THE 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 GAZETTEER: 
 
 OR, COMPENDIOUS 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: 
 
 CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 
 HARBOURS, 
 
 EMPIRES, 
 
 PROVINCES. 
 
 RIVERS, 
 
 LAKES, 
 
 CANALS, 
 
 CAPES, 
 
 CITIES, 
 
 TOWNS, 
 
 FORTS, 
 
 OCEANS, 
 
 SEAS, 
 
 KINGDOMS, 
 
 REPUBLICS, 
 
 ISLANDS, 
 
 STATES, 
 
 MOUNTAINS, 4*0, ^•c 
 
 DEPARTMENTS 
 
 In the Known World; 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 EXTENT, BOUNDARIES, AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF EACH 
 COUNTRY; GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, MANNERS, AND RELI- 
 GION OF THE INHABITANTS ; TRADE, MANUFACTURES, 
 POPULATION, ANTIQUITIES, AND CURIOSITIES 
 OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS; AND SEVE- 
 RAL OTHER HISTORICAL EVENTS, 
 
 ' ' ■ also, 
 
 THEIR LONGITUDE^ LATITUDE, BEARING AND DIS- 
 TANCE IN ENGLISH MILES, FROM RE- 
 MARKABLE PLACES. 
 
 THIRD EDITION WITH LARGE ADDITIONS, 
 Brought down to the Year 1816, 
 
 Illustrated with 
 
 and t^ee 
 
 '2Bertoicfe'Upon=Ct»ceti t 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY W. LOCHHEAD, 
 
 Sold also, by 
 
 T. tOCHHEAD, BOOKSELLER, 421 , GALLOWGATE, 
 GLASGOW, — [ 1816 .] 
 

 GENERAL GAZETTEER. 
 
 AAR 
 
 ABB 
 
 A A, a large river of Courland, which 
 rises in Saniojitia, and runs into the 
 i)ay of Riga. 
 
 Aa, a river of France in Picardy, which 
 rises in the department of Somme, becomes 
 ^ navigable near St. Omers, from whence it 
 , passes N to Gravelines, below which it falls 
 xinto the English channel. 
 
 Aa, a river of Westphalia, which rises 
 near Munster, waters the city and falls into 
 the river Embs, Several other rivers of 
 less note are called by this name in France, 
 Holland, and Germany, as Aa in the Dan- 
 ish language Ea in the Saxon, and Eau in 
 the French signify water. 
 
 Aabe, a small town, on the coast of the 
 Baltic, situated in S .lutland, Denmark. 
 Lon. 9 17 E, lat. 55 29 n. 
 
 Aack, a little town situated in the circle 
 of Suabia. Lon. 9 0 e, lat. 47 55 n. 
 
 Aag-IJolm, a small island of Norway. 
 Lat. 58 N. 
 
 Aalms, a town of Westphalia, and 
 V bishopric of Munster. Lon. 7 1 e, lat. 
 -^52 10 N. 
 
 ^ Aain-Charain, a village near Jerusalem ; 
 ^and near it there is a convent, a large ele- 
 gant building, with a handsome cupola, and 
 ^ under it an extraordinary fine Mosaic pave- 
 “^Anent ; said to be the place where Zecha- 
 ^rias the father of John the Baptist lived. 
 
 Aalborg, the capital of the bishopric of 
 Cthat name, lies on the s coast of Lymfurt, 
 on the confines of the bishopric of Wiburg. 
 .^t is a rich and populous city in Denmark, 
 ^t was taken by the Swedes in 1643, and 
 1058. Lon. 9 46 e, lat. 56 5Q n. 
 
 -b-t Aalen, a town of Suabia, on the Kocher, 
 %40 miles nw of Augsberg. 
 
 Aar, 8i small island in the Baltic, 
 ?There are two rivers of the same name ; 
 ^-Sone in Westphalia in Germany ; the other 
 
 Switzerland which rises in a lake near 
 \ Mount Saalberg, in the s of the canton of 
 Bern, and running nw through the whole 
 ^*of the extent of the lakes of Brientz and 
 ^hun, is joined by the Reuse and Limniat, 
 / and falls into the Rhine opposite Waldshut. 
 ^ Aaravj, a town and bailiwick of Bern. 
 
 is situated on the river Aar, and contains 
 1,700 inhabitants, Lon. 8 IS E, lat, 47 20 n. 
 ) 
 
 Aare, a small town on the coast of Nor» 
 way. Lon. 7 0 e, lat. 58 15 n. 
 
 Aarhuus, a large district of N Jutland, 
 which extends from that of Wiburg, to 
 Categat, about 15 miles in length, and be- 
 tween eight and nine in breadth. It con- 
 tains 308 parishes besides the capital. 
 
 Aars Herred, a district of N Jutland, in 
 Denmark, containing 14 parishes. 
 
 Abaca, one of the Philippine islands. 
 
 Abaeh or Weltenhurg, a market-town iil 
 Lower Bavaria, seated on the Danube, 
 seven miles sswof Ratisbon. It is defend- 
 ed by a citadel, and is remarkable for it» 
 Roman antiquities, as well as for its mine- 
 ral waters. Lon. 11 58 e, lat. 48 
 53 N. 
 
 Abacoa, one of the Lucaya or Bahama, 
 islands, 180 miles e by n of Cape Florida. 
 Lon. 77 0 w, lat. 24 0 n. 
 
 Abakansk, a town cf Siberia in the pro- 
 j vince of Tobolsk, 340 miles ese of Koly- 
 van. Lon. 91 9 E, lat. 54 50 N. * 
 
 Abala, a city in the tribe of Judah ; also 
 a town of the Troglodytes, in Africa, near 
 the Red sea. 
 
 Abalak, a town in Siberia, famous for an 
 image of the virgin, 14 miles from Tobolsk. 
 Lon. 68 20 e, lat. 58 1 1 n. 
 
 Abano, a town of Italy, famous for its 
 hot baths. It contains 3,000 inhabitants. 
 It is five miles sw of Padua. Lon. 10 4T 
 E, lat. 45 30 N. 
 
 Abaraner, a town of Turcomania, on the 
 Alengena and 20 miles n of Naksivan. 
 Lon. 63 59 e, lat. 39 0 n. 
 
 Ahascia or Abcas, a country in Asia, 
 tributary to the Turks. Abascia has few 
 towns, and they are of little consequence. 
 Anacopia, Dandar, .and Czekorni, are the 
 chief. 
 
 j Abascia, a river of Mingrelia in Asia, 
 which falls into the Fasso. 
 
 Abascus, a river of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
 
 Abaskaia, a town of Siberia, situated on 
 the river Ischim, 128 miles s by e of To- 
 bolsk. Lon. 69 5 e, lat. 50 10 N. 
 
 Abatos, an island of Egypt in the lake 
 Moeris. 
 
 j Abbemlle, a considerable town of France 
 ; in the department of Somme, on the river 
 ^ A 
 
ABE 
 
 Somme, wbich separates the town into two 
 parts. Here are manufactures of woollen 
 cloth, canvass, coarse linen, and soap. It 
 has 12 parish churches and a collegiate one? 
 the chief of which are St. George’s and St. 
 Giles’s. It is 20 miles ivw from Amiens. 
 A2 s of Calais, and SO nw of Paris. Lon. 
 
 1 55 E, lat. 50 7 N. 
 
 ABBEVILLE, a county of S Carolina, 
 25 miles long and 21 broad, situated in 
 the sw corner of the district of Ninety-Six. 
 
 It is about 35 miles in length, and 21 in 
 breath, and contains 7,532 free inhabitants, 
 and 1,665 slaves. The chief town is Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 Abbey-Boyle. See Boyle. 
 
 Abbey-Holm. See Holm. 
 
 Ahhey-Milton. See Milton. 
 
 Abotts- Bromley, or, Pagets-Bromly, a 
 town in Staffordshire, six miles e from 
 Stafford, and 129 from London. It 
 has a weekly market on Tuesday, and three 
 annual fairs for horses and cattle. Lon. I 
 53 w, lat. 52 51 N. 
 
 Ahhottshury, a town in Dorsetshire, so 
 named from an abbey near it, many traces 
 of which remain, and some of the offices 
 are yet entire. A mile w of the town is 
 Strangeways-castle, where there is a large 
 swannery. It has a market on Thursdaj', 
 a fair on the 10th of July, and seated near 
 the sea, seven miles wsw of Dorchester, 
 and 127 w by s of London. 
 
 Abbots Longley, a village in Hertford- 
 shire, four miles sw of St Alban : famous 
 for being the birth place of Nicholas Break - 
 speare, who under the name of Adrian iv, 
 was the Q,nly Englishman that ever became 
 
 pope. . ^ 
 
 Abb^s (St) Head, a promontory in Ber- 
 wickshire, on the Southern extremity of the 
 frith of Forth, 10 miles xnw of Berwick. 
 The remains of a castle and church are still 
 visible. Lon. 1 56 w, lat. 55 55 n. 
 
 Abdie, a parish of Scotland, in the coun- 
 ty of Fife, near the s bank of the Tay, 
 among those highlands which to the west- 
 ward obtain the name of Ochils. It con- 
 tains two remarkable hills, Clatcbart Crag, 
 and Norman Law. Not far from the for- 
 mer are the Loch and village of Lindores. 
 Population is about 723. 
 
 ABENRADE, a mountainous district 
 and jurisdiction of Sleswick ; it has for its 
 capital a town of the same name. It is 
 seated on a spacidus open bay in the Baltic, 
 surrounded by high mountains. Lon. 9 14 
 E, lat. 55 6 N. 
 
 Abensperg or Abensberg, a town of Ba- 
 varia, subject to the duke, seated on the 
 river Abens, near the Danube, 15 miles sw 
 of Ratisbon. Lon. 1 1 55 e, lat. 48 46 n. 
 Aberath, a parish of Cardiganshire. 
 Aberavon, a borough town of Wales in 
 Glamorganshire, seated on the mouth of the 
 Avon, 19 miles nw cf Cowbridge, and 195 
 w from London. Lon. 348 w^lat, 51 35 n. 
 
 ABE 
 
 Aberbrotbwickf or Arbroath, a seaporl 
 town on the east coast of Scotland, in 
 Aagussbire, 15 miles ne of St. Andrew’s, 
 and 40 nne from Edinburgh. It is situa- 
 ted on the mouth of the small river Bro- 
 thick, is a royal burgh, well built and 
 flourishing. The number of its inhabitants, 
 are estimated at about 7000. The chief 
 manufactures are brown linens, or osna- 
 burghs, sail-cloths, and white and brown 
 thread. At this place, in default of a na- 
 tural harbour, a tolerable artificial one of 
 piers has been formed. The harbour is 
 defended by a small battery, mounting six 
 
 1 2-pounders. The parish of Aberbrothwick 
 is of small extent, containing little more 
 than the town and royalty. It contains 
 about 4943 inhabitants, exclusive of tha 
 town. At Aberbrothwick is a chalybeate 
 water. Fairs are on 31st January, 3d 
 Wednesday of June, and 1 8th July. Lon. 
 
 2 39 w, lat. 56 36 N. 
 
 Aberconway, a corporate town of Wales 
 in Carnarvonshire, with a market on Fri- 
 day. It is surrounded by a wall with 
 towers; and on a rocky promontory are 
 the massy remains of a castle, formerly 
 one of fhe most magnificent structures of 
 the kind in the kingdom. It is pleasantly 
 situated near the mouth of the Conway, 18 
 miles ENE of Carnarvon, and 220 wnw of 
 London. 
 
 Abercorn, a village and parish of W 
 Lothian, on the s bank of the Frith of Forth 
 12 miles w from Edinburgh. The Ro- 
 man wall built by Antoninus, is said to 
 have begun in this parish, and extended 
 to Kilpatrick on the irith of Clyde. 
 Population of the parish and village is 
 about 814. , ' 
 
 Aberdeen, the principal city in the n of 
 Scotland, situated on the coast of the Ger- 
 man ocean, 120 miles ne from Edinburgh, 
 in Ion. 1 45 w, lat. 57 9 n. Under this 
 denomination are comprehended two towns, 
 OZifand Kew which, how’^ever, are 
 
 almost united by their respective suburbs. 
 
 Aberdeen, Old, formerly Aberdeen, is 
 pleasantly situated on an eminence near the 
 mouth of the river Dcto, about a mile n of 
 New Aberdeen. It is of great antiquity ; 
 'but prior to the year 1154 uo authentic re- 
 cords are extant. In that year David I. 
 translated hither the episcopal see of Mort- 
 lach, and the town was erected by charter 
 into a free burgh of barony, holding direct- 
 ly of the crown. The town consists chiefly 
 of one long street. There is a neat towm- 
 house, and a Trades hospital. But the chief 
 ornament of Old Aberdeen is the large and 
 stately fabric of King’s College, situated on 
 the s side of the town. It is built round a 
 square wittf cloisters on the s side. The 
 building is ancient, being founded in 1506 
 by bishop Elphiuston. The annual number 
 of students is from 120 to 160. Over the 
 Don at Old Aberdeen, there U a noble Go- 
 
ABE 
 
 vbic bridge of one arch, 67 feet span, and 
 and an Laif high from the surface of the 
 river. The population of Old Aberdeen 
 and parish in 1811, 13,731. 
 
 Aberdeen New, is the capital of the 
 shire of Aberdeen. For extent, trade, and 
 beauty, it equals any town in the north of 
 Scotland. It is built on a gentle emi- 
 nence, rising from a small bay, formed by 
 the river Dee. The streets are numerous, 
 spacious, and well paved ; the houses are 
 built of granite. The whole town is about 
 two miles in circumference, and the po- 
 pulation in 1801, was returned at 17,597, 
 in 1811, 21,639. The municipal govern- 
 ment is vested in a provost, four bailies, 
 a dean of guild, treasurer, town-clerk, a 
 town-council, and seven deacons of incor- 
 porated trades. The town is a royal 
 burgh, and uniting with Aberbrothwick, 
 Brechin, Inverbervie, and Alontrose, sends 
 a member to parliament. The market- 
 place is situated in the centre of the town, 
 and consists of a large oblong square. 
 The town-house and the tolbooth, a square 
 tower 120 feet high, both ardorned with 
 elegant spires, and the Mason Lodge, rises 
 on its northern side. In tiie middle of 
 Castle Street is the cross. It is a stone 
 octagon building, ornamented with neat 
 has relievos of the kings of Scotland from 
 James I. to James Vi., having a Corin- 
 thian column in the centre mounted with 
 an unicorn. In the High Street is a large 
 church which belonged to the Franciscans. 
 There are a number of benevolent institu- 
 tions, the principal of which are, Gordon^s 
 Hospital, a handsome building, and the 
 infirmary. On the site of a fortification 
 built by Cromwell, a little to the e of the 
 town, a commodious barracks was erected 
 in 1794. New Aberdeen is also graced 
 with an elegant college, founded by 
 George Keith, the earl Marischal of Scot- 
 land, in 1593. This instilution is entirely 
 distinct from that of King^s College. The 
 ofl&cers are, a chancellor, rector, dean of 
 faculties, regent, and principal. The earl 
 Marischal being attainted, the crown is the 
 superior. The number of students is much 
 the same with King’s College. The trade 
 is considerable, but might be greatly ex- 
 tended. The town has erected a strong 
 pier on the n side of the harbour. This 
 pier is 1 200 feet long, and the perpendicu- 
 lar elevation is 38 feet. It was built 
 under the direction of Mr Smeaton ; and 
 the expence amounted to above 17,0001. 
 Aberdeen once enjoyed a good share of the 
 tobacco trade ; but of late years its chief 
 imports were from the Baltic, and a few 
 merchants trade to the W Indies, the Le- 
 vant, and North America. Its exports are 
 stockings, thread, salmon, pickled pork, 
 .and oat-meal. Fairs are on the 31st Jan. 
 
 3d Wed. June, and 13th July. The parish 
 of New Aberdeen, of St Nicholas, is of 
 
 ABE 
 
 small extent. It includes Footdee, a con- 
 siderable village, Aberdeen has two pri- 
 vate banking companies. 
 
 ABERDEENSHIRE, a county of Scot- 
 land, bounded on the nw by Banffshire, 
 a.nd the Deveron ; on the n and ne by the 
 German Ocean ; on the s by the counties 
 of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth; and on the 
 w by Inverness-shire. Itsi^ength from ne 
 to sw is about 80 miles; its breadth not 
 quite 30. It contains 458,000 acres, and 
 is divided into 85 parishes, which in 1811 
 included 135,075 inhabitants. It compre- 
 hends the districts of Mar, Garioeh, Strath- 
 bogie, and the greater part of Buchan ; 
 and sends one member to parliament. It 
 is wasned on the e and n by the ocean ; 
 and abounds in sea ports. It is watered by 
 numerous streams, whose banks display the 
 most extensive plantations. In the river 
 Ythan, is also a celebrated pearl fishery, 
 where some pearls have been found, which 
 have sold singly at 21. or 31. The sub- 
 terranean stores of this icounty, as far as 
 yet discovered, consist chiefly of granite 
 slate, manganese, plumbago, lime-stone^ 
 amianthus, amethysts, and other precious 
 stones. The soil is various, and agricul- 
 ture, in general, rude. This countv is 
 noted for the thriving state of its manu- 
 factures of linen and wool. 
 
 Aberdour, a small town in Fifeshire, 
 Scotland, with a good harbour on the Frith 
 of Forth, about 10 miles nw of Edinburgh. 
 It has a manufacture of checks and iron 
 utensils. This village gives name to the 
 parish, on the eastern border of which 
 stands the old castle of Aberdeen. Popu- 
 lation about 1620. 
 
 Aberdour, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 Population 1306. 
 
 Aberford, or Aberforth, a small town in 
 the W Riding of Yorkshire, 16 miles swof 
 York, and 184 nnw from London ; market 
 on Wednesday. It is noted for pin-making. 
 
 Aberfoyle, a parish in the county of PertL 
 The population about 711. 
 
 Aberjraw, a town of N Wales, in the isle 
 of Anglesey, formerly famous for a palace 
 of the princes of N Wales. In the neigh- 
 bourhood, a considerable flannel manufac- 
 tory is carried on, and the mountains near 
 it abound in coal, iron, and limestone. 
 Several iron works have lately been erect- 
 ed. It lies six miles nw of Newburgh. 
 
 Abergavenny, a town in Monmouthshire. 
 Here are theruine of a casile, a large Gothic 
 church, which formerly belonged to a pri- 
 ory, and a free school formed by Hen- 
 ry VIII. It has a trade in flannels, and in 
 the adjacent mo niains are extensive iron 
 works. It has two weekly markets and 
 three fairs. It is seated on the Gavenny, 
 at its conflux with the Usk, 16 miles w of 
 Monmouth, and 146 w by n of London. 
 Lon. 3 10 w, iat. 5 1 50 n. 
 
 Abergeley, a town of Wales, in Den- 
 A 2 
 
ABE 
 
 bigbshire. It stands on the sea coast, and 
 is much frequented for bathing. It has 
 four annual fairs, and a market on Satur- 
 day. It is 12 miles nw of Denbigh, and 
 229 of London. 
 
 AbergwiUy, a village of Wales, in Car- 
 marthenshire, at the conflux of the Gwily 
 with the Towy, two miles e of Carraathen. 
 The bishop of St David has a palace here. 
 The church was formerly collegiate, but 
 Henry VIII. transformed its revenues to 
 the college at Brecknock. It has two 
 fairs in the year, 
 
 Aberlady, a small village in E Lothian 
 in Scotland, containing about 400 inha- 
 bitants. It gives name to the parish, 
 where it is situatetl. The total population 
 about 875. 
 
 Aberlemno, a village of Angus-shire, in 
 Scotland, six miles sw from Brechin. It 
 gives name to the parish. The population 
 Is near 1,000. 
 
 Aberley, Aburley, or Abbotsley, in Wor- 
 cester, five miles from Bewdly. 
 
 Aberlour, a parish in Banffshire. It 
 contains about 820 inhabitants. 
 
 Ahernethy, a small town in Stratbern, a 
 district of Perthshire in Scotland, seated 
 near the junction of the Erne, with the Tay. 
 The chief manufacture i^ household linen, 
 and silesias. The town is a burgh of ba- 
 rony, of which Lord Douglass is superior, 
 formerly the seat of the Pictish kings, and 
 the see of the bishop. Near the church, 
 which is supposed to have been the cathe- 
 dral, is an antique tower 74 feet high, and 
 48 in circumference. Abernethy gives 
 name to the parish in which it lies ; and 
 ihe population is about 1355. 
 
 Abernyie, a small parish of Perthshire, 
 in Scotland. Population is about 271. 
 
 Aberpoidk, a village of Wales, in Cardi- 
 ganshire, seated in a cove of St George^s 
 Channel. It has a trade in coals, lime- 
 stone, and culm. It is seven miles' enb of 
 Cardigan. 
 
 Ahertarff, a populous parish in Inver- 
 ness-shire, united to that of Boleskin, which 
 contains the celebrated Fall of Foyers. 
 
 Aberystwithj a town of Wales in Cardi- 
 ganshire. It is seated near the mouths of 
 the Ystwdth and Rhydol, in Cardigan bay. 
 It is governed by a mayor. In the bathing 
 season it is a fashionable watering place. 
 It was formerly fortified with a castle, once 
 the residence of the great Cadwalladev, 
 From the silver and lead mines in its iieigh- 
 bourhoed, the celebrated Sir Hugh Middle- 
 ton acquired his large fortune. It is rich 
 and populous, having a good trade in lead, 
 a considerable fishing in herrings, cod, &c. 
 and a good w'eekly market on Monday. It 
 lies 34 miles ne of Cardigan, and 208 wnw 
 of London. Lon. 4 0 w, lat. 52 25 n. 
 
 ABESKOUN, or Abcoun, an island 
 in the Caspian sea, about 12 miles from 
 Ispahan. 
 
 ABO 
 
 ABEX, a country of Africa, on the Red 
 sea, which bounds it on the e ; on the w it 
 is bounded by Abyssinia and Nuabia, on 
 the N by Egypt, and on the s by the coast 
 of Ajan. The chief towns are Arkeko, or 
 Ercoco, and Suaqiiam ; which last is the 
 capital, and the seat of a governor. It is 
 subject to the Turks. It is 500 miles in 
 length, and 100 in breadth. The inhabi- 
 tants are Mahometans, 
 
 Abher, Hahar, or EbJieVj a city of Per- 
 sian Irak, or ancient Parthia. It con- 
 tains 2,500 houses, and is governed by a 
 Deroga. Lon. 50 59 e, lat. 36 14 n. 
 
 Abingdon, or Ahington a town of Berks, 
 on the Thames, so named from an abbey 
 formerly built in it. It has two churches, 
 dedicated to St Nicholas and St Helena ; 
 and two hospitals. It sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. Markets on Mon- 
 day and Friday, seven miles s of Oxford, 
 and 56 w of London. Lon. 1 12 w, lat. 
 51 42 N. 
 
 Ahington, a post town and capital of 
 Washington countj'^, Virginia. It is 300 
 miles wsw of Richmond, and 587 from 
 Philadelphia. Lon. 7 0 w, lat. 36 
 57 N. 
 
 Ahington, a small town of Hertford coun- 
 ty, Maryland. A college was instituted 
 here by the Methodists in 1785, and named 
 Cokesbury, in honour of their two principal 
 bishops. It is 24 miles ne by e of Balti- 
 more, and 78 sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Ahington, a township of the United 
 States in Plymouth county, Massachusetts. 
 22 miles se of Boston. It contains about 
 1,453 inhabitants. 
 
 Abiul, a small town in Biera, Portugal, 
 contaiuing about 1300 inhabitants. Lon. 
 
 7 10 w, lat. 40 20 n. 
 
 ABKHAS, one of the seven nations in 
 the countries comprehended between the 
 Black sea and the Caspian. They are tri- 
 butary to the Turks, and are divided into 
 'two governments, the Western and the 
 , Eastern, each subject to a bashaw, com- 
 monly chosen out of the principal native 
 families ; one of whom resides at Sotchuk- 
 kale and the other at Soghumkale. The 
 capital is Anacopia, formerly Nicopsas. 
 The Abkhas speak an original language. 
 They have very little religion, though 
 they preserve some traces of Christianity. 
 
 ABLAI, or xIblay, a country in Great 
 Tartary, subject to the Russians. Lon, 
 from 72 to 83 e, lat. 51 to 54 n. 
 
 Abo, a sea port, the capital of Swedish 
 Findland, which lies upon the point w^here 
 the gulf of Bothnia and Findland unite. Is 
 the see of a bishop; and has an university, 
 founded by queen Christiana, in 1640 ; be- 
 sides a school, founded by Gustavus Adol- 
 phus, for 300 scholars. The town is tolera- 
 bly well built, and the inhabitants export 
 linen, corn, and planks. Here the treaty of 
 peace between Russia and Sweden in 1743, 
 
A B Y 
 
 was concluded. It was taken by the Rus- 
 sians in 1808. It lies 120 miles ne of Stock- 
 holm. Lon. 22 18 e, lat. 00 27 n 
 
 Aboukir, an island and bay on the coast 
 of EgypL at the mouth of the Nile, rendered 
 famous by the total defeat and destruction of 
 the French ileetby admiral Nelson, in 1798. 
 The French call the island Beguires, and 
 the Italians Bicchieri. It is 20 miles ene 
 of Alexandria. Lon. 31 24 e, lat. 31 32 n. 
 
 Aboutigey Abutisliy or AhohibeyiXiQwn in 
 Upper Egypt, seated near the Nile. I'he 
 best opium is made here. Lon. 49 0 E,lat. 
 26 30 N. 
 
 Aboyney a parish of Scotland, in Aber- 
 deenshire, composed of the districts of 
 Aboyne and Glentanar. Charlestown of 
 Aboyneis a pleasant little town, and much 
 frequented by valetudinarians. It is a 
 borough of barony under the earl of Aboyne, 
 and has a w^eekiy market and four fairs. 
 Population about 916. 
 
 Abrantcs, a town of Portugal, in Estra- 
 madura, seated on the Tajo. It contains 
 35,000 inhabitants, and has 4 convents, an 
 hospital, and an alms house, and is 80 
 miles NE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 18 w, iat. 
 39 13 N. 
 
 Abrug-Banyay a populous town in Tran- 
 sylvania, on the river Ompay, 35 miles 
 above Alba Julia. There are mines of gold 
 and silver near it. Lon. 23 24 e, lat. 
 46 50 N. 
 
 AbruzzOy a province of Naples, bounded 
 on the E by the gulf of Venice, on the n and 
 w by Ancona, Umbria, and the Campagna 
 di Roma, and on the s by the Terra di La- 
 vora, and Molise. It is divided into tw^o 
 parts by the river Pesea,ra, called Ulteriore 
 and Citeriore. The fomer has Aquilla, and 
 the latter Solomona, for its capital. It has 
 two mountains, Cavallo, and Mayallo, be- 
 sides the Appenines. The woods abound with 
 bears and wolves. The top of Mayallo is 
 alw^ays covered with snow, and the woods 
 are infested with bears and wolves. The 
 country, though cold, is fertile in corn, rice, 
 fruits, saffron, vines, and olives ; but the 
 staple commodity is wool. 
 
 Abs, a town of France, in the department 
 of Ardeche, formerly the chief town of Vi- 
 vares, and a Bishop's see, but now little re- 
 mains of its ancient granduer but ruins. It 
 is eight miles nw of Vivers. 
 
 ABSTEINEN, a district and village of 
 Prussia, in the circle of Tapien. 
 
 Aburquerque, a town of Spain, in the pro- 
 vince of Estramadura, situated on a branch 
 of the river Guadiana. Lon. 6 2 w, lat. 38 
 54 . 
 
 Ahgdosy a town and castle of Asia Minor, 
 now^ the southern castle of the Dardanelles, 
 situated at the strait called Gallipoli. Here 
 all ships from the Archipelago are searched. 
 Lon. 37 36 e, lat. 40 16 k. 
 
 ABYO, or Abuyo, one of the Philippine 
 islands, in the East Indies, between Min- 
 
 AB Y 
 
 dauao and Luzon, where the Spaniards have 
 a fort. Lon. 122 15 e, lat. 10 0 n. 
 
 ABYSSINIA, a kingdom of Africa j 
 according to some 900 miles long, and 600 
 miles broad ; others 660 miles in iength and 
 550 broad. It is bounded on the n by Nu- 
 bia, on the E by the Red Sea and Adel, s 
 by Machidas, Gingiro, and Manoemugi, 
 and w by Negroland and Darfoor. Ac- 
 cording to Bruce, it is divided into 12 pro- 
 vinces. The country is mountainous, but 
 in the vales the soil is fertile. The climate 
 is cold, and the rainy season continues from 
 April to September. During the other six 
 months, the sky is cloudless and the sun 
 vertical. The heat is scorching through 
 the day ; but the night is extremly cold. 
 Notwithstanding these days, the ground 
 feels disagreeable to the feet, owing partly 
 to the six months rain, when no sun ap- 
 pears, and partly to the equality of nights 
 and days. There is no country in the 
 world produces a greater quantity of quadru- 
 peds, both wild and tame. Of black cattle 
 there are various species, also a great 
 number of sheep Among the wild ani« 
 mais, are lions, boars, leopards, rhinoce- 
 roses, antelopes, panthers, hippopotamuses 
 and crocodiles. But none of them exceeds 
 the hyaena for merciless and savage fero- 
 city. The number of birds is still great- 
 er than that of the quadrupeds ; there are 
 many species of eagles, and still more of 
 the vulture, which infest all' parts of the 
 country. Also a species of glede, called 
 haddoyn, which is frequent in Egypt, and 
 comes punctually into Abyssinia after the 
 tropical rains. There are not many owls, 
 but they are amazingly large and beauti- 
 ful. There is but one species of geese, 
 called the golden goose ; or goose of the Nile, 
 which is common*in all the south of Africa. 
 Of the various insects, the most extraor- 
 dinary is a species of By, called Tsaltsal, 
 which though very little larger than a bee, 
 is very fatal to the cattle, in some dis- 
 tricts great emigrations take place in the 
 beginning of the rainy season, to prevent 
 the cattle from being destroyed by it. As 
 to vegetables, Abyssinia produces wheat in 
 abundance. The teff, an inferior kind of 
 grain, and the ensste, an herbaceous plant 
 afford bread to the inhabitants in general. 
 Tile Abyssinians are a mixture of Moors, 
 Pagans, Jews, and Christians, There is a 
 remarkable coincidence between the cus- 
 toms in the court of ancient Persia, and 
 those of Abyssinia. The religion of the 
 country is a mixture of Judaism, and of 
 the Christianity of the greek church ; and 
 the language bears a great affinity to the 
 Arabic ; but particuU?r provinces have a 
 different dialect. The Abyssinians in ge- 
 neral are of an oli ve complexion, tail, grace- 
 ful, and well featured ; and their dress is a 
 light robe, bound with a sash, the head 
 being covered with a kiad of turban. The 
 
ACE 
 
 bouses are built of clay, and the roof 
 thatched m the form of cones, and even the 
 churches are of a circular form, surrounded 
 by a portico. Some travellers affirm that 
 at an Abyssinian banquet, the flesh is cut 
 from the live oxen, and they devour it raw 
 with the blood. The government is of an 
 hereditary and absolute nature. The king 
 is approached in the attitude of prostration. 
 They have no learning, and only a few re- 
 ligious books, the principle of which is the 
 Bible. The population of this kingdom is 
 computed at about 3,000,000. According 
 to Mr. Bruce, the celebrated river Nile has 
 its source in this country. Gondar is the 
 capital. 
 
 ACADIA. See Nova Scotia* 
 
 ACAMBOtr, a large district of Guinea, 
 in Africa. 
 
 ACANNY, an inland country on the 
 Gold coast of Guinea, w’hich affords the best 
 gold in great plenty ; also a town of the 
 same name in that country. Lon. 0 30 e, 
 lat. 8 30 N. 
 
 Acajithion^ a mountain of Ethiopia. 
 
 Acapala, a towm of New Spain, in the 
 province cf Chiapa, and audience of 
 Mexico, 
 
 AeapylcOf a city of New^ Spain, in the 
 province of Mexico, on a bay of the Pacific 
 ocean. It has a fine harbour, defended by 
 a strong castle, from whence a ship, (some- 
 times tw'o) a.n«ualiy sails to Manilla in the 
 Philippine islands, near the coast of China, 
 in Asia ; and another returns annually from 
 thence with all the treasures of the East In- 
 dies, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, 
 and other precious stones ; the rich carpets 
 of Persia, the carapliire of Bornea ; the 
 benjamin and ivory of Pegu and Cambo- 
 dia ; the silks, muslins, and calicoes of Mo- 
 gul ; the gold dust, tea, and china ware, 
 silk, and cabinets of China and Japan ; be- 
 sides cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, and 
 pepper ; insomuch that this single ship con- 
 tains more riches than many whole fleets. 
 Annual ships also arrive from Limi, and 
 other ports of Chili and Peru, with specie, 
 <fec. Here is an hospital supported by the 
 merchants. Lon. 99 46 w, lat. 17 0 n. 
 
 Acariaf a towm of Paraguay, built by 
 the Jesuits in 1624. Lon. dl 5 w, lat. 
 20 0 s. 
 
 Acasabastlan^ a small town of New Spain, 
 in the province of Vera Pas ; seated on a 
 river of the same name, 70 miles ene of 
 Guatiraala. Lon. 91 20 w, lat. 14 50 k. 
 
 Acharabad. See Agra, 
 
 ACCOMLIC, a maritime county of Vir- 
 ginia. It contains 9,697 free persons, and 
 4,262 slaves. 
 
 Acdia, a town of the Campagna di 
 Boma in Italy. Lon. 13 7 e, iat. 41 
 41 N. 
 
 Acerenza, a small town of tiie province 
 of Basilicata, in the kingdon of Naples. It 
 is seated on the Branduno, at the foot of 
 
 A c H 
 
 the Appenines, 97 miles e by s of Naples. 
 Lon. 16 5 E, lat. 49 20 n. 
 
 Aeerno, a town of Italy, in the citerior 
 principality of Naples, situated 17 miles 
 sw of Coiiza, and J2 ne of Salerno. Lon. 
 15 6 E, lat. 40 45 n. 
 
 Acerra, a towm in the kingdom of Na- 
 ples, in the Terra di Lavora, on the river 
 Agno, 12 miles ne of Naples. Lon. 14 30 e, 
 lat. 40 55 N. 
 
 Achf a tow’n of Suabia, in the landgra- 
 viate of Nellenburg, on the river Ach, 14 
 miles NE of Schaffhausen. 
 
 AC HAM, a country in Asia, bounded 
 on the N by Boutan, on the e by China, oh 
 the s by Burmah, and on the w by Hin- 
 doostan. It is very little known to Euro- 
 peans. It is situated between 91 and 96 
 degrees Of e Ion. and between 25 and 28 
 N lat. 
 
 ACIIEEN, a kingdom on the nw part 
 of the island of Sumatra, in the Indian 
 ocean. Though no longer the great mart 
 of eastern ccmmodilies, it still carries on 
 a considerable trade wuth the natives of 
 that part of the coast of Hindoostan, called 
 Telinga, It is esteemed comparatively 
 healthy, being more free from woods and 
 sw^amps than most other parts of the island. 
 Its chief produce is fine fruits, rice, cotton, 
 gold dust, and sulphur. The Acheens are 
 taller, stouter, and darker complexioned 
 than the other Sumatrans. They are ex- 
 pert navigators, and have a good share of 
 sagacity and penetration. Their religion 
 is Mahometanism. The country of Acheen 
 is divided into three districts, and named 
 Duo-pooloo^duo, Duo-pooloo-leemo , and 
 Duo-podloo-Anam, 
 
 Acheen, or Acliem, the capital of the 
 kingdom of the same name. It lies 1000 
 miles se of Madras, and is situated on a 
 river which runs into the sea near the nw 
 point, or Acheen-head, about two miles 
 from the mouth. The river is not large, 
 and by flowing in several channels is ren- 
 dered very shallow at the bar. The houses 
 in common are built of bamboos and rough 
 timber, and raised some feet from the 
 ground on account of the place being over- 
 flow^ed in the rainy season. A considera- 
 ble fabric of a thick species of cotton cloth, 
 and of stuff for short draw^ers, worn both 
 by Malays and Achenese is manufactured 
 here. They weave also very handsome 
 silk pieces, of a particular form for that 
 part of the dress which is called by the Ma- 
 lays cayen farrong. Payments are gene- 
 rally made in gold dust. Crimes are pu- 
 nished wdth remarkable rigour, but it is sup- 
 posed the rod of justice falls only on the 
 poor ; yet the Achenese have been consi- 
 dered as the most dishonest and villainous 
 people in the east. Lon. 93 34 e, lat, 52 2 n. 
 
 Ackmetschet, a town of Crim Tartary, 
 See Sympkeropol. 
 
 AchmintfdiXoyvn of Upper Egypt, situated 
 
A C R 
 
 A D E 
 
 the eastern bank of the Nile. Though 
 this town be fallen from its ancient splen- 
 - ilour, it is still one of the most beautiful of 
 Upper Egypt, and is the residence of an 
 emir, or prince of the country. It has a 
 manufactory of cotton stuffs, and pottery ; 
 205 miles s of Cairo. 
 
 Achombane^ a town of S Guinea. 
 Aclioncagmiy a river of Chili, in S Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 Aehoiinjy a small town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Sligo, and a bishop's see united 
 to Killala. It stands on the Shannon, 16 
 miles wsw of Sligo. 
 
 AchgTy a strong town and castle of the 
 Ukrain ; on the river Uorsklo, 127 miles E 
 of Kiof. Lon. 36 10 e, lat. 49 32 n, 
 Acken, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, with a citadel, on the 
 Elbe, five miles nw of Dessau. 
 
 Acoma, or S^ Estevan de Acoma, a 
 town of N America, in New Mexico, 
 seated on a hill, with a good castle. To 
 go into the town, one must walk up 50 
 steps cut out of the rock. It is the 
 capital of a province. Lon. 104 15 w, lat. 
 35 0 N. 
 
 AcqSy a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Arriege, on the river Arric^ge, 
 province of Foix, in France, It is famous 
 for hot springs in its neighbourhood, from 
 which it takes its name. Lon. 1 40 e. lat. 
 43 0 N. 
 
 Acqua, a town in Tuscany, noted for 
 warm baths j 15 miles e of Leghorn. 
 Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 43 55 n. 
 
 Aequapendente, a large town of Italy, 
 in the territory of Orvieto ; it is seated on 
 a mountain, near the river Paglia, 30 miles 
 N by w of Rome, and 10 w of Orvieto. 
 Lon. 12 IT E, lat. 42 43 n. 
 
 Acquaria, a small town of Italy, in the 
 Modenese, noted for its medicinal waters. 
 
 It is situated 12 miles s of Modena. Lon. 
 
 11 19 E, lat. 44 12 N. 
 
 Acqitavwa, a town of Naples, in Terra 
 di Bari, 18 miles s of Bari. Lon. 16 20 e, 
 lat. 41 10 N. 
 
 Acquiy a town of Italy, in Montserrat. 
 
 It has commodious warm baths. It is 
 seated on the river Bornio, 25 miles nw of 
 Genoa, and 30 s of Casal. Lon. 8 35 e, ; 
 iat. 44 40 N. * 
 
 ACRA, a territory of Guinea, where the 
 English, Dutch, and Danes, have built j 
 strong forts. The town is of the same ( 
 name, each fort has its particular village, j 
 Lon 0 20 E, lat. 5 0 n. < 
 
 ACRA, an island on the coast of Bar- ^ 
 bary, forming a good harbour in the Medi- ^ 
 terranean sea, for vessels of every de- i 
 scription. 
 
 Acrey or Sf John d^icre, a sea port towm j ( 
 of Syria, in Palestine. It was formerly! & 
 called Ptolemaisy by the Greeks ; and in I 1 
 scripture, Accho. It is situated at the n ' 1 
 angla of a bay, which extends in a semi-' 1 
 
 b Circle of three leagues, as far as the point 
 
 - of mount Carmel, near the mouth of the 
 f Eardanah; or ancient Belus. Since the 
 r) expulsion of the knights of St John of 
 X Jerusalem, this town fell rapidly into de- 
 j y 1^*^! ibe Pacha Dejezzar repaired it, 
 
 which has made it one of the first towns 
 on the coast. Here is a synagogue, four 
 
 - churches, and three mosques. In 1759 
 great damage was done by an earthquake ; 
 
 - and the year following 5,000 persons died 
 1 by the plague. Corn and cotton are the 
 } chief articles of traffic. During the Cru- 
 sades, Acre underwent several sieges ; and 
 
 i in 1799, made a successful stand against 
 i the French, commanded by general Bona- 
 parte, who was obliged to raise the siege, 
 
 J after failing in his 12th assault, owing to 
 ) the assistance given to the garrison ])y- the 
 British under Sir Sidney Smith. It rs 28 
 i miles s of Tyre, and 37 n of Jerusalem 
 , Lon. 35 25 E, lat. 32 32 N. 
 
 > ACBON, GREAT and ACRON little. 
 
 I two inland republics, in Africa, near the 
 Fantean country. In the latter the Dutch 
 have a fort called Patience. 
 
 Aeroteriy a town m the island of Santo- 
 rini, two miles wsw of Scauro. Lon. 25 
 12 Ey lat. 33 25 n. 
 
 Aclou, a township of Massaehusets, in- 
 habitants 853 y NW of Boston 24 miles. 
 
 Adair y an ancient little town, eight miles 
 from Limerick, and 102 fronx Dublin. 
 
 Adaky a lake near the Caspian sea. 
 Adamsy a township of Massaehusets, in 
 Berkshire county, containing 2,040 inha- 
 bitants. It is situated about 140 miles 
 NW of Boston. 
 
 Adanay an ancient town of Asia, in Na- 
 tolia, in the province of Caramania. It is 
 seated on the river Choqiier. It is 25 miles 
 NE from Tarsus on the road to Aleppo. 
 Lon. 36 12 e, lat. 37 26 n. 
 
 Adam, a city of Judea, where Judas 
 Maccabaeus killed Nicanor. 
 
 Adages ; see Mexicano. 
 
 ADDISON, a county of Vermont. It 
 contains 17 townships, and 6,449 inhabi- 
 tants. The chief tov/a is Middlebary. 
 
 ADEL, a kingdom on the eastern coast 
 of Africa, about 400 miles in length, on the 
 s side of the straits of Babel mandel, that 
 unite the Red sea and the sea of Arabia. 
 This country produces corn, and feeds a 
 great number of cattle. The inhabitants 
 carry on a trade in gold, silver, ivory, oil, 
 frankincense, pepper, and other merchan- 
 dises of Arabia and the Indies. Rain is 
 very rare in this country ; but it is well 
 watered by rivers. The capital is Auoa- 
 gural. The inhabitants are Mahomedans. 
 
 AdeUy formerly a rich and populous town 
 of Arabia Felix. It is seated by the sea- 
 side, a little eastward of the straits of Ba- 
 belmandel ; but much reduced by its trade 
 being removed to Mocha. Lon, 46 30 e, 
 lat. 13 10 N 
 
ADR 
 
 Adenhurg or Aldenhurg, a town of 
 Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, It is 
 12 miles ne of Cologne. Lon. 7 16 e, lat. 
 
 51 2 N- 
 
 ADERBIGANjOT Aderbeitzan, a pro- 
 vince of Persia. The chief town is Tauris. 
 
 Adige, a river in Italy, rises s of the lake 
 Glace among the Alps, runs s by Trent, then 
 E by Verona, falls into the gulf of Venice, 
 10 miles N of the mouth of the Po. 
 
 admiralty islands, a cluster of 
 
 islands in the Pacific ocean, to the nw of 
 New Ireland. They consist of between 20 
 and 30 islands, the largest of which is 18 
 leagues long, in the direction of east and 
 west. They were discovered in 1767. The 
 centre one is supposed to be in Ion. 146 44 
 E, lat. 2 18 s. They lie to the n of New 
 Britain. 
 
 Ado 7 i, a toSvn in the province of Stuhl 
 Weissemberg, Hungary. Lon. 19 25 e, 
 lat. 47 33 N. 
 
 Adoni, a town of Hindoostaii, in Gol- 
 gonda, on one of the branches of the river 
 Tungebadda. It lies 175 miles sv/ of 
 Hydrabad, and 310 tcw of Madras. Lon. 
 77 0 E, lat. 15 37 n. 
 
 Adorf, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Voigtland, 15 miles nnw of Egra. 
 
 Adour, a river of France, which rises in 
 the department of Upper Pyrenees, running 
 N by Tarbes, through Gascony, afterwards 
 turns: e, and passing by Dax, falls into the 
 bay of Biscay, a little below Bayonne. 
 
 Adra, formerly Abdara, a sea port town 
 of Spain, in Granada, with a strong cita- 
 del ; 47 rftiles se of Granada, and 22 sw of 
 Almeira. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 36 42 n. 
 
 Adramiti, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Natolia, 70 miles n by w of Smyrna. Lon. 
 26 49 E, lat. 39 34 N. 
 
 Adria, a town of Italy, in the territory of 
 Venice, seated on the Tartaro. It was cal- 
 led Atria by Pliny and Ptolemy, and Adrias 
 by Strabo. It has the honour of giving 
 name to the Adriatic Sea. It is three miles 
 in circumference, ana contains a cathedral, 
 a church, two parishes, and 7,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It lies 25 miles sw of Venice. Lon. 
 12 5 E, lat. 45 8 N. 
 
 Adriano, or Sierra, a mountain of Adria- 
 no, in Guipuscoa,.a subdivision of the pyo- 
 vince of Biscav in Spain. There is a road 
 over it to Aalba and Old Castile, which is 
 at the one end very dark ; it is 40 or 50 paces 
 long, cut through a rock, after which it 
 passes over the mountain, which is one of 
 the highest of the Pyrenees, and inhabited 
 by a few shepherds, 
 
 Adrianople, a large city of European 
 Turkey, in the province of Romania, and 
 the see of an archbishop, under the jiatri- 
 arch cf Constantinople. It was iounded 
 by the emperor Hadrianon, the site of the 
 ancient Orestias. It is situated on a plain, 
 and is watered wdth three rivers, the chief of 
 w'hicb, Mariza, is navigable. It is about 
 
 A F G 
 
 I seven or eight miles in circumference, in- 
 cluding the old city and some gardens. 
 The houses are in general low, mostly 
 built of brick, clay, and mud ; the streets 
 are narrow, and exceedingly dirty. The 
 city was surrounded by walls and towers, 
 most of which are fallen into decay. The 
 public buildings are the mosques and a beau- 
 tiful basar, or market half a-mile long, cal- 
 led Ali Basa. The population is estimated 
 at 100,000. The city is governed by a 
 mullah cadi, who has an absolute authority 
 both in civil and criminal cases. Its com- 
 merce is considerable. It is 135 miles 
 NW of Constantinople. Lon. 26 27 e, lat. 
 
 41 45 N. 
 
 Adriatic Sea; see Venice, gulf of , 
 Adventure Bay, in Van Diemen^s land, 
 on the E coast of New Holland, so called 
 after the ship in which captain Furneux 
 sailed. The inhabitants are mild and cheer- 
 ful, with little of that wild appearance 
 common to savages. Lon. 147 30 e, lat. 
 
 42 23 s. 
 
 Adzenota, a small town of Spain, in 
 Valencia, seated on the mountains Pegua 
 Golossa. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 39 10 n. 
 
 Ae, a river in Dumfries-shire, which 
 joins the Annan near the borough of Loch- 
 maben. 
 
 ^GADES, three small islands, viz. Le- 
 venzo, Favignana, and Maretama; lying oil 
 the west side of Sicily, between Marsella 
 and Trapama. 
 
 Mgilsiawik, a harbour of .Sundermania. 
 Mgean Sea. See Archipelago. 
 
 ^GINA, one of the islan'ds of the Archi- 
 pelago. It contains about 800 houses and 
 a castle. 
 
 Aershat, a large walled town of the ci- 
 de-vant Austrian Brabant, now included 
 in the department of Dyle. It is situated on 
 the river Demur, 10 miles e of Malines. 
 Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 51 1 n. 
 
 AFGHANISTAN, a country of Asia, 
 stretching from the mountains of Tartary 
 to the Arabian sea, and from the Indies to 
 the confines of Persia. The principal cities 
 are Candahir and Cabul. Zemaun Shah 
 is the present Sultan. The inhabitants 
 of this country speak a language peculiar 
 to themselves. They are strong and 
 
 hardy, and of very uncivilized manners. 
 Their dress consists of a shirt, a woollen 
 vest, and long and narrow trowsers. The 
 head is covered with a high turned up 
 cap, of a conic form with two small slips, 
 made of broad cloth or cotton. An 
 
 army of the Afghans invaded Persia 
 about the year 1720; they took Ispahan, 
 and made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. 
 For ten years they kept possession of 
 it and the southern provinces, after 
 which period they were defeated in 
 several battles, aud forced out of the 
 country by Nadir Kuli ; known in 
 I Europe by the- name of Kouli Khan. 
 
A F R 
 
 After Nadir had deposed his sovereigfi Shah 
 Thomas, he laid siege to Condolmr, and 
 took it. He being assassinated in 1747 
 the general of the Afghan troops effected 
 a sate retreat into his own country, though 
 attacked by the whole Persian army, 
 where he was ackaowiedged sovereign of 
 the Afghan territories by the title of Ah- 
 med Shah. 
 
 AFRICA, one of the four grand divisions 
 or quarters of the world : it lies s of Eu- 
 rope, and west of Asia, bounded on the iv 
 by the Mediterranean, which separates it 
 from Europe ; on the w by the Atlantic 
 ocean ; and on the b by the isthmus of 
 fcuez, the Red sea, and the Indian ocean. 
 It IS a peiiinsula of great extent, being 
 joined to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, which 
 IS 125 miles over. Its greatest length 
 ^ extending from cape Bona in 
 the Mediterranean, in 37 0 n, to the cape 
 of (rood Hope, in 34 7 s lat. is 4300 miles, 
 according to some 4600 ; and its greatest 
 • cape Verd, in 17 20 to cape 
 
 ^urdafui, near the straits of Babelman- 
 del, in 61 20 e Ion. is 3500 miles from e 
 to w. The equator divides this continent 
 almost in the middle; the greatest part of 
 It IS within the torrid zone, which renders 
 the heat almost insupportable, it bein<y 
 gieatly increased by vast deserts of sand^ 
 Notwabstanding this the land is extremely 
 fertile, with the exception of those exten- 
 tensive tracts, which are unsupplied with 
 moisture. As to animals, there is scarcely 
 ^y species wild or tame, that is not to 
 found m Africa; but there are some 
 animals pecmiar to it ; as the hippopota- 
 mus, or river horse, the rhinoceros, with 
 two horns in its nose, and the beautiful 
 stripped zebra. Besides crocodiles, lions 
 elephants, tigers, leopards, hyaenas, ichneu- 
 mons, &c. which are numberless; there is 
 a great variety of other animals, birds, and 
 serpents, not to be met with in Europe. 
 Its larpst rivers are the Nile and the Ni- 
 ger ; the former takes its rise in Abyssinia, 
 and after a prodigious course, falls into the 
 Mediterranean ; and the latter glides 
 
 ^nt. Both these rivers annually overflow 
 their banks, fertilizing the countries 
 through which they pass.^The Gambia and 
 
 vZlf tT'" branches of the 
 
 tK. aT?® ® 0"*‘‘*®rable mountains 
 are the Atlas, winch is supposed to divide 
 almost the continent from e to w- the 
 the Moon; and the Sierra 
 ex^en?’ continent has deserts of vast 
 extent. Zahara, or the desert, by wav of 
 eminence, is the most considerable. The 
 
 Mahometans, 
 
 and Christiap. if we except the people of 
 
 mack. The Pagans are the most numerous 
 
 CaneTf^r^^u ® cancer to the 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. The Mahometaos 
 
 A G A 
 
 possess Eppt and the coast of Barbary. 
 The mhabitants of Abyssinia are eaile,! 
 Christians, but retain many Pagan and 
 Jewish rites. There are some Jews in the 
 
 ^"®f’ ‘‘“e trade 
 
 ^ that part of the country. In the division 
 *1^ learned are not agreed, but 
 
 the following IS most generally received, 
 VIZ. Barbary Egypt, Biledulgerid, Zahara, 
 Negroland, Guinea, Bornou, Cashna, Fez- 
 zan. Senna, Nubia, Abyssinia, Abex 
 Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela, Ma- 
 taman, Zanguebar, Monopotapa, Moiia- 
 "fT’ Caffraria, and the country 
 
 of the Hottentots. The form of govern- 
 ment IS in all these monarchial, or rather 
 despotic. Few princes- however possess a 
 very extensive jurisdiction ; as the na- 
 lives are grossly ignorant in all aits of uti- 
 lity or refinement, they have little inter- 
 course with one another ; and are gene- 
 rally united in small societies, each go- 
 veriied by its own prince. No part of the 
 world aixmnds more with gold and silver. 
 Copper is also found in great plenty. But 
 tne horrid tr&mo of buying and selling the 
 natives, whicu has been carried on during- a 
 
 fimral 
 
 100 nnT ' U*-"® BO less than 
 
 100,000 negroes being annually exported to 
 different nations; but of late years it has 
 bcea abolisned by most nations. Since that 
 ptriod, a society has been instituted in Bri- 
 ton with a view to the civilization of this 
 unenlightened country ; also great exertions 
 tove been used, under the direcfion of the 
 Missionary Society in London, in different 
 parts, to bring the natives to an acquaint- 
 ance With the Sacred Oracles. 
 
 nffifr?’ a sea-port town 
 
 from TuJIf T 
 
 ^frigue. Si, a town in France, dept of 
 Aveiron, six miles e by n of Vahres. ^ 
 Ajwestad, a town of Sweden, in Baleoar- 
 lia, seated on the Dala ; which has a large 
 
 LotTlI in^’ ® silver. 
 
 Lon. 14 10 w, lat. 61 10 N. ^ 
 
 AGADES, a town and kingdom of Ne- 
 groland, between Gabur and Cano, for- 
 
 kini^nfm tributary to the 
 
 and®thfrc®'"^u®‘®-,®' watered; 
 
 and there is abundance of p-rass cafilp 
 
 senna, and manna. Lat 20 10 m’ ion. 14 
 
 ®ai,lega, an island 
 lat.^10* 12’},"^®'^ Madagascar. Lou. 54 8 e, 
 
 Agamenticus, a mounlain of N America 
 in the province of Main; about eight miles 
 jrom York harbour, and a few miles w 
 Irom Wells, a noted laiid-mark for mari- 
 ners. Lon. 70 39 w, lat. 43 16 N. 
 
 ^ ^‘tily, in the ulte- 
 
 nor principality of Naples, 20 raffes xe of 
 Naples, Loa. 14 38 e, lat. 41 5 n. 
 
 E, lat. 41 5 N. , 
 
A G I 
 
 Agatha, St, a town in the N Riding of! 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Agatoriy a town of Guinea^ situated near 
 the rnouth of the river Farmosa, 89 miles s 
 of Benin. Lon. 6 7 e, lat. 7 20 n. 
 
 Agde. a populous city of France, in 
 Lower Languedoc, in the department of 
 Herauit, situated on a river of the same 
 name, about four miles and a-half from its 
 mouth, in the gulf of Lyons, where there 
 is a fort io defend the entrance. It is 17 
 miles NE of Narbonne. Lon. 3 33 e, 
 lat. 43 19 N. 
 
 Agea, a town in the province of Yerak 
 Agemi, Persia. Lon. 53 30 e, lat. 32 
 50 N. 
 
 Ageuy a city of France, capital of the de- 
 partment of the Lot and Garonne ; and a 
 bishop^s see. The houses are ill ])uiit, and 
 the streets narrow, crooked, and dirty ; but 
 the situation of the town is very convenient 
 for trade. The chief manufactures are 
 linen, cambiets, serges, sail cloths ; and 
 prunes are a considerable object of com- 
 merce. Lon. 0 4 E, lat. 44 12 n. 
 
 Agdnahat^ or Agnethina, a town of Tran- 
 sylvania, 20 miles ne of Hennainstadt. 
 
 Agenois, a fertile district of France, in 
 Guienne, now included in the department of 
 Lot and Garonne. 
 
 AGGA, or AeoNKa, a town and district 
 on the Gold Coast of Guinea, where the 
 English have a fort. Here is a very high 
 hill called the DeviPs Mount. Lon. 0 5 e, 
 lat. 6 0 N. 
 
 Aggerhuifs, a fortress of Norway, subject 
 to Denmark, and very mountainous ; in 
 a province of the same name. See Chris- 
 tiana, 
 
 Aghadoe,^ town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Kerry, seated near the lake of Killtirney. 
 It is a bishop's see, 15 miles sse of Ardfer. 
 
 a village of Ireland, il miles 
 ene of Galaway ; rendered memorable by 
 a decisive battle fought there July 12, 
 1691, between General Ginckle, and Mon- 
 sieur S. Ruth, commanders under King Wil- 
 liam III. and James II. S. Ruth, general 
 of the Irish army, was slain, and 6000 of 
 his men. The English army lost only 
 about 700. 
 
 Aghriny a town of Ireland, in the county 
 of Wiokiow, 13 miles sw of Wicklow. 
 Agimerey or Azmerey a province and town 
 • of Ilindoo'stan proper. It is an extensive 
 district, containing several smaller states. 
 The town is built at the foot of a mountain, 
 160 miles w by s of Agra. Lon. 75 50 e, 
 lat. 26 35 N. •* 
 
 Agiucourty a village of the French Ne- 
 tberlpaids, in the department of the Straits 
 of Calais, seven miles n of Hesdin ; famous 
 for the battle fought near it, in 14 J 5, where- 
 in Henry V. an army of only 10,000 
 men, defeated the French, whose army a- 
 mounted to upwards of 100,000. Lon. 2 
 10 E, lat. 50 31 -N. 
 
 A G R 
 
 Aglia, a town of Italy in Piedmont, sev en 
 miles s of Ivrea. 
 
 Agmaty a town built on the river Agmat, 
 upon the declivity of one of the mountains of 
 Atlas, 16 miles s of Morocco. Lon. 7 15 w, 
 lat. 30 56 N. 
 
 Agniondesham, See Amersliam, 
 Agnadelloa, a village of the ci-devant 
 duchy of Milan, and territory of Como. It 
 is situated on the canal between the Adda 
 and the Serio,five miles se of Cassano, and 
 10 N of Lodi. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 25 n. 
 
 Agnauy a town of France, in the dept, 
 of Loire and Cher, of the form of an am- 
 phitheatre, at the foot of which runs the 
 Cher, 60 miles distant from Bourges. 
 
 AgnanOy a circular lake in the kingdom 
 of Naples, in the ‘Perra di Lavora, seven 
 miles from Puzzoli. It is about half a mile 
 I in breadth, surrounded by mountains ; near 
 I it is the famous Grotta del Cane. 
 
 AGON, an island in Sweden, with a good 
 harbour. Lon. 18 10 E,lat. 61 20 k. 
 
 AGOSTA, an island in the gulf of Ve- 
 nice, 18 miles in circumference, and lies 10 
 miles sw of the island of Carzola. Lon. 17 
 0 E, lat. 42 55 N. 
 
 AGRA, a province of Hiadoostan Pro- 
 per, belonging to the great Mogul. It 
 contains 40 large towns, and 340 villages. 
 The capital is of the same name, with a 
 strong fort ; and was formerly the ancient 
 metropolis of Hindoostan. It is built in 
 the midst of a sandy plain, about nine 
 miles long, and still exhibits the most mag- 
 nificent ruins. The palace is prodigiously 
 large, and the seraglio fit to contain 
 1000 women. There were upwards ot 6U 
 caravanseras, 800 baths, 700 mosques, and 
 two magnificent mausoleums. In the war 
 with the Mahrattas in 1 803, it was taken 
 by the British. The Persians, Chinese, 
 and English resorted to it, and the Dutch 
 had a factory ; but it has since greatly de- 
 cUned. The mdigo of Agra is the most 
 valuable of the E Indies. This town is 
 dtuated on -the river Jemma, about 50 
 miles above its confluence with the Te- 
 hemel ; 100 miles s by e of Delhi, and 
 800 NE of Surat. Lon. 78 30 e, lat. 27 
 On. 
 
 Agram, or Zagrahy a strong town ot 
 Croatia, capital of the county of Zagrab, 
 
 ' Save, 
 
 and a bishop’s see ; situated ou the 
 25 miles ne of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 18 e, 
 
 iat. 46 20 N. ^ 
 
 Agramonty a small tow'n of Spam in ca- 
 talonia, seated on a mountain, 18 miles e 
 of Balaquer. Lon. 1 0 E, lat. 44 30 n. 
 AGREEABLE, an island m the river ot 
 
 Fez, Africa. , ^ . i 
 
 Agreda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 
 
 eight miles sw of Taracona. Lon. 2 0 w, 
 lat. 41 52 N. 
 
 Agria, called by the Germans EgeVy a 
 small but strong town in Upper Hungary, 
 and a bishop’s see, with a citadel ; situated 
 
A I C 
 
 cn the Agri, 47 miles ne of Buda, and 55 
 V/ of Cassovia. Lon. 20 10 E, lat. 4S 
 10 N. 
 
 AGRIGNAN, one of tha Ladrone islands, 
 43 miles in compass. It is mountainous, 
 and has several volcanoes. Lon. 143 0 e, 
 lat. 19 40 N. 
 
 Agropoliy a town of Naples, in Principato 
 Citeriore, 22 miles sse of Salerno. 
 
 Agueduy or Agada, a town of Portugal, 
 in Estrarnadura. 
 
 Aguilar, a towm of Spain, in Navarre, 
 24 miles w of Estella. Lon. 2 38 w. lat. 
 42 35 N. 
 
 Ahun, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Creuse ; eight miles se of Gueret, 
 30 NE of Lomages, and 55 se of Moulins. 
 Lon. 2 4 E, lat. 40 5 n. 
 
 AhuySy a small but strong sea port town 
 of Sw’eden, situated in the principality of 
 Gothland, with a good harbour, about 15 
 miles SE of Christianstadt. Lon 14 15 e, 
 lat. 46 15 N. 
 
 AIANON, an island of China. 
 
 Aial, a town of Berdoa, in Africa. 
 
 Ajaccio, a sea port town of Corsica, capi- 
 tal of the department of Liamone, and a 
 bishopts see. Here Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 emperor of France, was born in 1T69. It 
 stands on the w side of the island, 160 
 miles SE of Toulin. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 40 
 
 6 N. 
 
 A.TAN, a country on the coast of Africa, 
 extending from Cape Gardafui to Zangue- 
 bar 700 miles. It comprehends several 
 separate kingdoms, as Adel, Magadoxa, &c. 
 The w’hole sea coast from Zanguebar to 
 the straits of Babel-mandel, is called the 
 coast of Ajan ; which on the e is barren 
 and sandy ; but towards the N the soil is 
 fertile and productive. Ivory, gold, and 
 horses of an excellent breed, are the articles 
 of trade. 
 
 Ajazzo, a sea port town of Natolia, in the 
 province of Caramania, anciently Silesia, 
 on the coast of the Mediterranean, on the, 
 site of the ancient Isus, where Alexander 
 the Great fought his second battle with Da- 
 rius. It is 30 miles s of Antioch, and 40 
 w of Aleppo. Lon. 36 10 e, lat. 36 0 n. 
 
 Aich, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, 
 with a castle seated on the river Par, 18 
 miles s of Newbury. Lon. ii 20 e, lat. 
 48 30 N. 
 
 Aichstat, a town of Germany in Franco- 
 nia, and capital of a bishopric of the same 
 name, now subject to the duke of Bavaria ; 
 containing several hospitals, a seminary 
 for students, a cathedral and other churches, 
 one of which is built after the model of the 
 ehurch at Jerusalem, named the Holy Se- 
 pulchre. In it there is a curious piece of 
 workmanship, called the Son of the Holy 
 Sacrament, which is of massy gold, and en- 
 riched with 350 diamonds, 400 pearls, 250 
 rubies, and other precious stones. It is 
 situated on a valley, on the river Altmul^ 
 
 A I L 
 
 ;400 miles s by e of Nuremberg, The 
 I bishopric is 45 miles long, and 17 broad. 
 Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 48 57 n. 
 
 Aider, the principal sea port of Nuabia, 
 seated on a mountain, near the coast of the 
 Red sea. It has a trade in ebony and 
 aromatic plants. Lon. 35 57 e, lat. 22 
 12.N. 
 
 Aiderhezan, or Azet^heyan, a fruitful 
 province of Persia, n of Georgia, and w 
 of the Caspian sea, in a healthy but cold 
 climate. 
 
 Aiello, a small town in Abruzzo Ul- 
 terior, in Naples. Lon. 15 20 e, lat, 41 
 40 IT. 
 
 Aigen, a town of Austria, on the confines 
 of Bohemia, 24 miles n\v of Steyre. 
 
 Aigle, a bailiwick in the territory of 
 Romand, in Switzerland. 
 
 Aigle, a large town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, on the banks of the 
 Rhone, six miles from its entrance into the 
 lake of Geneva. The houses are all built of 
 w^hite marble, found in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Aigle, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Orne, w'here a brisk trade is 
 carried on in hardwares, <fec. It is 47 miles 
 w of Rouen. Lon. 1 0 e, lat. 48 45 n. 
 
 Aignan, St, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Loire and Cher, on the river 
 Cher, 60 miles ssw^ of Bourges. 
 
 Aiguemorte, a town of France, in Lower 
 Languedoc, in the department of the Mouths 
 of the Gard. It was formerly a sea port, 
 but the harbour is now' chocked up, the sea 
 having retired two French leagues from th© 
 tow^n. It is 12 miles ese of Montpellier. 
 Lon. 4 3 E, lat. 43 34 n. 
 
 Aigueperse, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Puis-de-Dome, near which is a 
 very cold spring fatal to animals, IS miles 
 N of Clermont. 
 
 Aigxiibello, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Drome, six miles se of Monte- 
 limart. 
 
 Aiguihello, a town of Savoy, on the river 
 Arc, 15 miles ne of Chamberry, 
 
 Aigiillon, a small town of France, in the 
 department of Lot and Garonne, 10 miles 
 Nw of Agen, and 50 se of Bourdeaux, 
 Lon. 0 30 E, lat. 44 19 n. 
 
 Agnillas, Cape, the most southerly point 
 of Africa, 13 leagues ese of the CapO of 
 Good Hope. Lon. 20 8 e, lat. 34 55 s. 
 
 Allah, a small, but ancient town of Asia, 
 in A rabia Petnea, on the e side of a bay on 
 the Red sea, 108 miles ese of Suez. Lon. 
 33 10 E, lat. 29 10 n. 
 
 Ailesburg, or 'Alesbury, a borough town 
 in Buckinghamshire. Dividing the honour 
 with Buckingharii, sends two members to 
 parliament. Alarket on Saturdays; and 
 three fairs for cattle. It is 60 mites se of 
 Buckingham, and 41 nw oi London. 
 
 Aill'j, a town of Fiance, in the depart- 
 meat of Somme, nine miles sse of Amiens. 
 
 Aiisa^ an insulated rock, oia the wesiera 
 B 2 
 
A I S 
 
 coast of Scotland, between the shores of 
 Ayrshire and Cantire, Its base is two 
 miles in circumference. It rises in a pyra- 
 midal form, 900 feet high, and accessible 
 only by the ne. A great number of birds 
 resort to it, particularly the gannets or 
 solan geese. The rock is rented from the 
 earl of Cassilis, at 331. per annum. The 
 ruins of a castle and a chapel are still seen 
 on this sequestered rock. 
 
 , Aimargues, a town of France, in the 
 department of Garde. Lon. 3 20 e, lat. 44 
 <5 N. 
 
 Aime, or AymOy a small town formerly 
 belonging to Savoy, now to France, in the 
 department of Mont Blanc, 17 miles ene 
 of Moustiers. 
 
 AIN, a department of France, which 
 takes its name from a river which rises in 
 Mount Jura, and enters the Rhone near 
 lyons; comprehending the ci-devant pro- 
 vince of Bresse. Bourg is the capital. 
 
 Ainereville, a town of France, three 
 miles sw of Dun. 
 
 Ainstty a town of Spain, in Arragon, on 
 the r.ver Ara, 30 miles n of Balbastra. 
 
 Ainstable, a town in Cumberland, be- 
 tween Brampton and Kirk-Oswald. 
 
 Aiiithorpy a small town of Cumberland, 
 in the parish of Boulness. 
 
 Airdrie, a flourishing town of Scotland, 
 in the parish of E Monkland, county of 
 Lanark ; near it are iron and steel works. 
 It lio> on the high road betvveem Edin- 
 burgh and Glasgow. It has weekly and 
 annual markets. The population is about 
 6,800. 
 
 Aire, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Landes on the river Adour, 65 miles 
 s of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 16 e, lat. 43 
 42 N. 
 
 Aire, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Straits of Calais, on the river 
 L s, 22 miles s of Dunkirk, and communi- 
 cating with St Gmers, by a canal cut from 
 the river Aa. It is a strong town, and has 
 a castle, 122 miles s of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 
 29 E, lat. 30 42 n. 
 
 Aire, a river in Yorkshire, which issues 
 from a lake near, Settle, runs by Skiptoii, 
 Keithley, leeds, and Snaith, and falls into 
 the Ouse, below Howden. 
 
 Airly, a parish of Scotland, Angus-shire, 
 in the vale of Strathmore, and s side of the 
 Grampian hills. The ponulatiovi is about 
 1,041. 
 
 Airth, a parish of Scotland, in Stirling- 
 shire, on the banks of the Forth. The po- 
 pulation IS about 1855. 
 
 ATSNE, a department of France, so cal- 
 led from the river of that name, w'hich falls 
 iniO the river Oise ; containing the ci- 
 devaut provinces of Soissonois, and Ver- 
 mandois. This was the scene of many 
 sanguinary battles in February and March 
 18 i 4, between the allies and the French. 
 Laon is the capital. 
 
 A K E 
 
 Aithsiing, a parish of Scotland, in Shet- 
 land, to which that of Siandsting is united^ 
 
 Aix, a large and populous city of France, 
 in the department of the Mouths of the 
 Rhone, the capital of the ci-devant Pro- 
 vence. It is well built and embellished 
 with a number of beautiful squares, build- 
 ings and fronts. The baths without the 
 city, which were discovered not long since, 
 have good buildings, raised at vast expence, 
 for the accommodation of those who drink ~ 
 the w^aters. The trade of Aix is confined 
 chiefly to oil, wine, and some stuffs, manu- 
 factured by the inhabitants. It is 75 miles 
 E of Montpellier. In the vicinity the vine- 
 yards yield wine of great estimation. Lon , 
 
 5 31 E lat. 43 32 N. 
 
 Aix, an ancient town of France, in the 
 department of Mont Blanc, in the ci-devant 
 duchy of Savoy, 12 miles n ofChambeiry. 
 Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 4 40 n. 
 
 AIX, a small island on the coast of 
 France, 12 miles nw of Rocbfort, and 12 
 ssw of Rochelle. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 46 
 45 E. 
 
 Aix la-Chapelle, a large and handsome 
 city of France, in the Duchy of Juliers, on 
 the left side of the Rhine, ceded by Austria 
 to the French, at the treaty of Campo 
 Formic, in 1797, and confirmed to them 
 by the treaty of Lunev i lie. It has a castle, 
 built upon a hill, from w^hich may be 
 seen 60 different towns, the ocean, and 
 even England in a clear day. The town 
 is situated in a valley. The French call 
 it Aix la-Chapelle, on account of a chapel 
 built in honour of the Virgin Mary, by 
 Charlemagne ; who haring repaired, beau- 
 tified, and enlarged the city, made it the 
 usual place of his residence. He lies in- 
 terred in the church of Nctre Dame, where 
 are kept his sword, his belt, and the four 
 evangelists written in letters of gold. It is 
 well fortified, having two walls, the one 
 having ten gates, the other 11. There are 
 likewise 30 parochial churches. A number 
 of people generally resort to it for iti» 
 mineral waters ; and near it are mines of 
 iron, coal, calamine and sulphur. This 
 place is famous for several councils, and 
 two celebrated treaties of peace concluded 
 here, in 1668, and 1874. It was taken 
 by the French in 1792, retaken by the 
 Austrians in 1793, and again taken by the 
 French in 1794; the allies entered it again 
 in 1814. It is surrounded by mountains, 
 22 miles ne of Leige. Lon. 6 3 e, lat. 50 
 48 N. 
 
 Aizenay, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vendee, 29 miles s of Nantes. 
 
 Akansas. See Arkamaw, 
 
 Akazike, a town and castle of Asiatic 
 Turkey, in Georgia. Lon. 54 55 e, lat. 
 41 55 N. 
 
 Aker man, see Bielgorod, an ancient town 
 of Turkey in Europe, on the Dneister, 
 where it falls into the Black Sea. 
 
ALA 
 
 Akissaty the ancient Thyatira, a city in 
 Katolia, in Asia, situated in a plain, 18 
 miles broad, which produces plenty of 
 cotton and grain. The inhabitants, who 
 are reckoned to be about 5,000, are mostly 
 Mahometans. It is seated on the river 
 Hermits, 60 miles se of Pergamos. ion, 
 28 30 E, lat. 38 48 h, 
 
 Aktiar, See Sebastopol, 
 
 ALABA, or Alava, one of the three 
 smallest districts of Biscay, in Spain, 20 
 miles long, and 17 broad. Vittoria is the 
 principal town. 
 
 Alacerdo Sal, a town of Portugal, in Es- 
 tramadura. Lon. 8 4 w, lat. 38 20 n. 
 
 ALADULIA, a considerable province 
 of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, separated by 
 the mountains of Antitaurus from Amasia 
 on the N, and from Caramania on the w. 
 The people are robust and thievish. The 
 capital is Adana. 
 
 Alais, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, with a citadel, seated near 
 the river Gard. It contains 10,000 inha- 
 bitants j and its annual export of raw 
 silk is 1,200,000 lbs. It is situated 37 
 miles N of Montpellier, and 350 s by 
 E from Paris. Lon. 4 10 e, lat. 44 
 
 8 N. 
 
 Alall, Lancashire, near Ormskirk. 
 
 Alaman, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, nine miles ne of Nion. 
 
 Alan, a river of Cornwall, which runs 
 into St George^s channel, at Padstow. 
 
 ALANDES, a cluster of Swedish islands 
 in the Baltic, at the entrance of the gulf of 
 Bothnia. The principal island, which gives 
 name to the rest, lies 75 miles e ffom 
 Stockholm ; is about 40 miles long, and 
 from 12 to 16 broad ; and contains 15 vil- 
 lages, and about 9,000 inhabitants. Lon. 
 between 17 and 19 deg. e, lat. betw’eeii 50 
 and 61 deg. n. 
 
 Alanguer, a town of Portugal, Estrama- 
 dura. Lon. 8 12 w, lat. 36 9 n. 
 
 Alania, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in 
 Caramania, 50 miles k of Satalia, 
 
 Alanta, a small city of Wallachia. 
 Alapaewskoi-Sawod, an iron mine in 
 Catherineburgh, Siberia. 
 
 Alarcon, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 near the Xucar, 50 miles s of Cuenca. 
 
 ^ Alathama, a large navigable river of 
 North America, rising in the Apalachian 
 mountains, runs se through the state of| 
 Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 below the town of Frederica, about 60 
 miles sw of the Savannah. 
 
 Alatri, a town of Italy, seated on the 
 bill, in the campagna di Roma, 40 miles se 
 of Rome. Lon. 15 8 e, lat. 41 30 n. 
 
 Alatyr, a provincial town of Asiatic 
 Russia, in the circle of Alatyrskoi, on the 
 river Sune, 40 miles se of Rome. 
 
 a considerable river of Turkey in 
 Europe, W'hich, after watering the ne part 
 of Transylvania, and part of Wallachia, 
 
 AL B 
 
 falls into the Danube almost opposite to 
 Nicopolis. 
 
 Alba, an ancient town of the Marsi, in 
 Italy, situated on the n side of the Lacus 
 Fucinus, which still retains its original 
 name. 
 
 Alba, a small fortified town of Upper 
 Italy, in Montserrat, 20 miles ss of Turin. 
 Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 44 46 n. 
 
 Alba, in Leicestershire. Alba, in Pern- 
 brokeshire. 
 
 Alba J ulia, now JVeissenhnrg, a town of 
 Transylvania, on the river Merisch, to the 
 w of Hermanstadt, 14 miles ne of Bel- 
 grade. 
 
 Alban, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Tarn, 15 miles ese of Aiby. 
 
 Alban, St, a borough in Hertfordshire, so 
 called from an abbey of the same name 
 built near it, by Offa king of the Mercians 
 m 1795, in memory of St Alban, the first 
 martyr in England. No part of the Abbey 
 now remains, except the gate and the 
 church ; in the latter are the monuments of 
 Offa and Humphrey duke of Gloucester, 
 whose lead coffin was discovered in 1703. 
 The town is situated near the ruins of the 
 ancient city of Veruiam, of which nothing 
 remains but some old ruins. It sends two 
 members to parliament, and has one of 
 the best markets of wheat in England. 
 Here are two silk mills and a cotton ma- 
 nufacture. This town is famous for the 
 victory obtained by Richard d-:ike of York, 
 in 1455, over Henry VI. ; and for a victory 
 which queen Margaret gained in 1461, over 
 the earl of Warwick. It has market days 
 on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It is seat- 
 ed on the Coin, 21 miles n by w of London. 
 Albanbury, in Yorkshire. 
 
 Albanella, a town of Naples, in Princi- 
 pato Citra, 20 miles se of Salerno. 
 
 ALBANIA, OR ARNAUT LAROS, a 
 province of Turkey in Europe, 240 miles 
 long and 60 broad. The people are strong, 
 large, courageous, and good horsemen, but 
 their dispositions are said to be thievish. 
 There are several large towns in this pro- 
 vince. Durazzo is the capital. It nro- 
 duces cotton, flax, hone)', wax, wine, and 
 salt. Lon. from 18 to 22 e, lat. from 39 
 to 43 30 N. 
 
 Albano, a town of Italy, seated on the 
 lake of that name, in Campagna di Roma. 
 
 It was called by the ancients Albanum 
 Pompeii, and built out of the ruins of Alba 
 Longa. It is 15 miles sse of Rome. The 
 town is famous for its excellent wine, and 
 the ruins of a mausoleum. Lon. 12 50 e, 
 lat, 41 42 N. 
 
 Albano, a town of Naples, in Eaeilicata, 
 seated on the ri ver Basiento, 15 miles e by 
 s of Potenza. 
 
 Albanopolis, a town of European Tur- 
 key, in the province of Albania, seated on 
 the river Breno, 40 miles e of Alessia. 
 Lon. 20 12 E, lat. 41 48 n. 
 
A LB 
 
 ALBANY, a populous aiid fertile county 
 of the state of New York ; bounded on the 
 •N by Saratoga county, on the e by Hud- 
 son river, on the s by Ulster, and on the 
 w by Schoharie county. It is 46 miles 
 in length, and 28 in breadth, and is divid- 
 ed into eight townships. It contains 
 25,324 inhabitants, Albany is the chief 
 town, 
 
 Albany y a city in the state of New York, 
 situated on the w side of Hudson^s river. 
 
 It contains upwards of 600 well built 
 houses, and about 6021 inhabitants. Ad- 
 venturers from various parts fiock to this 
 place, by the advantage it a fiords for trade, 
 as it is situated on a fine river, and is the 
 storehouse of the trade of Canada and the 
 lakes ; and has manufactures of tobacco, 
 snuff, chocolate, mustard, starch, &c. It 
 is 160 miles n from New York. Lon. 75 
 20 w , lat. 42 36 K. 
 
 Albany^ a river of N America, which 
 falls into Jameses Bay. At its mouth is a 
 fort of the same name. Lon. 84 30 w, 
 lat. 51 30 N, 
 
 Albany, a British fort in New South 
 Wales. Lon. 81 50 58 w, lat. 52 14 
 
 40 N. 
 
 Alharazin, an ancient and strong town 
 of Spain, in Arragon. It is seat^ on the 
 river Guadalavir, about 100 miles e of 
 ’Madrid. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 40 30 n. 
 
 Albarracin, k city of Spain, in Arragon, 
 which contains about 5,000 inhabitants. 
 
 It is 100 miles e of Madrid. Lon. I 16 w, 
 lat. 40 30 N. 
 
 ' Albazete, a small town of Spain, in Mur- 
 cia, with manufactures of iron and steel, 
 44 miles w by n of Almanza. 
 
 Albazin, a town of Great Tartary, si- 
 tuated on the river Yamour. Lon. 103 
 SO E, lat. 54 0 N. 
 
 ' Albe, a city and bishopric of Italy, si- 
 tuated in the district of Mountserrat. Lon . 
 
 8 20 E, lat. 44 44 N. 
 
 Albecky a town of Suabia. 
 
 Alhcgne, a small town of France, in the 
 department of Lot. 
 
 Albemarle, a river of N Carolina, 
 Albemarle, or Aumales, a town of 
 France, in the department of the Low-er 
 Seine, with a manufactory of Serges and 
 other stufts. it is seated on the declivit}' 
 of a hill on the borders of Picardy, 35 miles 
 NE by N of Rouen, and 70 tjnw of Paris. 
 Lon. I 30 E, lat. 49 50 n. 
 
 ALBEMARLE, a mountaiiious and billy 
 county of America, in Virginia. It con- 
 tains 7006 free inhabitants, and 5579 slaves. 
 Chief town, Charloitesvile. 
 
 Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlan- 
 tic, which extends w into N Carolina, about 
 ' 60 miles, and is from four to 15 miles in 
 “‘breadth. It is 30 miles n of Pamlica 
 * Sound. Lon. 0 56 w, lat, 35 52 n. 
 
 Albemarle, the most northern part of the 
 state of N Carolina, America. 
 
 ALB 
 
 Alhen, a mountain of Carniola, in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Albeng, or Alhengua, a sea port town of 
 Italy, in the territory of Genoa, anciently 
 called Alhingnniini. It is 38 miles sw of 
 Genoa. Lon, 8 3 e, lat. 44 4 n. 
 
 ALBION. See Britain. 
 
 ALBION, New, a country on the w 
 coast of America, extending from lat. 33 
 to 45 N, bounded on the s by California, 
 and on the n by New Georgia. It was 
 discovered in 1578, by Sir Francis Drake, 
 who gave it its name. Its harbour is in 
 ion. 121 50 w', lat. 38 20 n, but the coast 
 had been examined by Juan Rodriquez 
 Cabrillo, in 1542 ; and the country is called 
 New California by the Spaniards, Set 
 California. 
 
 Albisola, a small tow n in the territory 
 of Genoa ; here is a porcelain manufacture, 
 Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 44 15 N. 
 
 Alboloduy, a small town of Spain, iu 
 Granada. Lon. 3 30 e, lat. 37 15 n. 
 
 Albona, a populous town of Italy, in 
 Istiia, 16 miles s by e of Rovigno. Lon. 
 
 14 37 E, lat. 45 31 N. 
 
 ALBORAN, an island lying between 
 the coast of Spain and Africa. 
 
 Allret, a small town of France, in tht 
 department of Landes, 35 miles s of Bour- 
 deaux. 
 
 Alhricliton, in Shropshire, on the borders 
 of Staffordshire, 10 miles nne of Bridge- 
 north. It has three fairs, on the 23d May, 
 18th July, and 9th November. 
 
 Alhricliton, in Shropshire, near Salop. 
 Albuera, a small towm of Spain, in 
 Andalusia. Here a severe action wa.s 
 fought May 1811, between the French, 
 comma.nded by general Soult, and the 
 allied army commanded by general Beres- 
 ford, in which the French vrere defeated 
 with the loss of 8000 killed, w'ounded, 
 and prisoners. It lies 12 miles s of 
 Badajoz. 
 
 Albuquerque, a small city of rSpain, in 
 the province of Estramadura, with a strong 
 castle, sealed on eui eminence, nine miles 
 from the frontiers of Portugal, and 22 N 
 of Badajoz. A great trade in wool and 
 woollen manufactures is carried on by the 
 inhabitants. Lon. 7 3 w, lat. 38 40 n. 
 
 Aihurg, a city of Denmark in N Jutland, 
 capital of a diocese of its name. It is 10 
 miles from the Categat, and 30 n by e of 
 Weburg. Lon. 9 41 e, lat. 57 0 n. 
 
 Alburgh, a town in the E Riding of York- 
 shire, near the sea coast, s of Mapleton. 
 
 Alby, an ancient city of France, in the 
 department of Tarn. It is^the chief city 
 of the Albigeois, and was formerly the see 
 of an archbishop. The Albigenses made 
 tlieir first appearance in this city, w'ho dis- 
 puted the Pope's authovit}’, so early as tha 
 ilth century. It is sealed on the Tarn, 42 
 miles NE of Toulouse, Lon. 2 14 e, lat. 
 44 15 N. 
 
A L C 
 
 Alcala de Gandaira, a. small tov/n of 
 Spain, in Andalusia. Lon. 6 10 w, lat. 
 37 29 N. 
 
 Alcala de HenareZy a beautiful and ex- 
 tensive city of Spain in New Castile. The 
 university, which had gone to decay, was 
 re-established in 1494, by Cardinal Francis 
 Xiinenes ; at whose charge, and under whose 
 direction, the first polyglot bibie was printed 
 in this town. It is 15 miles ene of Ma- 
 drid. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 40 26 n. 
 
 Alcala de los GazideZy an ancient town of 
 Spain, in Seville, with a castle, situated on 
 a ruountain, 14 miles ene of Medina Si- 
 donia. 
 
 Alcala de Real, a small city of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, with a fine abbey, built on the 
 top of a high mountain, near the river Sa- 
 lad o, six miles s of Seville, and 15 n of 
 Granada. Lon. 5 22 w, lat. 37 38 n. 
 
 Alcamer, an ancient tmd elegant tov/n of 
 ICbmmerland, a part of North Holland. It 
 opened its gates to the British in 1799 after 
 the second battle near Bergen ; a treaty 
 soon afterwards was concluded here for 
 evacuating the country. It lies 15 miles 
 N by E of Haerlem, and 17 n by w of Am- 
 sterdam. Lon. 13 52 E, lat. 52 40 n. 
 
 Alcamo, a town of Sicily, in the valley 
 of Mazaro, 26 miles wsw of Palermo. 
 Lon. 15 51 E, lat. 38 2 n. 
 
 Alcaneide, a town of Portugal in Estra- 
 madura. Lon, 6 0 w, lat. 39 2 n. 
 
 Alcaniz, a town of Spain in Arragon, 
 seated on the river Guadaloupe, 53 miles 
 ESE of Saragossa. Lon. 0 5 w, lat. 41 On. 
 
 Alcantara, or, Valentza de Alcantara, a 
 small, but very strong city of Spain in Es- 
 tramadura. It lies in a very fruitful soil, 
 and is celebrated for its bridge. It is raised 
 200 feet above the level of the water ; and 
 though it consists but of six arches, is 770 
 feet ill length, and 28 in breadth, said to 
 have been erected by the emperor Trajan. 
 It was taken by the earl of Galway in 1 706 ; 
 but retaken the same year. It is 25 miles 
 from Madrid. Lon. 3 7 v/, lat. 39 20 n. 
 
 Alcantara, a town of Spain in Andulusia. 
 It stands pretty high, near a morass where 
 the Romans built a bridge, with a tower at 
 each end. It is 14 miles s of Seville. 
 
 Alearaque, a river in Spain, that falls 
 into the Guadiana. 
 
 Alcaraz, a small city of La Mancha, in 
 Spain, defended by a strong castle, and re- 
 markable for an ancient aqueduct. Itstands 
 near the source of the Gnadalquiver. It is 
 25 miles n of the confines of Andalusia, 
 108 s of Cuenza, and 135 ese of Madrid. 
 Lon. 2 5 w, lat. 38 28 n. 
 
 Alcazzar, a city of Barbary, situated 
 about two leagues from Larache, in Asga, 
 a province in the kingdom of Fez. Lon. 
 12 35 vv, lat. 35 15 n. 
 
 Aleaudete, a small town of Spain, in An- 
 dalusia, 19 miles wsw of Jaen. ^ 
 
 . a city of Spain, in New Castile, 
 
 A I. D 
 
 defended by a strong fortress on a high hill, 
 100 miles nw of Carthagena. Lon. 4 20 
 w, lat. 38 15 N. 
 
 Alcazzar do Sal, or Alcasere do Sal, a 
 strong and almost impregnable town of Por^* 
 tugal, in Estramadma, with a strong cas- 
 tle, seated on a rock, near the river San- 
 dao, 35 miles se of Lisbon. Lon. 9 10 w, 
 lat. 3018 n. 
 
 Alcazar Seguer, a town of Africa, in the 
 kingdom of Fez, and province of Ilabat. 
 It is seated on the coast of the Straits of 
 Gibraltar. Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 38 0 n. 
 
 Alcazar Quiber, a rich and populous 
 town of the kingdom of Fez. It was once 
 of great note, having 15 mosques, of which 
 only two are now used. A little to the n 
 of this town, Don Sebastian, king of Por- 
 tugal, v/as killed in a battle with the 
 moors, in 1578. The bashaw of Tetuan 
 appoints a governor to this town. It is 20 
 miles SE of Laroche. Lon, 12 13 w, lat. 
 35 15 N. 
 
 Alcazava, a castle of Malaga. 
 
 Alcestet', or Alncester, a town in War- 
 wickshire, eight miles nw of Stratford, 
 noted for a manufactory of needles. It is 
 14 miles wsw of Warwick, 103 «iw of 
 London. 
 
 Alcmaer, a city of North Holland, in the 
 department of the Texel, about four miles 
 from the sea, 15 from HaerlCm, and 20 ic 
 from Amsterdam. It is a handsome city 
 and one of the cleanest in Holland. The 
 streets and houses are extremely neat and 
 regular, and the public buildings very 
 beautiful. The town has a good trade in 
 butter and cheese, which is esteemed the 
 best in Holland. Lon. 4 26 e, iat. 52 
 35 N. 
 
 Alcolea, a small town of Andalusia in 
 Spain, near the Gudalquiver. Lon. 4 55 w, 
 lat. 37 32 N. 
 
 Alconchvl, a castle of Spain, on the fron- 
 tiers of Estramadura, 20 miles s of Badajoz. 
 
 Alcosser, a sea port on the Red sea, 100 
 miles ssE of Seuz, in Egypt. 
 
 Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, in Al- 
 garve, with a strong castle, seated on an 
 island in the Guadiana, 22 miles ne of 
 Tavira. It contains a disirict of six pa- 
 rishes, and about 1000 inhabitants. Ion. 
 
 7 20 w, lat. 37 20 n. 
 
 Alcoy, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 
 near w^hich is an iron mine ; also the name 
 of a river. It is 22 miles n of Aiicant. 
 
 Alcudia, a city of Spain, in the island of 
 Majorca, situated between two bays on the 
 ne coast, 35 miles ne of Palma, contain- 
 ing about 1000 houses. Lon. 3 0 b, lat. 
 30 50 N. 
 
 Aldborougli, a sea port town in Suffolk, 
 with a market on Wednesdays and Satur- 
 days ; and two annual fairs, 1st March and 
 3d May. It is pleasantly situated in tha 
 valley of Slaughden. It is a large town, 
 composed of two or three streets qf low 
 
ALE 
 
 houses rmiEiDg parallel to each other ; and 
 ^'as formerly much larger, but from the 
 encroaohirents of the sea, whole streets 
 have been necessarily reduced. It is 94 
 miles KE from Londou, and 40 e from 
 Bury. Lon. 1 42 e, lat. <52 16 n. 
 
 Aldborongh, a town in the W Riding of 
 Yorkshire, represented by two members in 
 parliament. It was anciently a Roman 
 city, called Isurium Brigantium. It is 
 seated on the Ure, 1.5*railes ne of York, and 
 205 N by \v of London. Lob. I 10 w, lat. 
 54 8 N. 
 
 Aldea Gallegay a town of Portugal in 
 Estramadura, seated on the Tajo, ] 0 miles 
 6E of Lisbon, Lon. 8 55 w, lat. 38 36 n. 
 
 AldenbvrgJiy an ancient town of Ger- 
 many, in Westphalia- Here is a college, 
 which has always been in a flourishing con- 
 dit on, 20 miles eke of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Aldcrbury, in Wiltshire, two miles from 
 Salisbury, built on a hill near the Avon. 
 It has a manufacture of oottans and fus- 
 tains. By a fire in 1777, 200 houses were 
 destroyed. 
 
 ALDEIIHOLM, a pleasant island of 
 Sweden; formed by the three arms of a river 
 running through Gentle, a town of Noid- 
 land, in Sw^eden. It has a wfiarf, in which 
 a considerable trade is carried on ; two 
 packing houses, a large custom-house for 
 receiving toll from the ships, an arsenal for 
 cannon, and a granary kw of Upsal. It is 
 80 miles n of Stockholm. Lon. 17 0 e, 
 lat 60 45 N. 
 
 ALDERNEY, or Aurigni, an island 
 in the British channel, subject to tlie crowm 
 of Great Britain,* six miles distant from 
 France, and 30 from the nearest part of 
 England. It is about eight miles in com- 
 pass, and is separated from Cape la Hogue, 
 in Normandy by a narrow strait called the 
 Race of Aldermy, a very dangerous pas- 
 in stormy w'eatber, w^hen the two 
 ouiTtnts meet ; otherSvise it is safe, and 
 has a depth of w'ater for the largest shi|.s. 
 The island is healthy, fruitful in corn and 
 pasture, and contains about 200 houses, 
 and 1000 inhabitants. It has but one har- 
 bour called Crabby, which is at a distance 
 ftom the town of Alderny. To the w lie 
 the range of rocks called the Caskets, Lon. 
 2 7 w, lat. 49 45 n. 
 
 Aldstone, See Alston^woor, 
 
 Ale, a small rivulet, which falls into the 
 Teviot, near Ancrum. 
 
 Alehy, in Lincolnshire, near Alford. Al- 
 coats, in Nottinghamshire, near Worksop. 
 
 filed, a river in Denbighshire. 
 ’^ALEFCHIMO, a district of the island 
 Corfu, containing 28 villages, and about 
 10,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Alegre, a town of France in the de- 
 partment of Upper Loire, 15 miles se of 
 Rrionde. 
 
 • Alegrette, a town of Portugal, in Alen- 
 tejo. It is finely situated, seven miles se 
 
 ALE 
 
 of Por Allegre, and 30 n of Elvas, Laa, 
 7 25 w, lat. 39 2 N. 
 
 Alei, a river in Asiatic Russia, 
 
 Aleksin, a small town in the circle of 
 Tuli, belonging to Moscow. 
 
 Alenpigon, a lake in the United States. 
 
 Alen, a river in Denbighshire. 
 
 Alencon, or Alenzon, a large and popu- 
 lous town of France, the capital of the de- 
 partment of Orne, on the Sarte, 20 miles n 
 of Mons, 63 s by w' of Rouen, and 87 sw of 
 Paris ; surrounded with good fortifications. 
 Lon. 0 10 E, lat. 48 25 k, 
 
 Alenquir, the capital of a district of the 
 same name in Portuguese Estramadura, 1*4 
 miles sw of Santarem. 
 
 Alensgut, a village in Prussia, in the cir- 
 cle of Nantangeri. Lon. 21 0 e, lat. 53 
 30 N. 
 
 Alenstein, a village of Prussia, in the 
 circle of Marienburg. Lon. 20 30 e, lat. 
 53 38 N. 
 
 ALENTAKIEN, a district of Russia. 
 
 ALENTEJG, one of the largest pro- 
 vinces of Portugal, situated between the 
 Tagus and the Guadiana, and watered by 
 both ; bounded on the n by Estramadura 
 and Beira ; on the e, by Spain ; on the s 
 by Algarve, and on the w by the sea, ex- 
 tending from N to s about 40 miles, and 
 from E to w between 30 and 34. The 
 soil is very fertile, and the inhabitants in- 
 dustrious. 
 
 Aleppo, the metropolis of Syria, called 
 by the natives Haleb, and anciently Bc- 
 roea. It is next to Constantinople and 
 •Cairo in extent, population, grandeur, 
 and riches. The population is computed 
 to be 235,000, of whom 30,000 are 
 Christians, and 5,000 Jews. It lies 70 
 miles E of Scanderoon ; 170 miles n by 
 E of Damascus, and 60 miles distant 
 from the sea. The language mostly 
 spoken is vulgar Arabic. The houses, as 
 usual in the east, consists of a large court, 
 with a dead w^aii to the street, an arcada 
 or piazza encircles it, paved with marble. 
 The streets are narrow:, well paved, and 
 uncommonly clean. There are a num- 
 ber of mosques and khams. The mar- 
 ket place of bazars, are long, narrow, 
 covered streets. Each branch of busi- 
 ness has its particular bazar, or market 
 place ; the slaughter houses lie in the open 
 fields of the suburbs. Water is conveyed 
 by an acqueduct from the river Heylan 
 into the city, said to have been made by the 
 empress Helena, as the water in the wells of 
 the city is exceedingly brackish, w hicfiis 
 said to be the cause of that particular disor- 
 der, called the ring- worm, or pimple of Alep- 
 po, so prevalent in that quarter. The city is 
 the emporium of Armenia and Diarbekir ; 
 sends caravans to Bagdad and Persia ; and 
 carries on trade with the Persian Gulf and 
 India by Bassora ; with Europe by Scande- 
 roon j with Egypt and Mecca by Damascus. 
 
ALE 
 
 The Christians have their houses and 
 churches in the suburbs. Several Euro- 
 pean nations have factories here, and the 
 merchants live in greater safely and splen- 
 dour than in any other part of the Turkish 
 empire. Instead of coaches, the people of 
 quality ride on horseback, attended by a 
 iiuni))er of servants proportioned to their 
 rank. South-east of Aleppo about 18 miles, 
 is a large plain, encircled by low rocky 
 hills, which is overllowed in winter. When 
 the water evaporates in April, a cake of 
 salt is left in some places half an inch thick, 
 which abundantly supplies all this part of 
 the country. On this account it is called 
 the Valleij of salt. Commerce is carried on 
 here chiefiy by barter ; the principal arti- 
 cles are raw and spun cottons, linens, silk, 
 stiilfs, go.at\s hair, gall nuts, (fee. Aleppo 
 and its suburbs are seven miles round. A 
 number of foreign mercliarits reside here. 
 The English, French, and Dutch, have con- 
 suls.' This city has been on the decline 
 since the year 1770; and is supposed by 
 some not to contain atpresent above 100,000, 
 several of the bazars being abandoned, and 
 vrhole streets uninhabited. Lon. 37 20 e, 
 lat. 35 45 N. 
 
 Aleppo Old, anciently called Chalcis, is 
 about 12 miles s from New Aleppo. 
 
 Aleria, an ancient town of Corsica, now 
 called Aleria Distratta. 
 
 Alertnn, in the county of Huntingdon, 
 near Peterborough, 
 
 Aleskam, a neat and populous town in 
 Norfolk, 15 miles n of Norwich, and 121 
 NE by N of London, has a weekly market, 
 and two annual fairs, on 23d March and last 
 Tuesday in September. The principal ma- 
 nufacture is knitting stockings. Lon. 0 
 30 E, lat. 52 53 n. 
 
 Alesscmo, a town of Naples, 15 miles 
 sw of Otranto. Lon. 18 25 E, lat. 40 
 10 N. 
 
 Alessia, or Alessio Lissris, a town of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, in the province of Albania, 
 near the mouth of the Drino, 40 miles w of 
 Albanopolis, famous for the castle where 
 Scanderberg died, and was buried in 1467. 
 Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 42 8 n. 
 
 Alessio, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, in 
 Hungary, 25 miles from Spalatro, 
 
 Alet, a town of France, on the river and 
 in the department of Aude, near the Pyren- 
 nean mountains, 15 miles s of Carcassonne, 
 and 37 sw of Narbonne, remarkable for its 
 baths, arfd the grains of gold and silver 
 found in an adjoining rivulet. Lon. 2 15 e, 
 lat. 42 5P N. 
 
 ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. See Nor-i 
 TiiERN Archipelago. ! 
 
 Alexandretta, called by the Turks, Scan- I 
 dreon, a town in Syria, at the extremity of i 
 the Mediterranean sea. ^ It is the port of! 
 Aleppo, from which it h distant about 70 
 rRile*;. It is now nothing but a village, 
 whicla. entirely owes its existence to the ma- 
 1 
 
 ALE 
 
 ritime road which it commands. This 
 though inconvenient in many respects, is 
 the only road in all Syria, where vessels, 
 anchor on a solid bottom, without their 
 cables being liable to chafe. Sut the worst 
 circumstance is the extreme unwholesome- 
 ness of the air, occasioned by stagnant 
 waters and mepjiitic exhalations. It is said 
 that this carries off one-third of the crew^s 
 of vessels which remain here during the 
 ■mmmer. During the extreme heat, the 
 principal inhabitants retire to the villages 
 among the neighbouring mountains, where 
 they find excellent water, and most deli- 
 cious fruits. Lon. 36 15 e, lat. 36 35 N. 
 
 Alexandria, a celebrated city of Lower 
 Egypt, built by Alexander the Great, 
 about 333 years before the Christian era. 
 It . Was long esteemed the grandest city of 
 the globe, Home excepted. It rose upon 
 the ruins of Tyre and Carthage ; soon be- 
 came verj' populous, and the emporium of 
 the world. It is situated on the Medi- 
 terranean, in the most westerly part of 
 Egypt. Before the Portuguese discovered, 
 the passage to India by the Cape of Good 
 Hope, this city v/as a place of great com- 
 merce. It furnished Europe and part of 
 Asia with the commodities of the East 
 Indies which were conveyed by the Red 
 sea. In the time of Diodoras Siculus 
 there were on its roil 300,000 citizens ; 
 and pos^^esed a library containing 400,000 
 volumes, which was founded by Ptolemy 
 Soler, 44 years B. C. In 1642, A. C. 
 by order of the Saracen kalif, this li- 
 brary was destroyed, xvhich had been in- 
 creased to 700,01)0 volumes. When this 
 city was taken by the Saracen general, 
 he wrote to the kalif, that there were at 
 that period in it 4,000 palaces, 4,000 
 baths, 40,000 Jews who paid tribute, 400 
 royal circi, and 12,000 gardeners, by 
 whom the city was supplied with vege- 
 tables in great abundance. U was em- 
 tellished botii by its own princes and the 
 Romans. The ancient Pharos, anciently 
 numbered among the seven wonders 
 the wwld, is now^ a castle called Pha- 
 rillon, and is still used to direct vessels 
 into the harbour.. The harbour is joined 
 with the w branch of the Nile by a canal 
 at^Kfemanie. Although the city is in a 
 ruinous state, yet there are some remains 
 wiiich shew its former magnific^ce, viz, 
 the cisterns, acqueducts, and ^^pey/s 
 pillar, v/bich is one entire piece of granite, 
 <0 feet high, and 25 in circumference, with 
 an obelisk full of hierogliphics, called Cleo- 
 patra s Needle. Part of the ancient Wf"*!!* 
 are standing, with large square towers 200 
 paces distant ; and the gates are of Thebaio 
 and granite marble. It is .subject to tha 
 Grand Signior, but his authority is limited. 
 Many of the materials of the old city havei 
 bsen taken to build New Alexandria, which 
 at present is a very ordinary sea port. It 
 

 A L F 
 
 contains only about 12 or 14>000 inhabi- 
 tants, a strange mixture of different nations, 
 as well as from various parts of the Turkish 
 empire. The British and French carry, on 
 a considerable commerce, and have each a 
 consul residing here. The present city is a 
 kind of peninsula, situated between the two 
 ports. The old port which is to the w is 
 the best ; but Turkish vessels only are al- 
 lowed to anchor in it. The other, called 
 the New Port, the harbour for Europeans, 
 is very bad, being clogged with sand> which 
 has oceasoned the loss of many vessels. It 
 is ill fortified, and not fitted to withstand a 
 siege. The French under Bonaparte took 
 it in 1798, and it was retaken by the British 
 in 1801. It is situated 12 miles distant 
 from the mouth of the Nile, and 120 nw of 
 Cairo. Lon. 30 10 e, lat. 31 11 n. 
 
 Alexandria, or Alessandria, a consider- 
 able and strong city of Italy, in the Mila- 
 nese, with a good castle, built in the year 
 3 178, in honour of Pope Alexander III. now 
 the capital of ’ibe department of Marengo. 
 The French took it in 1798, the Austrians 
 and Russiems retook it in 1799 ; but w^as 
 given up to the French after the celebrated 
 battle of Marengo. The inhabitants, a- 
 inounting to 12,000, carry on a consider- 
 able trade in silk and cotton. It is Id 
 miles SE of Cassel, 3d n by w of Genoa, 
 and 40 s by w of Milan. Lon.. 8 40 e, lat. 
 44 d3 N. 
 
 Alexandria, in N America, a town of 
 Virginia, in Fairfax county, on the s bank 
 of the river Potomac. Nine miles below 
 the town is mount Vernon, formerly the seat 
 of the celebrated general Washington. It 
 is situated 100 miles n from Richmond, 
 five miles sw of Washington, arid contains 
 upwards of 400 houses, many of which are 
 elegant. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 38 4d n. 
 
 Alexandria, a city of Albania, in Asia, at 
 the foot of mount Caucasus, called by the 
 Turks, Tomurcapi, or Iron Gates, 10 days 
 journey from' Echatana. 
 
 Alexandria, a towmship of New Jersey, 
 in Hunterdown county. 
 
 Alexandria, a town of the state of Ohio, 
 at the confluence of the rivers Ohio, and 
 Sciote, 60 miles s of Chillicothe. 
 
 Alexandrowsl:, a fortress of. Russia, six 
 miles from Kitchkase, and 46 from Ke- 
 mensk. 
 
 ALFACS, an island of Spain, in the 
 principality of Catalonia, with a town of the 
 same name, 20 miles se of Tortosa. 
 
 Alfaro, a town of Spain in Old Castle, 
 nine miles wsw of Tudela. 
 
 Alfaifates, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 
 containing about dOO inhabitants, on the 
 confines of Spain, IdO miles ne of Lisbon. 
 Lon. 5 48 w, lat. 40 9 n. 
 
 Alfeizerao, a tow'n of Estramadura, Por- 
 tugal, on the sea coast, 7d miles nxe of 
 Lisbon, containing about 700 inhabitants. 
 Lou, 9 10 w, lat. 39 30 n. 
 
 
 
 A L G 
 
 AlfeW, a town of Germany, in the oircl© 
 of Lower Saxony, situated on the Seine, 15 
 miles ssw of Heildesheim. Lon. 10 4 B, 
 lat. dl dS N. 
 
 Alfidena, an ancient town of Italy, in the 
 kingdom of Naples, and Citerior Abruzzo. 
 Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 41 48 n. 
 
 Alford, a parish of Scotland, in Aber- 
 deenshire, formerly spelt and still pronoun- 
 ced Awfurde, which gives name to the pres- 
 bytery to which it belongs, and extends from 
 sw to NE between seven and eight English 
 miles in length, and between three and five 
 in breadth. Population is about 644. 
 
 Alford, a town in Lincolnshire^ with a 
 market on Tuesday for provisions and corn ; 
 and two fairs on Whit-Tuesday, and Nov. 
 8th, for cattle and sheep. Alford is six 
 miles from the sea, and 2d n of Boston, and 
 140 of London. Lon. 0 Id e, lat, d3 30 n. 
 
 Alford, in Somersetshire, five miles from 
 Burton, famous for its mineral waters. 
 
 Alfreton, in Derbyshire, built by 
 
 Alfred the Great, six miles from Chester- 
 field, 13 N of Derby, and 142 nnw of Lon- 
 don. It has a weekly market on Monday ; 
 and a fair, 2«J July. 
 
 Algagiola, a small sea port tov/n in the 
 island of Corsica, fortified with wails and 
 bastions. Lon. 8 dd e, lat. 42 30 x. 
 
