IUINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY L I B HAHY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 977.3 I-tGGk flUKOK Wwni(.«i <;i|i!VFY m Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/illinoisprogressOOspri E66 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 1921-1928 LEN SMALL, Governor LEN SMALL, Governor 1921-1928 THE , BRAR OF THE fERSITf OF ILLINOIS ILLINOIS PROGRESS 1921-1928 LEN SMALL, Governor Schnepp & Barnes, Printers Springfield, 111. 1928 [Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Biography of Governor Len Small 3 Executive Department 5 Department of Finance 8 Department of Agriculture 15 Department of Labor 71 Department of Mines and Minerals 95 Department of Public Works and Buildings 105 Department of Welfare 152 Department of Public Health 188 Department of Trade and Commerce 202 Department of Registration and Education 232 Department of Purchases and Construction 259 Department of Conservation 311 Military and Naval Department 348 Commissions 369 066360 Biography GOVERNOR LEN SMALL of Kankakee was first elected in 1920 by the greatest majority ever given a gubernatorial candidate, and re-elected in 1924 by a similar majority. He was born on a farm near Kan- kakee July 16, 1862, the son of Dr. A. L. Small, well- known physician of Kankakee County, and Calista Currier Small. He has resided in Kankakee County all of his life; was educated in the public schools and normal and business college. He was married in 1883 to Ida Moore, who died June 26, 1922. He has three children, Budd L. Small, who is in charge of the Governor's farm at Kankakee; Leslie C. Small, managing editor of the Kankakee Daily Republican ; and Mrs. A. E. Inglesh. He early became interested in farming, and with the proceeds earned teaching school, made his first purchase of land. From this beginning was built up the large and modern farm which he now operates. In addition to his interest in farming and stock raising, Governor Small is president of the First Trust & Savings Bank of Kanka- kee. He has led in the development of the Kankakee Inter-State Fair, at Kankakee, and the Illinois State Fair at Springfield, now admitted to be two of the leading agricultural fairs in the country. Governor Small's record of public service extends over a large portion of the past 35 years. In 1895, he was elected supervisor of Kankakee County and the fol- lowing year, Clerk of the Circuit Court. He was appoint- ed member of the Board of Trustees of the Kankakee State Hospital by Governor John R. Tanner, and for 8 years was president of that board. He served one term as State senator and in 1904 was elected State treasurer. In 1910 he was appointed by President Taft as Assistant United States Treasurer in charge of the sub-treasury in Chicago. He again served the State as treasurer in 191? and 1918, and at the end of his term, returned to the State in interest earned on State funds, the largest amount ever turned in on State funds by any State treasurer up to that time. His veto of appropriations made by the various sessions of the Legislature, and the economy practiced by the Code departments under his direction and guidance, have saved to the State of Illinois a sum probably greater than that saved by all the Governors in the history of Illinois. Governor Small is the third Illinois chief executive to succeed himself in office. A prominent plank in his 1920 platform was "good roads." In the year 1921, his first year in office, 414 miles of paved roads were built, which was more than had ever been built in Illinois in one year. This record of construction was bettered in each succeeding year and in 1924 the worlds' record for road-building by one state in one year was shattered, when Illinois built 1,230 miles of pavement. In his campaign for re-election in 1924, Gov- ernor Small advocated the issuance of an additional $100,000,000 bond issue for the extension of Illinois' hard road system, principal and interest of these bonds, like the original $60,000,000 bond issue authorized in 1918, to be paid by automobile license fees, without direct taxation. This bond issue was ratified by the people, and from its proceeds additional roads have been built, until today Illinois leads the World in road-building, and its 7,000 miles of completed concrete pavement exceed the mileage of any other state in the Union. State of Illinois Len Small, Governor THE GOVERNOR is the head of the executive branch of the State government and upon him de- volves the duty of correlating departmental activi- ties, planning constructive work and devising means by which the State may serve the people. During the past 8 years, Governor Small has kept in close personal touch with the men appointed by him to carry on the business of the State through its various Code departments. The construction of more than 7,000 miles of con- crete paved roads, the building of the Illinois Lakes-to- the Gulf Waterway, the humane and economical opera- tion of the 26 great public welfare institutions, the care and maintenance of the States' dependents, numbering more than 35,000, the prevention of diseases and epi- demics through the Department of Public Health, the eradication of bovine tuberculosis and the control of plant diseases by the Department of x^Vgriculture, the manage- ment and upbuilding of the Illinois State Fair, now admittedly the outstanding agricultural fair of this country — all of these and many other achievements of the State government during the past 8 years, have been made possible only through the whole-hearted cooperation and personal guidance of Governor Small. The business of the State is conducted through eleven Code depart- ments, the directors of which are appointed by the Gov- ernor, and they are responsible to him for the manage- ment of their departments. Not a small task devolving upon the Governor, and one of far-reaching importance, is the consideration of the thousands of appeals for executive clemency which are directed to him. It is not difficult to understand what a burden must rest upon the shoulders of a man who by a mere stroke of the pen may save a condemned prisoner 6 ILLINOIS from death. Yet, during Governor Small's administra- tion, although justice has been tempered with mercy, the interests of the individual have not been allowed to over- shadow the interests of society as a whole. Many other routine duties are prescribed by law for the Executive. The appointment of all commissions and of all officers under the Civil Administrative Code, not elected, is made by the Governor. He may appoint judges of courts when vacancies occur and the unexpired term is less than a year. In case the unexpired term is for more than a year it is his duty to call a special elec- tion to fill the vacancy. The appointment of United States senators, in case of vacancy, is also vested in the Governor. One of the Governor's tasks, and one of great responsibility, is the approval or veto of all legislation enacted by the General Assembly. It is his duty to recommend to the Legislature the enactment of laws needed for the progress of the State. Governor Small was the sponsor of the $100,000,000 road bond issue which has made possible the expansion of Illinois' road building program. He has also recommended legislation for the equalization of taxes, and through his efforts legislation has been enacted which promises to bring much-needed relief. As commander-in-chief of the Illinois National Guard, Governor Small has on several occasions called out units of that body when it was deemed necessary for the peace and security of the State. Governor Small's administration of State affairs has been humane, and has been brought into close touch with all of the people, so that all have enjoyed its advantages and benefits. In short, during the past 8 years, Illinois has met and fulfilled its obligations to its people. In times of storm and flood, as in other crises, our State has shown a commendable spirit of helpfulness, and has brought aid to the wounded, comfort to the homeless, and the restoration of confidence to the community. PROGRESS STATE HOUSE, SPRINGFIELD Completed in 1888 O ILLINOIS The Department of Finance Albert C. Bollinger, Director W. D. Hardy, Assistant Director Col. A. E. Inglesh, Administrative Auditor THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE is the clearing house for all financial transactions of the Civil Ad- ministrative Code. All requisitions issued must be approved, and all vouchers checked and audited under the supervision of the Administrative Auditor. The com- plete powers as given by the Civil Administrative Code to the Department of Finance are herewith quoted : 1. To prescribe and require the installation of a uni- form system of bookkeeping, accounting and reporting for the several departments ; 2. To prescribe forms for accounts and financial reports and statements for the several departments ; 3. To -supervise and examine the accounts and ex- penditures of the several departments; 4. To examine, at any and all times, into the ac- curacy and legality of the accounts, receipts and expendi- tures of the public moneys and the disposition and use of the public property by the several departments ; 5. To keep such summary and controlling accounts as may be necessary to determine the accuracy of the de- tail accounts and reports from the several departments, and to prescribe the manner and method of certifying that funds are available and adequate to meet all contracts and obligations ; 6. To prescribe uniform rules governing specifica- tions for purchases of supplies, the advertisement for proposals, the opening of bids and the making of awards, to keep a catalogue of prices current and to analyze and tabulate prices paid and quantities purchased ; PROGRESS 9 7. To examine, at any and all times, the accounts of every private corporation, institution, association or board receiving appropriations from the General As- sembly ; 8. To report to the Attorney General for such ac- tion, civil or criminal, as the Attorney General may deem necessary, all facts showing illegal expenditures of the public money or misappropriation of the public property ; 9. To examine and approve, or disapprove, vouch- ers, bills and claims of the several departments, and such as are by law made subject to the approval of the Gov- ernor and referred to it by the Governor, and no voucher, bill or claim of any department shall be allowed without its approval and certificate ; 10. To prescribe the form of receipt, voucher, bill or claim to be filed by the several departments with it ; 11. In settling the accounts of the several depart- ments, to inquire into and make an inspection of articles and materials furnished or work and labor performed, for the purpose of ascertaining that the prices, quality and amount of such articles or labor are fair, just and reason- able, and that all the requirements, express and implied, pertaining thereto have been complied with, and to reject and disallow any excess ; 12. To prepare and report to the Governor, when requested, estimates of the income and revenues of the State ; 13. To prepare and submit to the Governor bien- nially, not later than the first day of January preceding the convening of the General Assembly, a State budget ; 14. To publish, from time to time, for the informa- tion of the several departments and of the general public, bulletins of the work of the government ; 15. To investigate duplication of work of depart- ments and the efficiency of the organization and adminis- tration of departments, and to formulate plans for the better coordination of departments. 10 ILLINOIS During the past eight years the activities of the Finance Department have been materially increased. The additional duties consist in the main in the added work required to handle the accounts of the High- way building program, the Waterway program, the re- habilitation of State institutions, and the Motor Fuel Tax Law — all these made a great expansion of work to be performed by the Department. MOTOR FUEL TAX The administration of the Motor Fuel Tax Law, commonly known as the Gasoline Tax law was commit- ted to the Finance Department by the General Assembly and became effective August 1st, 1927. This law provided for a tax of two cents on each gallon of gasoline sold by the distributor and was to be remitted by him to the State once each month. The law also provided that the money paid in tax upon gasoline used for any purpose other than the propelling of vehicles upon the public highways was to be refunded to the con- cumer upon application to the Department. The law further provided that the funds so collected should be distributed each year, one-half to the Road Fund in the State treasury for highway building, and the remainder to be distributed to the several counties of the State in proportion to the motor license fees paid by them, and to be used also for highway purposes. The forms, and systems of accounting used in the many states* having a similar tax were procured, and after many conferences with the committee named by the gasoline dealers, a complete set of report and office forms was drafted. An appropriation for this Division was provided, but because of the attack made upon the law at that time, it was not used. * All the states of the Union excepting New York, New Jersey and Illinois have a Gas Tax. PROGRESS 11 It is unfortunate that the law was declared uncon- stitutional, as the funds collected would be of the greatest service to both the State, and the counties in carrying on the important road and bridge improvement work, par- ticularly in connecting all communities not on a bond issue road. During the five months that the law was effective more than six millions of dollars were collected, and fifteen thousand individual claims totalling close to $200,000 were received and adjusted. Increase in State Business The volume of business transacted during the last eight years has grown to large proportions as shown by the following table : Year Vouchers Expenditures 1920 89,381 $ 33,739,334 1921 106,382 37,551,712 1922 109,029 39,616,372 1923 119,844 52,231,168 1924 145,213 85,732,112 1925 175,002 76,535,294 1926 144,148 46,198,673 1927 179,183 50,906,537 1,068,182 $422,511,202 At the very beginning of the present administration the Administrative Auditor inaugurated the policy of promptly auditing all invoices that were subject to dis- count, thereby saving large sums for the State in dis- counts. How effective this policy has been is revealed by the following table showing discounts taken from purchases made by the State: Year Discounts Year Discounts 1921 .$160,169.00 1925 $ 310,627.84 1922 250,100.05 1926 131,377.70 1923 295,047.09 1927 225,680.42 1924 337,227.58 1928 271,128.82 $1,981,358.50 12 ILLINOIS When one considers the total amount of all the ap- propriations and the number of accounts involved in the distribution of the same, it can well be said that of all the State administrations none have made such a record as the present one in keeping expenditures within allotted appropriations. There has been no large deficiency asked from the Legislature during the last seven and one-half years. This is unprecedented in the history of past administrations and will reflect for all time to come the constant and watchful care of those officials whose duty it is to scan the requisitions and vouchers that are pre- sented for payment. To add further to this record there was during this administration $16,737,720 returned to the Treasury in unexpended balances. The Department of Finance also prepares the bien- nial budget for presentation to the Governor. This of course applies not only to the Civil Administrative Code departments, but to all elective officers as well. This work entails a study of all appropriations for every purpose, also a study of the State's financial resources, as well as the State tax levies for general revenue. Much time is consumed in hearings with directors and heads of divi- sions. Comparisons must be made with past appropria- tions and expenditures; salaries of all officials and em- ployees are reviewed; and the details of all expenses for every purpose must be carefully considered in a new budget. The Department of Finance also prepares the annual reports of all the departments under the Civil Administra- tive Code. This makes a large volume, and is filled with information of vital importance to all who are interested in State affairs. These reports are requested from far and wide by states, universities, libraries, civic bodies, and the Federal Government, where they are kept on file. TWO GENERAL DIVISIONS The Department may be divided into two general divisions in process of the daily operations of the office. PROGRESS 13 First, the division where the requisitions are passed upon and the vouchers checked and verified, and second, the bookkeeping division, where all the accounts are charged with their daily expenditures. The accuracy of this work is made as nearly perfect as bookkeeping can be made, since it must agree with the books of the Auditor of Pub- lic Accounts and State Treasurer in final comparisons, and all must balance to the last penny. TAX COMMISSION The Tax Commission was created by an Act of the Fifty-first General Assembly to supersede the State Board of Equalization, and was approved June 19, 1919. All the powers and duties imposed upon the State Board of Equalization and upon the Auditor of Public Accounts, in relation to the assessment of property for taxation, were transferred to, and were to be exercised and reformed by, the Tax Commission. For the purposes of administration only, the Tax Commission is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Finance, requiring the signature of the Director of Finance and the seal of that Department to verify its legal documents when such are offered as evidence in the Courts. Almost the entire period since its creation has been confined to the present administration. The work per- formed by the Commission covers a vast amount of detail when applied to all the property in a great State like Illinois, and much depends upon both the ability and judg- ment of the members of the Commission in adjusting valuations and equalizing assessments. That this work has been effectively done is the universal verdict of the public in general. For the purposes of taxation, property assessments were equalized on a basis of one-half value up to and in- cluding the year 1926. The last General Assembly, the Fifty-fifth, changed the basis of taxation to the full value of assessed property, and likewise changed the rate to con- 14 ILLINOIS form to the increased value, lowering it in like propor- tion. The assessments as equalized by the Commission are herewith given for the years 1920 to 1928, and also the State tax rate as fixed for each year covering the period named: Year Assessed valuation Year Assessed valuation 1920 $4,234,951,430 1924 $4,081,878,149 1921 4,201,674,685 1925 4,194,760,417 1922 4,000,497,373 1926 4,195,581,136 1923 4,090,509,504 1927 8,762,051,780 In his first message to the General Assembly, Gover- nor Small called attention to the necessity of immediate amendment of our revenue laws, so that a more just and equitable assessment of property might be had, and with that end in view, directed the Tax Commission to use its broad and comprehensive powers given under the law for the purpose of relieving tax burdens where possible. At the suggestion of Chairman W. H. Malone, be- cause of many unequal assessments of property made in Cook County by the assessors, the last extra session of the General Assembly verified the authority imposed by the Act creating the Tax Commission giving them the Authority to require new assessments of property where discrepancies appeared. This Act on the part of the Tax Commission and its Chairman, in the interest of taxpayers, is a credit both to themselves, and to the ad- ministration of which they are a part, and will be far- reaching in the future in the assessment of all property. PROGRESS 15 The Department of Agriculture Stillman J. Stanard, Director E. D. Turner, Assistant Director WHEN ONE state of all the forty-eight that form the Union does more for the advancement of the farming industry than any other, such action justi- fies a patriotic pride of citizenship in that progressive state. Illinois lists that attainment among the achieve- ments of State government within the past few years. The Department of Agriculture of the State of Illinois has been increased and expanded in the scope of service placed upon it until it is today the greatest State Depart- ment of Agriculture in the United States. The citizens of Illinois have brought about this growth. Through constructive legislation, enacted by the General Assembly, the public repeatedly reposed its confidence in this Department. The Legislature has en- acted measures that, with executive approval, enabled the Department of Agriculture to render greater service during each year of its recent history. In keeping with the policy of economy, evident in all branches of public service under the administration of Governor Small, the Department of Agriculture has not sought any increase in the total of appropriations. It has, however, increased the volume of its service, and is ac- complishing more per dollar spent today than it ever has before. To outline and define the duties assigned to this branch of State government would be almost an endless task. To mention only briefly a representative group of the activities underway in each of the nine Divisions through which the Department functions, and some that 16 ILLINOIS the laws have delegated to the Department, and to the cabinet member who directs the service, is all that can be attempted in the pages that follow. Farming is, always has been, and always will be subject to many disadvantages. Livestock suffers from disease. Plants are prey to blights and insects. These ills must be combated if the farmer is to prosper. The prod- uct of the farms, when marketed, provides the sustenance of an increasing urban population. Unless it goes to the consumer pure and wholesome, and is handled in a sani- tary manner, the consumer, and ultimately the producer too, will suffer. There are concerns and individuals that would, if uninformed or unrestrained, misrepresent the products of the farmers' toil, to the detriment of all concerned. To improve conditions in the State of Illinois in general — in cities as well as on the farms — the Illinois Department of Agriculture carries on extensive service to promote quality production and to regulate conversion and the distribution of the varied products of the farms. A general idea of the way this work is carried on, and how it has improved during the present administra- tion, will be conveyed and illustrated herewith : DIVISION OF FOODS AND DAIRIES Walter R. Kimzey, Superintendent To guard the food supply of Illinois against impurity, unwholesomeness, adulteration and misrepresentation is a part of the gigantic task assigned to the Division of Foods and Dairies. To see that dairy products are col- lected and distributed under sanitary conditions and that the quality is up to standard, is another portion of its work. In addition, many commodities that are foreign to the human diet are subjected to State regulations through this service. This work is carried on under two distinctive yet re- lated methods of procedure — promotional service, to in- PROGRESS 17 Meriting confidence and gaining cooperation of food dealers- inspectors' first duty duce the public to conduct its food and dairy business properly, and regulatory, to compel, when necessary, obedience to requirements of the law. Of the two forms of procedure, in this as in all other classes of the service that have regulatory powers, the policy is to educate the public into conformity with the statues rather than to force obedience through civil courts. The latter method, unfortunately, is sometimes necessary. Chicago, the greatest food distribution center in the world, is the headquarters of this branch of State service. There, at the source, a staff of trained investigators in- spects the food that moves to points throughout the State. And, in downstate counties, another force of able men finds out what kinds of foods are offered. They require cleanliness where food is handled. They take samples, and at two laboratories chemists pass upon the legality of foods and drinks the samples represent. 18 ILLINOIS Food exposed to dust and flies and filth draws a courteous re- quest to correct tf i»l^a Food suspected of unwholesomeness is bought and used as samples for laboratory analysis PROGRESS 19 One sample, sealed, goes to the laboratory ; another, like it, is held by the dealer Skilled chemists test food samples for adulterants, impurities or misrepresentation 20 ILLINOIS Violators are given private, unembarassing hearings before offi- cials first Repeated violations call for court proceedings, convictions and fines PROGRESS 21 At Springfield, a food laboratory has been added to the facilities of the Division, during the present adminis- tration. It makes tests of supplies used at the State in- stitutions, and analyzes feeding stuffs, commercial fertil- izers, paints, oils and many other articles of commerce, and serves to regulate the cream-buying business of the State by examining and licensing cream testers and check- ing their analysis of cream. Examinations are also held at various points throughout the State. Sixteen distinct laws and many departmental regu- lations are administered by the Foods and Dairies Division forces. Records of each employee's performance are compiled, as the result of a rule recently promulgated by the Director of the Department. From statistics that record their work, it is noted that this service has in- creased about 1,000 inspections per man per year, within the past three years. Similar evidence of consistent, well directed efforts, also exists in the analytical and other branches of the service. DIVISION OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY D. W. Robison, Superintendent Dr. F. A. Laird, Chief Veterinarian This branch of the Department's service is for the advancement of the livestock industry. It tends to pre- vent disease among domestic animals and fowls. As such a service, it conserves an important asset of the State. Livestock disease control and prevention calls into service the veterinary science; members of that profes- sion, in Illinois, gain accreditation and approval at the hands of officials in this Division. Livestock diseases, roughly speaking, are either com- mon ailments or come under the class of occasional out- breaks that, unrestrained, would become widespread epi- demics and cause serious losses. This service deals with both general classifications. 22 ILLINOIS The Illinois Bovine TUBERCULOSIS WAR MAP STATE OF ILLINOIS LEN SMALL, Governor OFF 1 R THES 7 OF \ UlUCt L Tl HE STILLMAN .?. STANARD. Director K. I). tVRNKR, 1**7. Director MYISIOS OF AXlXlAL LXDISTKY D. \\. ROBiSON Dr. F. A. LAIRD, Superintendent. State Sanatory I cterinarg Inspector "The eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Illinois is of sufficient importance to engage the thought and attention of every citizen of the state." Gm-rrttur of tin- Staff of ltlin<»> 'The continuation of the splendid cooperation this de- partment of state government is now receiving from the counties, veterinarians, cattlemen, agricultural organiza- tions and the press, will result in the practical elimination of tuberculosis from the herds of Illinois." /%^d^t,:y&^ > Dinrtor <\f Affrieulture i>:<;! \D mirth- .>|»t;iI)(.«' im.irr ific an -a j>h.n a>r«-" «l<-ijiiutl»«i I/n a(]i\i«j£ a r<->\ *|uatv >tj«k<-r. thii« ' Coitlitit- .-.•rlififfi a» ha\hi« T.V^, ,,»' all li«-r.|> ..f hm«,iin.-.■ frt>m hilnr<-iilf»k a.v ^r. o£*® ' saw * 3 -'- IB fc ■ -r*TfffiB Shade trees, shrubs and ornamental plants are also subjected to inspection PROGRESS 31 n 5 * t*^^ epji /agiih, If* , •*" O '-•"• ^ ^m. V /**■; •'•. RW^ Peonies have their own diseases. This plate compares healthy and diseased plants CEDAR GALLS CAUSED BY THE RUST ON CEDAR FOLIAGE CEDAR RUST SPOTS ON APPLE FOLIAGE CAUSED BY SP0RE5 FROM THE CEDAR GALLS Cedar rust, the bane of orchardists. Removal of affected cedar trees is a prevention measure 32 ILLINOIS Illinois is guarding against the European cornborer, which causes this destruction are of several classes. In number, they have practically doubled since 1921. For the field crops of the State, the seed, such as the meadow grasses, must be free of noxious weeds and weeds of other plants if the harvest is to be up to expecta- tions. To guard against impure or misrepresented seeds, this Division, through its inspection and analysis service, determines the proportion of undesirable elements in seed stocks sold in Illinois. This branch of the Division's operations has also expanded. As an example of the increasing service of the seed laboratory, a comparison of the analysis performed dur- ing the year ending June 30, 1928, and 1927, shows a de- cided gain in Illinois-grown seed stocks marketed. In 1926-27, there were 3,440 samples analyzed and found salable. In the year ending June 30 last, the number reached 6,222. Seed brought in from other states de- creased. Imported stocks inspected during the year just PROGRESS 33 M& | ' i E * ;|' : # itjg 1 ■ A?-' feJl ... »| • . "•'--'' fi # * si*< . f|s;S:|Sp|N ,. : 3: 1 |- r f '• If ■'" ' • *\ * r'" jS*-*' v. ,JUu; = v9 It it * & ? <% 0,: ; V «gt « '«•' V /J^ ■JK * s P"^ % ' A closeup of the worm at work past total twenty-four. During the preceding year, 52 lots were subjected to the laboratory test. Then, aside from common ills to guard against, there are the occasional emergencies that arise, such as the im- pending European cornborer invasion. Thus far, the service this Division has been called upon to perform in 34 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 35 FLAG a.:?r? 36 ILLINOIS this connection has been primarily preparation and watch- ful waiting. Through well directed plans, the Division is in readiness to defend the cornbelt as thoroughly as is possible, against the gravest danger that has ever threat- ened the greatest corn production section of the world. In addition to preparatory efforts, the State, through this Division, guards its endangered eastern border. In the single instance of an advance invasion, danger of its spread was promptly removed by a thorough treatment of the threatened area. Many blights, diseases and pests of sundry kinds beset the field and orchard crops of Illinois. This service tends to prevent serious inroads they all threaten to effect. Flagsmut and the common barberry, as elements endangering wheat production, are illustrations. The State is coping with these ills successfully. Much has been done to eradicate noxious weeds, such as the Canada thistle, under the supervision of this agency. The menace to life and livestock present where the poisonous white snakeroot grows and cattle graze, has been impressed as an effort in behalf of public safety through the efforts of this body. And, by way of a promotional enterprise, the Division carries on a propagation program that is grad- ually developing a watermelon, desirable in all character- istics, and with relative immunity from wilt. Generally, the Division is successfully serving Illinois in the capacity of a guardian of the welfare of the plant life of the State. DIVISION OF POULTRY HUSBANDRY A. D. Smith, Chief Ponltryman "To make poultry raising a more profitable branch of farming, and thereby provide the public with an im- proved quality of poultry products, as well as to increase the farmers' income," — that briefly sets forth the object the present State administration had in mind when plans were made for the development of the service this Division renders. PROGRESS Poultry experimental farm at Quincy The progress of the industry within the State in recent years reflects the success of this important under- taking. Poultry products are of improved quality, and a greater portion of farm income is now derived from feathered flocks than formerly. Just how these condi- tions have been brought about explains the nature of the work that men who represent the State in this capacity perform. Poultry farming practices undergo improvement through the education of the ones engaging in it, either commercially or for domestic purposes. To provide poultry lore for all concerned, countless bulletins have been distributed throughout the State as a service of this promotional agency. Lecturers have toured every county, telling all who care to hear, how flocks can be im- proved. Motion pictures have been projected at public gatherings, and, in many ways, the public of the State of Illinois has been informed along practical lines, regard- 38 ILLINOIS ing methods of procedure for the best results in poultry raising. Future farmers have received their share of this instruction, through the schools and junior poultry clubs. Nothing has been overlooked that might prove helpful to the industry. The Division has always recognized the fact that profits from a flock of laying hens will vary with their egg production. For this reason, three egg-laying con- tests are carried on. One is in northeastern Illinois at Kankakee, another in the western section, at Quincy, and a third, in Southern Illinois, at Murphysboro. At these experimental projects, hens from all sections of the Nation strive for egg-production honors. The records form a basis for the breeding plans of poultry keepers. Ideal conditions are maintained. The places are always open to the public. From the throngs that visit these three institutions, and the comprehensive reports issued from them monthly, the world learns what good laying stock, properly housed, carefully attended and scien- tifically fed, can produce. Some of the highest records ever made in any contest have gone on record in the Illi- nois experimental plants. Within recent years, this Division has advanced an- other service that has exceeded in its scope and value any similar undertaking in any other state. That is the sys- tem of inspection and accreditation whereby commercial hatcheries produce baby chicks with certificates that gain marked recognition for this Illinois farm product in every section of the continent. Birds distributed as "State Standard Accredited," from Illinois, are recognized by the informed poultry people of America as true to type for the breed and variety they represent. They are known to have been sired by virile, healthy males, mated to hens that bear all the characteristics of high egg-production. In addition, another mark of recognition given poul- try that qualifies to receive it, is the accreditation as free from avian tuberculosis and bacillary white diarrhea — two common poultry ailments. This, as a specialized PROGRESS 39 40 ILLINOIS Poultry experimental farm at Murphysboro Specimens of all breeds tour the State as exhibit on poultry promotional train PROGRESS 41 This division works with the State association in presenting exhibition. State show, 1928 veterinary problem, is a service carried on in the Division of Animal Industry, under the supervision of the chief veterinarian. The Poultry Husbandry Division functions through allied organizations, such as the State Poultry Associa- tion, and aids the industry in conducting poultry exhibi- tions. By way of illustration of the success it has attained in this branch of its service, the Poultry show at the State Fair, in 1926 and 1927, exceeded in extent of entries and in value to the industry, any other poultry exposition ever held at any time or place. In volume of production, Illinois is placed as second only to Iowa, when the last agricultural census was com- piled. In quality of production, and in the efforts put forth by the State to promote improved production, no other section of America can claim superiority to Illinois. Poultry authorities freely predict that, within a few years 42 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 43 more, a continuation of the present constructive program will gain for Illinois the national recognition it so well deserves as the foremost poultry section of the world. DIVISION OF DAIRY HUSBANDRY J. S. Miles, Superintendent When the yield, per unit of production cost, is doubled, in any branch of husbandry, within a period of eight years, in any given section of the country, the efforts that have brought about that marked increase merit recog- nition. Such has been the achievement in Illinois, since 1920, for the dairy farming business. Dairymen in touch with this advancement, attribute it, in a great measure, to efforts that the State of Illinois has made through the men who have engaged in the service of the Division of Dairy Husbandry. An annual income in the form of dairy products from the farms of Illinois that totaled $54,000,000 a few years ago, was deemed remarkable. The income from this source last year exceeded $101,000,000, averaging around $1,000,000 annual income to the county. And, there are fewer milk cows now than when production was but half the present yield. Improved breeding, care and feeding, and a more thorough understanding of the economic problems of the industry have brought about this added revenue. With- out it, in these years that go on record as a period of so-called agricultural depression, conditions on the farms of Illinois would have been far less satisfactory than they are. Men engaged in this service have unified the efforts of various other agencies that also serve in this capacity. As a leader, it has made the efforts of the others more successful, and thereby is entitled to much recognition for the progress that all, collectively, have brought about. The service this Division undertakes is purely edu- cational and promotional. It has drawn to it, from many 44 ILLINOIS Results of selective breeding: This grade cow's record, 209 lbs. fat in 30 days Progeny of purebred sire, out of foregoing dam, produced 321 lbs. fat in 30 days PROGRESS The third generation shows an increase to 423 lbs. production per unit -doubling The fourth generation shows a likely heifer — almost a purebred 46 ILLINOIS sources other than the public funds, for judicious dis- tribution, the means whereby the industry has been placed upon a more profitable basis. It has selected and dis- tributed dairy animals of improved breeding, that out- side agencies, due to prosper by increased yields of dairy products, have provided. It has helped to build a better market for all kinds of dairy products, based upon purity and quality production. Helpful bulletins and instructive lectures, made more interesting and more comprehensive by filmed stories that tell of better breeding methods, disease prevention and control, and other problems the dairy farmer faces — all these form a portion of this service. Through encouraging competitive exhibition of dairy stock and dairy products, and by bringing into Illinois the finest specimens in America, this service has afforded inspiration to progressive dairy people. It has demon- strated just what can be accomplished when the lessons science teaches are carefully followed on the farms of Illinois, and, as the result, more farmers in all sections of the State today are realizing more adequate returns upon the investments they make in effort and in substance in the dairy branch of farming than was the case when this service began. Illinois, considering its area and general conditions, ranks high as a dairy production state. In competition with the world, in expositions and in production tests, farmers of Illinois have well upheld the honor of the State. The youngsters too, in junior clubs and agricultural classes, when pitted against the best informed in other states, have demonstrated thoroughly the value of the teaching they receive in the fundamentals of dairy farm- ing; and in this, too, the Division of Dairy Husbandry plays an important part, building for the future of the industry as well as for its immediate success. PROGRESS 47 DIVISION OF STANDARDIZATION AND MARKETS G. V. Day, Acting Superintendent To produce a crop successfully is but a portion of the farmer's problem. It must be marketed before he can derive an income from it. In this age of standardiza- tion, uniformity and official designation of the variety and quality is particularly essential for successful sales of perishable commodities. On this basis, the Division of Standardization and Markets serves the fruit and vegetable production branches of the farming business. Skilled inspectors, versed and drilled in the various commodities that orchards and truck gardens of this State produce, pass upon the quality of shipments at the point of origin. In the harvest season, forces engaged in this special service can be found throughout the sections from which fruits and vegetables are shipped in car load lots. Certificates of grade and quality, issued by these specialists, are based upon the standards the Department of Agriculture promulgates as official. The standards are unified throughout the United States through the Federal marketing bureau, and are prima facie evidence, in any court of justice in the Nation, of the statements they set forth. This service formerly exacted twice the fee that is assessed the growers now. In spite of this reduction, the revenue that Illinois derives is greater now than then. This is due to the vast increase in the service rendered. No greater expenditure of State appropriations has been essential to this expansion. Able administration of this activity has enabled it to accomplish more good per dollar of its cost to the public. The accompanying table tells how growers, as associations and as individuals, are de- manding more of this inspection service. In addition to this service, men engaged throughout the year, when not assigned to shipping-point inspection, 48 ILLINOIS Proper orchard methods encourage bumper yields of splendid fruit Mechanical cleaner removes spray residue and soil, and gives the fruit attractive luster PROGRESS 49 Inspection, in the packing plant, for the certification of grade and quality Final inspection before the car is sealed assures the traae the contents is as certified 50 ILLINOIS WHICH KIND DO YOU MARKET? **mmm6m m,®m®®® ®®m®®® DIRTY IRREGULAR CLEAN UNIFORM Grading demonstrations and egg shows tend to improve quality of Illinois eggs carry on an intense promotional program. Growers are taught the value of the improved methods science has evolved, and are urged to adopt the plans productive of the best results. Consequently, more growers of fruits and vegetables now, than formerly, are selecting, grading, packing and shipping their products in conformity with PROGRESS 51 the demands of an exacting market. As a result, more growers are deriving more satisfactory returns. In addition to the perishable fruits and vegetables, another farm commodity, also highly perishable — the egg — receives attention at the hands of this Division. Grading demonstrations, and competitive exhibitions of selected eggs, conducted and encouraged through this branch of the service, tend to instruct the poultry raisers on the most successful methods of marketing this staple product. As the fruit industry of Illinois expands, the need of this marketing service grows. As growers learn more of its merits, the service becomes more in demand. This has been the record during the past few years, and as sure as Illinois continues fruit and vegetable production, there will remain a strong demand for this constructive service. DIVISION OF COOPERATIVE CROP REPORTS A. J. Surratt, Agricultural Statistician A public that is well informed concerning the re- corded production and movement of farm products and indications of future yields in crops and livestock, can produce and market its commodities more wisely. The dealers and consumers, too, derive a benefit from authen- tic information. Such a service is provided in the State of Illinois as the results of cooperation, developed during the ad- ministration of the present chief Executive, between the United States Department of Agriculture and the Depart- ment of Agriculture of the State of Illinois. This service functions to minimize erratic fluctua- tions on the markets. It takes into account the factors that affect production. It conducts intensive surveys of conditions as they exist at a given period, and on informa- tion carefully assembled, bases estimates of future yields. 