Nsonibe, 2, a horned beetle 
 
 Ntumba, 2, large green beetle. 
 
 Unkundia, 12 & 11, a weevil (edible). 
 
 Nzekezeke, 2, the boring beetle, the 
 stag beetle. 
 
 Mpese-a-maza, 2, a water beetle. 
 
 Kulukukn, 6, a;small beetle very de¬ 
 structive to skins. 
 
 Nzenze, 2, the mole cricket. 
 
 Mpese, 2, n.j cockroach. 
 
 Kintendela, 5, the cicada insect. 
 
 Small Insects. 
 
 Kinzanzala, 5, the generic name for 
 small insects, mostly found 
 crawling on the ground or on 
 trees. 
 
 Dede, 6, jigger (sarcophaga penetrans).. 
 When it has entered the skim 
 and begun to swell, it is called 
 mumvidi, 3. 
 
 Nianji, 2, a flea or louse. 
 
 Mbwengene, 2, the lice found on 
 birds. 
 
 Kinsekwa, 5, bug. 
 
 Lundengwa, 10, lady bird. 
 
 Ants. 
 
 Kinzanzala kiansudi, 5, a small 
 black stinking ant. 
 
 Nselele, 2 & 11, white ant. 
 
 Ekeketele, 8, white worker ants. 
 
 Mpembele (2) a mvula, winged ants 
 (black bodied). 
 
 Yinswa, 5 & 11, winged ants (white 
 bodied). 
 
 Elendeji, 8, \ species of ants which 
 
 Njinkila, 2, J eat the white ants. 
 
 Nsongonia, 2 & 11, driver ant. 
 
 Nzulu, 2, ants whose bite causes a 
 blister. 
 
 ,} 
 
 2 & 11, the smallest ants. 
 
 Mfite, 
 
 Mfitete, 
 
 Kielele, 5, ^ 
 
 Mpungunzakama, 2, i ants. 
 Nsume, 2, ) 
 
 FOOD STUFFS. 
 
 Edoko, 8, cassava, see Eng.-Kongo. 
 Kwa, 6, potato (generic). 
 kia nguvu, 6, yam. 
 kia mengamenga, 6, red yam. 
 kia mfinda, helmia bulbifera. 
 
( 499 ) 
 
 Dinkondo, 7, plantain, see Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 Tiba, 6, banana. 
 
 Nsafu, 2, the nsafu. 
 
 Nguba, \ 
 
 Mpinda, J S roun d nut. 
 
 Etubu, 8, voandzeia subterranea. 
 
 Disa, 7, maize. 
 
 Elenge, 8, pumpkin. 
 
 Beans. 
 
 Nkasa, 2, beans (generic). 
 
 zandamba,) , c . 
 zamafewo ,J hancot beans * 
 
 Dimbandi, 7, a large bean, 
 dia kutu kia mbele,) a species of 
 dianzola, j above. 
 
 Wandu, 12 & ii, the pea-bean, 
 wa mbamba, a species of above. 
 
 Edible Leaves. 
 
 Nkove, 2, cabbage. 
 
 Evembe, 8, 
 
 Lezo, 6, 
 
 Kinsumba, 5, 
 
 Nsa, 4, 
 
 Nsalata, 2, salad (P salata). 
 
 Tumata, 10 pi., tomatoes. 
 
 Nlambi, 4, mint. 
 
 Seasonings. 
 
 Dinsusususu, 7, a perennial aromatic 
 plant. 
 
 Manansusu, 6, like the above, but not 
 the same. 
 
 Ndungu, 2 & ii, chili pepper, 
 
 Munse, 3, sugar-cane. 
 
 TREES. 
 
 Palms. 
 
 Eya, 8 , or eba, 8 , an oil palm (generic). 
 Etombe, 8, the bamboo palm (raphia 
 vinifera). 
 
 Ekoko, 8, a climbing palm (calamus 
 secundifloris). 
 
 Dinsongwa, 7, the date-palm (Phoenix 
 spinosa). 
 
 Nteva, 4, the fan palm. 
 
 Ntende, 2, a young oil palm. 
 
 Etunduwa, 8, ^ 
 
 Esombo, 8 { varieties of the oil 
 
 Mbundi, 2, J P alm - 
 
 Forest Trees. 
 
 Mbidi, 4, a wild variety of the nsafu 
 tree. 
 
 Nlongwa, 4, a tree yielding useful 
 timber. 
 
 Mengamenga, a red wood tree. 
 
 Nti a Kongo, 4, a tree yielding a dur¬ 
 able timber, readily worked. 
 Nsazn, 4, cassia fistula, having a very 
 long, straight, seed pod, which 
 is used as a rattle. 
 
 Nkondo, 4, the baobab or calabash 
 tree. 
 
 Mundalandala, 3, draccena, also a 
 variety of pandanus. 
 
 Efuba, 8, the screw-pine (pandanus 
 candelabrum). 
 
 Ktikavuki, 4, a tall tree, like the 
 poplar. 
 
 Nti-a-nkula, 4, the camwood tree. 
 Nwuwa, 4, a tree bearing a fruit 
 (edible) resembling a pineapple 
 in appearance. 
 
 Nkajiau, 4, the cashew tree. 
 
 Nkazu, 4, the cola-nut tree (sterculia); 
 a pod, ekazu, 8; the nuts, 
 mvwa, 4, and mbongo, 2. 
 Mungyengye, 4, a tree bearing yellow 
 edible plums. 
 
 Ebuba-nsanda, 8, a ficus elasticus. 
 Eseke-dia-nkala, 8, N 
 Mbangu, 4, 
 
 Nkumbi, 4, 
 
 Nsafu, 4, 
 
 Nsenga, 4, 
 
 Nsofi, 4, > trees. 
 
 Nungu, 4. 
 
 Mungela, 3, 
 
 Mungwangwa, 3, 
 
 Mvukwavukwa, 4, 
 
 Xingama-nxiji, 6, y 
 
 SMALL TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 Eteke, 8, the anato^bush. 
 
 Eunze or ewunze, 8, growing in 
 swampy places and water, the 
 fruit of which yields a black 
 dye. 
 
 \ an edible leaf. 
 
( 5oo ) 
 
 Kuya or kwiya, 6, a shrub having 
 leaves which are very rough, as 
 sand paper. 
 
 Lolo, 6, small tree having wood of a 
 bright yellow colour, which is 
 very astringent, and also yields 
 a yellow edible fruit. 
 
 Mbota, 2, lonchocarpus. 
 
 Mbumi, 4, a bush bearing a fruit with 
 a woody rind, and resembling 
 an orange in size and colour. 
 
 Mfilu, 4, a low bush, its fruit is 
 mfilu, 2. 
 
 Mfuluta, 2 (P. fruita), the guava. 
 Mvanga, 4, a prickly acacia shrub. 
 Fitidi, 6, \ 
 
 Lemba-nzau, 6, 
 
 Lengo-lengo, 6, 
 
 Mbumi, 4, 
 
 Mumvumvu, 3, 
 
 Mungomena, 3, \ 
 
 Mvete, 4, / 
 
 Mwindu, 3, 
 
 Nkizu, 4, 
 
 Nsanxi, 4, 
 
 Nselele, 4, 
 
 Ntunu, 4, / 
 
 bushes. 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 Balakasa, 6, a leguminaceous poison 
 for killing fish. 
 
 Evungela, 8, a small variety of spar- 
 mania. 
 
 Eya dianseke, 8, the aloe. 
 Lungubanguba, 10, tares, having 
 leaves like the nguba. 
 
 Mpunga, 2, sparmania. 
 Mpukumwivi, 2, palisota barterii. 
 Nlulu, 4, a plant having a bitter leaf. 
 Ntontoji, 4, the tree of life. 
 
 Vidi, 6, nettle. 
 
 Kalala, 6; nsende, 2 & 11 ; nsende- 
 nsende, asparagus. 
 Dinsongesonge, 7, 
 
 Mbankanka, 2, 
 
 Munzenze, 4, 
 
 Ndongololo, 2, 
 
 Luasu, 10, 
 
 \ 
 
 5 
 
 plants. 
 
 CREEPERS (llianas). 
 Nxinga, 4, generic name of all llianas. 
 
 Dinkundia or dimpokovoko, 7, cow¬ 
 itch (mucuna pruriens). 
 
 Dinxienxia, 7, creeper with stinging 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Efute, 8, a creeper yielding a useful 
 fibre. 
 
 Elenge, 8, pumpkin. 
 
 Kwa, 6, the potato, also yam. 
 
 Kwa (6) kia mfinda, helmia bulbifera. 
 
 Mbamba, 2, cane. 
 
 Nkweza, 4, landolphia florida, the 
 plant which yields the best india 
 rubber (a lliana); its fruit is 
 called ebumi, and is edible. 
 
 Sadi, 6, a prickly creeper, a wild yam. 
 
 Sukulamalonga, 6, a wild cucumber, 
 the Loofah. 
 
 Wimi, 12, a creeper yielding a fish 
 poison. 
 
 Lujiejie, io, a climbing plant. 
 
 Molowa, 4, a creeper. 
 
 Ekoko, 8, calamus secundifloris. 
 
 For Fungi, see under Fungus, Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 FERNS. 
 
 Dilizelele, 7, fern {generic). 
 
 Kinkadi, 5, ^ 
 
 Njila, 4, I- climbingfern(Lygodium.) 
 
 Ntela, 2, ) 
 
 Etekwa, 8, bracken (Pteris). 
 
 GRASSES. 
 
 Ediadia, 8, the thickest grass, 10-15 
 ft. high. 
 
 Etutll, 8, a grass having long inter¬ 
 nodes. 
 
 Ewelewele, 8, two varieties of grass 
 the fronds of which are very 
 sharp-edged. One variety is a 
 climbing grass, the other is 
 found in marshes. 
 
 Exinde, 8, common coarse grass, grow¬ 
 ing only on good soil. 
 
 Kimbanjia, 5, the smallest grass. 
 
 Mwenze, 3, thatching grass. 
 
 FTxiexie, 2, a very fine grass, growing 
 on rocky soil. 
 
 Nianga, 11 & 2, thatching grass. 
 
 Ekakala, 8, “ palm ” grass. 
 
 Esese, 8, water grass. 
 
( 5oi ) 
 
 I Nsakusaku, 2 & 11,) round water 
 
 Ndebela, 2&11 J reed 
 Ediata, 8, ) 
 
 Nzambalalu, 2 ,/S rasses - 
 Eloso, 8, ' 
 
 Etondongoma 8 f arr owroot. 
 Ekangeya, 8, curculigo. 
 
 DISEASES. 
 
 Balu, 6, whitlow. 
 
 Dingadinga, 6, goitre. 
 
 Ebumbulu, 8, ophthalmia. 
 
 Ebunze, 8, scrofula. 
 
 Etaza, 8, a large abscess, often in the 
 armpit. 
 
 Evumbu, 8, a boil, an abscess. 
 
 Evumbudia ngenzaluku, 8, a small 
 boil, a pustule. 
 
 Kaji, 6, inflammation of the bladders 
 urethra haematuria. 
 
 Kinkwada, 5, crawcraw. Treatment — 
 A decoction of lengo-lengo bark. 
 Lau, 6, madness. 
 
 Lotia, 10, skin disease. 
 
 Lukukutu, 6, a ganglion in the wrist. 
 Lukusu, 10, a white discoloration of 
 the skin, generally affecting the 
 hands. 
 
 Luvati, 10, pain in the side. 
 
 Luwanga, 10, a boil. 
 
 Mabanda, 8, scaldhead. Treatment —- 
 A decoction of lengo-lengo,or an 
 ointment of burnt plantain-stem. 
 Makulu, 8, dysentery. 
 
 Mata, 4, yaws, framboe, siapian. 
 Treatment —Pitch or lime juice 
 boiled with pounded iron-stone. 
 Mayititi, 3, swollen cheeks. 
 Munzungulu, 3, an abscess in the ear. 
 Mvuka, 2, ague. 
 
 Niangi, 2, epilepsy. 
 
 Niania, 6, small blisters between the 
 toes. 
 
 Nkankatu, 4, scarlet fever. 
 
 Nkovolo, 2, a cough. 
 
 Nkukulu, 4, hernia. 
 
 Nlengo, 4, a joint swollen with yaws. 
 Nlola, 4, or nlamu, 4, a chafe. 
 
 Nlola, 4, a sympathetic bubo. 
 
 Nsaku, 2, a disease (?) characterized 
 by a pain in the back. 
 
 Nsunungu, 2, pain in the front teeth. 
 
 Nswengenia, 2, a wheezing affection, 
 asthma, bronchitis. 
 
 Ntonji, 4, sleep-sickness, beriberi. 
 
 Ntu ubwanga, 4, headache. 
 
 Nzanza, 2, sordes, sore gums. Treat - 
 ment — Charcoal. 
 
 Nzeko, 4, an ulceration on the sole of 
 the foot. 
 
 Sulu, 6, dropsy. 
 
 Twavinga, 11, pi., elephantiasis. 
 
 Xika, 6, small-pox. 
 
 MEDICINES. 
 
 Mbangubangu, 4> bark of mbangu 
 tree, given to patients suffering 
 from Nsaku. 
 
 Nguba amputa, 2, a purgative nut. 
 
 Nkelo, 2, any eye medicine, adminis¬ 
 tered through a funnel. 
 
 Nsole (4) a nselesele, nselesele root, 
 sometimes mixed with Mba- 
 ngubangu. 
 
 Pulukante, 2 (P. purgante), a purge. 
 
 Elonga, 8, a bath. To administer a 
 medicinal bath, a hole is dug 
 in the floor of the house and 
 the sides plastered with mud 
 and lined with plantain leaves ; 
 into this hole water is poured, 
 and medicinal leaves, &c., 
 mixed. 
 
 Tuba, ?/., to administer an enema. 
 Futa, 'i _ r 
 Bubila, y ’ t0 fo,nent ' 
 
 Bunduna, v., to amputate. 
 
 DANCES. 
 
 Dingwinti, 7, to the music of a 
 Dingwinti drum. 
 
 Kinkubula, 5, characterized by a 
 circular movement of each 
 shoulder and hip alternately. 
 
 Madiumba, 7, a dance to the music 
 of the harmonicon. 
 
 Nsundi, 2, in which the chief action 
 consists in tossing up the cloth 
 by a jerk of the leg. 
 
 Sala, 6, characterized by a rapid 
 vibration of the loins. 
 
 Ebwela, 8. 
 
( 5 ° 2 ) 
 
 TITLES OF NOBILITY. 
 
 Ntotela, 2, the king. 
 
 The following are the titles of the 
 nobility in Kongo in order of 
 precedence. They are not 
 hereditary, but on the death of 
 one noble, the title (ngenda, 2) 
 is conferred to another. To 
 confer a title : yeka e ngenda. 
 
 Ntinu nekongo, is not a title, but 
 used in addressing a person of 
 high rank. 
 
 Mfutila, 2. 
 
 Kabata, 9. 
 
 Nenkondo, 4. 
 
 Lnbatabata, 6. 
 
 Nelumbu, 6. 
 
 Tulante, 2. 
 
 Masaku, 8. 
 
 Nsaku, 2. 
 
 Sengele, 6. 
 
 Nemwanda, 4. 
 
 Nempangu. 
 
 Nkondi, 2. 
 
 Katendi, 9. 
 
 Nkangampaka, 4. 
 Mpidixipe, 2 (P. Principe). 
 Nemiala. 
 
 Neloto (the spoon-bearer). 
 
 OATHS. 
 
 Affirmations are emphasised by many gestures. There is also a great re¬ 
 source of oaths, which are used freely at any expression of disbelief. They are 
 interesting for their references to fetishes and customs. 
 
 The most ordinary oaths are those by the names of relatives :— 
 
 E ngw’ ame aka, by my mother. 
 
 0 tat’ aka, by my father. 
 
 0 nkak’ aka, by my grand-parent. 
 
 0 mbunji ame aka, by my young brother. 
 
 0 mpangi ame aka, by my elder brother. 
 
 0 tata aka kimoni efwilu ko, by my father, may I never see his 
 
 death bed. 
 
 0 ngw’ ame unxisa, may my mother leave me. 
 
 Frequently the king, or some notable person, place, &c., is invoked :— 
 
 E Ntotel’ aka, by Ntotela. 
 
 E ntinu Alukeni aka, by the great king. 
 
 E Ndo Aluvwalo aka, by Dom Alvaro. 
 
 E Ndo Ndidiki aka, by Dom Henrique (the predecessor of Ntotela). 
 E njil’ Ekongo aka, by the road to Kongo. 
 
 E njil’ a tumbal’ aka, by the path to the tomb (of the dead king). 
 
 E sanzala kia ntinu, by the lying in state of the king. 
 
 Elenga dia ntinu, by the trodden road of the funeral. 
 
 Those who have been initiated into the mystery and guild of Ndembo swear 
 by the fetishes of Ndembo. 
 
 Jindanla. (May the Nkita) madden me. 
 
 E nkita, by Nkita. 
 
 E mbumba jintumbula, may the Mbumba punish me. 
 
 0 lubuka, by Lubaka. 
 
 0 mbandu aka, by Mbandu. 
 
 0 mbandu unkomona, may Mbandu cause me. 
 
 E mvemba ye nlaza, by Mvemba and Nlaza. 
 
 E vela kina, by the Ndembo enclosure. 
 
 E vela kimbandula, may the Vela ruin me. 
 
( 503 ) 
 
 E ndundu ye mbaka, by albinos and dwarfs, 
 mbanduka, may I be defaced. 
 
 •Sometimes God’s punishment is invoked if a statement be untrue :— 
 
 0 Nzambi untumba, may God condemn me. 
 
 NATIVE CUSTOMS AND SUPERSTITIONS. 
 
 KONGOS have no religion or system of worship ; vague superstition takes the 
 place of the former, and the arrangement of charms of the latter. There is no 
 idolatry or attempt to communicate with a Divine Being. 
 
 God. 
 
 The name of God, Nzambi or Nzambi ampungu, is known and used by all, 
 'but nothing is known of Him beyond some indefinite ideas borrowed from the 
 •old Roman Catholic missions. Kongos do not fear God, or associate any evil 
 •or cruel ideas with His name, and perhaps as a consequence, He is regarded 
 with the most complete indifference. The etymology of the name Nzambi is 
 •considered briefly under the word God in the English-Kongo section. 
 
 The Spirit World. 
 
 They have a very decided idea of a future state, but as to what and where, 
 the opinion is very much divided. They do not regard death as the cessation 
 •of being. If any one dies, they think that some one else, either living or dead, 
 has established a connection with the unseen spirit-world, and somehow, and 
 for some purpose or other, “ witched away ” the deceased. They have but 
 ■vague notions as to this spirit world. Some think of a land under the sea, 
 where the departed work for white men, making their cloth and goods ; but an 
 older, and perhaps more general idea prevails, that away in some dark forest 
 land, departed spirits dwell. This spirit-land is called “ nxi a fwa,” the land of 
 death , or “ mfinda,” the forest. Spirits are sometimes supposed to return and 
 appear to men ; they are called etombola, 8, or kiniumba, 5. Malignant 
 spirits of the dead called nkwiyi, 4, or nkwiya, 4, are believed to hover 
 .about with evil intent. Ximbi, 6, fairies , are supposed to haunt the streams 
 and to be able to endow their favourites with great gifts. 
 
 The great chasms in the hill sides are regarded as the work of ximbi ; and a 
 whirlwind is believed to be the influence of a passing fairy. 
 
 Sometimes they are supposed to become incarnate. A pregnant woman 
 ■dreams of fairies or of water, and knowing folk agree with her that her child is 
 lombo, 6, an incarnatio 7 i of a ximbi. When the child grows up, it expects and 
 receives presents from its relations, on account of its ximbi nature. To give 
 •such a present, fikisa ; to accept, fika, the present is lufiku, 10. 
 
 f 
 
 Witchcraft. 
 
 Death is a great mystery to the Kongo mind, something quite abnormal, the 
 result of some occult influence ; but as to what it is or how exerted no one dare 
 express any definite opinion. To know too much on such a matter would be to 
 inculpate one’s self. 
 
 When a man is sick, he first resorts to bleeding and simple remedies. If no 
 relief is obtained, a native doctor is called. Having agreed as to the fee, the 
 •doctor will probably fetch aromatic or bitter leaves from the woods, and make 
 2l decoction of them, wring them in water, or in some way extract their proper- 
 
( 504 ) 
 
 ties. Perhaps he will add a small scraping of a snake’s head, or of a few nuts,, 
 or seeds, or of some of the mysterious articles in his bundle of charms. There 
 is an endless variety of procedure. If the disease does not yield to the treat¬ 
 ment other doctors are called in, and if matters still continue serious, it is 
 evidently not a simple case of sickness, it must be a case of witchcraft, and 
 Nganga a moko (lit. the arms-doctor) is called in. His duty is to tell what 
 and why the patient ails. He may say that it is a simple sickness, and prescribe 
 accordingly. But if he deems it really serious, he declares it to be a case of 
 witchcraft. He professes to be able to ascertain who is “ witching” the sufferer ; 
 but as it is not his business to mention names, he does not do so, neither do* 
 people inquire. Having made thorough diagnosis, he shouts to the witch 
 Nxingi, 4, to let his patient alone. “ Does he not know that this wicked course 
 will bring its deserts ? If he persists in destroying his victim the witch doctor 
 will surely find him out.” Then all the people join in calling upon the unknown 
 Nxingi to relinquish his victim. If, in spite of all, the man dies, Nganga a. 
 ngombo, the witch doctor is sent for. 
 
 The messenger carries a fowl and five strings of beads (nsnsu ye tann). 
 
 The nganga may on no account be of the same clan (ekanda) as the de¬ 
 ceased. He is a cunning rogue, and has his agents, who ascertain whether 
 any one is in special disfavour, or whom it will be safe to declare as witch. He 
 may decide hap-hazard, or may ascertain that the deceased man dreamed of 
 some one. He consults Nganga a moko. At early dawn the sound of his* 
 dingwinti drum startles the town. Who knows whether he may not be 
 accused of the crime. 
 
 After working the people into the wildest frenzy by a protracted series of 
 dances and mystery, the doctor at last selects one or two of those present, and 
 declares him or them to be guilty of the crime. The excitement culminates 
 the victim declares his innocence and ignorance ; but the doctor makes up a 
 long story of the way in which the crime was accomplished, till all feel the- 
 guilt fully established, and are ready to tear the “ witch ” to pieces on the spot. 
 
 There is however a regular course of procedure. A market day is appointed 
 when the ordeal poison shall be taken. On that day all the people of the 
 district assemble in vast crowds. The victim, who believes that his innocence- 
 will be established, fearfully, but generally willingly, drinks the poisonous 
 draught. The stomach sometimes rejects the noxious compound, and the man 
 vomits, in which case he is declared innocent, and the witch doctor loses his 
 fee—indeed, in some parts is heavily fined for the false charge. More often, if 
 he has not avoided the risk by ascribing the death to some charm, or to some 
 person recently dead, he makes sure of his case. His victim staggers and falls. 
 With a wild yell the bystanders rush at him, beat him to death, shoot him, burn 
 or bury him alive, throw him over a precipice, or in some way finish the terrible 
 work, exhibiting a savage ferocity equal to their deep sense of the enormity of 
 the crime laid to his charge. 
 
 Fetishes. 
 
 Since pain, sickness, death, loss of property, or misfortune of any kind, are alE 
 believed to be the result of evil influence, Kongos resort to charms in order to 
 protect themselves from the malice which surrounds them. These charms,, 
 called nkixi, 4, are of various descriptions ; some are rude images of men and 
 women, and are called teke, 6. 
 
( 505 ) 
 
 The following are a few of their nkixi: 
 
 Mbambi, 2, is supposed to be able to cure diseases or to induce it in one’s 
 enemies. 
 
 Nkondi, 2 ; Ekumfu, 8 ; Nzaji, 2 ; to have the same powers as the above ; 
 Nzaji, to have control also over lightning. 
 
 Mbola causes scrofula. 
 
 Mbanza (2) ngola is a wooden image having knives and nails stuck into it. 
 
 Ebunze, 8 ; Nkoxi (2) a yaka, lNxinga (2) za yaka, Mbwanga, 2, are 
 bundles of powder, bits of leaves, stones, sticks, serpents’ heads, birds’ beaks, 
 claws, &c., &c., having power to inflict, avert, and control disease. 
 
 Lukandu is a rain charm. 
 
 Mpungu, 2, a medicine charm ; also protective in war, and generally pro¬ 
 motive of success in business. 
 
 Nxiku, 2, a post partly buried in the ground, is supposed to protect a town 
 from war or evil. 
 
 Nambwa, 2, a stick notched so as to appear like a number of cones, stuck 
 partly into each other, is supposed to secure luck in rat hunting. 
 
 Ewonzo, 8 , a “ medicine 55 consisting of leaves, bruised with chalk and mud, 
 mixed with palm wine. 
 
 Esalu, 8 , the bundle of charms of a doctor. 
 
 Ebunge, 8 , insures invisibility in war, during the perpetration of a theft, or 
 whenever desirable. 
 
 Shells full of mud, pipe-clay, clay, &c., enter into the list of charms ; indeed, 
 anything which can possibly be regarded as mysterious is impressed into their 
 service as nkixi ; leaves, eggs, shells, bones, skulls of animals, &c., &c. 
 
 The fetish znmbi, 6 , is supposed to bring good luck with it. It sometimes 
 consists of a bundle of charms, at others it is an image, or even an animal. 
 
 A very high price is demanded by the doctor, who claims to have the power 
 of making the zumbi charms ; hence only rich men can afford to obtain them. 
 This fact of course tends to keep up the idea of its conferring good luck. Some¬ 
 times the possessor of znmbi pretends to place his charm in a fowl (tumba e- 
 nsusn e znmbi), or in some other animal, which after that will not be sold 
 until it becomes so old that it is necessary to transfer the charm (tnmbala e- 
 znmbi, to remove the charm). A znmbi fowl or animal is never stolen ; the 
 people dread another person’s charms. Only male animals are ever invested 
 with znmbi. 
 
 Under Mpangn and Konko (Ivongo-Eng.) are noted other customs. There 
 are also charms by which Nganga pretend to be able to find out a thief; and 
 often if a “thief doctor” is called in, stolen goods are returned at night for fear 
 of the discovery by means of these charms in the morning. Again there are 
 charms to bring or drive away rain. 
 
 Ordeals. 
 
 When a man is accused of a crime, ordeals of various kinds may be resorted 
 to in order to establish his guilt or innocence. 
 
 The ordeal is called Nkasa ; to undergo the ordeal, dia e nkasa ; to administer 
 it, dika e nkasa ; the person who administers it, Ngolankasa. The commonest 
 form of Nkasa is composed of the pounded bark of certain trees which has a 
 poisonous effect unless it is rejected by the stomach. There are other tests. 
 
( 5°6 ) 
 
 such as a hot cutlass passed three times over the skin of the leg, or boiling 
 water; if the person is burnt, or is scalded badly, his guilt is established, 
 
 A small bead may be inserted under the eyelid, which, if it makes its way 
 behind the eye-ball, proves the guilt. 
 
 Lots drawn for any purpose are also called Nkasa, the name of the articles 
 used in drawing the lot being appended as :— 
 
 Nkasa za nianga, lots drawn by several pieces of nianga grass. 
 
 Secret Societies, Guilds, &c. 
 
 Throughout Africa there are to be found guilds or secret societies. The 
 membership of some is very restricted, while in other cases the initiatory rights 
 are observed by so many that they are regarded almost as national customs. 
 The purposes of these societies are various ; some for mutual protection and 
 help, or to check the power of chiefs, &c. Others seem to have their basis 
 solely in the love of mystery, the confraternity posing as “ knowing ones,” who 
 maintain a dogged silence on all matters regarding the pretended mysteries of 
 their guild ; they may have served other purposes in the unknown past, but to- 
 ■ day mystery seems to be their razson d'etre. 
 
 Two such guilds exist in Kongo called Ndembo tfr Nkita, and Nkimba. 
 
 Ndembo or Nkita. 
 
 The Ndembo or Nkita custom is very widespread through the country, and 
 far beyond into the interior of the continent. 
 
 When a person is to be initiated into Ndembo, the doctor instructs him to 
 feign sudden death at a sign from him. Accordingly in some public place the 
 novice falls down ; funeral cloth is laid upon him, and he is borne away to a 
 stockade out of the town called the vela (9). He is said to have died Ndembo. 
 Ihe young people of both sexes follow suit ; when fashionable, this feigning of 
 sudden death becomes sometimes a form of hysteria ; in these ways the doctor 
 gets sufficient for a wholesale initiation, 20, 30, or even 50. 
 
 In the vela they are supposed to decompose and decay until but one bone is 
 left; this is kept by the doctor. After a time, which varies in different places 
 from three months to three years, the doctor is supposed to take this bone, and 
 by aid of his charms to cause the individual to rise from the dead (fula, to raise 
 from the dead). On a certain day the resurrection is supposed to take place, 
 and the Ndembo folk return en masse to the town, dressed in fine cloth, amid 
 general delight. 
 
 Arrived in the town they pretend to have come from another world. They 
 have assumed new names, such as, Mavakala, Nkau, Lema, Ekuluzn, Mata, 
 Lulendo, Nkanga, Masamba, Maleko, &c., which are peculiar to Ndembo. 
 
 They pretend to be quite strange to this world, do not know their parents or 
 relatives, do not know how to eat, and need some one to masticate for them ; 
 they want everything they see, and woe betide the refuser. Ndembo folk may 
 beat or kill if they like, without fear of the consequence ; “ he does not know 
 any better,” the town folk say. Altogether they act like lunatics, until the 
 ■excitement and interest of the deception wears away. If any one asks curious 
 questions as to the land whence they have come, they stick a piece of grass 
 behind their ears, and pretend to be perfectly unconscious of being addressed. 
 
 Those who have passed through the ceremonies call themselves Nganga, 2, 
 “knowing ones”; the unintiated are dubbed vanga, 6 ; to be initiated, fwa e 
 ndembo or fwa e nkita. 
 
( 5°7 ) 
 
 
 While living in the vela, the nganga are taught a mystic language, which 
 ascribes fancy names to common articles ; it is, however, a very imperfect 
 vocabulary, and since it is not of any practical use—as that of the Nkimba —it 
 is not well learned or remembered. Both sexes dwell together in the vela, and 
 the grossest immoralities are practised. In this, however, some districts are 
 worse than others, but the king of Kongo long ago forbade the custom in his 
 town as something too vile to be permitted; for the same reason it is prohibited 
 in some other towns. These are, however, but a few exceptions. The vile and 
 senseless custom is almost universal. 
 
 Nkimba. 
 
 The Nkimba custom is an introduction from the coast,' of comparatively 
 recent times. 
 
 The initiatory fee is paid (about two dollars of cloth and two fowls), and the 
 novice repairs to an enclosure out of the town. He is given a drug which 
 stupefies him, and when he comes to himself, he finds his fellow Nkimba 
 wearing a crinoline of palm frondlets, their bodies whitened with pipeclay, and 
 speaking a mysterious language. Only males are initiated into this rite, which 
 is in many respects like freemasonry. Living apart for a period varying from 
 six months to two years, he acquires the mysterious language, and at the end 
 of his time he is reckoned a full brother, “ Mbwamvu anjata,” and all 
 Nkimba in all districts hail him as a brother, help him in his business, give 
 him hospitality, and converse freely with him in the mystic language, which is 
 a much more perfect language than that attempted by the Ndembo folk. Until 
 quite lately no white man could get any collection of words, but now we are in 
 possession of more than 200 words and some sentences. The Nkimba voca¬ 
 bulary is, however, limited, and the language called by them kimbwamvu is 
 characterised by the system of alliteral concord. Some words are slight 
 changes of ordinary Kongo, and others bear no resemblance. 
 
 Lusala, a feather, is lusamwa. 
 
 Vana, to give, is jana. 
 
 Kwenda, to go, is diomva. 
 
 Masa, maize, is nzimvu —(qy. from ngemvo, the beard of maize). 
 
 The common people are given to understand that the Nkimba know how to 
 catch “ witches.” In the daytime they wander in the grass, where they dig for 
 roots, or gather nuts in the woods. Any people on the roads who do not run 
 away on their approach, are liable to be beaten. 
 
 At night they rush about screaming, yelling, and uttering their wild trill. 
 Woe to the unfortunate man who ventures out of his house in the night for any 
 purpose; a beating and heavy fine will surely follow. 
 
 The nkimba custom is spreading up the River Kongo among the people 
 living on its banks, but is not found inland from the River to any great 
 distance. 
 
 Circumcision. 
 
 Circumcision is very common in some districts, but is by no means universal. 
 
 It is in no way connected with either Ndembo or Nkimba, neither is any 
 magical or mystic influence ascribed to it. 
 
 Temo. 
 
 The custom of temo is explained in its place in the Kongo-English section, 
 and needs no further comment. 
 
( 5o8 ) 
 
 PREFIX SERIES. 
 
 The series of prefixes referred to in many places are as follows 
 
 Series. 
 
 Class. 
 
 N umber. 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 O’ 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 none 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 
 p 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 none 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 
 p 
 
 za 
 
 za 
 
 ji 
 
 3 &4 
 
 s 
 
 7 ione 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 
 p 
 
 mi 
 
 mi 
 
 mi 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 s 
 
 ki 
 
 ki 
 
 ki 
 
 
 p 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 s 
 
 di 
 
 di 
 
 , di 
 
 
 p 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 kw 
 
 kw 
 
 ku 
 
 
 p 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 'ma 
 
 io Sc ii 
 
 s 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 
 p 
 
 tw 
 
 tw 
 
 tu 
 
 12 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 
 p 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 13 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 u 
 
 
 p 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 va 
 
 va 
 
 va 
 
 
 p 
 
 mw 
 
 mw 
 
 mu 
 
 15 
 
 s 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 Explanation of abbreviations, signs, & 
 a., adjective. 
 
 act., active. 
 
 adv., adverb. 
 
 appl. form, applied form. 
 
 aux., 
 bot., 
 cans., 
 cl., 
 
 CO)lj., 
 
 def., 
 
 dem., 
 
 expl., 
 
 biterj., 
 
 irreg., 
 
 lit., 
 
 mid. v., 
 
 71 ., 
 
 obj., 
 
 p.p., 
 
 pass., 
 
 perf, 
 
 pers. 
 
 pers. pref ., 
 
 auxiliary, 
 botanical, 
 causative, 
 class. 
 
 conjunction. 
 
 defective. 
 
 demonstrative. 
 
 explanation. 
 
 interjection. 
 
 irregular. 
 
 literally. 
 
 middle voice. 
 
 noun. 
 
 objective. 
 
 participle. 
 
 past participle. 
 
 passive. 
 
 perfect tense. 
 
 person. 
 
 personal prefix. 
 
 pers.pron., 
 
 pi; 
 
 pos ., 
 
 personal pronoun, 
 plural. 
 
 position. For explana¬ 
 tion of the “ positions ” 
 see under “ that,” Eng.- 
 Kongo. 
 
 pos. pi‘on ., 
 
 possessive pronoun. 
 
 pref. 
 
 prefix. 
 
 prep., 
 
 preposition. 
 
 Pron., 
 
 pronoun. 
 
 pronom ., 
 
 pronominal. 
 
 recip ., 
 
 reciprocal. 
 
 reft.. 
 
 reflexive. 
 
 rel.. 
 
 relative. 
 
 sing., 
 
 singular. 
 
 sp. or spec.. 
 
 species. 
 
 subj., 
 
 subjective. 
 
 subj. mood, 
 
 subjunctive mood. 
 
 V., 
 
 verb. 
 
 v.i.. 
 
 intransitive verb. 
 
 v.t., 
 
 transitive verb. 
 
 zodl.. 
 
 zoological. 
 
 + 
 
 added to. 
 
 = 
 
 equals. 
 
( 509 ) 
 
 Eng.-Kongo and Kongo-Eng. refer respectively to the English-Kongo and 
 Kongo-English sections of the dictionary. 
 
 The following abbreviations refer to dialects and languages :— 
 
 Bako., the dialect of the Bakongo, see preface. 
 
 Eng., English. 
 
 Kib., Kibwende. The dialect spoken by the Babwende. 
 
 Mpa., that spoken at Mpalabala. 
 
 P., Portuguese. 
 
 They are enclosed in brackets, and where a Kongo word is of foreign deriva¬ 
 tion, the foreign word is also given. 
 
 The numbers after the nouns denote the class of the noun. When in brackets 
 a number refers only to the word immediately preceding it. A hyphen before a 
 word denotes a changeable prefix. Such a combination as moyo (3, U-) kuluka 
 denotes that moyo is a noun of class 3, and therefore causes its verb to assume 
 the prefix u {or w). 
 
 Words are accented where specially necessary. 
 
 Indented lines should be read as continuations of the preceding, thus :— 
 
 Cut, v.i., zenga, &c. 
 
 (corn), v.i., sala. 
 
 be, v.i., saluka. 
 gashes, v., sonsa. 
 
 The second line gives a word used in reference to corn only. 
 
 The third line implies to be cut (of corn only). 
 
 The fourth line, being on the same level as (corn), reads, to cut gashes, v., 
 
 sonsa. 
 
 A hyphen before a word denotes that it receives a variable prefix, thus -ambote. 
 may appear as kiambote, diambote, mambote, &c., but ambote is the in¬ 
 variable part of the word. 
 
 To find an adjective in the Kongo-English section, strip the word of the 
 prefix of the concord, it will then be found under the consonant following the 
 formative particle a thus: —Kiambote is to be found under mb. Ki, being 
 a concord prefix, a the prefix which is used in the formation of an adjective, 
 and mbote is the true stem. 
 
 In consequence of this, adjectives take their place under the noun from which 
 they are derived. 
 
 Pronouns bearing the article of their class as a prefix are not found under 
 the article, but under the first consonant, thus :— Ekina is found under ki. 
 
 The rule has been strictly followed throughout the dictionary and grammar 
 that there should be no elision of vowels. This is solely to avoid the obscurity 
 which would result if the law of euphonic elision had been allowed to work in 
 test sentences. In ordinary writing, and in literature, the contrary should be 
 the rule, and elided vowels should be represented by an apostrophe. 
 
 Sumba e nsusu, buy a fowl, 
 should read— 
 
 Sumb’ e nsusu. 
 
 Njila a Ngombe 
 
 should be— 
 
 Njil’ a Ngombe. 
 
( 51° ) 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Under the word 
 
 
 should be 
 
 Abundance, 
 
 wingi, 12 ; 
 
 wokela, 9. 
 
 Ace, 
 
 waji, 12 ; 
 
 waji, 2. 
 
 Acquired, 
 
 vua; 
 
 vuwa. 
 
 Admiration, 
 
 etondo, 8 ; 
 
 tonda, 9. 
 
 Adulterer, 
 
 Afterwards, 
 
 muntu (3) e zumba; 
 
 muntazumba, 3. 
 
 (at length), 
 
 oku kwakwiji wa; 
 
 oku kwakwijiwa. 
 
 Albino, a., 
 
 -alundu; 
 
 -andundu. 
 
 Amass, 
 
 vwiisa; 
 
 vwisa. 
 
 Animal (that has given 
 
 
 that has not given birth 
 
 birth), 
 
 esundi; 
 
 esundi. 
 
 Among, 
 
 fiengesa; 
 
 fiengenesa. 
 
 Anoint, 
 
 bukula; 
 
 yitidila. 
 
 Anointed, 
 
 //., (the) mbukulwilu; 
 
 be, v., yitilwa. 
 
 
 a., -abukulwilu; 
 
 -yitidilu. 
 
 Anxiety, 
 
 ntelekwa (4) ; 
 
 nteleko (4), a. 
 
 Aperient, 
 
 pulugante; 
 
 pulukante. 
 
 Apostle, 
 
 ntumu, 1 & 4 ; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Appetite, 
 
 nzodi, 4 ; 
 
 kinzolanzola, 5. 
 
 Art, 
 
 ungangu, 12; 
 
 ngangu, 2 pi. 
 
 Ascaris, 
 
 edongololo; 
 
 ediongololo. 
 
 At, at large, 
 
 -amvumvidi; 
 
 -amvumvudi. 
 
 at last, 
 
 oku kwakwiji wa; 
 
 oku kwakwijiwa. 
 
 Await, 
 
 vingila; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Badly, 
 
 -adie; 
 
 -adieyi. 
 
 Balance. 
 
 balansa; 
 
 balanza. 
 
 Bang, 
 
 Be, to, 1 
 
 nxindu, 4 ; nkindu, 2 ; 
 
 1 / 
 
 ezu, 8 . 
 
 1 omit the pronoun of the 
 
 1 3rd person. 
 
 in the table of pro¬ 
 nouns, J 
 
 ' Pers. 1, 2, 3. \ 
 
 |Sing. i,u, u; j 
 
 Belated, 
 
 fukika ; 
 
 fukikwa. 
 
 Belong to, 
 
 vua ; 
 
 vuwa kwa. 
 
 Bench, 
 
 ebanda ; 
 
 vingila ; \ 
 
 ebandu. 
 
 'vinga (“vingila” being 
 
 Beseech, 
 
 1 the applied form “ to be¬ 
 seech for.”) 
 
 ( 
 
 Bloom, 
 
 vumisa ; 
 
 vuma. 
 
 Blot, 
 
 etonxi ; 
 
 etonti. 
 
 Blow, 
 
 about in the wind ; 
 
 About (of the wind). 
 
 (wind), va’.y 
 
 (wind), v.i., kia ; 
 
 (of the wind), kiya. 
 
 
 kikianga ; 
 
 kikiyanga. 
 
( 5ii ) 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 Under the word 
 
 
 should be 
 
 Boast, 
 
 sana; 
 
 kusana. 
 
 Bow, 
 
 ntibu, 4 ; 
 
 ntibu, 2. 
 
 Box (tin trunk), 
 
 nkele alundn; 
 
 nkele elundu. 
 
 Branch, 71. (of a tree), 
 
 tai, 6 ; 
 
 tayi, 6. 
 
 Branch, v. (as a tree), 
 
 bula e tai (6) ; 
 
 bula e ntayi (2). 
 
 Break (smash), v.i., 
 
 buka; 
 
 budika. 
 
 Bud, 
 
 bundn, 6 ; 
 
 nsavu, 2. 
 
 Bundle, 
 
 dinga, 6 ; 
 
 dinga, 6; of beads. 
 
 Burn (scorch), 
 
 baba; 
 
 babisa. 
 
 (be scorched), 
 
 babama; 
 
 baba. 
 
 (singe), 
 
 vumpa, fumpa, &c. 
 
 oznit fumpa and fumnula. 
 
 (be singed), 
 
 fumpuka,vumpuka,&c. fumpuka, omitted. 
 
 Buzzard, 
 
 kutukudia, 7 ; 
 
 kimbi, 5. 
 
 Calabash, interior pulp 
 of, 
 
 jmakomvi; 
 
 makomve. 
 
 Call, 
 
 v.t., boka; 
 
 v.t'., boka. 
 
 Canoe, 
 
 ebwanda, 8 ; 
 
 bwanda, 6. 
 
 Care (concern), 
 
 nsungameno, 2; 
 
 banza, 9 ; ngindu, 2. 
 
 (for) 
 
 snngamena; 
 
 (see like; think about, con- 
 1 cerned, be. 
 
 
 not to care for ; 
 
 not to be cared for. 
 
 Carelessly, 
 
 do bad; 
 
 do badly. 
 
 Carpet, 
 
 nku, 
 
 nkuwu. 
 
 Cassava, 
 
 mvwiji; 
 
 mvuyi. 
 
 Catch, 
 
 (as an obstacle); 
 
 (as on an obstacle). 
 
 (in a snare), 
 
 vwamvula; 
 
 vwamvulwisa. 
 
 Chain, 
 
 lnvambn, 10; 
 
 luvambu, 2 & 11. 
 
 Chastise, 
 
 tumba ; 
 
 tumbula. 
 
 Cheer, 
 
 wondelela, wonza ; 
 
 kulula 0 moyo (3). 
 
 Chilly, 
 
 ye todi ; 
 
 e todi. 
 
 Choke, 
 
 sweneswa ; 
 munkwidi ; 
 
 swenesa. 
 
 Christian, p. 36, line 5, 
 
 munkwikidi. 
 
 Cicada, 
 
 kintendele ; 
 
 kintendela. 
 
 Circumcise, 
 
 yota ; 
 
 yotesa. 
 
 Civet, 
 
 mfuki, 2 ; 
 
 mfuki, 4. 
 
 Clan, 
 
 kilukene ; 
 
 kilukeni. 
 
 
 alukene ; 
 
 alukeni. 
 
 Cleanse, v.t.. 
 
 kianza ; 
 
 kianjisa. 
 
 Climb (a hill), 
 
 balula ; 
 
 baluka. 
 
 Close nearly, j 
 
 'v.t., vengalala ; 
 
 vengeleka. 
 
 .v.i., vengeleka ; j 
 
 vengalala. 
 
 Colour, purple, 
 
 ndua; 
 
 nduwa. 
 
 Comet, 
 
 niania ; 
 
 nienie. 
 
 
 kiniania ; 
 
 07/iitted. 
 
 Confluence, 
 
 ebwilu, 8; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Contain, 
 
 ximba ; 
 
 see Hold. 
 
 Convenient, 
 
 -abisa ; 
 
 -abiza. 
 
 Cook (well), 
 
 viisa ; 
 
 visa. 
 
 Corpulence, 
 
 kinkobe, 5; 
 
 omitted. 
 
( 512 ) 
 
 Under the word 
 
 
 should be 
 
 Corpulent, 
 
 ye kinkobe; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 person, 
 
 nkwa (i) kinkobe; 
 
 kinkobe, 5. 
 
 Craftiness, 
 
 nluba, 4 ; 
 
 unluba, 12. 
 
 Crew, 
 
 -asau,//. ; 
 
 nsau, pi. 2. 
 
 Crow, 
 
 kokela; 
 
 kokola. 
 
 Crown, 
 
 ekoloa; 
 
 ekolowa. 
 
 Cunning, 
 
 nluba, 4 ; 
 
 unluba, 12. 
 
 •Cut (scratch across), 
 
 kwalamuna; 
 
 kwalumuna. 
 
 Dam (obstruction), 
 
 nkaku, 4 ; 
 
 nkaku, 2. 
 
 Dazzle, 
 
 bukika (0 meso); 
 
 bukama muna meso. 
 
 Dazzled, be, 
 
 bukama; 
 
 bukamenwa 0 meso. 
 
 Dearness, 
 
 mbalu, 4 ; 
 
 mbalu, 2. 
 
 Deflect, 
 
 banzula; 
 
 vengesa. 
 
 Despise, 
 
 savuka; 
 
 f vunzalakesa, vunza 
 l kesa, vunzuna; 
 
 savula. 
 
 Destroy (spoil), 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Detach, 
 
 samuna; 
 
 sanuna. 
 
 Dirty, 
 
 -angeme; 
 
 -angemi. 
 
 ..Disgusting, 
 
 -angeme; 
 
 -angemi. 
 
 Dishonest, be, 
 
 yia; 
 
 yiya. 
 
 Disobey, transgress, 
 
 sununa; 
 
 sumuna. 
 
 Display (boastingly), 
 
 sana; 
 
 kusana. 
 
 Divert, 
 
 banzula; 
 
 vengesa. 
 
 Dove, 
 
 bwela, 6 ; 
 
 mbwela, 2. 
 
 Drain, 
 
 kelela; 
 
 kelola. 
 
 Droop, 
 
 lenga; 
 
 lengela. 
 
 Drop, 
 
 etonxi; 
 
 etonti. 
 
 -Ease (facility), 
 
 nsazu, 2 ; 
 
 sazu, 6 . 
 
 Eat quickly, 
 
 vempa; 
 
 vempula. 
 
 Eaves, 
 
 nsambu ; 
 
 nsamba. 
 
 Eclipsed (be surpassed), suvuka, sunduka; 
 
 suvwa, sundwa. 
 
 Eloquence, 
 
 kimpovi; 
 
 ngangu za vova. 
 
 Embouchure, 
 
 ebwilu; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Enraged, 
 
 suka e ekudi; 
 
 sukwa e ekudi. 
 
 Envelop, 
 
 fukumuka; 
 
 fitika, jinga. 
 
 Even, be, 
 
 baba ; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 
 lengalakana; 
 
 lengoka. 
 
 make, 
 
 lengalakesa ; 
 
 lengola. 
 
 Execute punishment, 
 
 tumba ; 
 
 tumbula. 
 
 Expend, 
 
 (spend) ; 
 
 in, for. 
 
 Face, make a face, 
 
 (grimace) ; 
 
 (grimace) at. 
 
 Farm, border, 
 
 ndila, 2 ; 
 
 ndila, 4. 
 
 Favour, 
 
 fmfumu una ye edie-\mfumu omonanga e ei 
 
 
 l nga, &c.; 
 
 J nga, &c. 
 
 have, find, 
 
 mona e edienga ; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 show, 
 
 mwesa e edienga ; 
 
 mona e edienga. 
 
 Ferry-man, 
 
 nsau, 4; 
 
 nsau, 2. 
 
 Feud, 
 
 nnzonji, 12; 
 
 nzonji, 4- 
 
 First, at, 
 
 e kulu ; 
 
 ekulu. 
 
( 5i3 ) 
 
 Under the word 
 
 
 should be 
 
 First, place in the, 
 
 boxi ; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Flow out, 
 
 volomoka; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Follow (chase after), 
 
 lamika; 
 
 lamika e ntinu (2) kwa. 
 
 Foolishness, 
 
 vwengele; 
 
 uvwengele. 
 
 Gentle, be, 
 
 lembeka; 
 
 lembama. 
 
 Get, in a rage, 
 
 fuluta 0 makaxi; 
 
 fuluta yo makaxi. 
 
 up (a hill), 
 
 balula; 
 
 baluka. 
 
 up (a tree), 
 
 samba; 
 
 sambila. 
 
 Godfather, 
 
 njitu, 2 ; 
 
 njitu, 1. 
 
 Gorge (chasm), 
 
 nkengi ; 
 
 nkenge. 
 
 Guile, 
 
 nluba, 4 ; 
 
 unluba, 12. 
 
 Hatch, 
 
 teta ; 
 
 tetoka. 
 
 Hilt, 
 
 dingwa ; 
 
 dinga. 
 
 Humility, 
 
 nleka, 4; 
 
 unleka, 12. 
 
 Keep (withhold), 
 
 tatama; 
 
 tatamena. 
 
 Lame, 
 
 -atedinga; 
 
 -antedingi. 
 
 Liberate (give freedom), tumba e kimfumu ; 
 
 the line should be omitted. 
 
 Licentiousness, 
 
 umpuki, 12 ; 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Light (not heavy), 
 
 Like, 
 
 sasala j 
 
 e esasala (8). 
 
 let him do, &c., 
 
 unyambula, 
 
 unyambwila. 
 
 Lose, 
 
 / vilakanwa, j imbala- \ 
 1 kanwa; J 
 
 omitted. 
 
 1 
 
 Loss, 
 
 fmpilakanwa, njimba-j 
 t lakanwa, J m P 1( lisa, 2. 
 
 Maize, 
 
 Many, how many, 
 Mash, v., 
 Meekness, 
 Mouth, of river, 
 Need, wish for, 
 Next, 
 
 Percussion cap, 
 Press, 
 
 used before a noun ; 
 
 bulunga; 
 nleka, 4 ; 
 ebwilu, 8 ; 
 zolela; 
 
 nlungi a konso; 
 pulete, 2 (P. ?); 
 in a crowd ; 
 
 ( Portuguese corn is the 
 \ translation of masa 
 mamputu. 
 used after a noun. 
 omitted. 
 unleka, 12. 
 omitted. 
 zola. 
 
 nlungi a konzo. 
 pulete, 2 (P. espoleta). 
 out in a crowd. 
 
 Put one inside the 
 
 &c., 
 
 °th er > jkwakanisa; 
 
 bandakesa. 
 
 Recall, to mind, 
 
 Salute, p. 185, line 6 , 
 Shell, cowry, 
 
 So, 
 
 (as much as this), 
 Track (of beasts), 
 When, 
 
 Would, 
 
 Zenith, 
 
 /sengomona bakula, of/sengomona, bakula, to 
 \ another ; l mind of another, 
 
 wodia; odia. 
 
 kidiambwa, 5 ; nkidiambwa, 2. 
 
 kiaki tezo ; ekiaki tezo. 
 
 elambu, 8 ; omitted. 
 
 (whenever, certain) ; (whenever, after certain). 
 
 fuse the future subjunc-fuse the present tense, 
 l tive ; \ stating the time, 
 
 kintumba a ezulu; kintumba e ezulu. 
 
 L L 
 
( 5H ) 
 
 Under the word 
 
 Ediongololo, 7 ; 
 Etaka (a buttock); 
 Keleta, v 
 
 Kimbwambwambwa, 
 
 Lemba, 
 
 Mbondo, 
 
 Nkenka, 
 
 Tuka, 
 
 Kongo-English. 
 
 hard (as a stone) ; 
 his word ; 
 
 kwizila; 
 
 1000 
 
 the game of African 
 backgammon ; 
 
 ketuka lwaka; 
 
 should be 
 
 ediongololo, 8. 
 etaku. 
 
 hard and ring (as a stone) 
 this word. 
 
 kwijila. 
 
 500 
 
 omitted. 
 
 ketuka luaka. 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Since the Kongo Grammar is to be published in one volume with the 
 Dictionary, but little is required in the way of prefatory remark. 
 
 Although the material was steadily accumulating during the prepara¬ 
 tion of the Dictionary, this Grammar has almost entirely received its final 
 shape out on the Upper Kongo. Carefully compared duplicate manuscript 
 has been sent home by post to avoid the long delays resulting from proofs 
 having to be sent out to Central Africa for revision. Everything possible 
 has been done to insure correctness. 
 
 I avail myself of this opportunity to thank publicly the two young ladies 
 who, having assisted in the compilation of the Dictionary, kindly undertook 
 to revise the proofs of this Grammar. To my father also thanks are due 
 for valuable assistance rendered in many ways during the early stages of 
 the work, while I was still in England, and for finally passing the proofs. 
 
 Both in the Dictionary and Grammar no elisions of vowels are made, lest 
 constructions should be obscured ; the sentence— 
 
 Xisa e evunga oku ezandu 
 
 would otherwise have appeared— 
 
 Xis’ evung’ oku ’zandu. 
 
 To a large extent grammatical matters are touched on or hinted at in 
 the Dictionary. In one or two cases, tenses have been there misnamed ; 
 as, for instance, in the English-Kongo section under the word May, the 
 present tense subjunctive is referred to. Further study reveals that present 
 is a misnomer. A few, happily very few, such discrepancies exist; they 
 are the result of fuller knowledge. 
 
 Mistakes, obscurity, faults, new constructions, and rules which have 
 evaded all vigilance, may be found; for this is but the first essay at a 
 language previously unreduced. 
 
 It is hoped that, in spite of all imperfections, this work of several years 
 may be helpful in letting in the light of the gospel of Christ to the people 
 of Kongo. 
 
 Arthington Station, B.M.S., 
 
 Stanley Pool, Congo Free State, 
 
 April 27 th, 1887. 
 
THE ALPHABET. 
 
 The Kongo alphabet 
 
 consists of 
 
 twenty-two 
 
 letters as follows, their power 
 
 being given approximately in English, French, German, 
 Alphabet :— 
 
 English. French. German. 
 
 and Lepsius’ Standard 
 
 Lepsius. 
 
 a 
 
 father 
 
 flme 
 
 that 
 
 a a 
 
 b 
 
 boy 
 
 /ois 
 
 /aum 
 
 b 
 
 d 
 
 do 
 
 due 
 
 den 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 
 fate 
 
 e'pe'e 
 
 w^h 
 
 — v 
 
 e e 
 
 f 
 
 for 
 
 fete 
 
 fur 
 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 gold 
 
 gauche 
 
 gut 
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 machine 
 
 lzt 
 
 mz'r 
 
 I! 
 
 j 
 
 a^ure 
 
 y'eune 
 
 — 
 
 V 
 
 z 
 
 k 
 
 ^ind 
 
 fause 
 
 haum 
 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 let 
 
 /ait 
 
 lang 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 man 
 
 z/zois 
 
 mann 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 no 
 
 zzon 
 
 ne in 
 
 n 
 
 0 
 
 Call 
 
 c<?rps 
 
 thar 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 /5ark 
 
 pare 
 
 j^latz 
 
 P 
 
 s 
 
 so 
 
 javoir 
 
 jitz 
 
 s 
 
 t 
 
 town 
 
 ton 
 
 /od 
 
 t 
 
 u 
 
 cool 
 
 nous 
 
 gzzt 
 
 u u 
 
 V 
 
 very 
 
 7ZOUS 
 
 7£/ollen 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 we 
 
 ou\ 
 
 — 
 
 w 
 
 X 
 
 she 
 
 chat 
 
 schon 
 
 V 
 
 s 
 
 y 
 
 ye t 
 
 baj'onne 
 
 y' a 
 
 y 
 
 z 
 
 2 -eal 
 
 ^ele 
 
 kaiser 
 
 z 
 
 The vowels are pronounced as in Italian. 
 
 a has always the sound of a in father. 
 
 ® >> n » e in fete or the a in gate. 
 
 1 » » yy z in machine or the ee in feet. 
 
 0 ” » „ 0 in boy or the a in call or the ou in bought. 
 
 U 5) » ,, oo in tool. 
 
 
 
 The sound of the vowels, though sometimes lengthened or shortened accord¬ 
 ing to accentuation, is essentially the same, the difference being only that of 
 continuation of utterance. 
 
 Theie are two diphthongs ; au pronounced as ow in cow or no%v , and ai as i 
 \n pine or nine. The latter only occurs in a few words, as vaika or taika. Ai 
 and an are often so pronounced that each vowel has a separate and distinct 
 sound ; sometimes even there appears to exist a faint w between the a and u 
 or a faint y between a and i. 
 
 1 he consonants are seventeen in number, of which b, d, f, k, 1, p, s, v, w, y, 
 
are pronounced the same as in English ; g is always hard, as in goat , and is 
 always found combined with n, as in ngo ; j soft, as the z in azure; x repre¬ 
 sents the sound sh * as in she j z is pronounced as in zealj t the same as in 
 English before any letter except i. Ti is most frequently pronounced as chee in 
 cheese , especially at San Salvador. There are however some Kongos who give 
 it the same sound as the word tea in English. The form ti is preserved to 
 avoid difficulty and confusion to any party. The nasals m and n are the only 
 true consonants which can be combined with other consonants. M can only be 
 used before the labials b, f, p, V, and before w ; mw is really a combination of 
 m-f o, or m+u, before another vowel, and is only to be found in such a position. 
 N is used before d, g, j, k, 1 , s, t, v, w, x, y, z. 
 
 It has however been noted in other Bantu languages that there are really two 
 Hi’s and two n’s; it is perhaps more correct to speak of three of each. The 
 first are the ordinary nasals m and n, appearing as the sole consonant in the 
 syllable, or in combination with any of the above-named letters except 1 . These 
 may be considered as the simple nasals , and are pronounced in the ordinary 
 way as in English. 
 
 The second may be termed the light nasals y t they are pronounced the same 
 as in English. A distinction has however been drawn between these and the 
 simple nasals, because the light nasals do not combine with w and y, neither 
 does n combine with 1 . 
 
 The third kind are the heavy nasals , J which are pronounced by keeping the 
 lips closed, and continuing the nasal sound longer than in ordinary speaking. 
 In rapid speech this is scarely perceptible, but it will be observed if an intelli¬ 
 gent native is asked to pronounce carefully. The only really difficult sound to 
 pronounce is the combination of the heavy n with w or y ; the sound which 
 results cannot be compared with anything familiar to English ears. It is a true 
 nasal sound before w or y, created whilst the lips are open, and the tongue is 
 not allowed to touch the palate at all. The protracted nasal sound is checked 
 when the mouth is brought into position to pronounce the w or y. It is not the 
 labial nasal (m) because the lips are not closed, and therefore must be written 
 with an n ; thus : from wanda, to strike; nwandi, one who strikes : nyaba, 
 a marsh. 
 
 The combinations of the nasals with other consonants at the head of a word 
 are regarded by Europeans as very peculiar and difficult to pronounce. It is 
 however very simple, except in the cases just noticed (ny, nw) ; all the strange¬ 
 ness lies in the appearance. There is no vowel sound pronounced before them. 
 A parallel is easily found in English, if we divide up words somewhat differently 
 from the ordinary manner ; thus, nke is pronounced as in donkey, when divided 
 thus, do -nkey^ nso as in co-TZi^-nant. The following table will aid in the 
 acquirement of the pronunciation :— 
 
 * X is pronounced in Portuguese as sh , and this letter has been adopted because the sound 
 is a simple one and needs a simple letter. 
 
 + The light tiasal is invariably a prefix, the history of which has not yet been fully traced, 
 although it appears in all Bantu languages. In some however it appears with the vowel i pre¬ 
 fixed to it. 
 
 X The heavy nasals invariably represent a contracted prefix mu (or possibly mum or 
 mun), which may be traced in other Bantu languages, indeed very often in dialects spoken 
 near to Kongo. 
 
( 520 ) 
 
 mb has the sound of the mb in co-mbine. 
 
 mf 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 mp 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nd 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 ng 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nj 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nk 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nl 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 ns 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nt 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nx 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 nz 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 mf in co-mfort. 
 mp in c2L-mp'mg. 
 nd in la-7Z<tfing. 
 ng in fi-nger. 
 nj in A-njou. 
 nk in do-;//£ey. 
 nl in thi-7//y. 
 ns in co-sonant. 
 nt in hu-;z/ing. 
 nsh in moo-;w/dne. 
 ns in clea-^jing. 
 
EUPHONIC LAW. 
 
 EUPHONIC law is a very important and far reaching factor in the Kongo 
 language. Indeed, the language can never be acquired or spoken intelligibly 
 without a thorough mastery of these principles. 
 
 Syllables. 
 
 i. Every syllable must end with a vowel. 
 
 Combinations of Consonants. 
 
 2. No two consonants can ever come together, except the nasals, which may be 
 prefixed to other consonants, as kanda, nkanda : or the semi-vowels w and y, 
 which may also follow a consonant; as, bwa, ngyala. Thus the only con¬ 
 sonantal combinations in which k can be the base are nk, kw, nkw, ky, nky. 
 It has been explained that there are really three kinds of m and three of n in 
 Kongo, which are called the simple , heavy , and light nasals. 
 
 The simple nasal m combines only with the labials b, f, p, V, and the sem 
 vowel w :— 
 
 Kamba. 
 
 Fumfumuka. 
 
 Tumpa. 
 
 Bamvuna. 
 
 Tumwa. 
 
 The simple ?tasal n combines only with d, g, j, k, S, t, w, x, z: 
 
 Landa. 
 
 Kanga. 
 
 Tanji. 
 
 Kanka. 
 
 Sansa. 
 
 Tonta. 
 
 Sanwa. 
 
 Sanxila. 
 
 Sanza. 
 
 The heavy m combines with the labials b, f, p, V :— 
 
 Mbangu. 
 
 Mfiongo. 
 
 Mpongodi. 
 
 Mvu. 
 
 The heavy n combines with d, g, j, k, 1, s, t, 
 
 t, w, x, y, z 
 
 Ndiaxila. 
 
 Ngatu. 
 
 Njididi. 
 
 Nkanda. 
 
 Nlele. 
 
 Ntangi. 
 
 Nwandi. 
 
 Nxie. 
 
 Nyaba. 
 
 Nzongi. 
 
 Nsongi. 
 
 The light m combines with b, f, p, V :— 
 
 Mbaji. 
 
 Mfwa. 
 
 Mpana. 
 
 Mvana. 
 
 The light n combines with d, g, j, k, s, t, x, z 
 
 Ndanda. 
 
 Nganga. 
 
 Njila. 
 
 Nkele. 
 
 Nsanga. 
 
 Ntanga. 
 
 Nxinga. 
 
 Nzanza. 
 
( 522 ) 
 
 Euphonic Change of Consonants, 
 i* ^ ie light nas als introduce an element of change, when combined with certain 
 consonants ; for example, when the light in is prefixed to a stem having an m 
 puie as initial, the combination mb results ; thus from : Mona, to see, m+mona 
 - mbona, a sight; mana, to finish, m4-mana = mbana, an ending. A light m 
 piefixed to a stem having v as its initial may combine as mp, but often remains 
 unchanged. Both forms are correct, the same person using either according 
 to fancy. There is an advantage in distinctness when the change to mp is 
 made ; for example : Vunda, to rest; mvunda or mpunda, a resting. When 
 the light nasal is prefixed to a stem having 1 or n pure as initial, the combina¬ 
 tion nd results ; for example: Landa, to follow ; ndanda, a following: nana, 
 to stretch ; ndana, a stretching. Before an initial w the combination ngw 
 lesults, except in cases where w is followed by u, in which case the syllable 
 stands ngu ; thus from 
 
 Wana, to meet, comes ngwana, a meeting. 
 
 Weta, to strike, „ ngweta, a stroke. 
 
 Winikina, to listen, „ ngwinikina, a listening. 
 
 Wuna, to groan, „ nguna, a groan. 
 
 A light nasal before y results in ngy except before yi, when ngi results ; 
 thus from :— 
 
 Yala, to spread, 
 Yela, to be ill, 
 Yindula, to think, 
 Yoka, to burn, 
 Yuma, to dry, 
 
 comes ngyala, a spreading. 
 „ ngyela, an illness. 
 
 „ ngindula, a thought. 
 „ ngyoka, a burning. 
 
 „ ngyurna, a drying. 
 
 Nd sometimes takes the place of ng, as :— 
 
 Ndienda, or ngyenda. 
 Ndiza, „ ngiza. 
 Ndina, „ ngina. 
 
 But this has only been noted in the verbs kwenda, kwiza, and na. 
 
 Euphonic Elision and Contraction of Vowels. 
 
 The vowel a when standing at the end of a word is elided before any other 
 a which may immediately follow it, either as a particle or as the initial of the 
 next woid ; a after a being awkward to pronounce. Thus instead of saying :— 
 Mbwa a mfumu, 
 
 Kongos say :— 
 
 Mbw’a mfumu (pron., mbwamfumu): 
 
 the dog of the chief. 
 
 Instead of:— 
 
 Ke beteka abundu ko, 
 
 They say :— 
 
 Ke betek’ abundu ko : 
 
 they do not sell slaves. 
 
 Wheie three a’s come together the first and second elide before the third ; 
 thus :— 
 
 Nsadisanga a abunji ame : 
 
 I am helping my brother, • 
 
( 5 2 3 ) 
 
 
 
 
 Becomes :— 
 
 Nsadisang’ abunji ame. 
 
 A also elides before e and o, when they occur in the same manner and 
 circumstances. 
 
 Kuna ezulu : to heaven, 
 
 Should be :— 
 
 Kun’ ezulu. 
 
 Sumba e nzo : buy the house, 
 
 Becomes :— 
 
 Sumb’ e nzo. 
 
 Kikatula etadi ko : I will not take away the stone, 
 
 Is pronounced:— 
 
 Kikatul’ etadi ko. 
 
 Teka o maza : fetch water, 
 
 Tek’ o maza. 
 
 E standing alone as a particle elides before an initial e following it ; thus : — 
 Okatwidi e etadi : he took away the stone, 
 
 Becomes :— 
 
 Okatwidi etadi. 
 
 Where such a combination occurs as :— 
 
 Katula e etadi, 
 
 Loth the final a and the particle e follow these rules, and the sentence ap¬ 
 pears as :— 
 
 Katul’ etadi. 
 
 Nouns bearing the prefix e lose it after the locatives ku, oku; ko, oko ; mu, 
 omu; mo, omo ; vo, ovo : that is to say, the e elides after the o and u thus 
 
 Ku ezulu or oko ezulu : to heaven, 
 
 Becomes :— 
 
 Ku ’zulu or oko ’zulu. 
 
 Oku ’zandu, 
 
 Instead of:— 
 
 Oku ezandu : to the market. 
 
 With the above exceptions, 0 and u final become w before any other vowel ; 
 thus :— 
 
 Nkumbu a mfumu : the name of the chief, 
 
 Would be pronounced :— 
 
 Nkumbw’ a mfumu. 
 
 Nzw’ eto : our house, 
 
 Instead of:— 
 
 Nzo eto. 
 
 These elisions do not take place when the vowels belong to the words in 
 the different sentences. The natural pause or stop prevents any such necessity. 
 
 When adding prefixes or suffixes to words and stems, two vowels may come 
 together, in which case elision or modification results, with some ; thus :— 
 
 a elides before a as maki for ma-f aki. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 >> 
 
 
 55 
 
 »» 
 
 mevwa 
 
 o „ moko 
 
 „ ma+evwa. 
 * ma+oko. 
 