 , ALGARV A, a province in the kingdons 
 of Portugal 67 miles in length, and 20 
 breadth ; bounded on the w and s by the sea, 
 on the E by the Guadiana, and on the k by 
 Alentejo. It is very fertile, producing figs, 
 almonds, dates, olives, and excellent winesj 
 The capital town is Phaio. It contains four 
 cities, 12 towns, 67 parishes, and about 
 61,000 inhabitants, 
 
 Alguacin, a town in Grenada, Spain, seat- 
 ed on the riJge of a hill adjoining the Gua- 
 diaro, wsw of Malaga d2 miles. 
 
 Algezira, or A Igez iras, an ancient town of 
 Andalusia, in Spain, with a sea port on the 
 coast of the Straits of Gibralter ; now much 
 decayed, bat still aflbrds anchorage for nu- 
 merous gunboats and small craft. It was 
 formerly called Old Gibralter, and lies 
 about 16 miles w from the island of Algebra, 
 and seven miles w from Gibraltar. Lon. 
 5 22 w, lat. 36 14 n. 
 
 Alghier, or Alger i,' a town in Sardinia, 
 upon the nw coast of the island, beiw'eeii 
 Sassari and Bossa, six miles s of the former, 
 Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 40 40 n. 
 
 ALGIERS, a kingdom of Afrioa, now 
 one of the States of Barbary ; extending 
 about 600 miles in length from e to w, and 
 40 to 100 in breadth along the coast of 
 Barbary. It is bounded on the x by the 
 Mediterranean ; on the e by the river Zaine, 
 on the w by the Mulvya, and the mountains 
 of Trava ; and on the s by mount Atlas and 
 Zaara. In most places the climate is mode- 
 rate, and they enjoy a constant verdure. The 
 soil varies, towards the north the coast is fer- 
 tile, but the iuterior is full of barren deserts. 
 
A L G 
 
 anfested by tigers, lions, and other ferocious ' 
 animals. This kingdom is divided into 
 the territory of Algiers, and the province 
 of Constantine, Mascara, and Titeri. 
 The Turks have the government in their 
 hands, who do not exceed 7000 in rmm- 
 T3er. It is a pure military aristocracy, 
 under the protection of the Grand Signior' 
 and governed by a sovereign called the 
 Dey, who is elected by the Turkish 
 soldiers, and irequentiy deposed and put to 
 death by tbem. He can undertake nothing 
 of importance without consulting the ja- 
 nissaries. The Dey^s troops consist of 
 severa^ thousand Moors, both horse and 
 foot ; and the Deys or Viceroys have each 
 an army under bis command. The Arabs 
 who reside in tents are a distinct people, 
 governed by laws ^nd magistrates of 
 their own, though under the controul 
 of the Turks, when they choose to inter- 
 fere. The whole military strength of 
 Algiers does not exceed 25,000 men. The 
 Tevenues of the government arise from the 
 duties or taxes imposed upon Moors, Arabs, 
 Christians, and Jews : the prizes they take 
 at sea sometimes equal the taxes they lay 
 upon the natives. Their complexions are 
 tawny ; they are a robust and well made 
 people. The Algerines, in the year 1767, 
 took the lead of the other states of Ear- 
 bary, in exempting themselves from their 
 usual tribute to the Porte. Their religion 
 IS Mahometanism, and their language is a 
 a dialect of the Arabic. They have also 
 a jargon composed of Italian, Spanish, and 
 French, called lingua-Franca, which the 
 merchants and common people understand, 
 particularly on the shores of the .Mediter- 
 ranean. Very few commodities are ex- 
 erted, as they are barely sufficient for 
 home consumption. The inhabitants weave 
 some veivef, tafielas, <fcc. The corsairs 
 import gold and silver stuffs, damasks, 
 spices, tin, iron, plated brass, cordage, 
 san-cloth, sugar, cotton, <fec. Lon. 0 16 
 and 9 16 w, lat. 36 S3 to 44 SO K, 
 
 the capital or metropolis of the 
 Kingdom of the same name ; is built on the 
 declivity of a hill, in the form of an amphi- 
 theatre, and contains about 120,000 inhabi- 
 lants ; of which 15,000 are Jews, cind4000 
 Chnstiai.s. It is probably the ancient Ico- 
 sium ; the Arabians call it Algezair, or Al- 
 jezeriah. The houses rise gradually above 
 each other, and make a fine appearance from 
 the sea. They are square, and built of stone 
 and brick ; the roofs of them are flat, and 
 the people walk on them ; they are covered 
 with earth, and planted for gardens. The 
 streets are narrow, and will scarcely admit 
 of two persons walking abreast. There is 
 blit one broad street whichruns from e to w, 
 where the principal merchants have their 
 shops, and is the market for corn and other 
 commodities. There is nothing remarkable 
 la the architecture of the seven larger 
 
 A L I 
 
 mosques, nor even in the Dey^s palace. The 
 mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length, 
 extending from the continent to a small 
 island, where there is a castle, and a large 
 battery. The lower part of the walls round 
 the city are of hewn stone, and the upper 
 part is built with brick ; their height on 
 the land side is 30 feet, and 40 towards 
 the sea ; the fosses or ditches are 20 feet 
 broad and seven deep. There are five 
 gates, which are open from the rising of 
 the sun to its setting ; and seven Ions cr 
 castles without the w^alls, all of them are 
 well furnished with great guns. The 
 country about Algiers abounds with gar- 
 uens and villas, watered by fountains and 
 rivulets, wiiich afford a most agreeable 
 retreat to the inhabitants in the hot sea- 
 son. Although the city of Algiers has 
 often bid defiance to the greatest European 
 pow'ers, yet it is the decided opinion of 
 competent judges, that it is incapable of 
 standing a regular siege. Algiers is 
 situated opposite to Palma in Majorca, 380 
 miles w of Tunis. Lon. 2 IS e, lat. 36 
 49 N. 
 
 AlgtsBy or Alghise^ a handsome towm of 
 Italy, seated on the river Savarana, and ci- 
 devant district of Eresciano, containins' 
 3000 inhabitants. ^ 
 
 ALGONQUINS, a nation of American 
 Indians, in Upper Canada, on the n side of 
 the lake Huron. 
 
 Algue^ a tow n of Chili, in the province 
 of Eancagua, is remarkable for a very rich 
 mine of gold. 
 
 Alguil^ a strong town in the province of 
 Hea, Morocco. 
 
 A LH ALLOW, one of the Orkney islands, 
 noted for a good fishery. 
 
 Mhama, a populous and well built towm 
 of Granada, in Spain, situated in the midst 
 of some craggy mountains, about 25 miles 
 sw of Granada, on the banks of the Frio, 
 possessing fine w^arm baths. Lon. 3 25 w, 
 lat. 36 49 N. 
 
 Alhania, a village of Airagon, in Spain, 
 noted for medical baths. 
 
 Alhambia, an ancient fortress, in Gra- 
 nada. Thew^alls are entirely unornamented, 
 all gravel and pebbles, daubed over with 
 plaister, in a very coarse manner. 
 
 Alhambra y a river of Arragon. 
 
 Alhampton, in Somersetshire, near Shep. 
 ton Mallet. 
 
 Alhandra'y a town of Estramadura, Por- 
 tugal. 
 
 Alhangay a town of Estramadura, Spain. 
 
 ALIBALUC, an island in the Caspian 
 sea. 
 
 Alicanty a rich sea port towm of Spain, in 
 the kingdom of Valencia, and territory of 
 Segura. The port is defended by three bas- 
 tions furnished with artillery, and has w^alch- 
 tow'crs to give notice of an enemy ship. 
 The houses are high and w'ell built ; a very, 
 great trade is carried on, particularly in wico 
 
all 
 
 and fruit. The English, Italians, <fec. have 
 consuls here in time of peace.. It is seated 
 on the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same 
 name, and has a strong castle, 3T miles ne 
 of Murcia, and 75 s of Valencia, Lon. 
 
 0 S6 w, lat. 38 24 n. 
 
 Alicatay anciently called Leocatay a sea- 
 port of Sicily, in the \ alley of Mazara, which 
 is remarkable for corn and good wine, seated 
 on a peninsula near the sea, 28 miles se of 
 Girgenti. Lon. 52 0 E,iat. 37 11 N. 
 
 ALICUDA, the most western of the 
 Lipari islands in the Mediterranean, 10 
 miles w of Felicuda. 
 
 JlJfy a town in Terra di Lavoro, Naples, 
 at the foot of the Appenines, 35 miles kw of 
 Beneventc* 
 
 Aim grabs, or Alingsahs, an inland town 
 of West Gothland, in Sweden, where there 
 are silk, woollen, tobacco, and pipe manu- 
 fact Olid's. Lon. 13 20 e, lat. 50 20 n. 
 
 Alkmaar. See Alcmaer. 
 
 ALL-SAINTS, an island near Guada- 
 loune. 
 
 All-Saints Bay, a large harbour of S A- 
 mcrica, near St Salvadore, in Brazil. Lon. 
 40 10 w, lat. 12 3 s. 
 
 Allahabad, a city and capital of Hm- 
 doostan, at the confluence of the Ganges 
 and Jumna. It is 470 miles nw of Cal- 
 cutta. Lon. 82 0 E, lat. 24 45 N. 
 
 ALLAHABAD, a province cf Hindoos- 
 tan Bx:oper, 160 miles long and 120 broad ; 
 bounded on the ir by Oude, e by Babar, s 
 by Orissa and Berare, w by Malva, and 
 Agra. Near its s side from e to w flows 
 the Nerbudda, which takes its rise on 
 the SE borders of the province, and the 
 Ganges crosses it from w to B near its 
 
 Allan, a river in Perthshire, whioh rises 
 near Gieneagles, and falls into the Forth, 
 a mile above Stirling bridge. 
 
 Allan, Fort, a village and harbour of 
 Scotland, in the county of Wigton. Allan, 
 St, in Cornwall, near Truro. Allanton, 
 in Northumberlandshire, near Rothbury. 
 
 Alias, a sea port towui in the E Infiies, 
 on the strait between the isle of Lambock 
 Lon. 86 14 E, lat. 10 
 
 md Combava 
 
 !0 N. 
 
 Allc}iurc1i,m Worcestershire, formerly a 
 >orough, five miles e by n of Broomsgrove, 
 )n the road to Leicester.' The Roman 
 [pkni^ld Street, and the Worcester Canal 
 lass it. The church contains a number 
 3f antique monuments. 
 
 Alle, a principal river in Prussia, whicn 
 falls into the Pregal, near Wehlaw. , 
 
 Alleghany, a river of North America, 
 which rises in the Alleghany mountains, in 
 lat. 42 0 N. At French Creek it is 200 
 yards broad and navigable lot small craft. 
 This and the Monorgahela river unite at 
 Pittsburgh and form the Ohio. 
 
 Alleguony, or Apalachian Movnto^ns, a 
 chain of mountains in N Anierioti, situated 
 
 ALL 
 
 between 30 deg. and 40 n lat. They ars 
 distant about 150 miles from the Atlantic 
 Ocean. They extend ke and sw through 
 the southern United States : and occupy a 
 space of about 900 miles in length, and from 
 60 to 200 in breadth, to the east of the Mis’- 
 sissippi, and the lakes. The different ridges 
 have various names in the different states 
 in which they are situated, such as, the 
 ’Kittatiny, the North, the South, the 
 Blue Mountains, &c. The blue moun- 
 tain is about 4000 feet high from its base. 
 
 A large fertile valley extends between 
 this and the north mountain. The Alleg- 
 hany is the principal ridge, and is ^jailed 
 the Backbone of the United States. Be- 
 yond this are the la,uiel Mountains, in 
 one of which;, in lat. 36. is a spring of 
 water 50 feet deep, very cold, and as blue 
 as indigo. They take the name of Apaia- 
 chian mountains from the river Apala- 
 chicola, which has its sourse in the 
 ridge. They are not confusedly scattered, 
 but stretch along in uniform ridges, 
 scarce half a mile high, spreading to- 
 wards the south. They give rise to many 
 rivers, which run southerly into the gulf of 
 
 Mexico. ^ , - 
 
 ALLEGHANY, a country of Maryland, 
 containing 10,150 citizens. Pittsburg' is 
 the chief towm. . , , - 
 
 Alleghe, a lake of Belluno, m Italy. Seo 
 
 Cordenolle^ . , , 
 
 Allegranza, one of the Canary islands^ 
 situated n of G^’^ciosa. The baibour is 
 defended by several forts. 
 
 Allegre, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of the Upper Loire. Lon. 3 50 e, 
 
 lat. 45 10 N, .... u- u 
 
 Allemand, a river of N America, wbich 
 
 falls into the Mississippi. 
 
 Allen, a small river in Flintshire, which 
 sinks under ground near Moid, and runs, 
 subterraneously for some space. 
 
 Alle 7 i, Bog of, an immense tract of moss, 
 which runs through part of the counties of 
 Dublin, Carlow, Kildare, Kilkenny, and 
 Meath. Part of it has lately been recov- 
 ered and cultivated, by burning and sow- 
 ing it with rape seed. In this Bog, the 
 Boyne, the Little Barrow, and several 
 lesser streams, take their rise, and tollow 
 their different courses to the sea. 
 
 ALLEN, ISLE OF, a district in the 
 county of Kildare, Ireland. 
 
 AUeahurg, a narrow and dark little town 
 of Prussia, commodiously situated on the 
 river Alle, 25 miles ese of Komgsberg. 
 Lon. 22 10 E, lat. 51 30 n. 
 
 Allen-Castle, a fort in Brunswick- 
 
 Limenburg. . , . . 
 
 Allendarf, a small town in the circle 
 of the Upper Rhine, and landgraviate 
 of Hesse-Causal, remarkable for its salt 
 works, and three briilges over the M erra. 
 It is sealed on the Wvjaer, 15 miles E oi 
 Cassel. Lon. 9 50 it lat. 51 26 
 
ALL 
 
 AUenhmghydi lake in the county of Lei- 
 trim, Ireland, eight miles long and two and 
 a-half broad, of great depth, and intersected 
 by the Snanncn. Its western banks abound 
 with coal and iron. 
 
 Allenstoivn, a town in Monmouth county. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Allenstown, a township on the e of the 
 Merrimack, New Hampshire. 
 
 Allentowny^ town in Northampton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Aliery a river of Germany, which rises in 
 Magdeburg, and fails into the Weser, a lit- 
 tle below Verden. 
 
 AU^iay a decayed tov/n in Corsica. Lon. 
 S 50 E, lat. S N. 
 
 Allerhc inly a town of Oettingen, Germany. 
 Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 48 54 n. 
 
 AUersteiHy a town of Prussia. 
 
 Allerthcrpy a town of Wakefield, York- 
 shire. 
 
 AlleXydL town in the department of Drome, 
 France, iO miles s of Valence. 
 
 Alliery comprehending the ci-devant pro- 
 vince of Eourbormois. Moulins is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 a river of France which rises at 
 Chabellier inGevauden; becomes navigable 
 near Viale, and fails into the Loire above 
 Orleans. 
 
 Allington-Castley an old fort, near the 
 Medway. 
 
 Allington-Cohhamy a small town, Kent, 
 near Mailing, 
 
 Allistony a town near Peveiisay, Sussex. 
 
 AUoOy a parish of Scotland, in the coun- 
 ty of Clackmannan, extending about tour 
 miles from e to w, and about two from k 
 to s, and containing about 3,900 acres It 
 is watered by the Devon on the w, vrhich 
 joins the Forth about a mile from Tulli- 
 body, and has a pier built at its mouth, 
 •where vessels of tolerable burden can load, 
 The population is about 5,214, inciuding 
 the town. 
 
 Aclloa, the Alunna, of the ancient Ro- 
 mans, a sea-port in the above parish, 
 seated on the n side of the Forth, seven 
 miles £ from Stirling by land, but above 
 17 by water, about 32 nw from Edinburgh 
 by land, and 27 and a-half higher up the 
 Frith than Leith. It is pleasantly situated, 
 and very populous, containing near 3,000 
 inhabitants, who have a considerable trade 
 and shipping. To this port belongs 1 15 
 vessels, which employ about 500 sailors 
 in the coal and foreign trade. The har- 
 bour is very commodious, receiving ves- 
 sels of the greatest burden. It has long 
 been famed for ship-building ; and an excel- 
 lent dry dock was lately erected. A great 
 quantity of coal is raised in the neigbour- 
 hood. An extensive glass-work, an iron 
 foundery, a tile work, and a tan- work, in- 
 crease the trade of the tovm, which has two 
 weekly markets and four fairs. Adjacent to 
 the town, stands the lower of Aloa, or xiiloa j 
 
 A L M 
 
 House, the property and residence of John 
 Frances Erskine, Esq. grandson of the into 
 : Earl of Mar; built about the 13th century, 
 : the highest turret of which is 89 feet in 
 height, and the walls are 1 1 feet in thick- 
 ness. This family was frequently entrusted 
 with the care of the infant kings of Scot- 
 land. Lord Mar, son to John first Earl, 
 Weis educated with king James VI. by the 
 celebrated Buchcinnan. The first heir of tho 
 Scottish monarchy, who was nurtured here, 
 svas Henry Prince of Cumberland, son of 
 king James VI. whose cradle, gold clubs, 
 &c. are preserved in memory of mat pro- 
 mising prince. This family are also in 
 possession of the private signetof the unfor- 
 tunate queen Mary, which she gave to the 
 regent Mar, after she was obliged by tbs 
 treaty of Edinburgh to desist from wearing 
 the cirms of England. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 
 56 10 N. 
 
 Alioayox AUowaijy formerly apansh, but 
 now annexed to that of Ayr. The church, 
 now in ruins, stands on the banks of the 
 Boon, at a short distance from the sea. 
 Robert Burns, the celebrated Scottish poet, 
 a native of this place, has immortalized its 
 desolate church in his humorous and beau 
 tiful poem called Alloway Kirky or Tam 
 o’Shanter, a Talc. The church standsabout 
 two miles s of Ayr. 
 
 AllomAiousCy in Hampshire, near Christ 
 Church. 
 
 AlloJtbyy a, neat town on the coast of 
 Ciiffibcriand, in the parish of Bromfield, 
 stands on the shore of the Irish sea, eight 
 miles KNW of Coekemioutb, and 22 wsw of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Allcsseuy a town in the district of Offen, 
 Hungary. Lon, 21 20 E, lat. 47 SO n. 
 
 AlloZy in Piedmont, Italy. Lon, 7 0 e, 
 lat. 44 20 N. 
 
 Alluty a town in the island 6f Ceylon, 
 Lon. SO 12 E, lat. 7 55 
 
 Almamrony a sea-port town in the pro- 
 vince of MuTcia, Spain, situated at the 
 mouth of tiie river Gueidaientin, It is 
 about 20 miles wsw of Carthagena. It has 
 a prodigious quantity of alum . in its terri- 
 tory, and is remarkable for a singular kind 
 of red earth, employed as an iiigredient in 
 Spanish snuff, and instead of Tripoli to give 
 the last polish to glass. Lon. 0 56 w, lat. 
 37 28 N. 
 
 Ahmday a town in Portuguese Estrama- 
 dura. 
 
 Almaden, a town in the province of La 
 Mancha, of Castile, Spain, siiucited upon the 
 top of a mountain celebrated for its rich 
 mines of mercury and vermiliion, 45 miles 
 w of Cuidad Real. 
 
 Almacleny a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 near which there are also silver mines, 34 
 miles K by-E of Seville. 
 
 Almagray or AlmagueTyix town of Popa- 
 } an, in S America, 36 miles s of Popayan. 
 
 AlniagrOy a fortress of Spain, the capital of 
 
A L M 
 
 one of the districts of La Mancha, with an 
 university, 12 miles ese of Caidad Ileal. 
 
 AlmagrOj a town of New^ Castile. 
 
 Almand, a river of Athol, which runs 
 into the Tay. It has a cascade near 30 
 yards high ; near which two rocks meei 
 over the river in such a manner as to form 
 a natsirai bridge. 
 
 Almanzcvy a town of Barbary in the 
 j'rovince of Temesne, inhabited by a few 
 Arabs, 10 miles sw of S'ailee. 
 
 Almanza y a little town of New Castile, 
 on the frontiers of Valencia, in ^pain ren- 
 dered memorable by the deicat of ihe Por- 
 tuguese and English, under the Marquis de 
 la Minas, and the earl of Galway, by the 
 French end Spanish commanded by the 
 duke of Berwick, in ITOT ; when most of 
 the English w^ere killed or taken, having 
 been abandoned by the Portuguese horse, at 
 the first charge. Almanza is situated 60 
 miles svv’ of Valencia, and 50 nw of Ali- 
 cant. Lon. 0 56 \v, lat. 38 54 n. 
 
 AlmaroZy a town near the river Tagus, 
 Spanish Estramadiira. Lon. 5 0w, lat. 30 
 30 N. 
 
 Almarstacky a town of Upland, Sweden. 
 
 AlmaSyin the county of Temeswar, Hun- 
 gary. Lon. 24 55 e, lat. 46 10 n. 
 
 Almeduy a. town of Estramadura, Portu- 
 gal, seated on the Tajo, opposite to Lisbon. 
 Lon. 9 4 w, lat. 38 53 n. 
 
 Almeidnay a decayed town of Morocco. 
 Its ruins are still grand. 
 
 Almedinuy a towm of Fez, seated on a 
 declivity of Mount Atlas. 
 
 Almedidy a frontier towm of Portugal, in 
 the province of Tra-los-Montes, on the con- 
 fines of Leon, 17 miles nw of Cuidad Rod- 
 rigo. Lon. T 10 w, lat. 40 41 n. 
 
 Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in 
 Beira, on the river Cca, containing about 
 2,200 inhabitants. The French, who took 
 it in 1810, after blowing up the fortress, 
 abandoned it in 1811. It is 18 miles neoI 
 Guarda. Lon. 8 15 w, lat. 40 38 n. 
 
 Almenaray a town of Valencia. 
 
 Af,m£ndralejOy a town of Estramadura, 
 Spain, near the borders of Portugal. Lon. 
 5 6 w, lat. 38 36 n. 
 
 Almenoy St. Bartholomeo, aud Almeno 
 St. Salvatorey towms, seated in the vale of 
 Imagna, in the ci-devant Venetian territory 
 of Bergamesco, included in the Cisalphine 
 republic. 
 
 Almeriay a city of Granada in Spain, 
 plcastintly situated on a river of the same 
 Bame, near a fine bay on the Mediterranean. 
 It is at present little better than a village, 
 indifferently inhabited, and has nothing to 
 testify its former greatness. Almeria is 
 situated 64 miles se from Granada. Lon. 
 2 0 w, lat. 30 51 n. 
 
 Almeriay a sea-port town of IMexico, 
 seated on a river of the same name. 
 
 AlmipigonySi lake in Canada. 
 
 Almissay a strong towm in Venetian Dal- 
 matia, anciently called Peguntiumy seated 
 
 A L N 
 
 at the mouth of the Cetina, 10 miles e of 
 Spalatro, noted for its piracies, and famous 
 for its wines. It contains 12,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Lon. 39 33 e, lat. 43 56 n. 
 
 Almo. See Aquataccio. 
 
 Almodavar, a small towm of Alentajo, 
 Portugal. 
 
 Almodavcr-del-campo, a town of New 
 Castile, Spain. 
 
 Almondy or Amond, a river of Scotland, 
 w^hieh rises in the top of a glen in the Gram- 
 pians, called the Narrow Glen. Its falls 
 into the Tay about two miles above the 
 town of Perth. 
 
 Almondhury, a village in the \V Riding 
 of Yorkshire, six miles from Halifax, and 
 two ssE of Huddersfield. It was the Cam- 
 podonum of the Romans. It was afterwards 
 a seat of theSaxen kings, and had once a 
 castle and cathedral. Almomhvryy a vil- 
 lage in Gloucestershire, eight miles n of 
 Bristol. It is said to be the burial place of 
 Alimond, father of King Edw^ard. Here is 
 a Saxon fortification with a double ditch, 
 which commands an extensive view of the 
 Severn, 
 
 Almcntey a pleasant towm of Andalusia, 
 
 , Spain* 
 
 ALMORA, a country of Asia, between 
 the mountains of Tibet and Hindoostan, 
 Its chief towns are Rampour and Cassiponr* 
 
 ALMUDEVAR, a fertile district in Ar- 
 ragon, Spain. 
 
 Almuncsary a sea-port town of Granada 
 on the shore of the Mediterranean, with a 
 good harbour defended by a strong castle 
 30 miles sse of Albania. Lon. 3 45 w, lat, 
 36 40 N. 
 
 AlmuniGy a tow n of Arragon, Spain, near 
 the Xiloca, 27 miles sw of Saragossa. 
 
 Alna-frithy or Altha-frithy a small wick, 
 or harbour, in the parish of Belting. 
 
 Alne, the name of three rivers in Eng- 
 land, viz. one in Cumberland which runs in- 
 to the Tyne below Kirkhaugh, two in Nor- 
 thumberland, which falls into the German 
 Ocean at Almouth ; and three in Warwick- 
 shire, which runs into the Arrow at Round 
 Alne. 
 
 Alne, the name of four small towns in 
 England, viz. 1. in Cumberland, near Kirk 
 Oswald ; 2. near York ; 3 Magna, and 4. 
 Parva, near Henley in Warwickshire. 
 
 AlnemontJiy a sea port, situated at the 
 mouth of the Alne, Northumberland. 
 
 a parish of Scotland, in Ross-shire, 
 extending 1 2 miles along the coast of the 
 Frith of Cromarty, and from tw'o to four 
 broad. 
 
 ALNE Y, a small island near the city of 
 Gloucester, famous for the single combat 
 fought upon it between Edmund Ironside, 
 and Canute, king of Denmark, to decide 
 the fate of the kingdom, in sight of both 
 their armies ; the latter being wounded, he 
 proposed an amicable division, and accord- 
 ingly obtained the n part, the s falling to 
 Edriiiind. 
 
ALP 
 
 Alnwick y the county town of Northum- 
 berland, on the road from Newccistle to 
 Edinburgh. Malcolm the HI. having 
 made an inroad into Northumberland, 
 was killed here with Edward his son, and 
 his army defeated by Robert Mowbray, 
 earl of this county, in 1093.— His great 
 grandson William I. invading England 
 with an army of 80,000 men, was encoun- 
 tered here and his army routed, and himself 
 made prisoner in 1 1 74. The town appears 
 to have been formerly fortified, from the 
 vestiges of a wall still to be seen in several 
 parts, and three gates which remain almost 
 entire. Alnwick populous, and in gene- 
 ral well built ; it has a large town house, 
 where the quarter-sessions and county- 
 courts are held, and members of par- 
 liament elected. It has a spacious square, 
 in which a market is held every Saturday, 
 and five fairs annually. It has a hand- 
 some shambles, surrounded with piazzas. 
 It is governed by four chambeiiains, who 
 are chosen once in two years out of a com- 
 mon council, consisting of 24 members. 
 It is ornamented by a stately old Gothic 
 castle, the seat of the duke of Northum- 
 berland, which has belonged to the Percy 
 family ever since the year 1309. The 
 manner of making freemen is peculiar to 
 this place, and indeed is as ridiculous as 
 singular. Those who are made free have 
 to go through a dirty pool or well. This 
 ceremony is owing to king John, who was 
 mired in this well ; and who, as a punish- 
 ment for their not mending the road, made 
 this a part of their charier. Alnwick is 
 seated on the Alne, 310 miles n by w from 
 London, 33 n of Newcastle, and 30 s of 
 Berwick. Lon. 1 10 Wylckt. 55 24 n. 
 
 Aloray a towm of Granada, Spain, has a 
 castie situated on a high conical hill, 24 
 miles Nw of Malaga. 
 
 ALOST; or Aljlst, a district of the ci- 
 devant Austrian Flanders, now belonging 
 to France. Also a city of the same name, 
 seated on theDender, 13 miles nw of Brus- 
 sels, and 15 se from Ghent. It has but one 
 parish ; but the church is collegiate, and 
 has a provost, a dean, and 12 canons. In 
 one of the converits is the tomb of Theodore 
 Martin, who introduced the an of printing 
 into the Low Countries. It w'as taken 
 II om the P^rench in 170(>, after the battle 
 of llamilies. Lon. 4 10 e, lat. 40 55 n. 
 
 AlpheuiSy or AlplieiiiSy a large river of the 
 Peloponnesus; which, rising in Arcadia, 
 flows by Olympia in Ellis, with a sw 
 course, into the Sinus ChelonUes, about 10 
 miles s of Olympia. 
 
 AkphingtoHy in Devonshire, two miles s 
 ol Exeter. It has two fairs, 1st Thursday 
 in June, and 16th October. 
 
 Alpnachy a town of Switzerland, in Un- 
 der wald, stands on an arm of the lake of 
 the lour cantons, six miles s of Lucern. 
 
 Alpsj the highest mouutaiss iu Europe, 
 
 ALP 
 
 separating Italy from France, Switzerland, 
 and Germany. They are about tw o miles 
 perpendicular in height, and have different 
 names. From the Mediterranean to mount 
 Viso, between Dauphiny and Piedmont 
 they were formerly called Maritime, now^ ie 
 rffontagne, di Tenda ; the Coltian moun- 
 tains from the source of the Vado to tlie 
 city of Susa; the Grecian Alps, from the 
 city of Susa to the mountain of St Bernard * 
 ihe Pennian Alps, from mount St Bernard 
 to mount St Gothard ; by the latter are 
 bounded the Rhetian Alps, which extend 
 to the source of the river Piave ; also, the 
 Norician, or Carnician Alps extend them- 
 ^ selves, from the Piave as far as Istria and 
 the source of the Saave. Few of these 
 mountains are accessible, and the passatres 
 w'^hieh intersect them are narrow and dan- 
 gerous. They are shrouded in constant 
 ^ow, and vegetation is little and unequal. 
 The glaciers, \vhich cover the declivities of 
 the mountains in Savoy, and the immense 
 spiral columns of ice that often ascend far 
 above their elevated tops, have been deserv- 
 edly reckoned among the most wmnderful 
 works of nature. Pieces of these vast co- 
 lumns of ice and snow separate from the 
 mountains, roll down wdth such velocity 
 that nothing can stop theirprogress. Many 
 rivers derive their sources Iroin this vast re- 
 gion, which contribute to the beauty of the 
 prospect. Hannibal the Carthaginian gene- 
 ralissimo, forced a passage through these 
 vast mountains into Italy in the middle of 
 winter, which he accomplished by cutting 
 the snow with hatchets. While Mont Blano 
 and the adjacent summits are composed of 
 vertical strata, the most elevated peaks of 
 mount Rosa, are horizontal, or not inclined 
 more than 36 degrees north latitude. 
 
 Alps the Lowery a department of France, 
 so called from its vicinity to the mountains 
 oi that name, which comprehends part of 
 the late province of Provence, Digue is 
 the capital. 
 
 Alps, the Upper, a department of France; 
 which comprehends part of the ci-devant 
 province of Dauphiny. Chief town Bri- 
 ancon. 
 
 Alpsy Maritime, a new department of 
 France, of wmich Nice is the capital. 
 
 Alpujarrasy or Alpuxareasy mountains in 
 the province of Granada, Spain, on the 
 coast of the Mediterranean sea, about IT 
 leagues in length, and 1 1 in breadth, reach- 
 ing from the city of Velez to Almeria. 
 They are inhabited by Moors, -who are the 
 remains ot their dispersed and ruined em- 
 pire. They embraced the Christian re- 
 ligion ; but preserve their own manners, 
 and speak a corrupted dialect of their 
 ancient language. Between Pitros and 
 Portuges, is a rivulet, which, in an instant 
 changes the colour of linen dipped into it, 
 into black. From a cavern near this ri- 
 1 vuiet; proceeds a steam so malignant, that 
 
A L S 
 
 it destroys such animals as comes near it 
 The Moriscoes, as they are called, excex 
 in cultivating the soil, and in bringing 
 fruit-trees to perfection. 
 
 Jlresford, a town of Hampshire, situ- 
 ated on the road from London to Soutnamp- 
 ton. It is a rectory, and consists of a omit 
 200 houses; has one church and two 
 principal streets. On the sw of ti^e town 
 is a sheet of water which covers about 
 200 acres, and is the source of the river 
 
 Itehin. Linseys are 
 
 manufactured here. 
 
 Its market is on Thursday. It is 18 
 miles NE of Southampton, and 5. wsw 
 of London. Lon. 1 1.1 w, lai 516 n. 
 ALROA, or Alrob, a Damsa Island. 
 Alsace, Lower and Upper, a late pro- 
 vince of Frctiicc, now includ'M m 
 partments of the Lower and Upper Rhine. 
 Pleasant hills, and mountains^ covered 
 with forests, in which are ioAy pines, 
 diversifying the landscape. It abounds 
 with corn, wine, wood, flax, tobacco, 
 pulse, pasture and fruit. It is enricned by 
 mines of silver, copper, and lead, as well 
 
 as mineral waters. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ALsasso, a towm of Italy, m tae Mo- 
 denese, adjacent to which petroleum and 
 yellow amber are produced. 
 
 Alschwanpen, a town in Coujland. ^ 
 ALSEN, a pleasant island oi DenmarK 
 in ths'E sea, or entrance into the Baltic, 
 between Sleswic and Funen, belonging to 
 the duchy of Sleswick. It produces large 
 crops of all sorts of grain, except wneat . 
 and particularly aniseeds. It contains 
 two old castles, 100 miles w of Copenha- 
 gen. Chief town Sonderborg. Lon. 10 
 12 b, lat. 55 12 N- 
 
 Alscrig, a village in the county of Cro- 
 marly, noted for large plantations of fir. 
 
 Alsefeld,a ioyir\ of Germany , m the land- 
 graviate of Hesse-Cassel, seated on the 
 Ichwalon, 10 miles nw of Marpurg, and d4 
 s of Hesse-cassel. It is an ancient town, 
 and the inhabitants were the first of this 
 country who embraced the Reiorination. 
 Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 50 55 N. 
 
 Alshash, a very beautiful city 
 baria, supposed to be the same with taa 
 which is now called Tasheant, the capital 
 of the eastern part of Turkestan, possessed 
 
 by the Kassats. • j.u 
 
 Alsheda, a parish of Sweuen, ill the pro- 
 vince of Smaland, which contains a gold 
 
 mine discovered in n38. 
 
 Alsiero, an episcopal to\vn of Naples 
 
 in the Molise, 23 miles NE of the town of 
 
 a town of Upper Saxony, three 
 
 miles ssw of Beniberg. 
 
 ALSO SA.TO, a district of Hungar}, 
 where great quantities of Cinnabar are dug. 
 
 atown of Hungary, which i. 
 celebrated for a mineral spring. 
 
 Alstadt, a town of Upper .Saxonv, in 
 Thuringia, eight miles w of Querfurt. ^ 
 
 ALT 
 
 Alstadt, a town cf Moravia, in the circle 
 of 01 m lit 35 miles NNW of Olmut2. 
 
 Alstead, a towui.ship of New- Hampshiri^, 
 eight miles s of Charlestown, containing 
 about 1,111 citizens. 
 
 Alstelton, a small town of Switzerland, 
 in the bailiwick of RheinthaL Lon. 9 
 52 E, lat. 47 10 n. 
 
 Alston- More, or Alston-Moor, a town 
 and parish in Curnberland. The town is 
 seated on a hill, a't the bottom of w^hich 
 runs the river Tyne. Near this place 
 plenty of lead ore is found ; here is a ma- 
 nufactory of shot, and an iron foundery. It 
 is 20 miles e by s from Carlisle, and 276 
 N by from London. It has a market oa ^ 
 Saturday, and two annual fairs, la.st 
 Thursday in Biay, and first in September. 
 Lou. 2 14 w, lat. .54 45 n. 
 
 AT.SVIG, a small island near the isle 
 of Sky. 
 
 Alsungen, a lake of Sweden, in the pro- 
 vince of Halland. 
 
 Alswangon, a town of Courland, Poland. 
 Lon. 21 39 e, lat. 56 58 n. 
 
 Alsza, a small town of European Turkey, 
 situated in one of the Tartar districts, be- 
 tween the Dnieper and the Don. 
 
 Alt, or Altwa, a river in Transylvania, 
 
 America. . , 
 
 Altaic Chain, a range of mountani.s wnich 
 forms the southern boundary of Siberia. 
 It begins at the vast mountain Bogdc, 
 passes between the Irtisch and the Ob ; 
 whence it proceeds by the lake Telezkoi ; 
 and afterwards under the name of Sainnes 
 is uninterruptedly continued to the lake 
 of Baikal. A branch insinuates itself 
 between the sourcek of the rivers Onon and 
 Ingodo, and another stretches along the 
 Oleema. The principal chain approaches 
 and keeps near the shores of the sea 
 of Ohdkotz. Aldan, and Maia, is dis^ 
 tributed in small branches, v/hich range 
 between the eastern river.s that fall into 
 the icy sea. Another branch turning s 
 runs through all Kamschatka. The last 
 range chieily form.s the great cape Tsc^mt- 
 ski, with its promontories and broken 
 rocky shores. 
 
 ALTALA, a district of Cornea. 
 AUamira, a county of Galicia, Spam. 
 Altamoni, a handsome town of Italy, in 
 the province of Calabria Citerior, Naples, 
 15 miles nw of Basigniano. Lon. 16 22 e, 
 
 lat. 39 50 N.- ..UK*. 
 
 Altawtsofi, or the txold fliver, in the king- 
 dom of Bassora, in Asia. It has many 
 bituminous and hot springs cn its banks. 
 
 AUamura, a town in the territory of 
 Bari, Naples, 10 miles ne of GraMiia. 
 
 Lon.’lO 58 E,'lat. 41 6 X. . , , 
 
 ALTayeff, a town of Hejaz, m Arabia 
 Felix, situated about 60 miles e of 
 behind Mount Gaswan. It is surrounded 
 with a wall, ami its territory produces ex- 
 cellent raisins. 
 
ALT 
 
 AUdorfy a large handsome town in S\Yit“ 
 2erland, and the chief of the canton of Uri. 
 It has four chure?;es, and two convents, 
 ion. 8 30 E, lat. 3t> 50 >j. 
 
 Aitea, a sea port town of Valencia, in 
 Spain, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 rich in wine, silk, flax, and honey. It was 
 taken for the archduke Charles in the year 
 1705; but lost after the famous battle of 
 Almanza, 30 miles nb of Alicant. Lon. 
 0 15 E, kit. 43 34 N, 
 
 Aitemhirgy or AUenbvrg, a tovvn of 
 Transylvania, 17 miles sw of Wlsemburg. 
 Lon. 6 E, lat. 43 5^5 n. 
 
 ALTEN, a district of Fiamark, Nor- 
 way, 
 
 ’ Altenhvrg^ an ancient town of Germany’ 
 on the river Pleiss, 20 miles s of Leipsic, in 
 Misnia, and circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 
 12 23 N, lat. 50 S9 n. 
 
 Altenburgy a small fortified town of Hun- 
 gary, in the tenitoryof Moson, about 25 
 miles from Vienna. Lon. 35 30 e, lat. 48 
 J5 N. 
 
 AUenhvrg, or Oldenhnrgy an ancient 
 town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein. 
 •Lon. 10 20 E, lat, 54 20 n. 
 
 Altenburgy or Owaa, a small but strong 
 town of Hungary. It is 15 miles s of Pres- 
 burg, 40 SE of Vienna. Lon. 17 50 e, ku. 
 34 0 N. 
 
 AUendomy a town in the duchy of West- 
 phalia, 48 miles e by n ot Cologne. 
 
 AUenderfy a town of the canton of Che- 
 vitz, Switzerland. Lon. 8 52 e lat. 46 55 n. 
 
 a village of Germany in the 
 circle of the Lower Rhine, where gene- 
 ral Hoche defeated the Austrians, in June 
 1706, 15 miles nne of Coblentz. 
 
 Altenrgffy a town of the canton of Frey- 
 burg, Switzerland. Lon. 7 4 e, lat. 46 
 20 N. 
 
 - AUerinniSy in Hertfordshire, on the bor- 
 ders of Monmouthshire, nearly encompa: s- 
 cd with the windings of the river Mimnow. 
 
 Alte.ssony a town of Piedmont, situated 
 between the Dora aud Stura, three miles n 
 O f Turin. Lon. 27 24 e, lat. 44 36 n. 
 
 Aitezeyy a late territory of Germany, in 
 the Low'cr Palatinate, now annexed to 
 France, and included in the department of 
 the Rhine and Nahe. 
 
 Altezey, the capital of the above district, 
 15 miles sw of Meniz, Lon. S 12 e, lat 
 49 40JC. 
 
 Altkuv.Sy a town in Polish Prussia. 
 
 Altin. a lake in Siberia, from whence 
 issues the river Ob, or Oby, in Lon. 85 55 e, 
 iat. 52 0 N. This lake is called by the 
 Russians Teioskoi Ossero, It is called 
 Altin Kiily by the Tartars. By the Kal- 
 mucks it is called AUimwr, It is said to 
 be 90 miles long, and 50 broad, with a 
 rocky bottom ; though some geographers 
 state it only 18 miles 'long and Vi broad. 
 
 - AUiaOy a tov, n of the Trevisano, in lialy. 
 
 Loij, ^6 E, iat. 45 36 n, • jt 
 
 1 
 
 ALT 
 
 ALTIVAIG, a fertile island on the NW 
 coast of the isle of Sky. it has a goy'd 
 iiarbour. 
 
 Altkirchy or Altkirky a town of France, 
 m the department of the Upper PHiine, 45 
 miles ssw of Strasburg, and 12 nw of Ba- 
 sil, on an eminence near the source of the 
 river 111, and 25 miles s of Colmar. Lon. 
 7 29 E, lat. 47 40 n. 
 
 AltmorSy a town in the county of Ty- 
 ronne,aud province of Ukter, Ireland, situ- 
 ated seven tiiiles miles nw' of Dongannoh. 
 Lon. 7 2 w, iat. 54 34 k. 
 
 A-nmouta, in Lancashire, seated on the 
 mouth of the Ait. 
 
 Aitmully a river of Germany, which 
 rises in Franconia, runs se by Anspach, 
 and falls into the Danube at Kelheim, 12 
 miles above Ratisbon. 
 
 Alton, a towui in Hampshire, situated 
 on the river Wey. It is governed by a 
 constable ; and consists of about 300 
 houses, indif/erently built, chiefly laid out 
 in one pretty broad street. It has one 
 church, a Presbyterian and a Quaker^s 
 meeting, and a famous free school. The 
 principal manufactures at present are 
 bombazeens, sarsenets, and shawls. Hops 
 are successfully cultivated in the envi- 
 rons. li is 28 miles ene from South- 
 ampton, on the London road, and 50 
 miles wsw' from London. Lon. 0 46 w 
 iat. 5112 N. " 
 
 ALTON, a district of New Hampshire 
 ME of Barnstead, 
 
 All ana, a city and sea port of Lower 
 Saxony, Holstein, on the Elbe, two miles \v 
 of Hamburg. It was built by the Danes 
 near to Kambiirg, that it might rival her in 
 commerce. The Swedes burnt it in 1712, 
 but it has been elegantly rebuilt, and its po- 
 pulation is computed to amount to 25,000. 
 Lon. 9 58 e, lat. 53 54 n. 
 
 Altorfy a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Franconia, and territory of Nuremberg. 
 It has an urnversity, a physio garden, a 
 theatre, and a handsome library. It is sub- 
 ject to the house of Brandenburg, 16 miles 
 SE from Nuremberg. Lon. 11 29 e, iat. 
 47 20 N. ' 
 
 AUorjy a town of Germany, in the cir- 
 cle of Suabia, 20 miles ne of Constance. 
 Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 50 n. 
 
 Altorjy a town of Hungary. 
 
 Altorfy a town of Switzerland, the capi- 
 tal of the canton of Uri. It is seated near 
 the mouth of the Rea, on the lake Lucer- 
 ne, 20 miles se of the tpwm of that name. 
 Here cire tw'o stone pillars, 130 paces from 
 each other, the distance at which the im- 
 mortal William Tell is said to have shot 
 the apple from his son’s head. This cele- 
 brated deliverer of his country lived at 
 Burgh, near this place. A chapel now 
 stands on the site of his cottage, in which 
 Mass is solemnly taid. Lon. 8 25 b, lat. 
 I(i55.\. 
 
 % 
 
 
 D 
 
A L V 
 
 AUranstadty a town in Saxony. 
 
 Altringham, a town of Cheshire, in Eng- 
 land, governed by a mayor, seven miles 
 from Manchester, 10 miles e from War- 
 rington, and 1 SO nw of London. Its manu- 
 factures ate worsted and cotton, and it 
 supplies the Manchester market with great 
 quantities of vegetables and fruit. It has 
 a weekly market on Thursday ; and two 
 fairs, 5th August and 2d December, for 
 cattle and drapery. Lon. 1 32 w, lat. 53 
 25 N. 
 
 Altrip, a town of the late bishopric of 
 Spire, in Germany, now added to France. 
 Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49. 18 n. 
 
 Altshol, a town in Hungary. 
 
 Alstadt, a small town of Prussia. 
 
 Alttinkvpri, capital of Curdistan in Asi- 
 atic Turkey, residence of a Pacha, seated 
 on the Alton, which flows into the Tigris, 
 50 miles se of Mosul. Lon. 44 33 e, lat. 
 35 45 N. 
 
 Altzeif, a town lately of the Lower Pala- 
 tinate of Germany, now annexed to France. 
 Lon. r 25 E, lat. 49 44 n. 
 
 AUzheim, a town in the Palatinate of 
 the Lower Rhine. 
 
 Aboa, a parish in the county of Stirling, 
 separated from every other part of the 
 county of Stirling, being surrounded by 
 Clackmannanshire on every side but the x, 
 where it is bounded by Perthshire. It ex- 
 tends over a part of the Ochil hills, and in- 
 cludes a large portion of the fertile banks of 
 the river Devon. A vein of silver ore was 
 wrought some time ago ; and silver to the 
 value of 40 or 50,0001. was computed 
 to be raised. Cobalt, arsenic, lead, copper, 
 and iron have also been found at the foot of 
 the hills. Plxtensive veins of coal are now 
 begun to be wrought. In this village, a 
 manufactory of coarse serges, and .Scots 
 blankets is carried on. The population is 
 about TS7. 
 
 Abja, a town in Beira, FortugaL 
 
 Alca-de-Tormes. a considera})ie town in 
 the kingdom of Leon, and terrifory of Sala- 
 manca, Spain. It is iO miles se of Sala- 
 manca, and 47 of Rodrigo. Lon. 5 4 w, 
 iar. 41 0 N. 
 
 a majestic mountain in Banffshire, 
 which serves as aland-mark to mariners. 
 
 Alvahf a parish of Scotland, in the county 
 of Kaiflf, about six miles in length, and 
 in some places nearly as much in breadth, 
 but in others only two or three. Popula- 
 t;on is about 1057. It produces more 
 corn than it consumes, and its pastures 
 .are more employed in breeding than in 
 feeding cattle. 
 
 Ah:al(ada, a town in Alentejo. 
 
 Alvarada, a town of New Spain, in Gu- 
 axaca, on a river of the same name, near the 
 Gulf of M 'Xico, 42 miles se of Vh^ra 
 Cruz, and j()0 ne of Guaxaca. 
 
 Ahmroy ? (wo towns of Estramadura, 
 
 Alvarreft, ^ Portugal. 
 
 A L Z 
 
 Alvastofif a village in Gloucestershire, 
 eight miles n by e of Bristol. On the top 
 of a hill near the Severn is a circular camp 
 named Oldburg, where several antiquities 
 have been found. 
 
 Alvayazerey a town in Beira, Portugal. 
 
 Alvendf or Elvend Mountain^ a branch 
 of Taurus, the most considerable in Persia. 
 
 Alverea, a small town of Estramadura, 
 Portugal. 
 
 Alves f a parish in the county of Elgin, 
 on the coast of the Moray Frith, extend- 
 ing about five miles in length, and nearly 
 as much in breadth. The population was 
 1,049, it has been decreasing for some time 
 on account of the increase of the extent of 
 farms, and scarcity of fuel. Here is 
 a lairn of very extraordinary size, on a 
 moor near the highroad, in the immediate 
 vicinity of which Danish and Lochaber 
 axes of a particular figure have been dug 
 up in a bog. 
 
 Alvie, a parish in Inverness-shire, ex- 
 tending from NE to sw about 16 miles 
 in length, and between one and two in 
 breadth, in the low grounds ; but, includ- 
 ing the hills, about 20 miles. The popu- 
 lation is about 1,058. In this parish 
 about two miles from Pitmain, is a 
 cave that reaches 60 feet below ground, 
 nine feet wide, and seven feet high, built 
 with stone on the sides, and covered with 
 flags. In one of the tumuli which was 
 opened, the bones of a human body were 
 found entire, with two Jieart bones across. 
 
 Alving^ a fort in Weissenburg. 
 
 Alvington, in Gloucestershire, near Lid- 
 ney, in the Forest of Dean, was anciently 
 one of the Roman stations, but is now only 
 a village, nine miles from Monmouth and 
 22 from Gloucester. It was Abane of 
 Antoninus. 
 
 AlvitOy a small town in Alentejo, Portu- 
 gal. 
 
 Alvcrninha, a small town in Estrama- 
 dura, Portugal. 
 
 Aluiay a river in Transylvania. 
 
 Ahj, a city of Georgia, in Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Algthy a parish in Perthshire, on the n 
 side of Strathmore, about 12 miles long, and 
 at an average, three broad, stretching from 
 s to N, towards, the Grampians. U is 
 watered by the Isla, the Ericht, and the 
 Alyih. 
 
 Algthy a village in the above parish, 
 which was erected into a burgh of bargny 
 by king .Tames lil. It contains about 
 2,307 inhabitants. Their principal manu- 
 facuires were yarn and brown linens. 
 
 Alzano, Great and Little^ two elegant 
 towns, situated on a canal in the Vale of 
 Lower Seriana, Italy. 
 
 Alzeuy a town of Germany in the circle 
 of the Upper Rhine, in the deparfmetit of 
 Mont Tonnere st'aied on the Seisse, annex- 
 ed to France in December, 1796, 17 miles 
 ssw of Mentz. 
 
A M A 
 
 Ahiray or Ahtjra, a town in the kingdom 
 of Valencia, Spain, seated on the river 
 Xucar, 17 miles s of Valencia. It carries 
 on a considerable trade in silk. Lon. 0 20 e, 
 lat. 39 10 N. 
 
 Am, a city of Armenia, in Asia, now very 
 obscure, formerly called Apamea, but it 
 once contained 100,000 houses, and 100 
 churches ! 
 
 Amadabat, a large and populous city, 
 the capital of the province of Guzemt, Hin- 
 doostari. It is situated 120 miles n of Su- 
 rat and 40 ne of Chambaya. It was for- 
 merly the residence of the Guzerat kings ; 
 but now of the Mogul viceroy, who lives 
 very splendidly, and maintains 60 elephants 
 and 12,000 horse. The city stands on a 
 beautiful plain, and is surrounded by walls 
 built of stone and brick, fianked with 
 round towers and battlements. It has 12 
 gates ; and including the suburbs, is in 
 length, four miles and a-half. The streets 
 are v/ide atid commodious. The king^s 
 square is 700 paces long, and 400 broad, 
 planted round with orange, citron, and 
 palm trees, <^c. On the w side is the 
 eastle, surrounded with a wail of free 
 stone, which in appearance and size, is 
 equal to a small town. The caravansera 
 is on the s of the square, and is its prin- 
 cipal ornament ; near the meydan also is 
 the king^s palace ; and in the middle of 
 the city is the English factory, where is 
 sold tine chintz, calicoes, and other Indian 
 merchandize. Besides smaller mosques here 
 are about 30 large ones, one of which is 
 very magnificent; also 16 pagadoes. Here 
 the Abyssinians, Armenians, and Jews, 
 have their respective places of worship ; 
 and European merchants have their factors. 
 According to some late accounts, this city 
 1 > little inferior to the best in Europe ; it is 
 supposed to yield ten times as much re- 
 venue as Surat. Lon. 71 22 e, lat.2310 n. 
 
 Amadan, or Hamadan, a town of Per- 
 sia, between Taurus and Ispahan It is 
 situated 200 miles ne of Bagdad, at the 
 loot ol a mountain, where there are many 
 springy which water the adjacent coun- 
 try. The houses are built of brick har- 
 dened m the sun, and have but a very in- 
 aifferent aspect. There is l)ut one toiera- 
 
 th® garments, and 
 
 the like are exposed to sale ; it is strait, 
 long and wide ; and the shops are very well 
 furnished. The Armenians have a church 
 in this town, and the Jews a synasoo-ue 
 near a tomb where they pretend Esther 
 and Mordecai lie interred. To this place 
 they come on pilgrimage Ircm several 
 p aces in the Levant. Amadan is a very 
 
 stroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, and rebuilt by 
 l ariu-s who brought hither all his riches. 
 
 It lies 83 miles nw of Ispahan. Lon. 47 
 d it, lat. 3.5 15 N. 
 
 Amadanaaar, or Anadanger, a beauti- 
 
 AM A 
 
 ful, rich and populous town of India, in 
 the province of Deccan, situated 13(1 
 “s E^rabay. Lon. 74 15 e, lau 
 
 Amadia, a trading town of Curdistan 
 in Asia, seated on a mountain, 40 miles 
 El lat- 36 5 N. 
 
 AMAK, an island in the Baltic sea 
 
 I fvlTf I'V* llvtv/-a1 ^ 
 
 about eight miles long aud four broad; 
 
 on which that part of Copenha gen called 
 Chnstianshoseu is built. It is separated 
 xrom Zealand by a canal, oyer which 
 there are two bridges that communicate 
 Copenhagen. The island contains 
 between 3, and 
 4,000 souls. It has two churches, in 
 
 Which the ministers preach occasionally 
 in Dutcx] and Danish. The inhabitants 
 
 nave their own inferior tribunals ; but m 
 capital offences are amenable to the kino'^s 
 courts o[ justice at Copenhagen. The old 
 national habit resembles the habit of the 
 ancient Quakers, as represented in the pic- 
 ures of the Dutch and Flemish painters. 
 Ihe island is laid out in gardens and pas- 
 ^ ures ; and still, according to the orifrmal 
 esign, supplies Copenhagen with miik,°but- 
 ter and vegetables. Lon. 12 43 e, lat. 
 
 Amal, a town of Sweden, in the pro- 
 vince of Daland. It has a good bar- 
 hour on the lake Weuuer, aud carries ot. a 
 gieat trade in timber, deals, aud tar: is 175 
 miles sw ofUpsal. Lon. 12 40 e, lat. 
 
 A.MALAG.4N, or island of Conception, 
 one of t.ieLadrone islands about six leagues 
 in circuraterenee. Lon. 145 38 e, iat. 
 
 Amalfi, an ancient city of Italy, situated 
 on the bay of Salerno, 10 miles w from that 
 Cl ^ . It is said to have derived its origan 
 irom a number of Roman families, who, 
 about the middle of the 4th century, em- 
 barked tor Constantinople ; who ‘settled 
 _ere from be ng shipwrecked on the coast of 
 x^alerno. Their situation had from the be- 
 pmung given them a turn to commerce, 
 and their attention to naval affairs appeared 
 ot so much consequence in the eyes of their 
 protector the emperor of Con.stantinople, 
 
 ^ 4 orders, a court was established 
 
 at Amalfi tor the decision of all controver- 
 sies arising in maritime traasactions. To 
 crowii the mercantile and naval glory of th® 
 republic, it was re.served to the lot of an A- 
 maifitan to make, or at least to perfect, th® 
 most important discovery ever made forth® 
 improvement of navigation. Pasitano, a 
 Village which stands on the shores a few 
 of Amalfi, boasts of having given 
 birth to Flavius Gioia, or as others call him 
 blavius Bembo, the inventor of the ma-= 
 riner^s compass. At present Amalfi is sub- 
 ject to Naples, and is the see of an arch- 
 bishop. It is but a shadow of what it w^as 
 m Its flourishing state; its buildings ar® 
 
AM A 
 
 nnt rf markable for elegance or ; and 
 contain at most 4,000 inliabi tains, vdio 
 seem to be in an indigent condition. Tiie 
 cathedral is an uncouth bmhling: under 
 the cheir is the chapel and tomb o! 
 
 St. Andrew. Lon. IJ 20 E, lat. 40 
 35 ^ . 
 
 Amalrky in Perthshire, about 66 miles 
 ?vw from Edinburgh. It has a lair on the 
 first Wednesday of May. 
 
 Amana, one of the Bahama islands. 
 Amance^ a lovrn of France, seated six 
 miles E of Nanci, aud 20 s of Mentz. Lon. 
 
 6 25 E, lat. 4S 42 n. 
 
 Amand, St, a city of France, in the de- 
 partment of Cher, 20 miles s of Bourges. 
 Lon. 2 SO E, lat. 40 45 n. 
 
 Anmnd, St, a city of ! ranee, in the de- 
 partment of the Noith, seated on toe Scarp, 
 seven miles n of VadeiiCit3nnes. It contains 
 3 or 4,000 inhabitants. Lon. 3 35 e, lat. 
 
 50 2T'n. . ^ • 
 
 Amantea, a sea jmrt town, situated near 
 the bay of Euphemia, in the province of Ca- 
 labria, “ Naples, 20 rmles sw of Cosensa. 
 Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 39 12 N. 
 
 a mountain oi SjTia, which se- 
 parates it from Cilicia. it is now' called 
 Monte Negro, or rather Montagna Neres, 
 by the iahabitants ; that is, the watery 
 moindaiu, cis it abounds with springs a.nd 
 rivulets. , 
 
 Amapalla, a city of S America, in Nica- 
 ragua, adjoining to the port of Amapalla, in 
 tJjs province of Ciiatiinala, in Mcjiico, 22o 
 miles SE of the town of Guatimaia. It trades 
 m cochineal, cocoa , irdigo, li.des, &c. Lon. 
 88 30 w, lat. 12 30 n. 
 
 Amarante, a town of Portugal, in Entre- 
 Duero-e-Miuho, 30 miles eke of Oporto. 
 It has a iinea ina.nufacture. Lon. 6 52 w. 
 fat. 4119 N. , . 
 
 Amas’m, an ancient town of Natolia, i ur- 
 Ley, the capital of the disiriot of the same 
 name, famous for its wines and fruits, and 
 menmrabie for the birth of Strabo the geo- 
 grai'her. It is sealed near the river Iris or 
 Casaliuak, 36 miles nw of Tocat. It was 
 aneientlv the residence of the kings oi 
 Cappadoda. In 1794, it wms destroyed 
 by an earthquake. Lon. 36 10 s, lat. 41 
 60 ii- 
 
 Amasia, the norlhern divisicn of Lesser 
 Asia, lying on the s shore of tr.c Euxipe 
 sea, in NatcUa. 
 
 if a town on the river Jordan. 
 
 Aniathiis, an ancient toV. h in the isle ol 
 Cyprus, so called from Ama thus the founder, 
 or from Amatb, in Phcimicia. It is now 
 called Limibso. 
 
 Amatiqoes, a sea port of Mexico, in the 
 province of Vera Pas, principally inhabited 
 by logwood cuiters. Lon. 0 w, lat. 15 
 23 K. 
 
 atown in Calabria Pltra, Naples, 
 bn a river of the same name, seven miles se 
 of Nicasiro. 
 
 A M- A 
 
 Amo.irice, a city of the kingdom of Na- 
 ples, in Abruzzo. 
 
 jiniazon, Amazons, or Orellana, general- 
 ly esteemed the largest river in the world. 
 
 It is formed by two targe rivers, the one 
 rising in the piovince of Quito, a little s of 
 the equator ia 73 degrees of w Ion. and the 
 other named Xauxa, rising in the lake of 
 Bourbon, near the Andes. These two rivers 
 uniting on the coniines of Peru and Ama- 
 zonia, assume the name of Amazon ; 
 w'henee running eastw'ard upwards of 1,000 
 miles, and afterwards meliningto the N,they 
 fall in/o the Atlantic ocean, by 84 channels, 
 which in the rainy season overflow the adja- 
 cent country, and empties itself into the At- 
 iantic ocean, direcriy under the eqninoxial 
 line, with such force, «hat it repels the sea 
 to the distance of a iiiimber mdes from the 
 'land. Besides these two rivers about 200 
 others, of wliich a number have a course 
 of 1,500 miles, and some of them equal ih© 
 Nile or Danube, contribute to increase the 
 flood of this extraordinary river. As itruns 
 almost across the broadest part of South A- 
 rnerica, it is computed to be between 4 and 
 5,000 miles in iengib, reckoning all its wind- 
 ings. At its mouth, it is said to be about 
 1 50 miles broad. Its depth between J unta da 
 ios Bey os, and the Maraniion, is from 5 to 
 10 fathoms ; but from Maranbon to llio 
 Negro- it increases to 20 fathoms; after 
 whTch it is sometimes 30 and sometimes 50 
 fathoms, or more, till it comes near the end 
 of Its course. 
 
 AMAZONIA, or the country of the 
 Americtin Amazons, is situated betw^een 
 5G and 70 degrees of w Ion. and betwt en 
 the equator and 15 of s lat. being bounded 
 on the s by la Plata; on the w by Peru; 
 on the N by Terra Firma, and Guiana'^ 
 and on the e by the Atlantic and Brazil. 
 It was first traversed in 1539, by Francis 
 Orellana, w'ho, coming from Peru, sa-led 
 down the great river Amazon, which be so 
 named from observing companies of armed 
 w'omen on its banks and the countiy it© 
 called Amazonia. Amazonia is in general 
 a fiat country, abounded in w^cods, lakes, 
 rivers, bogs, and morasses. The chief river 
 is the Amazon. The air is cooler Ihaa 
 might be su; posted in the torrid zone This 
 in part is owing to the heavy rains by 
 which the rivers are inundated^ for one 
 half of the year, and in part to the clouds 
 by w'hich the sun is obscured the greater 
 part of the day. The rainy season is about 
 the time of the equinoxes — the fair about the 
 solstices. The produce of ih? country is In- 
 dian corn and the cassav. roci (ol w mch tney 
 make flour and bread,) tobacco, cotton, su- 
 oar, sarsaparilla, yams, potatoes, and other 
 roots. The have also [deeiy of venison, fish, 
 and fow'i. The natives a re oi t he common sta- 
 im'«%and have good ieauues, a copper com- 
 plexion, black cnt* comput- 
 ed ihat there are about 150 difforeiit uibes 
 
A M B 
 
 er nations ; and the villages arc so numer- ’ 
 ous as to be within call of cne another, j 
 The sovereigns of these tribes are dis- 
 tinguished from their subjects by a coronet 
 of beautiful feathers, a belt of tygers teeth 
 or claws, and a wooden sword. The 
 country affords neither gold nor silver 
 mines ; only a small, quantity of the former 
 is found in the rivulets which fall into the 
 Amazon, near iis sources in Peru. While 
 the Spaniards imagined that it contained 
 these metals, tliey made great efforts from 
 Peru to reduce this territory to subjection, 
 till being at length, undeceived, they 
 abandoned the design. The Portuguese 
 have some small settlements between Cape 
 North, and ihe mouth of the Amazon. 
 
 Amba-geshen, a rock in Abyssinia, of a 
 most prodigious steepness, in the form of a 
 castle, built of freestone, and almost im- 
 pregnable. 
 
 Aiubamarjam, or Amharaj a principal 
 town of Abyssinia, s tuated near ths head 
 of the Nile. Lon 36 14 e, lat. 13 n. 
 
 Amber Bay, a bay on the coast of Yu- 
 catan, Mexico, N of Ascension Bay. 
 
 Amber g, a city of Germany, the capital 
 of the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria, with a 
 good castle, armoury, ramparts, tfec. The 
 superb churcii of St Martin contains many 
 beautiful paintings and curiosities. The 
 mint is a building not surpassed by any of 
 the kind in Germany. It was taken by 
 4lie Austrians in 1743, and in 1706, by the 
 French. It is seated near the coniines oi 
 Franconia, on the river Ills or V/ills, 40 
 miles E of Nuremberg. It drives a great 
 trade in iron and other metals. Lon. 12 
 7 E, lat. 49 30 n. 
 
 AMBERGREESE KEY, an island in 
 Hanover Bay, Mexico, 70 miles long, but 
 very narrow. 
 
 Amberieux, a town in the department of 
 Ain, France, 26 miles ne of Lj ons. 
 
 Ambert, a town of France, in the de- 
 panment of Pay de Dome, seated in a 
 beautiful valley on the river Eoie, 2! 
 miles E of Isioire, and SoO from Paris. 
 The inhabitcints carry on an extensive 
 manufacture of paper, as well as of cam- 
 blets, ferrets, coarse laces, <feo. Lon. 3 
 60 E, lat. 43 26 x. 
 
 Ambiancutwa, a city of Ethiopia, the 
 capital of a kingdom so called, lying on 
 the river Nile, which runs through part 
 of it. 
 
 Ambleside, a pleasant town in Westmore- 
 land, situated among lofty mountains, at 
 the upper end of the lake of Whnandei meer, 
 
 13 miles \w by n of Kendal, and 270 nk\v 
 of London. It has a manufacture of 
 woollen cloth, and a, market on Wednes- 
 day. Lon. 3 0 w, lat. 34 2S a. 
 
 Amhleteuse, a sea port town of France, 
 in the department of the straits of Calais,' 
 defended by a battery, eight miles n op 
 Boulogne. Here Ciesar embarked his ca- 
 
 A M B 
 
 valry when he invaded England, and at 
 this port James II. landed after he left his 
 kingdom in 1688. Lon. 1 36 e, lat. 30 49 n. 
 
 Amboise, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Indre and Loire, seated at 
 the confluence of the Loire and Masse. 13 
 miles E by n of Tours, and 118 s by w of 
 Paris. The staircase of the castle is with- 
 out steps, and may be ascended to the very 
 top, Louis XI. here instituted the order of 
 St Michael. Lon. 0 34 s, iat. 47 25 n. 
 
 AMBOIJLE, a province of Madagascar. 
 It is a fertile and agreeable country, water- 
 ed by the river Manampani, whose mouth 
 lies in s latitude 23 30. The country pro- 
 duces fruits and plants in plenty. The 
 black cattle are extremely fat, and their 
 flesh excellent. In this province stands a 
 large town of the same name. 
 
 Amhournay, a town in the department 
 of Ain, France, 27 miles isie of Lyons, and 
 20 Nw of Belley. Lon. 3 16 E,iat. 46 i n. 
 
 AMBOYNA, the chief of the Molucca 
 islands, in the East Indies, being 24 leagues 
 in circumference, and 56 miles in length 
 from N to s. By a large bay on the w 
 side it is divided into two parts, tbs largest 
 of which is name^l Heton, and the other 
 Ley timer. The face of the island is beauti- 
 fully variegated with woody mountains 
 and verdant plains, highly cultivated and 
 interspersed with h^.imiets. It is remark- 
 able for producing large quantities of cloves 
 and nutmegs. Coflee and sugar are also cul- 
 tivated, and gold is often found w ashed down 
 by the mountain torrents. The principal 
 animals are deer and wild hogs. The 
 natives wear whiskers, and have no clothes 
 except a bit of cloth wrapped round their 
 middle. At the beginning of the 17 ill 
 century, the British and Batch had both 
 factories here, but in 1663, the Dutch first 
 tortured, and then murdered Lie English, 
 tliat they might engross the whole trade. 
 Women when taken in marriage, are ?^ur- 
 ohased of their parents, and if they have no 
 children the marriage is void. The greuier 
 part are Mahometans, but there are sonm 
 Christians. Amboyna, with the other 
 spice islands, was taken by the British iu 
 1793, but restored by the treaty of Amiens 
 in 1802, and again taken by the English ia 
 1810. The chief town, winch is neatly 
 built and stands at the sw extremity, is of 
 the same name. Lon. 197 0 e, lat. 4 0 s. 
 
 Ambras, Amras, or Onihra, a fortified 
 town ol Austria, in the county of Tyrol, a 
 miiesE from Insprug ; foi mcriy a summer 
 seat of the counts of Tyrol, and the arch- 
 dukes of Austria. It still conla-ins numerous 
 statues, medals, treasures of gold, precious 
 stones, and natural curiosities. Among 
 these last, it is said, there is the trunk of aa 
 Oak, which incloses wnthiii it the whole body 
 of a deer. There is also a gnlluiy of busts 
 and paiiilings, with a good library, in this 
 town. 
 
Amhrafko, sl town of Albania, on the 
 river Voura. Lon. 11 41 ifc, lat. 39 15 n. , 
 
 Amhresy a small town in the department j 
 of Tern, France. j 
 
 Ambresbury, or Amesbury, an ancient 
 town in Wiltshire, seated on the Avon, one 
 mile from Stonehenge, six n from Salisbury, 
 and SO from London. It is said to have 
 derived its name from king Aurelius Am- 
 brosius, who rebuilt the monastery after it 
 had been destroyed by the Saxons. It con- 
 sists of two streets, which intersect each 
 other : and has a weekly market on Fri- 
 day, with annual fairs on 17th of JMay, 
 22d June, 6th Oct. and 1st Wed. after 12th 
 December. 
 
 Ambrose^ a town in Piedmont. 
 
 AMBROSE, St. an island in the S Pa- 
 cific ocean, on the coast of Chili, about 
 five leagues v/ of St Felix isle, abounding 
 in seals. Here, in 1792, the crew of cap- 
 tain Roberts took and cured 1300 seal 
 skins in the course of seven weeks. Lon. 
 80 55 w, lat. 26 15 s. 
 
 AMBRYAI, one of the New Hebrides, 
 in the Pacific ocean, 50 miles in circum- 
 ference. Lon. 168 12 e, lat. 16 10 s. 
 
 Amhij, a town of the ci-devant Austrian 
 Netherlands, situated in the department of 
 the Lower Meuse, opposite to Alaestricht. 
 Lon. 5 45 e, lat. 56 52 n. 
 
 Amedahady the capital of Guzerat, Hin- 
 doostan, of which the walls are six miles 
 in circumference, with 12 gates. Three- 
 fourths of the area is now uninhabited. 
 It is situated on a navigable ri%er, which 
 flows through a level country, and empties 
 itself into the gulph of Cambay, 320 miles 
 K of Bombay. It was taken from the 
 Poonah Mahrattas by the English in 1780, 
 but restored to them in 1783. The mosque 
 and tomb of the founder, Tartar Aimed, 
 are constructed of stone and marble, the 
 latter of exquisite workmanship. Lon. 72 
 27 E^ lat, 23 18 n. 
 
 Aniednagiiry a city of Hindoostaii, in 
 Deccan, once the capital of a territory of 
 the same name, now^ better known by that 
 of Dowlatabad. It was the residence of 
 the emperor Aurengzebe, during his con- 
 quest of Deccan and the Carnatic. In 
 1803 it was taken by the British under 
 general Welle- ley, (now Duke Welling- 
 ton.) It is situated 181 miles from Bom- 
 bay, and 'J3 miles \e of Poonah. Lon. 
 75 0 E, lat. 193 10 n. 
 
 Ameer, ahady a towm of Hindoostan, 35 
 miles N by w of Lahore. 
 
 AMELAND, an island of Holland, two 
 miles in length, and three in breadth. 
 
 Amelia, formerly Anuria, or Jilmilia, 
 an episcopal city of Italy, seatetl on a 
 mountain, between the Ti})er am\ Nira, in a 
 fertile country, 20 miles sw of Spoletto, and 
 45 N of Rome. Lon. 12 30 e, lat. 42 33 x. 
 
 Amelia,^ town of Italy, Roman republic. 
 
 AMELIA, a county of Virginia, which. 
 
 in 1790, contained along with Not ta way 
 county, 7,060 citizens, and 11,037 slaves. 
 
 AMELIA, an island on the coast of 
 E Florida, about two miles from the conti- 
 nent, between the rivers Nassau and St Ma- 
 ry ^s. It is very fertile, has a good harlx)iir, 
 and is 18 miles long and twm broad. Lon. 
 67 23 w, lat. 30 52 x. 
 
 Amelia, a town seated on the Santee,; 
 S Carolina, 26 miles se of Columbia. 
 
 Amelins, a river of the United States. 
 
 Amenta, a tow nship of New' York, in 
 Duchess county, containing 3078 citizens, 
 of xvhom 383 are electors. 
 
 AMERICA, ihe largest of the four grand 
 divisions, or quarters of the globe, is suppos- 
 ed to be surrounded on all sides by the ocean, 
 and stretches in its extensive range through 
 every inhabited latitude or climate in the 
 world. This large continent, which, from 
 its immense extent and recent discoveries, is 
 denominated the NE W WORLD, is washed 
 on the w’est by the Pacific, and on the east 
 by the Atlantic ocean. We can only in the 
 present state of uncertainty estimate its 
 length from 72 degrees of x lat. to 54 de- 
 grees s lat. comprehending 126 degrees, or 
 8,800 British miles. Its breadth is very ir- 
 regular, in some parts unknow'n ; the great- 
 est is estimated to be about 4,400 miles, and 
 its average breadth from e to w has been 
 calculated to be about 1,400, or 1 ,500 miles. 
 The original discovery of America is gene- 
 rally ascribed to Christopher Columbui; al- 
 though Greenland, which b^some is consi- 
 dered as part of this extensive'eontinent, was 
 visited in 982, and part of Labrador in the 
 year 1003 by the Norw egians ; but these dis- 
 coveries w'er© unknow'n to the s of Europe. 
 It is believed by many that it was know'o 
 to the ancients ; but of this history affords 
 no certain evidence. To the inquisitive, re- 
 flecting, and enterprising mind of Columbus 
 (who was a native of Genoa,) alone we are 
 indebted for the theory which led to this im- 
 portant discovery. The figure and magni- 
 tude of the earth had been ascertained with 
 some degree of accuracy, w-hich led him to 
 conceive, that another continent w as neces- 
 sary, that the terraqueous globe might be 
 properly Iralanced, and the land and seas 
 proportioned to each other. At this period 
 the authority of the pope w^as generally ac- 
 knowledged by the European pow'ers. He 
 had granted to the Portuguese nation all the 
 lands, islands, <fec. they had discovered or 
 might discover, to the e oi the Azores ; by 
 w^hich the other pow'ers of Europe w'ere de- 
 prived of the ad vantages arising from trading 
 to the E Indies by the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Columbus perceived, w'ilh the greatest con-’ 
 cern,the loss his country had sustained, and 
 concluding the earth to be circular, intend- 
 ed to evade the force of the pope’s decree, by 
 sailing to India by a western course. He 
 applieil first to his own countrymen, and af- 
 terwards to the kings of France, England, 
 
A M E 
 
 <£:c. but by all his schemes were rejected as 
 chimerical. Spain was now his only re- 
 source, and after eight years of solicitation 
 and attendance at that court, he succeeded 
 in procuring the equipment of three small 
 vessels. He set sail on his voyage of 
 discovery, on Friday the third of August, 
 1492, and after discovering one of the 
 Bahama islands, which he named St 
 Salvador, he directed his course south- 
 ward, and discovered the islands of Cuba 
 and Hispaniola, after which he returned 
 to Spain 1493. In his second voyage 
 he discovered several more of the W India 
 islands ; and in a third, attained the great 
 object of his ambition by discovering the 
 continent of America. Adventurers from 
 most of the nations of Europe sailed to 
 visit the new continent, among whom 
 were Sebastian Cobot an Englishman, 
 who had the good fortune to discover the 
 northern continent, in 1497, and one Ame- 
 ricus Vespucius a Florentine, who first 
 composed and published an account of the 
 new continent; this being read with ad- 
 miration, the country was from him called 
 America, although it is now clearly as- 
 certained, that Columbus was the first dis- 
 coverer. The division of this vast con- 
 tinent into N and S America, is strongly 
 marked by its external aspect. In the 
 centre the connection of the land is only 
 maintained by the narrow isthmus of 
 Darien, in some places scarcely exceeding 
 60 miles in breadth. This division is 
 further confirmed by the transverse direc- 
 tion of the mountains upon the isthmus. 
 The Aborigenes of this vast continent, from 
 the strait of Magellan in the s, to Hudson^s 
 bay in the n, differ in some respects from 
 all other people. The natural colour of 
 their skin is red like copper. They have 
 no hair on any part of their body, except 
 their heads, where it is black, straight, 
 and coarse. They have no beards— Hence 
 it is evident, that they are of the same 
 origin. It is uncertain from whence this 
 quarter of the globe was first peopled. A 
 great number of languages are spoken by 
 the different tribes. There is great nneer- 
 tainty likewise as to their religion. Some 
 of them seem to worship the sun, most like- 
 ly believing it to be the visible representa- 
 tive of the great First Cause of all things, 
 in whom the most unpolished among them 
 seem to have some belief. The cold in 
 America is much greater than in European 
 countries under the same latitude. It has 
 the loftiest mountains, such as the Andes 
 and Alleghany, and the largest rivers, such 
 as the Amazon, Plata, and Oroonoko, that 
 are in the world. Several of its birds, 
 beasts, trees, and fruits, were, before its 
 ujsoovery, peculiar to itself. 
 
 AMERICA, North, is supposed to be j 
 about 4,500 miles in length, which may be ' 
 subdivided into, fom- general divisions of > 
 
 A M E 
 
 the United States, the British and Spanish 
 territories, and the possessions of the native 
 tribes. The United States were so called 
 upon their separation . from the mother 
 country. They are bounded on the north 
 by the great chain of lakes, and the river 
 St Laurence ; on the e by the Atlantic 
 ocean ; on the w by the Mississipi ; and on 
 the s by E and W Florida, and extends 
 about 1300 miles in length, and 1040 in 
 breadth, comprehending a territory of 
 above one million of square miles, and 
 contains 589,000,090 square acres of land. 
 It is divided into the fallowing states, viz. 
 Maina, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massa- 
 chussets, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
 York, New Jersey, Sennessee, Ohio, 
 Lousiana, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- 
 land, Virginia, Kentucky, N Carolina, 
 S Carolina, and Georgia. No part of the 
 world abounds with so many springs, rivu- 
 lets, rivers, lakes, &c. as the territory of 
 the United States. It also abounds with 
 trees, which makes the country to appear 
 like one increasing forest. On the shores 
 of the Atlantic, cultivation has made a 
 considerable progress ; and behind the 
 Alleghany mountains, are extensive de- 
 serts, called Savannahs, with a number of 
 marshes and meadows. Its surface in 
 some places is hilly and mountainous ; but 
 what is called the north western territory 
 is remarkably level. The southern states 
 enjoy a healthy climate, as the air is more 
 pure, elastic, and dry than towards the n, 
 where mists and rain are frequent. Each 
 state has its own governor, constitution, and 
 laws ; but are united under a general faederat 
 constitution of government, administered by 
 an elective head, called a president, and re- 
 presentatives of the people from the different 
 stales. All legislative powers are vested in 
 the congress, consisting of a senate, and 
 house of representatives. No person can be 
 chosen as a representative, unless he is 25 
 years of age, and has been a citizen for seven 
 years. Every 30,000 citizens have one re- 
 presentative. No person can be chosen a 
 senator unless they are 30 years of age, and 
 have been nine years a citizen. The^eaate 
 consists of two senators from each state, 
 chosen by its legislature for six years. 
 Both houses are paid for their services. 
 The president may object to the passing of a 
 bill ; but if two-thirds of both houses agree, 
 it aftervrards becomes a law. The execu- 
 tive power is vested in the president of the 
 United States, who, with the vice-president, 
 continues four years in office. I’he popula- 
 tion is about 6,280,000, according to ihe 
 statistical, account, including slaves, 'i’ho 
 English language is universally spoken. 
 The merchants of this country carry on an 
 extensive foreign trade, with .most of the 
 countries of Eur6psj<, The exports in 1805, 
 were estimated at 95, 563,011 dollars. At 
 that period there were no less than 72 banks 
 
A M E 
 
 ir! the United States, and the dirCiilating 
 coin Vvas i 8 , COO, 000 dollars. The military 
 str<jagth of this republic, consists in a well 
 disciplined militia. The number capable 
 of bearing arms in 1805, amounted to 
 '<00,000, and the seamen only to '63^000. 
 With respect to the naval establishment ol 
 the United States, it is comparatively 
 small. In 1804, according to the reports, 
 it consisted of 12 frigates from 36 to 44 
 guns, which has been augmented by i03 
 gun-boats, ordered to be built during, tbe 
 year 1808. The Britisk TerH lories, are 
 of great extent, but thinly peopled. Cana- 
 tla is the principal part, which compre- 
 hends Upper and J^'^'^er. Its extent is 
 com-uted to be about i 200 German miles 
 in length, and iis averr^ge breadth 2o0. It 
 is situated between 43 degrees and 49 k lat. 
 64 and 97 w Icii. The population is about 
 113,012 English and French, exclusive 
 of 10,000 Icyabsts. Besides Canada, the 
 islands of Newfoiinaland, Si John, and 
 Cape Breton, beloii^5>4iO tbe Briiise Do- 
 minions. The Spai^^'JTerfitories. Then 
 extent is eslimatedjjili 2100 geographical 
 miles in length, cwjj^.Iheir breadth upon an 
 average at about 400 ; which are compre- 
 hended under seven general denornmaiions, 
 1. Florida, 2. New pJlexico, 3. New Biscay, 
 4 . Mexico, 5. Giiatimala, 6. New Leon, 
 7. Caliicrnia. The Spanish dominions in 
 N America are very extensive, but there is 
 scarce a villcige to be seen in the interior 
 provinces. There are only a few 
 risoiis, most of which are in a ruinous 
 state; on all sides there are mountains 
 and barrenness, and have no produce ex- 
 
 cept wdrat is derived from the mines. The 
 Possessions of the Native Tribes, contain 
 Labrador, tbe interior of tbe northern parts, 
 the w^estern coast, and Greenland, &c, <fec. 
 The inhabitants of Labrador may be di- 
 vided into Iskimos, w'^ho are tbe oiigmai 
 natives of the country ; and a race oi the 
 more southern savage nations. The nor- 
 thern interior parts extend from Labrador 
 to Hudson's bay. These territories are 
 estimated from 70 degr<^es to 115, w^hich 
 is calculated to contain 1350 geographical 
 miles in length, by an average breadth of 
 350. The discovery of the N western 
 coast may be justly ascribed to the enter- 
 prises of the Russians. The islands be- 
 tween the two eontinenis of Asia and Ame- 
 rica, receive generally in the p4,ussian maps, 
 the name of the Aleutian isles. The 
 British confine this name to what is usually 
 called the Fox isles, while the nearest Aleu- 
 tian isles of the Russians are termeil Boii- 
 r*ngs and Copper. Nootka Sound is situated 
 in this territory. The extensive region ol 
 Greenland has by some been considered as 
 belonging to Europe. If continental, it is 
 connected with America; should it he in- 
 sular, the sea which separates it from that i 
 coutinent is far narrower than that which 1 
 
 A -M E 
 
 divides it from Europe. The native^’ of 
 this extensive country greatly resemble the 
 Samoiedes, Estp.iimciux, and Laplanders, 
 in manners and person. There are several 
 of the native tribes in Canada, the United 
 States, an4 Spanish Dominions. 
 
 AMERICA, South, is a peninsula sur- 
 rounded on all sides by the ocean, except 
 at the isthmus which joins it to N America. 
 It is bounded on the e by the Ethiopio 
 ocean, , on the w by the Pacitic, on the n 
 by the isthmus of Darien, and on the s by 
 the Pacific, the Ethiopio, and the Antartio 
 Icy Ocean. It extends in length from 
 tbe isthmus of Darien to the extremity 
 01 Term del Fuego, on the Antavtic ; lies 
 within the I2iii degrees of n latitude, and 
 the 55th s latitude ; oomvrphending 67 
 degrees, 4,02J geT)grai.hieal miles. From 
 the Pacific on the w, to the Ethiopio on 
 the E, it spreads between the 35th and 
 80th degrees w Icngilude from London ; 
 or about 2,800 geographical miles in 
 breadth ; containing not the large.’ t, but 
 by far the richest d,vi.>ion of the American 
 contineiit. It was first discovered by 
 Columbus : afterward.s claimed and bar- 
 barously conquered by the Spaniards, 
 who still are iii posse.ssion of the greatest 
 part of it, viz. Peru, La Plata, or Peragua, 
 New Granada, Caracas and Chili. The 
 Portuguese possess Brazil and Guiana, 
 tlie Dutch Surinam, and the French, Cay- 
 enne. The reimainder of it consisting of 
 part of Chili, and the countries called A- 
 mazonia and Patagonia, is still inhabited 
 by the original natives. The barbaritie.s 
 committed by the Spaniards in subjugating 
 this part of the New World, which they 
 did not effect fill about the i6th century, 
 exceed all description. The climate of 
 America is not so intolerably hot as that 
 of those countries wluoh are situated in 
 
 latitude in the other 
 There are parts of 
 
 the same degree of 
 parts of the globe. 
 
 Peru entirely within the tropics, even dis- 
 agreeably cold ; and tbe climate of thiii 
 is very moderate and delightful. 18oiitb 
 America is very subject to earthquakes, 
 which more than overbalance the riches it 
 produces. Great q\iantiiies of gold are 
 washed down from tbe mountains by the 
 rivers. The mines of Peru, during a space 
 of ten j^ears, Leginmng with 1780, and end- 
 ing in 1789, produced no less a sum in gold 
 ?i:4 silver, tiiau L. 7, 7 03, 5 45. The nunes 
 of Potosi in Ihe covuitiy of La Plata, are 
 celebrated throi gliout the world for their 
 inexhaustible ueasures. 1 1 is estimated that 
 about 6,600,000 of dollars are annually 
 coined at the mint of Poiosi. The Chilese 
 mines yield annually gold to the amount of 
 4,000,000 of dollars, luvleed it is almost 
 impossibie to give ary adequate i^iea ot the 
 gold and silver prtxlticed l\y this part ot the 
 continent; besides winch it abounds with 
 miutu. of copper, tin, lead, mercury, and that 
 
A M E 
 
 ^iii^lar new metal called platina, which 
 some metallurgists consider in several re- 
 pects superior to gold itself. Pearls are 
 also found upon the coasts, and the negroes 
 arc very expert in diving for them. It also 
 produces vegetables in great abundance. 
 I'he principal mountains in S America, are 
 the Cordilleras, and that great range called 
 the Andes, whose elevated summits are co- 
 vered with perpetual snow. The rivers 
 Amazon, Oroonoko, and La Plata,, are of a 
 great length and breadth, besides a number 
 of others, equal in size to any in Europe. 
 The population of S America, consists of 
 Aboriginal natives, Europeans, Creoles, and 
 negro slav es. It is impossible to form any con- 
 jectures respecting the former class, w hich 
 consists of the Patagonians and Amazonians, 
 nations little known. The three last classes 
 have been calculated at ^500,000. One of 
 the finest countries of the world, wdiich for- 
 merly did maintain several millions, is thus 
 thinly peopled, owdng to the oppressive and 
 tyrannical laws adopted by the Spaniards. 
 The governments existing in the Dutch and 
 Portuguese provinces, are little better. Com- 
 merce and manufactures are chiefly confined 
 to the cities, of which Lima has a principal 
 part. It consists of wines, oils, cottons, 
 sugars, grain of all kinds, gold, silver, pearls, 
 diamonds, copper, tin, lead, hides, hemp, to- 
 bacco, horses, medicines, &c. 
 
 AmerpouTt a towm in the province of 
 Naples, Hindoostan, 170 miles ne of Patna. 
 Lon. 87 2 E, lat. 26 37 n. 
 
 Amersfort, a 6ity of the Netherlands in 
 Utrecht, seated on the Ems, 12 miles ene 
 of Utrecht, and 25 s of Amsterdam. It has 
 a manufacture of dimity and bombazeen. 
 Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 52 14 n. 
 
 Amersham^ or Agmondeskam, an ancient 
 borougli, situated in a vale between w^oody 
 hills, in Buckinghamshire, the Town Hall is 
 the most elegant in the county. It lies 12 
 miles from Aylesbury, 26 se of Bucking- 
 ham, and 26 nw of London. It sends tw'o 
 members to parliament; has a market on 
 Tuesday, and two fairs, on Whitson Mon- 
 day, and the 29 th September. Lon. 0 15 w^, 
 kt. 51 47 K. 
 
 Amesburyj or Amhresbiir^y a town seated 
 on the Avon, W iltshire, at the place where 
 a number of Britons w'ere treacherousiv 
 murdered, and near Stonehenge, that cele- 
 brated monument of antiquity. Here are 
 the venerable ruins of an Abbey. — But is 
 most celebrated as the native place of the 
 renowned Joseph Addis^on. It has a marr 
 ket on Tuesday, and is six miles n of Salis- 
 bury and 77 w of London. 
 
 Amesbury, a town of IMassachusctfs, in 
 Essex county, four miles 2 sw of Newbury 
 Fort. 
 
 A L M 
 
 AiiiJiar, or Amhara^ a province of Abys^ 
 sinia, said to extend 40 leagues from e to w. 
 Here is the famed rock Ambageshen. See 
 Amba^geshen, 
 
 Amhersty a towmship in Cumberland 
 i county, Nova- Scotia. 
 
 Amhersty a township in Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, 91 miles w of 
 Boston. 
 
 Amhersty a township of Hillsborough 
 county, New Hampshire, contairang 2563 
 inhabitants, 55 miles nw of Boston, and GO 
 wsw of Portsmouth ; here the Aurean Aca- 
 demy w'as instituted in 1790. Lon. 71 35 
 w, lat. 42 54 n, 
 
 Amkerstburgy allown and fort, on the e 
 side of the river Detroit, Upper Canada, 
 where it falls into lake Erie. Lon. 82 56 
 w', lat. 42 56 n.’ 
 
 jimid, a tovvn of Asiatic Turkey, 40 miles 
 from Amasia, and 60 from Tocat. Lon. 36 
 40 E, lat. 40 40 ... ^ 
 
 AmienSy a large and populous town of 
 France, in the deparfment of Somme, situ- 
 ated on the road Calais to Paris, 20 
 
 miles SE of AbbeViik,' and 75 n of 
 
 Aniewell, a populous town of Jcisey, 
 Ki Hunterdon county.. 
 
 £ 
 
 ^aris. 
 
 The tow’n is encompassed with a wall and 
 other fortifications ; and the ramparts are 
 planted with trees, w'hich form a delightful 
 w'alk. The river Somme enters ilmiens by 
 three different channels, under as many 
 bridges. Hie city has five gates. Tiie 
 houses are well built; the streets spacious, 
 embellished wdth handsome squares and good 
 Besides the cathedral, which i.s 
 a stately edifice, there are 10 parish churches, 
 one in the suburbs, and an academy of belles 
 lettres. It fell into the hands of the Spa- 
 niards in 1597, but was retaken by Henry 
 IV. who erected a citadel licre. It is famons 
 for the last treaty of peace concluded lien; 
 between the French and British, — March 
 27th, 1802. It has between 40, and 50,000 
 inhabitants. They liave linen and woollen 
 manufactures, which in the city and vicinity 
 employ 30,000 people ; and they also make 
 a great quantity of black and 
 Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 49 54 n. 
 
 Amilpas, two volcanoes in Guatimala,, 
 
 AjtiisuSf the chief city of the ancient king- 
 dom of Pontus. 
 
 AM IX, a district in Lower Navarre, in 
 I the department of the Lower- P) renee.s, 
 j France. 
 
 Almwicky a sea-port town of N Wales, on 
 j the NW side of the isle of Anglesey. 'When 
 jthe Farys mines were opened in I7G8, it did 
 j not contain above six houses, in 1801 they 
 j had extended to 1025. Tiie mining com- 
 j erected the chiirelt, and greatly im- 
 proved the harbour, whirlj J:a.s been cut out 
 j of the rock, and can contain 30 vessels, 200 
 i tons bnrtiicn. It has an annual fair on 12th 
 1 November, anfl is 25 miles \v of Beaun-aii^ 
 
 I and L 1 fa/ nw oi I.<ondon.— — See 
 
 J 
 
anciently callefl Kabbah Ammon, ] 
 BOW the chief town of a district of Syria. It 
 is 50 miles sw of Bosra. 
 
 Ammercota, fort of, Hindoostan Proper, 
 situated in an extensive sandy desert, l^etween 
 the Indus, the territories of A.gimere and 
 Aloultan, and the Puddar. Here the em- 
 peror Humaioon found an asylum during 
 his troubles, where also his son, the illustri- 
 ous Achbar, was born. It is 190 miles nk 
 of Tatta. Pon. 69 58 e, lat. 26 1 5^. 
 
 . Arnold a town of Asia, in t.hc country of 
 the Usbccks, 60 miles w of Bokhara. Lon. 
 64 50 E, lat. 59 20 N. 
 
 Aniol, a town of X’ersia, at the foot of 
 mount Taurus, on the borders of the Caspian 
 sea, 50 mile’s nw of Ferabarl. Here are the 
 ruins of an ancient palace and fortress. Its 
 manufacture is cottom and in its vicinity are 
 iron mines and founderies of cannon. Lon. 
 52 58 E, lat. 57 50 N. 
 
 Amondy a river of Scotland, which sepa- 
 r.ates the counties of Edinburgh and Lin- 
 lithgow, and falls into the Frith of Forth. 
 
 atowirfifa^^rmany, in Upper 
 Hesse, belonging to the - Elector of Mentz, 
 eight miles ene of Marpurg. 
 
 "a?vIORGO, a island of the Archipelago, 
 abounds with oil, wine, and corn, 30 miles 
 in circumference, and 67 n of Caiidia. Lon. 
 /• 26 15 E, lat. 56 20 n. 
 
 Anioiapa, a town of Peru, on the coasb 
 31 car Tumbas. 
 
 Amour, a river in Siberia, which runs 
 ^ through Chinese Tartary, and fails into the 
 bay of Corea. 
 
 Avio^i/, or Emonij, the chief town and fort 
 of Fokien in China. It is garrisoned by 
 7000 men. Its harbour on the w side can 
 aTord safe anchorage for 1000 ships. Lon. 
 118 45 E. lat. 24 20 N. 
 
 AMPAHE, a province of Madagas- 
 car'. I'he inhabitants are said to be great 
 robbers. 
 
 ■ Amprdla, or Ampalia, a city and port near 
 the Gulf of Mexico, 550 miles se of the city 
 of Croat] ms la. It carries on a brisk trade in 
 corh.inoal, cocoa, indigo, Sec. 
 
 Ampiepuis, a tov. n of France, in the de- 
 partment of the lOione and Loire, 16 mites 
 ‘ E of Rouenne, and 26 nw of Lyon. It is 
 celebrated for its Avincs. 
 
 Amposta, a town in Catalonia, Spain, sea- 
 ted on the Ebro, seven miles s of 'rortoru. 
 
 AoiplhUl, a town in Bedfordshire, plea- 
 santly t.ituated helAvecn tv<o i)il!s, 44 miles 
 from Ia>ndon, betAvecn the roads from tlsonce 
 to Bud: irigh am and Royston. The princi- 
 pal slicetsarc ncut and regular, crcsj-iug^cnch 
 other Jit riglit angles. CatliJirincof Arragon 
 re.-itlcd here whale her unjust divoicc irom 
 jitr.ry \dll. wru; in j'gitation. , A column 
 standing on the site (n'* the old cnstle, records 
 this event in a poetical inscrjplion. It has 
 the fairs, May 4th and Dec. lilh; and a 
 
 I weekly market on Thursday. Lon. 0 29 w,. 
 lat. 52 2 N. 
 
 AMPURA, a province of the kingdom of 
 Peru, before its coisquest by the Spaniards. 
 It is said to have been conquered by Vira- 
 choca, the eight Inca. 
 
 AMPURDAN, a district of Spain, in 
 Catalonia. It produces flax, but in general 
 is barren. 
 
 Amjmrins, an inland town of Sardinia. 
 
 Ampnrias, a sea-port town of Catalonia, 
 in the district of Ampurdiin, with a harbour 
 near the mouth of the river Flu via, 70 iriiies 
 NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 56 e, lat. 42 5 n. 
 
 Amrcis, or Amhras, a strong castle of Ger- 
 many, seated in ■ Tyrol ; by some German 
 writers called Arx Ambrosiana, and by others 
 Omhras, two miles se of Iiispruck, Lou.' 
 11 40 E, lat. 47 0 N. 
 
 AM ROM, ail island of Denmark. 
 
 Amsteg, a small town of the canton of Uri, 
 ill Switzerland. Lon. 8 50 e, lat. 46 48 n, 
 
 AmstcIveeUf a town in Holland, situated 
 near the Amstel. Lon. 4 40 e, lat. 52 20 xr. 
 
 Amsterdam, the metropolis of Holland, a 
 large, rich, populous, and commercial city, 
 seated upon the conduence of the rivers Am- 
 stel and Wye. The walls are high and 
 strongly fortitied, and has eight gates towards 
 the land, and one towards the vrater. The 
 exchange and tiie post-ofiice are among tlie 
 principal edifice^. The state house is a large 
 fabric, founded upon 15,659 piles of wood, 
 which cost X.500,000 in building. Tiia 
 public buildings are fine and numerous. 
 The streets in general are narrow, but the 
 Keysar’s Graft; the Heer Graft; the Cin- 
 gel and Haerlem are spacious. There are 
 a number of canals which cross the city ia 
 diherent parts, beside three large sluices 
 which render the streets clean and pleasjint. 
 The finest is called the Anwrack, on the 
 side of it are two large quays. This canal 
 has several bridges ; the chief of which is that 
 next the sea, called the Ncav Bridge ; it is 
 600 feet in length, and 70 in breadth, ivith 
 iron balustrades on each side ; it has o6 
 arches, of which il are v.ery high, and eight 
 are shut up to inclose tlie yachts. 4 he har- 
 bour is a mile and a hov^t in leugtn, and 
 above I COO paces broad. It is difticult of 
 access, because of the shoals, but it is esteem- 
 ed to bo 01 iC of the- largest and finest in Eu- 
 rope, Avhere constantly may be seen a num- 
 ber of vessels, wd.ich look like a forest, or 
 rather a ficating city. Amsterdam, includ- 
 ing the fortifications, is computed to be half 
 as large as London, and ncjirly us populous 
 according to its size. It contains people of 
 almost every nation and religion in Europe, 
 who are tolerated in their rta.pective persua- 
 sions ; hut none are admitted to have a share 
 in the gONcrnn'cnt except those who profess 
 to be Calvinists. Here are 1 1 churches for 
 the Dutch, two FreiKh, and one High Dutch, 
 
A M W 
 
 of the established or Calvinistical religion. 
 The British have also three churches in this 
 city. The Koman Catholics have 27 houses 
 nr chapels. There is a number of Jews, 
 Lutherans, Arminians, Anabaptists, &c. 
 The commerce of Amsterdam is very exten- 
 sive, the greatest part of the trade of the E 
 India company centres in this city ; besides 
 it carries on trade with ail the rest of the | 
 world, and may be justly called the store- 
 house of Europe : prior to the late revolu- | 
 tioiiary commotions on the continent. Am- | 
 sterdain was governed by 30 senators, who 
 held their places during life, and 12 burgo- 
 masters. This city is first mentioned in the 
 15th century ; in the 14th it ranked among 
 the commercial cities of Europe ; towards ! 
 the middle of the 17th it doubled its extent 
 and population ; and, at this period, the na- 
 tional glory of the Dutch was in its zenith. 
 It is situated 70 miles nw of Cleve, and 80 
 K by E of Antwerp, 17.5 e by n of London, 
 240 N by E of Paris, and 560 nw of Vienna. 
 Lon. 4 44 E, lat. 52 25 n. 
 
 Amsterdam, a township of New York, in 
 Montgomery county. 
 
 Ainsterdam, a tovrn of Siam, in Hither 
 India. Lon. 101 40 e, lat. 15 40 n. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, and St. PAUL, two 
 small islands in the Indian oce.ah, lying in 
 the same longitude, at the distance of 40 
 miles from each other. Amsterdam is high 
 land, is more than four miles long and two 
 broad, is without trees, but covered with a 
 deep fertile soil, and almost in every part 
 bears .the plainest indications of volcanic 
 eruptions. On the e side is a large crater, 
 whose sides are 700 feet in perpendicular 
 height. Several hot springs are found on 
 the narrow strip of ground which divides it 
 from the sea. The surface of St Paul is flat, 
 has shrubs or low frees, but no convenient 
 landing place. Lon. 77 48 e, lat. 57 51 s. 
 
 Amu, Amur, or Jarnur, a considerable ri- 
 ver in Asiatic Russia, which is formed by the 
 junction of the rivers Argun and Schilk. It 
 is navigable to the sea. It is 409 miles in 
 length. 
 
 Amu, or Gihon, a river of independent 
 Tartary, takes its rise in the mountains of 
 Belli r, on the borders of Persia and India, 
 directs its course k of Bokharia, and empties 
 itself into lake Aral on the s, after it has 
 flowed 900 miles. 
 
 Amuskeag Falls, a romantic cataract of the 
 Merrimack, in New Plampshire, ,16 miles 
 below Concord. There is a wooden bridge 
 across the falls, 556 feet long, and 20 broad. 
 
 Amwell, a town of Hertfordshire, a little 
 to the s of the Ware, and 21 miles from 
 London. It is divided into two parts, viz. 
 Amwell Magi7.a, and Amwell Parva. This 
 last is rencleied famous for the New River 
 of London taking its rise at the head of it. 
 
 I he people of London are indebted for this 
 
 E 
 
 A N C 
 
 useful canal to the patriotism of Sir Hugh 
 Middleton, who, with some parliamentary 
 aid, and the assistance of the city of London, 
 began it in 1606, and completed it in 1 6 1 2 ; 
 but to the great diminution of his private 
 fortune. The annual profits of the New 
 River, are computed at L. 70,000. Sterling. 
 The canal extends 59 miles in length, having 
 45 sluices. There are 215 bridges over it; 
 and the property is divided into 72 shares. 
 It supplies near 40,000 houses with water. 
 
 A NAB O A, a small island situated near 
 the coast of Loanga in Africa, subject to 
 Portugal, in Lon, 9 e, lat. 1 u. On it tliere 
 are frequent rains ; but it produces plenty of 
 bananas, oranges, pine-apples, lemons, ci- 
 trons, tamarinds, cocoa nuts, Ac. together 
 with vast quantities of cotton. 
 
 Anacopia, the chief town of the nation of 
 the Abkahs, on the river Makai,.>near its en- 
 trance into the Black Sea. Lon, 40 50 e, 
 lat. 45 20 N.. ■- 
 
 Anadir, a river of Siberia, which issues 
 from a lake in TehAotski, aiSd falls into the 
 gulf of Anadir, ill the sea of Kamschatka, 
 lat. 65 N. 
 
 Anadirshoi, a town belonging to Russia, 
 seated on the above river, 
 
 Anagni, a town of Italy, situated in the 
 Campagna di Roma, 56 miiles e from Rom.e. 
 Near it are the hot waters, formerly called 
 Thermos Aniiice. Lon. 1 5 45 e, lat. 42 48 n. 
 
 Anak, a town of Diarbek, Turkey, tlm 
 country abounds in corn and fruit, is 80 miles 
 WNW of Bagdad, and 240 sse of Diarbekir, 
 Lon. 42 28 e, lat. 54 6 n. 
 
 Anamaboa, a po])ulous town in the king- 
 dom of Fantin, Guinea. 
 
 Ananpju7% a town of Mysore, Ilindoostan, 
 24 miles se of Nae;ara. 
 
 Anantpour, a town in the peninsula of 
 Hindoostan, 140 miles ne of Seringapatarn. 
 
 Anaradgurra, a town of the island of Cey- 
 lon. Lon. 80 0 E, lat. 8 50 n. 
 
 , Anarghia, is one of the chief towns of Ibe- 
 ria or Imerita in Asia, subject to the Turks. 
 Lon. 41 42 E, lat. 45 20 n. 
 
 ANASTATIA, St, a small island s of the 
 Mastances and St Augustin’s bay, e Florida. 
 
 ANATOLIA, or Natolia Proter, a 
 province of Natolia or Asia Minor. 
 
 ANATTOM, one of the Nevv Hebrides, 
 in the South Sea. Lon. 1 70 9 e, Tat. 20 1 0 s. 
 
 Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, stand- 
 ing on the Euphrates, 50 miles w of Bagdad, 
 Ancarano, a town of Ancona, Italy, situ- 
 ated 5 miles n ef Ascoli, and 82 me of Rome. 
 Lon. 15 29 £, lat. 42 48 n. 
 
 Ancaster, a towm in Lincolnshire, eight 
 miles from Grantham, and 15 s cf Lincoln. 
 
 It stands on a Roman higlrvvay, at the lo- t 
 of a hill, where are a number of antiquities, 
 and at the s end the ruins of a casthe. This 
 place gives title of duke to the noble house of 
 Bertie. Lon. 50 0 w. lat. 52 SO n. 
 
^ncastley In Oxfordshire, oi> the borders i 
 of Berkshire. , v 
 
 Ancenis, a town of France, seated on the 
 Loire, 20 miles e of ■ Nantz. Lon. 1 9 w, 
 iat. 47 20 N. 
 
 Ancholm, a river which takes its rise near 
 Market Rais in Lincolnshire, and is naviga- 
 ble from Glanford bridge to the Humber. 
 
 Andam, a strong town of Western Pome- 
 rania, in Upper Saxony, on the Peene, 20 
 miles SE of Gripswald. It was called Taug- 
 lini by the Saxons. It is advantageously si- 
 tuated amidst excellent pasture lands, and 
 fertile corn fields ; and the river Peene af- 
 fords good opportunities of fishing, and ex- 
 porting their produce. 
 
 Andiff, in Lancashire, two miles from 
 Wigan. It has a hot spring, called the 
 Burning Well. 
 
 Aiicober, or Rio Corhe, a river of Africa, 
 on the Gold Coast of Guinea, the banks of 
 which afford an agreeable shade in that warm 
 climate. There is a populous village on its 
 western bahk ; and it gives the name Anco- 
 her to a territory, situated between the Gold 
 coast and tiie country of Axim. Lon. 110 
 w, lat. 4 50 N. 
 
 ANCONA, a province of Italy, in the 
 Pope’s territlories, 70 miles long, and 50 
 broad, included in the republican depart- 
 ments of Tronto, Kacina, and Melauro. It 
 produces plenty of hemp, flax, wax, and ho- 
 ney. It'is situated between the gulf of Ve- 
 nice and Mount Appenine, which bounds it 
 on the K, Abruzzo on the e, the Duchy of 
 Spoletto, and that of Urbino on the w. 
 
 Ancona, a sea-port of Italy, the capital of 
 the above marquisate, and chief city of the 
 dep. of Melauro. It is situated 15 miles n 
 of Loretto, and 150 e of Rome. It was for- 
 merly the finest port in all Italy, being built 
 by the emperor Trajan about the year 115, 
 but had been almost ruined, and its trade 
 lost, till it was again revived through the pa- 
 tronage of Clement XII. who made it a 
 free p'ort, and rebuilt the mole for the safety 
 of the harbour. This mole is above 1000 
 feet ill length, 160 in breadth, and 60 in 
 depth below the surface of the sea. The 
 town lies round the harbour on two hills ; 
 on one of which stands the citadel which 
 commands the town and harbour. The ex- 
 change is a handsome square portico, in 
 which is an equestrian statue of Trajan. At 
 the four corners are four other statues. The 
 triumphal arch of Trajan, which was built 
 upon the mole, remains almost entire, with 
 its inscription. It is supposed to be one of 
 the. most beautiful monuments of ancient 
 Roman grandeur existing, h he end of the 
 mole Is fortified with 10 or 12 pieces of can- 
 non. There are about 5000 Jews, who re- 
 side in a particular quarter of the city, and 
 have a synagogue. Ancona is a great tho- 
 roughfare lioiii Uie north of Italy to Loret- 1 
 
 to. It was taken in 1796 by the Frendtt 
 who in 1799 surrendered it to the Austrians, 
 Lon. 15 29 E, lat. 43 36 n. 
 
 Ancre, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme. 
 