52 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 53 . o #%r- z o Ok; o <* 2> 3 r 42 2 <\| <0 2 -1 *> z o S 2 o 1 * Z O < 5 z g j Z 5 £ O PROGRESS 55 GROSS FARM VALUE OF ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK JANUARY 1,1928 AGGREGATE VALUE OF LIVESTOCK CATTLE, HOGS.SHEEP, HORSES AND MULES JANUARY 1,1928 56 ILLINOIS GROSS FARM VALUE OF ILLINOIS CROPS DECEMBER.I927 UTILIZATION OF CULTIVATED ACREAGE ILLINOIS -1927 SPRING WHEAT 1.1% 216,000 ACRES BARLEY E3°A. 4S3.000 ACRES PROGRESS 57 Each dot represents 5,000 acres of corn production in a nor- mal season 58 ILLINOIS Throughout the State, local crop and livestock re- porters contribute information. The data thus assembled is carefully corroborated and compiled. The information that is then available is released in such a manner that the farmer may receive it just as soon as the concerns that deal in farm commodities. This joint State and Federal service is growing. Crops that are increasing in importance are added to the list considered. More frequent information is demanded and procured for an interested public. Unusual condi- tions, such as unseasonable weather, floods, and other de- i partures from the normal situation that frequently occur, call for emergency treatment. All this has helped to bring about an increase in the volume of the service this Division renders. The circulation of the reports and estimates issued is continually growing. This is attributed to the fact that farmers throughout Illinois are basing greater con- fidence in the information that this service provides. They find that a study of conditions affecting markets they supply is helpful. If indications are that pork, for instance, will be in great demand six months hence, they arrange their plans accordingly. If they find the trend of production indicates a surplus, they adjust planting, breeding or feeding plans accordingly. Aside from the growing list of reports issued direct to an increasing list of clients, newspapers carry informa- tion that this service prepares. This reaches readers in all sections simultaneously, giving all the benefits the in- formation offers. The Division of Cooperative Federal and State service illustrates what two great agencies can accom- plish when they work in harmony. Either would be hin- dered without assistance of the other. The information that is gleaned in Illinois alone would be of far less value without taking into account related information from the other production sections and the market centers of the Nation — and that, naturally, is a function of the Federal PROGRESS 59 service. The two Departments, united for this purpose, have worked harmoniously and successfully, and the farming interests of the State of Illinois have profited materially through this cooperation. DIVISION OF APIARY INSPECTION A. L. Kildowv Chief Inspector Even the busy little honey bee is subject to infection. A bee disease known as foulbrood, a few years ago, threatened the extermination of the apiary industry. The business of keeping bees was then only a fraction of the industry it is today, but Illinois, through its State gov- ernment, recognized its value and importance. As a commercial proposition, the production of honey on the farms of Illinois is growing in importance. It is the only means of livelihood of many farmers. Others, keeping bees for the home supply of that most wholesome sweet, would be deprived of its great benefits unless the disease that threatened the industry were overcome. As conditions in this advancing agricultural section show the march of progress, the honey bees, as Nature's own provision for the pollinization of the flowering plants, increase in importance. The wild bees of the forests, and the bumble bees of the cut-over, stumpy bottom fields, are rapidly disappearing from Illinois. The duties they performed now rests upon the pollen-laden shoulders of the honey bee. If Illinois continues to grow its fruits and vegetables and clover crops successfully, it must de- fend its willing messengers — the honey bees. The Division of apiary inspection is performing this service. Within the past two years, inspectors have eradicated almost every colony that investigation indi- cated was too seriously infected for successful treatment. The inspections carried on have increased until now around 80,000 colonies are visited during the spring and summer season. In place of 50 per cent disease, as for- merly existed, the percentage is reduced to almost nil in many sections of the State. A few plague spots remain, 60 ILLINOIS Foulbrood, reduced to a minimum in Illinois, by thorough in- spection service Experimental and demonstration apiary, maintained at Springfield PROGRESS 6 1 and inspection, recently reduced by virtue of the fact that this task has been practically completed, is largely con- fined to emergency service and to a cleanup program in the sections where the blight is still in evidence. This service of the State, like other branches that promote agriculture, tends to educate rather than to prosecute to bring about desired results. In very few instances has it ever been necessary to resort to court proceedings to effect eradication of colonies that threat- ened the welfare of others by contaminating adjacent bee- yards. Cooperation and a friendly understanding exist between the service and the industry. This is brought about, to a very great extent, through cooperation with the local and State associations of beekeepers. In addition to the inspection for and treatment and removal of disease, the State goes further for protection of this industry. In the last session of the State Legisla- ture, a measure was enacted whereby honey bees, to enter Illinois, or to be transported from one county to another within the confines of the State, must be sub- jected to inspection. The same requirements apply to apiary equipment. Compliance with this regulatory meas- ure, usually voluntary, tends to protect the hives of Illinois from reinfection, and thus prevents some careless shipper from undoing the good work the inspection ser- vice has accomplished in a disease- free community. ILLINOIS STATE FAIR W. W. Lindley, General Manager Within the past few years, the Illinois State Fair has gained wide recognition as "The Nation's Greatest Agricultural Exposition." Founded for the purpose of promoting the welfare of the farming population of the State, it is now, in its seventy-fifth year, adhering to this fundamental principle. The various departments of this annual institution that tend to improve the quality of the products of the 62 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 63 64 ILLINOIS Show pavilion, just completed, for the dairy cattle exposition, Illinois State Fair farms of Illinois are the ones receiving the attention of the public. In the extent and in the quality of displays competing for recognition in the various classes of live- stock, poultry and farm products, the Illinois State Fair is the premier exposition of the Nation. Educational opportunities, developed to a higher standard, and made available to a greater number of people during recent years, have also served to augment the value of this great institution. In the nature of its entertainment features, under the present method of supervision, it has established standards that are worthy of emulation. It is, in fact, the most comprehensive insti- tution of its kind in the United States. In one particular alone, fairs located near great metropolitan centers surpass the Illinois State Fair, and that is in attendance. Yet, in attendance by the families from the farms, it is perhaps without an equal. As such, it serves its purpose in a manner that is eminently satis- factory. PROGRESS 65 66 ILLINOIS No feature in the progress of this institution, within recent years, exceeds in value and importance the great construction program that is underway at the State fair- grounds. Increasing attendance, some two years ago, caused objectionable congestion. To remedy this, and to enable more to get the benefit of the attractions offered, a comprehensive program of expansion and improvement was outlined by the State officials. Last year, the program was well underway. Increased acreage was taken into the inclosure. An entirely new race track was constructed. A structure, combining a magnificent grandstand, a spa- cious exhibition pavilion and commodious administrative headquarters, was erected. This year the program continues. Added acreage has undergone improvement, and among the other ad- vantages, this affords abundant free parking space, within the grounds, for all motorists attending. The outstanding portion of this year's construction quota is the erection of six new dairy cattle stables and a cattle show pavilion. This represents the recognition by the present State officials of the growing industry of Illinois. This improvement has become essential to the welfare of the cattle exposition, as, within the past few years, increasing entries made the formerly abundant sta- ble room entirely inadequate. At the time this is prepared for publication, the Illinois State Fair of 1928 is in course of preparation, and from all indications, it will surpass all former records in its value as an institution for the public good. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITS O. K. Baldwin, Manager At the Illinois State Fair and at many other county and district agricultural fairs throughout Illinois during the past few years, countless citizens of Illinois have en- joyed a feature known as Educational Exhibits. Funds have been set aside for the presentation of these features PROGRESS 67 by the recent sessions of the State Legislature, as a serv- ice administered by the State Department of Agriculture. The exhibits represent various departments of State gov- ernment. The exhibit idea had its origin early in the first ad- ministration of Governor Len Small. It has grown into a prominent, helpful feature. Five units tour the State throughout the summer and fall, visiting as many fairs as possible. Schedules have been changed from year to year so that practically every agricultural exposition held in Illinois participates in this, at least during alternate seasons. The exhibits touring Illinois this season are typical of the ones that have gone out in former years, except that they reveal improvement. Displays, in the form of mounted specimens, elec- trically illuminated transparent pictures, motion picture films and lectures all are used to convey to the public the messages these exhibits offer. The Department of Public Welfare, by an array of exhibits, shows the progress in the care the wards of Illi- nois receive. The craftsmanship of patients is displayed. The Department of Public Works and Buildings dis- plays views and illustrations showing progress of the road construction program, and points of scenic splendor at the Illinois State parks. The Department of Public Health sends physicians and nurses who give physical examinations that have warned many of the danger of disease. The Department of Purchases and Construction shows what the State is doing in the construction of State buildings and in the Waterways Division. The Department of Agriculture, with films and transparent pictures, teaches farm improvement methods, 68 ILLINOIS and shows progress in the nine Divisions through which it functions. The exhibits serve in many ways to improve condi- tions in the State of Illinois. They warn against the sundry dangers that beset the physical well-being of the public, and against the ills besetting agriculture. They give the public information to which this administration considers all entitled, for the disposition of the public funds concerns the citizenship of Illinois. This method of communication tells how public servants are perform- ing duties that the laws assign them. In addition to their presentation at the fairs through- out the State, the educational exhibits and the films that form a part of them are available for other public gather- ings. Farmers' institutes, Farm Bureau meetings, con- ventions and other public gatherings engage these fea- tures. Bulletins bearing upon a wide range of subjects, prepared as an activity under the head of Educational Exhibits, and distributed by the staff of trained atten- dants, also serve to give helpful information State-wide distribution. By way of an illustration, the booklet wherein this appears, is a portion of this service during the present season. Copies are distributed at the several fairs exhibits visit, and the cost of distribution is there- by reduced to a minimum. The foregoing sections touch but briefly on some representative activities conducted through the various Divisions of the Illinois Department of Agriculture. There are many others of equal, perhaps greater, im- portance. Detailed information, however, would prove burdensome, and they are therefore omitted from this report. In addition to the many duties assigned to the sepa- rate Divisions, there are many that the Department is as- PROGRESS 69 signed by legislation. For example, Illinois does more by way of the financial and moral support and supervi- sion of her county and other agricultural fairs than any of the other 47 states. Through increased appropria- tions, utilizing only funds collected from the race tracks of Illinois, the fairs are reimbursed for premiums paid in agricultural and related classes. This represents the distribution of more than half a million dollars during this biennium, through the general office of the Depart- ment of Agriculture. Inspection and supervision of the conduct of the participating fairs is required that they may qualify for this support. This, too, is a duty of the Department. Seeking information on various topics that are vital to the welfare of the State, the Department has in prog- ress, a number of important experimental projects. In- formation thus obtained will be of inestimable economic value. One is an attempt to prove or to disprove the theory that tuberculosis can be prevented in livestock by a vac- cine treatment. This, alone, if the evidence supports the contention that immunization is possible, will be of un- told value to the State. In addition, the tests now under way will have an important bearing upon the long-sought plan whereby the human race may become immune from that dread disease — the great, white plague. The State's relation to the county Farm Bureaus is conducted through this Department. The licensing of live market poultry dealers, as a means of curbing thefts, has been assigned to this branch of State government. Cooperative marketing organizations are also licensed through this service. In almost countless ways, the ser- vice this Department renders is met in the daily trans- actions of the people of the State. Law, and custom, which makes law, also have or- dained that the Director of this Department of State gov- 70 ILLINOIS ernment, shall serve in various capacities related to the agricultural industry of the State. Official positions vested with the Director, and demanding his attention — and without compensation, briefly mentioned, follow: Arbiter of the running race tracks of the State, Agricultural Representative, Illinois Valley Flood Control Commission, Secretary, Illinois Association of Agricultural Fairs, Secretary, Illinois State Dairymen's Association, Member State Board of Vocational Education, Illinois Representative in the National Association of Commissioners, Secretaries and Directors of Agricul- ture, and others. PROGRESS 71 The Department of Labor George B. Arnold, Director THE DEPARTMENT of Labor has been under the direction of George B. Arnold since February 1, 1921, and since February, 1928, James R. Cooper has held the position of Assistant Director. The organization of the Department's five main Divisions is shown in the accompanying chart. The Division of Free Employment Offices maintains and super- vises free employment offices throughout the State, enforcing the Free Employment Agency Act. The Division of Inspection of Private Employment Agen- cies enforces the Private Employment Agency Act of 1909 through inspection, which serves as a basis for recommendation for the issuance and revocation of licenses. The Division of Factory Inspection is intended for the regulation of industry and labor through the en- forcement of the various labor and factory laws. The Industrial Commission has for its purpose the adminis- tration of the Workmen's Compensation Act. It also is charged with the administration of the Arbitration Act, which provides for the adjustment of industrial disputes through mediators and conciliators. The General Ad- visory Board for the Illinois Free Employment Offices was developed under the Civil Administrative Code to maintain contact between the employment offices and the localities in which they are located. The Bureau of Labor Statistics under the Illinois Industrial Commission gathers and compiles all data pertaining to the Depart- ment of Labor and also under this Division the Labor Bulletin, the official organ of the Department, is edited. Sidney W. Wilcox is Editor in Chief, also head of the "Bureau of Labor Statistics. 72 ILLINOIS If : : ' ^y^xf')':-:..^ ■■■■ HP ^g/ *^ f &jg$ife ;. : - tlivlf ■ Insurance Department, Illinois Industrial Commission, Department of Labor Public reception room, Illinois Industrial Commission, Department of Labor PROGRESS 73 DIVISION OF THE FREE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES Charles M. Crayton, State Superintendent Of the various divisions of the Illinois Department of Labor, it is doubtful whether any has a more direct and helpful relationship to the wage earner than the Free Employment Service. Its task of providing jobs to thousands of workers who have been cast out of employ- ment because of the introduction of machinery or a de- cline in business is one of first rate importance to the citizens of Illinois. The extent to which this service has been performed is indicated by a record of placements from 1920 to the present time during which a total of 1,220,051 workers have been given jobs in the eighteen offices and branch offices situated in thirteen industrial centers of the State. The record for the fiscal years is as follows : Male Female Total July, 1920— June, 1921 99,348 42,279 141,627 July, 1921— June, 1922 81,083 42,452 123,535 July, 1922— June, 1923 143,957 55,500 199,457 July, 1923— June, 1924 98,761 57,037 155,798 July, 1924— June, 1925 81,115 52,534 133,649 July, 1925— June, 1926 115,101 55,696 170,797 July, 1926— June, 1927 107,114 57,957 165,071 July, 1927— June, 1928 77,088 53,029 130,117 Total 803,567 416,484 1,220,051 Up to the present time the majority of the openings for men have been in the common labor branches, and most of the calls for women have come from hotels, restaurants and people needing domestic servants. The practice among trade unions of placing their members has caused the free employment office to put less emphasis on the placing of skilled workers and to give more time to those whose skill is no longer needed because of economic readjustments, or to those who have never fol- lowed any particular line of work. Because of a number ILLINOIS ! * % m ■ ^ Personnel of the Illinois Industrial Commission, Department of Labor of causes, among which is the greater competition of private agencies, the free employment service has played only a minor role in the placing of clerical workers. The greatest number of placements has been made by the Chicago office which has five branches situated in the various industrial sections of the city. An office for unskilled labor is maintained at 105 South Jefferson Street, and another, designed particularly for the benefit of colored workers, is to be found at 419 E. 35th Street. A large number of foreign-speaking men and women are placed by the Logan Square office. The Stockyard Branch is located at 4713 South Halsted Street. Sepa- rate divisions for the placing of all leading kinds of help are to be found in the central office at 116 North Dear- born Street. Other offices to be found in the State are in Danville, Decatur, Bloomington and Aurora where the demand PROGRESS 75 Bureau of Statistics, Illinois Industrial Commission, Department of Labor for common and farm laborers is taken care of by the service. A large volume of work is also handled by the Rock Island office which is located in the center of one of the leading Illinois industrial communities. This office perhaps has the greatest demand for skilled factory hands in the State. Offices situated in Cicero, East St. Louis, Joliet, Rock ford, Quincy and Peoria have also made a good record in placing factory workers. The coal strike has made the problem of unemployment particularly great in the area served by the Springfield division which, nevertheless, has placed 5,671 workers during the fiscal year 1926-1927. In addition to its primary function of placing work- ers, the free employment service has been valuable as a source of information regarding the extent of unemploy- ment. Each month, a detailed report of applications, jobs offered, number referred to jobs and actual -placements is submitted to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Illinois 76 ILLINOIS S* I! « H S3 ¥ *5 5? ^ r I 1^ 11 1 \ ^ £ ! N$ i ! *^ N 1 ** * K * 1 Department of Labor which, in turn, compiles a ratio of applicants per 100 jobs. This information is made public each month in the Illinois Labor Bulletin. These reports may be obtained free of charge by writing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 300 West Adams Street, Chicago. PROGRESS 77 At the present time there is great need for better co- operation between states in the matter of unemployment. It is not at all infrequent that employers can not find suffi- cient workers in one part of the country and workers can find no jobs in another. Through providing means of closer organization, such difficulties can be almost entirely avoided. INSPECTION OF PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES John J. McKenna, Chief Inspector Almost anyone having trouble with his job, whether it be a matter of the collection of wages or a complaint against an employment agency, or a Trade School, may appeal to this office. An account of the various methods pursued to give these unfortunate persons the assistance they desire, cannot be given within the limits of a report. The question is often asked, — Why not arrest the offend- er? This is done in most cases, especially where there is an opportunity to get a conviction. But, in some cases, where the proof of intent to violate the law is absent, the best thing that can be done is to make them give the money back. The majority of people who apply to this Division for aid are unemployed and need help at once. To take a weak case to court is unfair to them, since they cannot spare the time to follow it through the numerous con- tinuances. To do so would swell the number of prose- cutions, but, on the other hand, it would fail to render the service as now given. In most cases the average amount of money involved is only ten to fifteen dollars, but it means bread and butter to the complainant whose princi- pal concern is to have his money refunded. During the past eight years 8,110 complaints were received and adjusted, resulting in the refunding of $61,068.26 to those who complained. In addition to this 78 ILLINOIS W H H £ CQ ^ O CO Q oo as O C3 b- rH rH co rH as co lo Tfl Tfl io rH rH rH o • oo • 1-i • > o 55 b- rH b- O cq cq i—i rH rH CO rH O CO o "tf< Cq rti rH rH rH cq • oo • rH -4-i o O O rH ce rH CD OS b- rH tH as cq b- M (M (M rH rH rH CO • CO • rH • ft TO CO OS lo as rH CI O rH CO o rH > rH OC o CI CI lo o rH rH as •>*> LO (M LO ^f CO rH rH rH "* CO LO ">*< r-i i-i < O 00 CO o CI tH rH CO CO co co as co »cH cq rH rH rH CO LO LO LO tH rH rH oo tr- CO rH C3 CI b- rH CO as b- tH CO LO CO Tf rH tH tH LO CO b- b- tH r-i a) ee b- rH to Cj OS o C] o rH LO -^ O LO b- b- HHH ^ oo O O cq * l> CO ■"* ^ r-i OO H 2 Ph o o EH O H Ph m 55 rH LO CO rH M M H 0 rH — ' » ft .2 3 5 a Q o 0> CO &3 CJ CO r-j Si 80 ILLINOIS the employment agencies were compelled to give other jobs to 2,063 persons. During this period the Deputy Inspectors made 35,480 bi-monthly reports on employ- ment agencies and 123,691 daily inspection reports. There were 1,672 special investigations made. The work of this Division is not entirely devoted to private employment agencies. For the past three years it has been compelled to give much attention to trade schools in Chicago. During 1925 complaints began to come in against trade schools that were promising jobs to all who agreed to take the course of training they had to offer. Numerous arrests were made in this connection, mostly of the "Loop Salesmen" who were advertising that a large salary could be had while taking their course. In 1926, the Attorney General rendered an opinion to the effect that schools, offering employment as a bait to get students, were operating a private employ- ment agency and were subject to the law governing such agencies. Employment licenses were then issued to trade schools and their salesmen, giving them the first supervision they had experienced. This plan, however, failed to cure the evil, and so, upon recommendation of this Division, and through the efforts of the Director of Labor, House Bill No. 357 was passed by the Fifty-fifth General Assembly, which is an Act to regulate Profes- sional Correspondence Schools and Manual and Me- chanical Trade Schools. Section 1 of this Act states: "After the first day of January, 1928, it shall be unlaw- ful to conduct a professional correspondence school, or a manual or mechanical trade school without a certificate of registration issued by the Department of Registration and Education." This means in short that schools which in the past have represented themselves as colleges and universities will now be forced to show just what they have to offer to prospective students, and the State will see that these schools are in a position to supply the promised training before a license is issued to them. The various agencies receiving complaints from students in PROGRESS 81 the past, are unanimous in their praise of this law. This Division is interested in it from the standpoint of em- ployment, for, as noted in its report on trade schools, the latter, separated from the licensed private employment agencies, can now be prevented from selling the student a job, when he believes that he is buying a training course. The value of this law cannot be fully realized by the average citizen, but to the boy in the small community, who in the past has been lured to the city by the elaborate advertising and promises of these trade schools in Chi- cago, it will afford protection from the faker, and it will also compel the licensed school to be properly equipped to teach and train the students who enroll. DIVISION OF FACTORY INSPECTION W. H. Curran, Chief Factory Inspector In 1893 the first regular report on Factory Inspection in Illinois was made to the Governor. From that time until 1917 the Factory Inspection service existed as a separate State department, but the Civil Administrative Code enacted in 1917 empowered the Department of La- bor to exercise the duties of the Factory Inspection ser- vice. In practice these duties have been delegated by the Director of Labor to the Chief Factory Inspector. The laws which are enforced by the Division of Fac- tory Inspection are listed below, somewhat in the order of their importance in the work of the Division: Child labor law Women's ten-hour law Health, safety and comfort law Bedding law Blower law Structural law Wash house law Occupational disease law Garment law 1. Child Labor Law This law is designed to keep children under 14 years of age out of employment in industry and trade. It does 82 ILLINOIS not apply to agriculture or domestic service. Supple- mented by the compulsory school attendance law, its in- tent is not only to prevent growing children from too early and harmful employment but also to guarantee to them the leisure to attend school. The child labor law also requires that children 14 to 16 years of age have em- ployment certificates before they may work. This pro- vision is intended to guarantee that a child under 16 years of age who goes to work shall have had at least six grades of schooling and shall be employed in an occupation which is not dangerous and which is suited to his physi- cal development at the time he starts to work. Before a child under 16 years is granted a certificate he must prove that he is at least 14 years old and has finished at least the sixth grade in school ; he must present a promise of employment from his prospective employer; and he must pass a physical examination. The Division of Factory Inspection is responsible for interpreting the provisions of the law and for inspect- ing those establishments which are under the jurisdiction of the child labor law. It also prosecutes violators of the law. The issuance of employment certificates is per- formed by local school superintendents or their author- ized representatives, but a copy of every certificate issued has to be sent to the Division of Factory Inspection. 2. Women's Ten-Hour Law In specified occupations women in Illinois may not work more than ten hours a day. No limitation is set to the number of hours or days per week which women may work. Technically, therefore, women may be em- ployed as long as seventy hours a week. Actually, very few cases of such long hours are found. Small estab- lishments which are open evenings are likely to be the worst violators of the ten-hour law. The Division of Factory Inspection inspects the establishments under this law to see that time records are kept, to discover violations and, if necessary, to prosecute the violators. PROGRESS 83 3. Health, Safety and Comfort Law This law endeavors to set standards for the safety and health of the workers in factories, mercantile estab- lishments, mills and workshops. It deals with machin- ery, sanitation and ventilation. The Chief Factory In- spector has tried to cooperate with manufacturers of new machinery in order to be sure that new machinery is up to the standard set by the law. 4. Bedding Law Although this is not a law primarily for the benefit of the worker, in a secondary sense it is for the conserva- tion of the public health, and its enforcement has been assigned by the Legislature to the Chief Factory Inspec- tor. The law provides that all bedding sold in Illinois shall be marked by a label or tag which shows whether the material of which the bedding is made is new or used. 5. Blower Law The Blower law is an Act requiring the use of blow- ers upon metal polishing machinery in order to protect the workers by carrying off the dust. Unfortunately, the Act does not apply to small shops employing not more than one man in such work. 6. Structural Law This law provides for the safety of persons in and about the construction, repairing, alteration, or removal of buildings, viaducts, and other structures. Its enforce- ment is shared by the Division of Factory Inspection with local authorities having jurisdiction over building laws. 7. Wash House Law Owners and operators of coal mines, steel mills, foundries, machine shops and similar businesses in which employees necessarily become covered with grease, dirt and perspiration are required to provide for their work- ers wash rooms with lockers, facilities for changing 84 ILLINOIS clothes, and showers. These rooms must be heated dur- ing cold weather. 