( 524 ) 
 
 a elides before u as vuma 
 
 e 
 
 » 
 
 » 
 
 a 
 
 55 
 
 kamwene ko 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 jj 
 
 e 
 
 55 
 
 kele ko 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 
 i 
 
 55 
 
 kiji 
 
 e 
 
 i) 
 
 )? 
 
 u 
 
 55 
 
 kunati 
 
 i 
 
 ? > 
 
 jj 
 
 i 
 
 55 
 
 kiza 
 
 u 
 
 » 
 
 » 
 
 0 
 
 55 
 
 koko 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 
 u 
 
 55 
 
 mungwa 
 
 for va-uma. 
 
 „ ke-amwene ko. 
 „ ke-ele ko. 
 
 » ke-iji. 
 
 „ ke-anati. 
 
 „ ki-iza. 
 
 „ ku-oko. 
 
 „ mu-ungwa. 
 
 When a comes before i they combine, and e results ; as :— 
 
 Mengi for ma-ingi. 
 
 Keza „ ka-iza. 
 
 The syllable lu does not become lw before a vowel in the initial syllable of a 
 word ; see :— 
 
 Lueto, luaka, luanza, luingi, lualu, luina. 
 
 Neither is the lu changed when the word has received prefixes, and it stands 
 as the initial syllable of a stem ; see :-r 
 
 Luaka, tuluaka, tukunluakisa, lueka, nunluekele. 
 
 In the last syllable of a word w may follow 1, as in the case of the passive of 
 verbs in la:— 
 
 Talwa, kulwa, kolwa, yelwa. 
 
 This apparently arbitrary rule is based on the difficulty in pronouncing lw, 
 except in a final syllable, which will be readily seen if the attempt is carefully 
 made. 
 
 Euphonic Preferences. 
 
 Stems which possess a pure nasal, i.e. a nasal not combined with any other 
 consonant, prefer a pure nasal in any suffix which may be added to them, whe?i - 
 ever possible. When the vowel of the stem is e or 0 , e or 0 is preferred in any 
 suffix where possible. The out-working of these laws is best seen in the verbs ; 
 thus, the applied form of the verb is made by replacing its final vowel a with ila, 
 ela, ina, or eua ; where the stem of the verb possesses a pure nasal, as in naka 
 or kana, a suffix having a nasal is chosen ; thus : — 
 
 Nakina and kanina; 
 
 While noka „ kona 
 Take -ena ; thus :— 
 
 Nokena and konena. 
 
 I he stem kanda having an impure nasal takes ila and becomes kandila. 
 
 Suffixes also which contain a pure nasal prefer a pure nasal in any other 
 suffix, which they may further receive ; thus the applied form of bukika is 
 bukikila, and of bakaua, bakauiua. This principle is pushed further still, 
 when bakuka, the middle voice of bakuna, makes its perfect in bakukini 
 instead of bakukidi. 
 
 There is no pure nasal in bakuka itself, but its active transitive form, 
 bakuna, has a pure nasal in its suffix ; and the rule will be found in the 
 Chapter on Verbs, that verbs having the active transitive form in ula and ola 
 take uka and oka in the middle voice, the perfect of which are ukidi and 
 okele. 
 
 
( 525 ) 
 
 Active transitives ending in una and ona take also uka and oka in the 
 middle voice ; but their perfects are ukini and okene. 
 
 The influence of these laws is seen working in a strange manner in the nouns 
 disu, an eye ; and dinu, a tooth ; the stems of which are isu and inn (disu = 
 di-fisu, and dinu = di-f-inu). It is a rule that nouns having the prefix di form 
 their plural by replacing the di by ma ; thus :— 
 
 Singular , disu ; plural , masu. 
 
 The plural of dinu (di+inu) and of disu (di+isu) would be ma+inu and 
 ma+isu, contracting according to euphonic law to menu and mesu; but the e, 
 which has resulted from the combination of a+i, causes the final u to change 
 into o ; and thus :—the plural of disu comes to be meso, and the plural of dinu, 
 meno. Some such influence must account for the fact that while tu and nu 
 are the prefixes found on verbs, &c., in the first and second persons plural, the 
 personal pronouns, first and second persons plural, are yeto and yeno. 
 
 Possibly itu and inu are their stems, which on receiving the prefix ya-to 
 assume the form of the personal pronouns (as is the case with yandi, he ; and 
 yau, they), ya + itu and ya + inu become yeto and yeno. 
 
 In verb suffixes a stem having the vowel e may generally be found taking 
 both 0 and u ; thus from the obsolete root nenga we find the derivatives 
 nengomona and nengumuna. This is no nicety of pronunciation, for their 
 perfects are regularly formed from them, as nengomwene and nengumwini. 
 
 These matters are not considered here as grammatical changes of verbs, but 
 as instances of the far-reaching influence of euphonic laws, which operate with 
 ideal regularity and consistency. 
 
THE ALLITERATIVE CONCORD. 
 
 The most distinguishing peculiarity of the Bantu family of languages is its 
 system of Alliterative Concord. In many European languages the adjec¬ 
 tives and pronouns agree with their nouns, not only in number, but also in what 
 is called gender.” This distinction however is of the most arbitrary character. 
 For instance, in French, chaise, a chair , is feminine, but fauteuil, an arm-chair , 
 is regarded as a masculine noun. Instances need not be multiplied, but in 
 Latin the principle of “ gender” maybe even better traced. Porta, a gate , is re¬ 
 garded as feminine ; any adjective or pronoun referring to porta must be made 
 to concord with it, not only in number and cases, but also in what is called 
 “gender.” Thus porta mea, my gate; ilia porta, that gate ; portarum 
 mearum, of my gates; portae bonae, good gates. 
 
 This concord is effected by giving to the adjective and pronoun the same 
 S UFFIX as that possessed by the noun. 
 
 In Bantu languages the nouns are characterized by the presence of PRE- 
 FIXES, as : Ki-nkutu and the concord between the noun and its adjective, 
 &c., is expressed by applying to the adjective, the same PREFIX as that 
 possessed by the noun it qualifies. This principle is pushed still further in this 
 
 family of tongues, for not only adjectives and pronouns, but verbs also receive 
 hese prefixes. 
 
 The Bantu noun is regarded as chief in the sentence, and its prefix is its 
 mark and sign ; every pronoun, adjective, and verb entering into the service of 
 a noun leceives its prefix, as a “livery,” in token of its servitude, and by this 
 
 piefix-livery, the subordinate word shows at once to what noun it belongs 
 thus 6 ’ 
 
 0 matadi mama mampembe mampwena i man mama 
 
 The stones these white great it is they which 
 
 twamwene 
 
 we saw 
 
 ezono: 
 
 yesterday . 
 
 These gieat white stones are those which we saw yesterday. 
 
 E kinkutu kiaku kiavididi ezono kisolokele, akieyi ? i kiau 
 
 The coat your lost yesterday it has turned up where is it ? it is this 
 
 kiki o mo nzo mbwene kio: 
 
 it in (the) house I saw it. 
 
 Where is it ? Here it 
 
 Your coat which was lost yesterday has turned up. 
 is ! I saw it in the house. 
 
 In the first example given, the prefix ma which characterized matadi as a 
 plural noun of class 8 ,s applied to all the adjectives and pronouns qualifying! 
 representing or referring to it, indeed the pronouns are to a large exten 
 
 characterizes^ kinkutT S ° ^ ^ S6C ° nd exam P le : the which 
 
 characterizes kinkutu, appears on all the pronouns, adjectives and verbs 
 
 serving it. J c 
 
 526 
 
( 527 ) 
 
 This system of agreement between the noun and its subordinates is called 
 the Alliterative Concord. 
 
 The Bantu languages throw considerable light on the principle which in other 
 tongues has been misnamed “gender.’ 5 It is clear that sex is not the basis of 
 such classification, but is at best a very subordinate factor; the true basis in 
 European languages is the suffixes , in the Bantu languages, the prefixes. The 
 origin and purpose of these suffixes and prefixes have yet to be elucidated ; but 
 the following section on the Derived Noun in Kongo may furnish some data, 
 which may be of assistance in these investigations. 
 
THE NOUN. 
 
 The Derivation of Nouns. 
 
 Every Kongo Noun is derived from some root, more or less definite in its 
 meaning, which on receiving a certain prefix, becomes a Noun with a definite 
 and precise meaning of its own ; just as the suffix “ er” in English applied to a 
 simple verb, becomes the name of one who performs the action expressed by 
 the verb ; as : do, doer j buy, buyerj plant, planter. 
 
 The First Derivative. 
 
 The first derivative noun in Kongo is an equivalent of the English example 
 given above, and it is formed by prefixing a heavy nasal to the verb stem, and 
 changing its final vowel into i. In the case of monosyllables and dissyllables 
 which have but one consonant, the final a is changed into e instead of i. 
 
 The plural of this derivative is formed by changing the nasal prefix into a. 
 This form of noun implies the doer of the action expressed by the verb from 
 which it is derived. 
 
 Thus from :— 
 
 Sumba, to buy : Nsumbi, a buyer. 
 
 Vanga, to make : Mvangi, a maker. 
 
 Ywa, to possess : Mvwe, a possessor. 
 
 Dia, to eat : Ndie, an eater, one who eats. 
 
 Where that verb is transitive its object, preceded by the particle a, op follows 
 immediately after the derived noun. In this case the particle a never takes a 
 prefix ; thus :— 
 
 Nsumbi a ahundu: a buyer of slaves. 
 
 Asumbi a abundu : buyers of slaves. 
 
 In speaking of the performer of an action, only an Active Transitive or an 
 Active Intransitive stem can be used, never a Passive, for a passive verb can 
 only speak of actions suffered by its subject, never of anything performed; its 
 subject therefore is never a performer. It is therefore impossible to form the 
 derivative nouns which denote the performer of an action from a passive verb. 
 Where it is necessary to speak of the object of an action, the middle voice of the 
 verb is the stem from which the noun is formed ; thus :— 
 
 Bakama : to get caught. 
 
 Mbakami : the person who gets caught, the person caught. 
 
 Bakwa the passive can never be thus used. 
 
 The Second Derivative. 
 
 The second derivative noun is formed from the verb by prefixing the heavy 
 nasal and changing its final vowel into e or i, as above, and thus presents no 
 difference in form from the first derivative. 
 
 In the plural, however, the heavy nasal is not changed, and the noun belongs 
 to what is later on described as the fourth class, which, in the plural requires its 
 subordinate words to adopt the prefix mi. 
 
 This second derivative differs from the first in that it conveys an altogether 
 
 528 
 
( 529 ) 
 
 subordinate idea. It denotes the performer of an action for, or on behalf of 
 others, or another, who is expressed by a noun preceded by the particle a, of 
 when the derivative is singular, or mia when it is plural; thus :— 
 
 \st der.plur.: Asumbi a abundu : 
 
 the buyers of slaves, or the slave-buyers. 
 
 2 nd der.plur.: Nsumbi mia abundu : 
 
 those who buy for slaves, or the slaves’ buyers. 
 
 The difference then between the first and the second derivative nouns is 
 this :—the first derivative expresses the person who acts on his own account, the 
 actor; the second speaks of one who acts for another, the agent. 
 
 Asumbi a mpungi za mfumu : the buyers of the chiefs ivory, 
 
 Le., those who purchase for themselves the ivory possessed by the chief. 
 Nsumbi a mpungi mia mfumu : those who buy ivory for the chief, 
 
 I’-e.j those who buy, as the chief’s agents, and on his account. 
 
 Nsumbi mia mfumu, 2 ?id der. plur., those who buy for chiefs. 
 
 Asumbi a mfumu, 1 st der. plur., would be : those who buy chiefs ! 
 
 The Third Derivative. 
 
 The third derivative noun denotes also the doer of the action, and is formed 
 by prefixing to the verb stem the light nasal, and placing before that, the prefix 
 mu in the singular, and mi in the plural; i.e., prefixing to the verb, mum or mun 
 in the singular, and in the plural mim or min (according to euphonic law); the 
 second nasal, being a light one, causes the usual euphonic changes. The final a 
 of the verb stem is also changed into i or e, as above ; thus, from :— 
 
 Sumba, to buy ; munsumbi, a buyer ; and from vanga, to make, mumpangi, 
 a maker—the change from v to p in this case being the usual effect of the light 
 nasal. 
 
 As in the case of the first two derivatives, there is need to distinguish between 
 one who acts for himself, and the subordinate who acts for another. After the 
 third derivative, the particle a, of receives no prefix, and in that, shows that the 
 actor acts independently, and the noun following is the object of the action. 
 Sing., Mumpangi a mawete : one who shows kindnesses, a kind person. 
 
 PL, Mimpangi a mawete : kind people. 
 
 The Fourth Derivative. 
 
 The fourth derivative noun is formed in exactly the same manner as the 
 above, but denotes the subordinate actor, the agent ; and the noun which 
 follows it is preceded by the particle a, of, which becomes mia in the plural. 
 Munsumbi a mfumu : he who buys for the chief. 
 
 Minsumbi mia mfumu : those who buy for the chief. 
 
 The Fifth Derivative. 
 
 The fifth derivative noun is derived from the verb stem by applying to it the 
 same prefixes as those used in the construction of the third and fourth, but there 
 is no change in the final vowel, while the noun of the object is applied as a suffix 
 thus :— 
 
 Mumpangamawete : a doer of kindness. 
 
 Munsumbabundu: a slave merchant. 
 
 Mimpangamawete : doers of kindness. 
 
 Minsumbabundu : slave merchants. 
 
 M M 
 
( 530 ) 
 
 Since the object of the verb has become a suffix in this construction, there is no 
 need for precautions to avoid confusion as to an independent agent, or subordi¬ 
 nate ; it cannot be subordinate to the noun suffixed. 
 
 The object-suffix may be singular or plural regardless of the number of the 
 derived noun to which it is suffixed ; thus :— 
 
 Munsumbambimdu : a buyer of a slave (mbundu). 
 
 Minsumbambundu : buyers of a slave. 
 
 Munsumbabundu : a buyer of slaves (abundu). 
 
 Minsiimbabundu : buyers of slaves. 
 
 The Sixth Derivative. 
 
 The sixth form of derivative nouns is made by prefixing ki to the verb stem, 
 and changing its final vowel into i or e, as above. It is used in speaking of 
 things which are considered as the performers of actions, eg. : tunta, to pull ; 
 kitunti, a thing which pulls, a pulley. 
 
 It is properly a neuter or non-personal form, but it is sometimes used of 
 persons also, by women and children .* 
 
 Nouns of this class often appear without a prefix, having dropped it accord¬ 
 ing to the laws which tend to the modification and dropping of prefixes, noted 
 later on. We find therefore this derivative noun used more frequently without 
 the ki ; for instance : tunti, a pulley, instead of kitunti. Both forms have, 
 however, the same force and usage. When the form in ki is found, the ki 
 has been preserved for distinctness, as we see also in diminutives and abstract 
 nouns. 
 
 The Seventh Derivative. 
 
 The seventh derivative is formed from the passive of the applied form of the 
 verb without any change. Originally the prefix ki was applied, but, according 
 to the laws referred to under the sixth derivative, the prefix has been altogether 
 dropped, and only remains on words qualifying or agreeing with it. It denotes 
 the instrument by means of which an action was performed ; thus : 
 
 Zenga: to cut; 
 
 {Appliedpass.), Zenzelwa : to have cut with. 
 
 Zengelwa: a thing to cut with. 
 
 * It is noted later on that the prefix kiis used also in the construction of diminutive nouns, 
 so that ki is both a neuter and a diminutive prefix. This recalls to mind parallel usages in 
 European languages. Thus, in German, Dutch, &c., diminutives are neuter, and this neuter 
 diminutive form is used when speaking of persons in terms of endearment and intimacy, re¬ 
 gardless of sex and size. Thus, in Dutch the masculine noun man (a man or husband), is 
 neuter in its diminutive form, mannetje (a little man), and this diminutive form is also used as a 
 term of endearment, as mannetje (a dear husband). 
 
 In English y is used as a diminutive, and also as a suffix denoting intimacy and affection ; 
 thus :— 
 
 pig. piggy; 
 dog, doggy ; 
 aunt, aunty ; 
 sister, sissy ; 
 
 Adjectives of endearment are often used of tiny things ; as : a dear little house ; a sweet little 
 garden. 
 
 Thus in Africa as in Europe, we find the same forms used indiscriminately by women and 
 children for diminutives, and when speaking in terms of intimacy and affection, while the form 
 adopted is neuter, that is to say the form which is used in speaking of inanimate objects. 
 
( 53i ) 
 
 Nata : to carry ; 
 
 {Appliedpass.), Natinwa : to have carried with. 
 
 Natinwa : a thing to carry with. 
 
 The Eighth Derivative. 
 
 The eighth derivative is formed from the passive of the applied form by 
 adding to it a heavy nasal prefix ; it designates the person for whom, or on 
 whose account, the action was performed. 
 
 Sumba : to buy. 
 
 Sumbilwa : to have bought for one. 
 
 Nsumbilwa : the person for whom (a thing) is bought. 
 
 Zenga : to cut. 
 
 Zengelwa : to have cut for one. 
 
 Nzengelwa : the person for whom (a thing) is cut. 
 
 The plural is formed without any change in the noun, but as it belongs to 
 class 4, its concording words take the prefix mi in the plural. This derivative 
 is occasionally treated as a noun of the first class, but is more generally found 
 in the fourth. 
 
 The Ninth Derivative. 
 
 The ninth derivative noun is formed from verbs, by prefixing e to the applied 
 form of the verb, and changing its final vowel into u, in the case of verbs of the 
 ist and 2nd conjugations, and o in the case of the 3rd and 4th. It implies 
 a place where an action is or was performed. Thus, from sumba, to buy, 
 through the applied form sumbila, comes esumbilu, the place where people 
 buy ; from fwa, to die, efwilll, the place where a person died ; sweka, to 
 hide, eswekelo, a hiding-place ; from wanana, to meet each other, ewana- 
 ninu, the place where they meet each other, their meeting place ; kwendela, 
 to go in, by, &c., eyendelo, a path, a place in which one goes ; from kwijila, 
 to come in, by, with, and, eyijilu, the path in which, or by which, one comes. 
 The verbs kwenda and kwiza, drop their prefix ku in this case, and only the 
 stems enda and iza remain. Eyendo is also used to express the place to which 
 a person is going. From vuna, to tell a falsehood, comes the noun evuninu, 
 the matter about which one tells a falsehood. Of the last two examples, eyendo 
 is exceptional in form, and evuninu in idea. 
 
 The Tenth Derivative. 
 
 The Infinitive noun takes the tenth place in the order of the derived nouns. 
 
 It is the infinitive mood of the verb used as a noun, without any change what¬ 
 ever in its form. It represents the action of the verb, as in the abstract ; thus 
 from fwa, to die, we have the infinitive noun fwa, death ; that is to say 
 dying, or to die, regarded as an abstract idea, as instanced in the following 
 sentences : — 
 
 Wantu engi emonanga 0 fwa 0 wonga: 
 
 death is feared by many, or, many fear to die. 
 
 In the above example, death or to die, viewed in the abstract, is the object of 
 fear, and is treated in Kongo as a noun. 
 
 Dianu 0 bwaka kusundidi 0 pemba : red is therefore better than white ; 
 lit., therefore to be red is better than to be white. 
 
( 532 ) 
 
 Ekiaki kisundidi ekina o bwaka : this excels the other in redness, 
 lit., this excels the other in to be red (the noun, bwaka, redness, being derived 
 
 from bwaka, to be red). 
 
 Jita kwingi kijitanga : it is very heavy ; 
 lit., a great to weigh it weighs, from jita, to be heavy. 
 
 In using the Infinitive noun, great care must be exercised as to the voice and 
 form of the stem used in its construction ; for the infinitive of a passive verb may 
 be used as a noun, and in so doing its passive character is still preserved. 
 From the active vuluza, to save, middle voice , vuluka, to get saved, passive 
 voice , vuluzwa, to be saved, are derived the nouns, vuluza, vuluka, and 
 vuluzwa, each represented in English by the one word, Salvation. The ideas 
 conveyed by each are, however, very different. Vuluza, an active idea = the 
 salvation of others ; vuluka, salvation = regarded without any mention or 
 thought of a Saviour, but simply as a condition attained ; vuluzwa = salvation 
 enjoyed, the salvation wrought for one by another. The following sentences 
 will illustrate this :— 
 
 Vuluza wantu kusundidi o mambu mawanso kakedi mau muna ntima 
 andi : the salvation of men was his first thought ; 
 
 lit., the saving of or to save men was more than all matters which he had in his 
 
 heart. 
 
 Ke vasala vuvu kia vuluka ko : no hope of salvation remained ; 
 lit., there remained no hope of getting saved, or to get saved. 
 
 0 vuluzwa kwa yandi kaka kutukanga : salvation comes from him alone ; 
 
 lit., to be saved from him only comes. 
 
 Verbs which have persons for their object, and bear the objective personal 
 prefix, as kutuvuluza, to save us, retain also the objective prefix on their infini¬ 
 tive noun ; thus : kutuvuluza, the saving of us, or salvation for us. 
 
 Wafwa muna kutuvuluza : he died to save us ; 
 lit., he died for to save us, or for the saving of us. 
 
 Muna kutuvuluza kafwila : for to save us he died, or 
 for our salvation he died. 
 
 The infinitive mood originally possessed a prefix ku. This has long disap¬ 
 peared from all verbs but those having an objective prefix and from the vowel- 
 verbs kwiza, to come ; and kwenda, to go. 
 
 The ku, however, is still prefixed to all words qualifying or agreeing with 
 Infinitive nouns. These matters are noted in their proper places ; attention 
 is only directed here to these facts in order to throw light on the origin of 
 the ku. 
 
 The Eleventh Derivative. 
 
 The eleventh derivative noun is formed from the stem of the verb, either 
 active, middle or passive, by prefixing to it the light nasal. It expresses the 
 performance, or manner, means, number of times, of performing or suffering an 
 action ; from sumba, to buy, comes nsumba, a buying or manner of buying; 
 from boka, to call, mboka, a manner of calling. 
 
 Nkia nsumba kasumbidi kio : how did he buy it; 
 lit., in what manner of buying did he buy it. 
 
 Mboka tatu kabokele : three times he called ; 
 lit., callings three he called. 
 
 The following are examples of this derivative noun formed from the middle 
 
 
( 533 ) 
 
 ancl the passive voice. Bakama, to get or be caught; mbakama, a getting 
 caught; bakwa, to be caught; mbakwa, a being caught. 
 
 In applying the light nasal as a prefix, the usual euphonic changes incident to 
 its presence result. 
 
 Landa, to follow ; ndanda, a following. 
 
 Wana, to meet; ngwana, a meeting. 
 
 The Twelfth Derivative. 
 
 The twelfth derivative noun is formed by prefixing In to the verb which is 
 generally in the applied form, and changing its final a into u for nouns of the 
 ist and 2nd conjugation, and o for the 3rd and 4th. The noun in this form 
 denotes the manner in which an action came, or comes, to be performed. In 
 some of its aspects it is similar to the eleventh derivative (formed by prefixing 
 the light nasal to the verb stem), which also expresses the manner in which an 
 action was performed. The difference between these two forms is best under¬ 
 stood when both are compared ; thus, from SUHlba, to buy; nsumba (nth der.), 
 the manner of buying, how (it) is bought; lusumbilu (12th der.), how (it) 
 comes to be bought, how one sets about to buy (it). From kesa, to fell, cut 
 down ; likesa (nth der.), the manner of felling, whether by axe, &c. ; lukeselo 
 (nth der.), the why and wherefore, the how it came to be cut down. 
 
 Unsamwina 0 lukeselo lukeselwanga 0 nti: 
 
 Tell me how the cutting down came about, through which was cut down the tree ; 
 
 what brought it about, and how it was done. 
 
 Unsamwina 0 lukeselo bakesele 0 nti: 
 
 Tell me how the cutting down came about, with which they cut down the tree. 
 
 Unsamwina 0 lusonekeno, lusonekenonge e sono muna etadi: 
 
 Tell me the manner of writing with which was written, the writing on the stone ; 
 l-e., tell me how that inscription came to be written on the stone. 
 Unsamwina 0 lusonekeno, basonekenenge e sono muna etadi: 
 
 Tell me the manner of writing in which they wrote the writing on the stone. 
 Tell me how they managed to write the inscription on the stone. 
 
 This form of noun is complicated, because of the applied form from which 
 it is generally derived ; the above sentences will suffice to show its force and 
 meaning, both as the secondary object of an active transitive verb, or as the 
 subject of a passive verb. 
 
 I here is also a passive idea which is inseparable from this form, for it 
 implies the accomplishment with which an action is accomplished, a being 
 done. 
 
 Luvangilu lua pelo = the being made, or the manner of making with which 
 glass is made, that is to say , the manufacture of glass. 
 
 The Thirteenth Derivative. 
 
 The thirteenth derivative is formed from the verb by prefixing the light nasal 
 and changing its final a into u for verbs of the ist and 2nd conjugation, or 0 
 for the 3rd or 4th. It implies the performance or progress of an action viewed 
 generally and indefinitely ; thus, from sakalala, to abate, to become small, is 
 derived nsakalalu, a process of abatement or a diminution in quantity. Thus :— 
 Nsakalalu a nzadi ovo ivwidi, twaza kio tala : 
 when the river is at its lowest, we shall see it (the thing lost); 
 lit., the abatement of the river when complete we shall see it. 
 
( 534 ) 
 
 From tunga, to build ; lekwa ya ntungu, the things used in the process of 
 building ; z>., tools, not building materials. 
 
 The difference between this and the twelfth derived noun lies in the fact that 
 the twelfth considers all that brought about the action and its commencement; 
 the thirteenth concerns the action when set on foot. Both the twelfth and 
 thiiteenth derivatives are generally used with the object of the action imme¬ 
 diately following. 
 
 Nouns derived from other Nouns. 
 
 The Fourteenth Derivative. 
 
 The thirteen forms thus far given are all derived from verbal stems. There are 
 also seveial forms of nouns derived from other nouns. The first of these ranks 
 as the fourteenth derivative, and is formed from nouns which are the names of 
 pei sons, or things characterized by the possession of a certain quality, office, con¬ 
 dition, or nature. Such nouns are stripped of any class prefix other than the light 
 nasal, and the prefix u is added ; an abstract noun is thus formed which denotes 
 the inherent, essential, and characteristic quality to which their very name 
 
 is due. 
 
 Thus, from : — 
 
 
 
 Ndoki: 
 
 a witch {from loka, 
 
 Undoki: 
 
 the nature and power which 
 
 
 to bewitch ), comes : 
 
 
 enables the possessor to be¬ 
 
 
 
 
 witch another. 
 
 Leke: 
 
 a child. 
 
 Uleke: 
 
 childhood. 
 
 Nzambi 
 
 : God. 
 
 Unzambi: 
 
 divinity. 
 
 Mfumu: 
 
 : a chief. 
 
 Umfumu: 
 
 royalty. 
 
 Nganga 
 
 : a doctor. 
 
 Unganga: 
 
 the knowledge which con- 
 
 stitutes a doctor. 
 
 The Fifteenth Derivative. 
 
 The fifteenth derivative is derived from the same nouns as those of the four¬ 
 teenth class, but instead of the u, ki is prefixed. It denotes the nature, attributes, 
 office, habit, customs, perquisites, or rights possessed by, or characterizing, the 
 pei son or thing denoted by the noun from which it is formed; thus, from 
 bamba, inteipreter, or broker, who interposes between the natives and 
 European traders, kibamba, the perquisites of such a man, z>., his commission 
 or brokerage ; from nganga, a doctor, kinganga, a doctor’s fee. 
 
 It is necessary to distinguish between the Abstract noun in u, and that 
 bearing the prefix ki. That which bears the prefix u denotes the inherent 
 quality which imparts the nature, condition, office, &c., while that in ki denotes 
 and characterizes the condition, privilege, power, &c., incident to the possession 
 of a ceitain nature, condition, or office. The former^ then, imparts something ; 
 the latter is due to its possession. Thus from ngulu, a pig ; ungulu, piggish 
 natuie, those qualities and that physical structure which are essential in a pig ; 
 
 inguln, the habits of a pig, that which evidences a piggish nature : muntu, 
 a person, a human being ; uwuntu, humanity, that which is essentially 
 luman , kiwuntu, all that characterizes and is incidental to human nature, 
 weakness, frailty, mortality, powers, and possibilities : from mfumu, a chief; 
 umfumu, royalty; kimfumu, independence, rights as chief, &c. : from 
 zambi, God, Unzambi implies the Divine nature, divinity ; kinzambi, the 
 Divine power, attributes, and prerogatives: from mwana, a son; uwana, 
 sonship ; kiwana, filial duties and privileges. 
 
535 ) 
 
 The abstract noun may also be formed from nouns in the plural, when the 
 idea considers such a subject in masses, and where the singular idea requires 
 special emphasis the singular form or prefix may appear. Thus from muntu, 
 a human being, is derived the ordinary noun kiwuntu, human characteristics, 
 and kimuntu, that which characterizes an individual of the human race as 
 such ; and from the plural wantu or antu, kiwantn, that which characterizes 
 men as a race ; also uwuntu, uwantu. So with the derivatives from mwana: 
 kiwana, and uwana; kimwana, and umwana; and from the plural wana: 
 kiwana, and uwana. 
 
 The similarity in the forms derived from mwana and wana is accidental. 
 From nkento, a woman, is derived kikento ; the characteristics of woman¬ 
 kind, kikento is used of persons only. There is no special noun for the 
 female of an animal (for the name of the animal is mentioned, qualified by the 
 adjective ankento), but kinkento implies the characteristics of the female sex 
 in animals. 
 
 The Sixteenth Derivative. 
 
 A diminutive may be formed from a polysyllabic noun, by prefixing to it the 
 light nasal, and doubling the stem without repeating the new nasal prefix. 
 The prefix ki is then added in the sing., and i or yi in the plur. The light 
 nasal causes the usual euphonic changes ; eg. :— 
 
 Koko : an arm, sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 Lekwa: a thing, sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 Luivwa : a fungus. 
 Wonga : a fear. 
 
 Kinkokokoko: 
 Yinkokokoko: 
 Kindekwalekwa: 
 Yindekwalekwa: 
 
 a little arm. 
 
 little arms, 
 a little thing, 
 little things. 
 
 Kindwivaluivwa : a little fungus. 
 Kingwongawonga : a little fear. 
 
 The prefix e is always dropped in these cases, thus :— 
 
 Elonga : a plate. Kindongalonga : a little plate. 
 
 Etadi : a stone. Kintaditadi : a little stone. 
 
 When the primary noun wears a light nasal prefix, it is not dropped in the 
 reduplication. 
 
 Ngulu : a pig. Kingulungulu : a little pig. 
 
 Mbele : a knife. Kimbelembele : a little knife. 
 
 If there is a heavy nasal suffix, this is replaced by the light nasal, which is 
 not dropped in the reduplication. Euphonic change may, however, be neces¬ 
 sary ; and in that case the pure stem only appears in the reduplication. 
 
 Ntima : a heart. Kintimantima : a little heart. 
 
 Nkunga : a song. Kinkungankunga : a little song. 
 
 The following instance the euphonic change, with the pure stem only in the 
 reduplication :— 
 
 Nleke : a child. 
 Nlungu : a canoe. 
 Nlele : a cloth. 
 
 Kindekeleke : a little child. 
 
 Kindungulungu : a little canoe. 
 Kindelele : a little cloth. 
 
 The prefix mu, mo, mw, retain their simple nasal :— 
 
 Muntu : a person. Kimuntumuntu : a little person. 
 Mongo : a hill. Kimongomongo : a little hill. 
 Mwana: a child. Kimwanamwana : a little child. 
 
( 536 ) 
 
 The prefix ki receives the nasal, and retains it in the reduplication. 
 
 Kinzu : a pipe. Kinkinzunkinzu : a little pipe. 
 
 Kiana : a garden. Kinkianankiana : a little garden. 
 
 Monosyllables and dissyllables in ia (as ndia) are tripled, they then further 
 receive the light nasal prefix as in the case of polysyllables, or the suffixes 
 kala, kele, kidi (= kili), kolo or kill'll, may take the place of the third 
 repetition, according to the vowel in the primary syllables :— 
 
 Ta : a body. 
 
 Fwa : a corpse. 
 
 Mbwa : a dog. 
 
 Ndia : an intestine. 
 Ve: an eyelash. 
 
 Nti : a stick. 
 
 To : a body. 
 
 Nzo : a house. 
 
 Su: a mortar. 
 
 Kintatata 
 
 Kimfwafwafwa 
 
 Kimbwambwambwa 
 
 Kindiandiandia 
 
 Kimpeveve 
 
 Kintititi 
 
 Kintototo 
 
 Kinzonzonzo 
 
 Kinsususu 
 
 Kintatakala. 
 
 Kimfwafwakala. 
 
 Kimbwambwakala. 
 
 Kindiandiakala. 
 
 Kimpevekele. 
 
 Kintitikidi. 
 
 Kintotokolo. 
 
 Kinzonzokolo. 
 
 Kinsusiikiilii. 
 
 Monosyllabic stems which bear the prefix e are treated as pure mono¬ 
 syllables, because the prefix e is dropped in the construction of the diminutive, 
 thus : — 
 
 Ezu: 
 Eya: 
 Ese: 
 
 a sound, 
 a palm-tree, 
 a father. 
 
 Kinzuzuzu 
 
 Kingyayaya 
 
 Kinsesese 
 
 Kinzuzukiilu. 
 
 Kingyayakala. 
 
 Kinsesekele. 
 
 The rules as to the nasal in polysyllabic diminutives serve also for mono¬ 
 syllables. 
 
 Sometimes other forms are used, in which the prefix ki is dropped, and the 
 diminutive stands as a noun, bearing the light nasal prefix, and therefore 
 belonging to class 2. (See Classification of Nouns.) 
 
 The light nasal may also be repeated in the reduplication, or omitted 
 altogether, and only the ki retained, or both ki and the light nasal may be 
 dropped. 
 
 Kindongandonga 
 
 (or) 
 
 Ndongandonga, Kilongalonga, Longalonga. 
 
 Mbwambwambwa, Bwabwabwa, Bwabwakala. 
 
 The Seventeenth Derivative. 
 
 Another diminutive takes its place as the seventeenth derivative noun ; it is 
 formed in the same manner as the diminutive in ki, and strictly adheres to the 
 same rule, except that the prefix fi takes the place of ki. 
 
 There is no form for the plural, the sixteenth derivative serving in such case. 
 It emphasizes the diminutive character somewhat more than the sixteenth 
 derivative. The fi is so marked, and exclusively a diminutive prefix, that 
 reduplication or tripling of the stem is often omitted. Thus :— 
 
 Mbele : a knife. Fimbele, or fimbelembele : a tiny knife. 
 
 Nzo : a house. Finzo, finzonzonzo, or fmzonzokolo : a tiny house. 
 
 The Eighteenth Derivative. 
 
 The eighteenth derivative is formed from nouns which are the names of 
 
( 537 ) 
 
 objects generally considered in great numbers, as makaya, leaves ; mbit, mos¬ 
 quitos ; nianga, thatching grass ; nsuki, the hair. 
 
 Where it is necessary to speak of one, or two, or three, or of some small or 
 specially definite number of such objects, this derivative is used. 
 
 It is formed from the collective noun by removing the characteristic prefix 
 of its class, and replacing it by lu in the singular, and tu in the plural. Thus 
 from makaya, leaves (stem, kaya) ; lukaya, a leaf; tukaya tutatu, three 
 particular leaves : from nsuki, hairs ; lusuki, a hair ; tusuki twole, two 
 hairs : mbu, mosquitos ; lubu, a mosquito. 
 
 Wheie the collective noun is of class 2, which is characterized by the 
 presence of a light nasal prefix, the removal of the light nasal prefix removes 
 its euphonic influence also. Thus ndala, a palm frondlet, is derived from the 
 stem lala, which on receiving the light nasal prefix in its construction (n+lala) 
 becomes ndala ; the light nasal prefixed changing the initial 1 into d. On 
 removing the light nasal to form this derivative, the d reverts to its original 
 form 1, and then lala receives the prefix lu, and becomes lulala, pi. tulala ; 
 so in the case of all stems which have undergone such euphonic changes. 
 
 The general working of the rule will be seen from the following examples :— 
 
 Class. Collective Noun. 
 
 Stem. 
 
 18th Derivative. 
 
 
 2 . 
 
 Mpusu 
 
 vusu 
 
 luvusu 
 
 a thread. 
 
 2 . 
 
 Ndala 
 
 lala 
 
 lulala 
 
 a frondlet. 
 
 J 2 . 
 
 Wivwa 
 
 ivwa 
 
 luivwa 
 
 a fungus. 
 
 8 . 
 
 Makaya 
 
 kaya 
 
 lukaya 
 
 a leaf. 
 
 2. 
 
 Nsuki 
 
 suki 
 
 lusuki 
 
 a hair. 
 
 5 - 
 
 Yinswa 
 
 nswa 
 
 lunswa 
 
 a lunswa ant. 
 
 2. 
 
 Ndembe 
 
 lembe 
 
 lulembe 
 
 a blade (of grass). 
 
 2. 
 
 Mvu 
 
 vu 
 
 luvu 
 
 a grey hair. 
 
 2. 
 
 Nzevo 
 
 zevo 
 
 luzevo 
 
 a hair of the beard. 
 
 2. 
 
 Mbu 
 
 bu 
 
 lubu 
 
 a mosquito. 
 
 12. 
 
 Unkundia 
 
 nkundia 
 
 lunkundia 
 
 a weevil (?) 
 
 12. 
 
 Wandu 
 
 andu 
 
 luandu 
 
 a bean. 
 
 In a 
 
 few instances the 
 
 ordinary 
 
 singular of some 
 
 collective nouns has 
 
 different sense, thus the sing, of yinswa, white ants of a certain species, is 
 lunswa, while kinswa, which might be considered the sing, of yinswa, means 
 a swarm of such ants. 
 
 The Nineteenth Derivative. 
 
 The nineteenth derivative noun is used when people or living creatures are 
 spoken of as a body, it being clearly understood that all are included, and are 
 spoken of collectively. 
 
 It is formed by adding the prefix or particle a to a simple noun, or to a noun 
 standing with all its qualifying words, which retain the ordinary class prefixes ; 
 thus :— 
 
 Amfumu = (all) the chiefs. 
 
 A mfumu za nxi = (all) the chiefs of the country. 
 
 Ansusu = fowls (as a class). 
 
 A nsusu za mpembe = white fowls (as a class). 
 
 In these cases the prefix a is added to the noun or as a particle prefixed to the 
 noun clause. 
 
 The nineteenth derivative noun or noun clause is classified in the first class 
 
( 533 ) 
 
 The Twentieth Derivative. 
 
 The twentieth derivative is formed by applying the particle or prefix aki to 
 the name of a person when he is spoken of, and all who are with him. Where 
 the friends and companions only (apart from the person himself) are spoken of, 
 akwa (the people of) would be used. Aki Makitu alueka, Makitu and his 
 people have come. Aki is also used where animals are personified or 
 addressed; thus : Yeno akinsusu vo nukwiza muna nzo ame, fwa nufwa, 
 if you fowls come into my house I shall kill you. 
 
 Miscellaneous Derivatives. 
 
 There are also a large number of nouns, the forms and prefixes of which cannot 
 be applied generally to all roots, as is the case of the preceding derivative 
 forms ; thus, we find some nouns bearing the light nasal prefix, and apparently 
 formed from other nouns :— 
 
 Nsau, a ferryman, from Esau, a ferry. 
 
 Ntambi, footmarks, „ Tambi, a foot. 
 
 Mvu, white hair, „ Mvu (heavy nasal),*a year. 
 
 Nzonji, those engaged in a quarrel, „ Nzonji (heavy nasal), a quarrel. 
 
 Other prefixes thus used are instanced by :— 
 
 Ekanda, a paw-mark, from Kanda, the under part of a paw. 
 
 Mwisu, a pestle, „ Su, a mortar. 
 
 It is probable that the principles upon which these forms and prefixes are 
 applied in the construction of derived nouns, may be found more fully de¬ 
 veloped in other dialects and languages, but, whatever may be their origin, 
 the general rules above given for the derivation of nouns from verbs, and other 
 stems, serve so fully, that it is easy to understand how other forms have dropped 
 almost out of use. 
 
 Foreign Derivatives. 
 
 In concluding the section on the derived noun, it is necessary to note the 
 system of Kongoizing foreign words. No very large number are introduced 
 into the language, but tables, watches, pine-apples, soap, and such words 
 which could find no counterpart in Kongo still bear Portuguese names more 
 or less cruelly distorted. Distortions know no law, but when the word has 
 been caught, it is reduced to euphonic conformity ; for instance :—vinegar 
 becomes vineka, because g never appears other than combined with n, as 
 in kanga, and since g never stands alone, k is therefore its nearest repre¬ 
 sentative. Sometimes the light nasal prefix is added. 
 
 When the first syllable happens to be like a prefix, the word is often classi¬ 
 fied as if it were a prefix, thus :— meza, a table, is included in the same 
 class as meso, eyes. 
 
Instances of Kongoized Portuguese Words. 
 
 Kongo 
 
 Class. 
 
 Portuguese. 
 
 English. 
 
 Vento 
 
 I 
 
 vento 
 
 the wijid. 
 
 Sampatu 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 sapato 
 
 a shoe 
 
 Zabau 
 
 2 
 
 sabao 
 
 soap. 
 
 Xialela 
 
 2 
 
 chaleira 
 
 a kettle. 
 
 Etuza 
 
 8 
 
 • 
 
 
 (= kalatuzo) 
 
 
 cartucho 
 
 a cart} id^e. 
 
 Jinebela 
 
 2 
 
 genebra 
 
 gin. 
 
 Ngwala 
 
 (= Ngwaladente) 
 
 2 
 
 aguarden (de canna) 
 
 rum. 
 
 Kalakaboxia 
 
 2 
 
 aracabuz 
 
 an arquebus. 
 
 Mfula 
 
 2 
 
 
 (= Fula 
 
 
 
 
 = Pulfula) 
 
 
 polvora 
 
 gunpowder. 
 
 Bwai 
 
 2 
 
 barril 
 
 a small keg. 
 
 Elenswa 
 
 8 
 
 lengo 
 
 a ha?idkerchief. 
 
 Ekoji 
 
 (= Kozo) 
 
 8 
 
 gonzo 
 
 a hinge. 
 
 Mbaxi 
 
 2 
 
 embaixador 
 
 an ambassador. 
 
 Lolonji 
 
 2 
 
 relogio 
 
 a watch. 
 
 Ajimola 
 
 adj. 
 
 esmola 
 
 alms. 
 
 (Set apart for re¬ 
 ligious purposes.) 
 
 
 
 Mansaya 
 
 7 pi. 
 
 saia 
 
 a skirt. 
 
 Mvalu 
 
 4 
 
 cavallo 
 
 a horse. 
 
 Masa (sing, disa) 
 
 7 pi. 
 
 maiz 
 
 maize. 
 
 Edivulu 
 
 8 
 
 livro 
 
 a book. 
 
 Lumingu 
 
 IO 
 
 domingo 
 
 Sunday. 
 
 Palasola 
 
 2 
 
 parasol 
 
 a sunshade. 
 
 Fwayeta 
 
 2 
 
 alfaiate 
 
 a tailor. 
 
 Meza 
 
 8 pi. 
 
 mesa 
 
 table. 
 
 Balaka 
 
 2 
 
 barraca 
 
 a tent. 
 
 Xia 
 
 6 
 
 chd 
 
 tea. 
 
 Tumato 
 
 iopl. 
 
 tomate 
 
 tomato. 
 
 Tumbala 
 
 2 
 
 tumba 
 
 a tomb. 
 
 Kanivete 
 
 2 
 
 canivete 
 
 a penknife. 
 
 Nkala 
 
 2 
 
 cal 
 
 lime. 
 
 Pelo 
 
 2 
 
 espelho 
 
 a mirror. 
 
 Minsa 
 
 3 pi- 
 
 missa 
 
 Mass of the Romish Church. 
 
 Nxiumbu 
 
 2 
 
 chumbo 
 
 lead. 
 
 Ola 
 
 2 
 
 ora 
 
 hour. 
 
 Kompa 
 
 2 
 
 copo 
 
 hearts (in cards). 
 
( 540 ) 
 
 Instances of other Foreign Words Kongoized. 
 
 [Kongo. 
 
 Class. 
 
 From. 
 
 Language. 
 
 Meaning. 
 
 Eletela 
 
 8 
 
 letter 
 
 English 
 
 A letter of the alphabet. 
 
 Ebuku 
 
 8 
 
 book 
 
 English 
 
 book. 
 
 Bota 
 
 2 
 
 boat 
 
 English 
 
 boat. 
 
 Madioko 
 
 pi. 8. 
 
 mandioka 
 
 Brazilian 
 
 cassava 
 
 Vita 
 
 2 
 
 vita 
 
 Mbunda 
 
 war 
 
 Kalunga 
 
 2 
 
 kalunga 
 
 language 
 
 the sea. • 
 
 Kapekele 
 
 9 
 
 kapekele 
 
 ► spoken i 
 
 a thief. 
 
 Kapiangu 
 
 9 
 
 kapiangu 
 
 i n 
 
 a thief. 
 
 Kaseka 
 
 9 
 
 kaseka 
 
 ) Angola 
 
 seed beads. 
 
 Kuluboi 
 
 sing. 6) 
 pi. 8J 
 
 2 
 
 kroo boy 
 
 English 
 
 a kroo-boy. 
 
 Ngabu 
 
 Gaboon 
 
 French 
 
 a foreig?i labourer 
 (from Gaboon ?) 
 
THE CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS. 
 
 In proceeding to classify Kongo nouns, it must be noted that originally all 
 Kongo nouns possessed a prefix, and according to those prefixes they group 
 themselves in classes. Some modifications have taken place, but at one time 
 the Kongo noun must have arranged itself in the following series of classes, 
 which may be lettered, rather than numbered, to avoid confusion with the 
 final arrangement. 
 
 Class A consisted of nouns which were the names, titles, or classes of 
 persons, or personifications, or [as in some nearly related dialects (Kiteke, &c.)] 
 all living creatures. Various prefixes existed in the singular, which were 
 replaced by a or ba in the plural; as :— 
 
 Muntu = a person ; pi. antu or bantu. 
 
 Class B. Nouns which bore the light nasal as a prefix, preceded by i in the 
 sing, and zi in the pi. 
 
 Inzo, a house ; pi. zinzo. 
 
 Class C. Nouns bearing the prefix mu, sing. ; mi pi. 
 
 Mundele = white-man ; pi. mindele. 
 
 Class D. ki, sing. ; i, y or yi (or bi), pi. 
 
 Kinzu = pipe ; inzu or yinzu (or binzu) pi. 
 
 Class E. di, sing. ; ma, pi. 
 
 Dinkindo = a plantain ; mankondo, pi. 
 
 Class F. ku, sing.; ma, pi. 
 
 Kutu = an ear ; matu, pi. 
 
 Class G. . lu, sing. ; tu, pi. 
 
 Lumbu = a fence enclosure ; tumbu, pi. 
 
 Class H. U (or bu), sing. ; u (or bu), pi. 
 
 Umbiu = refractoriness ; umbiu, pi. 
 
 Class I. u (or bu), sing. ; ma, pi. 
 
 Wanda (u-f anda, or bwanda) a net; manda, pi. 
 
 Class J. va, sing.; mu, pi. 
 
 Vuma (va+uma) = a place ; muma, pi. 
 
 Class K. . . . . fi, sing., a class of diminutives 
 
 having no plural. 
 
 Fimbele, a tiny knife. 
 
 Every Kongo noun may be traced to one of these eleven archaic classes. 
 
 A process of change has set in, which, in some classes, has caused the 
 elision or change of the prefixes. Such change, however, has only taken place 
 when the stem of the noun has neither a vowel , nor a light nasal for its 
 initial. In the case of Class B, the i and zi have not been retained either in the 
 singular or in the plural ; thus : the archaic inzo, a house ; pi. zinzo, stands 
 now as nzo, both in sing, and pi., its history, however, being indicated in the 
 prefixes i or y, sing., and za or ji, Pi., which are its characteristic “ lively ” 
 worn by its pronouns and verbs. 
 
 Class C. In the case of those words in mu, sing., mi, pi., having neither a 
 vowel nor a light nasal for the initial of their stem, the mu or mi have been 
 
 541 
 
( 542 ) 
 
 contracted into the heavy nasal, which stands for both sing, and pi., m being 
 used only before b, f, p, and v. 
 
 Thus the archaic mnti a tree ; pi. miti, has become nti both in the sing, 
 and pi., while mundele, a white man, pi. mindele ; and mwangu, a ridge 
 pole, pi. miangu, remain, having suffered no change, because the former has 
 a light nasal (ndele) attached to its stem (dele or lele), and the latter a vowel 
 (angu) as the initial of its stem. 
 
 Class D also has undergone change under the same circumstances ; the 
 prefixes ki, sing., and i, yi (or bi), pi., are now disused before all nouns 
 but those which have a vowel or light nasal initial to their stem ; and the 
 archaic kilekwa (sing ), and^ilekwa (pi.), appears as lekwa in both sing, and 
 pi. ; kinzu retains the old form, however, on account of the light nasal initial 
 of its stem. 
 
 In the same way the singular prefix of Class E is modified before all stems 
 which have not a vowel or a light nasal for their initial, the prefix di being 
 replaced by e. The plural prefix ma is unchanged ; ditadi, a stone, pi. 
 Hiatadi, appears now as etadi, sing. ; matadi, pi. ; dinkondo, a plantain, pi. 
 mankondo, remains unchanged on account of the light nasal ; also diaki, an 
 egg, pi. maki (ma + aki), having a vowel stem. 
 
 The verb in the infinitive once wore the prefix ku, and accordingly belonged 
 to Class F, but the same rule appears to have stripped that prefix from the 
 verb also, for it only remains on the verbs kwiza and kwenda, which have 
 vowels as the initial of their stem (iza and enda). In consequence of this the 
 ioth derivative nouns, which are formed from the infinitive mood, have lost 
 their prefix ku in the singular, the ma of the plural remaining unchanged. 
 
 Kuma, down ; kuma, a place; kulu, a leg ; kutu, an ear ; koko (ku+oko), 
 an arm ; and kontwa, an exact similitude, retain their ku. 
 
 Class G also drops its prefix u both in the sing, and pi. before any but 
 vowel and light nasal stems, as umbin, refractoriness ; wonga, fear ; bi, 
 wickedness ; la, height. The u may, however, be retained, and ubi and ula 
 are sometimes used. 
 
 Class I has dropped the u or bu of its singular prefix entirely, with the excep¬ 
 tion of the vowel stem wanda, sing. ; manda, pi. The plural prefix ma remains 
 unchanged in all classes. The diminutive prefixes ki and fi, sing. ; i, pi. ; 
 also the prefixes ki, sing. ; and i, pi. ; and u both sing, and pi., peculiar to 
 abstract nouns, and the prefix ku on reflexive infinitives, which are applied to 
 impart a very special idea, may be and are very frequently retained to preserve 
 that special force. 
 
 Euphonic law causes also some slight changes in the prefix ; for instance, 
 when one of the prefixes mu, ku, lu, or tu, is applied to a stem having 0 for 
 its initial, the u combines with the 0 , or rather elides before it, thus :— mu + ongo, 
 becomes mongo, a hillj ku+oko, becomes koko, an arm; lu+ose = lose, a 
 face; pi. tu+ 0 S 6 = t 0 Se,/<rz^. When a is applied to the initial vowel i, a and 
 i combine, and become e ; therefore ma-f-isu becomes meso, eyes. Mu and 
 tu before stems having a, e, i, for an initial, become mw and tw; mwana, 
 mwenge, mwinga, twavu, twina, &c. ; lu does not become lw, because 
 awkward to pronounce, luavu being preferred to Iwavu. When mu is pre¬ 
 fixed to a stem having the initial u, one u is elided: mungwa, ^//=mu+ 
 ungwa (pi. miungwa). There are no ancient writings to certify these deduc¬ 
 tions, but the archaic forms may still be met with in Kibwende and other 
 
( 543 ) 
 
 neighbouring dialects, with the sole exception of the singular prefix i of Class B ; 
 that is only found in remote languages about and above the Equator. The forms 
 ba, bi, and bu, are constantly used by the Bakongo, and other branches of the 
 Kongo tribes, who cannot endure a vowel initial 5 while in Kongo itself the 
 original prefix, or a slightly modified form of it, is in most cases retained before 
 adjectives, &c.; for instance, kilekwa kiabiza has become lekwa kiabiza. 
 
 In summing up these preliminary remarks, we find that certain of the eleven 
 aichaic piefixes, namely i, zi, ki, and i, are dropped under some circum¬ 
 stances, and according to a definite rule, by which rule also di, mu, and mi are 
 modified, and di becomes e, while mu and nu become heavy nasals, and 
 combine as such with the initial of their stem according to euphonic law. An 
 elision, or modification of a singular prefix, does not necessarily involve the 
 same in the plural, the plural prefix ma being always retained. The following 
 table will help to elucidate the foregoing remarks:— 
 
 Table of Ancient and Modern Kongo Prefixes to Nouns. 
 
 Class. 
 
 ancient prefixes. 
 
 MODERN I 
 
 before zowel or light nasal 
 stems. 
 
 } REFIXES 
 
 before other stems. 
 
 sing. 
 
 * 
 
 sing. 
 
 pi- 
 
 sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 A 
 
 various 
 
 a or ba 
 
 various 
 
 a 
 
 various 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 in or im 
 
 zin or zim 
 
 fn or m 
 
 fn or m 
 
 fn or m 
 
 fn or m 
 
 
 
 
 l (light) 
 
 l (light) 
 
 1 (light) 
 
 t (light) 
 
 C 
 
 mu 
 
 mi 
 
 mu 
 
 mi 
 
 f n or m 
 
 fn or m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l (heavy) 
 
 l(heavy) 
 
 D 
 
 ki 
 
 l ory(orbl) 
 
 ki 
 
 iory 
 
 dropped 
 
 dropped 
 
 E 
 
 di 
 
 ma 
 
 di 
 
 ma 
 
 e 
 
 ma 
 
 F 
 
 ku 
 
 ma 
 
 ku 
 
 ma 
 
 dropped 
 
 ma 
 
 G 
 
 lu 
 
 tu 
 
 lu 
 
 tu 
 
 lu 
 
 tu 
 
 H 
 
 U (or bu) 
 
 U (or bu) 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 u (or bu) 
 
 ma 
 
 u 
 
 ma 
 
 dropped 
 
 ma 
 
 J 
 
 va 
 
 mu 
 
 va 
 
 mu 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 K 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 
 fi 
 
 _ 
 
 fi 
 
 — 
 
 N.B.—Those prefixes which modify or elide do so only before stems which 
 have neither a vowel nor a light nasal for their initial. 
 
 Bleek, in his “ Comparative Grammar of South African Languages ” (pub¬ 
 lished in 1862), has compared the concords of twenty-five Bantu languages ;* 
 finally tabulating the prefixes, he has taken eighteen prefixes as his standard, 
 and has indicated their corresponding forms in the twenty-five languages. The 
 Kongo diminutive prefix, Fi, was not known to him, neither was a counterpart 
 found in other languages ; it is, therefore, a new prefix. 
 
 In the following table Bleek’s standard Bantu prefixes are compared with 
 the prefixes of archaic and modern Kongo :— 
 
 * The languages are as follows : Kaffir, Zulu, Setlapi and Sesuto (Setshuana), Tekeza, Tette, 
 Sena, Makua, Kihiau, Kikamba, Kinika, Kisuaheli (Zanzibar), Kisambala, Bayeiye, Otyi- 
 herero,(Damara), Sindonga (Ovambo),'Nano (Benguela), Angola, Kongo, Mpongwe (Gaboon), 
 Dikele, Benga, Duala, Isubu (Cameroons), and Fernandian. 
 
 
( 544 ) 
 
 
 BLEEK. 
 
 ARCHAIC KONGO. 
 
 MODERN KONGO. 
 
 No. 
 
 Prefix. 
 
 Prefix. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Prefix. 
 
 1 
 
 mu 
 
 mu 
 
 A & C sing. 
 
 mu or heavy nasal. 
 
 2 
 
 ba 
 
 a or ba 
 
 A pi. 
 
 a (ba). 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 mil 
 
 mu 
 
 C sing., J. pi. 
 
 mu or heavy nasal. 
 
 4 
 
 mi 
 
 mi 
 
 C pi. 
 
 mi or heavy nasal. 
 
 5 
 
 di 
 
 di 
 
 E sing. 
 
 di or e. 
 
 6 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 E, F, I pi. 
 
 ma. 
 
 7 
 
 ki 
 
 ki 
 
 D sing. 
 
 ki or dropped. 
 
 8 
 
 pi 
 
 ior bi 
 
 D pi. 
 
 i, yi (bi), or dropped. 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 in 
 
 B sing. 
 
 n light. 
 
 IO 
 
 thin or tin 
 
 zin 
 
 B pi. 
 
 n light (zin). 
 
 11 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 G sing. 
 
 lu. 
 
 12 
 
 tu 
 
 tu 
 
 G pi. 
 
 tu. 
 
 13 
 
 ka 
 
 wanting 
 
 — 
 
 wanting. 
 
 14 
 
 bu 
 
 U or bu 
 
 H, I sing., H pi. 
 
 U (bu) or dropped. 
 
 15 
 
 ku 
 
 ku 
 
 F sing. 
 
 ku or dropped. 
 
 16 
 
 pa 
 
 va 
 
 J sing. 
 
 va. 
 
 1 7 
 
 ko 
 
 same as 15 (ko) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 mo 
 
 mu 
 
 J Pb 
 
 mu. 
 
 ” 
 
 
 
 K sing. 
 
 fi. 
 
 The history of the prefixes thus traced will assist in understanding the final 
 classification of the Kongo noun. 
 
 Four of the eleven archaic classes have been subdivided in modern Kongo by 
 separating those words which retain the ancient prefix from those which have 
 modified or elided it. This has been done in the case of Classes C, D, and E. 
 Class G has been divided to keep the collective nouns separate from the 
 ordinary nouns in In and tn. In the case of Classes F, H, and I, it is not 
 necessary to sub-divide. 
 
 In proceeding to the classification of the Kongo noun, it is necessary to bear 
 in mind that the initial syllable of many nouns may be di, ma, ki, ku, &c., and 
 though at first sight such a noun may appear to bear one of the well-known pre¬ 
 fixes, the syllable is radical, and no prefix at all ; thus, kutu, a sheath , from the 
 root kuta, to bind,, does not bear the prefix ku, for the ku is part of the root. 
 Inkuta, an ear, however, it is a prefix ; so in lumbu, a fence , the lu is a prefix, 
 while in lumbu, a day, it is radical, as is the case with luaji, an axe. Kongos 
 never misunderstand each other as to the meaning of lumbu, kutu, &c., for 
 lumbu, a fence ( pref., lu), and lumbu, a day (lu, radical ), belong to different 
 classes ; the article or the concording prefix on its adjective, pronoun, or verb 
 would show to which class the word belonged, and thus its meaning. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Lumbu lualu: 
 Lumbu kiaki: 
 Kutu kwafwa: 
 Kutu kiafwa: 
 
 this fence, 
 this day. 
 
 a deaf (dead) ear. 
 a spoilt (dead) sheath. 
 
( 545 ) 
 
 Class i. 
 
 The ist class compiises nouns designating persons, and classes of persons 
 only. In the singular they present various prefixes, and may then be treated as 
 though they were nouns of the class of which their prefixes are characteristic. 
 In the plural the prefixes are replaced by a, thus :— 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Muntu, 
 
 3 , 
 
 a person, 
 
 antu. 
 
 Mwana, 
 
 3 , 
 
 a child, 
 
 ana. 
 
 Nkento, 
 
 4 > 
 
 a woman, 
 
 akento. 
 
 Mbunji, 
 
 4 , 
 
 a junior brother, 
 
 abunii. 
 
 Muwayi, 
 
 3 , 
 
 a slave, 
 
 u 
 
 awayi. 
 
 Eyakala, 
 
 8, 
 
 a man, 
 
 akala. 
 
 Nkwa, 
 
 4 , 
 
 the owner, possessor of, 
 
 akwa. 
 
 The pure nasal nouns (those in mu, mw, or mo) are all of Class 3, and the 
 impure nasals (those combined with consonants) are of Class 4 ; for the rest 
 there will be no difficulty in fixing their class. They wear the form proper to 
 their own class in the singular, but the prefixes of the ist class maybe applied 
 to concording words, in both singular and plural. 
 
 The ist derivative nouns belong to this class. The plurals of muntu and 
 mwana sometimes have w prefixed to them, and appear as waua and wantu. 
 
 Mwixi, an inhabitant of, makes its plural in exi (a-f-ixi = exi), according to 
 euphonic law. 
 
 Class 2 
 
 Comprises all nouns bearing the light nasal prefix, also most Kongoized 
 foreign v^ords, whether bearing the nasal or not. 
 
 The singular and plural present no difference in form ; thus :_ 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nzo : a house, nzo. 
 
 Ngulu : a pig, ngulu. 
 
 Ngamba : a porter, ngamba, 
 
 Nioka : a snake, nioka. 
 
 Of foreign words the following serve as instances :_ 
 
 Zabau or nzabau : soap (P. sabao). 
 
 Sampatu or nsampatu, shoe (P. sapato). 
 
 Nanaji, a pine-apple (P. ananas). 
 
 Vita, war, from the Mbundu language spoken in Angola. 
 
 Class 3 
 
 Consists of nouns bearing the prefix mu, which exchanges in the plural for mi 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sing- Plur. 
 
 Munse : sugar cane, minse. 
 
 Mundele : a white man, mindele. 
 
 Euphonic law steps in with some changes, for the mu becomes mw before a 
 stem having the vowels a, e, or i, for its initial. 
 
 Before 0, mu-ho =mo ; and before u, mu+u = mu. Mi is unchanged except 
 before i, when mi-f-i = mi. Since mo results from mu+o, its plural is always 
 rnio. When mu results from mu-fu, its plural is in that case mi+u = miu. 
 
 N N 
 
( 546 ) 
 
 It is therefore necessary to distinguish between those nouns in mu, in which the 
 mu is the simple prefix, and those in which it is the result of mu+u. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sin^;. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Mwanji: 
 
 a root, 
 
 mianji. 
 
 Mwangu: 
 
 a ridge pole, 
 
 miangu. 
 
 Mwenge: 
 
 the flower bunch of the oil palm, mienge. 
 
 Mwelo: 
 
 a doorway, 
 
 mielo. 
 
 Mwisu: 
 
 a pestle, 
 
 misu. 
 
 Mwivi: 
 
 a thief, 
 
 mivi. 
 
 Mongo: 
 
 a hill, 
 
 miongo. 
 
 Molo: 
 
 a lazy person, 
 
 miolo. 
 
 Moyo: 
 
 life, 
 
 mioyo. 
 
 Instances of ordinary nouns in mu have been 'given. In the case of the 
 following nouns mu = mu+u. 
 
 Si jig. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Mu: 
 
 the sea, 
 
 miu. 
 
 Muku: 
 
 savoury steam, 
 
 miuku. 
 
 Mula (P. mula) 
 
 : a mule, 
 
 miula. 
 
 Mulu: 
 
 new beer, 
 
 miulu. 
 
 Mululu : 
 
 blood from the nose, 
 
 miululu. 
 
 Mumbu: 
 
 a small stream in a marsh, 
 
 miumbu. 
 
 Mungula: 
 
 warmth, heat, 
 
 miungula. 
 
 Mungwa: 
 
 salt, 
 
 miungwa. 
 
 Muvu : 
 
 a furrow, 
 
 miuvu. 
 
 Muwu: 
 
 the sea, 
 
 miuwu. 
 
 With the exception of mumbu, mungula, and mungwa, it will be seen at a 
 glance that these nouns must have vowel stems, or they would have lost the 
 piefix accoiding to rule. The only difficulty lies with these three nouns in 
 which the mu is followed by a light nasal, and may be considered to have 
 retained their prefix for that reason. They can readily be committed to 
 memory. 
 
 Muntu : a person. 
 
 Muwayi : a slave. 
 
 Mwana : a child. 
 
 Mwayi : a slave, 
 belong to Class i. 
 
 Class 4. 
 
 Consists of all nouns bearing the heavy nasal prefix. 
 
 The form is the same both in singular and plural. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nti : a tree, 
 
 nti. 
 
 Nkunga : a song, 
 
 nkunga. 
 
 Ntima : the heart, 
 
 ntima. 
 
 Nxinga : a string, 
 
 nxinga. 
 
 Mvwatu : a garment, 
 
 mvwatu. 
 
 Mvu : a year, 
 
 mvu. 
 
( 547 ) 
 
 It has been shown that this prefix was originally mu in the singular and mi 
 in the plural, which assumed the form of the heavy nasal before all stems having 
 a light nasal or vowel initial. 
 
 Class 5 
 
 Is composed of all nouns having the prefix ki. 
 
 The plural is formed by changing the ki into i, yi, or y before a vowel. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Kinzu: 
 
 a pipe, 
 
 inzu or yinzu. 
 
 Kimbi: 
 
 a hawk, 
 
 imbi or yimbi. 
 
 Kiandu: 
 
 a chair, 
 
 yandu. 
 
 Kielo: 
 
 a door, 
 
 yelo. 
 
 Class 6. 
 
 The 6 th class are those nouns which at one time bore the prefix ki, sing., 
 i or yi, pi., as the nouns of the previous class, but having neither a vowel nor 
 light nasal as the initial of their stem, they have dropped their prefixes both 
 in the singular and the plural. 
 
 The stems remain, therefore, without prefix or change in both singular and 
 plural. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Lekwa: 
 
 a thing (object), 
 
 lekwa. 
 
 Dimbu: 
 
 a sign, 
 
 dimbu, 
 
 Luaji: 
 
 an axe, 
 
 luaji. 
 
 Ma: 
 
 a thing (object), 
 
 ma. 
 
 Saki: 
 
 a bunch, 
 
 saki. 
 
 Titi: 
 
 a bit of rubbish, 
 
 titi. 
 
 Mini: 
 
 a light, 
 
 mini. 
 
 Kwa: 
 
 a potato, 
 
 kwa. 
 
 Class 7. 
 
 The 7 th class are nouns which bear the prefix di in the singular; their plural 
 is formed by changing the di into ma ; ma+e becomes me. 
 
 Exa7nples. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Dinkondo 
 
 : a plantain, 
 
 mankondo. 
 
 Diwu: 
 
 papyrus, 
 
 mawu. 
 
 Disa: 
 
 a corn, 
 
 masa. 
 
 Diaki: 
 
 an egg, 
 
 maki (ma-faki). 
 
 Diambu: 
 
 a palaver, 
 
 mambu. 
 
 Dievwa: 
 
 a jackal, 
 
 mevwa (ma+evwa). 
 
 Disu: 
 
 an eye, 
 
 meso. 
 
 Dinu: 
 
 a tooth, 
 
 meno. 
 
 The euphonic laws, which have brought about the change in the last 
 vowel in the plurals meso and meno, have been referred to in the chapter on 
 euphonic laws. 
 
 The plural nouns, mana, produce; maza , water; maji, oil, fat; and menga, 
 
( 548 ) 
 
 blood (ma-f enga), belong to this class ; and the diminutives fidiana, a little 
 produce, and fidiaji, a drop or two of oil, have been noticed, revealing an un¬ 
 used singular form of mana and maji. 
 
 Class 8. 
 
 To Class 8 belong all words which once possessed the prefix di, —as Class 
 7>—but having neither a vowel nor light nasal as the initial of their stems, the 
 prefix di has become changed into e, which is replaced in the plural by ma, 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Etadi : a stone, matadi. 
 
 Edionga : a spear, madionga. 
 
 Esau : a ferry, masau. 
 
 Elenge : a pumpkin, malenge. 
 
 Eyakala (= e + akala) : a man, belongs also to Class i 
 
 as well as to this class. 
 
 Class 9. 
 
 To Class 9 belong all nouns bearing the prefix ku, which becomes ma in 
 the plural. Such nouns are very few ; the following are all that have as yet 
 been noted :— 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Kulu : a leg, malu. 
 
 Kutu : an ear, matu. 
 
 Koko ( = ku + oko) : an arm, moko ( = maToko). 
 
 Also the singular nouns :— 
 
 Kuma : a place. 
 
 Kuma: dawn. 
 
 The 10th derivative nouns (which are derived from the infinitive mood of the 
 verb), and other nouns which once bore the prefix ku, are included in this 
 class ; but since their stems have neither a light nasal nor a vowel for their 
 initial, the prefix has been dropped in the singular. The infinitive noun can 
 have no plural, but any nouns which have a plural retain the prefix ma; thus : — 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Dia : food, madia : victuals. 
 
 Fwa : dying, death. 
 
 Sala : working, work. 
 
 Pemba : whiteness, being white. 
 
 Sumba : purchasing. 
 
 A few words bearing the prefix ka are found in the singular only ; they are 
 introduced from the Mbundu language spoken in Angola :— kapekele, or 
 kapiangu, a person who is always o?i the look out for something to stealj 
 kaseka, white seed beads. 
 
 Class 10. 
 