 Ancre, a town of France, 12 miles se of' 
 Antona, and 12 w by n of Perone. Lon. 
 
 2 45 E, lat. 49 59 N. 
 
 Ancrum, a parish of Scotland, with a vil- 
 lage of the same name, in the centre of 
 the county of Roxburgh, extending (with 
 Langnewton, which is united to it,) between 
 five and six miles in length on the n side of 
 the Tiviot, and about four in breadth. The 
 river Ale runs through the parish ; and the 
 low grounds are in general rich and fertile. 
 Here is a building of stone and lime, in form 
 of a paralellogram, called Malton Walls, 
 within which vaults have been discovered, 
 supposed to have belonged to the Knights of 
 Malta, or St. John of Jerusalem. Near 
 Ancrum House are 15 caves, in some of 
 which are vestiges of fire-places and chim- 
 nies. The population of this parish in 1801 
 was 1223. 
 
 Andaja, a river in Old Castile, Spain, 
 which runs into the Duero. 
 
 ANDALUSIA, the most western pro- 
 vince of Spain, bounded on the n by Estra- 
 madura. La Mancha, and the Sierra Mo- 
 rena mountains; on the e by Granada and 
 Murcia ; on the s by the Straits of Gibral- 
 tar, and the Atlantic Ocean; and on the 
 w by Alentejo and Algarva in Portugal, 
 from which it is separated by the river Uu- 
 adiana. It is about 270 miles long, and 
 80 broad. The Guadalquiver runs through 
 its whole length. The chief cities and towns 
 are, Seville the capital, Baeza, Gibraltar, 
 Cordova, Cadiz, Medina, Sidonia, Jaen, 
 Port St. Mary, &c. It is the richest and 
 most fertile province in Spain, and abounds 
 in all kinds of fruits, wines, grain, silk, su- 
 gar, oil, cinnabar, metals, cattle, and horses. 
 It was formerly resorted to by the Tyrians, 
 Rhodians, Grecians, Romans, &c. It is 
 still a place of great trade, having a num- 
 ber of good sea-ports. 
 
 ANDALUSIA, New% a division of the 
 province of Terra Firina, in s America* 
 The produce of the country consists chiefly 
 in dying drugs, gums, medicinal roots, bra- 
 zil wood, sugar, tobacco, and some valuable 
 timber. The capital of New Andalusia is 
 Coinana, or New Cordova, situated in lat. 
 9 55 N, about nine miles from the N sea. ^ 
 
 ANDAMAN, or Andeman Islands, in 
 the E Indies, situated on the e side of the 
 buy of Bengal, about 80 miles distance from 
 Tennasserini, on the coast of Siam. The 
 i irgcst Andeman is about 1 50 miles long, 
 and 24 wide, with good harbours, and vast 
 creeks, one of which intersects the island, 
 and at high water is navigable for small 
 vessels. Its forests produce ebony and the 
 
AND 
 
 Nicobar bread fruit, and the edile bird nests 
 are numerous. Hogs, monkeys, and rats 
 seem to be the only quadrupeds. Tiie in- 
 habitants, who perfectly resemble negroes, 
 and are in a state of complete barbarism, 
 live upon herbs, fruits, and fish. Their 
 canoes are of the rudest workmanship. 
 Lon 95 £, lat. 12 n; and Little Andaman 
 is about 24 miles in length, and 20 in 
 breadth. In 1795, the British made a set- 
 tlement on the N end of the Great Andaman, 
 which is called Port Cornwallis, and afibrds 
 shelter for ships during the ne monsoon. 
 
 Aiidat/ej a fortified town of France, in the 
 department of the lower Pyrenees, famous 
 for its brandy. It is seated on the mouth 
 of the Bidassoa, opposite to Fontarabia, in 
 Spain, 18 miles sw of Bayonne. Lon. 1 55 
 w, lat. 45 25 n. 
 
 Andegan, a town on the river Sirr, Lur- 
 kestan, 190 miles se of Taraz. Lon. 69 0 £, 
 lat. 42 1 8 N. 
 
 Andely^ a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Eure, divided into two parts, by a 
 paved causeway, which are named Great 
 and Little Andely ; the former on the ri- 
 vulet Gamons the latter on the Seine. There 
 is a manufactory here of very fine cloth. It 
 is 29 miles se of Rouen, and 40 nw of 
 Paris. Lon. 1 50 e, lat. 49 20 n. 
 
 ANDENAS, islands of Norway, in the 
 government of Drontheim. 
 
 ANDENOEN, an island of Norway, in 
 Drontheim. Lat. 69 50 n. 
 
 Andeolf Sty a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Ardeche, five miles s of St. 
 Viviers. Lon. 2 50 e, lat. 44 24 n. 
 
 Anderahy the most southern city of the 
 province of Balkb, possessed by the Usbeck 
 Tartars. It is very rich and populous, but a 
 place of no great strength. This city is sit- 
 uated at the foot of the mountains of Hin- 
 dooko, which divide the dominions of the 
 Great Mogul and Persia from Great Buck- 
 haria, 240 miles se of Balk. Rich quarries 
 of Lapis Lazuli are found in its vicinity. 
 Lon. 69 58 e, lat. 56 10 n. 
 
 Anderlechty a town of Brabant, in one of 
 the new' departments of France, two miles 
 K of Brussels. 
 
 Andernachty a city of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Rhine and Moselle. It is 
 situated in a plain on the Rhine, formerly 
 in the archbishopric of Cologn ; and is for- 
 tified with a w'all, castle, and bulwarks. It 
 has a trade in pottery ware, which are sent 
 to the mineral waters at Dunclistein. Here 
 are collected great quantities of timber, 
 wdiich is floated to Dordrecht, in Hoilaiid. 
 There are three monasteries here, and several 
 Churches, ten miles nw of Coblentz. Lon. 
 7 22 E, lat. 50 29 n. 
 
 Anderoy St. a sea-port towui in the Bay of 
 Biscay, in Old Castle, on a small peninsula. 
 
 AND 
 
 It is a trading town, and contains about 70^ 
 houses, tw'o parish churches, and four mo- 
 nasteries. Lon. 4 50 w, lat. 45 20 n. 
 
 Anderstony a village, and suburb of Glas- 
 gow, containing about 4,000 inhabitants. 
 Here is a brew'ery of ale and porter, said 
 to be the largest in Scotland ; several large 
 cotton works, a prinlfield and bloaclifields, 
 give employment to a great number of hands. 
 
 Andes, a great chain . of mountains in 
 South America, which, running from the 
 most northern part of Peru to the Straits 
 of Magellan, between 5,000 and 4,000 
 miles, are the longest and most remarkable 
 in the world. The Spaniards call them the 
 Cordillera de los Andes: They form two 
 ridges, the lowermost of which is overspread 
 with woods and groves, and the uppermost 
 covered with everlastaiig snow. Though 
 situated under the torrid zone, the cold far 
 exceeds w'hat the human mind can almost 
 conceive. From experiments made with a 
 barometer on the mountains of Cotopaxi, it 
 appeared that its summit was elevated 6,252 
 yards above the surface of the sea : and the 
 summit of Chimborars, the most elevated 
 point of this chain, is said to be 6,760 yards. 
 They are the loftiest and most extensive 
 mountains in the w'hole wmrld. It is af- 
 firmed, that there are in the Andes 16 vol- 
 canoes or burning mountains which throw 
 out fire and smoke with a terrible noise. 
 There is a public road through the moun- 
 tains 1000 miles in length, part of which 
 runs through Quito to Cusco. 
 
 Andesy a hamlet of Mantua in Italy, the 
 birth-place of Virgil ; now called Fieiolog 
 two miles w of Mantua. 
 
 Andeuse, a city in the ci-divant pro- 
 vince of Languedoc, France. Lon. 5 40 w, 
 iat. 45 45 N. 
 
 Andimoy a town of the island of Cyprus, 
 Lon 52 10 E, lat. 54 7 N. 
 
 Andlauy a town in th6 department of 
 Lower Rhine, France, 18 miles ssw from. 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Andovery a large, well built, populous 
 town in Hampshire, on the London road ; 
 pleasantly situated on the Ande, and on*the 
 edge of the Downs. It is a great thorough- 
 fare between London and Wiltshire, New- 
 bury, and Salisbury ; and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. From tins to Southamp- 
 ton water is a navigable canal. It is go- 
 verned by abailitf, a steward, a recorder, len 
 counsellors, and 22 burgesses. It lies ten 
 miles N by w of Winchester, and 65 w’ by 
 s of London. It has a weekly market ou 
 Saturday, and fairs on Thursday and Fri- 
 day, the 5d week in Lent, 12th May, and 
 6th November. It carries on a manufacture 
 oi’ shalloons and a great malting. Lon. 
 
 1 20 w% lat. 51 14 N. 
 
 Andover ^ a large and thriving town 
 
AND 
 
 Esseit county Massachusetts, seated on the 
 Shawseen. Here is an excellent seminary 
 called Philipps Academy ; also manufacto- 
 ries of gunpowder and paper* It contains 
 S'SOo inhabitants. It lies about 24 miles K 
 of Boston, and 20 miles wsw of Newbury 
 Port. 
 
 Andover, a town in Hillsborough, New 
 Hampshire. It contains C45 inhabitants. 
 
 Aridraghira, a liver of Sumatra, upon 
 which the Dutch have a factory. 
 
 Aiidragiry, capital of a kingdom on the 
 E coast of Sumatra, is situated on a river 
 convenient for trade. Pepper the princi- 
 pal produce ; ^00 miles n by w of Bencoolen. 
 liOn. 102 0 E, lat. O 58 s. 
 
 Atidrariiin, a town in S Gothland, Sweden, 
 near three miles s of Christianstadt, where 
 is the greatest alum-work in the kingdom. 
 
 Andre, St, the name of different small 
 places ; viz. a district in Corsica ; twm tov/ns 
 of France in the department of Mont 
 Blanc ; another in the ci«devant province 
 of Languedoc ; another in the department 
 of Rhone and Loire ; a village in Northum- 
 berland, six miles E of Hexham ; a fortress 
 of Dutch Guelderland, seated on an island 
 in the Waal ; and a town of N America, in 
 Leon, OR the gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Andre, St, De Beaulieu, a town in the de- 
 partment of Indre and Loire, France. 
 
 - Andrea, St, a small village on the Mala- 
 bar coast, in the E Indies, founded origi- 
 nally by the Portuguese. 
 
 ANDREA, FOSSA DI ST, was a dis- 
 trict of the Cisalpine republic, in the de- 
 partment of the Benaco. 
 
 ANDRE ANOFFSKI ISLES, a cluster 
 of isles between Asia and America. 
 
 Andreasberg, a toivn 28 miles ne of Got- 
 tingen, Brunswick Lunenburg, has good 
 silver mines. 
 
 Andres, St, a town in the department of 
 Gironde, France. 
 
 ANDRES, ST, or Andreas, an island 
 ©n the Musquito shore. Lon. 82 30 w, lat. 
 12 30 N. 
 
 Andrew* s Castle, Si, of Hampshire, be- 
 tw^een Southampton and Petersfield. 
 
 Andrew, St, a town in Germany, in the 
 the circle of Austria, and duchy of Carin- 
 thia, 20 miles ene of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Andrew* s, St, a town and island between 
 Brunswick and the United States, on the e 
 side of Scoodick, an arm of the inner bay of 
 Passamquoddy. Tiie inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in the lumber trade. 
 
 Andrevos, St, a city and royal borough of 
 Scotland, in Fifeshire, once the metropolis 
 of the Pictish kingdom. It was long the 
 metropolitan archie piscopal see of Scotlanrl, 
 and still the scat of the oldest Scottish uni- 
 versity, It is situated on a bay, where the 
 Eden and Kenlow^e fall into the Gernr^an’ 
 ocean, 52 miles nne from Edinburgh. The 
 
 AND 
 
 town of St. Andrev/’s was erected into ^ 
 royal borough by David I. in 1140, and 
 their privileges afterwards conflrmed. The 
 charter by Malcolm II. written on a bit of 
 parchment is still preserved in the Toibooth. 
 Here also are kept the silver keys of the city, 
 which, for the sake of form, are delivered ta 
 the king, if he should be at the place, or to a 
 victonous enemy, in token of submission. — • 
 Also the axe, which in 164G cut off the heads 
 of Sir Robert Spotteswood and other dis- 
 tinguished loyalists. The ruins of a forti- 
 fied castle, built by bishop Trail, in 1401, 
 upon a rock overlooking the sea, still remain 
 witli a Latin inscription over the gate. This 
 castle was the scene of the cruelty and 
 punishment of Cardinal Beaten. The win- 
 dow is still standing from which he with in- 
 human satisfaction beiieid tiie martyrdom of 
 George Wishart, who was burnt on the spot 
 beneath. In the same apartment he himself 
 was put to death and thrown out of tlie same 
 window, and the avengers of innocent blood 
 escaped. ' The Cathedral, the chapel of St. 
 Regulus, the church of St. Saivador and 
 the Priory have been noble structures. St. 
 Andrew’s is a mile in circuit, and contains 
 three principal streets. The population of 
 the town does not now exceed 2,000 ; a 
 small number to what it must have contained 
 when it had between 60 and 70 bakers. 
 The trade of St. Andrew’s was once very 
 ^considerable. So late as the reign of Charles 
 I. this place had 38 or 40 trading vessels, 
 and carried ©n a considerable herring and 
 white fishery by means of busses in deep 
 water. The harbour is artificial, guarded 
 by piers, with a narrow entrance. The chief ^ 
 manufactures of this city are at present sail- 
 cloth and Osnaburghs. St. Andrew’s how- 
 ever has five annual fairs, viz. on the 2d 
 Thursday of April, 1st Tuesday, in July, 1st 
 x\ugust, 29th September, and on St. An^ 
 dreivs Day, all O. S. and a weekly market 
 on Thursday, The celebrated University 
 of this city was founded in 1411, by bishop 
 Wardlaw* ; and the next year he obtained 
 from Benedict III. the bull of confirmation. 
 It consisted once of- three colleges. 1. St. 
 Salvador’s founded in 1458, by bishop Ken- 
 nedy ; 2. St. Leonard’s college, founded by 
 prior Hebburn, in 1522 ; and 3. St. Mary s 
 college, established by archbishop Hamilton 
 in 1553. In 1747, St. Leonard’s and St. 
 Salvator’s were conjoined by an act of par- 
 liament, under the name ot the Lnited 
 College. The univeioity is governed by a 
 chancellor, and each college has a principal. 
 The United College has two professors of 
 philosophy^ one of matlieinalics, ot huma- 
 nity, Greek, logic, civil history, and medi- 
 cine. The New College has professors of 
 Hebrew, ecclesiastical history, and divinity. 
 St. Andrew’s gives name to the parish in 
 I which it lies, extending ten miles in length, 
 
A N G 
 
 and three in breadth. The soil is very va- 
 rious. but in general rich, highly cultivated, 
 and produces excellent crops. According 
 to the census made in 1801, the population 
 of the parish and town was 4o35. Loa 2 
 45 w, lat. 55 18 N. 
 
 ANDREW’S St, is also the name of 
 several other places ; viz. an island, and a 
 town in Dalmatia ; an island, and a town 
 in Hungary; and a village in Suffolk, near 
 Beedes. 
 
 Andr/a, an episcopal city in the territory 
 of Sari, in the kingdom of Naples, four 
 miles from the Adriatic coast, and 26 w of 
 Bari. Lon. 17 4 E, lat. 41 15 x. 
 
 ANDROS, an island 24 miles long and 
 eight broad, lying between Tenedos and 
 Euboea; being one mile from the former, 
 and 10 from the latter. It is one of the 
 ancient Cyclades. Andros is now siibjedl 
 to the Turks ; and contains a town of the 
 same name, with a great many villages. It 
 23 the most fruitful island in the Archipela- 
 go, and yields a great quantity of silk. 
 Tliere are said to be about 6,000 inhabitants, 
 besides those cf the villages Arni and, A- 
 mcddecs, who are about 200, have a differ- 
 ent language and customs, and are called 
 Albancis. There are seven, monasteries, a 
 great number of churches, and a cathedral 
 for the bishops of the Roman Catholic per- 
 suasion ; but most of the inhabitants are of 
 the Greek communion. Lon. 25 50 e, lat. 
 57 50 N. 
 
 ANDROS, a cluster of islands sw of 
 Providence, in the Bahamas. They take 
 up a space of 50 leagues long, and four or 
 five broad, intersected by many narrow pas- 
 sages. 
 
 0 ^ AndrcscoggWy or Amariscoggin, a river 
 in the district of Maine, , the chief western 
 branch of the Kennebeck. It rises >r of 
 Lake Umbagog, and runs s near to the 
 White Mountains, from which it receives 
 the Moose and Peabody. 
 
 Andross, one of the Bermuda islands. 
 
 Andugan, seated on the river Sirr, capital 
 of the province Fergana, Ushbec Tartary, 
 500 miles ^'E cf Samarcand. Lon. 68 55 
 E, lat. 42 25 N. 
 
 Andvjar, or 7 a large and populous city 
 
 Anduxu?', 5 of Andalusia, in* Spain, 
 seated on the Guadalquiver, 25 miles e of 
 Cordova, defended by a good castle. It is 
 adorned w’lth handsome churches, and se- 
 vcml religious houses, and the inhabitants 
 carry on a considerable trade in silk. Lon. 
 4 2 wv l?t. 57 45 n. 
 
 Aivdux, or! a torvn of France in the 
 
 Ayiduze, 5 deparlmcnt cf Herault, 
 seated on the river Gardoii, 25 miles n of 
 Montpelier. It carries on a considerable 
 tracie in serges and woollen cloth. Lon. 5 
 42 E, lat. 45 59 n. 
 
 ANEGADA, one of the T 
 
 about 6 leagues long. 
 
 O O 
 
 irgin isies, ^ 
 
 Lon. 65 0 w, lat, 1 ^ 
 
 55 N. 
 
 ANGEDIVA, an island on the w coast 
 of Hindoostan belonging to the Portuguese, 
 60 miles sse of Goa. Lon. 74 12 e, lat. 
 14 45 N. 
 
 Anfa^ a town of Temesne, in Barhary, in 
 a district of the same name, situated upon 
 the coast, 20 miles n cf mount Atlas, 18 
 miles E of Aramore, and 1 9 w' of Rebat. 
 
 Anganioiciy a city of Asia, on the pro- 
 montory of Malabar, in the East Indies, 
 near the river Aicct. 
 
 ANGARAEZ, a province of S Ameri- 
 ca, in Peru, 20 leagues nw by w of Gua- 
 manga. 
 
 ANG AZYA, one of the Comora islands, 
 lying between the n end of Madagascar 
 and the coast of Zanguebar in Africa, from 
 lat. 10 to 15 s. It is inhabited by Moors, 
 who trade wo*th dh'crs parts of the continent, 
 in cattle, fruits, and other comraodities of 
 the island, which they exchange for callicoes 
 and other cotton cloths. 
 
 AngeihVf a town in the department of 
 Indre, France. Loix. 2 36 e, hit. 47 25 w,- 
 
 Angnfoy Sty the name of several places, 
 viz. a strong castle at Rome) to which the 
 pope retired in times of danger ; a castle, 
 and a district of Corfu ; an impregnable 
 castle in Alaita ; a sea-port town of Apulia, 
 on the gulph of Venice, eight miles n cf 
 Manfredonia; a small but strong town in 
 the Capifanata of Naples/ Lon. 15 56 s, 
 lat. 41 45 N. ; a- city and a mountain in th& 
 princfpato Ulteriore of Naples ; and a town 
 of the late papal province of Orbino. 
 
 ANGELOS, LOS, a province of Mexi- 
 co, the ancient republic of Tlascala, of which 
 a city of the same name w’as once the capi- 
 tal, That city is now reduced to an inconsi- 
 derable village, and lias given place to ano- 
 ther called Puebla dos los Angelos, or the 
 city of Angels. It is bounded on n by 
 Panuco, E by the gulf of Mexico, s by 
 Guaxaca and the Pacific Ocean, and w by 
 Mexico Proper. Extensive chains of lofry 
 mountains run along the w and kw^ confines, 
 which subject this province to frequent f era- 
 pests and inundations. It is however allow- 
 ed to be the most populous country of New 
 Spain. 
 
 AngeloSy los dc Puehla, the seccrad city of 
 Mexico, was formerly an Indian town ; but 
 in 1550 was entirely abandoned by the na- 
 tives, on account of the cruelties of the 
 Spaniards. A succeeding viceroy of Mexi- 
 co by a milder treatment recalled theni ; 
 and the town of which the buildings are 
 mostly of stone, lofty and elegant, is now 
 exceedingly rich and populous, so as even fo 
 vie with Mexico itself in magniticence. It 
 is situated on the river Zacatula, in a fine 
 valley about 80 miles ese of Mexico, and 
 said to contain 67,SOO inhabitants. In the 
 
A N G 
 
 middle is a ircautiful and spacious square/ 
 froni whence run the principal streets in 
 direct lines, which are crossed by others at 
 right angles. One side is almost entirely 
 cccupied by the magnificent front of the 
 <!atbedral, while the other three consists of 
 piazzas, under which are the shops of trades- 
 men. Lon. 9S lo w, lat. 19 O^r. 
 
 j^ugerburgt a town with a castle, in Prus- 
 sia, situated on the n side cf a lake, from 
 w’hich it derives its nan^c*. 70 miles se of 
 'Kcnigsberg. Lon 22 15 e, iat. 54 8 n. 
 
 ANGERMANLAND, a province of 
 Nordland, Sweden, extending to 150 miles 
 Ki length, and from 50 to 80 broad. It is 
 in general mountainous ^nd woody, has con- 
 siderable iron works, and produces Hax, 
 which is dressed and spun in a manner pe- 
 culiar to this place. Hernosand is the chief 
 town. The Angermanland ri\^r, which runs 
 through this country, is one of the largest in 
 Sweden. Near the sea it is half a mile 
 broad, and navigable for a considerable way 
 in land. 
 
 Angerniond, or Angermwide, a fown of 
 the duchy of Berg, in Germany, nine miles 
 N of Dusseldorff, subject to the Elector 
 Palatine. L6n. G 20 e, lat 51 10 n. 
 
 Anger Sy a large and poi3ulous city^ of 
 France, in the department of Maine and 
 Loire, situated near the confluence of the 
 Sarte. The Loire and the Maine divides 
 the city into two equal parts, between which 
 there is a coirimunication by two large 
 bridges. Angers contains 12 parishes, and 
 tliere are four in the suburbs, which in all 
 contain upw^ards of 9000 houses and 5G,000 
 inhabitants. . The castle, situated in the 
 centre of the city, on a rock overhanging the 
 river, was built by St Louis about the mid- 
 dle cf the ISth century; and afterwards be- 
 came the principal residence of the kings of 
 Sicily, as dukes of Anjou. It is flanked 
 by 18 round towers. Its environs arc adorn- 
 ed with numerous country houses, and a 
 hundred w indinills. The cathedral is a ve- 
 nerable and elegant structure : the princi- 
 , pal gate is surrounded wdth three steeples. 
 Near the church of St Michael is the Iiand- 
 soinest.square in the city, from whence runs 
 , a street of the same name. On one side of 
 the street is the town house ; w'hich has a 
 fine tower with a clock raised'upon an arch, 
 that serves for a passage' into the great square, 
 'i'lie university of Angers was founded in 
 1598, and the academy of Belles Lettres in 
 1 685. This last consists of 50 academicians. 
 In Angers is a great annual procession on 
 Corpus Cliristi day, at w'hicli all the priests' 
 and monks assist, attended by the inhabitants 
 and many foreigners, who carry burning 
 torches and scripture histories engraved, in 
 order to atone for the pretended crime of 
 archdeacon Bcrcnqartus who here opposed 
 Raasubstantiation, when that tenet was first 
 
 A N G 
 
 introduced by the Romish church about the 
 year 1019. At the end of the suburbs of 
 Bresigny are the quarries of Angers, Ibraous 
 for fine slates, of the thickness of a crown 
 piece, and a foot square. All the houses in 
 Angers are covered with this slate, which 
 has gained the appellation of the Black 
 City. Handkerchiefs and sailclotli are ma- 
 nufactured here. It is 50 miles ene of Nan- 
 tes, and 175 sw of Paris. Lon. 0 50 w, 
 Iat. 47 28 N. . 
 
 ANGHIERA, or Angera, a fruitful 
 district of the ci-devant Milanese. 
 
 Angkleray or Anger ay a town in the above 
 district and department, seated on the e side 
 of the lake Maggiore, 30 miles nw of Mi- 
 lan. Loll. 8 40 E, lat. 45 42 n. 
 
 'Anglars^ a town in the department of 
 Puys de Dome, France. 
 
 Angky in the department of Viennei 
 France, seated on the Anglin, 22 miles from 
 Poictiers. 
 
 ANGLES, an ancient German nation, 
 originally a branch of the Suevi ; who, after 
 various migrations, settled in that part of 
 Denmark, and duchy of Sleswick, which to 
 this day is called AngleUy or Angeleuy and of 
 which the city of Flensbourg is the capital. 
 To this nation the British ambassadors are 
 said to have applied when soliciting succours 
 against the Scots and Piets. The Angles, 
 therefore, came over in greater numbers than 
 any other Saxon nation ; and in process of 
 time they became masters of the country, and 
 had the honour of giving the name <>£ Anglia 
 to England. 
 
 ANGLESEY, Isle of,, the most %vestern 
 county of North Wales. It is 24 miles in 
 length, 18 in breadtji, containing 200,000 
 acres, and is about 250 miles from London. 
 It sends two members to parliament. It is 
 separated from Ca3ruarvonsliire by a strait 
 called Mehaiy and on every other side is sur- 
 rounded by the sea. It is a fertile spot, and 
 abounds in corn, cattle, flesh, flsh, and fowls. 
 At Port Aethwy, the most general ferry into 
 the island, there is a great passage of cattle. 
 It is computed that the .island sends forth 
 annually from 12,000 to 15,000 head, of 
 cattle, and multitudes of sheep and hogs ; 
 besides leaving a stock of 50,000 cattle. In 
 1770, upwards of 90,000 bushels of corn 
 were exported, exclusive of wheat. The 
 improvements in husbandry have greatly in- 
 creased since the suppression of smuggling 
 from tlie isle of Man: not but that the 
 island was in most remote times famous for 
 its fertility: Mon Mam Gymry, the Nursing 
 Mother of Wales, was a title it assumed even 
 in the 12th century. At a part of Trysel- 
 wyn mountain, called Fary’s Mountain, is 
 the most considerable body of copper ore, 
 perhaps ever known, and a lead ore rich in 
 . liver has been lately found in the same 
 mountain. The Macclesfield company had 
 
at one period 14,000 tons of ore upon the 
 bank, and Mr Huglies 50 000. This 
 island is divided into 74 parishes, most 
 of the churches of which are j;ituated 
 near the shores ; and coiituins about 
 6,679 houses, with 3.5,806 inhabitants. Tlie 
 chief towns are Beaumaris, Holyhead, and 
 Newburgh. The wooded part of (lie island 
 is on this side. It was once the seat of the 
 Druids, whose religious rites were performed 
 in the deep gloom of the thickest woods — 
 Rude mounds and heaps of stones, which 
 are said to bo Druidical remains, are frequent 
 in this island. s 
 
 Aiigmerivg, e and w, two small village 
 in the county of Sussex, near Arundel. 
 They have a weekly market on Saturday, 
 and a fair on July 30lh. 
 
 AngoU a pleasant and well watered city in 
 ^.e province of Chili, S America, 125 miles 
 it of Baldivia. Lon. 7*2 59 w, iat. 37 56 s. 
 
 ANGOLA, a kingdom on the western 
 coast of Africa, lying, according to the best 
 accounts, between lat. 5 0 and 16 21s, form- 
 ing a coast of upwards of 480 miles, Ion. be- 
 tween 10 and 15 degrees e. Angola Pro- 
 per is separated on the n by the river Dan- 
 da, from Congo ; and on the s by the Coan- 
 za, from Benguela, which, however, is now 
 included in the kingdom of Angola, having 
 been conquered by its monarchy, though it 
 still retains the name of kingdom, and is in- 
 cluded in the dimensions just now given 
 The air here is very hot and unvvhole.some, 
 and the country mountainous ; there being 
 but few plains to be met with in it, except 
 cn the sea coast, and between the huge 
 ridges of mountains. The Angolans are 
 universally allowed to be tall, elegant, and 
 handsome in their persons ; but the disposi- 
 tion of their minds is variously represented 
 by authors. The manners, religion, dress, 
 &c. of the Angolans, are much the same with 
 those of the Congoese, The men are, averse 
 to labour, which they commit to their slaves 
 or wives. The soil produces Indian corn, 
 beans, oranges, leixions, grain of various 
 kinds, and great variety of fruits. The Por- 
 tuguese have several Settlements on the coast. 
 Bat the natives trade with the English and 
 Dutch. Luanda is the capital. 
 
 ANGOT, a province or kingdom of 
 Abyssinia, formerly rich and fertile, but al- 
 most ruined by the Gaila.s, a wandering na- 
 tion from the internal parts of Africa, who 
 dispossessed the Abyssinian monarchs. 
 
 Angoulcs.ney a city of France, in the de- 
 partment of Chareine, 50 miles vvsw of Li- 
 moges, 64 SE of llochelle, and 250 s by vv of 
 i^aris. It is seated on the top of a hill, sur- 
 rounded with rocks. The inhabitants are 
 about 8,000, and the principal manufacture 
 Is paper. Lon. 0 Me, iat. 45 30 n. 
 
 ANGOUMOIS, a ci-devant province of 
 France, bounded on the by Poitou, on the 
 2 
 
 :j K by Limousin and March, on the s by Pe- 
 rigord, and on the w by Saintonge. It is 
 now included in the department of Charente. 
 It is mountainous, but fertile, and possesses 
 mines of iron. 
 
 Angdura, or Angyra, anciently Ancyra, a 
 town of Natolia, in Asiatic Turkey, remark- 
 able for m remains of antiquity ; such as 
 inscriptions, pillars, ruins of temples, Sec, 
 It is at present one of the best cities in Ana- 
 tolia ; its streets are full of pillars sind build- 
 ings of old marble, among which ar^ so no 
 of porphyry and jasper. ^The castle, which 
 is as large as a small town, and v eU * -t- 
 
 ed both by Christians and T irks. ^ 
 
 inclo.sure, and is built of .vhivc . >d 
 
 stone resembling porohy . h ' • 
 
 0., •■•.TOS 
 
 the walls of the town, w j . o h" 
 
 -•7, : ::d 
 
 those of the houses ul . ’ r 
 
 
 of unburnt brick, bu’ c. ^ o 
 
 . .Q 
 
 towers, antique fragm ^ . "v. ,, 
 
 •5 E\ 
 
 traves, &c. are in ten: : ' 7 
 
 - . , .Ij. 
 
 computed to have 100,01 f -r. 
 
 
 of whom are Turks ; (a’ 
 are Janissaries;) Greet 
 
 . . .'•.1 
 
 
 compose the remaining 
 
 
 menians have several cl . . ^ > 
 
 ' a 
 
 monastery; and the Greekr 
 
 - c. ■ 
 
 try produces very good red . .; 
 
 ■ 
 
 lent rice grows on, the ban^ 
 
 . ■- ■■•'5 
 
 rivers. In this place there 
 
 .:od of 
 
 goats ; their hair or wool is 
 
 
 as fine as silk; a great trade > , 
 
 
 this article, and the finest s, . ' ’ 
 
 ■ '".'y 
 
 Gamble ts, are made of it. 7 
 
 
 tants are employed in tlr 
 
 
 The exports of Angoura, to 
 
 
 and Great Britain, area' 
 
 > '. ■ i 
 
 loads yearly. Angoura is ’ : 
 
 . . ca 
 
 sE of Constantinople. Lc . 
 
 do 
 
 50 N. See Ancyra, 
 
 ANGO Y, a kingdom 
 
 
 ca, bounded on the n f , 
 
 
 the s by Congo; from t.u; i : 
 
 ■' 'id ’ ,h 
 
 it is separated by the Cabi c 
 
 
 latter ^by the river Zaire. i . 
 
 d-; :;:i 
 
 extent; and has but or;c 
 
 
 led Bomangoy. Its chief pore i ; 
 
 
 Angra, a city of Tarcera, one . 
 
 - .0 A'^ 
 
 zores the capita], not only of that id ' vt 
 of ail the rest, and the residence of . . 
 
 vernor. It is seated on the s side, r ■ e 
 middle of the longest diameter of the ; - I 
 
 on the edge of the sea. The ha- ho., ’ .• 
 the form of a crescent; the extrech;; o. 
 vvhica are defended by two high roc':., 
 run so far into the sea as to render tL:.' e i- 
 trance narrow, and easily covered by the 
 teries von each side, b ooi tin's harbour 
 tovvn is s.aid to derive its name, the 
 Angra signifying u creek, bay, or station for 
 shipping; and this is the onh'' convenien?: 
 one among ail the Azores. The town is vveii 
 built and populous ; it is the see of a bishop, 
 under &he juiisdivftion of the archbisbop of. 
 
A N H 
 
 Lisbon. It has five parishes, a cathedral, 
 four monasteries, as many nunneries, besides 
 an inquisition and bishop’s court, which ex- 
 tends its jurisdiction over all the Azores, 
 Flores, and Gorvo. It is surrounded by a 
 good wall, a dry ditch of great depth and 
 breadth, and defended by a strong castle. 
 The English, French, and Dutch, have each 
 a consul residing here, though the commerce 
 cf any of these nations with the Azores is 
 very inconsiderable, being only for wood, 
 com, and other provisions. Lon. 27 7 w, 
 lat. 58 ^^9 
 
 Angra de Io$ RoyeSy a town of Brazil, in 
 the captainship of Rio de Janeiro, seated on 
 a small bay. It has two churches and a 
 monastery. It lies JS miles from Rio de 
 Janeiro. Lon 41 10 w, lat. 22 28 n. 
 
 ANGROGNA, 7 a mountainous but fer- 
 
 ANGROGNE, 5 tile district of Pied- 
 mont, accessible only at two places from the 
 s and E, and memorable for affording several 
 safe retreats to the Waldenses and Albigen- 
 ses ; who stood out against the power of papal 
 tyranny, many centuries before the Refor- 
 mation. There is a river of the same name 
 in Piedmont. 
 
 Angrogne, or Angrogna, a town of Pied- 
 mont, seven miles w of Pignerol. Lon. 7 
 15 E, lat. 45 0 N. 
 
 Angiud, or Angued, a desert of Tremecen, 
 inhabited by hordes of wdld Arabs, who live 
 chiefly by plunder, aad by forcing travellers 
 to pay them a tax for what they call pass- 
 ports, wdiich are a kind of small flag at the 
 end of a lance. As they raise little corn, 
 dates, milk, wild fruits, and game are their 
 principal fare. They acknowdedge no chief 
 but their o'wn, nor do they pay any tribute 
 to the Algodnes. 
 
 ANGUILLA, tb e m ost II ortherly of th e 
 Carribbee islands; it has its name from its 
 snake* like form ; and is about ten leagues in 
 length, and three in breadth. The inhabi- 
 tants subsist mostly by farming. It lies in 
 the Atlantic ocean, 60 miles mw of St Chris- 
 topher’s. Lon 65 10 Wy lat. 18 15 n. 
 
 . ANGUILLA, an island and bank e of 
 the Great Bahama Bank, and n of the island 
 of Cuba. Lon. 78 10, to 79 30 w, lat. 23 
 ^0 E, to 24 10 N. 
 
 Anguitlahay a tov/n in the Patrimony of 
 St Peter, near the lake Berecino, 15 miles 
 j<w of Rome. 
 
 ANGUILLARA, a district composed of 
 part of* the late, territory of Padua, Maritime 
 Austria, containing two cities, and 2800 in- 
 habitants, also a market-town in this district. 
 
 Afiguille, a bay on the ene, in the gulph 
 of St Lawrence, situated on the kne of St 
 Jobu’*^ island. 
 
 ANGUS, or Forfar. See Forfar. 
 
 ANHALT, ap.nncipality of Germany, in' 
 the circle of Upper Saxony. It is situated 
 the most part betwixt tlie rivtTs Elba and 
 
 ANN 
 
 SaaTc, about 90 miles in length from s to vr 
 and from 8 to 35 in breadth ; bounded on 
 the s by the county of Mansfield, on the w 
 by the duchy of Halberstadt, on the e by 
 the dueby of Saxony, and on the n by the 
 duchy of Magdeburg. It abounds in corn, 
 and is watered by the Salde and Mulda ; it 
 contains rich mines. The towns in these 
 little states are not 4So numerous in propor- 
 tion to the extent of country as in Saxony, 
 but better peopled. Its castle is in ruins. 
 
 The capital is Zerbst 
 
 ANHOLT, an island of Denmark, in K ! 
 Jutland, lying in the Categate, eight miles | 
 from the coast of Jutland, ten from Zealand, | 
 and seven from Holland, It is dangerous | 
 for seamen, for which reason there is a light- | 
 house erected on it. It affords good supplies 
 of water, and has safe anchorage. It was 
 taken by the English in 1 809, \vho repulsed 
 the Danes in their attempt to retake it in 
 1811. Lon. 11 35 E, lat. 56 38 n. 
 
 Aniane, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Herault, 13 miles wnw of Mont- 
 pelier. Lon. 5 40 K, lat. 45 45 n. 
 
 Angengay a small towm and factory, \vitb 
 a fort, on the coast of Malabar, in the penin- 
 sula on this side the Ganges, belonging to 
 the E. India Company. This settlement 
 supplies our E India Company with pepper, ; 
 calicoes, &c. 46 miles wn-w of Travancore, 
 Lon. 76 40 E, lat. 8 40 n. ' 
 
 Animallyy a town of the peninsula of 
 Hindoostan, in the Mysore country, 21 miles 
 s of Coimbetore. The chief articles of com- ^ 
 mercc are drugs, honey, and wax, collected 
 on hills to the & Lon. 77 10 k, lat. 10 40 n. 
 
 ANJOU, a ci-devant province of France, 
 which, in conjunction with the late provinces 
 of Maine and Touraine, now forms the four . 
 departments of Maine, Sarte, Maine and 
 Loire, and Indre and Loire. It w'as bound- ^ 
 
 and in breadth 60. It formerly belonged to ■ 
 the sovereigns of England. Through it run 
 live navigable rivers. The air is temperate, ; 
 and the country agreeably diversified with 
 hills and meadows. It produces white wine, 
 wheat, barley, rye, oats, pease, beans, flax,, 
 hemp, walnuts, chesnuts, cyder, and fruit 
 trees of all kinds. Its greatest riches con- 
 sist in cows, oxen, and sheep. There are 
 several coal and iron mines. It has also 
 several saltpetre works, and some glass- 
 houses. It contains the following towuis, 
 viz. Angers the capital, Saumur, Brisac, Pons 
 de Cea, La Fleche, and Beaufort. 
 
 Ann Sty a town of New Brunswick, situ- 
 ated on the river St John, opposite Frederic- 
 town, 80 miles above the city of St John. 
 
 ANNA, a province of Arabia Desert^ 
 and the name of one of the three principali- 
 ties into which it is divided. 
 
 ' Anna f one of the chief cities of the above 
 
principality, formerly a noted marlcet-t^wn, 
 situated on the w bank of the Euphrates, in 
 a fruitful and pleasant soil, 130 miles w of 
 “Bagdad, and 12 degrees ssw of Moussol. 
 This city is tributary to Turkey, but it is with 
 great difficulty that the Turkish aga, and the 
 Janissaries, who are kept here, can levy the 
 tribute imposed. It is the common rendez- 
 vous of all the robbers which infest the De- 
 gert. Lon. 41 S5 e, lat. 35 30 isr, 
 
 Anna, St, a fortiiied town of Russia, si- 
 tuated in a marshy country. It is well built, 
 and the streets are broad and straight. 
 
 Annaberg, a town in Saxony, famous for 
 sts warm baths. Its silver mines were 
 formerly very productive. It has a manu- 
 facture of lace, 17 miles s of Chemnitz. 
 Lon. 13 6 E, lat. 53 35 n. 
 
 Annacloy, in the county of Down, Ire- 
 land, seated on a branch of Strangford 
 Lake. 
 
 ANNAGH, a small island opposite the 
 county of Mayo, on the w coast of Ireland, 
 £ve miles in circumference. Lon. 9 39 w, 
 kt. 53 58 N. 
 
 ANNAMOOKA, one of the Friendly 
 Islands, in the South Sea. It was discover- 
 ed by Tasman, in 1643 ; and visited by Cap- 
 tain Cook, 1774 and 1777. It is well 
 cultivated in many parts. The plantations 
 of yams and plantains are very ex'tensive, 
 «nd often inclosed with neat fences of reeds. 
 The bread fruit and cocoa trees are generally 
 'near the habitations of the natives. The in- 
 habitants are friendly and hospitable, but 
 addicted to pilfering from their European 
 visiters. Lon about 187 0 e, lat. 20 0 «. 
 
 Annan, a river of Scotland, which rises 
 about four miles n of Molfat, in that^re- 
 markahle hill which also gives rise to the 
 Tweed, the Cyde, and the Evan. It falls 
 into the Solway Frith, about six miles from 
 Hoddom, It abounds with salmon, trouts, ^ 
 eels, roaches, par^, &c 
 
 Annan, an ancient royal borough in 
 Domfries-shirc, and capital of the district 
 of Annandale, situated near the mouth of 
 the above river. Vessels of about 250 tons 
 can come within half a mile of the town 
 The ruins of a fine castle built by one of the 
 Bruces are still to be seen. A fabric for 
 carding and spinning cotton has lately been 
 erected. The revenue of the burgh arising 
 from fsherics, tolls, and feu-duties, is about 
 L.300 Sterling per annum. It is ] 6‘ miles 
 ISE of Dumfries, and SO s of Edinburp'h. 
 Lon. 3 4 w, lat. 55 0 w. The parisii of 
 Annan is about eight miles long, and from ■ 
 one to three broad. The surface is gene- 
 rally level, and the soil fertile. Tire popu- : 
 lation of the parish, including the town, is 
 aljout 2415. 
 
 Annan dale, ^ stexvartry or district of ! 
 Dumfries, of which Lochmaben t'asile vvas 
 formerly the chief fortaiicg, is a fertile Yale, i i 
 
 , U 24 rmfles long, and about 14 miles broad. 
 I It was formerly a lordship under the Bruces, 
 r who took their title from it. Upon the 
 , death of David II. in 1371, it fell into the 
 1 hands of Randolph, Earl of Murray, next to 
 ‘ the Earls of March, after their forfeiture it 
 I went to the Douglasses, who also lost it by 
 similar conduct. It is now a marquisatc, 
 belonging to the family of Johnston. 
 
 Annano, a fort of Italy, seated ©n the 
 Tanaro, in the Milanese, 12 miles s of 
 Casal. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 44 40 n. 
 
 Annapolis, the chief town of Maryland^ 
 and county of xVnn Arundel, N. America, 
 
 1 'formerly known by the name of the 'Severn, 
 which title was abolished in 1694, when it 
 was made a pert- town, and the residence of 
 a collector and naval officer. The houses 
 are generally large and elegant. The state- 
 house is the noblest building of the kind in 
 the United States ; it stands in the centre of 
 the city, from which the streets diverge iii 
 every direction. Washington College eft 
 Chester and St. John’s College here, forth 
 one university, called the Lhiiversity of 
 Maryland. Annapolis lies on Chesapeafe 
 Bay at the mouth of the Severn, 30 miles i 
 by N of Washington, and 35 s of Baltimore, 
 Lon. 76 48 w, lat, 39 0 n. 
 
 Annapolis Royal, a town of NoVa Scotit, 
 seated in the bay of Fundy. It has one of 
 the finest harbours in America. The town 
 is situated at the mouth of a river of the 
 same name, on the s of the harbour, 86 miks 
 w by N of Halifax. The place is also pro- 
 tected by a fort and garrison. There is k 
 trade carried on here by the Indians with 
 furs, which they exchange for European 
 goods. Lon. 64 5 w, lat. 45 10 n. 
 
 Annajjolis, a county on the above river, 
 adjoining to King’s county, contains three 
 townships, namely Wilmot, Granville, and 
 Annapolis. The principal towns, Clare and 
 Monkton. 
 
 Ann, Cape, the point of land in Glou- 
 cester, iimerica. Lon. 70 17 vv, kt. 42 
 45 N. 
 
 Ann Fort, in the state of N York. It 
 lies about seven miles sw by s from Skenes- 
 borough Fort, and 12 ne by n from Fort 
 Edward on Hudson’s river. 
 
 Ann, St, n lake in Upper Canada, n of 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 A}in, St, the chief town of the province 
 of Paraua in Paraguay, S America. 
 
 Annecy, a city or France, in the departs 
 ment of Mont Blanc, seated on the banks 
 ofthe kke Annecy, 16 miles g of Geneva, 
 and 22 ns of Charaberry. Lon. 6 12 s, 
 lat. 45 53 N. 
 
 Annecy, a Jake in the department of 
 Mont Blanc, nine miles long, and four 
 bror'd, 
 
 ANNEX, one of the Scilly isles. It is 
 uniriliabited j but, at low water, the foua- 
 F 2 - , 
 
A N S 
 
 Nations of ruined habitations are visible, 
 Which are supposed to have been destroyed 
 by the sea There are some druidical re- 
 mains noon it. 
 
 ANNOBON, a small island of Africa, 
 on the coast of J^oango, belonging to the 
 Portugviese; so called from its being dis- 
 covered on hew year’s day. Here are two 
 high mountains, the tops of which being 
 continually covered with clouds, occasion 
 frequent rains. The road for shipping lies 
 on the NE side, where they may anchor in 
 seven, ten, 15, or Id fathoms, on a fine sand 
 close to the land, opposite to the village. 
 It contains above lOO houses. The climate 
 is wholesome, and the island is well watered 
 by pleasant brocks, and fresh water springs. 
 The valleys produce Turkey corn, rice, mil- 
 let, yams,, potatoes, Sic. and afford pasture 
 for abundance of oxen, sheep, goats, Sec. 
 poultry and fish also abound here ; but the 
 only mercantile production is cotton. Lon. 
 5 10 E, lat. I 50 s. 
 
 Annona^i a tov/n of France, in the de- 
 partment of Ardeche, seated at the conflu- 
 ence of the Cannes and Deumes, 12 miles 
 sw of Vienne. A great paper manufactory 
 is carried on here, where M. Montgolfier, 
 the pr<>prietor, it is said, first. discovered ra- 
 *^fified air balloons. Lon. 4 55 e, lat. 45 15 n. 
 
 Annone, a fort of Italy, in Montserrat, 
 seated on the Tanaro, nine miles e from 
 Asti. Lon. 28 14 e, lat, 44 28 n. 
 
 Annotf a small city in the department of 
 the lower Alps, France. Lon. 7 0 e, lat, 
 44 4 N, 
 
 ANNOSI, a province of the island of 
 Madagascar, lying between 1st. 25 18 and 
 26 s. It is ^vatered b}' many rivers, Fran- 
 chere and the Manghasia are the principal 
 ones. Between the two rivers lies Cape St. 
 Remain, half a mile distant from the mouth 
 of Franchere ; near it there is a peninsula, 
 called Pholangare. Fort Dauphin lies to 
 the N of this peninsula, and Port Dauphin 
 over against it. Phis province has several 
 other peninsulas and small islands belonging 
 to it. 
 
 Anover, a town of New Castile, Spain, 
 near the Tajo, 17 miles ne of Toledo, and 
 22 s of Madrid. 
 
 AnsauvUlersy a town in the department of 
 pise, France, five miles sse of Bretenil. 
 
 Ansey an ancient towm in the department 
 of Rhone and Loire, France, 10 miles n 
 of Lyon, 25 s by w of SVTacon, and 10 w of 
 Trtvoux. Lon. 4 ^0 e, lat. 45 55 n. 
 
 ANSIKO, or Ansico, a kingdom of 
 'Africa, bounded on the w by the river 
 XJmbre which runs into the Zaire, the king- 
 dom of Wangua, and the Amboes which 
 border on Loangoa ; on the n by some de- 
 serts of Nubia ; and on the s by Songo and 
 Sonda, provinces of Congo. Ansiko has 
 iinany cojpper mines. The inhabitants are 
 
 A N T 
 
 very uncivilised. The king of Ansiko, of 
 great Macco, comrnands 15 kingdoms, and 
 is esteemed the most powerful monarch in 
 Africa. . 
 
 Anslo, or Onslo, a sea* port town in th« 
 province of Aggerhuys, Norway, 100 miles 
 N of Gk>Uenbiirgh. The supreme court of 
 justice is held here. It is seated on a bay of 
 the name. Lon. 10 14 e, lat. 50 24 n. 
 
 Anspachf a margravate of Franconia in 
 Germany: bounded 'on the n by the bi- 
 shoprics of Wurtsburgh and Bamberg, 
 stretching on the w by the earldoms of Ho- 
 lach and Oeting with the bishopric of Aich- 
 stat on the s, and the palatinate of Bavaria 
 and the territory of Nuremberg on the e. 
 The country which is fruitful, abounds in 
 corn and cattle, and is interspersed with 
 woods. It has iron mines and medicinal 
 springs. There is a river of the same name. 
 The principal towns are Anspach, Krcglin, 
 Swasbac, Kreilsheim, Rot, and Wasser 
 Truding. 
 
 Anspach) the capital of the margravate, is 
 a small but pretty wailed towm, very well 
 I built, and has several churches. In the 
 palace there is a fine cabinet of curiosities. 
 Here are several manufaclories, the chief of 
 which is lace ; it is seated on the Retzat, 
 25 miles wsw of Nuremberg. Lon. 10 12 
 E, lat. 49 14 N. 
 
 AnstratheT) Easter, a royal burgh of Scof- 
 land, which is now a small fishing village, 
 situated on the se coast of Fife, 26 miles 
 NE from Edinburgh, and nine miles sse of 
 St. Andrew s. Ship building is carried on 
 to a coEbiderable extent. It has also a 
 thread manufacture. The parish is small, 
 ancl the soil sandy. Population about 1000. 
 
 Anstrutker, Wester, a royal burgh of 
 I Scotland, on the se coast of Fife, about 25 
 miles from Edinburgh. This burgh is go- 
 verned by three bailies, a treasurer, and any 
 number of counsellors. The towns have 
 three fairs, on the fir^t Tuesday after the 1 1th 
 of April, 11th July, and 12th November. 
 Lon. 2 25 w, lat. 56 20 n. The parish 
 contains about 550 acres, which are w’eil 
 cultivated. Population about 400. 
 
 Ansty, a village in Devonshire, near S 
 Moulton. 
 
 Ansty, a village in Wiltshire, near AVar- 
 dour Castle. 
 
 ANTA, or Ante, a small kingdom on 
 the Gold Coast of Africa, extending about 
 ten leagues in length. The country is co- 
 vered with large trees, among which stand a 
 number of fine villages. 
 
 Antab) a town of Syria, three miles in 
 circumference, seated on two hills and the 
 interjacent valley, with a strong old castle, 
 w’atered bv the Sejour. Medals ot the kings, 
 both of Syria and of Cappadocia, have been 
 found here. Its principal manufacture is 
 callicoes. Fifty miles e of Alexaudretta and 
 
ANT 
 
 (;0 » by r. of Aieppo, Lon. 57 55 e, lat. 
 
 3.5 
 
 ANTAVARE, si province in the island 
 of Madagascar, lying about 21 50 degrees 
 s lat. and bounded by the province and cape 
 of Manousi. 
 
 Ante^ a river of France, in the ci-devant 
 province of Normandy. 
 
 Antequera, a handsome tonm of Spain, an- 
 ciently called Singiliam, in Granada, divided 
 into the Upper and Lower parts. The Upper 
 is seated on a hill, and has a castle. The 
 Lower stands in a fertile plain, and is water- 
 ed by a great number of brooks. The re- 
 mains of the mines, whence the Romans 
 drew immense quantities of gold and silver, 
 are still to be seen, here are the ruins of nu- 
 merous ancient buildings, and in the vicinity 
 natural salt in abundance, a spring famous 
 for the cure of the gravel, and excellent 
 stone quarries. It is situated 26 miles ww 
 of Malaga, 'Lon. 4 40 w, lat. 56 51 n. 
 
 Anicqueraf a town of America, in New 
 Spain, in the province of Guaxaqiia, 75 
 miles SE of Guaxaqiia. Population 2000, 
 Lon, 97 40 w, lat. 17 45 n. 
 
 Ajiter Chester y h\ Northumberland, near 
 Learniouth. 
 
 Aiiihom/, East and JVest, two villages in 
 Cornwall, near Saltasb. 
 
 AnlJionpy East and Westy two villages 
 near Falmouth. 
 
 .. Arilhont/y a village in St Meney, near 
 Helston Uowms, in Cornwall. 
 
 Aathonpy & village in Somersetshire, eight 
 miles from Somerton. 
 
 Adthonps Fally Sty a grand cataract of 
 the Mississipi, 10 miles nw of the mouth of 
 St Pierre, in lat 44 50 x. 
 
 Anthony'' s Kill, a w'estern branch of Hud- 
 son river, in North America. 
 
 Antihariy a town of European Turkey, 
 situated upon a hill, on the Adriatic coast. 
 It has a harbour at the foot of the hill. 
 Lat 42 25 N. 
 
 ArUibeSy a sea port in the department of 
 Var, France, defended by a strong castle, 
 situated 15 miles ss\r of Nice, on the Medi- 
 terranean. The adjacent grounds produce 
 excellent fruit. Lon. 7 5 e, lat. 45 55 x. 
 
 ANTICOSTI, a barren uninhabited 
 Island in the mouth of the river St Law- 
 rence. It is nearly 80 miles in length, and 
 20 at its greatest breadth, excellent cod is 
 found on the shores. Lon. 64 16 w, lat. 
 from 49 to 52 n. 
 
 Anticlam CreeJcy a river in Maryland, 
 which rises by several sources in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and falls into tiie Patowmack, three 
 miles ssE from Sharpsburg, after vvorking 
 several mills and forges in its course. 
 
 ANTIGUA, or Aktego. one of the An- 
 tilles or Caribbee islands, situated 60 miles 
 of St Christopher’s, and 40 x of Guada- 
 
 ANT 
 
 loupe. It is about 20 miles long and 
 many broad, and 50 in circumference j and 
 is reckoned the largest of all the British 
 Leeward islands, containing about 70,000 
 acres of ground. It is the seat of the go- 
 vernor-general of these islands. Antigua 
 having no rivers, and but few springs, th« 
 inhabitants are obliged to preserve the rain 
 water in cisterns. It has six towns and vil- 
 lages. Antigua is very subject to hurri^ 
 canes, but has excellent harbours, particularly 
 English harbour. The principal trade is 
 carried on in St John’s, the capital, situated 
 in the xw part of the island, which has water 
 sufficiently deep for merchant vessels. It 
 raises at present about 1 6,000 hogsheads of 
 sugar. The number of white inhabitants is 
 reckoned at about 10,000. It is divided into 
 five parishes, St John’s town Falmouth* 
 Porhain, Bridgetown, on the s side, and Sfc 
 Peter’s, which is no town, but lies almost in 
 the centre of the island. It was taken from 
 the French in 1782, and restored in the fol- 
 lowing year. Lon. 62 10 w', lat. 17 30 n. 
 
 AntilibanuSy a mountain of Caalo- Syria. 
 In the scriptures no distinction is made 
 I between Libanus and Antilibanus, both 
 being denominated by the common name 
 Ijebanon. 
 
 ANTILLES, the French name for the 
 Carribbee island.s. 
 
 Antio, a fortified town of Italy, situated 
 on a promontory in the middle of the papal 
 division, and in the republican department of 
 Cincino. 
 
 ANTIOCA, a small island in the Medi- 
 terranean, near Sardinia. Lon. 9 e, lat. 
 41 N. 
 
 Antioch, a city, and formerly the capital 
 of Syria, in Asia, built on the river Oroutes, 
 by Seleucus Nicanor, founder of the Syro- 
 Macedonian empire, who made it his capital. 
 It stood about 15 or 20 miles from the place 
 where the Orontes falls into the Mediter- 
 ranean, being equally distant from Constan- 
 tinople and Alexandria in Egypt, that is, 
 about 700 miles from each. This city is men- 
 tioned, Acts xi. 19, 27. where the disciples of 
 Christ were first called Christians, and yet 
 the see of a Greek patriarch, of which the 
 magnificent ruins only remain, is now called 
 Anthakiahy and is no more than a ruinous 
 tow'n, where houses built with mud, straw, 
 aftd narrow miry streets, exhibit every ap- 
 pearance of misery and wretchedness. I’hesc 
 houses are situated on the southern bank of 
 the Orontes, at the extremity of an bid de- 
 cayed bridge : they are covered to the s by 
 a mountain; upon the slope of which is a wall 
 built by the crusaders. The distance be- 
 tween the present town and this moiintoin 
 is about 400 yards. The plain of Antioch, 
 though an excellent soil, is uncultivated, and 
 abandoned to the TurkomaTib^.' Antioch if. 
 
Actuated 50 miles s of Scandroon, 50 Nvr of 
 Aleppo, and 15 £ of the Mediterranean, 
 ion. 56 40 E, lat. 56 10 n. 
 
 ArUiocki the capital of Pisidia, where Paul 
 and Barnabas, permitted by the ruler of the 
 Jewish synagogue, preached the gospel. 
 Acts xiii. 14 — 50. 
 
 Anthchetta^ a town of Carimania, in 
 Asiatic Turkey, opposite the island of 
 Cyprus, 88 miles s of Cogni, a bishop’s see. 
 X.on. 55 26 E, lat. 56 42 k. 
 
 Antiochiaf of Popayan, in Terra Firma, 
 
 S America, and the name of about 11 an- 
 cient towns in difTcrent parts of Asia. 
 
 ANTIOOO, St, an island, 14 miles long 
 and three broad, on the w coast of Sardinia, 
 was taken by the French in 1795, but soon 
 afterwards evacuated. 
 
 ANTIPAROS, an island in the Archi- 
 pelago, opposite to Parcs, in a western di- 
 rection, by which it is separated by a strait 
 about seven miles broad. It is the Olearos, or 
 OliaroSi mentioned by Roman authors ; and 
 was, according to Heraclides Ponticus, first 
 peopled by a Phoenician colony from Sidon. 
 It is about 16 miles in circumference, pro- 
 flucing a little wine and cotton, with as 
 much corn as is necessary for the maintain- 
 ing of 60 or 70 families, who live together 
 in a village atone end of the island, and are 
 mostly Maltese and French Corsairs. Here 
 is a' remarkable grotto, containing a great 
 ■variety of figures, of a white transparent 
 crystalline substance, resembling vegetables, 
 marble piUars, and a superb marble pyramid. 
 The grotto is about 100 yards bread and 80 
 high. Lon. 25 44 e, lat. 37 8 n. 
 
 Antipatrzs, a town of Palestine, anciently 
 called vCaphar Saba. It was situated in & 
 pleasant valley, near the mountains, in the 
 road from Jerusalem to C^sarea, 42 miles 
 from the former, 26 from the latter, and 17 
 from Joppa, according to Josephus. 
 
 Antiquia^ capital of a province in New 
 Granada, ceieb»“atcd for its gold mine?, situ- 
 ated on the Cauca, 200 miles nmw of St. 
 Fe de Bogota. Lon. 74 20 w, lat. 6 50 N. 
 
 ANTI- RHODES, a small island in the 
 harbour of Alexandria. 
 
 Antivari. a strong forlided .towm of Al- 
 bania, in European Turkey. It lies iO miles 
 w of Dulcigno. I on. J9 40 e, lot. 42 IOn. 
 
 Antoine, St, in the department of Iscre, 
 France, seated among the mountains, 4 5 
 miles 3 of Lyons, and five miles ke of St 
 MarcclJan. Lon. 5 15 k, lat. 45 45 n. 
 
 Antonia, St, in the department of Avc- 
 iron, France. Lon. 0 55 e, lat. 44 10 n. 
 
 Antonia, St, a Dutch fort in Axim, on the 
 gold const of Africa. The garrison lUidn- 
 taii.ed at the expcnce of the W India Com- 
 par.y. p 
 
 Antonio, a tow’n in- the Modenese, Italy. 
 It formed part of the liahnn yopublic, in tiie 
 department of the Appcnlnes. 
 
 Antonio, m the province Navarra, N 
 America, situated on a river, which flows 
 sw into the gulph of California. 
 
 Antonio, St, a sea- port of Biscay. 
 
 ANTONIO, ST, one of the Cape de 
 Verd islands, separated from St. Vincent’s 
 bv a navigable channel 15 miles broad. On j 
 the N side it lias a good road for shippingj 
 with a collection of fresh water, rising from 
 springs. The island stretches from ne to 
 sw, and ie filled with mountains ; one of 
 which is of an extraordinary height; its top 
 is constantly covered with snow. Here is 
 produced a variety of fruits, oranges, lemons, 
 palms, melons, &c. and some sugar canes. 
 
 The inhabitants are in number about .500, 
 chiefly negroes, under the Portuguese. Lon. 
 
 0 26 E, lat. 18 4 N. 
 
 Antonio Cape, St, the most w^estern point 
 of the island of Cuba. Lon. 85 50 w, lat, 
 
 22 15 N. 
 
 Antonio ^ Cabo, St, a town in the p?o« 
 vince of Pernambiicco. Brasil, situated near 
 Cape JSt. Augustine, and 50 miles ssvv of 
 Olinda, famous for its sugars. Lon. 50 22 
 w, lat. 8 54 s. 
 
 Antonio de Sugfiilepsc, St, ivi the province 
 of Guatimala, Mexico, 70 miles w by if of 
 GiialimalH. Lon. 95 5 w, lat. 15 O if. 
 
 Antonio de los Cues, St, a town in Guax- ; 
 
 CCS, New Spain, famous for the remains of , 
 
 ancient Mexican fortifications, 65 miles k of ^ 
 
 Guaxaca. 
 
 Anionio, St, the eapital of the province of 
 Ajyjckiera, in New Mexico: also a town oh 
 the liver Hondo, in Mexico- ^ ^ ' 
 
 Anto 7 iio, St, a town on the w side of the 
 Rio Bravo, North Mexico, below Bt. 
 Georgia. 
 
 Antonowoski Gorka, in Novogorod, Rus- 
 sia. . > ' 
 
 Antons Klosier, Si, a town in Russia. : 
 
 Antrain, a town of France, in the d«- > 
 
 partment of Isle Vilaine. province of Nor- | 
 mandy, 15 miles s of Avranches. Lon. 1 
 
 42 E, lat. 4S 55 if. ^ ^ 
 
 ANTRIM, in the province of Ulster^ 
 Ireland, and the most northerly one in the < 
 island. It is bounded by that of Down on 
 the ss, those of Tyrone and Londonderry 
 on the w, (from which last it is separated 
 by the river Bann), part of Armagh on lh« 
 
 St George’s Channel on the e, and the 
 Deu- Cakdoni.an Ocean on the n. Its great- 
 
 1 Col length is about 46 miles, and its greatest 
 I breadth about 27. The number of acres it 
 
 contains, plantation measure, are computed 
 at 585,000 ; and inhabitants 170,000. The V 
 iiaeii manufacture is carried on very exten- 
 sively in this country. It sends two mem 
 bers to the imperial parliament. Besides 
 [ Lough Nefth, it is remarkable for another 
 j striking curiosity which attracts the attention 
 ] of travellers, via. the Giants Causeway. It 
 !; consists of iohy pillars of Bassaltes, all of 
 
ANT 
 
 angular shapes, from three sides to eight, 
 and extends three miles along the shore. 
 The Barm and Lagan, are the principal ri- 
 vers. 
 
 Antrim, the capital of the county of that 
 name, is seated at the nw end of Lough 
 Neagh, whose waters are of a putrifyingquali- 
 ty, about 6 miles from the mouth of the bay, 
 having a good road before it, with a pier 
 near the place, within which vessels lie dry 
 at low water. It lies 16 miles w from Car- 
 rickfergus, where the assizes are held, and 
 84 N from Dublin, was anciently a borough 
 of great consequence. Near this stands a 
 beautiful seat, surrounded by highly cultiva- 
 ted desmesiies, the property of the earl of 
 Massareene. Lon. 6 26 w, lat. 54 45 n. 
 
 Antrim, a township in Hiilsbcrough coun- 
 ty, New Hampshire, 75 miles mw of Boston, 
 eontaining 528 inhabitants. 
 
 Antrobus, in Cheshire, near Bucklow. 
 
 Antron, in Cornwall, near Helston Dowms. 
 
 Antrum, a mountain of the Swiss Alps, 
 in the Vallais, by which there is a commu- 
 □icatioii with the valley of Antrona, in the 
 Milanese. 
 
 Antwerp, a city in the cl-devant Austrian 
 Netherlands, now the capital of the French 
 department of Deux Naites. It lies in a 
 low marshy ground on the Scheldt, here 
 400 yards broad, admitting large vessels to 
 come up to the quay, 24 miles n from Brus- 
 sels, 22 NE of Ghent, and 64 s of Amster- 
 dam. This city is large and well built, 
 containing 12 squares, and above 200 streets, 
 ail straight and broad, especially that called 
 Ihe Mere, in which 6 coaches can go abreast. 
 Most of the houses are of free- stone, and 
 have an air of antiquity, being high, with 
 courts before, and gardens behind. At the 
 head of the Mere is a crucinx of brass 35 
 feet high, on a marble pedestal, formed 
 from a demolished statue of the cruel duke 
 ot Alva, which he himself bad erected in 
 the citadel, and wlu’ch is one of the strongest 
 fortresses in the Low countries. The "ca- 
 thedral, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, has 
 one of the finest steeples in the world, and 
 contains a collection of paintings by the 
 greatest masters of the Flemish school. The 
 other churches likewise contjun many fine 
 paintings. The stadt-house, and the ex- 
 change, are magnificent structures. The 
 ktter is the first building of that kind in 
 Liirope, and on Iis model the exchanges of 
 London and Amsterdam are built. It now 
 serves for the accommodation of an academy 
 for architecture, painting, sculpture, and the 
 mathematics. The city is environed with a 
 fine w'ali, planted with rows ©f trees on each 
 side v/ith walks betw'een ; and is also de- 
 fended by a very strong, large, regular cita- 
 del, in the form of a Pentagon, erected by 
 the duke of Alva in 1568, when it was the 
 nneipai Mart of Flemisfi commerce. The I 
 
 AON 
 
 inhabitants amounted to 200,000, but now 
 it contains only 50,000. It has still some 
 commerce, and good manufactures, particu- 
 larly lace and linen. Alter a long and memo- 
 rable 'siege, Antwerp was taken by the prince 
 of Parma, in 15&5. It has olten changed 
 * masters since, with less opposition. I? 
 now under the sway of France who took it 
 in 1794. The navigation of the Scheldt 
 having been stopt by the treaty of Munster 
 in 1 648, the trade of Antwerp w'as almost 
 annihilated. Lon. 4 15 e, lat. 5112 n. 
 
 Anvieler, in the department of the Lowest 
 Rhine, France, seated on the Quinch, above 
 Landau. 
 
 Anver^4e~hamDn, in the department of 
 Sarte, France. Lon. O 29 e, lat. 47 45 ir. 
 
 Anville, or Millerh Town, in Bauphine 
 county, Pennsylvania, at the head of Tulpo- 
 hecken creek, on the canal between the 
 Schuylkil and the Susquehanna, 65 miles 
 WNw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Amvick, a parish in Lincolnshire. 
 
 Anwick, in Northumberland. See Ahi^ 
 wick, 
 
 Anwoth, a parish of Scotland, in the shire 
 of Kirkcudbright, six and a-half miles long, 
 and three and a-half broad. Population k 
 about 495, of whom 270 were males. The 
 soil is improved by marl and sea-shell found 
 in the parish, and lime from Cumberland. 
 Here are two ancient buildings, viz. the tow^- 
 er of Runo, and the castle of Cardonnes, 
 and a moat with a trench ; near this is a stona 
 about five feet five inches high, with a rud« 
 figure ofa cross and some other engravin<^s. 
 Nigh the church, about 5C0 feet ^ove the 
 level of the sea is a vitrified fort, on the a 
 side of w^hich is a broad fiat stone, engraved 
 with several spiral and waving lines. Tim 
 parish is famous for tlie incumbency of the 
 celebrated Mr Samuel Rutherford. 
 
 Anp, a small village, 12 miles se of 
 Limerick, in the province of Munster, 
 Ireland. 
 
 AnweilUr, a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 situated on the Queich, in the duchy of Deux- 
 Ponts, eight miles w by n of Landau. 
 
 Anzarba, a town of Caramania, Asiatic^’ 
 Turkey, 55 miles ne of Adana. . 
 
 ANZERMA, a province of S America, 
 where there are gold mines : and a town in 
 that province, seated on the Coca. Lon. 7^ 
 26 w, lat. 4 58 K. 
 
 Anxt, a small town in Naples. 
 
 ANZIKO, a kingdom of Guinea, situat- 
 ed N of Congou, and e of Gabon. The kin|f 
 is styled Micoco, by which name the coun- 
 try is sometimes known. Monsol is the 
 capital. 
 
 Anzuqui, a town in the island of .Tapan, 
 and district of Vomie, upon the bay of Meacc*. 
 
 A ONI A, a part of ancient Bseatia. 
 
 Afnian the bill Parnassus. 
 
A P A 
 
 A05T, Aoust, or Aousta, a territory of j 
 l^iedmont which has the title of a duchy. 
 
 It is a valley 50 miles in length, extends 
 from the pass of St Martin’s, near the fron- 
 tiers of Yvree, to St Bernard. It abounds 
 in pastures, and all sorts of fruits. 
 
 jioustay or Aost, a town of Piedmont, ca- 
 pital of the above district. It is remarkable 
 for several monuments of the Romans. It 
 is seated at the foot of the Alps, on the river 
 Doria. Lon. 7 53 e, lat. 45 38 n. 
 
 Aouste, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Drome, 15 miles se of Valence. 
 
 APACHIERA, a province of New 
 Mexico, whose capital is St Fe, in Lon. 104 
 w, lat. 56 30 N. 
 
 Apafalva, a village in Transylvania.^ 
 
 Apalaches, or St Mark*s Mivert rises in the 
 country of the Seminose Indians, in E Flo- 
 rida, in lat. 51 30 n. and, after a course of 
 155 miles, falls into Apalachy bay, 15 miles 
 below St Marks. 
 
 Apalachian Mountains^ more properly cal- 
 led the ALlegha7iy Mountainti which see. 
 
 ApalachicoUh a river in N America, be- 
 tween E and W Florida, which rises in the 
 Alleghany mountains. From its source, to 
 the mouth of Flint river, a distance of 500 
 miles, it is called Chaia-Uche. It empties 
 itself into the gulph of Mexico, e of Cape 
 Blaize. 
 
 Apcilachicdat or Apalachuday the capital 
 of the Creek or Muscogulge confederacy. 
 It is about three days journey from Fallassee, 
 
 APALACHY, a country of E Florida, 
 having the Seminose country on the east. 
 There are also a town and harbour in Flori- 
 da, of the same name, 90 miles e of Pensacola. 
 
 Apciloosay a river in N America, 
 
 Apameuy or Apamiay a city of Bithynia, 
 formerly called Myrlea. 
 
 ApameOf now called Famia, a strong city 
 of Syria, below the confluence of the Oron- 
 t€s and Marsyas ; situated in a peninsula, 
 formed by the Orontes and a lake. The 
 Koil of the neighbourhood, abounding in pas- 
 turage, fed no less than 50,000 mares, 300 
 stallions, and 500 elephants; instead of which 
 the marshes of Famia now scarcely support 
 . a lew buflaloea and sheep ; 55 miles s ot 
 Antioch, 
 
 ApuTioyvda, a town of Santorin, an island 
 in the Mcdlterriineau sea, seated on the nw 
 coast, seven miles knw of Scauro. It has a 
 spack)iis harbour in the form of a half-moon, 
 but it is too deep for anchorage. Lon. 25 
 59 e. lat. 56 18 N. 
 
 APANTA, a province of S America, ly- 
 ing bet'vecn the lake of Fartne, and tlie 
 riVor Amazon. 
 
 A PA HI A', a province near the Amazon, 
 S A tnerica, towards that partwdicre it receives 
 the Caravayo, to the n of the province of Pa- 
 tainoro, and w of the county of Caiinlle. 
 
 Apixih a village iu Hungary, 
 
 ApedaUi in Staffordshire, near Stone. 
 
 A PEE, one of the New Hebrides in the 
 S Sea, near Mallicolo. Lon. 168 32 e, 
 
 16 46 N. 
 
 Apelepi in Devonshire, near Barnsmble. 
 Apenrade, See Abanrade. 
 
 AFENZEL, a canton of Switzerland, 
 consisting of only three or four valleys ; hav- 
 ing the town and abbey of St Gall on the n, 
 the county of Toggenburg on the w, th« 
 lordship of Sax, in the canton of Zurich, and 
 that of Gambs in the canton of Schweitz, on 
 the 8, and the Rheinthall or Rhine- valley, on 
 the E. Its greatest length is about 50 miles, 
 and its breadth 20. It yields good pastur- 
 age, and also produces considerable quantities 
 of corn, flax, and wine; besides a great deal 
 of fruit, wood, and turf. The inhabitants 
 subsist chiefly by their manufactures of linen, 
 crape, fustian, and thread, by bleaching, Sec, 
 Of the 23 parishes in the canton, four are 
 Popish, and 1 9 Protestant. Capital of the 
 same name ; 40 miles e of Zurich, Lon. 9 
 51 E, lat. 47 21 K. 
 
 Aperleijy two villages; one in Durham, vsr 
 cf Chopwell ; the other in Northumberland, 
 near Bellingham. 
 
 Aperside, a village in North Riding of 
 Yorkshire, near Middleham. 
 
 Apescrossj a village in Gloucestershire, 
 near Wicksware. 
 
 Apedepy a village in Bedfordshire, near 
 Wooburn. 
 
 Apethorpy a village in Northamptonshire 
 four miles from Oundel. 
 
 Apet 0 n, a Village in Staffordshire, near 
 Church- Eaton, on the Penk. 
 
 Apewoody a village in Staffordshire, nw of 
 Kinver. 
 
 Apewood- Castle, See Abbotts- Castle, 
 ApkioMy Aphiouy or Aphiuniy Karahissart, 
 a town of Natolia, in Asiasic Turkey, bulk 
 round a high rock, on the top ot which is a 
 fortress ; so named, because it produces a 
 great deal of opium, called ephiora by the 
 Turks. It is three miles in circumference, 
 and has a considerable trade. Its chief ma- 
 nufacture is carpets, 1 50 miles e of Smyrna. 
 It was formerly the patrimony of Othnaan, 
 the founder of the Turkish monarchy. Lon. 
 51 10 E, lat. 58 35 N. 
 
 Aphrodisiay a sea- port of Caramania, Na- 
 tolia. 
 
 Aphrodisiurriy a town on the sea-coast of 
 Tunis, Barbary. , . 
 
 Apicey a town in the Principato Citenore, 
 Naples, seven miles ese of Benevento. 
 
 ApliiGy or! a town of Apulio, or La Pog- 
 Apincey 5 Diomedes, as was 
 
 also Trica). 
 
 ApUcomby a village in Somersetshire, near 
 Castle Carey. 
 
 Apletoyi, in Durham, near Sherborn. 
 Apleijy the name of three villages, viz. 
 _1. in Lincclnshirej near Market- raisings 
 
A P P 
 
 2 . in Shropshire, near Bridge-north ; and, 
 
 3, in ditto, near Wellington. 
 
 Apdday a town in Thuringia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, eight miles n of Jena, and 40 sw of 
 JLeipsic. 
 
 Apolloniay a promontory of Africa, upon 
 the coast of Guinea. 
 
 Apollomay the name of several ancient 
 towns, viz. 1. in Albania; 2. in Asia Minor, 
 supfkised to be the Assos mentioned in the 
 Acts of the Apostles; 3, in Barca, called by 
 the Arabs, Bonandreeaud; 4. in Macedonia ; 
 
 5. at Mount Parnassus, near Delphi ; and, 
 
 6. in a small island in the Euxine Sea. 
 
 APOLO-BAMA, a jurisdiction of Peru, 
 
 consisting of seVen towns of converted In- 
 dians, The missionaries are Franciscans. 
 Jt is 180 miles from that city. 
 
 Appenines, a chain of mountains running 
 through Italy, from nw to sjs, for 700 miles, 
 In the form of a crescent. It is the source 
 of the brooks and rivers in that fertile coun- 
 try ; and separating, as by a ridge, the Adri- 
 atic from the Tuscan sea. 
 
 APPENINES, or Appenine Alps, was 
 a department of the Cisalpine Republic. By 
 the census taken in 1797> this department 
 contained 70,822 citizens. Carrara and 
 Massa are the chief towns. 
 
 Appian Wai/y or Appia Via, a road that 
 reached from Rome, through Capua to Rrun- 
 dusium, between 330 and 550 miUs long, 
 and 45 feet broad. Appius Claudius Cescus, 
 the Censor, in the year 441, carried it from 
 the Porta Capena to Capua; Julius Caesar 
 from Capua to Benevento; and Augustus 
 thence to Brundusium. It was laid with 
 very hard stone, large and squared ; and it 
 v/as so wide that several waggons could go 
 a 'breast. Caius Gracchus placed stones 
 alongst it, called cippi and termini, to mark 
 the miles, afford foot-passengers resting seats, 
 and to enable equestrian travellers to mount, 
 there being then no stirrups used. Great 
 part of this road still remains entire. 
 
 Appii Forum, a town in the sw of Italy, 
 about 50 miles s of Rome, and 18 from the 
 Three .Taverns, where the Christians of 
 Rome came to meet Paul in his journey to 
 Rome. 
 
 Appiii, a parish of Scotland, in Argyll- 
 shire, united to that of Lismore, the two to- 
 gether forming an extent of about 63 miles 
 in length, and from 10 to 16 milef? in 
 breadth. Tim soil of Appin is various, the 
 vailiesare suited to corn, and the mountains, 
 wiiich are by far most extensive, to grass, and 
 keep 25,000 sheep. The united parishes 
 comprehc;:d the d-stricts of Aird.s, Strath of 
 Appin, Durror, Giencairu, -and Glenco ; 
 and the population i., about 3,243. There 
 are in the iuuicd three places of wor- 
 
 ship, a parociiiai ai.d society’s school, well 
 endowed. 
 
 A P IT 
 
 Apple, Indian town on ths s side f>f 
 Seneca Lake in New York. 
 
 Appleby, or Apulby, anciently AhnU&ba^ 
 a town in the county of We-i^tmoreland, 
 pleasantly situated on the Eden, ar,d almost 
 surrounded by it. It now consists of only 
 one broad street, having been twice demo.- 
 lished by the Scots. The castle is on.tho 
 upper or s end. It was a Roman station 
 in the time of Aurelian. It is thi' only 1;^- 
 rough in Westmoreland, and sends twa 
 members to parliament. It hss four fairs ; 
 on Whitsun- Eve, Whitsun- Monday, 1 0th 
 June, and 10th August, vdth a market eveSjy 
 Saturday, From the old English statutes 
 it appears that parliaments were formerly 
 held here. It has two churches; a town- 
 hall, in which the assizes are held ; a county 
 jail. It is governed by a mayor, 12 aider- 
 men, a common council, and two seijeants 
 at mace, Ac. It lies 10 miles se of Pen- 
 rith, 20 KNE of Kendal, and 9.66 knw. of 
 London. Lon. 2 34 w, iat. 5A54 
 
 Applecross, a parish of Scotland, in Roiss- 
 shire, extending about 20 miles along tire 
 coast in a straight line ; niountainops and 
 rocky, but intersected with mmx fertiis 
 valcs^ There is a rich copper mine In 
 northern district. The population h about 
 1896. Boat builders and smiths are al- 
 most the only professed mechanics.—- Thig 
 corn is ground in querns or hand-mflti. 
 Here are some natural caves, and die ruins 
 of a Danish dun or beacon, Gaelic is spoken 
 here. 
 
 Appleclore, B. small port in Devonsbire, op 
 the coast, the first harbour within the bar of 
 Barnstaple, three miles n by e of Biddeford, 
 Here the Danes landed, under Hubba, ira 
 the time of Alfred ; and a village in Kent, 
 near Tenterden, on the Rother, 54 miles 
 from London. 
 
 Applegarth, or* Applegirth, a parish of 
 Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, on the n sick 
 of the Annan ; extending about six miles 
 from s to N and about five from w to s. It ig 
 situated about 11 miles from Dumfries, 
 from Annan, and 60 from Edinburgh and 
 Glasgow. The population is about 795. 
 
 Apremont, in the department of Vienna^ 
 France. Lon. 0 30 w, lat. 46 45 n. 
 
 Apt, a town in the department of the 
 mouths of the Rhone, Fi ance, seated on the 
 Galarpn ; 20 miles in of Aix, which has 4 
 considerable trade in prunes, coarse serges, 
 and wax- chandlery, and abounds in many 
 fine Ilorn^ui antiquities. Lcn. 5 30 e, lat. 
 
 43 51 N. 
 
 Aptera, Apteria or jpteron, a town of 
 Crete, on the w side of the island, 12 miles 
 s of Sidon, towards the Itlontes Leuc?, and 
 as many from the Sinus Amphimelas. Lon* 
 
 25 0 E. l.'U 35 50 N, 
 
 Apulia. See Fagiia. 
 
 Q 
 
 
 1 
 
A R A 
 
 the Sea of Asoph, 20 miles n by e of 
 CafTa. 
 
 A R A 
 
 Apurimay or Aporamac, a rapid river of 
 Peru, in S America, which rises 10 miles 
 si o Arequipa, and flows n about 4S0 
 jniies, and after receiving the Xauxa from 
 the w, uad the Paurartambo from the e, it 
 assumes llic name of Ucayaly and after pur- 
 suing its course 470 miles further, it enters 
 the A-nazon in Ion. 72 46 vv. 
 
 Aqua, a flourishing town of Italy, in the 
 Cisalpine Republic. 
 
 Aquafort, a settlement in Newfoundland, 
 lat. 47 10 N. 
 
 AQUAMBOE, one of the greatest king- 
 doms on the coast of Guinea, in Africa, 
 stretehing 20 miles in breadth, and ten times 
 that space in length from e to Vv% It is di- 
 vided into a number of smaller kingdoms, 
 all of whose sovereigns and subjects are 
 under the unlimited controul of the king 
 ' of Aqiiambo. The natives are formidable 
 to the neighbouring kingdoms, being of a 
 haughty, turbulent, and warlike disposition. 
 At Acra, deemed the best place on the Gold 
 Coast, the English, Dutch, and Danes, have 
 settlements. 
 
 Aquanegray or Aqua Nigra, a small trad- 
 ing town in Italy, seated on the Adda, 22 
 miles w of Mantua. Lon. 30 5 s, lat, 
 45 7 N. 
 
 Aquaviva, a town of the kingdom «f 
 Naples, and province of Band. 
 
 Aqui, a town of Piedmont, seated on the 
 Broraida, with a citadel and mineral baths; 
 15 miles 8 of Alexandria. 
 
 Aquila, a fine large city of Italy, ancient- 
 ly called Avia, and AvtUa, the capital of 
 Abruzzo, seated on a hill, on the banks of 
 the river Alterno, or Fescara, near its source. 
 It is situated 55 miles w from the Adriatic, 
 «and 92 e of Rome. In 1700, 2400 of its 
 mhabitants were killed by an earthquake. 
 Lon. 14 20 E, lat 42 50 n. 
 
 Aquiieiu, an ansient and large city of the 
 Carni, or Veneti, in Italy, seated on the 
 rivers Naiiso and Turrus, about 50 miles w 
 of Trieste, and 15 ne of Venice. It was 
 demolislied by the Huns in 452. Its ancient 
 patriarch was next in power to the Pope. In 
 the 15th century his power was much re- 
 duced, and in 1750, the ai’chbishoprics of 
 Gorz, and Udine were established on its en- 
 tire abolition. Lon. 15 50 e, lat. 4«6 20 n”. 
 
 Aq uino, a town of Italy, in the kingdom 
 of Naples, and Terra di Lavora, It lies 
 50 miles nw of C.apua. it was tl;e birth- 
 place of Juvenal, and ruined by the emperor 
 Conrade. Lon. i4 50 e, iat. 41 52 n. 
 
 AQUITAINE, the ancient name of 
 Guienne, a ci-devant province of France, 
 which now forms the two departments of 
 Gironde, and of Lot and Garonne. 
 
 Ar, the ancient metropolis cf Mcab, in 
 Arabia Pelrsen. 
 
 Arahat, a town and fort of the province 
 
 D^urida, i.a the Crimea, bordering on 
 
 ARABIA, an extensive country of the 
 sw of Asia, anciently called Arabfih, which, 
 according to some, signifies solitude or de- 
 sert. This country m^y he reckoned a pe- 
 ninsula, being bounded on the w by Pales- 
 tine, part of Syria, the isthmus cf Suez, and 
 the Red Sea; on the e by the Eunhrates, 
 the Persian Gulf, and the bay cf Onnas ; 
 on the >r by part of Syria, Diyiir-Beor, Irae, 
 and Khusestan ; and on the s by the straits 
 of Babel-Mandei and the Indian Ocean. It 
 is situated between 12 and 52 degrees n lat. 
 and 55 and about 60 e Ion. extending nearly 
 to 1450 miles in length, and its bceadlh 
 fr*m E to w about 1200. It is generally 
 divided into three parts, Arabia Petrsea, 
 Arabia Deserts, Arabia Felix : or the Stony, 
 the Desert, and the Happy. The Arabians 
 divide it into six provinces, called Heeijas, 
 Hadramaut, Yemen, Oman, Hadsjar, and 
 Lachsa. Arabia Petrsea is the least of the 
 three divisons, which is very mountain ou?;', 
 and little cultivated, and thinly inhabited on 
 account of its barrenness. This is supposed 
 to be that tract of country vdiich the children 
 of Israel traversed, (sided the wilderness in 
 scripture), on their journey from Egypt to' 
 Canaan. Its principal city was Petra, wiiich 
 Was called by the Syrians Rakum, and also 
 Joktheol. Arabia Deserta has large plains 
 of sand, and mountaiiis covered with naked 
 rocks and precipices, nor is it ever refreshed 
 with rain except about the equinoxes. The 
 climate is excessively hot, and spiings or 
 rivulets are rarely to be met with. There 
 is a destructive w'ind, which blows mostly 
 upon the frontiers, called the Smum, w'hich 
 produces instant suffocation to every living 
 creature that happens to b« within the 
 sphere of its activity, and immediate putre- 
 faction succeeds. When the wind blows 
 hard, it causes the desert to assume the Sjj- 
 pearaiice of the most rough and tempestu- 
 ous sea. The sand is raised up by the force 
 of the winds, and driven along like clouds, 
 waves, and rain ; every tlung within its 
 reach is overwhelmed, and caravans fiiicd 
 with travellers, horses and camels, find one 
 common grave in the deluge of sand. When 
 the Arabians are on a journey, they carry 
 with them garlic and dried grapes, i'or the 
 revival of those who faint from the hot blasts, 
 and notwithstanding its torrid qualities, it 
 serves to cool their liquors. They carry 
 t’ucir water in bardaks, ' or ungiazed pots, 
 made of a sort of porous earth, which they 
 place so «s to be most exposed to the cur- 
 rent of this hot wind, which renders the 
 w'atcr extremely cool ; this is ascribed to the 
 effects of sudden evaporation. The plains 
 of sand in Arabia are interspersed 
 
 1 with fruitful spots, which appear like so 
 ^ many in the midst of the ctean 
 
A R A 
 
 These are rendered extremely pleasant, 
 ov/iiig to the tVightful deserts with which 
 they are surrounded. The Arabs encamp 
 upon them, and having consumed their pro- 
 duce, remove to another. These fruitful 
 spots are also frequent in Lybia, which are 
 called by the Egyptians aliases or abases. 
 Jn the general aspect of this desert region, 
 M-bich is that of a vast plain, ended ©n all 
 sides by the horizon ; the eye seeks in vain 
 for some intervening object; and after look- 
 ing over a dismal waste of sand, or scorched 
 bushes and brambles, it returns to enjoy re- 
 laxation in the herds of cattle. An iiniver- 
 snl silence reigns over this heavy landscape. 
 One traveller mentions, while traversing the 
 whole extent of Arabia Deserta, he saw only 
 four rabbits, a few rats, and ten birds. Near 
 to the bai^ks of the Euphrates, the land is 
 cultivated, and well stocked with great docks 
 of sheep, and herds of cattle. There are 
 also a number of ostriches. Arabia Felix 
 is by far the most considerable of the three 
 divisions. It produces cassia, aloes, myrrh, 
 frankincense, manna, spikenard, cinnamon, 
 oranges, lemons, figs, &c. also honey, was, 
 and it abounds with ccdee. Various are 
 the manners of the people inhabiting this 
 extensive country ; those that enjoy the fer- 
 tile parts are civilized ; and they have been 
 the inventors of many important discoveries, 
 both in chemistry and mathematics; but 
 those of the desert parts have no houses but 
 tents ; they lead wandering lives : lie in wait 
 for the caravans, which they frequently plun- 
 der, as they travel across the desert from 
 Egypt to Mecca, and from Bussorah to A- 
 Jeppo. In this division, several towns for- 
 merly stood, particularly Nysa, noted for 
 being the birth-place of Bacchus ; and 
 Musa or Muza, a celebrated emporium or 
 harbour, where the Arabian merchants re- 
 sorted to with their commodities. The cities 
 of Mecca, Medina, Thaisa or Taisa, Gjud- 
 da or Jodda, Yanbo or Yanbo, and Ma- 
 dian, the Modiano of Ptolemy, and the Mi- 
 dian or Madian of scripture. Having never 
 been conquered, Arabia has undergone few 
 changes, except those produced by nature. 
 Arabia has been hitherto but little known ; 
 before the Portuguese interfered in the na- 
 vigation of the Red Sea, the Arabs enjoyed 
 all the commerce that was conveyed by that 
 channel; the city of Aden, v/hich is situated 
 upon the borders of Arabia, v/as the store- 
 house of these parts. Afterwards the kiiig 
 of Yeman removed the trade to Moccha. 
 Coffee is one of the principal exports of this 
 country, which is estimated at 12.550,000 
 pounds weight annually. The best of that 
 article is purchased by the caravans and the 
 Europeans at eightpence halfpenny per i 
 pound ; some of an inferior quality is 1 
 bought by the Persians at sixpence half- 
 penny. If ^ve estimate the whole exported [ 
 
 IIBRARV 
 UWWERSiTY 0 
 
 A R A 
 
 I at the average priee of sevenpence 5- eight# 
 per pound, it will amount to L. 384,745. 
 15s. The imports are, Abyssinian sheep, 
 elephants* teeth, musk, slaves, gold, amber, 
 ivory, dates, tobacco, corn, &c, &;c. The 
 Arabs are of the middle stature, and brown 
 complexion, and alw'a3^s of a grave and me- 
 lancholy air. Their Emii s, or natural princes, 
 are the only sovereigns whom they aeknow- 
 ledge and obey. Their Schieks are chiefs 
 of advanced age, whom they frequently con- 
 sult, and whose advice they follow. Their 
 dress is a white robe, bound about the 
 body by a broad girdle of leather fastened 
 by a clasp or buckle. Draw’ers of linen de- 
 scend to the lower part of the leg. They 
 have a red cap, and 5omei;ime.s wear slippers, 
 but more frequently half- boots. A large 
 
 cloak, made of goats or of the hair of seine 
 other animal, stripped black and white, trisy 
 w'ear in all seasons. The dress of the Emjrs 
 differs from the rest only in the colour of 
 the cloak which is black. Mahomet was a 
 native of this country. 
 
 Arabo . ov Raad, one of the principal rivers 
 in Hungary. 
 
 A RAC AN, or Recgak, a province of 
 Acbain in Asia, bounded on Ibe kw by Chi- 
 tagong, NS and e Birmah, and sw by the gulf 
 of Bengal. The climate presents only two 
 seasons ; the rainy seasor,, hetweeu April 
 and October; and the fair season, which in- 
 cludes the rest of the year, and is called 
 summer. The inhabitants are Pagans; a 
 dastardly race of people, extremely loose in 
 their manners. The vromen are in .gensrsl 
 fair, but unchaste and immodest. The 
 largest ears are reckoned the most beautiful, 
 and in these they wear a number of rings. 
 The country produces great quantities' of 
 rice, and ail the fruits common to the Indies. 
 Their pastures are luxurious, and nature is 
 ever green. It is very thinly inhabited oa 
 account of the great number of wild ele- 
 phants and buffaloes. There are some islands 
 near the sea, inhabited by a few miserable 
 fishermen. The rich burn their dead bodies ; 
 but the poor who are not able to buy wood, 
 throw them into the river. Their articles of 
 commerce are rice, salt, elephants’ teeth, and 
 bees’ w'ax. It was long an independent na- 
 tion, but since the year 1785, they have been 
 subjected to the Birmans. 
 
 Aracan, the capital of the above province, 
 with an extensive fort, ne of the Bay of 
 Bengal. The river Aracan intersects the 
 city, and branches into the different parts 
 by arms or canals. The harbour is ac- 
 counted large enough to hold all the ships 
 in Europe. But although the produce of 
 the country is abundant, there is little trade. 
 The buildings are slight, being made of 
 palm trees, and bamboo canes, and covered 
 with leaves. Few of them are above six 
 feet high. The number of mhabitants is 
 G 2 
 
 FlUiMOIS 
 
A R A 
 
 €ii>mputc-d at 100,000. It lies 260 miles ssz 
 of ilainabad, and 250 wsw of Ava. Lon. 
 93 10 I, ist. 20 55 K. 
 
 ' Amck, the chief city of Arabia Petraa. 
 Loo. 49 0 E, lat 50 20 n. 
 
 ARAD, a district and town of Hungary, 
 KKE 24 miles of Temeswar. 
 
 ' Aradiis^ a iowm of Fhcsnicia, on the coast 
 of the P4editerranean. 
 
 drafatf or Gih^l el Orphaty the Mountain 
 ef JGiiowledge, a mountain m Arabia, near 
 ‘Siecca. The Mahometans say, that here 
 Adam first met and knew Eve. It is usu- 
 itlly visited by devotees who come annually 
 in pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 Aragona, a principality in the Val di Ma- 
 sara, belonging to Sicily, Italy. 
 
 Araicke, a scwport wlili a strong castle 
 and several batteries, cn the mouth of the 
 river Kos, in the kingdom of Fez. The 
 emperor’s larger vessels usually winter in a 
 cove of the river, where are magazines of 
 tsaval stores, 40 miles ssw of Fangeir. Lon. 
 6 2 w, iat. 25 i 1 N. 
 
 Arakel- Vane^ a celebrated village at the 
 foot of Mount in Armenia. 
 
 Aral^ a great lake ia the kingdom of 
 Khowarazm, lying a little to the eastward of 
 the Caspian Sea. Its length from n to s is 
 said to be near 150 miles, and its breadth 
 fi'om E to w about 70, while others make it 
 250 miles long, and in some places 150 
 broad. 200 miles s of the Caspian Sea, be- 
 tween 58 degrees and 62 s Lon. and 42 
 degrees and 47 n Iat. It is but a few years 
 since the lake was knovrn to geographers ; 
 and several great rivers, which were sup- 
 posed fco run into the Caspian Sea, are now 
 known to fall into this lake. It has no visi- 
 ble outlet ; and the wniter is very salt. 
 
 Aramont^ a town oF France, in the depart- 
 ment of Gerde, seated on the Rhone, five 
 miles w of Avignon, and 20 of Uses. Lon. 
 5 O H, Iat. 45 54 n. 
 
 ' AraUi a town of the province of Zerak 
 Ageani, in Persia. Lon. 51 20 e, Iat. 
 34 On. 
 
 Arande-de’Diiero, a town of Old Cas- 
 tile, 25 miles w of Osma, and 42 e of Valla- 
 dolid. Lon. 5 50 w, Iat. 41 40 n. 
 
 AravjueZy a town of Spain in New Cas- 
 tile, where there is a royal palace and gar- 
 dens, reckoned the most delightful in the 
 t world. It is seated cn the Tajo, 50 mile^ 
 fi by E of .-Madrid, by a pleasant road, piant- 
 fid on each -side with trees, wliich cost 
 220-,000l.- sterling, The village of Aran- 
 Juez formerly consisted of the palaec, its 
 t?ffices, and a few miserable huto. Above a 
 HnilUon sterSing has however been laid out 
 at Ararduez since 1763 ; several fine streets 
 4iii'a\vn ii.’! straiglit lines, with broad pavc- 
 mcifits, a double row'' of trees before the 
 and a very grand road in the mid- 
 elie I cijmaiodioKs hotels for the mihisters 
 
 •■f ... 
 
 m- 
 
 A R A 
 
 and ambassadors; great squares, market?/ 
 churches, and a theatre have been erected ; 
 besides the accession of two new wings to 
 the palace. Here the supreme Junta of go- 
 vernment of the kingdom were installed, and 
 held their first meeting September 25th, 1808. 
 
 Arar or Araris. See Saone, 
 
 Avar at f the mountain on which Noah’s 
 ark rested, after the abatement of the waters 
 of the universal deluge. Concerning this 
 mountain there are various conjectures ; 
 though it is almost universally allowed to 
 be in Armenia Major. It stands by itself 
 in form of a sugar-loaf, in the midst of a 
 very large plain, detached as it were, from 
 the other mountains of Armenia, which 
 make a long chain. It consists, properly 
 speaking, of two hiiis; the lesser of which 
 is the more sharp and pointed ; the higher, 
 on which it is said the ark rested, lies nw of 
 it, and rises far above the neighbouring 
 mountains, and is always Cxovered with snow. 
 
 Ararat Mouat, or the Stone-head, a short 
 range of mountains on the northern frontier 
 of N Carolania, extending in a ns direction 
 from the river Ararat. 
 
 Arasd, a maritime populous town of 
 Italy, in the territory of Genoa; five miles 
 sw of Albinguay, and 37 e of Ventimiglia 
 Lon. 7 20 E, iat. 44 5 n. 
 
 Arastk, a maratime town of Fez. 
 
 ARATHAPESCOU, an Indian tribe, 
 inhabiting the shores of the lake and river 
 of that name, in the nw part of N America, 
 between 57 degrees and 59 degrceslat. n. 
 
 A II A AVA, the name of a district : a for- 
 tress ; and a river in Upper Hungary, 72 
 miles NW of Cassovia. Lon. 29 0 e, Iat. 
 49 20 N. 
 
 Arau, the capital of the canton of Argau, 
 Switzerland, seated on the river Aar, 27 
 miles w of Zurich. Manutactures of cotton, 
 printed linen, and cuttiery. Here was con- 
 cluded in 1712, a treaty between the pro- 
 lestants and catholic cantons. Lon. 7 50 e, 
 Iat. 47 25 N. ' 
 
 Araiico, the name of a fortress; a river; 
 a valley ; and a town, in Chili. The brave 
 natives carried on a defensive war against the 
 Spaniards for about a century. Lon. 75 20 
 i w* iat 57 50 s, according to some; but 
 others place it in 5 1 20 w Ion. and 42 50 s 
 iat. and others in 78 6 w ion. and 37 
 5 s Iat. 
 
 Arav.sio See Orange, 
 
 Arato. See Aaraw, 
 
 Araxjs, or Arras, a river of Armenia 
 Major, which lakes its rise in a mouniain 
 called Albos or Alba, where the Euplnaies 
 also has its origin. It is a very rapid river, 
 and is supposed to be the Gihon mentioned 
 by Moses. It joins the Kur near its cn- 
 j trance into the Caspian Sea. 
 j Araya, a cape of S America, whicdi forms 
 1 the north point of the Oronoko* 
 
ARB 
 
 jifraxiba, a chief town of Porto Rico. 
 
 Arhe. an ancient city, the capital of the 
 island of Arbe, containing ciboiit 1000 inha- 
 bitants. Lon/ 14 55 e, lat. 45 5 n, 
 
 ARBE, or Area, an island of Illyria in 
 tlie gulf of Quarnaro. The climate of Arbe 
 is none of the best ; the winter season is 
 horrid, especially when agitated by the vio- 
 . lent northerly winds. At present it has three 
 towns and 12 villages. There are also three 
 small islands which belong to it. At the 
 treaty of Carnpo Ferraio, it was ceded to 
 Austria. The number of people on the 
 island does not exceed ^000. Arbe pro- 
 duces lire- wood, corn, oil, excellent wdne, 
 brandy, and silk. It also exports hides, 
 wool, sheep, bogs, and horses of a good 
 breed. There is also abundance of good 
 salt made on the island ; and the dshing of 
 tonny and mackerel, makes no inconsidera- 
 ble article of trade. In its archives are 
 some very ancient and valuable papers, from 
 which it appears the gold and silk were very 
 plentiful among the inhabitants in the 11th 
 century. 
 
 ' Arhela, a city of Assyria, famous for 
 the last battle between Alexander the Great 
 and Darius Cedomannus, in which tlie 
 former, with the loss of only 500 men on 
 bis side, defeated the army of the latter, 
 consisting of 200,000 foot and 50,000 borsr, 
 with the immense slaughter cf 90,000 or; 
 the spot. This battle was fought 351 years 
 before the birth of Christ, on the ist of Oc- 
 tober. It is £Gatt?d on the Lycos, on a tine 
 plain, o6 miles n of Altunkupri, and 6C 
 SE of Mousul, the ancient Nineveh,^ and 
 is now called Arbil. Lon. 44 12 s, lat. 55 
 1 5 N. 
 
 Arberg or Aarberg^ a fortified town in the 
 canton of Berne, Switzerland. It is seated 
 on the river Aar, in a kind cf island, 10 
 miles uvv of Berne, and 12 sw of Soleure. 
 Lon, 7 5 E, lat. 47 0 k. 
 
 ^ Arbes. a city of Tunis, situated in a beau- 
 tiful plain, two days journey s of Bona. It 
 contains many relics of Roman inscriptions. 
 
 Arbirlct, a parish of Scotland, with a vil- 
 isge cf the same name, on the sea-coast, 
 in the county cf Forfar; four miles long 
 and three broad. I he populatiiin is about 
 r050 souls. Huckenbois path, an cld 
 road in this parish, is said to have been made 
 by Hector Boethius the Scotch historian. 
 About the beginning of the iSth century 
 the crown of a kii,g of the Pfets was found 
 in a quarry, and an old buiTing laielv pul- 
 led down, is supposed to have been a*Dru- 
 idicial temple. 
 
 Aruoga, an ancient and neat town of 
 Westmania, Sweden, 25 miles ke cf Orebro, 
 and 66 miles w of SJcckholm. By the river 
 Livison, and a canal, it i.’as a con)niuak:auon 
 withKielmar and Maelar. 
 
 Arboisj « small populous tor* n of the dc- I 
 
 ARC 
 
 partment of Jura, Franco, frmions for its 
 wines. It lies 18 miles se of DJe, mid 2'J 
 sw of Besancon. Lon. 5 40 e, lit. 55 k. 
 
 Arbon^ an ancient town on the n ha ks 
 of the lake of Constance, In Thurgaw, 
 Switzerland. It has a casde built by 'the* 
 Romans, and Is under the jurisdiction of 
 the bishop of Constance. It is situated 
 eight lYi’les n pf St Gall, and 12 ss cf Con- 
 stance. Lon. 9 30 E, lat 4 58 n. 
 
 Arbroath. See AberbrothwieJe, 
 
 Arbiirg. or Aarbarg, a town of the canton 
 of Bern, with a citadel. 12 miles se of So- 
 ieure, on thi* Aar, Switseriand. Lon. 17 
 55 E, lat, 47 10 k. 
 
 Arbuthnot, a parish of Scotland, in Mearn- 
 shire, about six miles in length, and three in 
 breadth. The popiilation is about 942. Be- 
 sides plenty of fi'eestone, here is a rock full 
 of pebbles, and green jasper. The clergy of 
 Mearnshave the benefit of a valuable library^ 
 left them by Alexander Aibuthnof, first Pro- 
 testant Principal of Aberdeen University, 
 who w^as some time minster of this parish. 
 It gave birth to -Dr Arbuthnot, physician to 
 queen Ann, 
 
 Arcadia, a sea- port of Ti'-aconic, in the 
 province cf Eelvidere, 64 miles sw cf Co- 
 nr/tb, and 22 n of LU;varin. Lon. 2i 42 s:, 
 kt. 37 24 N. 
 
 Arcahei^e, a parish of the island of St. 
 Domingo, which extends about 70 miles ia 
 kiigt’u. Lon. 71 42 A. iaL 19 2 x. 
 
 Arcangelo, San, a small town seated on tha 
 nver Luso, in the kle republican dapart- 
 ment of the ICubiccD, Italy. 
 
 Arcueil, a village cf Pans, reraErkable for 
 an aqueduct, built hi 1624, by Mary do Ms- 
 dicis, which supplies Pai-is wi^h water. 
 
 Archaig, a lake in Invcrness-Ghlrc, 16 
 miles lorg, and one and a half broad. 
 
 Arcbin^el, a city of Russia, and capital 
 of a government cf the- Gam^^5 name situated 
 r.n vhe e sUe c-f the xhev Dwdoa, about six 
 miles frova Uie LVldte 3ea,300 n of Moscow, 
 6nd 400 KS of Petcreburgh. llie pas- 
 s^tge to It by the N Sea was first found cut 
 in, 1555, by Ci-ptain Liehard Lane, an En- 
 ghshman. The city extends about three 
 miles in length, and one in breadth. Great 
 part of it was distroyed by fire in 1735, but 
 rebuilt wdth neatness. Tim bouses are ge- 
 nerally cf wood, but w ell contrived ; and 
 every chamber is provided with. a. stwe as a 
 fence against the cold, which is here exces- 
 sive in winter. It is rich, populous, built in 
 the modern taste, and is a aictropoiitaii see.’ 
 For many years it- was ll-e o:f-y seaqi-j.rt of 
 Russia, but since tbe of Ik^ters-' 
 
 burgh, its tinde Las rmhdy diminished, 
 Lcn. 59 0 s, Li. 64 .3^ n. 
 
 Archidona, a town c; Grenada, Spain, 
 with a r.:;sde, 15 m'k:: une of Anlaquera. 
 ;_iCn. 5 35 w, k/. 37 9. k. 
 
 ARClili'LLAGO, Is that part of the 
 
A R D 
 
 Jfediterranean "which lies between Europe \ 
 and Asia ; having the Mcrea, Livadia, and 
 Macedonia on the w, liomaijia on the n, 
 Katoiia on the e, and the isle of Candi on 
 the s. It contains a great number of islands, ] 
 such as Andros, Antiparos, Argentiera, Ce- 
 rlgo, Delos, Lenmos, Milo, Metelin, Nax- 
 ia, Negropont, Paros, Patinos, Rhodes, Sa- 
 mos, Santorin, Scio, Scyros, Tenedos, Tinah, 
 S:c. All these islands lie between the 35th 
 and 40Lh degree of n lat. Some of them 
 are called Cyclades. Others are called 
 Sporades. 
 
 ARCHIPELAGO, Northern, extends 
 between the e coast of Kamtschatka, and 
 the w coast of America, and comprehends 
 four clusters of islands : one called Sasignan, 
 containing five islands ; Khao, including 
 eight islands ; both these groups together 
 are denominated the Aleuthian islands : the 
 AudreanofTski Ostrova comprises 16 islands ; 
 and the Lyssi or Fox islands include 16 
 islands. They all belong to Russia. They 
 are valuable, principally on account of the 
 skins of the sea otter and other animals 
 found there. 
 
 Arcis- sur-auhe, a small town seated on 
 the river, and in the department of Aube, 
 France, 15 miles n of Troyes. Lon. 4 12 e, 
 lat. 48 32 N. 
 