8. Occupational Disease Law This is an important law in protecting workers in establishments where certain substances or poisons speci- fied in the law are handled which may cause occupational disease. The Division of Factory Inspection inspects such establishments and also investigates individual cases of occupational disease. Compulsory monthly examina- tions of employees in these establishments are required and are reported to the State Board of Health which sub- mits a copy of the reports to the Division of Factory In- spection. The law needs to be made more general in order that more workers exposed to poisonous substances may be protected. Since this law was passed, many more sub- stances, fumes and dusts have been found to be injurious to health of the workers, and new industries have arisen which should be included under the law. 9. Garment Law This law regulates the manufacture of clothing in dwellings. The Division of Factory Inspection shares responsibility for its enforcement with the State Board of Health. The provisions of the child labor law and of the health, safety and comfort law give greater authority to the Division of Factory Inspection than does the garment law ; therefore inspections to enforce the garment law are made under these laws rather than under the garment law itself. Codes In several of its annual reports, the Division of Fac- tory Inspection has urged the development of administra- tive codes in the enactment of labor legislation. Condi- tions in industry have been changing rapidly, and the labor laws passed some years ago are no longer adequate. With the best of intentions, legislatures are not sufficiently acquainted in detail with the technical conditions in the PROGRESS 85 industries which they are regulating by law to be able to formulate the exact measures by which workers are to be protected. To meet this situation, some states have passed gen- eral legislation in respect to safety or other subjects, but have granted the power to decide upon the specific re- quirements to the board in charge of the administration of the law. Sometimes the details are worked out and agreed upon by conferences of representatives of employ- ers and employees. After decisions are made, they are given the force of law. Changes are made, when neces- sary, in the codes thus developed with greater ease and with what are probably more satisfactory results than would be the case when the Legislature has to change details in the laws. THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION William M. Scanlan, Chairman The work of the Industrial Commission is the ad- ministration of the Workmen's Compensation Act on behalf of injured workers. Typically, the manner in which a case comes before the Commission is as follows : A workman is injured during the course of his employ- ment. He must notify his employer of the accident with- in thirty days in order to be entitled to compensation. The employer, in turn, is required by law to supply the injured wage earner with necessary medical, surgical and hospital services and also additional compensation. In the vast majority of cases, no difficulty arises over the application of the law — the employer and employee are able to reach a mutually satisfactory settlement. But occasionally, the employer and the injured employee are unable to agree in regard to the amount of compensation due. In that case, one of the dissatisfied parties files with the Industrial Commission an application for adjust- ment of his claim through arbitration. There are ten arbitrators in the service of the Commission who devote 86 ILLINOIS all of their time to hearing evidence on disputed cases. The work of the arbitrators is divided geographically as follows : Seven of the ten arbitrators are stationed at Chicago ; five of these spend practically all of their time hearing cases in Chicago, and the other two make such trips into the rest of the State as are necessary. Of the three remaining arbitrators, one has his headquarters at Peoria, one at Harrisburg and one at East St. Louis. Each of the arbitrators at these three centers has a regular itinerary for the territory adjacent to his headquarters, planned in such a manner that he holds monthly hearings at various towns and cities. At the hearing, witnesses and, commonly, attorneys appear, and of course the injured employee if it is pos- sible for him to do so. It is a common practice to have the employee examined before the hearing in order to discover scientifically the exact nature and extent of the injury, for often the dispute is concerning the extent to which the employee's earning power has been diminished by the partial loss of the use of one of his members. Those who give evidence are sworn and testimony is heard from both sides. As soon as a decision is reached by the arbitrator, he files it with the Industrial Commis- sion, and the Commission at once sends a copy of the decision to each party or to his attorney. Upon receipt of a copy of the arbitration decision, such decision becomes binding on both parties as the de- cision of the Commission — unless a party who is dissatis- fied with the award files within 15 days of receipt of the arbitration decision a petition for review, and within 20 days an agreed statement of the facts brought out at the arbitration, or a correct stenographic report of the arbi- tration proceedings. If the procedure just indicated is complied with, the Industrial Commission is required by law to review the arbitrator's decision promptly. The hearing on review usually is held before one member of the Commission. But either party may demand — and this is frequently the PROGRESS 87 case — an oral argument before not less than a majority of the Commission. At the review hearing, in addition to the agreed statement of facts or stenographic report of the original arbitration hearing, further evidence may be offered by either party. Continuous hearings are held at Chicago and usually monthly at Springfield, East St. Louis, Danville, Decatur, Peoria, LaSalle and Harris- burg. Occasional hearings are held at Rock Island, Cairo, Rockford, Freeport, Joliet and at other places where there are a sufficient number of cases to justify it. After a review hearing, the Commission files in its office the decision in the case and immediately sends to each party or his attorney, a copy of the decision. If either party feels dissatisfied with the decision, he may obtain from the Circuit Court a writ of certiorari to the Industrial Commission which gives the Circuit Court power to review all questions of law and fact that are contained in the record of the hearing before the Commis- sion. The Circuit Court may confirm or set aside the decision of the Industrial Commission. If the decision is set aside, "the court may enter such decision as is justified by law or may remand the cause to the Indus- trial Commission for further proceedings and may state the questions requiring further hearing, and give such other instructions as may be proper." A final step provided by the Workmen's Compensa- tion Act for the disposition of disputed cases is that judgments and orders by the Circuit Court may be re- viewed by the Illinois Supreme Court upon a writ of error "which the Supreme Court in its discretion may order to issue." Some of the decisions of the Supreme Court are of fundamental importance in interpreting the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act. More than 450 workmen's compensation cases have been re- viewed by the Illinois Supreme Court. In this process of administration the Commission has attempted to give the employers and employees such an understanding of the act and its operation that it will 88 ILLINOIS tend to work automatically — questions of compensation being settled directly by the parties involved. The extent to which this has been done is indicated by the accom- panying diagram. Thus in 1926, of the 58,000 compensable accidents, more than 80 per cent were settled without dispute. Of the remaining 11,000, which involved claims for arbitra- tion, only 3,400 were heard by arbitrators, the remainder having been decided by the interested parties prior to the arbitration hearings. Finally, 2,100 of the arbitrators' decisions were accepted as given, leaving only 1,300 (2 per cent of the total number of compensable accidents) coming up for review before the Commission. Most of the cases appealed from the Commission to the Circuit or Supreme Courts have been confirmed. The Commission is assisted by its Medical Depart- ment which, when necessary, conducts a free examination of the injured and reports its findings to the Commis- sioners, thus permitting an impartial conclusion as far as the nature and extent of the injury is concerned, which is essential to determining the amount of compensation warranted by the case. Through its Securities Department the Industrial Commission undertakes to make certain that all employers subject to the Compensation Act make adequate provision for the payment of compensation to their employees in case of accidents. The employer may elect to carry his own risk, in which case a sworn statement of his financial condition, approved by the Commission, is necessary ; or to file a bond, or deposit satisfactory securities, sufficient to cover losses, with the Commission ; or, finally, to insure his compensation liability in some insurance company licensed by the State. This third method is the one usually adopted and necessitates the examination of the insuring companies to determine their financial status. Forty-nine such examinations were made in 1926. The extent of the Securities Department's work is indicated by the number of employers, who, coming un- PROGRESS 89 OPERA T/OA/OE WORK MENS CO/iPE/ttAT/ON ACT /320-/S27 /S20-2/ 192/- 2Z & 22-23 /#23-24 /224-2S /#2S~26 &26'2? WBCom pens able /4 cade tits ttlLLlA Arh/ fra tio/) />ec/s/'cns fSSS&Arbitra Hon C/wms i \tfhtifiofis /br /fey/eiv (not ava/ '/a6/e for /£teO -2 2) 90 ILLINOIS der the Compensation Act, are constantly checked to see that they are properly insured — notices of policies and their termination being sent to the Commission for each employer by his insuring company : TABLE 1 Number of employers making arrangements through Securities Year ending Dept. for Compensation payment. June 30, 1921 68,000 1922 73,500 1923 85,000 1924 96,000 1925 113,000 1926 140,000 The Workmen's Compensation Act, around which i centers the work of the Industrial Commission, has under- gone modifications at practically every General Assembly since 1921, although there were none materially affecting labor prior to 1925. Dating all references back to 1921, the following is a brief outline of important changes : 1. Scope. The scope of the Act as regards the types of employments automatically covered remained unchanged until 1925. In that year the scope was ex- tended to include all accidents which occurred outside of Illinois, provided the employment contract was entered into in Illinois. An addition to the employments auto- matically under the Act was made in the same year, so as to include accidents in connection with aerial service and loading and unloading connected with such service. In 1927, two more types of employment not previ- ously covered were included, that connected with the "lay- ing out or improvement of subdivisions of tracts of land," and, secondly, "any enterprise for the treatment of cross ties, switch ties, telegraph poles, timber or other wood, with creosote or other preservatives." 2. Medical attention. Prior to 1925, the em- ployers' liability for medical and surgical expenses for an industrial accident was limited to a period not to exceed 8 weeks, nor to exceed an amount of $200. In 1925, this PROGRESS 91 limitation was removed. The employee is now entitled to all medical, surgical and hospital services which are neces- sary reasonably to cure or relieve him from the effects of the injury. He is also entitled, since July 1, 1925, to an artificial arm, hand, leg, foot or eye if he has lost his own in an accident. The Act effective July 1, 1927, also in- cludes the replacement of teeth. 3. Compensation. Changes have been made in the amounts of compensation payable for various types of accidents so as to keep these payments commensurate with changed prices and adjusted so that they will rep- resent equitable compensation. The following tables show these changes. Table 2 presents the increases in the maximum and minimum weekly compensation pay- ments, specified by the law, according to the number of dependent children of the injured employee, and by the year the given change in the Act was made. TABLE 2 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM WEEKLY COMPENSATION PAYMENTS Minimum Children under 16 years 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 $ 7.00 $ 7.50 $ 7.50 $ 7.50 $ 7.50 1 8.00 8.50 8.50 11.00 11.00 2 9.00 9.50 9.50 12.00 12.00 3 10.00 10.50 10.50 13.00 13.00 4 or more 10.00 10.50 10.50 14.00 14.00 Maximum. $12.00 $14.00 $14.00 $14.00 $14.00 1 13.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 2 14.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 3 15.00 17.00 17.00 18.00 18.00 4 or more 15.00 17.00 17.00 19.00 19.00 The increases in compensation allowed for specific losses or losses of use are indicated in the following table. Note that in this case compensation is expressed in the number of weeks during which the injured employee is entitled to weekly compensation payments. The first change in this type of compensation was made in 1925. 92 ILLINOIS H m P o 03 m O tf O 02 m O D E i— i o PL, « O CO PQ fc P4 H P3 p OS OOLOIOOIOC^IOLOIOOO t>^COiM(MMHt-NCOOi(M tH 0 i-H CM t-I t-I tH rH OS OIOOOIOOOOOIOIOO !DMMNHCOHU50N1>0 T-l CM rH tH tH OS T-l OS T-l OIOOOIOOOOOLOIOO COCOMNHMHIOOMC-O tH CSJ tH tH r-\ tH OS OLOOOLOOOOOLOIOO <005CONHCOHlOO(Mt>0 tH cm T-i tH th tH OS tH OljSOOLOOOOOLOLOO WC0MNHC0Hl0ONt>O iH CM tH tH tH CO r-l OS iH OLOOOLOOOOOIOIOO (OMCONHCOHUJONt-O WIN H H H CD OS 3 o en CO o tH o C/2 • CD W »H *h i O • p u © • *» a s a 9 : - o s "o ft tQ«= I a e ix C tx O < < c a > ' PROGRESS 93 W o o W o O o Woo o W o o o t— • LO W . ' lO lOO . ' LO LO LO • LO LO LO CXJ »^tc I> fH # CO tH H ^ t,.^ ,.•10 K^ t^ © - • LO LO ?H CO C CO u '. >d r- 1 a> . •i-i d T3 . d d • d ; o >> d 73 PI d ' (h fl ?-. d © '. O o> xj S-H a nd ;~j 2 'd ! d CO ft CO Q ■d : a e £ £ 5 : a £ o a § o 1 3.5- w> d *" — 1 C gular nimu —2 c gular nimu Yimn s 1 CO 1 1 nder 16- Regular Minimu Maxima o 3 ►> © .i-i a 5 gtf S£ 3 > a> "H a 5 itf^^ ! £ ; o 'a T3 T3 T3 d s ? £ P 94 ILLINOIS Table 4 shows the amounts to which widows and children under 16 are entitled if the employee is killed. The same table applies when an employee is permanently and totally disabled. The Mediators and Conciliators, functioning in in- dustrial disputes under the Voluntary Arbitration Law, were placed by the Code under the supervision of the Industrial Commission. Their work has been that of hearing the cases of the two parties in labor disagree- ments, attempting to arrive at some decision which will be sufficiently satisfactory to prevent an interruption of the normal operation of industry. The extent of this work is of course dependent upon business conditions, industrial friction usually accompanying discrepancies between wages and price-level movements. During 1920-1921 the Mediators and Conciliators reported that eleven actual or threatened strikes had been averted through their efforts. The following two years saw strikes which involved large numbers of wage earners and consumers. For the years 1923-1926, although there was relatively little labor trouble, two serious strikes were threatened, that in the Illinois Traction System and that of the coal teamsters and chauffeurs in Chicago, both of which were reported by the Mediators as settled. PROGRESS 95 Department of Mines and Minerals A. D. Lewis, Director THE DEPARTMENT of mines and Minerals was organized immediately after July 1, 1917, under the Civil Administrative Code, by which it was given the authority to exercise the rights, powers and duties hereto- fore invested by law in the State Mining Board, the State Mine Inspectors, the Miners* Examining Commission, the Mine Fire Fighting and Rescue Commission and also other powers, rights and duties. Under this Department have been organized the following divisions : (1) General Office. (2) Inspection. (3) Miners' Examination. (4) Mine Rescue and First Aid. (5) Economic Investigation. (6) Fluorspar. The General Office Division has charge of the clerical work of all other Divisions and through it all statistical reports are collected, tabulated and printed in one volume, known as the Annual Coal Report. Under this Division, , also, examinations are held by the State Mining Board of all persons seeking certificates of competency as inspectors of mines, mine managers, hoisting engineers and mine : examiners. This Board consists of four members ap- pointed by the Governor, of which the Director of the I Department of Mines and Minerals is executive officer. The Division of Inspection is composed of thirteen State Inspectors, one Inspector for each of the twelve dis- \ tricts into which the State is divided, and one Inspector- at-Large, whose duty it is to inspect all mines in the 96 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 97 Mine rescue team practicing first aid to the injured as taught at the Illinois mine rescue stations Mine Rescue Station, Springfield 98 ILLINOIS State at least once every six months, and oftener if neces- sary. These inspections are carefully made and show the condition of the mine, together with recommendations for correcting defects, if any. Reports are made on blanks furnished for that purpose. One copy is posted at the mine and another sent to the General Office. The latter is placed on file for future reference. It is also the duty of the Inspectors to investigate all fatal and serious accidents at the mines, to collect and forward to the General Office all reports required by law to be made, and to enforce, through the proper channel, all laws respecting the operation of coal mines. The Miners' Examination Division is composed of four members appointed by the Governor, known as the Miners' Examining Board, whose duty it is to examine all persons seeking certificates of competency as coal miners. In performing this duty the Board holds twelve meetings each month in as many different places in the coal fields of the State. The Mine Rescue and First Aid Division is charged with the duties of fighting mine fires and of saving lives and property jeopardized by fires, explosions, or other accidents in the mines, and with rendering aid to the in- jured. To carry out these provisions, there were created by an Act of the General Assembly approved March 4, 1910, three rescue stations to serve the northern, central and southern coal fields of the State. Soon after the passage of the Act, stations were established at LaSalle, Springfield and Benton. In De- cember, 1914, sub-stations were provided at Harrisburg and Herrin, and later one at DuQuoin. These were made regular stations July 1, 1917. The Fifty-fifth General Assembly, by Acts approved June 1, and July 6, 1927, respectively, provided for the establishment of a station at Belleville and one at Johnston City. Each of these stations is in charge of a Superintendent having under his control a class of men known as the Mine Rescue Team PROGRESS 99 which is ready at all times to respond to a call for help. At these stations instructions are given in mine rescue methods and in rendering first aid to the injured. The Division of Economic Investigation was organ- ized in 1917 and is in charge of an Investigator who is appointed by the Governor. This officer is charged with the duty of making inquiry into the economic conditions affecting the production of all minerals except coal, fluor- spar, lead and zinc, and with assisting in the investigation of mine disasters. The Fifty-second General Assembly, by Act ap- proved June 29, 1921, effective January 1, 1922, passed what is known as the Mines-Inspection Act. This law applies to the mining of minerals other than that of coal and those coming under the Division of Economic In- vestigation and at the present time is confined to fluor- spar, lead and zinc mines. In January, 1922, the Division of Fluorspar was organized under the Act above cited and an officer was appointed by the Governor to have charge of the enforce- ment of its provisions through the proper channels. Work Accomplished A brief review of the work of the various divisions of the Department of Mines and Minerals during the seven and a half years (to June 30, 1928) that Governor Small has been the Chief Executive of the State is given by Divisions. General Office In addition to compiling and tabulating reports of the Department and disposing of all complaints and charges brought before it, the Mining Board has held twenty-nine examinations during the time above speci- fied, and as a result of these examinations 70 men received certificates of competency for State Inspector of Mines, 1,4-19 for Mine Manager, 813 for Hoisting Engineer, and 1,206 for Mine Examiner. A record of all examinations is kept in this office and a card index 100 ILLINOIS made of all persons passing these tests. A card index is made for all fatalities in the mines and also for all persons completing the course in mine rescue methods and first aid to the injured. The names of those who pass the test for practical miner are recorded and kept on file. The records and files of this office are kept in an up-to- date and businesslike way. INSPECTION DIVISION The work of this Division can be given here only in a summarized statement. During the time covered by this report the twelve Inspectors worked an average of 1,435 days, or a yearly average of 284 days. They made a total of 10,766 inspections, or 113 inspections each, per year. Other duties, such as testing scales, investigating accidents, hearing and passing upon complaints, and act- ing in an advisory capacity with mine officials and employ- ees, require a large part of the time of each Inspector. It is very gratifying to the Department that the work of the Division has been so free from complaint or criticism. Miners' Examination The work of this Division is confined to passing upon the qualification of persons as practical miners. During the seven and a half years of Governor Small's administration the Board has held 1,024 examinations, issued 43,941 certificates to qualified miners and collected in fees $87,882. The tests made by the Board are along practical lines and emphasis is placed on carefulness in avoiding and remedying dangerous places and impressing the ap- plicant with the fact that his own safety and that of his fellow workmen rests in a great measure upon him. The result of this method on the part of the Board is reflected in the lessening of the ratio of accidents to the amount of coal produced. PROGRESS 101 MINE RESCUE DIVISION There are now eight mine rescue stations in the State, but two of them were so recently established that they are not included in the work accomplished by this Di- vision. Therefore the summary of the work done since 1921 is credited to the stations located at LaSalle, Spring- field, Benton, Eldorado, Herrin and DuQuoin. These stations are in charge of a Superintendent who has under his command a team of five men well trained in mine rescue methods, ready to respond on call wher- ever help is needed. Calls for help come frequently from places other than coal mines and are readily responded to in each case. During the time covered by this report a great number of these miscellaneous calls were made and in some instances lives have been saved. Since 1921 a number of mine disasters caused by gas explosions, mine fires, etc., have occurred in which several lives were lost. In all of these cases, invaluable service was rendered by the mine rescue teams in rescuing imprisoned men, ad- ministering first aid to the injured, recovering the bodies of the dead and saving the properties. Next to the importance of saving lives and property and aiding the injured is the training of men and women in the most scientific methods of rescue and first aid work. During the past seven and a half years 2,962 men have received training in the most approved methods of mine rescue and 30,189 men and 3,002 women have been certified as completing the course of instruction in ad- ministering first aid to the injured. The interest in this work is growing rapidly. Operators are becoming en- thused over its importance and are lending all the aid pos- sible in promoting this work. As a result of a campaign inaugurated by this Department two years ago, 25,499 men and women have received training and 14 of our largest mines have become 100 per cent proficient in this work. That is, every employee in these mines has been trained. To the companies reaching 100 per cent effi- 102 ILLINOIS ciency the Department issues a certificate showing the fact. During the present administration mine rescue teams from this State have won first prize in three International Contests. The Benton team was awarded the prize in both mine rescue and first aid at Salt Lake City. The Belleville team won the contest in both events at Spring- field, and a team organized by the Madison Coal Corpora- tion graded above all other teams in mine rescue methods at the contest held in San Francisco. The importance of this work cannot be over-esti- mated and it is gratifying to see the interest and enthusi- asm displayed by the operators as well as the men themselves. Economic Investigation This Division, under the supervision of the Investi- gator, is charged by law with the duty of inquiring into the conditions relative to the production of all mineral substances except coal, fluorspar, lead and zinc. The recognized industries under this Division are classified as limestone, oil and gas, sand and gravel, shale and clay, and silica. The Investigator keeps in touch with the proprietors of these industries, advises them in regard to working conditions and improved methods, when called upon. He collects annual reports of production and con- dition of the various plants of each industry, which he sends to the General Office for tabulation and publica- tion. The fact that one, or more, of these industries is found in each of the 72 counties of the State indicates the large amount of work that must be done each year by the officer in charge of this Division. A brief summary of the activities of these industries may be of interest and value, and is here given as a yearly average for the last seven and a half years. Limestone: The average annual production from forty-seven quarries, 8,611,495 tons. Average number of men employed, 4,648. PROGRESS 103 Oil and Gas: Average number of wells, 14,679. Employees, 1,610. Production, 7,972,932 barrels of oil, and 1,812,217,000 cubic feet of gas annually. Sand and Gravel: Eighty-eight pits, working 783 men, produced 6,471,864 tons as an annual average. Shale and Clay: Average tons produced, 3,344,758 from ninety-one plants, employing 5,320 men. Silica: The annual average for this industry is six- teen plants, 365 employees, and 1,131,618 tons. Fluorspar This Division was organized in January, 1922 ; hence the work here outlined is for six and one half instead of seven and one half years. The officer in charge of this Division is designated Fluorspar Inspector. He has un- der his jurisdiction the operation of all fluorspar, lead and zinc mines in the State and is charged with the duty of inspecting and enforcing the law governing the same. He visits these mines at regular intervals and makes re- ports on their condition, methods of operation, working conditions inside and outside, and acts in an advisory capacity to both operators and employees. Annual re- ports are collected by him which are sent to the General Office to be tabulated and published. There is a great deal of prospecting work and opening of new mines in the fluorspar field of Hardin and Pope counties and much of the Inspector's time is consumed with these prospectors and companies in conferences and investigations. The average yearly production of these mines is shown to be : Fluorspar: 71,739 tons. Lead: 3,484 tons. Zinc: 9,414 tons. The production of fluorspar has not passed the ex- perimental stage. The Illinois field is one of the most important in the country, and, when fully developed, will add materially to our mineral wealth. This Division of the Department of Mines and Minerals will then become of much greater importance. 104 ILLINOIS In Conclusion In conclusion of this brief report, attention is callec to the fact that great progress has been made in the re- duction of accidents, both fatal and non-fatal. The ratio of accidents to the amount of coal produced and the num- ber of men employed compares most favorably with that of any other large coal-producing State in the Union. Our explosion hazards have been reduced very materially. This has been effected by the efficiency of the inspection service and the installation of numerous safety devices and appliances in many of our most dangerous mines. Safety campaigns have been inaugurated by officials of the Department which are attended with much interest by miners and mine officials and various outside agencies which have become interested in the movement. The personnel of the Inspection Service and the Mine Rescue Division is composed of men who have devoted their lives to the study of mining problems and of the operation of mines in various parts of this country and Europe and are thoroughly familiar with mining methods in this State. The Department has also re- ceived at all times valuable encouragement and assistance from Governor Small and under his administration the number of mine accidents has materially lessened and mining conditions have been greatly improved. PROGRESS 105 Department of Public Works and Buildings Cornelius R. Miller, Director Don Garrison, Assistant Director DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS Frank T. Sheets, Chief Engineer WHEN Governor Len Small took office in January, 1921, there had been constructed on the $60,000,000 State Bond Issue System a little over 700 miles of hard-surfaced pavement out of the total mile- age of approximately 4,800 miles provided by law. Condi- tions at that time were not favorable for road building be- cause of prevalent high prices, and the economic prosecu- tion of a sizable road program was seriously handicapped. The first road letting under Governor Small's administra- tion was held on February 18, 1921, on which date bids were taken for the construction of a large mileage of roads on this system. When the bids were analyzed, it was found that the price for an 18-foot concrete pavement averaged between $39,000 and $40,000 per mile for work which included a normal amount of grading, culvert, and bridge work. The bids received on the same date for separate grading and bridge work were proportionately high. Governor Small felt that the bid prices submitted did not reflect prevalent economic conditions and accordingly rejected all bids received. In doing so he issued a public statement to the effect that no contracts would be let for an 18-foot Portland cement concrete pavement which in- cluded a normal amount of grading, culvert, and bridge work if the price exceeded $30,000 per mile. In setting this figure he did not claim that all roads on the system could be built for $30,000 per mile. He fully realized that in certain sections topographic conditions were such that 106 ILLINOIS Fig. 1. — Status of Highway construction January 1, 1921 PROGRESS 107 Fig. 2. — Status of Highway construction July 1, 1928 108 ILLINOIS deep cuts and heavy fills must be made and large bridges constructed, that such work was expensive, and that at times the total cost of portions of the system would ex- ceed $30,000 per mile. His decision to reject all bids re- ceived at this letting resulted in a storm of criticism on the part of certain interests who did not understand the conditions of the construction market and on the part of others who demanded that the road construction proceed regardless of cost. Nevertheless, bids taken subsequently were well within the $30,000 per mile limit and there was a corresponding reduction in the price of grading and bridge work. During the year, 704 miles were awarded and 414 miles were constructed. World's Record Broken in 1922 The year 1922 was the greatest in the highway his- tory of the State up to that time. A world's record for the amount of hard-surfaced pavement laid by any state in any one year was established by the completion of 741 miles of pavement, directly by the State or by the coun- ties under State supervision. Of this mileage, 547 miles were on the State Bond Issue System. At the peak of the construction season, the rate of construction reached the high mark of 41 miles per week, and had it been pos- sible to maintain this rate throughout the entire season, a much greater mileage would have been completed. However, the coal strike, the rail strike, the car shortage, and the priority orders of the Interstate Commerce Com- mission curtailed work in mid-season when the weather conditions were the most favorable. In spite of these handicaps, the construction activities forged ahead and Illinois achieved an enviable record in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties. The year 1922 also marked the completion of the Bates Experimental Road tests, an epoch in highway research work. These tests resulted in the adoption of a standard design for a Portland cement concrete pavement which not only increased the road-carrying capacity of the pavement but reduced the first cost about $1,600 per mile. PROGRESS 109 1914 1915 ^ 53 5© >\\\\V1 100.27 3& 25 CH AD.T SHOWING R.0AD5 BUILT. — IN 1 L L 1 NOI5 ■■ SrME BONO ISSUE WORK 3 365 52 KS STATE AID OR. 15-d W0MC 1916 yw\\\\N n«.4.B 1917 \\\S\\\\\\\1 164. 191 & 1919 I\\\\N 100.13 1920 1921 ■■■""■ LWWWM 4MMA 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 ■AV0sH 463.74. 1921 MILES OF PAVED CO A OS Fig. 3. — Chart showing mileage of pavement completed from 1914 to 1927, inclusive Fig. 4. — Bond Route 2, Section 38. Looking north from Castle Rock, Ogle county 110 ILLINOIS Fig. 5. — View of modern concrete pavement with wide shoulders ♦;*• ■ I N^ i i ■ ■ r ' : imiiiffiifiiiii; Fig. 6. — Viaduct over tracks of Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad at Riverdale PROGRESS 111 Fig. 7. — Before construction: Bond Route 5, Section 25 Fig. 8. — After construction: Bond Route 5, Section 25 112 ILLINOIS Fig. 9. — Before construction: Bond Route 5, Section 30 Fig. 10. — After construction: Bond Route 6, Section 30 PROGRESS 113 Fig. 11. — Before construction: Bond Route 16, Section 5 Fig. 12. — After construction: Bond Route 16, Section S 114 ILLINOIS Fig. 13. — Before construction: Bond Route 36, Section 10 Fig. 14, — After construction: Bond Route 36, Section 10 PROGRESS 115 Fig. 15. — Before construction: Bond Route 3, Section 28 Fig. 16. — After construction: Bond Route 3, Section 28 116 ILLINOIS Pig. 17. — Before construction: Bond Route 33, Section 4 Fig. 18. — After construction: Bond Route 33, Section 4 PROGRESS 117 Fig. 19. — Before construction: Route 22, Section 18 Fig. 20. — After construction: Route 22, Section 18 118 ILLINOIS Fig. 21. — Viaduct over tracks of Baltimore & Ohio, Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Illinois Central Railroads at Tuscola Fig. 22. — Bridge over Fox River at Yorkville PROGRESS 119 Fig. 23. — Bridge over Sangamon River at Petersburg ■HI PJPjijjjjjj^^ „ «,..v-, w ..^._ ™ ■ • - ^"mTmSrrllilf^i!} fl^~^^_ w^ __S3B §• ^f . 4 A ^r i 1 A - ' i m [ Wr J A JM^J ■fc- > !_ Fig. 24. — Bridge over Fox River at McHenry 120 ILLINOIS Fig. 25. — Bridge over Kaskaskia River at Evansville • .4 Fig. 26. — Bridge over Rock River at Rockton PROGRESS 121 Fig-. 27. — Bridge over Spoon River, near Blyton Fig. 28. — Bond Route 17, West Station Street bridge over Kankakee River, Kankakee 122 ILLINOIS Fig. 29. — Bond Route 17, East Court Street bridge over Kankakee River, east of Kankakee Fig. 30. — Moving dirt with elevating grader and teams PROGRESS 123 -X^PBHRsSpRk' * Fig 1 . 31. — Moving dirt with steam shovel and crawler dump wagons Fig. 32. — Setting forms for Portland cement concrete pavement. 124 ILLINOIS Fig. 33. — Subgrade machine cutting subgrade to proper depth and shape Fig. 34. — Proportioning and loading materials for Portland cement concrete pavement PROGRESS 125 Fig. 35. — Concrete mixer in operation . s ; *** .., n-V'*. Fig. 36. — Mechanical finishing machine finishing surface of concrete pavement 126 ILLINOIS Fig - . 37. — Final belting- of surface of concrete pavement - II ^" V * "*"JI W • * xk n Fig. 38. — Typical cores taken from pavement for depth and strength determination PROGRESS 127 Fig. 39. — Mowing machine in operation Pig. 40. — Machine for painting traffic lines on pavement 128 ILLINOIS Fig. 41. — Complete traffic line The Bates Experimental Road furnished data from which pavements can be designed scientifically, and, in addition, it showed conclusively that there need be little apprehension regarding the safety of the pub- lic investment in highways if the loads which come upon the pavements are properly controlled. Not only Illinois but every road-building state in the Union, as well as foreign countries, has benefited directly from the results of this test road. At the present time practically every state in the Union has modified its design practice to accord with the principles developed from this test. During 1923 Illinois broke its 1922 record and estab- lished another world's record of 1,085 miles of hard-sur- faced, roads. Of this mileage, 876 miles were located on the State Bond Issue system. It is difficult to visualize the significance of the construction of 1,085 miles of pavement in a single construction season until this mileage PROGRESS 129 Fig. 42. — Federal and State road markers is superimposed upon the map of the United States. If laid down as a continuous highway, this mileage would reach from Chicago to a point north of the Gulf of Mexico, 260 miles south of New Orleans; or it would reach from Chicago to a point in the Atlantic Ocean, 370 miles east of New York City; or, it would span four- tenths of the entire distance from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Another important accomplishment dur- ing this year was the perfecting of a highway-marking system to guide the motorists, making it possible for the highway user to proceed into any part of the State with- out the disconcerting experience of being frequently lost. 1924 Banner Year During 1924 Illinois again broke its record for high- way construction by building a total of 1,230 miles of. 130 ILLINOIS Fig. 43. — Telephone pole route marker hard-surfaced roads. Of this mileage, 1.018 miles were located on the State Bond Issue System. This record for a single year's accomplishments has never been equaled by any state in the Union nor by any foreign country. Another world's record was established when 2,669 feet of 18-foot concrete pavement was completed in one day with one paving mixer. Construction attained a maxi- mum rate of 63 miles per week, or approximately one mile of pavement per working hour. During this year the people of Illinois began to realize that their highway transportation facilities were being enlarged at a rate which was thought impossible a few years previous, and that they were literally being lifted out of the mud. The rapid progress which had been made in highwa) construction up to and including 1924, necessitated th( expenditure of highway funds at a very rapid rate. It PROGRESS 131 Fig. 44. — Direction sign used in cities became evident that unless further means of financing were provided, the highway program of Illinois would have to be reduced materially. This led Governor Small to recommend to the Fifty-third General Assembly that a law be passed permitting the people of Illinois to vote in the general election in November, 1924, on the propo- sition of issuing additional State highway bonds amount- ing to $100,000,000, the principal and interest on the same to be paid by motor license fees without direct taxation. The purpose of these bonds was to complete the original $60,000,000 State Bond Issue System and enlarge it by adding approximately 3,000 miles of additional roads. This recommendation was received favorably by the Fifty-third General Assembly and a law was passed pro- viding for a carefully thought-out system of additional highways. But the General Assembly in its wisdom pro- 132 JLLINOJS Fig. 45. -Stop sign used inside cities at street intersections with State highways vided 5,100 miles of new roads instead of the 3,000 miles recommended by the Governor without providing the funds necessary to construct the additional mileage. The; proposition was voted on by the people at the November, 1924, election and approved by an overwhelming majority, thereby providing the necessary funds to proceed rapidly with the highway construction program up to the 3,000 miles originally recommended. During 1925 there was a decrease in the production of completed hard-surfaced roads as compared with the accomplishments of 1924. This decrease was caused by difficulties encountered in placing under contract the un- completed portions of the $60,000,000 Bond Issue system. The $100,000,000 Bond Issue law provided that unless I PROGRESS 133 Fig. 46.— Marker showing cities along route and mileage thereto engineering problems made it clearly impractical, all con- tracts for the complete construction of the roads to be constructed along and upon Routes 1 to 46 inclusive, should first be awarded before any construction contracts were awarded for the roads along and upon Routes 47 to 185, inclusive, the latter routes having been provided by the new Bond Issue law. A large number of location problems arose in connection with the uncompleted por- tions of Routes 1 to 46, many of which were taken into the Courts on the question of the right of the Department of Public Works and Buildings to locate new roads. Supreme Court decisions were necessary, and, in the meantime, no new work could be started. In spite of this, however, a total of 906 miles of hard-surfaced roads were completed during 1925, 787 miles of which were on the State Bond Issue system. 