 Consists of nouns bearing the prefix lu in the singular ; the plural is formed by 
 replacing the lu by tu, or tw, before a vowel stem. 
 
( 549 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sin E- Plur. 
 
 Lumbu : a fence, tumbu. 
 
 Luavu : an adze, twavu. 
 
 Lukau : a gift, tukau. 
 
 Lunga : a blast, tunga. 
 
 I'Use : the face, tuse. 
 
 Lose (lu-f ose) : the face, tose (tu+ose). 
 
 Loto (lu+oto) : a spoon, toto (tu+oto). 
 
 biains, toillfo (tu + omfo)^/. only. 
 
 Class ii. 
 
 The nth class consists of the nouns of the 18th derivative ; their formation 
 as been considered at length under the derivative noun, so that the following 
 summary will suffice here :— ° 
 
 Nouns which are the names of things generally spoken of collectively or in 
 great numbers, may be brought into Class ii, when it is desirable to speak of 
 one or two, or any small and definite number. 
 
 The collective noun drops its characteristic prefix, and replaces it with lu in 
 the singular, tu in the plural; thus 
 
 Nsuki, hair ; lusuki, a hair ; pi. tusuki, a hair or two. 
 
 Makaya, leaves ; lukaya, a leaf; pi. tukaya, a leaf or two. 
 
 Whenever the characteristic prefix of the noun, being a light nasal, has caused 
 a euphonic change in the initial of its stem, the removal of such prefix allows 
 the initial to revert to its radical form, and then receive the lu or tu ; thus 
 
 Mpusu, cotton {stem, vusu), becomes luvusu, a fibre of cotton. 
 
 Class 12 
 
 Consists of words bearing the prefix u, or before vowels, w, both in the singular 
 and plural. This class includes abstract nouns in u (the 14th derivative). & 
 
 . . Man Y abs t r act nouns which have neither a vowel nor a light nasal as the 
 initial of their stems have dropped the prefix ; they also are included in this 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Examples . 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Urn a: 
 
 a matter, 
 
 uma, 
 
 Umbiu: 
 
 refractoriness, 
 
 umbiu. 
 
 Umpumbulu : 
 
 lawlessness, 
 
 umpumbulu. 
 
 Ungyangya: 
 
 falsehood, 
 
 ungyangya. 
 
 Wandu: 
 
 beans, 
 
 wandu. 
 
 Wivwa: 
 
 a mushroom, 
 
 wivwa. 
 
 Wonga: 
 
 fear, 
 
 wonga. 
 
 Bi : 
 
 wickedness, 
 
 bi. 
 
 Zayi: 
 
 wisdom, 
 
 zayi. 
 
 La: 
 
 height, 
 
 Class 13. 
 
 la. 
 
 d he 13th class is very small, containing a few words which once bore the 
 prefix u m the singular, and ma in the plural. In conformity to law, those 
 
( 550 ) 
 
 which possess stems having neither a vowel nor a light nasal for their initial, 
 have dropped the prefix in the singular, the plural prefix ma (as always) being 
 retained. One vowel stem has been noted. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Wanda (=u+anda): a net, 
 
 Ko: a mother-in-law, 
 
 Fuku : night, 
 
 Lnngu : a canoe, 
 
 Konzo : one of the days of the week, 
 
 And the plural noun makangn, a friend. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 manda (=ma-f anda). 
 
 mako. 
 
 mafuku. 
 
 malnngn. 
 
 makonzo. 
 
 Class 14 
 
 Contains one word only, Yuma a place, or a sore place; plural, mnma. Vlima 
 is a contraction of va+uma; muma=mu+uma. In most Bantu languages 
 a corresponding word for place will be found standing in a separate class of its 
 own, and wearing a prefix va, pa, or something similar. Yuma plays so im¬ 
 portant a part in the language, through its pronouns and concording prefixes, 
 that it has received special attention in the chapter on the Locatives. 
 
 Class 15 
 
 Is composed of all those diminutive nouns, singular only, which have assumed 
 the diminutive prefix fi; i.e. the 17th derivatives. There is no special plural 
 to this class, the other diminutive (the 16th derivative) being preferred for the 
 plural. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mbele : a knife, fimbele : a tiny knife. 
 
 Nkombo : a goat, finkombo : a tiny goat. 
 
 Plural Nouns. 
 
 Many singular nouns wear only a plural form, such as : — 
 
 Maji: oil. 
 
 Maza : water. 
 
 Menga : blood. 
 
 Makangu : a friend. 
 
 Malembe : gentleness. 
 
 Their concording words also wear plural prefixes, and in eveiy way they are 
 treated as plural nouns in Kongo, though of singular form in English. 
 
 Some other words though appearing sometimes in the singular are generally 
 found in the plural; thus : ngangu and nduka, cunning; mpaxi, trouble , 
 pain; makaxi and nxita, a?iger; madia, victuals, food. 
 
 Summary of Class Prefixes. 
 
 Sing. Plur . 
 
 1. Various, a. 
 
 2. n or m (light nasal), n or m. 
 
 / 3- niu, mi. \ 
 
 l 4. n or m (heavy nasal), n or m. I 
 
( 55i ) 
 
 { 
 
 { 
 
 { 
 
 Sing. 
 
 5. ki 
 
 6. Dropped, 
 
 7- di, 
 
 8. e, 
 
 9. ku or dropped, 
 
 10. lu, 
 
 11. lu, 
 
 12. u, w or dropped, 
 
 13. W or dropped, 
 
 14- va, 
 
 15. fi, 
 
 Plur. 
 
 i, y °r yi.\ 
 
 dropped. / 
 
 ma.\ 
 
 ma.J 
 
 ma. 
 
 tu.\ 
 
 tu.J 
 
 U, w or dropped. 
 
 ma. 
 
 mu. 
 
 none. 
 
 Practically there are but eleven classes. Nos. 3 & 4, 5 & 6, 7 & 8, 10 & 11, 
 might have been arranged in four classes, but for the sake of convenience they 
 have been thus separated. 
 
 Apparent Exceptions. 
 
 It is difficult, at first sight, to be sure of the class of a noun the first syllable 
 of which is like one of the prefixes di, mi, ki, &c. The whole matter must ever 
 turn on this question : Is the suspected syllable a prefix or not? If radical, the 
 similarity is accidental ; if a prefix, the noun follows the rule and class, just as 
 any other noun possessing the prefix. Thus the nouns 
 
 Niauia : a worm, 
 
 Niania : blebs between the toes, 
 
 Nienie : a meteor, 
 
 Which appear at first sight to be of Class 2, belong to Class 6. 
 
 Nwe, a drunkard, also belongs to Class 6, the n in each case being radical. 
 Mini, a light , looks like the plural of a noun of the 3rd class : mu, sing. ; mi, 
 pi. The mi is however radical, mini being derived from minika, to give 
 light. Mini then is a noun of Class 6. 
 
 Kikila, a ftapaw tree , belongs to Class 6, the ki not being a prefix, as is seen 
 in its unchanged plural, kikila, papaw treesj it would appear otherwise to 
 belong to Class 5. 
 
 Sengexi, sand , belongs to Class 12, having lost the prefix u according to 
 rule ; since it is not an abstract word, it might well be regarded as a 6th class 
 noun which had lost the prefix ki (as all other nouns of that class). Nouns of 
 the 12th class which do not express abstract ideas are very rare. This word 
 sengexi, sand , as also wivwa, balabala, and kusukusu, three varieties of 
 edible fungi, are instances of the few which do exist. 
 
 There are also some words in di ( radical ) which might be consigned to 
 Class 7 when really the di is radical: — 
 
 Dilu : a mourning ; 
 
 Dimba : a direction ; 
 
 Dimbila : a valley ; 
 
 Dimbu : a sign ; 
 
 Diuga : a bundle ; 
 
 Dingadinga: goitre; 
 
 Dita : a necklace ; 
 
 Diya: a mistake ; 
 
( 552 ) 
 
 all of which belong to Class 6. Also :— 
 
 Dimbu: gum ; 
 
 which belongs to Class 13. 
 
 Mata: yaws ; 
 
 Manga : a string ; 
 
 belong to Class 4, the ma being radical. 
 
 So with nouns in ku radical :— 
 
 Kupala : the sternum ; 
 
 Kutukudia: an owl; 
 
 Kuba : an old hoe ; 
 
 Kutll: a sheath ; 
 
 which belong to Class 6. 
 
 Also the abstract words :— 
 
 Kn.fi: shortness ; 
 
 Kulu : antiquity ; 
 
 of Class 12. 
 
 Of nouns in lu the following are instances of those belonging to Class 6 :— 
 
 Luaji: an axe ; 
 
 Lombo : a lent house ; 
 
 Lukudi: the cud ; 
 
 the lu being radical. 
 
 Wangawanga: a shower; 
 
 Welexi: a grassy marsh ; 
 
 also belong to Class 6, not 12, as the initial w would suggest. 
 
 Vumu : the belly ; 
 
 Vumi: fear; 
 
 Yll: a host ; 
 
 belong also to Class 6, for va (not vu) is the characteristic prefix of Class 14. 
 
 Fitidi, a bush (gen. ?), is not a diminutive of Class 15, but the fi is radical, 
 and the word belongs to Class 6. 
 
 The chief difficulty in the classification of the nouns lies in the 2nd and 4th 
 classes, which are distinguished by the light and heavy nasal prefixes re¬ 
 spectively. 
 
 Kongos do not make mistakes as to these classes, but the student will find 
 difficulty in remembering whether the nasal is light or heavy. 
 
 In translating a Kongo sentence the article or other concording word will 
 decide the class of the noun it serves, so that the recollection of the class, when 
 writing or speaking, is the real point. To aid this, a general study of the nouns, 
 as they appear in the dictionary, in order, under M and N (Kongo-Eng.), will 
 be more useful than separate lists of each class here. Nl, nw, and ny, will be 
 combinations of the heavy nasal only, and therefore of the 4th class. 
 
 Nouns in ng are light nasals, and of Class 2, except nganu and ngatu; the 
 greater number in nd and mp are light nasal nouns. 
 
 The rules of the derivative nouns will decide in the case of any nasal nouns ; 
 for the rest, practice will alone fix the classes (or rather the character of the 
 nasal) in the memory. 
 
( 553 ) 
 
 he instances above given must not be regarded as lists of exceptions to 
 ru es, but rather the instances of those nouns which happen to have the first 
 syllable of their stem similar to a prefix. In reality there is nothing irregular 
 
 a out any of these nouns, and the rules for their classification have not a single 
 exception. 
 
 Table of Classes. 
 
 
 
 
 MODERN KONGO. 
 
 ANCIENT PREFIXES. 
 
 
 Prefixes. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 Sin*. 
 
 pi. 
 
 1 
 
 : Class. 
 
 •Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 various 
 
 a 
 
 muntu 
 
 antu 
 
 A 
 
 mu 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 n or m 
 
 n orm 
 
 nzo 
 
 nzo 
 
 B 
 
 in 
 
 zin 
 
 
 (light) 
 
 (light) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 mu 
 
 mi 
 
 munse 
 
 minsel 
 
 c 
 
 mu 
 
 
 4 
 
 n or m 
 
 n or m 
 
 nti 
 
 nti J 
 
 mi 
 
 
 (heavy) 
 
 (heavy) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ki 
 
 yi> or y 
 
 kinzu 
 
 yinzu \ 
 
 D 
 
 ki 
 
 # 
 
 6 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 lekwa 
 
 lekwai 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 di 
 
 ma 
 
 dinkondo 
 
 mankondoj 
 
 
 di 
 
 ma 
 
 8 
 
 e 
 
 ma 
 
 etadi 
 
 matadi J 
 
 E 
 
 9 
 
 ku or none 
 
 ma 
 
 - 
 
 fkutu 
 
 Idia 
 
 matu j 
 madia J 
 
 F 
 
 ku 
 
 ma 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 tu 
 
 tu 
 
 lunga 
 
 lubu 
 
 tunga) 
 tubu J 
 
 G 
 
 lu 
 
 tu 
 
 12 
 
 U or none 
 
 u or none 
 
 
 fuma 
 
 Ibi ’ 
 
 uma) 
 bi J 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 13 
 
 W or none 
 
 ma 
 
 1 
 
 f wanda 
 
 manda) 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iko 
 
 mako J 
 
 14 
 
 va 
 
 mu 
 
 vuma 
 
 muma 
 
 J 
 
 va 
 
 mu 
 
 15 
 
 fi 
 
 ■ 
 
 fimbele 
 
 — 
 
 K 
 
 fi 
 
 — 
 
 Declension of Nouns. 
 
 There is no difference between the form of the noun in the subjective, or in 
 the objective case ; all further declension of nouns is accomplished by means of 
 prepositional particles. 
 
 A noun in the genitive case is always an attribute of another noun, and thus 
 becomes of itself an adjectival clause ; that is to say, a clause serving in every 
 way as an adjective. Thus in the phrase 
 
 0 nkanda a nkombo : the skin of the goat, 
 
 A nkombo, of the goat, is an adjectival clause qualifying the noun nkanda, 
 skin. 
 
 This principle is fully recognised in Kongo grammar ; for the particle a, 
 which is the sign of the genitive case, bears the prefix proper to the noun with 
 which it concords. 
 
 These matters have not yet been explained ; and since the noun in the 
 genitive case is an adjectival clause, it follows the rule of the adjective, and 
 must be considered with it. It must suffice therefore in this place to state that 
 
( 554 ) 
 
 the genitive is formed by placing the particle a, of before the noun, and adding 
 to the particle the same prefix which would be applied to any adjective. 
 
 Thus in speaking of disu, an eye , and qualifying it by the adjective ambwakij 
 red, or by the adjectival clause, a nkombo, of the goat , the same rule is ob¬ 
 served in each case ; thus :— 
 
 Disu diambwaki : a red eye. 
 
 Disu dia nkombo : the eye of the goat. 
 
 Both the adjective ambwaki and the particle a receive the prefix di. 
 
 The dative or ablative case is expressed by a preposition before the noun, 
 that is to say, the preposition : ya, ye, or yo, with , or the locatives based on 
 ku, mu, va, at, on, to, by, &c. 
 
 These again open up so many questions, which can only be considered in 
 their proper place, that it must suffice to note here that : — 
 
 I. The subjective and objective cases of the noun are the same in form. 
 
 II. The genitive, dative, and ablative cases are formed by placing before the 
 noun prepositions equivalent to : of to, for, by, with, &c. :— 
 
 Nzo : a house. 
 
 A nzo : of a house. 
 
 Kuna nzo : to a house. 
 
 Muna nzo : in a house. 
 
 Ye nzo : with a house. 
 
 With the exception of ya, ye, or yo, the particles used in declension are not 
 affected or changed in any way by the number of the noun which they precede. 
 
THE ARTICLE. 
 
 The article in Kongo is represented by three particles a, e, or o, which 
 agree with the nouns they distinguish, in number and class. 
 
 The following table illustrates the forms proper to the various classes in the 
 
 singular and plural:— 
 
 Class. Sing. PI. 
 
 1 o a 
 
 2 e e 
 
 3 & 4 o e 
 
 5 & 6 e e 
 
 7 & 8 e o 
 
 9 , io, ii, 12, 13, & 14 0 0 
 
 15 e — 
 
 The above table shows that those nouns whose archaic prefixes contained 
 the vowel i (in, zin, mi, ki, i, di, and fi) take e for their article ; those which 
 contained the vowel u (mu, ku, lu, tu, u or bn) take 0 for their article. The 
 
 prefixes ma and va also require 0, but the 1st class (a or ba) requires a for its 
 article in the plural. 
 
THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 An adjective is a word added to a noun to qualify it. The adjective in Kongo 
 takes its place after the noun ; but where special emphasis is desired, it may 
 stand before its noun, — in that case the article precedes it. 
 
 The adjective concords with the noun it qualifies, by the assumption of the 
 prefix proper to the person, number, and class of that noun. Thus the adjective 
 ambote, good , when qualifying the 5th class noun kinkutu, a coat, assumes 
 the prefix ki ; thus Kinkutu kiambote : a good coat. 
 
 When qualifying mankondo, plaintains, a plural noun of the 7th class, it 
 assumes the prefix ma ; thus Mankondo mambote : good plantains. 
 
 When qualifying a personal pronoun 1st person plural, it assumes the prefix 
 proper to a personal noun (or its pronoun), speaking in the first person plural; 
 thus :-Oyeto twambote kweto : we are good. 
 
 There are two series of prefixes which may be applied to adjectives, and 
 according to the series of its prefix the adjective assumes a Primary or Second¬ 
 ary form. 
 
 The Primary Form. 
 
 This form is used when the adjective follows immediately after the noun it 
 qualifies, as: — 
 
 Nti ambote : a good tree. 
 
 Nti miambote : good trees. 
 
 Nzo ambote : a good house. 
 
 Nzo zambote : good houses. 
 
 The Secondary Form. 
 
 The Secondary form is used when the adjective is separated from its noun, 
 either because its noun is not mentioned, or a verb, or some other word, comes 
 between it and its noun ; in the latter case the verb to be is often understood :— 
 
 Elo, yambote beni : Yes, it is very good ( speaking of nzo, a house). 
 
 Mambote kaka nzolele : I only want good ones ( speaking ^/maki, eggs). 
 
 Nti wau wambote: This tree is good. 
 
 A parallel to this distinction of Primary and Secondary form is found in 
 English in the employment of— 
 
 my and mine, 
 thy „ thine, 
 her „ hers, 
 our „ ours, 
 your „ yours, 
 their „ theirs. 
 
 My, thy, her, our, your, and their, are used under the same circumstances as 
 the Primary adjective in Kongo ; that is, they cannot be separated from their 
 
 556 
 
( 557 ) 
 
 noun ; while the Secondary adjectives are used apart from their noun, as in 
 English :— Mine , thine, hers , &c. 
 
 Primary. 
 
 Eyayi nzo ame: 
 
 This is my house. 
 
 Nti au usundidi: 
 
 Their tree is the best. 
 
 Zenga o nti ambote : 
 
 Cut down a good tree. 
 Batungidi e nzo ambote ? 
 Have they built a good house ? 
 
 Secondary. 
 
 Eyayi yame : 
 
 This is mine. 
 
 Wau usundidi: 
 
 Theirs is the best. 
 
 I wau wuwu wambote: 
 This one is good. 
 
 Elo yambote : 
 
 Yes, a good one. 
 
 The Secondary form must be used, when for special emphasis the adjective 
 precedes the verb ; as 
 
 E nzo ankulu kasolele, yayi yankulu nzo e ? 
 
 Elo, kana yankulu, kana yampa, eyayi kaka kazolele. 
 
 He has chosen the old house. This old house? 
 
 Yes, whether old or new, this only he wants. 
 
 Verbal Adjectives. 
 
 There is yet another and rare form of adjective, which states that the quality 
 ascribed is excessive, too much, or too great; it has also a verbal force, because 
 the verb to he is always understood ; indeed, the series of prefixes proper to this 
 form is identical with that applied to verbs in the perfect tense. This class 
 of adjective has no formative prefix, but receives the characteristic prefix of 
 the noun on its stem. There are but few adjectives of this class. The follow¬ 
 ing have been noted, and their corresponding Primary forms are given beside 
 them :— 
 
 Verbal Excessive Forms. 
 
 -nene, too large, too great; 
 
 -luelo, 'j 
 
 -kete> > too small, too few ; 
 -ke, ) 
 
 -ingi, too much, great, many ; 
 -la, too long, high, deep, far; 
 -kufi, too short, low, near ; 
 -va, too new ; 
 
 -kulu, too old ; 
 
 -wete, too good ; 
 
 -bi, too bad ; 
 
 E mbele yayi inene : 
 0 nlele wau uva: 
 Evata diandi dila: 
 
 Primary Forms. 
 
 anene, great, 
 andwelo, small, few. 
 akete, small, few. 
 no corresponding form, 
 ingi, much, many, great, 
 anda, long, high, &c. 
 ankufi, short, low, &c. 
 ampa, new. 
 ankulu, old. 
 ambote, good, 
 ambi, bad. 
 
 This knife is too large. 
 
 This cloth is too new 
 His town is too far off. 
 
 The difference between these adjectives and their ordinary forms will be seen 
 on comparing the table following 
 
 The prefix ki is applied, kiuma, a thmg, being understood. 
 
 kiwete, it is too good ; kiawete, good, nice, 
 
 kibi, it is too bad ; kiambi, bad. 
 
( 558 ) 
 
 kinene, it is too great; kianene, great, 
 
 kiluelo, it is too small; kiandwelo, small, 
 
 kila, it is too high, long, far ; kianda, high, long, far. 
 kikufi, it is too short, low, near ; kiankufi, short, low, near, 
 kiva, it is too new ; kiampa, new. 
 
 The Structure of Adjectives. 
 
 Adjectives in Kongo are formed from* nouns which are distinguished and 
 characterised by the possession of a certain quality, by the addition of the 
 formative prefix a ; thus :— tiya, fire ; -atiya, hot , fiery. When an adjective 
 thus formed qualifies a noun, it attributes to it the possession of the charac¬ 
 teristic qualities of the noun from which it is derived, thus :— 
 
 Maza matiya : hot water, i.e. water possessing the characteristic quality of 
 which fire is the ideal possessor ; from nti, a tree , -anti, wooden. 
 
 Elonga dianti : a wooden plate, i.e. a plate made of the material of which 
 trees are composed. 
 
 Anduwa : purple, derived from the name of the great plaintain-eater, the 
 nduwa, which bird has purple plumage. 
 
 Adjectives formed from nouns of the 8th class, which is characterised by 
 the prefix e, elide the formative prefix a before the initial e of the noun ; thus, 
 from ejitu, heaviness , comes the adjective, ejitu ( = aejitu), heavy; and from 
 ekumbn, wonder , comes ekumbu ( = aekumbu), wonderful; from elundu, a 
 certain kind of ants’ nest, comes elundu ( = aelundu), of the same colour as the 
 elundu. 
 
 An adjective may be formed from the noun which denotes the performer of 
 the action. Thus, from tekama, to be crookedj and ntekami, otie who is 
 crooked; -antekami, crooked; from leva, to be pliable; and nlevi, one who is 
 pliable ; -anlevi, pliable. 
 
 This form of adjective denotes that the person or thing qualified is charac¬ 
 terised by the habitual performance of the action, or state of existence :— 
 
 Mbele anlevi : a pliable knife. 
 
 Nti antekami : a crooked stick. 
 
 * There is a subtle distinction to be made in selecting the nouns from which the adjective is 
 to be formed. It is not possible to attach a quality which is visible and material to that which 
 is invisible and immaterial. 
 
 Neither can a purely abstract, immaterial quality, imperceptible to any of the senses, be 
 ascribed to anything which is material and tangible ; these highly philosophical distinctions 
 are very difficult to follow out sometimes, but the reason for constructing the adjectives in this 
 way will be seen if consideration be more closely given to the actual idea to be conveyed. 
 Muntu ampembe, a white person, cannot mean that the person is composed of whiteness, or 
 that he is possessed by whiteness ; but that a being white is one of his qualities. From the 
 infinitive of the verb pemba, to be white, the noun Pemba (9), whiteness, is formed, while 
 umpembe expresses the abstract idea of whiteness ; but mpembe (2), a bei?ig white, is the 
 noun from which the adjective is formed, and muntu ampembe is, therefore, a person pos¬ 
 sessing the quality of being white. 
 
 Again, ntiya represents the abstract idea of fiery nature, fieriness, derived from Tiya ,fire, 
 and in forming the adjective which shall impart to a noun the quality of which fire is the ideal 
 possessor, the adjective is not formed from the abstract word ntiya, but from the noun Tiya 
 itself, whence comes -atiya, hot. Jita, heaviness , is a noun formed from the infinitive of the 
 verb jita, to be heavy ; but the adjective, heavy, is formed from the noun Eyitu, weight, thus:— 
 Lekwa kiejitu, a heavy thing. 
 
( 559 ) 
 
 A large number of useful adjectives are formed in this manner. 
 
 Adjectives derived from nouns of the ist class follow a different rule • they 
 art noted at the end of the adjectival clause. 
 
 Participial Adjectives. 
 
 The participle is also from its nature an adjective ; it takes, however, the 
 verbal prefix, and carries the idea of time, as also the suffixes denoting the 
 stage of completeness or otherwise of the action. 
 
 Since there are as many participles as there are tenses present and past 
 they again furnish a rich store of adjectives. ’ 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Maza mekukulanga : flowing water. 
 
 Madia mavidi : cooked food. 
 
 When a verb has a person for its object, it bears the personal pronominal 
 prefix of the object as its first prefix (that is to say, the prefix nearest to the 
 root). Participles formed from such verbs bear also these pronominal pre¬ 
 Wantu bekutusaulanga: 
 
 people hating us, or people who hate us. 
 
 The Prefixes Applied to Adjectives. 
 
 The history, theory, and form of the noun prefixes have been fully considered 
 under the noun. It is there shown that in the archaic Kongo every noun 
 possessed a prefix. 
 
 A process of change has tended towards the elision or modification of some 
 of these noun prefixes ; but with the exception of the prefixes mu, and the light' 
 nasal, no such change has taken place with the prefixes applied to concordino- 
 adjectives, &c. ; that is to say : — 
 
 The archaic prefixes remain unchanged on concording adjectives. 
 
 Classes i, 3, and 4, which in archaic Kongo bore the prefix mu in the singular 
 impart no prefix to the adjective in the Primary form, but in the Secondary 
 form the u is prefixed to the adjective, and becomes w before the formative a • 
 so with the nouns of Class 2, singular, which was characterised by the light 
 nasal, prefaced by i in the Primary form, no prefix is imparted to the adjective 
 in the singular, while in the Secondary form the i only is imparted, which 
 becomes y before the vowel a of the adjective.* 
 
 In the plural the archaic ba is preserved in the ist class, za (or z?), in the 
 2nd class, and mi in the 3rd and 4th classes. 
 
 Since the archaic prefixes are preserved intact in all but the first four classes, 
 
 * It is interesting to note that, while adjectives, &c., receive the u of the archaic mu, verbs 
 receive 0 or u as a subjective prefix, but the heavy nasal figures as the objective prefix. The 
 subjective prefix of the ist person is in some tenses a light nasal, in others, i or y, but the ob¬ 
 jective prefix of the ist person is a light nasal. 
 
 The mu then appears to drop to pieces, and is some cases the nasal, or the vowel, remains 
 So also the light nasal and its preceding i ; in some cases the nasal is left, in others the vowel 
 i remains. The historic evidence recorded by these facts is all that can be at present deduced 
 from them, but they need to be noted : in time they may supply some missing link in the final 
 elaboration of the speech of the Bantu. 
 
( 56o ) 
 
 there is no difference between the Primary and Secondary forms in Classes 
 5 to 15. 
 
 The verbal forms receive the prefix without any formative prefix a. In the 
 2nd class, plural ji ( -zi) appears, instead of z or za. 
 
 Where the adjective has e for its initial, every a is elided, 11 becomes w, 
 and i becomes y, according to euphonic law ; no other peculiarity exists. 
 
 The following table illustrates the concord of the adjective in the Primary, 
 Secondary, and Verbal forms. The adjective -anene, great, is one of the few 
 which is found in a Verbal form, -nene, it is too great^ it therefore serves to 
 instance all three forms ; the fourth and fifth columns illustrate the concord 
 of the adjective derived from a noun of the 8th class, which therefore elides 
 its formative prefix a before the e of the noun. The instance given is, -ejitu, 
 heavy ( = aejitu), derived from the noun Ejitu, weight. 
 
 Class. 
 
 No. 
 
 Primary. 
 
 Secondary. 
 
 Verbal. 
 
 Primary. 
 
 Secondary. 
 
 T 
 
 fS. 
 
 Anene 
 
 wanene 
 
 unene 
 
 ejitu 
 
 wejitu 
 
 I 
 
 IP. 
 
 Anene 
 
 anene 
 
 anene 
 
 ejitu 
 
 ejitu 
 
 
 rs. 
 
 Anene 
 
 yanene 
 
 inene 
 
 ejitu 
 
 y ejitu 
 
 z 
 
 IP. 
 
 Zanene 
 
 zanene 
 
 jinene 
 
 z ejitu 
 
 zejitu 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 rs. 
 
 Anene 
 
 wanene 
 
 unene 
 
 ejitu 
 
 wejitu 
 
 IP. 
 
 Mianene 
 
 mianene 
 
 minene 
 
 miejitu 
 
 miejitu 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 rs. 
 
 Kianene 
 
 kianene 
 
 kinene 
 
 kiejitu 
 
 kiejitu 
 
 Ip. 
 
 Yanene 
 
 yanene 
 
 inene 
 
 y ejitu 
 
 y ejitu 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 /s. 
 
 Dianene 
 
 dianene 
 
 dinene 
 
 di ejitu 
 
 diejitu 
 
 IP. 
 
 Manene 
 
 manene 
 
 manene 
 
 mejitu 
 
 mejitu 
 
 A 
 
 I s - 
 
 Kwanene 
 
 kwanene 
 
 kunene 
 
 kwejitu 
 
 kwejitu 
 
 9 
 
 ip. 
 
 Manene 
 
 manene 
 
 manene 
 
 mejitu 
 
 mejitu 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 rs. 
 
 Luanene 
 
 luanene 
 
 lunene 
 
 luejitu 
 
 luejitu 
 
 \p. 
 
 Twanene 
 
 twanene 
 
 tunene 
 
 twejitu 
 
 twejitu 
 
 12 
 
 s. & P. 
 
 Wanene 
 
 wanene 
 
 unene 
 
 wejitu 
 
 wejitu 
 
 13 
 
 rs. 
 
 Wanene 
 
 wanene 
 
 unene 
 
 wejitu 
 
 wejitu 
 
 ip. 
 
 Manene 
 
 manene 
 
 manene 
 
 mejitu 
 
 mejitu 
 
 14 
 
 rs. 
 
 Vanene 
 
 vanene 
 
 vanene 
 
 vejitu 
 
 vejitu 
 
 ip. 
 
 Mwanene 
 
 mwanene 
 
 munene 
 
 mw ejitu 
 
 mw ejitu 
 
 15 
 
 s. 
 
 Fianene 
 
 fianene 
 
 finene 
 
 fiejitu 
 
 fiejitu 
 
 An examination of the above table shows that the following are the prefixes 
 
 by means of which the adjective concords with its noun 
 
 Class. I. 2. 3 & 4. 5 & 6. 7 & 8. 9. 10&11. 
 
 12. 
 
 13 - 
 
 14. 
 
 * 5 - 
 
 1 
 
 r Primary 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ki 
 
 di 
 
 kw 
 
 lu 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 va 
 
 fi. 
 
 Sing. < 
 
 Secondary 
 
 w 
 
 y 
 
 w 
 
 ki 
 
 di 
 
 kw 
 
 lu 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 va 
 
 fi. 
 
 1 
 
 (. Verbal 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 ki 
 
 di 
 
 ku 
 
 lu 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 va 
 
 fi. 
 
 1 
 
 f Primary 
 
 a 
 
 za 
 
 mi 
 
 y 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 tw 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 mw 
 
 — 
 
 Plur. < 
 
 ) Secondary 
 
 a 
 
 za 
 
 mi 
 
 y 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 tw 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 mw 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 < Verbal 
 
 a 
 
 ji 
 
 mi 
 
 i 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 tu 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 mu 
 
 — 
 
 
 The 
 
 Comparison 
 
 OF 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 
 
 
 The comparison of the Kongo adjective is effected by naming, or pointing 
 out the object to be compared, the statement is then made, that the one excels 
 
( 56i ) 
 
 the other, or others, in the particular quality ; thus, in comparing two chairs, 
 Kongos would say :— 
 
 E yandu yau ayole, kiakina kisundidi o wete : 
 
 That one is the better of those two chairs, 
 lit. the chairs these two, that one has excelled in goodness. 
 
 In this case they speak of two chairs, pointing them out, then using the 
 demonstrative pronoun in the correct position, they state that one excels in 
 goodness. Again : — 
 
 Eyayi yandu kiaki kisundidi kiakina o wete : 
 
 These chairs, this one exceeds that one in goodness ; 
 
 That is to say, of these chairs this is the best. In this case the chairs are 
 named and pointed out by the demonstrative pronoun, then pointing to the 
 one which is nearest, the demonstrative pronoun is again used, saying, that 
 this one exceeds the other in goodness, and since the chair of inferior quality 
 is further off than the good one, the demonstrative pronoun of the third position 
 is used in pointing it out, so that in comparing two things, the Kongos name 
 or point out the objects compared, and then state which excels the other. When 
 a simple statement is made, that one is better than the other, or others, they 
 remark only that one excels the other, as 
 
 E kiandu kiadi nsolele kio, ekuma kisundidi o wete : 
 
 I prefer this chair, because it excels in goodness. 
 
 In this case the statement is simply made that the preference is given because 
 it is consideied best; this is really a superlative. Kongos make no distinction 
 in form when two objects or many are compared. Where two only are 
 compared, they say at once this is the best, and the same if one excels a 
 thousand. The nice distinction made in English by using a comparative degree 
 when two only are compared, is not found in Kongo. Sunda, to excel , is the 
 commonest verb used in making such comparison, but luta and vioka, to 
 surpass, may be used when more appropriate. 
 
 Nani asundidi e ngangu, oyandi kwandi osundidi: 
 
 Who is the cleverest ? He is ; 
 lit. who excelled cleverness ? He excelled. 
 
 Nki olutidi o zolo ? Kiaki : 
 
 W hich do you like best ? This one ; 
 lit. which do you surpass in the liking ? This. 
 
 Oyandi oviokele awanso o la : 
 
 He is the tallest of all; 
 
 lit. he surpasses all in height. 
 
 The Adjectival Clause. 
 
 With the adjective must be considered the adjectival clause, which is formed 
 by the noun in the possessive case. 
 
 In the sentence :— 
 
 E mbele a mfumu aku itolokele : 
 
 The knife of your chief is broken ; 
 
 a mfumu aku, is an adjectival clause qualifying the noun mbele, knife. 
 Such a clause possesses all the force and office of an adjective, and is intro¬ 
 duced by the formative particle a, which is rendered in English by the pre- 
 
 O o 
 
( 562 ) 
 
 position of. In Kongo, however, the formative fi article receives the prefixes of 
 the concord, and is treated in every way as the formative prefix employed in 
 the construction of an adjective. 
 
 It follows, then, that as is the case with the prefix a, applied to adjectives, 
 so the pa7'ticle a prefaced to the adjectival clause assumes the Primary and 
 Secondary forms, in the same manner as any ordinary adjective receives the 
 prefix of the concord. 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 i. 
 
 2. 
 
 3 & 4- 
 
 5 & 6. 
 
 7 & 8. 
 
 9- 
 
 IO & II. 
 
 12. 
 
 *3- 
 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 
 Sing, -j 
 
 f Primary 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 kia 
 
 dia 
 
 kwa 
 
 lua 
 
 wa 
 
 wa 
 
 va 
 
 fia. 
 
 l Secondary 
 
 wa 
 
 ya 
 
 wa 
 
 kia 
 
 dia 
 
 kwa 
 
 lua 
 
 wa 
 
 wa 
 
 va 
 
 fia. 
 
 Plur. -j 
 
 f Primary 
 
 a 
 
 za 
 
 mia 
 
 ya 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 twa 
 
 wa 
 
 ma 
 
 mwa 
 
 — 
 
 [Secondary 
 
 a 
 
 za 
 
 mia 
 
 ya 
 
 ma 
 
 ma 
 
 twa 
 
 wa 
 
 ma 
 
 mwa 
 
 — 
 
 The concording particle a stands also where in English the prepositions 
 to or for are used, when they introduce a reason, purpose, or direction. 
 
 E mbele a zenga e kwanga : a knife for to cut kwanga. 
 
 Etadi dia tunga o nlele : a sewing machine. 
 lit. a machine for to sew cloth. 
 
 Nsampatu za vwata : shoes to wear. 
 
 Njila a Ngombe : the road to Ngombe. 
 
 In the above instances it will be seen that each of the clauses introduced 
 by the particle a is adjectival, hence the construction and the use of the particle. 
 
 A further and like usage of the particle a is made when place or time are 
 qualified, thus :— 
 
 Edi mvangila lekwa eki, kia bakila e mbiji: 
 
 I make this thing to catch fish with ; 
 lit. this I make—for thing this for to catch—with fish. 
 
 Ekiaki fulu kiabiza kia tungila e nzo : 
 
 This is a good place to build a house. 
 
 I kiau kiki e fulu kia vaikilanga o maza : 
 
 This is the place where the water comes out at; 
 lit. of to come out at the water. 
 
 Lumbu kia vutuka yandi: 
 
 The day of his return. 
 lit. the day of to return him. 
 
 Lumbu kia mfulwa a wantu : 
 
 The Resurrection day. 
 
 Una kia tungwanga e nzo 
 (Kolo, time being understood after una) : 
 
 When the house was being built: 
 lit. (at the time), when of to be being built the house. 
 
 Nouns of the first class do not combine with the prefix a to become adjectives, 
 but instead an adjectival clause is made. 
 
 The particle a precedes the noun, which may be singular or plural, accord¬ 
 ing to the number of the noun qualified by the clause. A similar idiom in 
 English is shown in the following examples : — 
 
 Sing, nleke a nkento : a female child = a woman child. 
 
 Plur. aleke a akento: female children = women children. 
 
( 563 ) 
 
 Sing, nleke a eyakala: a male child = a man child. 
 
 Plu?. aleke a akala: male children=men children. 
 
 e adjective, ank6irto, female, used of animals, &c., never ojpersons, concords 
 as an ordinary adjective ; it is derived from an obsolete noun, nkento, a female 
 ( non-personal ), and corresponds with ekoko, male (also non-personal). 
 
 A similar kind of adjectival clause appears in a few adjectives formed from 
 nouns of other classes ; thus :— 
 
 j-unripe (of ground nuts), 
 unripe (of nsafu). 
 
 Sing, a eswenga: ) 
 
 Plur. a maswenga : J 
 
 Sing, a evala: ) 
 
 Plur. a mavala: J 
 
 Plur. a injingila : curly. 
 
 nguba za maswenga : unripe ground nuts, 
 nsafu za mavala : unripe nsafu. 
 
 nsuki za injingila : curly hair. 
 
 -nkwa. 
 
 An adjectival clause is also introduced by the particle -nkwa, derived from 
 the noun nkwa, the possessor op o?ie possessing ,; one who is , was, has, had,, will 
 be, &c. No formative prefix or particle is used in its construction : -nkwa is 
 ollowed by the noun of the quality, or of the thing possessed. It may be ren¬ 
 dered in English by possessing, who is, are, was, were, has, have, had, &c., or 
 t e whole clause translated by the adjective corresponding with the noun of 
 the quality, or of the thing possessed ; thus :— 
 
 Nkombo jinkwa wika wandombe: 
 
 Goats which have black hair, or black haired goats. 
 
 Nti miawonso minkwa mvuma zampembe : 
 
 All trees which have white flowers, or all white flowered trees. 
 
 Nsusu jinkwa nsala zandombe : 
 
 Fowls having black feathers, or of black plumage, or black plumaged fowls. 
 
 Nuni jinkwa nzala: 
 
 Birds which are hungry, or hungry birds. 
 
 When nkwa qualifies persons, or nouns of the first class, it does not become 
 an adjective, but figures as noun in apposition.* 
 
 Its use in reference to persons is instanced in the following sentences :— 
 
 Aleke akwa kiese: 
 
 Children who are happy, 
 or who are the possessors of happiness, 
 or who possess happiness. 
 
 Akwa ndombe: 
 
 Black people, or people who are black. 
 
 Muntu.ndiona nkwa mvu mingi : 
 
 That aged man, 
 that man of many years, 
 lit. that man possessing many years. 
 
 * This, however, is but an actual following of the rule and form of other adjectives formed 
 from nouns of the ist class, since nkwa takes no formative particle or prefix. 
 
( 564 ) 
 
 When -nkwa is used before a verb in the infinitive, it is translated by lest, or 
 by the future tenses of the verb ; thus :— 
 
 Toma kanga e nkombo jinkwa taya : 
 
 Tie the goats carefully lest they run away, 
 or tie the goats carefully (if not)they will run away : 
 lit. they are possessors (of the power) of to run away. 
 
 Nata e vevo (knma) kunkwa noka: 
 
 Take an umbrella, it is going to rain. 
 
 It (the weather) is the possessor (of the purpose) of to rain. 
 
 It is not easy to render literally some of these usages -of nkwa, but the idea 
 of possessing may be traced in all. 
 
 Quantitative Adjectives. 
 
 Under this head are grouped adjectives which qualify nouns, not by ascribing 
 to them a quality, but regarding them as masses, or individuals, or parts taken 
 from such masses. With the exception of konso, any, they concord as ordinary 
 adjectives. 
 
 -ingi. 
 
 Ingi, when used with singular nouns, is rendered by great , but with plural 
 nouns, it is only a quantitative adjective, equivalent to many or much j the 
 latter being only used in reference to liquids, or to substances regarded in bulk 
 or volume. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Etadi dingi : a great stone. 
 
 Eyakala dingi : a great man ; 
 
 hence a courageous man (very manly). 
 
 Lekwa kingi : a great thing. 
 
 Lekwa yingi : many things. 
 
 Twavu twingi : many adzes. 
 
 Matadi mengi : many stones. 
 
 Sengexi wingi : much sand. 
 
 Maza mengi : much water. 
 
 Maji mengi: much oil. 
 
 Since its stem has i for its initial, the concording prefixes undergo euphonic 
 change in some cases, a combining with i as e. 
 
 The Primary, Secondary, and Verbal forms are identical. 
 
 Class — 1. 
 
 Table of the concord of -ingi. 
 
 2. 3 & 4 - 5 & 6. 7 & 8. 
 
 9 - 
 
 Sing, wingi, < 
 
 1 yingi 
 
 ^ or wingi, kingi, 
 
 dingi, 
 
 kwingi. 
 
 1 
 
 Plur. engi, 
 
 - ingi, 
 
 . f 
 
 jmgi, mingi, < or 
 
 • 
 
 mengi, 
 
 mengi. 
 
 Class — 10 & 11. 
 
 ingi, 
 
 12. 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 is- 
 
 Sing, luingi, 
 
 wingi, wingi, 
 
 vengi, 
 
 fmgi. 
 
 Plur. twingi, 
 
 wingi, mengi, 
 
 mwingi, 
 
 — 
 
 Its verbal form is rendered by too great in the singular, by too many in the 
 plural, and by too much before nouns found only in the plural. 
 
( 565 ) 
 
 E etadi diadi dingi: this stone is too great. 
 
 0 matadi mama mengi: these stones are too many. 
 0 maza mama mengi : this water is too much. 
 
 -aymgi. 
 
 inri ro "avinS m\v hT^ ^7 f ° rm ’ ' ayingi ’ slightIy more emphatic than 
 
 thfo’rdh^ adSv. » 7 Verysreat ' "“W ™>‘h. Jt concords as 
 
 c Oi canary adjective in a, such as -anene, given above. 
 
 -akete. 
 
 -andwelo. 
 
 irn^Sfr are USed in the Sh,gUlar and P ,ural express the idea of 
 
 Nti andwelo : a small tree. 
 
 Nti miandwelo : small trees, or few trees. 
 
 Maza makete i a little water. 
 
 Mfumfu akete: a little flour. 
 
 They are perfectly regular in their concord, and possess verbal forms -kete 
 and -luolo, too smalt, too few, too little, which are also regular. ’ 
 
 -akaka. 
 
 This adjective is equivalent to other, another, some other, more, or 
 and is peifectly regular in its concord, but has no verbal form. ’ 
 
 Limbu kiakaka : another day. 
 
 Maza makaka: some more water. 
 
 Muntn akaka : another person. 
 
 Ke nti una ko wakaka nzolele : not that stick, I want another. 
 
 -aka. 
 
 .. A ^, a IS used ° n 'y as an emphatic, and always precedes the noun it qualifies • 
 
 . 15 t ’ ieiefoie only found in the Secondary form, and preceded by the article’ 
 In other respects it is perfectly regular. ’ 
 
 eqU1Vale , nt to some ’ some °f, P art «f, ’’tore, some more j other, others of, 
 another, sevej'al. 5 
 
 0 maka maza i some of the water. 
 
 E zaka ntangwa: sometimes, or other times. 
 
 E kiaki lumbu : the other day. 
 
 E yaba lekwa: several of the things. 
 
 -awanso. 
 
 -awonso. 
 
 -awansono. 
 
 -awonsono. 
 
 The above are equivalent to all, every, every one, each, each one, the whole of 
 tnem, every one all of them, or the lot. They are regular in all their forms 
 Awansono and awonsono are slightly more emphatic, and are seldom used 
 except at the commencement or at the end of a sentence. 
 
( 566 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Twasa e lekwa yawanso : Bring all the things. 
 
 Wautu awonso bavwidi kwiza : All the people have come. 
 
 Bokela awansono: 
 Awansono akwa ngangu: 
 
 Call all of them. 
 
 They are all of them sly. 
 
 -konso. 
 
 Konso always precedes the noun it qualifies, and is equivalent to any , some r 
 whoever, whichever , whatever; it is an invariable adjective since it receives no 
 prefixes and concords in no way with its noun. 
 
 Some day. 
 
 Konso lumbu: 
 
 Konso lekwa ozolele bonga kwaku : Take anything you like. 
 
 Any plantain. 
 
 Konso dinkondo: 
 
 Kwa. 
 
 There is also an interrogative adjective of quantity, kwa, how much , how 
 many. It can only be used with nouns in the plural. In the Primary form it is 
 invariable. 
 
 Its Secondary form receives the same prefixes as the adjectives in verbal 
 forms. 
 
 The following table exhibits the concord of the secondary form of kwa :— 
 
 Class — i. 2. 3 & 4. 5 & 6. 7, 8, & 9. 
 
 Akwa, jikwa, mikwa, ikwa, makwa. 
 
 tnkwa, nkwa, makwa, nmkwa, 
 
 Nti kwa ? mintann : How many trees ? Five. 
 
 Mikwa mina kuna? mintanu? How many are there ? Five? 
 
 Maki kwa asumbidi? How many eggs did you buy? 
 
 Makwa osumbidi ? 
 
 How many did you buy ? {speaking also of eggs). 
 
 Nkombo kwaomwene? Jitanu. Jikwa? 
 
 How many goats did you see ? Five. How many ? 
 
NUMERALS. 
 
 Enumeration is effected by Kongos in the following manner 
 They count up to ten, then multiply the tens as far as a hundred, multiply 
 the hundreds to a thousand, multiply again the thousands to tens and hundreds 
 of thousands, and to millions ; units, tens, hundreds, &c., being connected by 
 he conjunction ya or ye, and. The numerals follow the nouns they qualify * 
 
 Cardinal Numerals. 
 
 The cardinal numerals from i to io are adjectives, and possess Primary and 
 secondary forms just as any other adjectives. 
 
 In their Primary form, the cardinal numerals from i to 6 inclusive are vari 
 a Die and concord with the noun they qualify ; from 7 to 10 they are invariable! 
 In the Secondary form they are all variable from 1 to 10 inclusive 
 The following are the stems of the cardinal numerals from 1 to 10 
 
 1 -moxi. 
 
 2 -ole. 
 
 3 -tatu. 
 
 4 -ya. 
 
 5 -tanu. 
 
 6 -sambanu. 
 
 7 -nsambwadi. 
 
 8 -nana. 
 
 9 -vwa. 
 
 10 -kumi. 
 
 The tables on following pages will show the forms proper to each class : — 
 
 of calculation^ n ,, ™ Cy has d °n e much to develop generally the Kongos’ power 
 
 , ■ , Untli some twent y or twenty-five years ago small mats of cloth, 4 inches by 
 
 ?‘" Ch J S m Were . used in bundles of 10 (?) each as a standard of value. In the year 188 r 
 
 they were still sometimes used in the neighbourhood of Vivi, and one of those bundles is 
 
 TR^ U !'b PO 0 SeSS ‘ On ' ? X WCre su P erseded i" Kongo by a red olive bead ; but about the year 
 
 thevnVi/TTr” traderson thecoast introduced a hexagonal blue pipe bead with which 
 they paid for the native produce, receiving the beads back in exchange for such cloth and 
 
 «rrough S th W e e c r :unfiy U ‘ red * ““ Ttee ^ S °° n beCame the stand “ d “™cy 
 
 567 
 
( 568 ) 
 
 Primary 
 
 
 i. 
 
 ii. 
 
 III. & IV. 
 
 V. & VI. 
 
 VII. & VIII. 
 
 I 
 
 Variable. 
 
 moxi 
 
 moxi 
 
 moxi 
 
 kimoxi 
 
 dimoxi 
 
 2 
 
 ole or wole 
 
 zole 
 
 miole 
 
 yole 
 
 mole 
 
 3 
 
 tatu. 
 
 tatu 
 
 ntatu 
 
 tatu 
 
 matatu 
 
 4 
 
 ya 
 
 ya 
 
 nya 
 
 ya 
 
 maya 
 
 5 
 
 tanu 
 
 tanu 
 
 ntanu 
 
 tanu 
 
 matanu 
 
 6 
 
 sambanu 
 
 sambanu 
 
 nsambanu 
 
 sambanu 
 
 masambanu 
 
 7 
 
 Invariable. 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 8 
 
 nana 
 
 nana 
 
 nana 
 
 nana 
 
 nana 
 
 9 
 
 vwa 
 
 vwa 
 
 vwa 
 
 vwa 
 
 vwa 
 
 IO 
 
 kumi 
 
 kumi 
 
 kumi 
 
 kumi 
 
 kumi 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 io 
 
 Secondary 
 
 ' 
 
 i. 
 
 ii. 
 
 III. & IV. 
 
 V. & VI. 
 
 VII. & VIII. 
 
 Variable. 
 
 umoxi 
 
 awole 
 
 imoxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 kimoxi 
 
 dimoxi 
 
 or 
 
 nwole 
 
 atatu 
 
 jizole 
 
 mimiole 
 
 iyole 
 
 memole 
 
 or 
 
 ntatu 
 
 jitatu 
 
 mintatu 
 
 itatu 
 
 mematatu 
 
 aya 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 nya 
 
 atanu 
 
 jiya 
 
 minya 
 
 iya 
 
 memaya 
 
 or 
 
 ntanu 
 
 asambanu 
 
 jitanu 
 
 mintanu 
 
 itanu 
 
 mematanu 
 
 or 
 
 nsambanu 
 
 ansambwadi 
 
 jisambanu 
 
 minsambanu 
 
 isambanu 
 
 memasambanu 
 
 or 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 jinsambwadi 
 
 min samb wadi 
 
 insambwadi 
 
 mansambwadi 
 
 anana 
 
 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 enana 
 
 jiana 
 
 minana 
 
 inana 
 
 manana 
 
 avwa 
 
 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 evwa 
 
 akumi 
 
 jivwa 
 
 mivwa 
 
 ivwa 
 
 mavwa 
 
 or 
 
 ekumi 
 
 jikumi 
 
 mikumi 
 
 ikumi 
 
 makumi 
 
1 ( 569 ) 
 
 Form. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. & XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 t 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XV. 
 
 kumoxi 
 
 mole 
 
 matatu 
 
 maya 
 
 matanu 
 
 lasambanu 
 
 lumoxi 
 tole 
 tutatu 
 tuya 
 tutanu 
 | tusambanu 
 
 umoxi 
 
 wole 
 
 tatu 
 
 ya 
 
 tanu 
 
 sambanu 
 
 umoxi 
 
 mole 
 
 matatu 
 
 maya 
 
 matanu 
 
 masambanu 
 
 vamoxi 
 mole 
 mutatu 
 muya 
 mutanu 
 i musambanu 
 
 fimoxi 
 
 Vi 
 
 § 
 
 Lsambwadi 
 
 nana 
 
 vwa 
 
 kumi 
 
 J nsambwadi 
 nana 
 
 vwa 
 
 kumi 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nana 
 
 vwa 
 
 kumi 
 
 1 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nana 
 
 vwa 
 
 kumi 
 
 nsambwadi 
 
 nana 
 
 vwa 
 
 kumi 
 
 
 7 ORM. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. & XI. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 kumoxi 
 
 lumoxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 vamoxi 
 
 fimoxi 
 
 memole 
 
 tutole 
 
 uwole 
 
 memole 
 
 mumole 
 
 
 lematatu 
 
 tutatu 
 
 utatu 
 
 mematatu 
 
 mutatu 
 
 
 itnemaya 
 
 tuya 
 
 uya 
 
 memaya 
 
 muya 
 
 
 .ematanu 
 
 tutanu - 
 
 utanu 
 
 mematanu 
 
 mutanu 
 
 
 aasambanu 
 
 tusambanu 
 
 usambanu 
 
 memasambanu 
 
 musambanu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :sambwadi 
 
 tunsambwadi 
 
 unsambwadi 
 
 mansambwadi 
 
 munsambwadi 
 
 
 nanana 
 
 tunana 
 
 unana 
 
 manana 
 
 munana 
 
 
 navwa 
 
 tuvwa 
 
 uvwa 
 
 mavwa 
 
 muvwa 
 
 
 . 
 
 lakumi 
 
 tukumi 
 
 ukumi 
 
 makumi 
 
 mukumi 
 
 
( 570 ) 
 
 From the preceding tables it will be seen that in the primary form no prefix 
 is added in Classes I., II., V., VI., and XII., except in the case of -moxi and 
 -ole, which retain their prefixes, because the stem of moxi has a nasal initial, 
 and that of ole a vowel initial. 
 
 The prefixes ma, tu, and mu, are never dropped ; they combine with the 
 vowel o of -ole, and become mo, to, and mo ; while Classes III. and IV. take 
 the heavy nasal before the numerals 3, 4, 5, and 6. 
 
 Nouns of the 2nd class having a final are often pronounced as though the 
 final a was e before moxi, zole, tatu, ya, tanu, sambaim, nana, vwa, kumi, 
 that is to say, before all but nsambwadi.* 
 
 Mbwa zole : two dogs, 
 is pronounced 
 
 Mbw’ ezole. 
 
 It will be noted also that the Secondary forms of the cardinal numerals are 
 all variable. They are formed from the Primary cardinals by adding a further 
 prefix ; thus the simple form of three used with a noun of the 8th class is 
 matatu ; its Secondary form is mematatu (or sometimes, less correctly, ma- 
 matatu). Where the Primary form has dropped its prefix, the Secondary form 
 only wears one prefix ; thus tatu takes jitatu for its Secondary form in Class 
 II. Class I. has two Secondary forms, the one following the ordinary rule 
 which prefixes a to the cardinals, the other which prefixes the heavy nasal to 
 the Primary form ; the latter being more commonly used. 
 
 Nouns which only wear the plural form, such as makangU, a friend, require 
 their plural characteristic prefix to be attached even to moxi, one j thus :— 
 
 Makangu mamoxi : one friend. 
 
 When the units (from 1 to 10) are used as complements to tens, the above 
 forms are correct, but an invariable series are also very commonly employed^ 
 as follows :— 
 
 1 moxi. 
 
 2 fzole. 
 
 3 tatu. 
 
 4 ya. 
 
 5 tanu. 
 
 Thus it is correct to say :— 
 
 6 sambanu. 
 
 7 nsambwadi. 
 
 8 nana. 
 
 9 vwa. 
 
 10 kumi. 
 
 Matadi kumiyezole : twelve stones, 
 as well as— 
 
 Matadi kumi ye mole. 
 
 Wivwa makumatanu ye zole : fifty-two mushrooms, 
 as well as— 
 
 Wivwa makumatanu ya wole. 
 
 * The e cannot be a prefix to the numeral, otherwise O and U final would be pronounced as 
 w, which is never the case. 
 
 Nzo zole : two houses, 
 never: nzw ezole. 
 
 f It is difficult to understand why the prefix z appears in zole, but it will be noticed that it 
 occurs also in the ordinary stem, -ezole, second. 
 
i 
 
 
 (571 ) 
 
 When units are used after hundreds or thousands, &c., without tens being - 
 mentioned ,, these forms are never used ; thus • 
 
 102 stones is always— 
 
 Matadi nkama ye mole, never zole. 
 
 The numerals from 5 to 10 inclusive are sometimes used substantively thus 
 
 Etanu : a five. 
 
 Esambanu : a six. 
 
 Nsambwadi : a seven. 
 
 Enana : an eight. 
 
 Evwa : a nine. 
 
 Ekumi : a ten. 
 
 With the exception of nsambwadi, which belongs to Class II., they bear the 
 prefix e, and belong to Class VIII. ; when thus used, they precede the noun- 
 1 fie following are instances of their employment :— 
 
 Etanu dia wantu \ five men ; lit. a five of men. 
 
 Esambanu dia nti j six trees \ lit. a six of trees. 
 
 Nsambwadi a lekwa : seven things. 
 
 Enana dia nsusu : eight fowls. 
 
 Evwa dia matadi : nine stones. 
 
 Ekumi dia malungu : ten canoes. 
 
 Enana dia wantu divwida vondwa muna diambu diadi: 
 
 Some eight men have been put to death over this palaver. 
 
 The numbers from 1 to 4 have also substantival forms, which could only be 
 used in a multiplication table, or some such employment:— 
 
 Emoxi : a one. 
 
 f Emole : a two. 
 
 Etatu : a three. 
 
 Eya : a four. 
 
 They all belong to Class VIII., and form their plurals in ma. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mamole maya, enana : four times two are eight; 
 lit. twos four eight. 
 
 Matatu mole sambanu : twice three are six ; 
 lit. two threes six. 
 
 There is a special form of the numerals from 1 to 10 which is used only in 
 counting :— 
 
 
 
 1 koxi. 
 
 2 kole. 
 
 3 kutatu. 
 
 4 kuya. 
 
 5 kutanu. 
 
 The following serve as instances of the 
 Nzo zole : two houses. 
 
 6 kusambanu. 
 
 7 nsambwadi. 
 
 8 enana. 
 
 9 evwa. 
 
 10 ekumi. 
 
 use of the numerals from 1 to 10 :— 
 
 Nzo kwa? jitatu : how many houses ? three. 
 
 Nti nya : four trees. 
 
 Nti kwa ? minsambwadi : how many trees ? seven. 
 
( 572 ) 
 
 Lekwa tatu : three things. 
 
 Lekwa kwa? itatn: how many things ? three. 
 
 Maki maya mamhote, memole mamhi; makwa ? memaya mambote, 
 memole niambi : four good eggs, two bad ones; how many ? four good, 
 two bad. 
 
 Wivwakwa? nsambwadi: how many mushrooms ? seven, 
 luma nana; mukwa ? munana : eight places ; how many ? eight. 
 Fimbele flame fimoxi fivididi : one little knife of mine is lost. 
 
 From ii to 19 the numerals are expressed by kumi, followed by the unit with 
 the conjunction ya or ye placed between them. 
 
 Ya may be used before units which bear concord prefixes, but before no 
 others ; ye before any numeral. 
 
 11 kumi ye moxi. 
 
 16 
 
 12 kumi ye zole. 
 
 17 
 
 13 kumi ye tatu. 
 
 18 
 
 14 kumi ye ya. 
 
 19 
 
 15 kumi ye tanu. 
 
 
 kumi ye sambanu. 
 kumi ye nsambwadi. 
 kumi ye nana. 
 kumi ye vwa. 
 
 The invariable form only of the units is instanced above, their Primary and 
 Secondary forms may also be used after tens, thus :— 
 
 Matadi kumi ye tatu, or matadi kumi ye matatu : 13 stones. 
 
 From 20 to 60 the numerals are contractions of makumi, tens, and its multi¬ 
 ple ; from seventy to ninety a special form is used, as follows :— 
 
 20 makumole (from makumi mole). 
 
 30 makumatatu (from makumi matatu). 
 
 40 makumaya (from makumi maya). 
 
 50 makumatanu (from makumi matanu). 
 
 60 makumasambanu (from makumi masambanu). 
 70 lusambwadi (for makumi nsambwadi). 
 
 80 lunana (for makumi nana). 
 
 90 luvwa (for makumi vwa). 
 
 The uncontracted forms are very seldom used. When it is necessary to add 
 units, the rule is the same as for the numerals from 11 to 19. 
 
 The higher numbers are as follows :— 
 
 A hundred : nkama (II.). 
 
 A thousand : ezunda (VIII.). 
 
 Ten thousand : kiaji (V.). 
 
 A hundred thousand : elundu (VIII.). 
 
 A million : efuku (VIII.). 
 
 The conjunction ye is used when joining tens, hundreds, thousands, &c. 
 
 The following will instance these combinations : — 
 
 Kumiyetanu: 15. 
 
 Makumole ye ya: 24. 
 
 Matadi nkama ye makumatanu ye mematanu: 
 
 155 stones ; lit. stones a hundred and fifty and five. 
 
 Ezunda, ye nkama nana ye lunana ye nsambwadi: 1887. 
 
 Mafuku mole ye malundu maya ye yaji yole, ye mazunda matatu, ye 
 nkama zole ye luvwa ye vwa : 2,423,299. 
 
 Very often in expressing such compound numerals, the first and highest 
 
( 573 ) 
 
 number appears a noun, and precedes the noun it qualifies, the preposition 
 a, of coming between them ; thus 1 1 
 
 Nkama a lekwa ye makumatanu : 
 
 150 things ; lit. a hundred of things and fifty 
 Ezunda dia matadi ye nkama zole ye makumatanu: 
 
 1,250 stones ; lit. a thousand of stones and two hundred and fifty 
 
 The noun may be inserted after the second high numeral, when the clause 
 is veiy complex ; thus the above sentence may appear as :_ 
 
 Ezunda ye nkama zole ya matadi ye makumatanu. 
 
 lh ° C “* the noun is repeated, but it is considered to be rather awkward, 
 
 Ezunda dia matadi, yo matadi nkama zole, ye makumatanu. 
 
 In counting beads some special numeral terms are employed 
 
 25 nfuku U ( ( X ‘and ® n fiVeS,C0Unting the beads on the strin S fire at a time). 
 
 mfuku tatu (three fifties), 
 mfuku tanu (five fifties). , 
 
 mbondo (II.). 
 kulaji (VI.). 
 
 In geneial enumeration 17 is often spoken of as 
 
 Makumole makondwa tatu = 20—3. 
 
 So 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 95, 96, 97, &c., are spoken as 20, 30, 100, &c., less 1 - 3 
 5, &c., as the case may be. J ’ ’ J 2} 
 
 99 : nkama ikondwa moxi. 
 r 99 ° • ezunda dikondwa kumi. 
 
 When the cardinal numerals combine with the demonstrative pronouns they 
 aie expiessed by the subjective personal pronoun, followed by the Secondary 
 foim of the cardinal numerals prefixed by the particle a* thus •— ‘ 5 
 
 uumsecv for’ n 7 f‘ 7 '' ^ ^ CL IH - P 1 ' S jitatu=card. 
 
 num., secy, lor, Cl. III., pi. - a^prefix. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Nkombo zau ajitatu r Those three goats. 
 
 Matadi mau amemole: Those two stones. 
 
 Abundu yau atanu i Those five slaves. 
 
 Another form identical in force is constructed by placing the subjective Der 
 
 sonal pronoun before the special contracted form of the numerals given in the 
 following tables :— 6 LUC 
 
 50 
 
 150 
 
 250 
 
 500 
 
 1000 
 
 Numerals Combined with the Demonstratives. 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 l L 
 
 1 lr - 
 
 III. & IV. 
 
 V. & VI. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 yandi amoxi 
 yau ewole 
 f) etatu 
 » eya 
 „ etanu 
 „ esambanu 
 
 zau emoxi 
 zau ezole 
 „ etatu 
 » eya 
 „ etanu 
 „ esambanu 
 
 wau amoxi 
 miau amiole 
 ,, antatu 
 „ anya 
 „ antanu 
 „ ansambanu 
 
 kiau akimoxi 
 yau ayole 
 „ atatu 
 „ aya 
 „ atanu 
 j, asambanu 
 
 derivIu e ,e a „oun! ed “ Pr0bab ' y idenUCaI W “ h that em P Io red in the construction of .he r 9 th 
 
( 574 ) 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 VII. & VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. & XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 I 
 
 diau adimoxi 
 
 kwau akumoxi 
 
 luau alumoxi 
 
 mau aumoxi 
 
 2 
 
 mau emole 
 
 mau emole 
 
 twau etole 
 
 wau awole 
 
 3 
 
 „ etatu 
 
 „ etatu 
 
 „ etatu 
 
 „ atatu 
 
 4 
 
 » eya 
 
 „ eya 
 
 „ eya 
 
 „ aya 
 
 5 
 
 „ etanu 
 
 „ etanu 
 
 „ etanu 
 
 „ atanu 
 
 6 
 
 „ esambanu 
 
 „ esambanu 
 
 „ esambanu 
 
 „ asambanu 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 I 
 
 mau aumoxi 
 
 vau avamoxi 
 
 fiau afimoxi 
 
 9 
 
 mau emole 
 
 mau emole 
 
 
 3 
 
 „ etatu 
 
 >» 
 
 etatu 
 
 is 
 
 4 
 
 „ eya 
 
 5 ) 
 
 eya 
 
 s. 
 
 5 
 
 „ etanu 
 
 5 ) 
 
 etanu 
 
 £ 
 
 6 
 
 „ esambanu 
 
 
 esambanu 
 
 
 Numerals. VII. & VIII. 
 
 7. ansambwadi \ 
 
 8. enana 
 
 9. evwa 1 
 
 10. ekumi 
 
 11. ekumi ye moxi 
 
 &c. > 
 
 From 7 upwards the forms are 
 identical in each class. 
 
 The numerals from 20 upwards receive the prefix a upon the ordinary form, 
 and thus take their place after the pronoun. 
 
 Examples . 
 
 0 mankondo mau amakumole ye tanu : Those 25 plaintain. 
 
 E nkombo zau ankama zole : These 200 goats. 
 
 Where it is necessary to demonstrate, and to be very emphatic, one of the 
 forms of the demonstrative pronoun may precede the personal pronoun ; in that 
 case the contracted form of the numeral is preferred, thus 
 
 E nkombo zajina zau ekumi : Those 10 goats yonder 
 0 mankondo emo mau eya : Those (near) 4 plantain. 
 
 -awa -moxi, the same , alike , is in reality identical with the forms for the 
 numeral 1 in the foregoing table. 
 
 E nkombo zajina zawa jimoxi (= zau ajimoxi): 
 
 Those goats are alike, i.e. are one. 
 
 Dinkondo diadi diawa dimoxi ( = diau adimoxi): 
 
 This plaintain is the same, i.e. is one. 
 

 ( 575 ) 
 
 The Ordinal Numerals. 
 
 e ordinal numerals are a series of adjectives formed from the numerical 
 nouns (with the exception of -antet % first), as follows 
 
 1st : 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 4th 
 
 5th 
 
 6th 
 
 7th 
 
 8th 
 
 9th 
 
 loth 
 
 -antete. 
 
 -ezole. 
 
 -etatu. 
 
 -eya. 
 
 -etanu. 
 
 -esambanu. 
 
 -ansambwadi. 
 
 -enana. 
 
 -evwa. 
 
 -ekumi. 
 
 nth : 
 12th : 
 13th : 
 20th: 
 2 ist : 
 30th : 
 
 1 ooth : 
 101st: 
 102nd 
 
 &c., &c 
 
 -ekumi ye moxi. 
 -ekumi ye zole. 
 -ekumi ye tatu. 
 -amakumole. 
 -amakumole ye moxi. 
 -amakumatatu. 
 -ankama. 
 
 -ankama ye moxi. 
 ankama ye zole. 
 
 It will be seen that many are adjectives in e; they follow the same rules as 
 other adjectives which have e for their initial. 
 
 The ordinal numeral adiectives are nearly always used after the relative pro- 
 
 ^ the n0U " Secondary form 
 
 Lekwa kina kiezole : the second thing ; 
 lit. the thing that which is the second, is preferred to lekwa kiezole. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Elonga nzolele dina diamakumole ye tanu : I wish for the 25 th plate 
 0 mbaku una wankama ye kumi ye tanu : The 115th piece of cloth 
 0 nti una wesambanu : The 6th tree. 
 
 Partitive Numerals. 
 
 .R T o ePartItiVenUmeraISare ex P ressed b y doubling the cardinal numerals 
 tne Primary or Secondary forms, whichever may be needed ; thus : — 
 
 Ubavana mankondo mole mole : Give them two plantains each 
 Babongele jitanu jitanu : They took five each. 
 
 (mbele, knives , being understood). 
 
 Mpangidi zo nkama nkama: 
 
 I made a hundred of each of them ; 
 lit. I made them a hundred, a hundred. 
 
 Benatanga mazunda matatu matatu : 
 
 They are carrying three thousand at a time. 
 
 Besumbanga zo makumatanu makumatanu : 
 
 They are buying them in fifties. 
 
 of 
 
 Alternating Numerals. 
 
 A series 
 
 alternately. 
 
 of alternating numerals are used after the verb swanga, to put 
 
 identical in form with the secondary cardinal numerals ; thus •_ 
 
 Ubaswanga nwole nwole: 
 
 Put them alternately, two of one kind, two of another. 
 