 Arcoj a strong town and castle in the 
 Trentin, belonging to the house of Austria. 
 It stands on the river Scarca, near the nor- 
 thern extremity of the lake Garda, 16 miles 
 "wsw of Trent. Lon. 11 1 2 e, lat. 46 0 n. 
 
 Arcona, a strong town situated on the 
 island of Rugen, in the Baltic. 
 
 Areas, a strong city of Andalusia, in Spain, 
 situated on a rock, near the river Guadalete, 
 23 miles nw of Cadiz, and 38 miles sse of 
 Seville. Lon. 5 46 w, lat. 36 52 n. 
 
 ^ Arcot, a large city of Flindoostan, 66 
 miles w by s cf Bladras, and 180 s by n of 
 Seringapatam. It is the capital of the Car- 
 natic. Several celebrated temples in the vi- 
 cinity are the resort of numerous pilgrims. 
 It has a maoufaiure of coarse cotton cloth. 
 Lon. 79 0 E, lat. 12 30 n. 
 
 Ard, a lake in the parish of Aberfoyle, 
 Perthshire, three miles long and one broad. 
 
 Arda^h, a town cf Ireland, in the county 
 of Longford, which united to Kilmare, 
 gives name to a bishopric, but without any 
 Cathedral or Episcopal place of residence. 
 It is seven rriiles se of Longford. 
 
 Ardbraccan, a small town in the county 
 of Meath, Ireland, three miles vv of Navan, 
 and 25 nw of Dublin. Lon. 7 0 w, lat, 
 
 53 40; N. . ' 
 
 Ardckattany a parish of Scotland, in the 
 county of Argyle. united to that of Muc- 
 kairn. These united parishes extend 36 
 miles in length, and about 20 in breadth ; 
 and contain about 2,371 inhabitants. The 
 •urface is mountainous, and chiefiy appro- 
 
 ARD 
 
 piloted to rearing sheep. In the woodi 
 are a number of roes, and even fallow 
 and red deer. In Muckairn is a furnacs 
 for casting pig-iron. Part of the walls of ^ 
 priory founded in Ard chattan in the 13th. 
 century, still remains. Here stood the fa- 
 mous city of Beregoniura, two streets still 
 remain, the one called Market and the other 
 Meal street In the vicinity are some ap- 
 pearances of volcanic eruption, which coun- 
 tenances the tradition that this city was de- 
 stroyed by fire from heaven. Here are 
 tumuli and erect stones, supposed to be 
 Druidical places of worship. 
 
 Ardclagh, a parish of Scotland, in the sk 
 extremity of Nairneshire, and lying on each 
 side of the Findhorn ; about i 1 miles long, 
 and nearly eight broad : containing about 
 2,000 acres of arable land, and 4,000 of 
 moss and moor. The climate is good, but 
 the soil poor. Their principal manufactures 
 are plaidens, coarse tartans, broad cloths and 
 duflles. Population about 1,256. 
 
 Ardea, an ancient town of Latium, the 
 royal residence of Turnus, king of the Ru- 
 tuli. It is now a village in the Campagna 
 di Roma. Lon. 17 49 e, lat. 41 30 n. 
 
 Ardehil, or Ardevil, a town of Persia, in 
 the province of Aderbijan. It was taken 
 and burnt by Jenghiz Khan, in 1222, but 
 was afierwards rebuilt;, and is still ranked 
 for dignity among the best cities of the king- 
 dom, having been the resiaeace and burying 
 place of many Persian kings, particularly 
 of Shiek Ssssi, the author of the . Persian 
 sect. It is the resort of pilgrims from all 
 quarters of Persia, and caravans are frequent 
 to and from CciistanUnople and Smyrna. 
 The principal streets have shops, and are 
 planted on each side with elm and linden 
 trees. The soil near the city, though good 
 for corn and pasture, produces no fruit but 
 apples, pears, and peaches. The sheep are 
 so numerous that 100,000 have passed over 
 the city bridge in a day. Ardebil is situa- 
 ted about 55 miles ese of Tauris. Lon. 43 
 29 E, lat. 38 15 n. according to Walker; 
 but others place it in Lon. 48 40 e, and lat. 
 38 20 n. 
 
 ARDECHE, a department cf France, 
 prior to the revolution it was called Vivaroi ; 
 bounded on the e by that of Drome ; on 
 the s by Gard; on the w by Lozere, and 
 01 ) the N by Upper Loire; and so named 
 from Ardcche, a river of France, which falls 
 into the Rhone. Privas is the capital. 
 
 Ardee, or Atherdee, a borough in the 
 I county of Louth, Ireland. It has a mount 
 called Castel- Guard nearly 90 feet high. 
 The main trench is between 50 and 40 feet 
 deep ; the circumference at the top is about 
 140, and round the foundation it is upwards 
 of GOO, supposed by some to be the place 
 where the people met to deliberate on public 
 : afiiurs; by others, to have beou the buiiai 
 
A R D 
 
 filace of the Irish kings. It lies 14 milns J 
 Kw of Dragheda, and 54 iniles nw of Dub- 
 lin. Lon. 5 40 w, lat. 55 54 n. 
 
 Arden, in Yorkshire, near Thirsk. 
 
 Ardenburg, a town in the department of 
 the Laiio, France, late of Dutch Flanders. 
 It lies 10 voiles ne of Bruges. Lon. 5 50 e, 
 lat. 51 16 K. 
 
 ARDENNES, a department of France, 
 bounded by those of Aisne on the w, Marne 
 on the s, and JMcuse on the e, and so named 
 from Ar’:>znnes, a forcsi hi France, formerly 
 of va.'t extent. Its chief town is Sedan. 
 
 Arderder, a parish of Scotland, in the 
 county of Inveroets, in w'hicn is the garri- 
 son of Fort Georg *, and a village called 
 Campbeltown ; 2 miles and a-hal.*' long, and 
 as many broad ; eo-’taining aLoiit, 1,041 
 tnhsbiterits. Tne is f.ither siiarp, 
 
 tut the soil is very ’Fbe. a are eight 
 
 teats, and 6G errukyed in ti:e 
 
 lierrirg u bile 
 
 Arac-);, a l=..\v'i in ioc dc^.a.' mc-nt of Puy- 
 Gu-Do.i.e, IVancc. Lcn. 5 iO £, lat. 45 
 2h K. 
 
 Ardevil 07, Ardf^viila, a town in the pro- 
 vince ot Servcii, about £0 leagues 
 
 from Bacu. 
 
 ArdJ'ert, a town formerly (he capital of 
 Kerry, Ireiand, and a bishop’s see, united 
 with Aghacioe, to Limerick. It is now a 
 poor place, 7 miles ^’Nw of Train. 
 
 Ard^lass, an ancient but decayed sea- port 
 town of Ireland, in the county of Down, of 
 which it w'as formerly tiie principal city. It 
 has a long range of building in the stile of 
 a castle, called by the inhabitants the New 
 works, yet there is no tradition when or for 
 trj}at purpose they were built. This range 
 of fortification extends 250 feet in length, 
 end 24 in breadth. The walls are three feet 
 thick, and have three towers in front, which 
 makes them appear uniform and elegant. 
 The bui’dings have been divided into 56 I 
 apartments, 1 8 above and 18 below; with a 
 stair- case in the centre. Each department 
 on the ground floor, has a small Gothic door, 
 and a large square window. Within 10 feet 
 ©t the s tower, stands a square fort, called 
 Horn-castle. It measures 40 feet by 50, 
 consists of two stories, and, from the fire- 
 places, appears to have been the kitchen and 
 dining hall belonging to the inhabitanls. 
 There are also relics of several other castles, 
 towers, and gates, within the ne point of 
 Ardglass harbour. On the shore there is a 
 curious natural cave. Tiie duties of this port 
 were farmed so lately as the reign of Charles 
 I. It lies seven miles ke of Downp-itrick. 
 
 ARDMEANACH, a district of Ros- 
 shire and Cromarty, comprehending eight i 
 paiishes, whic h form a bleak muirish penin- 
 stila on the sea ccart. 
 
 Ardmillan Spa, a chalybeate water in the 
 tfcunty ci Down, Ireland, 
 
 ARE 
 
 Ardmore- Head, a noted promontory 
 Waterford, on the s coast of Ireland. 
 
 ARDNAMURCHAN, a district of 
 Scotland, comprehending five parishes in 
 Argyle and Inverness-shire, within the su- 
 perficies of a square of 20 m.iles, or 275,280 
 acres. The general aspect ia mountainous, 
 muirish and bleak. 
 
 Ardoch, a village in the parish of Muthil, 
 near CiiciF, Perthshire, where is a Roman 
 camp, the most complete of any in Scotland, 
 believed to be that occupied by Agricola, 
 previous to his attacking the, Caledonians 
 near the Grsmpians. Here Roman spears 
 halberts, &c. have been fbuad, together with 
 stone coffins — Near this had been tv/o ether 
 encampments, containing betw'een them up- 
 wards of 130 acres. 
 
 ARDRA, or Aediiah, a small kingdom 
 of A.rica, in Guinea, properly so called, with 
 a capual of the same name. It lies at the 
 bottom of the gulf of St Thomas. The in- 
 habitants are very licentious, and have nei- 
 ther temple nor any place for religious w'or- 
 snip. Tnis country is fertile in Indian corn, 
 palm-wine, plants, and fruits, which last all 
 the year : and they make a gi-eat deal of salt. 
 Lon. 4 10 £, lat. 5 5 n. 
 
 Ardres, a small but strong toxvn of France, 
 in the department of the ^S^raits of Calais, 
 An interview w'as held near it betw’fen Fran- 
 cis 1. and Henry VII L king of England, 
 in 1520. Tile plain wdiere the monarchs 
 met, W'as long after named (he Field of Gold 
 Cloth, on account of the finery and wealth 
 displayed on (hat occasion. Ardres is seated 
 in the midst ol a morass, eight miles sse of 
 Calais. Lon. 2 C e, lat. .50 50 n. 
 
 Ardrossan, a parish of Scotland, in Ayr- 
 shire, SIX miles long from n to s, and between 
 three and five from s to w. /i hough toe soi l 
 is capable of great improvement, tl:e agricul- 
 ture of the parish is still in a low state. 
 The population is about 1846. From this 
 place to the Clyde at Glasgow, a canal is 
 projected to go by Paisley. 
 
 Ards, a barony in the county of Down, in 
 Ireland. It is a narrow blip of land, in soms 
 places three, and in some above six mfies 
 broad. The barony of Ards was anciently a 
 county of itself. Chief town, Newton- Ards. 
 
 Ardstinchar or Stinchar, a river of Scot- 
 land, in Ayrshire, which fails into the sea at 
 the village of Baiiantrae. 
 
 Arebo, or Arebon, a town on the Slave 
 Coast of Guinea, in Africa, at the mouth of 
 the Forrnaso. Hie English had onie a fac- 
 tory there, as the Dutch have still. Lon. 5 
 5 E, lat. 6 0 N. 
 
 ARKCA, an island in the gulf of Ikrsia, 
 three miles sw of Oimus. It is nine mjles 
 long, and three wide. Here (he Dutch at- 
 tempted to establish a factory, but were com- 
 pelled by the Peraiani to rclinquiah their 
 object, P^RARy 
 
Arekea, a port town of tlie Red Saa, S5 
 sniles from Sinken. It is large and wc!l 
 fortified, and has an island in the entrance 
 of the port, about 200 paces in diameter. 
 Lon. 59 0, lat. 15 40 N. 
 
 AREMBERG, a ci-devant county ot 
 Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, an- 
 nexed to France by the treaty of 
 and included in the department of the EiHel. 
 
 It has a capital of the same name, about 24 
 miles s of Cologne. Lon. 7 3 e, lat. 50 57 M. 
 Arena, a town of Calabria, Naples. 
 
 Arendonk, a town near Antw'erp. ^ ^ 
 
 ARENS, or Arensharde, a distnct m 
 the duchy of Sleswick, Denmark, through 
 which runs the famous wall. caLed Dan- 
 iieuaske, which Gottric king of Denmark 
 built in the 9th century, 46 miles a^c^oss tne 
 country, from Kollingsted to the Sley, as a 
 defence against the inroads of tne oasons 
 and Sclavi. The inheabitants were the hrst 
 in the country who professed Christianity ; 
 and their church, built in 826, was often 
 
 demolishxed by the idolaters. ^ 
 
 Arensberg, a small town, in a county ot 
 the same name, in the circle of Y/estphalia, 
 Germany, upon the river Koer, 22 miles sse 
 H am, and 65 he of Cologne. Eon. 8 O 
 E, 1st. 51 2o K. 
 
 Ji-enshourg, or Arensharg, a sea port, and 
 the piiiicipu! town in the isle of Ocsel, in the 
 Baltic sea. It for.uerly belonged to oweden , 
 but is now part of the general government 
 of Riga, and subject to Russia. R 's seateu 
 nea' the southern coast, is fortihed vvitp. a 
 eastl?, and is a bishop’s see. Eon. 25 40 e, 
 
 ^'^^AKnlLldc, a town in the New Marclie 
 of Br.ardei-.buvg, G- rmany, seated cn Ine 
 lake S. uin, cn the ! ron tiers of lomeraim^ 
 
 17 miles ne of New Stargard. Eon. .5 o- 
 
 Alemibo, oi Arequipa, a city of S Ame- 
 rica, one of the most beautiif.l cities m all 
 Bet- . feunded bv Fisarro, in 15.79, situate,, 
 in the -rti.e v, Uoy ofQ,uilca, on tne Apuri- 
 ir.ac, b v wi it conimumcates wUh 
 It is ei ricUed not only by its traftic, biu oy 
 silver mines not far distant. Toe entrance 
 into tlie l-arbour is rather shallow for snips 
 of great biiidcn. The houses are ouilt of 
 
 stone and vaulted; and finily decorated on 
 the outside. Tae inhabitants Vlso are exempt 
 from many diseases common in other par s 
 of Peru The temperature of the air is ex- 
 trcmely good. In the vicinity is a volcanoe, 
 and is very suhiect to earthquakes, jy w iic 
 it has already been four times laid in rums. 
 It is 240 miles s of Cusco, and 460 se o 
 Lima. Lon. 72 50 w, lat. 16 40 s. 
 
 Arevalo, a town of Old Castile, Spam, cn 
 ■ the Adaga, 52 miles N by e of Avila. 
 
 Arctlinsa, a city and bishop s seemf Sj .la. 
 Asiauc Turkc'y ; also a city ol Macenoma 
 
 in •European Turkey ; and likewise’ a IsVe 
 
 in Armenia. • j, t i 
 
 Arezzo, anciently Aretium, a city of Italy, 
 in Tuscany, seated in the territory of Flo- 
 rence, on the declivity of a mountain in the 
 middle of a fruitful plain, 17 miles w of 
 Citta di Castclla. Mecasnas Augustus fa- 
 vourite, the celebrated Francis Petrarch, anil 
 Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor 
 of some musical notes, were born 'nerc. Lon. 
 12 2 E, lat. 43 27 K. 
 
 ARGAU, a new canton of Switzeriano, 
 of viliich Avail is the capita), lies on the w of 
 
 Zurich. , ^ p 
 
 Argences, a town in the department of 
 Calvados, France, 10 miles s of Caen, seat- 
 ed on the Meance. Lon. 0 10 w, lat. 49 
 1 5 N. 
 
 Argenta, a town in the department of the 
 
 Lower Po, Italy. , ^ 
 
 Argenlacy a town in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, France, seated on the Dor- 
 dogne, 15 miles of Tolies, and 45 kw of 
 Aurillac. Lon. 2 3 e, lat. 45 5 n. 
 
 Argentan, a town in the department ot 
 Orne, near the river Orne, France. It car- 
 ries on a considerable trade in corn, hne 
 linen, lace, lawns, guazas, hats, leather, 
 
 It is situated 12 miles nw ot Seez, and 110 
 w of Paris. Lon 0 5 e, lat. 46 54 K. 
 
 Argentaro, Monte, a cape and promontoiy 
 of Italy, on tne coast of Tuscany, 12 ini e. 
 sof Orbilello. It juts out into the sea like 
 a peninsula, and is a good land- mark. 
 
 Argenteuil. a town of the isle o. France, 
 five miles »w of Pa.-is. It is a beautiful 
 place, with fine viney irds. In tne environs 
 
 are quarries of stucco. Lon. 2 28 e, lat. 
 
 ^^ARGENTIERA, asm ill island in the 
 Archipelago, near Iililo, so named from its 
 silver mines. It is about 18 miles in cir- 
 cumfeienoe, full of barren mountains, pri^ 
 diicing nothing but b.arley, cotton, and a few 
 granes’ fit only foresting. It produces too. 
 Terra CimoUa, so highly esteemed by the 
 ancients. It has only one village, vruich 
 lias no supply of water, but what is preser- 
 ved in Cisterns. Lon. 25 1 0 E, lat. o5 50 x. 
 
 ' a town in the depaitmeut ot 
 
 Ardechc, Fr.mce, five miles sw of Atibe“^, 
 and 17 w of Viviers. Lorn 4 22 e, lat. i 
 
 Argentine, a town i.n the department of 
 Mont Blanc, France. 
 
 ■ Armenian, a town in the department of the 
 indre, France. It is divided into two bj 
 the river Creuse. It is o 7 miles sw of 
 Bioiigcs, Lon. 1 38 e, lat. 46 .^>0 K. 
 
 ARGONNE, a chdevant ^ 
 
 I territory of France" comprehending all that 
 1 tract of country that is s.tuat«l between the, 
 rivers Meuse, Marne, and Ame. 
 hold was the capital. 
 
Ar^ts, a sea port in the IVTorea, Enrspsan 
 Turkey, once a large city and capital of a 
 kir-ii^dom. Larissa, the citadel, situated on 
 the top of a rock, is now wholly deserted. 
 The town stands on a plain near the bay of 
 Napoli. It is still a bishop’s see, and 55 
 miles ssw of Corinth. Lon. 23 5 ic, iat. 37 
 30 N. 
 
 Argostol, or Argostoli, a sea port of Ce~ 
 jphaionia, opposite to x\lbanica. it is the 
 best harbour in the island. It is eight miles 
 wsw of Cepbalonia. 
 
 ARCOW, or Aargow, acoun^^y of Swit- 
 serland, seated on the A.ar, from w'hich it 
 derives its name. 
 
 ArguAlj a towm in tKe department of t!te 
 Lower Seine, France, 13 miles ne of Rouen. 
 
 ARGUl.M, or AiiGui>r, .m island on the 
 coast of Africa, about 16, or as others say 30 
 miles from Capa Blanco. It is scarce t'.vo 
 jndes in length. The- Dutch took it from 
 the Portuguese in 165§, who were after- 
 wards dispossessed o.f it by the French. 
 Imn. 17 20 w, lat. 20 30 n. 
 
 Argiiin, a river h\ the above isle. 
 
 Argun, a city of Asiatic Tartary, seated 
 0n the Argun. There are mines of silver 
 and lead adjacent to it. Loo. i03 56 e, Iat. 
 42 30 X, or, as'othevs have it, loa. 104 5 e, 
 iat. 51 3^ X. . 
 
 ^ Arguji, a river of Asiatic Russia, which 
 divides the .empires of Russia and China, 
 and falls into the Amur, 
 
 ArgunAcoi, a towm cn the river Onoge, 
 Siberia. Near it arc lead and silver liiines, 
 and a pearl fishery in the river Argun. It 
 h 70 miles sE of Nertschink. Lon. 103 
 56 E, lat. 42 30 x. 
 
 ARGYLE, or Argyll, a county of Seot- 
 Innd ; bounded on the s by the Irish sea and 
 the Frith of Clyde, on the e by the counties 
 of Perth and Dumbarton, on the ite by Lo- 
 chaber, and on the xw by several islands. 
 It extends in length, from s to x, betvveeK 
 She Mull of Kintyre and the point of Ard- 
 namurchan, where it joins Inverness-shire, 
 about 1 M miles ; and in breadth, in some 
 places, including the isles, to 70. It was 
 anciently called Argathelia, and together 
 with Perthshire and the Western islands, 
 constituted the ancient kingdom of the Scots. 
 
 It comprehends Kintyre, Knapdale, Argyie 
 Proper, Cow'al, and Lorn. The principal 
 islands in this county are PAuli, Islay, Jura, 
 Pirey, and Col. This county, like most 
 other parts of the Highlands, aS^rds a very 
 wild prospect of hills, rocks, huge mountains, 
 and tremendous precipices, piled upon each 
 other in a stupendous manner. The coast 
 of Argyie is rocky : yet indented with bays ! 
 and inlets, that afford good harbours for i 
 shmn.’ng. Ihe countiy is well w'aterrd by j 
 rivers, brook, s, and lakes, abounding with 
 fish ; toe vales and fiat .parts of it are culti- 
 vated icr corn ^ the mountains feed an in- 
 2 
 
 I ttumsubls quantity of black cattle. TIi« 
 
 I circumambient sea, w^ith its Icchs, bays, and 
 harbours, pours forth myriads of fish 3 but 
 the innate w^ealth of the county is dug fwm 
 the bowels of the mountains, in iron, copper, 
 lead, and other metals and minerals. The 
 real rent of the county is X.l 12,762 Stei’- 
 iing, and the valued rent, i. 149,595, IQs, 
 Sects. Toe population is about 75,7 9Q. 
 Argyie is the seat of a provincial synod, c®n- 
 j sisting of five presbyteries snd 49 parishes. 
 
 I Argyieshire is in general peopled by the clan 
 I of CWnpbell. • It sends one mcn.iber to par- 
 j iiament. The chief town is Iiiverary. 
 
 I AFtGYLL PROPER, is that district cf 
 1 Argyieshire, w’hich is bounded by Knapdal® 
 j and Cowal on the s, Loebaber on the x, 
 Lennox and the Grampian hills ©n the 2 , 
 and La^me on vbe w. 
 
 ■ Argyll, a township in Washington ccuniy. 
 New York, on the e bank of the Hudson, 
 containing 404 electors, 2,527 citizens. 
 
 Arheim, formerly Arenaoum, or Arenacus, 
 
 3 town ill the island of Batavia, Lon. 5 
 20 E, iat. 52 2 X. 
 
 Arhuion/ See Aarhus. 
 
 Ariano, a town sealed on a branch of tbs 
 Po, in the ci-devant territories of the Pope, 
 Italy, 22 miles xa of Ferrara. Lon. 12 
 8 E, lat. 45 Ox. 
 
 Ariano, 3 tov/n in the ulterior principality 
 cf Naples, Italy, under the archbishop of 
 Benevento, 15 miles xe of that town, and 
 10 Nwof Trcvjco. ’ It contains about 14,CCO 
 inhabitants, and no less thfeu 20 parishes and 
 convents, besides an ill endowed cathedral. 
 Lon, 15 1 9 e, iat. 4 1 8 x. 
 
 ARXCA, a sea port isnd barren territory, 
 in the province of Los Charcas, in Peru, S 
 America. A lthough it has suffered a greafe - 
 deal from earthquakes, it is still a place of 
 considerable trade, and very populous. Her* 
 is shipped the treasure brought froEi Petosi, 
 and a vast quantity of Guinea pepper is cul- 
 tivated. Adjacent is a mountian ®f rock 
 salt. It lies 550 miles ss ©f Lima. Lon,- 
 70 15 Iat. 18 26 s. 
 
 Ariege, a river of France, which rises i» 
 the Pyrenean mountains, and falls iato the 
 Garonne. 
 
 Arisnzo, a town in the Terra di Lavero, 
 Naples, 14 miles xe of Naples. 
 
 Arima, a town and port in Japan, Asia, 
 in the cuuntry of Zimo or Saicock. 
 
 'ARIMO, an island in New Guines^, 
 Asia. 
 
 Armdal,- a town in the government of 
 Bergen, Norway, remarkable for the valuablt 
 iron mines in its vicinity. It is 10 mil^ 
 XNE of Christian sand. 
 
 Arint/iot, a ' towm in the department of 
 Jura, France, eight miles s of Orgelet. 
 
 Arinxa, a towui of the province of Yerak 
 A gem j, Persia. Lon. 52 3.5 a. lat. 32-20 x. 
 
 a strong town on the western coasst 
 .H 
 
A R L 
 
 &t 'tskaa of Ceyloa, at mou* t^ie 
 Sarunda; to the a: of which is a pearl 
 tshery. Lon. 30 25 3E, lat. S 42 ^ 
 
 ArhhKy xn ancient town in the isl^d of 
 Lesbos; another m Troas, in the territory, 
 and to the se of Abydos; also, a colony of 
 £:he MitylenlanS; subdued and plundered by 
 
 Achilles. ^ „ 
 
 Arischy Ml, a town and fort of Egypt, on 
 a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it 
 . name. El Arisch stands on the con- 
 Incs of Arabia and Palestine, 56 miles sw 
 -of Gasa, and 120 ns of Sues. It was taken 
 by the French in 1799, but retaken by the 
 English and Turks the same year.^ The^ 
 
 • Turks and French in the year following en- 
 tered into a convention, by which the latter 
 were to evacuate Egypt, but the British ad- 
 refused to accede to the capitulation. 
 Arispey capital of the province of Sonora, 
 l^^w Spain, the number of inhabitants about 
 moo. It is 350 miles n by w of Cinaloa. 
 X»on. 108 35 w, lot. 30 36 N. 
 
 Arkansas, a river in the United States, a 
 S?w branch of the Mississipi. ^ ^ 
 
 Arkamhaw, a large river of Louisiana.^ It 
 tikes its rise on the borders of New Mexico, 
 
 SE lat. 41 N, and after a course of 2173 
 ssilles, witii many windings, it enters the 
 Mississipi, in lat. 35 45 N. Its banks are, 
 in general, rich in herbage, and abound 
 widi buffaloes, elks, and deer. An explo- 
 ratory part 3 % under lieut, Pyke,^ in 1806, 
 ; 9 eruck the stream of this river in Ion. 96 
 SO w, lat. 37 4^ N. From this point it was 
 ascended by him to its source, and by lieut. 
 Wilkinson it was descended to its mouth. 
 In the spring it is all navigable by boats con- 
 structed for the purpose, except 192 miles. 
 In summer, soon after it comes to the plain, 
 it becomes almost dry for 400 miles, the bed 
 attending over a dry sandy soil. Further 
 down, below the junction of Grand river, is 
 a fall seven feet perpendicular, and rapids 
 that extend several hundred miles. 
 
 . Arkniishawy a town, or military post, on 
 the left bank of the above river, 100 miles 
 above its mouth. Lon. 92 20 w, lat. 34 
 
 10 w. . ^ • 
 
 Arklowy a sea-port town of Ireland, m 
 the county of Wicklow,' 13 miles s of Wick- 
 iow, and 26 from Dublin. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 
 
 ^2 ^2 N. 
 
 Arksey, in Yorkshire, five miles n of Don- 
 caster. ArksUn, in Herefordshire, between 
 Druxton and Kingston. Arladm, in Cum- 
 berland, near Whitehaven. ArlSy in Glou- 
 sestershire, a mile from Cheltenham. 
 
 Arles, a large ancient city in the depart- 
 mant of the Mouths of the Rhone. France, 
 It was culled Arelas, by the Romans. It is 
 celebrated for its antiquities, many of which 
 ar« ttill to be seen ; such as the amphithea- 
 tre, the obelisk, theelysian fields, Ac. Arles 
 fflOAdemy ef scienscs^ 
 
 snembers. Tlie city is surrounded with 
 marshy land. The air of the country around 
 is however salubrious, and the grounds, pro- 
 duce excellent wines, fruits, olives, manna, 
 verniilUon, Ac. Arles is situated on the 
 Rhone, 20 miles se of Nismes 35 nw of 
 Marseilles, and 430 & by e of Paris. L»n. 
 
 4 48 E, lat. 43 40 N. 
 
 Arlesy a town in the department of the 
 Eastern Pyrenees, France. 
 
 Arleshemy or Arlesheim, a neat town of 
 France, lately of Switzerland, in the cantoa 
 of Basel, 3 miles s of Basel. 
 
 Arleufy a town in the department of 
 Nievre, France. 
 
 Arieux, a town in the department of the 
 North, France. It is situated in the ci- 
 devant province of Hainault, six miles s of 
 Doay, and about eight miles sw of Cam- 
 bray. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 50 26 n. 
 
 u 4 rZtV.gion, a township in Bennington coun- 
 ty, Vermont, 1 2 miles nw of Benington ; it 
 has 991 inhabitants. 
 
 Arlon, a town in the department of Forets, 
 France. It is seated on a mountain, 10 
 miles Nwof Luxemburg, according to some, 
 but according to others 76 miles. Lon. 5 
 56 E, lat. 49 45 N. 
 
 Arma, a town in the province of Popayan^ 
 Spanish America. Lon. 74 45 w, lat. 
 
 5 25 N. 
 
 Armacalesy Almarcuvy or Naarmalcha^ 
 a river of Babylon. It was a cut made by 
 Nebuchadnezzar, from the Euphrates, which 
 naturally divides into two channels, one pas- 
 sing through Babylon, the other through 
 Selucia, and then falls into the Tigris. 
 
 Arniaduiy a town of Curdistan, in Aslan 
 Turkey. Lon. 42 0 e, lat. 36 15 n. 
 
 Armagh, a county of Ireland, bounded by 
 Louth on the s ; Loch Neagh on the n ; 
 Tyrone and Monaghan on the w; and 
 Down, in part, on the e. It is in length 32 
 miles, in breadth 29, and is divided into five 
 baronies, containing about 170,630 acres, 
 and 20 parishes. The climate and soil are 
 good, especially the-latter, which is said to be 
 the richest in Ireland ; a tract called the 
 Fowes is billy and less fertile. Here are 
 several bogs of considerable extent Some 
 o-ood maible is found'in this county. It is 
 separated from Tyrone by the river Black- 
 w ater. It sends three members to the impe- 
 rial parliament, viz two for the county, and 
 one for the city. Its trade in linen is esti- 
 mated at 291,9001. sterling annually. 
 
 Armagh, a city of Ireland, seated near 
 the river Kalin, about 52 miles se of Lon- 
 donderry, and 63 n of Dublin. It is the see 
 of the primate of all Ireland, and is sate to 
 have been founded by St. Patrick in the oiU 
 century. In 1142, it was constituted tu 
 archbishopric. The cathedral was often 
 burnt, but as often rebuilt and enlargea, 
 aud parutulsrl, b, Patrick Scaalam, about 
 
ARM 
 
 A R N 
 
 1S€2, This town was first subjected to lb© 
 English by John de C«urcyj> but afterwards 
 entirely destroyed by Tir Oen, or O^Neal, 
 in queen Elizabeth’s time. It was reeovered, 
 rebuilt, and garrisoned by the English. The 
 chapter of Armagh is composed of five digni- 
 taries, and four prebendaries, who have voices 
 in every capitular act. Besides an elegant 
 archi- episcopal palace, there is a noble school 
 founded by Charles I. accommodated with 
 ^ a grand building, erected by Richard Lord 
 Rokely, late archbishop, who furnished it 
 with a valuable public library, a complete 
 observatory, and a liberal appointment for 
 an astronomer, and bad his endowments se- 
 cured by several acts of Parliament. St, Co- 
 lumbus founded a monastry at Armagh in 
 610. In the king’s books the see is rated at 
 -iOOl. annually, but it is now estimated at 
 * 0001 . 
 
 ARMAGNAC, a ci-devant province of 
 Guienne, in France, 55 miles ia length, and 
 40 in breadth. It now forms part of the 
 department of Gers. It is fertile in corn 
 and wine: and carries on a considerable 
 trade in brandy, wool, &c. 
 
 Armamar^ a town in Beira, Portugal. 
 Armdalc, a village and bay, on tlTe coast 
 of the county of Sutherland, in Scotland. 
 
 ARMENIA, a country of Asia, anciently 
 called Arrarat, and divided into Armenia 
 Major and Minor. It is exteiisiv<?, the cli- 
 niate healthy, and the soil fertile. This 
 country is bounded on the n by Georgia; on 
 the w by the Euphrates ; on the s by Curdis- 
 tan, Ghilan, and Diarbekar; on the e. by Shir- 
 van. It is at present possessed by the" Turks 
 and Persians. The inhabitants are anxious 
 for trading. The greater part profess Christi- 
 ^ity, and have a patriarch and archbishop. 
 Erzerum is its capital. 
 
 Armentiers, a small, but elegant t®wn in 
 the department of the North, France. It is 
 seated on the river Lis, eight miles wnw of 
 Lisle. Lon. S 5 e, lat. 50 40 n. 
 
 Armeirsy a town in the department of the 
 ^ the North, France, seated on the Sambre, 
 
 20 miles s of Mens. Lon, 3 45 i, lat 
 50 7 is. 
 
 Arrmro, a sea-port town of Macedonia, in 
 European Turkey, seated on the Gulph de 
 "Velo, 50 miles nw of Negropont, and 30 se 
 of Larissa. Lon. 23 40 e, lat. 39 42 k 
 ARMOUCHIQUOIS, a nation of N 
 Armerican Indians in Canada. 
 
 ArntGT/, a small town in the county of 
 Antrim, Ireland, 109 miles from Dublin, 
 Anuoza, or Harmosiuy a town in Cara- 
 tuania, at the mouth of Anamis, which falls 
 miothe Persian Gulf. Lon. 56 17 e, lat. 
 
 27 20 N. 
 
 ^ Armuj/den, a sea- port town of Zealand, 
 m the island ot W alcherin, formerly very 
 Mfunshing, but now incensiderable, the sea I 
 having closed up the harbour with 'laad. I 
 
 fj. Tbs salt are its chief nssoisrsiss; IT-- 
 
 I lies three miles x of Middleburg, at 
 I mouth of the canal Lon. 5 42 x, kt. 3i 
 I 51 N, 
 
 ARMY LAND'S^, several distvicta iia the 
 united states of America, situated betwssm 
 Lon. 80 91 w, lat. 37 41 n. 
 
 Arn&Sy a town of Hordland, Swede??, 
 Lon. 1 9 S E, lat. 93 22 
 
 Arney-le-ducy in the department ©f 
 d’Or, France, which carries on a pretty good 
 trade. It is seated in a valley near the rives' 
 Arroux, 25 miles kw of Baun©, Loba 
 4 26 E, lat. 47 7 k. 
 
 Arndai, a small town, but a large landing™ 
 place of Christiansand, in Norway, seated 
 on a rock in the middle of the river Nid, td* 
 jacent to which are several iron-mines. 
 
 Arnehergy a town seated on the Elb©<, 
 Brandenburgb, in the Old Mark, with « 
 ^stl« in ruins, between Angurmund 
 Werben, three miles distant from each. 
 
 Arned&, a town in Peru, S America, yvkh 
 a gcod harbour, 25 miles k of Callao. Lq^ 
 76 53 w, lat. 41 40 s. 
 
 Arngask, a parish of Scotland, compr©» 
 
 I bending a part of three different counsiez^ 
 which meet in it; viz. Fifeshire, Perthshire, 
 and Kinross-shire, It contains about 564 
 inhabitants. The soil is various, and the 
 climate salubrious, 
 
 Arngilly In Vv^estmoreland, on the Liaii*. 
 
 Arnhaley in Warwickshire. 
 
 Arnheim or Arneheimy a town, capital of 
 the department of the Rhine, Holland^ 
 cjgbt miles, n ©f Nimeguen, and 32 x by ® 
 of Utrecht, formerly the residence of ih% 
 dukes of Gudderland. It is adorned with 
 several fine churches. The town has fiv© 
 gates, and several fin* ramparts. There k 
 a canal from this place to Nimeguen. Th® 
 air is very healthful Lon. & 55 e, kt. 
 
 52 0 N. 
 
 Arnhusen, a siwali towm of Pomerania^ 
 Prussia, near the Riga, four leagues from 
 Colberg and the Baltic. 
 
 Arn?f9Td Lochy a harbour in the parish of 
 Burnish, in the Isle of Skye. 
 
 ARNIS, an island of Sieswick, 
 
 Arnoy a large and rapid river of Italy, in 
 Tuscany, rising in the Appennines, to th« 
 of Florence, near a viliag* called i.9. Marki 
 della GmiiCy on the borders of .Romagnrs, 
 
 15 ladies to the w of the sources cf the Pi- 
 her ; fail* ®jght miles below Pisa, into 
 Tuscan Sea, 
 
 Arnon or Adramdecky » river that mss 
 in the mountains of Gilead, and runs be- 
 tween the borders of the Moabites and Am* 
 monites. 
 
 Arnoughy a town of Annenk, in Asian 
 Turkey. Lon. 41 0 j:, lat. 37 45 k. 
 
 ArnsnUl St, & town in the department of 
 Eure and Loire, France, on the road 
 Chjirtreb to Paris, 
 
 H2 
 
 / 
 
A R R 
 
 Arnshnut in the departmer/c of Rbine 
 ard i*^ahe, France, formerly of Germany, 
 in the Palatinate of the Khine, eight miles 
 ft’am Crutzenach. 
 
 Ai^nstade, or Arnstadtf a town in Thurin- 
 gia, Germany, on the river Gera, with a 
 palace, a castle, and three churches ; 10 miles 
 »wof Enfurt Lon. 11 5 i, lat. 40 54 n. 
 
 ArnsLevif a town in the bishopric of 
 Wurtsburg, Franconia, with a castle, seated 
 on the Weren, nine miles sw of Schwein- 
 fart. 
 
 • AroJeage, u city of' Segestan, Persia, and 
 c?ipitai of at district of the same name,^ 110 
 rtiileli ssw of Candabar, and 210 ese ot Za- 
 r,ehg. Eon. €5 40 e, lat 31 20 n. j. 
 
 Arolserif a town in the circle of the Upper h, 
 Germany, 29 miles sse of Faderborn. H 
 
 a province of New Anda- 
 
 in S America, on the Oroonoqiie. | 
 
 ' Atona, a town of Italy, in the duchy ot 
 ISlilan, seated on the lake Maggiore, 30 
 miles ^tw of Milan. Eon. $ 25 e, lat. 45 
 
 "^^Ar&nches, a town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 on the coohnes of Spain. It is seated on 
 the Caro, IS miles se of Portalogro, ana 
 has about 500 inhabitants. Eon. 5 16 w, 
 
 lat 14 29 N. fir- f 
 
 AreoL a town in the govei-nment ot Kiel 
 
 Kussia, seated on the river Occa; 200 miles 
 s of Moscow. Lon. 36 40 e, lat. 51 58 k 
 Aroshay, a town on the coast of the island 
 of Madura, near Java, E Indies. Lon. 1 14 
 
 ;50 E, lat. 6 30 s. . . „ , i 
 
 Arouca, a town of Beira, in Portugal. 
 Annnas or Jrpino, a town in the ierra 
 di Eavora, Naples, eight miles n cf Acqui- 
 ts, and 50 ESE of Rome. Eon. 13 4t> s, 
 
 Arana, or ArquaU, a town tii the late 
 Venetian territory of Paduano, Italy, rema^ 
 kahle for the tomb of Petrarch, 
 
 s of Padua. Lon. 11 45 e. lat .5 
 
 Arqiw.i a. town in the state of Genoa, 
 Italy, situated on the Serivia, 25 miles K o 
 
 Arqnct, a town in tlie department of the 
 Lower Some, France, with an ancient castle, 
 on n river of the "ar™; iour 
 
 Tniles SB cf Dieppe, and four tjk ot Lon 
 jruevUle. More the duke of Mayenne, gc- 
 " - ncral cf the Le.«;.’e, wes ccir.pletely defeated 
 
 1)V Et'evy IV. in 1589- Eon. 1 U *, 
 
 ■ ' ^ -I ’r'-c'.r-ffc, a sea-port in ttie previncc of 
 
 IVrnatnlmco, built on a narrow 
 
 . with a eot.de to defend the harbmir, 
 
 recUnned a pl^we of the greatest strcngtl) 
 if -li) rv;i 2 !l. I-'Cti. ltd io W, lat. 8 /.O s. 
 'Arrak, a town cf Bahtir. Ilindoostan, 
 
 lYii'es w by s oi latha. 
 
 A-rn-ir, a se?'-po-t of Pernamhuco, m 
 
 BfiiW’.l. Lor.. 55 10 w, lat. S s. 
 
 A R R 
 
 AREAGGN, a province bf Spa ri; 
 
 hounded on the N by the Pyrenean moun- 
 tains, on the w by Naverre ind the two 
 Castiles ; on the s by Valencia ; and on the 
 K by Catalonia. It is 1 80 mites long, and 
 140 broad ; but the land is mountamons, 
 dry, sandy, and stony. I ts principal nv^er* 
 
 are the Ebro, the Xalo, the Cinea, the Ga- 
 lego, and the Arrafoo. The atris pure and 
 wholesome, and there are mines of iron, 
 i The land produces corn, wine- oil- hai, 
 
 ■ hemp, various fruits, and a sreasi quantity o 
 1 saffron ; besides feeding large Hocks oi sheep ; 
 
 and plenty of game in the woods. Saragossa 
 ! is the capital of this province, and the ower 
 
 I principal towns are Balbastro, Jaca, oara- 
 i zona, Haesca, Calatajud, Albaraam, 1 revel, 
 
 II Dareca, and Boria, It has a river of toe 
 
 1 same name. . , i 
 
 ' ARRAN, a mountainous island ot 
 land, in the frith of Clyde, between Km- 
 tyre and Cunningham; nearly 24 miles m 
 length, from ar to s, and about 14 in breadth. 
 
 Bv the immense cairns, the vast nmnumen- 
 1 tai stones, and many relics of Drunitsm. 
 
 this island must have been very considerable 
 I i„ ancient times. The inhabitants rjave st.il 
 traditions of the hero Fingal. 
 cold, and many places retain his n.-me. 
 There is a spot of ground near the n en 
 named Ar-Ehin, which signifies the slaugh- 
 ter of Fin or Fingal, where traUition says 
 that her» vanquished Manus, son ol e 
 king of Sweden, from which the. name of 
 I the whole island is supposed to be oeriTCd. 
 Robert Bruee retired to this island during 
 his distress. Ai.out the year 1334, it formed 
 i part of the estate of Robert II. steward ef 
 Gotland. Afterwards it belonged to lord 
 Bovd. After his disgrace it was bestowed 
 1 upon Sir James Hamilton, and it still con- 
 tLes in the Hamilton family. ^ 
 "about 7000 inhabitants, who chicfiy reside 
 on the coasts, which are indented witk 
 several safe harbours. Lamlash on the sw, 
 and Lochransa on the v are the pnne.- 
 pal ports. The mountainous parts of tl^e 
 island rre either bare rocks, or covered^ with 
 heath or fern; but the ® 
 
 tolerably fertile and well cultivated Hm 
 climate is healihy ; and about 1000 blaci^ 
 catla are annualiy exported. There are two 
 oarishes, Kilbride and ABiaory ; with a .o 
 of chapel of case to each, founded in 
 last century. A t ran forms part 
 ly of Bine, .and is subject to the same go- 
 vernment, but justice is besides adminisleied 
 It"he bamn btilie’s court. The language , 
 Is Gaelic, hut most of the inhabitants un- 
 derstand English. Of 
 
 fel, which is near 3000 feet high, is the 
 ihief; among the rocks ' 
 
 spar, and a great variety of beautiful pe ■ . 
 hies. Oo the coast are m.any 
 eivernt. 
 
 WOK 
 
 r.deiful 
 
A R R 
 
 Arran^ a town of Switzerland, seated on 
 tJie Aar, 25 miles sw of Baden. 
 
 A KHAN, North, an island situated on 
 the coast of Donegal, in Ulster, Ireland. 
 Bon. 8 50 vv, lat. 55 0 n. 
 
 AIIRAN, SOUTH, Isles of, three is- 
 lands in the mouth of Galway bay, Ireland. 
 Lon. 10 0 w, lat. 55 0 n. 
 
 Arras, a city in the department of the 
 Straits of Crdais, sealed on the Scarpe, for- 
 merly the capital of the ci-devant county 
 of Artois, France. It is seated on a moun- 
 tain, and the parts about it are full of quar- 
 ries, where good stones are got for building. 
 It is divided into two parts t>y a strong wall, 
 at large fosse, and the rivulet Chiinchron, 
 the one called the city and the other the 
 town. Arras has four gates, and a strong 
 citadel, with five bastions. There are 10 
 parish churches. The population is about 
 30,000. Arras is situatea 12 miles sw of 
 Deway, 22 wnw of Canibray. Lon. 2 50 e, 
 l&t. 50 20 N. 
 
 ARRAYNO, St, a small island in the 
 ci-devant Dogado of Venice. 
 
 ARRIEGE, a department of France, 
 bourided ou the w and n by that ©f Upper 
 Garonne; on the e by Aude; and on the 
 s by the Pyrenees, comprehending what 
 was called Foix and Conferans, prior to the 
 revolution. It is so named from the river 
 Arrie^e, which rises in the Pyrenees, and 
 directing its course by Foix and Pamiers, 
 unites witit the Garonne near Touicusc. 
 Gold dust is found among its sands. Ca- 
 pital, Foix. 
 
 ARROE, a small island of Denmark, in 
 the Baltic Sea, a iiltle s of the island of 
 Funen, and n of that of Alsen. It is eight 
 miles in length, and about tw’^o in breadth ; 
 and produces coin, aniseed, black .cattle, 
 and horses. It contains three parishes, Lon. 
 10 20 E, lat. 55 10 >r. 
 
 Arrojo de St Sevvan, a town of Estrama- 
 dura, Spain, eight miles s of Merida, and 25 
 I of Badajez. Lon. 6 20 v/, lat. 58 36 n . 
 
 Arroquhar, a parish of Scotland, in Dum 
 bartonsuire, 14' miles long, and about three 
 Ijroad. Tc contains about 580 inhabitants, 
 mostly of the name of M-'Farlane, after the 
 name of their chief, whose estate lay in this 
 district, and to whom they were bhndiy at- 
 tached. Gsc’f c and Engiish are both spoken. 
 
 It lies on the i side of Loch Lenriond. 
 
 ARROO, five-islands in the Indian ocean, 
 on the s and "w of New Guinea, between 5 
 Y'O, and 7 0s lat. separated by narrow chari- 
 uels. These islands are considered as be- 
 longing to the Dutch. Their principal pro- 
 duce IS s?tgo. Here reside, during the dry 
 season, cr ■westc. n menscon, vast flucks of 
 *lje birds of paradise, from New Guinea, of 
 which, a great many are killed and dried for 
 e'/rporiation, particularly to Banda. 
 
 ARROV/SiXE, an island in the distiict 
 
 ART 
 
 of Maine, United States, separated from Far 
 ker*s island by a narrow strait. 
 
 Arsamas, a town in the territory cfMor- 
 duates, Russia, seated on the river iViockcha- 
 treca, on the road to Astrycan, 500 irnlcs % 
 by E from Moscow, and 500 n by w froui 
 Asfcraean, 
 
 Arschot, in the department of Dyle, France 
 seated on the Demer, four miles e of Mec- 
 lin. Lon. 4 45 e, hit. 5? 5 
 
 ArsQjfa, atovvn of Syria, in Asian Turkey, 
 Lon. 58 SO E, lat. 54 40 n. 
 
 Arsuvy a town of Palestine, on the coast 
 of Sy.da, with a fortress, 10 miles n ef Jaffa. 
 
 Arta, ®r LmHa, a town of European Tur- 
 key, in Lower Albania, seated on the Asd- 
 has, 70 miles nnw of Lepanto, and 20 ns of 
 Frevisa. It contains about 7 or 8000 inha« 
 bitauts. The cathedral has 365 windows 
 and doors, and is supported by above 2C0D 
 marble pillars. Arta carries ola a considc;^- 
 bin trade, panicu’ariy in tobacco and furs. 
 Lon. 2,1 20 s, ht. 59 23 x. 
 
 Artaki, a town of Natalia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, Oil the s coast of tne ses of 3Iar,iiioraj 
 76 miles sw of Constantinople, Lon. 27 
 40 E, lat. 59 50 n . 
 
 ArmJcid, a town in Romania, Europeaa 
 Tti/kep, 48 miles nw of Gallipoli. 
 
 Anamtai an apiciant city, the roval resf- 
 dCi'Ce end metropolis of Armenia 
 built according to a plan of Hannibal, for 
 king Artaxias. 
 
 Artemisium, a promo.r?tory on the xe of 
 Euboea, celebrated for toe first sea engage- 
 ments between the Greeks and Xerxes. 
 
 Artern, a town in TlutvlDgia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, on the river Unstrult, 29 miles kne of 
 Erfurt. 
 
 ArthuAs culled by Buchanan, 7>m- 
 plum Termini, an ancient ruin, near the 
 Carron works, Srirlingsbii'e. 
 
 Arthur s Seat, a high liill in the king’js 
 park, in the immediate neighbourhood of 
 Edinburgh, which takes its name from king 
 Arthur, according to tradition. This hill 
 rises by a steep and rugged ascent, till it ter- 
 minates in a rocky point, near 700 feet high 
 from the base. Cond vcous, upon the v/ 
 and partly connected with it at the base, are 
 Salisbury craggs, of irifcricr height. The 
 top of Anhui’s Seat, commands a complete 
 view of Edinburgh and its castle, the Ger- 
 man Ocean, the whole course of the Forth, 
 the distant Grampians, and a portion of the 
 most popi^QUs and best cultivated part of 
 Scotland ; the most extensive, the most va- 
 riegated, the most sublime, and richest pros- 
 pect in the kingdom. 
 
 Arltbonilc, a river in St Domingo, rises in 
 the Cibao mountains, directs its course to the 
 w, and after many meanders, looses itself in 
 the ocean, in the h/iy o! PTark. 
 
 Artogne, a conjilderinble town of the ci-de- 
 raait V eaetiaii territory of the Veronese. 
 
/ 1? TOI.% a c^d€vant pwiiicc of Fi’aiic«, 
 rgirt iTiely fertile, and formerly one of the 17 
 provirces of the Netherlands, It is now in- 
 cluded in the department of the Straits of 
 C^alais* 
 
 At tonne 1 an ancient small town in the 
 department of Cantal, seated on the Morges, 
 France. 
 
 ARU, a kingdom in the isle of Sumatra. 
 Jts capital is of the same name. 
 
 ARUBA, a small island pn the coast of 
 ’I'crra Firma, subject to the Dutch. It ex- 
 tends about 15 or 16 miles in circumfer- 
 €nce» Ron. 69 -39 nr, lat. 12 50 n. ^ 
 
 Arve, a rapid river of Savoy, which rises 
 in Faucigny. It has many cataracts, one of 
 v?hich near *Salencbe, is said to be above 1 100 
 feet high. It falls into the Rhone below 
 
 Geneva. ^ 
 
 ARVERT, an island with a town ot the 
 same name, in the department of Rower 
 Charente, France. ^ ^ 
 
 Arun^ 3- river that falls into the English 
 channel, below Arundel. 
 
 A^undi^U 3 borough and market town m 
 Sussex, seated on tbe nw side of the Arun, 
 ®vcr which there is a bridge. It had once a 
 fca^’hour wherein ships of 1.00 tons burden 
 in?£rht ride, which has been almost closed up 
 b/sand ; but still admits spiail vessels. ^ It 
 ^ two members to parliament, the right 
 
 ejection is in tbe inhabitants, paying scot 
 «tnd lct, not quite 200 in number. It has 
 ' £e*t members to parliament ever since the 
 25d year nf king Edtvard I. It is 56 miles, 
 
 . aw by s of London, and eight miles s. of Chi- 
 :■ eUester. Arundel is the premier earldom of 
 . Fpo’land, belonging to tbe illustrious family 
 of Norfolk; and is the only title in Eng- 
 land that goes along with the lands. It has 
 two markets, on, W ednesday and Saturday. 
 ILon. 0 25 w, lat. 50 4 5 n. 
 
 Arundel, a township iis York county, dis- 
 trict of Maine, containing 1458 inhabitants. 
 
 Arnmngen, a town and castle.in the canton 
 of , Berne, Switzerland, on tlie river Aar, five 
 miles below Wangen, and 1 2 e of Soleure. 
 ArzeOf cr Aarse^t a town of Algiers. 
 
 Ron. 2 10 E, lat. 56 50 N. ^ . 
 
 Arzew, a sea port of Algiers. ^ 
 
 Arzignxtno, a populous town of Italy, m 
 the territory of the same name. ^ 
 
 ArzHLa, a very ancient maritime town of 
 Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, about IS 
 jfpjles saw of Tangiers. Ron. 5 40 w, lat. 
 
 35 40-^n. ^ ■ 
 
 Arzina, a river of Russian Rapland. 
 
 Asab, a town of Daucali, Abyssinia, seated 
 on a bay of the Red sea, 56 miles se ot 
 
 AF.r.d~(ihad, a town of Fersia, 68 miles ne 
 of Am?idan. Loa 4S 25 e laU 56 20 n. ^ 
 Asavh, St, a small ciiy of Fiuvishire, in 
 K Wales, sluiatcd in apLas.uit valleW; at t-:e 
 cnwfiuence of the Elwr.y and Civvui; 24 
 
 miles w of Chester, and 209 ww of LdndoJi, 
 Tliisdiecese does notcentain any one whol®. 
 county; but consists of part of Denbigh, 
 Flint, Montgomery, and Merioneth- shiresj, 
 and a small part of Shropshire ; wherein 
 121 parishes, and 151 churches and chapels® 
 most of which are in the immediate patron« 
 age of tbe bishop. This bisltopric was fouisd- 
 ed in the year 560, by Kentigern, a Scotch- 
 man, bishop of Glasgow, the arch-dcaconry 
 is united to the bishopric, for the better main- 
 tenance thereof. It has a market on Satur- 
 day. Ron. 5 56 w', lat. 35 12 n. 
 
 Asburg, a village in the ci-devant dueby 
 of Cleves, now in the French department of 
 the Roer, 
 
 Ascalon, an ancient city, one of the five 
 satrapies, or principalities of the Fbilistines; 
 situated on the Mediterranean, 45 miles s\r 
 of Jerusalem, between Azotus on tbe k, and 
 Gaza on the s. It is now called Scalona. 
 Ren. 54 50 e, lat. 51 30 n. 
 
 ASCENSION, an uninhabited liarren 
 island on the coast of Africa, about 600 miles 
 Nw of St Helena. It has a safe harbour, at 
 which the E India sbips.dften touch to sup- 
 ply tliemsclves with turtle, wdilcn are here 
 plentiful and large. Ron. 17 20 w, Ist. 
 
 Ascension Bay, a bay m the Guspn oi 
 Mexico. Ron, 52 0 w, lat. 50 O N. 
 
 Aschaffenbiirg, a town, lately in the terri- 
 tory of Mentz, Germany, seated on the 
 I Maine, in the circle of the Lovycr Rhine ; 
 but now capital of a principality of the same 
 1 name. In 1743, the night before the bathe 
 of Dettingen, George II. l®dged in a palace 
 in this place. It was taken by the I'rcnch 
 in 1796, and in 1800. It is 29 mdss ese 
 « f Frankfort, and 40 nnw of Wurtzburg. 
 Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 50 On. , y 
 Ascoli, anciently called Asculuni FicenicM^ 
 a pretty large and populous town ot 
 with a citadel, in the late marqwsate of An- 
 cona, 80 miles ne of the capital. Lon. IS 
 
 29 E, lat. 42 47 n. , ’ h j y 
 
 Ascola di Salriano, formerly called Asen- 
 
 him Apiduniy a city of Naples, 
 tanata, 70 miles e of Naples, and 50 w of 
 Manfredonia. Lon. 16 IQ e, lat, 41 8 K. _ 
 Ascra, a village of ancient Greece. 
 
 Asdhusy a river of European lurkey. 
 Aseer, or AscergnVy a town a.ia strong *ort 
 of the Soubah of Candeish, in Deccan, 20 
 miles NE of Barhampoiir. Surrendeted by 
 the Mahrattas to the British in 1S03. Lou. 
 
 7C 0 E, lat. 21 35 N, 
 
 As^rMh Force, a cataract on the leeA 
 wh'ch divides Durham from Yorkshire, » 
 few miles w of Bernard’s Castle, w ucre the 
 l iver falls down a precipice 69 feet perpen- 
 
 y'sTiorn, or 7 a neat well built town of 
 Mkbournce,S Derbyshire, situated m « 
 
 pleasant vaiiey on the i side of the liver 
 
A S,H 
 
 D®Te, and on the berd^irs of Staftorrl shire, 
 10 miles ns Uioiefer, and 139 nnw of 
 ILondon. V^^eekly market on Saturday. 
 
 AshhuriJzoTii^ a post town ir. Worcester 
 comity, Massachusetts, United States, seated 
 on the river Sowbegsn. 6*0 miles nw of Bos- 
 ton, and 402 frozii i-'inladelphEa. Lon. 5 
 U E, lat. 42 .57 Nc 
 
 ^ Askburisni in Devonshire, seated on the 
 . river Dart. It carties on a considerable 
 trade, in wool, yarn, and serges. It sends 
 two members to parliament^ and is one of 
 the four stannery towns. It is seated near 
 some hills abound in tin and copper. 
 
 It has markets on Tuesday and Saturday, 
 and four fairs annually; on the fet of 
 Mlarchj the first of June, iCHh of August, 
 *nd lith of November. It is situated 10 
 miles from Totness, 19 sw from Exeter, and 
 192 w by s of Londofi, Lon. 5 SO w, lat 
 ^0 30 N. 
 
 Ashby f a toiviishrp in Middlesex xoiinly, 
 Hassachusetts ; 50 ?.uz1c.j nw of' Boston. 
 
 Ashhy-CasfXe, ? small town in Northamp- 
 tonshire, six imlvs from Northampton, and 
 Wellingfmroupdr 
 
 Ashby-^da^^a- Z&uchf a town in Leicester- 
 shire, nam<r.d from the Zouclies, its ancient 
 lords, .13 miles s of Derby, 1.5 from Leices- 
 ter, and 215 nnw from London. If has a 
 handsome church dedicated to St Helen j 
 and the ruins of a castle, in whxh James l! 
 once quartered witii his vdiole court at the 
 expence of the earl ©f Huntingdon. This 
 town has a market on Saturday, and seven 
 fairs, via. on Easter- Tuesday, Whitsun- 
 Tuesday, 24th August, 2d September, 
 St Simon’s and Sfc Jude’s days, and 2Sth 
 October, .noted for excellent, horses. Here 
 is a considerable trade in malt, and manu- 
 factures of hats and stockings. A canal con- 
 Fiects this towm with the Coventry canal 
 Lon. 0 32 w, lai. 52 4S n. 
 
 Ashcittney, or Asacutney, a mountain in 
 the United Slates, 203 i feet above the sea. 
 
 Ashdon, or Ashdown, a village In Essex, 
 anciently called Assandrum, or the hill' of 
 Asses, famous for the defeat of Edmund 
 Ironside, by. Canute the Dane. 
 
 Ashford, a town of Kent, seated near the 
 influence of the Ash and Stour, 14 miles 
 8w of Canterbury, and 55 miles sn of Lon- 
 don. It has a large Gothic church, formerlv 
 ^liegiate, and a handsome market housed 
 Here is also a monument for a countess of 
 Athol near ^00 years old. I has fairs on 
 i7tli May, Sth Ser tern her, and 24 th Oct. 
 for Welsh cattle, horses, and pedivry, Lon. 
 
 O 52 E, lat. 51 4 N. 
 
 Ashfgrd, a township In Windham epurjy, 
 Connecticut. ^ 
 
 Ashford, Nev), a township in Berkshh’j 
 county,. Massachusetts. 
 
 ^ Ashklrh, a parish of Scotland, srren rrf’es 
 
 in length, and three sijiuKted ii. ' 
 
 A S I 
 
 thateountiea of Roxburgh and Sslkirk, ^ 
 chie% in the former. Jt'L hilly, .nj fi; 
 watered by the n.ver Ale, and 12 lakes^ 
 The popularioii ic about 5i i, 
 
 Ashly, a river of S Caroliaa, which rise?, 
 in Charleston district, a-d falls into Charles- 
 town b arbour, e of the town.. It is iiaviga- 
 bie by boats for several miles. 
 
 . Ashmore- Brooke, a t®wn In StaSoM- 
 shire, near LitchdekL 
 
 JAi'oainebi, a town of Eg^'pt, on the iefi; 
 bank of the .Nile, built on the raiurj of ,a 
 city supposed to be the' ancient Hei m^reoHrje 
 140 iiiiies ssw of Cairo. Lon. 51 7 Ht 
 2S' 10 N. 
 
 Ashnagur, *a town of Candapar, ssated on 
 the Kanieh, in the province of Cabul, $0 
 miles N of ,f\Uack, snd 100 sr. of Cahuh" 
 Ashpringfdn, a small town in Dev--;!. JJre, 
 
 N of the Ilarebos'n, where ft i: r..:, the Duilil 
 Ashridge, a small towirof 
 three miles from Berkhaxaslead, Her.? r?^i, 
 a monastery wliere Edward i. hold a v^^u lisk- 
 ment in 1291.- 
 
 AsJited, a village in Burry, where Chtr- ' 
 les II. was eiitenained; The cbmUy, oeii-. 
 tains some valuable monuments. 
 
 Ashton, a village four miles s of Wegas?, 
 Lancashire, has pretty extensive manufac- 
 tures of hardware and cotton. 
 
 Ashton-under-llne, a thriving, pontJoka 
 manufactiuing town, on the n'skIg of tha 
 nyer Tame, seven miles e from MancLef-'ier, 
 The church is a large stately fabric. 
 sive colleries, an iron foimdiy, a raauu- 
 faeture of cotton, and a canal from Manches- 
 ter, which is here joined by the KuddersUGli 
 and Peakforest .canals, employ and enrfeh^a 
 populatlou of between 7 and SOo6<. Neasr 
 this are many ancient and curious buildli^- 
 It has fairs August 5tb, and Dec. 9th, 
 ^^Ashishiyt river of the United State viii 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 AshvjeU, a village four miles n of BH.- • 
 dock, Hertfordshire, formerly a boroiT^L 
 It has a 2 i elegant church, near which 
 Roman camp occupj^Ing 12 acres of bsmd 
 surrounded by a deep ditch. Many sa- . 
 pidchrai urns have been found in its yic'nhT. 
 
 ASIA, one of the four quarters of dis . 
 earth; bounded e by the Pacific .'c-an; 
 s by the Indian Ocean p w by tbo UA ■■.■fii. 
 
 tite Mediterranean, the .Black Sea, iho 
 and the Gbc ; and n by^he Fro?'’':'! Occfuu 
 It is 6050 miles hi len^xh fr-'oo’ e bo v, and 
 5450 in breadth from >f to s/' Inc* iirlartp'&i 
 countries ioto winch A.:'a Ir. dhb'::- are 
 Si'jcriii, Cl'.'urij Xihcb Hhicif- ' r a, J'fi i .oh, 
 1 artery, B.aun,. A r’J.i’, r'e-si... 
 li.-te, Natcl'?^ ij'HrL'ecxa:'’, irpc. Aio- 
 Georgia, Lnruisteii, Gresi. cn:! Lltd? Roc- 
 icaria, Covasi*:, Ac, fric, b ' dti t.';t v? 
 he&ds of the' reapective couite»h.s v. I.:: !:• 
 teund the natinai ]:rca{.cticn'i, soil, e!h- 'r.u, 
 iclJgious, and cLii government, 
 
 
 
 
 
AS O 
 
 Skg. 'SiC. But it is here necessary to obserre, 
 il;at 'f t>ie ibur quarters of tbs qlobe, 
 
 Ef -iPr'. to have been peculiarly disunguisuec 
 i V Vieaven. Hers ipuu was created, 
 
 <. Uil SAViOUE bom, cruciheci, avA rose 
 Christianity w^as here first promui- 
 4 -ated, the law given to Moses, and from 
 iiance proceeded the founders of tbe^ other 
 quarters of the -lobe ; in short, sciences, 
 arls, and reli<don, almost all had their origm 
 in Asia. It is superior to Europe and 
 ^Erica in the serenity of its air, the fertility 
 
 ton©! 
 
 It is so near the cataracts of the 
 
 *! >•( 
 
 the dciiciousness of its fruits, the 
 
 ira.gi’ance and balsamic qualities its plants, 
 &pi‘’cs, and gums ; the saiuorlty ot its drugs, 
 tise oamitily, variety, beauty and value of its 
 -tms; the richness of its metals and the 
 iuici.ess of its silks and cotioiv It is situat- 
 ed between Ion. 44 and 19d e, and lat. 1 
 stud 74 N. 
 
 ASIA MINOR. See Natolia. ^ • 
 
 A SI A GO, once the Setti Communi, or 
 Sr van Communes of the late Venetian pro- 
 vince of Vicentio. It is situated cn one of the 
 hi’-nest oiiis in the district, the top ^f which 
 as fiat, 15 miles in circumference, shaded by 
 bushes and surrounded vrith pleasant de- 
 stents. It contains 1 1 ,000 inhabitants. 
 
 A&iago, a strong town in the above com- 
 mune, the seat of the council and courts of 
 ^c;stlc <2 of all the sevea 
 
 ASSANTE, or ASIENTO, a coimtjy 
 
 0 -f AEka, N of the Cold coact, capital of di; 
 CdiTfie name. Lon. 0 10 e, iUt. 8 10 n. 
 
 ASINARA, an island on the kw coast 
 of Sardinia, 28 miles in circumference, .fei*-. 
 
 file and populous, 17 nnlles u by w oi 
 SaEsari. Lon. 8 59 E, iat. 41 0 N. ^ 
 
 Asislo, or AsiUo, a city of ^Italy, situated 
 ■S'brut 16 miles e of Perugia, and 80 k o* 
 It is said to have been the birUi- 
 St. Francis. Lon. 15' 95 s, lab 
 
 .Askeaton, or SO’ mdes wsw of 
 
 •iSmerick, Ireland, remarkable for its castie. 
 
 aud for one of the most complete Abbeys iii 
 the country, 18 miles wsw of Limerick. 
 
 Asiceron, a village five miles from Don- 
 caster, noted for a strong sulphureous spring, 
 used in curing various diseases both m men, 
 
 bo/ses, and cattle. 
 
 a sea port of Sweden. 
 
 ; ^ t 'WP in the N riding of Ycrk’ 
 
 :rer6S'.mles sby e of York, and 18 inilcs 
 0 by E of iiknmo id, end 246 k of I^noon, 
 i.r::tGd near the Ure, wbh a mavket on xhurs- 
 I - A. 1 0 w, i.’t. 53 55 N. 
 
 a provh re cf India, on th^ 
 
 side the Ga-grs, be^-c-m 
 Delhi. As'.liiUU Os’ Asnind, a vuiage Oi JM 
 h'iiii 'UvS for i-s aiicur.i.t. convci.t. 
 
 Nile, that they msy be heard from thence. 
 Among the several monuments oi antiquuT 
 it contains, is an ancient temple, with waliiS 
 on the three sides, and in tne^ front 24 co- • 
 lumns, not much eifaced by tin'ie. Witnia 
 are three stories of Hieroglyphics, ot men 
 about three feet high. I'he cielmg is orna- 
 mented with the figures of animals printed 
 in beautiful colours. It is now used as a 
 stable for ®xen, camels, and goats. On th» 
 
 N side of the town stands another temple 
 richly adorned with carvings ot Hieroysy- 
 phics and crocodiles, &c. Xuc monastry of 
 St. Helen is seen about one mile to the s 
 containing a number of subaro tombs. 'lbs 
 inhabitants are Arabs, except about 200 
 Copts, Oi* ancient inhabitants, wlio ai e Chrh- 
 tians. They are subject to the Turks, wb»'> 
 have a Cadi, but the Arabs have two Sch:eka 
 of their own naticn. Asna is tne piiucipal 
 town in these parts, and the inhabitants wun 
 are chiefly Arabs, drive a considerable trade - 
 into Lower Egypt and Nubia, by means ot 
 the Nile, and also by the caravans that pass 
 over the Desart. Lcn. 51 40 e, iat. o>8 IS 
 cr as othei's have it. Lon. 33 10 e, lat« 
 
 25 On. . , , 
 
 Asnisras, a town of France, ni the ae- 
 partment of Upper Vienne, 10 miles NW of 
 
 Belac. . . , w 
 
 Asola, the name of a terniory in tae late 
 
 Italian Republic ; comprehe-ndmg s:x pa- 
 rishes, and 3,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Asola, .a frontier town in Bresciano, Italyv 
 containing 4000 citizens, 20 miles se of 
 Brescia, and 25 nw of Tvlantua. Lon. 14 
 
 1 S E, lat 45 i 5 N. 
 
 Asola, a pretorship of the late Maritime 
 Austria, 43 miles long and 12 broad; con- 
 
 taining 
 
 21 000 inhabitants, who cultivate 
 
 .Id, a town 
 
 i:i XJ. per iagypt, 
 o -0 -Oi^es s of Ca- 
 
 piP i tober ,caT> 
 
 Sa- 
 
 bs.’ w’t iUe .4..'’ 
 
 corn, ’-and ' other vegetables, manufsct.-u-e 
 woo!, ar.d silk, and rear great iiuHicers ot 
 
 cattle. ■ , . , 
 
 Mola. the ancient Aoe'um, a yauMtul 
 town of the above Fretership, near the M%- 
 •ione. It has several relics of Roman an„- 
 quities, having beer, a mnr.idpal p"" 
 that empire. It Ml afterwards under the 
 German emperors, but was so much oppres- 
 sed by their vicars, that the people threw »» 
 the yoke, and subjected themseh'cs m loo7, 
 to the ci-devant republic of 
 which they received several high • 
 
 ASORH, a chstvict of the .vusstan em- 
 pire, bcrdeiing on the sc.a of Asoph. R was 
 Lded to emharine II. by the Grand 
 Si taimv in 1774; .since that bme sev ml 
 towns have beer, bmlt m tt, one of s'-iich 
 clied CatharinruslaS- ib-d is, Catlir-nne s 
 G’oru, is now the cipitah , 
 
 Dp/na town of Coban h* 
 
 almve district, seated on tne s bran^ Y., “ 
 
 river Don, near its ef'.trunce into the -- 
 
 A bo-ih. It ha's 
 
 ‘U ar.drctiiken*' 
 
ASS 
 
 In 1759, Hnd 1774, it was ceded to Russia 
 by the Tuvks. The river is now so choked 
 up with sand, as scarcely to admit the smal- 
 lest vessel : 1 5 miles w by s of Rastof. Lon. 
 42 22 E, lat. 47 0 ¥. 
 
 Asaph, or Zaback, anciently called Pal us 
 Mceolis, a sea between Europe and Asia, 
 about 600 miles in circumference. It lies 
 
 of the Black Sea, with which it commu- 
 nicates by the Strait of Caffa, the ancient 
 Cimmerian Bosphorus. 
 
 Asopk, the name of a village of the 
 United States, which was burnt during the 
 American war, and the inhabitants put to 
 the sword. General Washington retaliated 
 upon the first fort he afterwards took^ by cut- 
 ting off an equal number of British troops. 
 
 Asow, a celebrated fortress of Russia, 
 pnce a place of considerable trade, but now 
 demolished. 
 
 Asp-jren, a tov/n of S Holland, situated on 
 the Linghe, ir5 miles s of Utrecht, and 22 
 E of Rotterdam; famous for a long siege 
 which it held out against the Gueldrians in 
 1517. 
 
 Asperosa, a town of Turkey, in Europe : 
 it is a bishop’s see situated on the coast of 
 the Archipelago. Lon. 25 50 e, lat. 40 58 x. 
 
 Aspeptiai a, town of Spain, in Biscay. 
 Lon. 2 22 lat. 45 20 n. 
 
 Aqiro Potama. See Achelous* 
 
 Aspotagoen, a mountain of N America, 
 on the coast of Nova Scotia. It is 500 feet 
 above the sea level. 
 
 ASSAM, a country of Asia, bounded on 
 the w by Bengal and Bootan ; on the n by 
 the mountains of Tibet ; and on the se and 
 s by Meckiey. The Burrampooter runs 
 through its whole length, and divides it into 
 two parts, the northern called, Uttercul, and 
 the southern Catchincul. The open parts 
 are cultivated and fertile : the forests are in- 
 habited by elephants. It produces silk, 
 musk, pepper, cocoa nuts, ginger, and sugar, 
 besides many valuable fruits. Among the 
 mountains dwell a tribe called Nanacs. 
 They are base and wicked in their disposi- 
 tions, go without any covering, and e.Ht dogs, 
 cats, mice, locusts ; and, all kinds of flesh, 
 except human. The rest of the inhabitants 
 are much of the same description, lawless 
 and irreligious, warlike and enterprising, 
 but savage and vindictive. They have no 
 horses or camels, and a very few asses. They 
 are singularly afraid of horses, and it is said 
 one trooper would put a hundred of them to 
 flight. The invention of gunpowder, which 
 has been ascribed to so many nations, has 
 also j>een said to belong to the Assamese. 
 
 It seems to have been known in Hiiidcostun 
 and China in very ancient times. In the 
 code of Gentoo Laws, the use of fire 
 arms is prohibited, but it is not certainly 
 known what these fire arms were, Ger- 
 ghon is the capital. Assam lies betweey 
 i 
 
 ASS 
 
 Ion. 91 and 96, and between latitude 25 
 and SO N, 
 
 Assancala, or 7 a strong town in Arme- 
 Assancalc, 3 noted for its hot 
 baths, 22 miles e of Erzerum. Lon. 41 10 
 E, lat. 59 46 N. 
 
 Assanchif, a town of Asia, in Diarbekir 
 40 miles se of Hiarbekir. Lcn. 42 50 e, 
 lat. 57 20 N. 
 
 Assitrpour, a towm in the territory of 
 Cu-tch, Hindoostan, at the most earstern 
 mouth of the Indus, 58 miles w of Booge- 
 booge. 
 
 Assert, a town of Overyssel, Holland, i 2 
 miles s of- Groningen, and 24 xnw of Coe- 
 vorden. 
 
 Assena, a village of Arabia, near Bokha- 
 ra, remarkable for being the birth-place of 
 the celebrated physician Avicenna. 
 
 Assenheim, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of Upper Rhine, at the conflux of the 
 Wetter with the Nidda, 11 miles ne of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Asserts, or Asms, a district of Denmark, 
 in the province of Funen, which carries on 
 a considerable trade in corn and other por* 
 ductions of the country. A battle was fought 
 here in 1555, vrherein Christian III. obtain- 
 ed a decisive victory over Christian II. 
 
 Asserts, a sea- port town of Denmark, si- 
 tuated upon the Little Belt, which separates 
 the isle of Funen from the continent. It is 
 the common passage between the duchy of 
 Sleswick and Copenhagen, 17 miles sw of 
 Odensee. Lon. 10 2 e, lat 55 17 x. 
 
 Assenton, Nether and Upper^ two vil- 
 lages in Oxfordshire. 
 
 Asseria. See Asilia. 
 
 ASSINOIS, a nation of N American 
 Indians, inhabiting the forests of Canada. 
 
 Assint, a parish of Sutherlandshire, Scot- 
 land, 25 miles long, and about 15 broad, 
 composed of lofty mountains, huge barren 
 rocks, extensive heaths, lakes, mosses, and 
 rivers. Considerable flocks of sheep, and 
 herds of cattle, find a tolerable pasturage on 
 the hills. Population is about 2595. In 
 a tumulus, in the island of Oldney, on 
 the coast, is a hallowed stone, with a cover 
 of the same, in which was formerly a stone 
 about the size and form of a large egg, beau- 
 tii’ully variegated by nature with brightness 
 and shade ; supposed by some to have been 
 the stone of Loda, or stone of power of 
 Oiisian. But it was stolen and carried off 
 some years ago. 
 
 Assisi, an episcopal town of Italy, in the . 
 late duchy of Spoleto, which has a very mag- 
 nificent cathedral of St Francis, 22 miiei 
 sw of Spoleto. 
 
 Assongcro, a towm of the district of La 
 Plata, in S America, 
 
 Assos, a sea-port of Natolia, on a bay txf 
 the .^gean Sea, 1 2 miles si of Troas. Lon. • 
 26 s, lat. 59 52 X. 
 
 I 
 
 
AST 
 
 Msuyr<plic>}h a river of the United States, 
 £n New York, which faiis into ilhake On- 
 taa’io. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, an island of N Ame- 
 
 rica, in the Gulf of St Laurence, at the 
 moutli of the river. Lon 60 40 w, lat 
 40 30 N. 
 
 . Assumption, a large and populous city of 
 IS America, capital of a province in Para- 
 guay. It is a bishop’s see, situated on the 
 river Paraguay, in a country fertile in corn 
 and fruits, whose trees are always green. 
 There is also good pasture, and the air is 
 temperate and salutary. Near it is a lake, re- 
 markable for having a very high rock in the 
 middle of it resembling an obelisk. Lon. i 
 57 40 w, iat. Y6 0 s. Also a river in the 
 same territory. 
 
 Ass^him, a town of the United States, in 
 lAtcerne county, Pennsylvania. It contains 
 about 55 houses, ail inhalited by French 
 people. 
 
 ASSYRIA. See Syria. 
 
 . ■ Asta. See Asti, 
 
 Astubat, a town of Armenia in Asia. 
 The land about it is excellent, and produces 
 good wine ; and a root peculiar to the coun- 
 try, called lianas, which dyes a beautiful 
 red ; tlmee niiies from the river Ara.s, and 52 
 SK of Naksivan. Lon. 46 50 e, lat 58 28. n. 
 
 Astachars or Astaehara, a city of Persia, 
 near the mins of Fersepolis, once the capital 
 of the kingdom of Persia, but now f very 
 much decayed. 
 
 Asiarfiy a town in the province of Mazan- 
 deran, Persia, seated on the Chiian near. its 
 entrance into the Caspian sea. Lon. 50 40 
 
 A S T 
 
 Ahtier, St, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Dordogne. 
 
 Aslorga, a very ancient city of Spain, in ^ 
 Leon, a bishop’s see, situated on the river 
 Tuera, 25 miles sw of I.eon, and well forti- 
 fied both by nature and art. Lon. 6 20 w, 
 lat. 42 50 N. 
 
 Astrabad, a town of Chorasan, Persia, on 
 the confines of Balk, 70 miles kne of Herat. 
 
 ASTilACAN, a province of Russisa, and 
 the roost easterly country oi Lurope, extend- 
 ing from 56 to 52 n lat. The summer is 
 long, and intensely hot: the winter con- 
 tinues about three months, and is very se- 
 vere. The soil is rich and fertile ; but the 
 Tartars who inhabit it are strangers to agri- 
 culture. On the w'estern and southern sides 
 of the Volga are heaths of a prodigious ex- 
 tent, sandy, desert, and uncultivated; these, 
 however produce vast quantities ot fine tran- 
 sparent salt in pits, where the sun bakes and 
 incrustates it to the thickness of an inch on 
 the surface of the w'ater. 
 
 Astracan, the -metropolis of the above 
 province, and an archbishop s see, is situated 
 within the boundaries of Asia, on an island 
 callep Dotgoi, about 60 English miles above 
 the mouth of the Volga. It was founded 
 by Hadgec Tarken, a Tartar. It was con- 
 
 kt 58 5 N 
 
 Astchicoufiipi, a vast lake in New Britain, 
 abiiundmg w-nh whales, and supposed to 
 commuidcate with the Northern Sea. 
 
 ASTER AB AD, a province in the re of 
 Persia. It is a mountatucus country, except 
 ncM the rivers that almost surround it, where 
 it is pleasant and fruitful, producing grapes 
 cf a prodigious size. Asterabad, or Asira- 
 &ad,. the chief tcw ii, gives name to the gulf 
 JA the Ferstan sea, at the bottom of which 
 k stands, HO xniks e of Ferabad. Lon. 
 54 55 E, lat. 55 54 n. 
 
 . ASTER AC, or Estebac, a ci-devant dis- 
 trict of A^magnac, nov/ in the department 
 of Gers. It is fortiic and populous. 
 
 Asti, a principal city of I^iedmont in 
 
 Italy, 15 mdes siv of Cassel, and 24 e of 
 Turn. It is a bishop’s see ; is well forti- 
 fied with strong walls and deep ditches ; and 
 is divided into the city, borough, citadal and 
 castle. Beside? the caJlcdral it has more 
 than 50 other churches, also convents and 
 ether fine buildings. The adjacent country 
 is very fertile and pleasant, Lon. 8 lo e, 
 lat. 44 40 ». 
 
 Astico, a river of the late Maritime Aus- 
 tria, in the Vincenlino,^ .> 
 
 j Quered by Iwaii BassilowitE, recovcicd by 
 the Tartars in 1668, and retaken by the 
 iCzfir, who employed for this purpose a great 
 ^number of fiat- bottomed vessels, in vvhich 
 he transported his forces down the Volga 
 from Gasan. It is about two miles and a- 
 
 hali in circumference, surrounded by a brick 
 wail; and including the suburbs, near five 
 miles. It has a good harbour, and ort the 
 w a triangular fortress. The Russians have 
 25 churches and two convents, Lutherans, 
 Armanians, and Fa.pists, have their places 
 of worship, and the Hindoos have be^n 
 permitted to erect a temple. The number 
 of iiihabitaals amounts to 70,000. Tne 
 garrison consists of six regiments ot the best 
 Russian trt'Ops. The houses of Astracan 
 are built of w ood, and generally mean and 
 inconvenient. Tiie Volga is here about three 
 miles in breadth, and like the Nile, overflows 
 its banks, supplies the want of rain, which 
 seldom falls here. There are extensive vine- 
 yards, and manufactures of nitre and gun- 
 I powder. It has an inland communication 
 I by water v/ith Petersburg and Mos- oiv, and 
 ' is the chief mart tor the Caspian commerce. 
 From Inly to Oetr, this pl?.ce is inlested 
 with locusis. The marshy lands on the 
 banks of it render the place very sickl-y m 
 summer. Astracan is, a good sea port for 
 the Persian market. It lies 50 rndes n of 
 the Caspian sea, and 770 se of Moscow, 
 Lon.' 47 36 e, lat. 46 22 N. 
 
 AUrop-V/elh. a village in Northanapton- 
 shire, famous for its. mineral watpr, winch is 
 recommonded as excellent .ia female oy- 
 
A T H 
 
 Mryctions, the gravel, hypochondriac, and 
 similar disorders. 
 
 jisiurUf a town of Italy, in the late Cam- 
 .pagna di Roma, and republican department 
 of Circeo, which has a good harbour and a 
 fortified tower. Cicero lost his life in it, and 
 prince Conradin, last heir of the house of 
 Huhenstausen, v/as taken prisoner, in 1268. 
 
 ASTURIAS, ancienriy tiie kingdom of 
 Asturia, now a principality of modern Spain. 
 It greatest length is about 120 miles, and its 
 breadth 54. On the s it is separated from 
 Oid Castile and Leon by high mountains 
 covered with woods. Tiie province is to- 
 lerably fertile, and produces excellent wines 
 and horses, but is thinly inhabited, it has 
 mines of gold, lapis Lzuii, and vermlilion, 
 The hereditary prince of Spain is styled, 
 Prince of the Asturias, It is divided into 
 two unequal parts, called Aslurius cC Oviedo, 
 which is largest, and lies to the west; and 
 Asturias de Santillana, wmich lies eastward, 
 and is mountainous and woody. 
 
 Atabyris, a very high mountain in the 
 island of Rhodes, America. 
 
 Atacama, a chain of mountains in S A- 
 nierica, w^hich separates Peru from Quito, 
 on which the cold is so violent that passen- 
 gers are sometimes frozen to death. 
 
 ATACAMA, a feitiie province of S A’* 
 rnerica, dividing Peru from Chili, remarka- 
 ble for the fish called Tolo, with which it 
 tames on a great trade with the inland pro- 
 vinces : also a town and harbour in this 
 province, 210 miles s by e of Arica. Lon. 80 
 ^0, according to others, 60 50 w, lat. 22 0 s. 
 
 Aialasa, a town in the province of Re- 
 ira, Portugal. Lon. 8 15 w, iat. 40 55 n, 
 
 Atalye, a, town of Si Domingo, W Indies. 
 Lon. 71 56 w. lat. 19 24 
 
 Aialaua, a town of Portuguese Estrama- 
 dura, five miles s of Tomar. Lon. 7 56 M, 
 lat. 59 25 N. 
 
 Aiickisons Haven. See Achesons Haven 
 and Morison’s Haven, 
 
 Ateila, an ancient town of Campania in 
 Italy, between Capua and NeapolL. Tiie 
 ruins of this town are still to be seen about 
 1 1 miles from thti modern Aversa, which 
 was built out of its materials. 
 
 Alena, a town of Italy in Naples, near 
 the Negro, 22 miles n of Policastro. Lon. 
 15 58 E, lat. 40 56 n. 
 
 Ateste See Este, 
 
 Atk. See jEtfu < 
 
 At/iaboli, a town of Romania, in Euro- 
 ppan Turkey, on the coast of the Black sea, 
 70 miles ss, of Adriariople. 
 
 Atkboy, a borough town of Meath, in 
 Leinster, Ireland, 34 miles nw of Dublin. 
 Lon. 7 2 w, lat. 53 20 n. 
 
 ATHELNEY, an island in Somerset- 
 shire, formed by the junction of the rivers 
 Inone and Parret, a few miles below Taun- 
 ton, iier^king Alfred took refuge, 
 
 A T H 
 
 collecting a number of his retainer', madif 
 frequent siillies upon the Danes. On 
 account it is called Etheiingey, or the Isle 
 of Nobler, 
 
 Alhclstaneford, a parisli of Scotland in the 
 county of Haddington, four miles long, and 
 from two to three broad, andeentainingabout 
 3,750 acres. The lands are flat, axid highly 
 cultivated ; the soil excellent, and the ch« 
 mate healthy. ThO' number of inhabitants 
 about 927. Robert Blair, authoy of the 
 poem entitled the Grave, and John Home, 
 author of the Tragedy of Douglas, were 
 successively ministers of this parish. 
 
 Atlielstanefhy'-d, a village in the above men I 
 tioned parish j so named i'roini Athehtane, tha 
 king or vicoioy of NoitbuKd)e!iaiid, being 
 killed near it. It stands on the side of the 
 Garletou hills, and commands a most delight* 
 ful prospect of the Erith of Forth and adja.- 
 cent country. 
 
 Atkenree, or Aihenry, a town of Ireland, 
 in the county of Galway, which v/as built of 
 materials taken from the ruins of a noble 
 monastery, part of which still remains, 91 
 miles w of Dublin. It is governed by a 
 portrieve, and has a barrack for three com- 
 panies of foot. li: was formerly a place of 
 considerable s rength, but is fast decaying. 
 L jn. 8 48 w, lat. 53 14 h. 
 
 Alliens, now cailed Setines, a celebrated 
 city of ancient Greece, the capital of the 
 kingdom of Attica, situated 100 miles ne 
 of Laciotlcmon, and 320 sw by w of Con- 
 stiintinopie. Il is the capital of Livadia, 
 and is seated on the gulf of Eugia. It en* 
 ja}s a line temperature, a serene sky, and 
 contains about 15,000 inhabuants. The 
 towns stands beneaih the aciopoHs, or citadel^ 
 by which it is defended. The houses are 
 mostly mean and struggling; many with 
 large areas or courts before them. In the 
 lanes, the high walls on each side are com- 
 monly white- v/ashed, and reflect very strong-* 
 iy the heat of the sun. There are magniii- 
 cent ruins, which testify its former grandeur. 
 The Turks have several mosques and public 
 baths. Three- fourths of the inhabitants are 
 Greeks, who have convents for men and 
 women ; with many churches, in which ser- 
 vice is rdgularly performed. It is the see of 
 an archbishop, and has undei'gone various 
 revolutions in modern times; having been 
 taken by the Venetians in 1464, and 1678 ; 
 but they were obliged at last to abandon it to 
 the Tuiks, under whose dominion it still re- 
 mains. Lon. 25 57 e, lat. 38 5 n. 
 
 Alhcrdee, See Ardee, 
 
 Axksrley, or Adderley, a village in the 
 county of Salop, wiiich has a fair on the 29tli 
 of June. 
 
 Aiherston, or Aiker stone, a small market 
 town of XYarv/ickshire, coiisisting chiefly of 
 one street, with a s^^quare mas ket-piace, ia 
 the centre of which a good maiket*iiousa 
 I 2 
 
A T H 
 
 f^rps lately erected. The road from London 
 to Derby passes through the towm The 
 habitants, in number al^out 2,500, are chiefly 
 employed in the manufacture of hats, rib- 
 bons, and shaloons. It has four annual 
 fairs: April 7, July 10, Sep. 19, and Dec. 
 
 4 ; with a market on Thursday. The canal 
 which unites the Isis, the Mertie, and the 
 Trent, carrying boats between Bristol, Co- 
 ventry, Birmingham, Manchester, and Li- 
 verpool, passes within 100 yards of this town. 
 Here on the night before the defeat of the 
 tyrannical Bichard III. on Bosworth field, 
 the earl of Richmond and bis partizans held 
 a council. It lies 10 miles n of Coventry, 
 and 104 from London. 
 
 Atkerston, or Atherton, a town of War- 
 wickshire, situated on the Stour, three miles 
 from Stratford upon Avon. Its fair noted 
 for cheese on the 19lh of September, is the 
 greatest in England. 
 
 Athhne, a town of Ireland, situated on 
 both sides of the Shannon ; the one half in 
 the county of Westmeath, Leinster; and 
 the other in that of Roscommon, Con- 
 naught; but united by a well built bridge. 
 Atblcne, though so advantageously situated 
 for trade, still remains a poor ruinous, 
 neglected, dirty place. The castle founded 
 by king John, is built on a high raised round 
 bill, resembling one of the Danish forts. 
 It had formerly two convents, and was 
 strongly fortified. In 1691, part of the 
 English army under general Ginckle, al- 
 though the Irish were strongly entrenched 
 cn the opposite shore, forded the river, 
 stormed and took possession of the town, not 
 losing mere then 50 men in the attack ; 
 which is esteemed as bold an enterprize as 
 any recorded in history ; and it obtained for 
 the general the title of Earl of Athlone. 
 Athlone sends one member to the imperial 
 parliament. It lies 60 miles w from Dub- 
 lin. Lon, 7 41 w, lat. 55 22 n. 
 
 ■ • . AthM, ot Atholl, the most northern dis- 
 trict of Perthshire in Scotland, extending 
 in length 45 miles, and in breadth 50. The 
 country is very rough and mountainous, and 
 contains part of the ancient Caledonian for- 
 est ; but these mountains are interspersed 
 with fruitful valleys. It has several vil- 
 lages, but no towns of any considerador. 
 The duke of Athoil, derives his title from 
 tins district. In the neighbourhood is the 
 celebrated pass of Kiilicranky ; which see. 
 
 Athol, a township of Massachusetts, in 
 Worcester county, containing 16,000 acres 
 of land, and 848 inhabitants. 
 
 Athos, Mcnte Santa, oxihe Holy Mountain, 
 so t::;lled f/om the great number of monas- 
 teries built upon it. It constitutes one en- 
 tire chain, seven miles in length, and three 
 in breadth, 50 miles in circumference, and 
 two in perpendicular height, situated in a 
 peiiiiisula to the s of the Gulf of Gontessa 
 
 A T G 
 
 in Macedonia. It is inhabited by CaToyers, 
 a sort of Greek monks, who lead an austere 
 life, and generally live to an old age ; it is 
 much celebrated in ancient history. It is 
 70 miles e of Salonichi. Lon. 26 20 e, lat. 
 
 40 50 N. 
 
 Athy, a borough in Ireland, in the county 
 of Kildare. A branch of the grand canal 
 extends from Dublin to the Barrov/, and 
 affords great commercial advantages to this 
 town. Two miles to the nw are some re- 
 mains of the city of Reban. Part of the 
 ancient castle is now a prison. Here the 
 assizes are held alternately with Naas. It is 
 seated on the Barrow, 12 miles s of Kil- 
 dare, 10 sw of Naas, and 52 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Lon. 6 57 w, lat. 52 28 s, 
 
 Aiigny, or Attigny, an ancient town of 
 France, where several of the kings had their 
 residence. It is seated on the river Aisne. 
 
 Lon. 4 47 E, lat. 49 50 n. 
 
 Alienza, a town of Old Castile, Spain, 
 with an ancient castle seated among moun- 
 tains, 54 miles ssw of Soria. 
 
 ATLAND, a province of Transylvania, 
 Atlantic Ocean, that immense body of 
 water which lies between the continents of 
 Europe and Africa, and the continent of 
 America. From Guinea, in Africa, to Bra- 
 zil in S America, which is about its least 
 breadth, it is 2,500 miles over. The equator 
 divides it into the N and S Atlantic Oceans. 
 
 Atlas, a chain of mountains in Africa, 
 which separates Barb ary from Biledulgerid | 
 and are supposed almost to divide the con- 
 tinent from E to w, extending upward of 
 2000 miles. Another chain, called the j 
 
 Little Atlas, extends from Gibraltar to Bona 
 in Algiers. Their names vary according to i 
 
 the countries they pass through. They ;i 
 
 are said to have derived their name from ' 
 
 Atlas king of Mauritania. They ar6 i 
 
 greatly celebrated by the ancients on ac- | 
 
 count of their height. The climate, though 
 extremely cold in winter, is very healthy 
 and pleasant. These mountains give name s 
 to the Atlantic Ocean, and are situawd be- i| 
 tween 20 deg. and 25 k lat. ^ ^ 
 
 Ailiscos, a town situated in an extensive 
 plain of its name, in Tlascala, New Spain, 
 
 20 miles w'sw of Puebla de los Angelos. 
 
 Atoch See Attack, ^ 
 
 ATOOL one of the Sandwich Islands m 
 the Pacific Ocean, 10 leagues in length, 
 and containing a great extent of rising 
 ground. Captain Cook supposed the inha- 
 bitants were cannibals, but this seems doubt- 
 ful from the superior management of the 
 plantations, and the neatness and elegance 
 with which their grounds are laid out. They 
 seem to be the most civilized ct any of the 
 Sanwich islanders : on the sw side is a 
 large road and anchoring place, caUed vV)-' 
 moa. Lon. 159 40 w, lat. 25 51 n. 
 
 AtoyaguCf or Atoyaqne^ a detp auJ 
 
 } 
 
A V A 
 
 river of Mexico. Over it is a famous natu- ( 
 iral bridge, called Pmto di Dio, 100 miles 
 SE of Mexico, along which carriages pass. 
 
 jllri, or Atria, a town of Italy, in A- 
 bruzzo Uiteriore. It lies 26 miles w of A- 
 quilla, and was the birth-place of the em- 
 peror Adrian. It is the see of a bishop, and 
 is seated on a craggy mountain, four miles 
 from the Adriatic sea, and 10 se of Teramo. 
 Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 42 40 n. 
 
 Attal, a town of Arabia, in the province 
 of Yemen, in the empire of the Iman. Lon. 
 45 40 E, lat. 16 0 K. 
 
 ATTICA, an ancient state of Greece, 
 situated along the n coast of the gulf of Sa- 
 ron. It extended in length from nvv to se 
 about 60 miles ; its breadth from n to s was 
 56, decreasing as it approached the sea. The 
 soil was naturally barren and craggy, 
 though, by the industry of its inhabitants, 
 it produced all the necessaries of life. 
 
 Attleborough, a town in Norfolk, with a 
 market on Tuesday, once the capital of the 
 county, 14 miles NS from Thetford, and 95 
 of London. Lon. 0 4 e, and lat. 52 25 n. 
 
 Attleborough, a township of Massachusets, 
 in Bristol county, 52 miles s of Boston. 
 
 Atloclc, a city and fortress of Hindoostan, 
 the eapital of the province of Lahore, seated 
 on the E bank of the Indus, and on the site 
 of the Taxila of Alexander, where he cross- 
 ed that river, 180 miles wnw of Lahore. It 
 stands on a high point of land, where two 
 great riyers meet, and is one of the best for- 
 tresses the Mogul has; but formerly, none 
 were permitted to enter it, without a pasS’ 
 port from the Mogul himself. Lon. 72 56 
 E, iat. 52 20 N. 
 
 . Attack, a river of Asia, which rises in the 
 Tartarian mountains, and falls into the In- 
 dus above the city of Attock. By a treaty 
 between Kouli Khan, and the Great Mogul, 
 it was made the boundary between Persia 
 and India. 
 
 Attore, a strong town of the Carnatic, 
 Llindoostan, 60 miles n of Tritchinopoiy, 
 and 80 wsw of Pondicherry. 
 
 Attudje, a town of Arabia, in Yemen. 
 Lon. 43 25 e, lat. 14 40 n. 
 
 Attui, a fort of Arabia, in Tehama, seated 
 on the coast of the Arabic Gulf. Lon. 41 
 40 E, lat. 17 57 N. 
 
 ; A V A, a kingdom of Asia, in the penin- 
 sula beyond the Ganges, now generally 
 Called Birmah. Several large rivers run 
 through tJiis country, which annually over- 
 flow their banks like the Nile, and Uius 
 render it extremely fertile. It has mines of 
 lead, copper, gold, and silver, besides large 
 quantities of the finest oriental rubies, sap- 
 phires, emeralds, &c. 
 
 Ava, c ia.-ge city of Asia, the ancient me- 
 tropolis of the kingdom of Biroinh, seated 
 on the Ava. The houses are built vv ith um- 
 
 hfcr or bamboo canes, with, th;:.tched rgois. 
 
 A U B 
 
 and floors made of teak plank or split bam* 
 boo. The streets are very straight, with 
 row's of trees planted on each side. It is 
 divided into an upper and lower city, both of 
 which are fortified ; the low er is four miles m 
 circumference, protected by a lofty wall now- 
 mouldering to decay. Ic has four gates ^ 
 the golden gate through which ail ambassa- 
 dors enter; the gate ofjustice, through wdiich 
 the people bring petitions, accusations, or 
 complaints; the gate of grace, through which 
 those pass who have received any favours, or 
 have been acquitted of crimes laid to their 
 charge ; and the gate of state, through which 
 his majesty hims«lf passes, when he shew's 
 himself to the people. Ava is situated oa 
 the s side of the Irrawaddy, four miles sw 
 of Ummerapoora, the present capital, and 
 1150 NE of Calcutta. Lon. 96 50 e, lat. 
 21 0 N. 
 
 Ava, a largeriver of Asia, which rises ia 
 Tibet, and fails into the bay of Bengal. 
 
 AVA, a kingdom of Japan in the island 
 of Xicoco, between Niphon and Bongo. 
 Lon. 133 40 E, lat. 55 0 n. It has a capi- 
 tal of the same name. 
 
 Avalon, an ancient but small city of 
 France, in the department of Yoiine, about 
 500 paces long and 500 broad. It carries 
 on a considerable trade in grain, wine, and 
 cattle. It has a manufacture of cloth, and 
 is defended by a strong castle, seated on tli,e 
 Cousin, 24 miles sse of Auxerre, and 50 w 
 of Dijon. Lon. 5 58 e, lat. 47 30 n. 
 
 Auumabo, a town on the Gold Coas^ 
 Africa. Lon. 0 50 e, lat. 3 0 n. 
 
 Aub, a town in the principality of Wurta- 
 burg, Germany, on the river Goliach, 12 
 miles SE of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Aubagne, a towm of Provence in Franca, 
 on the road from Marseilles to Toulon. 
 Lon. 5 52 e, lat. 45 17 n. 
 
 Aube, a department of France named 
 from a river, which after passing by Bar sv.r 
 Aube and Areis, falls into the Seine above 
 Nogent, it includes part of the late proviric® 
 ot Champagne. The capital is Troyes, 
 
 AUBEIT, a district of Arabia, in the 
 province of Yemen, situated between Lon., 
 42 deg. and 43 e, lat. 16 deg. and 17 n. 
 
 Aubenas, a town and district of France, 
 in the department of Ardeche. The dis* 
 trict produces oranges, figs, olives, w'alnutsv 
 chesnuts, trulHes, dec. which are sent 
 to Paris. The mulberry and silk worm, 
 thrives well in it; and the silk is manufac- 
 tured by a curious machine invented by Vau- 
 canson. There is likewise a manufacture of 
 Spanish wool and red cotton, in imitation 
 of Indian handkerchiefs. It is seated on 
 the. Ardeche, at the foot of the Cevennes, 
 two miles from the mineral waters of Valz, 
 and 15 nw of Vitiers. Lon. 4 50 e, lat* 
 
 44 40 N. 
 
 AiibentoUf a town of France, cn the Aube^ 
 
A U C 
 
 sii t^c dcpavitnent of Alsne, 14 miles e of 
 Vifvios. Lon. 4 5 f., iat. 49 4 i n. 
 
 Aiihcterre, 9. town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Dordogne, seated on the Drome. 
 Lon. 0 12 E, lat. 45 17 N, 
 
 Ay>.bic.ri^Si a town of France, in the de- 
 partmcriL of i ity dc Dcme, three miles se of 
 Clermont. 
 
 Anbignc, or Aubign^, a small town of 
 Fance^ in the department of Cher, seated 
 in a f.ne plain, on the river Nerre, 24 miles 
 >1 of Bruges, with a handsome castle. Lon. 
 2 20 E, Lt. 47 Si N. 
 
 ' Aubin, Aiihitn, or Aoibin du cormier, a 
 town of F ranee, in the department ol XHt; 
 and Vilaine. 
 
 AvMn, St, a bay of the isle of Jersey. It 
 has a port of the same name, witii a good 
 trade, and a market on Monday, 
 
 Aiihontis, a district or baiirage oi Switssi- 
 land, in the canton of Bern, is on a river, 
 Aiibonne, a town of S^witzerland, in a 
 district of the same name, built in the form 
 of an amphitheatre | oil' the upper part of 
 which stands a very handsome castle, with 
 a fine court, and portico supported by pil- 
 lars of a single stone each ; above there is a 
 covered gallery which runs round the court; 
 and, as the castle stands high, it afTcirds a 
 nibst delighiful prospect. The castle has a 
 tower of tin, which makes a singular 
 
 A V G 
 
 VV' 7 • 
 
 pearance at a distance when the sun shines. 
 Aubonne is situated IG miles w of Lau- 
 sanne. Lon. 6 15 E, h;t. 43 oO N. 
 
 ' a town in Wiltshire, near Ranis- 
 
 biiry, on a branch ©f the Kcnnet, eight miles 
 ^-£ of Morlborough and 81 w of London. 
 It had 7 2 houses, worth 20,0001. destroyed 
 by fire in 1760. Lon. 1 52 w, iat. 
 
 45 5S N. ■ . .. 
 
 Anbusson, a small town of France, in the 
 department of Creuse, and situated on the 
 river Creuse, 37 miles ne of Limoges, A 
 manufacture of tapestry is carried on, by 
 which the town is rendered very populous. 
 Lon. 2 15 E, iati 45 58 N. 
 
 Aiicaugrel, the capital of the .kingdom of 
 Adel in Africa, situated on a rising ground 
 near the Hawash. Lon. 44 25 e, lal 
 9 10 N. 
 
 Audi, Ache, Audie, or Aiiv, a city of 
 France, formerly an archbishopric in the de- 
 partment of Gers, of which h is the chief 
 town, seated on the summit and declivity of 
 a very steep hill, surrounded by other hills 
 that rise at a small distance. The inhabi- 
 tants are about 6,000, and carry on manu- 
 factures of velvets, serges, hats, crapes, and 
 leather. The cathedral is one of the most 
 magnificent in France, both in construction 
 ^ml internal decorations. The chapels are 
 of equal beauty, and ornamented at a vast 
 expence. It lies 37 miles w of Toulouse, 
 and 320 sw of Paris. L^u. 0 35 Iat. 
 43 39 K. 
 
 Aiickcihef , or Achabar, a hill in Aberdeen- 
 shire, Scotland, on the^ declivity of which 
 ate the remains of a circular Roman re- 
 doubt. 
 
 Auchanskakh, a district of Braemair in 
 Aberdeenshire, Scotland, where an annual 
 market is held on the 5d Monday of Octo- 
 ber, O. S. for sheep, and ou Tuesday for all 
 kinds of wares. 
 
 Aiuchindinny, a small village in the coun- 
 ty of Mid> Lothian, seven miles s from Ed- 
 inburgh, which has a paper manufacture 
 aiid an ancient stone bridge of uncommon, 
 architecturcv 
 
 Aitchindoir, a parish of Scotland in A- 
 berdeeushiie, extending about seven miles 
 long, and about five broad, containing about 
 55 square miles, of which there are only 
 2,000 acres arable. It produces lime- stone, 
 free-stone, and that wonderful mineral, the 
 ASBESTOS. The climate is healthy, and the- 
 sail iii general thin and dry. The popula- 
 tion is about, 5-32, which is 307 less than 
 it was ill 1755; owing to the removal of 
 cottagers, and emigrations to Aberdeen. 
 A stone with some rude sculpture on it 
 stands near a spring called Maiden’s W ell, 
 stands, k is said, on tho spot where a 
 young woman was kiikd by a boar. The 
 boar was killed by the lover of the I'air one, 
 whose name was Forbes, and a stone, with 
 
 a boar’s head, commemorative of this deed, 
 
 was removed from this place by Lora 
 Forbes to his house of Futachie. From 
 which circumstance a boar’s head makes 
 part of the armorial bearings of that family. 
 
 Auchi^ihove^ a place in iianlFshire, Scot- 
 land, Hear the banks of the Isia ; memor- 
 
 able for a battle fought beiween the 
 
 and the Danes, in tixe reign of Donald VI. 
 Pieces of armour weredug up m it several 
 
 years ago. . . , ^ 
 
 Auciiinlech, a pretty eitensive parish of 
 Scotland, in Ayshire. Th^i sail isun general 
 poor. It produces excellent coals, neescone, 
 a blackstonci which is fire-prerat, used for 
 building ovans, and other mmerals. It Has 
 also a lead mine, which has never been 
 wrought, but is said lobe rich in suverj 
 and two mineral wells. The population is 
 
 about 1,214. . , 
 
 Auckinleck, a village in the above paNsh. 
 It has a well frequented fair, elnedy tor 
 lambs, on the last Tuesday ot August. 
 
 Axwhinliilu Linn Spout, a t.emer,dous ca- 
 taract, in the parish of Fintry. ScoUand, 
 
 over which the Carrou rushes- in us course 
 
 from Carron liog to the Carse ot t^.kirk. 
 
 AuclUossen, Loch of, a lake in the parish 
 of Lumphanan, in Abardeenshire, Scotland. 
 
 Auchmedden a don ot 
 Aberdeenshire, parish of Auetdour, whiclv 
 produces some rare plants, it has an ea- 
 , cellent mill-stone quarry, heloiiging to the 
 
 j earl of Absrdcia* 
 
A U C 
 
 Aucliterarder^ 2 L\!! 2 Lrh\\ in Perthshire, Scot- 
 land, of an irregular form, extending about 
 five miles every way. It lies s of the Earn, 
 and is mostly level and arable. It produces 
 all kinds of grain and roots; and abounds 
 in durable stones and slates. The Ruthven, 
 which runs through it, turns four corn, 
 three lint, and tw^o oil mills; one paper, 
 and one fulling mill. The population is 
 2,0^2, being an increase of 842 since 
 1755. 
 
 ■ AvLchterarder^ a village in the above prt- 
 risb, which xvas formerly a royal burgh, and 
 sent a member to the Scots parliament. Of 
 late years the weaving of cottons may be 
 said to be the chief employment. It has 
 four fairs, one of them held on the 10th of 
 March, O. S. and an annual tryst in the be- 
 ginning of October for black cattle. On 
 tlie N of the town, ore the remains of an 
 ancient castle, said to have been a hunting 
 seat of king Malcolm Canmore. In digging 
 cut the foundation of the church some years 
 since, there was found a coin of Titus Ves- 
 pasian. 
 
 JLuchttrderTan, a parish of Fifeshire, Scot- 
 land, about four miles long and three broad. 
 The soil is barren, as it lies almost wholly 
 upon coal : and the surface unequal and 
 rocky. The population is about 1,045. 
 There are some rocks of a singular appear- 
 ance with a number of detached perpendi- 
 cular pillars, resembling the trunks, of large 
 trees. 
 