134 ILLINOIS Fig. 47. — City limits marker Legal Difficulties Encountered The legal difficulties encountered in the completing of the $60,000,000 Bond Issue system continued into 1926, and it was not until January 1, 1927, that all of the un- completed portions of the system which did not involve engineering difficulties were placed under contract. Dur- ing the year 1926, a total of 464 miles of hard-surfaced roads were completed, of which 362 miles were on the State Bond Issue system. The question of the further financing of the road construction program again arose in connection with the additional roads provided in the $100,000,000 Bond Issue Law for which funds for con- struction had not been provided. Governor Small recom- mended to the Fifty-fifth General Assembly that further funds be provided by means of a gasoline tax. He felt PROGRESS 135 Fig. 48. — Junction sign placed at intersecting routes that the people of Illinois were entitled to the early com- pletion of the additional road system for which they voted in 1924 and that the use of the completed system ten years earlier than would otherwise be possible would be of incalculable benefit to the people of the State, both from an economic and social standpoint. The bill as ; it was presented to the Legislature provided a tax of 2 cents per gallon on motor vehicle gasoline, and in this form met considerable opposition. As a compromised measure, it was amended to provide that one-half of the revenue go to the State for the purpose of completing the State Bond Issue System and the other half to the coun- . ties to be expended upon their State aid system. This amended bill was passed by the Legislature, and was placed in operation during the year 1927. The consti- tutionality of the law was attacked, and early in 1928 the 136 ILLINOIS Fig . 49. — Warning sign indicating turn in highway Supreme Court rendered a decision declaring it unconsti- tutional on the basis of certain legal technicalities. Thus the Governor's efforts to make possible the uninter- rupted continuance of the highway program were unsuc- cessful, and, at this writing, it is certain that unless fur- ther steps are taken to provide additional funds, the high- way construction program will be reduced to a small mileage at the end of the year 1928 or shortly thereafter. 1928 Program Nearing Completion During 1927 the first contracts were let on the* $100,000,000 Bond Issue System. It was not possible, however, to complete a large program during this year for the reason that only a small amount of work was under contract at the start of the season. In order | complete a 1,000-mile program or more during one co in- I PROGRESS 137 Fig. 50. — Stop sign placed at intersections of country highways with State roads struction season, it is necessary that at least one-half of this mileage be under contract at the beginning of the season. Since no new contracts could be let during 1926, this could not be done, and, as a result, only 656 miles of hard-surfaced roads were completed, 521 of which were on the State Bond Issue system. During 1927, however, an intensive drive was made to place enough work under contract to insure the completion of 1,200 miles during 1928. On July 1, 1928, the date of this writing, there was a total of 1,026 miles of pavement under contract on the State Bond Issue System alone. The construction work is proceeding at a rapid rate, additional new con- tracts are being awarded, and the prospects for complet- ing the program outlined at the beginning of the season are exceedingly bright. 138 ILLINOIS Fig. 51. — Typical signs used at railroad grade crossings The pavement completed on the State Bond Issue System from January 1, 1921, when Governor Small took office, to July 1, 1928, is shown on the maps included in Figures 1 and 2. These maps make it easy to visualize the road construction accomplishments during Governor Small's administration. During the interval from Jan- uary 1, 1921 to July 1, 1928, there has been completed 5,793 miles of hard-surfaced pavement, including that constructed directly by the State on the State Bond Issue System and by the counties under State supervision. There have also been completed 1,539 miles of separate grading and 1,320 separate drainage structures. Figure 3 is a chart showing the mileage of hard-surfaced pave- ment built each year from 1914 to 1927, inclusive. This chart shows that the total mileage of hard-surfaced roads constructed in Illinois during the past 14 years is 6,689 miles; that of this total, 82 per cent has been completed during the past 7 years ; and, that 4J/£ times as many mile • PROGRESS 139 Fig. 52. — Typical direction sign, U. S. marker also shown of hard-surfaced roads have been completed during the administration of Governor Len Small as were completed in the previous 7 years. This comparison, of course, does not include the mileage which has been completed during 1928 up to July 1, and that which will be complet- ed before the end of the construction season. Figures 4 to 53, inclusive, show typical views of completed work and various phases of highway construc- tion activities. 140 ILLINOIS Fig. 53. — Standard U. S. route and State route junction sign DIVISION OF PARKS John Boyle, Superintendent of Parks Illinois is developing a comprehensive system of State parks. The movement had its beginning within the last decade. Until a few years ago the parks owned by the State were administered by a commission which scattered its efforts. The supervision of parks is now in the hands of the Department of Public Works and Buildings. Governor Small, ever mindful of the interests of the citizens of the State and ever an ardent advocate of public parks, early in his administration requested the Department to map out a progressive program of park development. The Illinois plan has as its end the improvement or reclamation of every important spot in the State that is PROGRESS 141 The beautiful Sangamon River at Old Salem State Park near Petersburg hallowed by historic memories. Many such places have already been taken over by the State and no effort is being spared to preserve them in their original grandeur. The rapid extension of the State's hard road system is making the State parks more popular year by year, giv- ing opportunity as it does to citizens in every section of the State to visit the different scenes of historic interest. Because of this fact, improvement work on the different parks is being pushed as rapidly as possible, and special arrangements are being made at all points for the conven- ience of tourists, especially those who make the trip by motor. The most ambitious undertaking is at Starved Rock State Park, situated on the south shore of the Illinois River midway between Utica and LaSalle, only 98 miles southwest of Chicago. This historic spot, a revelation in beautiful hills, immense rocks and canyons, the mecca of romance and legendry, visited by thousands of motorists annually, is conceded to be the beauty spot of Illinois. 142 ILLINOIS Modern tourists' rest and shelter house, Starved Rock State Park Here the State has made the tourist camp the model one of the country. A shelter house has been built with all of the comforts of home. It has showers with hot and cold water, the hot water being a departure from the con- ditions at most camping grounds. The shelter house also has tubs for washing clothes and sanitary toilets. One hundred lunch tables and 200 benches have been placed about the park. There are already at the grounds suffi- cient camp stoves to care for the tourists, and parking space has been arranged for at least 5,000 automobiles. Artesian wells TOO feet deep afford an unlimited supply of cold drinking water. This auto tourist camp grounds is tendered the public as an experiment in human welfare and is an adjunct to the good roads program of Governor Small. Excellent hotel service is found at Starved Rock State Park for those who prefer not to camp. It may be interesting to note that the receipts from the concessions at Starved PROGRESS 143 Partially reconstructed walls at Fort Chartres State Park Prairie du Rocher Rock Park approximately equal the cost of maintenance. The glory of Starved Rock both as a playground and an historical school room still continues. The Lincoln Homestead, the only residence ever owned by Abraham Lincoln and the one occupied by him at the time of his nomination and election to the presi- dency, is situated at the northeast corner of Eighth and Jackson Streets, Springfield. It is a two story wooden house of twelve rooms and was built in 1839. The most noticeable feature of its construction from the builder's point of view is the prodigal use of solid walnut and strict economy in the use of iron — wooden pegs being used wherever practicable in lieu of the customary nail. No changes have been made in the house since Mr. Lincoln left it except the repairs made necessary by decay. Here Lincoln grew up from the small figure of a country lawyer to the full stature of a party idol and the grand proportions of a national leader. Here were 144 ILLINOIS The Black Hawk Statue, 55 feet in height, in Ogle County, on the east bank of the Rock River i Interior of Stone Museum housing mementos of Abraham Lincoln, Old Salem State Park nurtured his early-born ambitions and here his greatest political aspiration was realized. Here he closed his career as a citizen of Illinois and took up the work to which he gave his life that "the government of the people, by the people and for the people might not perish from the earth." In 1923 fifty feet of ground to the north of the Homestead was purchased' and the dwelling thereon re- moved. This action by the administration, the running of all electric wires in conduit, and the heating of the home by city heat, practically eliminate all fire hazards. Old Salem Park near Petersburg, the home of Lin- coln during his younger days, is to be one of the most attractive and interesting spots in the State after the present plans of the Department are completed. As an immediate step the old Onstott cabin, one of the houses which stood in Salem when Lincoln lived there, has been removed from Petersburg to its original site in Old Salem. 146 ILLINOIS "' Wei III ** \ |i& mm* % fMki/ ""\ M&f Ur J 1 * ^^^tH^ii if ^ElJ ^HflCK^lJipi' i' ' ■-v ; '- ■■ ■■■-'•■ - _ ;<;■,'■■■ .o-'"'..'.'/. ■?-•■.: Scene in Black Hawk Watch Tower Park, above Rock River near Rock Island It was taken down and each log numbered and the logs replaced so that the house stands as it was originally. From time to time other log cabins will be restored and it is hoped ere long the entire city will be known exactly as it was during the time of Lincoln's residence at that point in 1831. When this work has been finished, it will be the only known city in the world that has been restored in its entirety. Research work has brought to view the depressions along these forgotten streets by the founda- tions of the then existing buildings, also the almost oblit- erated road leading out of the village to Springfield and the path from Offut's store where Lincoln clerked, down to the grist mill where he was wont to officiate. Unless one makes a pilgrimage to this spot, he will never know our greatest countryman — Abraham Lincoln. Here he passed from raw untutored youth to strong intellectual manhood. A custodian's cottage and relic house was dedicated on May 19, 1921, by Governor Small in the presence of Offut store, scene of Lincoln-Armstrong wrestling match, Old Salem State Park 5,000 visitors. This building was constructed in harmony with the type of those days. It is of fire proof construc- tion and houses the relics and mementos of Old Salem. An appropriation was made by the 54th General Assembly to purchase 19 acres adjoining the park. This new addition contains the site of the original schoolhouse and the graveyard of the village. This will make the original tract complete. The official transfer of the Old Metamora Court House to the State of Illinois, to be preserved for ages as a Lincoln Memorial Museum, was celebrated on Au- gust 26, 1921. There were times when Abraham Lincoln, Adlai Stevenson, Judge David Davis and Robert G. Ingersoll met under this roof. No one would have be- lieved at that time that, within the walls of that unpre- tentious structure, there were assembled a future Presi- dent, Vice President, a future Judge of the highest judicial body in the world and the greatest orator of his age. 148 ILLINOIS Beautiful Starved Rock on the Illinois River, Starved Rock State Park To preserve the old court house at Metamora will help to preserve the fame and names of the great and distinguished men associated with it, and Governor Small ruled well when he arranged to make "Old Metamora" one of the Memorials of our State, that the associations connected with it might be an inspiration for future generations. The State in 1925 purchased the Great Cahokia Mound and its important neighboring mounds, located in Madison and St. Clair counties. The age of these mounds is a matter of conjecture only. Articles found in the mounds by Professor Warren K. Moorhead, show that they were built by a race of people who had reached a rather advanced stage of civilization and whose mem- bers must have been counted by the thousand. It is estimated that it would have taken 1,000 men five years to build Monks Mound alone. This acquisition will pre- serve for the world the most important work left by a pre-historic race on the American continent. Monks PROGRESS 1 49 Mound, the largest pre-historical, artificial earth work in the United States, is to the Mound Builders whose his- tory antedates that of the Indians, what the great Pyra- mids were to the Pharaohs of Egypt. Cahokia Mounds have stood for many centuries like solemn, imposing monarchs. Though many trains now go rambling across the valley and over the great bridges spanning the Father of Waters, these monsters remain as mute witnesses of a people that have long since passed away. They keep within their depth the mystery which no one has yet fathomed. During the past biennium three new park areas have been added to the State recreation grounds. One is Black Hawk Watch Tower Park in Rock Island County, a second in Ogle County, known as the White Pine For- ests and the third, Giant City Park, in Union and Jackson counties. The White Pine Tree tract lies in Ogle County, nine miles from Oregon and seven miles from Polo. It is bounded on the south by the Chicago and Iowa Trail and on the east by the highway leading to Mt. Morris, five miles to the north. To the west and southwest, the tract reaches out irregularly toward the little village of Strat- ford. A report by R. S. Kellog, of the United States Forest Service, some years ago, made the following recommendation : 'The tract should be made into a State forest re- serve since it is the only White Pine grove in the State and shows excellent prospects of enlarging itself by nat- ural seeding — in time, perhaps, overrunning the greater part of the tract. The natural beauties are exceptional. Natural conditions are favorable to good tree growth. The present forest is young, and evidently very few of the trees in it are over 75 years old. In a rather hurried survey the following species were noted : red oak, white oak, burr oak, scarlet oak, chinquapin oak, white elm, slippery elm, large-tooth aspen, quaking aspen, sugar maple, box elder, hornbeam, hop hornbeam, red mul- 150 ILLINOIS berry, black walnut, butternut, shagbark hickory, pignut hickory, mocker-nut sycamore, white ash, black ash, choke cherry, black cherry, wild plum, basswood, hop tree, black willow, Juneberry, white pine, red cedar. "The interesting feature of the proposed reserve is the small forest of white pine, which is unique for Illi- nois and represents the southernmost extension of the species in this section of the United States. (This does not take into consideration the scattered groups of white pines in Starved Rock Park.) The maximum height of the pine is 90 feet and the largest diameter, breast high, about 30 inches. A long distance in the tract from the nearest pine tree one finds patches of young pine so dense as to be almost impenetrable, while smaller num- bers and individual young trees are scattered about every- where." In October the brilliant colors of the hardwoods (which are intermixed with the evergreens) mingled with the soft, rich green of the white pines and the young growth make a picture of entrancing loveliness. Here is a combination of attractions not found at any other place in Illinois. Giant City Park, located in Union and Jackson coun- ties, comprises some 900 acres. It is called "The Switzer- land of Southern Illinois" and scenically it is all of that. We think of Illinois as the Prairie State, with level plains and gently rolling hills, yet we have in Southern Illinois the foothills of the Ozarks where that romantic range extends across the Mississippi from Missouri. Perhaps no where else, save in the mountainous countries (certainly no where else in Illinois), is there any such peculiar and attractive natural formation of bluffs and chasms as this section contains. Here by some strange action of the elements, countless ages past, huge blocks of stone were cast off from the natural formation and stand like buildings in the downtown section of a city. Between these cubical stone blocks, canyons, like city streets, extend in both directions. Weird formations entrance the visitor. PROGRESS 151 There are springs of clear water and cascades, from which freshets send copious streams down from the heights to seek the river by winding water-courses. The vegetation is in keeping with the variation of the contour. Trees of great girth and height are found here. In the deep ravines and street-like chasms, ferns and wild flowers grow in wild profusion. Black Hawk Watch Tower Park, 200 acres in ex- tent, situated in Rock Island county, is of great historical interest. It is the place of birth and the burial ground of the Indian Chief, Black Hawk, and his headquarters and stronghold during the ineffectual warfare waged by him on the encroaching whites. This tract has an unbroken ridge or backbone extend- ing from Carbon Cliff to Black Hawk Watch Tower, the last being its most charming natural feature. That it has long been a favorite spot is proven by the numerous mounds built by prehistoric people and by fragments of pottery, chipped flints, arrowheads and implements of stone found scattered about this ridge. "This Tower to which my name has been applied, was a favorite resort and was frequently visited by me alone, when I could sit and smoke my pipe and look with wonder and pleasure at the grand scenes that were pre- sented by the sun's rays, even across the mighty water." (Black Hawk's Autobiography.) An appropriation was made by the 55th General Assembly for the purchase of the home of Pierre Menard at Fort Gage in Randolph county, together with certain furnishings. This home was erected about the year 1800. Here he died in 1844. Pierre Menard was a member and the presiding officer of the territorial legislature. In 1818 he was elected as the first lieutenant governor of this State. All parks and memorials are under the direct super- vision of the Division of Parks, a sub-division of the Department of Public Works and Buildings. 152 ILLINOIS Department of Public Welfare Roy W. Ide, Director DURING THE ADMINISTRATION of Governor Len Small the Department of Public Welfare has made extensive progress, taking its place among the foremost states in welfare work, to the end that the State's unfortunate wards are now receiving the finest possible care and protection. Illinois charity has become a defi- nite, constructive organization for social welfare, and an important factor in world progress, through this De- partment. More than 35,400 human beings, in Illinois' 26 penal, charitable and correctional institutions, are receiving State care. A thousand buildings are used in this great work, and 6,000 employees are engaged in maintain- ing the highest standards possible in caring for in- stitutional inmates. There are nine hospitals for the insane, located at Elgin, Kankakee, Jacksonville, Anna, East Moline, Peoria, Chester, Chicago and Alton. At Lincoln and Dixon, hospitals are maintained for treatment of the feebleminded and epileptics. In the pe- nal group of institutions are penitentiaries at Joliet (two, one for men and one for women), Stateville and Menard ; a reformatory at Pontiac ; State Farm at Vandalia ; State Training School for Girls at Geneva, and School for Boys at St. Charles. At Jacksonville are the now famous schools for the deaf and the blind. The Industrial Home for the Blind is in Chicago, the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located at Quincy, and the Soldiers' Widows' home in Wilmington. Soldiers' orphans are well provided for at Normal, and the Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Research and Educational hospitals are in Chicago. Under the Director a criminologist, an alienist, a PROGRESS 153 fiscal supervisor, superintendents of prisons and charities and a supervisor of paroles function. A citizen board of welfare commissioners also plays an important part in the work of the Department. Other branches of effort include the State Psycopathic Institute in Chicago, the Institute for Juvenile Research in Chicago, the Division of Visitation of Adult Blind and the Division of Visitation of Children. Adequate Buildings Perhaps the most important progress made in the development of the Department's work during the ad- ministration of Governor Small has been the marvelous building program that is nearing completion. For the first time in nearly a decade it can now be said that every state ward is adequately provided for as to living quarters, and that each institution has enough buildings to carry on its work properly, notwithstanding the more than Ji per cent increase in the number of inmates and patients during the y-year period. The State's new institutional buildings are not only adequate in number and in size but they equal those of any part of the world in point of equipment, personnel and standards of operation. On July 1, 1920, there were 26,090 patients and in- mates of State institutions, with 17,098 listed as insane. There were 15,956 men and 10,134 women in this total, with 3,750 employees included in the personnel. On the same day in 1928 a total of 35,445 persons were under State care, 21,242 of them insane, with 22,256 males and 13,189 females listed. The number of employees had increased in similar proportion to 5,211. The crowded conditions in 1920 were due chiefly to the lack of attention given to housing conditions during and immediately following the World War. Building was forgotten in the rush of war days to lend aid to the Federal government in the form of man and woman power and money. The institutions were made a sec- ondary consideration to national security. But at the same time institutional population grew at a normal rate. 154 ILLINOIS Dorothea Dix, the founder of Illinois' first hospital for mental cases PROGRESS 155 * ly^' *» *.-,** Was. .J-JS™ " «**W*n*m 'tjl i ■I 1 1 »■ - •* §111 Ww/t ^Wt ' " ^Hi ' . .-■•>■ ■'..,. . ,%jT Above, the strong chair and strait jacket; below, the Utica crib once used in caring for the insane 156 ILLINOIS Above, the old type of institutional garment; below, iron restraints used to confine the mentally ill PROGRESS 157 WBJg^h^ fe*J! - .'* ? - x ***>* »! 4 Iff* j iLi* .-.>#« ■. * "«»«»■ ._ <>ss«»t^*-W : **»*''* ' Above, discarded bars of Illinois insane hospitals; type of building for institutional use below, new 158 ILLINOIS Above, hydrotherapy used in mental hospitals; below, new type of garments for patients PROGRESS 159 New methods of care for the insane include occupational therapy This illustrates the therapist working with a patient in the habit training- class where the value of personal neatness is taught Rehabilitation of Institutions Following the war closely came the urgent need for proper care of Illinois' sons and daughters who suffered from the effects of modern battle. Shell shock, gas, -naiming, wounds and other things had left their imprint 160 ILLINOIS in occupational therapy PROGRESS 161 Above, toy making; below, basket weaving; both classes in occupational therapy 162 ILLINOIS iKEi BBHBBB^rB^^" " ~,y §§;J|P '% J i f - - t| r -ii * ▼ ^ ■g^r* v ^^m jpv*»* v s Story telling hour at the Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home for the State ward ; that they, themselves, as citizens of the State of Illinois, should feel an actively moral re- sponsibility and that the Department of Public Welfare is merely to function as the mediator between the tax- payer and the State institution. Although the new consulting staffs have been in effect but a few months, the results are marked. Many 180 ILLINOIS ~m fifefi VI S8f* ■HH1 • I mPL / »§ydp»"*'*** U^B \WF*wP j^Jyte : jfiSSHTfcii m \ ^nm $ki mmm ■<•*& s ^t **-■!%>.' Above, flag making ; below, the library at the Woman's Prison PROGRESS 181 \w- gg ^B vt / 1 . ,,. rf>r' '■■■■■'>:'.■ '" : ■. V :^^" V -" "'"■' -"'■■-■ " ^ The exterior of the Illinois Woman's Prison, located at Joliet consultations are held where heretofore lack of personnel would have prevented. These consultations mean greater care for the patient, a more thorough diagnosis, and, many times, the all-important recovery and successful adjustment to society. This plan has been inaugurated that the institutions may be opened to intimate public cooperation, to raise the ILLINOIS Above, a class using the audiphone; below, a class in speech production at the Illinois School for the Deaf Above, the orchestra; below, domestic science class at Geneva State Training School 184 ILLINOIS Industrial training at Pontiac PROGRESS 185 y %■?'■''*■■ : - ;: * '?■'■£.: •• . v .; ; -v >^ >: : '?: ; ^ . 1*; ;#-^ »; IF?- . . ''. Above, the school; below, the print shop, at the Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 186 ILLINOIS standards of the State hospital to that of the best of gen- eral hospitals and to cooperate with the outside specialist and general practitioner that the State wards may have the benefit of the united constructive and progressive efforts of the best medical brain and skill. With this system functioning in all of the nine State hospitals for the insane, it is not at all difficult to visualize the unlimited benefit to both patient and society at large. Great as this accomplishment is, it is but a cog in the great wheel of Illinois' welfare progress. It is but a part of the broadest, most comprehensive inter-related welfare program ever attempted by any state. Last year plans for this extensive outline of cooperative, construc- tive, preventive work took definite shape and this year found the project in actual and effective operation. This splendid advance in the treatment of the State wards called for another closely allied addition to the Welfare program. Realizing that the aftercare of the patient is an essential part of the medical program, the State administration has laid the foundation for a nursing service second to none in the world. The first step in this program will be a request to the Legislature for per- mission to establish a division to be called the Division of Nursing. Still another significant part of the new plan is the proposed standardization and zoning of social service in the State. The State will be divided into zones and the State hospitals will be the administrative point of each zone, with each zone divided into sub-districts in charge of competent social service workers. Under this program all forms of social service work of the Department which have been carried out independently will be coordinated, thus providing for intensive and intelligent supervision at a decreased cost. Mental Adjustment Clinic Planned The establishment of a State Mental Adjustment Clinic for those over eighteen, where observation, diag- PROGRESS 187 nosis, treatment and advice may be secured, is yet another spoke planned for the great wheel of welfare work for the State. Such a plan aims to round up the mentally de- fective with definite criminal tendencies. Under this plan such a defective will either be placed where kindly custodial care will protect society from an inevitable future crime or, after observation, he will be treated for any physical defect which may be found to be responsible for the distorted mental quirk. In other words, Illinois has set about in a practical manner to make a complete survey and set up the machin- ery for returning to their homes any unfortunates who could adapt themselves and become useful members of society, thus relieving the taxpayer of this unnecessary burden. The present splendidly equipped and manned insti- tutions where this care is bestowed have been made pos- sible during the past seven years by the though ful and constructive guidance of Governor Len Small, the direc- tion of C. H. Jenkins and his successor, Roy W. Ide, together with the generous support of the public as ex- pressed through the State Legislature. ILLINOIS Department of Public Health Dr. Isaac D. Rawlings, Director BANKERS measure the results of their efforts by the money they make. Farmers count the bushels of wheat and corn which they garner into their bins in order to determine the degree of their success. Lawyers enumerate the number of court trials lost and won to calculate the magnitude of their professional importance. Health officers scan the mortality sheets to find out how effective their work has been. There are a number of ways of examining death rates for the purpose of appraising the efficiency of Pub- lic Health work. First, the general death rate from all causes may be compared with the rate that has prevailed during the past in the area over which the health de- partment in question operates. Second, the death rate in this area may be compared with that in other similar areas. Third, the death rates from certain specific causes such as tuberculosis, typhoid fever and diphtheria and of cer- tain age groups, like children under one year, may be studied and compared with similar rates during previous periods and in other areas. These specific rates are really a better index to the efficiency of Public Health work than is the general rate because they relate to con- ditions that can be more definitely controlled than such disorders as heart disease, cancer, nephritis and accidents which contribute enormously to the general mortality rate. Considered from any and every one of these stand- points it is plainly clear from the mortality records that health conditions in Illinois under the administration of Governor Len Small have been significantly more favor- PROGRESS 189 9.000 8,000 7000 6,000 5,000 __ INFANT MORTALITY IN ILLINOIS 1920 AND 1927 NUMBER OF DEATHS 1 192.0 I DEATHS PER 1.000 BIRTHS 19 ZQ 90 80 60 SO 40 .30 20 Both the number of deaths and the death rate among infants have been decreased through the efforts of public health workers, including the Illinois Department of Public Health able than during any previous period of like duration in the history of the State. Pronounced improvement is obvious in many respects. The general death rate has been decidedly lower throughout the whole administration of Governor Small 190 ILLINOIS than in any previous period on record. Available statis- tics date back to 1916 only. That was the first year after the adoption of the present law which makes possible the collection and compilation of reliable birth and death re- ports. Death rates per 1,000 population from these official records are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Mortality Per 1,000 Population — Illinois Before — Governor Small — After 1921—11.1 1922—11.3 1916—13.2 1923—12.0 1917—13.7 1924—11.2 1918—16.7 1925—11.5 1919—12.1 1926—11.8 1920—12.7 1927—11.3 Average 13.6 Average 11.4 It may be observed from Table 1 that the mortality rate in each year since 1920 has been lower than for any year preceding that date. The average annual rate for the second period was over two points less than for the first period. A difference of one point in the death rate per 1,000 persons in Illinois with the 1927 population, makes a difference of 7,314 in the actual number of deaths. Thus it is plain that 10,239 fewer persons died in Illinois in 1927 than would have been the case had the 1920 mortality rate prevailed. The accumulated saving of life since 1920 approximates 50,000. Compared with other densely populated states Illinois has experienced a distinctly favorable mortality rate under the administration of Governor Small. No other state with a 1920 population of four million or more has reported an average annual death rate as low as that in Illinois. Table 2 gives the official statistics from this group of states. Only Ohio, where a splendid system of county health departments is functioning, has ap- proached the favorable record in Illinois. PROGRESS 191 = Table 2. Mortality Per 1,000 Population— Illinois 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Av Illinois 11.1 11.3 12. 11.2 11.5 11.8 11.4 11.4 California 13.2 14.1 14.3 14.5 13.5 13.6 13.8 13.8 Massachusetts .. 12.2 12.8 13. 12. 12.5 12.6 11.6 12.4 Michigan 11.6 11.3 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.7 11.3 11.7 New York 12.3 13. 13. 12.7 12.8 13.4 12.3 12.8 Ohio 11.3 11.3 12.3 11.2 11.4 12.3 10.9 11.5 Pennsylvania ... 12.4 12.3 13.3 12.3 12.4 12.7 11.4 12.4 Very pronounced improvement has marked the course of mortality since 1920, from a large number of specific causes. Typhoid fever has declined nearly fifty per cent and has now almost disappeared from the State, compared with its prevalence twenty-five years ago. Deaths from diphtheria decreased from 1,128 in 1920 to 647 in 1927. Similar improvements are recorded in the mortality from half a dozen other communicable diseases including scarlet fever, tuberculosis, whooping cough, measles, diarrheal disorders and smallpox. The mor- tality rates per 100,000 population from these diseases appear in Table 3. Table 3. Deaths and Rates Per 100,000— Illinois 1920 1927 Number Rate Number Rate Typhoid Fever 380 5.8 175 2.4 Diphtheria 1128 17.2 647 8.8 Diarrheal Disease 3532 54.0 2246* 31.2 Smallpox 16 0.23 3 0.03 Scarlet Fever 370 5.6 169 2.3 Whooping Cough 553 8.5 306 4.1 Tuberculosis 6568 100.5 5574 76.2 Measles 496 7.6 294 4.0 Pneumonia 8730 133.7 5472 74.7 * This figure for 1926. Again, the splendid decline in the infant mortality rate suggests a constantly increasing improvement in : general health conditions. In 1920, the year before the- inauguration of Governor Small for the first time, 11,641 babies under one year of age lost their lives in Illinois 192 ILLINOIS DEATHS FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN ILLINOIS 1920 AND 1927 6000. 4000 1920 1920 | «S DIPHTHERIA PNEUMONIA TUBERCULOSIS DIARRHOEA A winning battle is being waged by Illinois against death fron preventable diseases before they even had a chance at an opportunity to show their worth or enjoy the happiness of living. This loss amounted to 87.5 out of each 1,000 new births, a ratt of nearly 9 per cent. PROGRESS 193 550 DEATHS FROM PREVENTABLE CAUSES ILLINOIS 1920 AND 1927 |I9*0|»9*7 i9zo| »9rr WHOOPING C0U6H MEASLES TYPHOID SCARLET FEVER SMALLPOX Although the population increases steadily, Illinois' deaths from these diseases grow fewer In 1927 the number of deaths among children less than one year in Illinois was 8,604, a figure 26 per cent lower than that for 1920. The infant death rate per 1,000 births in 1927 was 64.4, indicating a decline o$ 194 ILLINOIS «30_ r 120 80. TO___ 60_. 40_. 24. DEATH RATES FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN ILLINOIS 1920 AND 1927 |l9E0im7, l9Z0,m7 [I9Z0II926 k ll9Z0[l927 | PMEUMOMIA TUBERCULOSIS DIARRHOEA DIPHTHERIA Education of the public along health lines has its effect on deat rate figures nearly 27 per cent below the 1920 rate. The numbe of infant deaths per 1,000 births in 1920 was lower tha lor any preceding year on record but in no year unde PROGRESS 195 DEATHS PER 1000 POPULATION ALL CAUSES - ILLINOIS 1920 AND 1927 Illinois' death rate has dropped considerably 196 ILLINOIS O CO CO UJ CM Q «Z £L >- CO L&J CO < PROGRESS 197 DEATH RATES FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASES IN ILLINOIS 1920 AND 1927 i?aofi9*7 J9«t0 I 1927 ireT j rragi WHOOPIttG COUGH MEASLES TYPHOID FEVER S^ RLET FEVER SMA LLPOX Jbart showing how certain death rates in Illinois have droDDed during Governor Small's Administration 198 ILLINOIS Governor Small has the infant mortality rate been any- thing like as large as it was in 1920. The difference be- tween the number of infant deaths in 1920 and the num- ber in 1927 represents a saving of 3,037 little lives in one year alone. The accumulated saving over the seven years amounts to 12,358 lives. In other words, there are now living 12,358 children who would be dead had the number of infant deaths in each subsequent year been the same as that in 1920. Table 4. Infant Mortality in Illinois. Year Number Rate per 1,000 births 1916 14518 119.9 1917 14029 118.9 I 1918 13109 105.7 ; 1919 11148 94.4 1920 11641 87.5 I Average 12889 105.3 1921 10644 76.0 1922 10187 74.9 1923 10810 78.9 1924 9743 69.0 1925 9844 71.8 1926 9297 69.3 1927 8604 64.4 Average 9875 72.0 A study of these statistics shows an unquestionable and pronounced improvement in general health conditions and for this improvement a considerable amount of credit may reasonably be given to the practical application of the principles and policies developed and promoted by the State Department of Public Health. Factors in Health Improvement One of the most important factors involved in the remarkable improvement in health conditions is the sani- tary supervision over milk supplies. This has come about in two ways. First the State Department of Public Health PROGRESS 199 with the cooperation of the Department of Agriculture and the University of Illinois drew up an ordinance suit- able for adoption and enforcement in municipalities. That was in 1921. Subsequently this ordinance was adopted by 65 municipalities outside Chicago. The other way came about through the enactment of a law in 1925 which gave to the State Department of Public Health supervision over all milk pasteurizing plants in the State outside Chicago and provided the De- partment with a mobile laboratory for convenience in do- ing this work. The result is that a large percentage of the milk offered for sale on the market in Illinois is thor- oughly sanitary from every point of view and this has doubtless been a large factor in lowering the infant mor- tality. As a means of controlling communicable diseases, the diagnostic laboratory, the distribution of vaccines and the activity of the field medical staff have played im- portant parts. The number of examinations made in the laboratories has grown from 39,543 in 1920 to 236,209 in 1927. Not only so but two full-duty branch laboratories, one at Carbondale and one at Chicago, were established during the same period. These laboratories not only do routine tests of a public health character but foster re- search and the study of unsolved problems. The distribution of preventive vaccines and sera such as diphtheria antitoxin, diphtheria toxin-antitoxin, typhoid fever vaccine, smallpox vaccine and silver nitrate for the protection of the eyes of babies has increased enormously due largely to campaigns of education in the value of these products. This has been especially true concerning diphtheria toxin-antitoxin. Since 1921, it has been the established policy of the Department to detail a field physician to make a special epidemiological investigation into the circumstances sur- rounding every reported case of typhoid fever, smallpox, meningitis and adult chicken pox. Field physicians have also been assigned for duty wherever epidemics took on 200 ILLINOIS serious proportions. This policy has been the means of discovering and drying up forever many sources of in- fection which might otherwise have continued to plague the people indefinitely. Another important factor in the improvement of health conditions has been the work of the sanitary en- gineers. The staff of engineers devote their time to the inspection of public water supply and sewage disposal sys- tems, to the abatement of public nuisances, to the correc- tion of stream pollution, to the examination of plans for the water supply and sewage-disposal systems of public sanatoriums, to the control of malaria-carrying mosqui- toes, to the supervision over milk-pasteurizing plants, etc. Their work leads to such changes and modifications as are calculated to provide wholesome, sanitary conditions from which no epidemic diseases can spring. The num- ber of field inspections in 1927 was 100 per cent greater than the number in 1920. This fact suggests the pro- nounced influence over local sanitary conditions which the work of the engineering division exercises. Promoting maternal, infant and child hygiene is an- other field of service fruitful in bringing about better health conditions. The fact that the professional staff of the Child Hygiene Division was raised from five to twenty-five during the Small administration suggests the large increase and widening range of activities in this field. Something like 8,000 babies are examined annually at conferences supervised by this Division staff. A like number of school children are inspected. Diphtheria eradication campaigns are stimulated. Breast feeding is popularized. Dental hygiene is emphasized. In short the infant and child hygiene program has developed into a well-rounded project that compares favorably with what other progressive states are doing and that makes its in-] fluence felt upon health conditions. A very marked improvement has taken place in the completeness and promptness of collecting, compiling, analyzing and publishing birth and death statistics. In I PROGRESS 201 e 1920 the birth records in Illinois were so incomplete that they were not recognized by Federal officials as a part of the vital statistics history of the United States. At the end of an eighteen months' campaign started in 1922, the records were found by Federal test to be satisfactorily complete and Illinois was formally admitted to the United States birth registration area. This success was but the forerunner of an improve- ment in every respect. Detailed reports of death covering almost every particular one could wish are now published annually. Prior to 1921, the only available source of satisfactory mortality statistics on Illinois was the U. S. Bureau of the Census and detailed data from that source were necessarily several years old. Now most of the more serviceable statistics are published within a few weeks or months after the year closes. Long ago it was wisely proclaimed that a candle un- der a bushel is useless. So that the dissemination of sound knowledge about disease prevention and health promo- tion has been undertaken on a large scale. Literature by the tons has been distributed at county fairs and in other ways. Motion- picture films have been shown to hundreds of audiences. Newspapers have been supplied with copy. In short an appreciable degree of progress toward mak- ing the public health-conscious has been made. These activities have stimulated a public demand for better health protection and the results of that demand are indicated by the statistics and graphical illustrations included in this report. 