 Swanga e ndombe ye mbwaki jitanu jitanu : 
 
 Put them alternately five black, and five red ; 
 is to say, five black, then five red, then five black, and so on. 
 
THE PRONOUN. 
 
 The Pronouns m Kongo may be conveniently classified as follows :— 
 
 Personal, 
 
 Possessive, 
 
 Interrogative, 
 
 Demonstrative, 
 
 Relative. 
 
 The Personal Pronoun. 
 
 Nouns which designate rational beings belong to the first class, and only 
 nouns of the first class can be represented by pronouns of the ist and 2nd 
 person. 
 
 The subjective form of the pronoun is used when the noun it represents is the 
 subject of the verb; it always precedes the verb. The subjective personal pro¬ 
 nouns are given in all their forms in the following tables. 
 
 The first column gives the person, the second the class, the third and fourth 
 the singular and plural forms. The first, second, and third persons of the ist 
 class are rendered in English by :—I, thou , he , or she, we, you, they; those of 
 classes 2-15 in the singular by \—it; in the plural by '.—they. 
 
 Table of Subjective Pronouns. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 mono 
 
 yeto 
 
 II. 
 
 
 nge or ngeye 
 
 yeno 
 
 III. 
 
 
 yandi 
 
 yau 
 
 
 2 
 
 yau 
 
 zau 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wau 
 
 miau 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiau 
 
 yau 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diau 
 
 mau 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwau 
 
 mau 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luau 
 
 twau 
 
 
 12 
 
 wau 
 
 wau 
 
 
 13 
 
 wau 
 
 mau 
 
 
 14 
 
 vau 
 
 mwau 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiau 
 
 — 
 
 The objective form of the pronoun is used to represent the noun which figures 
 as the object of the verb. It always follows immediately after the verb, or its 
 auxiliary if one is used. 
 
 576 
 
( 577 ) 
 
 Table of Objective Pronouns. 
 
 Person. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I 
 
 mono 
 
 yeto 
 
 III. 
 
 
 nge or ngeye 
 
 yeno 
 
 
 yandi 
 
 yau 
 
 
 2 
 
 yo 
 
 zo 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 wo 
 
 kio 
 
 mio 
 
 yo 
 
 mo 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dio 
 
 
 9 
 
 ko 
 
 mo 
 
 
 io & 11 
 
 lo 
 
 to 
 
 
 12 
 
 wo 
 
 wo 
 
 
 13 
 
 wo 
 
 mo 
 
 
 H 
 
 VO 
 
 mo 
 
 
 15 
 
 fio 
 
 
 nouns :-° Wmg "* >nSt!lnCeS of the use of the subjective and objective pro- 
 
 Mono nkwiza: T 
 
 R e e r eWiZa: VoTcreZ 
 
 iMau bele o unu: T l oi , 
 
 E nkombo zame azeyi? zau jikwiza: Where ^rTmy goatf? They are 
 
 Yandi omwene yeto: coming. 
 
 Ovo e nkombo jikwiza, sumba zo : 
 
 Sasa e mbiji, i boxi yangi yo: 
 
 Untwikila o twavu yalengela to: 
 
 Toma mo ximba: 
 
 Ovitidi kio sumba: 
 
 T _ , . • nrst Dougnt it. 
 
 • certam constructions (unnatural negative, &c.), or where special emnh^k 
 
 case'theSubjective form ^ ^ itS Verb ’ in -“eh 
 
 He saw us. 
 
 If the goats come, buy them. 
 
 Cut up the meat, then boil it. 
 Send me the adzes that I may 
 sharpen them for you. 
 
 Hold them carefully. 
 
 He first bought it. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Nga osumbanga e nsusu e ? zau nsumbanga: 
 
 Are you buying the fowls ? I am buying them. 
 
 Vava njiuwidi e nkele, mau kimoni: 
 
 ,,,, .i ^ h , en } °P ened the box I did not see them. 
 
 exwessL o 6 f Z m and kwenda - *> S°, are used with a verb 
 
 expressive of the motive or purpose, a special form is induced in the verb of the 
 
 purpose. When an objective pronoun is the object of the verb of purpose h 
 
 theVerb linsfollv “d * T** ^ C ° mbination with the prefix’of 
 
 e verb. All is fully explained under the auxiliary verb, section kwiza nml 
 kwenda, these remarks will suffice to direct the attention tl^re. 
 
 Pronominal Prefixes. 
 
 Whether the noun or the pronoun of the subject is mentioned or not the verh 
 r ceives a pronominal prefix corresponding and proper to the person’ number 
 and class of its subject. See also imder the Verb. ’ ’ 
 
 Their force is identical with that of the personal pronouns. 
 
 P P 
 
( 573 ) 
 
 Table 
 
 of Subjective Pronominal 
 
 Prefixes. 
 
 Person. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 fn, m {light)} 
 
 tu, tw 
 
 
 
 Uy / 
 
 
 II. 
 
 
 0,11, w 
 
 nu, nw 
 
 HI. 
 
 
 To, u, w, ke, e\ 
 
 be, e, ba, a 
 
 
 
 Ika, a / 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i, y 
 
 ji, za 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 mu, mw 
 
 mi 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ki 
 
 i,y 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 di 
 
 me, ma 
 
 
 9 
 
 ku, kw 
 
 me, ma 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 lu 
 
 tu, tw 
 
 
 12 
 
 u, w 
 
 u, w 
 
 
 13 
 
 u, w 
 
 me, ma 
 
 
 14 
 
 va, ve 
 
 mu, mw 
 
 
 15 
 
 fi 
 
 — 
 
 When the object of 
 
 a verb belongs to Class 1, and 
 
 is represented by a pro- 
 
 noun, a pronominal prefix is often used to express it 
 
 ; this is never the case 
 
 when the object belongs to Classes 2 to 15. 
 
 
 Table 
 
 of Objective Pronominal ] 
 
 Prefixes. 
 
 
 
 Class 1 ojily. 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 n, m {light) 
 
 tu 
 
 II. 
 
 
 none 
 
 nu 
 
 III. 
 
 
 n, m {heavy) 
 
 a, ba, aba 
 
 When an adjective qualifies a 
 
 personal pronoun (or, 
 
 more correctly speaking, 
 
 a noun represented by its personal pronoun), a pronominal prefix is attached to 
 
 the adjective. 
 
 
 
 
 In the first person 
 
 sing., the demonstrative verbal particle 1, I am, &c., 
 
 precedes the adjective, which 
 
 then assumes the secondary form proper to 
 
 muntu, a person, which is then understood. 
 
 
 In the other persons prefixes 
 
 are added to the adjective, as in the following 
 
 table :— 
 
 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 i, w- 
 
 tu or tw 
 
 II. 
 
 
 u or w 
 
 nu or nw 
 
 III. 
 
 
 uorw 
 
 ba 
 
 The application of these prefixes to the adjective is instanced in the following 
 table, taking as example : — 
 
 -Anene: great. 
 
 -Nene : too great. 
 
 -Ebeni : large {an adjective i?i e). 
 
 Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Primary or Secondary. 
 
 Verbal. 
 
 Adjectives in E. 
 
 I. 
 
 i wanene 
 
 inene 
 
 i webeni 
 
 II. 
 
 wanene 
 
 unene 
 
 webeni 
 
 III. 
 
 wanene 
 
 unene 
 
 webeni 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 twanene 
 
 tunene 
 
 twebeni 
 
 II. 
 
 nwanene 
 
 nunene 
 
 nwebeni 
 
 III. 
 
 banene 
 
 banene 
 
 bebeni 
 
( 579 ) 
 
 
 second n pers n o 0 n Un the n n d o *“ . appositi ?" ' t0 a P ers ™^l pronoun of thefhWT 
 follows ’ Un 1S preceded b y a pronominal particle, or prefix, as 
 
 Pe l S ° n ‘ Singular. Plural . 
 
 TT , 1 U. 
 
 _ _ tu<?rtwa nilfiriiwa 
 
 I am f ra n b°bi f “ k t nda a J'JT 1 * kitina kwame tamika ko : 
 
 I am not a a^i S d S of l : , uc a h1rme V s e “° ° f ^ SCra * hed 
 Kadi ngeye umfuma : Because you are a chief 
 
 Yeno°nw P a e i e t ir a andi ' We a ' S ° are his children ' 
 
 STeno nwaleke abiza : You are good boys. 
 
 yeto tundombe kweto (or tu ndombe or twa ndombe): 
 
 We are black people. 
 
 T , Emphatic Personal Pronouns 
 
 simplest o'fVerfgiiTthefolf mS ° f ^ ° f the Ist class ! ‘he 
 
 forms are identical 0w mg table. The subjective and obiective 
 
 mono kwame : I, me. 
 
 nge or ngeye kwaku : thou, thee, 
 yandi kwandi : he, she, him, her. 
 
 yeto kweto : we, us. 
 
 yeno kweno: you, ye . 
 
 yan kwau : they, them. 
 
 rat T her e t e han re an g ;:S for" ” EngHSh by a " 6m P hasis P™oun, 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mono kwame nsumbidi yo : I bought them. 
 
 Yeto kweto tuzolele kwenda : We wish to o- 0 . 
 
 subiect^' 11 p e, Waku ? kwandi, kweto, kweno, and kwau, are used also after the 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Anga ngiza kwame: May I come ? 
 
 Vaika kawku : Go out. 
 
 Nwendayowelakweno: Go and bathe. 
 
 Bele kawu : They have gone. 
 
 „ r . Oyandi wijidi kwandi : He has come. 
 
 rathp^i- °r ^ dlfficult t0 see an Y emphasis in these forms ; they appear 
 
 to give finishto as “ lbelhsh a sentence which would otherwise be too curt, or 
 considered h ? ‘T* winch would else conclude with a verb, this beino- 
 
 extensions^^oftS ‘h" reaS ° n they are ° ften used “ emphatic* or 
 
 extensions of the objective pronominal prefixes. 
 
 Adieyi kangwetele kwame ? Why did he strike me ? 
 
 th Somet,mes kwandz is used as above for all persons and both numbers ; 
 
 Yalula kwandi o meza : Clear the table 
 
 Mono kwandi nzolete kio : I want it. 
 
 Yeto kwandi se tukwenda : We are going now. 
 
 Bakesele kwandi o nti : They have felled the tree. 
 
( 5^0 ) 
 
 The article o is frequently prefixed to the personal pronouns of the ist class, 
 but only in affirmative clauses ; it has in some measure an emphatic or demon¬ 
 strative force. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 0 mono kwame nsnmbidi kio : I bought it. 
 
 0 yandi ozolele kwenda : He wishes to go. 
 
 A more emphatic form is made by placing the word kibeni or beni {or veka 
 in some dialects), after the simple pronoun, or after the forms above given ; 
 thus :— 
 
 Mono kibeni, 
 
 Mono kwame kibeni, 
 
 Mono kwandi bibeni, 
 
 Nge or ngeye kibeni, 
 
 Ngeye kwaku kibeni, 
 
 Ngeye kwandi kibeni, 
 
 Yandi kibeni, 
 
 Yandi kwendi beni, 
 
 Yeto beni, 
 
 Yeto kweto kibeni, 
 
 Yeto kwandi kibeni, 
 
 Yeno beni, 
 
 Yeno kweno beni, 
 
 Yeno kwandi kibeni, 
 
 Yau kibeni, 
 
 Yan kwau kibeni, 
 
 Yau kwandi kibeni, 
 
 For the sake of emphasis, an objective pronoun of Classes 2 to 15 may 
 precede its verb ; the subjective form is always used in such case ; thus :— 
 
 Zau tusumbanga : They are what we are buying. 
 
 Kiau kazolele : He does want that one. 
 
 Declension of Pronouns. 
 
 The difference in form between the subjective and objective cases of the 
 personal pronouns has already been noted, it will suffice to summarise here by 
 stating that :— 
 
 In the 1 st class there is no difference in form, but for Classes 2 to 15 the 
 stem -au stands as the subjective pronoun, receiving a series of prefixes identical 
 with those applied to the secondary adjective. 
 
 The objective pronoun is formed from the stem -0, receiving the same series 
 of prefixes as the subjective form. 
 
 The possessive, dative, and ablative cases are only found in the pronouns of 
 the ist class ; and since the possessive pronouns convey the same idea as the 
 possessive case, they are more generally used. The possessive case of the 
 personal pronoun is preferred, when it is desired to specially emphasize the per¬ 
 son concerned. It is formed by placing the particle -a, of,\ before the pronoun. 
 As explained under the noun and the adjective, the particle receives the prefixes 
 of the concord, as though it were itself an adjective. 
 
 The dative and ablative cases are formed by placing the Locative kwa, or the 
 preposition ya or yo before the pronoun. 
 
 kwa, oku kwa, oko kwa, and kuna kwa are the only forms of Locatives 
 admissible before the nouns or pronouns of living creatures ; and since only 
 
 | I or me myself, 
 b 
 
 | thou or thee thyself. 
 
 | he himself or she herself. 
 | we ourselves. 
 
 | you yourselves. 
 
 | they themselves. 
 
( S8l ) 
 
 I 
 
 whichcTannl 11 h f ^ P ° SSeSS the obli( l ue cases > ‘W 'he only forms 
 nicn can appear before a pronoun. 
 
 Th^e e is P ” , ° n t 5 ;V S US ^ d u in a ®rmative, and ya in negative sentences, 
 ere is a contracted form of the pronoun combined with the yo or ya 
 
 Person. - j j ■ 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 IIT. 
 
 yandi. 
 
 yau. 
 
 L ii. 
 
 yame yaku 
 
 yeto yeno 
 
 ya-f yandi becoming yandi. 
 
 ya+yeto „ yeto. 
 
 ya+yeno „ ye no. 
 
 T l ., , ya+yau „ yan. 
 
 singular mono a Y° 5UCh COmbinations wi ‘h the first and second persons 
 
 same stem as that • A f °' m baS been made ’ however, from the 
 
 viz me Zrl T their possessive pronouns have been formed, 
 
 completed. d * ’ ya+me= y ame and ya+ku=yaku. The series is thus 
 
 The following table illustrates the declension of pronouns 
 
 Person. 
 
 Subjective. 
 
 Objective. 
 
 'IX Wl pi U 11 UU 113 
 
 With the Locative 
 
 With ya or yo. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 I. 
 
 mono : I 
 
 mono: me 
 
 kwamono: to 
 
 for, by, &c., 
 me 
 
 yotfryamono, 
 yame : with 
 me 
 
 II. 
 
 nge, ngeye : 
 thou 
 
 nge, ngeye: 
 
 thee 
 
 kwa nge, kwa 
 ngeye : to, 
 for, by, &c., 
 thee 
 
 yo or ya nge, 
 yo ory& nge¬ 
 ye, yakn : 
 
 with thee 
 
 III. 
 
 yandi: he or 
 
 she 
 
 yan, wan, ki- 
 an, dian, 
 kwan, lnan, 
 vau or fian : 
 it 
 
 yandi : him or 
 her 
 
 yo, wo, kio, 
 dio, ko, lo, 
 vo or fio : it 
 
 kwa yandi: 
 
 to, for, by, 
 &c.; him, her, 
 or it. 
 
 yo ory a yandi, 
 yandi : with 
 him, her or it 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I. 
 
 yeto : we 
 
 yeto : us 
 
 kwa yeto : to, 
 
 for, by, &c., 
 us 
 
 yo or ya yeto, 
 yeto : with us 
 
 II. 
 
 yeno : you 
 
 yeno : you 
 
 kwa yeno : 
 
 to, for, by, 
 &c., you 
 
 yo or ya yeno, 
 yeno : with 
 you 
 
 III. 
 
 yan : they 
 zan,mian,yan, 
 man, twan, 
 wan or 
 mwan : they 
 
 yan : them 
 zo, mio, yo, 
 mo, to or wo : 
 
 them 
 
 kwa yan: to, 
 for, by, &c., 
 them 
 
 yo or ya yau, 
 yan : with 
 
 them 
 
( 582 ) 
 
 Examples of the oblique cases :— 
 
 Nzo a mono eyayi: 
 
 E nti miomio mia yandi: 
 
 Vana zo kwa yandi: 
 
 Kiaki kivangilu kwa yau: 
 Twika o madia knna kwa yau: 
 Yeto kweto tukwenda yaku: 
 Kakedi yame ko: 
 
 Kunwani yeto ko: 
 
 Wele kwandi yau: 
 
 This is my house. 
 
 Those trees are his. 
 
 Give them to him. 
 
 This was made by them. 
 Send the food to them. 
 We will go with thee. 
 
 He was not with me. 
 
 Do not fight with us. 
 
 He is gone with them. 
 
 Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 The possessive pronouns are adjectival and concord with the nouns they 
 qualify by receiving the prefix proper to their class and number, just as any 
 ordinary adjectives. They possess primary and secondary forms, and in that 
 respect also they follow the laws of adjectives. The stems of the possessive 
 pronouns are as follows 
 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 person 
 
 -ame 
 
 -eto. 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 » 
 
 
 -aku 
 
 -eno. 
 
 
 
 III. 
 
 » 
 
 
 -andi 
 
 -au. 
 
 
 
 Table of 
 
 Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 Class. Number. Form. 
 
 -ame. 
 
 -aku. 
 
 -andi. 
 
 -eto. 
 
 -eno. 
 
 -au. 
 
 
 Primary. 
 
 my, 
 
 thy, his, hers, its. 
 
 our, 
 
 your. 
 
 their. 
 
 
 Secondary. 
 
 mine. 
 
 thine. do., do. 
 
 ours. 
 
 yours. 
 
 theirs. 
 
 
 sing. prim. 
 
 ame 
 
 aku 
 
 andi 
 
 eto 
 
 eno 
 
 au 
 
 T / 
 
 ) sec. 
 
 wame 
 
 waku 
 
 wandi 
 
 weto 
 
 weno 
 
 wau 
 
 A V 
 
 ) pi. prim. 
 
 ame 
 
 aku 
 
 andi 
 
 eto 
 
 eno 
 
 au 
 
 
 sec. 
 
 ame 
 
 aku 
 
 andi 
 
 eto 
 
 eno 
 
 au 
 
 
 ' sing. prim. 
 
 ame 
 
 aku 
 
 andi 
 
 eto 
 
 eno 
 
 au 
 
 2 < 
 
 ) sec. 
 
 yame 
 
 yaku 
 
 yandi 
 
 yeto 
 
 yeno 
 
 yau 
 
 ) pi. prim. 
 
 zame 
 
 zaku 
 
 zandi 
 
 zeto 
 
 zeno 
 
 zau 
 
 
 sec. 
 
 zame 
 
 zaku 
 
 zandi 
 
 zeto 
 
 zeno 
 
 zau 
 
 | 
 
 ' sing. prim. 
 
 ame 
 
 aku 
 
 andi 
 
 eto 
 
 eno 
 
 au 
 
 3 & 4 < 
 
 ^ sec. 
 
 wame 
 
 waku 
 
 wandi 
 
 weto 
 
 weno 
 
 wau 
 
 ) pi. prim. 
 
 miame 
 
 miaku 
 
 miandi 
 
 mieto 
 
 mieno 
 
 miau 
 
 1 
 
 sec. 
 
 miame 
 
 miaku 
 
 miandi 
 
 mieto 
 
 mieno 
 
 miau 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 jsmg. g 
 
 Ipl. g 
 
 kiame 
 
 yame 
 
 kiaku 
 
 yaku 
 
 kiandi 
 
 yandi 
 
 kieto 
 
 yeto 
 
 kieno 
 
 yeno 
 
 kiau 
 
 yau 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 f sing. £ E 
 
 diame 
 
 diaku 
 
 diandi 
 
 dieto 
 
 dieno 
 
 diau 
 
 \ pl - ^ 
 
 mame 
 
 maku 
 
 mandi 
 
 meto 
 
 meno 
 
 mau 
 
 
 rsing. u f 
 
 kwame 
 
 kwaku 
 
 kwandi 
 
 kweto 
 
 kweno 
 
 kwau 
 
 9 
 
 ipl. 'g B 
 
 mame 
 
 maku 
 
 mandi 
 
 meto 
 
 meno 
 
 mau 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 / sm £- 8 £ 
 
 luame 
 
 luaku 
 
 luandi 
 
 lueto 
 
 lueno 
 
 luau 
 
 \pl. «« u 
 
 twame 
 
 twaku 
 
 twandi 
 
 tweto 
 
 tweno 
 
 twau 
 
 12 
 
 /sing• 'g .S 
 
 wame 
 
 waku 
 
 wandi 
 
 weto 
 
 weno 
 
 wau 
 
 ipi. * * 
 
 wame 
 
 waku 
 
 wandi 
 
 weto 
 
 weno 
 
 wau 
 
 13 
 
 . u 
 
 ( Sln g- a '5 
 
 wame 
 
 waku 
 
 wandi 
 
 weto 
 
 weno 
 
 wau 
 
 Ip 1 - .1 ^ 
 
 mame 
 
 maku 
 
 mandi 
 
 meto 
 
 meno 
 
 mau 
 
 H 
 
 f smg. 
 
 vame 
 
 vaku 
 
 vandi 
 
 veto 
 
 veno 
 
 vau 
 
 ipi- JS 
 
 mwame mwaku 
 
 mwandi 
 
 mweto 
 
 mweno 
 
 mwau 
 
 15 
 
 sing. ^ 
 
 flame 
 
 fiaku 
 
 fiandi 
 
 fieto 
 
 fieno 
 
 fiau 
 
( 5§3 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Samba e mbele ame : Buy my knife. 
 
 Kisumba kwame yaku ko : I will not buy yours. 
 
 Bele abongi e nti miau : They are gone to fetch their posts 
 
 Ku tumwene miau ko : We did not see theirs. 
 
 Mankondo meno ke mabiza ko diame kaka diabiza : 
 
 Your plantains are not good, mine only is good. 
 
 Mwana ame welo kwandi : My son is gone 
 Bavwidi yiya e lekwa yame yawonso, yo luavu luame, yo luayi (6 th class) 
 
 *TV° y ivwa » yame, ye fimbwambwa flame, yo wanda wame 
 
 rnpe. They have stolen all my things, my adze, and my axe, my mush- 
 rooms, my little dog, and my net too. 
 
 When special emphasis is desired as to the person possessing, the possessive 
 pronoun may precede the noun it qualifies when mentioned ; when not men- 
 tioned the pronoun commences the sentence. In such a case it assumes the 
 secondary form, and receives as a prefix the article proper to the class and 
 
 number of the noun possessed. The following table exhibits the forms results 
 *6 • 
 
 
 Person. 
 
 ISt 
 
 Class. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 I 
 
 / sing. 
 
 owame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 ame 
 
 2 
 
 f sing. 
 
 eyame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 ezame 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 /sing. 
 
 owame 
 
 
 \ pi. 
 
 emiame 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 /sing. 
 
 ekiame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 eyame 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 /sing. 
 
 ediame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 omame 
 
 Q 
 
 /sing. 
 
 okwame 
 
 y 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 omame 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 / sing. 
 
 oluame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 otwame 
 
 12 sing. & pi. owame 
 
 13 
 
 / sing. 
 
 owame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 omame 
 
 14 
 
 {sing. 
 
 ovame 
 
 
 Ipl. 
 
 omwame 
 
 15 
 
 sing. 
 
 efiame 
 
 Table of the Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 2nd 
 
 Singular. 
 
 owaku 
 
 aku 
 
 eyaku 
 
 ezaku 
 
 owaku 
 
 emiaku 
 
 ekiaku 
 
 eyaku 
 
 ediaku 
 
 omaku 
 
 okwaku 
 
 omaku 
 
 oluaku 
 
 otwaku 
 
 owaku 
 
 owaku 
 
 omaku 
 
 ovaku 
 
 omwaku 
 
 efiaku 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 2UU 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3™ 
 
 Plural. 
 
 owandi 
 
 oweto 
 
 oweno 
 
 owau 
 
 andi 
 
 eto 
 
 eno 
 
 au 
 
 eyandi 
 
 eyeto 
 
 eyeno 
 
 eyau 
 
 ezandi 
 
 ezeto 
 
 ezeno 
 
 ezau 
 
 owandi 
 
 oweto 
 
 oweno 
 
 owau 
 
 emiandi 
 
 emieto 
 
 emieno 
 
 emiau 
 
 ekiandi 
 
 ekieto 
 
 ekieno 
 
 ekiau 
 
 eyandi 
 
 eyeto 
 
 eyeno 
 
 eyau 
 
 ediandi 
 
 edieto 
 
 edieno 
 
 ediau 
 
 omandi 
 
 ometo 
 
 omeno 
 
 omaii 
 
 okwandi 
 
 okweto 
 
 okweno 
 
 okwau 
 
 omandi 
 
 ometo 
 
 omeno 
 
 omau 
 
 oluandi 
 
 olueto 
 
 olueno 
 
 oluau 
 
 otwandi 
 
 otweto 
 
 otweno 
 
 otwau 
 
 owandi 
 
 oweto 
 
 oweno 
 
 owau 
 
 owandi 
 
 oweto 
 
 oweno 
 
 owau 
 
 omandi 
 
 ometo 
 
 omeno 
 
 omau 
 
 ovandi 
 
 oveto 
 
 oveno 
 
 ovau 
 
 omwandi 
 
 omweto 
 
 omweno 
 
 omwau 
 
 efiandi 
 
 efieto 
 
 efieno 
 
 efiau 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Ezaku nsusu kisumba zo kwame ko: I will not buy fowls of yours 
 
 I )m Q lr 'll m a H -i o lrn z ~ . \rr-%* J 
 
 Your food is not cooked. 
 
 My knife is lost. 
 
 That gun of yours is not good. 
 
 Omaku madia ke mavidi ko : 
 Eyame mbele ivididi: 
 
 Owaku nkele ka wabiza ko : 
 
( 534 ) 
 
 Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 Nkia. 
 
 The interrogative nkia, who , which , what , is invariable, and is only used 
 before the noun to which it refers ; thus :— 
 
 Nkia muntu wijidi ? What person is come ? 
 
 Nkia lekwa ozolele ? Which thing do you wish for ? 
 
 Mu nkia diambu wijidi? For what reason have you come ? 
 
 Mu nkia nzo kakotele ? Into what house did he enter ? 
 
 When used with a noun denoting a locality, they are often rendered by where , 
 whither, whe?ice :— 
 
 Vana nkia fulu oxixidi kio ? 
 
 At what place did you leave it, or where did you leave it ? 
 
 When nkia is used with the abstract nouns of size, length, bulk, &c., it is 
 frequently rendered in English by how followed by the adjective corresponding 
 to the abstract noun, thus :— 
 
 Nkia la? What length, or how long ? 
 
 Nkia nene kina ? How big is it ? lit. what size is it ? 
 
 When used with nouns of time, nkia and its nouns are frequently rendered 
 by when. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Nkia ntangwa ? What time, or when ? 
 
 Nkia mvu ? What year, or when ? 
 
 Nkia ngonde ? What month, or when ? 
 
 Nkia, and the following interrogative nki are declined in the same manner 
 as the personal pronoun. 
 
 Nki. 
 
 The interrogative nki is never used with a substantive, the noun (thing) to 
 which it refers being always understood. Nki = what thing ? 
 
 It is invariable, and is never used when referring to a person. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Nki kiokio ? What is that ? 
 
 Nki kina mu ? What is in it ? 
 
 Nki kanete ? What did he bring ? 
 
 When the noun is mentioned, nkia takes the place of nki. 
 
 Nani. 
 
 Nani is an invariable interrogative used only of persons, the noun (i.e. the 
 person to which it refers) not being mentioned. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Nani umbokele ? Who called me ? 
 
 Nani ovangidi kio ? Who made it ? 
 
 Nani is used in inquiring the name of a person. 
 
 Nkunibu andi nani ? What is his name ? lit. his name is who ? 
 
 Nani is declined in the same manner as the personal pronoun. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Muna nzo a nani ? In whose house ? 
 
( 5«5 ) 
 
 Akinani. 
 
 The prefix aki, which is used in the construction of the 20th derivative 
 noun, may be applied to the pronoun nani. 
 
 _ Akxnani is therefore equivalent to, whose people? (it being understood that 
 t ie peison after whom they are named is with them). 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Oyau akinani ? Aki-Makitu: 
 
 What people are'they ? They are Makitu and his people. 
 
 Akinani ekwinzanga ? Aki-Nlemvo : 
 
 ^Yho are those who are coming ? Nlemvo’s party. 
 
 a ,. E yi- 
 
 . * 0f '" ter ™Sative pronouns is used in making the inquiry as to the 
 
 locality of an object, or as to which out of a number of objects. 
 
 Akieyi : Where is it, or which is it ? 
 
 .. J he s 5' es f <; onst racted by applying to the stem eyi the prefix proper to 
 
 J : be 'f daSS of * he ”°™ referred to. The prefix a is then applied ; 
 this latter addition may, however, be omitted. 
 
 The following table exhibits the forms resulting from such construction 
 
 Class. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I 
 
 andieyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 2 
 
 ayeyi 
 
 azeyi 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 aweyi 
 
 amieyi 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 akieyi 
 
 ayeyi 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 adieyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 9 
 
 akweyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 alueyi 
 
 atweyi 
 
 12 
 
 aweyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 13 
 
 aweyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 14 
 
 aveyi 
 
 amweyi 
 
 15 
 
 afieyi 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E mbele ame ayeyi ? Where is my knife ? lit. my knife, where is it? 
 
 .fcj evata diaku adieyi ? Where is your town ? 
 
 Andieyi ? Where is he or which is he (out of a crowd) ? 
 
 & nti emma amieyi ? Where are those trees ? 
 
 Ovuma aveyi ? Which or where is the sore place ? 
 
 The Demonstrative Pronoun. 
 
 In English the demonstrative pronoun recognises two positions, which are 
 esignated by this and that (pi. these and those), accordingly as the object may 
 be near to, or remote from, the speaker. 
 
 In Kongo three positions are recognised :— 
 
 .. T h j. ’ St P° slt,on > dose ‘o the speaker, equals this; the 2nd position, at a 
 little distance removed from the speaker, equals that (near) ; the 3rd position 
 at a considerable distance from the speaker, is equivalent to that (yonder). 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns are, to a large extent, composed of the char- 
 ac eristic prefixes of the nouns they represent and qualify. In the simplest 
 form of the 1st position, it is composed of the characteristic prefix of the noun 
 
( 586 ) 
 
 + the article ; thus :— Eki, this (Class 6, sing.)=e the article -f- ki the prefix, 
 each of which are proper to that class and number ; so oma (Class 8, pi.) = 
 the article o •+• the prefix ma. 
 
 The 2nd position by the stem 0, bearing the prefix with the article. 
 
 The 3rd position by the stem 11a, bearing the prefix with or without the 
 article. It therefore possesses two forms. 
 
 1st position, 6th class : Eki. 
 
 2nd „ „ Ekio. 
 
 3 r d „ „ Ekina or kina. 
 
 Ina and nna, on receiving the article as a prefix, become eyina and 
 owuna. 
 
 The following table exhibits— 
 
 The Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 Simple Form. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 1st Position. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 That [yonder). 
 
 
 This. 
 
 That (near). 
 
 With the Without the 
 
 A rticle. A rticle. 
 
 I 
 
 oyu 
 
 oyo 
 
 ona 
 
 ona 
 
 2 
 
 eyi 
 
 eyo 
 
 eyina 
 
 ina 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 owu 
 
 owo 
 
 owuna 
 
 una 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 eki 
 
 ekio 
 
 ekina 
 
 kina 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 edi 
 
 edio 
 
 edina 
 
 dina 
 
 9 
 
 oku 
 
 oko 
 
 okuna 
 
 kuna 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 olu 
 
 olo 
 
 oluna 
 
 luna 
 
 12 & 13 
 
 owu 
 
 owo 
 
 owuna 
 
 wuna 
 
 14 
 
 ova 
 
 ovo 
 
 ovana 
 
 vana 
 
 15 
 
 eli 
 
 elio 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 efina 
 
 fina 
 
 Class. 
 
 1st Position. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 
 These. 
 
 Those (near). 
 
 Those (yonder). 
 
 
 I 
 
 aya 
 
 OWO 
 
 ana 
 
 ana 
 
 2 
 
 eji 
 
 ezo 
 
 ejina 
 
 jina 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 emi 
 
 emio 
 
 emina 
 
 mina 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 eyi 
 
 eyo 
 
 eyina 
 
 ina 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 oma 
 
 omo 
 
 omana 
 
 mana 
 
 9 
 
 oma 
 
 omo 
 
 omana 
 
 mana 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 otu 
 
 oto 
 
 otuna 
 
 tuna 
 
 12 
 
 owu 
 
 owo 
 
 owuna 
 
 una 
 
 13 
 
 oma 
 
 omo 
 
 omana 
 
 mana 
 
 14 
 
 omu 
 
 omo 
 
 Examples. 
 
 omuna 
 
 muna 
 
 Wenda yo muntu oyu: 
 
 Teka e nkombo eyo : 
 Mankondo mana ma nani ? 
 Odia oku kuvidi: 
 
 0 wivwa owo wame : 
 
 0 muma muna muyelokele : 
 E lekwa ekina ke kiame ko: 
 Sumba 0 twavu otu; 
 
 Go with this man. 
 
 Sell that goat. 
 
 Whose are those plantains ? 
 This food is cooked. 
 
 Those mushrooms are mine. 
 Those sore places have healed. 
 That thing is not mine. 
 
 Buy these adzes. 
 
( 537 ) 
 
 Emphatic Demonstratives. 
 
 There is also a series of emphatic forms equivalent to this one or that one 
 lhe ist position is formed upon the stem a by prefixing and suffixing to it 
 
 S Ji fl v!"-t er l StlC L i P - efiX ^f kS daSS and nUmber ’ thus the 6th cIass > singular, 
 is kiaki—ki-f-a-bki. The 2nd class, plural, makes zaji. 
 
 The 2nd position is made from the 2nd position of the simple form by 
 kiokio^ 11 ° f thC artlCle ’ and doublin S the remaining syllable, ekio becoming 
 
 The 3rd position is formed from the ist position by suffixing to it the 
 syllable na, kiaki becoming kiakina. 
 
 The forms proper to the ist class are exceptions to the above. They are 
 
 made from the simplest form by prefixing to them the syllable ndi (the root of 
 
 yandl, him) in the singular, and au (the root of yau, they , which becomes aw), 
 in the plural. n 
 
 The following table exhibits 
 
 Class. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 & 4 
 5 & 6 
 
 7 & 8 
 9 
 
 10 & 11 
 12 & 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Class. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 & 4 
 5 & 6 
 7 & 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 The First Emphatic Form. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 1ms one. 
 
 That one (near). 
 
 That one (yonder). 
 
 ndioyu 
 
 ndioyo 
 
 ndiona 
 
 yayi 
 
 yoyo 
 
 yayina 
 
 wan 
 
 wowo 
 
 wauna 
 
 kiaki 
 
 kiokio 
 
 kiakina 
 
 diadi 
 
 diodio 
 
 diadina 
 
 kwaku 
 
 koko 
 
 kwakuna 
 
 lualu 
 
 lolo 
 
 lualuna 
 
 wau 
 
 wowo 
 
 wauna 
 
 vava 
 
 vovo 
 
 vavana 
 
 fiafi 
 
 fiofio 
 
 Plural. 
 
 fiaiina 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 'T’l 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 ihese. 
 
 1 hose (near). 
 
 Those (yonder ). 
 
 awaya 
 
 awowo 
 
 awana 
 
 zaji 
 • ■ 
 
 zozo 
 
 zajina 
 
 miami 
 
 miomio 
 
 miamina 
 
 yayi 
 
 yoyo 
 
 yayina 
 
 mama 
 
 momo 
 
 mamana 
 
 mama 
 
 momo 
 
 mamana 
 
 twatu 
 
 toto 
 
 twatuna 
 
 wau 
 
 wowo 
 
 wauna 
 
 mama 
 
 momo 
 
 mamana 
 
 mwamu 
 
 momo 
 
 mwamuna 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E lumbu kiaki tutelama kweto : This day we start 
 E etadi diadi dinene : This stone is too great. 
 
 0 nlele wauna nsumbanga wo: I am buying that cloth 
 
 Bokela a antu awana: Call those people 
 
 0 lungwema lualu luafwa: This chamelon is dead. 
 
 E nti mianuna mianda: Those trees are tall. 
 
The emphatic demonstratives may also receive the article as a prefix, and in 
 this form they generally appear when standing separate from the noun they 
 represent and qualify ; they supply, therefore, a kind of secondary form. 
 
 They are more emphatic, or rather more demonstrative than the first 
 emphatics given above. Special emphasis is given when this form precedes 
 the noun qualified, and yet stronger emphasis is imparted when the article is 
 repeated between the pronoun and its noun, thus :— 
 
 Emphatic, Lekwa kiaki: \ 
 
 Stronger emphatic , Ekiaki lekwa : > this thing. 
 
 Strongest emphatic , Ekiaki e lekwa: ) 
 
 The following table exhibits 
 
 The Second Emphatic Form. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Class. 
 
 1st Position. 
 This one 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 That one {near). 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 That one {yonder). 
 
 I 
 
 andioyu 
 
 andioyo 
 
 andiona 
 
 2 
 
 eyayi 
 
 eyoyo 
 
 eyayina 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 owau 
 
 owowo 
 
 owauna 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ekiaki 
 
 ekiokio 
 
 ekiakina 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ediadi 
 
 ediodio 
 
 ediadina 
 
 9 
 
 okwaku 
 
 okoko 
 
 okwakuna 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 olualu 
 
 ololo 
 
 olualuna 
 
 12 & 13 
 
 owau 
 
 owowo 
 
 owauna 
 
 14 
 
 ovava 
 
 ovovo 
 
 ovavana 
 
 15 
 
 efiafi 
 
 efiofio 
 
 efiafina 
 
 Class. 
 
 1st Position. 
 These 
 
 Plural. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 Those {near). 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Those {yonder) 
 
 I 
 
 awaya 
 
 awowo 
 
 awana 
 
 2 
 
 ezaji 
 
 ezozo 
 
 ezajina 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 emiami 
 
 emiomio 
 
 emiamina 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 eyayi 
 
 eyoyo 
 
 eyayina 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 omama 
 
 omomo 
 
 omamana 
 
 9 
 
 omama 
 
 omomo 
 
 omamana 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 otwatu 
 
 ototo 
 
 otwatuna 
 
 12 
 
 owau 
 
 owowo 
 
 owauna 
 
 13 
 
 omama 
 
 omomo 
 
 omamana 
 
 14 
 
 omwamu 
 
 omomo 
 
 omwamuna 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Efiofio e fimbele nkia mfunu fisala ? What is the use of that tiny knife ? 
 
 Andioyu obongele kio : That person took it. 
 
 Okwaku dia se kwaku : This food is now yours. 
 
 Eyayina nkayi iniknkini : That antelope moved. 
 
 0 lumbu ololo lua yandi : That is his stockade. 
 
 Another emphatic demonstrative series is formed by placing the subjective 
 personal pronoun before the simple form ; the 3rd position has not the article 
 prefixed ; they are used chiefly in short assertions, as in the following 
 examples :— 
 
 Mono oyu: 
 Yandi oyo: 
 
 It is I. 
 That is he. 
 
( 5^9 ) 
 
 Yau ana abunji ame : Those (yonder) are my brothers 
 
 Kiau kina mvava : That is the one I want. 
 
 Zau ezo e nkombo zeto : Those are our goats, 
 
 Mau omana o mankonda maku : Those are your plantain. 
 
 Another series of emphatic demonstratives are used only after the verbal 
 emonstrative particle 1. The subjective personal pronoun is followed by a 
 special series of demonstrative in the first position, or by the first emphatic 
 demonstratives m the 2nd and 3rd positions :— 
 
 I kian kiki ; This is it, or here it is. 
 
 I kiau kiokio : There it is, that is it. 
 
 I kiau kiakina : There it is (yonder), that (yonder) is the one. 
 
 The first position only presents a special form, which is a simple redupli¬ 
 cation of the characteristic prefix of its class and number. 
 
 Only the form proper to the 1st position requires to be tabulated, since those 
 ot the 2nd and 3rd persons are identical with the first emphatics. 
 
 In the first position, the following are the forms :— 
 
 Class. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I 
 
 i yandi yuyu 
 * • • 
 
 i yau yaya 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 1 yau yiyi 
 
 i zau jiji 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 i wau wuwu 
 
 i miau mimi 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 i kiau kiki 
 
 i yau yiyi 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 i diau didi 
 
 i mau mama 
 
 9 
 
 i kwau kuku 
 
 i mau mama 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 i luau lulu 
 
 i twau tutu 
 
 12 
 
 i wau wuwu 
 
 i wau wuwu 
 
 13 
 
 i wau wuwu 
 
 i mau mama 
 
 14 
 
 i vau vava 
 
 i mwau mumu 
 
 15 
 
 i fiau fifi 
 
 
 The noun itself stands in the place of the emphatic demonstrative, the con¬ 
 struction is then practically the same ; thus :_ 
 
 I njili yiyi : This is the road. 
 
 I yau yiyi : This is it (the road). 
 
 There is a verbal demonstrative pronoun i which is unchangeable in all 
 classes, numbers, and persons ; it conveys with it the verb, to be, understood. 
 It is equivalent to a very emphatic demonstrative E the verb to be. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mono kwame i mfumu : I am the chief. 
 
 I kiau kiki kiame : This very one is mine. 
 
 I mpitu yiyi nkwendela : This is the very reason that I go. 
 
 I kuma nsumbidi kio : That was the very reason that I bought it. 
 
 . It: may often be render ed in English by commencing the sentence by it is or 
 it was , or it will be . . . that. ’ 
 
 Kuna nsuka a njila i kamwenene kio : 
 
 It was at the end of the road that he saw it. 
 
 I ndembele kwendela : That is why I did not go ; 
 lit. it is that I omitted to go for. 
 
 I boxi nsumbidi kio : It was then that I bought it, or then I bought it. 
 Kina ne i kiaki : It is like this ; lit. it is as though it were this. 
 
( 590 ) 
 
 The Relative Pronouns. 
 
 The relative pronouns are identical in form and usage with the demon¬ 
 stratives. They assume the form proper to the class and number of the noun 
 they refer to, i.e. the antecedent. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Twasa e kintutu kina yasumbidi ezono : 
 
 Bring the coat which I bought yesterday ; 
 lit. bring the coat that I bought yesterday. 
 
 Nkia nti ozengele ? una nnsongelo: 
 
 Which tree did you cut ? that which you pointed out to me. 
 
 The relative may assume the emphatic forms (identical with the emphatic 
 demonstrative), but such employment is rare. In the 3rd position of the 
 simple form, the form with the article is seldom, if ever, used. 
 
 The employment of the 2nd position is also rare. 
 
 Compound Relative. 
 
 A compound form of the relative pronoun is made by adding to the 
 adjective konso, any, the relative pronoun proper in number, class, and 
 position, to the noun referred to ; as :— 
 
 Konso eki : which ever ; lit. any which. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Bonga konso eki ozolele : Take which ever (thing) you like. 
 
 Konso ayu mbokela keza : Whosoever I may call, let him come. 
 
 Wenda konso knna otuminu : Go to which ever (place) you are sent. 
 
 Pronouns of Adverbial, Prepositional, and Conjunctive Force. 
 
 The pronouns, and pronominal prefixes proper to the four nouns given below, 
 often appear without any mention of the noun they represent, and to which they 
 clearly refer. Used in this way they have become adverbs, prepositions, and 
 conjunctions as well as pronouns. 
 
 They are mentioned under the adverb, preposition, and conjunction, but since 
 they are of pronominal origin, it is best to trace their transition stages, and note 
 their force, in this place. The following are the nouns referred to :— 
 
 Diambu (7) 
 
 Uma (12): J 
 Kuma (9): 
 
 Yuma ,pl. muma (14) 
 
 a matter, reason, purpose, word, reply, &c. 
 
 , Vs. place. 
 
 14 
 
 Diambu. 
 
 The pronouns representing diambu : diau, edi, &c., appear also as adverbs 
 or conjunctions. 
 
 Diau. 
 
 In such a case diau is equivalent to :— 
 
 This it is for which ; that is what...for ; for this reason ; this or that is why, 
 therefore, wherefore. 
 
 Diau ngyendele : it is for this that I went; 
 therefore (it is that) I went; lit. it is this I went for. 
 
 Diau tubakidi 0 makaxi : that is why we became angry ; 
 lit. this we became for angry. 
 
( 59i ) 
 
 Edi. 
 
 vefbf ;™Tr iVe °V he firSt P0Siti0n ’ rep '' eSentS the true ob Jec t of such 
 os, as zaya, to know; zola, to wish; banza, to think, &c 
 
 such usage ,t ,s always emphatic, and for that reason precedes the v»rb 
 
 Edi mbenze kwiza kekwiza : I think that he is comino- 
 is equivalent to 
 
 ^uftTs^fthe^n? 6 kWiZa kek , WiZa: * hiS thin ^ 1 thou S ht . he would come 
 noun diainbu, represenred'^T^pro^edi.^’ **** “ apP ° Siti ° n ‘° the 
 
 I diau didi. 
 
 The emphatic i diau didi is equivalent to 
 
 That is the reason, 
 
 That is why, 
 
 Therefore. 
 
 Diadi. 
 
 diadi, for this reason. J ' a shortened form of muna diambu 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Muna diadi ngyendele : Therefore I went. 
 
 Muna diadi tubakldi 0 makaxi : That is why we became angry. 
 
 Adieyi. 
 
 The interrogative adieyi assumes an adverbial force 
 
 For what reason, 
 
 To what purpose, 
 
 Why, 
 
 Wherefore. 
 
 Adieyi osumbidi kio ? For what purpose did you buy it ? why did you buy it ? 
 
 Uma. 
 
 Uma is a root of very indefinite meaning, which on receiving th* f 
 prefix u, becomes an abstract noun uma (-,+™ ™ s ‘he formative 
 
 thing, &C. ’ Ulna (- n + U1 »a), a matter, affair, subject, 
 
 The pronouns and pronominal prefixes proner to a , 
 
 w,der use and force than those proper to diambi d h3Ve 3 mUCh 
 
 S “ rwaiSULsa 
 
 <■ i-» 
 
 »iv, Th«„ P M te o,,«„ nd ,„ a ;7~; 
 
 the simple form is preferred in the 3rd position ; thus 4 * ’ b 
 
 Owu wau °Owan ™ dp esi,ion. 3rd Position. 
 
 ’ wau, owau owo, wowo una, wauna 
 
 the 0f objects,, uma becomes 
 
( 592 ) 
 
 The force is given in the following table :— 
 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Matter : 
 
 These words, such 
 words, that, thus, so. 
 
 
 Those words, such 
 words, that, thus, so. 
 
 Manner: 
 
 In this manner or 
 condition, thus, so, like 
 this, just so, even so, 
 just as, even as, as, 
 as it is, just as it is. 
 
 In that manner or 
 condition, thus, so, 
 like that, just so, 
 even so as it is, just 
 as it is. 
 
 In that manner or 
 condition, thus, so, 
 like that, just so, even 
 so, as or just as it is. 
 
 Time : 
 
 At this time, now, 
 j ust now, immediately, 
 at once, at or during 
 this time, at present, 
 of late, lately, now 
 already, now while, 
 while. 
 
 Not used. 
 
 At or during the 
 time when or that, 
 when, while. 
 
 The following sentences serves to instance such usages :— 
 
 Wan kavovele : So he said. 
 
 Kuvovi wan ko : Do not say that. 
 
 Kwangi kio wau ko : Do not make it like that. 
 
 Nzolele kio wan : That is how I want it to be. 
 
 Xia wowo : Put so much, or that is enough, that will do. 
 
 Vanga kio nna kasongele : Do it just as he showed you. 
 
 Wiza owan : Come now. 
 
 Wan tnmokanga i mbwene yandi: 
 
 Now while we have been talking {lit. we are talking) I have seen him. 
 
 Una tndidinge kafongele knna: 
 
 When or whilst we were eating he sat there. 
 
 Una mbokele ngeye, wiza : When I call you, come. 
 
 Bele kwan nna fnkn : They went away during the night. 
 
 The demonstratives proper to nma, are only used as equivalents of at or 
 during a certain time. 
 
 The form of the second position is also used as follows :— 
 
 Wowo... WOWO, as...so. 
 
 Wowo kina wowo kixinga kala : as it is, so it must be. 
 
 Aweyi. 
 
 The interrogative aweyi is equivalent to how , what (remark, reply, &c.). 
 
 Aweyi kavovele ? What did he say ? 
 
 Aweyi ovntnla ? How will you reply ? 
 i wan wnwn, 
 mnna wan, 
 
 Are equivalent to : fo? this purpose , to this end ,, that is why , therefore , 
 wherefore. 
 
 I wan wnwn tnxivikidi kweto : that is why we were surprised. 
 
( 593 ) 
 
 The Locatives. 
 
 The indefinite root, lima, before mentioned, has become the origin of three 
 or rather two other nouns, by receiving the prefixes ku, va, and mu. 
 
 Kinna ( = ku+uma) a place (at); vuma ( = va-f uma) a place (on); plural, 
 muma ( = mu+uma) places (in). 
 
 These nouns implying location are not synonyms ; kuma and its pronouns 
 express location at a particular point in space. Vuma indicates position upon 
 something. Its plural, muma, places, expresses locality in, among , or cncom- 
 passed by several points or something comprehensive. As in the case of 
 diambu and uma, their pronouns and pronominal prefixes are frequently used 
 without any mention of the noun they represent ; thus 
 
 Kuma kuna : that place, 
 
 IS often expressed by kuma only, which thus becomes equivalent to there. 
 
 Xia kio kuna : put it there ; 
 
 equals :— 
 
 Xia kio o kuma kuna : put it at that place. 
 
 In this manner the pronouns and prefixes proper to these nouns of place have 
 Decome adverbs, prepositions, and even conjunctions of locality, and are desig¬ 
 The locatives referring to kuma, imply rest at , or motion towards , or from a 
 definite point. 
 
 Those referring to vuma indicate rest at or on, or upon, or motion on, to, or 
 something already in position, or a surface of some kind. 
 
 Those connected with muma {places ), imply rest within, or motion into or 
 out of something. Possibly the plural form may be suggested by the several 
 points or bounds which limit and contain the locality under consideration. 
 
 1 he context or verb is always sufficient to indicate whether rest or motion is 
 implied, as also the direction, whether towards ox from. 
 
 Not only is position in space indicated by the locatives, but also position in 
 !me, or rather the position of one circumstance in reference to others. 
 
 hose locatives which are based on kuma point to time at which something 
 appened, or up to which it may take place. 
 
 The locatives based on vuma point to the time, or circumstance, on or after 
 which something occurs. J 
 
 Those based on muma, the time in or during which something happens, 
 len use in reference to time, the locatives based on kuma and muma are 
 only found in the simple form, 1st and 3rd position ; they are never used as 
 adverbs or conjunctions of time, only as prepositions. 
 
 Those based on vuma are adverbs, and are found in all three positions 
 1 he emphatic form of the 1st position, and the simple or occasionally the 
 emphatic forms of the 3rd position are used. The forms of the 2nd position 
 are on y used when uncertainty exists ; they are equivalent to at or after or 
 when (if ever), &c., hence if, provided that, even if &c. The simplest form 
 o the 2nd position serves as a conjunction, to introduce a clause concerning 
 which there is uncertainty, and is thus equivalent to, or, either, whether. 
 
 VO is also used as a conjunction to introduce a noun clause; in such usa^e it 
 is equivalent to, that , to that , then. 
 
 The locatives based on vuma are never used as prepositions of time, only as 
 adverbs and conjunctions. 
 
 Q Q 
 
( 594 ) 
 
 Before nouns which express the names of living creatures, kwa, oku kwa, oko 
 kwa, or kuna kwa, are the only locatives used ; never any of those based on 
 vuma or muna, those on kuma must be followed by kwa, indeed kwa alone is 
 sufficient unless some emphasis is required. 
 
 Another form of the locatives is made by prefixing to them the particle ya. 
 
 Yaku, yakuna: as far as, until, unto, to. 
 
 Yamu, yamuna: as far as, until, into. 
 
 Yava, yavana: until. 
 
 Yaku, yakuna, yamu, and yamuna, refer to time or place, and are preposi¬ 
 tions, being used only before nouns ; yava and yavana refer to time only, and 
 are conjunctions, being used only before sentences or verbs which in themselves 
 express complete ideas. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yaku Ngombe : As far as Ngombe. 
 
 Yavana kakwiza : Until he comes. 
 
 The simple forms of the ist and 3rd position of the locative based on kuma 
 and muma, are used in the construction of adverbs of manner, ku or kuna 
 introducing the means, agent, or instrument employed, equivalent to by , by 
 7 nea 7 is oP through , with j mu and muna introducing the cause, motive, reason, 
 end or purpose of an action ; equivalents : in, through , out op from , by, with. 
 The form of the ist position is more commonly used. 
 
 All the forms are frequently used without the article prefix, even those of the 
 simplest forms of the ist and 2nd position, ku, mu, mo, va, VO, &c. The 
 emphatics kuku, mumu, and vava, are also used sometimes without the 
 subjective pronoun or the particle i. The emphatic forms are not used 
 prepositionally. 
 
 W hen a locative commences an interrogative sentence, only the special inter¬ 
 rogative forms of the locatives may be used, except in such cases as those in 
 which a supposition is stated, and an enquiry made as to its correctness. 
 
 The interrogative locatives are :— 
 
 Kweyi, akweyi : at or to or from what place, where, whence, whither. 
 
 Veyi, aveyi : on or upon or on to or off what place, where, whence, whither. 
 
 Mweyi, arnweyi: in or into or out of what place, where, whence, whither. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Akweyi uukweuda? Where are you going to ? 
 
 Arnweyi ina e lekwa ? Where are the things ? 
 
 Aveyi nukwenda tunga? Where are you going to build ? 
 
 Ku Mpumbu nukwenda e ? Are you going to Mpumbu ? 
 
 The last sentence suggests the supposition that the person interrogated may 
 be going to Mpumbu ; and through appending the interrogative particle e, 
 enquires as to the correctness of the surmise* 
 
 The following table of the locative presents the forms based on kuma, 
 vuma, and muna [in all three positions, simple and emphatic ; then their 
 English equivalents of positioii, arranged according to the idea conveyed, 
 whether of a state of rest, or of motion towards, or from. 
 
 Next the equivalents when the locatives are used in reference to time , and 
 
( 595 ) 
 
 lastly the equivalents of the locatives based on kuma and muma, when intro¬ 
 ducing the manner of the performance of an action. 
 
 As the locatives based on vuma are not used in reference to manner , its 
 columns are filled in with the equivalent of the 2nd position when used in cases 
 of uncertainty and in introducing a noun sentence. Those equivalents which 
 are peculiar to particular positions, are listed under those positions. 
 
 The locatives receive further attention under the Adverb, Preposition, and 
 Conjunction, where examples of their use will be found. 
 
 Q Q * 
 
TABLE OF I 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 Positions 
 
 Simple 
 
 Emphatic 
 
 » 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 EQUIVALENTS. 
 of position rest 
 
 towards 
 
 fro7ii 
 
 Common to all) 
 position J 
 rest 
 
 towards 
 
 from 
 
 OF TIME. 
 
 Those based on kuma. 
 
 T 
 
 ISt 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 ISt 
 
 oku, ku 
 
 oko, ko 
 
 okuna, kuna 
 
 ova, va 
 
 kwaku, kuku 
 
 koko 
 
 kwakuna 
 
 vava 
 
 kwau oku 
 
 kwau oko 
 
 kwau kuna 
 
 vau ova 
 
 at this place 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 at that place 
 
 on this place 
 
 here 
 
 there 
 
 
 here 
 
 here at 
 
 thereat, there at 
 
 on here, her 
 on, here 01 
 
 to this place 
 
 to that place 
 
 on this place 
 
 hither 
 
 thither 
 
 
 hither 
 
 from this place 
 
 from that place 
 
 off this place 
 
 hence 
 
 thence 
 
 
 hence 
 
 
 
 
 
 at, by 
 
 at which place 
 at the place where 
 where 
 whereat 
 
 to, unto, for 
 
 to or unto which place 
 
 whither 
 
 toward the place at or to which 
 toward, towards 
 
 from, away from 
 from which place 
 from the place where 
 whence 
 
 at, on, by 
 
 OF MANNER. 
 
 (only those based on 
 
 kuma and muma 
 
 are thus used). 
 
 i?itroducing the means employed. 
 by, by means of 
 
 through 
 with 
 
IE LOCATIVES. 
 
 
 be based on Yuma. 
 
 Those based on luma. 
 
 2nd 
 
 OVO, VO 
 
 vovo 
 vaii ovo 
 
 3rd 
 
 ovana, vana 
 vavana 
 vau vana 
 
 ist 
 
 omu, mu 
 mwamu, mumu 
 mwau omu 
 
 2nd 
 
 omo, mo 
 momo 
 mwau omo 
 
 3rd 
 
 omuna, muna 
 mwamuna 
 mwau muna 
 
 on that place 
 there 
 
 on there, thereon, there on 
 
 on that place 
 
 thither 
 
 off that place 
 
 thence 
 
 in this place 
 here 
 
 in here, herein, 
 here in 
 
 into this place 
 hither 
 
 out of or from this 
 place 
 hence 
 
 in that place 
 there 
 
 in there, therein, there in 
 
 into that place 
 thither 
 
 out of or from that place 
 
 thence 
 
 i, upon, over 
 
 i or upon which place 
 1 or upon the place where 
 here 
 
 l where, whereon, whereupon 
 
 l, upon, on to 
 l to which place 
 hither 
 
 ward the place on or on to 
 or upon which 
 ward, towards 
 
 in, among, amongst 
 
 amid, amidst, in the midst of 
 inside, on board, within 
 through, between, against, round 
 in which place 
 in the place where 
 where 
 
 in where, wherein, where of 
 hereby, whereby 
 
 in, into 
 
 into which place 
 whither 
 
 toward the place in or into which 
 for, to the end that 
 
 to, for the purpose or sake of, for use in 
 on account of 
 
 ' which place 
 from where 
 lence 
 
 (after), at (after) 
 
 er the time when, after, after that 
 len 
 
 (after), as or so soon as 
 
 cases of uncertainty the forms of 
 the 2nd position are used, 
 ly those of vuma are thus em¬ 
 ployed 
 
 (.at, after, when, as or so soon as 
 in the case of, in the event of, 
 f ever, provided that, even if, 
 dthough 
 
 Vhen repeated thus : ovo... 0V0 
 
 • ... or ; either.or ; 
 
 ether.or 
 
 introducing a noun sentence vo 
 = that, to that, then 
 
 out of, out from 
 
 out of or out from which place 
 
 out of or out from the place where 
 
 whence 
 
 in, during, through 
 
 Introducing the motive or cause. 
 out of 
 with 
 by, from 
 in, through 
 for 
 
 for the sake or purpose of 
 on account of 
 
THE ADVERB. 
 
 An adverb is a word employed to qualify a verb or some other attributive 
 word. 
 
 Many ideas which in European languages are expressed by adverbs are 
 present in the radical idea of some Kongo verbs, just as the idea of nearness 
 exists in the verb sunzula, to come near ; or fmama and valakana, to be near. 
 
 The auxiliary verbs toma, to...well', vika, to...soon, &c., &c., or verbs such 
 as fwantalakesa, to do badly ; womboka, to walk slowly , serve to express 
 many more adverbial ideas ; also phrases which are combinations of the in¬ 
 terrogative pronouns with nouns, such as :—nkia ntangwa, what time ; nkia 
 ngonde, what month ; nkia mvn, what year, &c., are equivalents of the English 
 adverb when, or mu nkia diambu, nkia kuma, nkia mpitu, which are 
 equivalent to : why, wherefore, for what reason. Various idiomatic construc¬ 
 tions aid in the expression of adverbial ideas, such as :—ngyenda tatu ngyele, 
 I went three times ; lit. goings three I went. All this necessarily tends to 
 render a large number of adverbial particles unnecessary. 
 
 Locative Adverbs. 
 
 It has been explained that the Locatives are adverbial in many of their 
 
 usages. 
 
 The forms and their equivalents in English are given in the following 
 
 tables :— 
 
 Adverbial Locatives based on kuma. 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 Simple : ku, Oku 
 
 Emphatic : kwaku, kuku 
 „ kwau oku 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 ko, oko 
 koko 
 
 kwau oko 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 kuna, okuna 
 kwakuna 
 kwau kuna 
 
 The Locatives based on kuma represent the being at a place or the motion 
 towards or from it. 
 
 The following are their equivalents :— 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 here 
 
 hither 
 
 hence 
 
 2nd & 3rd Positions. 
 
 there 
 
 thither 
 
 thence 
 
 The following are common to the forms of all three positions :— 
 
 where 
 where at 
 whither 
 
 whence (not used interrogatively) 
 
 598 
 
( 599 ) 
 
 The interrogative kweyi or akweyi equals :— 
 
 where ? 
 where...at ? 
 whither ? 
 whence ? 
 from whence ? 
 
 kwawanso = everywhere. 
 
 konso oku or oko or kuna = anywhere. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Xia kio oku, mono kibeniyayenda kuna : Put it here, I will go there myself. 
 Kiele ko kwame ko : I have not been there (the first ko 
 
 is the locative). 
 
 I kwau kui£U : Here is it, or this is where it is. 
 
 Kwakuna nxixidi kio : I left it there. 
 
 Imwene kuna evata dina, kuna tutukidi : 
 
 I saw him in that town from whence we have come. 
 
 
 Adverbial Locatives based on 
 
 muma. 
 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Simple : 
 
 mu, omu 
 
 mo, omo 
 
 muna, omuna 
 
 Emphatic : 
 
 mwamu, mumu 
 
 momo 
 
 mwamuna 
 
 »> 
 
 mwau omu 
 
 mwau omo 
 
 mwau muna 
 
 The locatives based on muma imply rest within , or motion into or out of a 
 place. 
 
 The following are their equivalents :— 
 
 ist Position. 2nd & 3rd Positions. 
 
 here, in here there, therein 
 
 hither thither, in thither 
 
 hence thence 
 
 The following are common to the forms of all three positions :— 
 
 where 
 
 wherein 
 
 whither 
 
 whence (not used interrogatively) 
 
 The interrogative mweyi or amweyi equals : whe?'e ? where...inf whither 
 whence f out from whence ? 
 
 The adverb mwawanso = every where j and konso omu or omo or muna = 
 anywhere , wherever. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Twasa kio mwamu : Bring it in here. 
 
 Kena kwandi mumu : He is in here. 
 
 Kanga kio muna : Tie it in there 
 
 Muna nkia evata ? muna twaieka : In what town ? where we slept. 
 
 Xia kio konso omu ozolele : Put it in wherever you like. 
 
( 6oo ) 
 
 Adverbial Locatives based on vnma. 
 
 The adverbial locatives based on vuma represent a state of rest on, or upon, 
 or motion on io, or off from on, something or some surface ; they are as 
 follows :— 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 Simple : va, ova 
 
 Emphatic : vava 
 „ van ova 
 
 2nd Position. 
 
 VO, ovo 
 vovo 
 van ovo 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 vana, ovana 
 vavana 
 van vana 
 
 The following are their renderings in English :— 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 here 
 
 on here, hereon 
 hereupon 
 hither 
 hence 
 
 2nd & 3rd Positions. 
 
 there 
 
 on there, thereon 
 thereupon 
 thither 
 thence 
 
 where 
 
 on where 
 
 whereon 
 
 whereupon 
 
 whither 
 
 whence 
 
 Only the locatives based on vnma are used as adverbs of time. 
 
 The forms of the ist and 3rd positions are equivalent to :— 
 
 on, after, after that 
 
 after the time when, when (after), as (after) 
 as soon as (after) 
 
 The forms of the 2nd position are always, and only, used as adverbs of time 
 when there is uncertainty as to whether the action or state will ever come about. 
 Its rendering is the same as that of the forms of the ist and 3rd positions 
 referring to time, but the uncertainty is always understood when the 2nd position 
 is used. 
 
 The interrogative veyi or aveyi equals :— 
 
 where ? 
 where... on ? 
 whither ? 
 whence ? 
 from whence ? 
 
 vawanso = everywhere. 
 
 konso ova or ovo or vana = anywhere, wherever, 
 
 Examples . 
 
 Xia ova : Put it here. 
 
 Ovana mbwenene kio : I saw it there. 
 
 Xisa kio vana osolwele kio : Leave it where you found it. 
 
 Katuka vava : Get off from there. 
 
( 6oi ) 
 
 Vava keluaka umbokela: 
 Vovo keluaka unsamwina: 
 Vava kakatukidi : 
 
 Vovo kakatukidi: 
 
 After or when he comes, call me. 
 
 When (if ever) he comes, tell me. 
 
 When he went away. 
 
 When he has gone away {if it ever happens ). 
 
 Adverbial Pronouns of diambu and uma. 
 
 lortt,w, he C tr ° f the pronouns P ro P er t0 tama, vuma and muma (i.e. the 
 locatives), so the pronouns proper to diambu and uma are used adverbially. 
 
 Pronouns proper to diambu used Adverbially. 
 
 Muna diadi :\for this reason, therefore, wherefore. 
 
 diau U that is why. 
 
 I diau didi : this is the reason ; 
 
 this is why, therefore, wherefore. 
 Adieyi : for what reason or purpose ? 
 
 why, wherefore ? 
 
 The above adverbs require their verb to assume the applied form. 
 
 Diau ngyendele : That is why I went. 
 
 Adieyi osumbidi zo ? Why did you buy them ? 
 
 Pronouns proper to uma used as Adverbs. 
 
 The emphatics of the ist and 2nd positions, and the simple form of the ird 
 position are the forms most commonly in use. 
 
 The 2nd position is more commonly used than the 3rd, unless the circum- 
 stances or details are necessarily non-present in time or place. 
 
 ist Position. 2n d Position. 3rd Position. 
 
 owu, wau, owau wo wo, owo una, wauua 
 
 The following are their equivalents 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 like this, thus 
 so, just so 
 as, just as 
 just as it is 
 as it is 
 
 2nd & 3rd Positions, 
 like that, thus 
 so, just so 
 as, just as 
 just as it is 
 as it is 
 
 The pronouns proper to uma are also used as adverbs of time ; the 1st posi¬ 
 tion emphatic and the 3rd position simple are the forms used. 
 
 
 . ist Position. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 Form : 
 
 wau, owau 
 
 una 
 
 Equivalents : 
 
 At this time, now, just now, 
 immediately, at once, at or 
 during this time, at present, 
 of late, lately, now, already, 
 now while. 
 
 At or during the time when 
 or that, when, whilst. 
 
The interrogative weyi or aweyi equals :— 
 
 how ? in what manner ? with what words ? 
 
 It requires its verb to assume the applied form. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Unyuvula vo wau kavovele : 
 
 Wau tukanga zo: 
 
 Nani ovangidi kio wau ? 
 
 Nata kio una kavovese : 
 
 Xia wowo: 
 
 Wowo nzolele: 
 
 Xisa kio una tuwene kio : 
 
 Tuzolele kwenda wau: 
 
 Wau se ekwizanga: 
 
 Kena vo ko wau: 
 
 Wau tuximbanga kio, i kiwudikidi: 
 
 Whilst we were holding it, it has been broken. 
 
 Una tukedi kuna kalueke kwandi : Whilst we were there he arrived. 
 Una tumokenenge : During the time that we were conversing. 
 
 Ask him whether he said so. 
 Thus we tie them. 
 
 Who made it so ? 
 
 Carry it as he told you to. 
 That will do ; lit. put it so. 
 
 So I wish (it to be). 
 
 Leave it as we found it. 
 
 We wish to go at once. 
 
 He is just now coming. 
 
 He is not there at present. 
 
 Adverbs derived from Nouns. 
 
 Adverbs of manner are derived from abstract nouns by prefacing to them the 
 prepositions ku or kuna, mu or muna, ya, ye, yo, or the article proper to the 
 class and number of the noun. They are more properly adverbial phrases than 
 pure adverbs. The force of the prepositional particles used in their construc¬ 
 tion is as follows :— 
 
 Ku or kuna is used when the noun expresses the means, agent, or instrument 
 employed ; that by means of which the action is performed. Equivalents : 
 by, by means of, through, with. 
 
 Ku ngolo : strongly, with strength. 
 
 Mu or muna are used with a noun denoting the cause, motive, reason, 
 end, or purpose, of an action ; that which gives the impulse to an action and 
 enables it to be performed. Equivalents :— in, through, out of, from, by, with, 
 for, for the sake or purpose of, on account of. 
 
 Muna nkenda : mercifully, out of mercy. 
 
 The idea of position can seldom be considered in cases where the locatives 
 are thus used, so that it is nearly always possible to use ku or kuna indis¬ 
 criminately, as also mu and muna. The article is not prefixed when ku and 
 mu are thus used, they never appear as oko and omu. 
 