 Auckterga.ven, Aughtergaven, a parish of 
 Perthshire, Scotland, nine miles long from 
 E, to %v, and about five broad from n to s. 
 The population is abont 2,042. 
 
 Auchierkouse, a parish of Forfarshire, 
 Scotland, s of the Sidlawhills, and seven 
 miles i^xv from Dundee. The air is sharp, 
 but healthy ; and the soil is moorish, but has 
 been much improved by manuring with 
 marie, which is used in several places. Po- 
 pulation is about 655. 
 
 Auchterlesiy a level, fertile, and well cul- 
 tivated parish of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 
 seven miles long and three broad. Po- 
 pulation is about 1,129. There is an an- 
 nual sheep fair on the 2d Tuesday of 
 April. 
 
 AuchtermucMy, a parish of Fifeshire, 
 Scotland, two miles long, and one and a- 
 half broad. The climate is healthy. The 
 soil is light, loose, black, and somewhat 
 gravelly. Population including the town, 
 is about 2,060. 
 
 Aacht-ermuchly, signifying in Gaelic, th^ 
 cottage oj the Kmg^ a town in the above pa- 
 rish, which was constituted a royal burgh 
 by James IV., confirmed by James VI.; 
 and spll enjoys all the privileges, except 
 that ot electing a representative in parlia- 
 ment. It has three bailies, 14 counsellors, 
 a treasurer ami clerk. 1 1 has four fairs ; on 
 
 A V E 
 
 I 2 1st August, first Tuesdaj^s of KoTeml?*? 
 and April, and ifith July ; which last is 
 of the most considerable in Fife, for horses, 
 cattle, &c. The chief manufacture is whits 
 and brown linens, the annual amount of 
 which is nearly 20,000. 
 
 Auchterloul^ a parish of Fifeshire, Scot- 
 land, twm miles long, and one broad. Po- 
 pulation is about 596. 
 
 AiichteriGuU a village in the above parish, 
 containing 251 inhabitants. 
 
 Aiichulrn, a late pcpulous town in Ross- 
 shire, Scotland, which, in 1745, was render- 
 ed uninhabiisble, by one cf those mountain 
 torrents called a Scriddan. It has been 
 since converted into a gracing farm. 
 
 Auckland Bishops, See Auckland, 
 
 AUDE. a department of France, named 
 from the river Aude^ which rises in Cer- 
 dagne, among the Pyrenees, and falls into 
 the Mediterranean, a little to the ne of 
 Narbonne. The Romans dug up gold from 
 its banks and channel. 
 
 Audierne, a town of France, Carcassone, 
 in the department of Finisterre, seated on 
 the bay of . Biscay, 18 miles w of Quiinper. 
 
 Audlcy- Castle i a fort of Ireland, built on 
 a high promontory of the shore of Sirangerd 
 Lough. 
 
 Audley-Endf a sumptuous palace in 
 sex, one mile s of Saffron Vfalden, built put 
 cf the ruins of Walden-abbey, by Thomas 
 Audley, lord Chanceiior, and intended as a 
 palace for King James I, 
 
 Audley- Road, a part on the w side of 
 Strangferd Bay, in the county cf.Down, 
 Ireland, where ships may lie in safety. 
 
 Aveiro, a considerable city of Portugal 
 in Eeiro, seated near the head of a small 
 gulf, at the mouth cf the Voiiga, Vt^hich 
 form.s a haven with a bar, ever which ves- 
 sels may pass that do not draw above eight 
 or nine feet of water. It has a remarkable 
 nunnery, where none are admitted but the 
 daughters of the ancient nobility. The in- 
 habitants of Aviero, have the singular privi- 
 leges, that no stranger whatever can pass a 
 night there without the leave of the mj'gis- 
 trate. Its chief articles of commerce is 
 salt, of which great quantities are manu- 
 factured in the vicinity. It lies 35 miles s 
 of Oporto. Lcn. S 50 w, lat. 40 40 n. 
 
 A VEIRON, a department of France, in- 
 cluding the late province of, Rouergue, it 
 takes its name from a river which rises near 
 Severac le Chateau, and falls into the 
 Garonne below' Montaiibrm. 
 
 Aveiia, a town of Naples, in Terra de 
 L&vora, famous for its apples and honey, 
 four miles jNe of Nola, and 15 ne of Naples. 
 
 > AveUino, a cify of Italy, in the kingdom 
 of Naples, w ith a bishop’s see. It w'as al- 
 most ruined by an earthquake, in 1694. It' 
 is, bow^ever, at present, a pretty considera- 
 bls place, having manufactures of cloth, 
 
A V E 
 
 Bi.-ccarotia paste, &e. Tbe inKcibitarite are 
 fcstimated at 8 or 10,000. it is 25 mucs 
 >-E of Naples; near it, is the celebrated 
 Convent of Monte Virginc, on a wild moun- 
 tain formerly famous for a sumptuous tem- 
 ple of Cybele. Lon. 15 20 e, lat. 41 
 
 :ll N. . - . 
 
 Jv-ii, a river, which has its source from 
 
 Lcch-Aven; falls into the Spey, near 
 Biillendalloch, about a mile above the church 
 ©f Inveraven, to which parish it gives name. 
 
 Aven, Avon, or Even, a river ot Scotland, 
 Which rises in the confines of the parishes 
 .m Son-) and Galston, and being augmented 
 in the latter by a cut from Loch- Gait, runs 
 from sw to ne the whole length of the 
 parish of Ax^entiale, to which it gives name, 
 dividing it nearly into two equal parts ; re- 
 ceives several tributary strearhs, and at last 
 falls into the Clyde below Hamilton, also a 
 iiver in Stirlingshire, which takes its rise m 
 the parish of Cumbernauld, from Loch 
 ^’anny side, and fails into the Forth, near 
 
 Borrowstownness. . , , 
 
 Avenay, a town of France, in the deparl- 
 xnent of Marne, 45 miles wnw of Chalons 
 
 Sur 'Marne. „ rv • i i 
 
 Avenche, an ancient town of Switzerland, 
 m the canton of Bern, formerly the capital 
 df all Svntaerland, but now greatly decayed. 
 
 It stands at the s end of the Lake Morat, 
 i 5 miles w of Bern. Grain and tobacco 
 tiow grow on the site of part of the ancient 
 dty. Lon. 6 52 e, lat. 4G 50 k. ^ 
 
 ' Auenhehny a town of Germany, m the 
 circle of Suabia, near Ossenbourg. 
 
 Auerbach, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Yci'^tland. In the vicinity is a rock famous 
 for pale topazes, 14 miles s of Zwickau. 
 Vioril and others have said that its waters 
 were of so poisonous a quality that birds 
 drop dead when fiying over it, therefore they 
 call it, the lake of Hell ; a little to the w is 
 the cave of the Cainsean. 
 
 Avemo, the ancient Avernus, a lake or 
 Lavoro, in Naples, two miles long, and one 
 broad. It is 180 feet deep in some places ; 
 and the old walls standing upon its banks 
 are supposed to be the ruins of a temple 
 
 of Apollo, . , , . 1 
 
 Aversa, a town of Italy, in the kingdom 
 of Naples, with a bishop’s see. In 1805, 
 it was greatly injured by an earthquake, it 
 stands in a fine plain, 10 miles nk of Naples. 
 
 Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 41 0 N. ^ 
 
 AuersLadt, a small villap in ^xony, 
 between Namur and Erfurt, which in 
 1806, was the scene of a battle betvveeii 
 die French and Prussians, decisively fatal 
 
 to the latter. . 
 
 Avery sburg, a small post town in N Caro- 
 lina, of the United States. 
 
 AVES, or the isee of birds; 1. one ot 
 the Canibbee islands, with a good harbour 
 for careening ships, 70 miles s of Cuiacoa, 
 
 IJ 
 
 and 109 K of Terra Firmai 2. Another 
 lying northward of this. Lat. 15 0 jTj 
 and a 5. near the eastern coast of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 AVESNES, a ci-devant district of 
 France, now comprehended in the depart^ 
 ment of the North. 
 
 Avesnes, a fortified town of France , in thd 
 department of the North. It contains aooufc 
 2500 inhabitants ; and is fortified in a strong 
 regular manner. Avesness is famed for 
 white stones used by sculptors for sta- 
 tues, &c. Lon. 3 58 K, lat. 50 8 
 
 Avestadt, a tovim of Westmania, Sweden^ 
 famous for its copper works, and a mint 
 for copper money ; 35 miles vnw of West- 
 
 teras. . * , 
 
 Avezzant, a town of Naples, in Abruzze^ 
 one mile from the lake of Celano, to wuica 
 an avenue of poplars leads from the baro- 
 nial castle. It contains 2700 inhabitants. 
 
 Auffen; a town of Austria, in Upper 
 Stiria, near WeistriU. Lon. 34 0 e, lat. 47 
 13 k. 
 
 AUFNAY, a pleasant little island in the 
 lake of Zurich, below Rapperschwyl. It 
 belongs to the convent of our Lady ot Um 
 
 hermits. . ^ 
 
 AUGE, a ci-devant territory of Nor- 
 mandy in France, now comprehended in the 
 departments of Calvados and Orne. ^ 
 
 Augher, a borough of li'eiand, m the 
 county of Tyrone, near the Blackwater, 
 
 1 7 miles wsw of Bungannan. Lon. 7 20 w, 
 
 lat. 54 24 N. ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 AUGILA, a territory of Zahara, on the 
 
 s of Barca, between Fezaan and Egypt. It 
 is fruitful in dates, and the caravan trade 
 jrives employment to the inhabitants, the 
 capital is of the same name, 220 miles w of 
 Siwah, and 540 e by k otMourzook. Lon. 
 23 40 e, lat. 29 33 N. 
 
 Aus^buTi, a city of Germany, the metr^ 
 polk of the circle of Suabia, near the 
 
 confluence of the Ardech and the Lech, m 
 a very beautiful plain. It is one of the 
 largest and finest cities of the empire, being 
 nine miles and a-half m circumference ; but 
 fortified after the old manner. The town- 
 house is very magnificent, little inferior to 
 that of Amsterdam ; being a vast sq^ro 
 stone building, with a marble portico. The 
 Lutherans have a college here, * 
 
 vast square building, wiUi a fine 
 the top of the front. Tlie cathedral sa 
 large, gloomy Gothic building, with two 
 spire steeples ; and a great gate all of brass, 
 over which are several scripture scraes well 
 represented in basso relievo. The Benedic- 
 tine abbey is a vast Gothic building, the 
 ceiling of which is said to be the h>gj'^st ^ 
 - Augsburg IS a free an . inde- 
 
 pendent ^imperial city, governed by a town 
 council, and the representatives of the 
 burghers. In S62, a cour.eil hete tou&im- 
 
AUG 
 
 «d the order for the celibacy of priests. In 
 1530, the confession of Faith of the Pro- 
 testants was laid before the Enrjperor and the 
 Estates of Germany, and, in 1555, the fa- 
 mous treaty of peace was signed, by which 
 religious liberty was secured to Germany. 
 This city contains about 36,000 inhabitants; 
 50 miles nw of Munich. Lon. 10 55 e 
 lat. 48 17 N. 
 
 Augusta^ a sea- port in Val di Noto, Sicily. 
 The town, which has been rebuilt since the 
 earthquake in 1693, stands on a low penin- 
 sula, joined to Sicily on the n by a cause- 
 way. Its fine harbour is defended by forts 
 and a citadel ; 1 9 miles sse of Catania. Lon. 
 15 25 E, lat. 37 13 N. 
 
 Augusta, a considerable and flourishing 
 town of Georgia, in the United States, and 
 some time the seat of government, which 
 Louisville now is. It is pleasantly situated 
 on the sw side of Savannah river. This 
 fow’n was mostly built between 1785, and 
 1790, at the latter period it w^as incorporated 
 by an act of the legislature ; and it is go- 
 verned by a mayor and aldermen. Opposite 
 the centre of the town a large woodden bridge 
 has been erected across the Savannah, which 
 opens a commodious and easy communica- 
 tion wdth S Carolina. It carries on a brisk 
 trade between the back country and the 
 town of Savannah. It is 52 miles nne of 
 Louisville, and 1 27 nnw of Savannah. Lon. 
 81 45 w, lat. 53 59 n. 
 
 Augusta, a county of the United States, in 
 Virginia ; it has a remrrkable cascade, called 
 Falling Spring. Also a town in Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 Augustine, a Cape of S America, in Bra- 
 2 il, 300 miles ne of the bay of All- Saints. 
 Lon. 55 40 w, laf, S 30 s. 
 
 Augustine, St. a fort and chief town of N 
 America, on the e coast of E Florida, built 
 by the Spaniards ; vessels 4.hat draw more 
 then ten or 1 2 feet water cannot approach it. 
 It is defended by a strong' castle. Lon. 81 
 50 w, lat, 30 8 n. 
 
 AUGUSTINE’S CHAIN, a chain of 
 fmall islands, two miles sw of St. Augustines. 
 
 Augustine^ s, St, a port and river on the 
 coast of Labrador, opposite St. John’s Bay, 
 Newfoundland. Lon. 58 50 w, lat. 51 1 0 n. 
 
 AUGUSfriNE’S SQUARE, ST,aclus- 
 ter ot small islands oil the Coast of Labrador, 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Aagiistow, a small but strong town of Po- 
 land, seated on the river Narieu, 50 miles 
 w of Grodno, and 44 ir of Bielisk. Lon. 
 ?3 5 E, lat.55 10 N. 
 
 Augustus, Fort, a small fortress of Scot- 
 land, in Inverness-shire, seated on a plain, 
 at the head of Lochness, betw'een the Taarf 
 and the Oich, taken by the rebels in 1745, 
 who immediately desert«d it, after demolish- 
 ing what they could; 34 miles ssw gf In- 
 
 A V J 
 
 Atigusiushurg. See SchsUenherg^ 
 
 Aviano, a- town of the territory of 
 in Friuli, 2S miles w of Udina. 
 
 Avich, Lock, anciently called LovMmnSp 
 a lake of Scotland, in Argyllshire, It has 
 one castle and several islands, the resort of 
 gulls, cranes, v.^ater eagles, and w'ild duck?. 
 It is much celebrated in ancient Gaelic 
 poetry. 
 
 Avich, a river which rises from the abcTs® 
 mentioned lake, and gives name to the pa» 
 rish of Dalavidi. It has the peculiar pro™ 
 perty of never freezing ; even in 1740, 
 a particle of ice was observed on it, although 
 Loch Avich was quite frozen over. 
 
 Avigliano, a small fortified town of Fievi- 
 
 Avignon, a city of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Valid use, seated on the banks of 
 the Rhone, 22 miles ene of Nismes. Befor© 
 the revolution it w’as subject to the Pope ; it 
 contains several magniheent churches, the 
 principal of which are the churches of the 
 Cordeliers, Notre Dame, and the Ceiestines ; 
 besides many elegant public edifices. Tha 
 inhabitants amount to about 50,000. It is. 
 said that in the space of 70 years, there have 
 been seven gates, seven palaces, £ve colleges,^ 
 seven hosptials, seven popes, in Avignon 5 
 and before the revolution, seven monasteries, 
 and seven nunneries. The university has 
 four colleges. Lon. 4 55 e, lat. 45 57 n. 
 It was the capital of a territory formerly 
 subject to the popes, but now annexed to the 
 French empire. It is extremely fertile, be*» 
 ing watered by the Sargues, which takes its 
 rise from the fountain of Vaucluse, whithei\ 
 the celebrated Petrarch often retired to in- 
 dulge his love-sick melancholy. In thei 
 Franciscan church is the grave of the beau- 
 tiful and learned Laura, whom Petrarch hast 
 immortalized in the verses he made on her, 
 
 Avila, a city of Spain, in Old Castile,* 
 seated on an eminence, on the banks of the 
 river Adoga, and in sight of the mountain 
 of Pico. It is fortified both by nature and 
 art, having a v/all 9075 feet in circumfer- 
 ence, adorned with 86 lofty towers, and 10 
 handsome gates, 18 chapels, seven nunneries; 
 two colleges ; besides a noble cathedral. It 
 has an university, a considerable bishopric. 
 The inhabitants have a manufacture of 
 cloth, and one of cotton, set on foot by two 
 Englishmen in 1789. The vicinity abound# 
 with fruit-trees and vineyards; 56 milea 
 Kw of Madrid. Lon. 4 55 w, lat. 40 40 ir# 
 
 Auila, or Aviles, a town of Spain, in 
 Asturias, on the Bay of Biscay, 16 miles 
 N of Oviedo. Lon. 6 5 w, lat 45 27 n. 
 
 Avino La Fanea. a toivn in the w of Leon, 
 in N America. 
 
 Avio, a town of Germany, in the bi- 
 shopric of Trent, a little w of the Adig9» 
 Lon. 28 25 e, lat. 45 40 n. 
 
 ■K 
 
% 
 
 A U L 
 
 AviSi a river of Portugal, in Alentejo, 
 which gives name to a small town in the 
 same province, remarkable for giving name 
 to the military order of the Knights of Avis, 
 
 25 miles w of Estremcs. Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 
 
 58 46 N. 
 
 Avis 9 , a town of Naples, in the Tens di 
 Lnvora, six miles e of Sora. 
 
 AuMorough, a ' village of Lincolnshire, 
 England. It was formerly a Roman town, 
 with a castle. 
 
 AuJdand.. Bishop's, a town in the bishopric 
 of Durham in England, situated near the 
 condiience of the \Vere and the W^andles. 
 
 It is a sanctuary for debtors. The bishop has 
 a princely palace, and a park in it. A few 
 years ago a manufactory was erected near the 
 west end of the town, for printing muslins, 
 •ottons, and caiiicoes. It has fairs, on Holy 
 Tuesday. June 21st, and Thursday before 
 Michaelmas ; with a weekly market on 
 Thursday. It is eight miles s by w of Dur- 
 ham, and 249 nnw of London. Lon. 0 57 
 w, lat. 54 4 4 N. 
 
 Aulcester, a town in Warwickshire, Eng- 
 land. Lon. 1 52 w, lat. 52 16 n. 
 
 Aaldathp, & district in the parish of Dal- 
 ineny, county of Linlithgow, Scotland, for- 
 merly a separate parish. 
 
 Auld Davie, a rivulet of Aberdeenshire, 
 Scotland, which falls into the Ythan. Near 
 its banks are some relics of Roman anti- 
 quities ; and the ad is sup- 
 
 posed to have been at the conliuence of the 
 two rivers. 
 
 ' Auld mu, a hill of Ayrshire. Scotland, 
 on the top of which,' from the circular ruins 
 remaining, there seems to have been an an- 
 cient watch-tower. 
 
 Auldion, a village in Ayrshire, where are 
 the ruijis of a Danish fort. 
 
 Aulendorf, a town of Suabia, situated on 
 the river Schus, eightmiles Nof Ravensburgh. 
 
 Aulen Hall, a 'city of Germany, formerly 
 in the circle of Suabia, but now an integral 
 part of the duchy of Wirtemberg, 50 miles 
 1 ? of Uim. Lon. iO 12 e, lat. 48 50 N. 
 
 Aulersl, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Frey burg. Lon. 24 40 e, lat. 46 
 35 N. 
 
 » Aulna^', a town in the department of 
 Cavuidcs, France, 1 4 miles sw of Caen. 
 
 Aul]:s,.&. town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Var. Lon. 6 15 e, lat. 43 40 n. 
 
 AuUgrande, a river of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire, which ir.kes its rise from Loch- Glass, 
 Sind, after a course cf six miles, fulls into 
 Fri h of Cromarty. For two of these 
 miles it runs through a deep cnasni, cahed 
 Criii^^rc.'iide, formed by two rp’posite preci- 
 pic'is, Ibrt iise perpcndicoifirlv to a grea^ 
 F ‘g-t. The wddness of ti^e steep and rug- 
 g'.L rctki-, the gloomy horror of the cldi- 
 
 ai d caveutB, ‘Ynrt ccssibie by mortabs Uod,” 
 
 tlri; v;^ur-ihlls wiuch pour dc'.vn in rspid 
 
 A V d 
 
 succession ; the hoarse and hollow murmur- 
 ing of the river, which runs in many places 
 at the depth of near 150 feet below the sur- 
 face of the earth ; the fine groves of pine» 
 which majestically crown the brink of the 
 chasm, with the other numerous beauties of 
 sportive nature, never fail to excite in the 
 mind of the contemplative beholder emo- 
 tions of wonder npd admiration. 
 
 Aultnacctorach, a rivulet of Ross-shire> 
 that falls into the Aultgrande. There is lead 
 ore on its banks. 
 
 Auliran, AlbamcJc, or Scotsburn, a rivulet 
 in the parish of Loggie Easter, near which 
 a battle was fought between the Scotch and 
 the Danes. 
 
 Aumisloivis, a small town of Bohemia. 
 Lon. 32 38 e, lat 50 10 k. 
 
 Aumont, a town in the department Lo- 
 zere, Fiance, 15 miles nw of Mende. 
 
 Atimore, a town in Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 50 miles s of Rajemal, and 46 nmw of 
 Moors'nedabad. 
 
 Aunis, or Aiinix, the smallest of the ci- 
 devant provinces in France. It is now com- 
 prehended in the department of Lower Cba- 
 rante. The coast has several ports; the 
 most remarkable of which are Rochefort , 
 Rochelle, Brougc, St. Martin de Re, Trem- 
 biade, Tonnai, and Charente. 
 
 Avoch, Audi, Avadi, Auach, a parish of 
 Scotland, in Ross-shirc, on the coast of the 
 Moray Frith, consisting chiefly of two ridges 
 of hills, moderately high, and extending a- 
 bout four miles from s to n, and two and 
 a-half from e to w. About 6C00 barrels of 
 herrfng are annually cured. Fhe chief ma- 
 nufactures are coarse linens and Osnaburghs, 
 which bring from 5001. to 5001. per annum. 
 There are some excellent quarries of free- 
 stone ; and marl is found in pne laiie. Po* 
 pulation is about 1476. In it is a rivulet 
 of the same name which, at its mouth af- 
 fords, a safe harbour for the fishing boats in 
 
 stormy weather. , 
 
 Avon, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 Lanarkshire, and fails into the Frith of 
 Forth, near Borrowstowness. 
 
 Avon, a village in Hampshire, England. 
 Avon, the name of four rivers in England, 
 viz. 1. rises in Leicestershire, and falls into 
 the Severn at Tewksbury : 2. in Monmouth- 
 shire : 5. rising in Wiltshire, fails into the 
 Channel at Ciirist’s Ciiurch Bay ; 
 and° 4. the Lower Avon, which rises near 
 Tedbury, in Wihshire. and running w to 
 Bath, becomes navigable ; coniiniies its 
 course to Bristol, and falls into the Severn 
 Nw of that city. ' 
 
 Avon, a river of Nova Scotio, which falls 
 into the Atlantic E.of Kai'dax, navigable as 
 far as Port Edward, for vessels of 400 tons. 
 
 I " Aimidow, the name of the united streams 
 of two rivulets, the sources . of the Forth, 
 
 1} frcin a little above the bridge of Aberfoyle 
 
A U R 
 
 tUl it enters the parish of Port of Monteath, 
 Vi'hen it takes the name of Forth. 
 
 Aupa, a river of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Koningsgratz. 
 
 Aiirach, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Wirtemberg. It is the usual resi- 
 dence of the youngest sons of the house of 
 "VVirteriiberg, and is seated at the foot of a 
 mountain on the rivulet Ermst, 15 miles 
 £ of Tubingen. Lon. 9 22 e, lat, 48 25 n 
 
 Aiiran. See Urdno. * 
 
 Avranches, an ancient city of Franco, in , 
 the department of the channel, seated on an 
 eminence, about a mile and a^balf from the | 
 ocean. The cathedral, a very ancient strong 
 built Fabric. Flenry II. of England re- 
 ceived absolution from the papal nuncio, 
 for the murder of St. Thomas a-Becket, in 
 1172; and the stone on which he kneeled 
 during the performance of that ceremon}^, 
 about 50 inches in length, and 12 in breadth, 
 stands before the north portal ; with an en- 
 graving in commemoration of the event, 22 
 miles s of Coutances, and 160 w of Paris. 
 Lon. 1 20 w% lat. 48 51 N. 
 
 AVPcANCHIN, a ci-devant territory of 
 France, now comprehended in the depart- 
 ment of the Channel. 
 
 Adras, a town of Silesia, seated on the 
 Oder, 12 miles nw of Breslaw ; also a moun- 
 tain in Africa. 
 
 Auray, a small sea port town of France, 
 seated on a river of the same name, in the 
 department of Morbiban, eight miles w of 
 Vannes. Lon. 2 25 w', lat. 47 40 n. 
 
 Aurelius, a military township of New 
 York, America. 
 
 Aurengabad, or Aurungabad, a city in the 
 E Indies, capital of the province, of Dow- 
 latabad, in the dominions of the Great Mo- 
 gul. It is indebted for its magnificnce to 
 the illustrious Aiuungzebe, who resided here, 
 and from whom it derives its name. It is 
 seated in a fertile plain, almost encircled by 
 mountains, 1 10 miles s by w of Bmham- 
 pour, and 250 ese of Surat. It is a modern 
 city, and mostly built of freestone, with ex- 
 cellent gardens. Lon. 76 2 e, lat. 19 45 n, 
 
 AurieJh a city of Germany, in the circle 
 of Westphalia, to which the king of Prussia 
 claims a right. It stands in a plain sur- 
 rounded by forests, 12 miles ne of Jb^mbden. 
 Lon. 7 12 E, lat. 55 28 n. 
 
 Auriga, a town in Germany. Lon. 27 
 12 E, lat. 46 15 N. 
 
 Aurillac, a very populous town of France, 
 in the department of Cantal, with a castle j 
 which commands the town, seated on (he 
 Jordanne. Here are manufactured con- 
 siderable quantities cf velvet and lace : 50 | 
 miles ssw of St. Flour. Lon. 2 55 e, lat. 
 44 55 K. 
 
 Auriol, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, 12 miles 
 of Marseilles. 
 
 A U S 
 
 Auron, a river of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cher, anciently called A vara 
 
 AURORA, one of the New Hehridc 
 islands in the S sea, in which Mr. Forster 
 supposes the Peak d' FAoU,, mentioned by 
 Mr Bougainville, is situated. The islaiid 
 is inhabited, and is 56 miles long and six 
 broad. The country is woody, atid the ve- 
 getation seemed to be very luxuriant. Lon. 
 168 24 E, lat. 15 6 s. 
 
 Aurseau, a towm of France, in the oepart- 
 ment of the Eure and the Loire. Lon. 1 
 56 E, lat. 48 27 N. . . , 
 
 Aursohin, a town of Bohemia, m the 
 circle of Konigsgratz. Lon. 5-3 58 e, lat. 
 50 14 K. 
 
 Aurungahunder, a town in the province 
 of Tatta, Hindoostan, seated on a branch of 
 the Indus, to which it gives name : 40 miles 
 
 s by w' of Tatta. . 
 
 Ausa, formerly Aha, a river of Carniola. 
 On the banks of which ConstanUne, the son 
 of Constantine the Great, fighiing against 
 Constan was slain ; also a town cf Terra- 
 
 conensis. ... . , 
 
 Ausche, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Leitmeritz. Lon. 32 0 e, lat. 50 30 n. 
 
 Ausekitz, a town of Bohemia, in tne 
 circle of Karzlm. Lon. 52 58 e, lat. 49 
 
 52 N. ^ .re 1 • 
 
 Aushosen, a town in the circle of Suacia. 
 Lon. 27 16 E, lat. 48 15 n. 
 
 AUSRERRY, 1. a district in the island 
 of Stronsay, Scotland, consisting of four 
 iiolms ; 2. a small pasture isle belonging to 
 the parish, and three miles from the island of 
 Stronsay ; and on which there are the ruins 
 of an old chapel, and of a house called the 
 Monker, or Moulds House. 
 
 Auspitz, a fortified town of Moravia, in 
 the circle and 20 miles sse of Bvunn. Lon, 
 54 40 E, lat. 49 9 0 N. 
 
 Ausse, a town of Moravia, in the circle of 
 Olmutz Lon. 54 45 e, lat. 4 9 48 n, 
 
 Aussig, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 
 in the circle and 11 miles wnw of Leitme- 
 ritz. Lon. 51 42 e, lat. 50 55 n. 
 
 Aust, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng- 
 land, famous for its ancient ferry over the 
 Severn, 10 miles n of Bristol. 
 
 Austel, St, a town in Cornwall, England. 
 It has three fairs, viz. on good Friday, 
 Whitsun- Thursday, and 10th November, 
 with a weekly market on Friday. It hai 
 considerable trade in various ariivles, but its 
 chief manufacture is woollen cloth. The 
 potteries of Bristol, Staffordshire, and Li- 
 verpool are supplied with its fine Cxay. It is 
 situated near the English channel, 15 miles 
 ExNE cf Truro, and 245 w by s of London. 
 
 Austerly, a town in the \V liiuing of 
 Yorkshire. A navigable canal was made 
 between it, and Birmingham, &c. in 1 / / 2. 
 
 Austerliiz, or Slawkow, a town of Mora- 
 via, in the circle of Brunn. Here was the 
 K2 
 
A U S 
 
 of a most eventfid battle, hi December 
 JS05, beUveen the French and Astro- ^lus- 
 saan arinies. when the ktter were defeated 
 with the loss of 18, OCX) men, besides cannon 
 mid stores ; the eSect cf which produced the 
 ’degrading peace of Fresbur^* it is 12 miles 
 3 of Brunn, and 50 ssw of Olmuia. Lon. 
 ^4 48 E, lat. 49 8 n, 
 
 AUSTIiALASI.4, a name given by 
 some to those islands that lie s of the con- 
 tinent of Asia, as New Britain, N Ireland, 
 K Caledonia, N Holland, N Guinea, N 
 Zealand, >T Hebrides, the Solomon isles, 
 and Arroo, &c. • 
 
 AUSTRIA, a circle of the German em- 
 |)ire, formerly bounded on the w by Switaer- 
 land, on tie by Suabia, Bavaria, Bohe- 
 ' mia, and Moravia ; on the "E by Hungary : 
 amd on the s by Italy and <L/roatia. It be- 
 longs to tbs emperor, as heao ot the house 
 of Austria ; wnio, since Aiig. 1806, wneii he 
 resigned Ins dignity or Lmpsror ot Ger- 
 snany, takes th e title of emperor of Austria. 
 J[t contained the archduchy cf Austria, the 
 duchies of Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, and 
 Ooritia. The county of Tyrol, and the 
 bishoprics of Brixen and Trent, also belong- 
 ed to it, till the late peace of Fresburg, when 
 these were ceded from A.ustria to support 
 the kingly dignity of Baruria. lije result, 
 however, of the late unfortunate struggle 
 • with France has considerably diminished the 
 extent of its dominions. By toe tieaty of 
 peace there concluded, the emperor cedes 
 the territories of Sahsburg, Berchtolsgadeu, 
 W^assenkirch, WedersdorfT, Micheibacb, 
 Griest, Mackenhoffen, Heist, Jedina, Go- 
 ritia, Montefalcone, Trieste, Carniola, Wii- 
 lach, a part of Provincial Croatia, six dis- 
 tricts of military Croatia, Fiume, the plur- 
 garean Littorale, Austrian Istria, and all 
 other territories upon the right bank of the 
 Saave, and the Icruship of iLadsuns to the 
 fimperoi* of the French. To the king of 
 Saxony the whole of Wester or New Gai- 
 licia, the territory of Bohemia, dep«nding 
 upon, and included in Saxony, a district on 
 the right bank of the Vistula, and another 
 in Easter Gallicia. To the emperor of 
 ■ Russia a tract of territory in the eastermost 
 part of Gallicia, containing a population of 
 400.000. The population of the whole of 
 Austria previous to this division was esti- 
 mated at 4,182,000. 
 
 AUSTRIA, ARCHDUCHY OF, or 
 A»»tiij.a Proper, is situated in the above cir- 
 cle, and excels all the provinces of Germany 
 in richness of pasture, fertility of soil, and sa- 
 lubrity of air. The inhabi lants who are gay, 
 polite and intelligent, endeavour to distin- 
 guish themselves by the arts, sciences, and 
 arms. They are remarkable for their courte- 
 ous treatment of foreigners. It abounos in 
 ^rn, wine, and fruit ; and its sallron is sii- 
 p@rior to that of the E Indies# The chief 
 
 A U X 
 
 rivers are the Danube, Ens, Inn, Drave, and 
 Saave. 
 
 Austria, Lower, is chiefly, though not 
 wholly, situated on the n side of the Danube* 
 Vienna is its capital, as it is, indeed, of all 
 Austria. 
 
 Austria Upper, is situated on the s and 
 w of the Danube and the Ens. Lintz is the 
 chief city. 
 
 Austria, Maritime, comprehended the 
 dominions ceded to the emperor of Austria, 
 by the French republic at the treaty of 
 Campo Formic, on the 17th October, 1797, 
 and which he enjoyed, under the confirma- 
 tion of the treaty of Liineville, till 1805, 
 w hen it w\as lost to Austria by the treaty of 
 Presburg, and annexed to the new kingdom 
 of Italy. 
 
 AUSTRIAN Neiheri^ands. See Ne- 
 
 THERLANDl. 
 
 Authiej a river of France, which rises 
 in the borders of the departments of Somme, 
 and the Straits of Calais, and falls into the 
 sea between the Somme and the Canche. 
 
 Autun, an ancient city of France, the e- 
 piscopal see of the department of Saone and 
 Loire. The Arroux washes its walls, the 
 stones of which are so closely united, that 
 they seem almost to be cut out of the solid 
 rock. This city contains many remarkable 
 Roman antiquities, as the temples of Cybele 
 and Janus, and in one of the churches is the 
 tomb of the sanguinary Brunehault, who is 
 said to have poisoned her son Childebert, and 
 to have procured the death of ten kings: by 
 order of her grandson Clovis II. she was 
 tied to the tail of a wild mare, and thus mi- 
 serably closed her bloody career. The ca- 
 thedral, the college, and the seminary are 
 most worthy of notice. The inhabitants 
 manufacture delft r/ares, carpets, coverlets, 
 and tapestjy of cow^s hair and thread. It is 
 45 miles e by s of Nevers, and 162 se of 
 Paris. Lon. 4 18 e, lat. 46 57 N. 
 
 AiivaUy a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Westphalia. Lon. 25 10 e, lat. 50 
 15 N. 
 
 AUVERGNE, a ci-devant province of 
 France, about 100 miles in length, and 75 
 in breadth ; and was formerly divided into 
 upjicr and lower ; the latter, otherwise called 
 Lima«ne, is one of the finest countries in 
 the world. It nov/ forms the tw'o depart- 
 ments of Carnal and Puy-de-Dcme. 
 
 Auvillardt a town of France, in the de- 
 partments of Lot and Garonne, 13 miles se 
 of Agen. 
 
 Aut» See Audi, 
 
 Auxerre, an ancient city of France, capi- 
 tal of the department of Yonne, containing 
 near 2000 inhabitants. The palace of the 
 ci-devant bishop is one of the finest in 
 France, and the churches are very beautiful. 
 It is well situated for trade with Paris, on 
 1 the river Yonne, 25 miles s of Sens, 75 wnw 
 
A X H 
 
 of Dijon,, and 90 ssk of Pari*. Lon. 5 59 *. 
 lat. 47 48 N. 
 
 jiuxoTit a town in the department of Aube, 
 Prance, 13 miles s of Troyes. 
 
 uiuxonne, or ^ussonne, a small fortified 
 town of France, in the department of Cote 
 d’Or, seated on the Saone, over which there 
 is a bridge of 23 arches. It has a castle, an 
 arsenal, a foundery for cannon, and a school 
 for the artillery, 1 7 miles e of Dijon, Lon. 
 S^29 E, lat. 47 1 1 N. 
 
 ' Aazen, or Tigre, the capital of the pro- 
 vince of Tigre, Abyssinia, seated on a nver 
 that flows into the Tacazze. It is a place 
 of considerable trade, 173 miles vrs of Goii- 
 dar. Lon. 39 33 e, lat. 14 4 n. 
 
 Ai<o, a town of Germany, in Bavaria. 
 Lon, 29 25 e, lat. 48 32 N. 
 
 Aw, or IjOch-‘aw, a beautiful and exten- 
 sive lake in Argyllshire. It is reckoned the 
 most^picturesque of any in the Highlands. 
 The waters of which it is formed, descend 
 from the top of a mountain at its northern 
 extremity, called Ben-Cruachan, elevated 
 3320 feet above its surface. This lake is 
 about 30 miles long, but not above three 
 quarters broad upon an average, though in 
 some places it measures two miles. The 
 name is often spelt Lochow. In this lake 
 are four small islands, covered with trees, in 
 one of which are the ruins of an ancient 
 castle, and on a peninsula is the noble ruin 
 of the castle of Kilchurn. The river Awe, 
 which issues from this lake falls into Loch- 
 Etive at the village of Bunawe. 
 
 Awatska Bay, a safe and extensive har- 
 bour of Kamtschatka, with a town called 
 St Peter and Paul. The entrance to it 
 ifi in Ion. 158 48 and lat. 52 51 N. 
 
 AWERI, or OvEiio, a kingdom of Afri- 
 ca, dependent on Benin, with a town of the 
 same name on the river Formosa. Lon. 
 S 10 E, lat. 6 10 N. 
 
 Awlen, a small imperial town of Ger- 
 many, in the circle of Suabia, on the river 
 Cochen, 20 miles wsw of Oeting. It w^as 
 taken by the French in 1798. Lon 10 15 e, 
 lat. 48 56 N. 
 
 Axas, a town of New Albion. Lon. 114 
 39 w, lat. 39 5 N. 
 
 Axhridge, a town of Somersetshire, in 
 England, seated on the river Ax, near the 
 Mendip hills. It is governed by a mayor, 
 and has fairs on the 25th March, and 1 ith 
 June, and a weekly market on Thursday, 
 10 miles nv/ of Wells, and 130 w of Lou- 
 don. Lon. 3 0 w, lat. 51 17 n. 
 
 Axel, or Auil, a small fortified town, for- 
 merly of Flanders, but now of France, and 
 department of Escaut, seated in a morass, 
 10 miles n of Ghent. Lon 5 40 e, lat. 
 51 17 N. 
 
 AXHOLM, an island in the nw part of 
 Lincolnshire, England, formed by the rivers 
 Trent, Ide], and Dunj about 10 miles long, 
 
 A Y A 
 
 five broad, and 20 in compass. It has thr:® 
 villages, Crowle, Ep worth, and Hyrst; be- 
 sides Axey the chief town. The lower part 
 is marshy, but produces an odoriferous 
 shrub, called gall ; the middle is rich andi 
 fruitful, yielding flax in great abundance. 
 It also produces alabaster, which is used for 
 making lime. 
 
 AXIM, a sraAl territory in Africa, cn 
 the Gold Coast, with a river of the same 
 name, and a town on the e side at its en- 
 trance into the ocean, which is its capital. 
 The climate is so excessively moist, rhat U' i# 
 proverbially said to rain 2 1 months and 2^ 
 days of the year. This extensive moisture 
 renders it very unhealthy : but it produce® 
 great quantities of rice, water melons, le- 
 mons, oranges, &c. The whole country is 
 filled with beautiful and populous villages, 
 and the intermediate lands are w'cli culti- 
 vated. The natives all go naked, although 
 they are very wealthy, from the constant 
 traffic carried on with the Europeans m 
 gold. This canton is a kind of republic, 
 government being divided between the Ca^ 
 boceroes, or chief men, and the Maiiaceroes, 
 or young men. But in their courts there is 
 not even a pretence of justice : all is bribery. 
 The Dutch have a factory and a fort here 
 called St. xlnthony. 
 
 Agim, or Achambone, the capital cf 
 stands under the cannon of the Dutch fort 
 of St. Antonio. The coast is defended by 
 a number of small pointed rocks, which pro- 
 ject from the shore. Lon, 24 0 w, lat« 
 5 4 N. 
 
 Axima. See Ahne, 
 
 Axipoli, a town in Bulgaria. Lon. 24 
 0 e, lat, 45 40 N. 
 
 Arminster, a town of Devonshire, on the 
 river Ax, on the great road between Lon- 
 don and Exeter. It has an extensive man- 
 nufactory of carpets after the Turkish man- 
 ner. It has four fairs on 24th Feb. 25th 
 April, 24th June, and Vfednesday after 
 Michaelmas ; with a market on Saturday. 
 King Athelstan established a minister here 
 in memory of the princes in his army who 
 fell, when in this neighbourhood he obtained 
 a victory over the Danes. It is 27 miles k 
 by N of Exeter, and 147 w of London. 
 Lon, 5 8 w, lat. 50 45 
 
 Axum, or Attuma, formerly a large city, 
 and capital of the whole kingdom of Abys- 
 sinia in Africa, but now reduced to a miser- 
 able village, scarce containing iOO inhabi- 
 tants. Among its extensive ruins, are many 
 obelisks of granite, wiih sculptures, but 
 without hieroglyphies. It lies 125 miles w 
 of the Red sea." Lon, 38 45 e, lat. 14 10 x. 
 
 Ay, a town of France, in the* department 
 of Murne, near the river Maine, remarkable 
 for its excellent wines. Lon. 4 * i, lat. 
 
 ■ 29 4 N. 
 
 || AyamonUi a commodioui sea- port town 
 
A Y R 
 
 cf Andalusia Spain^ with a strong castle 
 ba li cii a rock, at tljc mouth of the Guadi- 
 ?iris, 80 miles kw of Ciid^s. Lon. 7 15 w, 
 kt. 57i2N. 
 
 ATjaviriy a town of Lima in Pern, noted 
 fv>i mnoy stately tombs t?f the Peruvian 
 ncbslUy. 
 
 Aj/bary a town in the province of' Na- 
 varre, in Spaifj. Lon. 1 10 w, kt. 42 26 n. 
 
 AycUff^y an ancient village of England, in 
 the county of Durham. The Saxon Ghro- 
 n:cai meriticns a synod held here in 782, 
 arul anotlier in 789. 
 
 Aydon Bridge, or Heydcn Bridge^ a town 
 in Northumberland. It has a market on Tues- 
 day and a fair on July 21, 22, 25, and 24th. 
 
 Ayerstoivny or Ayrstoiuii, a town of New 
 Jersey, in the United S ales, 
 
 Aylesbury. See Aikshury. 
 
 Aylesjord, a town in Kent, on the Med- 
 wa)^, 52 miles from London. 
 
 Aylesharn, a town of England in Norfolk, 
 with a market on Saturday, 12 miles n of 
 Norwich. 
 
 Aylmotilhy a town in Northumberland, on 
 the mouth of the Alne, with a good harbour 
 for fishiog vessels. In the reign of queen 
 Elizabeth, the French held it and fortified 
 it, as it vras the first port near Scotland, 
 wltere they couli safely land their supplies 
 for Mary of Guise, the queen regent. It is 
 said that the bones of giants are often dug 
 lip in the neighbourhood. 
 
 AylwGod, a towm of Dorsetshire. 
 
 Aymaraes, a rich district of Peru, 40 
 leagues sw of that city. 
 
 Ay or a, a tov/n of Spain, in Valencia. Lon. 
 16 40 E, lat. 59 5 N. 
 
 Ayvt or Ayrshire, an e-xtensive county of 
 Scotland, divided into the three great dis- 
 tricts of Garrick, Coil, or Kyle, and Cunning- 
 ham, formerly the three great bailiwicks of 
 Scotland, which comprehend 46 parishes, 
 and 662,005 acres. The Tweed, the Esk, the 
 Nitb, the7!Lnnan, the Urr, &:c. flowto the Band 
 6 , w hile the Stinchar, the Girvan, the Doon, 
 the Ayr, and the Lugar, intersect the county 
 of Ayr, and pour their copious streams into 
 the Frith of Clyde. Besides these, the Irvine 
 and other smaller rivers water the n of the 
 county. This county possesses a rich store 
 of mineral treasures, besides inexhaustible 
 beds of coal; it abounds with freestone, 
 limestone, iron, lead, and copper ; antimony, 
 and molybdsena have also been discovered ; 
 and in the hiiis of Garrick, agates, porphy- 
 ries, and other valuable fossils. The Dairy 
 is the prime object with the farmers. The 
 cheese of Dunlop, and under tiiis name all 
 the cheeses of Ayr are comprehended, is the 
 bast in Scotland, and souglit as eagerly in 
 the markets at the Gloucester and Cheshire 
 cheese of England. The gross rent of the 
 county is about 106,0001. Sterling j the po- 
 pulation Ja about, £4,506* 
 
 A YR 
 
 Ayr, an ancient royal borough, the ca-' 
 pital of Ayrshire, situated at the influx of 
 the river A*yr into the Frith of Clyde. It 
 extends on both sides of the river, connected 
 by two bridges of four arches each. The 
 one venerable for its antiquity, the other re- 
 markable for its elegance. The old town 
 was made a royal borough by Y/illiam the 
 Lion about the end of the 1 2th century. Its 
 charter, besides the town, comprehends the 
 lands of Barrow field and Alio way, or Al- 
 loa. The council c\)nsists of a provost, two 
 baillies, a dean of guild, a treausurer, and 12 
 common counsellors, annually elected on 
 the Friday immediately before Michaelmas. 
 This borough has a revenue of 6001. and 
 with Irvine, Rothsay, Inverary, and Cam- 
 beltown, sends a member to parliament. 
 Plere was built by Oliver Cromwell an ex- 
 tensive citadel containing 10 or 12 acres, no 
 part of which is now standing but one tower. 
 It is still called the Fort or Forth. That on 
 the N side, called the New Toivn of Ayr^ 
 is a borough of considerable domain, with 
 baronial jurisdiction, being governed by ma^ 
 gistrates elected by free men, but without 
 parliamentary representation. It owes its 
 privileges to Robert Bruce, who being at- 
 tacked with the leprosy, came to reside here, 
 and established a Lazar- house. The chief 
 trade of Ayr is the exportation of coal to 
 Ireland, in which nearly 2,000 tonnage of 
 vessels are engaged. Toe trade of this port 
 w'as formerly much more extensive. It is 
 the seat of a presbytery, to which belong 
 28 parishes. Here is a flouri'^ihing acaderayj 
 in which youth are taught most branches of 
 education. This place claims ihe honour of 
 having given birth to the famous John Scott 
 Eregina, a voluminous writer of the 9th 
 century, and to the chevalier Ramsay, au- 
 thor of Cyrus’s Travels, &.c. The Barns 
 of Ayr are noted for the Treacherous mur- 
 der of a number of noblemen and gentle- 
 men, by the English, in the time of Sir Wil- 
 liam Wallace, who arriving at the very lime 
 set fire to the Barns, and burnt all the men 
 in them, by which dreadful act ol retalia- 
 tion he made the English compensate for 
 their perfidous cruelty. Mr. John Walsh 
 was some time minister of Ayr near the time 
 of the reformation, by whose faithful ser- 
 mons, upright conversation, and indefatiga- 
 ble exertions the morals of the inhabitants 
 were greatly ameliorated. It is also a prin- 
 cipal market for grain. Leather and soap 
 are manufactured to a great extent. The 
 harbour, which is formed of the river Ayr, 
 w as often obstructed by a bar of sand, thrown 
 quite across, especially in a strong nw wind ; 
 but improvements w^re lately made, wEich 
 will remedy this inconvenience. The popu- 
 lation is about, 5,560. It has w’eekly mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Fridays ' and ,a fair 
 every quarter for wooUeu cloth and 
 
A Z O 
 
 A Coii'Jparsy of Fishers from the K of Scot- 
 land are settled here, who supply the market 
 with fish, and earn for themselves decent 
 subsistence. Ayr lies 75 miles sw ot Edin- 
 burgh. The parish of Ayr extends about 
 four miles in length, and three in breadth. 
 Eon. 4 41 w, lat. 55 ol n. 
 
 Jj/}' Ifoss, a place in the parish of Au- 
 chiulcck in Ayrshire, memorable for a de- 
 feat of a party of those friends cf religion 
 and liberty, called Covenanters, during the 
 turbulent and oppressive reign of Charles II. 
 
 Jysgarth, a village seated on the Eure, 
 N Yorkshire, four miles e of Asks igg, cele- 
 brated for a water-fall called Aysgarth Force, 
 and a bridge of one arch, 72 feet in the 
 span, overgrown with Ivy. 
 
 Ayton, a parish of Scotland, in Berwick- 
 shire, on the London road, extending four 
 miles and a- half in length, and four in 
 breadth. The name is derived from the 
 river Eye, which runs through it. The soil 
 is fertile, and the c’lirnato healthy. The po- 
 pulation is about 1,453. It has a wind- 
 mill and four water-mills; a p’per manu- 
 factory, and a bleaching. About 18 or 20 
 tons of kelp are also manufactured annuahy. 
 
 Ayton^ a village in the above parish, seated 
 on the Eye, and containing near 600 inha- 
 bitants. It has a fair October i2th. 
 
 Ayton^ a village seated on the Derwent, 
 
 Yorkshire, live miles sw of Scarborough, 
 has a considerable forge for iron-ware. 
 
 Azat, or Azuy, a town of France, seated 
 oh the Indre and Loire. Lon. 0 55 e, lat. 
 47 18 n. 
 
 Azamor, a small sea port town of the 
 kingdom of Morocco, in xifrica, situated on 
 the river Morbeya, in the province of Du- 
 guella, 80 miles n of Morocco. Lon. 7 0 
 w, lat. 32 50 N. 
 
 Azaredo, a sea-port of Brazil in the Bay 
 of Spirito Santo, celebrated for sugar. Lon. 
 40 10 w, lat. 20 18 s. 
 
 Azelhurg, a town of Bavaria, formerly 
 called Agusta Aciiia. 
 
 Azem^ Asem, Assam, or Acham* See 
 Ac ham 
 
 Azmer, capital of a province of India of 
 the same name, belonging to the Great Mo- 
 gul, has a very strong castle. It is pretty 
 large, and is sometimes visited by the Mogul 
 himself. 
 
 Az'j, a town in the E Indies, seated on 
 the frontiers' of Achem Lon. 88 3S e, lat. 
 25 0 N. 
 
 AZORES, or We'.tern Isles, nine 
 islands in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to 
 Eorlugoi. Their names are St Mana, St 
 Michr't'i, Tercera, St Gecrge, Graciosa, 
 Fayal, I'ico, Ilores. and Corvu. They wtre 
 frst il'Si'ovcred in 1439, by John Vander- 
 I.erg, a merchant of Bruges, woo was driven 
 hcTi- hy stress of we?-thcr. On his arrival 
 Listen); he bo:incd of hh discovery ; on 
 
 BAA 
 
 which the Pertuguese set sail, and took 
 possession of them, and called them Azores, 
 from the number of hawks found in them, 
 and have retained them ever since. They 
 have all a salubrious air, and ere extremely 
 fertile, producing in abundance, corn, e- 
 ranges, lemons, grapes, and other frufts ; 
 and is well adapted for rearing cattle and 
 siieep. In the woods are found multitudes 
 of birds of various descriptiens, and it is said 
 that no venomous creature is to be found in 
 these islands. In them are indications ot 
 volcanic eruptions in former times. Tliey 
 are seen at a great distance, and are si- 
 tuated 900 miles w of Portugal, and as 
 many e of Newfoundland, between Lon* 
 25 deg. and 32 deg. w, and between lat. 
 37 deg. and 40 deg n. 
 
 Azoth, Azoius, or AsJided, one of the five 
 cities of the PhilisUnes, and a celebrated 
 sea-port on the Mediterranean, siiuated 
 about 14 or 15 miles s of Ekron, between 
 that and Ascalon. It was in this city that 
 the idol Dagon fell down belbre the aik ; 
 and so strong a place it was, if w'e ir.ry be- 
 lieve Kerodotus, that it susiamed a siege cf 
 29 years, by Psainmititus king of Egypt* 
 It was, however, token by the Maccabees 
 in a much shorter time ; w’ho burned both 
 city and temple, and with them about 8,000 
 mep. The town is now called by the Arabs 
 Hasaneyan. The number of inhabitants is 
 betw’een 2 and 3,000 mostly Mahometans. 
 The houses that were built in the time of 
 Christianity, still preserve some claim to ad- 
 miration ; but the modern buildings, though 
 generally of stone, are no way attracting, 
 i'he towni is about a mile and a- half in cir- 
 cumference, and has in it a mosque, a pub- 
 lic bath, a market place, and two inns. 
 Here is an old structure with fine marbiii 
 pillars, which the inhabitants say w^as the 
 house that S-^^mp-son pulled dow'u ; end to 
 the SE just out of the towni, the water where 
 Philip bc'iptized the Ethiopian cunueb. 
 'i'here are severrd ancient buildings, with 
 capitals and pillars standing. 
 
 yizjwyiia, a town of the province of Bis- 
 cay, Spain. Loo. 2 32 w, lat. 45 14 n. 
 
 Azua, a small town on the s side of the 
 island of St Domingo, seated at the mouth 
 of a river in the bay of Neyba, 60 ndcs w 
 of St Domingo, and trades in mehegany, 
 ii«num viise, and fustic. Lon. 71 6 w, lat, 
 
 18 16 N. 
 
 Azuvi, a port of Abyssinia, on the Bed' 
 
 Sea 
 
 B aal beck, or the Valley cf Baal, 
 
 Afeitile ccuniiy of Asia about 30 
 from pitmaiicu®, where tlreic* wai* Rrmerly 
 
BAG 
 
 A snagni Scent temple of the Sun, tlie ruins jj 
 of which are still admired by travellers. 
 Geographers all agree, that it was one of the 
 jnost pleasant spots on the eai th.^ 
 
 Baar^ a landgraviate of Suabia of which 
 Furstenburg is the capital ; also mountains 
 in the duchy of Wirtemburg. 
 
 Baba, a towm of European Turkey, in 
 Bulgaria, seated on a gulf of the same name, 
 in the Black Sea, 90 miles ne of Silistria, 
 celebrated for its sword blades and knives. 
 £on, 28 38 e, lat. 44 40 jr. 
 
 Babel. See Felu^o, 
 
 Babel- Mandely a famous strait between 
 the coast of Abyssinia and Arabia, which 
 unites the Bed Sea with the Indian Ocean, 
 in it is a small island and mountain of the 
 same name. Lon. 43 50 s, lat. 12 50 n. 
 
 Babenkausen, a town of Germany, in 
 Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, five 
 xniios N of Tubingen. Lon. 9 41 jt, lat. 48 
 55 N. 
 
 Babingleyy or Bahurghley, a village ot 
 England, in the county of Norfolk, noted 
 
 being the place where helix, the Burgun- 
 dian, fust landed, to instruct the East An- 
 gles in the doctrines of the gospel, and 
 where the first church is said to have been 
 
 erected. . d 
 
 Babinglony a small town in Somerset- 
 shire, near ICilmersdon. ^ 
 
 , Babolizuy called also Babolitxna Carethna, 
 Z town of Hungary, or rather of Sclavonia. 
 
 BABUYANES, a cluster of six or seven 
 small islands in the N Pacific ocean, 10 
 leagues n of the isle of Luconia. The chief 
 produce is ^^ax, ebony, bananas, cocoas, and 
 plantains. 
 
 Babylony the capital ot the ancient king- 
 dom of Babylonia or Chaldea, and supposed 
 to have stood in Ion. 44 0 e, lat. 32 0 n. 
 Bemiramis is said by some, and Belus by 
 others, to have founded this city. But, it 
 was embellished by Nebuchadnezzar, who 
 made it one of the wonders of the world. 
 The walls were 87 feet thick, 350 feet high, 
 and 60 miles in circumference, forming an 
 exact square, liaving an 100 gates of solid 
 brass, 25 on each side, with a street running 
 from each in a straight line to the opposite 
 gate, So that there were, in al), 50 great 
 streets, each 15 miles long. Now a poor 
 village stands on its site, and tne surround- 
 ing country once so fertile is a mere desert, 
 
 Bahylouy an ancient town of Egypt, near 
 the eastmost branch df the Nile, supposed 
 to have stood on the present site, of Grand 
 Cairo. Lon. 31 12 e, lat. 30 5 n. 
 
 Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in Gra- 
 nada, situated in a valley called Hoya de 
 Baza, 15 miles ne of Guadix. Lon. 2 
 42 w, lat. 37 18 N. 
 
 Bacaim, or Bazaim, a sea port town of 
 the Deccan of Hindoostan, .on MaLbar 
 coast. Lon. 72 40 *, lat. 37 18 
 
 BAG 
 
 JSecano, 1. a lak« of Italy, in the patri*, 
 mony of St. Peter ; from which issues th^ 
 river Varca; 2. a river; and, 3. a village 
 both near the above iai^. The* latter 20 
 miles Nw of Rome. 
 
 Bacanoray a town of N America, in New 
 Mexico. Lon. 112 2 w, lat. 30 0 H. 
 
 Bacuserayy a town in the peninsula of 
 Crim Tartary, where the khan usually re- 
 sides. It was taken from Ibe Turks by the 
 Russians in 1736. Lon. 35 40 i, lat. 45 
 50 H. 
 
 BACCALIAU, an island three miles w 
 of Newfoundland. 
 
 BA CCA RAC H, or Bach a rack, a ter- 
 ritory of Germany, on the left bank of the 
 Rhine, now annexed to France, and includ- 
 ed in the department of the Rhine and 
 Moselle. 
 
 Baccarachy a town in the above territory ; 
 formerly imperial and free, celebrated for its 
 wine, and stands at the foot of a mountain 
 near the Rhine, 24 miles s by s of Coblentz. 
 Lon. 7 52 s, lat. 49 55 N. 
 
 Baccenty or Baciaim, a port of Cambaia» 
 in India, belonging to the Portuguese. 
 Lon. 72 10 E, lat. 19 20 n. 
 
 Bachy or Batha, a town of Lower Hun- 
 gary, formerly a bishop’s see, situated near 
 the Danube, 30 miles ene of Funrkircheh, 
 and 85 s of Buda. Lon. 18 5S x, lat. 45 
 33 N. ^ ' 
 
 Bacheseraiy or Bahtcliesemiy a town in 
 the province of Taurida, Russia, once tha 
 residence of the Tartar chans of the Crimea. 
 The palace, which vi'as visited by Cathe- 
 rine II. is still entire, and is constructed after 
 the Chinese fashion. The otlier buildings, 
 many of w^hich have suffered by the Rus- 
 sians, have an oriental appearance. In the 
 vicinity, on the top of a high rock, is an old 
 fort, called the Jews’ citadel, having been 
 from time immemorial inhabited by Karaite 
 Jews. The town stands in a deep valley, on 
 the rivulet Katza, 18 miles ssw of Sym- 
 pheropol. Its manufactures are hardware* 
 carpets, felt, red and yellow leather. 
 
 BACHIAN, the largest and most sou- 
 thern of the Molucca islands, belonging to 
 the Dutch ; situated under the equator. It 
 is governed by a sultan, who is likewise 
 sovereign of Deram and Ouby. He has a 
 pension froni the Dutch, either for the sup- 
 ply or destruction of nutmegs. The island 
 is 70 miles in circumference. Lon. 1 25 5 i. 
 
 JBachmety a fortified town ot European 
 Russia, in the district of Wornonesch, seated 
 on a river of the same name, and defended 
 by a citadel. . . 
 
 Bachuy a city of Shirvan, in Persia, and 
 the best haven in the Caspian sea. It lies 
 on the N shore of the Caspian sea. Lon. 49 
 10 e, lat. 40 3 N. 
 
 Bachmelly a village in. Somersetshire, 
 which has ^ fair on 21st fiieptember. 
 
BAD 
 
 JSacUt Baruict or Bachu, by some called 
 Mar de Bachu, a town of Persia, upon the 
 coast of the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Badagh, a town of the government of 
 Novogorod Welicki, in Russia. Lon. 38 0 
 £, lat. 59 35 N. 
 
 Badagshan, a very ancient city of Great 
 Bukharia, in the province of Balkh, situated 
 at the foot of those high nsouatains which 
 separate Hindoostan from Great Tartary 
 The city is strong, and belongs to the khan 
 of proper Bukharia, who uses it as a kind 
 of state prison to secure those he is jealous 
 of. The inhabitants are enriched by mines 
 of gold, silver, and rubies, which are in the 
 neighbourhood; and those who live at the foot 
 of the mountains, gather a great quantity of 
 gold and silver dust, brought down in the 
 spring by torrents, occasioned by the melting 
 of the snow on the top. 
 
 Badajox, or Badajo%y a large and strong 
 frontier town, capital of Estramadura in 
 Spain ; famous for the late treaty of peace 
 between Portugal and Spain. In 1661, the 
 Portuguese v/eie defeated by don John of 
 Asturias, on a bridge built here by the Sbo- 
 wans over the Guadiana. It surrendered to 
 the French in 1811. It lies 14 miles e of 
 Elvas, and 175 miles s by w of Madrid. 
 Lon. 6 40 w, lat. 38 45 n. 
 
 Badalon, or Badalonay a fortified town of 
 Catalonia in Spain, sea-ed on the Mediter- 
 ranean, 10 miles ne of Barcelona. Lon. 
 
 2 20 E, lat. 41 1 2 N. 
 
 Badbury^ a village in Dorsetshire, famous 
 as a summer station of the Romans, where 
 many of their urns, coins, &c. have been 
 found. Here also is a Saxon camp consist- 
 ing of three oblong ramparts. 
 
 Badalcskun, caphal city of the province of 
 Kilan Usbec, Tartary, seated on the Har- 
 rat, or Ama, in the Belur mountains. Ca- 
 ravans pass through this city to Cabul and 
 China, and in its vicinity are found rubies 
 and silver. It lies 330 miles e of Balk. 
 
 Bcddingkarriy a town in Suffolk. 
 
 Baddlestouj a town in Somersetshire, near 
 Milverton. 
 
 Badeauty Lochy or, as it is erroneously 
 put down in some maps, Bodwelly a good 
 harbour on the coast of Sutherland, Scot- 
 land, where shipping of all sizes can enter, 
 and moor close to the land, at all hours, in 
 perfect safety. 
 
 Jjadelona. See Badalon. 
 
 BADEbT, a district in Switzerland, \vhich 
 has four cities, Baden, Keifers Stool, Kling- 
 naw', and Zurzach. It is one of the finest 
 countries in Switzerland ; and is watered by 
 three navigable rivers, the Limmet, the Russ, I 
 8!ut the Are. Most of the inhabitants are | 
 Roman Catholics. j 
 
 Baderiy a handsome city, the capital of the 
 above district, seated on the side of the Lim- i 
 met, m a plain, flanked ty tw o hills* This i 
 S 
 
 BAD 
 
 city owes its rise to its baths, which were 
 famous before the Christian aera. Several 
 monuments of antiquity have been found 
 here, particularly in 1420. The bahff of 
 Baden resides in a castle at the end of a 
 handsome wooden bridge, which is covered 
 in. Before this castle there is a stone 
 pillar erected in honour of Trajan, who paved 
 a road in this country 65 Italian miles in 
 length. Here in 1714 a treaty w^as con.- 
 eluded between Spain and Germany, The 
 inhabitants are rigid Roman Catholics. It 
 lies 10 miles nw of Zurich. Lon. 8 24 e, 
 lat. 47 26 N. 
 
 Baden, a margravate of Germany, in 
 the circle of Suabia ; about 90 miles iii 
 length, from N to s ; but not above 20 in 
 breadth, where it is widest. It is very po- 
 pulous and fruitful. The rivers that water 
 this territory, are the Rhine, Ens, Wirinbs, 
 and Phints, which yield plenty of fish. 
 The inhabitants feed their hogs with ches- 
 nuts, which make the bacon excellent. 
 They have free stone for building, and mar- 
 ble of all colours. They have some agate, 
 and great quantities of hemp and flax for 
 exportation. The chief towns are Baden, 
 Durlacb, Stolhafen, Rastadt, Gei^sback, 
 Pforsheim, and Hochberg. 
 
 Baden, the chief city of the above mar- 
 gravate, has a castle that stands on the top 
 of a hill, which is the residence of a prince. 
 It is famous for its baths, the springs of 
 which are said to be above 300. Some of 
 them are hot, and accounted to be very good 
 in nervous cases. They partake of salt, 
 alum, and sulpher. Lon. 8 14 e, 1^, 
 48 50 N. 
 
 Baden, a well fortified town of Germany 
 in the arch duchy of Austria, seated on the 
 Little Suechat. It is much frequented by 
 the people of Vienna, and the neighbouring 
 parts, on account of its hot baths ; which 
 are used for disterripers of the head, the 
 gout, dropsy, and most chronic diseases. It 
 lies 15 miles ssw of Vienna. Lon. 16 25 e, 
 lat. 48 1 N. 
 
 BADENOCH, a large district of Inver- 
 nesshire, Scotland. It extends about 33 miles 
 in length, and 27 in breadth. It has no 
 considerable town, and is very barren and 
 hilly, but abounds with deer and other kinds 
 of game. 
 
 Baden- V/eiler, or Baden Weller, a town 
 of Suabia, in the Brisgau, belonging to the 
 margvare of Baden. It has several hot 
 ' baths ; and is seated near the Rhine, 10 
 miles sw of Friburg. Lon. 7 30 2, iat. 
 47 40 N. 
 
 Badey, a town of Plindoostan on the 
 river Gemma. Lon. 76 15 e, lat. 27 30 n. 
 
 Badgeivorth, a village in Gloucestershire, 
 noted fora mineral spiing, called Cold Pool, 
 nearly of the same qualities as phaUer.han, 
 seven miles ws of Gloucester, 
 
 L 
 
B G 
 
 BAG 
 
 Badia, a district of the late Maritime 
 Aiiauis., coritaining one town of the same 
 Kavoe, and stvei-al villages, 
 
 . Badcsy a fortress of Livonia, subject to 
 Kussia. -,:0 miles e of llevel. 
 
 Badltsmcrc, a town in Kent, three miles 
 from Canterbury. It i^as a fair September 
 
 Badmingtonj a village in Gloucestershire, 
 contains a remarkable elegant church, built 
 by the late duke of Beaufort, in 17S5. 
 
 Bcidiiv, a town of Hindoostan. > Lon. 
 75 5 E, iat. 3i 12 
 
 Baet, a sea-rort of Hindoostan, in Guze- 
 rat, chiefly ihbabited by pirates. 
 
 Besza, a city of Andalusia in Spain, 
 seated on .the Goadrilquiver, the see of a bi- 
 shop, and lias a hind cf university founded 
 by Jc>hn dWvila, in tiie year 1553 j 15 miles 
 2^E of Jaeii. Lon. 3 15 e, ! at. 57 45 N. 
 
 ’ Ba^za, the chief town of Q,uixos in the 
 province of Quito in Peru, though long the 
 residence of the governors is siiil very small. 
 
 Basins Bat/, the largest and most nor- 
 thern gidph that has yet been discovered in 
 N America, it lies to the n of Hudson’s j 
 Lay, and is said to have been discovered by . 
 Baffi't, an Englishman, in the year 1662, in 
 his attempt to hod anvv passage to the S sea. 
 'Its existence is questioned by more recent | 
 navigators. 
 
 Baffo, a considerable town in the island 
 of Cyprus, built near ancient Faplsos, of 
 which considerable ruins still remain, espe- 
 c.ial ysome broken columns winch are sup- 
 posed to have belonged .to the temple of 
 •Venus. Lon 52 20 e, lat. 54 50 
 
 a lake of Sweden, in Sanderman- 
 land, containing near 100 islands. 
 
 Bajra, a village on the river Palmes, on 
 the coast of Guinea, where the Engli)^^ and 
 Dutch have each a factory. 
 
 B A G A M A D E R, or Bag aisiedri. a pro 
 vince of Abyssinia in Africa ; named from 
 the great number of ^lieep bred in it, A 
 'great part of it, especially towards the e, 
 is inhabited by vwandcring Gallas and CafTres. 
 
 Bagdad, or Bagdai, a celebrated city of 
 Asia in Irak Arabia, seated on the eastern 
 banks of the Tigris, it has a castle ami a 
 considerable ir.ide, being annually visited by 
 the Smyrna, Aleppo, and western caravans. 
 It was the caj>i<a\ of the Saracen empire, 
 till taken by the Luries in the 15th CTUtury.; 
 since whicls it iias been taken and retaken 
 several times by the Turivs and Persians ; 
 and, last of ail, by the Im ks, in 1658. It 
 
 • iias lest mU'-'h of it - ano'ent splendour, nor is 
 it so wealthy as when la posscsoion of the 
 Persians, yet it is sull a place of ler.ort for 
 the commodities of Syria, India, and Na- 
 
 • t . lia. h he po u at (-n supposed to be about 
 '-ifO.OOO. It L si.a od on the Tigris, 250 
 
 tin’s ' li ' y w cf Lon. 44 46 fi; 
 
 Hi. 35 eO 
 
 I Baghermi, a town in the empire of Ber- 
 1 lion, and capital of a territory of the same 
 name, 180 miles sse of Bornon. 
 
 Bagisjal, a town of Persia. Lon, 56 25 
 E, lat. 37 0 
 
 BAGLANA, Bockland, or Buglana, a 
 province of Hindoostan, in Deckan. The 
 Portuguese territories begin in this province 
 at the port Daman. It was fertile in many 
 places, although it be exceedingly moun- 
 tainous. 
 
 Bagnagar, a town of Asia, in the domi- 
 nions of the Great Mogul, the capital of 
 Golconda. It was formerlv the residence 
 cf the king, and is still adorned with many 
 noble palaces, and public buildings. Lon. 77 
 50 E, lat. 16 50 N. 
 
 Bagnall- Chapel, a towm in Staffordshire 
 
 Bagnaiuca, a town of Bosnia, European 
 Turkey, 55 miles nv/ of Serai. 
 
 Bagnara, a sea-port town of Naples, in 
 Calabria Ultra, with the title of a duchy. 
 In this town 5017 people perished by the 
 earthquake in 1785. Here are some very 
 high waterfalls, and among the rocksi the 
 ruins cf the former town. It stands neat' 
 ji the Strait of Messina, 15 miles nne of Reg- 
 gio. Lon.T6 18 E, lat. 58 15 n. 
 
 Bagnarea, a town of Italy, in the ci- 
 devant papal territories, and republican de- 
 partment of Cimino, five miles s of Orvieto. 
 
 Bu.gmrci, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of the Upjier Pyrenees, so called from 
 its hot rainerrd waters, sealed on the Adour, 
 iO miles s of Tarbes. Lon. 0 1 2 e, lat. 45 5 n. 
 
 Bagnialack, a large town of European 
 Turkpy, in Bosnia. Lon. 18 10 e, lat* 
 44 ld*N. 
 
 Bagna Della Porretra, a town of Italy, in 
 the ci-devant duChy of Modeno, and re- 
 publican department of Panara. It has 
 several warm, springs. 
 
 Bugnolo, a' district of the late Italian re- • 
 public, in the department of the Meila,^ and 
 ci dcvant province of Bresciana, containing 
 15 parishes, and 8000 souls ; also a town in 
 the above district. 
 
 I Bagriols, a town in the department of 
 I Guard, France, near the river Cese, has a 
 veiy handsome square, and two lountains 
 which rise in the middle of the town, from 
 which water is conveyed to the lands hi the 
 vicinity, eight miles s of Font ot. Esprit. 
 Lon 5 45 e. iat. 44 10 N. 
 
 Bagclini, a small town of Ildy, in the 
 late republican department cf Bw-iaao, and 
 ci-devant Veronese, serxfed on the Ci-tlero.^ 
 
 Bagshot, a town of Suny, noted for its 
 excellent mutton, anti the good accommoda- 
 tion of its inns. It was formerly called 
 j Holy Hally and was a lordship of our an- 
 I cient kings, wlio had a house here, and an 
 
 I extensive park, which was laid open after 
 ! the civil wars. It is seven miles from Wind- 
 
 II s:orj and 28 fiom LcuuHn, 
 
BAH 
 
 Jin p shot-heathy extends for many tftdes in 
 BfH'kSiire and Hampshire, and proauces 
 hardjy any thing but Furze. The soil m 
 many places in this heath is capable ot im- 
 provement, and where it is inclosed and cul- 
 tivated, produces corn and grass. 
 
 BAHAMA, or Lucaya Islands, the 
 easternmost of the Antiles, lying in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, situated on the s of Carolina, 
 between lat. 22 deg. and 27 deg. n, and Ion. 
 
 75 deg. and SI deg. w. They extend amng 
 the coast of Florida, down to the island of 
 Cuba, are said to be 300, or according to 
 others, 500 in number, some of them only 
 mere rocks; 12 of them are large, fertile, 
 and in nothing diiTerent from the soil of Ca- 
 rolina. One of these islands was the first 
 land descried by Columbus in T192, when 
 his ship’s crew despairing of finding any, 
 were on the point of throwing him ovct- 
 board. The first island he landed upon he 
 celled St Salvador, as it proved the means 
 of his safety. They were not known to the 
 Em^lish till 1667, when they made an at- 
 tempt to settle there, they were however 
 jibandonc?d, and became a refuge for pirates, 
 until 1718, when a fleet was sent out and an 
 independent colbny erected. The slaves ais 
 improving, and cotton is cultivated m great 
 shundance. They produce a great quantity 
 of dying woods, and some mahogany and 
 lignum vitae. Providence is the only one 
 inhabited. They were captured during the 
 American war, but retaken *l>y the^ English. 
 
 BAHAMA, the chief of these islands, is 
 554 miles long, and nine broad, very fruitful, 
 serene air, and is watered . by many springs 
 and brooks. Its chief produce is cotton and 
 Indian wheat. 
 
 Bahama^ Gulf dfy h hetween the Bahama 
 islands, and the continent of Florida, through 
 which the Spanish Galleons sail in their pas- 
 sable to Europe. It is also called the gulf 
 
 of Florida. ^ ^ 
 
 BAHAR, a country of Hincoostan 
 Proper, siibjecttothe English E Indian Com- 
 pany : and most of the saltpetre they export 
 is manufactured in this province. Patna is 
 tiie capUai. 
 
 Bahavy once the capital of the country of 
 the same name, and now distinguished for 
 its numerous funeral moniimsnts, is 95 miles 
 5 ^ of Patna. 
 
 BA HA REN, or Bahrn, a town of Ara- 
 bia, situated on an island in the Persian 
 gulf 30 miles long. It gives name not only 
 to tlie island on which it is seated, but lO a 
 cluster of them celebrated for the peari 
 fishery, and also to a province slrctching 
 
 B A J 
 
 along 4,116 w coast of the gulf. It fell, with 
 Ormus under the dominion of the Portu- 
 guese ; was again restored to Persia ‘by 
 Thomas Konli K’nan ; and alter nis death 
 the confusion into which his empire was 
 thrown, gave an opportunity to an entef- 
 
 prising and ambitions Arab of trA ng pos- 
 session of the island, where he sdli main- 
 tains bis authority. ■ Bahamn was fomous 
 for its pearl fishery, even vAen pearls wero 
 found at Ormus, Karek, ICsshy, and other 
 places in the Persian gulf; but it is. now 
 become of much greater consequence ; all 
 the other banks having been exhausted, 
 while this has suffered no sensible diminu- 
 tion. The lime of fishing begins in April, 
 and ends in October; it stands on the w sids 
 of the island 70 miles nf. of Laslia, the capi- 
 tal of the province. Lon. 49 5 e, iat» 
 
 BAHI, a pronvmce of Lucon m- 
 uilia, one of the Philippine isianuv., belong- 
 irg to the Spaniards, remarkable for pro- 
 ducing excellent betel, which the inuabi- 
 tants, Spaniards as well as natives, chew 
 constantly. It is also the place wuere most 
 of their ships are built. The allowance to 
 native labourers only a dollar per month and 
 a qiiantity of rice. ^ ^ 
 
 BAHIA I)E TODOS LOS. SANC- 
 TOS, the richest province of Brazil, be- 
 longing to the Portuguese. It is so fertiiu 
 in sugar and other commercial rnlicles, tnat 
 the. Portuguese flock hiiher as to the seat os 
 affluence, ai d grandeur. 
 
 ■ Bahia, or Si Salvudor, the capital of the 
 above province, is populous, magmtlcer.t, 
 ^ay, and opulent. It is strong by nature, 
 well fortified, and defended by a numerous 
 garrison. It contains beiween 12,000 and 
 14,000 Portuguese, and about three times 
 as many negroes, besides people of dinerent 
 nations who reside in it. 
 
 Bahrenhurg, a town in the county of 
 Hoya, Westphalia, seated on the nver Suii- 
 linf^en, 20 milesr w of Nienbiirg. . , ^ 
 
 Bahiay Mondu, a bay on the n siae ot 
 Cuba. Lon. 83 25 w, lat. 23 36 k. 
 
 BAHUS, a province of Sweden, on the 
 Nw coast of Gothland, 115 miles in length 
 and from 15 to 80 in breadth, abour.mng 
 with lakes and rivers. The soil is ferUte. 
 Chief exports, wood, pitch, liuneii, tallow* 
 
 and hides. ^ , 
 
 Bahus, a strong town in Sweden, ana 
 capital of the above province, seated on a 
 rock In an island of 4he river Go'ua, 10 
 ; miles K of Gottenburg. Lon, 1 1 40 e, lat. 
 
 i 58 20 N. ■ ' 
 
 -BajuyBaiay Baijjciy o'i Bei^cu a town ot 
 the kinn-dem of Tunis in Africa,, supposed to 
 be the ancient Pucca of Sallust, and Oppiduni 
 Vcfrense of Pliny. It has long been a place 
 of 7/<-eat trade, and the chief noarket of the 
 kingdom for corn ; of w hich the -adjacent 
 territoiies produces such abundance ituit they 
 can supply more than the whole kingdom 
 
 with it ; notwithstanding which, the ir. habi- 
 tants are veiy poor and great pare of the 
 land about the town remains^unculuvatecf, 
 through the cruel exactions of the tyrannical 
 L 2 
 
B A I 
 
 government, and frequent incursions of the 
 Arabs. The town stands on the declivity of 
 a bill on the road to Constantioa. 
 
 Bcja, or Baice^ an ancient village of Cam- 
 pania ill Italy, famous for its natural hot 
 baths, which served the wealthier Romans 
 for the purpose of medicine and pleasure ; 
 distinguished also for its elegant palaces, 
 some ruins of which yet remain, and for its 
 delightful bay. It lies 1 2 miles w of Naples. 
 Jlion. 14 45 E, lat. 41 6 n. 
 
 BajUf or Baia, a populous town of Hun- 
 gary, seated on the Danube, 35 miles kw of 
 Essek. Lon. 20 10 e, lat. 46 10 n. 
 
 BcijacLol't u uttpc oil Uie w coast of Africa, 
 sof the Canary islands. Lon. 14 28 w, lat. 
 
 26 12 N. 
 
 Bajanus Lacus, a lake, or bay, mentioned 
 by Tacitus, which some suppose to be the 
 lake Lucrinus, and others the bay of Baiss. 
 
 Baianus Sinus, or Baiarum Bortus, a bay 
 of Naples, so called from Baice, which was 
 enlarged by Augustus, by giving entrance to 
 the sea into the Lacus Lucrinus, and 
 Averni. 
 
 Bajedo, a town of Italy, in the depart- 
 ment of Montagne, and ci-devant county 
 of Como. 
 
 Baikal, a great lake in Siberia, lying be- 
 tween lat. 52 deg. and 55 deg. n. It is 
 reckoned to be 500 worsts in length; but 
 only 20 or 50 broad, and in some places not 
 above 15. It is environed on all sides by 
 high mountains. Its water at a distance, 
 appears of a sea-green colour; yet it is fresh, 
 and so dear, that objects may be seen in it 
 several fathoms deep. In one part of it, 
 which lies near the river Bargusin, it throws 
 up an inflammable sulphureous liquid called 
 Maltha, which the people of the adjacent 
 country burn in their lamps. There are 
 several islands in it, and the largest called 
 Ochlon, has sulphureous springs. The Se- 
 linga flows into it on the s. The Angara 
 issues from it on the n, and flows into the 
 Yenisei. The neighbouring people call it 
 Swiatoi More, or the Holy Lake ; and when 
 storms overtake them, they compliment it 
 v/ith the Utle of Sea, imagining from this that 
 they will be preserved from danger ! When 
 It is frozen ov^r, people travel upon it in 
 tb?ir way to China; but, although the ice 
 is fsonietimes two elis, thick, there are open 
 places in it, to which people are often drivc^n 
 by tempestuous w-inds, where they are irre- 
 cr^verably lost This makes it the more ne- 
 cessary ' or travellers and cattle to be sharp 
 shod. Here are plenty of large sturgeons 
 and pikes; with many seals of the black, 
 but noiie of the spotted kind ; and the 
 borders are frequented by sables and civet 
 cats. 
 
 Bailichelirh, a liill and river in Argyl- 
 shire, Scc.tlond. 
 
 Bciiileul, a town of Fiance in the dqiart- 
 
 B A K 
 
 ment of the North, formerly very strong. It 
 has been several times burnt by accident, 
 and contains now only about 500 houses, 
 nine miles sw of Ypres. Lon. 2 55 e, lat. 
 50 45 N. 
 
 Baillesborough, a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Cavan. 
 
 Bailur, or Balyur, capital of the country 
 of Dancali, Abyssinia, stands on a spacious 
 bay of the Red Sea. Here the Abyssiniaa 
 patriarch, Alphonsus Mendez, with his Je- 
 suites and Portuguese landed April 5, 
 1724: 140 miles e by n of Gondar. Lon, 
 42 40 E, lat. 15 5 N. 
 
 Bailuru, a town of Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 with a strong fort. It trades to a consider- 
 able extent with Jamalabad and the country 
 below the Gauts, situated near the Bhaarl, 
 60 miles wnw of Seringapatam. 
 
 Bain, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Ille and Vilaine, 16 miles s of 
 Rennes. 
 
 Bain- Gonga. a large river of Hindoostan, 
 which rises near the s bank of the Nerbud- 
 da, and after a course of 400 miles unites 
 with the Godavery. 
 
 Bairdstown, a post towm of the United 
 States, and the capital of Nelson county, 
 Kentucky. Lon. 11 0 w, lat. 57 49 N. 
 
 Bairout, the ancient Berytus, a sea- port of 
 Palestine, and chief town of the Druses, 
 seated on the n side of a broad promontory, 
 60 miles w'nw of Damascus. It has an ex- 
 .^tensive trade with Cairo in silks And cotton. 
 Lon. 56 10 E, lat. 33 45 n. 
 
 Baka Banya, a royal and free town of 
 Hungary Proper. 
 
 Bakan, a large and handsome town of 
 Asia, in the E Indies, in the kingdom of 
 Ava, seated on a river of the same name. 
 Lon. 98 0 iLy lat. 19 55 k. 
 
 Bakersfield, a township of Franklin 
 county, Vermont, N America, 
 
 Bakewell, an ancient market town in the 
 peak of Derbyshire in England. It has an 
 ancient church with an octagonal tow er and 
 a lofty spire. Its church is a peculiar, ex- 
 empt from episcopal jurisdiction, but the pa- 
 rish is the most extensive in the county, 
 being 20 miles in length, and above eight 
 in breadth, and containing no fewer than 
 nine chapels of ease. It has a market on 
 Friday, and several annual fairs ; and in its 
 vicinity are numerous mines of lead, zinc, 
 &c. It has an extensive cotton mill, and 
 black and gray marbles, which are found in 
 the vicinity, are sawn and polished at the 
 village of Ashford. It stands on the Wye, 
 27 miles nnw of Derby, and 155 of London. 
 Lon. 2 55 w', lat. 52 50 n. 
 
 Bakou, or Baku, a town of Fersi.?, in the 
 province of Sliirvan, esteemed the most com- 
 modious haven on the Caspian sea; but the 
 number of shoals, islands, ,and sand banks, 
 render rhe entrance in some places extremely 
 
B A L 
 
 aimrult and dangerous. The principal ar- 
 tides of exportation which support its trade, 
 are naphtha, and the finest rock-salt; of 
 both which there are mines on the E side of 
 the bay. The inhabitants cultivate saffron 
 and the cotton- tree. The trade of Baku is 
 inconsiderable. A Russian consul is resi-^ 
 dent at this place. It is a fortress sur- 
 rounded with brick w'alls, 300 miles s of 
 Astracaii, and 66 from Sliamakee. Lon. 
 49 15 K, lat. 40 21 N. 
 
 Bakow, a town of Moldavia, European 
 Turkey, seated on the river BisriUa, 60 
 miles sw of Jassy. 
 
 Bala, an ancient corporate town of North 
 Wales, in Merionethshire, seated on the lake 
 Bala, or Bemblemere, from which issues the 
 river Dee. The lake is three miles long and 
 one broad, and abounds with a species offish 
 called gunard, resembling salmon in shape, 
 but in taste like trout. It has the remains of 
 three Roman camps, which seem to have 
 been used as exploratory staiions, before the 
 Ordovices were totally subdued- It has two 
 fairs, May 1 4th and July 20th, and a market 
 on Saturday, and a great trade in flannels, 
 wmollen stockings, &c. It is 40 miles se 
 of Carnarvon, 50 miles se by e of Holyhead, 
 and 1 95 nw of London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 
 5Q 50 
 
 BA LAB OLA one of the Society Islands 
 in the S Sea, visited by caotain Cock. It 
 has a very capacious harbour on the w. 
 
 Balackna, a town of Moscow, seated on 
 the Volga, in the government of Niznei No* 
 vogorod, 40 miles nnw of Nknei Novogo- 
 rod. It is famous for its rich salt springs, 
 Lon. 47 32 e. lat. 57 10 N. 
 
 Balaclava, or Bdlockley, a sea port town 
 in Crim Tartary, on the sw coast, formerly 
 in the hands of the Genoese, w'ho called it 
 Jambelli, now subject to the Turks. The 
 entrance into the harbour is very narrow, 
 and is landlocked by steep mountains of red 
 and white marble, in the sides of which are 
 several excavations. Near the port are the 
 ruins of a Genoese fortress. The inhabi- 
 tants who are Greeks, have the porticos of 
 all their doors covered with vines. It is 18 
 miles ssE of Sebastopol. 
 
 BALA GAT, or Bala cate, a province 
 of the. Mogul empire, and the largest of 
 the three that compose the kingdom of 
 Dekkan, It is fruitful and pleasant, abound- 
 ing with cotton and sugar. It has sheep 
 without horns ; but so .strong, that when 
 bridled and saddled, they will carry boys of 
 ten years of age. Its present capital is Au- 
 rengabad, but formerly was Dowlet-Abad ; 
 and from the latter, the whole province is 
 sointimes called Dowlet-Abad. It is subject 
 to the Poonah Mahrattas, and ejifcsKls 
 through their territories, and the peninsula, 
 to the s extremity of Mysore. The iiihabi* 
 tants live upon rice, milk, rcotS; and herbs • i 
 
 B A L 
 
 with very little meat ; they have a sort ■©€ 
 small arrac, but are never given to drunken- 
 ness ; nor do they import foreign vices, for 
 they never travel abroad. 
 
 Balagate, or GaiU Mountains, a chain of 
 mountains which divide the coast of Blala- 
 bar from that of Coromandel, running al- 
 most the whole length of the peninsula on 
 this side the Ganges. Some parts of them are 
 covered with fine red earth, which is blown 
 by the strong w winds as far as Ceyiem : and' 
 when the rays of the sun are reflected freun 
 these mountains, they seem to be all on Are. 
 They make surprising alterations in the sea- 
 sons ; fof on the N side of the Cape Como- 
 rin, it is winter in May, June, July, August, 
 and September ; in which. months it is sum- 
 mer on the s side of the Cape ; on one side 
 there are continual tempests, thunder and 
 lightening, while the other enjoys a constant 
 serenity. 
 
 Balagich, a hill of Scotland Renfrewsbire, 
 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. It 
 produces barytes, and is supposed to contain 
 silver and lead. 
 
 Balagna, or Bnlagnia^ a town of Mus- ^ 
 covy, in the province of J1 ittle Novogorod, 
 on the Woiga. Lon 45 5 e- lat. 50 36 x. 
 
 Balaguer, a city of Spain, in Catalonia,: 
 seated at the foot of a rock on the n bank of 
 the Segre, five miles ne of Lerida, and 75 
 wNw of Barcelona. Lon. 1 0 e, lat. 
 41 55 N- 
 
 BALAISE, an island in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, with a fort, at the entrance of the 
 Mississippi, Lon. 89 20 w, lat. 29 6 w. 
 
 Balambuan, or Palambiian, a strong trad- 
 ing town of Asia, in the E Indies, on the e 
 end of the island of Java, and capital of a ter- 
 ritory of the same name. It abounds in cot- 
 ton, pepper, maize, rice, fruit, horses, an- 
 telopes, buffalos, and oxen, and is seated 
 a bay in the Strait of Bali. Lon. 1 14 10 E, 
 lat. 7 10 s. 
 
 BALANBANGAN, a small island in 
 the Indian ocean, n of Borneo. 
 
 Balanecusaig, a village in Argylshire, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Balapura, Chica, a town of Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, celebrated for the manifficture of 
 cloyed sugar and sugar- candy, 15 miles ne 
 of Doda Balapwra. 
 
 Balapura Doda, a town of Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, encompassed with a strong mud 
 wall, and a hedge, and has a palace with a 
 strong mud fort. It has manulactures of 
 sugar and cloth, 22 miles n by w of Banga- 
 lore and 57 se of Sera. 
 
 Balaruc, a small town of France the 
 ci-devant province of Languedoc, famous 
 for its ba'dis, 21 miles from Montpellier. 
 
 Bala sore, a sea* port of Asia, on the NW 
 of the bay of Bengal, four uiiles from the 
 sea by land, but 20 by the v/uidings of the 
 1 river Gonga/har, on which it is seated, ahd 
 
B A L 
 
 ^licb plenty of fish, and has a 
 
 considerable trade. It is 124 miles sw of 
 Olciitta. Lon. 86 48 je, lat. 21 26 n. 
 
 BALAYAN, a province of Manilla, 
 belonging to the Spaniards. There were 
 formerly gold mines in it, but they have 
 been long since given up. It abounds in 
 Gotten, rice, and palm-trees, and is well 
 cUlfiviited. 
 
 ' Balldyssan, a town of Celebes, one of the 
 Indian islands, 
 
 I Balbasiroy an episcopal city of Spain, in 
 Airagon, on the river Vero, near its conflux 
 vyith the Cinca, 45 miles kne of Saragossa. 
 X/on. 0 6 s, lat. 41 54 k. 
 
 Balbccy or Baalhccky a city of Asia, in 
 Syria, anciently called Heliopolis, and by 
 the Arabians^ the Wonder of Syria, stands at 
 the foot of Mount Libnnus, on the ne ex- 
 tremity of the fertile valley of Bocat. Mag- 
 nificent ruins, particularly those of the Tem- 
 ple of the Siui, are to be seen on the e side. 
 Jn 1759, the tovm w'as nearly destroyed by 
 an earthquake, and is now a poor place, 57 
 miles NNw of Damascus. 
 
 Balhirriie, a village in Fifeshire, famed for 
 its extensive collieries. 
 
 Balbrig^en, a sea- port of Ireland, with a 
 pier, 15 miles n by s of Dublin. 
 
 BALCA, a territory of Usbeck Tartary, 
 xvith a town of the same name, on the fron- 
 tiers of Persia. Lon. 65 20 e, lat. 37 10 n. 
 
 Balcarry, a sea- port on the w coast of 
 Scotland, stewarty of Galloway, naturally 
 a safe commodious harbour. 
 
 BdUcastle, a village in the parish of Sla- 
 manan, Stirlingshire. 
 
 Balchristie, a village of Fife, in the parish 
 of Newbuni anciently given to the Culdees 
 by king Malcolm III. and iiis queen Mar- 
 garec. There is a tradition, that the first 
 Christian church in Scotland was built here. 
 
 Balduiiha, a settlement on the s part of 
 Kentucky, N America. 
 
 Bcihlernocky or Bather nock, a parish of 
 Scotland Stirlmgshire, n of the Kelvin. Po- 
 pulation is about 796. In this parish are 
 found coals, freestone, limestone, ironstone, 
 and ochre. Most of the inhabitants are em- 
 ployed in agriculture. 
 
 paid Head, a promontory at the mouth 
 of Cajte Fear river, N Carolina. A light 
 house was erectsd here in Dec. 1794, four 
 miles ^’'NW of Cape Fear. 
 
 Baldivia, or Valdivia, a sea-port town of 
 Chili, in S Amsric£r, bdbnging to the Spani- 
 ards, situated, between the rivers Callculles 
 and Portero, w’liere they fall into the S sea. 
 It takes its name from the Spanish general 
 Valdivia, its founder in 1551. Itis defended 
 
 fcompesed mostly of transported criminals on 
 who n no dependence can be placed. The 
 district belvnj'uig to this city extends IVom 
 
 BA L 
 
 the ocean to the distance of 36 'miles, and 
 18 broad, on both sides of the river Val- 
 divian, in the country occupied by the 
 Araucanians. It abounds in timber and the 
 purest geld dust. It was taken by the Dutch 
 in 1643, v,bo were obliged to relinquish it 
 through sickness and famine. Ships trade 
 between this port and Lima, in gold, corn, 
 hides, and salt provisions ; which are ex- 
 changed for slaves, sugar, chocolate, and 
 European comrnodlucs and manufactures;- 
 210 miles s of Conception. Lon. 73 20 e, 
 xut 39 35 s. 
 
 Baldo Castel, a town wdth a fort and fer- 
 tile district of the late maritime Austria, 
 in the Paduano, along the iaft bank of the 
 Adige. 
 
 Baldo Monie, a mountain of Italy, the 
 hiohcbt in the Veronese, It is situated at 
 
 o 
 
 the head of lake Garda, and is famous for 
 its rare plants. Sea shells are found upon 
 the top of it. 
 
 Baldock, a pretty large and populous 
 town in Hertfordshire, seated among hills, 
 nine miles wnw of Royston, and 37"' miles 
 NNw from London. It has a 
 market on Thursday for corn be- 
 
 sides six fairs, on 24th Febrt)ar^'<7ih “March, 
 last Thursday in May, 6th 2d Oc- 
 tober, and 1 ith December. G 5 w, lat. 
 
 52 2 N.' ■ ■■ 
 
 Baldoivrie, a village of Ar;gu 3 rsbire,Avh 8 re 
 there is an ancient Danish monument six 
 feet high, with figures carved on it, but" 
 greatly defaced. 
 
 BA LEA RES, or Baleaeie Islands, of 
 which the principal are Majorca, Minorca, 
 Ivica, lye to the e of Spain in the Mediter- 
 ranean sea. Formentara Gabrea, Dra- 
 ganera, and some smaller cuts have few or 
 no inhabitants, but the former e.re populous. 
 They belong to the Spaniardk- 
 
 Balerno, a village of Scotland, in Mid- 
 LothLn, situated at the junction of the rivu- 
 let Pavelaw with the river Leith, It has an 
 excellent free-stone quarry. 
 
 Balfour Castle, an ancient structure in 
 Angus-shire, now in ruins. 
 
 Balfron, a parish of Scotland, in Stirling- 
 shire, eight miles long, and about one and 
 a- half broad. The population is about 
 1634. 
 
 Balfron, a vlihige in the above parish, 
 containing about 1,100 inhabitants, who are 
 mostly employed in the cotton manufacture. 
 
 Bajfrush, a town of Prussia, in Mazan- 
 deran, 12 miles w of Ferabad. 
 
 Bcdga, a town of Prussia, on the Fritch 
 PlafT, 24 miles sw of Konigsberga 
 
 Balgavies, a lake of Scotland, in Angus- 
 shire, through which the Lunan runs. It 
 furnishes much marie for manuring the ad- 
 jacent grounds. 
 
 Balgmj. a hill of Scotland, near Dundee, 
 covered with a thrivi»s plantation of various 
 
B A L 
 
 B A L 
 
 trees. From the s side of it arises a rivulet 
 of the same name, which runs into the sea. 
 
 Balgillo, a hiil of Scotland, in Angus- 
 shire, on which there are still to he seen 
 the remains of those fortifications that were 
 erected by the English, under Henry VIII. 
 
 Balglais, a district in the parish of Kil- 
 learn, Stirlingshire, in v/hich is situated an 
 ancicr^ castle, said to have been one of the 
 retreats occupied by the brave Scottish pa- 
 triot, Sir William Y/ailace. The Corries of 
 Bai glass are semicircular ezeavatiens, natu- 
 rally hollov>^ed out, in the western extremity 
 of the Campsie Fells. Some of them §re 
 above a mile in diameter, and in several 
 places beautifully exhibit tlie various mineral 
 strata of which the mountains are composed. 
 They are frequer.ted by eagles, h-srons, 
 owls, &c. 
 
 Balgonie^ a village in Fifeshire. Near it 
 is Balgonie castle, a frahric of great antiquity, 
 and one of the seats of the earl of Leven, 
 from which his eldest son takes his title. 
 
 Balhomie, a village of Scotland, situated 
 in the parish of Cargill, but belonging 
 sacra, to the parish of Caputb,in Perthshire. 
 
 BALI, an ijXand of the £ In- 
 
 dies^ forming the n side of the/ Straits of 
 Java, through which the E India ships 
 some times return from China to Europe ; 
 but tive passage is commonly difficult on ac- 
 count of contrary winds. The inhabitants 
 are Pagans and very warlike. Lon. 115 
 50 E, lat. 7 10 3. 
 
 Baiinackadei', a village of Scotland, parish 
 of Lecropt, where there are relics of ai;i an- 
 cient fort. 
 
 Balintore, a fishing town of Scotland, on 
 the Murray Frith. 
 
 Balize, a town of Jucatan, in the bay of 
 Honduras, seated at the mouth of a river of 
 the same name, navigable for above 200 
 miles, but on account of a bar, ships of bur- 
 den cannot approach the town. The houses 
 are constructed of wood raised on piles. It 
 is the chief settlement of the English on this 
 coast. Its principal trade is mahogany and 
 logwood. Lon. 87 40 w, lat. 17 50 n. 
 
 BALK, or B.alkh, a province of Great 
 Bukharia, in Asia, about o 60 miles long, 
 and 250 broad. It is the least of the three 
 provinces that make up what is called Great 
 Bukharia ; but being extremely fertile and 
 Weil cultivated, the prince draws a great 
 revenue from it. The country particularly 
 abounfj.s with silk, of which the inhabitants 
 make some beautiful manufactures. 
 
 Balk, the capital of the above province, is 
 tlie most considerable city possessed in tliese 
 parts of the Mahometan Tartars ; it is Irirge, 
 well built, and populous, and the houses 
 con isting of the most part of stone or brick. 
 The fortifications consists of bulwarks of 
 e.uth, fenced without with a strong wed, 
 high enough to. cover ffie soldiers hi thdr 
 
 defence. The khan’s palace or castle, con^ 
 sists almost entirely of marble, of ivhich 
 there are fine quarries in the neighbc: r- 
 hood. It is seated on the river Eervask, 
 which unites with the Amu, tovvauls the 
 border of FersiaT 220 miles ss of Bokhara. 
 Lon. 65 16 E, lat. 56 28 n. 
 
 Baliack Glacks of, a narrow and renDark- 
 able pass, near the castle of Ancbinclown, 
 Barffishire ; cornmemcrated as the scene of 
 the old Scots song, entittled “ li' y ’s Wife of 
 Aldevallach.” 
 
 Ballcji, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Sarte. Lon. 0 20 e, lat. 48 10 n. 
 
 Ballantrae, Ci parish of Scotland, in Ayr- 
 shire. The coast is frequented by the sad- 
 fish, which are often killed, and measu'-s 
 from 20 to 50 feet ; each of their live.'s usu- 
 ally produce from 40 to 50 gallons of oil. 
 The staple , commodities are black cattle and 
 sheep. Population of the parish is about 857, 
 
 Ball&nirae a village in the above parish,, 
 at liie mouth of the Stinclmr, containing 
 about 500 inhabitants. It has an esceliem 
 free-school, owing to the liberality of a native, 
 w'iio, about 50 years ago, left 4Q0l. to esta- 
 blish it. Here a considerable quantity of 
 salmon are taken. 
 
 Ballasedere, a town of Ireland, three miles 
 from Sligo. Flere are the magnificent ruins 
 of an ancient abbey, and church, and a,lsa 
 beautiful waterfalls, one of which is about 1^ 
 feet perpendicular. 
 
 Ballatar Crag, a rocky hill in Aberdeen- 
 shire, whose most tremendous impending 
 rocks seem to threaten the astonished travel- 
 ler with instant destruciion. 
 
 Balledgarno, a thriving village of Scot- 
 land, in Perthshire. 
 
 Ballengary, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Kerry. 
 
 Bailey- Salley, a village in the Isle of Man^. 
 five miles from Castletowm. 
 
 . Balliboy, a town in King’s County, Ire^- 
 land, 18 miles sw of Fhiiipstcwn. 
 
 Ballimaney, a town in the county of An- 
 trim, Ireland, seven miles ese of Colerain, 
 and 28 NNw of Antrim. 
 
 Ballimore, a town in the county of W 
 Meath, Ireland, 15 miles ne of Athlone. 
 
 Ballimote, a town in the county of Sligo, 
 14 miles s of Sligo, noted for its extensive 
 linen manufacture. 
 
 Ballinasloe, a town of Ireland, in the 
 province of Connaught, county of Galway, 
 28 miles e of the town of that name, and 
 72 V/ from Dublin, seated on the Suck, 
 which is so far navigable ; noted for its great 
 fairs, of fat cattle, and sheep, wool, &c. Tie 
 fair for ffie latter is in summer, for the ior- 
 mer in October, in which 10,000 black 
 cattle and 100,000 sheep are annually sold, 
 from tiie pastures of Galway, Clare and 
 Mayo. 
 
 L MBulmvar^ a town of Ireland, m Cork,. 
 
B A L 
 
 'BaUm^aggirtt a town of Irolarid, in Mayb. 
 
 BaUinekil, a town of Ireiaml, in Queen’s 
 rounty. 
 
 JBaUingarryt a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Limerick. 
 
 Ballingham, a town of England, i Here- 
 fordshire. 
 
 Ballingry, a parish of Scotland, in Fife- 
 shire, three miles long, and one broad. The 
 population is about 227. There are some 
 vestiges of a Roman camp, believed to be 
 tfche place where the Caledonians defeated 
 the Itoirians under Agricola. A lake in this 
 parish, called Ijochore, contains on an island, 
 
 old castle, built by Duncan Lochore, in 
 the reign of Malcolm III. 
 
 Bailinguich, a cleft on the fw, bet^veen 
 Stirling Castle, and the rocks immediateijT 
 adjacent. The witty king James V. w'ho 
 made frequent excursions in disguise, and 
 resided mud) at Stirling, designed himself 
 the G.iidemcin of Balliaguick. 
 
 Bcdlinphelic^ a village of Ireland, county 
 of Cork, noted for a sulphureous chalybeate 
 spring. 
 
 Ballinrohe, a town of Ireland, in Mayo, 
 18 miles s by e of Castlebar. 
 
 .Balliniogher, a town of Sligo, Ireland. 
 
 Bollintoyy a town of Ireland, on the coast 
 of Antrim, with a good bay, and trade in 
 coals, four miles w by n of Balleycastle^ 
 
 BalUoch, a village of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire; so named from its having been the 
 place where the wounded were lodged, after 
 a bloody battle fought near it between the 
 Scots and Danes, and wherein the Prince of 
 Deo mark w as skin. A large obelisk, 10 
 4eet high, marks the place of his interment. 
 
 Ballishannon,' n borough and sea port 
 Town of Ireland, county of Donegal, with a 
 good haven, seated near the mouth of the 
 .Erne, llO miles nw of Dublin. It has an 
 extensive linen manufacture, and a good 
 salmon fishery. Lon. 8 15 w, lat. 54 25 n. 
 
 Balloch, a lake of Perthshire. 
 BALLOGISTAN, a district of Hin- 
 jdoustan, 80 miles long, and from 50 to 40 
 broad, on the n of Mewat, and reaching 
 within 14 miles of Delhi, seized by the Bal- 
 loges, or Baloches, during the last century. 
 They are represented as a very savage and 
 cruel race. Their territory is full of ravines, 
 and of course difficult cf access. 
 
 Ballon, or Ballone, an ancient castle, seat- 
 ed on the sea coast, in Ross- shire, which ex- 
 hibits a monument cf the taste and grandeur 
 of former ages. 
 
 Ballriman, a peninsula of Ireland, coun- 
 ty of Louth ; in which tliere are relics of a 
 iiruid’s grove, v/here the Arch Druid is sup- 
 posed to have resided. 
 
 Billstown, or BaUtown, a township of New 
 York, ill Saratoga county, which contained 
 7555 inhabitants in 1790. Its mineral wa- 
 called BalUouon Springs, are celebrated 
 
 B A L 
 
 fdr their medical virtues. They Sre brisk 
 and sparkling like Champaigne. In drinkr 
 ing they affiect the nose and palate, like bot- 
 tled beer ; and slightly affect the head of 
 some people by their inebriating quality. 
 They are used instead of yeast ill making 
 bread, and make it rise more speedily and 
 effectually than any other ferment in ordi- 
 nary use. Horses drink these waters with 
 avidity. They are apt to burst bottles v/ben 
 corked in very w'arm weather. Fish and 
 frogs are very soon killed in them, and geese 
 and ducks can only swim a few minutes be- 
 fore they expire. They are remarkably cold, 
 but can be drunk with safety in the hottest 
 weather; and boil with very little heat* 
 They are cathartic, diuretic, and sudorific, 
 and are highly serviceable in many diseases. 
 They are situated 196 miles above ‘Nevy- 
 York. 
 
 Ballumbie, a district of Angus- shire. 
 The remains of an ancient castle are still to 
 be seen on it, which, in the reign of James I. 
 king of Scots, was possessed by Alexander 
 Lovet, and his heroic lady, Catharine Doug- 
 las, who got her arm fractured in attempting 
 to defend that monarch ftom the assassins 
 who murdered him at Perth, A. D. 1456. 
 
 Bally, a Gaelic word, analogous to Bax^ 
 which makes part of the names of at least 
 126 places, mostly small towns or villages in 
 Ireland. The word seems to be a corrup- 
 tion of the term Ballibetagk, anciently used 
 to express, a town land able to mainiain 
 hospitality. 
 
 Ballycaslle, a sea-port on the n coast of 
 Antrim, seated near the mouth of the Glen- 
 shesk, 55 miles n by w of Antrim, noted for 
 • its chalybeate spring, and collieries. Lon. 
 6 49 w, lat. 55 14 n. 
 
 Ballyconnel, a town of Cavan, 11 miles 
 NE of Cavan. 
 
 Bally gamboon, in Kerry ; noted for pro- 
 ducing great quantities of cyder. 
 
 Ballymena, a towm in Antrim, ©n the ri- 
 ver Maine, 1 2 miles nnw of Antrim. 
 
 Ballynahinch, in Down, famous for the 
 defeat of the rebels in 1798, when the great- 
 er part of the town was burnt. It is 26 
 miles NE of Newry. 
 
 Ballynakill, a borough in Queens county, 
 with some w'oollen manufactures, and the 
 ruins of a castle, 18 miles nw of Kilkenny. 
 
 Bally waiter, in Down, opposite to which 
 there is a reef of rocks, dangerous in a high 
 degree to mariners, six miles and a-half iroua 
 Donaghadee, and 16 ne of Downpatrick. 
 
 Balmaclcllan, a parish of Scotland county 
 of Kirkcudbright, of an oblong figure. Po- 
 pulation is about 554. The soil is nearly 
 in the state of nature, and is employed in 
 breeding cattle, horses, and sheep. Thomas 
 Goirdon, one of the authors of the Indepen- 
 dent Whig, was a native cf this palish. 
 Schoolmaiiterk salary i.56, owing, in pait. 
 