202 ILLINOIS Department of Trade and Commerce H. U. Bailey, Director F. E. O'Bryant, Assistant Director THE DEPARTMENT of Trade and Commerce is composed of the Divisions of Insurance, Grain In- spection at Chicago, Grain Inspection at East St. Louis, Fire Prevention, Illinois Commerce Commission, Standards and Small Loans. Following are descriptions of the work of the various Divisions included in this De- partment, together with the relations they bear to the people of the State, the nature of the service rendered to the public, and the extent of development under the ad- ministration of Governor Len Small. DIVISION OF INSURANCE George Huskinson, Superintendent The Division of Insurance operates as one of the divisions in the Department of Trade and Commerce as outlined in the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois. The first laws enacted by the Legislature of the State seeking to place the business of insurance under the supervision of the State were passed in the year 1869. In that year two distinct laws were enacted, one relating to fire, marine and inland navigation companies, and the other relating to legal reserve life insurance companies. The supervision of such companies and administration of the above mentioned Acts were vested in the Auditor of Public Accounts and the Attorney General. In 1893 the Insurance Department of the State was created by legislative enactment, and this statute providec that the Insurance Superintendent should have all the PROGRESS 203 powers and perform all the duties in regard to the busi- ness of insurance in Illinois, which theretofore attached to the office of the Auditor of Public Accounts, and the Attorney General. From that time until 1917 the In- surance Department functioned as a separate unit, inde- pendent of any other branch of the State government. The Civil Administrative Code of Illinois was adopted by the Legislature in 1917, and under the provi- sions of that statute the Insurance Department was made a part of the Department of Trade and Commerce, and designated the Division of Insurance. The accompanying table will serve to give some idea of the tremendous increase in the volume of the insurance business during the administration of Governor Small, and the amount of work performed by the Division of In- surance. The figures herewith merely show the increase in volume of business transacted by all kinds of insurance companies in this State and a comparison between the premiums received and losses paid in 1920 and in 1927. This will serve to give some indication of the value of the Illinois field as a source of insurance. In reviewing the above figures it should be borne in mind that the premiums collected are not only used to pay losses but a large proportion must be retained by the Companies to build up reserve funds required by statute. Security Branch On June 30, 1921, there were 46 insurance corpora- tions which had deposits of securities with the Division of Insurance. Forty-one of these were companies orga- nized under the laws of Illinois and five were companies of other states whose deposits are required by the re- ciprocal provisions of the laws of this State. The total reserve deposits held by the State approxi- mated $25,000,000. During the calendar year 1920, the approximate de- posits were $6,000,000 and the withdrawals $4,000,000. 304 - 1 eg 09 d w 0) ai CJ 03 fl O ecu 3 © O Cms ILLINOIS 00 ^-oo t- t- O U5 O t- K co co CO l-T ITS t- iH o T-l g-i © r-T t> wT o Ci CO © i-l ©© 00© ■«* N tOOO t-rj« rj-^r-l (BH Oi C- *■}<•«*< t- lO ©Q © ■* US £ © t- LO 00 NIO MIO rHCOrHr-t OOlfi ft PQ lo© * t- t- © U3 ©CnI ©© ■* CO iH© © OJH gCQ ©00 t- © U3© "tfi hn eq as a id bio be tt) a) s 133 c c £ £ 03 03 03 03 0> > >, cd a JO « £ £ « « rt rt euro fl) fl) 'U "a *J *J <" || g* && S£ J J UO fefo JtJ PROGRESS 205 On June 30, 1928, there were 69 insurance corpora- tions which had deposits of securities with the Director of Trade and Commerce. Sixty-three of these are Illinois corporations and six are of other states whose deposits are required by the reciprocal provisions of the laws of this State. Included among the 63 Illinois corporations are 31 legal reserve life insurance companies, 12 of which are also in the business of accident and health insurance. Seven of these legal reserve life insurance companies also maintain a deposit in the registered policy fund, law of 1899. There is also one deposit under the Assessment Life Act of 1927. Thirteen deposits are made under the Casualty Act. Our laws do not require deposits of assessment com- panies, interinsurance exchanges, stock fire, mutual fire, mutual casualty insurance companies or fraternal bene- ficiary societies. However, eighteen of such organiza- tions optionally maintain deposits. The total par value deposits on June 30, 1928. amounted to $39,629,031, an increase of $2,395,380.74 during the past fiscal year, during which period the de- posits were approximately $9,200,000, and the with- drawals approximately $6,800,000, making the total de- posits and withdrawals in excess of $16,000,000. More than two-thirds of the securities on deposit consist of first mortgage loans, the balance being in United States Liberty Loan Bonds, municipal bonds, joint stock land bank bonds, railway, public service corporations, public utility bonds, etc. From the year 1921 to 1928, insurance companies depositing securities with the Department of Trade and Commerce, Division of Insurance, have increased from forty-six to sixty-nine, and the total amount of deposits have increased from $25,000,000.00 to $39,500,000.00, or a yearly average net increase of deposits over withdrawals of $2,000,000. During the past fiscal year interest of 206 ILLINOIS i ■ If,' ' '. 1 ! 8 " HI W&S8PI&** - - o o I ©2 2* •PS a a> c 2* a !° a ai s§ w5 3 >& O » or 1 PROGRESS 207 General office, Division of Insurance. Department of Trade and Commerce, Springfield approximately $2,000,000 was clipped and forwarded to these companies. In 1921, the securities were kept in an old vault in the main office of the Division of Insurance. This vault was of an antique type constructed of brick and mortar and equipped with a single combination lock and very insecure. In 1925, a modern double combination and time lock, burglar- and fire-proof vault was installed in the basement under the main office of the Division of In- surance, and also a twin vault with a combination lock. These vaults are constructed with reinforced concrete and sheet boiler steel and can be entered only through the main office of the Insurance Division, by a closed stairway, at the bottom of which is a steel door equipped with a burglar-proof lock. This door leads into a large room divided by a steel grill with a similar lock. The room contains regulation office fixtures and telephone and is entered only with the 208 ILLINOIS permission of and accompanied by the securities examiner, who is the sole custodian of the securities and is heavily bonded. Financial Branch The following table indicates the nature, source and amount of collections by this Division for the year end- ing June 30, 1928 : Agents' certificates (fire, etc.) $ 138,854.00 Agents' certificates (life) 48,852.00 Certificates of Comp., Dep., & Val 2,671.00 Registering policies 2,039.50 Annual statements (fire, etc.) 9,657.00 Annual statements (life) 2,740.00 Examinations 31,534.69 Privilege Tax 5,088,409.48 Fire Marshal Tax 138,325.81 District, County & Twp. Mutuals 242.00 Special Agents, (Surplus Lines) 491.92 Assessment Associations (filing stmts.) 1,275.00 State licenses 3,380.00 Lloyds and Inter-Insurers 2,545.40 Valuing Insurance 41,109.18 Charters filed 4,807.00 Mutual Union Benefit Assns 480.00 Miscellaneous 3,525.83 $ 5,520,939.81 It is interesting to note the marked increase in the collections of the Division. In 1921 the total collections amounted to $3,379,365.62; in 1923, $3,600,983.00; 1925, $4,012,553.33; 1927, $5,384,617.50, and 1928, $5,520,- 939.81. The substantial increase in the revenue of this Department reflects a corresponding growth in this State of insurance in general and would indicate that the resi- dents of Illinois realize the value of the protection afford- ed against the hazards of life and property. Agents' Licenses This Department is charged with the issuance of licenses to agents for soliciting applications for insurance PROGRESS 209 and issuing of policies to individuals and on property located in the State. Under existing laws all persons soliciting applications for insurance for the following classes of companies are required to be licensed by this Department : Fire and Surety Companies and Lloyds of this State, and Fire, Life, Casualty, Surety and Lloyds of other states, and foreign governments. The issuance of licenses and the minimum fees therefor in all referred to are specifically provided for in the laws of this State; assessment and interinsurers' licenses are issued only un- der the reciprocal law, and the fees charged are the same as are charged Illinois associations operating in the var- ious states. All licenses issued under the above provisions expire annually as follows : Fire, Life, Casualty, Assessment and Lloyds on March 1st, and Surety on January 31st. From January 1, 1927, to December 31, 1927, the Division of Insurance issued approximately 91,000 such licenses, divided as follows : Fire, 47,000 ; Life, 23,500 ; Casualty, 15,000 ; Surety, 5,000 ; Assessment and Lloyds, 480 ; and Reciprocals, 20 ; and the fees collected for same were in excess of $182,000. Owing to the fact that all licenses expire annually, either on January 31 or March 1, requisitions for re- newals requesting about 70,000 licenses are received on these two dates. There is an immense amount of detail work involved, and the same must be performed rapidly and accurately, to give the companies the service to which they are entitled. Prior to 1922 the form of agent's certificate in use was a large lithographed sheet measuring 9 by 14 inches and was not in any way adapted for practical use, and the method applied in the issuance of licenses was fruitful of error. Each company furnished a list of its agents and the certificates were written in the Department. Many of the lists to be copied were written in long hand and it was impossible to avoid mistakes. The result was that many came back for correction causing the company 210 ILLINOIS officials and the Department much unnecessary annoy- ance. In 1922, under Governor Small's administration, the system was changed, whereby the companies filled out four small attached cards, typewritten, the first being the requisition, the second, triplicate agent's license, the third duplicate agent's license and the fourth the agent's license. After the cards have been countersigned in the Depart- ment, the last two are returned to the company. This arrangement has proven very satisfactory in every way. The company has a duplicate for its files and the Depart- ment has the requisition, which is filed under the name of the company, and the triplicate license is filed under the name of the agent. At the present time two people are doing all the work in this branch, while in the past it re- quired six or eight, and virtually none of the cards are returned for correction. The agent's certificate is just the size to fit the average bill-fold, while the old litho- graphed sheet was only good to frame and not practicable to carry, even though it was often needed to establish an agent's authority. Lloyds The Division of Insurance has made considerable progress during the latter half of the year 1927, in the way of control over insurance organizations operating on the Lloyds Plan. This Department exerted great effort to put a Bill through the Illinois Legislature which would strengthen the old 1911 Lloyds Act. The old Act permit- ted Lloyds to be licensed to write only fire, lightning, hail, windstorm and sprinkler leakage insurance, but most of these associations were writing a casualty business in Illi- nois, and this office was powerless and had no authority to control them. At the 1923 and 1925 sessions of the Legislature, the Department's efforts were in vain, but in 1927 a new Lloyds Act was passed, providing that all concerns oper- ating as Lloyds in the State of Illinois must comply, and PROGRESS 211 permitting this office to license and control them both in fire and casualty lines. In order that the underwriter's guarantee fund may always be available for the protection of policy-holders, this Department by a special ruling requires such fund to be deposited under a trust deposit agreement with a reputable bank or trust company, as trustee, whereby no securities may be withdrawn without the written author- ization of the Director of Trade and Commerce. All original powers of attorney are also required to be on file in this office. The above procedure has been passed upon by ca- pable legal talent and held to be a discretionary right of the Director of Trade and Commerce. ILLINOIS STATE GRAIN INSPECTION George Hitzman, Chief Grain Inspector Early in the development of the American Grain Markets, a need was felt for some sort of official standard by which different samples of grain could be accurately judged. No recognized public authority was sanctioned; if the buyer sold again, additional examinations became necessary, each with its attendant disagreements as to quality and price. The pioneer business of grain market- ing, indeed, was filled with time-consuming details and in the end neither party in the trade was likely to be satisfied. Chicago was the first market in the world to recog- nize and meet the necessity for inspection by a disinter- ested party, and grain inspection, as it is known today, had its origin in the year 1857, under the auspices of the Chi- cago Board of Trade. The railroads had not then ex- tended their lines far into the western prairies and the receipts of grain were almost entirely from Wisconsin and the northern part of Illinois. By the year 1870 practically all of the primary mar- kets of the United States dealing exclusively in grain had adopted rules and had organized inspection departments modeled after the Chicago Grain Inspection. With the 212 ILLINOIS Section of Record Clerk's office, Division of Grain Inspection, Chicago development of the great western wheat fields competi- tion in the various exchanges became increasingly keen and there was little incentive offered to uniformity of grades and their application in the several markets. In- spection certificates in one market were often refused in other markets for no apparent or logical reason. As a consequence of wide dissatisfaction with the system of inspection then in operation, the State of Illinois, under the authority of the Constitution of 1870, stepped in and assumed official charge with the appointment of William F. Tompkins as Chief Grain Inspector, July 3, 1871. Since that date state inspection has been the official in- spection on the Chicago Grain Exchange and all other inter-state and intra-state shipments as well. Inspection at East St. Louis was inaugurated August 1, 1897 with the appointment of G. E. Compton as Superintendent of Inspection in charge. PROGRESS 213 Grain Sampler taking samples from a car load of grain, Division of Grain Inspection, Chicago The inspection and grading of grain in Illinois has now reached a stage where no portion of the great grain marketing business moves with greater ease and more efficiency. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Washington, Oregon and other states have followed the example of Illinois and instituted official inspection serv- ices under full state control. Grain inspection now has a far more important meaning than that ascribed to it in earlier history and the grain inspection department of the present has become a more essential factor in the transaction of business as between the producer, dealer and consumer. Our present system of inspection is not the inception of the moment but rather the outgrowth of the wonderful evolution that has taken place in the methods of marketing and handling grain within the last half century. As the trade continues to progress so must the work of the inspectors improve to meet the demands and added responsibilities. 214 ILLINOIS Inspecting grain — a section of the inspection room, Division of Grain Inspection, Chicago Conforms to U. S. Grain Standards Act During the past seven years all grain inspections in the State of Illinois have been made strictly in conform- ance with the United States Grain Standards Act and every precaution has been taken to assure both the ship- per and receiver a square deal for we realize most keen- ly the fact that we are placing a value upon other people's property. The position of the Illinois Inspection Department in its relation to the public is one of peculiar difficulty and responsibility. It stands as an arbitrator between buyer and seller, between producer and consumer, and practically fixes the value of the immense quantities of grain passing under its supervision. At times it has been subjected to violent pressure in one direction from the receivers and again in a contrary direction from eastern and foreign buyers and to harsh and often unmerited criticism from both. PROGRESS 215 Testing" grain for moisture — a section of the moisture testing room, Division of Grain Inspection, Chicago Notwithstanding the criticism that has been voiced against it, the aim at all times of those in charge has been to secure such fair interpretation and impartial applica- tion of existing rules as to do exact justice to all parties interested and at the same time to maintain the present enviable reputation borne by the certificates of the de- partment in the markets of the world. The inspection of the Illinois Grain Inspection Department has been of slow and steady growth, has practically changed the busi- ness methods of the grain trade wherever American cereals are consumed, and it is not too much to say the preeminence of Chicago as a grain market is due, in a measure, to the public confidence in the integrity and accuracy of the work of her inspectors as well as to the favorable location, her unsurpassed facilities and the push and enterprise of her citizens. Grain Inspection has taught the farmers to appre- ciate the factors which control the grading of grain and 216 ILLINOIS has been the cause of their now growing standard varie- ties adapted to their particular soil and climate. It also has shown them the necessity of planting seed that is pure- bred only, and free from weed seed and other adultera- tion. The most progressive farmers are now taking every precaution to prevent injury from insect pests and damage to their grain from plant diseases. They are exercising more care in the harvesting, threshing, and storage of their wheat, oats, corn and barley. They are demanding and receiving better service from country elevators and commission men. Grain inspection has standardized the growing and marketing of grain and has made possible premium prices for premium grain. Illinois Commerce Commission P. H. Moynihan, Chairman Hal W. Trovillion Wm. J. Smith Edward H. Wright Alex J. Johnson J. Paul Kuhn Commissioners Julius Johnson, Secretary EXECUTIVE SECTION A^ review of the work of the Illinois Commerce Commission discloses a remarkable record for the volume of business transacted. The Commission has ordered reductions in utility rates, during the 1921-1927 period, resulting in a saving to the people of Illinois aggregating $100,000,000 and affecting 1,789 cities and municipalities. As a result of these reductions, public confidence has been restored and good will promoted and established, so that today public utility stocks and securities are selling at from 25 to 35 per cent higher than in 1921. PROGRESS 217 A glance at the following tabulations will reveal the magnitude of the seven and one-half years' business transacted by the Commission in every line of public utility regulation : Applications, petitions and complaints filed 7,167 Formal hearings conducted 11,937 Informal complaints adjusted 17,949 Orders entered 13,841 Authorizations Securities authorized $1,542,082,141 Fees collected $635,133 In harmony with the policy inaugurated by Governor Small's administration, the Illinois Commerce Commis- sion has functioned for the people without prejudice or injury to any public utility under its jurisdiction, on the broad principle of fairness and justice to all concerned. ENGINEERING SECTION The Commission, recognizing the importance of proper and adequate service, has through its engineers developed a method whereby the actual quality of service furnished by utilities can be accurately measured. This method of grading service has proven to be of great value to the utilities and to consumers throughout the State. The Commission has received numerous inquiries regard- ing the method of operation of this grading system from other State commissions, public utilities, and the National Bureau of Standards. The Commission makes regular inspections of the service furnished in each community. During this period 6,819 service inspections have been conducted. Rate cases require that the Commission have a com- plete inventory and appraisal of the utility's property, in- formation of the operating costs, depreciation, and esti- mates showing the effect of any changes in rates upon the income of the property. The Commission has con- sistently adhered to the policy that an independent check of all these factors should be made by its own engineers. "218 ILLINOIS During this period the engineers have inventoried and appraised electric property amounting to $79,698,000, telephone property amounting to $33,423,000, water prop- erty amounting to $25,215,000, heat property amounting to $2,150,000, and gas property amounting to $20,652,000. Total property thus inventoried and appraised $161,- 138,000. Utilities are required to file annual statements show- ing costs of operation, revenues and changes in property and these reports are available to public inspection. One of the most important investigations in the utility field ever carried out resulted in the adoption of what is known as General Order 115, which covers standards for overhead electric line construction throughout this State. Investigations which led to the adoption of this general order were carried out over a period of several years and covered the construction of methods of a large number of utilities throughout the State. The great expansion of the hard road system under Governor Small's administration has resulted in a very pronounced extension of the railroad activities of the Commission. Many of these hard roads cross railroads, and usually these crossings are at grade. The safety of the traveling public demands that these grade crossings be adequately protected and the Commission has uni- formly insisted that proper crossing signals be installed and the crossing itself be constructed to afford the great- est measure of traveling safety. Informal Cases Accidents — Investigations and Reports.. 568 Complaints — Investigations and Reports 4,849 All other Investigations and Reports 893 Wire Crossing Permits 1,248 Interlocking Plans Approved 579 Interlocking Plants Inspected 332 Interlocking Permits Issued 256 Service Inspections 6,819 Facility Licenses 2,405 Total 17,949 PROGRESS 219 ACCOUNTING SECTION During the period beginning January 1, 1921, and ending June '30, 1928, the Commission authorized utilities to issue securities in the aggregate amount of $1,542,082,- 141.47. The orders authorizing the foregoing securities provided for fees payable into the State Treasury in the aggregate amount of $661,425.24. The following tabulation shows the amount of securi- ties authorized during each year, or portion of year, as indicated : Amount Period Authorized Jan. 1, 1921, to June 30, 1921 $ 96,964,242.00 July 1, 1921, to June 30, 1922 207,105,347.31 July 1, 1922, to June 30, 1923 363,944,002.67 July 1, 1923, to June 30, 1924 194,988,347.84 July 1, 1924, to June 30, 1925 155,925,128.00 July 1, 1925, to June 30, 1926 154,718,625.65 July 1, 1926, to June 30, 1927 183,112,053.00 July 1, 1927, to June 30, 1928 185,324,395.00 Total $1,542,082,141.47 Utilities Under Jurisdiction of Commission At the present time there are 994 utilities of various classes under the jurisdiction of the Commission. The following tabulation gives the number of each of the various classes as of the close of the fiscal year 1928: Class Number Steam, Electric and Water Carriers 210 Motor Bus Lines 112 Electric, Gas, Heat and Water Utilities 205 Grain Elevators — Public Storage 28 Telegraph and Telephone Companies 439 Total 994 Communities Served 1,789 Consumers 1,700,000 Book Value of investment in Public Utilities in the State of Illinois Total $1,100,000,000 220 ILLINOIS SECTION RATES AND TARIFFS During the period January 1, 1921, to July 1, 1928, reductions in rates were made by order or approval of the Commission in the number of cities, towns or villages indicated below : Electric lighting rates 832 Electric power rates 1,010 Electric cooking, heating and domestic appliances 561 General and industrial gas rates 294 House heating gas rates 3g During this same period numerous reductions were made by order of the Commission in the rates for the transportation of bituminous coal from various mines in Illinois, principal among which are : Reduction of 11 cents per ton in the rates to East St. Louis. Reduction of 5 cents per ton in the rates to Chicago. Reduction of 21 cents per ton in the rates to Moline. Reduction of 17 cents per ton to Preeport and Rockford. Reduction of 22 cents per ton to Peoria. Reduction of 27 cents per ton to Hoopeston. Reduction of 42 cents per ton from the Springfield dis- trict to Bloomington. Reduction of 13 cents per ton to Cairo. Effective July 1, 1922, all freight rates were reduced 10 per cent by order of the Commission. DIVISION OF FIRE PREVENTION S. L. Legreid, Fire Marshal ^ There was a noticeable stir in society when the Smiths came to town. They leased an exclusive mansion and furnished it with oriental rugs and luxurious furnish- ings. They were welcomed at once into the select social circles and entered prominently into church activities. When the mansion burned to the ground shortly, the whole community sympathized with the Smiths in the loss of their rare and expensive furnishings. Fire surance companies paid the insurance in full, $10,000. in- PROGRESS 221 a* oS 02 d d u bo"- 1 o 222 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 223 In the course of time the State fire marshal learned that some boxes had been shipped from the mansion a short time before the fire. Deputies began checking up. In a Chicago warehouse a quantity of the furnishings was located. Inquiry developed that Smith had a record as a notorious firebug in another state. A man hunt for six years followed, leading to South America and back, but finally the quarry was taken in Chicago, following a humble trade under an assumed name. He confessed and received a prison sentence. (This is a summary of a case taken from the fire marshal's files, with the name Smith substituted for the real name.) Chasing the firebug is one of the important activities of the fire marshal. Not all the cases have the thrills of this one. Most of them are sordid and devoid of interest- ing detail. Business men reach the brink of failure and burn to collect the insurance. Private citizens burn homes and furnishings to defraud insurance companies. Some fires are set for revenge on persons against whom the perpetrator has a real or fancied grievance. Others are set to cover evidence of a crime, such as murder or rob- bery. A few are set by a class of insane persons known as pyromaniacs. Deputies of the fire marshal are busy continuously trying to round up incendiaries and protect the public from their activities. A firebug cares naught whose property may be burned or how many lives may be lost ;when he applies the torch. Convictions in the last seven years have been as follows : 1921, eleven; 1922, eleven; 1923, twenty-two; 1924, < fourteen; 1925, twelve; 1926, nine; 1927, eleven. During the last few months the fire marshal has or- ganized arson squads in the principal communities of the State to cooperate with him. The personnel is drawn from the police and fire departments, with representation also from civic organizations. These local squads func- tion at once if a fire appears suspicious and get the evi- 224 ILLINOIS dence in hand while awaiting the arrival of a deputy fire marshal. Through this method the fire marshal has a State-wide network with which to enmesh the firebug. Protecting the School Children The law requires children of school age to attend school a certain portion of each year. Only a small per- centage of the school buildings in Illinois are fire-safe. I Many are firetraps, some of them of the worst sort. Yet the children have no choice but to attend and parents are forced by the law to send them. The fire marshal is using his authority to the utmost to cause school authorities to make their buildings as safe from fire as possible and to provide sufficient means of safe exit in case of fire. "Every school child is entitled to a safe schoolhouse," is the idea back of a school survey which has been in progress for the past three years. Conditions have been found which would make possible a repetition of disasters which have occurred in other states, with costly loss of life. These the school authorities have been ordered to remedy promptly. Safe heating equipment, fire-proof boiler rooms, ap- proved electric wiring, safe metal containers for inflam- mable materials, sufficient exit facilities, adequate fire escape equipment and systematic fire drills are some of the important requirements of the fire marshal. Rural schools have been covered as well as city schools and it is estimated that there has been at least a 50 per cent improvement in school safety in the last three years. Cooperation of parents is urged by the fire marshal to help get backward school boards into line. Rockford is a conspicuous example of progress in school safety. During the present summer vacation all schools are being fully equipped with fire escapes to a total of 21, fire doors installed and all electric wiring over- hauled. Mt. Vernon schools are also fully equipped with fire escapes. PROGRESS 225 The same attention is being given to parochial schools as to public schools. Collinwood, Ohio, sacrificed 175 school children to fire and St. John's parochial school at Peabody, Mass., 22. At Cleveland, S. C, 77 pupils and relatives perished at graduation exercises and 36 died at a Christmas eve celebration at Hobart, Okla., the latter in a typical one room country schoolhouse with but one exit. Illinois wants none of these horrors. Inspection Service Illinois' annual bonfire costs more than 20 million dollars. In 1927 it was $21,961,452, which was the lowest nark in four years. It is the purpose of the Division of Fire Prevention to reduce this loss by eliminating fire lazards. Deputy state fire marshals travel the State constantly, /isiting the various communities and inspecting property other than residence property. If fire hazards or unsafe :onditions are found, orders are issued to remedy them. This is a service not only for the property owner or tenant, )ut for the community, since every fire is the possible ;ource of a conflagration. The Division has ample power under the law to en- tree its orders through court procedure, and does so vhen necessary. It is the desire, and has been the policy )f the Division, however, to bring about compliances by )ersuasion. Most individuals readily comply when the mportance of doing so is explained to them. Special attention is given to old, dilapidated property, elics of a former generation which have become eye- ores and fire hazards. Removal of these through efforts )f the Division has made way for the construction of nodern buildings in many communities and has created a general improvement in appearances and values. Another service is rendered communities in the landling of special hazards, such as oil storage and dry leaning plants. Special rules apply to both of these and re rigidly enforced. 