 Ya, ye, or yo, are employed when their noun is considered as an accession or 
 as an accompaniment or as a transient condition. Equivalents :— with, bei?ig 
 with, having. The construction of ya, ye, or yo is considered under the pre¬ 
 position, where it is shown that ya is the base form. Ya is the form always 
 used in negative clauses ; in affirmative clauses ya is combined with the article, 
 and the following table indicates the form to be used according to the class and 
 number of the noun employed :— 
 
( 603 ; 
 
 Class 
 
 s. 
 
 p. 
 
 I 
 
 yo 
 
 ya 
 
 2 
 
 ye 
 
 ye 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 yo 
 
 ye 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ye 
 
 ye 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ye 
 
 yo 
 
 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 
 
 i 4 » yo 
 
 yo 
 
 15 
 
 ye 
 
 
 Ye kiese : happily, with happiness. 
 
 The article is used before a noun which expresses that which is regarded as 
 an inherent quality, natural, habitual, or always present, or as a characteristic 
 EqU1ValentS '~ bem S (followed by the adjective derived from the noun) 
 
 E ngangu : cunningly, being cunning, with cunningness. 
 
 The prepositions in English are scarcely equal to such distinctions, neither 
 do we generally import such exactness into the smallest details of our speech 
 An apparently instinctive preciseness and subtlety of thought and expression is 
 characteristic of the Kongo, and probably other Bantu tongues which are not 
 vitiated by the jargon of foreign slaves or other elements of confusion. 
 
 Care is therefore necessary in selecting the particle to be used in the con¬ 
 struction of such adverbial phrases, bearing always in mind the distinctions 
 above mentioned. 
 
 An adjective never serves in Kongo as the complement of the verbs kala and 
 -na, to be; an adverb is always used in such case. 
 
 An adverbial phrase of manner, composed of an abstract noun preceded by a 
 locative, requires the verb to assume the applied form. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Ku makaxi kavovele : He spoke angrily • 
 lit. with anger he spoke with. 
 
 Ku kiese kiese kayendele : He went very gladly ; 
 with gladness, gladness he went with. 
 
 Kakangidi kio kuna ngolo : He tied it strongly (strength being employed). 
 
 Kakangidi kio muna ngolo : 
 
 would imply he tied it through his strength, which enabled him to succeed. 
 
 Kasadidi muna nkendai He helped you out of pity. 
 
 Muna ngolo kabongele kio : He took it by violence. 
 
 Bena ye kiese kingi : 7 hey are very happy ; 
 lit. they are with much happiness. 
 
 Muna nxi eyina o wantu bekwendanga e kimpene : 
 
 In that country the people go naked ; 
 
 nakedness is our natural condition and cannot be an acquisition, therefore the 
 
 article is used. 
 
 Wenda o malembe: 
 
 Go slowly (slowness must be characteristic of the movement). 
 
 E lumbu yawonso kekalanga e nkenda nkenda : 
 
 He is ever merciful (mercy is his characteristic, hence the article is used). 
 
( 604 ) 
 
 The following are instances of adverbs thus derived from nouns : — 
 ku kiese : with happiness, happily, 
 ku makaxi : with anger, angrily, 
 ku ngolo : with strength. 
 
 ku nzunzu:} with playfuIness ’ P Ia y fulI X- 
 ku suxi : by accident, accidentally, 
 liiuna makazi : in anger, angrily, 
 muna nkenda : in mercy, mercifully, 
 yo moyo : with life, 
 ye kimpala : with jealousy, jealously, 
 yo wonga : having fear, timidly 
 © betela: 
 
 e dedede :/ being alike > simiIarly - 
 © ekulu : first, in the first case ( requires the appliedform in its verb). 
 e elelo : this time. 
 
 © eseke eseke : by land, 
 e ezono : yesterday, 
 e ezuji : the day before yesterday. 
 
 O fuku : by night, at night, 
 e kieleka : truly, indeed, really, 
 e kidikiti : healthily, in health, 
 e kimfundumfundu : in whispers, 
 e kintongi : sleeplessly. 
 
 e kolo : at the time, by the time, whilst, when, 
 e losola : passing through, through, 
 e ludi : truly, indeed, really, 
 o luvati : sideways. 
 
 0 lumonso : left-handedly. 
 o malembe : patiently, 
 o malu main : on foot. 
 
 O mankwa : fruitlessly, without catching anything, 
 o maxika : in the evening, 
 o maza maza : by water, 
 o mbaji : to-morrow, 
 o mbanu. , 
 
 o mbatu : } presentIy > ,ater on ln the da y- 
 e mfiumbu : under water, 
 e mpavala : for nothing, uselessly, in vain, 
 e ndambu ndambu : in parts. 
 
 0 ngatu •*} P resent ^ later ° n in the day. 
 
 e ngovo : freely, gratis, for nothing, 
 e nkenene : exceedingly, 
 o nswalu : quickly, 
 e ntama : far away, 
 e ntama ntama : one of these times, 
 e ntentela : without anything to steady oneself, 
 e ntete : at first. 
 
 e ntom.fi : round about, at a little distance. 
 
( 6c>5 ) 
 
 e nzaki: quickly. 
 
 6 nzala j hungrily, 
 e sazu : quickly, 
 e tini tini : in pieces, 
 o vala vengi : far away, 
 o unu : to-day. 
 
 mannerVav “ , COn | tinuou r s or Prolonged for some time, the adverb of 
 
 manner may wear a reduplicate form ; thus : - 
 
 o luvati luvati i sideways, 
 o lumonso lumonso : left-handedly. 
 o malembe malembe : patiently, 
 e nkenda nkenda : mercifully. 
 
 e ntama ntama : one of these days, some day or other. 
 
 Ihe same is the case when means are employed for some time 
 
 e eseke eseke : by land, 
 o malu malu : on foot, 
 o maza maza : by water. 
 
 Also where the action divides something into a number of parts 
 
 e ndambu ndambu : in parts, 
 e tini tini : i n pieces. 
 
 no^xpress abTtrlrT^^ US K ed / n an adverbial phrase, before nouns which do 
 • P ideas, the locatives are simple prepositions of locality. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 in the centre. 
 
 up or on the hill, higher up. 
 at the outside, outside, 
 on the top. 
 
 in the space between, between. 
 
 Muna kati: 
 
 Ku londe: 
 Kuma mbaji : 
 Kuma mbata: 
 Kuma mpwaxi: 
 
 v uciween, o 
 
 Kuma ndambu ndambu : aside, along, alongside. 
 
 Nxi, the ground, combines with the locatives as follows 
 
 Kunxi ( = ku-J-nxi) :\ 
 
 Okunxi, kunanxi : / under, down. 
 
 Munxi, omunxi, munanxi : under, underneath. 
 
 Vanxi, ovanxi, vananxi : on the earth, on the ground. 
 The numeral -moxi bearing the locative prefixes serves as an adverb. 
 
 Kumoxi : at, or to, or from one place, together. 
 
 Vamoxi : on, or onto, or off from one place, together, 
 mumoxi : m, or into, or out of one place, together 
 
 Oku kwakwijiwa: 
 Oku kwakwendewa 
 
 Oku kwatukwa: 
 
 when it had come or gone to this or that length, at 
 
 ength, at last, after that, afterwards, finally, ulti¬ 
 mately. ' 
 
 at first, in the beginning, originally, in the first times, in 
 
 the early days, long long ago, once, once upon a 
 time, at one time. 
 
( 606 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Oku kwakwijiwa bele kwau: Eventually they went. 
 
 Oku kwatukwa ke kiakala wau ko: It was not so originally. 
 
 The adjectives -ambote and -abiza, good, sometimes wear the prefix ki, and 
 serve as adverbs ; fu (6), a manner, fashion, style, is understood, hence the pre¬ 
 fix ki. 
 
 Wenda kiabiza : Good-bye ; lit. go good (manner). 
 
 Toma zo ximba kiambote : Hold them very carefully ; 
 lit. hold them well, good (manner). 
 
 The following are simple adverbs :— 
 aka: only, always, 
 ana : so like, like this, or that, thus, 
 anake: exactly alike, 
 beni: much, very, 
 beni beni: very much, exceedingly, 
 boxi : after that, then, 
 deke : rather, sooner, preferably, 
 diaka: again. 
 
 dianu: therefore, wherefore, that is why ( requires the applied form in its 
 
 verb.) 
 
 kaka: only, solely, simply, always, 
 kala : altogether, completely, quite, 
 kaxikila: perhaps. 
 
 okole kwandi :}‘ n the second P lace ' 
 
 koxi: in the first place, that is the first question. 
 
 kutu : altogether, entirely, wholly, completely. 
 
 mpe: also, too. 
 
 mbenge: after that, then. 
 
 musungula: especially, as well as, also. 
 
 nanga: \ 
 
 nangi : > perhaps. 
 
 nangu: ) 
 
 nana: so, thus, like this, or that, 
 ne : like, as, just as. 
 
 nkutu : altogether, entirely, wholly, completely, 
 uze : like, as, just as. 
 
 okalokala: at length, after a while, afterwards, then, at last,after along while. 
 
 sa * | soon, directly, very shortly ( used only of future time, the verb 
 
 sanga . > following it being always in the subjunctive mood). 
 xinga: ; 
 
 se : now, just now, then, from this, or that time. 
 
 (se is used to introduce a sejitence indicating a change of circumstances .) 
 
 The number of times an action is repeated is expressed by the nth deri¬ 
 vative noun, derived from the verb of the action ; then the number of times is 
 stated by the cardinal numerals, and then follows the predicate. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mboka tatu kabokele : He called three times ; lit. callings three he called. 
 Mbwa zole babwidi : They fell down twice ; lit. fallings two they fell. 
 
( 6o 7 ) 
 
 The same idea is expressed by the noun nkumbu (4), a time. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Mvangidi kio e nkumbu miole : I made it twice ; lit. two times. 
 
 The comparison of adverbs and adjectives is often effected by stating the 
 direct opposite with the negative. Instead of saying 
 Go faster, 
 
 Kongos say :— 
 
 Instead of Kwendi malembe ko : Do not go slowly. 
 
 Make it larger, 
 they say:— 
 
 Kuvangi kio kiandwelo ko : Do not make it small. 
 
 The Negative. 
 
 The negative is expressed by the particles ke...ko, the one preceding, the 
 other following the clause to be negatived (as the French ne...pas ). 
 
 The first particle ke precedes the negative clause or verb, and may combine 
 with the pronominal prefixes of the verb, when they are of the 1st class, but 
 never in the case of any other class. The changes induced in the final vowel 
 of the verb in the subjunctive mood are noted in their place under the verb. 
 
 Ke besumba ko : They do not buy. 
 
 Ke tukwendanga lumbu yawonso ko: We do not go every day. 
 
 The Unnatural Negative. 
 
 When ke is used without the second particle of negation the verb appears 
 generally, if not always, in the subjunctive mood. 
 
 It expresses one’s delight, or surprise, or disappointment, or disapproval, or 
 disgust at the non-fulfilment of what one had feared, expected, hoped for or 
 considered ought to have been done, or the uselessness of attempting again 
 what has only proved fruitless or useless hitherto. It may, therefore, be fre¬ 
 quently translated by, without...-ing. This form of negation may be called the 
 unnatural negative. 
 
 The verb in this case undergoes whenever necessary the same changes in 
 prefix or suffix as with the ordinary negative, but the ke must always be pre¬ 
 ceded by a subjective pronoun. When a noun stands as the object of the verb, 
 it takes its usual place after the predicate, and the pronoun of the subject takes 
 its place before the ke (see sentence No. 4 below). When, however, the object 
 is expressed by a pronoun it must assume the subjective form, and take its place 
 before the ke (see sentences Nos. 1 and 2 below). Since intransitive verbs have 
 no object, the pronoun of their subject (in the subjective form) must precede 
 the ke (see sentence No. 5 below). There are a few verbs which bear such 
 distinct reference to an object that they do not always require the pronoun be¬ 
 fore the ke, such as tomboka, to ascendj konda, to hunt. 
 
 When the negative sentence refers to the future, where an injunction is given 
 to do something, in order to avoid what would naturally result from the omis¬ 
 sion, ke is translated by lest, in case, for fear that. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1. Banete kio kiau ke batolodi : They carried it without breaking it. 
 
 2. Yadi nata e mbongo zame kuna ezandu diau, kanxi zau ke basumbi: 
 
 However often I take my goods to their market, they do not buy them. 
 
( 608 ) 
 
 3. Mono kimani tulu : I cannot get to sleep. 
 
 4 - Kolo kingi nnkondanga, yeno ke nuvondi mbiji: 
 
 You have been hunting ever so long without killing anything (it is no use 
 trying). 
 
 5. Bamwene e nzo ikweme kanxi yau ke beji jimina: 
 
 They see the house burning, but they do not come to put it out. 
 
 6. Toma kanga e nkombo zau ke jitayi. Muna nkia diambu? Kimana 
 
 ke zataya: 
 
 Tie the goats carefully, lest they run away. Why ? So that they may not 
 run away. 
 
 In negative sentences, whether one particle of negation is used or both, the 
 objective noun is never preceded by its article. This is also the case with 
 nouns which, being used as adverbs, are preceded by their article. In negative 
 sentences, combinations of the article with ya (ye, yo) do not occur, and the 
 ya remains unchanged. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Aff. Nsumbanga 0 maki: 
 
 Neg. Kisumbanga kwame maki ko: 
 Aff. Bekwendanga 0 malembe : 
 
 Neg. Ke bekwendanga malembe ko : 
 Aff. Yandi nna ye mbele yo nsoma: 
 Neg. Yandi kena ya mbele ya nsoma 
 
 I am buying eggs. 
 
 I am not buying eggs. 
 
 They are going slowly. 
 
 They are not going slowly. 
 
 He has (is with) a knife and fork, 
 ko: He has (is with) no knife and fork- 
 
 One important idiom needs further to be remarked. 
 
 In replying to a negative sentence, Kongos affirm or deny the correctness of 
 the question, not of the fact ; this is directly opposite to the English custom, 
 and causes much confusion, until the habit is well understood. 
 
 For instance, in English, if a person is willing to go somewhere, he may be 
 questioned and reply as follows :— 
 
 Will you go ? Yes, I will go. 
 
 Will you not go? Yes, I will go. 
 
 so that the answer is the same whether the question is framed in the negative 
 or affirmative. 
 
 A Kongo, however, would reply to the first question :—Yes, I will go ; but to 
 the second question :—No, I will go. 
 
 Thus a person asked : — 
 
 Kukwenda ko e ? Will you not go ? 
 
 may reply:— 
 
 Elo, kikwenda kwame ko : Yes, I will not go. 
 
 The statement is made, and the interrogative e asks whether it is so or not. 
 It is to the question raised by the particle e that the reply is made. The diffi¬ 
 culty is found when the answer contains no more than a simple Yes or No. 
 
 For instance, from the following conversation in Kongo— 
 
 Kukwenda ko e ? Elo : Will you not go ? Y es— 
 
 a European would infer that the individual intended to go, when the direct 
 contrary is the case, for he would mean :—Yes, your supposition that I will 
 not go is quite correct, for I am not going. 
 
 This habit is a fruitful cause of misunderstanding for Europeans ; which may 
 be avoided, however, by the use of questions framed in the affirmative. 
 

 THE PREPOSITION. 
 
 The prepositions in Kongo are very few in number. Prepositional ideas are 
 frequently present in the radical idea of verbs such as sanlra /a 
 vana, /o give to; they are also imparted to verbs by the amlieffn OVeTj 
 surnbila, to buy for, to buy with ; mokena, to talk about. m1 ’ ^ 
 
 The prepositions are as follows 
 
 The locative prepositions based on 
 
 kuma, vuma, and muma 
 ya, ye, yo : with 
 tuka and tukamena, from 
 -a, of 
 
 The Locative Prepositions. 
 
 and F a5 , be r eX P Ia!ned that the Natives are used prepositionally ; their forms 
 and English renderings are given in the following tables 
 
 Prepositional Locatives Based on Kuma. 
 
 ist Position. 2 nd Position. 3 rd Position. 
 
 ku, oku ko, oko kuna, okuna 
 
 a place mS* 3 " 1 °" rePreSent ^ ^ ° r motio " °r from 
 
 away XT ^ ^ ^ ^ ™to, for, from, 
 
 When referring to time, the 1st and 3rd positions only are employed • they 
 
 ZTnTTTXX- omething occurred ’ or with which something else 
 
 Examples . 
 
 Kakwiza oku nti wau: He came to his tree. 
 
 Oko kiana kiokio kayele: She went to that farm 
 
 Kuna rxt eto kTtuka 6 ^ 1 ' 11 ^ ! f “ livi f " g “ ~ at his t0 '™- 
 
 ^f“? ng ? WaUna t^wendanga: We a^tomgMards” tS hill. 
 
 Nuni yele afongi kuna nti una : 
 Oku maxika tulueke : 
 
 The bird has gone and perched on 
 that tree. 
 
 By the evening we shall be there ; 
 
 Okuntangwanlungu tutelama kweto : We slmrat'nomK"'™' 1 ' 
 
 For the special force of ku and kuma, when used in the construction of an 
 adverb of manner, see under the Adverb. n of an 
 
 When used before a noun which expresses the names of living creatures kwa 
 
 609 ' 9 
 
( 6io ) 
 
 oku kwa, oko kwa or kuna kwa, are the only locatives used, never any of 
 those based on vuma or muffla, 
 
 Kwa alone is sufficient under ordinary circumstances, but when position is 
 to be indicated, oku, oko, or kuna may precede the kwa, which should never 
 be absent. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Bele kwau kwa mfumu: They have gone to the chief. 
 
 Yana o madia kuna kwa aleke: Give food to the children. 
 
 Oko kwa yandi oyo ntuka: I came from him. 
 
 Ku and kuna combine with the particle ya to form the prepositions yaku 
 and yakuna, until, as far as to, to. 
 
 Yaku unu: Until to-day. 
 
 Taku vava yaku Ngombe : From here to Ngombe. 
 
 Prepositional Locatives Based on vuma. 
 
 ist Position. 2nd Position. 3 r( t Position. 
 
 va, ova vo, ovo vana, ovana. 
 
 The locatives based on vuma imply a state of rest on, or upon, or motion 
 towards, or off from on a surface or something. 
 
 Equivalents :— on, upon, over, at {on), in {on), on to, to, toward, towards, off 
 from, on, off, from. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Kavwete e mpu ovo ntu andi: He wears a hat on his head. 
 
 Vana ezandu dieto tusumbanga zo: We buy them at or in or on our market. 
 Fuka 0 nlele vana lekwa yayina: Cover a cloth over those things ; 
 
 i.e. cover those things up with a cloth. 
 
 Vana nludi a nzo kasangumukini : He fell off the roof of the house. 
 
 Oyandi wijidi ye mbele vana koko kwandi: 
 
 He came with a knife in his hand. 
 
 (Vana can only be used when one hand is spoken of, muna is used with the 
 plural). 
 
 The locatives based on vuma are not used prepositionally in reference to 
 time (only as adverbs or conjunctions), neither are they used with nouns which 
 express living creatures, although they may appear before the names of their 
 parts or limbs. 
 
 Prepositional Locatives Based on muma. 
 
 ist Position. 2nd Position. 3 ^ Position. 
 
 mn, oiiLU mo, omo muna, omuna. 
 
 The locatives based on muma imply a state of rest in, or motion into or out 
 of a place surrounded or enclosed, or round or against something (when not 
 implying opposition). 
 
 Equivalents :— in, in among, among, amongst, in the midst of, inside, within, 
 through, between, against, round, into, out of, out from. 
 
 Mu is used before the infinitive or gerundive noun to imply : in order to, 
 to, to the end that, for, for use in. 
 
 When referring to time, the ist and 3rd positions only are employed ; they 
 indicate the time in or during which something occurred. 
 
 Equivalents :— in, during, through. 
 
( 6ii ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Omo nzo kakotele: 
 
 Mu nkele ame kaswekele kio: 
 
 Kanga o nxinga muna nti: 
 
 Kiwandamene muna etadi: 
 
 E lekwa kiaki kiabiza muna sumbila o madia: 
 
 This is a good thing to buy food with. 
 
 Muna lumbu kimoxi tuvangidi kio : We made it in one day. 
 
 He entered into the house. 
 
 He hid it in my box. 
 
 Tie the rope round the tree. 
 
 It struck on or against a stone, 
 
 For the special force of mu and muna when used in the construction 
 adverb of manner, see under the Adverb. 
 
 Mu and muna combine with the particle ya to form the prepositions 
 and yamuna, until , as far as into, to, i?ito. 
 
 of an 
 
 yamu 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Tuka lumbu kiaki yamu unu : From that day until now. 
 
 Tuka vava yamuna kati kwa nzo andi: 
 
 From here as far as into the centre of his house. 
 
 Ya. 
 
 . The preposition ya is equivalent to with or against. In affirmative clauses 
 it combines with the article proper to the class and number of the noun it 
 
 piecedes, the a eliding before the article. The following table indicates the 
 consequent forms :— 
 
 Class. s. p. 
 
 1 yo ya. 
 
 2 ye ye. 
 
 3 & 4 yo ye. 
 
 5 & 6 ye ye, 
 
 7 & 8 ye yo. 
 
 9,10,11,12,13,14 yo yo. 
 
 15 ye 
 
 In negative sentences ya stands without any article combined, and thus 
 and only thus appears in its simplest form. For the abbreviated forms result¬ 
 ing fiom the combination of ya with the personal pronouns, see under the 
 Pronoun. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Wele kwandi yo mundele : He is gone with the white man. 
 
 Wijidi kwandi ye mbele vana koko kwandi: 
 
 He came with a knife in his hand. 
 
 Kejidi kwandi ya mbele ko : He did not come with a knife. 
 Kunwani ya ngamba zame ko : Do not quarrel with my carriers. 
 
 The verbs kala and -na, to be, when followed by ya, ye, or yo, may often be 
 translated by, to have ( i.e. to be with). See under the Verb (to be). 
 
 —A. 
 
 The particle -a, of, can only be used to introduce an adjectival phrase ; it 
 performs for the phrase the same office as the formative prefix applied to an 
 adjective ; in fact, an adjective is a qualifying idea expressed in one word, while 
 an adjectival phrase is such an idea, expressed in two or more words. 
 
 The formative prefix -a is used in the construction of an adjective, the particle 
 
( 612 ) 
 
 -a is prefaced to an adjectival phrase ; in each case the -a assumes the prefix 
 proper to the class and number of the noun it qualifies. In Kongo, therefore, 
 -a, of is not a preposition proper, it is a formative particle introducing an adjec¬ 
 tival phrase, and is considered under the adjective. 
 
 From tuka, to be from , are derived the prepositions tuka and tukamena, 
 equivalent to '.—from, since. These prepositions always indicate the origin, 
 source, or commencement of an action or state of being, and when they are 
 used, the end, direction, or conclusion is always mentioned in a clause following, 
 unless the action be still in process. 
 
 Muna and kuna are used instead when the action or state is not thus limited, 
 
 Ngyele yandi kwandi tuka vava, yaku Ngombe: 
 
 I went with him from here to Ngombe. 
 
 Bediatanga tuka menemene yaku maxika: 
 
 They walk from morning until night. 
 
 Tukamena lumbu kiakina kimwene yandi nkutu ko: 
 
 I have never seen him since that day. 
 
 Prepositional Phrases. 
 
 The following and many other prepositional phrases serve to express ideas 
 often conveyed by a preposition in English :— 
 
 muna diambu dia : on account of, because of, for the sake of. 
 kuna or muna or vana kati kwa : at or in the centre of. 
 mu or muna kuma kia : because of, on account of. 
 oku or kuna lose lua : before the face of. 
 kuna mpwaxi a : between, in front of. 
 kuna or muna or vana : 
 ndambu a: 
 
 kuna nima a : at the back of, behind, 
 kuna or vana ntandu a : at or on the top of. 
 kuna ntu a : at or on the head of. 
 kunxi a: 
 kunanxi a: J 
 munxi a: 
 
 / 
 
 '|at or on or by the side of, beside, alongside. 
 
 munanxi a 
 
 I under, underneath, below. 
 
 .j(in) under, in underneath, below. 
 
THE CONJUNCTION. 
 
 The following are the principal conjunctions r— 
 
 anga : then (i)i ierrogative ). 
 ele : then (itnpatient). 
 
 # 1 
 
 e kuma kadi:/because, f 01 Y so that. 
 
 kaditu : then (authoritative). 
 
 kala, okala: 
 kala vo, okala vo :J* f * 
 
 kana, kanele : although, even if, if, whether, however. 
 
 kana... kana : whether...or. 
 
 kana (...kwa) : as to (how many). 
 
 kana vo, kanele vo : why there is or are ! 
 
 kanxi : but, however, yet, sfcilli, even then. 
 
 kanxi kadi : at any rate> however, but still, but even then. 
 
 kaxi : whether, if. 
 
 kaxi...kaxi: whether...or. 
 
 kaxi : I mean, that is to say, or rather. 
 
 kede, okedi, kedi vo;)., 
 kele, okele, kele vo: J 1 ‘ 
 
 kinumana : } in order t0 ’ ar that > 50 that - 
 kimana ke : \(with the unnatural negative .) 
 
 kinumana ke :/lest, so that not, in order that not 
 
 mpaxi: \ 
 
 mpaxi ovo : i but, only, 
 mpaxi owu:) 
 
 mpaxi yavana : nevertheless, notwithstanding, even then, still, yet 
 
 nlongo: as mpaxi. ’ J 7 
 
 nga : then ( conti 7 igent ). 
 okalakala : well, why then. 
 
 tnku : } then ( im P atient )’ 
 
 una : when, while, as, as or so soon as. 
 
 ova, vava, vana: when, after, as ^ so soon as. 
 vele : then (unpaticnt). 
 
 vo, ovo: ., 
 
 vovo : J 1 ’ either J or ? whether, after, when, as soon as. 
 vo : that. 
 
 ovo vele vo : although, even if. 
 
 OVO vele VO...OVO, whether...or not. 
 
 f 13 
 
 R R 
 
( 614 ) 
 
 vozevo : in the event that, if. 
 
 wan . I nQ nQW t h at since, because, 
 
 owau: J ’ ’ 
 
 watu : "j indeed, notwithstanding all to the contrary or all 
 
 watukadi:/ refusal. 
 
 wau...wau: 1 
 
 has...so. 
 
 WOWO...WOWO 
 
 wavo, avo : in the event of, in the case of, if. 
 ya, ye, yo : and, both, also, 
 yavana : until, until that. 
 
 zavo, ozavo: \ 
 zevo, ozevo: J 
 
 in that case, then. 
 
 Some of the above require fuller notice : — 
 
 Kala 
 
 okala 
 
 kala vo 
 
 okala vo 
 
 Kedi 
 
 okedi 
 
 kedi vo 
 
 okedi vo 
 
 Keji 
 
 okeji 
 
 keji vo 
 
 okeji vo 
 
 Kele 
 
 okele 
 
 kele vo 
 
 okele vo 
 
 are a series of conjunctions derived from kala, io be , they are used when stating 
 a certain condition, either positive or negative, which if it had existed would 
 have brought about certain results, it being clearly understood that neither the 
 condition nor its results ever did exist, are now, or ever will come about ; it is 
 an impossible contingency. In such a statement the condition following upon 
 kala must be spoken of in the subjunctive mood, future indefinite, or future 
 continuative tense, even when the result of the condition can only be spoken 
 of in a remote past tense, as in sentence No. 4 below. The clause stating the 
 result is introduced by nga ( see nga), and its verb may be in the indicative 
 mood ; where it is in the negative the auxiliary verb -adi is optional. When 
 kala introduces a positive clause, it may be rendered in English by if, or by a 
 clause in the subjunctive mood having the auxiliary verb first: If I had done 
 so, or had 1 done so. 
 
 When kala introduces a negative clause, the above formulae are used with 
 the negative, if I had not, had I not, or a positive clause prefaced by except or 
 unless may be used ; except I had, or unless I had. 
 
 1. Kala ke tudiati beni ko, nga ke tulueke wan ko : if we had not walked 
 well, we should not be there now. ( Negative sentence, condition past, result 
 present.) 
 
 2. Kala tudiata beni ezono, nga mbaji twadi lnaka: had we walked well 
 yesterday, we should arrive to-morrow. ( Positive sentence, condition past, re¬ 
 sult future.) 
 
 3. Kala tutelama 0 mbaji, nga kia lumingu twadi luaka : if we were to 
 start to-moirow, we should arrive on Sunday. (. Positive sentence, condition 
 and result in the future.) 
 
 4. Muna Sodomo kala mnkala antu kumi asonga, nga 0 Nzambi wavu- 
 lnza dio e evata : if there had been ten righteous men in Sodom, God would 
 
 have spared the city. (. Positive sentence, condition and result in the remote 
 past .) 
 
 Sometimes kala is used to introduce a condition expected, hoped for, planned 
 or commanded, but which never came about. The rule as to the construction 
 
( 6i5 ) 
 
 
 
 no mentfoforreiuHs 6 Same Wlth **** '° m °° ds 
 
 Edi kazolele kala ngyenda: He wishes that I had *one 
 
 and n beyon e d e a 1 l S p:sl k 1 hvo? ere '"Vt* ° fa c0 " diti °" Solute, definite, 
 tense under such chc^sLnces ’ “* ° nIy be USed with a fut -e 
 
 —- 
 
 Kana umbokele kewanga kwandi ko: 
 
 Even if you call him he will not hear. 
 
 Kana ntama ke diambu ko : However far it does not matter, 
 ten used in a sentence with kwa, kana is equivalent to -as to. 
 
 Kizeye kwame ko kana nsnsn kwa jina mu: 
 
 do not know as to how many fowls there are in here. 
 
 Kana.. .kana = whether... or. 
 
 Kana wau kana ke wau ko : whether so or not. 
 
 Kana VO and kanele VO are used in introducing a sentence under the 
 following circumstances. A fact has been entirely forgotten by each of lie 
 
 rrr;v lL * 
 
 Ceievt-for reCa t inS “ '° the ° ther,the ^ C ntercr r o S pe t ns t w, e th m kanavo 0 or 
 
 Kanele VO ; for instance, some people wishing to cross a river ran find 
 
 hifanTj;:-° me ° ne rememberS & bidden Can0 ' 
 
 Kana vo nlungu a Mantu, ke wau tusaukila ko e ? 
 
 Kanele vo mhiii ^ antu ’ s canoe > can we not ge‘ across with that ? 
 
 Whv th Jre ^ J ana esanza ' adie y i ™le sumbila yakaka « 
 
 Why, there is some meat on the shelf, why did you go and buy more ? 
 
 « When bef ° re 3 n ° Un> are e< l u * va ^ent to -.-but, only 
 
 Twasa konso mbele mpaxi mhele amhote : 
 
 w , rmg any kn,fe you like > so long as it is a good one. 
 
 ma ! 'V S ' d be f fore l a . ve *. mpaxi and nlongo are followed by ovo when 
 
 prevfoL stipulation Th"; ^ ° WU ,’ COndidonaI1 >' the fulfilment of" 
 so long as, but. 7 ^ e( l ulvalent t0 ■—>/ only, provided that, only, 
 
 Exainples. 
 
 Mpaxi ovo okwenda: if only you go. 
 
 Mpaxt owu okwenda: So long as you go. 
 
 oum P wm l m a ?r a i Sam ° StemPhatiC asse rtion of determination to have one’s 
 nelJthelZ, stiU^ ^ ** ^ 
 
 Kana nukungwanda, kana nukumponda, mpaxi yavana samba nsamba 
 
 Kzambi: 
 
 U hether you beat or kill me, nevertheless I will pray to God. 
 
( 616 ) 
 
 Nga introduces a clause contingent on something expressed or understood ; 
 it is rendered by then, but very often no equivalent is used in English. 
 
 Kala twenda o maza maza nga tulueke : 
 
 Had we gone by water, (then) we should have arrived. 
 
 Fiakete fixidi nga yadi bwa : A little more, and (then) I should have fallen. 
 
 Nga nki tulamba ? What shall we cook (then) ? 
 
 Anga has the same force, but is only used when standing at the head of an 
 interrogative sentence, which is contingent on something understood. 
 
 Anga weji ? What (did he say) then ? lit. then what ? 
 
 Okalakala nga is an emphatic and somewhat indignant denial put into the 
 interrogative, equivalent to :— do you suppose, then ? or well... the?i ? 
 
 Okalakala nga dia ndianga zo e ? Well, am I eating them then ? 
 
 Tu, tuku, and ele, are impatient conjunctions or interjections, equivalent to 
 then. 
 
 Wizanga tu, or tuku, or ele : come then. 
 
 They are used after repeated promises have been made to do something, 
 and still it is not done. 
 
 The locatives based on vuma serve as conjunctions. The forms of the 1st 
 and 2nd positions only are used :— 
 
 ist Position. 2nd Position, 
 
 ova, vava ovo, vo, vovo 
 
 The forms of the ist position are equal to :— after, as soon as, so soon as 
 when. 
 
 They are used to introduce a clause stating some expected contingency, con¬ 
 cerning which there is no doubt. 
 
 The forms of the 2nd position are only used when there is doubt and 
 uncertainty; they are equivalent to :— after, as soon as, when, if ever, if 
 
 Standing at the head of two consecutive clauses, they are equivalent to 
 either... or, whether... or. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Vava kekwiza umbokela: 
 
 After or when he comes, call me ; or call me on his coming. 
 
 Ovo kiambote ovo kiambi: Whether good or bad. 
 
 Vo ke wau ko : If it were not so, otherwise. 
 
 Vo is also used as a conjunction after verbs of ordering, informing, saying 
 knowing, or thinking ; in that case it is equivalent to that. 
 
 Ovovele vo ngyenda : He said that I should go. 
 
 In detailing a conversation, the verb vova is often omitted in mentioning the 
 reply of another person, and the vo is preceded by a personal pronoun :— 
 
 Oyandi vo : He after that (said). 
 
 Sometimes the personal pronoun is omitted ; in that case vo is preceded 
 by oku, lit. at that; (he) after (replied); i.e. thereafter (he replied) ; then (he 
 said). 
 
 Mfumu ovovele vo ngyenda : The chief said that I should go. 
 
 0 mono vo, ke diambu ko : Then I said, never mind. 
 
 Oku vo wenda o nswalu : At that, he said go quickly. 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns referring to uma are also used as conjunctions 
 of time ; the ist and 3rd positions only are thus used. 
 
( 6i7 ) 
 
 Equivalents :— 
 
 ist Position. 
 
 wau, owau. 
 
 3rd Position. 
 
 una 
 
 while, 
 now, 
 
 now that, 
 since, 
 because. 
 
 The demonstratives of the ist and 2nd positions emphatic are used as cor- 
 relative conjunctions. 
 
 when, 
 
 whilst, 
 
 as, 
 
 as soon as, 
 
 | equivalent to as...so. 
 
 wau... wan, 
 wowo...wowo, 
 
 Wowo tumwene kio wowo kixinga kala : As we saw it so it must be. 
 Wau kavovele wau kina : As he said, so it is. 
 
 Watu or wata kadi are used to introduce a sentence which states that 
 
 whether it be according to, or against one’s will, a certain action has to be 
 
 performed, regardless even of a flat refusal to do it. It can therefore only be 
 
 used where either circumstances or power, combined with determination, will 
 enforce the action. 
 
 Watu is therefore equivalent to those emphatic conjunctions or interjections, 
 
 S “i a " '■- mdee ^ however, notwithstanding, surely, or do what you may, in 
 spite of all you will have to; say what you will, you will have to. 
 
 Watu kadi wenda: Indeed you shall go, or you will have to go however, 
 whether you like it or not. 
 
 Watu kiambwaki kwandi: Indeed it is red, say what you may. 
 wavo and avo introduce the statement of possibilities upon which the action 
 spoken of in a contingent sentence depends. The possibilities are introduced 
 y wav° or avo, and the contingent sentence by zevo, ozevo, zavo, or ozavo. 
 wavo...zavo-if.. .in that case, or then ; in case...then. Ovo may be used 
 instead of wavo, and in the same manner. 
 
 Wavo ozengela mio wowo, ozevo fwa mifwa, kanxi avo kuzenga mio 
 KO, zevo mena mitoma mena : If you cut them like that, then they will die 
 but it you do not cut them, they will grow well. 
 
 The zevo, &c., is not always used in introducing the contingent sentence, but 
 it is more correct to do so. 
 
 The conjunction ya, ye, yo, and, both, is identical with the preposition ya 
 ye, yo, with; it is only used before a noun or pronoun. Its simplest form is 
 ya, but in affirmative clauses it combines with the article proper to the class 
 and number of the noun it precedes. A table of the resultant forms will be 
 found under the Preposition (ya). In negative clauses ya is the only form 
 
 used In enumeration ye may precede any numeral, ya only before units 
 which bear a prefix. 
 
 The conjunction ya, ye, or yo is mentioned before each clause joined together 
 by it, it is then equivalent to :— both .. .and. 
 
 Yo nge yo yandi nwenda : Both you and he go. 
 
 Katutwikidi ye mbele yo nsoma : He sent us a knife and fork. 
 
 When two or more nouns connected by the conjunction ya, ye, or yo, stand 
 
 as the object of a verb the conjunction is generally omitted before the first 
 noun. 
 
THE VERB. 
 
 A verb is a word by means of which we speak of an action performed by an 
 agent, or suffered by an object; or a state or condition in which its subject 
 exists. It may be generally asserted that the simplest form of the verb is found 
 in the infinitive mood, where the action of the verb is regarded in the abstract, 
 rather than in its application and connections. The Kongo verb is subject to 
 inflexion of two kinds :— 
 
 I. By suffix. 
 
 II. By prefix. 
 
 I. The first kind of inflexion concerns the verb itself. It expresses by suffixes 
 applied to the simplest forms of the verb the various conditions and forms 
 of the action, whether perfect, imperfect, or progressive ; it also expresses the 
 various modifications of the radical idea of the verb, such as the reversal or 
 repetition of the action. II. The second kind of inflexion is by prefix. It re¬ 
 fers to the subject of the verb, or to the object when personal; also to the time 
 when the action took place, and the mood and bearing of the action in refer¬ 
 ence to other matters under consideration. 
 
 The plan of inflexion of the Kongo verb is exceedingly simple in itself, but is 
 rendered in some respects complicated by the euphonic laws, which work with 
 never failing regularity, and to which everything must yield. The laws of 
 euphonic preference, elision, and changes, account for almost every seeming 
 irregularity. 
 
 The following are the most active laws :—When there is :— 
 
 a, i, or u in the simplest form of a verb, i or u are preferred in any suffixes in 
 which euphonic preference is possible ; e or o requires e or 0 , and a pure nasal 
 requires a nasal. 
 
 These preferences cause the verbs to group themselves into four classes or 
 conjugations. 
 
 Conjugations. 
 
 The ist conjugation consists of verbs having the vowels a, i or u only, as :— 
 
 Baku, tunga, sanga, butidika. 
 
 The 2nd conjugation is composed of all verbs having the same vowels as 
 the ist conj., but which on account of their possessing a pure nasal (i.e. a 
 nasal not combined with any other consonant), [prefer a pure nasal in their 
 suffixes, as : — 
 
 Kana, kanina, tuna, batuna. 
 
 The 3rd conjugation consists of verbs possessing the vowels e or 0, which in 
 consequence prefer an e or 0 in their suffixes whenever possible ; as :— 
 
 Kela, kelola, kota, bongolola. 
 
 The 4th conjugation is composed of all verbs having the same vowels as the 
 
 618 
 
( 619 ■) 
 
 p “"“" k ■ "-** 1 ' p** * 
 
 Mona, moneka, lema, konanana. 
 
 mlt e b p UP h 1 ! > 0niC Change f ^ ’’ S ’ * and Z ’ Which 6,15116 when i is suffixed to them, 
 
 " S ‘i e , b t °” ! n ™ nd ; ln such cases ’ 1 becomes d, . becomes x, t is pro- 
 nounced like ch in cheese, and z becomes j. " 
 
 Verbs having the suffixes ama, akana, akakana, and angana belong to the 
 4th con;., regardless of the absence of e and 0 in the verb. 
 
 t J erb5 havmg the 5uffix alala belong to the 3rd conjugation ; those having 
 
 The " ITr m , 7 m e ClaSS,fied under both the Ist an d 3rd conjugations.* 
 The number of syllables contained in a verb is often referred to as a test of 
 
 c aracter ; it must therefore be remembered that verbs having two vowels 
 coming together, without a consonant between them, are treated as though the 
 wo vowe s made one syllable. Fia, dia, and tua are considered and treated 
 as monosyllables ; diata, kiata, &c, as dissyllables. 
 
 MODIFICATIONS OF SUFFIX. 
 
 Verb Forms. 
 
 In common with all the known Bantu languages, the Kongo verb is enriched 
 
 ve y rr n We r fi m nd W ^ den0t6 modifications of the action expressed in the radical 
 verb. We find the same principle working in English to some extent; for 
 
 instance, in the verbs he and lay (the latter of which is causative); also in the 
 case of the verbs to light and to lighten : to awake and to awaken; to halt and 
 
 1 , J . T ' t0 un ™ ake ’ t0 remake; to adduce, to educe, to reduce, to 
 produce, to itiducej or to fly, to flee, to flow, to flit, &c. 
 
 Semitic languages furnish a better instance of such modification, as in the 
 case of the Hebrew verb with its various forms Kal, Niphal, Hiphil, Hithpael 
 &c„ or the more perfect and highly cultured Arabic, with its many forms, not all 
 applicable to each verb, but to a large extent used. It would be rash, indeed 
 o suggest that these forms of the Bantu verb were due to Semitic influence • 
 it is more probable that the necessity of thought and speech, which led to the 
 
 d velopment of such forms in the Semitic tongues, was the cause which im 
 duced it in other families. 
 
 In proceeding to study the forms of the verb which express modification of 
 the root idea, it is necessary to note, that all verbs maybe divided into two 
 great classes, according to the nature of the action expressed 
 
 I. Verbs which speak of an action which passes over to some object are 
 known as Transitives ; they declare what their subject does to their object; as 
 
 0 mfumu wabaka e iikombo : The chief caught the goat. 
 
 II. Verbs which speak of an action in which no object is involved are 
 
 J h r ° f ° r hlS * ie r s m the fact that where two adjacent syllables have each the vowel a 
 there is a tendency in the former to become changed into e when the latter is removed • as ’ 
 
 Patalala patalele. 
 
 Baka beke. 
 
 Konanana koneneka. 
 
 The principles of these changes may be studied in the tables of the applied, causative reci¬ 
 procal, and perfect forms. ’ reci 
 
( 620 ) 
 
 termed Intransitive ; they speak only of the state, circumstances, or conditions 
 of their subject ; as :— 
 
 0 tiya tukwama: The fire burns. 
 
 . 0 nlele ubakuka : The cloth rends. 
 
 0 mankondo mevia : The plantains ripen. 
 
 The Active Voice. 
 
 When a verb speaks of an action performed, or some state of activity, it 
 wears an Active form, and must be regarded as being in the Active voice, 
 whether transitive or intransitive. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Act. Irans. Sumba: to buy. 
 
 Act. intrans. Timuka : to fly. 
 
 The Passive Voice. 
 
 Active Transitive verbs have a corresponding Passive form, which takes the 
 object of the Transitive form for its subject, and thus regards the action in its 
 relation to the object of the transitive form, its subject being regarded as passive 
 to the action. Thus :— 
 
 Act. trans. 0 nleke wabaka e nkombo : The boy caught the goat. 
 
 Passive. E nkombo yabakwa : The goat was caught. 
 
 The object of the transitive verb, e nkombo, the goat, becomes the subject 
 of the passive, and the sentence is recast accordingly ; it then makes the simple 
 statement of what befell the goat. 
 
 If it is necessary to state the agent who brought about the passive condition, 
 an adverbial clause is appended, in which the agent is introduced by the pre¬ 
 position kwa. Thus 
 
 E nkombo yabakwa kwa nleke : The goat was caught by the boy. 
 
 The Passive is formed from the Active Transitive verb by inserting w before 
 the final a of the active form ; thus:— 
 
 Active. 
 
 Baka : to catch ; 
 Lunda : to keep ; 
 Tonda : to love ; 
 
 Passive . 
 
 bakwa : to be caught, 
 lundwa : to be kept, 
 tondwa : to be loved. 
 
 Active transitives which have the semi-vowel y for their last letter but one 
 change ya into yiwa or yua in the passive ; as :— 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 Kaya : to divide ; kayiwa or kayua : to be divided. 
 
 Zaya : to know ; zayiwa or zayua : to be known. 
 
 The few verbs ending in ia make their passive in wa, as if there were no i 
 in the active thus :— 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 Kwenkenia: to crunch ; kwenkenwa: to be crunched. 
 
 Ta is a contraction of tea, and becomes tewa in the passive. Vwa, to 
 possess , becomes vuwa, to be possessed; vana, to give, becomes vewa and 
 vanwa, to be given to have given, to. The Passive form is of necessity In¬ 
 transitive, since it has no object. These forms are spoken of as the Active 
 and Passive voice. 
 
( 621 ) 
 
 In the use of the passive, we find a further trace of the exact and logical 
 structure of Bantu speech and idiom, which requires careful attention. In 
 making a statement, Kongos are very careful as to the subject of their verb ; the 
 subject of conversation must be the subject of the verb j for instance, if a man 
 comes to tell you that a crocodile has taken one of your goats, he will not tell 
 you what the crocodile did, but rather what happened to your goat, so that 
 instead of saying, e mfumu ngandu yadia e nkombo aku : Sir, a crocodile has 
 eaten your goat ; he will say, e mfumu e nkombo aku yadiwa kwa ngandu : 
 O, sir ! your goat has been eaten by a crocodile. The remembrance of this 
 habit will help the student to understand an idiom which demands a passive 
 foim for all intransitive as well as transitive verbs. A Kongo, in speaking of 
 heaven, would not say that bad men never enter there, but rather, that heaven is 
 never entered by bad men. Ezulu ke dikotwa kwa. wantu ambi ko. If wantu 
 ambi, bad men , were made the subject of the verb, it would be at once inferred 
 that the bad men were the subject of the conversation, and that the speaker was 
 stating where bad men went to, and where not ; but since heaven is the subject 
 of the conversation in question, it takes its place naturally and logically enough 
 as the subject of the verb, and in order to express themselves in this way, every 
 verb requires a passive voice, even such verbs as : to be , to die , to exist , &c. 
 Where a locality is the subject of such a verb, a locative prefix is often applied. 
 One of the nouns of place, kuma, muma, vuma, orfulu, being understood in 
 apposition to the real subject; thus muna ezulu ke mukotwa kwa wantu 
 ambi ko : there is no entry into heaven to bad men, really means muna ezulu 
 (i muma) ke mukotwa kwa wantu ambi ko : into heaven (is the place) not 
 entered by bad men. Kuna ezulu (i kuma) ke kwendewa * kwa wantu 
 ambi ko : lit, heaven (is a place which) may not be gone to by bad men. It 
 is often very difficult to frame any English sentence which can possibly represent 
 at all literally this form of expression ; we have first to grasp the idea and logic 
 of the Kongo idiom ; and though we may never express our thoughts in that 
 manner, we may learn, and correctly use the idiom, and s.ee in it the origin of 
 our own English idiom, which allows our locative there to be the subject of a 
 verb. 
 
 Middle Voice. 
 
 There is a third voice to nearly all Kongo verbs, which is neither active? 
 transitive nor passive, but between the two, since it conveys the idea of action 
 without the need of an object to complete the idea ; as :— 
 
 0 nlele ubakuka : The cloth tears. 
 
 At the same time it expresses the idea of an active condition, or state, which is 
 attributed to the subject itself, and is not regarded as being suffered or caused 
 by anything exterior to the subject. It is therefore neither active transitive 
 nor passive ; but possessing an idea half way between the two, has been called 
 by grammarians the Middle voice. A verb in that voice, or of that nature or 
 form, is Active Intransitive. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Active. Middle. 
 
 Baka : to tear, to rend. Bakama : to tear, to rend, to be or become 
 
 rent, to get torn. 
 
 Jiula : to open. Jiuka : to open, to be or become open. 
 
 Katula : to take away. Katuka : to go away. 
 
 * Kwendewa=ku + endewa. 
 
( 622 ) 
 
 When a dissyllabic verb appears in its simplest form as an Active Transitive, 
 its Active Intransitive form, or Middle voice, is formed by changing its final 
 a into ama or u.ka, in the ist and 2nd conj. ; and ama or oka in the 3rd and 
 4th. Some verbs possess both forms : as londa, to mend ; londoka or londa- 
 ma, to be or become mended ; but generally only one of these forms is in use. 
 Where two or more verbs are spelt alike, but are of different signification, 
 the forms of the middle voice differ for the sake of distinction. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Act. Mid. 
 
 Baka : to tear, bakuka. 
 
 Baka : to catch, bakama. 
 
 Kela : to cut to pieces, keloka. 
 
 Kela: to strain, kelama. 
 
 Where there are two forms of the stem of the active verb, one in a and the 
 
 other in ika or eka, the middle voice form of both is generally ama ; when 
 
 there are two forms of the same stem in the active voice, one in a, and the 
 other ana or ona (not reversive), the middle voice form for both is generally 
 aka or oka. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Act. Mid, 
 
 Binda. | t0 t - e or j oc ^ bindama. 
 
 ,} 
 
 to cut, 
 
 kesoka. 
 
 Bindika 
 
 Kesa: 
 
 Kesona 
 
 Where there is a reversive form in use or conceivable, the middle voice of the 
 simple active verb is generally formed in ama, to prevent collision with the 
 middle voice of the reversive, which would be uka or oka. 
 
 Act. Mid. 
 
 Binda : to lock, bindama. 
 
 Bindala : to unlock, binduka. 
 
 But where no such need for distinction is required, the preference for aka 
 above ama appears very arbitrary. 
 
 When the simple dissyllable is a word of three letters only, ia becomes iaka, 
 thus:— 
 
 aa becomes awaka ; thus : 
 
 wa becomes awaka ; as :— 
 
 Act. 
 
 Mid . 
 
 Dia : to eat, 
 
 diaka. 
 
 Fia : to bet, 
 
 fiaka. 
 
 Xia : to put, 
 
 xiaka. 
 
 thus:— 
 
 Act. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 Naa : to drink, 
 
 nawaka. 
 
 Taa : to strike, 
 
 tawaka. 
 
 Zaa : to dash off, 
 
 zawaka. 
 
 as :— 
 
 Act. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 Ywa : to possess, 
 
 vawaka. 
 
 Wa : to hear, 
 
 wawaka. 
 
 The indefinite verb ta, to do, go, play, &c., is a contraction of tea ; its middle 
 voice is teoka or tewoka. 
 
( 623 ) 
 
 Th e two active verbs in aya-kaya, to divide, and zaya, to know- make 
 itauka and zayuka in the middle voice. 
 
 It may be fairly assumed that all Kongo roots are dissyllabic ; the w in the 
 few monosyllabic verbs is but the modification of an o or u radical, while the 
 verb ta has been noted as a contraction of tea. 
 
 ,, B f™*> m mind this dissyllabic character of all roots, it will be evident that 
 y ables following the first two of their stems must be suffixes. Trisyllables 
 aving lain their first and second syllables are treated as dissyllables, and form 
 tneir middle voice m the ordinary manner ; thus :_ 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Diata : to tread upon, 
 Fiata : to put close, 
 ‘Kiata : to arrange, 
 Piata : to lick, 
 
 Mid. 
 
 diatuka. 
 
 fiatama. 
 
 kiatama. 
 
 piatuka. 
 
 All suffixes—except the continuous suffixes nga and nge— consist of more 
 
 than one syllable ; they commence with a vowel, which replaces the last vowel 
 
 of the stem then follows a second or more syllables ; they must be therefore at 
 least dissyllabic. 
 
 Thus the root sumba+the suffix ila=smnbila, which is a trisyllable com- 
 pounded of a dissyllabic root and a dissyllabic suffix. 
 
 Turning then to verbs bearing dissyllabic suffixes, we note that : Active transi- 
 
 tive tnsyllables bearing the prefixes eka. ika, ola, ona,ula and una, form their 
 middle voice as follows 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 eka 
 
 ama 
 
 ika 
 
 am a 
 
 ola 
 
 oka 
 
 ona 
 
 oka 
 
 ula 
 
 uka 
 
 una 
 
 uka 
 
 Kwijika, to dry , makes its middle 
 Of polysyllabic verbs the 
 intransitive forms :— 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 teleka 
 
 telama. 
 
 bundika 
 
 bundama. 
 
 telola 
 
 teloka 
 
 kesona 
 
 kesoka. 
 
 saula 
 
 sauka. 
 
 danuna 
 
 danuka. 
 
 voice in kwijima. 
 following are the active transitive suffixes with their 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 Act. 
 
 ulula 
 
 uluka 
 
 vanguiula 
 
 ununa 
 
 unuka 
 
 tungununa 
 
 olola 
 
 oloka 
 
 bongolola 
 
 onona 
 
 onoka 
 
 nongonona 
 
 umuna 
 
 umuka 
 
 bangumuna 
 
 omona 
 
 omoka 
 
 vengomona 
 
 umiona 
 
 umioka 
 
 bangumiona 
 
 omiona 
 
 omioka 
 
 vengomiona 
 
 ujiola 
 
 ujioka 
 
 takujiola 
 
 ujiona 
 
 ujioka 
 
 natujiona 
 
 ojiola 
 
 ojioka 
 
 sotojiola 
 
 ojiona 
 
 ojioka 
 
 nonojiona 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 vanguluka. 
 
 tungunuka. 
 
 bongoloka. 
 
 nongonoka. 
 
 bangumuka. 
 
 vengomoka. 
 
 bangumioka. 
 
 vengomioka. 
 
 takujioka. 
 
 natujioka. 
 
 sotojioka. 
 
 nonojioka. 
 
( 624 ) 
 
 The final la or na of the foregoing active forms becomes ka in the middle 
 voice. There are also four forms which end in ka in the active ; they represent 
 one form in the four conjugations, following the laws of euphonic preference. 
 
 Suffixes. Examples. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Mid. 
 
 idika * 
 
 alala 
 
 butidika 
 
 butalala. 
 
 inika 
 
 anana 
 
 fwaninika 
 
 fwananana. 
 
 eleka 
 
 alala 
 
 dongeleka 
 
 dongalala. 
 
 eneka 
 
 anana 
 
 koneneka 
 
 konanana. 
 
 The following changes are in no way irregular, for they simply obey the 
 euphonic laws which require 1 , s, t, and z to become d, x, and j before i :— 
 
 Act. Mid. 
 
 Yaxidika ( = yasidika) yasalala. 
 
 Tudidika ( = tulidika) tulalala. 
 
 Butidika butalala. 
 
 Banjidika ( = banzidika) banzalala. 
 
 The active suffixes thus given include all which have a corresponding middle 
 voice, and the rules for the formation of the middle voice may be summarised 
 as follows :— 
 
 Active transitive verbs whose suffixes end in la or na, form the middle voice 
 by changing them into ka ; Active transitives having the suffixes eka or ika 
 replace them with ama. The suffixes idika and eleka become alala in the 
 middle voice, inika and eneka become anana. 
 
 Active transitive verbs which have no prefix, but are simple dissyllabic root 
 stems, replace their final a with uka, oka or ama. 
 
 While many verbs have active, middle, and passive forms, of which the 
 active form seems to present the most simple idea of the stem (as is the case in 
 the verb baka given above), there are many verbs, the simplest form of which 
 appears in the middle voice, and the active form is rather a causative, which 
 brings the subject of the middle voice into such a condition ; thus : —vengalala. 
 to be partly open , to be ajar , the active form of which is vengeleka, to cause to 
 be partly open , to set ajarj tekama, to be crooked , the active of which is 
 tekeka, to make crooked. 
 
 Mena : to grow ; menesa : to grow or cause to grow. 
 
 Fonga : to sit; fongesa : to set, cause to sit. 
 
 Moka : to converse ; mokosa : to cause to converse, to talk to. 
 
 Xikama : to awake ; xikamesa : to wake up, cause to awake. 
 
 Many active intransitive verbs do not wear any suffix proper to the middle 
 voice, but appear as the simplest forms of the root; as :— 
 
 Kota : to enter. 
 Fwa : to die. 
 Kala : to live. 
 Bwa : to fall. 
 
 Active intransitive verbs sometimes wear suffixes which are generally regarded 
 as transitive, such as ula or knkula, to flow down. Such verbs possess no 
 active transitive form. 
 
 * Idika=ilika. 
 
(625; 
 
 . Active intransitive verbs in use, force, and inflexion follow the 
 in the middle voice. 
 
 rules of verbs 
 
 Active intransitive verbs, and verbs in the middle voice, have also a corre¬ 
 sponding passive voice, formed in the same manner as the passive voice which 
 
 corresponds with active transitive verbs ; that is to say, w is inserted before the 
 nnal a or the verb. 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Pass. 
 Mid. V. 
 Pass. 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Pass. 
 Mid. V. 
 Pass. 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Pass. 
 Mid. V. 
 Pass. 
 
 Act. Trans. 
 
 Pass. 
 Mid. V. 
 
 Pass. 
 Act. Intr. 
 
 Pass. 
 Act. Intr. 
 Pass. 
 
 Baka: 
 Bakwa: 
 Bakama: 
 Bakamwa: 
 Kanga: 
 Kangwa: 
 Kangama: 
 Kangamwa: 
 Zenga: 
 Zengwa: 
 Zengoka: 
 Zengokwa : 
 Kulula: 
 Kululwa: 
 Kuluka: 
 Kulukwa: 
 Kala: 
 
 Kalwa: 
 
 Kota: * 
 Kotwa: 
 
 Examples. 
 
 to catch, 
 to be caught, 
 to get caught, 
 to have ones...caught, 
 to tie. 
 to be tied. 
 
 to get, become, or be tied, 
 to have ones...tied, 
 to cut. 
 to be cut. 
 
 to become, be, get cut. 
 to have ones...cut. 
 to bring or get down, 
 to be brought down, 
 to go, or run, &c., down, 
 to have ones...run down, 
 to live ~(at). 
 
 to be lived at, to be inhabited by, have...living in. 
 to enter. 
 
 to be entered. 
 
 Active intransitives which have the semi-vowels w or y 
 but one, change w into u or o before receiving the w of the 
 
 for their last letter 
 passive ; thus :— 
 
 Fwa, to die ; fuwa, to be the place where...dies, to be died at. 
 Bwa, to fall; buwa, to be the place where...falls. 
 
 Ya becomes yiwa or yua ; as 
 
 Act. Taya : to run away. 
 
 Pass. Tayiwa or tayua : to have ones...run away. 
 
 Kwenda, to go ( = kwendea?), becomes kwendewa, to be gone to. 
 
 Kwiza, to come ( = kwijia?), becomes kwijiwa, to be come to. 
 
 The passive form of intransitive and middle voice verbs is then perfectlv 
 regu ar in its formation, but a complication ensues when the rule as to the force 
 of the passive is applied. The rule is unchangeable that the object of the active 
 voice becomes the subject of the passive, but it is characteristic of active intransi 
 tive and middle voice verbs, that they have no direct object. They take however 
 for the subject of their passive voice, the indirect object, which is most deeply 
 
 * Kota is never transitive, the place entered is always preceded by a locative and figures in 
 an adverbial clause. 6 
 
 Ezono nkotele muna nzo andi : Yesterday I entered into his house. 
 
( 626 ) 
 
 interested in the action, but never the agent which brought it about. The 
 subject of the passive is generally the possessor of the subject of the active 
 intransitive or middle voice verb, or some person, place, or thing most closely 
 connected with it. 
 
 The necessity for such a form and construction lies in the rigidity of the law, 
 that the subject of conversation must be the subject of the verb. It is never 
 admissible under any circumstances, however intricate the clause which results, 
 to divert the attention to any other person or thing and treat it as a subject. 
 Suppose then that a Kongo is speaking of a simple action :— 
 
 E ngandu yabaka e nkombo a mfumu : 
 
 A crocodile caught the goat of the chief. 
 
 That is the most simple statement possible of the action, but it may only be 
 thus stated when the crocodile, or crocodiles as a class, are the subjects of con¬ 
 versation. If however a goat or goats are the subject under consideration the 
 verb must be thrown into the passive, in order to make the object of the active 
 voice become the passive subject of the action. 
 
 The sentence then reads : — 
 
 E nkombo a mfumu yabakwa kwa ngandu : 
 
 The goat of the chief was caught by the crocodile. 
 
 If mention of the agent be immaterial, and the goat be regarded as getting 
 into trouble of his own accord, the middle voice would be used. 
 
 E nkombo a mfumu yabakama (kwa ngandu): 
 
 The goat of the chief got caught (by the crocodile). 
 
 If however the chief to whom the goat belonged is the subject of conversation, 
 he becomes the subject of the verb, and the passive form of the middle voice 
 must be used. The sentence then stands :— 
 
 0 mfumu yabakamwa e nkombo (kwa ngandu): 
 
 The chief was caught as regards his goat, or as far as his goat is concerned. 
 
 This form is generally translated into English by means of the verb to have; 
 thus :— 
 
 The chief had his goat caught (by a crocodile). 
 
 The verb to have thus used never conveys a causative idea, such as he had it 
 caught, meaning that he caused it to be caught. Instead of that it always 
 states something which befell the subject ; thus : — 
 
 E mfumu yabundukwa o kulu : The chief had had a leg cut off. 
 
 E eyakala diafuwa o nkaji : The man had had his wife die. 
 
 We often use another verb in English, taking a new subject, or we use a 
 preposition to get over the difficulty. Thus the latter sentence is better 
 rendered :— 
 
 The man had lost his wife (by death), 
 or the man was bereft of his wife, 
 or the man whose wife had died. 
 
 In the same way kalwa, to be lived or dwelt at, =to be inhabited ; and fuwa 
 to be died of to or at, = to be bereft of. 
 
 E ezulu ke diendewa kwa wantu ambi ko : 
 
 Heaven may not be gone to by bad men, or bad men do not go to heaven. 
 
( 627 ) 
 
 in^rr^ Pr ° n0Un iS n0t USed in this “"•auction, ‘he possessive or 
 incorrect to s!y C — em ^ essentlaI t0 ‘‘ and understood. It would therefore be 
 
 E eyakala diafuwa o nkaza andi: The man was bereft of his wife • 
 
 But it should be :— 
 
 E eyakala diafuwa o nkaji. 
 
 The Applied Form. 
 
 bakila Tll/T : TT tS t0 -‘ he " pre P ositional Mea, as baka, * catch; 
 n „ Oh rf if/ : IntranSltlve verbs b y this form are prepared to receive 
 
 a secofdir/r indf ef If/ nSit ‘ Ve ’ WhUe transitive VCTbs in this fo ™ -quire 
 
 The applied form is made by changing the final a, of the simple verb, into— 
 
 ila for the 1st conjugation. 
 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 4th 
 
 ina 
 
 ela 
 
 ena 
 
 5) 
 
 >5 
 
 >) 
 
 »> 
 
 tf 
 
 to catch ; 
 
 Examples. 
 
 bakila: 
 
 to buy • 
 
 sumbila 
 
 to carry ; 
 
 natina: 
 
 to sow ; 
 
 kunina: 
 
 to call, cry out ( intrans .) ; bokela: 
 
 to filter ; 
 
 kelela: 
 
 to rain (intrans.); 
 
 nokena: 
 
 to pick up ; 
 
 nonena: 
 
 to catch in, for, with, at, &c. 
 
 Baka: 
 
 Sumba 
 Nata: 
 
 Kuna: 
 
 Boka: 
 
 Kela: 
 
 Noka: 
 
 Nona : m pica up; nonena : to pick up, for, with, in, &c. 
 
 n/iZ f Se ° f trisy, ' abic and polysyllabic verbs the terminations ula, uua, 
 a, ona, become in the applied form wila, wina, wela, wena. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Bangula : to destroy ; bangwila ; to destroy for, with, &c. 
 Kanguna : to lift up ; nangwina ; to lift up with, for, &c. 
 Bongolola : to find ; bongolwela : to find for, at, in, with, &c. 
 Dongona: to pick out; dongwena ; to pick out for, & c . 
 
 Only the suffix terminations ula, una, ola, and ona, assume the above 
 forms. When those syllables are radical (and the verb therefore dissyllabic) 
 the appl.ed form is made in the usual way. See kuna and nona above. 
 
 e ona in rnona, to see, is a suffix, for mona is derived from an obsolete 
 too niwa ( — moa, 4th conj.); its applied form is therefore mwena. 
 
 Verbs bearing the suffix alala belong to the 2nd conj. ; they therefore make 
 their applied form in alela or alalela. Verbs having the suffixes akana 
 alakana, angana, and anana make their applied form in the regular manner’ 
 but they possess an alternative form, which is nearly always preferred ; thus 
 
 Alternative. 
 
 Simple Suffix. Applied Form Suffix. 
 
 akana akena 
 
 alakana alakena 
 
 angana angena 
 
 anana anena 
 
( 628 ) 
 
 When ila or ina are suffixed to 1, s, t, or z, the usual euphonic changes 
 result :— 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Applied. 
 
 Sala 
 
 sadila 
 
 Twasa 
 
 twaxila 
 
 Vwata 
 
 vwatila 
 
 Tiaza 
 
 tiajila 
 
 The applied form is always used in such interrogative sentences as will allow 
 of the preposition being placed at the end of the sentence in English ; as :— 
 What did you go for ? where did you put it in ? 
 
 Sentences ending in prepositions,—such as the above examples—being con¬ 
 sidered awkward, are avoided in English, even at the expense of circumlocu¬ 
 tion ; but in Kongo the applied form is used, and the sentence must be so cast 
 that, in the literal translation, the preposition follows immediately after the 
 verb, thus : —Nkia diambu wavangila kio : Why did you do this ; lit. what 
 reason did-you-do-for this. I kuma yasumbila ZO : That is why I bought 
 them ; lit. that is the reason I-bought-for them. 
 
 The applied form is not only used in interrogative sentences of the kind 
 given above, but also in making an emphatic and definite statement as to the 
 reason , purpose, aim , means, matiner, i?istrument, locality , &c., of an action. 
 Dianu mvangilanga wo: That is why I do it; lit. that is what I am doing-for 
 it. Here again attention must be called to the Kongo idiom, which requires 
 that the sentence must be so cast that in translating literally into English 
 the verb shall be immediately followed by the preposition. 
 
 Adverbs and adverbial clauses, when specially emphasized, require the applied 
 form. Ku kiese kiese kayendela : He went very gladly; lit. with gladness 
 gladness he went-with. Muna njimbu kasumbila kio : In beads he bought 
 it; lit. in beads he bought-in it. 
 
 There are many verbs possessing an adverbial or prepositional idea in them¬ 
 selves, as 
 
 Kota, to enter, go into ; 
 
 Kuluka, to descend, go down ; 
 
 Vana, to give to. 
 
 These need no applied form to express their own particular adverb or pre¬ 
 position ; they may however assume the applied form when it is necessary 
 to impart further some prepositional idea ; thus :— 
 
 Kotela : to go in for, go in about, enter with. 
 
 Kulukila : to go down for, go down with, go down in. 
 
 Yanina : to give for, at, &c. 
 
 Adieyi kakotela : What did he go in for ? 
 
 It will be noted under the adverbs that many adverbs and adverbial clauses 
 always require the applied form on the verb they qualify ; such as 
 
 Diann: 
 
 Diau: 
 
 Muna diambu diadi : 
 Muna diadi, &c. : 
 
 therefore. 
 
( 629 ) 
 
 Muna nkia diambu: 
 Adieyi, &c. : 
 
 Ekulu: 
 
 j- Why, 
 
 First, &c., &c. 
 
 ff ap t pl ' ed { orm often contributes a special and wider meaning to the verb ; 
 search f 1C ™' enda ’ t0 , g0> ls derlve d kwendela, to go for ; hence, to seek or 
 \ S ° "V f^V° be conveyed by : from dika, to give food, comes 
 
 ndSela anHWr •? ‘° ( so ^ ebod y) for a purpose ; hence, to poison. Kwe- 
 ■ S " d kwyidlla wear the double applied form, and appear to gather from 
 
 mmM , ^ ° 7 ° f “ f ° r ’ with >” &c - a ^cial id ca of immediately, go 
 
 immediately come immediately. This has only been observed however to be 
 the case with these two verbs. 
 