B A L 
 
 *0 the liberality of a Mr. Murdow, aIsO/A na- 
 tive. There are five lakes, in one gf which 
 *s found a species of large trout, ^ihat often 
 Veighs eight or lOlbs. , 
 
 Balmaghie, another parish in the same 
 county, nearly nine mihrs in length, and 
 five in breadth. There are five mineral 
 springs in the parish, and some relics of an- 
 tiquities; particularly Threeve castle, and 
 several sepulchral monuments in memory of 
 those who suffered for their adherence to re- 
 ligion and liberty, before the revolution. In 
 this parish, the sect of M‘Millanites took 
 their rise, Mr. M'Millan, their founder, 
 having been minister of it before his deposi- 
 Uon Population is. about 9^9. 
 
 JBalmangan Bay^ a small, but safe harbour 
 of Scotland, on the w side of the island of 
 JLittle Ross, on the coast of Kircudbright, 
 with a good road. 
 
 BalmerinOf a parish of Scotland, in Fife- 
 §hire, three miles and a-half long, and two 
 and ‘a quarter broad, comprehending above- 
 5,000 Scots acres, most of which is arable 
 and well cultivated. The population is 
 about 786. Salmon and Sperlings are taken 
 here and some seals. 
 
 B.almerinoy a village in the above parish, 
 anciently called Baimuranach, or Sailor s 
 Town, with a harbour, from which consider- 
 able quantities of grain are shipped. The 
 ruins of the old church and abbey, founded 
 in 1229 by Emegarda, widow of William 
 the Lion, king of Scotland, and her son 
 Alexander II. still afford matter of enter- 
 tainment to the antiquary : exhibiting pil- 
 lars of excellent workmanship and durable 
 stone, each ornamented in a different man- 
 ner, and covered by a beautiful arch. Its 
 lands were erected into a barony by king 
 James IV. and bestowed on Secretary El- 
 phinston, ancestor to Arthur, Lord Balme- 
 rino, who suffered for treason in 1746. 
 
 Balnacoul, a village of Scotland, parish 
 of Speymouth, Morayshire. 
 
 ^ Balnagavri, a village of Perthshire, pa- 
 rish of Little Dunkeld. 
 
 ^ BALNAHUAICn, one of the Western 
 islands of Scotland, on the coast of Argyll- 
 shire, and in the parish of Jura, on the n 
 end of that island. It abounds with excel- 
 lent slates, the quarrying of which forms the 
 principal employment of the inhabitants, in 
 number about 150. 
 
 Balquhidder, a parish of Scotland, in 
 Perthshire, 15 miles long and seven broad. 
 It consists chiefly of hills, which in general 
 are^ very high but mostly green, the heath 
 having been nearly rooted out by pasturing 
 sheep, for which it is naturally well calcu- 
 lated. There is abundance of limestone, 
 and some appearances of lead. A consider- 
 able extent of the ancient Caledonian Forest 
 sti etches through this parish. By the river 
 i^lvag, and three large iakesj in the time of 
 
 B A t 
 
 floods, which occur 10 or 12 times a-yw,, 
 the intermediate grounds are so completely 
 inqndated, as to form one continued sheet of 
 water, 12 miles in length. Population is 
 about 1577. Here are two schools erected 
 by the Society , for propagating Christian 
 knowledge. There are four flax mills ; fuel 
 very scarce. 
 
 Balrie, a moss, formerly a large lake, ex- 
 tending over 120 acres in Augus-shire whiciji 
 was begun to be drained above 40 years ago^ 
 Several thousand bolls of fine shell marl® 
 are dug out of it annually. 
 
 Balrie- Cattle, a very ancient fort, now 
 in ruinsj situated on an eminence at the ^ 
 end of the moss. It was destroyed by ih^ 
 Marquis of Argyie, in 1 640. The walls are 
 eight feet thick. 
 
 JS^lntddery, or Balrothery, a town of Ire- 
 land, near the sea, county of Dublin, 1$ 
 miles N of Dublin. 
 
 Balsicarn-, a town e of Gog Magog Hills^ 
 10 miles from Cambridge. 
 
 Balsora, a city of Arabia Deserta, on the 
 confines of Arabia Felix, and tlie borders of 
 the province of Ayerack, situated near the 
 confluence of the Tigres and Euphrates, 
 where they fall into the Persian gulph. 
 was formerly under the kings of Persia^ 
 but now belongs to the Turks. , 
 
 BaLTA, a small island of Shetland. 
 
 Baltena or PaUena, a valley e of Poli- 
 cella, in the Veronese, Italy, containing one 
 town and 18 villages. 
 
 BALTI A, an island which gives name to 
 the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Baltic Sea, an island sea, surrounded by 
 Sweden, Russia, Courland, Prussia, Pome- 
 rauia, and Denmark; with it are connectedt 
 the gulph of Bothnia and Finland. It con- 
 tains a number of islands, the chief of whichi 
 are Aland, Bornholm, Dago, Gothland, Oe- 
 land, Oesel, I^aland, and Rugen. It is se- 
 parated from the Categat by the islands of 
 Funen and Zealand. It is remarkable that 
 this sea neither ebbs nor flows, and there is 
 always a current sets through the sound into 
 the ocean. It is generally frozen over three 
 or four months in the year. Yellow amber 
 is found on the coast. , 
 
 Baltimore, a town in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland, seated on a head land which 
 stretches out into the sea, and forms a safe 
 harbour, five miles ne of Capellear and 50 
 miles sw of Cork. Here are the ruins of an 
 Abbey. Lon. 9 i4w, lat 51 18 n. 
 
 - Baltimore, a large, populous, and well 
 cultivated county of the United States^ on the 
 western shore of Maryland. It is 36 miles 
 from N to s and 45 from e to w. In this 
 county are found vast quantities of iron ore 
 of the best quality, which is manufactured 
 into pig and bar iron, hollow ware, See, 
 
 ■ Baltimore, the largest and most flourish- 
 ing coruiiiercieil town in the slate of I8ary- 
 M'- ■ ' - 
 
B A M 
 
 BAM 
 
 It is the capital of Baltimore county, 
 and is situated on the nw branch of the Pa- 
 tapse^ river, near its entrance into Chesa- 
 p'>ak bay. It is the fourth to wn for magni- 
 tude in the United Slates. The bason which 
 washes the town will admit only vessels of 
 sihall burden, but there is a good harbour at 
 Fell’s point, a place at a short distance. 
 The number of houses in 1790, was about 
 1,955, of which 755 were at Fell’s point, 
 almost contiguous. Tiiere are nine ^ places 
 for public worship. The number of inhabi- 
 tants at tlic same time was upwards of 
 15,000 ; 35 miles n of Annapolis. Lon. 1 
 35 w of Philadelphia, and 76 50 w of Lon- 
 don. 'Lat. 39 lo N. 
 
 JBaltinglass, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Wirklow, where extensive woollen, linen, 
 sfid diaper manufactures are carried on, 
 ■Seated on the Slaney,' 35 miles sW of Dublin. 
 
 B.alvag, a river of Perthshire, which runs 
 through and connects the lakes LochdoJne, 
 Lochvo/l and Lochlubuaig, in the parish of 
 B^quhidder. it abounds in trouts of dif- 
 ferent species, char, ^.c/and has occasionally 
 a few salmon. 
 
 JBalvaird, a district of Perthshire, in the 
 parish of Abernetby, memorable for one of 
 those monuments of ancient ingenuity and 
 superstition, tailed Rocking Stoiics : wiiereby 
 the priests imposed upon the credulity of the 
 people. It is mentioned by Buchanan, but 
 has long ago lost its motion, its centie being 
 choaked with earth and gravel. Near it h 
 Belvaird Castle, the property of the Murrays 
 of Belvaird in the reign of Robert II. and | 
 now with the estate belongs to their Hiieal 
 descendvint, the earl of Mansfield. 
 
 Baluclavo, or Jambol, a sea* port town of 
 Crimea, on the Black Sea, where ships are 
 built for the Grand Signior. Lon. 35 15 
 •£, hit. 44 50 If. 
 
 Balvedock, a village of Pevthihire in the 
 parish of Clurde. 
 
 Balveme, or Balveny, a mountamous dis- 
 trict of Scotland, in ihe county of Bamfi. | 
 Here i^ a noted rock which produces hones 
 and whet-stones sullicient to supply the whole 
 island. Here are also veins of aiuin-stone, 
 and springs of aluni-w^ater. 
 
 Balveny Caslle, an ancient fort ; and Bal^ 
 venUi Craig, 9- Idll, or rock, in the parish of 
 Mortlach, Barnffsbire, remarkable tor the 
 picturesque and rural scenery around 
 
 Bumba-, a towm of the kingdom of Con-;;, 
 go, in . Africa, in a province cf the same 
 i^ume, situated between the rivers Ambrisi 
 tmi Loze. The governors of this province 
 ber^r hie name oi duhea, and are always prin- 
 c cf the royal family. They are as despo- 
 tic as if they were really kings, notwithstanu- 
 i ‘g the care their incuarchs take to keep 
 them ‘viihiii bounds. Its chief trade is in 
 slaves. It is 160 miles s\v of St, Saivador, 
 LvU. 13 ^5 E, Li. 7 2 s, 
 
 BAMBARA, a kingdom of Negroland,. 
 on the sw of Tombuctoo, of which Sago is. 
 the capital. Here corn is produced in a- 
 biindance, and the inhabitants are distin- 
 guished fortheir hospitality to strangers. 
 
 Bamberg, a large handsome town of 
 Franconia, in Germany, and the capital of 
 a bishopric of the same name. It was 
 formerly imperial, and subject to the bishop ; 
 but has been given over to Bavaria. It has 
 an university, founded in lo85 ; and is situ- 
 ated at the confluence of the rivers Main 
 and Reidnitz. The cathedral is a large .Go- 
 thic pile , and the palace an extensive edmee. 
 In 1758 and 1762, it was taken by the 
 Prussians, and by the Irench in 1794^ 
 35 miles n of Nuremberg. Lon. 10 56 e, 
 
 lat' 49 55 N. . j 
 
 Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, situated at 
 thefootof a mountain, 30 miles s of Glatz 
 Lon. 1 6 50 E, lati 49 53 n. 
 
 Bamhorough, a village of England, in 
 Northumberland, on the sea coast. It was 
 once a borough, and gave name to a tract 
 called Bamboveugbshire. It has a castle on 
 a rock, inaccessible on all sides except the 
 G,sai{l to have been built by king Ida about 
 570. This castle, and the manor, were 
 purchased after the rebellion of 1715, by 
 lord Crew, bishop of Durham, who bequeath- 
 ed it for many benevolent purposca, particu- 
 larly that of mirdstering immediitce relief to 
 seamen md vessels that happen to be cast on 
 
 :ii:> dcngero^i'^ coast. 
 
 B AMBUCK> a country of Africa, seat- 
 d between the rivers Fatemi and Senegal, 
 dd to be very populous, and on the banks 
 f the river.s fertile, but in othcrpaits sandy 
 nd barren ; capital of the same name, Ion, 
 
 30 w, lat. 15 30 k. Tire mrra remarka- 
 le animals are a species ©f while apes, 
 diich they will not akuw i.o be sent out of 
 le country; white foxes, a.^ 1 tne girafa, an 
 nimal not so large as an cK puant, but made 
 lore like a camel, raid of remv-ivanle swift- 
 ess. There are mines of gold, silver, Un, 
 2 ad, and iron. 
 
 Barnff, or Banjf, a ceiu-ly of Scotland, 
 omprehending 'Slrathdovern, Boyne, Bo.zife, 
 itrathaven, Baivenie, and part of Bm'han ; 
 xtends 50' miles from e to w% and 30 m 
 ireadth h orn n to s. The face qI the coun- 
 rv is air.‘eeab]y' diversified wUh hills and 
 lales, woods and rivers; and exhibits many 
 
 eatsar.<!pl.nt.tions. Tl>e f Pf 
 :!imate healthy, a.id the s>,!l ie.Ule, pro- 
 lucin^ plentiful cops of co.u. Var.ous 
 minerals htve been fouiid la (lihere.it 
 jarts of the shire. ■ Along vhe coast, tiipte 
 ire ancient P.tnish ai-.U i'icU* tnontw 
 rnent?, atich as cairns, tuarai:, ana huge 
 itones standing erect. Goraou -castle, and 
 Icverai other seats of the o'Ae of Gnidon 
 are situated in this county. 1 .le valued lent 
 is 7b,-t)Sl- 'Scats, and the real rent dA-iP-n 
 
BAN 
 
 i&terling. It contains 25 parishes, and 
 the number of inhabitants, v^as about 
 35,807 ; it sends a representative to pavlia* 
 ment. 
 
 JBamff, capital of the county, is pleasantly 
 situated on the s side of a hill, at the mouth j 
 of the Devernn. This place war. erected 
 into a borough, by a charier from Robert | 
 II dated Oct. 7^ 1572, endowing it wish 
 the same privileges, and putting it on the 
 same footing witli the Burgh of Aberdeen^ 
 but tradition says, it was founded in the 
 reign of Malcolm III. The harbour is 
 bad, from the shifting of the sands at the 
 mouth of the Dcveron ; the pier is there- 
 fore placed on the outside, and defended by 
 a battery. Manufactories of thread, cotton, 
 and stockings, are carried on to a considera- 
 bleextent; and greatquantitics of salmon are | 
 annually exported. BamfF has two fairs, on 
 the first Tuesday of Feb. and the third Tues- 
 day of Dec. both O. S. Lon. 2 14 w, lat. 
 57 55 N. Near the town is a most magni- 
 ficent seat, lately built by the earl of Fife ; 
 it lies in a beautiful plain, washed by the 
 Deveron, the lofty banks of which, clothed 
 with wood on the opposite side, aiFord a de- 
 lightful contrast to the soft vale beneath. 
 Tire parish is about six miles in length, and 
 two in breadth. Population of the town 
 and parish was about 3,572 : 44 miles nnw 
 of Aberdeen. 
 
 JJamian, a city of Asia, in Zablestan, 170 
 rniles ssE of Balkh. It is remarkable for a 
 number of recesses cut out of a moun- 
 tain, which from their size and workman- 
 ship, are supposed to have been temples. 
 The principal feature in its history is the 
 dreadful catastrophe which it suffered when 
 taken by Jenghiz Khan, in 1221. Lon. 66 
 '20 E, lat. 39 30 N. 
 
 Bamos, a town in the n borders of the 
 kingdom of Birmah, with a fort seated on the 
 Irawady, 170 miles nne of Umrneropoora. 
 
 BamptoUj a large town in Oxfordshire, 
 seated near the Thames, 12 mtles w of Ox- 
 ford, and 71 w by n of London. It has a 
 market on Wednesday, and a fair on August 
 26th. Here is the remains of an ancient 
 castle, and its trade is in leather gloves and, 
 breeches. 
 
 Bamptorii or Baunton, a town of Devon- 
 shire, situated 21 miles nne of Exeter, and 
 163 w by s of London. It has a marjiet on 
 Saturday, and fairs on Whitsun-Tuesday, 
 and Oct. 24. It has a manufacture of ser-. 
 ges, and a medicinal spring. 
 
 a river of Ireland, which rises in the 
 county of Down, and falling into the Nev^^ry 
 canal, is afterwards discharged into Lough 
 Neagh. It is noted for clear water. 
 
 Banagker, a town of Ireland, King’s, 
 county, seated on the Shannon, over which 
 it has two bridges, 15 miles s of Athlone. 
 
 Banaresj or a handsome town or 
 
 BAN 
 
 Asia, capital of a country of the same name 
 ceded to the English, in 1775, in the domi- 
 nions of the (ireat Mogul, celebra ed for 
 beino* the university of tlie Indian Biamins. 
 
 It is seated on the n side of the Ganges, the 
 banks of which are adorned with several 
 Hindoo temples. The streets are narrow, 
 and many of the buildings five stories, inha- 
 bited by several families. The more wealthy 
 Gentocs live in detachetl houses, with open 
 courts inclosed by a v/all. A Mahoraedan 
 mosque, built by the emperor Aurungzebe, 
 on the dte of a magnificent Hindoo temple, 
 which he demolished for the purpose, stands 
 near the centre of the city. Tiie British in- 
 terest was endangered by an insurrection 
 here in 1781, which occasioned the deposi- 
 tion of the rajah, Cheyt Smg, in 1783. Be- 
 nares is 136 miles w by s of Patna, and o80 
 w’Nw of Calcutta. Lon. 83 10 e, lat, 25 
 20 N. . 
 
 Banhridge, a village of Ireland, county of 
 Down, noted for its great fairs of linen cloth, 
 14 miles n by e of Newry. 
 
 Banbury, a town of Oxfordshire, with a 
 large handsome church, lately rebuiit, a free- 
 scbool, two charity schools, a work nouse, 
 and two meeting houses. The town wiui 
 its suburbs contains about 700 houses. The 
 principal manufacture is plusli or snag cloth. 
 It is seated on the Charvvel, 17 miles from 
 Oxford, and 71 nnw of London. It has a 
 market on Thursday, noted for its cakes and 
 cheese, and seven fairs, viz. 1st Tiiuisday 
 after jam 17, the 1st Thursdciy in Lent, Oti 
 Ascension Day, Corpus Cnristi, June 12, 
 August 12, and Thursday after October 10, 
 It sends a member to parliament. To the 
 westward lies Edgcbill, where the famous 
 battle of that name vras fought, between tbs 
 forces of Charles I. and the parliament’s 
 iftTuy. 
 
 BANC A, an island in the East Indies, 
 between Sumatra and Borneo, celebrated for 
 its tin mines, the annual profit of which to 
 the Dutch is estimated at L. 150,000. It 
 has a strait and town of the same name* 
 Lon. 105 41 E, lat. 2 22 s. 
 
 Bancalis, a sea- port town on the e coast 
 of Sumatra, where the Dutch have a settle- 
 ment- Lon, 100 7 E, lat. 1 15 n 
 
 Banchory- JDavinich, a parish of Scotland, 
 counties of Aberdeen and Kincardine, being 
 divided by the Dee. The surrace of the 
 i parish is rugged, and the soil inferior. Ex- 
 cellent blue'^ granite, part of which is export- 
 ed to London, is found here. A considera- 
 ble fishery is carried on, on liie coast. 
 There are* several Driiidical temples in the 
 parish. Population w'as about 17<. 0. 
 
 Banchory- Ter nan, another parish of Scot- 
 land, Kincardineshire, on the banks of the 
 I river Dee, containing about 20,000 acres. 
 Population was about 1465. 
 
 BancQchi a town of the kingdom of S{>a\» 
 M2 
 
BAN 
 
 Bs? Asl&i With a fort, seated near the mouth 
 ©f the Meiian, 40 miles s of Siam. The 
 houses are made of canes covered with palm 
 leaves ; and the inhabitants go almost naked. 
 iLon. 100 4S E, lat. 15 44 n. 
 
 JSancQutj a town and fortress on the coast 
 ©f Conan, Hindoostan. It has a good har- 
 bour, and trades in salt. It was taken by 
 the English in 1755, is 66 miles s of Bom- 
 i>ay. Xon. 72 48 e, lat. 18 5 n. 
 
 BANDA, an island in the Indian ocean, 
 the chief of a group called the Banda, or 
 ^atmeg Islands, lying between 127 deg. 
 and 128 deg. Ion. e, and between 4 deg 
 and 5 deg. lat. s. Banda, or Lantor, is not 
 more than eight miles in length, and five in 
 breadth. The names of the others are Nero, 
 pooloron, Gonapi, and Rossigen or Rosing- 
 ing. The nutmeg tree is about the size of 
 a pear tree, and bears fruit from the age of 
 10 to 100 years. The great nutmeg harvest 
 IS in Ju^y and August. The land will not 
 bring forth any kind of corn ; and the inha- 
 bitants are obliged to use the pith of tiie 
 sago for bread. The climate also is very 
 unhealthy. They have been subject to the 
 patch since 1609, when they took them 
 :h*om both the natives and the English, who 
 retook it in 1796, restored it in 1802, and 
 took it again in 1810. 
 
 Banden, a hill of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 which commands an extensive view of the 
 j^trath of Eden, from Kinross so St An- 
 drews’s bay. The remains of an ancient 
 rampart and circumvallation, 200 yards in 
 diameter, and of a circular form, are to be 
 ^en upon it. 
 
 Bander- Ah assii a town of Persia, upon 
 the coast of Ears, over against the isle of 
 Ormus, 100 miles e of. 
 
 Bander- Congo, a small sea- port town on 
 the E side of the Persian Gulf, 80 miles w 
 of Gombroon. Eon. 55 8 e, lat. 27 10 n. 
 
 Bandirran, South, a village, locally situ- 
 ated in the parish of Collace, in Angus-shiro, 
 but belonging to that of Caputh, in Perth- 
 shire, quoud sacra, 
 
 Bando, a town of Hindoostan. Lon. 75 
 5 E, lat. 28 45 N. 
 
 Bandon, a town of Munster, seated on 
 the Bandon, about 17 miles sw of Cork. It 
 is a military station. Its manufactures are 
 cotton, ticking, and camblets. It sends one 
 jneniber to parliament. 
 
 Bandora, the capital of the island of Sal- 
 sette, separated from Bombay by a narrow 
 channel, and subject to the Portuguese, six 
 miles N of Bombay. Lon. 72 40 e, lat. 
 
 BANFF. See Bamff* 
 
 Bangalore, or Banjdire, a fortress in the 
 pr.nEisula of Hindoostan, and capital of My- 
 sore, the fort was built by Hydcr, and in the 
 bulwark of Mysore, on the side of Arcot. 
 I'bc SUigliih tgok U in ITOl, tuu} restored 
 
 BAN 
 
 it to Tippoo the 3 rear following. He de- 
 stroyed it, but it has been rebuilt. The pa- 
 lace, which is not distitute of elegance, ia 
 constructed of mud. There are two exten- 
 sive gardens, formed by the Sultans. Its 
 principal articles of manufacture, are silk 
 and cotton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. 
 It is 74 miles ne of Seringapatam. Lon, 
 77 57 E, lat. 15 0 n. 
 
 Banghir, a town of Ireland, King’s coun- 
 ty, seated on the Shannon. 
 
 Bangor, anciently called Bangor the Great, 
 a town of Wales, Csernarvenshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday. It is a bishop’s see ; 
 and has fairs on 5th April, 25th of June, 
 and 25th October. It is 56 miles w of St 
 Asaph’s, and 25 1 nw of London. Lon. 4 
 1 2 w, lat. 55 1 2 N. 
 
 Bangor, a town of Ireland, county of 
 Down, on the s shore of Garrick- Fergus 
 bay. 
 
 Bangor, a township of the United States, 
 in Hancock county, district of Maine. 
 
 Bang^ri, a town on the peninsula of Ma* 
 lacca. Lon. 99 5 e, lat 9 25 n. 
 
 Banjaluka, a town of European Turkey, 
 the capital of Bosnia, upon the frontiers of 
 Da,lmatia, seated at the confluence of the 
 Verbonia and Yerbas, supposed to contain 
 18,000 inhabitants, 70 miles nw of Serai, 
 and 155 w of Belgrade. Lon. 18 20 e, lat. 
 44 44 N. 
 
 Banjar, a river in the island of Borneo, 
 in the E Indies, which flows s from the cen- 
 tre of the country, to the port of Banjer- 
 raassin, and at its mouth the Dutch have 
 their principal factory. 
 
 B ANJERMASSIN, a kingdom of the 
 island of Borneo, producing pepper, gold, 
 iron, diamonds, canes, wax, edible birds nests, 
 and dragons blood. Capital Negara. It 
 has a town of the same name, with a good 
 harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjar. 
 Lon. 1 14 50 E, lat. 5 15 s. 
 
 Bank-Head, a hill of Scotland, Dumfries- 
 shire, which is supposed to contain lead mines. 
 
 Bankinskui, a town of Siberia, on the 
 banks of the lake Baikal. Lon. 117 14 e, 
 lat. 52 11 N. 
 
 Bankiop, a town of the kingdom of Laos, 
 in Thither India, situated on the river Me- 
 con. Lon. .101 10 e, lat. 20 50 n. 
 
 BANKISH, a province of the Mogul’s 
 dominions, on the n part of the Hither Ind'>a. 
 
 Bunkmore, a sand bank in the Irish sea, 
 one mile s of Portaferry harbour. 
 
 BANK’S ISLAND, a small island in 
 the S Sea, of a circular figure, about 24 
 leagues in compass ; and so high as to bd 
 seen at the distance of near 20 leagues. 
 Lon. 174 50 vv, lat. 45 50 s. 
 
 bank’s ISLAND, another island in 
 the Pacific Ocean, near the vf coast of N 
 America, about six miles long and five broad 
 Lon, 150 0 w, lat 55 50 K* 
 
B A R 
 
 JBannockhurny a village of Scotland, aljout 
 three miles and a-half se of Stirling, seated 
 on the Bannock, from which it is named ; 
 famous for the complete emancipation of 
 Scotland from the English yoke, by the de- 
 cisive battle fought near it, between king 
 Robert Bruce, and Edward II. wherein an 
 army of 500 000 Englishmen, was complete- 
 ly routed by 30,000 Scots, A. D. 1514. On 
 Brock’s brae, is a perforated stone, in which 
 Bruce’s standard is said to have been plant- 
 ed. Not far distant are two erect stones in 
 memory of the engagement betw^een Ran- 
 dolph and Clifford, the preceding night. Its 
 manufactures are carpets, tartans, and cotton. 
 
 JBannow, a borough and sea port of Ire- 
 land, county of Wexford, on the e side of a 
 bay of the same name, 20 miles sw of V/ex- 
 ford. Lon. 6 40 w, lat. 52 5 n. 
 
 JBansteady a village in the county of Surry, 
 noted for its abundance of walnut-trees, and 
 still more for the Downs in its neighbour- 
 hood, of a fine carpet ground, covered with 
 short herbage, excellent for rearing sheep. 
 It extends about 50 miles. 
 
 BANTAM, a kingdom of Asia, in the 
 islaud of Java, once independent, but now 
 subject to the Dutch, who deposed the king, 
 and expelled the English and Danes, in the 
 reign of James II. A D 1682. The chief 
 produce of the country is pepper. It is also 
 noted for the peculiar race of its fowls, whence 
 has originated the well known term of Ban- 
 tam Fowls, See Java. 
 
 Bantam^ the capital of the above kingdom, 
 once populous and flourishing, but now a 
 poor place, its harbour being so choaked up, 
 that it is inaccessible to vessels of burden. 
 Lon. 105 26 E, lat. 6 20 s. 
 
 Bantry, a sea port town of Ireland, coun- 
 ty of Cork, seated on a bay of the same 
 name, 26 miles long, three broad, and ^0 
 fathoms deep in the middle ; 40 miles v/sw 
 of Cork. Lon. 10 10 w, lat. 51 SO n. 
 
 Banwelly a village in ‘ Somersetshire. It 
 has two fairs, on 18th January, and 18th 
 July. A monastery, founded here by one of 
 the Saxon princes, was destroyed by the 
 Danes. Some remains of an episcopal pa- 
 lace, erected on its site, are still to be seen. 
 
 Banza, a town of Congo Proper, ©n the 
 river Zaira. Lon. 15 50 e, lat. 6 50 s. 
 
 ■Bapaumep a town of France, in the ci- 
 devant French Netherlands, now included 
 in the department of the Straits of Calais, 
 12 miles se of Arras. Lon. 2 55 e, lat. 
 50 8 N. 
 
 Bapchildy a village in Kent, famous for a 
 5ynod held by A bp Brightwaid, in 1692. 
 
 BAR, a ci-devant duchy of France, which 
 now forms the department of Meuse. The 
 chief towns are Bar-le-diic, Clermont, St 
 Michael, Longwy, Pont-a-Mousson, and 
 Stenay. In 1756, it was given to Stanis- 
 laus, then king gf Poland, 
 
 Bar 
 
 JSah a strongly fortified city of Poland, fit 
 Podolia, seated on a river that unites with 
 the Bog, Here a catholic confederation 
 was held in 1768, in support of the religion 
 of the country, against the encroachments of 
 dissenters. It is 40 miles ene of Kaminieck, 
 and 55 nw of Bracklaw. Lon. 27 40 e, lat. 
 49 14 n. 
 
 Bar, a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, seated 
 near the Ganges, 54 miles ese of Patna. 
 
 Bar, a fort of Italy, in the valley of 
 Aouste, subject to the king\)f Sardinia. It 
 is strongly fortified, and commands the pas- 
 sage into Piedmont. Lon. 27 5 e, lat. 4 
 15 N. 
 
 Bar, a hill of Scotland, Renfrewshire, on 
 the top of which are the remains of an old 
 encampment, consisting of a semicircular 
 parapet of loose stones towards the s, and 
 defended on the n by perpendicular basaltic 
 rocks. On the w side of this hill there is a 
 quarry of freestone, which is remarkable for 
 having coal over the freestone, and whin- 
 stone above the coal, and the n side of the 
 hill has perpendicular basaltic columns ia«* 
 cumbent upon coal. 
 
 Bar au'der Aube, an ancient town of 
 France, in the department of Aube, and ci- 
 devant province of Chan||iagne. Lcn. 4 
 22 E, lat. 47 50 n. 
 
 Bar -le- Due, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, and ci-devant capital of 
 the duchy. Its wines are excellent, and not 
 inferior to those of Champagne. It is SO 
 miles w of Toul, 55 w of Nancy, and 158 s 
 of Paris. Lon. 2 SO e, lat. 48 44 n, 
 
 Bar-le-Mont, a town of France, in th6 
 ci-devant French Netherlands, now in the 
 department of the North. Lon. 5 40 e, lat* 
 50 10 N. 
 
 Bar -sur- Aube, or Bar-smr-Auche, a town 
 of France, in the department of Aube, thdi 
 ci-devant Champagne, famous for its wines, 
 18 miles sw of Joinville. Lon, 4 55 E, lat. 
 48 15 N. 
 
 Bar- sur- Seine, a towm of France, in the 
 department of Aube, 20 miles sw of Bar- 
 sur-Aube. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 48 5 it. 
 
 Bara, or Barr ay. See Barr ay, 
 
 Barabiaco, a town of the Italian republic, 
 seated in a fertile country, on the river, and 
 in the department of the Olona*. 
 
 Baracoa, a sea port on the nh coast of the 
 island of Cuba, 90 miles ene of St Jago de 
 Cuba. Lon. 74 42 e, lat. 10 50 n. 
 
 Barakan, or Parakan, a town of Kun- 
 gary, formerly fortified, in the further circle 
 of tiie Danube, where the Turks, in 1664, 
 were defeated by the imperialists, who took 
 the town by storm. It is directly opposite 
 to Gran, of which it i4 reckoned a part, 
 
 Baranco, de Malambo, a town of Term 
 Firmc, in America, with a bishop’s see, and 
 a good haven. It is a place' of great trade,, 
 seated on the river Magdaieite, 70 miles vit 
 
B A R 
 
 eP Caythagena. Lon. 74 BO w, lat. 11 | 
 
 £0, K. 
 
 Baranivahr, a town of Lower Iiuiigary, 
 in a county of the same name ;• taken by the 
 emperor of Germany from the Ttiiics in 
 3684. It stands on an island formed by 
 the river Crasso, 40 miles n of Essek, and 
 120 s of Buda.. Lon. 19 16 e, lat. 45 
 42 N. 
 
 Baraquicimito, a town of Terra Eirma, 
 in the province of Caracas, on a river of the 
 same name, 80 miles e by N of Truxiilo. 
 Xion. 66 55 w, lat. 8 55 n. 
 
 Barbacoa, a town of Popayan, New Gra- 
 nada on the Tolembi, 110 miles sw of Po- 
 payan. 
 
 Barbacoay a town of Venezuela, Terra 
 pinna, e side of the lake Maracaybo, 150 
 miles s by w of Venezuela. 
 
 BARB ADO, a district in the island of 
 Arbe, which produces excellent wines. 
 
 BARBADOES, the most easterly of 
 all the Carribbee islands subject to Great 
 Britain; and, according to the best geo- 
 graphers, lying between Lon. 59 deg. 50 tn. 
 and 60 deg. 2 m. w, and between lat. 12 
 deg. 56 ra. and 15 deg. 16 m. n. It is 70 
 miles from St Vincent’s, 21 miles in length 
 iVom N to s, an^l4 in breadth from e to w, 
 containing 106,470 acres of land, most of 
 which is under cultivation" : and is divided 
 Into five districts apd 1 1 parishes ; and con- 
 tains 4 towns, viz. Bridgetown, the capital, 
 Charlestown, St James, and Speight’s 
 Town. It is said to have contained in 
 1670, 50,000 whites, and 100,000 blacks, 
 whose labours employed 60,000 tons ot 
 shipping, This may be exaggerated, but 
 it is certain that its population has decreased 
 rapidly. In 1786 the numbers were 16,167 
 whites ; 858 free people of colour, and 
 62,115 negroes. The exports on an aver- 
 age, of 1784, 1785, 1786, had fallen to 
 1^554 hogsheads of sugar, 5448 puncheons 
 .of rum, 6520 ba.gs of ginger, 8531 bags 
 of cotton, exclusive of small articles. In 
 1787, 245 vessels cle.ared outwards ; and 
 their cargoes amounted to 559,6051. 14s lOd. 
 It has suffered much from hurricanes, par- 
 ticularly from the dreadful one in 1780, 
 w'hich destroyed no less than 4,525 inhabi- 
 tants. The ^oss of property was computed 
 at above I,52Q,500L The earliest planters 
 of Barbadoes w^ere reproached wffh the 
 guilt of forcing or decoying into slavery, 
 the Indians of the neighbouring continent. 
 It has a singular production called Barbadoes 
 tar, which rises out of the earth and swims 
 on the surface of the water. The history of 
 InJcle and Yarico, in which Inkle is recorded 
 as being more barbarous than the slaves, 
 in a poetical translation of it we have their 
 characters summed up in the four following 
 P^itbctle line? i . . 
 
 BAR 
 
 This youth was born too near the Northew 
 pole, 
 
 Which chiird each virtue in his frozen soul ; 
 But near the suu the nymph her birth con- 
 fess’d, 
 
 Where every virtue glow’d within her breast, 
 
 which Mr Addison in his Spectator has re- 
 corded for the detestation of mankind, took 
 its rise in this island. 
 
 BARB ANA, a district and village of the 
 late Maritime division of Austria, in the 
 province of I stria. 
 
 Barbara, a town of the kingdom of Adel, 
 near the mouth of the Hawash, 200 miles , 
 NE of Aucaguel. Lon. 46 25 e, lat, 11 
 
 2 N. ^ ; 
 
 Barbara, the capital of a jurisdiction of 
 the same name, on the coast ot X^e^w Albion. 
 The circumjacent country is rugged, but it 
 has a good harbour. Lon. 119 46 w, lat. 
 
 54 26 N. 
 
 BARB ARANA, a district .of the late 
 maritime division of Austria, in the Vicen- 
 tino, comprehending a town of the same 
 name, and 15 populous and opulent vil- 
 lages. 
 
 Barhareen, a village six miles s of Caltii- 
 ra, on the w coast of Ceylon, with a con- 
 siderable manufacture ot cables and cord- 
 age from the cocoa tree. 
 
 BARB ARY, a kingdom o,f Africa, in- 
 cluding the states of Algiers, Morocco, Tri- 
 poli, Fez, and Tunis. This country contains 
 almost the whole of what the Romans pos- 
 sessed of the continent of Africa, excepting 
 Egypt. It is near 2000 miles in length 
 and in some places 750 in breadth. It in- 
 cludes the ancient Mauritiania, Numidia, 
 Proper Africa, and Lybia. It is fertile in 
 corn, wine, maize, citrons, oranges, figs, 
 almonds, dates, melons, olives, &c. ^ The 
 chief trade of the inhabitants consists in the 
 sale of their fruits, Morocco leather, ostrich 
 feathers, indigo, wax tin, coral, and the 
 horses called Arabs. The reigning religion 
 is the Mahometan; there are some Jews, 
 but no Christians except the slaves. 
 
 Barbas, a cape of Africa in the Atlantic 
 Ocean. Lon. 19 40 w, lat. 22 15 n. . 
 
 Barhe St, a town of Biscay, in Mexico, 
 near which are rich silver mines, 500 miles 
 Nw of Mexico. Lon. 107 5 w, lat. 26 
 
 On. , . 
 
 Barberino, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 
 at the foot of the Appenine mountains, 12 
 miles N of Florence. Lon. 12 15 e, lat. 4i> 
 
 40 N. . 
 
 Barhezieu^, a town of France, in the 
 department of Charente. It has a mineral 
 spring, and a manufacture ©t linen cloth,^ 
 It is 45 miles ne of Bourdeaux. 
 
 BA RBI SANG, a district of the late 
 maritime division of Austria, county ot 
 Cololto and territory of Treviso. 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 JJarhi^ton, an ancient castle in Ayrshire ; 
 wear which a battle w'as fought, wherein, 
 it is said, Coilus king of the Britons was 
 slain 
 
 Barbonne, a tow^n of France, in the ci- 
 devant province of Champagne. 
 
 Barbara, a maritime town of Africa, in 
 the kingdom of Adel 
 
 • BARBUDA, or Barmuda, one of the 
 British Carribbee islands, about 20 miles 
 long, and 12 broad. It is low land, hut 
 fruitful and populous. The inhabitants 
 amount to about 1 500, and are chieily em- 
 ployed in rearing cattle for the neighbouring 
 islands. It is 35 miles n of Antigua. 
 Lon. 61 50 w, lat. 17 50 n. 
 
 Burbue, a river of N America, in the 
 north-western territory, which runs w by n, j 
 and falls into the lake Michigan. It is ! 
 about 150 yards broad at the mouth ; also 
 another river of N America, which runs 
 into lake Erie. 
 
 Barb^, a town of Upper Saxony, capital 
 cf a county of that name, with an ancient i 
 castle, and an academical college, founded I 
 by the United Brethren, in 1754. It is | 
 seated on the Ellib, 13 miles se of Magde- , 
 burg. Lon. 12 4 e, iat 52 2 n. 
 
 BARCA, a large county of Africa, lying 
 on the s coast of the Mediterranean sea, 
 extending in length from e to w, from Ion. 
 39 deg, to 46 deg. e, and in breadth from 
 N to s, about SO leagues. It is fertile and 
 populous along the coast, the interior is a 
 barren desert inhabited by wandering Arabs. 
 It is governed by a Sangiac, who is depen- 
 dant on the bashaw at Tripoli. Its capital 
 k Derna. Here was seated the famous 
 temple of Jupiter Ammon, so dilficult of 
 access on account of the burning sands. 
 
 Barcelona, a handsome, rich, and strong 
 city of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, 
 cf which it is the capital. It is situated by 
 the sea side, and surrounded on the n and 
 E by double walls, the ramparts of which 
 are high, broad, and spacious, insomuch that 
 coaches drive upon them.; and defended by 
 a vast citadel on the e, and a strong fort on 
 a rocky .mountain, one mile w from the 
 town, called Monljouich. It is divided 
 Into two parts, the Old and' the New Towm, 
 w hich are separated from each other by a 
 wall and a large ditch ; the streets are .hand- 
 some, w^ei] paved wdth large stones, wide, and 
 very clean. It is the residence of a viceroy, j 
 is a bishop’s see, has a cathedral with 
 Jo.'ty towers, a fine university, an inquisition, 
 an extensive cannon foundery, an arsenal of ] 
 great cxti.ut, and docks for shipbuilding, a 
 mint; a good port, and is adorned with hand- 
 ^ some buildings. It is a place of great trade, 
 and to each kind of trade a particular dis- 
 trict is allovred; they make curious works 
 
 glasfv avid their swords, hats, shoes, and 
 knives are in great reputation, as are also 
 
 their blankets. It has also manufactures 
 of silk, cotton, lace, and printed cailicoes. 
 Its population is above 150,0.00. In 1705, 
 t it was taken by the earl of Peterborough, 
 after a siege of three weeks. In 1706, 
 Philip V. invested it with a numerous army, 
 but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, 
 it was retaken by the French and Snauiarda, 
 and the citadel built to keep it in aw'e. It 
 is 250 miles e of Madrid. Lon. 2 8 e, lat„ 
 41 25 N, 
 
 Barcelona, a town of the province of 
 Cumaiia, in Terra Firma, situated on thss 
 ieft bank of the Neveri. near its mouth ; beeves 
 and hogs con^ltute its chief trade, of 
 which many are exported alive, and cargoes 
 of jerked beef sent annually to the Havali- 
 nab ; it is 65 miles |w by s of Ciimana* 
 Lon. 65 15 w, iat, 10 8 n. 
 
 Barcelonette, a town of France, in a val- 
 ley of the same name, department of tha 
 Low’er Alps, seated on tile Hhbaye, 13 
 njiles SE of Embriin, which, with the' adja- 
 cent territory, formerly belonged to the 
 House of Savoy, and was ceded to France 
 by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1712, In 1714^ 
 It was annexed to the gcvernnient of Pro- 
 vence. Lon 6 40 E, lat. 44 26 n. 
 
 Barcelore, or Barcnra, a towm of Ask, 
 in the E Indies] dn the coast of Caiiara, 'x 
 gives name to a district, but is gone muclr 
 to decay. It is a Dutch factory, where' a 
 coruideT?ible trade is carried on in p^per j 
 40 miles’ w cf Mangalore. Lori, 74 15 ev 
 lat 13 45 N. 
 
 JBarceJos, a tovvm of Portugal in Entra- 
 Duero-e-Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 
 miles wsw of Braga. Lon. 9 15 w, lat. 41 
 
 20 N. - 
 
 BardoidcJc, a towm of German^/, on the 
 river limenau, in the circle cf Lower Sax- 
 on^, and duchy of Lunenburg. It is 17 
 railes SE of Hamburg. Formerly a very 
 large place ; but being ruined in 1189, by 
 tlie duke of Saxony, has never yet recovered 
 itself. Lon. 10 6 e, iat. 53 40 n. 
 
 Bardi a town of Italy, with' a magnificent 
 castle, 50 miles sw of Pamca. 
 
 Bardney, a town between Lincoln and 
 Iloriicasfle, meruorable for the tomb of St 
 Oswald. 
 
 ■ Bardock, a rivulet of Aberdeenshire, 
 which rises in a hill in the parish of Strath- 
 ciop, enters an aitifrcial ditch on the nw side 
 cf an ancient mount, divides in two, aqd en- 
 tirely surrounds it, and unidog at the east- 
 ern extren.iify, falls into the' Don. 
 
 Bcirddocrc B6ch, a lake of Sdrlingshire, 
 paiisii cf BaMernock, covering about 70 
 acres, and containing plenty of pikes and 
 perches. 
 
 BARDSEY, an island of S Wales, 
 which forms the n point of Cardigan bay. 
 
 Bardl, a. river of Swedish Pomerania. 
 
 Bardi, a strong and rich tow u of Swedisli 
 
^ A R 
 
 with a castle and spacious bar- ' 
 hour, situated near tl^e Baltic, 15 miles w by 
 K of Stralsund, Lon. 13 0 e, lat. 54: 
 2^.n. 
 
 Baveges, a village of France, seated in 
 a valley of the same name, 12 miles s of 
 l^gneres, and 24 s of Tarbes, famous for its 
 mineral baths. 
 
 BABBITH, a late margravate of Ger- 
 many, in the e division of Franconia. The 
 margrave was a branch of the Brandenburg 
 family, and thence styled Brandenburg- 
 Bareith, but it was abdicated in 1791, in 
 favour of the king of Prussia, since which it 
 has fallen under the power of France. 
 
 BareitJh a town of Germany, in the above 
 margravate, with a famous college. Lon. 1 1 
 56 E, lat. 0 N. 
 
 Barenlon, a town of France, in the de* 
 paVtm^nt of Manche, 20 miles ese of Avran- 
 
 Cf-ie. 
 
 BdTjieur^ a c^pe of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Channel, 12 miles e of Cher- 
 l 3 urg. Near this cape, part of the French 
 rnvy was destroyjed in 1692, the day after 
 the victory of La Fiogue,^^ obtained by the 
 caniV'derate fleet under admiral Russel. 
 
 Bnr^eii-r, a town of Fra;:ice, in the de- 
 partmeiit of the Channel, and ci-devant 
 province of Normandy. It was ruined, and 
 i>ad its harbour filled up by the English, in 
 1346 5 175 miles nw of Paris* Lon> 1 
 3|0 w, lat. 49 40 N* 
 
 'Barga, a town of Italy^ in the duchy of 
 Tuscany, on the river Serchio. Lon. 10 
 42 E, lit, 44 5 N. 
 
 Bargarron, Bargarron, a village in Ren- 
 f bwshfre, in the parish of Erskine, famous 
 being tiie first place in Scotland where 
 floe thread \yas manufacture^. 
 
 Bcirgey. or Barges, jk town of Piedmont, 
 iii the district of the four valiies, seven mHes 
 5, of Pinerola. 
 
 BargunzinsJe, a town in the government 
 of Irkutsk, Siberia, at the influx of the Bar- 
 guzin into the lake Baikal, 170 miles NNEof 
 Selenginsk. Lon. 1G9 30 e, lat. S3 20 
 Barham, a village in Sulfolk, six miles se 
 Canterbury, which gives name to the 
 beautiful spot called Barham Downs, where 
 the Canterbury horse-races are held in Au- 
 gust; yearly. The course has been recently 
 extended, and great improvements made in 
 building, to accommodate company. 
 
 Bar-head, a village in the Abby-parish 
 cf Paisley. . 
 
 Barhutt, a town of Lusatia, in Germany, 
 on the river Gordo. Lon. 14 10 e, lat. 50 
 
 10 N. 
 
 , Bari, or Barri, an elegant and rich sea 
 port, town of Italy, in Naples; the capital of 
 a; province of the same name, and an arch- 
 bishop’s see. It is seated on the Gulph of 
 Venice, is well fortified, and had formerly a 
 l^bod harbour, which was desUoyed by the 
 
 Q A R 
 
 Venetians. The city, however, Is populo^f# 
 well built, and has a good trade, consisting 
 principally in almonds and olives. It lies 
 26 miles e by s of Trani, and 85 nw of 
 Otranto. Lon. 17 0 e, lat, 41 15 n. 
 
 BARI, or Terra di Bari, a territory of 
 Italy, in Naples. It is one of the three 
 subdivisions of the ancient Apulia. The 
 soil is fertile, but it is infested with serpents 
 and tarantulas. 
 
 Barjols, a small populous to\vn of France^ 
 in the department of Var, (a part of the ci- 
 devant province of Provence, 19 miles ssw 
 of Riez. 
 
 Barkadares, a part of the Logwood coun- 
 try, on the E side of Yucatan. Lon. 89 w* 
 lat. 17 45 N. 
 
 BarkhamsteadyH township of Connecticut* 
 Litchfield county. 
 
 Barking, a town of Essex, seated on the, 
 river Roding, near the Thmnes, in a very 
 unwholesome air. Goods are brought up; 
 from the Thames iu vessels to its quay. It 
 lies seven miles e of London ; and has a. 
 fair, October 22d, and a market pn Saturn 
 day. Here are the ruins of a magnificent 
 nunnery. 
 
 Barkley, a » town of Gloucestershire, in 
 England, seated on a branch of the river 
 Severn. It was formerly of sonae note for- 
 a nunnery, and has still the title of a barony. 
 Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 51 30 n. 
 
 Barko, a neat little town in the middle of 
 a fine plain, half a day ’sjourney from Gon- 
 tar in Upper Ethiopia. 
 
 Barkivay, Oi town of Hertfordshire, bn thef 
 great road from London to York. It has a 
 fair July 2Ctii, and a market : 9 n Friday. 
 Lon. 0 5 w, lat. 52 0 n, ; ; 
 
 Barlborough, a neatly built town in Her*, 
 byshire, it is 11 miles from Sheffield. 
 
 Barletta, a strong sea-port town of Italy, 
 in Naples, in the Terra di Bari, with a. bi- 
 shop’^' See; situated on the Gylf of Venice*^ 
 30 miles se of Manfredonia. It has a largQ- 
 stone pier, and trades irreorn, almonds, and 
 salt. Lon. 16 30 e, lat. 41 19 N. 
 
 Barmach, or Parmach, a high mountain* 
 a quarter of a league from the Caspian sea* 
 which has its name from a steep rock on the 
 top that resembles a finger extended. 
 
 BARMAS, a nation in the E Indies, 
 who, in 17 15, possessed all the coast extend- 
 ing from Bengal to Pegu. They were for- 
 merly masters* of Ava, the dominions of 
 which extended as far as China ; and of 
 consequence, the Barmas were masters of 
 most of the northern part of the peninsula 
 beyond the Ganges. By the latest accounts, 
 their kipgdom extends from the province of 
 Yunnen, in China, about 808 miles in length 
 from N to s, and 250 in breadth from e to w* 
 See Peoju. 
 
 Barmekirii a hill of Scotland, Aberdecn«^ 
 shirci of a cooical shape. Ou the U>p of 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 it are the remains of an ancient fortifioa- 
 . tion. 
 
 Bar moor, in Northumberland, 10 miles 
 from Berwick. 
 
 Barmouth, a small sea port town Of Me- 
 rionethshire, much frequented during the 
 bathing season. It has weekly markets, 
 Tuesday and Friday, well supplied with 
 fowl and fish, and has a good trade in Flan- 
 nel and hose. It is seated on the river 
 Haw, w'here it falls into Barmouth bay, Vi 
 miles s of Harlech, and 222 nw of London. 
 Lon. 3 58 w, lat. 62 44 n. 
 
 Barnard, a township of Vermont, in 
 Windsor county, containing 673 inhabi- 
 tants ; 65 miles ne of Bennington. 
 
 Barnard Castle, a town and barony, 
 seated on the Tees, county of Durham, 
 belonging to the earl of Darlington, Ber- 
 nard Castle w’^hence the town derives its 
 name, was founded by Bernard Baliol, 
 great grandfather to John Baliol, king 
 of Scotland, who founded an hospital here. 
 It was a very extensive structure, and 
 us remains are said to cover more than 
 six acres of ground. The town is pretty 
 large and populous, and has a manufacture 
 of stockings, serges, &o. It lies 15 miles 
 from Richmond. It has a market on 
 Wednesday, and fairs on Witsun-Wednesday, 
 St Jameses day, and 25th July. It is 24 
 miles sw of Durham, and 246 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 BARNAVELT, an island s of Terra del 
 Fuego. Lon. 66 58 w, lat. 55 49 s. 
 
 Barmy, an ancient fort at Dunse, in 
 Berwickshire. Dr Anderson of Churnside 
 says, these Barnays, or Barnekins, were a 
 kind of forts commonly placed, during the 
 feudal system, at some distance from the 
 baron^s castle, to defend the bridge or passage 
 to it. 
 
 Barnegat, a village of the United States, 
 on the E bank of Hudson river. 
 
 Barnes, a town in Surrey, five miles from 
 Kingston, and seven from London, almost 
 surrounded by the Thames. 
 
 Barnet, Chipping Barnet, or High Barnet, 
 a town on the top of a hill, partly in Mid- 
 dlesex and partly in Hertfordsliire. It is a 
 great thoroughfare, and has a market on 
 Wednesday, famous for hogs ; and three 
 fairs, on April 8, 9, 10. Sept. 4, 5, 6. and 
 Oct. 18. 19. Near it two great battles were 
 fought between the houses of York and Lan- 
 caster, in 1468, and 1471 ; in the last of 
 which the earl of Warwick and 10,000 men 
 were slain. In 1740, Sir Jeremy Sambrook, 
 Bayt. erected a stone column, with an in- 
 scription to commemorate this event; 11 
 miles N by w of London. 
 
 Barns, E, and Hf. two villages in Had- 
 dingtonshire. The latter is seated on the 
 Biel, and has several ^our mills ; besides a 
 cotton and flax mill, whieh was erected in 
 1792, and a cotton manufacture established 
 in the village. 
 
 Barnsley j or ftlack Barnsley, a town in 
 4 
 
 the W Riding of Yorkshire, seated on the 
 side of a hill, and five furlongs in length. 
 It has a market on Wednesday, and fairs, 
 Wednesday before 25th February, 12th 
 May, and 10th October. It has exten- 
 sive manufactures of coarse linen. la the 
 neighbourhood are coal mines, a glass 
 manufacture, and many bleaching- fields. 
 Population 5014 in 1811. Tt is seated on 
 the Dearne, and has a canal to the Don, and 
 another to the Calder ; 10 miles s of Leeii •, 
 and 172 N by w of London. Lon. 1 20 w, 
 lat. 53 35 N. 
 
 Barnstaple, a sea port and borough o£ 
 Devonshire, with a market on Friday, and 
 fairs, Friday before the 21st of April, iOtli 
 September and 2d Friday in December, 
 which lasts four days, toll free. It is 
 governed by a mayor ; it once had a strong 
 castle, no part of which remains, except 
 the mount. Its manufactures are tarn in ies, 
 shalloons, baize, and other articles, seated 
 on the Taw, 12 miles e of Biirnstaple bay^ 
 in the Bristol channel, 35 miles nkw of 
 Exeter, and 192 w by s of London. Lon. 4 
 5 w, lat. 5! 8 N. 
 
 BARNSTAPLE, a county and penin- 
 sula of Massachusetts, divided into 10 town- 
 ships, viz. Barnstaple, Falmouth, Sandwich, 
 Yarmouth, Harwich, Eastham, Weelfleet, 
 Chatham, Truro, and Province-town. 
 
 Barnstaple, Si port of entry, and post town 
 of Massachusetts ; situated in the above 
 county, at the head of a bay of its own 
 name, 67 miles se of Boston. Lon, 70 
 10 w, lat. 41 48 N. 
 
 Barnstead, a township of New Hamp- 
 shire, Stafford county. 
 
 Barnzone, a mountain of Italy, in the 
 late republican department of the Mincio, 
 in which wells, above 100 feet deep, are 
 j dug, whose waters have a reddish oil oo 
 their surface, which is skimmed off every 
 fortnight. 
 
 Baro, Si parish of Scotland, in Hadding- 
 tonshire, united to that of Garvald in 1702. 
 
 Baroaeh, a town of India, in Guzerat, 
 Hindoostan, on the n bank of the river 
 Nerbudda. It has extensive manufactures 
 of cotton. Lon. 72 55 k, lat. 21 45 n. 
 
 Baroehe, a town of Cambaya, in the 
 dominions of the Great Mogul. It is 
 1 walled round, and was formerly a place of 
 great trade. It is now inhabited by wea- 
 vers and cotton manufacturers. Here they 
 have the best cotton, and manufacture the 
 best bastas in the world. The English 
 and Dutch had formerly factories here, 
 which are now abandoned. Lon. 72 5 e, 
 lat. 22 15 N. 
 
 Baronis, a mountain of Chaus, in Bar- 
 bary, three miles n of Fczza. It pro- 
 j duces red grapes, of which they made good 
 I wine. Their women are fair, and wear 
 I ornaments of silver. There are 35 villages 
 situated on this mountain. Lon, 25 6d e, 
 lat. 32 40 N. 
 
 Barr, a parish of Sootlaad, AyrsnkOp 
 N 
 
BAR 
 
 ®Tected out of those of Girvau and Dailly, 
 la 1853. The surface is hilly, and the cli- 
 mate healthy. There are some mineral 
 springs iu the parish: one of which is a 
 strong chalybeate, of acknowledged effica- 
 cy in scorbutic and stomachic complaints. 
 There is freestone, limestone, and lead, in 
 this parish, but the last has never been 
 wrought. A fair is held here on the last 
 Saturday of May, called Kirk-Dominoe Fair, 
 from an old chapel dedicated to the Virgin 
 Mary, near which it is held. Population 742 
 in 1801. 
 
 Barray a hill of Scotland, Aberdeenshire, 
 on the top of which are still distinctly visible 
 the remains of an ancient camp, of a circu- 
 lar form, surrounded with three ditches, and 
 extending to near three acres. 
 
 Barra y a village of Maritime Austria, on 
 the Adige. 
 
 BARRA, a small kingdom of Africa, 
 dn the coast of Guinea. 
 
 Barra, or Bara, See Barray, 
 
 BARRABA, or Barrada, a tract of 
 land in Siberia, lying between the rivers 
 Irtis and Oby, in the province of Tobolsk. 
 It is interspersed with a great number of 
 lakes, and the country contains great num- 
 bers of elks, deer, foxes, ermine, and squir- 
 rels. Between the Irtis and Oby are some 
 rich copper mines ; particularly on a moun- 
 tain called Pictowayhom the pictdy or w^hite 
 firs, that grow upon it. Every hundred 
 weight of the ore found here, yields 12 
 ^builds of pure copper. Most of these ores, 
 besides being very rich in copper, yield a 
 ^eat deal of silver, which affords so much 
 gold as makes riph returns , for the expence 
 cf extracting it. 
 
 BarrauXy a fortified town of France, seat- 
 ed on the Isere, at the entrance of the valley 
 of Gresivaudan, six miles s cf Chamberry, 
 It was built by a duke of Savoy, in 1597 ; 
 but taken by the French in 1598. Lon. 5 j 
 30 E, lat. 45 5 n. 
 
 BARRAY, Barra, or Bara, one of the 
 Western Isles of Scotland, eight miles s from 
 that of South Uist, eight miles in length, 
 and from two to four in breadth, which 
 makes it at least 12 English miles long, and 
 from three to six broad ; being intersected 
 in different places by arms of the sea. It 
 belongs to Inverness-shire, from the western- 
 most part of the continent of which, it is 
 . distant 60 miles. It has a barren rocky 
 appearance, but on the n end, in good sea- 
 £ons, it may vie in fertiliiy with any ground 
 of equal extent in Scotland. In the middle 
 and s end, there are very high hills, which 
 are a mixture of green, rock, and heath, and 
 seem fitted for sheep-walks. The w coast 
 is low and flat ; the soil fine shell sand, in 
 many parts very fertile ; but the ground rises 
 to the E coast w’here it is barren, and breaks 
 off abrupt, irregular and steep. It contains 
 about 1500 inhabitants. Lon. 7 30 w, lat. 
 ^0 55n. 
 
 JBdtray^iit Barrd, a palish of Scotland, 
 
 H A H. 
 
 in Inverness-shire, consisting of the island 
 of Barray y and a number of smaller ones ; 
 of which Watersay, Sanderay, Pabay, Men- 
 galay and Berneray on the s, and Flodday, 
 Killesay, and Gigay, on the n are inha- 
 bited ; besides several others uninhabited* 
 The population of the parish in 1801, wa* 
 1,935, about 80 of whom are protest ants, the 
 rest are Roman Catholics On account of 
 the small number of the former, there is no 
 church in the parish, but public worship is 
 performed in private houses in different 
 quarters alternately. There is no public 
 school in the parish except one, established 
 by the Society for propagating Christian 
 knowledge. The whole parish has, for 
 many centuries, been the property of a fa- 
 mily of the name of M‘Neal, originally 
 from Ireland before the Danish invasion^, 
 acknowledged to be the bead of the clan of 
 that name, 
 
 Barrey a township of Worcester county^ 
 Massachusetts, noted for its butter and 
 cheese, 24 miles Nw of Worcester. 
 
 BarrePs Sound y on the nw coast of Ame- 
 rica, is situated about six leagues nw of 
 Washington, or Charlotte Islands, Lon* 
 131 0 w, lat. 52 0 n. 
 
 Barren Creeky a river of the United States^ 
 which rises in the nw corner of Delawar# 
 State, and falls into the Nanticote. 
 
 Earriey a parish of Scotland, on th« 
 coast of Forfarshire, extending about three 
 miles from e to w, and four from n to 
 s, and resembling in form, a bovy fully 
 bent. A high verdant bank, which seems 
 once to have formed a steep shore of the 
 ocean, runs through it from e to 
 which gives the n division the appearance 
 of a great regular terrace elevated about 
 50 feet above the s part. Roth the soil 
 and the climate are various, yet by jinii” 
 cious management good crops are pro- 
 duced. — Osnaburgs are the staple manufac- 
 ture of this parish. Upon the sands of 
 Barrie, which project far into the Tay^ 
 there are two light-houses erected to guido 
 the mariner through the banks. Population 
 886 in 1801. ' 
 
 Barrihuay or Barehy a fortified town of 
 Napaul, on the n of it is a forest celebrated 
 for its numerous elephants and excellent 
 timber, seated on the river Jumna, 80 mileft 
 N of Patna, and 95 s of Catmundu. 
 
 Barrosy a town of Sumatra. Lon. 9T 
 
 15 B, lat. I 32 N. . u • 
 
 Barratry a river of Ireland, which rises 
 ill Queen’s county, and flowing by Athy^ 
 Carlow, and New Ross, falls into Water* 
 ford harbour. , 
 
 BarroWy a river of Westmoreland, whicU- 
 runs into the Barbeck, near Howsehouse. 
 
 Barrow y a village iu Leicestershire, on 
 the river Soar, for a number of centuries 
 noted for a particular kind of lime, in great 
 request for works in water, and is ex- 
 ported in great quantities, two miles a ol* 
 MontsovuU 
 
 / 
 
BAR 
 
 " BAffOtPmonf, a town of Ireland, county 
 €)T KilkennJ^ 
 
 Barrstobrick, a rocky moorish hill, county 
 of Kircudbright, where the unfortunate 
 llary, Q,ueen of Scots, rested and refreshed 
 herself, with a few faithful friends, in 1568, 
 after the fatal battle of Langside ; from 
 which an adjoining farm has ever since been 
 called Queen^s HilL 
 
 Barry y a hill of Scotland, Angus-shire, 688 
 feet in height, ou which are the remains of 
 ail ancient fort built of free-stone, without any 
 cement, but in some places strongly vitrified. 
 
 BARRY, an island on the sw coast of 
 Glamorganshire, S Wales. 
 
 Barrymore, 1. a barony ; and 2. an island 
 ©f Ireland, county of Cork. 
 
 BARSALLI, a kingdom of Africa, 
 bordering on the river Gnmbia, inhabited by 
 a tribe of negroes called Jalopfs. The go- 
 vernment of this kingdom is a most despotic 
 monarchy ; all people being obliged to pro- 
 strate themselves on the earth when any of 
 she royal family appear. 
 
 Barsick, a headland on the coast of the 
 Island of s Ronaldsay, one of the Orkneys, 
 which is 250 feet perpendicular above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 BarsOy a town of Italy, in the late re- 
 publican department of Montagne. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, a small island in 
 to Pacific Ocean one of the New Hebrides. 
 Lon. 167 18 e, lat. 15 42 s. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW, St. one of the 
 Carribbe islands, 25 miles n of St. Christo- 
 pher's, and 30 ne of Saba.’ It is reckoned 
 jive leagues in circumference. It produces 
 tobacco, cassava, and several curious trees ; 
 as the. soap tree, the celebach, the canapia. 
 Whose gum is an excellent cathartic, and the 
 parotane, whose boughs grow downw'ards 
 and take root again. It belonged to the 
 French till 1785, when they ceded it to 
 Sweden. It was a nest for privateers, when 
 under the French, and at one time had 50 
 British prizes in its harbour. It vras taken 
 by the British in 1801. Lon. 63 10 w, lat. 
 15 42 N. 
 
 Barton, a town of Lincolnshire, seated on 
 the Humber, from which there is a con- 
 siderable ferry to Hull, in Yorkshire. It 
 bas a fair on Trinity Thursday, and a mar- 
 ket ou Monday. It was formerly a place of 
 considerable note. The remains of its ram- 
 part and moat are still visible. East se, four 
 miles distant, are the noble ruins of Thorn- 
 ton Abbey. It has two large churches, 54 
 miles N of Lincoln, and 167 of London. 
 Lon. 0 32 w, lat. 53 40 n. 
 
 Barton, a town in Lancashire, noted for 
 its trade and manufactures. The inhabi- 
 tants, 6197 in 1801, and 6948 in 1811. If is 
 seated on the Irwell, and the duke of Bridge- 
 water^s canal, six miles sw of Manchester. 
 
 Baruth, a town of Lusatia, on the fron- 
 tiers of Brandenburgh, 26 miles s by b of 
 Potsdam. 
 
 Baruthf an ancient town of Turkey in 
 
 BAS 
 
 Syria, with a Christian church of the Nest#- 
 rian persuasion, 30 miles k e of Seyda. Lou. 
 34 20 E, lat 33 30 n. 
 
 BAS, an island of France, on the coast 
 of the department of Fiuisterre. Lon. 4 
 0 w, lat. 48 48 n. 
 
 Easaim, or Bacceim, a port town of Asia, 
 in the E Indies, province of Cambaya, 40 
 miles N of Bombay, and subject to Pprtu-' 
 gal. Lon. 72 5 E, lat. 19 30 e. 
 
 Basartschick, a considtrable towm of 
 ropean Turkey, Romania, situated on tbq 
 river Meritz, and has a great trade. Loa, 
 24 40 E, lat. 41 49 n. 
 
 BASHEE, the most eastern of a cluster 
 of islands, in the Chinese sea, lying to the 9 , 
 of Formosa, called the Basheb Islajjds. 
 It is of a circular form, six miles in dia- 
 meter, and has a town of the same name. 
 Its chief productions are pine-apples, sugar- 
 canes, plantains, bananas, yams, potatoes, 
 and cotton. Its quadrupeds are bog* 
 and goats. Lon. 121 50 £, lat. 20 30 
 
 N. 
 
 Basil, or Basle, a canton of Switzerland, 
 24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded o» 
 the N by Bnsgau, b by the Forest towns, 
 s by the canton of Soleure and w by tha 
 bishop^s see of Basel and France, which 
 joined the confederacy in 1501. The lowef 
 parts of it. are fruitful in corn and wine | 
 but the mountains are barren. Populatioa 
 about 38,000, and is of the Calvinistic re? 
 ligion. The bishop wajs a prince of to 
 German empire. In 1778 the French seiz- 
 ed on his territory annexed it to France, an4 
 made it a new department. 
 
 Basil, or Basle, the capital of the cantoDj^ 
 is the largest city in all Switzerland, having 
 220 streets, six market-places or squares, si? 
 suburbs, five gates, and 46 fountains, thought 
 by some to have risen on the ruins of tho 
 old Augusta Rauracoium, built by Mana- 
 tius Planeus, a Roman general, about 50 
 years before Christ. Julian the apostate cal- 
 led it Basil, in honour of his mother Basilic 
 na. It is fortified with walls, moats, towers, 
 and bastions. It is divided into two part? 
 by the Rhine, which are connected by ap 
 elegant bridge. The town-house and paint- 
 ings are much admired ; and the university 
 founded in 1459, has a fine library and a 
 valuable cabinet of medals, and has produced 
 many celebrated scholars, as Occolampadius 
 the Buxtorfs father and son, Weinstein, Eu* 
 ler, Holbein, the Bernouillis, &, <fec. Th^ 
 burghers sons receive an excellent educa- 
 tion, and even the honest mechanics arauso 
 themselves with Virgil^ Horace, Plutarch, 
 <fec. The principal church is an elegant 
 Gothic building. In it the great Erasmu* 
 is interred, and a marble tomb erected over 
 his grave. The clocks here are always an 
 hour before the time, because the town clock 
 was so on a day on which it had been re- 
 solved to put the magistrates to death, by 
 which the conspiracy was discovered. Pa^r 
 was mveatfd in p, 
 
BAS 
 
 Tmde still flourishes, especially in silk, rib- 
 bons and wines ; and the police is under ex- 
 cellent regulations. Three treaties of peace 
 were concluded here in the year 1T9<3, with 
 the French republic by Prussia, Spain, and 
 Hesse Cassel. The allies passed through 
 this city, when ;hey invaded France in 
 1813. It is capable of containing 100,000 
 inbabitants ; but the number is scarcely 
 more than 14,000. It is 175 miles n by E 
 of Geneva, and 250 E by s ot Paris. Lon. 7 
 34 E,lat. 47 35 n. 
 
 BaMl Bishopric, a considerable princi- 
 pality in the circle of the Upper Rhine. The 
 bishop w^as a prince of the German empire, 
 .£Mid the capital was Pountriu. In 1798, the 
 French seized it and added it to the depart- 
 ment of the Up|.er Rhine. 
 
 BASILIBATA, or Basilicata, a ter- 
 ritorj^ of Italy, watered by several rivers ; 
 and almost ail occupied by the Apennine 
 mountains. The principal towns are Aca- 
 renza, the capital, Mesi, Torsi, Rapollo, 
 Muro, Lavello, Tracario, Monte Pelose, 
 and Veneso, which are all episcopal sees. 
 Some, of its mountains are perpetually co- 
 vered with snow, but it abounds in corn, 
 wine, oil, cotton, saffron and honey. 
 
 Basllipotamo, the ancient Euroias, a river 
 of European Turkey, in the Morea, which 
 flows into the gulf of Colocythia. 
 
 Basing, or Old Basing, a village in Hamp- 
 shire, famous tor the Downs in its neigh- 
 bourhood, now called Basintoke Downs, 
 where an obstinate baltle was fought be- 
 tween the Danes and Saxons in 871 ; and 
 still more for the re olute stand made in the 
 reign of Charles I. against the parliamen- 
 tary forces, by the marquis of Winchester ; 
 the remains of whose fortress are still bold 
 and striking 
 
 Basingstoke, a large and populous- town 
 in Hampshire, situated on a small brook, at 
 the junction of five great roads, from which, 
 and from a canal opened in 1694, between 
 the river Wey, in Surrey, and this place, it 
 .derives a very considerable trade. The 
 number of houses in 1801 was 512, and the 
 population 2580. The principal manufac- 
 ture is druggets and shaloons. It has a 
 great weekly market on Wednesday and 
 fairs on Easter Tuesday for sheep; Whit. 
 Wed. and Michaelmas day, for cattle, <fec, 
 and Sept. 23 for sheep ; besides a statute 
 for servants on the 10th Oct. It lies 18 
 miles NNE of Winchester, and 45 w by 
 s of London. Lon. 1 10 w, iat. 51 20 
 K. 
 
 BASKINRIDGE, a district of New 
 
 Jersey, Somerset county. Here Col. Har- 
 court surprised Gen. Lee, December 1 3th, 
 
 1776.' 
 
 BASQES, a department of France, with 
 a bay, in which a French fleet took shelter 
 from the English, who followed and burnt 
 several vessels in 1809. 
 
 Bass, an insulated rock, near a mile in 
 «ir4mmljereii.ce, situated' in the mouth of the 
 
 BAS 
 
 Frith of Forth, about a mile from the towh 
 of N Berwick. It is steep and inaocesi- 
 ble on all sides, except the sw, and even 
 there a single man scarcely climb up with 
 the assistance of a rope or ladder. 1 0 
 castle, which was once the state-prison of 
 Scotland, is now in ruins. A garrison was 
 iWmerly kept here; but a party of Kmg 
 ■lames’ adherents keeping possession ot it 
 long afier the rest of the kingdom bad sub. 
 milled to the new government. It surren- 
 dered to King William in 1694, when the 
 fortifications were ordered to be destioye . 
 There is a spring of excellent water 
 top of the rock. This rock, with St. KiWa 
 and Aisla, is the only place m Scotland 
 where the gannet or solan g6®se btee . 
 They arrive in June, and retire in Septem- 
 ber. These birds are then so numerous 
 that they almost darken the air : and the 
 surface of the Bass is so covered with 
 nests, eggs, and young, that it is <i‘®cult 
 to walk without treadiug on them. TMte 
 is a rabbit warren and pasture tor a tew 
 sheep. 
 
 Bass Straits, separates Van Diemau s 
 Land from the s extremity of New Hol- 
 land. It is about 40 leagues wide, and 
 was discovered by Surgeon Bass, m liJS. 
 It is cro.ssed by a chain of small islands. 
 Colonel Daniel Collin, who was appomted 
 lieutenant governor of a settlement in- 
 tended to be established in this strait, 
 lord Hobarts administration, sailed in IbOd, 
 but finding the place unfit for the purpose^ 
 removed to Derwent, early in 1804, where 
 he died in 1810, and, by lus own desire, 
 was interred in a vault, where be had order- 
 ed a church io ho built, w hioh is dov; erect- 
 ing. This settlement is uamed Hobart 
 
 Town. e , 1 , n,T 
 
 BASSANO, a pretor.ship of the late Ma- 
 ritime division of Austria, in Treviso. Lon. 
 11 24 E,lat. 45 5i N. 
 
 Bassano, a town ip the above pretorship, 
 near five miles in circumference, containing 
 11,300 souls. It has a large and elegant 
 market-place, neat streets, six gates, 50 
 churches, four nunneries, many hospitals 
 and superb palaces, particularly one built by 
 the tyrant Ezzelin, as a place of security ; 
 .and the celebrated printing-house of Re- 
 mondini, which has 50 printing pressp con- 
 stantly employed, and is supplied with pa- 
 per by three paper mills. It has a great 
 trade in silk, linens, cloths, leather, paper, 
 
 books, <fec. !■ WT j 
 
 Basse, a town in the department of ISiord, 
 France, formerly of great strength, but de- 
 mantled by Lewis XIV. It is seated on 
 
 tfaeDeule, 18 miles sw of Lisle. 
 
 Basseen, a city and fortress of Hindoo- 
 stan, in the county of Baglanaj 20 miles n 
 of Bombay. It was taken by the English 
 in J780, but re.stored to the Mahrattas in 
 1783. It stands on the sea coast, oppo- 
 site the Nw point of .the island of Salseite. 
 Lou. 72 40 E, lat. 19 19 N. 
 
BAS 
 
 Bassenihwaite, a town in Cumberland, on 
 the N side of Bassenthwaite Water, seated 
 
 the Derwent, a few miles below Keswick 
 lake. 
 
 Bassenthwaite-^iVafer, an extensive lake 
 in Cumberland, three miles nw of Keswick, 
 four miles long and one broad ; having on 
 the one side the vale of Bassentbwaite and 
 the lofty Skiddaw, and on the other the 
 steep and v/oody mountains of Whitbop. 
 The river Derwent flows through its whole 
 length. 
 
 BASSETERRE, a part of the island of 
 St. Christophers^, one of the Caribbee 
 islands, formerly occupied by the French, 
 but ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 
 Utrecht, in 1713. 
 
 Basseterre y the capital of St.''Christopber’s, 
 built by the French, a place of great trade, 
 defended by three batteries, ceded to the 
 English in J7I3. Lon. 63 13 w, lat. i7 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Basseterre, the chief city in tiie island of 
 Guadalope, with a citadel and ether fcrti- 
 flcations, seated on the sw’ part of tiio island. 
 Lon. 61 59 w, lat. lo 59 k. 
 
 BasseVs Cross, a \ iilage in Warwickshire. 
 
 Bas^ien, or Persaim, a city of Fegu, ca- 
 pital of the province of Bassien, 110 miles 
 sw of Pegu. It IS a trading place, situated 
 on a river of the same name, which is the v/ ' 
 branch of the Irrawaddy. Lon. 94 53 e, 
 lat. 66 62 N. 
 
 Bassova, Balsora, Bossora, or Basra, a 
 eity between Arabia and Persia, situated on 
 the extremity of the desarts of Irak Arabi, 
 about a day and a-halCs journey from one 
 of the mouths of the Tigris, where it falls 
 into the Persian Gulf, hence called the Bay 
 ef Basrah, lying in about Ion. 47 deg. e, 
 and lat. 30 n. It was built by the com- 
 mand of the khaliflf Omar, in the 15th year 
 of the Hegira, for the sake of carrying on 
 more comrnodiously an extensive commerce 
 between the Syrians, Arabians, Persians, 
 and Indians. It is at present a famous em- 
 pory of the e ; the English and Dutch 
 have their consuls, and their ships come 
 loaded with all the merchandize of India, 
 which are conveyed hence to Bagdad 
 Aleppo, Constantinople, and even to the 
 Mediterranean shore. The circumjacent 
 tract is looked upon by the Arabs to be one 
 of the most delightful spots in Asia, and 
 rvcn as one of the most beautiful gardens in 
 the world : the hot winds, however, that 
 frequently blow there, are very troublesome 
 to travellers, and sometimes overwhelm them 
 with sand from the neighbouring desarts. 
 The pop’ilation is about 50,000; their Ian- 
 guage, the Arabic. The city is surrounded 
 by a wall of clay, said to be six miles in cir- 
 cumference, the houses have a mean aspect, 
 and the streets narrow ; 35 miles nw of the 
 Euphrates in the gulf of Persia, and 260 svv 
 ©f Ispahan. Lon. 47 35 t:, lat 30 31 n. 
 
 Basil. See Baza. 
 
 Bastia, a sea port town of Albania; in Eu- 
 
 BAT 
 
 ropean Turkey, at the moutb of the nve?' 
 Caiamu; opposite the island of Corfu. Lon, 
 20 20 B, lat. 39 40 n. 
 
 Bastia, the capital of the island of Corsica, 
 with a strong castle and a good harbour, si- 
 tuated on the ME coast of the island, 80 mile* 
 ssw of Leghorn, and 120 s of Genoa, Lon. 
 9 20 E,lat. 42 35 n. 
 
 Bastida, sl town of Biscay, Spain, 1 7 miles 
 ssw of Vittoria. 
 
 BASTIMENTOS, several small islands 
 near Ten a Firma, in S America, at the 
 mouth the bay oi, Nombre de Dius, witU 
 a fort, and a good harbour. Lon, 79 45 vv, 
 lat. 9 30 N. 
 
 Bastion of France, a fortress on the coast 
 of Barbary, belonging to the French; 80 
 miles w of Tu.>is. , Lon. 8 5 e, lat. 50 5 n„ 
 
 BasL 0 g 7 :e,tit'j^vii of France, in the ci-de- 
 vant Austrian Neineriands, 2 ■ miles nw of 
 LuxcMiburg. In 1688 it was fortifled by the 
 I French, and on account of the number of 
 j inhabitants «nd elegant buildings was called 
 I Paris in Ardennes. Lon. 5 26 e, lat, 50 
 ^ 5 N. 
 
 Easmlle, a sea port in Martinico. 
 
 Baswapattana, a town of Mysore, Hio- 
 doostan,wicb a oeiebrated mosque and fort, 
 j 60 miles e by n of Nigara. 
 
 Batabano, a town of the island of Cuba, 
 opposite Pinos island, 55 tniles ssw of 
 the Kavannah. Lon, 82 0 w, lat. 22 
 20 N, 
 
 BATACULA, a smatl kingdom on the 
 coast of Malabar, in the E Indies, whicii 
 produces a good deal of pepper. 
 
 Batacala, Batacalo, or hattecola, a forti- 
 fied town and castle on the e coast of the 
 island of Ceylon in the E Indies. 
 
 Dutch drove away the Portuguese, and pos- 
 sessed themselves of part of the adjacent 
 country, 65 miles s by e of Trincomal© 
 Lon. 81 3 E, lat. 8 2 n. 
 
 Batalka, a town of Estremadura, Portu- 
 gal, famous for its rich monastery founded in 
 1386 by John I. who, with his queen Phi- 
 lippa, is interred here, eight miles ssw of 
 Letra. 
 
 Bataseck,^ town of Lower Hungary, seat- 
 ed- on the Danube, 70. miles sof Buda. Lon. 
 19 20 E, lat. 46 15 N. 
 
 Batavia, a city of the kingdom of Ban- 
 tam in the island of Java, and capital of the 
 Dutch settlements in the E Indies, Th® 
 fort is built of coral rock, brought from 
 some oi the adjoining islands, and has a for- 
 i tification of brick. A- part of the town wall 
 is built of den?e lava from the mountains in 
 the centre of Java. No stone of any kind, 
 is to be found for many miles beyond this 
 city; but marble and granite are brought 
 here from China. There are canals in th© 
 principal streets, planted on each side with 
 trees. It has a haiid.;omL* hospital and ar- 
 senal; and all the goods brought from other 
 parts of the E Indies are laid up here, till 
 they are exported. The city u seated among 
 swamps and stagnant pools, with which tli® 
 
BAT 
 
 climate, renders the air so unwholesome that 
 it is represented as the grave of Europeans. 
 
 It contains a prodigious number of inhabi- 
 tants of every country in these parts. The 
 city surrendered to the British in 1811. 
 Its harbour is excellent, and is situated on 
 the NE part of the island. Lon. 106 *51 e, 
 lat. 6i0s. 
 
 BATAVIAN REPUBLIC. See Hol- 
 land. 
 
 Batecoley a town on the Malabar coast. 
 Lon. T4 3 e, lat. 14 0 n 
 
 BathyO. city of England, in Somersetshire, 
 governed by a mayor, with a market on 
 Wednesday and Saturday, situated in a fer- 
 tile valley, on the Avon, over which there is 
 an elegant bridge. This place has been 
 particularly famous, from the time of the 
 Romans, for its medicinal waiep, which 
 have retained their warmth and virtues for 
 ages ; and which are known to be very be- 
 nificial, not only as baths, but when taken 
 internally. From the reputation of these 
 springs, Bath has become next to London, 
 the principal resort of persons of rank in 
 England, and the constant residence of 
 opulent invalids, as well as of numerous 
 \otaries of luxury and dissipation. At the 
 same time, this city, in splendour and ele- 
 gance of architecture, is certainly superior 
 10 every other town of England, being en- 
 tirely constructed of a beautilul white stone, 
 which, as well as lime-stone and slate, 
 abound in the neighbourhood. At the ex- 
 tremity of the town there is a stone monu- 
 ment, with an inscription, erected to the 
 memory of Sir Beville Granville, who was 
 here killed in a battle which he fought 
 with the parliament's army, in the reign oi 
 Charles I. Bath sends two members to 
 parliament. The earldom of • Bath was 
 bestowed on William PuUeny, in the end of 
 Sir Robert Walpole’s administration, as a 
 reward lor his patriotism ; but it is now 
 extinct for want of heirs-male. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants in 180 i, was 32,000; 
 and 31,496 in 1811. This city, joined with 
 Wells, constitutes a bishopric. There are 
 eight parish churches, besides chapels and 
 meeting houses. The poor who come here 
 to drink the waters, are admissible into a 
 magnificent hospital. Great benefits are 
 derived from the baths in gouty, paralytic, 
 bilious, and other cases. They are distin- 
 guished by the names of the Cross, the Hot, 
 the King, the Queen, the Corporation, and 
 the duke of Kingston bath, Bath is 13 
 miles ESE of Bristol, and 107 w of London. 
 Lon. 2 22 w, laf. *51 22 N. 
 
 Bath a flourishing town of Berkely coun- 
 ty, Virginia, situated at the loot of a small 
 mountain, known by the name oi the Warm 
 Spring mountain, near .Tackson rive;, a 
 branch of the James. The springs conti- 
 guous to the town are much celebrated ; 
 they are, however, found to be less efficacious 
 thdu the Warm Springs ia Bath county ; 
 tho water U weakly mineralized, and scarce- 
 
 BAT 
 
 ly warm. Upwards of 1000 people oolleet 
 here every summer, from different parts of 
 the United States, either for health or amuse- 
 ment. The country is agreeably variegated; 
 with hills, and the soil rich and well culti- 
 vated. It is ISO miles w of Fredericsburg. 
 Lon. 80 10 w, lat. 38 10 n. 
 
 BATH, a large mountainous county of 
 Virginia, 60 miles in length, and dO ia 
 breadth. In this county are two springs, re- 
 markable for their medicinal quality. They 
 are called the Warm and Hot Springs, and 
 rise near the foot of Jackson mountain, but 
 more generally known by the name of the 
 Warm Spring mountain. The Hot Springy 
 so called from its possessing a greater de- 
 gree of heat than the Warm Spring, has fre- 
 quently been so hot as to have boiled an egg.' 
 Some believe its heat to be diminished. A 
 fountain of common water. Which rises near 
 its margin, gives it a striking appearance. 
 The Warm Spring rises about six miles from 
 the former, and issues with a bold stream, 
 sufficient to turn a grist mill, and to keep 
 the water of its bason, which is nearly an 
 hundred feet in circumference, at the vital, 
 warmth. The water is strongest in the hot- 
 test w^eathcr, which occasions their being 
 visited in the months of July and August* 
 They I’emove rhuematisms, and various other 
 complaints. It rains here four or five days 
 every week. 
 
 Bath, a port of entry and post town of the 
 district of Maine, Lincoln county, on the w 
 side of the Kennebec, 13 miles sw of Wis- 
 casiet. 
 
 Bath, a small post town of the state of 
 New York, Ontario county. 
 
 Bath, a small town of Hyde county, N 
 Carolina, situated near a bay which sets n 
 from Tar river. Lon. 2 1 w, lat. 3*5 31 N. 
 
 Bath, a village in the island ot Jamaica, 
 so named from a famoui hot spring in it» 
 vicinity, efficacious in curing the dry belly 
 ache. The water Js sulphureous, and too 
 hot to bold the hand in it. 
 
 a village in the county of Rensala- 
 en, New York. It has a commodious bath- 
 ing house, containing hot, cold, and shower 
 baths. 
 
 Bafha, or Bath, the capital of a country 
 in Hungary, seated on the Danube. Lou. 
 
 20 40 E, lat. 46 5 N. . . , ^ x 
 
 Bafhans, Abbey of St, a parish of Scot- 
 land, Berwickshire, situated in the Lara- 
 mermoor hills, about six or seven miles 
 in length, and three in breadth. It con- 
 tains the remains of the old abbey of the 
 Beruardines, founded in the reign of Wil- 
 liam I. and for which Ada countess of 
 March, swore fealty to Edward I. of Eng- 
 land, in 1296; and a spring called the WeU 
 of SL Barthans, which never freezes. The 
 parish abounds in game, and is embellished 
 by an elegant seat of the earl of Wemys, 
 called the Retreat, Population in 1801, 
 164, which is four more than double the 
 number in 1756, 
 
BAT 
 
 Bathgate, a parish of Scotland, county 
 Linlithgow, seven miles long, and two 
 feroad. The soil is deep, and tolerably fer- 
 tile ; the climate wet, but not unhealthy. 
 It abounds in lime stone, free stone, iron 
 •tone, and coals. A veiu of silver ore, was 
 discovered in the earl of Hopeton’s ground 
 some years ago; but the produce did not 
 repay the expense of working it. The 
 coallieries produce more valuable and 
 essential riches. Population about 2,500. 
 
 Bathgate, a small town or village in the 
 above parish, containing about 2,000 inha- 
 bitants. It was part of the extensive pos- 
 sessions given by king Robert Bruce, A D 
 1316, as the dowry of his daughter. Lady 
 Margery^ to Walter, Lord High Steward 
 of Scotland, who died in it, in 1328. Some 
 traces of his mansion, in the middle of a 
 lake near the town, are still visible. Bath- 
 gate was anciently a burgh of regality : 
 it is regular and well built ; its inhabitants 
 are mostly employed in tallow, weaving, 
 and tambouring muslins for the Glasgow 
 market. It has a tile work, a tannery, 
 and a chandlary, and seven fairs, all on 
 Wednesdays; viz. the 2d in April, 1st 
 after Whitsunday, O S. 4th in June, 3d 
 in July, 3d in August, 4th in October, 
 and Jst after Martimas. It lies 18 
 miles w of Edinburgh, and 24 e of Glas- 
 gow. 
 
 Batnir, or Batinda, a town of Hin- 
 doostan, in the province of Moulton, 150 
 miles ESE of Moultan, and 170 nw of Agi- 
 mere. 
 
 BATO, one of the Ladrone islands. 
 Lon. 142 0 E, lat. 12 0 
 
 Batoa, a small island in the Indian 
 Ocean, near the w side of Sumatra, on the 
 equinoctial line. Lon. 98 0 e. 
 
 Battochy Mount, a hill iu Scotland, 
 Aberdeenshire, 1 150 yards high. 
 
 Battecola, a town of Ceylon, subject to 
 the British. Lon. 81 3 e, lat, 7 55 n. 
 
 Battel, or Battle, a town of Sussex, six 
 miles Nw of Hastings, It was formerly 
 called Epiton : and is the place where Wil- 
 liam the conqueror vanquished Herold II, 
 king of England, October 11th, 1066. 
 William, iu memory of his victory, erected 
 an abbey, which he called BaUel Abbey; 
 and if a criminal could but reach this 
 abbey, he was dismissed from thence, and 
 was afterwards in no danger for his past 
 faults. The abbey w^as a large and noble 
 itTucture, as may be judged from the re- 
 mains, particularly the gate-house, which 
 is almost entire, and is appropriated for the 
 sessions, and other public meetings. This 
 place is noted for making gun-powder equal ( 
 to that of Dantzic ; and the best goes by ' 
 the name of Baltel gun-powder. It has a I 
 weekly market on Thursday, and a monthly 
 one on Tuesday, with fairs, 2d August, 
 and 22d November. It has 4 good^faar- 
 bokr for barges. It l& SA miles e of 
 
 B A V 
 
 Lewes, and 57 se of London. Lon. 0 33 s, 
 lat. 50 55 N, ^ 
 
 Battenberg, of Battenburg, a town of 
 Dutch Guelderland, on the n banks of tho 
 Meuse. Lon. 5 33 e, lat. 51 48 n. 
 
 Battenburg, a town and castle, in Uppe? 
 Hesse, Germany, on the Eder, 14 miles n 
 of Marburg. 
 
 Battenhausen, an ancient town of Ger- 
 many, in the territory of the Catti. 
 
 Battersea, anciently called Patrick's Ea, 
 or isle, a village in Surry, on the Thames ; 
 four miles wsw of London, over which, 
 there is a wooden bridge from it to Chelsea. 
 It is noted for the seat of the family of St. 
 Johns, where the famous Bolinbroke was 
 born, and died. On the site of it now stands 
 a distillery, and a curious horizontal air- 
 mill, to be seen at a great distance. Sir 
 Walter St, John founded a free school in 
 the village. 
 
 Battlefield, a town in Shropshire, where 
 Henry IV. defeated the rebels under Henry 
 Percy, surnamed Hotspur, five miles from 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 Bat(le4aw, a place in the parish of Bal- 
 merino, Fifeshire, where the Scots obtained 
 a second victory over the Danes, after the 
 battle of Luncarty, and forced them to fly 
 to their ships, then lying in the mouth of 
 the Tay. Here arms and stone coffins have 
 l>een found. 
 
 Batuculla, a town of Canara, Hindoo- 
 Stan, seated near the mouth of the Saneada, 
 which flows through a beautiful valley, 2S 
 miles NNw of Kundapura. Ii is distinguish^ 
 ed. by two mosques, and upwards of 70 
 temples. 
 
 BAVARIA, an ancient kingdom of 
 Germany, which extended from the mourn, 
 tains of Franconia to the frontiers of Hui> 
 gary and the Adriatic Gulf. It compre* 
 bended Tirol, Carinthid, Carniola, Stiria^ 
 Austria, and other States, which are now 
 fallen to different princes. 
 
 BAVARIA, a late circle and electorate 
 of Germany, bounded on the w by Suabia, 
 on the NW by Franconia, on the ne by 
 Bohemia, and on the e and s by Austria. 
 
 It contained Bavaria Proper, the Upper 
 Palatinate, the bishoprics of Freissingen 
 and Passau ; the duchy of Neuburg, and 
 the utchbisbopric of Saltzburg, with 35 
 cities, 94 towns, 720 castles, 4,700 villa- 
 ges, eight great abbeys, and 75 cloisters 
 or monasteries, besides those of the mendi- 
 cants ; comprehending in all a superficial 
 area of 16,176 square miles, a population 
 of 1,934,000, and a revenue of L. 1,666,000. 
 Among the numerous revolutions which 
 the power of France had brought about 
 on the Continent, this electorate has 
 assumed its ancient regal honours, and 
 been acknowledged an independent king- 
 dom in the treaty of peace concluded 
 ati Presburg between Austria and France. 
 Tha whole of the German and Itaiiafe 
 
B A U 
 
 , Tyrol, the bishopric Anspach, with 
 sevferal other large bishoprics and lord- 
 ships in Germany, have been incorporated 
 into the sovereignty by Napoleon Bona- 
 parte, who has nearly doubled her territory 
 it the expence of Austria. In October, 
 1813, notwithstanding this, he withdrew 
 his forces from those of France, and joined 
 the allies on condition of them guaranteing 
 his large accessions. It was formerly di- 
 , Tided into the four great bailiagesof M«- 
 nich, Landshut, Straubing, and Burkhau- 
 sen. The inhabitants are strong and labo- 
 •rious, and exercise themselves in shoot- 
 ing with rifle muskets at a mark, to 
 ^render themselves expert again-st an enemy. 
 
 BAVARIA PROPER, a late duchy 
 of Germany in the above circle, about 1 
 miles long, and 87' broad. The air is 
 .wholesome. The upper part of the duchy 
 is mountainous, woody, and full of swamps, 
 fitter for pasture, than tillage ; the lower 
 is level, and fruitful in corn and Tines ; but 
 ihe principal dependence of the inhabitants 
 is on their iron and lead mines, and we I 
 grown forests. They manutacture silk 
 stuflfe, velvets, tapestry, coarse cloth, and 
 woollen stuffs, which afford, with the other 
 produce, a source of considerable trade. 
 There are also numerous salt-works, mine- 
 lal springs, mines of silver, copper, and 
 lead, and quarries of excellent marble. 
 •The inhabitants are nevertheless \^ry 
 poor. The principal rivers are the Da- 
 Lbe, Inn, Iser, and Nab. The mhabi- 
 tants are reckoned the mo.st rigid catho- 
 lies of any in Europe. Munich is the 
 capital. 
 
 BAVARIA, Upper, Palatinate of, 
 a late duchy of Germany, in the above cir- 
 cle, sometimes called Nordgauy from its 
 situation in the n part of the circle 
 zia; and sometimes the Upper Palatinate, 
 to distinguish it from the Palatinate of the 
 Rhine, often called the Lower Palatinate. 
 It is only the principalities of Newburgh 
 and Saltzbach, not the whole of this duchy, 
 as some Gazetteers state, which belonp 
 to the Elector Palatine. Amberg is the 
 
 ^^^Bavayy a little town of France, in the 
 department of the North, (late provide of 
 Hainault,) to which the 
 the battle of Malplaquet, in 1709. It was 
 taken by the Austrians in 1792, but reco- 
 vered the same year. It is six miles ne of 
 Quesnoy, and 12 sw of Mons. Lon. 3 52 e, 
 
 ^^^Bauhoriy a town in Cochin China, regu- 
 larly divided into wards, and at the end ot 
 each street, are railed gates to mark their 
 
 zespectable limits. ^ „ 
 
 Baudsy anciently an extensive rnoor ot 
 Bamffshire, now a plantation belonging 
 to the earl of Findlater; memorable p 
 the scene of a bloody battle between the 
 .Scots and Danes ; wUerem the fgvraer ob- 
 
 BA U 
 
 tained a complete victory, but with th# 
 loss of their king, Indulfu.s, A D 907, ac- 
 cording to Buchanan, bnt 961, according 
 to Abercromby There are still a vast 
 number of the cairns or burying places of 
 the slain in it ; and one of them, said to b® 
 the- grave of Indulfus, bears the name of 
 King’s Cairn. 
 
 Baverwit. a tov/n of Germany, in Silesia. 
 Lon. 35 46 e, lat. 50 7 n. 
 
 Batige, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenne and Loire, seated on th© 
 Coesnon, 18 miles e of Angers. 
 
 Bauleahy a town of Bengal, seated on th« 
 left bank of the Danube, 22 miles ne of 
 Moorshedabad. 
 
 Baumey St, a mountain of France, be- 
 tween Marseilles and Toulon, where Mary 
 Magdalen is said to have died, and on that 
 account much frequented in the days of 
 French superstition. 
 
 Baume4es-NoneSy a town of France, m 
 the department of Doubs, seated cn the 
 river Doubs, which takes its na.rae from a 
 nunnery that still remains. It is 15 miles 
 
 NE of Besancon. Lon. 6 20 e, lat. 47 
 24 N. Five miles from this town is a re- 
 markable cavern, whose entrance is 20 
 paces wide; and, after descending 300 
 paces, the entrance is seen to a grotto, 
 
 35 paces deep, 60 wide, and covered with a 
 kind of vaulted roof, from which water con- 
 tinually drops. It is also intersected by a 
 small brook said to be frozen in summer, 
 but not in winter ; and at the bottom ar® 
 stones resembling candied citronpeel. 
 When the peasants perceive a mist rising 
 out of this cave, they judge that itwill ram 
 
 the next day. . i j 
 
 BAUMAN ISLANDS, three islands in 
 
 the Pacific ocean, the largest of whi<^ is 
 about 22 miles in circumference, iney 
 were discovered in 1722, by Bauman, a 
 Dutchman, who accompanied Ropewin. 
 They abound in variety of veptables, ana 
 fruit trees. The inhabitants, who are num^ 
 rous,and whose armour consists in bows aM 
 arrows, are friendly to strangers. Lon. 1 lU 
 
 0 w, lat. 14 0 s. ^ 
 
 Baumeuy a cave of Lower Saxony, m 
 Germany, about a mile from Wermigerode, 
 and 18 from Goslar. The « 
 
 through a rock, and so narrow, ^ 
 above one person can pass at a time. Some 
 think it reaches as far as Goslar. 
 
 Bausk, or Bautka, a small but ™portant 
 town in the duchy of Courland, 
 tiers of Poland, with a strong castle built on 
 a rock. It was taken by tbe 
 1625, and by the Russians in ^ 
 
 a bloody battle between them and iha 
 Swedes. It is situated on th* Musza, 15 
 miles SE of Mittau, Lob. 24 44 e, lat. 
 
 ^^Banirg, or Baictrg, a 
 
 ing of Yorkshire, and partly 
 
 shire, seated on the Idle, en the road from 
 
BAY 
 
 London to York. It has markets on Wed- 
 Hiesday and Saturday, and fairs, four days 
 in Whitsun- week, Old Martinmas, and 22d 
 November. It is eight miles s by e of 
 Doncaster, 22 s of York, and 1.53 n of 
 London. It has good inns, and has been 
 long noted for grindstones and raillstones., 
 
 Bautzen, or Budissen, a considerable 
 town of Germany, and capital of Upper 
 Lnsatia, seated on the river Spree, subject 
 to the elector of Saxony, with a strong cita- 
 del, and some trade, 30 miles e by n of 
 Dresden. Here, on the 20th of May, 1813, I 
 a severe battle was fought between a French 
 army amounting to above 100,000 men, 
 commanded by Bonaparte, and the united 
 army of Russia and Prussia, in which the 
 former merely obtained possession of the 
 place, at a vast expenee of lives and blood. 
 Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 51 10 n. 
 
 Baux, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the mouths of the Rhone, seated on 
 a rock, at the top of v/hich is a strong 
 castle, 10 miles e by n of Arles. 
 
 Baxos de Bahuca* See Alrojos. 
 
 Baya, or Baja, a town of Lower Hun- 
 gary, on the Danube, 32 miles n of Fsseck. 
 Lon. 19 59 e, lat. 46 12 n. 
 
 Baya, a sea port of Guinea, on the Gold 
 coast, 60 miles ese of Acra. Lou. 1 50 e, 
 lat. 5 45 N. 
 
 Bayaguana, a toy\m of St, Domingo. 
 Lon. 68 48 w, lat. 18 35 n. 
 
 Bayania, a town in the E part of Cuba, 
 on the river Estero, which forms a bay on 
 the coast, 20 miles below the town. It 
 gives name to a channel between the small 
 islands and rocks called Jardin de la Reyna 
 on the Nw, and the shoals and rocks which 
 line the coast on the se, situated 80 miles 
 Wfiw of St. Jago. Lon. 77 20 w, lat. 20 
 45 N. 
 
 Bayersdorf, a town in the principality of 
 Bayreuth, Franconia, seated on the Rednitz, 
 four miles n of Arlang. It has a large sy- 
 nagogue and a seat of justice. 
 
 Bayeux, a considerable town of France, 
 in the department of Calvados, and late pro- 
 vince of Normandy. It w^as formerly the 
 capital of Bessin, and had a bishop’s see. , 
 The cathedral is elegant and there are 17 
 other churches. It is situated on the river 
 Aure, four miles from the English channel, 
 and 140 w by n of Paris. Its principal 
 trade is in leather. Lon. 0 43 w, lat. 49 
 16 N. 
 
 Bay on, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe, seated on the Moselle, 12 
 miles s of Nanci. 
 
 Bayon, Of Bayona, a town of Gallicia, in 
 Spain, with a very commodious harbour, 
 and the country around it is fertile. Lon. 9 
 30 w, lat. 43 3 n. 
 
 Bayonne, a small, but rich, populous, 
 commercial, and fortified city of France, in 
 the department of the Lower Pyrenees. 
 Two rivers, the Nive arid the Adour, unite 
 4 
 
 B E A 
 
 their streams in the middle of the cHy, and 
 proceed to the sea at the distance of a mile. 
 The whole city is divided into three parts, 
 the great, the little, and the new. By the 
 Nive, ships come up into the middle of the 
 city, which, from its vicinity to Spain, has a 
 considerable trade, particularly in wiat>s, 
 w^oollen cloihs, silks, cottons, &Co Tlie 
 cathedral is remarkable for the height of iu 
 nef, and the delicacy of its pillars. The 
 citadel is the strongest in France. The 
 court was held here for some time, in 1808, 
 when the king of Spain and his son were 
 obliged to sign a treaty, to resign the crown 
 of Spain to Bonaparte, Bayonne \yas 
 besieged in 1814, by the English. During 
 the siege, the French made a sally, in which 
 the loss of the British was considerable, 
 and their commauder taken prisoner, 
 Bayonne is famous for its hams and choco- 
 late. The military weapon, the bayonet, 
 bears the name of this city, in which it was 
 invented, as the pistol, for the same reason, 
 is so called from Pistola, a town in Tus- 
 cany. It lies 25 miles sw of Dax, 85 s of 
 Bourdeaux, and 425 s by w of Paris. Lon. 
 
 I 29 w, lat. 43 29 N. 
 
 Bayreuth, See Bareith, 
 
 Baza, a town of Granada, in Spain, 
 anciently called Basti, seated at the foot 
 of a mountain. Nine iron cannon, em- 
 ployed in taking this place from the 
 Moors, in 1489, support the front of the 
 market-house. It is 21 miles ene of 
 Guadix. 
 
 BAZ ADDIS, a ci-devant territory of 
 Guienne, in France, which formed a part of 
 Lower Gascony. Its capital was, 
 
 Bazas, a town of France, now in the de- 
 partment of Gironde, built on a rock, five 
 miles from the Garonne, and 42 se of Eour- 
 deaux, lately an episcopal see. Lon. 0 2 w, 
 lat. 44 22 N. 
 
 Beachy-head, the highest promontory on 
 the s coast of England, between Hastings 
 and Seaford, in Sussex. Lon. 0 19 e, latj 
 50 44N. 
 
 Beacon-Hill, a high rock in Perthshire, 
 from whence a fire in the night might be 
 seen at the distance of 50 miles E,and which 
 seems to have been so called as a place of 
 signal. 
 
 Beacon-Hill \ 1. a hill in Essex, on the 
 s side of the mouth of the port of Harwich, 
 with a large high light-house on it ; 2. ano- 
 ther in Wiltshire, between Marlborough and 
 Sandy-Lane. 
 
 Beaconsjield, a town of Buckingham- 
 shire, eight miles from Marlow and Ux- 
 bridge, and 25 wnw of London. It con- 
 sists of four streets, which assume the form 
 of a cross. Here the poet Waller lived, 
 and is buried. In the church, there is a 
 monument to the memory of Edmund 
 Burke. It has a market on Thursday , and 
 two fairs, February 1 3th, and Holy Thurs- 
 day. Lon. 0 25 w, lat. 51 36 N 
 O 
 
BE A 
 
 'Beule^ a river of England, wbieh rnns j 
 flirough part of the counties of Sussex and 
 Kent, and falls into the Medway, near Twy- 
 ■ford bridge, 
 
 Benlt, Buallt, or Builth, a town of 
 Brecknockshire, S Wales, seated on the 
 Wye, over which is a bridge into Radnor- 
 shire, it consists of about lOU houses, w^hose 
 inhabitants have a trade in stockings. 
 Here was an ancient castle, of which the 
 last remains were burnt down in 1690, and 
 the whole town nearly destroyed. In its | 
 vicinity the Welsh made their last efforts to 
 main their independence, but w^ere defeated 
 by Edward I. in 1283. It has markets on 
 Monday and Saturday, and fairs, June 27th, 
 October 2d, and December 6th. It is 92 
 miles from Chester, 12 n of Brecknock, and 
 JT3 w by N of London. Lon. 4 10 w^, lat. 
 52 4 N. 
 
 Beaminster, an ancient town of Dorset- 
 shire, seated on the river Bert. The inha- 
 bitants, in number above 2,100, carry on a 
 considerable trade in w^oollen cloth, sail- 
 cloth, iron, tin, and copper goods. They 
 have a market on Thursday, with a fair 
 September 19th, and of late years, two 
 public sales oil April 4th, and October 19th, 
 for cattle, cheese, &c. Beaminster lies 
 15 miles wnw of Dorcester, and 132 
 %v by s of London. Lon. 2 50 w^ lat; 52 
 45 N. 
 
 ' Beaness, an anchoring ground, on the s 
 of the isle of Sanday. 
 
 Bearalston, a poor towui of Devonshire, 
 Which, however, is a borough by prescription, 
 and sent two members to parliament, since 
 the 27th of queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Bear- Creek, a head water of the Jennessee, 
 in S Carolina. 
 
 Bear-Lake, one of the sources of the Mis- 
 sisippi river, N America. Lat. 43 15 n. 
 
 Bear-Lake, Black, in New S Wales. 
 Lon. 107 30 w, lat. 53 30 s. 
 
 Bear-Lake, Great, in the Nw part of N 
 America, near the Arctic Circle. 
 
 Bear-Lake, White, situated due w of 
 Bear-Lake, another source of the Missisippi. 
 Lon. 98 20 w, lat. 48 15 n. 
 
 BEARN, a ci-devant province of France, 
 which now forms, with Basques, the de- 
 partment of the Lower Pyrenees. The 
 hills are covered with vines, and the plains 
 are fertile, and peculiarly adapted lor 
 pasture. 
 
 Beat, St, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne, and ei-devant 
 county of Comminges, at the confluence of 
 the Garonne and the Pique ; betw'een two 
 mountains. All the houses are built with 
 marble, there being no other stone for the 
 purpose ill the place. It is seated on the 
 Garonne, 12 miles sss of Bertrand. Lon. 
 I 0 w,lat. 42 50 N. 
 
 Beaucaire, a towui of France, in the 
 department of Gard, and ci-devant pro- 
 vince of Languedoc, on the Rhone, oppo- 
 site to Tarascon, with which it had a com* 
 
 B E A 
 
 mumcation by a bridge of boats. The 
 much famed fair of the Magdalene, ^ 
 22d, is held for six days in the town amx 
 an adjacent valley, and is one of t e 
 most famous in Europe. Beaucaire is it 
 miles E of Nismes, Lon. 4 39 w', lat. 4 
 50 . . 
 
 BEAUCE, a ci devant province oi 
 France, betw/een the isle of France, Bl^ 
 sois, and Orleannois. It is so fertile la 
 w^heat, that it is called the granary of Paris. 
 
 It now forms the department of Eure and 
 Loire. , . , 
 
 Beauchamp Court, a village in Warwick- 
 shire, N of Aulcester. 
 
 Betmchamp Oton, Beauchamp, St. Peter r 
 and Beauchamp, Walter, three villages 
 near Clare, Essex. 
 
 Beauchief, an abbey in Derbyshire, neat 
 Dronefield. 
 
 Beduchin, a village in Dorsetshire. 
 
 Beaudesert, a small town in Warwick- 
 shire, called also Beldesert, from its plea- 
 sant situation. In the reign of king 
 Stephen, it had a charter lor a market 
 on Sunday, w^hich w^as changed for ane?- 
 tber OH Monday. It has a fair, Septem- 
 ber 1st. 
 
 BEAUFORT, a county of the United 
 States of America, in the district of Nev/- 
 beni, N Carolina, containing 3,830 free per- 
 sons, and 1,632 slaves. The chief town is 
 
 Washington. t 
 
 BEAUFORT, a maritime district of 
 S Carolina, lies between Combahee and 
 Savanna rivers. In the n part there 
 are forests of cypress, and the lands 
 produce indigo, rice, <fec. The number 
 of free persons is 4,517, and of slaves 
 14,236. 
 