226 ILLINOIS These requirements minimize the hazard to such an extent that nearby property is not penalized with a heavy insurance rate. Without the Division's requirements, whole blocks of property would often be penalized. Protection of life is given careful attention in the in- spection work. Hospitals, hotels, theaters, churches, public halls and other places of a similar nature are re- quired to maintain safe and ample exit facilities as well as control fire hazards. The Division at this time is trying to rid the State of the great hazard to life which is caused when public garages are located in the same building with public halls, hotels, apartments, etc. Forty persons were killed out- right at West Plains, Mo., early this year by an explosion and fire in a garage below a hall in which a dance was being held. Danger of Gasoline No less than eight persons were killed in Illinois last year as a result of dry cleaning in the home with gasoline or naphtha. These liquids are very volatile and the vapors they give off are readily ignited by a small spark. Static elec- tricity, sometimes generated by the rubbing of silks and woolens during the cleaning process, is sufficient to do this. Home dry cleaning, if done at all, should be done out of doors. A woman, now a resident of Springfield, sacrificed both arms and was horribly maimed about face and body, as a result of using a tub of gasoline to do her spring cleaning of draperies, etc. She wore a woolen dress and it became more or less wet with gasoline. After finishing her cleaning she went to the kitchen and lit the gas stove to prepare lunch. Gasoline vapors from her dress ignited and enveloped her in flame. Examples of this kind are not at all infrequent. Firemen's Short Course One of the greatest accomplishments in this or any other state in the interest of reducing fire losses is the PROGRESS 227 Short Course on Fire Prevention, Control and Ex- tinguishment, inaugurated in 1925 at the University of Illinois and held annually since that time. Here for four days experts explain and demonstrate all phases of the fire problem, including first aid and life saving. The course is open without charge to all firemen, city officials and to anyone interested in the fire problem. This year a drill tower was erected by the State and the attendance set a new high record. There is a real service by the State to its various communities. Governor Small, the univer- sity and the Illinois Firemen's association cooperated heartily in establishing the short course and in securing the appropriation from the Legislature to provide the drill tower. Several other states have followed our lead and have begun short courses. Aid Given Murphysboro By direction of Governor Small, the Division took charge of the clean-up of Murphysboro after the dis- astrous tornado in 1925. It was a gigantic task, as whole city blocks were littered with debris and fallen trees. All of this had to be hauled away and burned. For weeks a fleet of trucks and tractors was kept busy. It looked like an endless job, but organization, plus time and labor- saving devices, soon had it moving with dispatch. This kind of work is somewhat outside of the activi- ties of the Division, but it was a source of satisfaction to be able to render effective aid to a community in distress. DIVISION OF STANDARDS The results attained in the Weights and Measures Department since the organization of the Department, un- der the Weights and Measures Act in 1921, have been gratifying. The success of the work of this Division can- not be measured alone by the detailed report of the number of weights, measures, and weighing and measuring de- vices sealed or condemned as set forth in reports from year to year, but also by the restraint there is on the un- 228 ILLINOIS scrupulous dealer who, fearing detection, hesitates to con- tinue his dishonest practices. This is a work of vast importance which affects all classes of citizens, as the application and the underlying principles of the Weights and Measures Law affect more people than any other law on the statute books. In their many applications, the Weights and Measures Act defi- nitely establishes a link between law and commercial life. The producer, the distributor and the consumer are the three factors in our commercial life and their systems of doing business are dependent upon sound principles. More stress is laid on the enforcement of the Weights and Measures Law, since it affects the class of citizens who can least afford to protect themselves. The prin- cipal object of this work is to create a barrier which will overcome temptation to be dishonest. Under the enforcement of The Weights and Meas- ures Law in this State, all weighing and measuring ap- paratus have become public utilities which, when oper- ated correctly, weigh accurately for both the tradesman and the purchaser. The fact that a measuring device is usually owned by the seller does not give any special privilege in its operation. Legitimate and honest com- petition depends entirely upon the protection given by the State in this matter, and anyone who violates these prin- ciples immediately becomes a menace to the community in which he lives. In accordance with the provisions of the Weights and Measures Act, the weighing and measuring equip- ment at all State institutions maintained by funds appro- priated by the State Legislature, has been given the an- nual inspection and test. Adjustments were made where required, recommendations for replacement of or repairs to apparatus offered in all cases where this was deemed conducive to the best interests of the State in its pur- chase of supplies, and everything done to bring all State- used equipment up to the required standard of accuracy. This Department, not being provided with a sufn- PROGRESS 229 cient amount of test weights with which to test railroad track scales, has adopted the policy of accompanying the inspectors of the railroads who make inspections in the State with test cars provided for that purpose, also to accompany representatives from the Bureau of Stand- ards, Washington, D. C, who are provided with equip- ment for testing railroad track scales, when making such tour of inspection in Illinois. Some of the activities of this Department should be enumerated here in order that the public may know of the great scope of the work. All scales, weights, gaso- line pumps, measures and weighing and measuring de- vices are inspected at least once annually and in hundreds of cases much oftener. The reweighing of loads of coal and the commodities in the various stores are important phases of the work and act as a check upon dishonest dealers. The enforcement of the net weight laws is an- other important undertaking, especially when it applies to foodstuffs put up in package form required by law to have the net weight of the contents of the package marked thereon. Literature has been published from time to time bear- ing on the new law, such as copies of the Weights and Measures Act, copies of tolerances and specifications on weights and measures, and weighing and measuring de- vices, and a pamphlet entitled, "Instructions to Mer- chants," relative to the care and adjustment of their scales, has been issued, together with information showing the number of pounds per bushel of commodities required to be sold by weight and the capacity of containers for fruits, vegetables and berries when sold or offered for sale by merchants for distribution by the inspectors of weights and measures in their daily routine. A folder has also been issued showing the number of pounds per bushel of commodities required by law to be sold by weight, and the capacity of standard containers for fruits and vegetables, and the capacity of berry boxes, the marking of foods sold in package form, and other valuable information for 230 ILLINOIS the housewife for distribution by household economic de- partments of Women's Clubs and Superintendents of Household Economic Departments in the various schools in the State. The routine office work has very materially increased, particularly in the matter of correspondence. Questions are continually being submitted by individuals as well as manufacturers, not only in this State but in other states. The Department is receiving the cooperation of honest merchants, who realize that the Weights and Meas- ures Law reduces competition among dealers who former- ly were apt to cut prices on the basis of short weight. The annual exhibit at the Inter-State Fair at Kan- kakee, and the Illinois State Fair, have proved very at- tractive and interesting to the public, and special effort has been made to acquaint people with some of the most important features of the Weights and Measures Act. DIVISION OF SMALL LOANS The Uniform Small Loan Law was enacted by the Illinois Legislature in 1917, and its administration was placed in the Department of Trade and Commerce, where it has since remained, and has become a Division of some importance. In 1921, the first year of Governor Small's administration, this Division was supervising the busi- ness of 133 licensed lenders. At the present time 268 licensed lenders are operating in Illinois under the pro- visions of the Uniform Small Loan Law. The original law was amended in 1925 to permit corporations to en- gage in the business of loaning money. Following this amendment many of the firms engaged in the business were incorporated. Small loan licensees conduct their business with their own capital, and do not receive de- posits. The Uniform Small Loan Law is sponsored by the Russell Sage Foundation of New York, and has been adopted by many states with beneficial results, both to PROGRESS 231 lenders and borrowers. Its primary purpose is the pro- tection of necessitous borrowers from the exactions and impositions of unscrupulous money lenders. The Uni- form Small Loan Law, in every state where it has been adopted, has practically eliminated the "loan shark". The patrons of small loan lenders are a class of people who would have no credit in a bank, as a rule, yet must, in occasions of unusual stress, borrow money. The small loan lender provides this accommodation, and the state safeguards the interest of the borrower, who may not, at all times, know how to protect himself. The Uniform Small Loan Law has also resulted in general benefit to the individuals and corporations oper- ating under its provisions. It has elevated their business to a legitimate and law-abiding plane with an acknowl- edged place in business circles. The Licensed Lenders Association of Illinois is a division in the Chicago Chamber of Commerce. Such is the development of a few years under wholesome and careful State supervision. 232 ILLINOIS Department of Registration and Education A. M. Shelton, Director SOUTHERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY Henry W. Shryock, President IN NO LESS marked degree than Eton has left its im- press on the education of England, or Heidelberg on that of Germany, the Southern Illinois State Normal University stands as the center of learning and culture in southern Illinois. This State college is the only institu- tion of its class in that great section of Illinois which is known as Egypt. To its doors have come those who have sought the higher lines of education; they have gone forth fitted to teach the rising generations and through the efforts of the Southern Illinois State Normal University and the teachers trained in this institution the growth of educa- tion in the section served has been most advanced. The greatest period of progress since the establish- ment of this State school has been during the last eight years. At the beginning of this period the Southern Illi- nois State Normal University had a faculty of forty-five members; at present there are eighty members. At the beginning of the eight-year period there were none who had worked out the three years of graduate work required for the degree of Ph. D. ; for the present academic year there are three to whom this degree has already been granted, with two others completing the residence work required for the degree, and whose final theses have been accepted. Eight years ago only twelve had attained the master 7 degree ; today there are twenty-six. At the beginning oi PROGRESS 233 the period covered, 130 were graduated from the junior college, but there were no candidates for the degree of B. Ed. ; for the school year just ended 397 graduated from the junior college, and degrees were conferred upon sev- enty-one graduates of the four-year course. The remarkable advance in educational lines which has been made at the Southern Illinois Normal University during this period is shown in the fact that while accred- ited only as a "C Class" school eight years ago, it is now recognized as an "A" school by the American Association of Teachers' Colleges and the University of Illinois. On the purely material side these eight years have seen equally startling developments at the Southern Illi- nois Normal University. The total revenues for the scho- lastic period of 1919-1921 amounted to $141,490. For the present period, without counting the appropriation for new buildings, the sum of $301,521 has been set aside for the successful conduct of this institution of learning. The campus has been made more attractive and con- venient by the construction of nearly a quarter of a mile of paved and curbed roadway, illuminated so that the drive is almost as well lighted at night as in the daytime. A $30,000 addition to the power plant has taken care of the heating required for the new buildings. A conserva- tive estimate would place the increase in the chemical, physical and biological laboratories at more than $30,000, while there has been added more than $20,000 worth of books to the library. On this material side, however, the crowning achieve- ment has been the addition of the $175,000 gymnasium, and the appropriation made by the last General Assembly of $225,000 for a new chemical and manual arts building, now under process of construction. "A person who was even indifferent to the success or failure of this institution would have to admit that the story of development recorded in the last eight years is in many ways really remarkable," says H. W. Shryock, president of the Southern Illinois Normal University. 234 ILLINOIS Mi <. TO no ■ . GROWTH OF NORMAL SCHOOL ATTENDANCE 1857 -1SB 5 M MAfTIMR tmm CHARLESTON MM DEKALB 800 STUDENTS 36 WEEKS ATTENDANCE 4000 3000 aooo 1000 mm CARBONDALE warn NORMAL ..■iiidltaH I860 1870 irfBO 1890 1900 1810 1920 Chart showing how Illinois Normal schools have prospered under Governor Small Gymnasium and Industrial Arts Buildings, Northern Illinois State Teachers' College, DeKalb PROGRESS 235 "Just how much of the credit should go to Governor Len Small through these inspiring years, it might be difficult to say, but I am sure the faculty and students of this in- stitution are firmly convinced that such a growth and such a development would have been impossible if it had not been for his sympathetic attitude toward education, and especially toward this institution and its friends in southern Illinois. "A governor less friendly in his attitude toward us could have prevented any growth in this institution what- ever ; with an indifferent administration we might have struggled and toiled and only attained a development so slight as to have been disheartening. "In our preparations for every forward step as planned by faculty, board and student body we have called upon Governor Small for help, and we never once called in vain. In the advancement made at the South- ern Illinois State Normal University he has been our co- worker and co-enthusiast." NORTHERN ILLINOIS STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE J. C. Brown, President Most liberally has the Northern Illinois State Teach- ers' College shared in the material improvements made in the educational institutions of Illinois during the last eight years. Regarding the progress made, President J. C. Brown says : "I am sure that you will be interested to know that the enrollment for the summer term of 1928 shows an increase of more than twenty per cent over the corre- sponding term of 1927. There are numerous indications that the institution is entering upon a period of growth and of expansion that will enable it to render larger and better service to the schools of Illinois. The college now 236 ILLINOIS has the unqualified support of the superintendents and principals of its area. There is a demand for the gradu- ates, the alumni are united in active support of their Alma Mater, and the spirit of the institution is excellent. "We are looking to the future with keen anticipation and with confidence. "The last Legislature appropriated $225,000 for the erection of a building to house the Department of Indus- trial Arts and the Department of Physical Education for Men. This building is now being erected just east of the Main Building and it seems probable that it will be avail- able for use at the beginning of the college year in Sep- tember. "The Industrial Arts wing will include up-to-date facilities for the teaching of woodworking, cabinet mak- ing, mechanical drawing, metal work and futo mechanics. "The Physical Educational wing will provide facili- ties for physical education of men and will include a large gymnasium with a seating capacity of approximate- ly 1,500, locker rooms, shower baths, team rooms, offices and a trophy room. Provisions are now being made for a swimming pool. Whatever funds are available after the building has been completed will be used for the pur- chase of equipment. "The new building is located conveniently near the athletic field and should be a factor in attracting more men students to the institution. "The next largest material improvement made dur- ing the eight years of the administration of Governor Len Small, has been the paving of the Lincoln Highway which bounds the campus on the south. The State's share of this improvement was approximately $8,600. Some of the roads on the campus have also been widened and paved during recent years, adding materially to the beauty of the grounds. "Extensive repairs to the roof of the Main building have been made, totalling in cost approximately $8,200. PROGRESS 237 "The most significant material improvements in the building within the last eight years are : new heating system for the training school, electric lights in class rooms and in auditorium, auditorium redecorated, addi- tions to library stacks, industrial arts equipment, lanterns, slides and maps, and laboratory tables and chemical equip- ment." EASTERN ILLINOIS STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE L. C. Lord, President Most gratifying has been the progress made during the last eight years at the Eastern Illinois State Teach- ers' College, located at Charleston, and of which Living- ston C. Lord is the president. In 1919-20 the Eastern Illinois State Normal School was a normal school of the old type, the change in name being made by the State Legislature in 1921. With this change came also a rapid stride forward in the growth and progress of the institution. As a normal school the enrollment showed 277 stu- dents of college rank in the regular school year, together with 734 students during the six weeks summer term. During the regular school year of 1927-28 there was an enrollment of 620 students of college rank, with 1,230 students registered in the three six weeks terms — the mid-spring term, the first half summer term and the second half summer term. The grand total, including the Training School was 2,088. These figures show an increase of 124 per cent in college students in the regular school year during the eight years ; an increase of 68 per cent in the number of summer term students, and an increase of 52 per cent in the grand total, including the Training School. Up to and including 1920 this institution was fitted to offer but one summer term. At present there are three for the convenience of students — the mid-spring term, the first half summer term and the second half sum- 238 ILLINOIS mer term, the three being equivalent to eighteen weeks work, or half of a regular school year. "Development of the school as an educational insti- tution during the past eight years is most gratifying," says President Livingston C. Lord. "These eight years have seen the old normal school change to the Eastern Illinois State Teachers' College — a Class A teachers' col- lege in the American Association of Teachers' Colleges and accredited by the North Central Association of Col- leges and Secondary Schools. "The change in name was made by the State Legis- lature in 1921. The power to grant degrees was given in 1907, but courses leading to degrees were not offered in the institution until within the last eight-year period, starting in 1920. "On the physical side, a fine new power house, mod- ern and well equipped, has replaced the old one which had been in use for twenty-six years. A new building in which the Manual Arts and Home Economics depart- ments will be housed is nearing completion and will be ready for the school year starting in September." WESTERN ILLINOIS STATE TEACHERS' COLLEGE Walter P. Morgan, President During the last eight-year-period, enrollment at the Western Illinois State Teachers' College has approxi- mately doubled. For the year 1921 there was an enroll- ment of 1,695, while for the past year this enrollment numbered 3,267. For the year 1921 sixty-three gradu- ated from the two-year course while five completed the four-year course, or a total of sixty-eight. During 1928, 141 students graduated from the two-year course, with sixty-nine completing the four-year curriculum, a total of 210 for the year. At the beginning of the 1921-1928 period the West- ern Illinois State Teachers' College, located at Macomb, PROGRESS 239 consisted of four buildings, including the main admini- stration building, the women's dormitory, the new arts building and the old heating plant. Prior to June 3, 1921 this institution was known as the Western Illinois State Normal School, but under House Bill No. 330, which passed as an emergency and which received the immediate signature of Governor Len Small, the name was changed to The Western Illinois State Teachers' College. "This act of the Fifty-Second General Assembly breathed new life into the institution," says President Walter P. Morgan, "and a new era was begun for the institution at Macomb. "As evidence of progress of the institution, it was first accredited by the North Central Association of Sec- ondary Schools and Colleges, and in March, 1928, fully accredited, not only as a teachers' training institution, but with the same rights for its graduates which accrue to the graduates of any four-year liberal arts college. In this it is one of eight institutions in the United States to which this honor is accorded. "In February, 1928, this institution was passed on by inspectors of the American Association of Teachers Colleges and was given an "A" classification and placed in Group 1, an honor which is accorded to but twenty col- leges in the United States. This is a high recognition in view of the fact that there are some two hundred teach- ers' training institutions in the United States, of which one hundred and forty-five are members of the Ameri- can Association of Teachers' Colleges." During 1923 an appropriation of $135,000 was made to cover the cost of a new lighting system for the grounds and a new heating and lighting plant. This was the first effort to increase the physical plant since the completion of the New Arts building in 1917. Then followed a re- modeling of the old heating plant, paving of one of the streets adjoining the campus and erection of the gym- nasium at a cost of approximately $1.70,000. The new gymnasium was dedicated on May 21, 1928. 240 ILLINOIS At present plans are under way for a remodeling of the old gymnasium into library rooms, while the last ses- sion of the General Assembly appropriated $41,000 for the purchase of ten additional acres for the campus. The interest of the State in the Western Illinois State Teachers' College has been reflected in the inter- est which the student body has taken in the physical plant. This is most strikingly illustrated by the Kappa Delta Pi fraternity which contributed some $1,500 to build a memorial gate at the main entrance of the grounds. The campus is the pride of every student and every organization in the student body. ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY David Felmley, President President David Felmley of the Illinois State Normal University, located at Normal, points with pride to the advance which has been made by this institution during the past eight years. Without .exception that progress is the greatest in the history of the institution. The number of students enrolled for the regular school year numbered 529 at the beginning of the eight year period. At present this enrollment is 1,557, an in- crease of 296 per cent. Authority to confer degrees was given to the Illinois State Normal University in 1907, but only 119 degrees were conferred in the following thirteen years. In the past eight years 499 have received degrees from the in- stitution. In 1920 but thirteen were graduated with de- grees from the full four-year course, and ninety with junior college or normal school diplomas. In 1928 a total of 108 completed the four-year course and received degrees, while 402 were presented diplomas. For the past year the enrollment at the Illinois State Normal University numbered 6,558. The growth in attendance is attributed to three causes by President David Felmley. PROGRESS 241 (1) The growing conviction among school boards that professional training results in notably better teach- ing; (2) The raising of standards by the State Examin- ing Board. A mere high school graduate now finds it difficult to obtain a teacher's certificate; (3) The increase in the state distributable school fund and the improved method of distribution recom- mended by the Educational Commission under Governor Len Small, which has made it possible for weak districts to employ a trained teacher and has rewarded districts which employ such teachers. "The most significant expansion of the past eight years has been in preparing teachers for country schools and teachers of commercial branches and of physical education for high schools," says President David Felm- ley. "Our regular faculty in 1920 numbered 74. We now have 104, including the teachers of the four rural schools that are affiliated with us as training schools and the teachers of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, whose school also. is included in our training department." Physical improvements at the Illinois State Normal University completed during the last eight-year period include the erection of a commodious gymnasium at an approximate cost of $170,000, extension and pavement of drives, laying out of many new concrete walks and installation of a campus lighting system. At present work is underway on a new science building which will be constructed at an approximate cost of $225,000. STATE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION S. A. Forbes, Chief It is the function of the State Natural History Sur- vey Division, as prescribed by the Civil Administrative Code and the Board of Natural Resources and Conserva- tion, to study and report upon the entire field of zoology 242 ILLINOIS and botany in the State, preference being given to sub- jects of educational and economic importance. "Under this program," says Stephen A. Forbes, chief of the Division, "recent substantial progress has been made. Following is a summary of the work accom- plished : The State Natural History Survey Division has prosecuted and completed a forest survey of the State, only barely begun in the latter half of 1919, and is now carrying on, in cooperation with the Agricultural Experi- ment Station, a program of extension and general educa- tional work in forestry. It has established, organized, and developed a plant disease survey, begun in 1921, the principal object of which is to study the causes of epidemic outbreaks of fungous diseases of the crop plants, which cost the agri- culture and horticulture of the State many millions of dol- lars each year ; and to use the knowledge thus acquired to forecast impending outbreaks and avoid their conse- quences. It has finished a survey of the plant and animal life of the Illinois river, carried on for many years with spe- cial reference to the precise effects of pollution upon the products of the stream and its connected lakes and tribu- taries ; and it has made a similar comprehensive survey of the plant and animal life of the Rock river system in Illi- nois, covering the whole subject from its microscopic forms to its fishes. It has continued to expand its work in the several divisions of economic entomology, especially by thorough- going researches into both fundamental problems and practical methods for the prevention and control of insect injuries, with the more important results of which it has made the people of the State generally acquainted by wide-spread publicity and extension work. It has published during the last eight years its con- tributions to knowledge on the biology of the State in 39 bulletins, containing 1,937 pages, illustrated by 247 text PROGRESS 243 figures, 127 plates, and 139 maps, and has distributed its publications freely to the people of the State and to libraries, educational institutions, and investigating spe- cialists throughout the country, and has offered them for exchange to similar institutions throughout the world. It has published and distributed widely many circu- lars of information and articles for the press, especially on entomology, forestry, and fishery subjects of unusual importance, and it has begun the preparation of purely educational bulletins and handbooks in its field and has now in press one on the trees of Illinois, a product of the work of its foresters and botanists, assisted by the botan- ical department of the University of Illinois, and has be- gun the preparation of a handbook of the flowering plants of the State, amply illustrated by figures of every species. The three scientific surveys have maintained during the past year a joint publicity agency to the cost of which each has contributed its proportion ; but the Natural His- tory Survey has now provided for a full-time publicity and educational service for the coming year, a principal object of which is the preparation of leaflets and booklets restating the products of its operations in terms and forms to make them available for educational use in the high schools and colleges of the State. These enlargements of the field of the survey and developments of its activities have been made possible by an increase of its appropriations during the last eight years from a total of $70,495 for the biennium ending June 30, 1919, to $133,589 for the current biennium. STATE MUSEUM DIVISION A. R. Crook, Chief "In reviewing the work of the State Museum during the eight years of the administration of Governor Len Small, one must be impressed with the progress which this institution has made," says A. R. Crook, Ph. D., chief of the Division. 244 ILLINOIS "At the beginning of the present administration this Museum was housed in the State Arsenal where exhibits were crowded in three unattractive rooms and the gallery of the auditorium. The quarters were unsightly, inade- quate and unsafe. "Contrasting to this, the Museum is now housed in one of the most beautiful buildings in the State, occupy- ing all of the fifth, the sixth, mezzanine floor and two rooms in the basement of the Centennial Building, a total of about 40,000 square feet of floor space. It is supplied with attractive cases and furnishings. The exhibits have about doubled. "Thus, within the administration of Governor Len Small, the Illinois State Museum has changed from a poorly housed exhibit to one of the best housed museums in the United States. "During the year covered by my first report under the present administration, July 1921-1922, the Museum extended its influence by participation in the Chicago "Pageant of Progress" where we put up a series of ex- hibits to illustrate progress in museum methods, in taxi- dermy, in human anatomy since early geological times, in lighting, etc. Several important additions were made to the per- manent collections, such as the Savillah Wyatt Latham collection of baskets ; a collection of baskets from the United States National Museum ; a collection of minerals from Tennessee — marble, phosphate rock, and copper ores and a collection of materials from the Cahokia mounds, in whose excavation the Museum had a part. "The following year, July 1922-23, was devoted largely to preparation for moving. Many thousands of minerals, rocks and fossils were washed, carefully wrapped and packed for moving. Two thousand birds were renovated, placed on uniform mountings and packed. Altogether in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand objects were to be moved — some of them of great weight, others of great delicacy and requiring most careful hand- ling. PROGRESS 245 "Actual moving was begun on June 25, 1923, and was pushed rapidly forward in as economical manner as possible in spite of unfavorable conditions such as lack of elevator service, absence of telephones, absence of locks on doors and guards to protect the materials which were being moved. "In August, 1923, an exhibit at the Chicago 'Pageant of Progress' was again made. That year chief attention was given to anthropology. During that year also, Con- gressman Richard Yates secured for the Museum, a Fok- ker air plane and Congressman L. E. Wheeler secured a Curtis two-seated observation plane used in instructing aviators during the war. "During the remainder of the year (1923-24) cov- ered by the seventh annual report, moving was continued and the work of installation was carried on as rapidly as possible. After the last of the six groups of mammals, once abundant in the State of Illinois but now extinct, had been installed in the basement, work on the Payne group of wild flowers, native in Sangamon County, rep- resenting "Illinois in May" was carried on. "During the year, July 1924-25, (eighth annual re- port) the Chief secured additional mineral collections in New Mexico and Arizona, such as cave materials from the Carlsbad region, fossil stumps from the petrified for- est of Arizona and a series of rocks from the Grand Canyon to illustrate world history. Nearly thirteen hun- dred ornithological specimens were added. An expert conchologist was secured to work with the shell collec- tions. "Additional work was taken on at the State Fair Grounds where ten thousand square feet of space was made available for showing household and farm imple- ments used by early white settlers in Illinois and many other objects for which there is no room in the Centen- nial Building. "The Museum staff worked diligently at the prepar- ing and labeling of these objects. This is a fortunate 246 ILLINOIS arrangement since it permits the Museum to accept many valuable gifts for which otherwise no space could be found. Mushroom exhibit, Illinois State Museum Main hall, Illinois State Museum PROGRESS 247 A case of Illinois ducks, Illinois State Museum Mountain lion group, Illinois State Museum 248 ILLINOIS Buffalo group, Illinois State Museum Moose group, Illinois State Museum PROGRESS 249 "The Illinois State Academy of Science held a most successful meeting at the Museum. As a member of the National Association of Museums, the Chief had the opportunity of serving on a committee whose function it was to further the establishment of museums in National parks. The sum of eighty thousand dollars was secured and with that sum a building was erected in Yosemite Valley, exhibits installed and service begun, all within less than one year's time. "During the year, July 1925-1926, in addition to the routine work, attention was given to the installation and labeling of the thousands of minerals which show the uses that Illinoisans make of the mineral resources, not only of the United States, but of the world. "Further attention was given to the arrangement, classification and labeling of the forestry exhibit. During January of 1926, the Chief had the good for- tune to excavate the best example of the elephant family ever secured in the State of Illinois, the Golconda North- ern Hairy Mammoth. The Frank R. Grover collection of guns, pistols and swords was worked over, catalogued, labeled and put on exhibition at the State Fair Grounds. "In the year, July 1926-1927 (tenth annual report) much progress was made in the labeling of the general collections which now renders it possible for visitors to see about ten thousand different objects. At the Fair Grounds, a collection was begun to show the evolution of dress in the State of Illinois since 1818. This collection has a dress made in the style of 1818 and contains the gowns worn by several of the former governors' wives at the inauguration of their husbands or on other festive occasions. Among the list are dresses worn by the wives of Governor Richard Yates, the elder, Governor John R. Tanner, Governor Richard Yates, Jr., Governor Edward F. Dunne, Governor Frank O. Lowden. Others have been promised. The dress worn by Mrs. Lincoln at the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as president also is shown. 250 ILLINOIS "In November, 1926, a positive forward step was taken when the first annual exhibit of works of art of Illinois artists was opened in the Museum and continued until January, 1927. "During the year, July 1927-1928 (eleventh annual report) a second annual art exhibit was held. Many thousands of people greatly enjoyed the three hundred beautiful paintings and statuary which comprised the finest and most extensive collection of art objects ever brought to the State Capitol. As a result of this move- ment, people of artistic taste and of means have made contributions to the Illinois Academy of Fine Arts en- abling that organization to make gifts of paintings and statuary to the Museum. Twelve pictures and statues have been received this June. "Artists, lovers of art and the people generally are greatly indebted to the Governor during whose adminis- tration this forward step was taken. "The inauguration of a permanent gallery of art for Illinois artists means a forward step in the culture of the State." STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION M. M. Leighton, Chief From January 1, 1921 to January 1, 1928, Illinois has produced approximately $1,711,093,951 worth of minerals, an average of $243,013,421 per year. In this the State bears the distinction of surpassing forty-one other states in the Union in mineral production. It is generally recognized that civilization cannot rise on food production alone, but it must have those mineral substances which enter into power distribution, manufacturing of a great complex of commodities, rapid transportation, and health-giving recreational facilities. So long as Illinois produces more than its quota of these things, it will continue to maintain its place of State lead- ership in the Nation. PROGRESS 251 During the administration of Governor Len Small, beginning January 1, 1921, attention has been in no small way directed to investigations of the natural resources of the State. For the eight-year period the General Assembly has appropriated for geological investigations the sum of $542,535. During the same period there has been appropriated $370,000 for the making of topographic surveys. For the purpose of providing information essential to an intelligent and adequate development of its mineral resources, the State Geological Survey Division has main- tained, with the above appropriations, a well-rounded pro- gram of scientific studies. The following statements summarize the accomplishments of this Division in its assigned Technical work : Coal: (1) Publication of a bulletin giving authori- tative information on the coal resources of western Illi- nois ; (2) publication of over 1,000 analyses of coal beds from all of the producing districts of the State; (3) two bulletins on areas underlain by strippable coal; (4) in- formation for mining engineers and operators on the structure of the coal beds of northeastern Williamson and western Saline counties, and near Duquoin; (5) a bulletin giving the percentage of coal resources left in the ground by present methods of mining in the different mining districts of the State. Oil and Gas: (6-23) Seventeen bulletins and pamphlets on the oil and gas possibilities in east-central Illinois, the Allendale field, eastern Clark County, Cen- tralia area, Sorento dome, Ayers anticline, Sparta area, Ava-Campbell Hill area, central Pike County, Adams County, Alexis area, Galesburg area, and Media anti- cline, and the Mississippi Valley area; (24) a pamphlet giving a testing plan for determining oil structures; (25) a paper on the significance of carbon ratios of coal beds with respect to oil and gas resources; (26) a pamphlet on prospecting in pre-Pennsylvanian formations; and (27) a pamphlet on corrosion in eastern Illinois oil fields. %52 ILLINOIS Fire-clays : (28) A bulletin of 149 pages embracing both the Coal Measures clays and the clays of the area south of the coal field. Limestone: (29) A bulletin of 392 pages dealing with all of the State's limestone resources with results of tests for road-building and other purposes, and (30) a pamphlet on limestone for sewage filter beds. Glass sand, steel molding sand, etc.: (31) A bulle- tin of 175 pages on the economic resources of the St. Peter sandstone formation, and (32) a bulletin of 183 pages on the molding and resources of Illinois. Fuller's earth: (33) A pamphlet on the fuller's earth deposits of southern Illinois, including a description of three newly found deposits. Ground water resources: (34) A bulletin of 44 pages on the stratigraphy and structure of northern Illi- nois with special reference to ground water supplies. Land Drainage: (35) A bulletin of 322 pages with a large map, providing information regarding the status of drainage reclamation in the State, engineering prob- lems of land drainage, and the organization of drainage districts. Detailed areal investigations of all mineral re- sources: (36-49) Publication of bulletins covering ap- proximately 2,750 square miles and including the Avon, Canton, Carbondale, Dixon, Edgington, Equality, Good Hope, Joliet, Kings, La Harpe, Milan, and Shawneetown areas. Field work has been completed or is in progress for approximately 5,000 square miles more, and bulletins will be issued in the near future. Fundamental work in stratigraphy and paleontol- ogy: The determination of key beds which are the basis for detecting and outlining oil and gas structures, and the correlation of formations in various parts of the State which is fundamental to estimating the State's mineral resources and developing its water supplies, have been emphasized and promoted by State-wide studies in the stratigraphy and paleontology of the (50) Silurian, PROGRESS 253 (51) Mississippian, (52) Pennsylvanian, and (53) Pleis- tocene systems. (54) The base map of Illinois and (55) the direc- tory and map of the mineral industries of the State have been revised and published. (56) A new educational series of pamphlets for the public schools and educated laymen on the geology of the State, (57) a press bulletin on oil and gas, known as "Illi- nois Petroleum", for the oil and gas industry, and (58) a new technical series known as Reports of Investiga- tions, for presenting advance summaries of findings, have been initiated. During the period under consideration the State Geological Survey has printed a total of 4,518 pages of technical information, on the subjects mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs. (59) The preparation of basic topographic maps of the State, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Sur- vey, has gone forward with the achievement of 14,077 square miles of sketching, 5,383 miles of primary level- ing, establishment of 1,431 elevation bench marks, and 4,489 miles of primary traverse. This is the equivalent of all that had been done during the previous 16 years of existence of the Geological Survey. This mapping has been used by the State Highway Division in securing shorter locations and better grades in the rougher areas of the State, necessitating shallower cuts, smaller fills, and fewer bridges. In addition the maps have aided municipalities in planning sewage disposal, water and gas distribution, city planning, and other engineering projects fundamental to the comfort and welfare of their citizens, and have promoted the development of the State's re- sources of minerals, poorly drained lands, and public parks. ^^ ILLINOIS BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION DIVISION OF REHABILITATION A. M. S helton, Chairman The Act in relation to Vocational Rehabilitation of injured persons was approved by Governor Small on June 28, 1921. This Act provided for the acceptance of the provisions of the Federal law for civilian Voca- tional Rehabilitation, and designated the Board for Voca- tional Education as the administrative agency. The purpose of the law is to rehabilitate persons disabled through industrial or public accidents, disease or congenital causes ; that is to say, persons who have suf- fered injuries that disqualify them for employment are subject to the benefits of the law. Such persons are made fit to engage in suitable work either through an adequate training program or otherwise. In the beginning there was no one available who was familiar with this kind of work, consequently the first two years were spent largely in experimentation, research and training of personnel, but from that time on the work has progressed at a satisfactory rate. The following table will give some idea of its growth. It is expected that the Division will show a greater number of rehabilitated cases this year than for any preceding year. Funds Persons Per capita Year - expended, rehabilitated. cost. 1922 $ 21,679.48 7 $3,097.07 1923 137,756.16 133 1,035.76 1924 121,476.97 319 380 80 1925 * 96,370.95 185 520 92 1926 143,178.89 472 303.31 1927 144,678.27 417 346.95 * In 1925 Federal allotment did not become available until in December and the Division could not operate on State funds until the Federal money was received, hence about one- half of the year was unproductive. PROGRESS 255 Since this is an economic measure and not an act of charity, its success or failure must be judged by the ability of the State to restore the handicapped person to nearly the normal earning capacity he would have en- joyed had he not suffered the disability. While not all persons aided are actually subsisting on charity at time of contact, a large number of them are, and certainly all of them are potentially charity cases and would probably become charges upon public or private philanthropy. The best available figures indicate that it costs a minimum of approximately $300 per annum to support an individual in an institution. The average age of the cases under this Division is 33 years. It would seem to be conservative to estimate that they would have a life expectancy of 20 years. Therefore, assuming that it costs $300 per year to maintain an individual and that he lives 20 years, he is a $6,000 liability to society. During 1926, a total of 472 persons were rehabili- tated and placed in remunerative occupations at a total cost of $143,178.89 or a per capita cost of $303.31 which includes the entire expense of the Department for the year, spread over the rehabilitated cases only. The average actual expense for each rehabilitant was $248. 