 ^The prepositional idea imparted to the verb prepares an intransitive to re- 
 ceive an object, it becomes therefore transitive, while a transitive verb receives 
 nothei object. The object thus received becomes the real object of the verb. 
 
 ofthe'verh* ? en f tenCe : - Sulnl >a e mbiji, buy meat, mbiji, meat, is the object 
 mem fne ^’ ^ 7? t le a PP lled form - sumbila e mfumu e mbiji, buy the 
 
 chief 1 So th C 16 ’ 6 ob j ect of sumbila is not e mbiji, but e mfumu, the 
 
 ef. So the intransitive verb timuka, to fly, becomes transitive in the applied 
 
 tt bird fl ma ’, t0 % With; and in the sentence e nun i itimukina o mave, 
 
 kina, flies-withS Wlng$ ’ ° "’ inSS ’ i$ the real object of the verb itimu- 
 
 tioI h ,nH PPlied f ° rm basa P assive ™ ice - which is perfectly regular in its forma- 
 tion and meaning. In its formation w is inserted before the final a. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Bakila 
 
 Nokena 
 
 Bangwila 
 
 Bongolwela 
 
 Mwena 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 bakilwa 
 
 nokenwa 
 
 bangwilwa 
 
 bongolwelwa 
 
 mwenwa 
 
 Its meaning requires some careful attention, for at first thought it might 
 be considered that bakilwa, the passive of bakila, to catch for, should "be 
 ranslated, to be caught for, but bakilwa = to have caught for one. This is 
 strictly according to the rule of the passive ; for the object of the active be¬ 
 comes t ie subject of the passive. In the sentence babakila e mfumu e 
 nsusu, they caught the fowl for the chief, the object of bakila, to catch for, is 
 o\“^) theChief(e nSUSU ’ thef0w1 ’ has become a secondary and indirect 
 
 chief 6 sen ^ ence if the passive voice is used will be e mfumu, the 
 
 E mfumu wabakilwa e nsusu : The chief had the fowl caught for him. 
 
 ie English translation then uses the verb to have in much the same manner 
 as in translating the passive of the middle voice, the difference between these 
 two passives being that in the passive middle the subject is so deeply interested 
 
 l*/ a< ?V° n 15 considered as Personally affecting him, while the passive of 
 the appizedform considers the subject as being the aim, purpose, reason, means, 
 manner, instrument, locality, &c., of the action thus :— 
 
 s s 
 
( 630 ) 
 
 Vangilwa: 
 Kayilwa: 
 Sumbilwa: 
 Vondelwa: 
 
 to be made of, to have made for. 
 
 to be presented with. 
 
 to be the means of purchasing. 
 
 to be the reason for which...is (&c.) killed; to be (the place) 
 
 where...was killed. 
 Bokelwa : to be called for. 
 
 Timukinwa : to be used in flight. 
 
 For the special force of the applied form of the reflexive verb, see in the 
 section on the Reflexive. 
 
 The Double Applied Form. 
 
 There is also a double applied form, which imparts a second prepositional 
 idea, and a third object to transitive verbs, and a secondary object to intransi¬ 
 tives. It is formed by placing a second applied form suffix after the first, the 
 euphonic laws cited above working with unfailing regularity. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1st Conj. idila (= ilila) sumbidila 
 
 ind ,, 
 
 inina 
 
 natinina 
 
 3 rd „ 
 
 elela 
 
 bokelela 
 
 4 th „ 
 
 enena 
 
 nonenena 
 
 Verbs which have the suffixes ula, una, ola, or ona in their simple form 
 change them into ulwila, unwina, olwela, or onwena in the double applied 
 form ; thus :— 
 
 1st Conj. bangulwila 
 
 2nd „ nangunwina 
 
 3rd „ bongololwela 
 
 4 th „ dongonwena 
 
 / 
 
 It implies to do a thing with (something) for (a purpose), or for (a person) 
 for (a purpose), &c. 
 
 With... for. 
 
 For...at. 
 
 For...in. 
 
 For...for, &c., &c. 
 
 Thus :— 
 
 Mu lekwa yayi kansumbidila kio: 
 
 He bought it for him with these things. 
 
 The sentence when analysed will show three objects and two prepositional 
 ideas. 
 
 He —subject. 
 
 Bought —predicate. 
 
 It —1 st object. 
 
 For —1st preposition governing him, 2nd object. 
 
 IVith —2nd „ „ these things, 3rd object. 
 
 The verb stands then :— 
 
 Ka-n-sumb-id-ila : He-him-bought-for-with. 
 
 Sumba+ila+ila = sumbidila. 
 
 Dianu katwayijidila : Therefore he came for us ; 
 or that is what he came for us for ; 
 lit. that is he-us-came-for-for. 
 
 V 
 
v 031 ) 
 
 an action witk 
 
 The Triple Applied Form 
 
 —~ ftssssas--— 
 
 nbididila, to buy for (a person) with (something) for (a purpose). 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 ist Conj. : ididila (= ililila) 
 
 2 n d „ ininina 
 Z r d „ elelela 
 4 th „ enenena 
 
 *J£ “ 2K gi£% SS“•* 
 
 Sii7iple Form, 
 ist Conj .: Bangula. 
 
 2 ^ „ Nanguna. 
 
 3 r d „ Bongolola. 
 
 4 th „ Dongona. 
 
 Thus dianu kansumbididila kio omu lekwa vavi • fnr fLaf ^ 
 
 ^ sm?v.s 
 
 ka-n-sumb-id-id-ila : 
 he-him-bought-for-with-for 
 
 An mstance may be given of the quadruple applied form of sumba, to buy 
 
 Sumbidididila: 
 
 ns ^^^r ethins) ^ (a purpose)/ - (a “)• 
 
 Sumbididididila. 
 
 complication ! 0 ^ *“ “ ^ a ‘ t0 urgency of prepositional 
 
 Examples. 
 
 sumbididila. 
 
 natininina. 
 
 bokelelela. 
 
 nonenenena. 
 
 Triple Applied Form. 
 
 bangulwidila. 
 nangunwinina. 
 bongololwelela. 
 dongonwenena. 
 
 -c-auoAiivf, ruKM. 
 
 rhe causative form of the vprh f f^ ,] 
 
 was not performed by, or existed in TyZ 
 
 performed, or to exist by its subject; thus d be 
 
 Sumba: to buy. 
 
 Sumbisa : to cause to buy. 
 
 Tiakalakana \ to be in confusion. 
 Tiakalakesa : to cause to be in confusion. 
 
( 632 ) 
 
 E mfumu wasumbisa e nkombo: • 
 
 The chief caused to buy (i.e. sent somebody to buy) a goat. 
 
 Nani watiakalakesa e lekwa: Who set the things in confusion. 
 
 The causative is formed by changing the final a of the verb into isa for the 
 i st and 2nd conj., and esa for the 3rd and 4th. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1st Conj. : Baka, to catch ; bakisa, to cause to catch. 
 
 2 nd „ Nata, to carry ; natisa, to cause to carry. 
 
 3rd „ Noka, to rain ; nokesa, to cause to rain. 
 
 4 th „ Nona, to pick up ; nonesa, to cause to pick up. 
 
 Verbs having the suffixes ula, una, ola or ona, form their causatives in 
 ulwisa, unwisa, alwesa, or onwesa. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Kungula : to wipe ; 
 Saula : to ferry ; 
 
 Nanguna : to lift up ; 
 Tolola : to break ; 
 
 Kongona : to pick out; 
 
 Causative. 
 
 kungnlwisa. 
 sanlwisa. 
 nang unwisa. 
 tololwesa. 
 kongonwesa. 
 
 Dissyllabic verbs having those syllables in their roots, form their causative in 
 the regular manner. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Simple. Causative. 
 
 Kula : to grow in length ; kudisa. 
 
 Kuna : to sow ; kunisa. 
 
 Kola : to pull out; kolesa. 
 
 Kona : to snore ; konesa. 
 
 The suffixes umuna and omona, become umwisa and omwesa. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Simple. Causative. 
 
 Bangumuna : to overturn ; bangumwisa. 
 
 Vengomona: to shift aside ; vengomwesa. 
 
 The suffixes akana, angana, and alakana, have an alternative causative 
 form which is far more frequently used than that formed in isa or esa. 
 
 Akana becomes akesa ; as :— 
 
 Simple. Causative. 
 
 Vilakana vilakesa, as well as vilakanisa. 
 
 Angana becomes angesa ; as :— 
 
 Simple. Causative. 
 
 Bulangana bulangesa. 
 
 Alakana becomes alakesa ; as 
 
 Simple. Causative. 
 
 Tiakalakana tiakalakesa and tiakalakanisa. 
 Vangalakana vangalakesa and vangalakanisa. 
 
( 633 ) 
 
 thJrei^ in w ° r 6Sa iS , Very rarelV US6d : indeed > k is ^ ues tionable whether 
 
 akanl* It ° rm akana (t0 be noted later ) ever makes its causative in 
 axanisa. Akesa is used instead. 
 
 Fwanana makes its causative in fwananesa. 
 
 svlIhle S h^ XeS COntainin t a reda P>ieation of 1 or n, generally drop the last 
 syllable before receiving the causative suffix. 
 
 Si?nple. 
 
 Bongolola 
 
 Kangulula 
 
 Vengenena 
 
 Zengonona 
 
 Nungununa 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Causative. 
 
 bongololwesa, or bongolwesa. 
 kangululwisa or kangulwisa. 
 vengenenesa, or vengenesa. 
 zengononwesa, or zengonwesa. 
 nungununwisa, or nungunwisa. 
 
 This may sometimes cause confusion between the Causative of the Reversive 
 and that of the Repetitive forms (noted later on) as in the case of 
 
 :Tk S& - WniC r h m I anS *° Cause t0 tie re P eatedl y, and also to cause to 
 “ t If ? preferred to the ^duplication, and when the confusion creates 
 a difficulty, the longer and more perfect form can be used. 
 
 When the suffixes ila, ina, ela, or ena, are not the sign of the applied form , 
 but are of the character of the indefinite forms (noted later on), the causative is 
 
 ormed in the Aguiar manner ;.many such verbs have also an alternative form 
 
 w 1 C is made by dropping the lla, ina, ela, or ena, and applying the causative 
 suffix immediately to the stem ; thus 
 
 Fimfila : to feel for ; fimfidisa and fimfisa. 
 
 Nekena : to entice ; nekenesa and nekesa. 
 
 Tanina : to defend ; taninisa and tanisa. 
 
 When this alternative form would cause confusion with some other verb the 
 
 regular form only is used as :-velela, to purify, causative velelesa only, ’thus 
 avoiding confusion with velesa, to cause to pluck. 
 
 In explaining the formation of the middle voice it was noted, that the active 
 ansitive form is often very like a causative form in its meaning ; thus— 
 bangnmuka, to turn over {middle voice), i.e. to turn (a thing) over. There is a 
 subtle difference between bangumukisa and bangumuna. Bangumukisa= 
 to cause (a thing) to turn over (of itself), or to cause to become turned over (by 
 some action of its own), while bangumuna = to turn (a thing) over one’s self.* 7 
 
 Verbs bearing the suffixes alala or anana, nearly always use their transitive 
 form as their causative. There are many other verbs which seldom, if ever 
 
 causlffve idea^ 1 ™ ° rm ’ ‘ he ‘ r tKmsitive serves fuII y t0 express thl 
 
 The object of the causative form of the verb is that upon which the action is 
 caused. The agent who actually performed the action is frequently omitted 
 if unnecessary to the sense. When the agent is not mentioned, the English 
 translation speaks of the action, caused to take place, in the passive; sumbisa 
 therefore means, to cause to buy, or to cause to be bought. 
 
 Thus it is correct to say :— 
 
 Oinfunm wasumbisa e nkombo : The chief caused a goat to be bought. 
 
 over 
 
 Bangumwisa (the causative form of bangumuna) = to cause (some one) to turn (a thing) 
 
( 634 ) 
 
 If the agent is mentioned, it takes its place between the verb and the object ; 
 thus :— 
 
 0 mfumu wasumbisa o mbundu andi e nkombo : 
 
 The chief caused his slave to buy a goat. 
 
 The passive voice of the causative is perfectly regular in formation and use, 
 w is inserted before the final a and the passive of the causatives isa and esa 
 become iswa and eswa. 
 
 It is never used of the agent who is caused to perform the action, as above, 
 but only of the passive object of the action ; thus :— 
 
 E nkombo yasumbiswa kwa mfumu: 
 
 The goat was caused to be bought by the chief. 
 
 The Indirect Causative. 
 
 There is a Double Causative form, which expresses the idea that its subject 
 was indirectly the cause of the performance of the action, that he either insti¬ 
 gated or directed it, or that it was performed for his pleasure, or profit, or in 
 consequence of something he said or did ; thus :— 
 
 Vondesesa, to be indirectly or in some way the cause of the killing of... 
 
 It is formed by replacing the final a of the ordinary causative by a further 
 suffix of isa for the ist and 2nd conj., esa for the 3rd and 4th. 
 
 Coiij. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Sumba 
 
 Bangumuna 
 
 Tolola 
 
 Vengomona 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Causative. 
 
 sumbisa 
 
 bangumwisa 
 
 tololwesa 
 
 vengomwesa 
 
 Indirect Causative. 
 
 sumbixisa 
 
 bangumwixisa 
 
 tololwesesa 
 
 vengomwesesa 
 
 The addition of the second isa in the ist and 2nd conj. converts the first 
 S into x before the i, isisa becoming ixisa according to euphonic law. 
 
 The Reciprocal Form. 
 
 The idea of reciprocity is imparted to the verb by replacing the final a of 
 dissyllabic verbs, by the suffix ana or ajiana. Monosyllables and dissylla¬ 
 bles which have no consonant in their second syllable, are doubled, or the 
 syllable sa is appended before the addition of the suffix. The following ideas 
 are then imparted to the simple verb : each other, one another, together, and 
 with each other. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Tonda : to love ; tondana, or tondajiana: to love one another. 
 
 Bula : to strike ; bulana, or bulajiana : to strike one another. 
 
 Dia: to eat; diadiana, or diadiajiana, or diasajiana : to eat one 
 
 another. 
 
 Fia: to bet; fiafiana or fiafiajiana, or fiasajiana : to bet together. 
 
 Tua: to strike (with the fist, foot, &c.); tuatuana, or tuatuajiana, or 
 
 tuasajiana : to strike one another. 
 
 Diata and other verbs in ia are treated as dissyllables. 
 
 The suffix, ajiana, may be added to all verbs of more than two syllables, 
 except those whose suffix ends in la or na. 
 
( 635 ; 
 
 Suffixes. Examples. 
 
 Simple. Recip. Simple. Recip. 
 
 isa isajiana sadisa sadisajiana 
 
 idika idikajiana dingidika dingidikajiana 
 
 They possess also the following alternative forms, with which are given the 
 forms of verbs whose suffixes end in la or na. 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Recip. 
 
 ula 
 
 ujiana 
 
 una 
 
 ujiana 
 
 ola 
 
 ojiana 
 
 ona 
 
 ojiana 
 
 ika 
 
 ikiana 
 
 eka 
 
 f akiana 
 Ur ekiana 
 
 isa 
 
 f ixiana 
 
 Ur axiana 
 
 esa 
 
 axiana 
 
 uza 
 
 ujiana 
 
 umuna 
 
 umiana 
 
 omona 
 
 omiana 
 
 idika 
 
 idikiana 
 
 inika 
 
 inikiana 
 
 eleka 
 
 alakiana 
 
 eneka 
 
 anakiana 
 
 akana 
 
 akiana 
 
 alakana 
 
 alakiana 
 
 angana 
 
 angiana 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 tambula 
 bakuna 
 tolola 
 zengona 
 tambika 
 kokeka 
 
 sadisa 
 kangisa 
 vondesa 
 vuluza 
 bangumuna 
 vengomona 
 dingidika 
 fwaninika 
 dongeleka 
 koneneka 
 yikakana 
 tiakalakana 
 bnlangana 
 
 The Repetitive Form. 
 
 Recip. 
 
 tambujiana 
 bakujiana 
 tolojiana 
 zengojiana 
 tambikiana 
 kokakiana 
 or kokekiana 
 sadixiana 
 kangaxiana 
 vondaxiana 
 vnlnjiana 
 bangumiana 
 vengomiana 
 dingidikiana 
 fwaninikiana 
 dongalakiana 
 konanakiana 
 yikakiana 
 tiakalakiana 
 bnlangiana 
 
 There is a form expressing the repetition of an action again or many times, 
 which is formed by replacing the final a of dissyllabic verbs by the following 
 suffixes according to conjugation. & 
 
 istConj.: ulula. 
 2 nd „ ununa. 
 
 3rd „ olola. 
 
 4 lh „ onona. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sumba : to buy ; sumbulula : to buy again, or again and again. 
 
 Kuna : to plant; kunununa : to plant again, to transplant. 
 
 Bonga . to take, to get; bongolola : to take, to get again ; hence , 
 
 to get or find (something) lost, 
 
 . or thrown away (by another). 
 
 Noka : to rain ; nokonona : to rain again or repeatedly. 
 
 Trisyllabic verbs having the suffixes ula, una, ola, or ona, simply repeat that 
 prefix for their repetitive form ; thus :— 
 
 Simple. Repetitive. 
 
 Bangula bangulula 
 
 Nanguna nangununa 
 
 Tolola tololola 
 
 Zengona zengonona 
 
( 636 ) 
 
 Other trisyllabic and polysyllabic verbs have no such repetitive form, and 
 use the adverb, diaka, again , with the simple verb to express the repetition of 
 the action. 
 
 The Persistent Repetitive Form. 
 
 There is another repetitive form, which speaks of an action performed 
 repeatedly and persistently at frequent intervals, equivalent to the English 
 idomatic expression to keep on {doing, &c.) again and again , as from takuka, to 
 jump ; takujioka, to keep on jumping up and down, to gambol, or skip. 
 
 The active transitive form of this repetitive is made from simple dissyllabic 
 verbs by replacing the final a by the following suffixes according to con¬ 
 jugation :— 
 
 Conj. Suffixes. 
 
 1 ujiola 
 
 2 ujiona 
 
 3 ojiola 
 
 4 ojiona 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Tunga : to build ; 
 kuna : to plant; 
 bonga : to take; 
 nonga : to shoot ; 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Persist. Repetitive. 
 tungujiola : to keep on rebuilding, 
 kunujiona : to keep on replanting, 
 bongojiola : to keep on taking again and again, 
 nongojiona: to shoot persistently again and again. 
 
 Trisyllabic verbs having the suffixes ula, una, ola, or ona, replace those 
 suffixes as follows :— 
 
 ula becomes ujiola. 
 una „ ujiona. 
 
 ola „ ojiola. 
 
 ona „ ojiona. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Tambula 
 
 Bakuna 
 
 Tolola 
 
 Kesona 
 
 Persist . Repetitives. 
 
 tambujiola 
 
 bakujiona 
 
 tolojiola 
 
 kesojiona 
 
 The suffixes umuna and omona are replaced by umiona and omiona. 
 
 Simple. Persist. Repetitive. 
 
 Bangumuna bangumiona 
 
 Vengomona vengomiona 
 
 The middle and passive voice of this form are perfectly regular in formation 
 and meaning. 
 
 In the middle voice the final la or na becomes ka. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Tungujiola 
 
 Tambujiola 
 
 Bangumiona 
 
 Middle. 
 
 tungujioka 
 
 tambujioka 
 
 bangumioka 
 
 \v hen it is desired to construct the middle voice of this form from a simple 
 verb in the middle voice, the following changes must be made according to 
 conjugation :— 
 
( 637 ) 
 
 Con/. 
 i & 2 
 i & 2 
 3 & 4 
 3 & 4 
 
 i & 2 
 3 & 4 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 Simple. Persist. Rep. 
 
 ujioka 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ama 
 
 uka 
 
 oka 
 
 ama 
 
 umuka 
 
 omoka 
 
 ujioka 
 
 ojioka 
 
 ojioka 
 
 umioka 
 
 omioka 
 
 Simple. 
 
 bakama 
 
 takuka 
 
 toloka 
 
 londama 
 
 bangumuka 
 
 vengomoka 
 
 Persist. Rep. 
 
 bakujioka 
 
 takujioka 
 
 tolojioka 
 
 londojioka 
 
 bangumioka 
 
 vengomioka 
 
 The Reversive Form. 
 
 There is a form which reverses the idea imparted by the simple verb. It has 
 the same force as that made in English by prefixing un to a verb ; thus 
 
 kanga : to tie ; kangula : to untie. 
 
 nlR lin^nb fr ° m the Sim E’ e dissyllabic verb W replacing its final a with 
 ula, una, ola, or ona, according to conjugation. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Conj. Simple. Reversive. 
 
 i Kanga : to tie ; kangula : to untie. 
 
 Yeka : to confer a dignity ; yekola : to degrade. 
 
 3 Soka: to load; sokola : to unload. 
 
 4 Soma : to thread; somona : to unthread. 
 
 TnsyUabJes ha^ng the suffixes ika and eka, form their reversive by replacing 
 ika and eka, by ula, una, ola, or ona, according to conjugation. 
 
 Conj. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Bindika: to lock ; 
 
 Manika: to put up ; 
 
 Teleka : to put on the fire ; 
 
 Reversive. 
 
 bindula: to unlock, 
 manuna : to take down, 
 telola : to take off the fire. 
 
 T• -i lciivc uu uic are. 
 
 JiJ£a (-julc a in Bako. jibika), to close, to shut, makes jiuka (Bako. 
 Jibula), to unclose, to open. 
 
 Koma, to nail up, makes kola, to unnail. 
 
 The Form in akana. 
 
 . There . is an intrans >tive form, made from both active transitive and active 
 intransitive verbs by replacing the final a by the suffix akana ; thus 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sumba : to buy ; sumbakana. 
 
 Nata : to carry ; natakana. 
 
 Teka : to sell; tekakana. 
 
 Nona: to pick ; nonakana. 
 
 It expresses the idea that its subject may undergo, or actually has undergone, 
 the action expressed by the active transitive verb, or it may, or has actually 
 come into, the condition expressed by the active intransitive verb. 
 
 t IS also equivalent to the English verbal suffix, - able , or a usage of the verb 
 
 to be importing the idea of possibility, to be, to be done , in such a sentence as 
 I think that it is to be done ; thus:— 
 
( 6 3 8 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Sumbakana : to be able, or possible, to be bought ; 
 to be purchasable ; 
 
 to be to be bought ( e.g . it is to be bought). 
 
 Natakana: to be able, or possible, to be carried ; 
 
 to be portable, to be carried. 
 
 Tekakana : to be able, or possible, to be sold ; 
 to be saleable, to be sold. 
 
 Nonakana: to be able, or possible, to be picked up ; 
 to be picked up. 
 
 Lekwa kiaka ke kianatakana ko : This thing is not portable. 
 
 Yadi kio teka kanxi ke kitekakana ko: 
 
 I would have sold it, but it is not saleable. 
 
 Verbs having the suffix terminations, ula, una, ola, ona, assume this form as 
 follows :— 
 
 ula becomes ukakana ; kangula, kangukakana. 
 una „ ukakana; bangumuna, bangumukakana. 
 
 ola „ okakana; telola, telokakana. 
 
 ona „ okakana; kesona, kesokakana. 
 
 Monosyllables and dissyllables, the second syllable of which has no conso¬ 
 nant, replace their final a by akakana instead of akana. 
 
 Dia: to eat; diakakana : to be edible. 
 
 Tua : to strike (with fist), &c. ; tukakana : to become struck. 
 
 The passive voice of this form is very rarely used, but an instance is found 
 in vilakanwa, to forget, the derivation of which may be thus traced :— 
 
 Vila: to be lost. 
 
 Vilakana: to become lost. 
 
 Vilakanwa : to have become lost to one, hence to forget. 
 
 There are also a number of verb forms which express a slight variation of 
 the idea of the simple verb, equivalent to the modification frequently accom¬ 
 plished in English by placing an adverb after the verb ; as :— 
 
 Kesa : to chop ; kesona : to chop up. 
 
 Tenda : to cut (hair) ; tendola : to cut open (and disclose). 
 
 Often the idea is much further removed ; as :— 
 
 Vunza: to give up, abandon. 
 
 Vunzuna : to smear out (a mark, &c., no further use). 
 
 Sometimes they appear to be attached to an obsolete root, to keep its modern 
 form distinct from another verb, whose root is identical in spelling but different 
 in meaning ; as : — 
 
 Banza : to think ; banzalala : to warp. 
 
 Yeka : to confer a title ; yekeka : to lean against. 
 
 In other instances there appears to be no difference of meaning imparted or 
 intended by the suffix ; as :— 
 
 Baka and bakuna: 
 Binda „ bindika: 
 Binda „ bindika: 
 Zenga „ zengona: 
 
 to rend, 
 to tie. 
 
 to become different, 
 to cut. 
 
( 639 ) 
 
 Sometimes, again, both the simple root and the modified form have now each 
 of them meanings derived from an obsolete root, neither of them retaining the 
 original idea, and therefore the further removed from each other ; or the radical 
 form may have become obsolete, and the modified form only retained. 
 
 In the case of the regular verb forms, such as the applied, reciprocal, &c., a 
 certain definite idea is imparted by the characteristic suffixes ; but in the in¬ 
 definite forms under consideration no definite idea can be associated with any 
 of the suffixes ; they must therefore be simply recorded. 
 
 Indefinite Verb Form Suffixes. 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 eka 
 
 eleka 
 
 eneka 
 
 ika 
 
 idika 
 
 inika 
 
 ala 
 
 alakana 
 
 alala 
 
 ema 
 
 ima 
 
 imika 
 
 oma 
 
 omona 
 
 umuna 
 
 anana 
 
 Yekeka: 
 Dongeleka : 
 Koneneka: 
 Tantika: 
 Dingidika: 
 Fwaninika: 
 Sansala: 
 Zengalakana: 
 Dingalala: 
 Dedema: 
 Lejima : 
 Vikimika: 
 Koma : 
 Vengomona: 
 Bangumuna: 
 Fwananana: 
 
 ( Bwadinga: 
 
 Examples. 
 
 to lean against, 
 to set up. 
 to make bent, 
 to worry, 
 to delay, 
 to make alike, 
 to stagger, 
 to be entangled, 
 to wait, 
 to shake. 
 
 to glow with splendour, 
 to throw whirling- along, 
 to nail. 
 
 to put out of the way. 
 to turn over, 
 to accord. 
 
 to make a sound as of water flow- 
 
 mga 
 
 
 ing from a bo 
 
 
 v Tedinga: 
 
 to limp. 
 
 asa 
 
 Kwakasa: 
 
 to rub. 
 
 osa 
 
 Yokosa: 
 
 to shout. 
 
 ata 
 
 f Vwata: 
 
 to wear. 
 
 
 tSwatata: 
 
 to be oval. 
 
 eta 
 
 Leketa: 
 
 to lick. 
 
 eketa 
 
 Keleketa: 
 
 to clang. 
 
 ita 
 
 Fimfita: 
 
 o 
 
 idikita 
 
 Fimfidikita: 
 
 >to tumble. 
 
 ota 
 
 Niongota: 
 
 to crawl. 
 
 otota 
 
 Wombotota: 
 
 to walk slowly. 
 
 uta 
 
 / Kulubuta: 
 
 to tramp. 
 
 
 lYukuta: 
 
 to be satisfied. 
 
 ututa 
 
 Wungututa: 
 
 to gather up all. 
 
 uva 
 
 Nunuva: 
 
 to grow old. 
 
 uza 
 
 Vuluza: 
 
 to save. 
 
 ia 
 
 Kenia: 
 
 to grin. 
 
 
 ( Kwenkenia: 
 
 to nibble. 
 
 enia 
 
 { Swengenia: 
 
 to wheeze. 
 
 
 * Twengenia: 
 
 to gasp. 
 
( 640 ) 
 
 The suffixes characteristic of the regular vero forms are sometimes used in 
 this irregular and indefinite manner :— 
 
 Definite Suffix . Instances of its indefinite use. 
 
 akana 
 
 Balakana: 
 
 to be thin. 
 
 ela 
 
 Kembela; 
 
 to praise, to fete. 
 
 elela 
 
 Xengelela: 
 
 to look down. 
 
 ila 
 
 Fimfila: 
 
 to search (under water). 
 
 ola 
 
 Tolola: 
 
 to break. 
 
 nla 
 
 Kukula: 
 
 to drift. 
 
 ulula 
 
 Wnngulula: 
 
 to gather up (all). 
 
 ama 
 
 Xikama: 
 
 to awake. 
 
 ana 
 
 Yabana: ) 
 
 
 iana 
 
 Wodiana: / 
 
 to scream. 
 
 ena 
 
 Nekena: 
 
 to entice. 
 
 enena 
 
 Vengenena: 
 
 to blow (the fire). 
 
 ina 
 
 Tanina: 
 
 to defend. 
 
 inina 
 
 Yinginina: 
 
 to sing (as one miserable) 
 
 ona 
 
 Kesona: 
 
 to cut up. 
 
 nna 
 
 Baknna: 
 
 to rend. 
 
 ununa 
 
 Tungununa: 
 
 to gaze. 
 
 The forms of the verb, thus far enumerated, may some of them be applied 
 one to the other, and a verb stem may thus possess several forms. 
 
 Thus the applied form may be added to any other form ; so also may the 
 causative. 
 
 The reciprocal may be added to the causative. The simple verb kanga, to 
 tie , may therefore appear in the 37 forms given below. 
 
 For ready reference, the simple forms will be numbered as follows :— 
 
 Applied form 1 ; 
 
 Causative, 2 ; 
 
 Reciprocal, 3 ; 
 
 Repetitive, 4 ; 
 
 Persistent repetitive, 5 ; 
 
 Reversive, 6 ; 
 
 Form in akana, 7. 
 
 These numbers will serve to explain the construction of the forms given 
 below ; thus :— 
 
 Kangulwixila = 6+2 + 1 ; 
 
 that is to say, kangulwixila is the applied form of the causative of the rever¬ 
 sive of kanga, to tie , and therefore means : to cause to untie for. 
 
 Kanga. 
 
 Kangila, 1. 
 
 Kangidila, 1 + 1. 
 
 Kangididila, 1 + 1 + 1. 
 
 Kangisa, 2. 
 
 Kangixila, 2+1. 
 
 Kangaxiana, 2 + 3. 
 
 Kangaxianina, 2 + 3 + 1. 
 
 Kangixisa, 2 + 2. 
 
\ 
 
 ) 
 
 ( 641 
 
 Kangana, 3. 
 
 Kanganina, 3 + 1. 
 
 Kanganisa, 3 + 2. 
 
 Kanganixina, 3+2 +1. 
 
 Kangajiana, 3. 
 
 Kangulula, 4. 
 
 Kangululwila, 4 +1. 
 
 Kangululwisa, 4+2. 
 
 Kangululwixila, 4+2 +1.. 
 
 Kangujiola, 5. 
 
 Kangujiolwela, 54-1. 
 
 Kangnjiolwesa, 5+2. 
 
 Kangujiolwesela, 5 + 2 + 1. 
 
 Kangula, 6 . 
 
 Kangwila, 6 +1. 
 
 Kangulwisa, 6 + 2. 
 
 Kangulwixila, 6 + 2 +1. 
 
 Kangujiana, 6+3. 
 
 Kangujianina, 6+3 +1. 
 
 Kangujianisa, 6 + 3 + 2. 
 
 Kangujianixina, 6+3 + 2 +1. 
 
 Kangukakana, 6+7. 
 
 Kangukakena, 6 + 7 + 1. 
 
 Kangukakesa, 6+7+2. 
 
 Kangukakesela, 6+7 + 2 +1. 
 
 Kangakana, 7. 
 
 Kangakena, 7 +i. 
 
 Kangakesa, 7 + 2. 
 
 Kangakesela, 7+2 + 1. 
 
 All the applied forms given above could be doubled and tripled ; the second 
 reciprocal in ajiana might have three other forms, as in the case of the first. 
 The middle voice passives, reflexive, &c., might also be combined in the same 
 way, until the simple verb kanga would appear in more than 300 forms, each 
 to be conjugated in the regular manner, and actually in use. 
 
 The Continuative and Perfect Forms. 
 
 Two other verb forms, the Continuative and Perfect, are regarded by European 
 grammarians as modifications of tenses ; but since they speak of the condition 
 or progress of the action, and in no way speak of the time at which the action 
 reached that condition, they are not themselves tenses. They are treated by 
 Kongos as verb forms expressed by suffix and suffix change. To denote the 
 time, the usual prefixes of time are applied. 
 
 These remarks are necessary to explain the character of these suffixes and 
 their appearance in this place. 
 
 The present and past continuative and perfect tenses are considered later 
 on with all other tenses ; but the suffixes which characterize these forms of the 
 verb are best treated here with the other suffixefe. 
 
( 642 ) 
 
 The Perfect Form. 
 
 The Perfect form considers the action or condition as complete and perfect 
 at the time mentioned. It is formed from the simple verb by replacing the 
 final a by the following suffixes, according to conjugation and voice. 
 
 Co?ij. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 i 
 
 idi (= ili) 
 
 ilu 
 
 2 
 
 ini 
 
 inu 
 
 3 
 
 ele 
 
 elo 
 
 4 
 
 ene 
 
 eno 
 
 The only exceptions to the above rule are those verbs which have the follow¬ 
 ing suffixes or suffix terminations :— 
 
 
 Suffixes. 
 
 
 Exaviples. 
 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Perf. Act. 
 
 "V 
 
 Perf. Pass. 
 
 Simple. 
 
 Perf. Act. 
 
 ''x 
 
 Perf. Pass. 
 
 ala 
 
 ele 
 
 elo 
 
 sansala 
 
 sansele 
 
 sanselo 
 
 akana 
 
 akene 
 
 akeno 
 
 vilakana 
 
 vilakene 
 
 vilakeno 
 
 angana angene 
 
 angeno 
 
 bulangana 
 
 bulangene 
 
 bulangeno 
 
 ela 
 
 ele 
 
 elo 
 
 bongela 
 
 bongele 
 
 bongelo 
 
 ila 
 
 idi 
 
 ilu 
 
 bakila 
 
 bakidi 
 
 bakila 
 
 ena 
 
 ene 
 
 ene 
 
 nokena 
 
 nokene 
 
 nokeno 
 
 ina 
 
 • 
 
 mi 
 
 inu 
 
 natina 
 
 natini 
 
 natinu 
 
 asa 
 
 ese 
 
 eso 
 
 kwakasa 
 
 kwakese 
 
 kwakeso 
 
 esa 
 
 ese 
 
 eso 
 
 tondesa 
 
 tondese 
 
 tondeso 
 
 isa 
 
 ixi 
 
 isu 
 
 bakisa 
 
 bakixi 
 
 bakisu 
 
 ata 
 
 ete 
 
 eto 
 
 swatata 
 
 swatete 
 
 swateto 
 
 eta 
 
 ete 
 
 eto 
 
 leketa 
 
 lekete 
 
 leketo 
 
 ita 
 
 iti 
 
 itu 
 
 fhnfita 
 
 fimfiti 
 
 fimfitu 
 
 ola 
 
 wele 
 
 welo 
 
 tondola 
 
 tondwele 
 
 tondwelo 
 
 nla 
 
 widi 
 
 wilu 
 
 kukula 
 
 kukwidi 
 
 kukwilu 
 
 ona 
 
 wene 
 
 weno 
 
 dongona 
 
 dongwene 
 
 dongweno 
 
 una 
 
 wini 
 
 winu 
 
 bangumuna 
 
 bangumwini 
 
 bangumwinu 
 
 ^•osa 
 
 wese 
 
 weso 
 
 yokosa 
 
 . yokwese 
 
 yokweso 
 
 ota 
 
 wete 
 
 weto 
 
 wombotota 
 
 wombotwete 
 
 wombotweto 
 
 ~uta 
 
 witi 
 
 witu 
 
 yukuta 
 
 yukwiti 
 
 yukwitu 
 
 nza 
 
 wiji 
 
 wizu 
 
 vuluza 
 
 vulwiji 
 
 vulwizu 
 
 ia 
 
 ene 
 
 eno 
 
 kenia 
 
 kenene 
 
 keneno 
 
 enia 
 
 ene 
 
 eno 
 
 kwenkenia 
 
 kwenkene 
 
 kwenkeno 
 
 awa 
 
 — 
 
 ayilu 
 
 kawa 
 
 — 
 
 kayilu 
 
 ewa 
 
 — 
 
 elo 
 
 tewa 
 
 — 
 
 telo 
 
 iwa 
 
 — 
 
 ilu 
 
 kwijiwa 
 
 — 
 
 kwijilu 
 
 uwa 
 
 — 
 
 wilu 
 
 buwa 
 
 — 
 
 bwilu 
 
 Kwenda, to go, is irregular, 
 
 making its perfect in :— 
 
 
 Active . Passive. 
 
 -ele -elo 
 
 wele: he went ; kwelo : (the place which) has been gone to. 
 
 The perfects of verbs of more than two syllables, ila, ina, ela, and ena have 
 their accent shifted to the last syllable but one as in the instances given above. 
 

 ( 643 ) 
 
 Ta, to do, go, &c., &c., has :— 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 . tele telo 
 
 Lemg a contraction of tea, it is a verb of the 3rd conjugation, 
 bala, to remain behind, makes its perfect in 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 xidi xilu 
 
 are T therefore”- '' erb int ° the 2 " d i the perfects of ama 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 amene ameno 
 
 in ,_ 6 SUffix anana in verbs of the 2nd and 4th conjugations makes its perfects 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 anini aninu 
 
 anene aneno 
 
 The suffixes oka and uka, where they stand as the middle voice suffixes or 
 verbs terminating in ona or una, form their perfects thus 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 ^ 1 ■ ■ 
 
 Active. Passive. 
 
 °^ a okene okeno 
 
 uka ukini ukinu 
 
 fff. S middl . e voice °f ke s°“ a > makes kesokene (act), kesokeno 
 
 (Pass]’ b k k ’ m 16 V ° 1Ce ° bakuna > makes bakukini (act), bakukinu 
 
 th e f"' C la c Wh ‘ Ch leads t0 the P referenc e of n in the perfect, follows 
 
 between the'mfodl Tf™ tr3nSitive V ° ice ’ t0 make 3 d ^tinction 
 
 between the middle voice of the simple dissyllabic verb, and that of the same of 
 
 a similar stem, bearing the suffix una or ona, thus ’ 
 
 Kesa 
 Kesona 
 Zenga 
 Zengona 
 Baka 
 Bakuna 
 
 Dissyllabic verbs having the vowel a in both syllables, have an alternative 
 perfect form which in some districts, and in the case of some verbs, is more 
 often used than the regular form. It is made by changing both of the vowels 
 a into e in the active, while in the passive the first a becomes e and the second o 
 
 Middle Voice. 
 
 Mid. V. Per/. Act. 
 
 Mid. V. Per/. Pass. 
 
 kesoka 
 
 kesokele 
 
 kesokelo 
 
 kesoka 
 
 kesokene 
 
 kesokeno 
 
 zengoka 
 
 zengokele 
 
 zengokelo 
 
 zengoka 
 
 zengokene 
 
 zengokeno 
 
 bakuka 
 
 bakukidi 
 
 bakukilu 
 
 bakuka 
 
 bakukini 
 
 bakukinu 
 
 
 Act. Perf. 
 
 Pass. Perf. 
 
 Landa: 
 
 flandidi 
 
 landilu 
 
 llende 
 
 lendo 
 
 Nata: 
 
 f n at ini 
 
 natinu 
 
 Inete 
 
 neto 
 
 Tala: 
 
 f tadidi 
 t tele 
 
 tadilu 
 
 telo 
 
( 644 ) 
 
 The verb kala, to live or be, has some irregular perfect forms, besides its 
 regular perfect in kele (act.) and kelo (pass.). The ordinary perfect kadidi is 
 not used for kala, to live, while kala, to deny, prefers kadidi for its perfect, 
 and seldom uses kele ; in this way the two verbs are kept distinct. 
 
 The perfects of kala, to be, are therefore :— 
 
 Act. 
 
 Pass. 
 
 Kele 
 
 kelo 
 
 Kadi 
 
 kadiwo 
 
 Keji 
 
 kejiwo 
 
 ny, are :— 
 
 Act. 
 
 Pass. 
 
 Kadidi 
 
 kadilu 
 
 Kele 
 
 kelo 
 
 Verbs preferring the Perfect. 
 
 Some verbs are generally found in the perfect tenses, since there must be an 
 actual performance of the action before it is possible to speak of it as existing: 
 in the present. The present perfect is therefore used, rather than the present 
 indefinite, and the past perfect in preference to the past indefinite tenses. 
 
 Zaya : to know ; nzeye : I know ; lit. I have come to know. 
 
 Zola : to love ; nzolole : I love (the love actually exists). 
 
 Tonda : to thank; ntondele : I thank. 
 
 Fiauka : to be thankful ; mfiankidi : I am thankful. 
 
 Nzolele sumba e nsu.su : I want to buy a fowl. 
 
 Ntondele kwame mfiaukidi bene nkenene : I am very much obliged indeed. 
 Kizeye kwame ko : I do not know. 
 
 The present indefinite continuous tense is used when speaking of the know¬ 
 ledge, love, &c., as prolonged and continued ; thus :— 
 
 Nzambi ozolanga o wantu beni beni : God loves men very much. 
 0 yandi ozayanga o mambu mawonso : He knows everything. 
 
 The Continuative Form. 
 
 This form imparts the idea that the action is or was being continued at the 
 time mentioned, and has the same force as the termination -ing in English. It 
 is formed by suffixing nga to the verb when its final vowel is a, and nge when 
 the final vowel is e, i, 0, or u. 
 
 Mbaka: 
 Mbakidi: 
 Yabaka: 
 Yabakidi: 
 Nzengele: 
 
 I catch ; 
 
 I have caught ; 
 I caught; 
 
 I had caught ; 
 
 I have cut ; 
 
 Nzolelenge : I have been wishing ; 
 
 Ntlimininge : 1 have been sending ; 
 
 Batungidinge : They were building ; 
 Ke bavondi zo ko : That they may 
 not kill them; 
 
 mbakanga : I am catching, 
 
 mbakidinge : I have been catching, 
 yabakanga: I was catching, 
 
 yabakidinge : I had been catching, 
 nzengelenge : I have been cutting, 
 diazolelonge : It was being wished for., 
 ntuminunge : I was being sent, 
 jitungilunge : They were being built, 
 ke bavondinge zo ko : That they may 
 not be killing them. 
 
( 645 ) 
 
 From the above instances, it will be seen that the continuous form is applied 
 to the perfect also ; it implies that during, or at the time mentioned, the action 
 was continued or in progress ; but at the time of . speaking, or under considera¬ 
 tion, the action has, or had, become complete and accomplished. 
 
 0 unu utunganga e nzo ame : 
 
 To-day I am building my house. 
 
 0 unu ntungidinge e nzo ame: 
 
 To-day I have been building my house. 
 
 E lumbu kina yatunganga e nzo ame : 
 
 The other day I was building my house. 
 
 E lumbu kina yatungidinge e nzo ame: 
 
 The other day I had been building my house. 
 
 PREFIX CHANGES. 
 
 In commencing the study of the Kongo verb, the first law which was noted 
 declared that all modifications of the action itself are expressed by a change 
 
 of suffix. The application of this rule is absolute, and has been fully studied 
 in the preceding section. 
 
 The second law directs that any modification due to mood, tense, person, or 
 numbei, aie expressed by change of prefix. Before proceeding to study the 
 prefix changes, and the conjugation of the verb, it is necessary to note that 
 originally in the infinitive mood, and certain tenses of the other moods, the verb 
 bore the prefix ku. As in the case of the noun prefixes, so in the verb, this 
 prefix ku has been dropped from all verbs, except those whose stem has a vowel 
 for its initial, and also those verbs which are complicated with an objective 
 prefix. 
 
 There are, however, but two verbs in Kongo which possess stems having a 
 vowel initial * :— 
 
 Kwiza, to come , the stem of which is iza ; and kwenda, to go, whose stem 
 is euda. These verbs still retain the ku, as in the archaic form, and thus 
 enable the student to understand the construction of tenses in other verbs, 
 whether they retain the ku or not. For this reason kwiza is chosen as the 
 most comprehensive type of a Kongo verb. 
 
 Mood. 
 
 Mood is expressed in Kongo not by any special prefixes, but by its influence 
 on other prefixes. 
 
 The Moods are four in number : — 
 
 Infinitive, 
 
 Indicative, 
 
 Imperative, 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 The Infinitive mood expresses the action in the abstract, without reference 
 
 to time, or to the subject of the verb. It may be considered to be the simplest 
 aspect or form :— 
 
 Kwiza : to come ; Sumba : to buy. 
 
 Udika, ula, and unikina have properly although almost imperceptibly a w before them, 
 and are more correctly written wudika, wula, and wunikina. 
 
 T T 
 
( 646 ) 
 
 The Indicative mood makes a direct statement concerning an action or 
 state 
 
 0 mfumu osumbidi e nkombo : The chief bought the goat. 
 
 The Subjunctive mood is used in a sentence which is the object, direct or 
 indirect, of another verb expressed or understood, when that sentence may also 
 be recast so as to be used in the Infinitive mood. 
 
 Edi kazolele ngiza : He wishes that I should come ; 
 lit. this he wishes, that I shall come, or this he wishes, for me to come. 
 
 Unless a sentence can stand both these tests in English, it must not be put 
 into the Subjunctive in Kongo. As the secondary object of another verb the 
 Subjunctive mood always expresses reason or purpose ; thus :— 
 
 Umvene e nsabi kajiula e kielo: 
 
 He gave him the key that he should open the gate, or to open the gate. 
 
 The Subjunctive mood in Kongo can only have future tenses for the clauses 
 in which it is used, since it concerns actions essentially consequent to those 
 spoken of in the primary sentence. 
 
 Edi kazolele ngiza : (This) he wishes, that I should come. 
 
 The coming was future when the wishing took place. 
 
 The Imperative mood is used only in giving a command, exhortation, or 
 instruction ; or in pleading ; it is used only in the 2nd person singular and 
 plural, and has only future tenses ; thus :— 
 
 Snmba e nkombo : Buy the goat. 
 
 The Infinitive. 
 
 The Infinitive mood originally bore the prefix kll, but has lost it as above 
 noted. The infinitive verb may exist in the continuative as well as in the 
 simple form. 
 
 Simple . Contmuative. 
 
 Kwiza: to come ; kwizanga : to be coming. 
 
 Snmba : to buy ; snmbanga : to be buying. 
 
 Tonda : to love ; tondanga : to be loving. 
 
 The Infinitive may also bear the Objective Personal Pronominal Prefixes 
 (noted later on) ; thus :— 
 
 Kutusonga : to show us. 
 
 Kubatonda : to love them. 
 
 When used as a Gerund, the Infinitive is preceded by a locative. Thus 
 mana dia may be translated by : to eat, for eating, or in eating ; 
 
 Kiambote kwandi mnna dia : It is good to eat, or, for eating. 
 
 With the negative it may be translated by : without ...ing, 
 
 Wijidi kwandi ke mu dia: He came without eating. 
 
 Person. 
 
 All verbs bear the pronominal prefix of their subject, even when the subject 
 is mentioned immediately before the verb. When the subject (sing, or pi.) of 
 
( 64 7 ) 
 
 persons Jh ’!, 6 Ve ^ b is , said t0 be «t person, when the person or 
 
 Sin ° or nl rf t > re S “ bjeCt “ is in the 2nd P erson - and '^n the subject 
 in the 3rd person ^ 2 n ° r addleSSed > but onl - v s P oken of, tl>e verb is 
 
 Nouns of the ist class, being persons and personifications, maybe of the 
 Ist, 2nd, or 3rd person. 
 
 itsX^t s ::r 15 are of the 3rd person oniy - Each dass 
 
 The Subjective Pronominal Prefixes 
 of the verb are as follows :— 
 
 Personal Prefixes. 
 Pcrs. Sing. 
 
 o 
 
 PL 
 
 Class I. 
 
 ('• 
 
 n, m (light), y. 
 
 I. tu or tw. 
 
 \r ' 
 
 0 or w. 
 
 2 . nu or nw. 
 
 ' 3- 1 
 
 o, w, ke, e, ka or a. 
 
 3* be, e, ba, or a. 
 
 
 Non-Personal 
 
 Prefixes. 
 
 C7. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 II. 
 
 by 
 
 ji, za 
 
 III.' 
 
 1 
 
 IV.. 
 
 f W 
 
 mi 
 
 V/ 
 
 VI. J 
 
 ! ki. 
 
 by 
 
 VI 1.1 
 
 di 
 
 
 VIII. j 
 
 me, ma 
 
 IX. 
 
 ku, kw 
 
 me, ma 
 
 X.) 
 XI. J 
 
 lu 
 
 tu, tw 
 
 XII. 
 
 u, w 
 
 u, w 
 
 XIII. 
 
 u, w 
 
 me, ma 
 
 XIV. 
 
 mu, mw 
 
 ve, va 
 
 XV. 
 
 fi 
 
 
 , hen a personal subject or its pronoun is mentioned immediately before a 
 \ei 3 in t e 3rd person, the pronominal prefix is 0 or w; when the subject is not 
 
 menuoned immediately before the verb, and the prefix is its only representative 
 -fce, e, ka, or a is used. 1 ' 
 
 Verbs having 1, m, n, v, w, or y for their initial, do not undergo euphonic 
 -hange in that initial letter on receiving the light nasal, in the present indefinite 
 ■>n present continuous tenses of the indicative mood. The reason for this 
 apparent anomaly lies in the fact that the nasal was originally prefixed to the 
 prefix ku, Which marked that tense in its archaic form, and the ku protected 
 the weak consonant from the influence of the light nasal; and now that the 
 ku is dropped, the letters remain unchanged. 
 
 the P ? Sent Perfe , Ct indicative - and “ the future indefinite subjunctive the 
 euphonic change is always made ; ku was absent from the archaic form of 
 uiose tenses, the light nasal had, and has, therefore, its full force. 
 
 Examples of ist persons singular of verbs whose initial is 1 , m, n, v, w, or y. 
 
( 6 4 S ) 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 INDICATIVE mood. 
 
 Present Indefinite. | Present Perfect. 
 
 SUB. MOOD. 
 Future Indefinite. 
 
 Longa: 
 
 to teach. 
 
 nlonga 
 
 ndongele 
 
 ndonga 
 
 Nonga: 
 
 to shoot 
 
 nonga 
 
 ndongene 
 
 ndonga 
 
 Mona: 
 
 to see. 
 
 mona 
 
 mbwene 
 
 mbona 
 
 Mana: 
 
 to finish. 
 
 mana 
 
 mbene 
 
 mbana 
 
 Vonda: 
 
 to kill. 
 
 mvonda 
 
 mpondele 
 
 mponda 
 
 Wuta : 
 
 to bear. 
 
 nwnta 
 
 ngutidi 
 
 nguta 
 
 Weta: 
 
 to strike. 
 
 nweta 
 
 ngwetele 
 
 ngweta 
 
 Yika: 
 
 to say. 
 
 nyika 
 
 ngikidi 
 
 ngika 
 
 Yimbila 
 
 : to sing. 
 
 nyimbila 
 
 ngimbidi 
 
 ngimbila 
 
 Yala: 
 
 to spread. 
 
 nyala 
 
 ngyadidi 
 
 ngyala 
 
 The Negative. 
 
 The construction of the Negative has been explained under the Adverb, it 
 will therefore suffice to summarise the rules here :— 
 
 I. The Negative is expressed by placing the particle ke before the negative 
 clause or verb, and ko after it ; ke and ko being called the first and second 
 particles of negation. 
 
 II. Where the Negative sentence or clause expresses an action unexpected, 
 unnatural, or unusual, the 2nd particle of negation is omitted. 
 
 III. In Negative sentences the first particle of negation combines with the 
 personal pronominal prefixes as follows :— 
 
 Pens. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plui'. 
 
 1 
 
 ki 
 
 ke tu 
 
 2 
 
 ku 
 
 ke nu 
 
 n 
 
 j 
 
 ke, ka 
 
 ke be, ke ba, ke, ka 
 
 Examples, 
 
 Evanga : they make ; kevanga ko : they do not make. 
 
 No combination takes place with any of the pronominal prefixes of classes 
 2 to 15, the particles standing separate. 
 
 Lekwa ke ijidi ko : The things have not come 
 {not lekwa kijidi ko). 
 
 Tense. 
 
 Those forms of the verb which indicate the time at which an action takes 
 place are called tenses. Time in the Kongo verb has two divisions :— 
 
 I. Near time, that is to say the present. 
 
 II. Remote time, past or future. 
 
 The tenses are further subdivided— 
 
 (a) The indefinite, which simply denotes the time of the action. 
 
 (b) The perfect, which indicates that the action was accomplished and com¬ 
 plete. 
 
 {c) The continuous, which speaks of the action as prolonged or continued 
 whether still imperfect or perfect. When an action is spoken of as taking 
 place in remote time, i.e. non-present, the prefix a follows immediately upon the 
 
( 649 1 
 
 subjective pronominal prefix, so that the present tense tusumba becomes 
 
 twasumba m non-present or remote time. This is the case whether the time 
 is past or future. 
 
 . The Indl cative mood in Kongo has no future tense. Whenever future time 
 is spoken of, the time or circumstance of the action is distinctly mentioned, and 
 the action is represented as being then present. Instead of saying : I will come 
 to-morrow, Kongos say : 0 mbaji nkwiza = to-morrow lam coming. Instead 
 saying, If you do so I will beat you, they would say : Qvo ovanga wau 
 wanda ikuwanda, if (after that) you do so, / beat you. In the last sentence 
 no time is mentioned, but the locative ovo indicates that after a certain 
 occurrence, the action of beating will be present, and the future idea will follow 
 
 so closely on to the occurrence, that the instant the first may be considered 
 past, the other will be present. 
 
 This is the idea and theory ; and in this graphic manner Kongos express 
 the future idea in the indicative mood. 
 
 The Tenses. 
 
 The Tenses of the Indicative Mood are ten in number :— 
 
 Present 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 continuous. 
 
 33 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 continuous. 
 
 Past 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 
 33 
 
 continuous. 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 continuous 
 
 Narrative Indefinite. 
 
 )j „ continuous. 
 
 The Subjunctive Mood has four tenses :— 
 
 Future Indefinite. 
 
 5 > „ continuous. 
 
 „ Consequent. 
 
 ?) „ continuous. 
 
 The Imperative Mood has also four tenses :— 
 
 Future Indefinite. 
 
 ?) „ continuous. 
 
 „ Remote. 
 
 33 33 continuous. 
 
 The Indicative Mood. 
 
 The Piesent Indefinite simply and indefinitely speaks of an action present:_ 
 
 Okwiza : he comes. 
 
 Osumba : he buys. 
 
 Its Continuous form notes that it is then continuous 
 
 , Nkwizanga : I am coming. 
 
 Nsumbanga: I am buying. 
 
( 6 5 o ) 
 
 The Present Perfect states that in the present time or very near past, the 
 action has taken place, and has become perfect and complete :— 
 
 Ngijidi: I have come. 
 
 Nsumbidi: I have bought. 
 
 Its Continuous form states that the action, in the present or very near past, 
 was being performed, and has become perfect and complete :— 
 
 Ngijidinge : I have been coming. 
 
 Nsumbidinge : I have been buying. 
 
 The Past Indefinite tense speaks of the action as having occurred in time 
 more or less remotely past:— 
 
 Yayiza: I came. 
 
 1 Yasumba : I bought. 
 
 Its Continuous form regards the action as being continued at that time :— 
 
 Yayizanga: I was coming. 
 
 Yasumbanga: I was buying. 
 
 The Past Perfect considers the action as perfect in the past 
 
 Yayijidi : I had come 
 
 Yasumbidi: I had bought. 
 
 Its Continuous form speaks of an action continuous, and finally perfect in the 
 past :— 
 
 Yayijidinge : I had been coming. 
 
 Yasumbidinge : I had been buying. 
 
 The Negative forms of these tenses are simple statements that the action did 
 not take place at such times. They are constructed by placing the ordinary 
 negative particles before and after the affirmative form. 
 
 There is also a further tense which is used in the simple narration of an 
 occurrence; it is therefore called the narrative tense; it is essentially a past 
 tense :— 
 
 Yakwiza: I came. 
 
 Yasumba : I bought. 
 
 It has also a Continuous form :— 
 
 Yakwizanga : I was coming. 
 
 Yasumbanga: I was buying. 
 
 The Narrative tenses have no negative form; Kongos do not narrate what 
 ?iever took place. 
 
 The Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 It has been noted that the tenses of the Subjunctive are essentially future. 
 The Subjunctive future indefinite is translated by may, can , must, might , coidd y 
 should or would , with the conjunction that, or by the infinitive with or without 
 the preposition for. 
 
 Ngiza : that I may, can, must, might, could, &c., come ; 
 
 for me to come. 
 
 Nsumba: that I may, &c., buy ; 
 for me to buy. 
 
 The Negative form changes the final a into i in all verbs with the exception 
 of monosyllables, which replace the final a by e, and the passive and the 
 
( 65 < ) 
 
 applied forms which make no final change at all; the negative particles are 
 added as usual •— 
 
 Kiji ko : that I may not come. 
 
 Kisumbi ko : that I may not buy. 
 
 Kidie ko : that I may not eat. 
 
 Kibakwa ko : that I may not catch. 
 
 Ke tunsumbila kio ko : that we may not buy it for him. 
 
 The euphonic influence due to the change of the final a into i is seen in 
 ngiza, which in the negative becomes kiji ko. 
 
 iza—a = iz. 
 iz-fi =iji. 
 
 The Continuous form is perfectly regular— 
 
 Ngizanga : that I may be coming. 
 
 for me to be coming. 
 
 Nsumbanga : for me to be buying. 
 
 The Negative form of this continuous tense is regular in its construction, the 
 continuative suffix is appended to the indefinite form, and as the negative in¬ 
 definite has i 01 6 final. The continuative suffix is Hge except in the passive and 
 the applied form, which do not change, and their continuative suffix is therefore 
 
 nga— 
 
 Kijinge ko 
 Kisumbinge ko 
 Kidienge ko 
 Kibakwanga ko 
 Kibakilanga ko 
 
 The Future Consequent tense speaks of an action which follows as the result 
 of another which was performed to that end so that...may, can , must, might, 
 could , should , would. 
 
 Yayiza so that I may, &c. come. 
 
 Yasumba : so that I might, &c. buy. 
 
 Jiula e kielo yayiza: Open the door so that I may come. 
 
 The Continuative form has the same force as the indefinite, except that the 
 resultant*action is continuous. 
 
 Yayizanga : for me to be coming. 
 
 Yasumbanga : that I may be buying. 
 
 The Negatives of the Future Consequent tenses are always of the Unnatural 
 Negative type, and therefore lack the second particle of negation ; thus 
 
 .S i mple. Contin nous. 
 
 Kiakwiza kiakwizanga. 
 
 Kiasumba kiasumbanga. 
 
 The Unnatural Negative in this tense is characteristic of it, for the tense is 
 only used when something is done, to the intent that the action expressed in 
 the tense may naturally follow, and the negative is used when something is 
 done in order that what would otherwise naturally follow may be avoided ; for 
 example in the sentence :— 
 
 Kutulula e nkombo zataya : Lntic the goats so that they may run awav. 
 
( 6 5 2 ) 
 
 The action of untying is performed in order to let the goats run away ; but in 
 the following sentence : — 
 
 Toma kanga e nkombo, zau ke zataya: 
 
 Tie the goats carefully, that they may not run away. 
 
 In this case the action of tying is performed lest the goats should run away, as 
 they naturally would otherwise, and as the negative sentence expresses a 
 natural result averted, the unnatural negative is used, and as this result must 
 always be the case when the negative form of this tense is used. The negative 
 is translated by :— 
 
 so that...may (&c.) not , 
 or lest. 
 
 Ke zataya : so that they may not run away ; 
 or lest they run away. 
 
 The Imperative Mood. 
 
 The Imperative Mood has only future tenses, for the action is to follow the 
 command or instruction. The future indefinite simply makes the direction :— 
 
 Wiza : come. 
 
 Sumba: buy. 
 
 The second person singular very often appears without any pronominal pre¬ 
 fix ; thus :— 
 
 Sumba : to buy ; instead of osumba. 
 
 Its Continuative form considers the action to be performed as continuous :— 
 
 Wizanga : be coming. 
 
 Sumbanga : be buying. 
 
 The Negatives are formed as in the Subjunctive :— 
 
 Kwiji ko, kwijinge ko : do not come. 
 
 Kusumbi ko, kusumbinge ko : do not buy. 
 
 The future remote requires the action to be made at a time which may be 
 remote from the present:— 
 
 Wayiza : come. 
 
 Wasumba: buy. 
 
 The remote future has no negative form. Its Continuative form regards the 
 action as continuous :— 
 
 Wayizanga: becoming. 
 
 Wasumbanga: be buying. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 The Participles are verbal adjectives, and are identical in form with their 
 corresponding tenses ; that is to say, the Present, Perfect, and Past Participles 
 are the same in form, prefix, and suffix, as the Present Perfect and Past Tenses. 
 Thus :— 
 
 Pres. Con tin. Tense. 
 Pres. Contin. Part. 
 Perfect Tense. 
 Pe?fect Participle. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 Past Participle. 
 
 Maza mekukulanga: 
 Maza mekukulanga: 
 Madia mavidi: 
 Madia mavidi: 
 
 Madia mavia: 
 
 Madia mavia: 
 
 The water flows. 
 
 Flowing water. 
 
 The food is cooked. 
 
 Cooked food (food which has been 
 cooked). 
 
 The food was cooked. 
 
 Cooked food. 
 
 The Present Participle generally wears the Continuous form. 
 
Table of TensLs. 
 
 n the following table the vowel verb kwiza, to come , and the regular verb sumba, to buy, arc compared in all their tenses, 
 
 affirmative and negative. 
 
 ( 653 ) 
 
 
 A study of the above table reveals the importance of the verb kwiza as a type. 
 
( 654 ) 
 
 The regular verb—such as sumba— appears to possess the same form in the 
 present indefinite of both the Indicative and Subjunctive moods ; again, the 
 same form is found apparently in the Indicative past, in the narrative, and in 
 the Subjunctive future consequent. But in the conjugation of kwiza it appears 
 that in its archaic form the Kongo verb wore the prefix ku in the present in¬ 
 definite and narrative tenses Indicative, and in the negative] form of the future 
 subsequent Subjunctive ; while in all other tenses it did not exist. Further it 
 will be noted, that in the tenses wearing the prefix a indicative of remote time 
 the weak stem iza is protected by the semi-vowel y, while |in the other tenses 
 which had not the prefix ku the weak stem is not protected ; therefore, in the 
 tables of the verb kwiza, it will be seen that the prefixes a, ka, ba, ma, va„ 
 actually combine with the weak vowel i, and a+i becomes e, thus :— ba-fiza = 
 beza, while in the tenses bearing the prefix a of remote time the weak vowel 
 is piotected by the y before the prefix a is added, otherwise the a would com¬ 
 bine with the i of iza or e of euda, and become e according to euphonic law. 
 
 It should be noted also that the form used for the negative of the future con¬ 
 sequent Subjunctive is not the affirmative form combined with the usual Un¬ 
 natural Negative particle, for in the Affirmative the prefix ku does not exist, 
 while in the Negative it is found. Indeed the Negative form of the Future 
 consequent appears to be the Negative of the Narrative tense. The Narrative 
 tense, however, needs and has no negative, and the form which would other¬ 
 wise be used for the Narrative negative is at liberty and has been appropriated by 
 the Future consequent. This, and many like points, make it almost appear as 
 though some clever, logical designer had planned and worked out the scheme of 
 the archaic Kongo, and—by inference—the primary root language of the Bantus. 
 Such a thing is inconceivable, but many singular phenomena almost suggest 
 the idea of design in language similar to that which we see in nature. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 " •* ■ • 
 
 •' - 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ■■■ ■ 
 
 - 
 
 ■ 
 
 h 
 
 ■■ (/ 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 y-rr *ntt 
 
 
 
 • :r ... ut 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
( 656 ) 
 
 THE CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS. 
 
 Having examined thus far the principles and laws of the changes in the 
 suffixes and prefixes of verbs, the way is clear to apply these rules in the con¬ 
 jugation of the verb itself. It is quite unnecessary to complicate matters with 
 prolonged tables illustrating the inflexions of more than one conjugation, since 
 ffie only difference between them lies in the suffixes of the perfect. For the same 
 
 CONJUGA TION OF THE VO WEL VERB: 
 
 kwiza, to come. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD, 
 kwiza : to come. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I come, &c. 
 
 Pcrs. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 nkwiza 
 
 tnkwiza 
 
 II. 
 
 
 okwiza 
 
 nnkwiza 
 
 hi. 
 
 
 okwiza 
 
 bekwiza 
 
 
 
 kekwiza 
 
 ekwiza 
 
 
 
 ekwiza 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ikwiza 
 
 j ikwiza 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 nkwiza 
 
 mikwiza 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kikwiza 
 
 ikwiza 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dikwiza 
 
 mekwiza 
 
 
 9 
 
 kukwiza 
 
 mekwiza 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 lnkwiza 
 
 tnkwiza 
 
 
 12 
 
 nkwiza 
 
 nkwiza 
 
 
 J 3 
 
 nkwiza 
 
 mekwiza 
 
 
 14 
 
 vekwiza 
 
 mnkwiza 
 
 
 !5 
 
 fikwiza 
 
 
 Present Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I am coming, See. 
 
 nkwizanga, &c. 
 
reason it is not necessary to tabulate the conjugation of the Passive Voice any 
 more than that of the Causative or Reversive forms. 
 
 The Continuative forms also of each tense are instanced in the ist pers. sing.,, 
 the only difference being the appendage of the suffix nga or nge. The im¬ 
 portance of the vowel verbs kwiza and kwenda as types has already been 
 noted, and they are arranged parallel to each other for comparison. 
 
 The tenses are delineated as follows :— 
 
 In the first column is given the person, in the second the class of the subject 
 which determines the prefix to be used, finally the example in singular and 
 plural. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE VOWEL VERB: 
 
 kwenda, to go. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD, 
 kwenda ! to go. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I go, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 nkwenda 
 
 tukwenda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 okwenda 
 
 nukwenda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 okwenda 
 
 kekwenda 
 
 
 
 kekwenda 
 
 ekwenda 
 
 
 
 ekwenda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ikwenda 
 
 jikwenda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ukwenda 
 
 mikwenda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kikwenda 
 
 ikwenda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dikwenda 
 
 mekwenda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kukwenda 
 
 mekwenda 
 
 
 lO & 11 
 
 lukwenda 
 
 tukwenda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ukwenda 
 
 ukwenda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ukwenda 
 
 mekwenda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vekwenda 
 
 mukwenda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fikwenda 
 
 
 Present Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I am going, &c. 
 
 nkwendanga, &c. 
 
( 6 5 S ) 
 
 
 Present Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 I have come, &c. 
 
 
 Pcrs. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Slug. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ngijidi 
 
 twijidi 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wijidi 
 
 n wijidi 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wijidi 
 
 bejidi 
 
 
 
 kejidi 
 
 ejidi 
 
 
 
 ejidi 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ljidi 
 
 JiJidi 
 
 * 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wijidi 
 
 mijidi 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kijidi 
 
 ijidi 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dijidi 
 
 mejidi 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwijidi 
 
 mejidi 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luijidi 
 
 twijidi 
 
 
 12 
 
 wijidi 
 
 wijidi 
 
 
 13 
 
 wijidi 
 
 mejidi 
 
 
 14 
 
 vejidi 
 
 m wijidi 
 
 
 15 
 
 fijidi 
 
 
 
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 
 I have been coming, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 ngijidinge, &c. 
 
 
 
 Past 
 
 Indefinite Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 I came, &c. 
 
 
 °ers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yayiza 
 
 twayiza 
 
 11. 
 
 
 wayiza 
 
 nwayiza 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wayiza 
 
 bayiza 
 
 
 
 kayiza 
 
 ayiza 
 
 
 
 ayiza 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yayiza 
 
 zayiza 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wayiza 
 
 miayiza 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayiza 
 
 yayiza 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayiza 
 
 mayiza 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwayiza 
 
 mayiza 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 luayiza 
 
 twayiza 
 
 
 12 
 
 wayiza 
 
 wayiza 
 
 
 13 
 
 wayiza 
 
 mayiza 
 
 
 H 
 
 vayiza 
 
 mwayiza 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiayiza 
 
 
 
 Past Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 I was coming, &c. 
 
 yayizanga, &c. 
 
( <b'9 ) 
 
 
 Present Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 I have gone, &c. 
 
 
 Pcrs. 
 
 C/ass. 
 
 Sing . 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ngyele 
 
 twele 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wele 
 
 nwele 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wele 
 
 bele 
 
 
 
 kele 
 
 ele 
 
 
 
 ele 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yele 
 
 zele 
 
 
 3&4 
 
 wele 
 
 miele • 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiele 
 
 yele 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diele 
 
 mele 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwele % 
 
 mele 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luele 
 
 twele 
 
 
 12 
 
 wele 
 
 wele 
 
 
 13 
 
 wele 
 
 mele 
 
 
 14 
 
 vele 
 
 mwele 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiele 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 
 
 I have been going, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 ngyelenge, &c. 
 
 
 
 Past Indefinite Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 I went, &c. 
 
 
 J'ers. 
 
 C/ass. 
 
 Sing:. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I • 
 
 I 
 
 yayenda 
 
 twayenda 
 
 11. 
 
 
 wayenda 
 
 nwayenda 
 
 i 11. 
 
 
 wayenda 
 
 bayenda 
 
 
 
 kayenda 
 
 ayenda 
 
 
 
 ay enda 
 
 
 
 
 yayenda 
 
 zayenda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wayenda 
 
 miayenda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayenda 
 
 yayenda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayenda 
 
 mayenda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwayenda 
 
 mayenda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luayenda 
 
 twayenda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wayenda 
 
 wayenda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wayenda 
 
 mayenda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vayenda 
 
 mwayenda 
 
 
 T 5 
 
 fiayenda 
 
 
 Past Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 • I was going, &c. 
 
 yayendanga, &c. 
 