 Beaufort, a post-town of S Carolina,, 
 situated in the above district, on Port 
 Royal island, at the head of a harbour of 
 that name, 73 miles sw of Charlestown. 
 It has a safe harbour. The courts once 
 held here are now removed to Coosewat- 
 chie. Lon. 80 54 w, lat. 32 12 n. ^ 
 
 Beaufort, a maritime town, and the 
 capital of the Carteret county, N Carolina, 
 seated on the ke side of Core sound, 55 
 miles ssE of Newbern. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 
 
 34 38 N. ^ . 
 
 Beaufort, a strong town of France, m 
 the department of Mont Blanc, the ci-de- 
 vant duchy of Savoy, seated on the Oron, 
 12 miles ns of Moustier. Lon. 6 28 e, 
 lat. 45 50 N. 
 
 Beaufort, a strong town of France, m 
 the department of Maine and Loire, and 
 late province of Anjou, with a castle, near 
 the river Authion. It contains two parishes, 
 and formerly had a convent of Reco- 
 lets. Lon. 0 9 w, lat. 47 26 n. Beau- 
 fort gives title of duke of England, to tb® 
 noble family of Somerset, who are lineally 
 descended from John ot Gaiint, duke of 
 Lancaster, whose duchess resided in this towBi 
 and here gave birth to John of Beaufort, 
 
B E A 
 
 Seangenc^y a towu of France^ in th« de- [ 
 partment of Loiret, famous for its wines, i 
 seated on the Loire, six miles w of Orleans. | 
 Lon. 1 46 E, lat. 47 48 n. ! 
 
 Beavjeuy a town of France, in the depart- j 
 inent of Rhone and Loire, and late province 
 of Lyonnois, with an ancient castle at the 
 foot of a mountain, seated on the Ardiere, 
 13 miles nnw of Villefranche. 
 
 Beaujalois, a ci-devant district of France, 
 30 miles long, .and 24 broad. Villefranche 
 the capital. 
 
 Beauliewy a town of France^ In the depart- 
 ment of the Indre and Loire, situated on the 
 Indre, opposite Loches. 
 
 Beuulyy or Beulyy a river in Inverness- 
 shire, formed by the junction of the rivulets 
 Ferrary Canichy and GlasSy near Erkless cas- 
 tle. The river abounds with excellent sal- 
 mon, and several kinds of trouts ; and it is 
 reckoned one of the best in Scotland for 
 angling. Ths Frith, or mouth of the river, 
 is six miles in length, and two in breadth. 
 
 It is navigable, at high water, by ships of 
 SO tons burden, as high up as the village of 
 Beauly, or Beulyy 12 miles w of Inverness ; 
 considerable quantities of salmon are sent to 
 London, (fee. 
 
 Beaumari^y G*r BemimarsTiy the county 
 t<Jwn of Anglesey, in N Wales, seated on a 
 bay, which affords good anchorage, and is 
 frequently a refuge for ships in storms ; hav- 
 ing seven fathoms water at the lowest ebb. 
 The town is neat and well built, and one 
 street is very handsome. Edward I. when 
 he built the town, fortified it with a castle, 
 and surrounded it with walls, made it a cor- 
 poration, and endowed it with great privi- 
 leges, and land« to a considerable value. 
 He removed the ancient freeholders, by ex- 
 change of property, into other counties. 
 Beaumarw is governed by a mayor, recorder, 
 tw'o bailiffs, an4 2 1 burgesses. It sends one 
 member to parliament, who is chosen by 
 these 25, none else having a vote in the elec^ 
 tion. It was once very extensive, but it has 
 declined greatly since Liverpool became so 
 great a mart. The coasting business is still, 
 however, considerable, from the great cop- 
 per works at Almwick, <fec. It has mar- 
 kets on Wednesday and Saturday, and fairs 
 on Feb. 13, Ascension day, Sept. 10, and 
 Dec. 19. Beaumaris is 59 miles w by n of 
 Chester, and 251 nw of London. Popula- 
 tion in 1810, 1811. Lon. 4 15 w, lat. 53 15 n. 
 
 Beauminster, See Beaminster, 
 
 Beaumont, a town ot France, in the de- 
 partment of the North, and ci-devant French 
 Hainault 12 miles s of Charleroy. It was 
 taken in 1691 by the English, who blew up 
 the castle. It is sitijateil between the rivers 
 Maeseand Sambre, 10 miles e of Maubeuge. 
 Lon. 4 19 E, lat, 50 12 n. 
 
 Beaumonty stiled formerly Beaumont le 
 Vizompte, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Sarte, and late province of Maine, 
 
 10 miles e of Alaiis* Lpn, 0 10 b, lat. 18 
 
 42 N. 
 
 B E B 
 
 Beaumont le Roger, a town of France, in 
 the department of Lower Seine, and lat© 
 province of Normandy, 22 miles sw of 
 Rouen. Lon. 0 56 e, lat. 49 2 n. 
 
 Beaumont sur OisCy a town of France, in 
 the department of Seine and Oise, and lat« 
 province of the Isle of France, 20 miles Sf 
 of Paris. Lon. 2 26 e, lat. 49 9 n. 
 
 Beaumont de Lomagney a town of France, 
 in the department of Upper Garonne, seat- 
 ed on the Gimone, 12 miles se of Lee- 
 toure. 
 
 Beauney a handsome town of France, in 
 the department of Cote d^Or, and late pro- 
 vince of Burgundy, remarkable for its excel- 
 lent wines. Its church, before the revolu- 
 tion, w'as reckoned the finest in France, 
 and the great altar was adorned with a ta- 
 ble enriched wuth jewels. The organs be- 
 longing to it w^ere very magnificent, and 
 were placed on a piece of ingenious work- 
 manship, 25 miles ssw of Dijon. Lon. 4 
 50 E, lat. 47 2 n. 
 
 Beaupreauy a towm of France, in the de- 
 partment of Maine and Loire. Loa. 0 
 50 w, lat. 47 20 n . 
 
 Beauvaisy a city of France, capital of th© 
 department of Oise, and late province of th© 
 Isle of France. The cathedral and St Ste- 
 phen’s church are much admired. The town 
 w'as ineffectually besieged by the Eng- 
 lish in 1443, and by the duke of Burgundy 
 with an army of 80,000 men. In this last 
 siege the women signalized themselves un- 
 der the conduct of Jeane Hachette, whose 
 standard was long after preserved in the 
 church of the Jacobins. The duke was 
 obliged to raise the siege ; and, in memory 
 of the women’s exploits, they used to walk 
 first in a procession on the 10th of July, the 
 anniversary of their deliverance. The in- 
 habitants carry on a good trade in beauti- 
 ful tapestry. Beauvais is situated on th© 
 river Thesin, 42 miles n of Paris. Loa. ^ 
 15 E, lat. 49 26 n. 
 
 Beauvais, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne, and ci-devant 
 province of Languedoc, on the river Tes-#* 
 cou. 
 
 BeauviUy a city of France in the de- 
 partment of Cote d’Or, and ci-devant pro- 
 vince of Burgundy, Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 4T 
 5 N. 
 
 Beauvoir sur Mer, a maritime towm of 
 France, department of Vendee, on the bay 
 of Biscay, and late province of Poic- 
 tou ; 25 miles sw' of Nantes, and 32 nj^w 
 of Sables d’Otoune. Lon. 1 5 w, lat. 4S 
 55 N. 
 
 BEAUVOISIS, a ci-devant territory of 
 France, formerly part of Picardy, and after- 
 wards of the Isle of France. Beauvais 
 was the capital. 
 
 Bebetingeny a towm of Germany,^ in Wir] 
 temberg, Avith a castle on a hill, sealed on 
 j a lake, from which proceeds the river Worn, 
 
 1 0 miles nw of Slutgard. Lon, 9 8 
 48 45 w, 
 
 I 
 
BED 
 
 BeCy a town of France, in tbe department 
 of Lower Seine, and late province of Nor- 
 mandy, with a magnificent Benedictine 
 abbey, 18 miles sw of Rouen. Lon. 0 
 62 E, lat. 49 14 N. 
 
 Becaner, or Becanor, a town of India, in 
 Asia, seated on the river Ganges, 180 miles 
 E of Delhi. Lon. 83 5 e, lat. 42 40 n. 
 
 BeccleSy a large corporate town of Suf- 
 folk. seated on the Waveney. It has an ele- 
 gant church with a lofty steeple, a gram- 
 mar-school also endowed with 10 scholar- 
 ships for Emmanuel college, Cambridge. 
 There is market on Saturday, and fairs 
 Holy Thurs. June 29th and Oct. 3d. It 
 lies 12 miles sw of Yarmouth, and 108 ne 
 of London. Lon. 1 30 e, lat. 62 38 n. 
 
 Becerril, a town of Leon, Spain, 12 miles 
 Kw of Placentia. 
 
 BechiUy the capital of a circle of Bohe- 
 niia, which abounds in salt mines, and mi- 
 neral waters. It is fortified by an ancient 
 fgastle, and was taken and burnt by general 
 Bequoi in 1619. It is seated on the river 
 Lausnitz, 57 miles s by w of Prague. Lon. 
 14 28 , E, lat. 49 18 x. 
 
 Beckenriedy a town on the banks of the 
 lake Lucern, in the canton of Underwald, in 
 Switzerland, situated in Ion. 8 25 e, lat. 46 
 41 N. 
 
 BECKET, a township of Massachu- 
 setts, Berkshire county, eontaining 751 citi- 
 zens. 
 
 BeckinntGTiy a village in Somersetshire, 
 with a corriderable woollen manufacture. 
 
 Beckiim, a town of the bishopric of Mun- 
 ster in Germany, at the source of the Verse, 
 20 miles se of Munster. 
 
 BECSANGIL, the ancient Bithynia, 
 a province of Natolia, in Asia. 
 
 Bedale, a town in the N Riding of York- 
 shire, situated upon the Roman causeway, 
 called Lceming-lane, which leads from 
 Richmond to Barnard-castle. It has a 
 market on Tuesday, and fairs on Easter 
 Tues. Whitsun-Tues. July 5th and 6th; 
 October 1 0th and 11th ; and the last Mon- 
 day but one before Christmas. It is six 
 miles from North Allerton, 10 se of Rich- 
 mond, and 222 nnw of London, 
 
 BedarieuXy or Bee d’ Arieux, a town of 
 France, in the department of Herault, and 
 late province of Languedoo, seated on the 
 river Orbre. It has a mannfacture of drug- 
 gets and other woollen stuffs, 16 miles n of 
 Beziers. 
 
 Bedborougliy a town in Wiltshire, n of 
 Bishop^s Cannings. 
 
 Beddingtony a village in Surry, between 
 Carshalton and Croyden, adjoining which 
 is Beddington-Park, where queen Elizabeth 
 is said to have resided. Its church is Go- 
 thic, with stalls like a cathedral, two miles 
 w of Croydon. 
 
 Eade7i]i\ city of the Deccan of Hindoo- 
 staii, celebrated tor the number and magni- 
 iicence of its pagodas. It is 80 miles \’w 
 of Hydrabad. Lou. 78 0 e, lat. 17.0 x. 
 
 BED 
 
 Bideny or Bedingy a village in Sussei'^ 
 seated near a river of the same name, '15 
 miles w of Lewis. 
 
 BedeVy a strong town of Asia, in the de-^ 
 minions of the Great Mogul, formerly the 
 capital of a kingdom, and still noted for the 
 number and magnificence of its Pagodas, 
 80 miles xw of Hydrabad. Lon 75 12 e, 
 lat. 17 48 N. 
 
 Beder, a town in tbe department of Ille 
 and Vilaine, France, 10 miles wxw of 
 Rennis. 
 
 Bedels Well, St, a small rivulet rising 
 from a spring well, in Peebles-shire. 
 
 Bedford, or Bedfordshire, a small inland 
 county of England, bounded on the ne by 
 Huntingdonshire, sw by Buckinghamshire^ 
 and NW by Northamptonshire. In 889, when 
 Alfred was head of the sovereignty, and 
 England was divided into counties, hun- 
 dreds, and tythings, Bedfordshire first re- 
 ceived its present name. It is situated in 
 the Norfolk circuit, the province of Canter- 
 bury, and bishopric of Lincoln, Its fonn 
 is oval, being about 78 miles in circum- 
 ference, 33 long and 22 broad ; containing 
 an area of about 323 square miles, or 
 260,000 square acres. It supplies 400 men- 
 to the national militia. It contains 124 
 parishes, 58 vicarages, and 10 markel 
 towns, viz Bedford, Aropthill, Biggleswade, 
 Dunstable, Leighton, Beaudesart, or Buz- 
 zard, Luton, Potton, Shefford, Tiiddington, 
 and Woburn, and 55 villages. The inha- 
 bitants 63,393 in 180), and 70,213 in 1811, 
 and it has 7294 houses that pay taxes. It- 
 is divided into nine hundreds, sends two 
 members to parliament, and pays seven parts 
 of 513 of (he land-tax. Its principal river^ 
 the Ouse, is navigable to Bedford ; and di- 
 vides the country into two parts, of which 
 that to the s is the most considerable. The 
 air is healthy; and the soil in general a- 
 deep clay. The x side of the Ouse is fruit- 
 ful and woody, but the s side is less fer-' 
 tile ; 3’et producing great quantities of wheat 
 and barley excellent in their kind; and^ 
 wood for dyers. The soil yields plenty of 
 fuller’s earth for the woollen manufactory. 
 The chief manufactures of the county are 
 thread, lace, and straw-wares. In this 
 county there are many remains of Roman, 
 Saxon, and Norman antiquities ; and a few 
 Roman Stations. The following antiquities 
 in this county are worthy particular notice r 
 Bedford bridge and priory ; Chicksarid abbey, 
 Dunstable priory, Eaton Parkhouse, or 
 Eaton Bray ; Five Knolls, near Dunstable ; 
 Newham priory, Northill church, near Big-- 
 pleswade ; Siimmejis Tower ;^\ardon Abbey 
 near Shefford ; Woburn Abbey, and Wood, 
 hill castle, or Oddhill castle, near Harewood. 
 
 Bedford, the county town of the above- 
 shire ;‘ pleasantly seated on both sides of the 
 river Ouse, over which there is a slonebridge. 
 It is an ancient town, «ind within the last 
 15 years, very considerable improvements 
 have been made in the general appear«ance‘ 
 
BED 
 
 cf tlic place. It has a market on Tuesday 
 and The city contains 20 new 
 
 aim-houses, erected by the trustees of the 
 Harpiir charity, which being now between 
 four and 50001. exceed^i the endowment of 
 the free school built here by Sir William 
 Harpur, knight and lord mayor of the city 
 of London, and whose statue in white mar- 
 ble stands in a niche over the door of the 
 school. Bedford sends two members to par- 
 liament, and gives title of duke to the noble 
 family of Russel, and is governed by a 
 mayor. At this place the Britons were 
 overthrown in a great battle, in 572, by 
 Cuthwulf, the Saxon king; and here a 
 strong castle was built in the time of the 
 Normans, by Pagan de Beauchamp, the 
 third baron of Bedford. It was reduced 
 by king Stephen after a long siege ; and 
 was afterwards taken by king John from 
 one Fulco de Brent, who, notwithstanding 
 he had taken the castle before from the 
 barons, and received possession of it from 
 the king, had now rebelled against his 
 sovereign liege. It has five churches, and 
 enjoys a good trade in corn by way of 
 Lynn, and has fairs, first Tuesday in Lent, 
 April 21st, July 5th, ilugust 21st, October 
 lOih, and December 19th. It is 27 miles 
 E by N of Buckingham, and 50 n by w of 
 London. Population 3948 in 1801, and 
 4605, in 1811. Lon. 0 30 w, lat. 52 13 n, 
 
 Bedford’Levely a tract of fens, consisting 
 of 300,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lin- 
 coln, Cambridge, and the Isle of Ely ; 
 which, from the ruins of houses, large trees, 
 dkc. that have been found in several parts of 
 them, appear to have been formerly dry 
 land. After several expensive and unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to drain these fens in the 
 reigns of Henry VI. and Charles I. Wil- 
 liam, duke of Bedford, in 1649, undertook 
 and completed it, and a corporation was 
 established for the goveniment of this great 
 level, in the reign of Charles 11. In these 
 fens there are decoys, where great quanti- 
 ties of wild fowls are taken. One near 
 Ely, generally sends 3000 couple weekly 
 to London, and is let for 5001. a year. 
 When the river Ouse is swelled by rains, 
 especially in winter, it is usual in Cam- 
 bridgeshire to say. The bailiff of Bedford 
 is coming ; meaning, that it is going to lay 
 their fens under water. 
 
 BEDFORD, a county of the United 
 States of America, Virginia; 34 miles in 
 length, and 25 in breadth. The chief town 
 is New London. 
 
 BEDFORD, a large mountainous coun- 
 try of Pennsylvania, 50 miles in breadth, 
 and 54 in length ; and is divided into nine 
 townships. Bedford is likewise the name 
 of ether seven places in the united States : 
 viz. 1. a post town and capital of Bedford 
 county ; 2. chief town of w Cue.ster county ; 
 'S. a township ol New Hampshire; 4 anotlier 
 in Massachusetts ; 5. another in New York ; 
 
 BE D 
 
 6. a village near Augusta; and 7, Bedford 
 New, a town in Bristol county, Massachu- 
 setts, seated at the head of Navigation oa 
 Aceushnet river, 58 miles s by e of Boston. 
 Lon. 70 52 w, lat. 41 41 n. 
 
 Bedingham, a town in Sussex, three miles 
 SE of Lewis. It has a fair July 21st. 
 
 Bedizzole, a town of Italy, in the late 
 Venetian territory of Verona, now in the 
 department of Benaco. 
 
 Bedminster, a township of New Jersey, 
 Somerset county. 
 
 Bedmonty a small town of Hettfordshire, 
 N of Langley Abbey. 
 
 Bedneh Green y one of the hamlets of 
 Stepney, in Middlesex, now a part of 
 Loudon, containing upwards of 3,000 
 houses, and 25,000 people. Here stands 
 Trinity-house, the celebrated hospital for 
 seamen. 
 
 BednorCy or Biddanorcy a town of 
 Hindoostan, capital of a district of tho 
 Mysore, 452 miles se of Bombay, and 18T 
 Nw of Seringapatam. It was taken by 
 the British in 1783, and retaken soon after 
 by Tippoo Sultan ; but on his defeat and 
 death in 1799, the town and part of its 
 suburbs, became subject to the British. 
 Lon. 75 30 e, lat. 14 0 n, 
 
 BEDOUINS, a tribe of wandering Arabs 
 that are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt, 
 and the n of Africa, who live in tents, and 
 employ themselves in grazing cattle, and 
 are governed by their own chiefs, in the 
 same manner as the patriarchs of old. 
 
 Bedruky a parish of Scotland, Roxburgh- 
 shire, four miles long, and about two and 
 adhird broad, consisting of nearly an equal 
 quantity of arable pasturage, and moor land. 
 Population about 260. 
 
 Bedruky a village in the above parish, 
 situated on the river Rule. The names of 
 these, and some other adjacent places, are 
 supposed to be derived from St. Rule, or St. 
 Regulus. Bedrule castle, an ancient strong- 
 hold, was seated on an eminence near tfaia 
 village, in a situation remarkable for pro- 
 spect, beauty, and safety, long the residence 
 of the chief of the Turnbulls, a branch of ^ 
 the ancient family of Rule. 
 
 Bedser, a town in the Danish island of 
 Sanso. Lon. 10 15 e, lat. 25 57 n. 
 
 Bidwin, Greaty a town in the eastern 
 part of Wiltshire. It is an ancient borough 
 by prescription, governed by a portgreve, 
 who appoints a bailiff under him, and sends 
 two members to parliament, elected by the 
 freeholders, and inhabitants of ancient bur- 
 gage messuages, about 80 in number. The 
 church is a spacious edifice, in the form 
 of a cross, with a high tower, and a peal 
 of six bells. It has two fairs, April 23d, 
 and July 26th, and it had formerly a weekly 
 market on Tue.sday, which has been discon- 
 tinued lor several years. It is five miles sw 
 of Hungerford, and 70 w of London. 
 
 Bedwerthy a town in Warwickshire, three 
 miles s of N7un Eaton. 
 
B E H 
 
 Baeeh^Fork, a river of the United States, 
 Kentucky, and one of the three principal 
 sources of the river Salt, which rise in three 
 diftereut parts of Mercer county ; and, wind- 
 in.o' westward, unite, and form that large 
 navigable river, about 15 miles from tbe 
 
 Ohio. ^ „ 
 
 BEEF ISLAND, one of the smaller 
 Virgin islands, W Indies, about five miles 
 ion^. and one broad. Lon. 63 2 w, lat. 18 
 
 23 N. . . 
 
 Beemahy a river of Hindoostan,in Decan, 
 which rises in the mountains n of Poonah, 
 and after a course of above 300 miles se, 
 is joined by a principal branch of the Kist- 
 xia, near Edghir. It is esteemed one of tbe 
 sacred rivers by the Gentoos. 
 
 BEEROO, a territory of Negroland, 
 lying between Zabara on the n, and Bam- 
 liara on the s. The capital is Wallet. 
 
 beering island See Bering. 
 
 Beering Straits,. See Beering, 
 
 Beesy Sty a town in Cumberland, near the 
 sea, five miles s of Whitehaven, noted 
 for its public school, and the remains of a 
 priory, which is now used as a parish 
 church. The lofty promontory St. Bees 
 Head on which is a light-house, is two miles 
 
 to the Nw. ' ^ T • xu 
 
 Beesko, a town of Brandenburgh, in the 
 Ucker Mark, seated on the Spree, 40 miles 
 SE of Berlin. It has a manufacture of 
 
 cloth. ^ i 
 
 Befort, or Beffort, a small but strong 
 town ol France, in the department of the 
 Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, 
 has manufactures of excellent iron. It was 
 ceded to France by the treaty of Westphalia 
 in 1648, and greatly augmented by Louis 
 
 XIV. 34 miles sw of Colmar. 
 
 . , 
 
 the 
 
 B m 
 
 Beg, a place in tlie parish of Galston, i 
 Ayrshire, celebrated for being one ot th 
 retreats of the patriotic Sir William Wal- 
 lace, where, in a rude fortification, attended 
 by only 50 of his friends, he obtained a com- 
 plete victory over 260 Eiiglishmep, under 
 an officer named Fenwick. 
 
 Begia, or Beyjah, a town of the kingdom 
 of Tunis, with a strong castle on the decli- 
 vity of a mountain, with an extensive tmde, 
 chiefly in corn, 50 miles w of Tunis. Lon. 
 
 II 30 B, lat. 36 42 N. 
 
 Beguieres. See Bequires. 
 
 Beherah, a town of Lahore, Hiiidoostan, 
 on the Cheium, about T5 miles w by n ol 
 Lahore. 
 
 ■ Behker, capital of a territory of the same . 
 name, on the E side of tbe Indus, seated on 
 an island formed by this river. It is 160 
 wmles s by w of Moultau. Lon. *0 2 e, lat. , 
 
 2T 32 N ! 
 
 BehluUuy a town of Syria, in Asian Tur- i| 
 
 Icey. Lon. 35 58 e, lat. 35 15 n. 
 
 Behnhur, a town of Lahore, Hiiidoostan, 
 85 miles n by w of Lahore. 
 
 Behneu, a town of Egypt. Lon. lo 57 e, 
 
 ]l£Lt. 25 On. r vr a 
 
 Behrings Bag, on the nw coast of N A- 
 
 merica, separated from Admiralty Bay, oil 
 the N by a point of land ; lies nw froga 
 Cross Sound. 
 
 Behrings Straits, See Berings Straits, 
 Beja, an ancient town of Portugal, ie 
 Alentejo, seated in a fruitful plain, near a 
 lake of its name, remarkable for excellent 
 wine. It has three gates of Roman archi-? 
 tec lure ; and many Roman antiquities am 
 dug up in it. It has a strong castle ; and 
 was taken from the Moors in 1162. Iti^ 
 40 miles s of Evora, and 72 se of Lisbon* 
 Lon. 7 40 w,lat. 37 55 n. 
 
 Bejapour, See Visiapour, 
 
 Bejary a town of Estremadura, in Spain, 
 famous for its baths. It is seated in a 
 very agreeable valley, surrounded with 
 high mountains, whose tops are always^ 
 covered with snow. Here the duke of Be-*' 
 jar has a handsome palace. In this neigh-* 
 bourhood are forests filled with game, and 
 watered by fine springs ; also a lake a- 
 bounding with excellent fish, particularly 
 trouts. This lake is said to make such a 
 noise before a storm, that it may be heard 
 15 miles off. 
 
 Beichlingeny a town of Upper Saxony, m 
 Thuringia, 17 miles N of Weimar. Lou. U 
 50 E, lat. 51 20 N. 
 
 Beilay a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 
 Bildy a small hamlet in the county of 
 Tweeddale, parish of Tweedmuir, Scot^. 
 land. 
 
 Beilsieiriy a town of Germany, in th© 
 lacdgraviate of Hesse, 10 miles s of Dillen* 
 burg. 
 
 Beilsfeiny a town and castle of Germany, 
 in the electorate of Treves, seated on th© 
 Moselle, 22 miles sw of Coblent?. 
 
 Beilstein, a town and castle of German)^, 
 in the Westerwald, seated on the Umbach, 
 12 miles WNW of Wetzlar. 
 
 Beiny or Beinny in the Gaelic language. 
 Signifies a mountain, and accordingly makes 
 part of the names of a considerable number 
 of hills and mountains in Scotland ; parti- 
 cularly, Bein-Achaolais, See Jara, Bern-, 
 an-lniy Argyllshire. Bein-an-Lochan, (i. e. 
 the hill of the lake,) Argyllshire, so named 
 from a lake which washes its base. Bem-> 
 an^oir. See Jura, Bein-Ardlarichy m 
 Ranoch, Perthshire, about 3500 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Bein-Bharfhiony in the 
 NW part of the isle of Arran, said to be two . 
 miles high. Bein-Chonziey Perthshire, 
 risino- 2922 feet above the level of the sea. 
 On the summit are 40 acres of deep moss, 
 containing large trees of oak and fir. Beta- 
 Chromdaly Banffshire. Bein-Dergy Perth-. 
 shire, 3550 feet high. Bein-Dian-a-Bhafg, 
 on the coast of Inverness-shire. On this 
 hill, tradition says, a son of Sueno, king of 
 Denmark, lies interred. Bein-Donicli, Ar- 
 g-yllshire. Bein^Boran, in tbe united parish- 
 es of Glenorchy and Inishail, Argyllshire , 
 till lately much frequented by roe- bucks ana 
 mountain-deer. Beirt-Eidiki, parish ot 
 veil, Argyllshire, ou whicb there is a roca 
 
B E I 
 
 trSiJi natural steps in the form of a stair. 
 This hill is mentioned in one of Ossian’s 
 poems. Bein-GhrimmoVy county of Suther- 
 land and parish of Kildonan. Bein-Ghulb- 
 hiiinriy or Bein-Ghietleinny Perthshire, at the 
 head of Glenshee, celebrated for having been 
 the scene of a hunting match, which proved 
 fatal to Diarmid, one of FingaPs great he- 
 roes. The Rev. Mr Stewart says, The 
 boards den and Diarmid^s grave are still to 
 be seen on this hill.^^ Rein-GlOy Perthshire, 
 the highest pinnacle of which is 3724 feet 
 above the level of the sea. There are 
 stones upon a part of Bein-Glo, that shine 
 as if they had been vitrified, w^hich leads 
 some to suppose it has been formerly a 
 volcano. On the s side of it, there is a re- 
 aiiarkable cave, narrow at the mouth, but 
 very wide within, and afterwards very nar- 
 row, and so deep, that no person will ven- 
 ture down. The sound of running waters, 
 is heard in it at all times. Beinlaoiy Ar- 
 gyllshire. Bein-LuwerSy above Loch Tay, 
 in Ereadalbane, 4015 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Bein-Luibhainy one of the 
 western Grampians, Argyllshire. Beinmorey 
 island of Mull. It exhibits many appear- 
 ances of volcanic fire, and is mostly com- I 
 posed of Basaltic columns of a pentagonal, 
 or hexagonal form. Beinmore Assinty 
 Sutherland, BeinThiolaire, Argyllshire, re- 
 markable for springs and water cresses. 
 Bein-Uarichy Sutherland. Bein-Veiry pa- 
 rish of Appin, Argyllshire. Bein - Una, i 
 Argyllshire, one of the Western Grampians. ' 
 BeinVurichy Atholl, Perthshire. 
 
 Beiiiheiniy a fort of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Low'er Rhine, and ci-devant 
 province of Alsace, seated on the Sur, near 
 its confluence with the Rhine, 22 miles se 
 of Strasburg. Lon. 8 12 e, lat. 49 2 n. 
 
 BEIRA, the largest province of Portugal, 
 bounded on the n by Tralos Montes and 
 Entre-Duero-e-Minho, and on the s by 
 Estramadura, extending in length about 
 so leagues, and iu breadth about 30 league.s, 
 and is divided into six commareas. Within 
 this province lies Lamego, where the first 
 assembly of the stales was held ; the chief 
 episcopal city of Coimbro, which is likewise 
 an university ; and Viseo, also a bishopric, 
 and formerly the capital of a dukedom. It 
 produces all the necessaries of life. Its 
 capital is Coimbra. 
 
 Beisapy a tow’n of Hindoostan, on the 
 river Chantrou. 
 
 Beit el FaM, a town of Yemen, in Arabia, 
 a noted market for Cofl'ee j 24 miles ese of 
 Laheida. 
 
 Beithy a parish of Scotland, Ayrshire, 
 (excepting a small district of four farms in i 
 Renfrevv.shire,) about five miles long, and I 
 four broad. The inhabitants manufacture | 
 linens, linen yarn, silk gauzes, cottons, mus- 
 lins, <fec. but the three fir.st branches have 
 considerably declined. About 1760, the 
 linen yarn trade was estimated at 16,0001. 
 a-year. The lands are almost all arable 
 
 BEL 
 
 I and inclosed ; the soil rich and highly ciA- 
 j tivated ; yet much attention is paid to the 
 I management of the dairy, from which the 
 farmers generally pay their rent. This and 
 I the neighbouring parish of Dunlop hav© 
 j long been famed for good cheese. Popula- 
 tion about 3103. 
 
 Beithy a village in the above parish, situ- 
 ated on the great road from Glasgow by 
 Paisley, to Ayr and Portpatriek. Before 
 J6S8, it consisted of only six houses, in 
 1792-3 it contained 488 families, composed 
 of 1754 souls, and now about 1800 souls. 
 It has a branch of the Paisley bank : with a 
 - market on Friday, and three fairs, on the 4th 
 Tuesday of May, O S, 30th August, and 
 3d Tuesday of October, OS. 17 miles sw 
 of Glasgow, and about 18 n of Ayr, and 
 59 from Edinburgh. 
 
 Beithy a small parish, county of Fife, 
 about four miles in length, and three in 
 breadth. Population about 613, 
 
 BEKIA, EECOUYA, or BoQnio, a 
 small island among the Granadilloes, be- 
 longing to Britain, chiefiy valuable for 
 turtle. It produces also wild cotton and 
 water melons. It lies 55 miles -ne of 
 Granada. 
 
 Belahi'Cy a town of France, iu the depart- 
 ment of Iiidre, 25 miles sw of Chateauroux. 
 
 Belac, or BellaCy a small city of France, 
 in the department of Upper Vienne, and 
 ci-devant province of Lyonnois. Lon, I 
 20 E, lat. 46 10 N. 
 
 Belanagary a town of Ireland, Roscom- 
 mon, 8i miles from Dublin. 
 
 Belbeisy a town of Egypt, 35 miles ne of 
 Cairo, and 45 nw of Suez. 
 
 Belhroughtony a village in Worcestershire, 
 It has fairs, ist Monday in April, and Mon- 
 day before October 18. 
 
 Beleastroy anciently called Petiliay an 
 episcopal city of Italy, in the farther Cala- 
 bria, and kingdom of Naples, seated on a 
 mountain, near the gulf of Squilace, five 
 miles sw of St Severino. Lon. IT 15 e. laU 
 9 36 N. ^ ^ 
 
 Belchery a township of Massachusetts, 
 Hampshire, containing I4S5 citizens, eight 
 miles w of Boston. ' 
 
 Belehite, a town of Spain, in the kingdom 
 of Arragon, seated on the Almonazer, 26 
 miles s of Saragossa. Lon. 0 30 w. lat. 41 
 19 N. 
 
 BelcJioey ov BdcoCy a town of Ireland, 
 Fermanagh, seated on the Lough Nilly, IS 
 miles SE of Ballyshannon. 
 
 Belclarey a. town of Ireland, Sligo, 23 
 miles sw of the town of Sligo. 
 
 Belem a town of Portugal, Estramadura, 
 about a mile from Lisbon ; seated on the 
 N side of the river Tajo, and designed to 
 defend the entrance of Lisbon. Here all 
 the ships that sail up tl>e river must brino^ 
 to. Here the kings and queens of Portu^ 
 gal are interred, and on the n is a noble 
 modern aqueduct. Lon. 9 40 w, lai, 34 
 40 N, 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 Belesme^ or Bellesme, a tovvo of France, 
 in the department of Orae, and ci-devant 
 province of Perche. 
 
 Belestaty a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Arrisge, remarkable ior a 
 spring which regularly flows and ebbs, 27 
 miles sw of Carcassone. 
 
 Belczy a city of Terra Firma, in New 
 Granada, S America. 
 
 BELEZERO, capital of a province, 
 of the same name, in Russia, seated on 
 the E shore of the White Sea, 100 miles 
 KE of Novogorod. Lon. 36 10 e, lat. 61 
 
 60 N. 
 
 Belfast, an elegant and handsome town 
 of Ireland, Antrim, seated on the mouth of 
 the Laggan, at the bottom of Garrick 
 fergus bay. It is the chief town and port 
 in that part of Ireland, for its beauty and the 
 number of its inhabitants, as well as for its 
 wealth, trade, and shipping. Its situation 
 enables^ it to carry on an extensive trade. 
 
 ' Among the public edifices, the most re- 
 markable are the new church, and the 
 assembly room, built over the exchange by 
 the late Marquis of Eonegal, who is superior 
 of the whole town, and proprietor of an 
 estate extending from Dum bridge, near 
 Lisburn, to Larne, 20 miles in length, and 
 10 in breadth. The population of Belfast 
 is estimated to be about 25,000. Over 
 the Laggan at this place, there is a spacious 
 bridge of freestone, elegantly finished, con- 
 sisting of 21 eiTcbes, besides a considerable 
 piece of solid building on each side of the 
 river. It was begun in 1682, and cost 
 about 12,0001. which was defrayed at the 
 joint experice of the counties of Down and 
 Antrim. It is connected with Lough 
 Neagh by a canal, sends one member to 
 parliament. Its maiinfactures are linen, 
 cambric, cotton, canvas, glass, sugar, 
 earthen waie, &c. Here is an extensive 
 linen ball. It is nine miles sw of Carrick- 
 fergus, and 95 from Dublin. Lon. 5 52 w, 
 
 lat. 54 46 N. . • 
 
 Belfast, a post town of the United States 
 of America, district of Maine, on a bay of 
 the same name, which runs into the land by 
 three arms, 40 miles ne of Wiscasset. 
 Lon. 69 10 w, lat. 44 26 n. 
 
 Belfast, a town of Pennsylvania, Bedford 
 county. 
 
 Belford, a post town of Northumberland, 
 1 C of Wooler. It has fairs, Tuesday before 
 M^hitsunday, and 23 August, with a market 
 on Thursday, 15 miles s of Berwick, and 
 322 N by w of London. 
 
 Belgard, a town of Germany, m E Po- 
 merania, in the province of Cassubia, sub- 
 ject to Prussia, seated on the Persante, 18 
 miles SE of Colberg. Lon. 16 5 e, lat. 
 
 64 10 N. , . 
 
 Belgasi, a town in Bengal, on the river 
 Lagusi. Lon. 89 3 e, lat. 23 32 n. 
 
 BeZ^cni,aiown of Saxony Proper, wUh 
 a good trade in beer, seated on the Elbe, 
 eight miles se of Torgau, 
 
 Belgica, a town of of the Ubii, in Garlli* 
 Belgica, midway between the Rhine and the 
 Roer : Now called Balchuseu, a citadel of 
 Juliers. 
 
 Belgica, Gallia, one of Caesars three di- 
 visions of Gaul. Augustus, instituting 
 every where a new partition of provinces, 
 added the Sequani and the Helvetii, who 
 till then made a part of Celtic Gaul, to 
 the Belgic. 
 
 BELGIUM, the ancient name, as well 
 as one of the modern ones, of the Nether- 
 lands. Ancient Belgium reached to the 
 sea, and included the late provinces of 
 Beauvais, Amiens, and Artois. But Bel- 
 gium modern was the whole of the Nether- 
 lands, French, Dutch, and Austrian. Of 
 late, however, it has been chiefly used for 
 the ci-devant Austrian Netherlands, now 
 annexed to France. 
 
 Belgorod, a fortified town of European 
 Turkey, in Bessarabia, seated at the mouth 
 of the Neister, on the Black Sea, 80 miles 
 SE of Bender. Lon. 31 10 E,lat. 46 30 n. 
 
 BELGOROD, a province of Russia, 
 with a capital of the same name, seated on 
 the Donez, nearly in the middle of Russia, 
 built by Wladimir in the year 990. 
 
 Belgrade, a city of European Turkey, th® 
 capital of Servia, seated on a hill, a liitle 
 above the confluence of the Save and tha 
 Danube. Belgrade was formerly large, 
 strong, and populous, but the town has been 
 much reduced by the wars between tha 
 Turks and Hungarians. Its population is 
 estimated at 25,000. The suburbs are very 
 extensive ; and resorted to by Turkish, 
 Jewish, Greek, and Hungarian, and Sclavo- 
 nian merchants. The streets where the 
 greatest trade is carried on are covered with 
 wood, to shelter the dealers from the^un 
 and rain. The rivers on which it stands 
 render it very convenient for commerce. 
 By the Danube that falls into the Black 
 Sea, the trade is easily extended to distant 
 countries, which renders it the staple town 
 in these parts ; and as this river also reaches 
 up to Vienna, goods are sent from thence 
 with a great deal of ease. The shops &r0 
 small, and the sellers sit on tables disposing 
 of their commodities out of window^s, tor 
 the buyers never go into the inside. There 
 are two exchanges, built wuh stone, and 
 pported with pillars not unlike the Royal 
 
 Sll 
 
 Exchange at London. There is likewise a 
 caravausera or public inn, and a college lor 
 vouiig students. Belgrade has been taken 
 bv the Turks and Imperialists alternately 
 several times ; it was taken by prince 
 Eugene, in 1117; but was ceded to the 
 Turks in 1739, and its fine fortifications 
 demolished. It was again taken by the 
 Russians and Austrians in 1789, and restored 
 in 1790. It lies 60 miles s of Temeswaer, 
 265 SE of Vienna. Lon. 21 5 e, lat. 45 10 n. 
 
 Belgrade, a small town of Romania, 
 European Turkey, on the strait of Constan- 
 tinoplo, 20 miles k of that city. 
 
BEL 
 
 Belgtade, a township of the United States, 
 Lincoln county, district of Maine. 
 
 Belgrado, a town late of the Friuli, in 
 the Venetian territories in Italy, forming 
 a district of the late maritime division of 
 Austria ceded to Bonaparte, comprehend- 
 ing a castle, with 15 villages and 2,100 
 souls. It is seated near the Tojamenta, 
 81 miles s by w of Udina. Lon. 13 5 e, 
 lat. 46 0 N.. 
 
 Belhaverty a village of Scotland, county 
 of Haddington, within the royalty of the 
 town of Dunbar. 
 
 Belhelvie, a parish of Aberdeenshire, 
 situated in the district of Formartin, be- 
 tween the Don and the Ythan. This parish 
 lay long in a state of nature, but since the 
 sale and division of the estate in 1782, a 
 most rapid improvement has taken place, in 
 consequence of long leases, <fec. The popu- 
 lation in 1801, was 1428. Belhelvie, the 
 district properly so called, which gives 
 name to the above parish, and comprehends 
 the greater part of it, was formerly the pro- 
 perty of the earl of Panmure; but being 
 forfeited in 1715, was purchased by the 
 York Building Company. In 1782, it w^as 
 exposed by the Court of Session in 16 lots, 
 at 24 years purchase, amounting to 22,9631. 
 Is. 8d. but sold for no less than 30,7451. 
 Sterling. Knitting for the manufactures in 
 Aberdeen employs a number of the women 
 in this parish. 
 
 Belichf or Belike ^ a town seated on the 
 river Mone, in the duchy of Westphalia, 16 
 miles ENE of Arensberg. 
 
 Beliday or Bleeda, a town of Algiers, 
 in the province of Titeria, at the foot 
 of a ridge of mountains, 15 miles e of Al- 
 giers. 
 
 Belitz, a town in the Middle Mark, Bran- 
 denburg, seated on a river of the same name, 
 with a manufacture of cloth, 127 miles sw of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Bell Rock, or Cape, a dangerous ridge 
 of sunk rocks, lying about 12 miles e from 
 Fifeness, and about the same distance s 
 from Arbroath harbour, between the open- 
 ings of the Frith of Tay and Forth. The 
 ridge extends about a mile in length, and 
 about half a mile in breadth, the top of 
 the rocks only being seen a few hours at 
 low water. This rock renders the naviga- 
 tion not only of the Tay and Forth very 
 hazardous, but is also dangerous to all 
 vessels navigating coastwise. Every year 
 vessels of great value are wrecked upon 
 it. Some years ago, captain Brodie of the 
 royal navy placed a beacon on it; but 
 notwithstanding the greatest care in se- 
 curing it, the first storm broke the chain, 
 and drove the beacon on shore. The same 
 gentleman afterwards sent round for the 
 ajq)robation of sea-faring people, and of 
 ^e several ports on the sea-coast, a very 
 ingenius model of a light-house, and thus 
 got .the matter brought before parliament, 
 where a bill was passed in 1806, for erect- 
 4 
 
 BEL 
 
 in-g a light-house on the Bell-Rock. The 
 building is of a circular form, 40 feet dia- 
 meter at the base, and terminates in a cone 
 60 feet above high-water mark. The lower 
 part of it being built of granite, brought 
 from Aberdeen to Arbroath, at the latter 
 place the stones are dressed and fitted one 
 to another, and from thence conveyed to 
 the rock ; and the upper part is to be of 
 hard stone from Kingoodie quarry near 
 Dundee. 
 
 BELL, or Bell Isle, an island on the 
 E side of Newfoundland. Lon. 55 42 w, 
 lat. 50 46 N. 
 
 Bellac, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Vienne, seated on the 
 Vincon ; 20 miles N of Limoges. 
 
 Bellano, a flourishing town of Italy, on 
 the E bank of the lake Cumo. It was in- 
 cluded in the department of the Lairo, in the 
 late Italian republic. 
 
 Belle, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the North, the ci-devant French 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Belle-air, or Bellire, the chief town of 
 Hariord county, Maryland. It contains a 
 towm-house and jail ; and is situated seven 
 miles Nw of Harford, and 86 from Phila- 
 delphia. , 
 
 Bellegarde, a strong town of France, in 
 the department of the Eastern Pyrenees, 
 and ci-devant province of Roussillon, on 
 the frontiers of Catalonia. It opens a 
 passage to the Pyrenean mountains. It 
 belonged to Spain before the war, and 
 stood a severe seige by the French in July 
 and August, 1791 ; but was obliged to 
 surrender at discretion on the 17th Sep- 
 tember to general Dugommier ; after which 
 the French named it Sub-Libre, It is 
 15 miles s of Perpignan. Lon. 24 56 e, 
 lat. 42 27 N. 
 
 Bellegarde, a town of France, in tha 
 department of Saone and Loire, and late 
 province of Burgundy, 15 miles ne of Cha- 
 lons. 
 
 BELLE-ISLE, an island of France, 15 
 miles from the coast of Bretagne. It is 
 the largest of the French Europeaa 
 islands, being 15 miles long, and five 
 broad, and between 12 and 13 league* 
 in circumference. It is a mixture of 
 craggy rocks and fertile soil ; but the 
 inhabitants are very poor, and the only 
 trade carried on is the curing of pilchards. 
 There are three harbours on the island, 
 namely, Palais, Sauzon, and Goulford ; 
 every one of which labours under some 
 capital defect, either in being exposed, shal* 
 low, or dangerous in the entrance. It con- 
 tains only one little city, called Le Palais^ 
 three county towns, 103 villages, and 
 about 5,000 inhabitants. The island origi- 
 nally belonged to the earl of Coronualle ; 
 but was afterwards yielded to the king, who 
 irrI742, ereoted it into a dncliy in favour of 
 marshal Belleisle. The town of Palais 
 takes its name from a castle belonging toth* 
 
BEL 
 
 duke de Belleisle, which stood in its neighs 
 boiirhood; but was afterwards converted 
 in?o » citadel fronting the sea, and strongly 
 fortified. Its fortifications are cornposed 
 prmcip.iby of horn- works ; and it is pro- 
 vided with two dry ditches, the one next the 
 counterscarp, and the other so contrived as 
 to secure the interior fortifications. This 
 citadel is divided from the largest part of 
 the town by an inlet of the sea, over which 
 there is a bridge of communication. From 
 the other patt of the town, and which is 
 n-ost inhabited, it is only divided by its own 
 fortifications and a glacis. In this state 
 was the isiund in 1*761, when an expedition 
 was undertaken against it by a British fleet 
 under ihe command of commodore Keppel, 
 ha’^ing on board a considerable land force, 
 comroanded by general Hodgson. Various 
 atlemipts were made by them, but they were 
 not successful, till the 7th of June, when 
 the French, under the brave Chev. S. Croix, 
 capitulated, and the garrison marcherl out 
 with the honours of war. The island, how- 
 ever, was restored to the French by 
 the tf'^aty of J763. Lon. 3 b w, lat. 47 
 
 IS 
 
 BEL! E-ISLE, an Hand of North Ame- 
 rica, lying at the mouth of the strait be- 
 t'.reen the country of the Esquimaux or New 
 Britam, and the n end of Newfoundland; 
 wneuce the passage between them is called 
 the Straits of Beile-Isle. The island is 20 
 m in circumference with a small bar- 
 boar on the NW side. Lon. 65 25 w, lat. 
 51 55 N. 
 
 Beiicnts, BellenSs or Bellinzoncty a ci- 
 deva: t bailiwick of Switzerland, being one 
 of ?bc lour Which the Swiss possessed in die 
 ese, afterwards united to the Italian 
 Tepur lie, and now belonging to the king of 
 Italy. 
 
 Bellents, Bellens, BeUingona, ox Beilin^ 
 zonay a town in the above bailiwick and 
 department, fortified with two strong 
 castles, formerly joined together by a wall, 
 flanked with towers. Lon. 9 0 n, lat. 
 
 46 S N. ^ . 
 
 Bellesmey a town in the department ol 
 Or *e, France, with an ancient castle, 24 
 miles ESE of Mencon, and 80 sw of Paris. 
 
 Beller, Bellag, or Belleyy a town of France, 
 in the department of Ain, and capital of the 
 ci devant district of Bugney, seated on the 
 Rhone, 40 miles se of Bourg. Lon. 5 44 e, 
 lat. 45 47 N. 
 
 Belle-ville, a town of France, in the 
 department of Drome, and ci-devant dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Belleyy or Bellag. See Benet\ 
 
 Bell grove, a town of New Jersey, in 
 Bergen couniy ; 24 miles n by w of New 
 Y oi'k . 
 
 Bdlickasse, a town on the banks of the 
 fiver St. Laurence, in Canada. 
 
 Bellidvff, an ancient tumulus in the in- 
 closures of Belmont, parish of Meigle, Au- 
 ^‘is shire, w hicb| tradition say is the spot 
 
 B E L 
 
 where Macbeth fought and fell. At som^ 
 distance, a stone of granite, 20 tons iifk 
 weight, stands almost erect, to commemo- 
 rate, it is said, the death of one of his 
 generals. But Dr. Playfair, who records 
 this tradition observes, ' it is more probabl® 
 that tyrant was slain at Lumphanan, in the 
 Mearns.^ 
 
 Bellie, a parish of Scotland, Bamffshire, 
 (except the town of Fochabers, w'hich lies in 
 the county of Moray,) extending from n to 
 s about six miles, and from e to w nearly 
 four. The climate is excellent, and the soil 
 abundantly fertile. Among its spontaneous 
 productions is the rare plant called Satyxium 
 revem. A manufacture of cotton, thread, 
 and worsted stockings, with vest, and breech 
 pieces, is carried on in the parish ; a capital 
 salmon fishery on the Sprey brings the duka 
 of Gordon above 15001. a-year. There is a 
 salmon fishery on the coast, called Stell 
 fishing. The duke of Gordon has a seat in 
 this parish, the front oi which is 568 feet in 
 length ; and perhaps no place in Britain can 
 vie with it in elegance; an attempt at de- 
 scription would extend the account far 
 beyond our limits. Population about 1802. 
 
 A chapel and a school are supported by 
 the Society for Propagating Christian Know- 
 
 ^^^^ellingham, a town of Northumberland, 
 seated on the n branch of the Tyne, 14 miles 
 NNw of Hexham, and 298 from London. It 
 has a fair, Saturday alter September 15th, 
 and a market on Tuesday. It suffered great- 
 ly by fire on August 25ih, 1780. 
 
 Bellingham y a township of Massachusetts, 
 Norfolk county, 34 miles s of Boston, con- 
 taining 735 citizens. 
 
 Bellinzo. See Bellents. ^ 
 
 Bell’s Mills, so named from the mills m 
 it, a village near Edinburgh, situated on the 
 water of Leith, where the road to the Queen^ 
 Ferry crosses that river. 
 
 Belltein, a town of Germany about nine 
 miles from Coblentz. 
 
 BELLUNESE. a territory of Italy, lying 
 between Friuli, which belonged to the Vene- 
 tians, till ceded to Austria by the treaty ot 
 Campo Formio ; and afterwards incliiied in 
 the Italian territories ceded by the emperor 
 to Bonaparte, at the late peace of Presburg. 
 It is fertile in corn, wine, and fruit, has 
 large woods and ironworks. 
 
 BellunOy capital of the Bellunese, Italy, 
 and a bishop’s see, situated among the Alps, 
 on the river Piave. It has* 14 churches, 
 and various excellent buildings, also a profit- 
 able trade in wood and timber, 15 miles ne 
 of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E,lat. 43 13 n. 
 Belmaduthy, a village in Ross-shire. 
 Belmont a hill of Scotland, in the district 
 of Strathmore, 759 feet high. 
 
 Belmonte, a town in the kingdom ol Na- 
 ples. Lon. 16 50 E, lat 39 20 n. 
 
 Belpar, or Belper, a pleasant town of Der- 
 byshire, on the banks of the Derwent, which 
 though a place 9f uo note a lew- years ago, is 
 
BEL 
 
 tjTiW tlie most populous in the county, Derby 
 excepted. This surprising increase in its 
 extent and population orginated in the e- 
 rection of three large cotton-mills, a bleach- 
 ing-riiill, and iron-forge, at which Irom 12 
 to 1300 persons are constantly employed; 
 and for their accommoduUon, a chapel and 
 a number of houses have been erected, and 
 a Sunday-school established for the instruc- 
 tion of the’ children. A new stone bridge 
 of three arches has been erected ov. r the 
 Derwent, since 1795, when the old one was 
 destroyed by a flood, which did considerable 
 damage in this and the adjacent counties. 
 Popu ation 577S in 1811 ; eight miles n of 
 Derby, and 134 nnw of London. 
 
 Belpre, a tov/n in the state of Ohio, on 
 the NW bank of Ohio, at the influx of the 
 Hock hock mg, 14 miles sw of Marietta, and 
 46 NE of Gailiopoiis. 
 
 Belpuig, a town in Catalonia, Spain, 
 with a famous convent, 18 miles ene of 
 Lerida. ^ 
 
 Belrennis^ BelrinnaSy or Belrinnes, a high 
 mountain of Scotland, Barnffsbire. It is a 
 good land mark in sailing into the Moray 
 frith ; its height above the sea being up- | 
 wards of 2650 feet^ and from its base 1 
 about 1680. j 
 
 Belty the Great, a famous strait of Den- j 
 mark, between the islands of Zealand and 
 Punen, which forms a conimunieation be- 
 tween the Categat and the Baltic. It is 
 not however so, commodious, nor so much 
 frequented as the sound. In 1658, the 
 whole strait was frozen so hard, that 
 Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, march- 
 ed over It, with a design to take Copen- 
 hagen. 
 
 Belt, the Lesser, lies to the w of the 
 Great Belt, between the island of Funen 
 and the coast of Jutland. It is one of 
 the passages from the German ocean to, the 
 Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, 
 and very crooked. 
 
 Belturhet, a town of Ireland, Cavan, situ- 
 ated on the river Earn, nine miles nnw of 
 Cavan. 
 
 BELTZ, or Bblzo, a province of Red 
 Russia, in Poland. 
 
 Beltz, or Belzo, a town of Poland, in 
 Red Russia, and capital of a palatinate of 
 the same name, situated among marches on 
 the confines of Upper Volhynia, 35 mi es n 
 of Lemburg. Lon. 24 5 e, lat. 50 20 n. 
 
 Beltzig, a town and castle of Saxony Pro- 
 per, on the frontiers of Anhalt, 17 miles ne 
 of Zerbst. 
 
 Belvedere, a considerable town of Greece, 
 the capital of the province, 16 miles ne of 
 Chirenza. It stands on the side of the an- 
 cient Elis. It takes its name from the de- 
 lightful view which the adjacent countr;^ 
 / affords. Lon. 21 45 e, laL 38 0 n, 
 
 BELVEDERE, a province of Greece, 
 on the w coast of the Morea, near Cape 
 Torness ; subject to the Turks. It is 
 the most fertile in all the Morea, and 
 
 BEN 
 
 among other fruits, produces the Belve- 
 deres raisins.- - 
 
 BELVEDERE, or St Peter, an island 
 in ihe lake of Granada, Italy. 
 
 Belvedere, a township of Vermont, iu 
 Fraokiin county. 
 
 Belvez, a to wn io the department of Dor- 
 dogne, France, 27 miles sse of Perigueux. 
 
 Belum, a town of the duchy of Bremen, 
 Lower Saxony, near the mouth of the Oste, 
 24 miles nw of Stade. 
 
 Belur, capital of a province of the same 
 name, in Usbec Tartary, bounded on the 
 N and E by Belur Tagier, or Dark moun- 
 tains, anciently Imaus. The capital is 
 200 miles e of Badakshun. Lon. 74 10 e, 
 lat. 36 35 N. 
 
 BEMBEA, a province of the kingdom 
 of Angola, in Africa. It is divided into 
 Higher and Lower ; and extends on one 
 side along the sea, and on the other 
 divides Angola from the foreign states 
 on the s. The province is watered by 
 a river called Lutano, or San Francisco, 
 which abounds w^ith crocodiles, or sea- 
 horses, and monstrous serpents, very danger ; 
 ous to travellers. 
 
 Bemher, a chain of mountains, in Asia, 
 which divide India from Tartary. 
 
 Bemsfer. See Eeaminsfer. 
 
 Ben-AcJmlly, a lake in Perthshire, at the 
 foot of the mountain Beucichally on the N 
 side ; extending about a mile from w to e, 
 and half a mile from N to s. ^ 
 
 Ben-Achalhj, di mountain in Perthshire, 
 supposed to be upwards oi 1800 feet above 
 the level ol the sea. It stands on an ele- 
 vated basis, and commands a most extensive 
 I prospect of the Grampians, towards Argyll- 
 shire ; of the whole extent oi Stratnmore, 
 from Stone-haven to Stirling ; of the Sidla, 
 Ochil, Lomond, and Pentland hills, and even 
 ! to the eastern termination of the Souua 
 hills, near Haddington. 
 
 BENACO, a department of the late 
 Itaiian republic, so named the Bena- 
 
 cus, comprehending part of the ccoevant 
 Veueiian territory of Verona, and tue whole 
 of . the late territory of Salo on the lake 
 Gcirda. Benaous was 80 Italian miles long 
 and 15 broad, and being partly level, partly 
 mountainous, exhibits one of the most charm- 
 ing spots in Italy. Its population in Oct. 
 1797, was 150,895 souls Defenzano was 
 the oapital, , 
 
 Benaens, the ancient name of the lake oi 
 Garda, ami meniiohed by Virgil as tem- 
 pestuous. 
 
 Benalder, a ISiTge mountain on the bor- 
 ders of Inverness and Perthshire, on which 
 was a romantic building called the cage. 
 Where the unlortunate prince Charles Stuari 
 lay concealed several weeks till the French 
 frigate arrived, which conveyed him trom 
 this country. 
 
 Benamenil, a town of France, depart- 
 ments of Meurthe, seven miles E of Lun^" 
 vine. 
 
 ^ P 2 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 BenaUf a hill in Ayrshire, about half a 
 mile from the \illage of Straiten, on the 
 summit oi which there are vestiges of a 
 Roman camp. j 
 
 BENARES. See Banares. t 
 
 Benaroz, a town of Valencia, Spain. 
 
 Benavarre, or Benauabel, a town of Ar- 
 ragou, Spain, capital of the county of 
 Ribagorza, three miles n of Leridu, and 70 
 E by N of Saragossa. Lon. 0 10 e, lat. 42 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Bendvente, a town of Spain, in Leon, with 
 the title of duchy. It is seated on the river 
 Elsa, 35 miles ssw of Leon ; and has a strong 
 castle and a fine palace. 
 
 Benavente, a town of Alentejo, Portugal, 
 seated on the Soro, near its junction with 
 the Tajo, 30 miles bne of Lisbon. 
 
 BENBECULA, a small island on the w 
 coast of Scotland, between the islands of N 
 and S Uist, and belonging to the parish of 
 S Uist, from which it is separated by a 
 narrow channel, nearly dry at low water. 
 Here the trustees for managing the royal 
 bount}', support a missionary minister. The 
 soil is not very productive, but much kelp is il 
 made. The remains of a large Danish || 
 tower are still to be seen. Lon. 8 30 w, ii 
 lat. 57 26 N. 
 
 Benhridge Point, situated on the coast of 
 Hampshire, between the bay of St Helens 
 and Clavercliff. 
 
 Bencairn, a mountain of Scotland, Kirk- 
 cudbright, and parish of Rerrick, 1,200 feet 
 above the level of the sea. 
 
 Benchoachan, a mountain of Perthshire, 
 abouf 3000 feet in height. 
 
 Bencloch, or Bencleaugh, the highest of 
 the Ochii hills, situated in the parish of Til- 
 licoultry, Clackmannanshire, mostly com- 
 posed of a granite, containing large crystals 
 of black scheorl. It rises 2,420 feet above 
 the level of the river Devon, which runs at 
 its base. 
 
 Bencoolen, a fort and town of Asia, on the 
 sw coast of the island of Sumatra, belonging 
 to the British. The fort w^as built by the 
 E India company, in 1690, and called Fort 
 Vork. Ill 1693, a great mortality prevailed, 
 during which, the governor and council ail 
 died. The fort, which stood in a morass, 
 was removed, and fort Marlborough eiecled 
 in a move healthy situation. The country 
 around is woody and mountainous. The 
 chief trade is in pepper. Lon. 102 10 e, 
 lat. 3 49 s. 
 
 Bencowse, a town in the province of 
 Constantine, Algiers, 25 miles se of Seteef. 
 
 Bender, or Token, capital of Bes.sarabla, 
 in European Turkey, memorable for being 
 the retreat of Charles XII. after he was 
 defeated by the Russians at PuUowa, in 
 1709. Population 11,000. It was taken 
 by the Russians in I7&9, but restored the 
 following year to the Turks, and by them 
 ceded to Russia in 1812. It is seated on 
 the Dnieste;, 100 miles e by s of Jassay. 
 Lon. 29 24 e. lat, 46 53 N. 
 
 BENDERMASSEN, a kingdom of Asia 
 in the island of Borneo. 
 
 Bendermassen, its capital, has a good 
 harbour. Lou 1 13 50 e, lat. 2 40 s, 
 
 Bendochg, a parish of Perthshire, in the 
 valley of Strathmore, near the borders of the 
 county of Angus. The length of the parish 
 is about 12 miles, and its breadth from 6 to 8. 
 The banks of the Isla are very fertile ; but 
 often overfiow'cd, so as to carry away the 
 labours of the farmer. A fine stone bridge 
 of five arches is thrown over the Isla, upon 
 the road from Cupar Angus to Fort George. 
 Loch Stormont, w’hich gives its name to a 
 district of Perthshire, contains a great deal 
 of marie, but has not as yet been drained. 
 There are besides a number of smaller lakes 
 which contain that excellent manure. The 
 parish also abounds with execellent freestone, 
 and some granite. Population in 1801, 860. 
 
 Bene, a town of Piedmont, with a castle, 
 seven miles s of Cherasco. 
 
 Benedetto, or Benditto, St, a considerable 
 town of Italy, seated on the Po; famous 
 before the revolution for the richest and 
 finest convent in all Italy. The celebrated 
 countess Mathilda, died and was buried in 
 it ; 15 miles sse of Mantua. Lon. 1 1 25 e, 
 lat. 45 0 N. 
 
 Benedict, a town of Maryland, in Charles 
 county, on the Patuxent, 16 miles w of port 
 Tobacco, and 30 se of Washington. 
 
 Benegateic, a town of Arabia Petraea, 
 Lon. 37 20 e, lat. 27 5 n. 
 
 Beneschow, a town of Bohemia, noted for 
 its paper manufacture, 24 miles s of Prague. 
 
 Benesoeuf, a town ol Egypt, seated on the 
 western shore of the Nile, with manufac- 
 tures of woollen, and carpets, and remark- 
 able for its hemp and flax ; 50 miles s of 
 Cairo. Lon. 31 0 e, lat. 20 10 n. 
 
 Benevente, a town of France, in the 
 department of Creuse, 10 miles nnw of 
 Borganeuf. 
 
 Benevento, a city, and duchy of Italy, 
 kingdom of Naples, with an archbishop^s 
 see. The city, which is the capital of the 
 duchy, is situated near the confluence of the 
 rivers Sabaio and Calore, in a fertile valtey 
 called the Straits of Benevento, lull of gen- 
 tlemeiPs seats, and pleasure houses. The, 
 duchy was given to toe Pope, by the emper- 
 or tleury 111 in exchange for some feudal 
 rights in the city of Bamberg, which belong- 
 ed to the city. Benevento has suffered great- 
 ly by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, when 
 the archbishop, afterwards Pope Benedict 
 XIII. was dug out alive. M^hen he was 
 advanced to the pa^al chair, he rebuilt this 
 place. The remains of ancient sculpiure are 
 more nuixierous here, than in any other part 
 of Italy, Rome excepted. It is 35 miles ne 
 of Naples. Lon. 14 47 E,lat. 41 8 N. 
 
 Beneventum, a towui of the Samnites, for- 
 merly called Malevenlum, from the unwhole- 
 someness of the w’ind, and under that appel- 
 lation it is mentioned by Livy ; but after a 
 Roman colony was led thither, A U C 485, 
 
BEN 
 
 U came to have the name o^- Beneventum, as 
 a more auspicious title. 1 1 is mentioned by 
 Horace as an ancient city, said to have been 
 built by Diomedes, before the Trojan war. 
 It is now called Benevento. 
 
 Benfeld,o\ Benfield, a town of France, in 
 the department of the Lower Rhine, 12 miles 
 ssw of Strasburg. Its fortifications were 
 demolished in consequence of the treaty of 
 Westphalia. Lon. 7 45 e, lat. 48 14 n. 
 
 BENGAL, a country of Hindoostan, in 
 Asia, bounded on the w by Orissa and Ba- 
 bar, N by Boctan, e by Assam and Cassay, 
 and s by the bay of Bengal, Its^greatest ex- 
 tent from w to E is about 720 miles ; and 
 from N to s is not less than 300, though in 
 some places not above 150 j extending 
 from iat. 21 to 25 deg. n, and from Ion. 80 
 to 91 deg. E. The British nation [ossesses 
 in full sovereignty the whole soubah of 
 Bengal, with the greatest part of Baliar, 
 the districts of Midnapour in Orixa or Oris- 
 sa, and the district of Benares, besides a 
 considerable territory, composed of the 
 districts ceded by Tippoo in the treaty of 
 March, 1792. (See Hindoostan,) But of 
 all the Indian provinces, Bengal is perhaps 
 the most interesting to an English reader. 
 It is esteemed to be the store-house of the 
 East Indies. In fertility it exceeds Egypt, 
 and the produce of its soil consists of rice, 
 sugar-canes, corn, sesamum, small mul- 
 berry, and other trees. Its calicoes, silks, 
 saltpetre, lacca, opium, wax, and civet, go 
 all over the world ; and provisions are here 
 in vast plenty, and incredibly cheap, espe- 
 cially pullets, ducks, and getoe. The coun- 
 try is intersected by canals cut out of the 
 Ganges for the ]>enefit of commerce, and ex- 
 tends nearly 100 leagues on bothsidesof that 
 river, full of cities, towns, castles, and vil- 
 lages. The river annually overfiows like ' 
 the Nile ; and the soil is so fertile that it 
 yields two, and sometimes three crops. The 
 principal Englisa factory is at Calcutta, the 
 capitcti, or Fort William, situated on the 
 river Hugley; the most westerly branch of 
 Ganges, about tOO miles from the sea, and 
 the river is navigable up to the town for the 
 largest sh'ps that visit India. This country, 
 however, lying almost entirely within the 
 torrid zone, and in the middle of a very 
 extensive continent, is sometimes subject to 
 such extremes of heat, as render ft very 
 fatal to European constitutions. Bengal 
 has been subject to the British E India Com- 
 pany ever since the year 1765. 
 
 Bengal f a hill of Scotland, in Dumfries- 
 shire, on which there is an old fort, also a 
 village on the w of it. 
 
 Beijgasi, a town of the kingdom of Tri- 
 poli, in Africa, defended by a wail and cas- 
 tle toward the seti, and surrounded by a 
 luxuriant country. It stands on the w side 
 of an excellent harbour, 145 miles sw of 
 Derna. Lon. 20 25 e, lat. 32 23 n. 
 
 BENGO, a province of the kingdom of 
 Angola, in Africa, having the sea on the w’, 
 
 BEN 
 
 and the province of Moseche situated on 
 the E. 
 
 BENGUELA, a kingdom of Africa, in 
 Congo, bounded on the n by Angola, e by 
 Bemba, s by parts unknown, and w by the 
 Atlantic ; formerly governed by its own 
 kings ; but entirely ruined by the incursions 
 of the barbarous Giagas, so that its being 
 conquered by the Portuguese proved a great 
 happiness to the natives. The country, w bich 
 is mostly mountainous, abounds with ele- 
 phants, rhinoceroses, lions, tigers, crocodiles, 
 <fec. which are very dangerous, and destroy 
 great numbers of cattle. The climate is 
 destructive to Europeans. The dress of the 
 men consists of skins about their waist, and 
 beads around their neck. Their arms aro 
 bows and arrows, and darts headed with 
 iron. The women have a copper collar 
 round their neck, and copper rings round 
 their legs, and cloth made of the bark of a 
 tree round their waist. 
 
 Benguelay a river ; and Benguelay the ca- 
 pital of the above province, where the Por- 
 tuguese have a fort, n of the bay of Bengue- 
 la, 350 miles s of Loanda. Lon. 12 30 
 lat. 10 30 s. 
 
 Benliolmoy parish of Scotland, Kincar- 
 dineshire, three miles long, and of equal 
 breadth. Of 4721 English acres contained 
 in the parish, above four-fifths are cultivated. 
 Population about 1412. 
 
 Benliolme, Nether and Upper y two small 
 villages in the above parish. The former 
 consists of 15 houses built upon the beach ; 
 and as the opening of the land strongly re- 
 sembles a harbour, the distressed mariner, in 
 stormy or hazy weather, is often allured to 
 his destruction, while he hopes for a safe an- 
 I choringattbe Hauglisoi Nether Benhoime. 
 This dangerous place is situated about mid- 
 way between Johnshaven and Gurdou. 
 
 Ben- Hope y a mountain in Sutherland, up- 
 wards of a mile above the level of the sea, 
 and, excepting a few rocks, entirely covered 
 with heath. It is frequented by deer. 
 
 Benhuaoel, See Benavarre, 
 
 BeniaraXy an ancient and considerabl® 
 town of Algiers, in Africa. Lon. 0 30 
 lat. 35 0 N. 
 
 Benjar-Mansan, or Benjarsen, a towm in 
 Borneo, and one of the principal harbours to 
 which European traders resort. Lon. 114 
 35 E, lat. 2 50 s. 
 
 BENIN, a kingdom of Guinea, in Africa, 
 bounded on the ne by unknown parts, se by 
 Biafara and Majombo, and s and w by the 
 gulf of Guinea and Dahomy ; in length from 
 E to V/ about 600 miles ; but its extent to 
 the N and s is not so well determined. 
 The land in general is low and woody; 
 in some parts it has rivers and lakes, but 
 in others there is a scarcity of water ; the 
 air in some places is noxious and pestilen- 
 tial, on account of the vapours from the 
 marshds. The natives make some dyestufis, 
 and manufacture cotton and calicoes for their 
 own use and exportation. Their king is abv 
 
BEN 
 
 solute^ a!id polygamy is permitted among i 
 them. The chiiiiren go naked till about 14. 
 They own an Almighty God, but worship 
 images of every form, whom they consid r as 
 mediators between God and man ; evdry filth 
 clay is hol]^, on which the rich kill cows, <fec. 
 and the poor, dog.^, cats, fowds, &c. and dis- 
 tribute among their poorer neighbours. The 
 country abounds with cotton, pepper, oran- 
 ges, and lemons. Its animals are elephants, 
 leopards, tigers, stags, wild boars, the civet 
 and mountain cats, hairy sheep, horses, and 
 hares, &c. . Its birds, paroquets, pigeons, 
 nartrklges, storks, -aiKi ostriches. 
 
 Benin, the capital and residence of their 
 kings, is seated pretty far in the country ; it 
 stands on a plain, and is about four miles in 
 compass. There are markets twice a-day, 
 where they sell cows, cotton, elepliant^s teeth, 
 European merchandises, and wdiatever the 
 country produces. The houses are large, 
 wilh clay Wc\lls, and at a distance from each 
 otiier ; they are covered with reeds, straw, 
 and leaves. The women in this place are 
 great slaves ; for they go every day to mar- 
 ket, manage the household afiairs, take care 
 ol the children, cook the victuals, and till 
 the ground. Ail the male slaves here are 
 foreigners, for the inhabitants cannot be sold 
 for slaves, onl}' they' go under the denomina- 
 tion of tlu^ king^s slaves / and it is said that 
 the king of Benin can bring 100,000 fight- 
 ing men into the field. It is seated on the 
 Tiver Benin or Formosa, SO miles from its 
 ir.outbi Lon. 5 4 e, iat. 7 30 n. ^ 
 
 Benin, a river of the same kingdom, wmcb 
 has many arms, or sources ; some of them 
 so large, that they deserve the name ol rivers. 
 The place of trade cn this river is at Arebo, 
 about 120 miles distant from its mouth ; and 
 to this place ships may sail up. 
 
 Benivas, one of the highest hills in Scot- 
 land, situated in the parish of Fedderty. near 
 4000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Benivenow, a mountain of Perthshire, 
 about 30G0 feet in height. ■ 
 
 Ben-Laochal, a mountain in Sutherland, 
 almost perpendicular, deeply furrowed, and 
 about inilf a mile high, it is tamed in the 
 songs of the Highland bards, for being the 
 scene oi Diarmid^s death, though some other 
 bards [lace it upon Bein-Gulbhuinn They 
 differ in the tradition too, as w^ell as in the 
 scene ; for here they tell us that Diarmid, 
 being an Absalom in beauty, and little 
 belli r in virtue, seduced FingaFs wile; 
 wduch made that hero contrive the plan ot 
 gelling him killed by the boar. 
 
 Bmlauers, a mountain near Kenmore, 
 Perthshire. It rises in a conical shape, to 
 the height of 4,015 feet, above the level ot 
 tac sea. 
 
 Benledi, or the Hill of God,’’ a moun- 
 tain of Scotland, Perthshire, 3,009 feet above 
 tut; level of the sea, of a coniciil figure, and 
 the summit is smoothed by art, having been 
 employed, according to tradition, in the days 
 of Druid ism, as a place of worship. 
 
 BEN 
 
 Ben-Lomond, a lofty mountain in Dun- 
 bartonshire, 3,240 feet above the level of 
 Tmch Lomond, along the side of which, it 
 stretches lor several miles. Its height is 
 surpassed by Benevis, Beulawers, and some 
 other mountains ; but the difference is 
 more than compensated by the magnifi- 
 cence of its insulated situation, with re- 
 spect to the neighbouring hills. The view 
 from the summit is most extensive. On 
 the NE side is the source of the river Forth, 
 here au inconsiderable rill, but very soon 
 augmented to a river, by the numerous 
 streams which join its waters, as it passes 
 through the valley. Ben-Lomond is chief- 
 ly composed of granite, interspersed with 
 immense masses of quartz. Considerable 
 quantities of micaceous schistus are found 
 even at the top, and many rocks near 
 the base of the mountain are entirely com- 
 posed of that mineral. From the number 
 of rare plants it possesses,' Ben-Lomond 
 affords a fertile field for the ingenious 
 botanist. 
 
 BenMore, or Eenmoir, a lofty mountain, 
 Perthshire, parish of Killin, of a conical 
 figure, and 3,903 feet above the level of the 
 
 SC01. 
 
 Bennachie, or Bennochie, a hill, Aber- 
 deenshire, nearly 1000 feet above the level of 
 the sea, and 750 above that of the river 
 Gady. Its base covers about 4000 acres. 
 
 It was formerly fortified, and the remains 
 of a stone w^all are still standing near its 
 
 highest pinnacle. . ^ 
 
 Bennaventa, or Benrtavenna, an ancient 
 town of Britain, on the Ausona Major, or 
 the Antona of Tacitus; supposed to be the 
 Northampton on the Nen ; but Camden says 
 it is Wedon, a village six miles to the w of 
 Northampton. 
 
 Ben~nemo, or Bennems, a lofty mountain 
 of Scotland, Inverness-shire, esteemed the 
 highest in Britain, being 4,370 feet above 
 ihe level of the sea. On the ne 
 presents a precipice nearly perpendicular 
 of auout 1500 feet. The summit ot this 
 mountain affords one of the most extensive 
 prospects in Scotland. The whole of the 
 great glen of Caledonia, from Fort-George 
 To the Sound of x\luU, is at once in view, 
 comprehend.ng the fresh water lakes ot 
 Ness, Oich, and Locby, arid all the course 
 of the tW'O rivers Ness and Lochy, from 
 their source to the place where they enter 
 into the salt winter, running in opposite di- 
 rections, the one ne and the other sw. One 
 sees at once across the island, eastward to 
 the German Ocean, and we tw*ara to the 
 Atlantic. The extent of view' on the nori- 
 I zon of the sea is above 80 miles; and Irorn 
 'ithe Moray Frith on the ne lo the 
 i of Colousay on the sw, it reaches 170 miles, 
 i A great part of the hill is composed ot por- 
 phyry It is a remarkably fine, beautiiul, 
 
 and elegant stone, of a reddish cast, m 
 which the pale rose, the blush, and the yel- 
 lowish white colours, are finely blended, and 
 
BE Q 
 
 sbaded through the body of the stone, which j 
 is of a jeliy-iike texture, and is, undoubtediy j 
 one of the finest and most elegant stones in 
 the world ; and there is enough of it to 
 serve all the kingdoms of the universe, 
 though they were all as fond of granite as 
 ftucient Egypt. 
 
 Bennington, a village four miles e of 
 Steveuage, Hertfordshire, In this place, 
 near the church, are the remains of the pa- 
 lace, and of a castle, in which the Mer- 
 cian kings held a council in 850. 
 
 BENNINGTON, a county of the state 
 of Vermont, N America, 34 miles from n 
 to s, and 19 from e to w. It is divided 
 into 19 townships. Bennington, its chief 
 town is situated near the s side of the Hoo- i 
 sack river, at the foot of the green moun- 1 
 tains, 30 miles e by n of Albany, Near i 
 this town, in 1777, a detachment of general j 
 Burgoyne’s army, was defeated by the Ame- i 
 ricans, and 700 taken prisoners, with four | 
 brass field-pieces, and other military stores, j 
 Lon. 73 20 w, lat. 43 0 e. 
 
 Benole, a town of Tripoli. Lon. 16 47 e, 
 lat. 29 59 N. 
 
 Bensherg, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 duchy of Berg, seven miles e of Mul- 
 beim. 
 
 Benshurtj, a towm of the county of Surry, 
 originally called Knehenshurg, from Kne- 
 ben, a captain under Ethelred, king of Kent, 
 who was slain there in a battle against 
 Ceaulin, king of the West Saxons. 
 
 Bensheim, a town of Germany, ceded 
 to Hesse Darmstadt, in 1802 ; 25 miles 
 KNw of Heidelberg, Lon. 8 41 e, lat. 49 
 36 N. 
 
 BENSHEIM, a county of Westphalia, 
 45 miles long, and 18 broad, lately -seized 
 upon by France, for behoof of the Grand 
 Duke of Berg and Cleves. j 
 
 Bentheim, its capital was taken by the 
 French in 1795. It is seated on the Vecht, I 
 32 miles nw of Munster. Lon. 7 8 e, lat. 
 52 23 N. 
 
 Bentivoglio, a small towm of Italy, late in 
 the Pope^s territory, and the depannieut of 
 the upper Padua, in the Italian republic, 
 40 miles ne of Bologna, with a castle. 
 Lon. II 54 E, lat. 44 47 N. 
 
 Benuais, or Benuaish, a high mountain 
 in Ross-sbire, the top of which is always 
 covered with snow, even in the hottest day 
 of summer. In allusion to this, there is a 
 clause in a charter of the family of Foulis, 
 whereby the forest of Uaish is held of the j 
 king on condition of paying a snowball to 
 bis majesty, if required, on any day of the j 
 year. jj 
 
 • Benvurlich, or Benvoirlich, a mountain ( 
 of Perthshire, 3300 feet above the level of | 
 the sea.. In a clear day it is distinctly seen ■ 
 from Perth, from Edinburgh castle, and 
 Loudoii castle in Ayrshire. 
 
 BEQUIERES, BEGUIRES or Aboit- 
 KiR, an island and bay on the coast of 
 ^gypt, at the mouth of the Niie^ near which. 
 
 B E R 
 
 on the first of August, 1798 the British fleet 
 commanded by Admiral Nelson, gained one 
 of the most complete and naval victories 
 that was ever obiained. 
 
 BERAR, a province of the Deccan of 
 Hindoostan, bounded w by Dowdatabat, and 
 Candeish, N by Malwa, and Allahabad, e 
 by Orissa, s by Golcondas. The country 
 of the Rajah, extends from e to w, 550 
 miles, and from n to s in some places 200. 
 Nagpour is the capital. The country 
 around Nagpour is well cultivated and fer- 
 tile, the rest of Berar, so far as is known, is 
 but thinly inhabited. The principal part 
 of which is subject to a rajah, the other to 
 the nizam of the Deccan. 
 
 Beraun, a royal city of Bohemia, and 
 capital of a circle of the same name, seated 
 on the Misa, 16 miles wsw' of Prague: its 
 manufactures are earthen ware, and fire 
 arms. Lon. 14 25 e, lat. 50 0 n. 
 
 Beray, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of the channel, and ci-devant province 
 of Normandy. Lon. 1 20 w, iat. 40 6 
 ic. 
 
 Berheno, a town of Italy, included in the 
 department of the Lario, of the late Italian 
 republic. 
 
 Berhice, a town of S America, on the 
 coast of Surinam, seated on a river of the 
 same name, which eaters the Aliantie in 
 Ion. 32 13 w, and iat. 6 30 n. It belong- 
 ed to the Dutch, but wms taken by captain 
 Parr of the Malabar, on the 2d of May 1796, 
 and again by the English in 1803. The 
 produce is cotton and indigo. 
 
 BerhuTg, a town of the dnchy of Luxem- 
 burg, 12 miles ne of Luxemburg. 
 
 Berehtolsgaden, a town of Bavaria, in the 
 archbishopric of Seitzburg, capital of a 
 county of the same name, seated on the 
 Achen, 14 miles s of Salzburg. It abounds 
 in salt. 
 
 Berdaa, a town of Persia, in Erivan, 
 seated in a fertile plain, 16 miles ese of 
 Gangea. Lon. 48 0 e, lat. 41 0 n. 
 
 Bepe-alston, See Bear-aUton, 
 
 BEREG, a county of Hungary, 40 
 miles long, and 33 broad, Bereglass, its 
 capital. Lon. 21 33 e, lat. 47 39 n. 
 
 Beregonium, the ancient metropolis of 
 Scotland, is said to have been situated in 
 the parish of Ardchattan, Argyllshire. It 
 was the chief residence of the Scottish 
 kings, from Fergus II. till the removal of 
 the seat of the government to Dunstafi- 
 nage. 
 
 Bereilbj, a small city of Hindoostan Pros- 
 per, the capital of the county of the Rohil- 
 las, between Delhi and Lucknow, 120 
 miles from each, subdued by the Nobob of 
 Glide, in 1774. Lon. 79 40 e, lat. 28 30 
 
 N. 
 
 Berelos, a lake of Egypt, of an oval form, 
 32 miles long, and 10 broad in the middle, 
 lying bet'ween Daruietta and Rosetta. 
 
 Bere^ Regis, a town in Dorsetshire, seated 
 on the Bere^ near its infiux into the Piddle* 
 
B E R 
 
 ft tas a market on Wednesday, and a j 
 fair, September 18tb, on the site of an j 
 old Roman fort, surrounded by three tren - . 
 ches, IZ miles e by n of Dorchester, and 
 112 sw of London. Lon. 2 L5 w, lat. 50 
 44 N. 
 
 BERESOW, a division of the province 
 of Tobolsk, Siberia. This district was un- 
 der the Rur^sian dominion long before the 
 other parts of Siberia were conquered, being j 
 reduced by the Czar Gabriel so early as 
 A D 1530. I 
 
 BERG, a duchy of Westphalia, about j 
 60 miles in length, and from 10 to 22 in j 
 breadth. T t is very fruitful along the Rhine, j 
 but mountainous and woody towards the | 
 county of Blark. Among the various terri- 
 torial exchanges to W’hich Prussia vyas 
 forced to accede, previous to the breaking 
 out of the present disastrous war, the 
 duchies of Berg and Cleves were transfer- 
 red to France. This valuable acquisition 
 Bonaparte conferred on general Murat, 
 with the title of duke of Cleves and Berg, 
 and to his legitimate male heirs for ever in 
 order of seniority, excluding females and 
 their descendants. In case male heirs 
 should become extinct, these duchies are to 
 revert to the descendants of Bonaparte, 
 whom failing to prince Joseph, and whom 
 failing, to Louis, but they never can be uni- 
 ted to the imperial crowm of France. Upon 
 the late union of the princes of the Rhine, 
 and separation from the Germanic body, 
 these duchies naturally formed a part of 
 the confederated system, and by the treaty 
 of confederation the heretofore duke is 
 honoured with the title of His Royal 
 Highness the Grand Duke of Cleves and 
 Berg.’^ The late successful operations of 
 the allied armies have reversed this and 
 many similar grants. According to a pro- 
 clamation of the new government, nothing 
 has been changed in the ancient civil or 
 judicial administration of these duchies. 
 The principal town is Dusseldorff ; and the 
 principal rivers, besides the Rhine, are the 
 Wipper, Agger, and Sieg. It has mines of 
 coal, iron and lead. 
 
 Berga, a town of Catalonia, Spain, on 
 the Lobrogat, 18 miles ene of Solsona. 
 
 BERGAMASCO, a province of Italy, 
 late in the territory of Venice. It extends 
 about 36 leagues from n to s, and 30 from 
 E to w, bounded by Brescia, the Valteline, 
 and the Milanese. It is watered by se- 
 veral rivers which render it very fertile, 
 and particularly it produces great quantities 
 of ohesnuts. Several of its rallies abound 
 in wine and oil, and its mountains have 
 mines of iron. 
 
 Bergamo y or Bergamum, its capital, is a 
 large and strong town, built on 10 small 
 hills, in the form of an amphitheatre, and is 
 fortified with walls, bastions, and ditches, 
 besides tw'o castles. It is seven Italian 
 miles in circumference, and has four gates, 
 
 fi E R 
 
 four barracks, many elegant buildings, 14 
 churches, and 2,600 inhabitants. It has 
 a fine palace, called the Fiera, built in the 
 form of a quadrangle, and containing 600 
 apartments. In the square within it, a 
 great fair is annually held, on St Bar- 
 tholomew's day ; and it has a marble 
 fountain in the centre. It lies 30 miles 
 NE of Milan. Lon. 9 47 e, lat. 45 46 
 
 K. 
 
 Bergara, a town of Biscay, Spain, 14 
 miles sw of Tolosa, with a royal patriotic 
 seminary. 
 
 I Bergarac, or Bergerac, a very rich popu- 
 I lous, and trading town of France, depart- 
 I ment of Dordogne, 50 miles e of Bour- 
 deaux. 
 
 Bergas, or Bergase, a town of Romania, 
 European Turkey, and the see of a Greek 
 ! archbishop, situated on the Larissa, 40 miles 
 I sE of Adrianople. Lon. 27 40 e, lat. 4 1* 
 i 14 N. 
 
 1 Bergen, anciently Berghi, a city of Nor- 
 * way, and capital of Bergenhus. It is 
 j the see of a bishop, and has a strong cas- 
 I tie, and a good port, is the most popu- 
 I lous town in Norway. It is surrounded 
 j with mountains almost inaccessible ; its 
 ' defence consists in these and several forti- 
 j fioations. It trades to a great extent in 
 flr-v/ood, tar, skins, and dried fish ; and no 
 corn grows in the country, being all im- 
 i ported, and distributed from thence through- 
 out the kingdom. The churches, and some 
 of the houses are of stone. The castle and 
 cathedral are magnificent edifices. Po- 
 pulation 19,000. It is 170 miles w by n 
 of Christiana. Lon. 5 46 e, lat. 60 11 
 y. 
 
 Bergen, a town of Pomerania, Germany, 
 and capital of the isle of Rugen, subject to 
 Sweden. 
 
 Bergen, a town of New Jersey, capital 
 of a county of the same name, surrounded 
 by water, except on the n, and separated 
 from New York by Hudson\s river, three 
 miles distant. The inhabitants are mostly 
 of Dutch extraction. 
 
 Bergen, a town of N Holland, noted for 
 two bloody battles, on Sept. 19th, and Oct, 
 2d, 1799, between the English and Russian 
 forces, and the Dutch and French, which 
 terminated in favour of the former. It is 
 situated among woods, four miles knb; ol 
 I Alkmaer. 
 
 1 BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, a territory of 
 Dutch Brabant, consisting of a considerable 
 tract of land, containing several villages, 
 besides the town, and several islands in the 
 Scheldt. 
 
 Ber gen-op- Zoom, a town in the above ter- 
 ritory, seated on an eminence, in the middle 
 of a morass, about a mile and a half from the 
 eastern branch of the Scheldt, with which it 
 has a communication by a navigable canal. 
 It is strong by nature as well as by art, being 
 so secured by the morasses about it, which 
 
B H E 
 
 formed by the river Zoom, that it was 
 reckoned impregnable. The fortifications 
 are allowed to be the masterpiece of that 
 great engineer Cohornt, It was, however, 
 taken in 1747, and 1794, by the French, 
 but it is thought not without treachery. It i 
 bad been twice besieged before without sue- i 
 cess. When the mar<|iiis of Spinola in- 
 vested it, he was forced to raise the siege, 
 with the loss of 10,000 naen. In 1814, the 
 English tried to take it by storming it ; but 
 after forcing a passage into the town, their 
 r^etreat was cut off, when they were mostly 
 killed or taken prisoners. This town was 
 among the conquests of the French republi- 
 can army ; but has been restored to the 
 Dutch patriots since the expulsions of the 
 stadtholder, and their alliance with France. 
 The Dutch have now rid themselves of this 
 alliance in joining the allies and recalling 
 the stadtholder. It lies 15 miles n of Ant- 
 werp, and 22 s of Breda. Lon. 4 23 E, 
 lat. 51 30 N. 
 
 Bergentz, a town of Italy, near the terri- 
 tory of the Grisons. It was taken by the 
 French republican army under general Kel- 
 lerman, in June 1790. 
 
 Bergerac* See BergaraCo 
 
 Berghy a town of Nordland, in Sweden. 
 Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 63 7 n. 
 
 Berghausen, a town of Germany, in the 
 late province of Westeravia, and circle of 
 the Upper Rhine. 
 
 Berghiriy a town of Asian Turkey, pro- 
 vince of Curdistan, situated on a branch of i 
 the Tigris. 
 
 BERGOO, a country lying on the s of 
 Bornou, Negroland, on the frontiers of Nu- 
 bia and Darfoor. Capital, Wara. 
 
 Berg St Vino^, Berg St WinoXy or Bur- 
 gues St VinoXy a town of France, depart- 
 ment of the North, the ci-devant Flanders. 
 The air is often very unwholesome, espe- 
 cially to strangers. The Col me serves as a 
 canal to Hondshot, St Omer’s and Graveli- 
 »es. There is likewise a canal to Dunkirk. 
 The villages in its territorias are famous for 
 butter and cheese, of which they export 
 great quantities. Fort Lapin and Fort 
 Suisse, are wuthin a cannon’s shot, and 
 Fort St. Francis on the canal, is near three 
 miles from the town. Lou. 2 28 e, iat. 50 
 57 N. • 
 
 Berg-Zabern* a tow'n of France, depart- 
 ment of the Lower Rhine, and ci-devant 
 ^province of Alsace ; seated on the Erlach, 
 six miles ssw of Landau, and 34 se of Deux 
 Pouts. 
 
 Bhering’s Straits y the name of that nar- 
 row division of the Old and New World, 
 where the breadth between Asia and Ameri- 
 ca is only 13 leagues. They are so named 
 from captain Vitus Bering, who was em- 
 ployed by the emperor of Russia on a simi- 
 lar plan of discovery in these parts with our 
 great countryman Cook. Bering, after a 
 tedious and fatiguing journey through the | 
 
 B E R 
 
 wilds of Siberia, arrived at Kamschatka, at’ 
 tended with the scanty materi ils for his voy« 
 age, the greatest part of which he was obli- 
 ged to bring with him through a thousand 
 difficulties. It is very extraordinary that 
 Bering should have sailed through this con- 
 } fined passage, and yet that the object of 
 his mission should have escaped him. His 
 misfortune could only be attributed to the 
 foggy w'eather, which he must have met 
 w'ith in a region, notorious for mists ; for ho 
 says that he saw land neither to the nor e. 
 Our generous commander. Cook, determined 
 to give him every honour his merit could 
 claim, has dignified these with the name of 
 Bering’s Straits. 
 
 BerisUy a town of Casina, Negroland, 
 seated on the Niger; 120 miles w of Ca- 
 sina. 
 
 BERKELEY, a fertile and populous 
 county of Virginia, 40 miles in length, and 
 20 in breadth. 
 
 BerJffurdy a town of Bedfordshire, N of 
 Temsford. 
 
 Barkhamsteady or Berkhamsteady an an- 
 cient town of England, Hertfordshire, with 
 a market on Saturday. In this towm a par- 
 liament was held in 697, when Ina’s laws 
 w^ere published : William the Conqueror 
 swore to maintain the laws of his predeces- 
 sors ; Henry II, for a while kept his court; 
 and James I, had his children nursed in it, 
 and made it a corporation, which was drop- 
 ped in the civil wars. It lies on the w sid® 
 of the Gade, and on the grand junction 
 canal, nine miles from St. Albans, and 26 
 Nw of London. It has fairs on Shrove 
 Tuesday, Whitsun-Monday, St. James’s day, 
 and 25th July. The church is an elegant 
 gothic structure. 
 
 BERKHAMSTEAD, a township ol 
 Connecticut, Litchfield county. 
 
 ' Berkley y a town in Gloucestershire, situa^ 
 ted on a brook that falls into the Severno 
 Its church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a large, 
 handsome edifice, containing some elegant 
 monuments of the Berkley family ; and the 
 parish is 24 miles in compass. The town 
 has a market on Wednesday, and a fair. 
 May 14, and trades in coal, malt, cheese, 
 and timlDer. On a rising ground is the cas- 
 tle where Edwajd Jl, was imprisoned. 
 Berkley has the honour of giving birth to 
 the justly .celebrated Dr. Edward Jenner, 
 the discoverer of the vaccine innoculation. 
 It lies 15 miles sw of Gloucester, and 1 14 
 from LoojiQn. 
 
 Berkley y a township of Massachusetts 
 Bristol county. 
 
 Berkley y a town in S Carolina, in a coun- 
 ty of the same name, seated near the Coop- 
 er, 15 miles ne of Charlestown. 
 
 BERKS, or BERKSHIRE, an inland 
 county of Angland, hounded on the n by 
 Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, R by 
 Surrey, s by Hampshire, w by Wiltshire, is 
 50 miles long, and from six to 25 broad. 
 
^ E R 
 
 B E R 
 
 and contains the whole of that British prin- 
 cipality, anciently inhabited by the Atreba- 
 tii, who are supposed to have been originally 
 from Gaul. It is in the Oxford circuit, the 
 province of Canterbury, and diocese of Sal- 
 isbury. The general shape of it somewhat 
 resembles the form of a slipper or sandal. 
 It contains an area of 654 miles, or 
 ^27,000 square acres. It is divided into 
 20 hundreds, 158 parishes, aad has 12 mar- 
 ket towns, but no city, 671 villages and 
 hamlets; 21,195 houses, and in 1801 had 
 109,215 inhabitants, and 1 18,277 in 1811 ; } 
 supplies 560 men to the national militia; 
 pays 10 parts of the proportion of the land 
 tax ; and sends nine members to parliament, 
 viz. two for the county, tw*o lor Windsor, 
 two for Reading, two for Wallingford, 
 and one for Abingdon. Its principal river 
 the Thames. It has also the Kennet, great 
 part of which is navigable ; the Loddon, 
 the Ocke, and the Lambourne, a small 
 stream, which, contrary to all other rivers 
 is highest in summer and lowest in win- 
 ter. The air of this county is healthy even 
 in the vales ; and though the soil is not 
 the most fertile, yet it is remarkably plea- 
 sant. Its principal maimfactuT-es are wool- 
 len-cloth, sail-cloth, and malt. Berkshire 
 is .an earldom belonging to a branch of the 
 Howard family, the represenatives being 
 earl of Sutfoik and Berkshire, Reading is th^ 
 capital. 
 
 BERKS, a populous county of Pennsyl- 
 vania, 58 miles in length, and 28 and a-half 
 in breadth. 
 
 BERKSHIRE, a county of Massachu- 
 setts, and township of Vermont. 
 
 Berlamont, a town of France, depart- 
 ment of the North, six miles ese of Ques- 
 
 Boy* ■ . 
 
 Berlebtirg, a town of Germany, in the 
 V Westerwald, seated on the Berlebach, near 
 its jnnctiou with the Eder, 20 miles nw oi 
 Marburg. 
 
 Berleg, a village of England in Snrop- 
 shire, between Walcot and Shipton castle, 
 also the name of a village in Yorkshire n of 
 
 Snath. . , r 1 
 
 Berlin, a city of Germany, capital ot the 
 electorate of Brandenburg, and of the whole 
 Prussian dominions; one of the largest, best 
 built, and best governed of any in Germany. 
 The streets are large, straight, clean, and 
 well paved, some cf them long and elegant. 
 There are several large and handsome 
 squares with pleasarit walks. It is detended 
 partly by walls, and partly by palisades, 
 and has 15 gates. It is surrounded with 
 beautiful gardens, which produce excellent 
 fruit. The. Spree, that dosses the city, 
 has communications by canals with Havel, 
 Odor, and Elbe, as well as with the Baltic 
 sea, and Germau ocean, which greatly laci- 
 iitate commercial intercom se. The popu- 
 lation, in 180.H, was 153,128, exclusive of 
 the garrison. In the suburb called Sp»7«- 
 dc j, is a house belonging to the royal fa- 
 
 mily, with Well contrived apartments, and 
 elegantly furnished. Adjoining to Stra- 
 lau is another house and garden belonging 
 to the king. The royal gate of the city 
 is defended by a half moon and two bas- 
 tions, covered with brick : it fronts the 
 royal street, which is oue of the longest 
 and most frequented in the city. It con-« 
 tains very handsome houses, particularly 
 those belonging to some of the ministers 
 of state. The royal street is crossed by 
 five others, which are noble and spacious. 
 On the new stone bridge over the Spree, is 
 an equestrian statue of William the Great, 
 which is esteemed an exquisite piece of 
 workm.ahship. The elector is represented 
 in a Roman habit, and bis horse stands on a 
 pedestal of white marble, adorned with 
 basso-relievos, and four slaves bound to the 
 base. After passing this bridge, the king^s 
 palace appears, a grand and superb edi- 
 fice ; all four stories high, and the apart- 
 ments extremely magnificent. Besides a 
 fine library, it contains a rich cabinet of 
 curiosities and medcUs, and the supreme 
 colleges of government. This city is also 
 adorned w ith several academies, and hos- 
 pitals, an astronomical observatory, a fm- 
 perb arsenal, and a royal cloth manufac- 
 ture. Besides this it has mamifac- 
 tures of silk, wool, cotton, camels hair, 
 linen, Prussian blue, cutlery, porcelain, 
 enamelled, inlaid, and embroidered works. 
 The city w^as taken, October 9tb, 1760, 
 by an army of Russians, Austrians, Sax- 
 ons, <fec. who totally destroyed the maga 
 zines, arsenals, and founderies ; and seized 
 an immense quantity of military stores, and 
 a number of cannon and arms. They 
 called first for the immediate payment of 
 800,000 guilders, and then laid on a con- 
 tribution of 1,900,000 German croxvns ; 
 not satisfied with this, many irregularities 
 were committed by the soldiery ; though by 
 the exertions of the officer.? the private pro- 
 perty of the inhabitants was in general 
 spared. The apartments of the royal cas- 
 tle of Charlotteiiburgh were enff rely plun- 
 dered, the precious furniture spoiled, the pic^ 
 tures defaced, without even sparing the anti- 
 que statues, collected by cardinal Polignac, 
 w^hich bad been purcha.sed by the House of 
 Brandenburg. The castle of Schonhausen, 
 belonging to the queen, and that of Frede- 
 ricsficld, belonging to the margrave Charles, 
 were also plundered. The palace of Pots- 
 dam, the famous Sans Souci, had a better 
 fate ; prince Estcvliasi commanded there, and 
 it xvas preserved from the smallest violation. 
 The prince, on viewing the palace, only ask- 
 ed which picture of the king resembled him 
 1 most? and being informed, desired that he 
 1 might have leave to take it, togejlior with 
 two German flutes which the king ^ised ; to 
 keep them, he said, in memory ot Ins majes- 
 1 ty. This was sort of taking very dltTerent 
 i from pillage. The troops staid in the city 
 I four days ; but hearing that the king v as 
 
B E R 
 
 moving to its relief, they quitted it in Octo- 
 ber 1 3th ; and having wasted the whole 
 country round for a vast extent, and driven 
 away all the cattle and horses they could 
 fi?jd, retreated by different routes out 
 of Brandenburgh. Berlin was entered 
 by the French, in 1803, 10 days after the 
 battle of Jena, and Bonaparte held a 
 court in the palace: in 1813, their armies 
 were driven from the Prussian territories. 
 
 It lies 42 miles nw of Frankfort on 
 the Oder, 100 n of Dresden, and 300 
 N by w of Vienna, liOn. 13 22 e, lat. 
 ^2 32 N. 
 
 Berlin, is likewise the name of two 
 flourishing towns in Pennsylvania ; a town- 
 ship of Vermont, Connecticut, and Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Bernieo, a town seated on the bay of Bis- 
 cay, Spain, near cape Machicaco, 15 miles 
 K of Bilboa. 
 
 Bermuda Hundred, or City Point, a 
 port of entry, and post town of Virginia, 
 stands on the extremity of a peninsula, 
 formed by the confluence of the Appamat- 
 tox, with James river. City Point is on 
 the s bank of James river, four miles ssw 
 of the town. Lon. 77 31 w, lat. 37 18 n. 
 
 BERMUDAS, or the Summer, or Som- 
 mer^s Islands, four islands in the Atlantic, 
 AGO miles e of Carolina, and encircled 
 by rocks, lying almost iit the form of a 
 siiepherd^s crook, in Ion, 66 0 w, lat. 32 
 20 N. They contain 9000 inhabitants, 
 who trade with the W Indies and America. 
 They were discovered in 1327, by Juan 
 Bermudas, a Spaniard, but not inhabited, 
 till 1609, when Sir George Sommers was 
 cast away upon them. Since that time 
 they have belonged to Britain. The 
 principal is St. George’s, which is not 
 above 16 miles long, and three at most in 
 breadth. 
 
 Bermundsey, a parish in Southwark, 
 famous for an ancient abbey, erected 
 by Eermund, a lord or abbot of the 
 place. 
 
 BERN, a canton of Switzerland, w’hich 
 holds the second rank among the diet ; 
 although it is by far the largest in extent, 
 containing almost one third of the whole 
 country. It is bounded on the n by the 
 cantons of Basil and Solothurn, and the 
 Austrian forest towns ; on the s by the 
 lake of Geneva, the Valais, and Mont 
 Blanc ; on the e by Uri, Uuderwald, 
 Lucern, and the county of Baden; and 
 on thew by .Solothurn, Neufchaiel, Franche 
 Compte, and the district of Biel, and the 
 land of Gex. It is the most fruitful, the 
 richest, and by much the largest of all 
 the cantons, extending in length about 
 180 rniles, and about 90 where broadest. 
 It yields not only plenty of grain, fruit, 
 and pasture, but also good wine, a variety 
 of coloured earths and clays, sand-stone, 
 ; mundick, gynsum, pit-coal, sulphur, and 
 iron ore# The rivers that water this canton 
 
 BE R 
 
 are, the Aar, the Limmat, the Wigger, the 
 Aa, the Rusz, the Limmat, the Sanen, the 
 Sensen, and the Kandel. The principal lake 
 is that of Geneva. The other great lakes 
 that are wholly or partly within this canton, 
 are those of Neufchatel, Biel, Murte, Thun, 
 Brien, and Halwyl, which all abound in lish. 
 lu that of Geneva, trouts are sometimes 
 caught weighing 40 or AOlb. In that of 
 Biel, called^ also the Nydau lake, are two 
 small islands^ one of v/hicb is very beautiful^ 
 Along the whole w and xw sides of the can- 
 ton, rims that chain of mountains called by 
 the general name of Jura ; but these moun- 
 tains have all their particular names. This 
 canton is very populous, the niimber of its 
 inhabitants being computed at 400,000. 
 German is the prevailing language, but al- 
 most all the people oi fashion speak either 
 French or Italian, or a mixture of both. 
 The established religion is Calvinism. Tbo 
 city of Bern first joined the confederacy in 
 1353, and in the defence thereof, beiore the 
 subjugation of the country by the French, 
 the canton furnished 2000 men. The pea- 
 sants of Bern are considered the wealthiest 
 in Switzerland, and about 60 years ago it 
 w’ould have been difficult to find a village, 
 where there was not, at least, one worth be- 
 tween 20,000 and 30,000 guilders, and some 
 were to be met with, worth even 60,000. 
 The manners, (fee. of the people will be far- 
 ther noticed under Switzerland. The 
 canton and city of Bern, suffered severely 
 from the revolutionary army of France, in 
 March 1798 ; against that army the Bernesa 
 took the field to the number of 18,000 men, 
 and though they displayed the greatest hero- 
 ism, in sustaining nine successive attacks of 
 the enemy, they w’^ere obliged to retreat to 
 the city, under the walls of which, they 
 made a noble but ineffectual stand ; the 
 artillery of the enemy forced their w^ay ; 
 the ditch was filled with the dead bodies of 
 the Swiss; the town was given up; three 
 leagues round Bern w’^ere devoted for plunder 
 and rapine ; and not an article was suffered 
 to escape. 
 
 Bern, the capital of the canton, is situated 
 upon a peninsula, formed by the Aar. It is 
 said, that the taking of a bear on the day on 
 w'bich the foundation of this city was laid, 
 gave occasion to its name ; hence, it is often 
 in Latin called Arctoyolis, that is, the city of 
 the bear ; and has a bear for its coat of arms. 
 It is almost surrounded by the riv^- Aar. 
 The houses are mostly built of white free 
 stone, and in the principal streets, have piaz- 
 zas arches under them for the convenience 
 of walking dry in wet weather. Most 
 of the streets are paved with flints, and tra- 
 versed by a canal lined with free stone, 
 which is brought from a considerable dis- 
 tance, and is very useful in carrying oft the 
 filth of the city, extinguishing fires, and 
 other purposes. The city is large standing 
 almost in the middle of the canton ; and con- 
 tains several churches. In the Dom nioau 
 
 Q 2 
 
B E H 
 
 chuTcb, a hole in the wall is always shewn 
 to strangers, by means of which (it having 
 a communication with the cell of a monk 
 in an adjoining monastery,) the pious fraud 
 of making an image of the Virgin appear 
 to speak, was once carried on, which for a 
 while answered the monks very well ; but 
 they were at last detected and punished. 
 Of the burghers of Bern, only those are quali- 
 fied for the government and magistracy of 
 the city, who are descendants of such as 
 were made burghers before the year 1635. 
 Other qualifications are also necessary ; in 
 particular, they must not be under 50 years 
 of age, and must be enrolled in one of the 
 12 companies. It declared for the reior- 
 mation in 1528, after a solemn disputation. 
 Here the British envoy to the canton resided. 
 Here is a celebrated academy, and rich 
 library. In the arsenal are preserved the 
 figure and armour of the celebrated William 
 Tell, in the attitude of taking aim at the 
 apple on his son's head. Bern was taken 
 By the French in 1798, and lies 70 miles ne 
 of Geueva, and 40 s of Basil. Lon. 7 29 e, 
 lat. 46 52 N. 
 
 Eerrif a town of Bohemia, 15 miles w of 
 Prague. 
 
 Bernard, a town of Germany, in the 
 electorate of Brandenburg. 
 
 Bernardos Bay, lies on the Kw side of the 
 gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Bernardos Castle, See Barnard Castle, 
 
 Bernardos Grand, St, a mountain of 
 Switzerland? in the Vallais, which has long 
 been celebrated for its romantic and pictu- 
 ?esque scenery, and is always visited by 
 travellers. On the summit is a large con- 
 vent, where the monks entertain all travel- 
 lers gratis, for three days. It is 15 miles 
 HNw of Aoste. 
 
 Bernards Well, St, a fine mineral spring, 
 near the village of Stockbridge, within a 
 mile of Edinburgh. It was long celebrated 
 for its cures, yet left in a rude neglected 
 state, till the late lord Gardenston fitted it 
 up with proper accommodations, and erect- 
 ed a temple over it, with an elegant figure 
 of Hygeia, the goddess of health j since 
 which it has been much frequented. 
 
 Bernau, a town of the electorate of 
 Brandenburg, iu the Middle Mark. Its 
 chief trade is in beer, of which great quan- 
 tities are brewed. It is seated on the Pau- 
 cho, 15 miles nne of Berlin. 
 
 Bernay, a trading town of France, in the 
 department of Eure, it is 26 miles sw of 
 Rouen. 
 
 Bernhurg, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of Upper Saxony, seated on the Saale, 
 22 miles sw of Magdeburg. 
 
 Berncastle, a town of Germany, m the 
 electorate of Treves, seated on the Moselle 
 river, so greatly celebrated for its wine, 18 
 miles NE of Treves. 
 