83, which does not include administrative expense of the Department. A study of the results obtained is illuminating and Droves beyond any question the great economic value }f the work. The 472 persons had an average annual earning of $1,004.76 before injury, which dropped to $310.20 after .njury, and at the time of survey, but was increased to £1,341.36 after rehabilitation service was rendered. These ndividuals have an earning capacity of $336.60 more ifter receiving rehabilitation service than they had before njury and $1,031.16 more than they had while in the landicapped condition. Of the 472 cases, 402 had previous employment ex- perience and the annual average earnings of these 402 256 ILLINOIS persons was $1,179.72 before injury but had been reducec to $345.48 as the result of their handicaps, while aftei rehabilitation was rendered, their earnings increased tc $1,374.84 per annum. These individuals were not only restored to theii original earning status, but they now enjoy an earning capacity of $195.12 more per annum than they had before suffering their disabilities, and $1,029.36 more than while in the handicapped condition. These results are only for one year. Again assum- ing that the individual lives for 20 years and maintains his earning power, we find the net total gain in earn- ing capacity to be 20 x 1029.36 or $20,587.20 each. Add to this the $6,000 that he would otherwise cost society and we arrive at the net return on the $303.31 expended by the State for rehabilitation. DIVISION OF REGISTRATION V. D. Michels, Superintendent The administration of laws pertaining to the licens- ing of trades and professions in Illinois is vested in the Division of Registration. Licenses are issued by this Division, and enforcement of laws is one of its major functions. Licenses and renewals to the number of 125,000 an- nually are issued by the Division. A small fee is charged for each. The size of the fee is only nominal, but in the aggregate the amount taken in is enough to pay all ex- penses of operation of the Department and to leave a surplus to be turned into the State treasury. At the end of the fiscal year concluding June 30, 1928, $150,000 in excess of operating costs for the year was so turned in. The progress of the Department is visualized by comparing this with the fact that in 1920 only $38,000 was earned by the Department. Under Governor Small's administration the Department was self-sustaining, and annually was made to show an increasing profit to the State. PROGRESS 257 Governor Small should be given credit for approv- ing several legislative amendments to the license laws. Additions to the Barber, Architecture, Chiropody, Em- balming, Optometry and Pharmacy Laws have proved of great benefit both to the professions affected and to the public. The advancing of standards operates profit- ably in two directions. Three new laws have been placed on the statute books, two of which have proved highly successful dirough actual operation. The third is in process of re- lease for operation. They are as follows : The Beauty Culture Act, providing an opportunity for many women to earn an honest livelihood in an intel- ligent manner. The Real Estate Act, which has safeguarded the public from curbstone brokers and wildcat colonization schemes and effected the return of thousands of dollars to the defrauded public through hearings conducted by the Department. The established ethics in relation thereto makes Real Estate a safe investment, interesting prop- erty holders in civic movements. The Public Accountancy Act, now in the process of release for complete operation. It is hoped by this law to greatly benefit economic conditions. The professions represented by this Department form distinct groups, who under police power, directed by their ideals, perform service and protection to the public. WATER SURVEY DIVISION A. M. Bus well, Chief In looking back over the last eight years we note gratifying progress in the work of the State Water Sur- rey. The survey of the ground water resources of the State has been brought up to date and the data pub- ished in a volume of seven hundred and ten pages. To describe this volume adequately would require too echnical a discussion for the present purpose. Its value nay perhaps be gauged from the fact that it has been 258 ILLINOIS conservatively estimated that it would cost a quarter of a million dollars to duplicate the work reported in this bulletin at ordinary commercial rates. The study of surface water resources, especially such sources as would be available for small town sup- plies, had been entirely neglected until their investigation was taken up three years ago by the State Water Survey. Increasing demands for soft, palatable, as well as safe, public water supplies has necessitated a complete reinvestigation of the chemistry of water treatment. This work was undertaken in 1921 and the results published in 1926 in a bulletin of 135 pages. Probably the most important progressive step taken in the last eight years has been the establishment of an experimental plant for the study of water and waste treat- ment problems. Experiments had been carried on in this field since 1914 but it was not until 1923 that definite and adequate provision was made for this line of work. Through a cooperative agreement with the University, a building was constructed by the State Water Survey on the University grounds and equipment installed which makes it possible to carry on experiments on a sufficiently large scale to furnish results capable of practical appli- cation. The work of this experimental plant has re- ceived wide recognition. In fact it was recently men- tioned as a model before the British Institute by Mr. Arthur J. Martin in a paper entitled "The Need for Re- search in Connection with the Purification of Sewage". The results of these researches are appearing in several current bulletins of the State Water Survey. One of the most important scientific and economic problems of the State is the condition of the Illinois River. The establishment of a laboratory at Peoria in 1923 makes permanent provision for the study of that problem. A general State-wide survey of stream pollution has been completed and the results published in a bulletin which is being used as a guide by the Isaak Walton League in their anti-pollution campaign. PROGRESS 259 Department of Purchases and Construction Leslie Small, Director IN CREATING the Department of Purchases and Construction, during the 54th General Assembly, the Legislature defines the duties of the Department through each of its important Divisions, briefly, as follows : Waterways. To exercise the rights and powers of the ''Canal Commissioners," the Rivers and Lakes Commission of Illinois and the Illinois Waterway Com- mission. Architecture and Engineering. To prepare plans, ! sketches and estimates for the public buildings to be erected for any department, and to construct and re- pair such buildings and to have general supervision ' over such work. Purchases and Supplies. To procure and supply all furniture, general office equipment and supplies needed by the departments ; clothing, instruments, ap- paratus, subsistence and provisions for charitable, penal and reformatory institutions ; beds, bedding, cell \ equipment, table and kitchen equipment, machinery, ; work shop and other supplies, when other departments , are not authorized to do so. Printing. To exercise the rights, powers and du- , ties vested in the Superintendent of Printing, his of- ficers and employees. With the aid of a capable and efficient Division Head and a complete organization in each Division, this De- , partment has endeavored to carry out the "Governor Small Policy," that a dollar's worth of value be received 260 ILLINOIS for every dollar expended. Open, competitive bidding on all construction contracts, materials and supplies of all kinds, as outlined by law, has been strictly adhered to, and the lowest responsible bidder has invariably secured the contract. The Waterway and Building programs are the most extensive ever attempted. If the work is not interrupted, and the present rate of progress is maintained, another two or three years will see the completion of the great Illinois Waterway, connecting the Great Lakes with the Gulf of Mexico. Our educational, charitable and penal institutions are being improved with modern, sanitary buildings that will adequately provide for the increasing population of these institutions. DIVISION OF WATERWAYS William F. Mulvihill, Supervisor of Illinois Water- way Construction Over 300 years ago Pere Marquette and Louis Joliet dreamed of a time when the waters of the Great Lakes would be connected through an adequate navigable chan- nel with the waters of the Illinois River and the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Father of Waters. It remained for Governor Len Small and the people of Illinois through this Division to build the Illinois section of the Lakes-to the-Gulf-Deep-Waterway and thus to translate the dream of centuries into the reality of actual construction. Transportation Rules the World The business of transportation of persons and things is perhaps the world's greatest industry. The demand for more and better and cheaper transportation has led to the greatest engineering development. Wind and water, elec- tricity and steam, machinery and power, have all become the servants of man in the development of civilization. PROGRESS 201 262 ILLINOIS Mouth of tunnel which is to carry utilities 75 feet under the Des Plaines River at Joliet The highest lift lock gates in the world at Lockport PROGRESS 263 Interior of the Lockport lock of the Illinois Waterway, showing lower gates recessed in walls Giant steamshovel at Brandon Road 264 ILLINOIS Picturesque lock in old Illinois and Michigan canal at Channahon Transportation rules the world. The history of its de- velopment is the story of the advancing march of civiliza- tion. Waterways and highways have always determined the location of colonies, the creation of new communities and the increase and utilization of the public wealth. Our internal history is a romance of transportation; of trapper's trails and corduroy roads across the marshes; of the evolution of wagon roads and bridges ; of canals and railroads ; of telegraph, telephone and pipe lines ; of motor trucks and the miracle of aeroplanes ; the wedding of the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at Pana- ma ; the turning of the Chicago River upstream; the dig- ging of the drainage canal, and now the construction, by Governor Small, of the Illinois Waterway, the connect- ing link for transportation between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. PROGRESS 265 2G6 ILLINOIS y^ Construction work at Brandon Road Water Transportation Is Cheapest We stand, not for the development of waterways alone, but for the improvement and utilization of every method of transportation which will conduce to the cheap and expeditious delivery from producer to consumer of those products of nature or industry which contribute to the welfare and enjoyment of the American people. These include transportation by water and rail, by high- way and airway. But transportation by water is by far the cheapest method of moving large quantities of freight from one place to another, that has so far been developed or proposed. For example, one dollar will carry one ton of freight the following distances : 4 miles by horse and wagon, 20 miles by truck, 100 miles by railroad, 300 miles on New York Barge Canal, PROGRESS 267 500 miles on European Canals, 750 miles on the Illinois-Mississippi Water- way, The "Erie" and "I. & M." Canals 1000 miles on Great Lakes boats. Since the days of the. Revolution, Congress has been confronted with the problem of water connections be- tween the Great Lakes and tidewater ports to the East and South. Early in the nineteenth century the State of New York partially solved the problem of an Eastern outlet to the Atlantic by construction of the Erie Canal from the Hudson River at Albany to Lake Erie at Buffalo. In like manner the Illinois and Michigan Canal from Chicago to LaSalle on the Illinois River was constructed by our State with the aid of the Federal Government which granted a right of way through the public lands and also large tracts to be sold to help defray construc- tion costs. It served the navigation needs of its time and was a potent factor in the development of the State, sav- ing many times its cost in reduced transportation charges. The Illinois and Michigan Canal is still maintained and is usable for boats of 3^-foot draft, not exceeding 100 feet in length or 16 feet in width. But in the early days of the last century, like other canals of its type, utilizing slow moving, animal-drawn barges, of 100 tons capacity, it largely went out of use as a practical means of transportation, giving way to the railroads which stretched their tracks to every part of the State and could serve the people more cheaply. Transportation demands have now outgrown our railroad facilities and again the people are asking Con- gressional action in aid of inland waterway improvement — cheap transportation, adequate channels, gigantic locks and modern barges. Due to the modern constructive ideals of Governor Small, the waterway needs of the present situation will soon be met. 268 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 269 Artist's conception of how the Brandon Road Waterway lock will look when completed, showing lock to left, with break- water, power plant, dam, turning basin and retain- ing walls running upstream through Joliet The Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal extends from Chicago to Lockport. It is 35 miles long, 21 feet deep, 160 feet wide, and was opened in January, 1900. Its primary purpose was to reverse the flow of the Chicago River and thus to divert the sewage from Lake Michigan and prevent pollution of the water supply of the city. But the value of this canal as an integral part of the Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway was not overlooked. It constitutes the summit level of the entire system and has cost the people of the Chicago district upwards of $75,000,000. Great Progress Made Under Governor Small During the administration of Governor Len Small more progress has been made in the development of our inland waterways, Lakes-to-Gulf and Great Lakes- At- lantic, than during the entire history of the State prior to his taking office. Under his direction, five gigantic locks, each 110 feet wide and over 600 feet long, are being constructed by the 270 ILLINOIS ll .' 1 i? '/J Hi k B 1 wi v ■ : V. 1 - '"*' r - -» B I I Jflf; n> IP |H jfg 1 ell ;; ; | : ;:V : ■ * ll: '-I § ji .« *f 1 »l|t II fe^p PY\^«a| . J &'i ; :,|»f "':■,! PROGRESS 271 Marseilles lock completed with gates in place Upper end of Marseilles lock 272 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 273 274 ILLINOIS Starved Rock, site of one of Illinois Waterway locks State, to overcome a fall of 140 feet in the 65-mile reach of the DesPlaines and Illinois Rivers between the end of the Chicago Drainage Canal and the Illinois River near Utica, below which point the Federal Government is de- veloping a 9- foot navigable channel to New Orleans. The completion of the Illinois Waterway will give us two major inland waterway systems, the Mississippi system and the Great Lakes system. The Mississippi system will consist of about 9,000 miles of connected waterways, of which some 3,100 miles will be trunk lines and 6,000 miles laterals ; that is, a main North-South trunk line 1,500 miles long reaching from New Orleans to Chicago and there connecting with the Great Lakes System, and crossing this a great East- West trunk line 1,600 miles in length from above Pittsburgh through Cairo to Kansas City. The Illinois Waterway is the con- necting link between these two great systems. The people of Illinois, by an overwhelming vote, in 1908 authorized the construction of the Illinois Waterway PROGRESS 275 276 ILLINOIS ■■::■■■■,"■■*: ■.:■ Earth levee at Beardstown, erected as a flood protection measure Concrete sea wall erected by State at Beardstown for protection from floods PROGRESS 277 and the issuance of $20,000,000 of bonds to provide for the same. It was not until 1919, however, that the neces- sary legislation was enacted. The work of actual con- struction to date has all been done during the administra- tion of Governor Len Small. The early progress of the work was hampered by litigation and negotiations over questions of water power and right of way, but these difficulties have largely been surmounted. Building a "loop" around a break in a river levee South wing of Rendleman levee, Preston district 278 ILLINOIS Levee along the Mississippi River dynamited to let the floo< water (right) back into the river Description of Illinois Waterway Locks All the locks of the Illinois Waterway are of the same horizontal dimensions but vary in height. Lock No. 1 is located at Lockport about 35 miles from Lake Michigan. It is now complete, except installation of machinery for operating the lock gates. It is supplied with water through the Chicago Drainage Canal. This lock has a lift of 41 feet and is equipped at the upper end with two sets of gates of the submersible type, each weighing 200 tons. The gates at the lower end of the Lockport lock are of the swinging type, each gate being 55 feet wide and nearly 65 feet high. They weigh 315 tons each. These gates, which are operated by elec- tricity, are the highest lock gates in the world and when open fold back into the sides of the lock. The lock chamber can be filled or emptied in eight to ten minutes. How the Locks Raise or Lower Barges The locks are filled by closing the lower gates and opening valves which allow the water to enter the lock chamber through water intakes in the walls of the lock from the upper level, then the upper gates are closed and PROGRESS 279 the lower valves opened, permitting the discharge of the water downstream until the water in the lock chamber reaches the level of the pool below the rock. Then the [lower gates are opened, allowing the craft to pass out of i the lock. Each lock is large enough to permit locking through a fleet of 10 barges carrying 900 tons each, or a total of 9,000 tons of freight at a single lockage. This is equiva- lent to 300 thirty-ton freight cars or six railroad trains consisting of 50 cars each. Location of Locks and Dams The locations of the locks and dams, with differences in water levels of the upper and lower pools are : No. Name. Location. Lift. 1. Lockport, 35 miles from Chicago 41 feet 2. Brandon Road, 2 miles below Joliet 31 feet 3. Dresden Island, 14 miles downstream 17 feet 4. Marseilles, 3 miles below town 21 feet 5. Starved Rock, between Ottawa and Utica .. . 16 feet Total distance, 63 miles ; fall, 140 feet ; downstream slope, 14 feet; combined lift of locks, 126 feet. By direction of Governor Small early bids for the Starved Rock job were rejected because of the excessive bid price of $2,825,040. The present contract price is $1,475,832, a saving of $1,349,108. Other contracts are being completed at less than estimated cost. The Illinois Waterway Act provides for an 8-foot navigable channel in earth sections, 9- foot in rock sections and for 14 feet of water over the mitre sills of the locks, so that in future years the navigable channel may be deepened to 14 feet, without alteration of the lock struc- tures, should traffic development require the additional depth. If we are permitted to continue the diversion of 8,500 cubic feet of water per second from Lake Michigan, as at present authorized, the construction provided for 28° ILLINOIS by the statute will actually give us a 9-foot channe throughout Illinois Waterway without additional cost oi dredging. Standardized Equipment Likely The locks of the Illinois Waterway now being con- structed by the State are uniform in horizontal dimen- sions and lockage capacity with those being constructed by the Federal government in the Ohio River, in which navigation to a 9-foot depth will be maintained from Pittsburgh to Cairo, when the 54 Ohio River locks are completed within the next three years. This will permit the use and interchange of standardized equipment on the Illinois-Mississippi and the Ohio-Mississippi trunk lines. The progress made during the past two or three years indicates this great project should be completed within the next three years. Business men who have studied the situation know that once barge transportation becomes an actual fact, Illinois will become the real industrial as well as agricul- tural center of America, with increased prosperity for city and country alike. Commerce Will Exceed Suez and Panama Within 10 years the commerce on the Lakes-to-the- Gulf Waterway will be greater than the tonnage of either the Suez or Panama Canals. In 1926, the last year for which figures are available, river transportation for the industrial district of which Pittsburgh is the center, amounted to more than forty-four billion tons as com- pared with an annual traffic of about twenty-five billion tons each for Suez and Panama. When the Illinois-Mississippi Waterway is complet- ed, industrial Chicago will soon outstrip Pittsburgh. Its geographical location and the fact that coal and ore may be brought together there at low cost, makes this inevita- ble when aided by cheap transportation to the markets of the world. PROGRESS 281. The Interstate Commerce Commission is now com- mitted to the policy of requiring the railroads to join with barge lines in the establishment of through routes, with joint rail-barge and rail-barge-rail rates. The re- sults of such co-operation are cheaper transportation and improvement in business conditions. The completion of the Illinois Waterway will add at least $100,000,000 per year in volume of business. This increase in trade and commerce will benefit producers and consumers. Every family will be aided, either directly or indirectly. f Cheap Transportation From Chicago to the Sea After a century of looking yearningly southward to the sea, Chicago, thanks to Governor Small, soon will watch its barges of Commerce ride out the Chicago and Little Calumet rivers into the Chicago drainage canal, thence into the DesPlaines River, on into the Illinois, out upon the Mississippi, south past St. Louis and on to New Orleans, the Gulf of Mexico and the markets of the World. A waterway without water would, of course, be use- less. Navigation through the Illinois Waterway requires the diversion of a certain amount of water from Lake Michigan. The continental divide separating the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence basin from the Mississippi water- shed, lies but a few miles west of the city of Chicago. By digging the drainage canal through this elevation the current in the Chicago River was reversed and it became in fact and in law a part of the Mississippi river system. This is the only point around the Great Lakes at which a diversion of water by gravity flow from one watershed to another is possible. Amount of Diversion Needed for Navigation Unfortunately a controversy arose as to the amount of diversion necessary to provide for the sanitary needs of Chicago and the development of transportation. 282 ILLINOIS From 1903 to 1925 the Federal permit authorized diversion of water for sanitary purposes of 4,167 cubic feet per second. But, to preserve the public health of the ever multiplying population of the Chicago district an average of about 8,500 c.f.s. has been diverted for the past 10 years. Proceedings instituted by the Federal gov- ernment to restrain the excess diversion were decided in favor of the Government by the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1925. Immediately after this vindica- tion of Federal authority the Secretary of War issued a new permit, which expires December 31, 1929, authoriz- ing the continued diversion of 8,500 c.f.s. The right of Congress to authorize the diversion of water from one watershed to another, or to say how much water may be used, has been challenged in a suit brought in the United States Supreme Court by Wiscon- sin and other lake states, which assert that neither the State of Illinois nor the Sanitary District of Chicago can lawfully divert Lake Michigan water even though so authorized by the Secretary of War. On the question thus raised Former Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes, as Special Master for the Su- preme Court, recently filed his report that such diversion having been authorized by the Secretary of War was law- ful and that Congress has the right to determine and regulate such diversion. Mr. Hughes also found that : "There is no adequate supply (of water) for lockage except by diversion from Lake Michigan. Other plans would involve prohibitive expense." Also that : "Upon all the facts it was per- missible for the Secretary of War to reach the conclusion that the diversion from Lake Michigan of 8,500 c.f.s. was to some extent an aid to the navigation of the Mississippi River in time of low water." Does Not Agree 1,000 c. f. s. Is Enough Refusing to agree that a diversion of 1,000 cubic feet per second will be sufficient for purposes of naviga- tion, the former Secretary of State said: PROGRESS 283 "The complainants contend that if the water for lock- age and navigation purposes for a waterway from Lake Michigan to the mouth of the Illinois River is or should be taken from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed, a diversion of less than 1,000 cubic feet per second of water is sufficient to supply all the needs of navigation. I am unable so to find. The needs of navigation of that waterway will depend upon carrying out of plans already adopted and upon the ultimate decision of Congress with respect to water communication between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River; the extent to which locks and dams are to be used or installed (in the lower Illinois), that is, the character of the improvements and the amount which it is. determined to expend." The "plans already adopted" for the Illinois Water- way were sanctioned and approved by the United States Government before work was begun. The Illinois River below Starved Rock is very slug- gish, having a fall of only 28 feet in 225 miles. There were two Federal- and two State-owned dams and locks, originally built to raise the water to seven feet, before the Chicago Sanitary canal was opened. The State dams have been turned over to the United States for deepening or removal. The locks are too small to accommodate tows of barges such as the Illinois Waterway will take care of, without breaking up the formations. Governor Small personally discussed this situation with President Coolidge and the Chief of Army Engineers, with a view to the removal of all the old locks and dams. Congress has authorized improvement of the river to nine feet and re- moval of the two dams formerly owned by the State. Terminal Study Being Made for State Under direction of Governor Small a comprehensive and detailed study is now being made of the entire sub- ject of water terminals, covering all cities and towns located on Illinois waters. It is hoped that as a result of these studies the State may be able to advise the various 284 ILLINOIS communities and interests, public and private, so that terminal facilities and equipment may be standardized and co-ordinated and the greatest possible efficiency estab- lished while keeping the expense of terminal construction down to a minimum. Illinois, located in the heart of the surplus grain belt of the United States, is nearly 1,500 miles farther from the open seas than other great grain-exporting sections, aside from Canada. This puts the Illinois farmer at a great disadvantage. The cost of the long haul to tide- water is also keenly felt by the manufacturers and mer- chants of our State. The entire nation contributed to the building of the Panama Canal. The use of the Panama Canal has great- ly reduced the cost of haul from coast to coast and has given an advantage of from $300 to $1,000 per carload to those able to avail themselves of it. In building the Illinois Waterway in the shortest possible time Governor Small is striving to relieve the industrial and agricultural interests of Illinois from this economic handicap. Benefits Are Widespread The farm lands of the Illinois Valley are of unsur- passed fertility. The territory within trucking distance of the Illinois Waterway and its connecting waters em- braces 78 per cent of the area and 86 per cent of the population of the State. Within this territory there is annually produced more than 200,000,000 bushels of corn, oats, wheat, rye and barley, of which about 60 per cent is exported. The railroad rate on grain from St. Louis to New Orleans is 18 cents per hundred pounds ; the barge rate is 11 J^ cents. The present difference is 6 T / 2 cents a hundred ; the ultimate reduction to Illinois farmers when the through route from Chicago to New Orleans is com- pleted will amount to about 9 cents a hundred or approx- imately 6 cents a bushel ; this means a saving of at least $10,000,000 per year. PROGRESS 285 Self-propelled vessels of the Mississippi Barge Serv- ice are now bringing sugar and coffee from the Gulf coast to St. Louis, then forwarding by rail to Chicago and other points, at a saving of from $40 to $60 per car- load. In Chicago, for example, sugar is now received from New Orleans via water to St. Louis, thence by rail to Chicago at a saving of $60 per car, and coffee is thus shipped at a saving of $40 per car. Much greater bene- fits will be secured when water transportation is continued through to Chicago. Many will be interested in knowing that the Charles Ward Engineering Works of Charleston, West Virginia, hc?s designed a proposed St. Louis-New Orleans passenger steamer, 450 feet long with a speed of 18 miles an hour. 140 rooms with bath and accommodations for 670 pas- sengers. When the Lakes-to-Gulf Waterway is completed such boats may be expected to ply regularly between Chi- cago and New Orleans, with daily sailings in both direc- tions. This would permit one to take a night boat out of Chicago and the next morning be in Peoria, after a cool, clean, refreshing night's ride. The same boat would take oae on to St. Louis, to Cairo, to Memphis, to Vicksburg, and to New Orleans. With no stopovers, the same boat should make the round trip, 3,000 miles by water, in two weeks. Emergency Flood Relief Work Illinois is a river-washed state. Its boundary and bisecting streams are all tributaries of the Mississippi. It is seriously affected by flood conditions in the Missis- sippi valley. The map herewith presented indicates the localities where flood damages amounting to more than $30,000,000 have occurred in Illinois during the past 6 years. This territory includes 447,339 acres of land in drainage and levee districts with aggregate losses of $25,648,517. 286 ILLINOIS The flood of 1926 was in the Fall of the year and de- stroyed much of the standing crop in the districts in- undated. The 1927 flood came in the Spring and pre- vented any crop that year. The effect was substantially that of one continuous flood covering a period of 7 or 8 months with total damages of $18,805,441. To these damages sustained by the Drainage and Levee Districts should be added $3,198,500, representing flood losses in East Peoria, Mound City and Beardstown for 1926 and 1927, and also about $850,000 of flood losses reported by railroads and $750,000 damage to State highways, mak- ing a total of $23,603,941 for the 1926-1927 flood, or a total of $30,737,685 within the 1922-1927 period. Flood damages occurred along the Illinois River from Peoria to Grafton, along the Sangamon River from Springfield to its mouth, and on the Mississippi River from East St. Louis to Cairo. The depth of water on drainage and levee districts in some cases was as great as 15 feet. In the city of Beardstown on the Illinois River, 80 per cent of the city was submerged up to a maximum of about 12 feet. Governor Leads Fight for Federal Aid Governor Len Small has taken a keen interest in the problem of flood control. Under his personal leadership, not only did the last General Assembly appropriate $1,500,000 for emergency flood relief for the sorely stricken flood sufferers of Southern Illinois, but after the Legislature adjourned, a special trip was made to the national capital by the Governor, where he appeared in. his official capacity before the Congressional Flood Con- trol Committee to urge Federal action in behalf of per- manent protection of the lives and property of the people from the danger of devastating floods. After submitting a 23-page tabulated report, show- ing in detail the items comprising the $30,737,685 dam- ages above recorded, Governor Small among other things said: PROGRESS 287 "As Governor of the State of Illinois for the past seven years, during which period our people have gone through these trying experiences and have suffered these tremendous losses, there has been impressed upon my mind the menace of the uncontrolled flood waters, and the imperative necessity for the establishment of a broad system of national flood control, through which alone, it seems to me, the recurrence of similar disasters in the future can be prevented. State Provides Emergency Relief "The hardships so patiently borne by flood sufferers of Illinois, their fortitude under misfortune and their financial inability adequately to protect themselves and their property from the ravages of the rivers have im- pelled me, from time to time, in official messages to urge Upon the legislative department of our State government the making of appropriations from the public treasury, for emergency relief of the submerged areas and for the development of plans, in conjunction with the Federal Government, for permanent flood prevention through a scientific and comprehensive plan for flood control. "That the sentiment of the people of Illinois is in favor of permanent flood control and of immediate flood relief, is indicated by the fact that the General Assembly appropriated the sum of $1,500,000 for Emergency Flood Work by an almost unanimous vote. It is further evi- denced by the fact that the people of the city of Chi- cago voluntarily contributed more than $1,000,000 addi- j! tional for flood relief purposes. "Another appropriation of $350,000 was made for the construction of concrete walls along the Illinois River at Beardstown and for earth levees connecting the same with the high ground back of the city, thus providing, it is hoped, some measure of permanent protection for the people of this long-suffering community. 