( 66o ) 
 
 Past Perfect Tense. 
 
 
 
 I had come, &c. 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yayijidi 
 
 twayijiai 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 nwayijidi 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 bayijidi 
 
 
 
 kayijidi 
 
 ayijidi 
 
 
 
 ayijidi 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yayijidi 
 
 zayijidi 
 
 
 3& 4 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 miayijidi 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayijidi 
 
 yayijidi 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayijidi 
 
 mayijidi 
 
 
 9 
 
 k wayijidi 
 
 mayijidi 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luayijidi 
 
 twayijidi 
 
 
 12 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 
 13 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 mayijidi 
 
 
 14 
 
 vayijidi 
 
 mwayijidi 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 fiayijidi 
 
 
 
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 
 
 I had been coming, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 yayijidinge, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 Narrative Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 I come, &c. 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Slag. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yakwiza 
 
 twakwiza 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wakwiza 
 
 nwakwiza. 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kakwiza 
 
 bakwiza 
 
 
 
 akwiza 
 
 akwiza 
 
 
 2 
 
 yakwiza 
 
 zakwiza 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wakwiza 
 
 miakwiza 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiakwiza 
 
 yakwiza 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diakwiza 
 
 makwiza 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwakwiza 
 
 makwiza 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luakwiza 
 
 twakwiza 
 
 
 12 
 
 wakwiza 
 
 wakwiza 
 
 
 13 
 
 wakwiza 
 
 makwiza 
 
 
 14 
 
 vakwiza 
 
 mwakwiza 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiakwiza 
 
 
 Narrative Continuous Tense. 
 I was coming, &c. 
 
 yakwizanga, &c. 
 
Pens. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 ( 66 r ) 
 
 Past Perfect Tense. 
 
 Class. 
 
 I 
 
 3&4 
 5 & 6 
 7 & 8 
 9 
 
 io & 11 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 I had gone, &c. 
 
 Sing-. 
 
 yayele 
 
 wayele 
 
 wayele 
 
 kayele 
 
 ayele 
 
 yayele 
 
 wayele 
 
 kiayele 
 
 diayele 
 
 kwayele 
 
 luayele 
 
 wayele 
 
 wayele 
 
 vayele 
 
 fiayele 
 
 pi. 
 
 twayele 
 
 nwayele 
 
 hayele 
 
 ayele 
 
 zayele 
 
 niiayele 
 
 yayele 
 
 mayele 
 
 mayele 
 
 twayele 
 
 wayele 
 
 mayele 
 
 mwayele 
 
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 I had been going, &c. 
 
 yayelenge, &c. 
 
 Narrative Tense. 
 
 ^ ers ’ Class. 
 
 I- I 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 3 & 4 
 5 &6 
 7 & 8 
 9 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 I went, &c. 
 
 Sin 
 
 yakwenda 
 
 wakwenda 
 
 kakwenda 
 
 akwenda 
 
 yakwenda 
 
 wakwenda 
 
 kiakwenda 
 
 diakwenda 
 
 kwakwenda 
 
 Inakwenda 
 
 wakwenda 
 
 wakwenda 
 
 vakwenda 
 
 fiakwenda 
 
 pi. 
 
 twakwenda 
 
 nwakwenda 
 
 hakwenda 
 
 akwenda 
 
 zakwenda 
 
 miakwenda 
 
 yakwenda 
 
 inakwenda 
 
 makwenda 
 
 twakwenda 
 
 wakwenda 
 
 makwenda 
 
 mwakwenda 
 
 Narrative Continuous Tense. 
 
 I was going, & c . 
 
 yakwendanga, &c. 
 
 u u 
 
( 662 ) 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 That I may come, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ngiza 
 
 twiza 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wiza 
 
 nwiza 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wiza 
 
 beza 
 
 
 
 keza 
 
 eza 
 
 
 
 eza 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 iza 
 
 jiza 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wiza 
 
 miza 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiza 
 
 iza 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diza 
 
 meza 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwiza 
 
 meza 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luiza 
 
 twiza 
 
 
 12 
 
 wiza 
 
 wiza 
 
 
 13 
 
 wiza 
 
 meza 
 
 
 H 
 
 veza 
 
 mwiza 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiza 
 
 
 
 
 Negative. 
 
 
 
 
 kiji ko, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous 
 
 Tense. 
 
 
 That I may be coming, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 ngizanga, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 Negative. 
 
 
 
 
 kijinge ko, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Affirmative. 
 
 
 So that I may come, <Scc. 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yayiza 
 
 twayiza 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wayiza 
 
 nwayiza 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kayiza 
 
 bayiza 
 
 
 
 ayiza 
 
 ayiza 
 
 
 2 
 
 yayiza 
 
 zayiza 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wayiza 
 
 miayiza 
 
 $ 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayiza 
 
 yayiza 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayiza 
 
 mayiza 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwayiza 
 
 mayiza 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luayiza 
 
 twayiza 
 
 
 12 
 
 wayiza 
 
 wayiza 
 
 
 13 
 
 wayiza 
 
 mayiza 
 
 
 14 
 
 vayiza 
 
 mwayiza 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiayiza 
 
 
( 663 ) 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 That I may go, &c. 
 
 Pers % 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 ngyenda 
 
 twenda 
 
 
 wenda 
 
 nwenda 
 
 
 wenda 
 
 kenda 
 
 enda 
 
 benda 
 
 enda 
 
 
 2 
 
 yenda 
 
 zenda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wenda 
 
 mienda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kienda 
 
 yenda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dienda 
 
 menda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwenda 
 
 menda 
 
 
 io & 11 
 
 luenda 
 
 twenda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wenda 
 
 wenda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wenda 
 
 menda 
 
 
 14 
 
 venda 
 
 fienda 
 
 mwenda 
 
 Negative. 
 
 kiendi ko. 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 That I may be going, &c. 
 
 ngyendanga, &c. 
 
 Negative. 
 
 kiendinge ko. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Affirmative. 
 So that I may go, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 yayenda 
 
 twayenda 
 
 2 
 
 wayenda 
 
 kayenda 
 
 ayenda 
 
 nwayenda 
 
 bayenda 
 
 ayenda 
 
 
 yayenda 
 
 zayenda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wayenda 
 
 miayenda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayenda 
 
 yayenda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayenda 
 
 mayenda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwayenda 
 
 mayenda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luayenda 
 
 twayenda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wayenda 
 
 wayenda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wayenda 
 
 mayenda 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 vayenda 
 
 liayenda 
 
 mwayenda 
 
( 664 ) 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Affirmative. 
 So that I may be coming, &c. 
 yayizanga, &c. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Negative. 
 
 So that I may not come, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 kiakwiza 
 
 ke twakwiza 
 
 II 
 
 
 kwakwiza 
 
 ke nwakwiza 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kakwiza 
 
 ke bakwiza 
 
 
 
 
 kakwiza 
 
 
 2 
 
 ke yakwiza 
 
 ke zakwiza 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ke wakwiza 
 
 ke miakwiza 
 
 * * 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ke kiakwiza 
 
 ke yakwiza 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ke diakwiza 
 
 ke makwiza 
 
 
 9 
 
 ke kwakwiza 
 
 ke makwiza 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 ke luakwiza 
 
 ke twakwiza 
 
 
 12 
 
 ke wakwiza 
 
 ke wakwiza 
 
 
 13 
 
 ke wakwiza 
 
 ke makwiza 
 
 
 14 
 
 ke vakwiza 
 
 ke mwakwiza 
 
 
 15 
 
 ke fiakwiza 
 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Negative. 
 So that I may not be coming, &c. 
 
 kiakwizanga, See. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 Come. 
 
 Pers. Sing. PI. 
 
 II. wiza nwiza 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be coming. 
 
 o 
 
 Pers. Sing. PI. 
 
 II. wizanga nwizanga 
 
 Future Remote Tense. 
 
 Come. 
 
 Pers. Sing. PI. 
 
 II. wayiza nwayiza 
 
 Future Remote Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be coming. 
 
 Pers. Sing. PI. 
 
 II. wayizanga nwayizanga 
 
( 665 ) 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Affirmative. 
 
 So that I may be going, &c. 
 
 yayendanga, &c. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Negative. 
 
 pl 
 
 ke twakwenda 
 ke nwakwenda 
 ke bakwenda 
 kakwenda 
 ke zakwenda 
 ke miakwenda 
 ke yakwenda 
 ke makwenda 
 ke makwenda 
 ke twakwenda 
 ke wakwenda 
 ke makwenda 
 ke mwakwenda 
 
 
 So that I may not go, Sec. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 kiakwenda 
 
 II. 
 
 T T T 
 
 
 * kwakenda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kakwenda 
 
 
 2 
 
 ke yakwenda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ke wakwenda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ke kiakwenda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ke diakwenda 
 
 
 9 
 
 ke kwakwenda 
 
 
 lO & I I 
 
 ke lnakwenda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ke wakwenda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ke wakwenda 
 
 
 14 
 
 ke vakwenda 
 
 
 *5 
 
 ke fiakwenda 
 
 Future Consequent 
 
 Continuous Tense 
 
 So that I may not be going, See. 
 
 kiakwendanga, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 Go. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 II. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 wenda 
 
 PL 
 
 nwenda 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be going. 
 
 sin S . PL 
 
 wendanga nwendanga 
 
 Future Remote Tense. 
 
 Go. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 II. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 II. 
 
 Sing'. 
 
 wayenda 
 
 pl 
 
 nwayenda 
 
 Future Remote Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be going. 
 
 P " s ' s*r. pi. 
 
 1 ' wayendanga nwayendanga 
 
( 666 ) 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB: 
 
 tonda, to lore. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD, 
 tonda: to love. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I love, See. 
 
 Pits. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ntonda 
 
 tntonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 otonda 
 
 nntonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 otonda 
 
 betonda 
 
 
 
 ketonda 
 
 etonda 
 
 
 
 etonda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 itonda 
 
 j itonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 utonda 
 
 mitonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kitonda 
 
 itonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ditonda 
 
 metonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kutonda 
 
 metonda 
 
 
 10 & 1 I 
 
 lutonda 
 
 tntonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ntonda 
 
 ntonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ntonda 
 
 metonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vetonda 
 
 mntonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fitonda 
 
 
 Present Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 I am loving, Sec. 
 
 ntondanga, Sec. 
 
 [Present Perfect Tense. 
 I have loved, Sec. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Slug. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 J 
 
 ntondele 
 
 tntondele 
 
 II. 
 
 
 otondele 
 
 nntondele 
 
 III. 
 
 
 otondele 
 
 batondele 
 
 
 
 katondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 itondele 
 
 j itondele 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ntondele 
 
 mitondele 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kitondele 
 
 itondele 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ditondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 
 9 
 
 kntondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 lntondele 
 
 tntondele 
 
 
 12 
 
 ntondele 
 
 ntondele 
 
 
 13 
 
 ntondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 
 14 
 
 vatondele 
 
 mntondele 
 
 
 15 
 
 fitondele 
 
 
( 667 ) 
 
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 I have been loving, Szc. 
 
 ntondelenge, &c. 
 
 Past Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I loved, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 watonda 
 
 nwatonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 watonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yatonda 
 
 zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 watonda 
 
 miatonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 watonda 
 
 watonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 watonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vatonda 
 
 mwatonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiatonda 
 
 
 Past Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I was loving, &c. 
 
 yatondanga, &c. 
 
 Past Perfect Tense. 
 
 I had loved, Szc. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yatondele 
 
 twatondele 
 
 II. 
 
 
 watondele 
 
 nwatondele 
 
 III. 
 
 
 watondele 
 
 batondele 
 
 
 
 katondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yatondele 
 
 zatondele 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 watondele 
 
 miatondele 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiatondele 
 
 yatondele 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diatondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwatondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 luatondele 
 
 twatondele 
 
 
 12 
 
 watondele 
 
 watondele 
 
 
 13 
 
 watondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 
 14 
 
 vatondele 
 
 mwatondele 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiatondele 
 
 
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense 
 
 I had been loving, &c. 
 
 yatondelenge, &c. 
 
( 668 ) 
 
 Narrative Tense. 
 I loved, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 watonda 
 
 nwatonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 yatonda 
 
 zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 watonda 
 
 miatonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 lnatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 watonda 
 
 watonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 watonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 14 vatonda 
 
 15 fiatonda 
 
 Narrative Continuous Tense. 
 
 I was loving, &c. 
 
 yatondanga, &c. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 That I may love, &c. 
 
 mwatonda. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ntonda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 . otonda 
 
 nutonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 otonda 
 
 katonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 itonda 
 
 j itonda 
 
 
 3&4 
 
 ntonda 
 
 mitonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kitonda 
 
 itonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ditonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kntonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 lutonda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 utonda 
 
 utonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 utonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 U 
 
 vatonda 
 
 fitonda 
 
 mutonda 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 So that I may be loving, &c. 
 
 ntondanga, &c. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Affirmative. 
 
 So that I may love, &c. 
 
 Pers. Class. Sing. PI , 
 
 1 yatonda twatonda 
 
 watonda nwatonda 
 

 ( 669 ) 
 
 Pens. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 III. 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 
 atonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 yatonda 
 
 zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 watonda 
 
 miatonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 watonda 
 
 watonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 watonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vatonda 
 
 mwatonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiatonda 
 
 
 Future 
 
 Consequent Continuous Tense Affirmative. 
 
 
 So that I may be loving, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 yatondanga, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Negative. 
 
 
 So that I may not love, &c. 
 
 
 Pens. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 ke twatonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 ke nwatonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 ke batonda 
 
 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 ke yatonda 
 
 ke zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ke watonda 
 
 ke miatonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ke kiatonda 
 
 ke yatonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ke diatonda 
 
 ke matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 ke kwatonda 
 
 ke matonda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 ke luatonda 
 
 ke twatonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ke watonda 
 
 ke watonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ke watonda 
 
 ke matonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 ke vatonda 
 
 ke mwatonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 ke fiatonda 
 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Negative. 
 So that I may not be loving, &c. 
 
 kiatondanga, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 Love. 
 
 Pens. Sing. p[ 
 
 tonda nutonda 
 
( 670 ) 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be loving. 
 
 Pcrs. Sing. PI. 
 
 II. tondanga nutondanga 
 
 Future Remote Tense. 
 
 Love. 
 
 Pers. Sing. PI. 
 
 II. watonda nwatonda 
 
 Future Remote Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be loving. 
 
 Pers. Sing. PL 
 
 II. watondanga nwatondanga 
 
 Objective Pronominal Prefixes. 
 
 Transitive verbs which have persons for their object, receive an objective 
 prefix if the object is not otherwise mentioned immediately after the predicate. 
 This prefix is applied next to the verb stem, and all other prefixes are prefixed 
 to it. There is no Objective pronominal prefix for the 2nd person singular ; 
 the person addressed knows that he is spoken to, and needs no such mention. 
 The Objective Prefixes are as follows :— 
 
 Pers. 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 Sing. 
 
 n, or m (light nasal) 
 none 
 
 n, or m (heavy nasal) 
 
 PI. 
 
 tu 
 
 nu 
 
 ba, aba, a 
 
 Either of the three forms of the 3rd person plural may be used at will. 
 Those tenses which possessed the prefix ku in the archaic form retain it before 
 the objective prefix ; thus :— 
 
 Ikunutala : I see you. 
 Nukwabatala : you see them. 
 
 The subjective prefix before an objective prefix undergoes change in some 
 persons as follows : the light nasal of the 1st person singular becomes i :— 
 
 insumbidi kio: I bought it for him. 
 
 The 2nd and 3rd persons singular have 0 before the objective prefix in those 
 tenses which retain the prefix ku ; and u in the tenses which do not possess 
 the ku. 
 
 The other prefixes of the 3rd person singular, and of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd 
 persons plural, do not change, but are used in the same form and manner as 
 if there were no objective prefix. Although the 2nd person singular has no 
 objective, the prefix ku is retained in those tenses which require it, and the 
 subjective prefix wears the form which is peculiar to it when used before an 
 objective prefix ; thus :— 
 
 Ntala : I see. 
 
 Ikuntala : I see him. 
 
( 67 1 ) 
 
 Ikutala : I see you. 
 
 Ntadidi : I have seen. 
 
 Intadidi : I have seen him. 
 
 Itadidi : I have seen you. 
 
 The objective prefix is always, and only personal. Contrary to the custom 
 in Swahili, Zulu, and many other Bantu tongues, the non-personal nouns-that 
 IS to say, classes 2 to 15-have no corresponding objective pronominal prefixes 
 m Kongo. The objective pronoun serves instead, when its object is not other- 
 vise mentioned. The subjective pronominal prefixes of those classes are used, 
 however, without any change before the objective pronominal prefixes. 
 
 . The subjective prefix is the first in the word, next the tense prefix a of remote 
 tmie Of needed), after that the prefix ku (if retained), then the objective prefix, 
 much is always immediately followed by the stem (and its suffixes). By means 
 
 •of this agglutinative process the verb becomes both powerful and concise with 
 no loss in flexibility. ’ 
 
 The following examples will serve to instance the construction and order of 
 the prefixes :— 
 
 
 Examples. 
 
 I. Sub¬ 
 jective. 
 
 II. Tenses. 
 
 III. Ob¬ 
 jective. 
 
 IV. Stem and 
 Suffixes. 
 
 Ikuntala : 
 
 I see him 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 ku 
 
 , 
 
 11 
 
 tala 
 
 Tukutala: 
 
 we see you {sing.) 
 
 tu 
 
 ku 
 
 
 tala. 
 
 Yakunutala: 
 
 I saw you {pi.) 
 
 y 
 
 a- ku 
 
 nu 
 
 tala 
 
 Ibatala: 
 
 that I may see them 
 
 i 
 
 — 
 
 ba 
 
 tala 
 
 Bekwatala : 
 
 they see them 
 
 be 
 
 kw 
 
 a 
 
 tala 
 
 Nunlongele : 
 Nundongele : 
 Nwabalongele 
 
 you taught him 
 you taught me 
 : you had taught them 
 
 nu 
 
 nu 
 
 nw 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 aba 
 
 longele 
 
 longele 
 
 longele 
 
 The last instance = nw-a-aba-longele tfr nw-a-ba-longele. 
 
 The combinations of Personal subjective with Personal objective prefixes are 
 given below. The side column gives the person and number of the subjective 
 
 prefix, while at the head of each column is found the person and number of the 
 •objective prefix. 
 
 In tenses which retain the ku :— 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Si no-. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 iku 
 
 ikun 
 
 ikutu 
 
 ikunu 
 
 0 
 
 ikwaba 
 
 2 
 
 okun 
 
 — 
 
 okun 
 
 okutu 
 
 okunu 
 
 okwaba 
 
 J 
 
 JPI. 
 
 okun 
 
 oku 
 
 okun 
 
 okutu 
 
 okunu 
 
 okwaba 
 
 I 
 
 tukun 
 
 tuku 
 
 tukun 
 
 —- 
 
 tukunu 
 
 tukwaba 
 
 - —* 
 
 nukun 
 
 nuku 
 
 nukun 
 
 nukutu 
 
 
 nukwaba 
 
 3 
 
 bekun 
 
 beku 
 
 bekun 
 
 bekutu 
 
 bekunu 
 
 bekwaba 
 
( f>72 ) 
 
 In tenses which do not possess the prefix ku:— 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Sing 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 itu 
 
 inu 
 
 iha 
 
 o 
 
 un 
 
 — 
 
 un 
 
 utu 
 
 unu 
 
 uha 
 
 3 
 
 un 
 
 u 
 
 un 
 
 utu 
 
 unu 
 
 uha 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 tun 
 
 tu 
 
 tun 
 
 — 
 
 tunu 
 
 tuha 
 
 o 
 
 nun 
 
 nu 
 
 nun 
 
 nutu 
 
 — 
 
 nuba 
 
 o 
 
 ban 
 
 ha 
 
 han 
 
 hatu 
 
 hanu 
 
 baba 
 
 In tenses having the prefix a of remote 
 
 time :— 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 I 
 
 r> 
 
 S 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3^ 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 ya 
 
 yan 
 
 yatu 
 
 yanu 
 
 yaha 
 
 2 
 
 wan 
 
 — 
 
 wan 
 
 watu 
 
 wanu 
 
 waha 
 
 o 
 
 J 
 
 wan 
 
 wa 
 
 wan 
 
 watu 
 
 wanu 
 
 waha 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 twan 
 
 twa 
 
 , twan 
 
 — 
 
 twanu 
 
 twaha 
 
 2 
 
 nwan 
 
 nwa 
 
 nwan 
 
 nwatu 
 
 — 
 
 nwaha 
 
 3 
 
 ban 
 
 ha 
 
 han 
 
 hatu 
 
 hanu 
 
 baba 
 
 I he combinations of non-personal Subjective with personal Objective pre¬ 
 fixes are arranged below according to class and number. The classes and 
 numbers are found in the side columns, and the person and number of the per¬ 
 sonal objective are given at the head of each respective column. 
 
 In tenses having the prefix ku :— 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 2 
 
 f sing. 
 
 I 
 
 ikun 
 
 iku 
 
 3 
 
 ikun 
 
 I 
 
 ikutu 
 
 2 
 
 ikunu 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 ikuba 
 
 \pl. 
 
 jikun 
 
 jiku 
 
 jikun 
 
 jikutu 
 
 jikunu 
 
 jikuha 
 
 3&4 
 
 (sing. 
 
 ukun 
 
 uku 
 
 ukun 
 
 ukutu 
 
 ukunu 
 
 ukuha 
 
 1 pi. 
 
 mikun 
 
 miku 
 
 mikun 
 
 mikutu 
 
 mikunu 
 
 mikuha 
 
 5 &6 
 
 [sing. 
 
 kikun 
 
 kiku 
 
 kikun 
 
 kikutu 
 
 kikunu 
 
 kikuha 
 
 l pi. 
 
 ikun 
 
 iku 
 
 ikun 
 
 ikutu 
 
 ikunu 
 
 ikuba 
 
 7& 8 
 
 f sing. 
 
 dikun 
 
 diku 
 
 dikun 
 
 dikutu 
 
 dikunu 
 
 dikuba 
 
 1 pi. 
 
 mekun 
 
 meku 
 
 mekun 
 
 mekutu 
 
 mekunu 
 
 mekuba. 
 
 Q 
 
 f sing. 
 
 kukun 
 
 kuku 
 
 kukun 
 
 kukutu 
 
 kukunu 
 
 kukuba 
 
 
 1 pi. 
 
 mekun 
 
 meku 
 
 mekun 
 
 mekutu 
 
 mekunu 
 
 mekuba 
 
 IO& II 
 
 f sing. 
 
 lukun 
 
 luku 
 
 lukun 
 
 lukutu 
 
 lukunu 
 
 lukuba 
 
 1 pi. 
 
 [sing, j 
 
 \& pl.S 
 
 tukun 
 
 tuku 
 
 tukun 
 
 tukutu 
 
 tukunu 
 
 tukuba 
 
 12 
 
 ukun 
 
 uku 
 
 ukun 
 
 ukutu 
 
 ukunu 
 
 ukuba 
 
 
 [sing. 
 
 ukun 
 
 uku 
 
 ukun 
 
 ukutu 
 
 ukunu 
 
 ukuba 
 
 
 1 pi. 
 
 mekun 
 
 meku 
 
 mekun 
 
 mekutu 
 
 mekunu 
 
 mekuba. 
 
 
 [ sing. 
 
 vekun 
 
 veku 
 
 vekun 
 
 vekutu 
 
 vekunu 
 
 vekuba 
 
 [pi. 
 
 mukun 
 
 muku 
 
 mukun 
 
 mukutu 
 
 mukunu 
 
 mukuba. 
 
 15 
 
 sing. 
 
 fikun 
 
 fiku 
 
 fikun 
 
 fikutu 
 
 fikunu 
 
 fikuba 
 
CO <■ 
 
 ( 673 ) 
 
 In tenses which do not possess the prefix ku 1— 
 
 Singular. 
 
 & 4 
 
 f SlJl<> 
 
 \pl. 
 f sing 
 \pl . 
 
 5 & (,[ sin - 
 Vpi. 
 
 7 & 
 
 [pi. 
 
 _ f sin 
 
 \pL 
 
 cr 
 
 cr 
 
 l < r 
 
 vb • 
 
 
 . cr 
 ‘<b • 
 
 10& 11 [ si ,, S - 
 [pi. 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 f ■?///"*.) 
 \& pl.\ 
 f sing, 
 [pi. 
 f sing. 
 \pl 
 sing. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 in 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 jin 
 
 ji 
 
 • • 
 
 Jin 
 
 un 
 
 u 
 
 un 
 
 min 
 
 mi 
 
 min 
 
 kin 
 
 ki 
 
 kin 
 
 in 
 
 i 
 
 in 
 
 din 
 
 di 
 
 din 
 
 man 
 
 ma 
 
 man 
 
 kun 
 
 ku 
 
 kun 
 
 man 
 
 ma 
 
 man 
 
 lun 
 
 lu 
 
 lun 
 
 tun 
 
 tu 
 
 tun 
 
 un 
 
 u 
 
 un 
 
 un 
 
 11 
 
 un 
 
 man 
 
 ma 
 
 man 
 
 van 
 
 va 
 
 van 
 
 mun 
 
 mu 
 
 mun 
 
 fin 
 
 fi 
 
 fin 
 
 ing the prefix a of remote t 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 " V 
 
 , <r 
 
 * 
 
 o r«« 
 i//. 
 
 > * <{? 
 
 >* »{;f 
 
 7 & 8! 
 
 \pi. 
 
 9 1"*- 
 
 1 pi. 
 
 1/4 
 
 rr 
 «b * 
 
 cr 
 
 cr 
 
 . cr 
 
 , or 
 <b • 
 
 12 
 
 1 J 
 
 14 
 
 f %) 
 (& pi.) 
 
 f sing, 
 [pi. 
 
 ( sinr. 
 
 \pt: 
 
 
 sing. 
 
 yan 
 
 zan 
 
 wan 
 
 mian 
 
 kian 
 
 yan 
 
 dian 
 
 man 
 
 kwan 
 
 man 
 
 luan 
 
 twan 
 
 wan 
 
 wan 
 man 
 van 
 mwan 
 fian 
 
 ya 
 
 za 
 
 wa 
 
 mia 
 
 kia 
 
 ya 
 
 dia 
 
 ma 
 
 kwa 
 
 ma 
 
 lua 
 
 twa 
 
 wa 
 
 wa 
 ma 
 va 
 mwa 
 fia 
 
 yan 
 
 zan 
 
 wan 
 
 mian 
 
 kian 
 
 yan 
 
 dian 
 
 man 
 
 kwan 
 
 man 
 
 lnan 
 
 twan 
 
 yatn 
 
 zatu 
 
 watu 
 
 miatu 
 
 kiatu 
 
 yatu 
 
 diatu 
 
 matu 
 
 kwatu 
 
 matn 
 
 lnatu 
 
 twatu 
 
 wan watu 
 
 wan 
 man 
 van 
 mwan 
 fian 
 
 watu 
 matu 
 vatu 
 mwatu 
 fiatu 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 itu 
 
 2 
 
 inu 
 
 iba 
 
 jitu 
 
 jinu 
 
 jiba 
 
 utu 
 
 unu 
 
 uba 
 
 mitu 
 
 minu 
 
 miba 
 
 kitu 
 
 kinu 
 
 kiba 
 
 itu 
 
 inu 
 
 iba 
 
 ditu 
 
 dinu 
 
 diba 
 
 matu 
 
 manu 
 
 maba 
 
 kutu 
 
 kunu 
 
 kuba 
 
 matu 
 
 manu 
 
 maba 
 
 lutu 
 
 lunu 
 
 luba 
 
 tutu 
 
 tunu 
 
 tuba 
 
 utu 
 
 unu 
 
 uba 
 
 utu 
 
 unu 
 
 uba 
 
 matu 
 
 manu 
 
 maba 
 
 vatu 
 
 vanu 
 
 vaba 
 
 mutu 
 
 munu 
 
 muba 
 
 fitu 
 
 •_ 
 
 • 
 
 finu 
 
 Plural. 
 
 fiba 
 
 yanu 
 
 zanu 
 
 wanu 
 
 mianu 
 
 kianu 
 
 yanu 
 
 dianu 
 
 manu 
 
 kwanu 
 
 manu 
 
 luanu 
 
 twanu 
 
 wanu 
 manu 
 vanu 
 mwanu 
 fianu 
 
 3 
 
 yaba 
 
 zaba 
 
 waba 
 
 miaba 
 
 kiaba 
 
 yaba 
 
 diaba 
 
 maba 
 
 kwaba 
 
 maba 
 
 luaba 
 
 twaba 
 
 wanu waba 
 
 waba 
 maba 
 vaba 
 mwaba 
 fiaba 
 
 - , ,, , — nanu uaba 
 
 In the a b ° ve mbies ° nly ° nc 0 f the two nasals has been instanced, m can 
 c e its place when necessary; so also only one out of the three forms of the 
 1 pei son singular or plural has been represented. In the tables of nre 
 nxes when the ku is retained the series for the present indefinite and JeseTt 
 
 tenSeSie ’ e ’ be ’ Ve ’ m e> ji must replaced 
 
( 674 ) 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR VERB COMPLICATED 
 
 The instance given being an objective of the 3rd person singular (feminine, 
 to avoid the confusion which attends the complication of: he loves him). 
 
 Example , 
 
 kuntonda: to love her 
 
 (the nasal objective piefix of the 3rd pers. sing, is the heavy nasal). 
 
 On opposite page, and parallel with this, will be found the conjugation of the 
 regulai verb, complicated with an objective in the 2nd person singular. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD, 
 kuntonda: to love her. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I love her, Sec. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing-. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ikuntonda 
 
 tukuntonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 okuntonda 
 
 nukuntonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 okuntonda 
 
 kekuntonda 
 
 ekuntonda 
 
 bekuntonda 
 
 ekuntonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 ikuntonda 
 
 jikuntonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ukuntonda 
 
 mikuntonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kikuntonda 
 
 ikuntonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dikuntonda 
 
 mekuntonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kukuntonda 
 
 mekuntonda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 lukuntonda 
 
 tukuntonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ukuntonda 
 
 ukuntonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ukuntonda 
 
 mekuntonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 U 
 
 vekuntonda 
 
 fikuntonda 
 
 mukuntonda 
 
 
 Present Indefinite Continuous 
 I am loving her, Sec. 
 
 ikuntondanga, &c. 
 
 Present Perfect Tense. 
 
 I have loved her, Sec. 
 
 Tense. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Slug. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 intondele 
 
 tuntondele 
 
 II. 
 
 
 untondele 
 
 nuntondele 
 
 III. 
 
 
 untondele 
 
 kantondele 
 
 antondele 
 
 bantondele 
 
 antondele 
 
 
 2 
 
 intondele 
 
 j intondele 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 untondele 
 
 mintondele 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kintondele 
 
 intondele 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dintondele 
 
 mantondele 
 
( 675 ) 
 
 WITH AN OBJECTIVE PRONOMINAL PREFIX. 
 
 The 2nd person singular objective is not expressed by a prefix; but beyond 
 the omission of an objective prefix, the tense and other prefixes are in the form, 
 customary to them when they are used with an objective prefix. 
 
 Example. 
 
 kutonda : to love you {sing.). 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD, 
 kutonda : to love you. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 I love you, &c. 
 
 Per . 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 tukutonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 okutonda 
 
 kekutonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 bekutonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 jikutonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 mikutonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kikutonda 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dikutonda 
 
 mekutonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kukutonda 
 
 mekutonda 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 lukutonda 
 
 tukutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 
 13' 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 mekutonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 vekutonda 
 
 fikutonda 
 
 mukutonda. 
 
 Present Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I am loving you, &c. 
 
 ikutondanga, &c. 
 
 Present Perfect Tense. 
 
 I have loved you. &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 itondele 
 
 tutondele 
 
 II. 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 III. 
 
 
 utondele 
 
 batondele: 
 
 
 
 katondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 itondele 
 
 jitondele 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 utondele 
 
 mitondele: 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kitondele 
 
 itondele 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ditondele 
 
 matondele 
 
( 6;6 ) 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 
 9 
 
 kuntondele 
 
 mantondele 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luntondele 
 
 tuntondele 
 
 
 12 
 
 untondele 
 
 untondele 
 
 
 13 
 
 untondele 
 
 mantondele 
 
 
 M 
 
 vantondele 
 
 muntondele 
 
 
 15 
 
 fintondele 
 
 
 
 Present Perfect Continuous 
 
 I have been loving her, &c. 
 intondelenge, &c. 
 
 Past Indefinite Tense. 
 I loved her, &c. 
 
 Tense. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yantonda 
 
 twantonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wantonda 
 
 nwantonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wantonda 
 
 kantonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 bantonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 yantonda 
 
 zantonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wantonda 
 
 miantonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiantonda 
 
 yantonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diantonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwantonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luantonda 
 
 twantonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wantonda 
 
 wantonda 
 
 v 
 
 13 
 
 wantonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 vantonda 
 
 fiantonda 
 
 mwantonda 
 
 Past Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I was loving her, &c. 
 
 yantondanga, &c. 
 
 Past Perfect Tense. 
 
 I had loved her, &c. 
 
 yantondele, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 I had been loving her, &c. 
 yantondelenge, &c. 
 Narrative Tense. 
 
 I loved her, &c. 
 
 C lass. <S 
 
 1 yakuntonda 
 wakuntonda 
 kakuntonda 
 akuntonda 
 
 2 yakuntonda 
 
 PL 
 
 twakuntonda 
 
 nwakuntonda 
 
 bakuntonda 
 
 akuntonda 
 
 zakuntonda 
 
( 677 ) 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 9 
 
 kutondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 IO & II 
 
 lutondele 
 
 tutondele 
 
 12 
 
 utondele 
 
 utondele 
 
 13 
 
 utondele 
 
 matondele 
 
 14 
 
 vatondele 
 
 mutondele 
 
 15 
 
 fitondele 
 
 
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 I have been loving you, &c. 
 
 itondelenge, &c. 
 
 Past Indefinite Tense. 
 I loved you, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 III. 
 
 
 watonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yatonda 
 
 zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 watonda 
 
 miatonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 watonda 
 
 watonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 watonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vatonda 
 
 mwatonda 
 
 
 IS 
 
 fiatonda 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Past Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I was loving you, &c. 
 
 yatondanga, &c. 
 
 Past Perfect Tense. 
 
 I had loved you, &c. 
 
 yatondele, &c. 
 
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 
 I had been loving you, die. 
 
 yatondelenge, &c. 
 
 Narrative Tense. 
 
 I loved you, &c. 
 
 Class. Sing. 
 
 1 yakutonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 akutonda 
 
 2 yakutonda 
 
 pi. 
 
 twakutonda. 
 
 bakutonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
 zakutonda 
 
 x x 
 
( 678 ) 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wakuntonda 
 
 miakuntonda 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiakuntonda 
 
 yakuntonda 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diakuntonda 
 
 makuntonda 
 
 9 
 
 kwakuntonda 
 
 makuntonda 
 
 I o & II 
 
 luakuntonda 
 
 twakuntonda 
 
 12 
 
 wakuntonda 
 
 wakuntonda 
 
 13 
 
 wakuntonda 
 
 makuntonda 
 
 14 
 
 vakuntonda 
 
 mwakuntonda 
 
 15 
 
 fiakuntonda 
 
 
 Narrative Continuous Tense. 
 I was loving her, &c. 
 
 yakuntondanga, &c. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 That I may love her, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing-. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 intonda 
 
 tuntonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 untonda 
 
 nuntonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 untonda 
 
 kantonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 bantonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 intonda 
 
 zantonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 untonda 
 
 mintonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kintonda 
 
 intonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dintonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kuntonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 IO & 11 
 
 luntonda 
 
 tuntonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 untonda 
 
 untonda 
 
 
 T 3 
 
 untonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 vantonda 
 
 fintonda 
 
 muntonda 
 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous 
 T hat 1 may be loving her, &c. 
 
 intondanga, &c. 
 
 Tense. 
 
 
 I uture Consequent Tense Affirmative. 
 
 In order that I may love her. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing’. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yantonda 
 
 twantonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wantonda 
 
 nwantonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kantonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 bantonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 yantonda 
 
 zantonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wantonda 
 
 miantonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiantonda 
 
 yantonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diantonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwantonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
•ers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 miakutonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiakutonda 
 
 yakutonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diakutonda 
 
 makutonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwakutonda 
 
 makutonda 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luakutonda 
 
 twakutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 p 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 makutonda 
 
 
 i 4 
 
 vakutonda 
 
 mwakutonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiakutonda 
 
 
 
 Narrative Continuous Tense. 
 
 
 
 
 I was loving you, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 yakutondanga, &c. 
 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 
 
 That I may love you, Szc. 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Slag. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 II. 
 
 I 
 
 itonda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 utonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 itonda 
 
 zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 utonda 
 
 mitonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kitonda 
 
 itonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ditonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kutonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 lutonda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 utonda 
 
 utonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 utonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vatonda 
 
 mutonda 
 
 
 J 5 
 
 fitonda 
 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 That I may be loving you, &c. 
 
 itondanga, &c. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Affirmative. 
 In order that I may love you, See. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sins. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 I 
 
 yatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 katonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 
 atonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 yatonda 
 
 zatonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 watonda 
 
 miatonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 matonda 
 
( 68 o ) 
 
 *en. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 luantonda 
 
 twantonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wantonda 
 
 wantonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wantonda 
 
 mantonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vantonda 
 
 mwantonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiantonda 
 
 
 Future 
 
 Consequent Continuous Tense Affirmative. 
 
 
 In order that I may be loving her. 
 
 
 
 yantondanga, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Negative. 
 
 
 In order that I may not love her, 
 
 & C. 
 
 Pen. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 kiaknntonda 
 
 ke twakuntonda 
 
 11 . 
 
 
 kwakuntonda 
 
 ke nwakuntonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kakuntonda 
 
 ke bakuntonda 
 
 
 
 
 kakuntonda 
 
 
 n 
 
 ke yakuntonda 
 
 ke zakuntonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ke wakuntonda 
 
 ke miakuntonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ke kiaknntonda 
 
 ke yakuntonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ke diaknntonda 
 
 ke makuntonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 ke kwakuntonda 
 
 ke makuntonda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 ke luakuntonda 
 
 ke twakuntonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ke wakuntonda 
 
 ke wakuntonda 
 
 
 J3 
 
 ke wakuntonda 
 
 ke makuntonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 ke vakuntonda 
 
 ke mwakuntonda, 
 
 
 15 
 
 ke fiakuntonda 
 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Negative. 
 In order that I may not be loving her, &c. 
 
 kiakuntondanga, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 Love her. 
 
 Pen. Sing. pi. 
 
 D. untonda nuntonda, 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be loving her. 
 
 Sing-. pi. 
 
 untondanga nuntondanga, 
 
 Future Remote Tense. 
 
 Love her. 
 
 Sing. pi. 
 
 wantonda nwantonda. 
 
 Future Remote Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be loving her. 
 
 Pert. Sing. PI. 
 
 1 L wantondanga nwantondanga 
 
 Fers. 
 
 II. 
 
 Fers. 
 
 II. 
 
( 68 1 ) 
 
 Pet's. C/ass. 
 
 Sing-. 
 
 pi. 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luatonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 12 
 
 watonda 
 
 watonda 
 
 13 
 
 watonda 
 
 matonda 
 
 H 
 
 vatonda 
 
 mwatonda 
 
 15 
 
 fiatonda 
 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Affirmative. 
 
 In order that I may be loving you, Sec. 
 
 yatondanga, Sec. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Negative. 
 In order that I may not love you, Sec. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 Class 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I 
 
 kiakutonda 
 
 ke twakutonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 ke bakutonda 
 kakutonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 ke yakutonda 
 
 ke zakutonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 ke miakutonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ke kiakutonda 
 
 ke yakutonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ke diakutonda 
 
 ke makutonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 ke kwakutonda 
 
 ke makutonda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 ke luakutonda 
 
 ke twakutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 ke makutonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 ke vakutonda 
 ke fiakutonda 
 
 ke mwakutonda 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Negative. 
 In older that I may not be loving you, &c. 
 kiakutondanga, &c. 
 
( 682 ) 
 
 The Reflexive Form. 
 
 The Reflexive is but another, and special form of the verb, which has both a 
 subjective and objective pronominal prefix ; the peculiarity of the form being 
 that its subject and object are one and the same individual or group of 
 individuals. 
 
 Since it is no modification of the action itself, it is constructed from the 
 simple verb by prefix change only. 
 
 Ikutonda : I love myself. 
 
 Bakutonda : They love themselves. 
 
 E nkewa zayitadidi muna maza: 
 
 The monkeys had seen themselves in the water. 
 
 Those tenses which retained the prefix ku in the archaic form are character¬ 
 ized by ku in the reflexive form. Those tenses which do not retain the ku 
 in the archaic form receive the prefix yi or di. A table is given below of the 
 conjugation of the verb in the reflexive, but the comparative study afforded by 
 the parallel tables of the six verbs will aid to a better idea of the prefixes used 
 in its construction. 
 
 The reflexive form of the verb acquires a special idea when used in the 
 applied form, it states that the action was performed by the subject of his own 
 accord, and was not due to extraneous force or influence, or that it was done on 
 his own account or for himself; thus : — 
 
 Kuna nzo kayikotela: 
 
 He had entered into the house of his own accord. 
 
 Oku kwakwijiwa i boxi kayiyendela kuna nxi andi r 
 
 At last he went of his own accord to his country. 
 
 1 he reflexive form of kala without the applied form conveys the idea that the 
 existence or localization was due solely to the subject, and in no way to any 
 other person or thing ; thus :— 
 
 Nzambi kuna ezulu kekukalanga : God lives in heaven. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE REFLEXIVE FORM 
 
 OF THE VERB. 
 
 Example. 
 
 kutonda : to love one’s self. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 kutonda: to love one’s self. 
 
( 68 3 ) 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I love myself, &c. 
 
 Pcrs. 
 
 Class 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 tukutonda 
 
 I I. 
 
 
 okutonda 
 
 nukutonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 okutonda 
 
 bekutonda 
 
 
 
 kekutonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 j ikutonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 mikutonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kikutonda 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dikutonda 
 
 mekutonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kukutonda 
 
 mekutonda 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 lukutonda 
 
 tukutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ukutonda 
 
 mekutonda 
 
 
 H 
 
 vekutonda 
 
 mukutonda. 
 
 
 15 
 
 fikutonda 
 
 
 Present Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I am loving myself, &c. 
 
 ikutondanga, &c. 
 
 Present Perfect Tense. 
 
 I have loved myself, &c. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 iyitondele 
 
 twiyitondele 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 nwiyitondele 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 bayitondele 
 
 
 
 kayitondele 
 
 ayitondele 
 
 
 
 ayitondele 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 iyitondele 
 
 jiyitondele 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 miyitondele 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiyitondele 
 
 iyitondele 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diyitondele 
 
 mayitondele 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwiyitondele 
 
 mayitondele 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luiyitondele 
 
 twiyitondele 
 
 
 12 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 
 13 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 mayitondele 
 
 
 H 
 
 vayitondele 
 
 mwiyitondele 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiyitondele 
 
 
( 684 ) 
 
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 I have been loving myself, &c. 
 
 iyitondelenge, &c. 
 
 Past Indefinite Tense. 
 
 I loved myself, &c. 
 
 Fers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 twayitonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 nwayitonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 bayitonda 
 
 
 
 kayitonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 zayitonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 miayitonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayitonda 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwayitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 
 IO & II 
 
 luayitonda 
 
 twayitonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 mwayitonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiayitonda 
 
 
 Past Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 I was loving myself, See. 
 
 yayitondanga, Sec. 
 
 Past Perfect Tense. 
 I had loved myself, Sec. 
 
 yayitondele, &c. 
 
 Fers. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense. 
 I had been loving myself, Sec. 
 
 yayitondelenge, &c. 
 
 Class. 
 
 I 
 
 Narrative Tense. 
 
 I loved myself, Sec. 
 
 Slug-. 
 
 yakutonda 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
 pi. 
 
 twakutonda 
 
 nwakutonda 
 
 bakutonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
( 68 S ) 
 
 Pers. 
 
 C/ass . 
 
 Sing'. 
 
 pi. 
 
 
 2 
 
 yakutonda 
 
 zakutonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 miakutonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiakutonda 
 
 yakutonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diakutonda 
 
 makutonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwakutonda 
 
 makutonda 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luakutonda 
 
 twakutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 makutonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 vakutonda 
 
 mwakutonda 
 
 
 15 
 
 fiakutonda 
 
 
 
 Narrative Continuous Tense. 
 
 
 
 I was loving myself, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 yakutondanga, &c. 
 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 
 
 That I may love myself, &c. 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 C/nss. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 J. 
 
 I 
 
 iyitonda 
 
 twiyitonda 
 
 I I . 
 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 nwiyitonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 bayitonda 
 
 
 
 kayitonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 
 
 
 iyitonda 
 
 zayitonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 miyitonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiyitonda 
 
 iyitonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diyitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 kwiyitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 
 10 & 11 
 
 luiyitonda 
 
 twiyitonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 
 
 vayitonda 
 
 mwiyitonda 
 
 
 U 
 
 fiyitonda 
 
 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 
 That I may be loving myself, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 iyitondanga, &c. 
 
 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Affirmative. 
 
 
 In order that I may love myself, &c. 
 
 
 Pers. 
 
 C/ass. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 pi. 
 
 I. 
 
 7 T 
 
 I 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 twayitonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 nwayitonda 
 
Pers. 
 
 III. 
 
 ( 686 ) 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 p:. 
 
 
 kayitonda 
 
 bayitonda 
 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 n 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 zayitonda 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 miayitonda 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiayitonda 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diayitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 9 
 
 kwayitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 IO & 1 I 
 
 luayitonda 
 
 twayitonda 
 
 12 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 13 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 mayitonda 
 
 14 
 
 vayitonda 
 
 mwayitonda 
 
 15 
 
 fiayitonda 
 
 
 Future Consequent Continuous Tense Affirmative. 
 In order that I may be loving myself, <S:c. 
 
 yayitondanga, &c. 
 
 Future Consequent Tense Negative. 
 
 
 In order that I 
 
 may not love myself, 
 
 •Sic. 
 
 Pers. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 I. 
 
 I 
 
 kiakntonda 
 
 ke twakutonda 
 
 II. 
 
 
 kwakntonda 
 
 ke nwakutonda 
 
 III. 
 
 
 kakntonda 
 
 ke bakutonda 
 
 
 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 
 2 
 
 ke yakutonda 
 
 ke zakutonda 
 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 ke miakutonda 
 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 ke kiakntonda 
 
 ke yakutonda 
 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 ke diakntonda 
 
 ke makutonda 
 
 
 9 
 
 ke kwakutonda 
 
 ke makutonda 
 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 ke luakutonda 
 
 ke twakutonda 
 
 
 12 
 
 ke wakntonda 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 
 13 
 
 ke wakutonda 
 
 ke makutonda 
 
 
 14 
 
 ke vakutonda 
 
 ke mwakutonda. 
 
 
 15 
 
 ke fiakutonda 
 
 
 Future Consquent Continuous Tense Negative. 
 
 In order that I may not be loving myself, &c. 
 
 kiakutondanga, &c. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future Indefinite Tense. 
 
 Love yourself. 
 
 *'* Sing. Plur. 
 
 wiyitonda rwiyitonda 
 
( 687 ) 
 
 Future Indefinite Continuous Tense. 
 
 Be loving yourself. 
 
 Pers. Sins. PI. 
 
 II- wiyitondanga nwiyitondanga 
 
 Pers . 
 
 II. 
 
 Future Remote Tense. 
 Love yourself. 
 
 Sing . 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 pi. 
 
 nwayitonda. 
 
 Future Remote Continuous Tense. 
 
 Pers . Sing . PI. 
 
 II- wayitondanga nwayitondanga 
 
 Reduplicated Verbs. 
 
 There are a few reduplicated verbs such as lunga-lunga, to take good care ■ 
 of, which is really an intensive of lunga, to take care of Their reduplicated 
 form causes some complications in their conjugation. 
 
 The pronominal prefixes are only applied once. 
 
 The perfect suffix twice. 
 
 The continuative suffix only once. 
 
 Indie. Mood. 
 
 Pres. Indef. 
 
 Pres. Conts. 
 
 Pres. Perf. 
 
 Pres. Perf Conts. 
 
 ist Pers. Sing. 
 
 nlunga-lunga. 
 
 nlunga-lunganga. 
 
 ndungidi-lungidi. 
 
 ndnngidi-lungidinge. 
 
 Comparative Tables 
 
 Of the two vowel verbs, kwiza, to come , and kwenda, to go, with the 
 conjugation of a regular verb, tonda, to love , in its simplest and reflexive 
 forms, also in two other forms complicated with objective pronominal prefixes 
 of the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. 
 
 Kwiza : to come. 
 
 Kwenda : to go. 
 
 Tonda : to love. 
 
 Kutonda : to love one’s self. 
 
 Knntonda : to love her. 
 
 Kntonda : to love you {sing.). 
 
 For the sake of clearness, conciseness, and simplicity, the continuous tenses 
 are omitted from these tables, as also the forms for classes 2 to 15. Only the 
 ist class forms are given, i.e. for personal subjects, ist, 2nd and 3rd persons. 
 The full conjugation would defeat the purpose of the parallel tables through, 
 excess of matter. 
 
( 683 ; 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE. 
 
 
 I come, &c. 
 
 I go, &c. 
 
 I love, &c. 
 
 I love myself, &c. 
 
 I love her, &c. 
 
 I love vou, &c. 
 
 i. Sing. nkwiza 
 
 nkwenda 
 
 ntonda 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 ikuntonda 
 
 ikutonda 
 
 2. 
 
 oliwiza 
 
 okwenda 
 
 otonda 
 
 okutonda 
 
 okuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 okwiza 
 
 okwenda 
 
 otonda 
 
 okutonda 
 
 okuntonda 
 
 okutonda 
 
 
 kekwlza 
 
 kekwenda 
 
 ketonda 
 
 kekutonda 
 
 kekuntonda 
 
 kekutonda 
 
 
 ekwiza 
 
 ekwenda 
 
 etonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 ekuntonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 7. PI. 
 
 tukwiza 
 
 tukwenda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 tukutonda 
 
 tukuntonda 
 
 tukutonda 
 
 2. 
 
 nukwiza 
 
 nukwenda 
 
 nutonda 
 
 nukutonda 
 
 nukuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 bekwiza 
 
 bekwenda 
 
 betonda 
 
 bekutonda 
 
 bekuntonda 
 
 bekutonda 
 
 
 ekwiza 
 
 ekwenda 
 
 etonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 ekuntonda 
 
 ekutonda 
 
 
 
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 I. Sing 
 
 . ngljidi 
 
 ngyele 
 
 ntondele 
 
 iyitondele 
 
 intondele 
 
 itondele 
 
 •o 
 
 wijidi 
 
 wele 
 
 otondele 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 untondele 
 
 
 O* 
 
 wijidi 
 
 wele 
 
 otondele 
 
 wiyitondele 
 
 untondele 
 
 utondele 
 
 
 kejidi 
 
 kele 
 
 katondele 
 
 kayitondele 
 
 kantondele 
 
 katondele 
 
 
 ejidi 
 
 ele 
 
 atondele 
 
 ayitondele 
 
 antondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 T. PI. 
 
 twijic'i 
 
 twele 
 
 tutondele 
 
 twiyitondele 
 
 tuntondele 
 
 tutondele 
 
 2.* 
 
 nwij:di 
 
 nwele 
 
 nutondele 
 
 nwiyitondele 
 
 i nuntondele 
 
 
 3- 
 
 bejidi 
 
 bele 
 
 batondele 
 
 bayitondele 
 
 bantondele 
 
 batondele 
 
 
 ejidi 
 
 ele 
 
 atondele 
 
 ayitondele 
 
 antondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 PAST 
 
 INDEFINITE TENSE. 
 
 
 i. Sing. 
 
 yayiza 
 
 yayenda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 yantonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 •2. 
 
 wayiza 
 
 wayenda 
 
 watonda 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 wantonda 
 
 
 o 
 
 waylza 
 
 wayenda 
 
 watonda 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 wantonda 
 
 watonda 
 
 
 kayiza 
 
 kayenda 
 
 katonda 
 
 kayitonda 
 
 kantonda 
 
 katonda 
 
 
 ayiza 
 
 ayenda 
 
 atonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 Pi. 
 
 twayiza 
 
 twayenda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 twayitonda 
 
 twantonda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 2. 
 
 nwayiza 
 
 nwayenda 
 
 nwatonda 
 
 nwayitonda 
 
 nwantonda 
 
 
 • 
 
 bayiza 
 
 bayenda 
 
 batonda 
 
 bayitonda 
 
 bantonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 ayiza 
 
 ayenda 
 
 atonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 
 PAST PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 i. Sing. 
 
 yayijidi 
 
 yayele 
 
 yatondele 
 
 yayitondele 
 
 yantondele 
 
 yatondele 
 
 2. 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 wayele 
 
 watondele 
 
 wayitondele 
 
 wantondele 
 
 
 3 - 
 
 wayijidi 
 
 wayele 
 
 watondele 
 
 wayitondele 
 
 wantondele 
 
 watondele 
 
 
 kayijidi 
 
 kayele 
 
 katondele 
 
 kayitondele 
 
 kantondele 
 
 katondele 
 
 
 ayijidi 
 
 ayele 
 
 atondele 
 
 ayitondele 
 
 antondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 x. P.. 
 
 twayijidi 
 
 twayele 
 
 twatondele twayitondele 
 
 twantonaele 
 
 twatondele 
 
 2. 
 
 nwayijidi 
 
 nwayele 
 
 nwatondele nwayitondele nwantondele 
 
 
 3 - 
 
 bayijidi 
 
 bayele 
 
 batondele 
 
 bayitondele 
 
 bantondele 
 
 batondele 
 
 
 ayijidi 
 
 ayele 
 
 atondele 
 
 ayitondele 
 
 antondele 
 
 atondele 
 
 
 
 NARRATIVE TENSE. 
 
 
 
 i. Sing. 
 
 yakwiza 
 
 yakwenda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 yakutonda 
 
 yakuntonda 
 
 yakutonda 
 
 2. 
 
 wakwiza 
 
 wakwenda 
 
 watonda 
 
 wakutonda 
 
 wakuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 kakwiza 
 
 kakwenda 
 
 katonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 kakuntonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 
 akwiza • 
 
 akwenda 
 
 atonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
 akuntonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
 i. PI. 
 
 twakwiza 
 
 twakwenda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 twakutonda 
 
 twakuntonda 
 
 twakutonde 
 
 2. 
 
 nwakwiza 
 
 nwakwenda 
 
 nwatonda 
 
 nwakutonda 
 
 nwakuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 bakwiza 
 
 bakwenda 
 
 batonda 
 
 bakutonda 
 
 bakuntonda 
 
 bakutonda 
 
 
 akwiza 
 
 akwenda 
 
 atonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
 akuntonda 
 
 akutonda 
 
( 68 9 ) 
 
 u 
 
 c. V 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 o -S 
 
 u S 
 
 «j ,3 
 
 Pi £ 
 
 
 FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE. 
 
 
 i. Sing, ngiza 
 
 ngyenda 
 
 ntonda 
 
 iyitonda 
 
 intonda 
 
 itonda 
 
 2. 
 
 wiza 
 
 wenda 
 
 otonda 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 untonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 wiza 
 
 wenda 
 
 otonda 
 
 wiyitonda 
 
 untonda 
 
 utonda 
 
 
 keza 
 
 kenda 
 
 katonda 
 
 kayitonda 
 
 katonda 
 
 katonda 
 
 
 eza 
 
 enda 
 
 atonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 i. PI. 
 
 twiza 
 
 twenda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 twiyitonda 
 
 tuntonda 
 
 tutonda 
 
 2. 
 
 nwiza 
 
 nwenda 
 
 nutonda 
 
 nwlyitonda 
 
 nuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 beza 
 
 benda 
 
 batonda 
 
 bayitonda 
 
 bantonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 eza 
 
 enda 
 
 atonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 
 FUTURE CONSEQUENT 
 
 TENSE AFFIRMATIVE. 
 
 
 i. Sing. 
 
 yayiza 
 
 yayenda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 yayitonda 
 
 yantonda 
 
 yatonda 
 
 2. 
 
 wayiza 
 
 wayenda 
 
 watonda 
 
 wayitonda 
 
 wantonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 kayiza 
 
 kayenda 
 
 katonda 
 
 kayitonda 
 
 kantonda 
 
 katonda 
 
 
 aylza 
 
 ayenda 
 
 atonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 atonda 
 
 i. PI. 
 
 twayiza 
 
 twayenda 
 
 twatonda 
 
 twayitonda 
 
 twantonda 
 
 twatonda. 
 
 2. 
 
 nwayiza 
 
 nwayenda 
 
 nwatonda 
 
 nwayitonda 
 
 nwantonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 baylza 
 
 bayenda 
 
 batonda 
 
 bayitonda 
 
 bantonda 
 
 batonda 
 
 
 aylza 
 
 ayenda 
 
 atonda 
 
 ayitonda 
 
 antonda 
 
 atonda. 
 
 • 
 
 FUTURE CONSEQUENT TENSE 
 
 NEGATIVE. 
 
 
 i. Sing. 
 
 kiakwiza 
 
 kiakwenda 
 
 kiatonda 
 
 kiakutonda 
 
 kiakuntonda 
 
 kiakutonda 
 
 2. 
 
 kwakwiza 
 
 kwakwenda 
 
 kwatonda 
 
 kwakutonda 
 
 kwakuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 kakwiza 
 
 kakwenda 
 
 katonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 kakuntonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 i. PI. 
 
 ke twakwiza ke twakwenda 
 
 ke twatonda 
 
 ke twakutonda ke twakuntonda ke twakutonda. 
 
 2. 
 
 ke nwakwiza 
 
 ke nwakwenda ke nwatonda 
 
 ke nwakutonda ke nwakuntonda 
 
 
 3- 
 
 ke bakwiza 
 
 ke bakwenda 
 
 ke batonda 
 
 ke bakutonda 
 
 ke bakuntonda 
 
 ke bakutonda 
 
 
 kakwiza 
 
 kakwenda 
 
 katonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 kakuntonda 
 
 kakutonda 
 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 wiza 
 
 wenda 
 
 tonda wiyitonda 
 
 untonda 
 
 -- - 
 
 2. 
 
 PI. 
 
 nwiza 
 
 nwenda 
 
 nutonda nwiyitonda 
 
 nuntonda 
 
 
 
 
 
 FUTURE CONSEQUENT TENSE. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 wayiza 
 
 wayenda 
 
 watonda wayitonda 
 
 wantonda 
 
 
 2. 
 
 PI. 
 
 nwayiza 
 
 nwayenda 
 
 nwatonda nwayitonda 
 
 nwantonda 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 kwiza 
 
 to come 
 
 kwenda 
 
 to so 
 
 tonda kutonda 
 
 to love to love one’s self 
 
 kuntonda 
 
 to love her 
 
 kutonda 
 
 to love you 
 
( 690 ) 
 
 The Verbs kala & na ‘‘to be.” 
 
 The verb kala, to be, to exist, to live, to live in or at, to be at or in, to 
 reside, is regular in all its forms and tenses. Beside the ordinary perfect kele 
 {act), and kela (pass.), it has also two extra and alternative perfects, kedi and 
 keji (act.), kediwo and kejiwo (pass.). Kadidi is not used as its perfect. 
 
 {See snb-section on the Perfect.) 
 
 Since the condition expressed by kala is essentially more or less durative, 
 the Continuous tenses in anga are more commonly used, except in the case of 
 the Perfect tenses Indicative, and in the Imperative Mood. 
 
 Although kala is in no way defective, the Present-’Indefinite tense of the 
 verb to be is generally represented by the defective verb na, which is found 
 •only in that tense, and is conjugated as follows :— 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Indefinite Tense. 
 I am, &c. 
 
 Pers. Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Pi. 
 
 I. I 
 
 ngina or ndina 
 
 tuna or twina 
 
 11. 
 
 una or wina 
 
 in wina 
 
 III. 
 
 nna or wina 
 
 bena 
 
 
 kena 
 
 ena 
 
 
 ena 
 
 
 2 
 
 ina 
 
 jina 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 una or wina 
 
 mina 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kina 
 
 ina 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 dina 
 
 mena 
 
 9 
 
 kuna or kwina 
 
 mena 
 
 TO & I I 
 
 luna or luina 
 
 tuna or twina 
 
 12 
 
 una or wina 
 
 una or wina 
 
 
 una or wina 
 
 mena 
 
 H 
 
 vena 
 
 muna or mwina 
 
 15 
 
 fina 
 
 
 has no continuous or 
 
 any other tense ; it is 
 
 found however in the 
 
 Passive voice : To have in, to be lived in, to be inhabited (by). 
 
 Pers. Sing-. 
 
 I- nginwa or ndinwa 
 
 II. unwa or winwa 
 
 HI. nnwa or winwa, &c., &c. 
 
 na is also found in the Applied form, nginina, &c., &c., thus 
 
 Diann nginina vava : That is why I am here ; 
 lit. that is what I am for here. 
 
 The defective verb na is very indefinite in its meaning ; it simply and 
 •casually expresses the idea of being, to happen to be, to be (at a certain time or 
 place, whether habitually so or not) ; kala is much more definite, and speaks 
 rather of the habit or custom of being, being at, living at, &c. 
 
 Kala, therefore, means to be habitually or generally. 
 
( 691 ) 
 
 na, to happen to be ; 
 
 to be at a certain time. 
 
 Kinavava: It is here. 
 
 Kikalanga kuna e lumbu yawonso : It is always (kept) there. 
 
 Kizeye kwame ko, kana nsusu kwa jina mo: 
 
 I do not know as to how many fowls are in there. 
 
 Kizeye kwame ko e nsusu kwa jikalanga mo : 
 
 I do not know how many fowls are (living) there. 
 
 Kala or na are also used as equivalents of the verb, to havej the object 
 possessed is in that case mentioned before the verb, while the Subjective 
 pronoun, bearing the prefix of the class of that object, immediately follows the 
 verb. The verb takes the pronominal prefix of the subject, i.e. the possessor. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Madia mengi bakedi mau : They had much food. 
 
 Mbele zame ngina zau : I have my knives. 
 
 Kiese kingi bene kiau : 
 
 lit. Happiness much they have it ; 
 i.e. They are very happy. 
 
 It is probable that the Subjective pronoun follows the verbs kala and na 
 rather than an Objective form, because kala and na cannot govern a noun. 
 As in other languages, so in Kongo : 
 
 The verb “ to be ” takes the same case after it as before it. 
 
 When used with the preposition ya, ye, or yo, kala and na may often be 
 translated by the verb to have j thus 
 
 Kala ye : to be with = to have. 
 
 Kala ye kiese: to be with happiness =to have happiness = to be happy. 
 
 Kala ye mbele : to be with a knife = to have a knife. 
 
 Bakedi yo madia mengi : They had much food. 
 
 Ke bena ya madia mengi ko : They have not much food. 
 
 When kala or 11a are followed by an adverb, or an adverbial clause, com¬ 
 posed of the article or ya, ye, or yo before an abstract noun, the sentence is 
 often translated by using the verb to be , with the adjective derived from the 
 abstract noun. 
 
 Bakedi e kimpene = They were naked ; 
 lit. they were with nakedness, or nakedly. 
 
 Ke jina ejitu ko--=They were not heavy ; 
 lit. they are not with heaviness, or heavily. 
 
 The rules for the use of the article or the preposition ya, ye, or yo, in such 
 construction, are given in the Section on the Adverb. It will suffice to sum¬ 
 marise them here :— 
 
 I. The Article is used when the noun following it speaks of an essential 
 quality of the subject. 
 
 II. Ya, ye, or yo is used when the noun expresses a quality acquired by the 
 subject. 
 
 III. The Article is always omitted, and ye or yo becomes ya in negative 
 clauses. 
 
 The verb kala is never used in Kongo as an auxiliary verb. 
 
( 6 9 2 ) 
 
 l. 
 
 The verb to be is very frequently represented by the demonstrative verbal 
 participle i. 
 
 Invariable in form it is equivalent to the 3 r d person, both singular and 
 plural, of the verb to be , in any tense ; at the same time it calls attention to 
 some veiy special characteristic in its subject, or emphasizes some important 
 fact concerning it. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Oyandi i mfumu : He is chief = he it is who is chief. 
 
 Eyayi i yame : This is mine. 
 
 I kiau kiki: This is it. 
 
 I kuma tumbakidi : That is the reason why we caught him. 
 
 When used before a verb in the applied form, its subject diambu, or uma,. 
 or kuma, or mpitu, a reason, purpose , or motive , is understood. 
 
 i ndembele kwijila=i kuma ndembele kwijila : 
 
 That is the reason why I did not come. 
 
 The Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 The conjugation of the Kongo verb is perfect and complete in itself, without 
 the aid of any Auxiliary verb. There are, however, Auxiliary verbs which serve 
 to impart ideas which are not conveyed by any ordinary tenses, or some ideas 
 which in European languages are expressed by an adverb. The Auxiliary verb 
 always precedes the verb it assists ; thus :— 
 
 Yadi bwa : I might have fallen. 
 
 Toma kio ximba : Hold it carefully. 
 
 When an Auxiliary verb is used with a transitive verb, the object, if ex¬ 
 pressed by a noun, follows the second verb ; but when a pronoun represents 
 the object, the objective pronoun immediately follows the first verb, thus coming' 
 between it and the second. When he object is personal, and is expressed by 
 an objective pronominal prefix, thet prefix is applied to the second verb, as also 
 is the prefix ku, which is then proper to it, as a verb in the infinitive having an 
 objective prefix :— 
 
 Toma ximba e elonga edi : Hold this plate carefully. 
 
 Toma dio ximba : Hold it carefully. 
 
 Toma kunlonga : Teach him well. 
 
 The Auxiliary preserves its characteristic form, regardless of the passive 
 middle, continuative, applied, causative, or other form in which the verb it 
 serves may be found ; thus :— 
 
 Ke kitoma ximbwanga ko : It is not being well held. 
 
 (ximbwanga being passive continuous). 
 
 Dianu batomene yo tungila : That is why they have built it well, 
 (tungila wears the applied form). 
 
 When the perfect tense is used, it appears in the Auxiliary only, as above 
 (batomene). 
 
( 693 ) 
 
 The Auxiliary verbs are of two kinds :— 
 
 I. Those which are regular verbs used in all their tenses, assuming a special 
 and peculiar sense when used as auxiliaries. 
 
 II. Those which are defective verbs, or which are certain tenses of regular 
 
 verbs, serving as auxiliaries, and assuming a special sense and force 
 in such usage. 
 
 Al ' A ^ lhar y verb is distinguished from a regular and ordinary verb by the 
 
 the - h fi v 15 followecl b y il verb in the infinitive mood, not by a noun, or even 
 the infinitive noun. The noun following a verb should be preceded by its 
 
 r« m , a r? Se " tenCe; and the abs ence of the article will be sufficient 
 
 Which T ! ‘ SUS P ected vei ' b is an Auxiliary, and the second verb that 
 
 winch it assists ; thus :— 
 
 Vita {ordinary verb) : To be first. 
 
 Vita {auxiliary) : To soon. 
 
 f hi n n T SentenC K e oyandi wavita o kwiza, he came first- vita is shown to be 
 
 infimV y Verb ,’ by - the fact that iwiza has the artide before it, and is the 
 intimtn e noun • but in the sentence, 
 
 Oyandi wavita kwiza \ He will soon come, 
 
 tb Tth SenCe r f the J lticle Sh ° WS that vita is an auxiIiar y to the verb kwiza; 
 and the peculiar and special sense of the Auxiliary verb vita is assigned to it. 
 
 bo in the case of the Auxiliary verb lenda, to be able, to possess the Po-wer to 
 derived from lenda, to possess : power ' 
 
 Tulenda kio nata : We can carry it 
 
 Tulenda e njimbu jingi : We possess much money. 
 
 vita" nnrl Case ° f 1 , el>da ’ , the C0ntext serves at once t0 decide ; but in the case of 
 Vita and some others, the presence or absence of the article is the only clue a= 
 
 itself ° f ‘ he "°' d f ° Uowlng the ^spected verb, and thus of the verb 
 
 re^ilaVhl'ah’tT T VC ‘' bS ° f t,,e firSt kind i nam oly, verbs which are 
 
 regular in all their tenses, and are not defective :_ 
 
 Toma. 
 
 " pra " d by 
 
 Toma ximba : To hold well. 
 
 Toma soneka : To write well. 
 
 Toma tala e lekwa yame : Look well after my things. 
 Toma kio nata : Carry it carefully 
 
 Batomene kunlonga : They have taught him well. 
 
 Ke bazeye toma tunga nzo zau ko : 
 
 I hey do not know how to build their houses well. 
 
 Madia mama ke matomeme lambwa ko : 
 
 This food is not well cooked. 
 
 Ke nutomene kio kanga ko : 
 
 You do not tie it well, or you tie it carelessly. 
 
 Y Y 
 
( 694 ) 
 
 Lenda. 
 
 From lenda, to possess, is derived the Auxiliary lenda, to be able, to possess 
 the power to. 
 
 Oyandi olendele kio nata : He was able to carry it. 
 
 Tulenda kwenda : We can go. 
 
 Kwama. 
 
 From kwama, to be Jinn or persistejit in, is derived kwama, to be always, to 
 keep on, to be constantly. 
 
 Yela kekwama yelanga : He is always ailing 
 
 Tukwama kwendanga : We keep on going, we are constantly going. 
 
 Sala. 
 
 From sala, to remain (perf. xidi), comes the Auxiliary sala, to stop and -, 
 
 to set about, to see after — mg, to -make it one's business to ; it is used of an 
 action which has, or is to be performed, regardless of anything else, and the per¬ 
 former allows nothing else to engross his attention until accomplished ; thus :— 
 
 Osala vonda e nsusu : Set to work to kill a fowl ; 
 or never mind anything else, you see after killing a fowl. 
 
 It is also used in speaking indignantly of failure in the performance of a duty ; 
 thus :— 
 
 Una ndiele kuna oyandi oxidi leka kwandi: 
 
 While I went there he must needs go to sleep. 
 
 Ximba. 
 
 From ximba, to hold, comes ximba, to begin to -, to commence to -- 
 
 When this Auxiliary verb is used, it is clearly understood that the action com¬ 
 menced was continued for some time ; thus :— 
 
 Boxi kaximbidi kala o nleke ambote : 
 
 Then he commenced to be a good boy. 
 
 Baximbidi dila : They began to cry. 
 
 Baka. 
 
 From baka, to catch, comes the Auxiliary baka, to commence to -, to begin 
 
 to -. Baka differs from ximba {see above), in that the action commenced is 
 
 almost at once discontinued. 
 
 Oximbidi dila : You commenced crying (and cried for a long while). 
 
 Obakidi dila : You began to cry (and stopped almost at once). 
 
 Yava ndweke babakidi tina : 
 
 When I arrived they began to run away. 
 
 Bonga. 
 
 From bonga, to take, comes the auxiliary bonga, which is used in an empha¬ 
 tic, and surprised or indignant narration, equivalent to the English expression 
 to go and -. 
 
 Muna nzo angani kabongele kota kakotele : 
 
 He went and entered into somebody else’s house ; 
 
 lit. into the house of another he went and entered ; he entered. 
 
 Levola kabongele kundevola: 
 
 He must needs abuse me ; lit. abusing he goes and abuses me. 
 
( 695 ) 
 
 Zola. 
 
 I h rom zola, to love, like , wish for, comes the Auxiliary zola, to want to, to 
 wish to, Zola is one of those verbs which generally appear in the perfect ; the 
 auxiliary follows it in this also :— 
 
 Nzolele sumba e nsusu : I want to buy a fowl. 
 
 Teka. 
 
 Teka, to . .first ox before -is used of time only. 
 
 Dingalala, mono kibeni yateka kwenda : Stop, I myself will go first. 
 Oyandi otekele kungwanda : He struck me first. 
 
 Vika. 
 
 Vika, to . early or soon indicates that the action was, or is to be, performed 
 
 early or soon ; thus :— 
 
 Ovika kwiza ; Come early. 
 
 Adieyi ovikidi vutukila ? Why have you returned so soon ? 
 
 Tuka. 
 
 From tuka, to go, come, or be from, is derived the Auxiliary tuka, to be just 
 
 route from -, to have just, equivalent to the French venir de. 
 
 Wau ketuka luaka : He is just now come (zY vient d’arriver). 
 
 Vwa. 
 
 From vwa, to rome to an end, is derived the Auxiliary verb vwa, to have 
 
 already or quite -, &c. It denotes that the action is definitely complete 
 
 and accomplished ; it is equivalent to a very emphatic perfect tense. 
 
 Vava ndweki i bavwidi kwenda kwau : 
 
 When I arrived they had already gone ; i.e. their departure was then an 
 accomplished fact, the act of departing had come to an end. 
 
 Mana. 
 
 From mana, to finish, comes another Auxiliary of like force, mana, to have 
 
 already -, to have quite or completely - ; it is used of a progressive action 
 
 which has ceased :— 
 
 Bamene yoka e nzo zawanso : They have burnt every one of the houses ; 
 i.e. they have finished the operation of burning. 
 
 ’ V 
 
 Lemba. 
 
 Lemba is a negative Auxiliary derived from the root of lembwa, to be with - 
 
 •out, to lack, abstain from -, not to have. It implies : to jail to, not to, to 
 
 •neglect to, to foi'bear, to omit to, to leave off :— 
 
 .Adieyi kalembele kwijila : Why did he fail to come ? 
 
 -L-alembele kunlonga : .They never taught him {or, they did not teach 
 
 him). 
 
 Kambwa. 
 
 Xarnbwa is identical in force with lemba :— 
 
 Dianu bekambwa kio sumbila: That is why they do not buy it. 
 
( 696 ) 
 
 The following Auxiliary verbs are defective, being found only in certain 
 tenses :— 
 
 Za. 
 
 The defective Auxiliary, za, is used in making a promise, or when speaking 
 definitely and with certainty of some action to take place, or some condition 
 to be realized in the future, equivalent to :— to be sure to. It is found only in 
 the future consequent tense subjunctive. 
 
 0 mbaji yaza kwenda : To-morrow I will surely go. 
 
 Dingalala, kaza kio twasa : Wait, he will be sure to bring it. 
 
 Xinga. 
 
 Xinga is also a defective Auxiliary, being found only in the subjunctive 
 futuie indefinite and consequent tenses, equivalent to, shall have to, must , be 
 obliged to, implying that an action will certainly have to be performed :—• 
 
 Nxinga kwenda : I shall have to go. 
 
 Yaxinga kwenda : I shall have to go. 
 
 The later is less definite, and more remote, though equally certain. 
 
 Xinga recognises no duty or compulsion as the force which makes the 
 future action certain to take place ; although such reasons may exist, the verb 
 only expresses the certainty. 
 
 Vita. 
 
 From vita, to be ox go first or be beforehand or foremost, to be the first to , to 
 do previously or already. ..comes vita, to...soon—to. . .very shortly. 
 
 Vita has not so wide a use as the non-defective vika. It is found only in the 
 future consequent tense subjunctive, it has therefore a confined usage, being 
 
 employed to state \ery definitely that a future action will take place surely and 
 at an early date. 
 
 Wavita vutuka : He will soon return. 
 
 -akanini. 
 
 From kanina, to take leave , comes the Auxiliary -akanini which is only 
 found in the past perfect form ; it is equivalent to : to be not yet, to have never. 
 
 Kolo ke kiakanini lungako : It is not yet time ; 
 lit. the time is not yet up. 
 
 Madia ke makanini via ko : The food is not yet cooked. 
 
 Mono kwame ke akanini ko kwenda nkutu ko : 
 
 I have never yet been there ; lit. I have not yet there gone at all. 
 
 -lembi. 
 
 The Auxiliary -lembi is derived from the same root as lembwa, to fail to. 
 
 It is found only in the future indefinite and consequent tenses subjunctive. 
 Its final vowel is i in both tenses. 
 
 I t implies that in spite of all efforts, it has been impossible to accomplish that 
 which was desired. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yalembi kio xinsa 0 nata 1 Try as I might I could not carry it. 
 
 Ndembi kio tunta, kivaikixi kio kwame ko: 
 
 Pull as I might, it was no use, I could not get it out. 
 
( 697 ) 
 
 Fwete. 
 
 Fwete is a defective Auxiliary verb, found only in the present and past 
 perect tenses. It is derived from the same root as fwana, to Jit, to be Jit . 
 is use in speaking of an action, or result which should naturally follow, or 
 e o owe , certain circumstances stated or understood; it is therefore 
 equivalent to may, can, must, might, could, should, or would . 
 
 Ke bazeye tunga nzo ifwete kala mundele ko: 
 
 iey do not know how to build a house fit for a white man to live in. 
 
 Xisa vana mfwete kio mwena : Leave it where I can see it. 
 
 Ofwete kio baka : You ought to have caught it. 
 
 Fwete is also used in such interrogative sentences as the following 
 
 Nga bafwete fwa e ? They are dead, then, of course ? 
 
 Nga ofwete zo dia e ? You will have eaten them, then, of course ? 
 
 Di or Adi. 
 
 A defective verb, di or adi*(root unknown), is found only in the future 
 consequent subjunctive used in a clause consequent to, or connected with, some 
 ot er statement , it implies that the action referred to might have or would 
 have taken place, but it is most distinctly intended and understood that the 
 action did not take place, or was not accomplished after all. The particles 
 nga or se frequently precede it. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Ke kikedi ya ngolo ko, se yadi bwa : It was not strong, I might have fallen. 
 Kga twadi yo vonda : . We might have killed them. 
 
 Kala vo wiza e kolo kiabiza, nga wadi bamona : 
 
 Had you come in good time, you would have seen them. 
 
 It is also used without se or nga in a primary sentence which is followed by 
 a secondary sentence in the unnatural negative. 
 
 Yadi tanganga, miau ke mitangakana : 
 
 I have tried over and over again to count them, but they cannot be counted ; 
 or try as I might, they are not to be counted. 
 
 In such a case it implies that the attempt was made repeatedly, but without 
 the desired result being attained, and any further attempt is altogether hopeless. 
 With the ordinary negative the above sentence would have implied that no 
 attempt had even been made, because it was altogether hopeless ; thus :— 
 
 Miau ke mitangakana ko, vo ke wau ko, nga yadi tanganga : 
 
 They are innumerable, else I should have been counting them. 
 
 With the unnatural negative things are reversed, and experience prevents 
 further repetition. 
 
 Yadi leka mono kimona tulu : 
 
 Try to sleep as I might, I could not get to sleep. 
 
 * Adi is possibly connected in 
 bouring dialects (Mpalabala, &c. 
 
 some way with the reflexive form prefix di, found in nei°t„ 
 
 \ £5 
 
( 6 9 8 ) 
 
 Kwiza or kwenda before another verb. 
 
 When kwiza, to come , and kwenda, to go, are used with other verbs which 
 denote the purpose or motive of the going or coming, a special form is induced 
 in the verb of the motive or purpose ; a is prefixed to the verb stem, and the 
 final a is replaced by i ; thus :— 
 
 Sumba : To buy. 
 
 Kwenda asumbi : To go to buy, or to go and buy. 
 
 Wele asumbi e mbiji : He is gone to buy meat. 
 
 Wijidi ateki o nlele : He is come to sell cloth. 
 
 Wenda aviti kwaku : Go on in front. 
 
 When the verb of the purpose, &c., has an objective pronoun, it may follow 
 the second verb, and appear in its usual form ; or it may come between the 
 kwiza or kwenda, and the verb of purpose, &c.; thus :— 
 
 Wele avavi kio or wele kiavavi : He is gone to look for it. 
 
 When the objective pronoun comes between the two verbs, it is, prefixed to 
 the second verb, and its final 0 enters into combination or elides before the 
 prefix a of the second verb. It would be too awkward to make it kiwavavi, 
 so the o drops out after i and y, otherwise it is w. An example of avavi will 
 serve for all verbs. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 I 
 
 amvavi 
 
 bavavi 
 
 2 
 
 yavavi 
 
 zwavavi 
 
 3 & 4 
 
 wavavi 
 
 miavavi 
 
 5 & 6 
 
 kiavavi 
 
 yavavi 
 
 7 & 8 
 
 diavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 9 
 
 kwavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 IO & I I 
 
 luavavi 
 
 twavavi 
 
 12 
 
 wavavi 
 
 wavavi 
 
 13 
 
 wavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 14 
 
 vwavavi 
 
 mwavavi 
 
 15 
 
 fiavavi 
 
 
 
 Nda and Nza. 
 
 
 Kwenda and kwiza have each a contracted imperative form :— nda, go, and 
 nza, come. 
 
 Nda 3umba kio : Go and buy it. 
 
 Nda kiasumbi may also be used according to the above rule. 
 
 Mbula. 
 
 Yambula, to let , to allow, has also a contracted imperative form, mbula,, 
 used with verbs in the subjunctive mood. 
 
 Mbula ken da : Let him go. 
 
 Mbula kasumba kio : Let him buy it. 
 
THE INTERJECTION. 
 
 The simple vocative is e in Kongo, equivalent to Oh ! in English. 
 
 It is thus used in addressing or calling :— 
 
 E mfumu : Oh, sir ! 
 
 E Nlemvo : Oh, Nlemvo ! 
 
 It is used also in impatience, after an inquiry, when seeking the attention of 
 one addressed, or as the sign of interrogation. 
 
 Wiza e ! Come, do ! 
 
 Nkia iekwa ovava e ? What do you want ? 
 
 It is used also as an interjection of pain. 
 
 When a Kongo is in trouble, he calls upon his mother or father : — 
 
 Eyayae! Oh, mother ! 
 
 E tata e ! Oh, father ! 
 
 E tata-tata-tata ! Oh dear ! Oh dear ! Oh dear ! 
 lit. Father ! father ! father ! 
 
 In surprise they also call on their parents. 
 
 E ngwa anie! Oh mother ! 
 
 Tata! Father! 
 
 Kinga, indeed , may be used as an interjection denoting surprise at some 
 information. 
 
 In answering to a call, Kongos reply :— 
 
 Kalunga ! 
 
 Nzambi! 
 
 Kongo! 
 
 The affirmative is expressed by elo, yes. 
 
 In making a respectful reply or remark, 
 
 inga, or more commonly ingeta, 
 
 is appended to the reply or remark ; unless combined with a negative, it is a 
 respectful affirmative, equivalent to yes. 
 
 Mono kwame, ingeta : It is I. 
 
 Nkadidi kwame, ingeta : It was not I. 
 
 Ozolele kwiza ? ingeta : Do you wish to come ? Yes. 
 
 ve, pele and pele kwandi are expressions of dissent, equivalent to, No. 
 
 In making an inquiry as to the correctness of a statement, the statement is 
 made positively, and then followed by the interrogatives kamba or ndivo, 
 which are equivalent to, is it not? 
 
V 700 ; 
 
 3° * nc i u * re whether a remark has been heard, or properly noticed, mbe or 
 mbie . do you hear ? eh ? are used. 
 
 Okwenda e, mbe ? Shall you go, eh ? 
 
 offering something, they say, ma ! take l It is not altogether respectful 
 to use it to a superior. v 
 
 Ndolo ! is equivalent to, go on , come on / 
 
 . ^° ng0S are a P l in imi tating sounds ; such imitations are of course inter¬ 
 jections, and can never be treated as nouns. 
 
 Pwa, the sound of something snapping. 
 
 Kiutu or kiubu, the sound caused by the act of swallowins 
 
 
ACCENT. 
 
 The accent in Kongo falls upon the first syllable* of the stem. 
 
 When more than two syllables follow the first syllable of the stem, a 
 secondary and weaker accent falls upon the penult. 
 
 It is upon the first syllable of the stem that the accent falls, not upon the 
 ifirst syllable of the word ; prefixes, therefore, do not affect the question. 
 
 If a verb possesses prefixes to the extent of two or more syllables, the first 
 •of such prefix-syllables receives also a slight accent. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 meso 
 
 lunza 
 
 lauka 
 
 nua 
 
 zengona 
 
 tantika 
 
 katuka 
 
 piiikisa 
 
 kangidila 
 
 vengojidka 
 
 bangumuna 
 
 bongolola 
 
 dingalala 
 
 makumole 
 
 xienxiumuka 
 
 kulukuta 
 
 katulwisa 
 
 fwantalakesa 
 
 tiakalakana 
 
 sumbididila 
 
 sumbididilanga 
 
 mono 
 
 ndinga 
 
 diata 
 
 nkiendi 
 
 ndiediedie 
 
 nkiambiembie 
 
 xienxiele 
 
 ntiamvuna 
 
 mbadio 
 
 ndindangana 
 
 nkidikilwa 
 
 pitakiana 
 
 wasajiana 
 
 xiexiabende 
 
 niiamfomo 
 
 nzangalavwa 
 
 nsungnlna 
 
 mvwangalakani 
 
 nkalakalaboxia 
 
 zsngolotdma 
 
 bongololanga 
 
 The following are instances of the 
 and more syllables bearing a prefix. 
 
 luve 
 
 kiuma 
 
 lundengwa 
 
 dievwa 
 
 adieyi 
 
 position of the accent in words of two 
 
 V 
 
 mata 
 
 kibi 
 
 lutialu 
 
 lutambiku 
 
 kiambote 
 
 * N.B.— ia, ie, io and iu, when radical in polysyllabic words, are regarded as one syllable ; 
 the second vowel only receives the accent if any. When the i belongs to a prefix they are 
 separate syllables, the same is the case when they are the only;vowels in a stem, such as 
 
 kia, mfia, kinia. 
 
 r<'i 
 
( 702 ) 
 
 kimbangumuna 
 
 mazudikila 
 
 luyinduxianu 
 
 tubaka' 
 
 tukunubaka 
 
 yakatuka 
 
 tukunutambulwila 
 
 wafimfidikiti 
 
 lumpimgumpungu 
 
 mazakazaka 
 
 kintutukulu 
 
 tubakanga 
 
 bazolele 
 
 yakatukidi 
 
 tukatikisanga 
 
 \ 
 
 nwakwabafwantalakeselanga: 
 
 you were doing it badly for them. 
 
 Dissyllabic words are accented on their last syllable according to the fore¬ 
 going rule. 
 
 Examples. 
 lubo : dregs, 
 
 tuta : we play, &c. 
 
 luve : a truce, 
 
 eve : a wing. 
 
 In the case of maki, meso, dinu, maji, the first syllables are euphonic com¬ 
 
 binations of a prefix with an initial vowel, and are therefore accented. A few 
 dissyllabic words take the accent on the first syllable although it is a prefix :— 
 
 disa plural masa 
 
 kiji: 
 
 kime : 
 
 kimfi : 
 
 kinga: 
 
 kiti: 
 
 kulu : 
 
 kutu: 
 
 liiku : 
 
 liimbu : 
 
 lunga: 
 
 lusu : 
 
 maize ( a foreign word). 
 
 a trap. 
 
 dew. 
 
 a gizzard. 
 
 a charred stalk of grass, 
 a chip, 
 a leg. 
 an ear. 
 
 cassava meal, 
 a stockade, 
 a blast. 
 
 a flavour (unpleasant). 
 
 Sundry disturbing factors tend to interfere with the even application of the 
 above rule. 
 
 The perfect of the applied form of the verb, in both the active and passive 
 voices, requires strong accentuation on the penult. If the word consists of four 
 syllables the prefix and penult are each accented, but if there exists one or more 
 syllables between the first syllable of the stem and the penult, the first syllable 
 of the stem receives an accent as well as the penult. 
 
 Simple Form. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Perf. Pass. 
 
 Applied Form. 
 
 Perf. Act. 
 
 mbakidi 
 
 tukanini 
 
 nkolele 
 
 nkatukidi 
 
 tubangumiikini 
 
 mbakilu 
 
 tukaninu 
 
 nkdlelo 
 
 nkatukilu 
 
 tub an g umukinu 
 
 Perf. Act. 
 
 mbakidi 
 
 tukanini 
 
 nkolele 
 
 nkatukidi 
 
 tubangumukini 
 
 Perf. Pass. 
 mbakilu 
 tukaninu 
 nkolelo 
 nkatukilu 
 tubangumukinu 
 
The few words ending in enia and ania take the accent on the penult : — 
 
 Examples. 
 
 swengenia. 
 
 twengenia. 
 
 kwenkenia. 
 
 munsangania. 
 
 Nkololo, a shout, is a reproduction of a sound, and is accentuated on each 
 syllable. 
 
 Reduplicated words such as zebele-zebele and limga-limga are accentuated 
 as though they were two separate words. 
 
 The compound numerals makumatatu, makumasambanu, &c., are accented 
 on the first syllable of each stem. 
 
 When a monosyllable follows another word without any pause between them, 
 the monosyllable draws the accent of the preceding word upon its final syllable.. 
 When that final syllable has been elided before the article, the accent falls oil 
 the article. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Pronounced ' 
 
 Tiinga e nzo : Build a house; tunganzo. 
 
 Kima nzo : To a house ; kunanzo. 
 
 Muna to yau. : In their bodies ; munato yan. 
 
 Yambula e fu kiaki : Give up this habit; yambulefu kiaki. 
 
 Xikama tu : Wake up then ; xikamatu. 
 
 Wenda mpe : Go also ; wendampo. 
 
 0 mono mpe: I too ; omonompe. 
 
 Tuku, then , also draws the accent of the preceding word to its last syllable* 
 
 Example. 
 
 Pronounced 
 
 Xikama tuku : Wake up then ; xikamatuku. 
 
 Tuku may more properly be considered to consist of two separate particles, 
 tu and kll ; otherwise its influence on the accent of the preceding word is. 
 anomalous. 
 
 The particle ele is accented on its first syllable. The final a of verbs elides 
 before the vowel initial of ele, the result being that the accent of the verb is. 
 shifted to the initial vowel of the particle. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Pronounced 
 
 Wiza ele : Come then ; wizele. 
 
 Siimba ele : Buy then ; sumbele. 
 
 The monosyllabic locatives, the particles of negation, the preposition and 
 conjunction ya, ye, yo, and the particle -a (of) have no influence over the 
 accentuation. 
 
 There is a special prolongation of utterance which is used to distinguish be¬ 
 tween two words which would otherwise be exactly alike ; thus :— 
 
 Baka : To catch ; Baka : To rend. 
 
 Nkaka : A manis ; Nkaka : A grandparent. 
 
 There are very few such words. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 Many matters which properly pertain to Syntax have been considered in the 
 'etymological portion of this Grammar. As instances may be mentioned the 
 principles of the alliterative concord, the use of the passive and middle voices 
 •of the verb, the adjective sentence, the negative, &c. 
 
 These matters are so fully treated of under the various parts of speech, that 
 there is no need for reconsideration in this syntactical portion. 
 
 The Subject. 
 
 In the construction of sentences, the law of first import is that which requires 
 that the subject of the verb must be the most important topic in the sentence ; 
 
 no subordinate or immaterial factor can take precedence over it or hold the 
 position of the subject. 
 
 This rule involves the use of the passive and middle voices more frequently 
 than in English, and the sentence must be moulded accordingly. An idiom 
 results very foreign to European speech, but since it is based on such rational 
 principles it should be readily acquired. 
 
 This matter is considered at length under the Verb in the sections on the 
 passive and the middle voices, and on the passive of the applied form ; to those 
 [places the student is referred. The principle of the concord between the noun 
 and. any word qualifying or governed by it, is also fully explained under the 
 •section on the alliterative concord, and under the adjective, pronoun, and verb. 
 
 Nature of the Subject. 
 
 The subject may be :— 
 a noun, . 
 
 two or more nouns connected conjunctively, 
 an infinitive, with or without its object, 
 a pronoun or pronominal clause, 
 a locative clause, 
 a numeral. 
 
 When the subject consists of two or more nouns connected by the conjunc¬ 
 tion ya, ye or yo, the conjunction precedes each of the nouns. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yo nge yo yandi nwenda : You and he go. 
 
 Yo nmndele ye ngamba zandi jilueke : 
 
 The white man and his carriers have arrived. 
 
 When a verb in the infinitive mood is the subject of a sentence, it follows 
 t te rules laid down in the section on the noun, under the tenth derivative noun. 
 
 It may be followed by its object, or may bear the objective pronominal prefix 
 when the object is personal. 
 
 rot 
 
( 705 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yo dia yo leka kaka kuyindulwa : To feed and sleep is alone thought of. 
 
 0 vuluza wantu kusundidi o mamhu mawonso muna ntima andi: 
 
 To save men, or, the salvation of men, exceeded everything in his mind. 
 Kutuvuluza kukedi muna ntima andi: 
 
 Our salvation {lit. to save us) was in his mind. 
 
 The subject may be represented by a pronoun, either personal, demonstrative, 
 or interrogative ; very often the subjective pronominal prefix suffices alone to- 
 represent the subject of the verb. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Oyandi okwizanga : He is coming. 
 
 Kiau kitekwanga : It is being sold. 
 
 Ekiaki kisolokele muna nzo au : This has been found in their house. 
 Nani otolwele kio ? Who broke it ? 
 
 Nki kisotokele ? What fell ? 
 
 Ke diambu ko kwiza nkwiza : Never mind, I am coming. 
 
 I diau didi mazengelwa : That is why they were cut down. 
 
 / 
 
 When the emphatic forms of the personal pronouns stand as the subject of 
 the verb, the particles— 
 
 Pers. Sing-. Plnr. 
 
 1 kwame kweto 
 
 2 kwaku kweno 
 
 3 kwandi kwau 
 
 take their place immediately after the pronoun. 
 
 _ When the pronominal prefix only represents the subject, the emphatic par¬ 
 ticle, if there be one, always follows the predicate. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Mono kwame nzolele kwenda : I want to go. 
 
 Yeto kweto tusumbidi zo : We ourselves bought them. 
 
 Se nkwiza kwame : I will come now. 
 
 Kitiazukini kwandi : It is torn. 
 
 These paitides are more fully considered under the Pronoun, to which place 
 the student is referred. 
 
 A pronominal phrase may figure as the subject; thus :— 
 
 I kiau kiki kikatukidi : It is this which has come out. 
 
 A locative clause may appear as the subject of the verb ; in such a case, one 
 of the nouns signifying place, kuma, vuma, or muma, is understood. 
 
 The locality is generally indicated by a phrase composed of a locative pre-- 
 position and a noun ; then the locative prefix on the verb refers to that locality; 
 thus :— 
 
 Muna evata dieto mwakedi muntu : There was a man in our town. 
 
 The locality is stated in the phrase, muna evata dieto, in our town; then 
 the prefix mw refers to that locality. 
 
( 7c6 ) 
 
 Vana vena e mpangi zame : Where my brothers are, 
 
 stands for 
 
 Vuma vana vena e mpangi zame : That place which is at my brothers. 
 
 The locative may thus serve in Kongo as the subject of the verb, just as 
 ■■where and there do in English. 
 
 A numeral adjective may serve as the subject of the verb, the noun which it 
 'qualifies being understood ; in such a case the verb also assumes the same 
 class as the numeral ; thus : — 
 
 Jitatu jikwizanga : Three are coming. 
 
 Sometimes a numeral noun is employed instead of a numeral adjective, for 
 instance, eknmi, a ten , a lot of ten. In such cases the numeral may be the 
 subject of the verb. Round numbers are frequently thus expressed. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Eknmi diamindele dijidi : Ten white men have come. 
 
 Enana dia maki ditetele : Eight eggs have been hatched out. 
 
 Position of Subject. 
 
 The subject generally precedes the predicate ; but when a verb has for its 
 object a demonstrative, relative or interrogative pronoun, which stands for 
 -emphasis at the head of the sentence, the subject is placed at the end of 
 die sentence. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E nkombo ididi o mankondo maku : The goat has eaten your plantain. 
 
 Edi kavovele o mfumu, nwiza : The chief said, come ; 
 
 lit. this he said, the chief, come. 
 
 Unsamunwini o mambu mana kavovele Mfiau : 
 
 He told me the things which Mfiau had said. 
 
 Nki kazolele yandi ? What does he like ? 
 
 Attributes of Subject. 
 
 The subject may be distinguished by :— 
 an article, 
 or qualified by :— 
 
 an adjective or adjectival clause, 
 an adjective pronoun, 
 
 a participle or participial clause or sentence, 
 a relative sentence, 
 a noun in apposition. 
 
 The subject is preceded by the article proper to its class and number. The 
 article possesses some distinguishing force, and is used when the subject is 
 demonstrated or emphasised ; when speaking indefinitely, no attempt being 
 ■made to indicate precisely, the article is generally omitted. The article is 
 never used before the names of persons. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E mfumu za nxi ekwiza : The chiefs of the country are coming. 
 
 E mbele aku isotokele : Your knife has fallen. 
 
 Nzo ikweme : A house is on fire. 
 
 E nlele miau bala kwiugi mibadidi : Their cloth is very dear. 
 
( 7°7 ) 
 
 Whether an adjectival idea be expressed by one word or many, it is preceded 
 by the prefix or particle -a; that is to say, when the idea is expressed in one 
 word, the prefix -a is applied to the stem ; when by a sentence, it is prefaced 
 by the paiticle -a. I he -a then receives the usual prefixes of the concord. 
 
 In this manner the adjective agrees with the noun it qualifies in class, num¬ 
 ber, and person. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Kinzu kiabiza : A good pipe. 
 
 Mankondo mambwaki tusumbidi ezono : 
 
 The red plantain which we bought yesterday. 
 
 Disu dia mbwa : The eye of the dog. 
 
 E fimbele fiafi fia nani? Whose is this little knife ? 
 
 When several attributes qualify one noun, the adjective pronouns take the 
 preceoence, aftei those the numerals, and then the adjective proper. 
 
 E mbele aku abiza itolokele : Your good knife is broken. 
 
 0 mankondo mama mambote matayikidi : These good plantain are sold. 
 
 E nti miole mianda mina mu : Two tall trees are in here. 
 
 If there be an adjectival clause it follows last among any qualifying words. 
 
 An adjectival clause, composed of the infinitive noun preceded by the particle 
 -X, may modify the subject; in such case the noun denotes the purpose or aim of 
 the subject. The particle -a may be rendered in English by, to or for. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E njimbu za sumbila madi meto jivwidi: 
 
 Money for to buy our food with is finished. 
 
 E kiandu, kia fonga nge, kiau kikwizanga : 
 
 A. chair for you to sit upon is coming. 
 
 In the above sentences it will be seen that the object of the infinitive follows 
 it, while if the infinitive is intransitive, its subject may follow it. 
 
 A participle is purely adjectival in its force, but carries with it the idea of 
 time and person ; it may also possess a subject and object, thus retaining much 
 of its verbal character. 
 
 As a rule a participle qualifies its own subject, if it is the participle of a 
 transitive verb its own object follows it, and thus a participial clause is created, 
 consisting of the participle and its object. 
 
 Muntu olundumukanga oviokele e nzo ame : 
 
 A man running has passed my house. 
 
 E ngamba jinatanga e mbongo zaku jikwiza : 
 
 Porters carrying your goods are coming. 
 
 A paiticiple in Kongo may qualify its own object, and a construction results 
 which can only be rendered in English by a relative sentence. 
 
 I he participle may in that case agree with its subject or its object; its 
 subject is placed after the participle. 
 
 Example. 
 
 E nzo ketungidi yandi jividi : The houses which he built are burnt 
 may also appear thus :— 1 
 
 E nzo jitungidi yandi jividi. 
 
( 7oS ) 
 
 Nouns of time and place may also be qualified by a participial sentence, the 
 
 articiple taking the prefix of the noun qualified. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E fulu kivaikanga o maza kisolokele : 
 
 The place where or from which the water comes out is found. 
 
 E lumbu kinokanga e mvula tukuna zo : When it rains we will sow them ; 
 
 lit. the day (when) rains the rain we will sow them. 
 
 The subject may receive amplification from a sentence introduced by the 
 relative pronoun. 
 
 The relative agrees with its antecedent in class, number, and person ; it is 
 identical in form with the demonstrative, assuming also various forms accord- 
 ing to position, relative to the speaker. 
 
 The relative sentence follows the antecedent, and takes its place before the 
 predicate. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E mbele ina nsumbidi ezono ivididi: 
 
 The knife which I bought yesterday is lost. 
 
 0 muntu ona watunga e nzo eyi, kuna nxi kuna kawutuka Zwaki katuka : 
 
 The man, who built this house, came from the country where Zwaki was born.. 
 
 The last sentence gives an instance of the locative relative, for when places 
 are mentioned the relative pronouns proper to kuma, vuma, and muma are 
 frequently used :— 
 
 Kuna : where = at which place. 
 
 Vana : where = on which place. 
 
 Muna : where = in which place. 
 
 Position of Attributes. 
 
 An adjective proper or adjective pronoun generally takes its place after the 
 noun it qualifies, but when special emphasis is required, it may precede it. It 
 then follows the article, or in the case of special emphasis, both the adjective 
 and the noun may each be preceded by the article. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E nzo abiza katungidi : He built a nice house. 
 
 E nkombo zaku jivwidi dia o masa mame : 
 
 Your goats have eaten up my corn. 
 
 Ezaku nkombo or ezaku e nkombo ke zabiza ko : 
 
 Your goats are not good. 
 
 E kiaki lumbu or ekiaki e lumbu kia lumingu kwandi : 
 
 This day is Sunday. 
 
 It seldom happens that an adjective proper thus precedes the noun ; it is a 
 very common construction, however, with the adjective pronoun. 
 
 \\ hen two nouns are qualified by one attribute, the qualification must be 
 repeated aftei each, so also in the case of the same number of various things 
 the number must be repeated each time. 
 
( 709 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yo mameme mambote ye nkombo zambote, jina muna mavata mau : 
 
 Good sheep and goats are in their towns. 
 
 Ye mbele tatu ye nsoma ntatu : 
 
 Three knives and forks. 
 
 A noun in apposition may qualify the subject, in such case it stands after 
 the noun it qualifies, with which it must agree in number and person. 
 
 The noun in apposition may be itself distinguished and modified in the same 
 manner as the subject. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yau, mfumu za nxi, bavanini o nkalu : 
 
 They, the chiefs of the country denied it. 
 
 Ntotela, e ntinu a enekongo, ovovele wo : 
 
 Ntotela, king of the Kongos, said so. 
 
 Asolongo, antu ana bekalanga kuna Banana, betunga e nzo zau e mpila 
 
 moxi: 
 
 The Asolongo, the people who live about Banana, build their houses in the 
 
 same manner. 
 
 When the subject becomes too far removed from its predicate by an inter¬ 
 vening subsidiary clause, its personal pronoun may stand before the verb. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E kinkutu kiaku, kina kivididi ezono, kiau kisolokele : 
 
 The coat which you lost yesterday (it) is found. 
 
 0 madia, ma dia nge, mau mavidi: 
 
 The food for you to eat (it) is ready. 
 
 The personal pronoun of the subject must always appear before an intransi¬ 
 tive verb in the “ unnatural negative, 5 ’ it precedes the only negative particle. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Yadi tanga o nti, miau ke mitangakana : 
 
 I tried to count the trees, they were not to be counted. 
 
 Nature of the Predicate. 
 
 The Predicate may consist of— 
 a verb, 
 
 an auxiliary verb and its complement, 
 a verbal adjective, 
 a verbal adjective pronoun, 
 a noun wearing a verbal form. 
 
 The Predicate always assumes one of a series of prefixes proper to the class, 
 number, and person of its subject, whether its subject is otherwise mentioned 
 or not. By this prefix the subject is clearly indicated ; forms and further 
 details are given under the verb and pronoun. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Lumbu yawonso kekwizanga aka : He keeps coming every day. 
 
 Kinzu kiaki kiwudikidi: This pot is broken. 
 
 Tuzolele kwenda leka : We want to go and sleep. 
 
 z z 
 
( 7io ) 
 
 When two persons or parties of persons are thus mentioned, one being in 
 the ist person, the prefixes of the ist person plural are employed; if the 2nd 
 person is mentioned, the 2nd person plural, otherwise those of the 3rd person 
 plural are assumed. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yo mono yo nge tukwenda : I and you are going. 
 
 Yo nge yo yau nukwenda : You ana they are going. 
 
 Yo Luvusn yo yau bekwenda : Luvusu and they are going. 
 
 In speaking of himself and another, a Kongo mentions himself first. 
 
 Yo mono yo mfumu ame tuvangidi kio : 
 
 I and my chief made it. 
 
 When the predicate possesses two or more subjects connected conjunctively, 
 the agreement of the verb is as follows 
 
 When two singular nouns are connected as the subject of the verb, the 
 verb assumes the prefix proper to the latter noun, unless the former is of 
 greater importance. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Ye disu dimoxi, yo kutu kumoxi kufwidi: 
 
 One eye and one ear are destroyed. 
 
 Ye mbele yayi, yo nlele wau isolokele : 
 
 This knife and this cloth are found. 
 
 In the latter sentence the knife is for some reason of greater importance, 
 and the verb agrees with it. The cloth is considered as an accompaniment 
 of the found knife, and the sentence might be rendered :—This knife with the 
 cloth is found. 
 
 When a plural and a singular noun are coupled together, as the subjects of a 
 verb, the verb assumes the prefix proper to the plural noun, the singular being 
 regarded as an accession to or accompaniment of the subject and not the true 
 subject of the verb. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yo nkele andi, ye mbongo zandi jijidi: 
 
 His gun and his goods have come. 
 
 Ye mbongo zandi, yo nkele andi jijidi: 
 
 His goods and his gun have come. 
 
 If, however, the singular noun is of special importance, the verb takes the 
 prefix of that; thus :— 
 
 Yo mwana aku ye lekwa yandi wijidi : 
 
 Your child and his things have come. 
 
 When two plural nouns are thus connected, the verb takes the prefix proper 
 to the most important of them. When neither is specially important, the verb 
 generally follows the latter ; thus :— 
 
 Ye mbongo zandi, ye nkele miandi mijidi : 
 
 His goods and guns are come. 
 
 When a person or persons are mentioned, they are nearly always regarded 
 as being of the most importance. 
 
 When more than two nouns are thus connected the same principles 
 operate. 
 
( 7H ) 
 
 When tw° alt e inati\ res are coupled together by the conjunctions 0V0.. 0V0, 
 
 e pie icate is generally introduced after the first alternative, and assumes 
 accordingly its prefix. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Ovo ngeye okwenda, ovo yau ke diambu ko : 
 
 Whether you or they go it is all right. 
 
 When the interrogative nani, who, is the subject of the verb, a person is 
 
 a ways understood, and the verb takes the prefix of the 1st class, singular or 
 plural, according as the case may be. 
 
 Nki, what, always refers to lekwa, a thing or things, and the prefix to the 
 verb must therefore be of class 6. 
 
 Kwa, how much, how many , refers to some noun previously mentioned or 
 un erstoo ; when it stands as the subject of a verb both kwa and the verb 
 bear the prefix proper to the noun referred to. 
 
 Exajnples. 
 
 Nani obokele : Who called ? 
 
 Nani ejidi : Who have come ? 
 
 Nki kina mu : What is in there ? 
 
 Makwa masumbilu : How many are bought ? 
 
 When a verb is assisted by an auxiliary verb, it always follows its auxiliary • 
 
 i wears the infinitive form, but never takes the article before it; that is to say, 
 it never figures as an infinitive noun. 
 
 This is the distinguishing feature of an auxiliary verb, and is of great import¬ 
 ance, since it is often the only test by which to be assured of the nature of the 
 preceding verb ; see the section on the Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 The auxiliary always receives the subjective prefix, as also any prefix which 
 may be indicative of tense ; it also assumes the perfect suffix. 
 
 The second verb always receives the continuative suffix, if required (never the 
 perfect suffix) It receives the personal objective prefix, if there be one re- 
 quired, and if there be an objective pronoun, it precedes the second verb. 
 
 I nese matters are more fully noted under the auxiliary verb. 
 
 Examples, 
 
 Toma ximba e lekwa kiaki : Hold this thing carefully. 
 
 Yadi bwa : I might have fallen. 
 
 Nukwama kwendanga : You are always going. 
 
 Baximbidi dila :. They commenced crying. 
 
 Oyandi otekele kio nata : He carried it first. 
 
 Tuzolele kunusumbila kio : We want to buy it for you. 
 
 In the case of the last sentence above, it will be noted, that when a verb has 
 wo objects ^as is the case with the applied form), the true object (nil) only 
 p ecedes the verb ; its secondary object (kio) follows after the verb. 
 e verbs kala or -na, to be, can never be followed by an adjective. 
 
 len ‘t‘ s desired simply to attribute the presence of a quality, the adjective 
 of the quality receives a verbal prefix, and becomes itself a verb. 
 
 predicates'^ Pr ° n ° UnS f ° ll0W the same rule > and even nouns also may become 
 
 The forms employed, and the construction of these verbal adjectives pro¬ 
 nouns, and nouns are considered under the adjective and pronoun ? 
 
( 712 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 0 mfumu eto wambote kwandi : Our chief is good. 
 
 The adjective, ambote, good , has become verbal, to be good. 
 
 E mbele yayi yame : This knife is mine. 
 
 The pronoun, ame, 7 nine , has become verbal, to be mine. 
 
 Nge umfumu : You are the chief. 
 
 The noun, mfumu, chief has become verbal, to be the chief. 
 
 Yeto twawana audi : We are his children. 
 
 The phrase, wana andi, his children , becomes verbal, to be his children. 
 
 This construction might be explained by stating that the verb to be is under¬ 
 stood, but the more correct explanation is this : that the verbal prefixes applied, 
 impart a verbal character and force. 
 
 The few intensive verbal adjectives, such as -bi, to be too bad ; -ke, to be too 
 small , are a further development of the above. 
 
 Kibi : It is too bad. 
 
 Make : They are too small. 
 
 The verbal demonstrative pronoun i is also of this nature. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 I diau didi dinkondo diame : This very one is my plantain. 
 
 I njila yiyi : This is the very road. 
 
 The interrogatives nani, who, and nki, what , also assume a verbal idea, but 
 
 as they do not take any prefixes under other circumstances, neither do they in 
 this case. 
 
 Exatnples. 
 
 0 yau nani ? Who are they ? 
 
 lit. they are who ? 
 
 Lekwa kiaki nki ? What is this thing ? 
 lit. thing this is what ? 
 
 Nani, in such case, equals to be who , and nki, to be what ? 
 
 Modifications of the Predicate. 
 
 The predicate may be modified by : — 
 
 an adverb, 
 
 an adverbial clause, 
 
 or by an adverbial sentence. 
 
 An adverbial clause is a group of words not making in themselves a complete 
 expression of thought, but having an adverbial force, since they modify some 
 verb. In the sentence :— 
 
 Tusumbidi zo vana ezandu dieto : We bought them on our market; 
 
 the clause, vana ezandu dieto, on our ?narket , is adverbial, since it modifies the 
 predicate. 
 
 Adverbs and adverbial clauses generally take their place after the verb, but 
 they may stand before it if emphatic. 
 
( 713 ) 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Wenda o malembe : Go gently. 
 
 Mamene nkutu : They are altogether finished. 
 
 Ezono twaluaka : We arrived yesterday. 
 
 Bakotele muna nzo eto: 
 
 ot Muna nzo eto bakotele ; They entered into our house. 
 
 The interrogative and inferential adverbs and adverbial clauses take their 
 form 6 at thC hCad ° f thCir sentence > and rec l uire th e verb to assume the applied 
 
 The following are the principal of such adverbs 
 
 Adieyi: 
 
 Mu nkia diambu : 
 
 Mu nkia mpitu : 
 
 Mu nkia kuma : 
 
 Muna diambu diadi: 
 
 Muna diadi: 
 
 I diau didi: 
 
 Dianu : 
 
 I mpitu yiyi: 
 
 I: 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Adieyi okwendela? Why do you go ? 
 
 lit. what do you go for ? 
 
 I diau didi nkwendela : That is what I went for. 
 
 Adverbs of manner compounded with a locative preposition are placed at the 
 head of the sentence, and require the applied form in the verb ; such is also the 
 case when an adverbial clause, introduced by a locative, takes the emphatic 
 position at the head of the sentence. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Ku makaxi kevangilanga kio : He is doing it in an angry mood ; 
 
 lit. in an angry mood he is doing it in. 
 
 Muna nzo andi twawudila mo ; In his house we broke them. 
 
 Many active intransitive verbs contain ideas in their roots which in European 
 languages are expressed by adverbs, such as kota, to go into j kulumuka, to 
 go down j katuka, to go away : vaika, to come outj luaka, to arrive at. 
 
 These verbs are intransitive, and therefore have no object. When it is 
 necessary to speak more definitely about an action expressed by one of these 
 
 verbs, they must be qualified by an adverbial clause composed of a locative and 
 a noun. 
 
 Although the intransitive verb kota equals to go in , it is necessary to use the 
 locative omu, omo, or muua in stating what is entered ; thus :— 
 
 Bakotele muna nzo : They went (in) into the house. 
 
 So after vaika, to go out , the locative must be used, when stating that from 
 which the going out takes place ; thus 
 
 Bavaikidi, muna ewulu : They came (out) out of the hole. 
 
 ^ Why, what...(for). 
 
 I Therefore, that is why, that 
 j is what...(for). 
 
( 7 T 4 ) 
 
 
 It must be remembered that so long as no noun is required to complete the 
 sense, the idea contained in such verbs is adverbial; but as soon as a noun is 
 required, the idea has become prepositional, and must be expressed by a prepo¬ 
 sition. This is an explanation of the idiom which only adheres strictly to the 
 first principles of grammar, which regard words qualifying verbs as adverbs, 
 while prepositions are required to connect a noun with a verb, of which it is 
 neither the subject nor the object. 
 
 The applied form can never be used to express the adverb, or its correspond¬ 
 ing preposition, thus inseparable from the radical idea, for it is used to impart 
 an idea not yet present ; as in the sentence :— 
 
 Dianu bevaikilanga muna nzo zau : 
 
 That is what they are coming out of their house for. 
 
 Vaikila may imply to come out for, or to, or with, or in, or into, but never to 
 C07ne out of, or from. 
 
 Adverbial sentences are sentences which are introduced to modify a verb 
 with which they are connected by a conjunction. 
 
 As a rule adverbial sentences precede the verb they qualify, for they generally 
 
 express modifications of importance, and therefore assume the emphatic posi¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Vava keluaka ye ndonga andi unxikamesa : 
 
 When he and his people arrive, wake me up. 
 
 Una tufongele kweto muna nzo, itayidi kwandi: 
 
 While we sat in the house it got away. 
 
 In the first instance unxikamesa is the predicate, modified by the adverbial 
 sentence, vava keluaka ye ndonga andi. 
 
 The conjunction vava connects the two sentences. 
 
 In the second sentence itayidi is the predicate, and una tufongele kweto 
 muna nzo the adverbial sentence connected with the predicate by the conjunc¬ 
 tion una. 
 
 Kongos object to a sentence of only one word ; when so simple a statement 
 has to be made, the infinitive mood of the verb precedes the form required. 
 
 Thus instead of saying :— 
 
 Nkwiza : I come ; 
 
 They say :— 
 
 Kwiza nkwiza : To come, I come, or coming I come. 
 
 So also in formulating an emphatic or impatient assertion, this idiom is 
 frequently used, especially when the remark or sentence is short. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Kwiza kekwizanga : He is coming. 
 
 Tonda ntondele : I am thankful. 
 
 Konso lumbu samunwina ikunsamunwina wo : 
 
 Some day I will tell him about it. 
 
 Sumbila kekunsumbilanga kio : He is buying it for her. 
 
 When an auxiliary verb is used, it is the verb assisted, not the auxiliary 
 which is repeated ; thus :— 
 
 Sala ketoma salanga : He is working well. 
 
( 7i5 ) 
 
 The Nature of the Object. 
 
 The object of the predicate may be :— 
 a noun, 
 
 two or more nouns connected conjunctively, 
 the infinitive noun with or without its object, 
 a noun sentence, 
 a pronoun, 
 a numeral. 
 
 When the object is personal it may be represented by a personal pronominal 
 objective prefix; the forms and resultant combinations are explained and 
 tabulated under the verb. 
 
 When the object consists of two or more nouns connected conjunctively, the 
 first is seldom preceded by the conjunction ; if one attribute is common to each 
 the adjective is repeated after each. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Bokela o mfurnii ya aleke andi : Call the chief and his servants. 
 
 Sumba o maki mambote yo maji mambote : Buy good eggs and good oil. 
 Tunga e mbangu zole ye nsalu miole : Buy two baskets and two sifters. 
 
 Batwikidi e mbele tatu, ye nsoma ntatu ye zalu tatu : 
 
 They sent three knives, forks, and spoons. 
 
 The infinitive noun with or without its own object may serve as the object of 
 the verb ; in such case, when a noun is the object of the infinitive, it follows it; 
 
 when a pronoun, it precedes it. The infinitive may also wear the personal 
 pronominal prefix. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Tuxinxidi 0 nata o mankondo : We tried to carry the plantain. 
 
 Yakanini o tunga e nzo ame : I had intended to build my house. 
 Tubantikidi o kunxikamesa : We commenced to wake him up. 
 Tuxinsanga zo vanga : We are trying to make them. 
 
 A noun sentence may serve as the object of the verb ; it is generally intro¬ 
 duced by the conjunction vo, thatj thus :— 
 
 Una tumwene vo nzadi izele tuvutukidi kweto : 
 
 When we saw that the river was in flood (full) we returned. 
 
 A noun sentence often stands in apposition to a demonstrative pronoun, such 
 as edi, this (thing). 
 
 Edi kazolele vo ngiza : He wishes me to come ; 
 lit. this he wishes that I come. 
 
 Edi mbenze kwiza kekwiza : I thought that he would come. 
 
 When a numeral stands as the object of a verb, the noun it qualifies is under¬ 
 stood; the numeral wears the prefix proper to the noun it qualifies, and thus no 
 
 question is left as to the noun referred to, and which is the true object of the 
 verb. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Tusumbidi jitatu (mbele) : We bought three (knives). 
 
( 7 1 6 ) 
 
 Position of the Object. 
 
 The object of the verb takes its place immediately after the predicate. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 0 ngangula ofulanga e nsengo : The blacksmith is forging h ° e j- 
 
 Vana nkia ezandu ketekelanga zo : On what market does he sell them. 
 
 When the object is represented by a personal objective pronominal prefix, 
 the prefix immediately precedes the stem ; thus : 
 
 Tunubokelenge : We were calling for you. 
 
 When an auxiliary verb is used, the objective pronoun comes after the 
 auxiliary and between it and the verb assisted by it; thus : 
 
 Tumene yo baka : We have caught it; 
 lit. we have finished it to catch. 
 
 Twadi zo wula : We might have broken them. 
 
 When an auxiliary verb is used, and the object is represented by a personal 
 objective pronominal prefix, the prefix is applied to the second verb, never to 
 
 the auxiliary. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 E kuma kadi katekele kutuzola : Because he first loved us. 
 
 Toma kundata : Carry me carefully. 
 
 When the object is specially emphatic, it may take up a position before the 
 subject; thus 
 
 Nzo zau betunganga : They are building their houses. 
 
 Yinzu bevanganga : Pots they are making. 
 
 When the emphatic object is represented by a personal pronoun, the pronoun 
 on taking the first place in the sentence assumes also the subjective form 
 although it is an object ; thus :— 
 
 E elonga diame osukulanga dio e ? diau nsukulanga: 
 
 Are you washing my plate ? I am washing it. 
 
 When the object appears to be far removed from the predicate, by its position 
 at the head of the sentence, it may be represented by its personal pronoun, 
 which in that case follows the verb ; thus 
 
 E evata dieto bayokele dio : They burnt our town. 
 
 E nsafu za mfumu bazolele zo yiya : They want to steal the chief s nsalu 
 
 Causative verbs have really two objects, although it is seldom necessary to 
 mention both. When, however, both are stated, the object which is caused to 
 perform the action is mentioned before that upon which the action is performe . 
 That is to say, the active object takes precedence of the passive object; thus 
 
 0 mundele otungixi a aleke andi e nzo zau.: 
 
 The white man caused his boys to build their houses. 
 
 Sometimes the sense would be obscured, or the sentence become awkward, 
 if the noun of the object were placed in the emphatic position at the head ot 
 the sentence ; in that case the object may be represented by its objective pro- 
 
( 7'7 ) 
 
 noun immediately after the predicate, and the noun itself, and its attributes, 
 appear at the end of the sentence, when emphasis upon it is desired. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Dianu bayokela dio, e evata dieto : Therefore they burnt (it) our town. 
 Nani osolwele dio, e diaki diadi ? Who found (it) this egg ? 
 
 The applied form of the verb imparts a prepositional idea connecting it with 
 some further object, means, or purpose, beside its primary object. The double 
 applied form is connected with two such further objects, and the triple form 
 with three. 
 
 These matters are considered very fully under the section on the applied 
 form ; any remarks here are only supplementary to those. 
 
 It has been noted that interrogative and inferential adverbs, and adverbs 
 of manner compounded with the locative, as well as any adverbial clauses 
 introduced by a locative, and standing at the head of the sentence, require the 
 verb to assume the applied form. 
 
 The position of such adverbs and adverbial clauses is, therefore, at the head 
 of the sentence. 
 
 The true object, when personal, is very often represented and expressed by a 
 personal objective pronominal prefix to the verb ; there is, therefore, no difficulty 
 about its position. Where, however, the true object is a noun, or is represented 
 by an objective pronoun, it takes its place immediately after the verb, and may 
 be followed by any further object or objects. In the examples given below, the 
 true object is numbered i ; the secondary object, 2 ; any further according to 
 position, 3 or 4. 
 
 Governing clauses are marked a, b , &c. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 a 
 
 Adieyi okadila kuna : 
 
 Why do you live there ? 
 
 a 1 
 
 Dianu tusumbilanga e nkombo : 
 
 That is what we are buying the goat for. 
 1 2 
 
 Bekumvangila e lekwa yabiza : 
 
 They are making nice things for him. 
 a b 1 
 
 Dianu muna njimbu ikunusumbididilanga : 
 
 Therefore I am buying knives for you with beads. 
 
 a 
 
 Diau tutungidilanga e mfumu e nzo andi: 
 
 Therefore we are building the chief his house. 
 
 1 2 
 
 Owau 0 nti bevangilanga e yinzu a matona : 
 
 This is the plant they make the marks on pottery with. 
 
( 713 ) 
 
 The Attributes of the Object. 
 
 The object may be distinguished by :— 
 an article ; 
 
 or qualified by :— 
 
 an adjective or adjectival clause, 
 an adjective pronoun, 
 
 a participle or participial clause or sentence, 
 a relative sentence, 
 a noun in apposition. 
 
 The object when in its normal position {i.e. following the verb) is always pre¬ 
 ceded by the article in affirmative, but never in negative clauses. 
 
 When the object of a verb in an affirmative clause is brought to the head 
 of the sentence, it is not preceded by the article ; but when the object of the 
 verb in a negative clause is placed in the emphatic position, it is preceded by 
 the article. 
 
 Tusumbanga e nsusu zeto ; We are buying our fowls. 
 
 Ntekanga o nlele : I am selling cloth. 
 
 Kitekanga kwame nlele ko : I do not sell cloth. 
 
 Nlele ame ntekanga : I am selling my cloth. 
 
 0 nlele ame kitekanga ko : I am not selling my cloth. 
 
 With the exception of the above rules as to the use of the article, the attri¬ 
 butes of the object are governed by the same laws as the attributes of the 
 subject. 1 hey are the same in character, and assume the same relative position 
 in reference to the noun they qualify. 
 
 Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Froine, and London. 
 

 IX. 
 
 X. AND XI. 
 
 
 
 I— 
 
 —-— __ 
 
 XII. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 -- 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Matu I 
 Madia I 
 
 I 
 
 10 Lunga 
 
 blast 
 
 11 Lubu 
 
 mosquito 
 
 Tunga 
 
 Tubu 
 
 12 Uma 
 
 matter 
 
 12 Bi 
 
 evil 
 
 -J 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 lie 
 
 o 
 
 nia 
 
 manene 
 
 manene 
 
 mebeni 
 
 mame 
 
 meto 
 
 mau 
 
 mo 
 
 me- ma- 
 ma- 
 
 iii 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 oma 
 
 mama 
 
 mama 
 
 omo 
 
 momo 
 
 mana 
 oman a 
 mamana 
 
 ameyi 
 
 mengi 
 
 mole 
 
 memole 
 
 matatu 
 
 mematatu 
 
 o 
 
 lna 
 
 lnanene 
 
 lnnene 
 
 luebeni 
 
 luame 
 lueto 
 
 luau 
 lo 
 
 lu- 
 lua- 
 
 o 
 
 twa 
 
 o 
 
 wa 
 
 twanene! wanene 
 
 tunene I unene 
 twebeni webeni 
 
 twame | wame 
 tweto | weto 
 
 twau 
 
 to 
 
 tu- 
 
 twa- 
 
 wau 
 
 wo 
 
 u- 
 
 wa- 
 
 oln 
 
 lualu 
 
 lulu 
 
 olo 
 
 lolo 
 
 luna 
 
 oluna 
 
 lualuna 
 
 alueyi 
 
 luingi 
 
 lumoxi 
 
 lumoxi 
 
 otu 
 twatu 
 tutu 
 
 oto 
 toto 
 
 tuna 
 otuna 
 twatunal 
 
 atweyi 
 
 twingi 
 
 tole 
 
 tutole 
 
 tutatu 
 
 tutatu 
 
 owu 
 
 wau 
 
 wuwu 
 
 owo 
 
 wowo 
 
 una 
 
 owuna 
 
 wauna 
 
 aweyi 
 
 wingi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
-I 
 
 TABLE OF CONCORDS. 
 
 Class. 
 
 1. 
 
 11. 
 
 III. AND IV. 
 
 V. AND VI. 
 
 VII. AND VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. AND XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 X 
 
 IV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Example . 
 
 1 Muntu 
 
 person 
 
 1 Mbunji 
 
 Antu 
 
 2 Nzo 
 
 house 
 
 Nzo* 
 
 4 Nti 
 
 tree 
 
 Nti 
 
 5 Kinzu 
 
 pipe 
 
 Yinzu 
 
 7 Dinkondo 
 
 plantain 
 
 Mankondo 
 
 9 Kutu 
 
 ear 
 
 Matu 
 
 10 Lunga 
 
 blast 
 
 Tunga 
 
 12 Uma 
 
 matter 
 
 Uma 
 
 15 Wanda 
 
 net 
 
 Manda 
 
 14 Yuma 
 
 Muma I 1 
 
 4 Fimbele 
 
 Example . 
 
 Abunji 
 
 2 Mbongo 
 
 Mbongo 
 
 3 Munse 
 
 Minse 
 
 6 Lekwa 
 
 Lekwa 
 
 8 Etadi 
 
 Matadi 
 
 9 Dia 
 
 Madia 
 
 11 Lubu 
 
 Tubu 
 
 12 Bi 
 
 Bi 
 
 13 Ko 
 
 Mako 
 
 place 
 
 
 tiny knife 
 
 brother 
 
 goods 
 
 sugar cane 
 
 
 thing 
 
 
 stone 
 
 
 food 
 
 
 mosquito 
 
 
 evil 
 
 
 father-in-law 
 
 
 
 
 
 Article. a, an, the 
 
 f f Primary 
 
 0 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 0 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 za 
 
 a 
 
 mia 
 
 | kia 
 
 ya 
 
 dia 
 
 ma 
 
 kwa 
 
 ma 
 
 lua 
 
 twa 
 
 wa 
 
 wa 
 
 wa 
 
 ma 
 
 va 
 
 mwa 
 
 fia 
 
 \ Secondary 
 
 wa 
 
 a 
 
 ya 
 
 za 
 
 wa 
 
 mia 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f Primary 
 giea Secondary 
 
 anene 
 
 anene 
 
 anene 
 
 zanene 
 
 anene 
 
 mianene 
 
 | kianene 
 
 yanene 
 
 dianene 
 
 manene 
 
 kwanene 
 
 manene 
 
 luanene 
 
 twanene 
 
 wanene 
 
 wanene 
 
 wanene 
 
 manene 
 
 vanene 
 
 mwanene 1 
 
 fianene 
 
 wanene 
 
 anene 
 
 yanene 
 
 zanene 
 
 wanene 
 
 mianene 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Too great — Verbal Adjectives 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kunene 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 finene 
 
 in e. 
 
 unene 
 
 anene 
 
 inene 
 
 jinene 
 
 unene 
 
 minene 
 
 kinene 
 
 inene 
 
 dinene 
 
 manene 
 
 manene 
 
 lunene 
 
 tunene 
 
 unene 
 
 unene 
 
 unene 
 
 manene 
 
 vanene 
 
 munene 
 
 . f Primary 
 
 large ^ Secondary 
 
 ebeni 
 
 webeni 
 
 ebeni 
 
 ebeni 
 
 ebeni 
 
 yebeni 
 
 zebeni 
 
 zebeni 
 
 ebeni 
 
 webeni 
 
 miebeni 
 
 miebeni 
 
 | kiebeni 
 
 yebeni 
 
 di ebeni 
 
 mebeni 
 
 kwebeni 
 
 mebeni 
 
 lnebeni 
 
 twebeni 
 
 webeni 
 
 webeni 
 
 webeni 
 
 mebeni 
 
 vebeni 
 
 mwebeni 1 
 
 fiebeni 
 
 Possessive Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | kiame 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f Primary 
 ni y ( Secondary 
 
 ame 
 
 wame 
 
 ame 
 
 ame 
 
 ame 
 
 yame 
 
 zame 
 
 zame 
 
 ame 
 
 wame 
 
 miame 
 
 miame 
 
 yame 
 
 diame 
 
 mame 
 
 kwame 
 
 mame 
 
 luame 
 
 twame 
 
 wame 
 
 wame 
 
 wame 
 
 mame 
 
 vame 
 
 mwame 
 
 fiame 
 
 f Primary 
 our ( Secondary 
 
 eto 
 
 weto 
 
 eto 
 
 eto 
 
 eto 
 
 yeto 
 
 zeto 
 
 zeto 
 
 eto 
 
 weto 
 
 mieto 
 
 mieto 
 
 | kieto 
 
 yeto 
 
 dieto 
 
 meto 
 
 kweto 
 
 meto 
 
 lueto 
 
 tweto 
 
 weto 
 
 weto 
 
 weto 
 
 meto 
 
 veto 
 
 mweto 
 
 fieto 
 
 Personal Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kiau 
 
 
 diau 
 
 
 kwau 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 he, she, it, they Subjective 
 
 yandi 
 
 yan 
 
 yan 
 
 zau 
 
 wau 
 
 miau 
 
 yau 
 
 mau 
 
 mau 
 
 luau 
 
 twau 
 
 wau 
 
 wau 
 
 wau 
 
 mau 
 
 vau 
 
 mwau 
 
 fiau 
 
 him, her, it, them Objective 
 
 yandi 
 
 yan 
 
 yo 
 
 zo 
 
 wo 
 
 mio 
 
 kio 
 
 yo 
 
 dio 
 
 mo 
 
 ko 
 
 mo 
 
 lo 
 
 to 
 
 wo 
 
 wo 
 
 wo 
 
 mo 
 
 VO 
 
 mo 
 
 fio 
 
 Pronominal Prefixes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ki- 
 
 
 di- 
 
 
 ku- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 he, she, it, they Subjective 
 
 0-, u-, ke-, 
 
 be-, e-, ba-, 
 
 i- 
 
 zi-, za- 
 
 u- 
 
 mi- 
 
 i- 
 
 me-, ma- 
 
 me- ma- 
 
 lu- 
 
 tu- 
 
 u- 
 
 u- 
 
 u- 
 
 me-, ma- 
 
 ve- va- 
 
 mu- 
 
 fi- 
 
 e-, ka-, a- 
 
 a- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dia- 
 
 
 kwa- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 he, she, it, they Remote Tenses 
 
 wa-, ka-, a- 
 
 ba-, a- 
 
 ya- 
 
 za- 
 
 wa- 
 
 mia- 
 
 kia- 
 
 ya- 
 
 ma- 
 
 ma- 
 
 lua- 
 
 twa- 
 
 wa- 
 
 wa- 
 
 wa- 
 
 ma- 
 
 va- 
 
 mwa- 
 
 fia- 
 
 Demonstrative & Relative 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1st position. 
 i Simple 
 
 oyu 
 
 aya 
 
 eyi 
 
 eji. 
 
 owu 
 
 emi 
 
 eki 
 
 eyi 
 
 edi 
 
 oma 
 
 oku 
 
 oma 
 
 olu 
 
 otu 
 
 owu 
 
 owu 
 
 owu 
 
 oma 
 
 ova 
 
 omu 
 
 efi 
 
 this, these < Emphatic 
 
 ndioyu 
 
 awaya 
 
 yayi 
 
 zaji 
 
 wau 
 
 miami 
 
 kiaki 
 
 yayi 
 
 diadi 
 
 mama 
 
 kwaku 
 
 mama 
 
 lualu 
 
 twatu 
 
 wau 
 
 wau 
 
 wau 
 
 mama 
 
 vava 
 
 mwamu 
 
 fiafi 
 
 ( Emphatic 
 
 yuyu 
 
 yaya 
 
 yiyi 
 
 JiJi 
 
 wuwu 
 
 mimi 
 
 kiki 
 
 yiyi 
 
 didi 
 
 mama 
 
 kuku 
 
 mama 
 
 lulu 
 
 tutu 
 
 wuwu 
 
 wuwu 
 
 wuwu 
 
 mama 
 
 vava 
 
 mumu 
 
 fifi 
 
 2nd position. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 emio 
 
 ekio 
 
 
 edio 
 
 
 oko 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 that, those / Simple 
 
 oyo 
 
 owo 
 
 eyo 
 
 ezo 
 
 owo 
 
 eyo 
 
 omo 
 
 omo 
 
 olo 
 
 oto 
 
 owo 
 
 owo 
 
 owo 
 
 omo 
 
 ovo 
 
 omo 
 
 efio 
 
 (near) \ Emphatic 
 
 ndioyo 
 
 awowo 
 
 yoyo 
 
 zozo 
 
 wowo 
 
 miomio 
 
 kiokio 
 
 yoyo 
 
 diodio 
 
 momo 
 
 koko 
 
 momo 
 
 lolo 
 
 toto 
 
 wowo 
 
 wowo 
 
 wowo 
 
 momo 
 
 vovo 
 
 momo 
 
 fiofio 
 
 3rd position. 
 
 that, those ( with Article Prefix 
 (yonder) ^ Emphatic 
 
 ona 
 
 ana 
 
 ina 
 
 jina 
 
 una 
 
 mina 
 
 kina 
 
 ina 
 
 dina 
 
 mana 
 
 kuna 
 
 mana 
 
 luna 
 
 tuna 
 
 una 
 
 una 
 
 una 
 
 mana 
 
 vana 
 
 muna 
 
 1 firm 
 
 ona 
 
 ana 
 
 eyina 
 
 ejina 
 
 cwuna 
 
 emina 
 
 ekina 
 
 eyina 
 
 edina 
 
 omana 
 
 okuna 
 
 omana 
 
 oluna 
 
 otuna 
 
 owuna 
 
 owuna 
 
 owuna 
 
 omana 
 
 ovana 
 
 nmnufl, 
 
 pfin 0 
 
 ndiona 
 
 awana 
 
 yayina 
 
 zajina 
 
 wauna 
 
 miamina 
 
 kiakina 
 
 yayina 
 
 diadina 
 
 mamana 
 
 kwakuna 
 
 mamana 
 
 lualuna 
 
 twatuna 
 
 wauna 
 
 wauna 
 
 wauna 
 
 mamana 
 
 vavani 
 
 i mwamuna 
 
 u ] fiafina 
 
 Interrogative Pronoun. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Where is it / 
 
 Where are they \ 
 
 andieyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 ayeyi 
 
 azeyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 amieyi 
 
 akieyi 
 
 ayeyi 
 
 adieyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 akweyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 alueyi 
 
 atweyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 aweyi 
 
 ameyi 
 
 aveyi 
 
 am w eyi 
 
 afieyi 
 
 sing, great pi. many 
 
 sing. col. pi. col. Primary 
 one two Secondary 
 
 three I Primary 
 
 ( Secondary 
 
 wingi 
 
 moxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 1 
 
 engi 
 
 ole, wole 
 nwole 
 tatu 
 ntatu 
 
 yingx 
 
 moxi 
 
 imoxi 
 
 jmgi 
 
 zole 
 
 jizole 
 
 tatu 
 
 jitatu 
 
 wingi 
 
 moxi 
 
 nmoxi 
 
 mingi 
 
 miole 
 
 mimiole 
 
 ntatu 
 
 mintatu 
 
 kingi 
 
 kimoxi 
 
 kimoxi 
 
 ymgi 
 
 yole 
 
 iyole 
 
 tata 
 
 itatu 
 
 dingi 
 d imoxi 
 dimoxi 
 
 mengi 
 mole 
 me mole 
 matatu 
 mematatu 
 
 kwingi 
 
 kumoxi 
 
 kumoxi 
 
 mengi 
 
 mole 
 
 memole 
 
 matatu 
 
 mematatu 
 
 luingi 
 
 lumoxi 
 
 lumoxi 
 
 twingi 
 
 tole 
 
 tutole 
 
 tutatu 
 
 tutatu 
 
 wingi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 wingi 
 
 wole 
 
 uwole 
 
 tatu 
 
 utatu 
 
 wingi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 umoxi 
 
 mengi 
 
 mole 
 
 memole 
 
 matatu 
 
 mematati 
 
 vengi 
 
 vamox 
 
 vamox 
 
 1 
 
 mwingi 
 i mole 
 i mumole 
 mutatu 
 mutatu 
 
 I fingi 
 fimoxi 
 fimoxi 
 
 Kongo].