288 ILLINOIS "Thus it will be seen that the Legislature of the State has this year provided nearly $2,000,000 for flood relief work in the State of Illinois." The Governor concluded his address with an appeal for Federal action to prevent future flood disasters and pledged the cooperation of Illinois in support of any well- considered national program. The Beardstown sea wall and levees have been com- pleted during 1928. DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING William J. Lindstrom, Supervising Engineer In the light of activities of the Division of Archi- tecture and Engineering, it is pertinent to call attention to the success of Governor Len Small's efforts towards improvement of congested conditions in State charitable institutions, which, when he took office, had become over- crowded to such an extent that patients were sleeping on the floors. Justifiable pride can be taken in emphasizing that additional bed capacity for 6,000 patients has been provided in buildings already turned over for occupancy and in those under construction and approaching com- pletion, an increase without precedence in any similar period in the history of the State. In providing this additional bed capacity, auxiliary buildings, such as boiler houses, dining halls, kitchens, industrial buildings, shop buildings, green houses, school buildings, assembly halls, etc., were necessitated and constructed. In order to visualize this increased capacity for 6,000 patients one would have to have in mind the entire group of buildings included in two of the largest State insti- tutions : the Chicago State Hospital at Dunning and the Kankakee State Hospital at Kankakee. There also have been provided seating capacities totaling 50,000 in buildings for recreation and educational purposes, including the grand stand at the State Fair PROGRESS 289 Grounds, Springfield; assembly halls at welfare institu- tions ; armories ; school gymnasiums and school buildings, as well as the restoration of school facilities in the district devastated by the tornado in the southern part of Illinois in March, 1925. The above building program represents an expendi- ture of $12,500,000. In this extensive work the average Interior of cell. Illinois State Penitentiary, Stateville 290 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 291 292 ILLINOIS Juvenile Research Hospital of the Illinois Research and Educa tional Hospital, Chicago High school at Murphysboro, damaged by tornado and recon- structed by the State PROGRESS 293 ■mm AM r ii»Ht A. jHffiB " 1 ■ Mat l-j0iif:mMmm mj 4 i|| 1 : f ^/' 4x1pp& ' ! QtPWww' ' ^i%Sf * : V ..}.■ , . ?;J» : 294 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 295 Medical Hospital Building, Alton State Hospital New Gymnasium, Western Illinois State Teachers' College, Macomb 296 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 297 unit cost per hospital bed has been $1,200, including the incidental buildings necessary to make a complete insti- tution. This is 40 per cent cheaper than is customarily spent for buildings similarly constructed for private use. Many Institutional Buildings Standardized In carrying on this work, the Division has made much progress in the standardization of institutional buildings. Cooperating with the Department of Public Welfare and using as a basis the well worked-out system }f classification and subdivision of patients adopted in that department, typical individual buildings have been planned with their internal arrangement adapted to the special requirements of each of the various types of the insane and feeble minded. This will greatly facilitate the future work of the Division and will assist toward a reg- ular and progressive evolution into perfected, practical :ypes of buildings, parallel with the improvement in the :are and treatment of the patients that characterizes the present policy of the State. Standard buildings have Deen designed and built for acute disease hospitals, irranged for ambulatory, semi-ambulatory and bedridden :ases; ward buildings for the acute mental or custodial, :he educational and the industrial classifications ; isolation md observation buildings for diagnostic patients. Many )utside authorities have asked for our plans. Standard details have been adopted looking toward iimplifying maintenance and upkeep. A start has also aeen made toward standardizing farm buildings, a class )f structures which is well adapted for repetition in uni- form types. It has been thought best, in general, to have the build- ngs one story in height without basements. The con- struction is simple and of permanent materials, the walls ire of concrete block, faced with brick on the exterior and m the inside wainscoted with glazed brick seven feet in leight. Floors are of impervious terrazzo or tile with 10 crevices to fill with filth or vermin. The Georgian, a 298 ILLINOIS d *3 5 d +3 C B.2 a? U2% .a o W 02 ^ a o o d at too Ss if S3 0) 112 PROGRESS 299 Girls' cottages and Administration Building, Illinois' Soldiers' Orphans* Home, Normal Looking into reading room of library, Centennial Memorial Building, Springfield 300 ILLINOIS PROGRESS 301 Restored building, Old Salem State Park New Nurses' Home, Anna State Hospital 302 ILLINOIS Interior of New Library, University of Illinois New Agricultural Building-, University of Illinois PROGRESS 303 New ward building at the Lincoln State School and Colony refined and scholarly style of architecture, but at the same time one of great practicability and easily adaptable to modern requirements, has been used. Beecher Hall of Illinois College at Jacksonville, an interesting early ex- ample of the Georgian transplanted to Illinois, was felt to be appropriate for use as a model. The activities consist of buildings and improvements at a majority of the State-owned properties, but the major projects of construction work have been at Elgin State Hospital, Elgin; Centennial Memorial Building, Spring- field ; Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal ; Dixon State Hospital, Dixon ; Research and Educational Hos- pital, Chicago; Jacksonville State Hospital, Jacksonville; Alton State Hospital, Alton; Chicago State Hospital, Dunning; Illinois State Fair Grounds, Springfield; and the new Illinois State Penitentiary, Stateville. This building program does not include the expendi- ture of about $5,000,000 for buildings at the University of Illinois. 304 ILLINOIS The Division has also benefited greatly by the close interest and encouragement of Governor Small in all of its work. Governor Small has never been too occupied to find time to give his close attention to the innumer- able details of planning and design. It is needless to say that under such conditions the complete loyalty of all members of the personnel of this office has been enlisted and their utmost capability given to the performance of their duties. PROGRESS 305 DIVISION OF PRINTING H. L. Williamson, Superintendent of Printing The saving of thousands of dollars of the State's money annually has been effected through the system of purchases and procedure followed by the Division of Printing, which is the result of several years' effort on the part of the Superintendent of Printing and the per- sonnel of his office. A considerable portion of the $1,000,000 appropriated biennially for printing, binding and office supplies has been returned, unspent, to the State Treasury each biennium, and superior grades of work and standards of supplies have been obtained. Practically all supplies procured for the offices of all elective State officers, the State courts, charitable and penal institutions, Normal universities and the several other State departments through the Division of Print- ing are purchased direct from the mill in carload lots. This results in savings varying from 25 to 50 per cent in cost, and includes annually the purchase of many car- loads of standardized papers. Five kinds of paper are bought for forms, bulletins, books, stationery, etc. Pur- chases, of course, are made on the bid and contract system, the contract being awarded to the lowest bidder. Printing is purchased in the same way, under eight separate headings. The printers are supplied with paper which has been bought by the State at low cost. Another saving of importance is that brought about by the prompt payment of bills and the deducting of dis- counts. The sum of $25,024.38 in this Division alone has thus been saved since Governor Small took office in 1921. Standardized Business Forms Adopted. Within the last few years, coincident with the uni- fication of purchases in this Division, a system of uniform blanks, order forms and other means of routine written communication has been inaugurated and covers all State offices and institutions. Instead of separate blanks for 306 ILLINOIS each office, all use the same forms, which are standardized and printed in large quantities at considerable saving. The perpetual inventory system of handling stock is maintained. The exact quantity on hand of any kind of paper stock or article for office use is known every day, under this method, and as a result both understocking and overstocking are eliminated, and the Division is also in position to take advantage of the lowest current market prices. No old stock is accumulated. Two store rooms are maintained, each with a power paper cutter for cutting the stock to fit the needs of the various offices. Scratch pads are cut from scraps of paper and obsolete blanks, and are furnished free to all offices. This item alone saves many dollars every year. A cost expert saves other thousands of dollars each year. Selected for his ability to estimate closely in ad- vance what a given piece of printed work will cost, he goes over each printing order carefully and places the price on it in accordance with the contracts. His work automatically eliminates all possibility of unfavorable price errors and at the same time assures the printers a fair profit. The State Legislature every two years appropriates to each of the State departments a certain amount of money for printing and binding and office supplies. The Division of Printing fills the orders on requisition as sent in by each department, either out of stock or by direct purchase. A daily balance of each departmental appro- priation is kept by the Division, and the possibility of overdrawing on its appropriation by any department is avoided. The Department directors are given monthly statements showing the condition of their appropriations, and are also advised how best to order supplies and to distribute completed work. This cooperation is carried out in the fullest possible manner, to the end that each department may secure more for what it must spend and save unnecessary expenditures. PROGRESS 307 Costs Kept at Minimum By a careful advance estimate of the number of copies of each printed order needed, very frequently ways may be found by which a given printing order may be kept at a minimum figure, so there will be no copies left over in disuse, to be sold later for junk. Suggestions are always given where it is seen that savings can be made. Formerly printers were required to secure stock from the State storerooms and to deliver finished work to the Division. Some time ago a system of trucking was put into use, and a single unit now serves to handle the needs of all printers in Springfield doing State work, at a great saving. The appropriation for the Division has not known a deficiency since Governor Small took office. Instead, balances have been on hand at the close of each biennium, which have totaled $191,159.31 for the Administration period. In addition, approximately $34,000, made up of re- ceipts from various sources, including the sale of waste paper, etc., has been turned into the State Treasury from this Division during the same period. During the year July 1, 1926, to July 1, 1927, a total of 18,820 orders from various State departments and in- stitutions were filled by the Division. The efficiency of the Division of Printing has been fostered to a large extent by the insistence of Governor Small that all Divisions of the State government account- able to him shall be operated in a manner which best conserves the taxpayers' money and at the same time gives the highest degree of service both to the administration of the State's business and to the people of Illinois as a whole. 308 ILLINOIS DIVISION OF PURCHASES AND SUPPLIES Lawrence H. Becherer, State Purchasing Agent Charged by law with the duty of consolidating and purchasing the many requirements of the State, the Di- vision of Purchases and Supplies has been confronted with the continuing task of seeing to it that a dollar's worth of merchandise is obtained for every dollar ex- pended. To this end the energies of the State Purchas- ing Agent and the personnel of his office have been bent with results that have attracted the attention of large- scale buyers in every part of the United States. To list and classify the items purchased by this Di- vision every year would in itself occupy an entire large volume, yet the whole work is accomplished by a small force of fourteen employees and the State Purchasing Agent at an expense of less than one-half of one per cent (about l/250th) of the total volume purchased. So far as it has been possible to ascertain, this is a smaller buy- ing cost than that of any of the other states of the Union. During the administration of Governor Small a high- ly efficient system of purchasing has been evolved and put into use with the following results: (1) Contracts for supplies are made to the lowest bidder on a quality basis, following an open and above- board competition for each article or group of articles by responsible bidders. Records of each transaction are open for inspection at all times by the public and the bidders. (2) From $300,000 to $400,000 is saved annually by the prompt payment of bills, enabling the State to take advantage of every possible discount in price. (3) All articles purchased are analyzed, tested, in- spected or compared with the original samples before they are paid for. In this way the State always gets what it orders and pays for. (4) The waste invariably attendant to emergency buying and small quantity purchase is eliminated by buy- PROGRESS 309 ing, whenever possible, on contract for periods of three months, six months or a year. (5) The contracts for supplies having a quickly changing market price, or whenever there is a possibility of a change in price, are awarded within an hour or two of the opening of bids. (6) In addition to public advertising, as required by law, proposals are sent to all interested potential bidders, insuring the State advantage of the widest possible market from which to select and the maximum competi- tion in bidding. (7) Every possible encouragement is given to Illi- nois individuals and firms, and to dealers in materials produced in Illinois. Many economies have been effected by adoption and use of a comprehensive system of specifications. The specification itself is a detailed description of an article used by the State, as proved best for State use by exhaus- tive laboratory and practical tests. There are more than 30,000 specifications on file, from canned corn to concrete mixers, from automobile parts to barn paint. These are constantly revised and kept literally up-to-the-minute. Under the specification system, the State secures bids on what has been proved best ror its use, eliminating con- sideration of articles offered by those who sell their own products, regardless of the quality, value or adaptability. The purchase of better food, clothing and general sup- plies has materially reduced waste and added greatly to the comfort and happiness of the State's wards without increasing (in many cases decreasing) costs. No sec- onds, shoddy or sub-standard articles are bought, and food qualities are such that no separate provision is neces- sary for the tables of employees. More than 40,000 bids, covering upwards of 1,000,- 000 separate items, are received each year by the Divi- sion. Largely through the use of the specification sys- tem and the application of other modern business prin- ciples, it has been possible to improve the standards of all 310 ILLINOIS staple items purchased, so that the per capita cost of feed- ing and clothing the more than 35,000 wards of the State, as shown by the reports of the Department of Public Welfare, has indicated a successive decrease during each year of Governor Small's administration. By volume purchasing in this day of large-scale buy- ing, the State, by consolidation of its buying power, is passing on large savings to the taxpayers. Statistical information and advance market forecasts compiled and furnished by the Division, have proven of immense value to other State departments in the prepara- tion of their requisitions and budgets, effecting further curtailment of expenditures. Thousands of dollars have been saved by the use of modern business principles in the operation of this Division. A few of these savings are reflected in the average prices paid during 1927 for the following com- modities : Flour, §6.67 a barrel, or 3.4 cents a pound ; beef, 11 cents per pound; ham, 19.9 cents a pound; bacon, 20.5 cents per pound; and milk, 25.9 cents a gallon, or 6.5 cents per quart. Only the best grade of each were pur- chased. Specifications, for instance, are based on choice handpicked navy beans, the best quality of Santos coffee, 92-score butter, and so on. Coal, not including freight, was purchased for less than $2 per ton. Automobile tires were bought at 15 to 20 per cent less than current whole- sale prices. PROGRESS 3 1 1 The Department of Conservation Gus H. Radebaugh, Director AT THE beginning of the Session of the 54th Gen- eral Assembly, Governor Small especially urged, in his biennial address, the creation of a new Depart- ment under the Civil Administrative Code, to be known as the Department of Conservation, which would take over the Division of Game and Fish from the Department of Agriculture and also include reforestation, stream pollution, and other important rehabilitation measures, relating to all our natural resources. In order to carry to a successful end the plan as sug- gested, a Committee was appointed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House and the result of their efforts was the enactment of a bill creating the Department of Conservation, which passed both the Senate and the House with little opposition and was approved by Governor Small June 3, 1925. According to the law under which it operates, the Department of Conservation is actively engaged in the program of conservation, distribution, propagation and restoration of fish, mussels, game, frogs, turtles, wild animals, wild fowls and birds, besides the promotion of planting, protecting and conservation of our forests. The Department encourages in every practicable manner the interest in fishing, hunting and reforestation, the collec- tion of statistics relating to fish, fowl and forest, and the dissemination of information concerning the conservation of fish, forests and streams. The Department of Conservation law anticipated with foresight the importance of stream sanitation as re- lated to the successful propagation of fish and fowl. The 312 ILLINOIS law specified that this Department shall exercise all rights conferred by law, take such measures as are necessary for the investigation and the prevention of pollution, and encourage such sanitary and wholesome conditions in rivers, lakes, streams and other waters in our State as will promote, protect and conserve fish, game and bird life. The Department through its several fish hatcheries, fish reclaiming stations, game farms, the educational ex- hibits at fairs and expositions, publication of instructive literature covering reforestation, fish culture and game raising and its corps of experts is doing much to bring to the taxpayers of the State a direct benefit, not only for this generation but for posterity. In less than four years, Governor Small and his associates have seen the far-reaching influence of their efforts in establishing a Department which has contrib- uted so much to the future wild life of our State. A reference to the organization diagram will give an opportunity to study and review the complete and effective control the Department maintains over its per- sonnel. Varied activities are found in the Department, and to secure maximum efficiency a definite organization control was established. It is interesting to observe the number of influences attacking this important problem of conserving our forest and aquatic resources. The following tabulation gives the executive organ- ization effecting this Department: Gus H. Radebaugh Director Frank E. Abbey Assistant Director R. B. Miller Chief Forester S. S. Locke Assistant Forester Bruce L. McKinstry Educational and Statistical Service Wm. R. Teece Aquatic Biologist and Super- visor of Fish Hatcheries Glen W. Palmer Assistant Supervisor of Fish Hatcheries C. J. McPhail Ornithologist and Supervisor of Game Farms PROGRESS 313 BOARD OF FOREST AND AQUATIC RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION ADVISORS O. W. Lehmann, Chicago Wm. H. Stuart, Chicago Dana Rollins, Bloomington H. H. Ferguson, Alton. Robert Scholes, Peoria STATE FISH HATCHERIES Spring Grove Hatchery Thos. McCafferty, Supt. Mattoon Hatchery A. H. Wallace, Supt. Kankakee Hatchery Geo. Watts, Supt. Rockford Hatchery Henry Cassidy, Supt. Yorkville Hatchery Glen Palmer, Supt. Wyanet Hatchery James Welsh, Supt. Carlyle Hatchery .Chas. Foster, Supt. East St. Louis Hatchery A. Alexander, Supt. Lincoln Park Hatchery Floyd S. Young, Supt. In Construction: Geneseo Hatchery Peoria Hatchery (Top minnows for mosquito eradication). FISH RECLAIMING STATIONS Meredosia Station (Illinois) Robert Sparks, Supt. Savanna Station (Mississippi) . . J. H. Kilgore, Supt. Havana Station (Illinois) H. F. Bell, Supt. Anna Station (Mississippi) J. E. Thornton, Supt. GAME FARMS Yorkville Pheasantry C. J. McPhail, Supt. Alton Pheasantry V. Davies, Supt. AQUATIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES Meredosia Bay Meredosia, Illinois Horse Shoe Lake Cairo, Illinois Mississippi River Savanna, Illinois ORNITHOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Camden Hollow State Game Pre- serve Grafton, Illinois 314 ILLINOIS GAME REFUGES Horse Shoe Lake (Cairo) C. J. Spencer, Supt. Oquawka Gus Chilberg, Supt. Upper Mississippi Wild Life Refuge (Federal Control) W. T. Cox, Supt. Camden Hollow State Game Pre- serve (Grafton) H. Bonds, Supt. PUBLIC SHOOTING GROUNDS Woodford County Preserve J. E. Strauch, Preserve Warden Sparland . . W. S. Osborne, Preserve Warden DISTRICT INSPECTORS Protection — Vermin Control — Winter Feeding Logan Baker, Pittsfield Roy L. Phelps, Beards- town C. E. Huff, Danville. G. W. Watts, Kankakee Henry J. Schmidt, Nash- ville. Earl Brannon, Equality J. D. Becker, Evansville The accomplishments of the Department of Con- servation, during its short period of operation, have been most gratifying and are so extensive as to bring Illinois into second place in conservation work in the United States. Besides the work already done by the Depart- ment, its policy has been so formulated that a foundation is being laid for even greater results in the future. Dur- ing its last two sessions, the General Assembly has recog- nized and shown its approval of the necessity of preserv- ing our game and insectivorous bird life as an indispens- able adjunct to profitable agricultural production. Splendid Cooperation Sportsmen of Illinois are to be commended for the splendid cooperation which they have generously given to 1. William A. Merrill, Chi- 8. cago 9. 2. Charles Eldredge, Rich- mond. 10. 3. Stephen Rigney, Freeport 11. 4. Charles M. Myers, Oregon 12. 5. Adam S. Clow, Plainfield 6. Herbert Landauer, Peoria 13. 7. Gus Chilberg, New Wind- 14. PROGRESS 315 C£A/T/?AL. 2Toa/£: State of Illinois Dept. of Conservation C0AtS£tfl/AT/0A/ £/ST/?/CTS\ No. 14* 316 ILLINOIS i*^:^yifr Illinois buffalo and carp destined for eastern markets these efforts through their leagues and other organiza- tions; and it is hoped that this same support will be ex- tended by every hunter and fisherman, so that the streams and fields of the State may be replenished at the earliest possible time. In the enforcement of the game and 'fish code, the Department exerts every effort to secure and has gen- erally received the most sincere cooperation from all law- enforcing agencies in the State. The Department appre- ciates that without the aid of the Courts and others en- trusted with the administration of the law, the Depart- ment is helpless in carrying out the provisions of the Courts and m bringing to justice the violators of the law Public attitude has changed considerably during the past several years and the work of the field investigators of the Department has been much encouraged by assistance given to them by an interested public. This condition is due to the high ideals promoted by the various Nature- 1 PROGRESS 317 Flights of banded ducks at two concentrated centers, Bear River marshes, Utah, and Illinois River marshes loving organizations in the State, such as the Izaak Wal- ton League and other sister organizations. In order to increase the efficiency of the Department, the State has been divided into fourteen conservation districts, each district being supervised by an inspector. Each inspector has district investigators under him for carrying on the protection of game and fish, the enforcement of laws, vermin control, and the feeding of game during the win- ter. One of the maps herewith shows the conservation 318 ILLINOIS JC D*V, > CS5J3TCP M tr. 3 oJw 1 Mr,Cs!lf ^.CSACO .BOOMt|Mc HCN«)j j_ROCmfQ RD j J^. Savanna "" *— Prove Kankakee fa t - « k rjfc— J— 1 JA a i ^ apA^tiJANp (T — "~ p.c of, A £vjJ>Dr PtJ ^^ /" ~j Woodfjord^coL PReStR\|s R o o w o i » I r '"i — ! (ma s^o n I ~ 1 / CMAM PAI6M U.6L* Si _J«H.,.T.«, V |-*^ MA T TOON *— v i e o i. e a I | \l H I I J 3 " c "- a7 l J ! 4 APTON i , J fc— I-j-r- ,lr>,v£TTt —AltonI . DEVELOPMENTS r"" 130 "! DEPARTMENT ( \ —A or V* j JKm& CONSERVATION, /^k _, I_clinton 192© /3^iF.-p s r L0 !y. , r fe T.w /« v n C | \ - LEGEND - &t MATCHERIE& P Game Tarm& £ Fish Rescue Stations Public Shooting- grounds Game Refuoes Map showing: property developments of the Department of Conservation PROGRESS 319 Map Showing V Distribution of Restocking Fish By The Dept. of Conservation SPRING OF 1928 • -Shows no. op deliveries Map showing the distribution of fish to the various countiea of the State 320 ILLINOIS ! ! 416 i 323 ! 439 HCN I? V-l L A K C, 638 i 442 f) 3031 195 r f a n c | I TOTAL DELIVERED Northern zone 19, 5391 /^® L | gas Central, zone ll,0©6/__ Southern zone ©,125/ | """ r»l« Total — 36,750^ J?** J, L * e ? I^l >=SM ■ 4 L - J — L-J U ,J — r — i sis i i I » E - B > ! B U B L A U j L A 3ALLt| j W L 67e i 1 I 585 bumdv i r 403 i » S42 ' LLV L J 13 [_i-j _J JkAHKAKE __ i 7 5T " RK i 390 "i r~" 1B2 I i^.l" 5M ^ L J;]_i * j 46o* / " ' ~U' A4 247 57 Z r M 3 j 245 i 594 > «■— l._ /m A S O N I CASS 247 104 _ I r I M A C O M „X 1 i£*- co "j_ _J 104 J Z._ 5*«6AMg N /^ h,TTlClOU.6UA5r \ U7 M17 \ ° r J J - ft i-, T ~HMo^4 I 117 ) L. 1. CM8I5TUN d •trr; i ! 3 n C u B I- j 117 OJ-_E 5_j 33© 523 69 u_^ 3z: AC0UP'"|* 481 | JU 364 S2 63 I 1»7 if -i 260 3SS | J-J 175 J, CLINTOI ST CLAIR rso7 N 31S «2_ 32. I "l95j 455 L _i 397 j i trrtsjon 1 • 1 169 I 416 )-: 13 I r I ! PHEASANT EGG DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTIES spring- i9ae> BY THE State Dept. of Conservation |rlAMII_TOnjw H I T ) i *°& i I — !' 4© l SALI«E|S' 488 ' 260 ~o7^ a« ^-sl^ir-K T /M &W Map of State showing pheasant egg distribution by counties PROGRESS 321 5us H. HAD COMPARISON Of YEAWLV DEPARTMENT VIQLATLQM riJCAL YEARS OP VMKV-23 ITA.TE DEPARTMENT) OF ILLINOIS Or CONSERVAfTIi ;BAU6H, DlRE^- INCOMt PROM ALI Ecia_ — 1925- VEfVR 4JUUV \V hO JUNE! SOW 26 1926- £7 SB Hzj.-'^.i^B 3.2 o/ 4 DECREASE PRECEDING VE y INCREASE O lOO.OOO. Chart showing comparative revenue collected by the Department during 1 the past four years districts in the State. If Illinois is to take advantage of her recreational facilities, it is of paramount importance that the game and fish code be enforced. A few profes- sional violators should not prevent our various communi- ties from increasing that business received from tourists and people seeking recreation that are sure to come if fish and game are available. It is the opinion of Governor Small and the Director of the Department that we as citizens have paid too little attention to the importance of the enforcement of the game and fish code, as it is closely related to the establishment of a large State-wide busi- ness that is being lost to our State each year by vacation- ists spending their money elsewhere. The release of a defendant found guilty without payment of the fine assessed is a practice that should be discouraged, as this kind of activity invites other violations. Courts and all invested with the authority of the law are sincerely urged to collect all fines assessed. Only in this way can the Courts and the Department escape well-deserved criticism. 322 ILLINOIS Illinois Ranks First Illinois ranks first among the inland states as a fish- producing state. The Mississippi River bordering the State its entire length on the west boundary, the Ohio for a distance of 130 miles and the Wabash for 148 miles and also the Illinois River, Lake Michigan and other in- land lakes, afford extensive breeding grounds for fish and aquatic life. It is reported by Dr. S. A. Forbes that about three dozen of the 150 species of Illinois fish have a marketable value as food. It is regrettable that the Illi- nois River, once the most prolific fish-producing stream, with possibly one exception in the United States, is not producing the fish it should above Peoria, due to its polluted condition. The Illinois River is the most im- portant fishing ground within the boundaries of Illinois and every effort should be made to restore this stream to its natural fish-producing ability, maintaining an industry of approximately one to two million dollars annually. Fish Hatchery Program Enlarged Governor Small and the 54th General Assembly greatly enlarged the power of the Department of Con- servation by the passage of Senate Bill 422. Under the provisions of this bill, the Department is authorized to select and purchase or lease,' receive by donation or acquire in accordance with the laws relative to eminent domain, suitable submerged lands for the breeding, hatch- ing, propagation and conservation of fish. The law further provides that any municipal corpora- tion, by proper instrument of conveyance executed by the corporate authorities, may convey to the State of Illinois, by way of sale, lease or gift, lands or any other property to be used by the Department of Conservation for the construction, establishment and maintenance of fish pre- serves and hatcheries. Another very important law enacted by the 54th General Assembly gives the Department of Conservation power and authority to select and purchase or lease, re- PROGRESS 323 ceive by donation or acquire, in accordance with the laws relating to eminent domain, (1) Suitable lands for the propagation and conserva- tion of game birds, wild animals, and song or insectivor- ous birds, or (2) Lands to be used as public shooting and fishing grounds. The enactment of the new law permitted the carry- ing out of a real constructive policy by the Department and the installation of hatcheries, bass ponds and pre- serves in various sections of the State, enlarging the work of propagation and distribution while reducing the cost of transportation of stock fish. This law is a splendid piece of constructive legisla- tion and has vastly increased the activities of the Depart- ment. It should be borne in mind that all expenditures for lands and the equipment of hatcheries, as well as the maintenance of the same, is entirely met by the sale of I licenses issued by the Department, and that no cost for anything connected with the Department comes from taxes paid by the people. More Fish for Lakes and Rivers Concentrated effort of the Department personnel has been directed towards the propagation and reclamation of the fish in the lakes and streams of the State. At present nine hatcheries are in operation under the De- partment's control and two are under construction, | located at Geneseo and near Peoria. These two hatcheries ! will soon be active in the work of raising fish for distri- bution throughout the State. The hatchery at Peoria is to be used for the propagation of top minnows used in mosquito eradication work, and the other usual game fish. This is a departure from the usual activities of the De- partment. The hatcheries are of the most modern type and annually produce millions of fish which are used to restock the rivers and lakes. Those now in operation are 324 ILLINOIS Hatchery at Kankakee State Hospital East St. Louis Hat hery, a natural spawning ground for the gamey bass PROGRESS 325 located at Spring Grove, Mattoon, Kankakee, Rockford, Yorkville, Wyanet, Carlyle, East St. Louis, and Lincoln Park. KANKAKEE HATCHERY On a ten-acre tract of land controlled by the State Hospital at Kankakee, is to be found one of the fish hatcheries of the State Department of Conservation. Although needing control measures for the holding | of fish in the hatchery, the possibilities of the preserve are considered among the most promising in the State. A dam 150 feet long impounds the water of the pond, and cut into this dike are two spillways. The dam was built across a small creek emptying into the Kankakee River. This hatchery has a beautiful setting, well suited for the rehabilitation and pleasure of the patients of the hos- pital located at Kankakee. EAST ST. LOUIS HATCHERY More than 500,000 fish a year can be produced in the fish hatchery of the State Department of Conservation located at East St. Louis, Illinois. Last year, 18,000 fish, mostly crappie, were taken from the ponds. It has been estimated that full capacity operation of the project would return half-a-million fish yearly into Illinois streams and lakes. The preserve is situated on the southeast edge of East St. Louis, consisting of 23 acres of land and water, one acre of State-owned land and 22 acres of land and water owned by the East St. Louis Park Board. This acreage is donated to the State with the understanding :hat it will be exploited in the interest of fish. In two large rearing ponds covering an area of ap- proximately 13 acres, the fish are bred yearly. The ponds are supplied by a 110-foot well, from which water is Dumped into them by an electric 500-gallon pump. Oppor- :unity for the extension of the work is possible since ground can be obtained necessary for the establishment 3f another pond. 326 ILLINOIS Carlyle Hatchery, a beautiful recreation spot Rockford Hatchery which will produce 8,000,000 fish in 1928 PROGRESS 327 CARLYLE HATCHERY In the historic Kaskaskia country, near the town of Carlyle in Clinton county, one of the finest fish hatcheries of the State Department of Conservation is located, the Carlyle Hatchery. Yearly, thousands upon thousands of bass, crappie, and several other species of game fish are raised here to be distributed to the rivers of Illinois. More than 20 acres of ground comprise the hatchery, which is about 200 feet from the Kaskaskia River. The preserve was established four years ago, and the Department started the raising of the fish in a 'large pond. In 1926, a smaller pond was made and stocked with various species of fish. Distribution of the fish is accomplished by a large spillway, over which the fish go in high water and reach a third pond about 200 feet west of the rearing grounds. This third pond is in the river bottom and the fish are freed when the river overflows. This method of natural release of the fish is described as an "exceptionally effi- cient one" by fish experts. A "rescue pond" shortly down the river provides a haven for fish trapped in sloughs along the river. It is approximately two acres in area. The grounds comprise two rearing ponds nearly three acres in size, with an extreme depth of about ten feet. A quarter-mile dike serves to impound the waters of the preserve, which are fed by adequate springs. ROCKFORD HATCHERY Eight miles northwest of the city of Rockford, 30 acres of land owned by the State Department of Con- servation are to be found. Here in 18 acres of water the work of the Department in providing fish for the myriad Illinois sportsmen along the Rock River goes ahead yearly in three large ponds, separated by dikes and fed by large, bubbling springs located west of the hatch- ery. 328 ILLINOIS The newly developed Hatchery at Wyanet Mattoon Hatchery, placed in operation in 1928 PROGRESS 329 For output, the hatchery ranks with the largest in Illinois. Four years ago, the land was purchased and improvements begun. The following year, 3,000,000 fish were removed from the hatchery, and last year efficient methods had increased the output nearly 300 per cent to 8,000,000 bass, blue gills, and crappies. More than 400 breeding bass are to be found in the pools now. WYANET HATCHERY Several hundred thousand "firigerlings," the off- springs of mature fish, will be hatched this year in the Wyanet Hatchery of the State Department of Conserva- tion, located a mile west of the town of Wyanet and south of the Illinois-Mississippi Canal. In two large pools, one approximately eight acres in size and the other about two acres, 400 bass and 5,000 pan fish, or more commonly the blue gills, crappies, perch and sunfish, are being bred this year. It is estimated that these fish will produce several hundred thousand finger- lings by the fall of 1928. The output this year will be the first test of the hatchery's capacity, the project being established late in 1927. The entire preserve comprises 17y 2 acres of prop- erty, all of which is fenced for protection and accessible by an excellent gravel road. The water for the project is supplied from the adjoining canal through a main, valve-controlled. A screened concrete culvert and drive separate the two ponds. MATTOON HATCHERY Illinois' most promising fish hatchery is to be found in a 20-acre project of the State Department of Con- servation five miles south of Mattoon, near Paradise Lake in Coles County. Two thousand feet of dikes impound the water of ponds extending over an area of nearly six acres. Despite the excellent breeding grounds, but 150 bass and 400 330 ILLINOIS Spring 1 Grove Hatchery, largest and most complete in the United States Rescuing fish from the backwaters of the Illinois River PROGRESS 331 crappie have been placed within the project, and it is estimated that 50,000 bass and a proportionately large number of crappie fingerlings will be hatched by the fall of 1928. The transformation of the hatchery into an attrac- tive project was accomplished this spring when 15,000 white pine, green ash, and tulip poplar trees were planted within the preserve by the Division of Forestry. The growth of these trees in later years is expected to make the hatchery one of the Department's most attractive projects. SPRING GROVE HATCHERY Eleven million fish from 35 acres of fish hatchery is the record attained by the Spring Grove Hatchery of the State Department of Conservation near the city of Spring Grove, Illinois, in McHenry county. The hatchery is virtually the largest one in the State. Twenty-two acres of land are under water, thus provid- ing adequate breeding grounds for the fish. Yearly, 10,000,000 bass, 1,000,000 perch, 1,000,000 crappie, 1,500,000 blue gills and 7,000,000 trout are produced. In this hatchery, four ponds, one huge pool of 18 acres and the remaining three dividing up the other four acres, have been constructed. Upon this hatchery, the State has centered its greatest attention, making it the finest in Illinois and one of the best in America. A huge hatchery building, where the 7,000,000 trout are produced artificially each year, the garage, workshop, and four small concrete storage ponds, in addition to the huge breeding pools, are to be found on the preserve. Under efficient management, the hatchery yearly pro- duces approximately twenty million fish, with a larger capacity possible if an extension of the work is desired. , It was upon this project that a State educational film was developed, covering the operation of the hatchery. 332 ILLINOIS flfllp V' ' *#W 51^ : :f^--V>:: . ■ V