 Bernera, a small island of Scotland, 
 situated n of Harris, Lon, 7 3 w, lat, 58 
 
 22 Nft 
 
 B E It 
 
 BERNERA, or Bernera y, one of th® 
 Western Isles of Scotland, lying about iw© 
 leagues s of Harris. It is about lour miles 
 in length, and one and a-halt in breadthii. 
 The Nwside is much damaged by the break- 
 ing of sand banks. The soil is sandy, but 
 when manured with the alga marina, ex- 
 ( tremely productive; and in summer th® 
 face of the island exhibits a pleasing variety 
 of corn fields, and clover pastures. It has 
 a fresh water lake, called Lochbruis, diver- 
 sified with small islands, and abounding 
 with eels, which the natives, by the help of 
 lights, catch in the night, as they fall down 
 a rivulet towards the sea in heaps twisted 
 together. At the e end of this island there 
 is a strange reciprocation of the flux and tcj- 
 flux of the sea, and another no less remark- 
 able upon the w side of the Long Island. 
 The number of inhabitants in Bernera, and 
 the isle of Pabby, which lies between it and 
 Harris, was 404, in 1792. Lon. 7 30 w, 
 lat. 67 45 N. 
 
 Berngrie&y a town in the principality c€ 
 Aichstadt, Franconia, seated on the Altmuhl, 
 
 17 miles ne of Aichstadt, and 28 w of Ra- 
 tisbon. 
 
 Bernsiadt, a town of Silesia, principality 
 of Oels, seated on the Weida, 20 miles e of 
 B reslaw. 
 
 Beroot, or Balrout, a town of Phcenicia, 
 Asiatic Turkey. It is the ancient Berytus, 
 but nothing remain* of its former beauty ex- 
 cept its situation. It stands in a plain, 
 which from the foot of Lebanon stretches 
 out into the sea, narrowing to a point, 
 about two leagues from the ordinary line of 
 the shore, and on the n side forming a pretty 
 long road, which receives the river Nahriel 
 Salib, called also Nabr Bairout. This 
 river has such frequent floods in winter as 
 to have txjcasioned the building of a con- 
 siderable bridge : now so ruinous as to be 
 impassable. The bottonii of the road is rock, 
 which chafes the cables, and renders it very 
 insecure. From hence, about four miles w, 
 towards the point, lies the town of Bairout. 
 This belonged to the Druzes, till lately that 
 it was taken from them, and a Turkish gar- 
 rison placed iu it. Still, however, it con- 
 tinues to be the emporium of the Maronites 
 and the Druzes, where tl>ey export their 
 eottons and silks, almost all of which are 
 destined for Cairo. Lon, 35 38 e, lat. 3.4 
 
 18 N. 
 
 Berre, a strong town of France, situated 
 on a lake of the same name at the influx of 
 a river. It is remarkable for the quantity 
 and goodness of the salt made in it ; but the 
 air is very unwholesome. It was taken by 
 the duke of Savoy, after a long siege m 
 1591, during tlie wars of the league; and 
 though all the rest of the province submitted 
 to Henry IV. he could not drive the Savoy- 
 ards from Berre till it was given up in 1598, 
 in consequence of the treaty ol Vermis. It 
 lies IS miles wsw of Aix. Lou. 4 32 b,. 
 luti 43 32 N* 
 
B E R 
 
 BERRY, a ci-devant province of France, 
 which now forms the two departments of 
 Cher and Indre, fertile in corn, hemp, flax, 
 and fruit : and in some places has excellent 
 wine. ^ 
 
 BERRY-ISLANDS, a cluster of Isles 
 in the channel of Providence, N America. 
 
 Ber^ielloy or BresellOy a fortified town of 
 Italy, in the late Modenese and Repuhiican 
 department of Crostolo, seated on the Po, 
 at the influx of the Linza, 10 miles nne of 
 Parma. It was taken by Prince Eugene in 
 1702, and by the French in 1703, who were 
 obliged to abandon H in 1707. Lon. 10 
 30 E, lat. 44 33 n, 
 
 Berstolgarderiy a provostship of Bavaria, 
 transferred to the grand duke of Tuscany in 
 1802, as part of the indemnification for the 
 loss of his hereditary dominiuions in Italy. 
 On this event, it w’as incorporated into the 
 circle of Austria, 
 
 Berteriac, See Chiese. 
 
 Berthtty or Bartha, an ancient city of Ca- 
 ledonia, which, Hector Boece pretends, was 
 built at some distance from the place where 
 Perth now stands ; but that being swept 
 away by a flood, A. D. 1210, Perth was 
 built on its present site, by king William the 
 Lion, whose son had perished in the inun- 
 dation. But the Rev. Mr Scot, in his 
 Statistical Account of Perth, proves the 
 whole story to be a fiction of Boece^s con- 
 trived to make his native city, Dundee, 
 appear more ancient than Perth ; and he 
 brings evidence from the best authorities, 
 that the ancient Bertha stood exactly on 
 the present site of Perth ; and that neither 
 that town, nor Prince Alexander, perished 
 in the flood of 1210. 
 
 Bertie, a populous and fertile county of 
 Edenton district, N Carolina. 
 
 BertinerOy a town of Romagna, Italy, 
 with a citadel, seated on a hill, 10 
 miles ssE of Forli. Lon. 11 47 e, lat. 
 44 8 N. 
 
 Bertrandy Sty a town of France, depart- 
 ment of Upper Garonne, 45 miles s of Auch, 
 lately an episcopal see. Lon. 0 48 e, lat. 
 42 56 N. 
 
 Berviey or Inver-Berviey a parish of Scot- 
 land, Kincardineshire, extending about two 
 miles in length, and one and a-half in 
 breadth, and containing exactly 1660 Scots 
 acres, or 2339 English, of which about 
 one half is arable. Population about 
 1088. 
 
 Berviey or Bervyy a royal burgh of Scot- 
 land, Kincardineshire, seated on the mouth 
 of the Bervie, and in the e corner of the 
 parish. Its charter was granted in 1343, 
 by king David II.; who, in returning from 
 England, was forced by stress of weather 
 to laud at Bervie, where he met with the 
 utmosc kindness from the inhabitants. It 
 has a weekly market, and fairs in May and 
 September. From the lines, hooks, &e. 
 frequently dug up, it appears to have been 
 formerly £t fishing station j but the fisher- 
 
 B E R 
 
 men have long been removed to Gordon> 
 In 1750, a sail cloth manufactory wad 
 established, and carried on successfully tu.i 
 about the end of the American war ; and 
 this branch has been again prosecuted since 
 ! 1791. Manufactures of thread aud linen 
 yarn have also been established, and em- 
 ploy about 150 men, women, and children. 
 Bervie is situated 23 miles sw of Aberdeen, 
 and 13 N of Montrose. Lon. 2 0 w, lat. 56 
 40 N. 
 
 Berviey or Bervyy a village of Angus- 
 shire, parish of Bervie, which, in 1753^ 
 contained 150 inhabitants, besides children ; 
 but is on the decline. 
 
 Bervie BroWy a high rock and conspicu- 
 ous land mark for mariners, in the parish of 
 Kinneff, opposite to the town of Bervie. It 
 is also called Craig David, aud is seen ai 
 the distance of 15 leagues. 
 
 Rerwent Fellsy mountains in Cumberlandy 
 through which the Berwent runs. 
 
 BERWICKSHIRE, a fertile, well cul- 
 tivated county in Scotland, bounded on the 
 N by Haddingtonshire, e by the Germara 
 Ocean, s by Roxburghshire, and w by Sel- 
 kirkshire and Edinburghshire, about 34 miles 
 long, and 19 broad, and is divided into 
 three districts, viz. Lauderdale, Lammer- 
 muir, and Alerse or March. Berwickshire 
 contains one royal borough, namely, 
 Lauder; and several large towns and vil- 
 lages, as Greenlaw, the capital, Duuse, 
 Coldstream, Coldingham, Aylon, and Eye- 
 mouth. It is divided into 32 parochial 
 districts, has three Presbyteries, and con- 
 tains, by the late enumeration in 1801, 
 39,206 inhabitants, and 30,729 in 1811; 
 the chief rivers are the Tweed, the Leader, 
 the Eye, the Whittadder, and Blackadder. 
 The two rocids to London pass through tho 
 county. In the Merse the state of agricul- 
 ture is excellent ; and though so late as 60 
 years ago, the greater part was barren and 
 uncultivated, it is now mostly inclosed and 
 improved. In no county in Great Britain 
 is there a more respectable tenantry than at 
 present in the county of Berwick ; many of 
 them rent farms from 500 to 1,5001. per 
 annum ; they are almost all men w^ell in- 
 formed in science, intelligent and indus- 
 trious in their profession ; and many aro 
 enabled in a few years to purchase property 
 to the amount of 2001. per annum, on which 
 they enjoy, otium cum dignitate, the just re- 
 ward of their labours, attCnlion, diligence, 
 and good sense. The county of Berwick 
 exports from the ports of Berwick and Eye • 
 mouth, above 80,000 bolls of victual ; and 
 the same quantity is annually carried to the 
 weekly markets of Edinburgh, Dalkeith, 
 Haddington, and Dunbar. There is plenty 
 of marie in the county ; but the farmers 
 prefer lime as more profitable, though at the 
 distance of 18 or 20 miles. The minerals in 
 this district, hitherto discovered are few, and 
 these are by no means valuable. The cele- 
 brated mineral well, called Dunso 
 
B E R 
 
 which is somewhat simila^r to those of Tun- 
 bridge, is situated about a mile from the 
 towa of Diinse. From the situation of this 
 county, on the border of England, it \vas 
 necessary that it should be strongly fortified, 
 to guard, as far as possible, against the in- 
 foads of the English, during the wars which 
 existed between the two nations ; according- 
 ly we hud numerous strong castles and for- 
 tified places in almost every parish in the 
 county. The valued rent of Berwickshire is 
 i78>3d51. Scots, and the real land rent may 
 be estimated at 1 18,8001. Sterling. 
 
 Berwick^ a populous and well built tow’n, 
 on the borders of England and Scotland, 
 and a county of itself, which extends to 
 between three or four miles m and w, w'hich 
 is called Berwick bounds. It has a iiiar- 
 keton Saturday, extremely w'ell supplied. It 
 stands on the n or Scottish side of the 
 Tweed; and is pleasantly situated on an 
 easy declivity close to the river, and a short 
 distance from the German Ocean. It has 
 high walls, and a ditch on the n and e, 
 and on the s and w it is regularly fortified 
 and planted with cannon, to winch the river 
 serves as a moat. From the extensive ruins 
 of its castle, it appears to have been once 
 strongl)'^ fortified, and a place of great im- 
 portance when England and Scotland were 
 hostile to each other. The great post road 
 passes through it between London and 
 Edinburgh. The principal entrance to the 
 town from the N is the Scotch gate, and 
 from the S by the English gate. The streets 
 are long and broad, and the houses in gene- 
 ral well built. The town-house is a hand- 
 some structure, with a lofty turret, in which 
 are eight bells, and a fine clock, w^hich 
 tells the quarters, with four dials one on each 
 side of the square. The bridge extending 
 from Berwick to Twcedmouth is 947 feet 
 long, containing 1«5 arches, the middle ; 
 pillar on which there is a turf, divides 
 Berwick from the county palatine of Dur- 
 ham. The barracks will hold about two 
 regiments of foot. Berwick has manufac- 
 tories of linen, damask, diaper, cotton, 
 leather, stockings, carpets, sacking, <fec. 
 The printing business has been for some 
 years carried on in it to some extent. It 
 has a very considerable trade arising from 
 the quantity of excellent salmon caught in 
 the river Tweed ; when packed with ice in 
 boxes, are sent to London ; also eggs and 
 corn are shipped for the same port. There 
 is a great quantity of pearl barley manu- 
 factured by the mills in the neighbourhood, 
 which was first introduced by Mr James 
 Graham, to whose laudable exertions the 
 recent improvements in the town and har- 
 bour may justly be ascribed. A few years 
 since an act'of parliament was obtained for 
 building a new pier, which is now in a state 
 of forwardness, and when finished, it is said, 
 w'ill be the greatest work of the kind in the 
 north : this is doing with a view to improve 
 the eottauce to the harbour or river, and to 
 
 B E R 
 
 render it safe and commodious, which was 
 at all times difficult and often dangerous* 
 The new pier is generally enquired after 
 aud resorted to by strangers. Berwick is 
 govenred by a mayor, recorder, town-clerk, 
 and four bailiffs ; and has a coroner, a 
 treasurer, four serjeants at mace, and a 
 water-bailiff*. It has a fair on Friday in 
 j Trinity week for black cattle and hordes ; 
 it is in the diocese of the bishop of Durham, 
 and a recorder comes from Newcastle 
 I every sessions, which is quarterly, to sit a.s 
 judge ; it is governed by English laws ; in 
 all other respects it is independent of both 
 kingdoms, as is evident from all public pro- 
 clamations. It formerly belonged to Scot- 
 land, and was the capiuil of the county, 
 and one of the four towns where the Scot- 
 tish royal boroughs held their conventions ; 
 from its situation in times of hostility be-*- 
 tween the Scotch and English, it was often 
 besieged and taken, and must have been 
 the scene of much bloodshed, when it would 
 often change masters. It was taken by 
 Edward I., and after that period frequently 
 taken and retaken. Ever since the reign 
 of Edw^ard the IV., when taken by Sir T* 
 Stanley, it has belonged to England. It was 
 incorporated by James I,, but has charters 
 as ancient as the reign of Henry V . Thn 
 number of its inhabitants was 7187 in 1801, 
 and 7746 in 1811. It sends two members 
 to parliament. It is 55 miles se of Edin- 
 burgh, and 336 n of London, Lou. 1 58 w, 
 lat. 55 45 N, 
 
 Berwick, a town of the United States, 
 York county, district of Maine, seven miles 
 NW of York, and 86 n of Boston. 
 
 Berwick, or Ahbotstown, a handsome 
 town in York county, Pennsylvania, at 
 the head of Conewago creek, 13 miles 
 w by s of York, and 45 ese of Shippen- 
 burg. Lon. 76 47 w, lat. 39 54 x. 
 
 Berwick, North, a parish of Scotland, oo 
 the coast of Haddingtonshire, situated near 
 the Frith of Forth, and extending about thr^e 
 miles from w to e, and two and a-halt Irom N 
 to s. It contains about 4000 acres, which 
 are mostly inclosed, and all arable except the 
 hill called North Berwick Law, (which is of 
 a beautiful conical shape, rising about 100 
 feet in height ;) and about 89 acres of links. 
 The soil is rich and very produo ave. The 
 population about 1,583. 
 
 Berwick, North, a royal burgh and sea 
 port, in the above parbh, of considerable 
 antiquity ; but its old charter being lost, 
 it obtained a new one from James VI. It 
 joins W'ith Jedburgh, Lauder, Haddington, 
 and Dunbar, in electing a member of parlia- 
 ment, Its popuUition about 700. A small 
 quntity of kelp is annually made ; but its only 
 regular trade consists in the exportation of 
 grain; it has an annual fair on the last 
 Thursday of November, It is situated 14 
 miles XE of Haddington, 20 ene of Edin- 
 burgh, and 30 xw of Berwick. Lon. 3 
 23 yt, lat* <5 N, 
 
BET 
 
 '^erze^^y or Brzezy, a town of Germany, 
 in Silesia. Lon. 35 55 e, lat. 49 59 n. 
 
 Besalu, a town of Catalonia, Spain, on the 
 Fluvia, 14 miles nnw of Gerona. 
 
 Besancoriy an ancient, large, and populous 
 city of France, capital of the department of 
 Boubs, situated on the river Doubs, which 
 divides it into two parts, the greatest part of 
 which is a peninsula. The entrance is shut 
 up by a mountain, on w'hich is built a 
 large citadel, which commands all the 
 city. Besancon was formerly the see of an 
 archbishop, and it ranks as third of the ten 
 archbishoprics into which Bonaparte divi- 
 ded the republic in 1801. Here are still to 
 be seen the triumphal arch of Aurelian 
 and other Roman antiquities. It has an 
 university , an academy of sciences, a li- 
 terary military society, and a public libra- 
 ry in the abbey of St. Vincent, 52 miles e 
 of Dijon, and 208 se of Paris. Lon. 0 8 e, 
 lat. 47 14 N. 
 
 Beschiera, See Peschiera, 
 
 Besigheiniy a town of Siiabia, duchy of 
 Wirtemburg, wnth two old castles at the 
 Junction of the Neokar and Eus, 15 miles n 
 by w of Stutgard, 
 
 Besnager, a town on the Coromandel 
 coast, about 250 miles from Masulipatam, 
 and 219 from Petapoli. 
 
 BESSARABIA, or Budzac Tartary, 
 a territory of Turkey in Europe, lying be- 
 tween Moldavia, the n part of the Danube, 
 the Black sea, and Little Tartary. It is in- 
 habited by independant Tartars, who main- 
 tain themselves by their cattle, husbandry, 
 and robbery. Their religion, manners, and 
 customs, are the same with those of the 
 Grim Tartars. When any forces are sent 
 against them, they retire among the moun- 
 tains near the Black sea, where it is impos- 
 sible to come at them on account of the 
 morasses and defiles. This country be- 
 longed to the Turks, who by the treaty of 
 peace in 1812, ceded it to the Russians. 
 Bender is the capital. 
 
 Bessayy a tow n of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Allier, eight miles s of Moulins. 
 
 BessCy SL town of France, department of 
 Puy de Dome, 18 miles s of Clermont. 
 
 B'essenay, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Riione and Loire, France 12 
 miles w of Lyons. 
 
 Bessenby y a xiUage in Yorkshire. 
 
 Bestertzey or Beatrieiay a royal free town 
 of Transylvania, the capital of the Saxon 
 district, surrounded with w^alls, towers, and 
 moats. There are gold mines near it, 85 
 miles Kw of Hermanstadt. Lon. 23 45 e, 
 lat. 47 30 N. 
 
 Bestricia. See Bestertze, 
 
 BetancoSyOr Betanzos a town of Galicia, 
 Spain, on the Mandeo, with a good harbour, 
 38 miles nse of Compostella. Lon. 8 6 Wy 
 lat. 43 20 N. 
 
 Betelfaugiy a town of Arabia Felix, fa- 
 mous for the vast quantity of coffee bought 
 and sold in it ; b«ing the mart where the 
 
 BET 
 
 country people bring their coffee to sell ; and 
 W'here the Europeans come, or send their 
 factors or brokers to purchase it. It is 25 
 miles E of the Red sea. Lon. 57 20 e, lat. 
 15 40 N. 
 
 Bethabemy a town of North Carolina, si- 
 tuated ill Wachovia, famous for being tha 
 first Moravian settlement in those parts, be- 
 gun in 1753, six miles n of Salem. 
 
 Bethania, a post town of North Carolina, 
 situated in Wachovia, on Gargales creek, 
 four miles nw ot Bethabara. 
 
 Bethanitty or Bethany y a village at the foot 
 of mount Olivet, on the e side, about two 
 miles to the e of Jerusalem ; where Lazarus 
 dwelt, and was raised from the dead ; and 
 where the ascension of our Saviour ’hap- 
 pened. 
 
 Betkara, a place s of the Galilean sea, 
 upon tae borders of Ephraim, where the 
 Mid anites, pursued by Gideon, crossed the 
 Jordan. 
 
 Bethely an ancient city of Samaria, called 
 in scripture Luz, and also Fethaven, that 
 is, house of i'.iiqoUy. If there are any 
 remains ot it, it mu^-t be subject to the 
 Turks. It lay s of Sichem, and n of 
 Jerusalefii. 
 
 Bethlehem, a town in Palestine, famous 
 for the birth of our Saviour. It was once 
 a nourishing town, but is now a poor vil- 
 lage. It is situaGd six miles s of Jerusalem, 
 oil an eminence, in a country full of hills 
 and valleys. It might be rendered very 
 agreeable, as the soil is the best in aU 
 these districts ; fruits, vines, olives, and 
 sesamum succeed extremely well ; but cul- 
 tivation is wanting. There are about 690 
 men in the village capable of bearing arms 
 upon occasions, and such often occur ; 
 sometimes to resist the pacha, sometimes to 
 make war with the adjoining villages, and 
 sometimes in consequence of intestine dis- 
 sentions. Of these 600 men about 100 are 
 Latin Christians, w'bo have a vicar depend- 
 ent on the great convent of Jerusalem, 
 Formerly their whole trade consisted in the 
 manufacture of beads ; but the reverend la- 
 thers not being able to find sale for all they 
 could furnish, they have resumed the culliva- 
 tion of. their lands. They make a wdiite 
 wine, which justifies the former celebrity 
 of the wunes of Judea, but it is very heady. 
 The necessity of uniting for their common 
 defence prevails over iMfr religious differ- 
 ences, and makes the Christians live here 
 in tolerable harmony with the Mahometans, 
 their felloNv citizens. Both are of the party 
 Yamajiiy which, in opposition to that called 
 7far\v«, divides all Palestine into two factions, 
 perpetually at variance. The courage of 
 these peasants, which has been often tried, 
 has rendered them very formidable. Here 
 is a large church, built by the famous St., 
 Helena, in the form of a cross. Close to 
 the church is the monastery of the Francis- 
 cans, which is large, but indifferently built. 
 The gardens are defended with^ strong walls* 
 
BET 
 
 BE V 
 
 T^w of thorn stands a tower, now almost 
 HI ruins. Tiieir chapel is better taken care 
 Through this there is a passage to a 
 a square cave, where they say the innocents 
 were buried. Beyond this there are pasag® 
 c*; to the tombs of St. Jerome, St. Paula, 
 F/Ustochium, and Eusebius of Cremona; 
 sTfid be^'ocd these again there is a grot, 
 
 cell, v/hich they say was the lodging 
 j?Iace of St. Jerome, when he translated 
 the Bible. Another entrance leads to a 
 vault or chapel 12 feet wide, and 40 long, 
 whose floor is paved, sides lined with white 
 marble, and a roof adorned with Mosaic 
 work, now much decayed. At the etid of 
 this there is an arched concavity, with an 
 altar, over which there is a picture of the 
 nativity, and undeir it a vault, in the middle 
 of which is a star made with stones of vari- 
 ous colours, to mark the place where they 
 say our Saviour was born ; and near this is the 
 manger where they pretend he w'as laid: 
 it is hewn out of a rock, and is now flagged 
 w’ith white marble. Lon. 55 25 e, lat. 30 
 
 .50 N. . 
 
 Bethlehem, a town of France, in the ci- 
 <}evant Austrian Netherlands, and province 
 of Brabant, (now apparently the department 
 of Dyle.) The duke of Marlborough en- 
 camped in it, in 1706, after the surrender 
 ot Louvain ; from which it lies n two miles. 
 Lon. 4 35 E, lat.51 5 N. 
 
 Bethlehem y a town of the United States, 
 in Pennsylvania, pleasantly situated in 
 Northampton county, built partly on a hill, 
 and partly on the lower banks of the 
 Manakes, a creek, which runs into 
 
 the Leheigh on ti w side of the Town, 
 over whieh river a large wooden bridge has 
 licen latelj^ erected. It is the principal 
 settlement of the Moravian Brethren in 
 America; they settled here in 1741, under 
 count Zinzendorf. The German language 
 is more in use than the English, but Divine 
 Service is performed in both languages, 53 
 miles NNW of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 8 w, 
 !at. 46 37 N. Bethlehem is likewise the 
 name of several other places in the United 
 States. 
 
 Bethnal Greeny Middlesex, was formerly 
 a hamlet of Stepney, but has some time 
 since been formed into a distinct parish, and 
 now contains above 3000 houses, and 
 25,000 inhabitants, with a handsome church 
 dedicated to St. Matthew, under the pa- 
 tronage of Brazennose college, Oxford. 
 The nobde hospital called Trinity-house, 
 founded in 1695, for 28 decayed or old 
 masters of ships, pilots, or their widow^«, is 
 
 in tlii.s parish. , ^ f 
 
 Bethuncy a town of France, dept, of the 
 Straits of Calais, containing upwards ol 
 ’ 5000 inhabitants, seated on a rock by the 
 river Brelte. It has lour gales, and is sur- 
 rounded with walls, and fortified in 1710. 
 It wa.s taken by the allies, and restored by 
 the treaty of Utrecht, 120 miles N of Pans. 
 Lon, 2 25 E, lat. 50 45 n. 
 
 Eetl€^y a town of Staffordshire, situatel 
 on the confines of that county next to Che« 
 shire, in a barren sandy soil, which, by tha 
 industry in gardening, has been so improved^ 
 that they supply the greater part of New- 
 castle and the potteries w ith early vegeta- 
 bles. It has a market on Tuesday, and a 
 fair July 20. It is about five miles from 
 Newcastle and Namptwich, 18 from Staf« 
 ford, and 157 from London. Lon. 2 10 w, 
 lat. 53 5 N, 
 
 Beilis, a strong town of Armenia, or 
 Tureomania, once the capital of Curdis- 
 tan, belonging to a bey or prince of tha 
 country, who is very jiowerful, and sub- 
 ject neither to the grand seignior nor the king 
 of Persia, which renders the place a sanc- 
 tuary to the inhabitants of the neigh- 
 bouring powers. It is situated on the 
 road from Tauris to Aleppo, between 
 two mountains, on the Khabur, and is 150 
 miles NNW of Altunkupri. Lon. 43 20 e, 
 lat. 37 30 N. 
 
 Betselingen, a town of the canton of Uri, 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Metskevety a town in the county of Terns- " 
 ware, Hungary. 
 
 a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, 85 
 miles NNW of Patna. 
 
 BETUWE, a fertile island of Guelder- 
 land, 40 miles long, and 10 broad, formed 
 by the bifurcation of the Rhine above Ni- 
 megu'^n, and by the union of its streams 
 near Worcum. It is the ancient Batavia^ 
 and formerly gave the name Batavians to 
 the inhabitants of the Dutch Netherlands, 
 which they have transferred to their colonies 
 in Java, and in 1705 assumed as the title of 
 their new republic. The principal place in 
 the island is Nimeguen. 
 
 Bevecum, a town of France, in Bra- 
 bant, and department of Dyle, memorable 
 for being the place where the duke of Marl- 
 borough encamped, after forcing the French 
 lines m 1705; and where he rested after 
 the victory of Ramillies, in 1706. It lies 
 10 mil€s s of Louvain. Lon. 4 45 e, lat. 50 
 
 45 N. . , , 
 
 Bevelandy North and South, two islands 
 in the province of Zealand, Holland, 
 between the e and w branches of the 
 Scheldt. 
 
 Bevergam, a town of Westphalia, bishop^ 
 ric of Muosier^on the river Enis,five miles 
 Nwof Tecklenburg. 
 
 Beverley, an ancient borough of E York- 
 shire, which originally rose round an an- 
 cient monastery built by John de Beverley, 
 archbishopric of York, who died herein 721, 
 In honour of the archbishop, whom several 
 kings adopted as their guardian saint, the 
 place W'as endowed with many privileges 
 and immunities, particularly by king Athel- 
 stane. The town is large, w^ell built, and 
 populous. It is beautified with two stately 
 churches, St. Maryland the late collegiate 
 j church of St. John, still called the Minster, 
 
 I which is a very fair and neat structure, and 
 
B E W 
 
 Oie roof is an arch of stone. The other 
 prificipal public buildings are a Methodist 
 chapel, built in J805, a free-school, six aim- 
 houses, where none a’e admitted but those 
 that give bond to leave their > to the 
 
 poor when they die; a work-house which 
 cost 7001 : a prison ; a theatre, erected in 
 1805, and a commodious ussembiV'Vuom. 
 The market-place occupies four of 
 
 ground, and is adoriieil with a bcautijul 
 cross supported b}' eight free stone coUunns, 
 each of one entire stone. The principal 
 trade is making malt, oat-meal, and tanned 
 leather ; and the poor people chiefly support 
 themselves by making bone- lace. Eeveily 
 has trvo w'eekly markets, viz. Wednesday 
 for cattle, and Saturday for corn; also prin- 
 cipally for c.attle on Wednesday 'nefore A- 
 pvil G, befme May 12, before September 1*3, 
 and after Dec. 25, wida fairs Thursday be- 
 fore February 25, Holy Tiiursday July 5, 
 and November 5. It is seated near the river 
 Hull, nine miles from Hull, 28 e by s of 
 York, and 185 n of London. Lon. 0 15 w, 
 lat. 55.52N. 
 
 EEVLRLEY, an island formed by the | 
 Severn, near Worcester. 
 
 Beverley^ a sea port of Massachusetts, si- 
 tuated in Essex county, separated from Sa- 
 lem by a handsome budge. It lias a cotton 
 manufacture ; 22 miles ne of Boston. Lon. 
 70 .50 w, iat. 42 51 n. 
 
 BeverungeUi a tov/n of Germany, diocese 
 of Paderhorn, simated at the confluence of 
 Ihe rivers Bever and Yveser, 24 miles se of 
 Paderborn. 
 
 Bsvcru-yck,a towm of N Holland, situated 
 on the Wickermeer, which coramunicatss 
 with the Wye, seven miles n of Harlem, 
 and 11 s by VT of Alcmaer. 
 
 Beviero, a salt lake of Terra Nova in 
 Sicily, seated in the valley di Noto, three 
 Italians miles in circuit, and six from the 
 tew'n of Terra Nova. 
 
 Bevilacqua, a town of Italy, in the Ve- 
 ronese, situated on the Rablosa. 
 
 Bevolon, a well built town of Italy, in the 
 department of Benaco. 
 
 Beuthen, capital of a lordship of the same 
 name, in iSdesia, seated cn a branch of the 
 Oder, on the frontiers of Poland, 45 miles 
 ENE of Katisbon. Lon. 18 55 e, lat. 50 
 
 21 N. 
 
 BeutheUf a town of Silesia, principality 
 of Carolath, 15 miles nw of Glogau. 
 
 Bewald, or Bienwald^ an extensive forest 
 of Germany, 15 mile.s long and four broad, 
 on the borders of the French depivrtments of 
 the Upper and Lower Rhine. 
 
 Bewcastle^ a towm of Cumberland, seated 
 on the Leven, above Solom Moss. It ap- 
 pears to have been a Roman station. 
 
 Bewdley, or Beaulieu^ a borough of Wor- 
 cestershire, situated on the Severn, over 
 which it hasi a large stone bridge, Rew^d- 
 5 
 
 B H R 
 
 ley sent btjrgesses to parliament rrry early, 
 and had charters and great privireges froni 
 Edw^ard IV. and Henry VH. which wete 
 coriflrnaeii, with additions by Henry VIII., 
 i:i whose time it w'as annexed to the county 
 of Worce^tr'r. The town is neat and wcM 
 built ; a convenient cliapei, three mevet- 
 ing' houses for dissenters, a handsome mar- 
 ket house, a gmm mar- school founded by 
 James I., and a gale-house on the centre of 
 the bridge, used as a prison for debtor.^:. 
 The inhabitants carry on a considerable 
 trade by the Severn, in salt, glass, iron- ware, 
 and Manchester goods; but the chief manu- 
 facture caps, commonly called Monmmuth 
 caps. It has a good market on Saturday, 
 lor corn, malt, leather, and hops ; fairs, A- 
 pril 25, July 26, and November 50. It is 
 1 4 . miles n of Worcester, and 128 kw of 
 London. 
 
 Bewley^ or Beaulieu^ a small village, Ros£-» 
 shire. 
 
 Bexy a pleasant village, Switzerland, can- 
 ton of Bern, near the town of St. Mauric-ej 
 remarkable for its salt-wmrks, which are en- 
 tered by a subterranean passage cut through 
 the solid rock, 45 miles sw of Bern, 
 
 Bexisy a town of Valencia Spain, seated ovt 
 an eminence enchcled by mountains. It is 
 the chief place of a district belonging to tb« 
 order of Calatrava, 22 miles nw of Segorbe. 
 
 BEYERLAND, a district of liciiarid, 
 in the deparlinent of Delft. 
 
 Bezek, i. a city of Judah, about tw'o miles 
 from Beth-zur, and w of Beth-iehem. Is 
 was the capital of Adoni-Bezek’s kingdem. 
 It is. said to be now a small village. 2. A 
 city s of Bethslian, and w of Jordan. 
 
 Bezers, or Besiersy an ancient large, and 
 handsome town of France, department of 
 Herault, pleasantly situated near the royal 
 canal, on a hiii, at the foot of which rum 
 the river Orbe. It contains 17,000 inha- 
 bitants, 40 miles sw of Montpellier. The 
 ruins of a circus, and several inscriptions, 
 mark its ancient grandeur. 
 
 BhartpouVi a towm and fortress in the pro- 
 vince of Agra, Hindoostan, taken by the 
 British, by storm in 1805 ; 5S miles w of 
 Agra. 
 
 Bhatgongy a city of Napaul, not so large 
 as the capital, but its buildings and palace 
 arc superior, and its streets much cleaner, 
 eight miles k of Catmandu. 
 
 BhawaniJeuialy capital of the N part of 
 Coimbetore, Flindoostan, wnth a fort in rni’is, 
 and two very elegant temples. It is rapidly 
 enlarging on a regular plan, and is seated in 
 a beautiful country at the junction of the 
 Bnawani and the Cavery, 56 miles ene of 
 Coimbetore, and 100 se of Seringapatain. 
 Lon. 77 47 E, lat. 1 1 26 n. 
 
 BHRIU, Elana, a- small island on tho 
 coast of SutherlandshirOj so named from a 
 Judge Morison, w ho was murdered near i.%. 
 K 
 
B I e 
 
 andwliose Intestines are interred here, ow- 
 in" to a storm having arisen, while his 
 friends were carryin|r hoiae the corpi:e. It 
 furnishes good pasture for lambs, though 
 only four acres in extent; and belongs offi- 
 cially to the minister of Edderachylis. , 
 
 B I AFAR A, a kingdom of Africa, situ-i 
 ated SE of Benin, and w of Medra, from 
 which it is divided by a chain of mountains, 
 and extending s to lat. 4 deg. 0 h. The na- 
 tives are, of all negroes, most addicted, to, 
 and infatuated with magic ; imagining 
 themselves capable of causing rain, thunder, 
 and lightning; therefore they worship the 
 devil with great zeal, and even sacrifice their 
 children to him. ' 
 
 Bialms^y a town of Lithuania, Poland, 
 Lon. 31 2 E, lat. 54 1 2 N. 
 
 Bkilogorodi or Akerman^ a strong town 
 of Bessarabia, European Turkey, situated on 
 the banks of the lake Vinoho, 
 
 Bianat a town of Asia, in the dominions 
 of the great Mogul, remaikable for its ex- 
 cellent indigo. 
 
 . Biar, a town of Spain, Valencia, famous 
 for honey, which is amazingly white and 
 solid, and never afifected by the weather, six 
 miles K of Villena; 
 
 , Biherach, a city of Germany, Siiabia, for- 
 merly free and imperial, and subject to its 
 own magistrates; but since its cession to 
 Baden by the couclusum of the imperial diet 
 in 1802, and the late union of Baden with 
 the confederation of the Rhine, these digni- 
 liies are now annihilated. It has a large 
 manufacture in fustians, and is seated in a 
 "pleasant fertile valley on the river Russ. It 
 has also some hot baths. In September, 
 1796, a victory was obtained in its neigh- 
 bourhood by French republican army 
 over the Austrian general, Latour. It lies 
 20 miles ssw of Ulm. 
 
 Bibersberg, a town of Lower Hungary, 15 
 miles N of Presburg. A bloody battle was 
 fought near it between tlie imperialists and 
 Hungarian malcontents in 1705. 
 
 Bibknay a territory of Tuscany, situated 
 mrpund a town of the same name, on the 
 banks of the Arno. 
 
 Bibray a town of Upper Saxony, Thurin- 
 gia, much frequent ed on account of its mi- 
 ueral springs, nine miles s of Querfurt. 
 
 , Bibitryy a village of Gloucestershire, with 
 a spacious church dedicated to St. Mary ; 
 situated on an eminence near the banks of 
 the Colne, seven miles from Cirencester. 
 Bicomer, See BicJmneer. 
 
 Bicestcvy or Bisscicr, or Burcesten a large 
 and well built town of Oxfordshire, It has 
 a market on Ffidtiy, and fairs 5th Aug. and 
 I5th December It is 1 1 miles nke of Ox- 
 ford, and 56 ^ by n of Lor.don. 
 
 . Biciiel, ^ town of Germiioy. near Rastadt, 
 wcle of S'labia, where she French general 
 /llneau held bis heiid quarters in July 1796. 
 
 B I E 
 
 Bickaneevy a town of Hindoostan, capital 
 of a cifcar, county of Agimere, 42 miles w 
 of Nagore. Lon. 74 0 e, lat. 27 12 n. 
 
 Bicoccoy a village of Italy, near Milan ; 
 the scene of a defeat the French received 
 from the Austrians, in 1522. 
 
 Bulackcy a town of France, department of 
 the Lower Pyrenees, on the Bidouse, 12 
 miles s of Bayonne. 
 
 Bidasocty Biddassoa, or Vidassoy a consider- 
 able river of Spain, which rises in the Pyre- 
 nees, and falls into the bay of Biscay, be- 
 tween Andaye and Fontarabia. This river 
 was long a bone of contention between 
 France and Spain, but is now common be- 
 tween the tw'o countries, and the duties are 
 paid on the landing side by them who pass 
 over. ‘ 
 
 Bidburgt a town in the duchy of Luxem- 
 burg, Netherlands, 50 miles nke of Luxei^ 
 burg. 
 
 Biddeford, or Bediford, a sea port town 
 of Devonshire, stated on the river Toridge^ 
 over which there is a fine, stone bridge wutii 
 24 arches. It is a large and populous place, 
 and carries on a considerable trade, in coal, 
 culm, timber, and oak bark, and in tb» 
 Newfoundland and herring fisheries. It 
 has a large pottery, and large quantities of 
 Welsh limestone is burned here. It has a 
 market on Tuesday, and fairs February 14, 
 July 18, and November 15 ; 16 miles s by'w 
 of Ilfracorab, and 201 w of London. Lorn 
 4 1 2 w, lat. 5 1 4 N. 
 
 Biddefordy a port of entry, and post tow» 
 of the district of Maine, seated on the sc* 
 coast, at the mouth of the Saco. Flere are 
 sometimes held the county courts, 14 miles 
 ssw of Portland. Lon. 70 55 w, lat. 45 
 26 N. 
 
 BIDDENORE. a large district of the 
 Mysore country, w'hich w'as alloted to th* 
 Mahrattas after the late reduction of that 
 country by the British. 
 
 . Bidisy an ancient city of Sicily, near %- 
 racuse, whose ruins are still to be seen abou^ 
 15 miles to the sw, with a church called 
 South Giovanni di Bidini. 
 
 Bidisanoy a town of Italy, in the late re- 
 publican department of the Appenines. 
 
 Bidzigur, a • town of Alahabad, Hindoo- 
 stan, with a fort on a lofty rock', 50 miles 
 s of Benares, 
 
 Bieezy n town of Poland, palatinate of 
 Cracovia, remarkable for its mines of vitriol. 
 It is seated on the river Weseloke, 50 miles 
 SE of Cracow. Lon. 21 1 5 e, lat, 4 9 50 n™ 
 
 Biely a river of Scotland. Haddington- 
 shire, which, after passing Whittingham, 
 Bield, Belton, and West Bams, falls into 
 the Frith of Forth. 
 
 Biel. See Bwnna. 
 
 Bielay capital of a province of the same 
 name, Russia, seated on the rjiver 
 UchtW. . 
 
B 1 6 
 
 * a town of Piedmont, Italy, and 
 ^iapital of the Beilese, near the river Cerva, 
 24 miles w of Vercelli, 
 
 Bielefeld^ a town of ^estphalia, capital of 
 the county of Ravensberg, noted for the . 
 mamifacture and bleachin^^ of linen, 17 miles 
 of Lipstadt. 
 
 Bielegorody a town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Kursk j situated on the river 
 Donez. It is the see of iki archbishop. 
 Entrenchments are thrown up between it 
 and th® towns of Staroi, Oskol, ^owoi, and 
 Werchcsosnfzy. 80 miles ssw of Kursk, 
 Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 50 SO n. 
 
 Bicloit a town in the government of Smo- 
 lensk, Russia, 60 miles ks of Smolensk. 
 
 ■ Bielozerskf a town in the government of 
 Novogorod, Russia, s of the lake Bielo, 210 
 miles NE of Novogorod. Lon. 37 50 e. lat. 
 59 40 n. 
 
 Bielscz, Bielskt or BieJskiy a large town 
 of Little Poland, in the palatinate of Pola- 
 chia, seated on the Beala, one of the branches 
 Vif the Narew, 130 miles kne of Warsaw, 
 Lon, 25 39 E, lat, 52 40 n. 
 
 ' Biehkoiy a town of Russia in the provintJe 
 ‘ of iSmoIensko. 
 
 ^ Biennaj BiennCt or Bieli a town of Swit* 
 aefland, situated on a lake of the same name, 
 the foot of mount Jura ; seven miles nw 
 
 BIEQUE ISLE. See B(friquen* 
 BiervUet, d town of the Ketherlands, 
 P>qtch Flanders, on the w Scheldt, and brt 
 
 ■ ;ii smull island of the same name, 20 miles 
 ' of Ghent. 
 
 I ■ Bigrbonc Creek, a fiver of ^Kentucky, (so 
 ' nsmed fpm. the large bones found near it,) 
 
 ' " Which falls into the Ohio. 
 
 Big-hone Licks, lie on each side of the 
 above mentioned creek, eight miles from its 
 mouth These, as well as the other salt 
 springs in the Western territory, are called 
 Licks, because the earth about them is fur- 
 rowed up in a most -curious manner, by the 
 ' buffaloes and deer which lick the earth on 
 acbount of the saline particles with which 
 it is impregnated, llie large bones found 
 here and in several other places near salt 
 licks, said to belong to the mammoth, still 
 puzzle the most learned naturalists, to deter- 
 mine to what animal they have belonged. 
 A thigh-bone found here by general Parsons, 
 measured 49 inches in length. Mr. Jeffer- 
 son who examined the skeleton of one of 
 these animals, says, that “ The bones bespeak 
 an animal of five or six times the entire vo- 
 lume of an elephant,’* as M. Baffon has 
 admitted. Of this animal, the natives have 
 no tradition but what is so fabulous, that 
 no conjecture can be aided by it, except that 
 ^ the anirnal was carnivorous ; and this is the 
 ■general opinion, and was admitted by the 
 late Dr Hunter of London, from an exami- 
 nation of the tusks* 
 
 B 1 G 
 
 BIGG A, a small island in Yell Sonjid 
 among the Northern Shetland isles. 
 
 Biggctr, a parish of Scotland, county of 
 Lanark, about six miles long frein e to w, 
 and three and a-half bro5ui from s to y, 
 forming a kind of iiregular oval. The cii- 
 'mate is healthy ; the sufface partly hilly : 
 and the ground one half under iillage, and 
 the other under pasture. "The cimrch is in 
 the forin of a cross, and" built in the 
 16th century, and endowed for the support 
 of a provost, eight prebendaries, four sing- 
 ing boys, and six poor men. The popula- 
 tion is about 12 1 6. 
 
 Bigga f, 3i tovvn in the above parish, which, 
 in 1790, contained 389 inhabitants. It has 
 three fairs ; at Candlenvas, first Thiirsday in 
 July, and last Thursday Oct. O S. At the w 
 end of the tov/n, there are vestiges of a tu- 
 mulus, and three camps. The tradition is, 
 that a battl'c was fouglit near it, 
 
 «Wi Willie V/allace 
 And his Albion foes ** 
 
 The English it is said had 60,000 men, 
 wherein great slaughter was made on both 
 sides. 27 miles s' by w of Edinburgh, 
 
 Biggleswade, a town of Bedfordshire, 
 with a market on Tuesday ; on the river Ivel, 
 over which there is a handsome bridge. This 
 Ivel has been made navigable to this place 
 by act of parliameht ; while the town, lyih^ 
 on the great road from London to Yoffe, 
 from the contihual pai^age of travellers, has 
 greatly increased in wealth and prosperity ; 
 and since 1785, when upwards cf 120 
 houses were consumed by fire, its appearance 
 is remarkably impreved. I t has one of the 
 greatest barley markets In England, It 1 G 
 miles ESS of Bedford, and 45 ^‘i wdf London. 
 
 BIG-ISLANE, ail i^and of Itelahd, 
 coast of downi at the entrance of Garrick- 
 fergus bay. - 
 
 BIGORRE, a cf-detaht province of 
 France, in GaEiCohy, which now foriiis tfis 
 department of the Upper Pyrene&s. It is 
 40 miles in length from K to s ; and 30 in 
 breadth from e to w. It is divided into 
 three parts, the mountains, the plains, auJ 
 the Riistan. The remarkable towns are 
 Tarbes the capital, Bagneres, liourd, &c. 
 The mountains are a. barrier between France 
 and Spain, aLid there are four different pas- 
 sages which the iijbabitants are obliged to 
 guard. Eigorre yields marble, jasper, stone, 
 and slate ; there are also mines of several 
 sorts, but they ai'e not worked. The riverk 
 are the Adour, the Elches, the Artdset, and 
 the Gave of Lavedon. ' 
 
 Bigswuld, or Lcgsivell, a place near Gar- 
 mibton, county oi Caithness, memorable for 
 a battle between John Earl of Caithness, 
 and Sir James Sinclair, sou of the Earl ;jf 
 Orkney, on the 18th of M?<y, 1529 ; where- 
 in the former was slain, with 500 of hii luF' 
 ,1 lowers, and the rest taken prisoners. 
 
 R 2 
 
B I L 
 
 ' BIGUBA, a Kingdom on tb^e w coast of t 
 Africa, tlirough which passes the Rio Gran- 
 de. The capital, of the same name, is seated 
 on .the river, 100 miles from its mouth. 
 Lon. IS 50 w, kt. 11 12 K. 
 
 JBihatx, a strong town of Hungary, Croa- 
 tia, situated in an isle formed by the river 
 Unna, 63 miles se of Carlstadt. Lon 16 
 ,52 E, lat ■44 51 N. 
 
 JBijmagur, See Bisnagur. 
 
 BIJORE, a province of Hiiidoostan 
 proper, lying between the Indus and the 
 .Attock. Its dimensions do net exceed 50 
 miks by 20. Its inhabitants are a savage 
 and turbulent race. 
 
 Mlboa, a large, handsome, and rich town 
 of Spain, the capital of Biscay, with a well 
 frequented harbour. It is remarkable for 
 the whc-lesomeness of its air, and theiertility 
 of the adjacent country. Its exports are 
 wool, oil, chesniits, sword blades, with other 
 manufactures in iron and steel j 50 miles 
 %v by s of St Sabastian, and 180 n by e of 
 Madrid. Lon. 2 48 w, lat. 45 14 k. 
 
 BildtrstoTty a town of Suffolk, situated on 
 a creek ors the river Breton. The manufac- 
 4nre of woollen goods, especially blankets, 
 for which it was formerly famous, is greatly i 
 •decayed ; 12 miles ss of Bury, and 65 jjs of 1 
 London. 
 
 BILEDULGERID, (or Belad al 
 JsRzn, the Country of Bates y) a kuigdoin 
 of Africa. It is almost square, extending i 
 more than 80 leagues every way, from 28 | 
 50, to 52 50 lat. n, and from 6 to 12 ion. w. 
 It is bqunded on the n by Tunis; on the e 
 by a ridge of lofty mountains, which divide 
 it from Tripoli, and part of Gudamis ; on 
 the w by the countries of Zeb and Mezeb ; 
 and on the s by the province of Vergoela. 
 The whole country is* barren, sandy and 
 mountainous, producing little or nothing 
 besides dates, which grow here in such pro- 
 fusion, that the face of half the country is 
 covered over with date trees. The climate 
 is hot and unhealthy ; the people, lean, shri- 
 velled and sv/arthy in their comploxions, 
 with their eyes imlamcd, owing to the rejec- 
 tion of the sun- beams from the white hard 
 soil. The showers of dust and sand, driven 
 by the high winds that blow here.^t certain 
 seasons, a 'e frequently so violent, as to bury 
 men and cattle under them. The natives 
 are represented as a lewd, treacherous, thie- 
 vish, and savage people, who delight in mur- 
 der and robbery. They are nuostly a mixture 
 of Africans and wild Arabs. They pursue 
 no other occupation besides hunting and 
 plimderiipg; ihe first of which is their com- 
 mon otiiphjyeuin::, especially hunting .of 
 ostriches, wliicb arnsaid to be of a prodigious 
 statin e n this country, and as high as a man 
 mounted on a t: 11 h.>ii'se. The inhabitants 
 oa.the flesh of these animals ; barter ihcir 
 fi^ithors for corn, pulse, cUier things ■ 
 
 ■B I L 
 
 I they want; use their hearts in their necro- 
 mantic and religious rites, their fat as a mor 
 dicine of sovereign v J tue, their talons for ear 
 pendants and othey ornaments, and their 
 skias they convert, into pouebes and knnp- 
 sacks ; so that there is not a part of the ani- 
 mal but is employed to some purpose, 
 
 Biievelt^ a town of Germany, circle of 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Biliny a to\fii of Bohemia, circle of Leif- 
 meriiz, near a mountain of the same name, 
 remarkable for many herbs, stones, and me- 
 tals. Here is also a good mineral spring, IT 
 miles w of Letmeritz, 
 
 Bililz, a tov/n of the electorate of Bian- 
 denburgh, 22 rnilas sw of Berlin 
 
 Bil'clZy or Bilitzow, a town of Silesia ca- 
 pital of a principality of the same name, with 
 a castle. It has a considerabie manufacture 
 cf ciiab, and is situated on iiie Biala, o.n the 
 verge of Poland. 
 
 Billerica, a towmsbip, Middlesex county, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Bdlericay, a town in Essex, seated on a 
 hill. It has a considerable market fer com, 
 on Tuesday, and a fair on July 22d, and 
 Oct 27ih. It is nine miles sw fiom 
 Chehnsrord, and 23 e of London. 
 
 JBilksden. See Bilsden, 
 
 Billesdun, a village in North lunnerland 
 near the rocks of Cheviot bills. 
 
 Billft. See J-Iatboraugh. 
 
 BdUngharn, a town in Northumberland, 
 situated on the Tyne. It has a weelily 
 market on Tuesday and Saturday, and a 
 fair, Saturday after September 1 5. 
 
 'Billinghurst, a small but agreeable village 
 in Sussex. The famous highway, called 
 Stanes Street Causeway, passes by this 
 place to Arundel. It has a fair on Whitsuii- 
 Monday. 
 
 Billingsport, a town in Delaware, 12 
 miles below Philadelphia. 
 
 Billom, or Billon, a town of France, 
 department of Puy dc Dome, 15 miles se of 
 Clermont. 
 
 Bilma, a vast burning desert of Africa, 
 between 20 and 25 lat. n. 
 
 Bilsah, a town of Malwa, Ilindoostan, 
 capital of a circar, famous for its excellent 
 i tobacco ; 120 miles e of Ougein. Lon. 77 
 55 E. lat. 25 SO n, 
 
 Bil&dcn, or Bilsdon, a small town of Lei- 
 cestershire, with a market on Friday, and 
 fairs Aug. 25, and July 25, eight miles e of 
 Leicester, and 95 n by w of London, Loii. 
 0 15 w, lat. .'12 40 N. 
 
 Bilsen, or Bilson, a town of France, de- 
 purtraeot of the I.ower Meuse, formerly in 
 the bishopric of Liege, arid subject to the 
 house of Austria. It was the rendezvous 
 of the Juke of Marlborough, in 1706, pre- 
 vious to Uie buttle of liamillies. It lies six 
 miles w of Maestricht, and 14 nnw of Leige. 
 Near it is Mua;,ter Bilgen, a celcbra,to4 
 
B I N 
 
 B I R 
 
 temporal foundation and Abbey for noble } 
 Xadies. I 
 
 Bihtdn, a town of Westphalia, seated cn 
 a mountain ,24 miles sse of Arensberg. I 
 
 JBiistorif a large village in Staffordshire, j 
 
 near Wolverhampton, which enjoys the ad- j 
 vantage of a communicaticn with the Staf- i 
 ford and Worcestershire canals, and in the ; 
 vicinity are large mines of coal, iron-stone, 
 ^c. also forges, farnaces, and slitting' mills ; 
 .here there is also a manuf acture of japanned " 
 and cnamelied goods. ! 
 
 BIMINI, one of the Lucaya islands N 
 America, near the channel of B'diarna, with 
 a good hai'bour, about eight miles in length, 
 and as much in breadth, covered with trees, 
 and inhabited by native Americans. Lon. 
 .79 50. lat. 25 0 N. 
 
 rivers it is situated. It was taken on- tl’.e 
 20th of October, 1794, and afterr/ards iai 
 June 1796, by the French, who were again 
 driven from it by the Austrians, on the i^ih 
 Octoner, but the latter were ohliofed to 
 evacuate it next day, 15 miles w by South 
 of Mentz. 
 
 Bvhgetiheim, a town of Germany, circle 
 of Uf'per Rhine, 16 miles nne of Frankfort. 
 
 Bingham^ a town of Notiingaanishire, 
 noteu fur its handsome Gothic chuvcii, fbr- 
 j merly coile^^iute ; the steeple, consisting of 
 a tower ,md spire, is upwards <'f 120 Vest 
 high, and contains a fine ring of Kells, it 
 has three fairs, on the 20th of Febraa!y> 
 Is: Thursday in maj^ and Sth November, 
 nine miles e of NoUinghsKi, aijd 124 n by 
 w of London. 
 
 BimBpatam, or BimHpatam, r sea-port 
 town of Golconda E Indies, on the w side 
 of the bay of Bengal ; where the Dutch have 
 a small factory for buying up the cloth ma 
 niifactured by the inhabitants, 12 miles n of 
 Visagapatmm. 
 
 J5m, or Bin hillt a mountain of ScotlrtiiP, 
 Banffshire, which, like the Grecian Par 
 nassus, has two tops, the one higher than 
 the other. 
 
 Bma, a town of Italy, department of the 
 Upper Po. 
 
 Binaros, a small town of Spain, Valentia, 
 remarkable for good wine, leven mdes n by 
 £ Of Pioiscoia, and 25 s of Torlosa. 
 
 Binaseb, a village of Italy, near Pavia, 
 It was burnt by a party of the French re- 
 publican army under general Bonaparte, 
 !n June 1796; the ird ,:bjants having, 
 along with those of Pavia, attempted to 
 raise a rebellion against the F.cncli, after 
 professing to fraternize with them. 
 
 Binbrook, or Bindroke, a tcv/n cf Lincoln- 
 shire, with a. market on YftdLrsday, SO 
 miles of Lincoln, and 157 n o , London. 
 
 JBiricaza, a sea-port of Africa, kingdom 
 of Tripoli, 140 raiies w of Derna. 
 
 Binch, a small fortified town of France, 
 department of the North on the river Haye, 
 nine miles k of Mons, 
 
 Binchcsler, a village near Durham, situ- 
 ated on the Wear. By several inscriptions 
 and monuments it appears to have been 
 the Roman Vinovium. 
 
 Biaean^ a hill of Perthshire, parish of 
 Callander, cf a very singular appearance, 
 from the smallness of its circumference and 
 the altitude of its head on the clouds. 
 
 Bine-Gurve, a group cf hills in the 
 county of Sutherland. 
 
 Bingo xi, atowm of Barca, Barbary with a 
 port for small vessels, 55 miles sw of To- 
 Icmefa. 
 
 Bingeuy an ancient and handsome town 
 late of Germany, archbishcpric of Mentz, 
 new of France, department of the Rhine 
 Nahe, on the couflucnce of which j 
 
 Bingleijy a small town in the w Riding 
 of Yorkshire, with a market on Tuestlay* 
 piea^^^iUtly situated on the river Are. Tt*.a 
 ta- "d irv:m this to Skipton, is raised up .the 
 side of a hill by a succession of locks above 
 each other ; by which a very long level is 
 obtained. Bingley has fairs on .Tan. 2.5, 
 and Ang. 25. It is 30 miles w by s froin 
 York, and 202 wNw of Leaden. Leu. 1 
 40 lat. 55 50 jr. 
 
 Binna-Bttird, and Bmna-Muickduidh, two 
 iofr.y mou!;tuius i'i the parish of Grathy, 
 A'-., (icsiisiiire, whose tops are ponstsirtly 
 CGv':-ed with snow. They extend in the 
 same ridge wi'h the Cairugoram mountain, 
 and emeralds with yellow and brown tepases 
 are found upon them. 
 
 BIN TAN, an island of Asia, in the FJ 
 Indies, s of Malacca. 
 
 Biobio, or Biophia, the largest river ia 
 Chid: It rises in the Andes, and enters oa 
 the S sea near the city of Conception, op- 
 posite the isle of AveqiiirjD.a, in lat. 57 0 s. 
 It As tbs boundary between the Spanish 
 settlement, aud several Indian nations, theis* 
 enemies, which obliges them to keep strong 
 garrif oi's upon it. 
 
 Biocovo, a h'gh mountain cf Italy, late 
 maratinie divisions of Austria, 
 
 Biogrady a decayed town of D.ilmatia, 
 fonnctiy called Alba Maritim??., the ancient 
 residence of the kings of Croatia. It has a 
 spacLus harbour at the mouth of the lake 
 Urana. 
 
 Biornhurgy a town rf Sv/edon, N Finlandl 
 situated cn the river Kune, m the gidph oC 
 Bothnia, 75 miles n of Abo. Lon. 25 5 r, 
 lat. 61 4 2 N. 
 
 Bivy or Berr, R town of Asiat? " Tui k-^y, 
 province of Diarbeck. with a cv de who . *2 
 the governor resides, situated on the eastern 
 bank of the Euphrates, near a high mciin- 
 lain, in a \egv pie-^-sant, rusk fertile country, 
 60 miles ke of A lenpo. 
 
 Birboom, a tovvu of B.'V.val, IThidoor.tau, 
 56 ra-les wsw of ^loorsi'ctiabad, snd liS 
 NNiy of Calcutta. 
 
BIR 
 
 Wrclies^ a town in Gloucestershire, be- 
 tween Colebrook-dale and builder’s-bridge. 
 An earthquake did much damage to this 
 place in 1773. The gfciind was rent in 
 several places, and thrown into contused 
 heaps; a wood, turnpike-roads, fields, hedges, 
 houses, &c. were thrown out of their former 
 situations ; the bed of the Severn was dho^ed 
 -up, and the river diverted into a new dhaii- 
 nel; causing for the lime a great inunda- 
 tion above, and so sudden a fall bclcW, that 
 many Ushes were left on dry land, and several 
 barges were heeled over, till the river, l^re- 
 inarkable deep at the tiine,]l at last forcing 
 flts vray down, overwhelmed and sunk them. 
 
 Bird Fort, a fort on the Nonorgaheld, 40 
 miles s of Port Pitt. 
 
 BIRD-KEYS, an island among the Vir- 
 gin Isles, two leagues s of St. John’s 
 
 Birkar^sin ancient royal seat and con- 
 stiderable market town of Sweden, Island of' 
 Biorko. 
 
 Birkeneelf a town on the left bank of the 
 Bhine, near Oberstein, lately annexed to 
 -France, and included in the department of 
 ■the Rhine, and Kahe. Several bloody 
 engagements took place in the vicinity, 
 between the French and Austrians, in June 
 
 Birkenhead j t mountain of Scotland, P.a- 
 aarkshire. 
 
 Birkenheady a village in Cheshire. 
 
 Birkes, a village in Northumberland. 
 
 ‘ BlrkenfiekU a late county of Germany, 
 circle of the Upper Rhine, annexed to 
 France, and apparently included in the de- 
 partment of the Sarre and Moselle. 
 
 Birkenfieldy iht late capital of the above 
 county, seated near the river Nake, 25 miies 
 ESE of Treves. Lon. 7 14 e,' lat. 49 3J h. 
 
 Birling, a town in Kent. 
 
 BIRMAH. See Burmak. 
 
 Birmingham^ a very large ' town of War- 
 i^^kshire, long celebrated for its manufac- 
 tures. It is no cDfporation, being only go- 
 verned by two cbiistables, and two bailifL, 
 and a head-borough ; and it is therefore 
 free for any person to settle in ; which has 
 contributed to the great increase of buildings 
 and trade. The town stands on the side of 
 a hill, nearly in the form of a half moon. 
 Some idea may be formed of the vast in- 
 crease of this place in srae, opulence, and 
 manufactures, by comp<ii'»ng number of 
 streets about 40 years ago with that of which 
 it at presentsconsists: in 1770, it was about 
 50 and now it is said to have about 250 
 streets, besides some of the oldest improved 
 and extended. The number of houses is 
 computed at 13,000, and of inhabitants at 
 80,000. It has two churches, two chapels, 
 6Gver;il meeting houses, a laige school en- 
 dowed by Edward VI. an elegant theatre, 
 capable of containing 2000 people ; a no 
 ICwS elegant and commodious hotel, with su- 
 
 B 1 R 
 
 perb ss«embly-rcomg, the contpletest^^ieVlif 
 baths in the kingddm, and'ADuddei^t^^ 
 Gardens, a place o^ enterp inmeht similar 
 to Vauxhali Gardens. It tvould greatly e:?!^ 
 ceed our limits to notice the v;i« ;ous manu- 
 factures of Birmingham; but from the pon- 
 derous articles of the casting furnace, rol- 
 ling-miil, and knieiting- work, IhrOftVgh all 
 the variety of elegant hard-ware, to the smal- 
 lest trinket, Of to^, are here produced abun- 
 dantly. At the Soho, Mr. I^lton’s manu- 
 factory alone is capable of containing- lOpO 
 woi^kmen, in all the varieties pf buckles, 
 buttons, plated, steel, &c. Jtc. It has a 
 market on Thursday ; and fairs on Whitsun- 
 Thursday, and 29th of September. A na- 
 vigable canal was begun in April 1768, and 
 completed in November 176&, to the col- 
 lieries at AVednesbury ; which brings a Va- 
 Yi'cty of raw materials from distant paTi|, 
 and supplies the town, with coals at a iho- 
 derate price. In 1772, thi^ "canal w^s ex- 
 tended to Austerberley ; and tiience by the 
 Severn to Shrewsbury, Gloucester, &c. ; 
 the Mersey to Liverpool; and by the 
 Trent to Gainsborough, Hull, &c. A new 
 canal forms a cortimunication by Fazely 
 with Tam worth, Atherstone, Nunealoh, and 
 Coventry, and thence 4o London. Birmiiig^ 
 ham lies 109 miles nw of London^ 48 si 
 of Shrewsbury, and 17 nvv of Coventr;^. 
 Lon. 1 50 w, lat. 52 30 N. ‘ 
 
 Birnamy a hill of Scotland, Ferthshir#\ 
 celebrated by Shakespear in iris tragedy 
 Macbeth. It rises wdth rude mod striking 
 magnificence to the height ot 1580 feet 
 bove the level of the sea. 
 
 Birnky s parish in the covrnty of E%in, 
 extending about five miles from n to s anrd 
 two from E to w, and co^. tain rng 5000 Scotji 
 acres, of which 150 are arable. The clirhate 
 is healthy, and the parish abounds with freCw 
 stone, slate, and lime-stone. By the ex- 
 ertions of the late earl of Findlater, gteat 
 improvements have been made in agricul- 
 ture ; and the woollen manufactures have 
 been considerably advanced. The popula- 
 tion is about 366. A stone baptistry 
 and a bell of copper and silver of an ob- 
 long shape, called the coronach, are preserve 
 ed in the church as antique relics. ^ ^ 
 
 Birvy a towm of Ireland, in' King’s 
 county, 43 miles he of Limeiick, and 65 
 
 from Dublin. - , 
 
 Birsayy and Hnrrayy two united parishes 
 of Scotland, county of Orkney ; containing, 
 about 2,176 inhabitants. 
 
 Birsai/y extends seven and a-half miles in 
 length, and live and a- half in breadth, and 
 is inhabited by above 1 ,450 people.' It was 
 formerly named Byrgisherad. The people 
 are social, humane, contented, and kind to the 
 poor. It has a small town of the same name. 
 
 BirsCy anciently Breiss, a parish of Aber- 
 deenshire, situated on a paR of 
 
B I S 
 
 Jpraxnpians, and extending about 10 miles I 
 •very way. Thechurdiisabout27 miles wsw 
 of Aberdeen, The surface is even, in ^ome | 
 placets rocky and mountainous ; fend beaud- i 
 fully diversified witb wood \ 
 
 luid water. I 3 hiis been long famous 
 for its fii honey, in 1791 it contained not 
 kss t!>an 300 hives. The population is about 
 1266, and is on the increase. 
 
 Birtley, a village in the county, and 10 
 miles N of Durham, famous for a salt 
 spring, add an extensive manufacture cf 
 salt. 
 
 Births MoYtorii a town in Worcestershire, 
 near Fershore. 
 
 Biru^ a town of Peru, 10 leagues from 
 Trusilla, inbabhed by Indians, Spai^’ards, 
 Mulattoes, and Mestees. 
 
 Birmes^ca, a town of Old Castile, Spain, 
 Vhe capital of a small territory called dSwre&a, 
 16 miles n of Burgos. 
 
 Blrza, a town ofT*oIand, province of Sa- 
 mogitia, 42 miles se of Mittau. 
 
 Bisaccitty a small town of Naples, Princi- 
 pato Ulteriore, with a bishop*^^s see, 15 miles 
 >;e of Conz?.. 
 
 Biicaray or Biscaris, a town of Africa, 
 kingdom of Algiers, situated in the eastern 
 ©r Levantine government. This kingdom 
 fo^longed to the province of Zeb in Numi- 
 dia, which lies s of the kingdom of Labez ; 
 but the Algerines, in their animal inroads to 
 carry off slaves, made themselves masters of 
 JBiscara, in order to facilitate their entrance 
 into the southern provinces. It is an ancient 
 tovvn, 1 20 miles ssw of Constantina. Lon. 
 
 5 12 w, lat. 53 55 n. 
 
 BISCAY, a province of Spain, bounded 
 on the N by the sea called the Ba^ of Biscay i 
 on the & by Old Castile; on the w by the 
 Austurias of Santillana; and on the e by 
 Navarre, It is in length from n to s about 
 70 miles, and in breadth from w to i, about 
 55. It is divided into Bisc4.t Propee, 
 Guipuscoa,' and Alaba. The province is,a 
 kind of Republic in the hands of the nobility, 
 under protection of the crown, Of all the 
 royal taxi’s rone are levied here but thf d#- 
 nativo, a gratuitous contribution. In gene- 
 ral it is mountainous and barren ; but in 
 fcome places it, produces corn, and every 
 where a great quantity of apples, oranges, 
 and citrons. The people make cyder of the 
 apples, which is their common drink. They 
 have also wine called chacolinoy which if 
 pleasant, but will not keep long, and there- 
 fore is used instead of small beer. The in- 
 habitants are famous for making swords, 
 knives, and other sharp weapons. The com- 
 modious situation of the province on the sea, 
 and its vicinity to France, render the trade 
 in all these different branches amazingly 
 ilourisbing. , The mountains have in all ages 
 .affurded thq iuljabitanlsopportimitiesofwith- 
 ^rawing ibemselyei* from every yoke thaihog 
 
 E I s 
 
 been attempted to be Imposed uponr tbetwv 
 They are stout, brave, and choleric to a pror 
 verb ; and are said to be the best soldiers 
 aD 'l seamen of Spain ; but now, whether they 
 will he jib’e so res?,d, the yoke of Bonaparte, 
 is a hard, yel iril-resting question. The chief 
 towns in Biscay, are Bilooa the capital, Or- 
 donna, Dorango, Fontarabia, St. Sebastian, 
 Tolosa, and A^ictoria. The ancient Cabrlaix 
 language is spoken, which has no affinity to 
 any other in Europe, 
 
 Biscay, Bay if , between Cape Orte- 
 
 ga!, iii Lon. 7 55 w, lat. 43 4 S N. and the 
 Isle of , tu Lon 5 0 w, lat. 48 30 n. 
 
 BISCAY, NEV/, a province of N Ame- 
 n t‘;.e audienceof the Guadalajara. 
 The latitude is from 25 deg. to 28 deg. It 
 is thinly inhabited, and the frontiers are in- 
 fi?sted by savage Indians, who live in huts, 
 and cultivate maize. It- abounds in silver 
 mines. Durango is the capital. 
 
 Bischen, a small place in Germany, in the 
 raarquisate of Ortnsu, and circle of Su*bia. 
 
 ^ Biscftoffscheimy a town of Germany, arch- 
 bishopric of Menu. This town was the 
 scene of several actions between the French 
 and Austrians in 179.6. It was attacked by 
 a body of 25,000 French, on the 25th of 
 June, but repulsed with great loss. It w as 
 afterwards taken, but evacuated in the end 
 of the campaign. Lon, 9 57 *, lat. 
 49 40 N. . 
 
 Bischofslacky a town of Germany, Carniola, 
 flourishing by a good trade in linen and 
 worsted, 17 miles w by n of Lawbach. 
 
 Bischof's Werda, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 Misnia, on the Wciseritz, 18 miles i of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Bischofswerdery a town of Prussia, pro- 
 vince of Oberland, on the river Oss, 2f 
 miles NE of Culm. 
 
 Bischofs-Zell, a town of Switzerland, be- 
 longing to the blsliop of Constance, with a 
 castle, at the junction of the s Mer, 
 Tbur, 12 miles s of Constance. 
 
 Bischweilevy or Buchwtiller, a fortified 
 post of France, in the department of the 
 Lower Rhine, where the French have sluices 
 to surround Fort Louis with w’^ater, in case 
 of any emergency. It stands five miles w 
 from the Rhine, even wnw of Fort Louis> 
 and 14 w by n of Hagcnau. 
 
 Bissglifly a populous town of Naples, 
 Terra-di-Bari, with a bishop’^s see, situated 
 near the gulf &f Venice, six miles e of Trani. 
 
 Biserta, a lake of Africa, Tunis. The 
 mullets of this lake are the best in Bar- 
 bary ; .gre.at quantitjes of their roes, dried 
 and made into Botargo, are sent iVum hence 
 into the Levant, where they are accounted a 
 great dainty. 
 
 Bzserta, a large gulf of Africa, and the 
 Sinus Ilipponensisy of the ancients. Jt is 
 formfd by the c^pes Blanco, and Zicbeb 
 aqd B be#u; ii ui inlet, near four 
 
BIS 
 
 nvide, which once admitied -tbe 
 birge^t vcsscis ; imt. thrciigh the negli'pnce 
 of tiie Tufk.^, can now acimit oiily those of 
 the srofille^t sixe. 
 
 Biserta, a town of A'Vica- kingdom of 
 Tunis, situated on the above gulf It was 
 formerly v<ny coi’3’(!eruble ; and, though not 
 above a rniie In circuit is said to have con- 
 tained 6,000 houses, whcjeas both it and 
 the villages uiider it now scarcely contain 
 that number of iniiabilduts. It has stiM, 
 however, some stron;r castles and batterie- , 
 especfally towards the sea Tliere are also 
 two very capcvcious prisons ior siavos, a 
 large magazine or warehouse for rneichan- 
 dize, and Iwm towers, wi.h some other out- 
 works to defend the entrance of tiie haven, 
 S7 miles nvv of ruris. Lon. 46 e, iat. 
 57 fO N. 
 
 Bishop"jhiklan'i. Ses Aukland. 
 
 Bishop’s Casde, a nmi aisd Nourishing 
 town of Shropshire, seated near the river 
 Ciiin. It is a corporation, sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament; has a well frequented 
 weekly market, on Friday, and six annual 
 fairs ; eight miles s of Montgomery and 
 159 WNW of London. 
 
 Bishop’s Lodh a lake in Lanarkshire, a 
 mile long,, and a quarter of a mile broad. 
 It is occupied as a reservoir by the Great 
 Canal Company. 
 
 Bishop' sLoch, (xrxleutiy called Loch'gouL 
 a lake of Aberdeensliire, There is an island 
 in the middle of it, upon which the bishops 
 of Aberdeen had a mansion-house, the re- 
 mains whereof are stiii visible. 
 
 Bishop's Slortfordf a town of nertford- 
 shire, on the side of a hlH with a canal 
 navigable to the river Lea. in a valley be- 
 tween it and Its weekly market 
 
 on Thursday, is considerable tor grain ; and 
 it has three rmnual fairs. It is 56 irdies 
 from Cambridge, and 56 from London. 
 
 Bishop’s I'awCon, an ancient village of 
 Devonshire, s of Barnstable, and nearly op- 
 posite to Tavistock, noted as the residence 
 of Eadulphas, and Putta, the first and 
 second bishops of' Devon, from the year 
 905, to 024, when the see was removed 
 to Credit! on. 
 
 Bishop’s Thorpe, a village of Yorkshire, 
 containing a palace of the archbishop, the 
 only one remaining to the see. Here arch- 
 bishop Scrope was sentenced by one Ful- 
 thorpo, a lawyer, in 1405, and executed 
 in a field near his palace. It is three rr.iles 
 distant from York. 
 
 Bishop’s \dcdthiim and Wearmoulk^ See 
 Walthain and Wcarmoufk. 
 
 Bisignano, a town of Naples, Iliiher 
 Calabria. It has a strong fi>rt, a bishop’s 
 see, and the title efa principality. 
 
 Bisley, a town and parish of Gloucester- 
 shire, in w'hich the broad-cloth manufactory 
 is carried on to a extent. The canal 
 
 B I s 
 
 jMvhich unites the Severn with the TisamesJ 
 passes through this parish, and on its verge 
 the ware/- qi the canal enters a tunnel, by^ 
 which it is conveyed two miles five furlonga 
 
 I under ground. The parish contains 4227* 
 inhabilanis. Two fairs are held here on- 
 May 4th. and Nov. 12th, principally for 
 sheep. Bisley lies three miles from Hainp- 
 ton, and from Gloucester. 
 
 Bisnagur.. formerly a very large and pow- 
 erful i'lugiorn of Asi», comprehending the 
 ij kingdorjis Qi K^iiara,. Messowr, Fravancero, 
 !! Madura, Marava, and Tanjour. It had 
 || also the name d^-vi singa,, fr^^m one of its 
 j hs or kings. In 1565, the happy s{ ate 
 of this kingdom excited the envy of the 
 kings of Dekan ; who, having raised aa 
 army of 500,000 foot, and 50,000 horse, 
 dcleated and killed tbs king of B;sn 3 gur, 
 though at tlie head of an army almost t wice 
 as numerous, and took the royal city itself. 
 They, are said to have spent five months 
 in plundering it, although the inhabitants 
 had before carried oiT 15.50 elephants loaded 
 vvith money and jew^'e-s, to the junount of up- 
 wards or 100 millions of gold ; besides the 
 royal chjiir for state days, tfie value of which 
 could uot be esthriated. The victors, how- 
 ever, found a diameud cf tlie size of an or-* 
 dinary egg, besides another of a size some- 
 what inferior, and several other jewels of im- 
 mense value ; but they w’ere afterwards 
 forced to abanden the kingdom, being too 
 large for them to retain. It is said to have 
 at this time fallen under the dominion of the 
 Great Mogul, but it is more probable that 
 ihis was merely a nominal sovereignty, like 
 many others in India; for we find that Ka- 
 nara, or rather Canarny was subject to the 
 Hte Tippoo Saib, and the above Messowr 
 seems to be the same with the modern My^ 
 sore. In some places of this kingdom it is 
 said the roads have great forests of bamboos 
 on each side, which are full of monkcj^s. 
 They catch the wild elephants here in pit- 
 falls, and then tame them by means of others 
 already tamed ; the latter seldom fail cf 
 beating the wild ones into a good beha- 
 viour. 
 
 BisnaguTy the capital of the above king- 
 dom, and of the nabob of A root, lies on 
 the river Nigonden, 28 miles sse of Sinore, 
 105 N by w of Cbitte^droug, and 250 kw of 
 Madras. Lon. 76 0 e, lat. J 5 20 n. 
 
 BisncCy a town of Bootan, capital of a 
 territoiy on the borders vf Assam and Ben- 
 gal, 50 miles ENE of Rangamsetty, and 150 
 SE of Tassasndon. Lon. 90 45 e, lat. 15 20 n. 
 
 BISSAGOS, a duster of islands on the 
 coast of Negroland, Aii ica, situated, accord- 
 ing to some geographers, oelvi^een the mouth 
 of ihc riv’,;r Gambia, and Rio grande ; but 
 Walker places them 200 miles s of the Gam- 
 bia. Their names are Fissago (80 miles in 
 circy.iiiiereixcc, aad wcU cultivated, inhabited 
 
B I T 
 
 by Poftugiiese and Negroes) jSuIcrmt Cas* 
 tuabaCf La Gallinci, Cazegut, Calacha^ and 
 Oranguana, with some other small islands. 
 Each*’ of them is governed by a king of its 
 own; and, as all those petty monarch s are 
 independant, they frequently make war with 
 each other; yet they always unite again^ 
 the inhabitants of Biafara, who are their 
 common enemies. The inhabitants are ne- 
 groes ; who are tall, strong, and healthy. Jn 
 general, they are idolaters, and savage in 
 their disposition, not only to strangers, but 
 to one another, when they happen to quar- 
 rel, as they frequently do about trifles ; anu. 
 if they are disappointed of their revenge, 
 they often drown or stab themselves. Lon. 
 15 10 w, lat. 10 58 n. 
 
 Lissely a town of Germany, Suabia, near Of- 
 fenburg, one of the scenes of the French Ge- 
 neral Moreau’s success during the campaign 
 of 1796 ; the Austrians under the Prince of 
 Conde, who were encamped at this place, 
 to the number of 15,000, being obliged to 
 evacuate it on the 28th of June 1796. 
 
 BISSUNPOUR, a smalWistriet of Ben- 
 gal, E Indies, which has all along pre- 
 served its independance. It has been go- 
 verned, from time immemorial, by a bra- 
 min family of the tribe of Rajaputs. The 
 singular situation of this country has pre- 
 served to the inhabitants their primitive 
 happiness, and the gentleness of their cha- 
 racter, by securing them 4-rom the danger 
 of being conquered, or the rage of war. 
 Nature has surrounded them whth water, 
 so that they need only open the sluices of 
 their rivers to overflow the whole country : 
 and the armies sent to subdue them have 
 -so frequently been drowned, that the de- 
 sign has been laid aside. Liberty and 
 property sre sacred in Bissunpour. Rob- 
 bery, either public or private, is never 
 heard of; and even if any thing that had 
 been lest is found, which the finder considers 
 of value, he hangs it upon the first tree he 
 meets with, and informs the nearest guard, 
 who gives notice of it to (he public by beat 
 of drum. These maxims of probity are so 
 generally established, that they even direct 
 the operations of government. Out of 
 about .550,0001. which on an average it an- 
 nually receives, without injury to agriculture 
 or t.^ade, what is not wanted to supply the 
 unavoidable expepces of the state, is laid 
 out in improvements. The rajah is enabled 
 to engage in these humane employments, 
 as he pays the Moguls only what tribute, 
 and at what times, he thinks proper. 
 
 Bissunpour^ the capital of this circar is 
 74 miles nw of Calcutta. 
 
 Bistricz, a town of Transylvania, on a 
 river of the same name, 142 miles of 
 Coloswar, Lon. 25 5 e. lat. 47 53 n. 
 
 Bilburghf a town of France, department 
 of Forets. 
 
 B L A 
 
 I Bitchej a town of France, department of 
 the Moselle, with a castle seated at the foot 
 of a mountain, near the Schwelb, 50 miles H 
 by w of Strasburg. Lon. 7 44 e, lat. 49 5 k"* 
 
 Bitetto, a town of Naples, in the Terra 
 di Bari, 1 1 miles ssw of Bari 
 
 Bllford a town in Warwickshire, whicli 
 was formerly a market town, and had two 
 fiirs, but is greatly reduced. 
 
 Bithynia See Becs&ngiL 
 
 BITO, a small kingdom of Africa, in 
 ncgroland. 
 
 Bii&nio, an episcopal town of Naples, m 
 the Terra di Bari, 10 miles wsw ot Bari, 
 
 Bitschen, or Pitschen, a town on tbs 
 frontiers of Poland, in the principality of 
 Brieg, Silesia, 50 miles ne of Brieg.^ 
 
 BiUerJield. a town of Germany, circle of 
 Upper Saxony, on the Mulda> 14 miles 
 s of Dessau. 
 
 Bizotton, a fort that protects the impor- 
 tant town of Port au Prince, in Si. Domin- 
 go. it was taken in June, 1794, by the 
 British troops under General White, which 
 decided the fate of the capital, and was 
 evacuated soon after. 
 
 Blackt the name of two rivers in Ver- 
 mont, N America. 
 
 Blachbank, a town in the county of 
 Armagh, seven miles s ot Armagh.^ 
 
 Blackburn^ a flourishing town in^ Lan- 
 cashire. on the Black vvater, containing a- 
 bout 11,980 inhabitants. Here are two 
 churches, several meeting iiouses, and si 
 grammer school founded by Queen Eliz- 
 abeth, It carries on a great trade, but is 
 chiefly noted for its manufactures of calicoes. 
 Muslins have also lately begun to be made. 
 By the late inland navigation, it is much, 
 improved ; as it has communication with 
 the rivers Mersey, Dee, Ribble, Ouse, Trent, 
 Severn, Humber, Thames, Avon, &c. This 
 navigation, reckoning its winoings, extends 
 above 500 miles in the counties of Lincoln, 
 Nottingham, York, Westmoreland, Chester, 
 Stafford, Warwick, Leicester, Oxford, Wor- 
 cester It had a weekly market on 
 
 Monday, which was changed in 1774, to 
 Wednesday, and is well supplied with all 
 kinds of provision. Its annual fairs are oa 
 Easter Monday, May 11, 12, and 15; Oct. 
 6, 10, and 11; for cattle, Yorkshire cloth, 
 &c. and in the spring it has fairs every fort- 
 night on Wednesday for horned cattle. It 
 lies 12 miles e of Preston, and 203 
 of London. 
 
 Blackburn, a river in Roxburghshire, re- 
 markable for its beautiful water- falls, and 
 no less so for being crossed by a natural 
 bridge of stone. 
 
 Blackburn, a village in Linlithgowshire. 
 
 Black Cart, a river of Scotland, Ren- 
 frewshire. j. 
 
 Blach-esk, a river in Dumfries- shire. 
 
 Blackford, a parish of Perthshire, of a 
 
 J V 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
B L A 
 
 Circular figure, having a diameter of nearly 
 six miles. The soil is thin, with a gravelly 
 bottom, soaked with water from numerous 
 springs. Owingto the vicinity of the Ochil 
 hills, it IS exposed to continual rains, and 
 heavy falls of snow, which lie long, retard 
 vegetation and render the roads impassable. 
 Great part of the parish lies above the sea 
 level, and it is subject to storms of wind, 
 thunder and lightening. There is a stone 
 quarry in this parish of a remarkably hard 
 nature, which ansivers well for mill-stones, 
 rollers, Sec, In 1758, the parish-church 
 was burnt; and in 1795, a violent hurricane 
 swept the parish for several miles, and did 
 inuch damage. The population is about 
 I3d0, but is decreasing. In the parish 
 are some druidical circles, a small camp, and 
 the ruins of several chapels. 
 
 Black For i St, a forest of Germany, 
 Stfabia, part of the ancient Hyrcaniaii 
 forest. 
 
 Black heathy a village of Kent, situated on 
 the Nw extremity of a fine elevated plain, 
 of the same name, five miles se of London, 
 and commanding very beautiful prospects, 
 both of the Pdctropoiis, and the country round. 
 On this heath and its borders are many ele- 
 gant villas, and Morden college, founded by 
 Sir John Morden, for decayed merchants 
 In 1780, a cavern wa^s discovered on the 
 side of the ascent to blackheath, on the road 
 to Dover; consisting rf seven large apart- 
 ments, which have a communication with 
 each other by arched avenues : the bottom is 
 a fine dry sand, and 170 feet under ground, 
 is a deep well of fine water. On Blackheath 
 plain, which extends into the parishes of 
 Greenwich, Lewisham, and Lee, the famous 
 Tyler mustered his 100,000 men. Fairs 
 are held here May 15, and Oct. 11. 
 
 Black- House Heights, several steep and 
 towering hills, in Selkirkshire. The high- 
 est is 2570 feet above the level of the 
 sea. 
 
 Black more, a village five miles n of 
 Brentwood Essex, seated on the d* Can. 
 Formerly a priory stood near tlie church on 
 a place called Jericho, which Henry VIII. 
 converted into a house for occasional re- 
 tirement. Here was, born his natural son 
 John Henry Fitzroy. It is new an elegant 
 house. 
 
 Black mountains, a chain of mountains 
 in Germany, circle of Suabia, one of the 
 highest and. moiit rugged of woich, Mount 
 Kcicnsolhc, was the scene of a most ob- 
 sfinate conuv.t hetweor the Frc? ch and 
 Austrians, cn ihe 95n July 1796; but the 
 latter, a fur four fnnes repii’si.tg the centre 
 oi ti'.e French army, were overcome by a 
 filVn charge, and driven from the mountain, 
 with the loss of 1100 men. 
 
 PLAC.KNiuSS, a district cf Forfar- 
 
 B L A 
 
 Blackness, ti village of Scotland, Linlith^ 
 gowshire, on the s bank of the Forth, with 
 one of the oldest forts in the country, built 
 on a sort of Feninsulaon the Fritli of Forth, 
 nine miles ne of Linlithgow. It is oneoftlio 
 four, appointed by the treaty of Union, to 
 be kept in repair and garrisoned. It baa 
 a governor, lieutenant-governor, and 20 
 soldiers. 
 
 Black-Pool, or Black-port, a pleasant and 
 well-built village of Lancashire,, with a very 
 fine beach for bathing, so much resorted to 
 in the summer season, that a theatre was 
 lately erected for the entertainment of the 
 company. It is three miles w of Poulton, iS 
 from Preston, and 25 from Lancaster. 
 
 Black River, a considerable river of n 
 C arolina. Another in New York, nayiga- 
 ; ble by boats for 60 miles, and a third 
 in Virginia. 
 
 Black River, a British settlement at (he 
 mouth of the Tinto, 20 leagues e of Cape 
 Honduras. It was for more than 60 years 
 the refuge of the logwood cutters, when the 
 Spaniards drove them from the forests of e 
 Yucatan, which occasioned adventurers to 
 settle here. The coast is sandy, low and 
 swampy ; higher up, near the rivers and 
 lakes, which are full of fish, the soil is fertile, 
 and produces plantanes, cocoa trees, maize, 
 yams, potatoes, and sugar canes. The forests, 
 are full of deer, Mexican swine, and game. 
 The shores abound with turtle, and the 
 woods with mahogany, aebra wood, sarsa- 
 parilla, Sec, and the whole settlement flou- 
 rishes spontaneously without cultivaiiou. 
 
 'Black River, the deepest and largest in 
 tlie island of Jamaica, passes through a 
 level country, and will admit flat bottomed 
 boats and canoes, for about 50 miles. 
 
 Black Sea, anciently called the Euxine, 
 lies between Europe and Asia, and is hound- 
 ed on the w by Romania# Bulgaria, and 
 Bessarabia ; on the n by Tartary ; on the e 
 by Mingrclia, Circassia, and Georgia ; and 
 on the s bv Natolia. It communicates wiih 
 the Mediterranean, and is said to be 3300 
 miles in circumference. Many large rivers 
 flew into it ; and it is often very tempestous. 
 It has no disccrnable flux or reflux. It lies 
 betw een Ion. 35 deg. and 44 deg. e , and be- 
 tween lat. 42 deg. and 46 deg. n. 
 
 Blackslajj] a river of Ireland, Down, also 
 called An-ttadorn. 
 
 Blackstone, cr Fawtuok-d, a river in Mas- 
 sachuseus, wljidi is navigable up to Pro vi- 
 vidence, in siiips ol 950 tons burden. 
 
 Black- Tail, a g.eat shoal on the coast of 
 Essex, below Canvey island, or Leigh 
 road. It runs out liitee leagues into the 
 sea, and fias a mast placed at the end of it, 
 as a sea-mark. 
 
 Biackmill, a village Jn IMIddlescx, e of 
 London, near Po))iar, remarkable for a 
 bh p-yaid and w cl- dock, which, with ih^ 
 
B L A 
 
 lifter embankments, occupies 10 acres. 
 This dock belongs to J. Perry Esq. 
 
 Blackwater, a river of England, which 
 rises in the nw part of Essex, and falls 
 i nto the bay, named from it Black water- 
 bay. 
 
 BlackwaUr, a town in Armagh, situated 
 on a river of the same name, 66 miles ironi 
 Dublin. 
 
 Blpckwater, the name of five rivers in 
 Ireland, viz. 1. Armagh, which falls into 
 Lough- Neah: 2. in Kerry ; 3. in Long- 
 ford, w'hich joins the Shannon, n of Lanes- 
 borough : 4. in Meath, which falls into the 
 Boyne, at Navan : and, 5. in Wexford, 
 which discharges its waters into the sea, at 
 Bannow bay. 
 
 Blackwater, ihQ name of three rivirs in 
 Scotland, viz. 1. Bamffshire, on the banks of 
 which, the duke of Gordon has a hunting 
 seat, and an extensive forest: 2. Berwick- 
 shire, in the Lammermuir hills, called also 
 Blackadder, or Blackatery which after a course 
 of 16 or 18 miles, falls into the Whittader, 
 in tlie parish of Edrom, near the village 
 of Allantowm : and 5, Perthshire, which 
 joins the A rdle, after which, the united rivers 
 take live name of Ericht. 
 
 Blackwater Bridge, a village of Kildare 
 county, 22 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Blackwood, a hid of Scotland, Renfrew, 
 parish of Eaglesham. 
 
 Bladen, a county of n Carolina, district of 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Bladenoch, or Bladnoch, a river in Wig- 
 tonshire, rises in ti»e nw' part of the county, 
 and after a course of 24 miles falls into the 
 bay of V/igtoii. In one place on its banks 
 are a number of erect stones which are sup- 
 posed to commemorate a battle from which 
 the river took its name. 
 
 Bladensburg, a post towni of Maryland, 
 prince George’s county, on the e side of the 
 E branch of the Potomac, two miles from 
 Washington, and 38 sw of Baltimore. 
 
 Blain, a towm in the department of the 
 Lower Loire, France, 22 miles nnvv of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Blair, a district in Lanarkshire, belonging 
 to Lord Douglass, which abounds in excel- 
 lent cannel coal. 
 
 Blair, a mountain of Perthshire, the base 
 of which is above five miles in circumference. 
 Its altitude is not ascertained ; but it is 
 higher than the hill of King-seat, which is 
 1,179 feet above the level of the sea 
 
 Blair- Atholl, or more properly Blair in 
 Atholl, a parish of Perthshire, united to that 
 of Strowan ; about 30 miles long, and IS 
 . broad, containing what formerly was four 
 distinct parishes. Here are three schools, 
 besides the parochial, which have salaries 
 from the Society for propagating Christian 
 knowledge. The surface is various, consist- 
 , ing of hills and dales, glens and valleys, and 
 
 B L A 
 
 the soil is no less so ; some parts being thi*’ 
 and light, others rocky, and others goo*^ 
 and fertile. Limestone is found in three ex* 
 tensive veins ; and many other minerals, a-^ 
 pebbles, agates, Scc. Population is about 
 2,848. Also a village in the above parish* 
 which has a fair February 1st: 20 miles 
 from Dunkeld, 30 nnw from Perth, and 70 
 in the same direction from Edinburgh. 
 
 Blair- Castle, a seat belonging to the duke 
 of Athol!, in the same parish, noted for its 
 extensive plsasiire grounds and the n.atural 
 curiosities with w'hicb it is surrounded. I his 
 castle w^as besieged hy the Highland army 
 in 1746 ; and bravely defended by Sir An- 
 drew Agnew, who was reduced to eit horse 
 flesh, until he was relieved by the Hessians, 
 under the earl of Crawford. At that period 
 the castle was three stories higher than it is 
 at present, and was fortified with Gothic 
 battlements, mounted wdth guns. 
 
 Blair- Drummond, a district of Perthshire, 
 parish of Kincardine. 
 
 Blair- Cowrie, a parish in Perthshire, a- 
 bout 11 miles long, and eight broad. A 
 branch of the Grampians divides it into tw'o 
 districts. The surface is hilly, and the soil 
 various ; partly deep rich loam, and partly 
 stiflP, wet, andspouty. About a third part if 
 arable, there being much under moss and 
 moor, and above iOOO acres under wood. 
 The climate is temperate in the southern 
 district, but cold and sharp ui the northern. 
 Spinning and weaving are the chief rnanii- 
 factures. 
 
 Blair- Cowrie, a village in the above pa- 
 rish, pleasantly seated on the Ericht, in tha 
 N side of Strathmore. It was made a bo- 
 rough of barony, in 1 634, by a charter from 
 Charles I. It has fairs, 25d July, and first 
 Wednesday in November. Population of 
 the parish and village is about 1,914. 
 
 Blairingone, a village in Perthshire. It 
 is a borough of barony, holding of the duko 
 of Atholl, and has a fair in June. 
 
 Blair Nacoi a place in Ross- shire, where 
 a bloody battle was fought in the 13th cen- 
 tury, between the M'Donalds and the peo- 
 ple of Inverness Great numbers of cairns 
 covering the bodies of the slain, still remain 
 on the field. 
 
 Blaisdon, a village in Gloucestershire, 
 eight miles from Gloucester. 
 
 Blaise, St, a village in Cornw^all. 
 
 BL A I SO IS a late province of France, 
 which now forms the department of Loire 
 and Cher, 
 
 Bluison, a towm in the department of 
 Mayenne and Loire, France, eight miles sk 
 of Angers. 
 
 BloAze Cape, apromontory .cn the coast 
 of w Florida, gulph of Mexico, which s«- 
 perates the bay of Apalache on the e from 
 that of Sb Joseph ; into which last it turns 
 in the shape of a shepherd’s crook. 
 
 S 2 
 
B L A 
 
 Blamont, a town of France, department 
 of Meurthe, on the Vezouze, 12 miles e of 
 X-uneville. 
 
 Blanc^ a town of France, department of 
 Indre, seated on the river Creuse, which di- 
 vides it into two parts, 1 5 miles e of Poitiers. 
 
 BLANC MONT, a department of 
 France, so named from the mountain ; for- 
 merly known by the name and title of the 
 X)tichy of Savoy. It is bounded on the 
 w by the Rhone, which seperatesit from the 
 department of Ain ; on the n by the lake of 
 Geneva ; on the e by the Alps, which di- 
 vide it from Vallais and Piedmont ; and on 
 the s by the departments of the L^per Alps 
 and Iscre. It is 83 miles in length from w 
 to E, and 67 in breadth from n to s ; though 
 some geographers make it 90 miles long, and 
 SO broad. The principal rivers are Arc, the 
 Isere, and the Arve. Chranberry is the ca- 
 pital. This country was the ancient patri- 
 monial inheritamce of the dukes of Savoy, 
 before they became kings of Sardinia ; and 
 it among the first of the French con- 
 quests upon the breaking out of the present 
 war. 
 
 Blanc Montf a stupendous mountain of 
 France, in the above department, generally 
 reckoned the highest of the Alps, and en- 
 coinpassed by those wonderful collections 
 of snov/ and ice called the glaciers. Of 
 these glaciers there are five, which extend 
 almost to the plain of the vale of Chamouni, 
 and are seperated by wild forests, corn fields, 
 and rich meadows ; so that immense tracts 
 of ice are blended with the highest cultiva- 
 tion, and perpetually succeed each other in 
 the most singular and striking vicissitude. 
 Ail these several vailies of ice, which lie 
 chiefly in the hollows of the mountains, and 
 are some leagues in length, unite together at 
 the foot of Mont Blanc ; the liighest moun- 
 tain in Europe, and probably of the ancient 
 world. It was reckoned that the summit of 
 this mountain was inaccessible, before Dr. 
 Paccard, a physician at Chamouni, attempt- 
 ed to reach it in August 1786, and succeed- 
 ed in the attempt. Soon after, the same un- 
 dertaking w as resolved upon and accomplish- 
 ed by M. de Saussure, who publisheda nar- 
 rative of the journey. The general mean 
 result makes the summit of Mount Blanc 
 2460 toises. 15,673 English feet, or three 
 miles nearly above the level of the sea. Tiie 
 summit of the mountain is a ridge nearly 
 horizontal, lying e and w, the slope at each 
 extremity is inclined from 28 to 30 degrees, 
 the s side between 15 and 20, and th-e n 
 side about 45 or 50. This ridge is so nar- 
 row as scarcely to allow two people to walk 
 abreast, especially at the w end, where it 
 resembles the roof of a hf»use. It is wholly 
 covered with snow, nor is any bare rock to 
 be seen within 150 yards of the top. The 
 of (he unow is scaly) and iu some 
 
 B L A 
 
 I piaices covered with an icy crust, under which 
 the snow is dustj% and without consistence. 
 The highest rocks are all granites ; those on 
 the E side are mixed with steatites; those on 
 the s and w contain a large quantity of scho- 
 erl, and a little lapis corneus. Some of 
 them, especially those on the e, which are 
 about 150 yards below the summit, seemed 
 to have been shivered with lightning. M. 
 de Saussure saw no animals on the moun- 
 tain except two butterflies which he sup- 
 poses must have been driven thither by 
 the wind. 
 
 BLANCA, an uninhabited island n of 
 Margaretta, on the coast of Terra Firma. 
 Lon. 64 30 w, lat. 11 50 n. 
 
 BLANCO, an island of New Spain, S 2 
 of Yucatan. 
 
 Blanco, the name of six capes, viz. 1 . in 
 Africa, on the Atlantic, 180 miles n of 
 Sennegal river. Lon. 17 5 w% lat 20 50 k. 
 2. in Peru, on the S Sea, 120 miles s of 
 Guiaquil. Lon. 83 10 w, lat 3 45 s. 
 5. The Nw point of the bay of Salinas, on the 
 coast of Terra Firma, in lat. iO 0 n. 4. On 
 the coast of California, at the broadest part 
 of the peninsula, in lat. 52 0 n. 5. On the 
 NW coast of America, in New Albion, in 
 lat 44 0 N. 6. In the S Sea, on the e side 
 of Patagonia, se of Julian Bay, eight leagues 
 w of Pepy*s island. Lat 47 0 s. 
 
 Blandford, a corporate town of Dorsetshire, 
 pleasantly seated on the river Stour, near the 
 Downs. It is an ancient borough, go- 
 verned by a bailiff, and six capital burgesses. 
 It has suffered repeatedly by fire, particularly 
 in 1731, when ainaost the whole town was 
 burnt dow n ; but it has since been rebuilt 
 finer than before. A neat town hall of 
 Portland stone on columns, with a pump, 
 was erected to commemorate that dire 
 event, and to provide against its recurrence. 
 It is noted for its annual races in July and 
 August, which have existed since 1729. It 
 has a market on Saturday ; and fairs March 
 7, July 10, and Nov. 3; and sends two 
 members to parliament. It has a manufac- 
 ture of shirt buttons, and thread, 18 miles ne 
 of Dorchester. 
 
 Blandjord, a township of Massachusetts, 
 Hampshire county, 25 miles w of Noilhamp- 
 ton, and 1 16 w by s of Boston. 
 
 Blandford, a towmship oi‘ Nova Scotia. 
 
 Blandjord, a fhunishing towm of Virginia, 
 Prince George county, seated on the e branclr 
 of the Appamattox, four miles ne of Peters- 
 burg, It has a g»cat trade in tobacco. 
 
 Blane, a river in Siirlingshire. It rises 
 in one of the Lennox hills, cal’ed Earl's 
 se.at, Und after a sw coast of three or four 
 miles, is precipitated over several very high 
 falls, then joins the Endrick, not far from 
 its fall into Loch Lomond. Specimens of 
 antimony have been found in its bed. 
 
 BlancSi anciently Blanda^ a town of Spainy 
 
B L A 
 
 Catalonia, n«ar the mouth of the Fordera, 
 20 aiHes s ol' Gironne. 
 
 Blank mburg, a town of the duchy of 
 Ber^r, Westphalia, on the Sieg, 12 miles e 
 of Bonn. 
 
 Blankenburg, a late county of Germany, 
 annexed to France, and included in the de- 
 
 partinent of Lys. . , - , , 
 
 Blankenburg, the late capital of the above 
 county. Ihe castle, or palace stands on a 
 craggy mountain, and is one ol the finest 
 builoings of the kind in Germany, 
 
 Blankenburg, a town on the coast of 
 Butch Flanders, eight miles ne of Os- 
 tend. Lon. 5 12 e, lat. 51 20 k. 
 
 Blankenheim, a late territory of Germany, 
 iK>w annexed to France, and included m the 
 department of the Rhine and Moselle. 
 
 Blantyre, a parish in Lanarkshire, six 
 miks long, and only one broad, the sur- 
 face is level, and the soil various, but ler- 
 tile. Owing to the erection of extensive 
 cottan-spinning machinery, the population 
 has been more than doubled of late years ; 
 it was about 1751. 
 
 BianzaCy a town of France, depaitment 
 
 of Chareiite. ^ 
 
 BlareguieSy a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Jemappes, has been sometimes 
 noted as the scene of the victory gained by 
 the duke of Marlborough, commonly called 
 the battle of Malilaquet. Lon. 3 55 e, 
 lat 50 80 N. 
 
 Bias, Si, a sea port of Guadalajara, New 
 Spain, wdth dock-yards, magazines, &c. for 
 budding and fitting out ships, seated on an 
 island at the mouth of St. Jago, 170 miles 
 w by N of Guadakjara. Lon. 105 45 w, 
 
 lat. 2i 40 N. « 11 
 
 BLASQUES, a cluster of 12 small 
 islands of Ireland, Bungle L3-y» the coast 
 of Kerry Munster. 
 
 Blanbeuren, a towm of Germany, circle of 
 Suabia, and late duchy of Wiitsmberg, situ- 
 ated at the confluence of the Ach with the 
 Blau, 1 1 miles w of Uim. It has extensive 
 manufactures of linen cloth and fustian. 
 
 Blavet, a sea port town of France, depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, situated at the mouth of 
 the river Blavet. It was one ot the stations 
 of the royal navy of France, and called Port 
 Louis, after Louis XIV. Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 
 47 40 H. 
 
 Blaue, an ancient and strong town of 
 France department of Gironde, situated on 
 the Garonne, which is 5,200 yards broad at 
 Elaye ; for which reason a battery was built 
 upon an island, in 1689, to command the 
 vessels that sail up. The ships that sail to 
 Eotudeaux are obliged to leave their guns 
 here. The city is built on a rock ; and has 
 a citadel with four bastions, which is called 
 the Upper Town. The lower town is sepa- 
 rated from the upper by a small stream ; and 
 tii« amwhants reside there, its trade coa- 
 
 B L I 
 
 sists in the wines of the adjacent country. It 
 is 17 miles n of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 55 w, 
 lat. 45 7 N, 
 
 Blechingely, an ancient town of Surry, 
 wdiich sends two members to parliament; 
 and ’nas done so ever since parliaments exist- 
 ed, 21 miles s of London, Lon. 0 15 w, 
 lat. 51 20 K. 
 
 BLEDES, LOS, an island near Majorca. 
 
 Bleedy Fawlds, a place in Aberdeenshire, 
 near wiiich there is a large stone .standing 
 perpendicular, 1 2 feet and a-half high, and 
 nine and a-balf in circumference, said to 
 mark the grave of one of Macbeth’s sons. 
 At some distances there are vestiges of a 
 camp of Macbeth’s, and near it a cairn, 
 under which he is said to be interred, 
 
 Blekede, a town of Germany, duchy of 
 Lunenburg, on the banks of the Elbe. Lon. 
 
 1 46 E, lat. 53 30 n. 
 
 BLEKINGEN, a province in the s of 
 Sweden, having the Baltic sea on the s ; 
 Smaland on the n; and the province of 
 Schenen on the w. Its principal towm?. are 
 Carlscrona the capital, Chrisdaristadt, Elle- 
 holm, Ahuys, Roterby, and Cijnstianoplc. 
 It is 90 miles long, and 2 1 4)road ; moun<* 
 tainous, but pleasant; and contains abouL 
 50 000 inhabitants, who trade in nolash, 
 pitch, tar, tallow, hides, and timber. 
 
 Blenheim, a village of Germany, circle of 
 Suabia; memorable for the complete dekst 
 of the French and Bavarians in 1704, hj 
 the English, and their conlcderates under 
 the duke of Marlborough, and prince Eu- 
 gene. The Austrians were defeated by the 
 French near this place in 1800. It Ihn 
 three miles ne of Hochstet, and 25 kw of 
 Augsburg. 
 
 Blenheim-houss, a magniBcent palacf 
 near Woodstock, Oxfordshire, built by quees 
 Anne, with the concurrence cf piriiament, 
 for the great duke of Marlborough, in con- 
 sideration bf bis splendid victory at Blen- 
 heim. Aleng with the palace, the manor of 
 Woostock vvas settled on the duke and his 
 heirs, who hold it by the tenure of delivering 
 a French banner at Windsor on each anni- 
 versary of this victory. 
 
 Blere, a towm in the department of Indr« 
 and Loire, France, seated on the Cher, 18 
 miles E by s of Tours. 
 
 Blervie, a barony in the county of Elgin, 
 comprehending a v^ry fertile district. It 
 belongs to the hon. Lewis Buff, who has 
 adorned it with an elegant seat. 
 
 Blesle, a town in the department of Upper 
 Loire, France, seated on the Alaignon. It 
 is 12 miles w of Biioude, and 33 s of Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Blessington, a town in Wicklow% pleasant- 
 ly situated 17 miles svr of Dublin, 
 
 Bliih, an extensive parish in Nottingham- 
 shire, and also the name of a river which 
 intersects this quarter. 
 
£ L U 
 
 M/ilkf a town in the above parish, near 
 Bawtr^ oil the Bedford road, which has a 
 market on Thursdciy, and fairs on ascension 
 tlay, (greatly noted for sheep) and Octo- 
 ber 6th. 
 
 Blithherough. a town in Suffolk, situated 
 ©n the Blith. It has a fair, April 5th.^ 
 
 BLOCK ISLAND, an island of the 
 United States, on the coast of Kbodo Is- 
 land, called by the Indians, Manissis, erected 
 into a township in 1672, and named New 
 Shoreham. It is 46 miles long, and 58 in 
 its greatest breadth, and celebrated for cattle, 
 sheep, butter and cheese. The s pan of it 
 is in lat. 41 8 n. 
 
 Bheklej/. a parish of Y/orcestershire ; 
 where the bishops of ^\^orcester had a park 
 ?.vk 1 an elegant palace, before the liefor- 
 Tnation. 
 
 BrockxyL or Brocxil^ a fortress of Overys- 
 rsj, Holland, situated on the river Aa, where 
 it falls into the Zuider Zee. It has a port 
 suiBcient to contain 200 vessels, and serves 
 to defend those ships that cross the sea. It 
 has six good bastions, and several other re- 
 gular fortifications ; eight miles from Steen- 
 wick. Lon, e, lat. 52 41 k. 
 
 Blots a city of France, capital of the 
 department of the Loire and Cher, situated 
 on the Loire. The tow n is built on tbfe de- 
 clivities of two hills, with a magnificent 
 castle at one end, and an elegant cathedral 
 at the other, and naturally takes ^hc form of 
 an amphitheatre. The castle is the greatest 
 ornament. It seems to be two distinct 
 buildings ; but is joined by a passage cut out 
 of the rock. It was anciently a place of 
 royal residence, and Lewis XIL was born 
 in it; and here, in 1588, Henry III , effect- 
 ed assassination of the duke of Guise, 
 and the cardinal his brother. Here are some 
 fine fountains, supplied by an aqueduct. 
 The chief manufactures are serges and tick- 
 en, and wine and brandy, the principal ar- 
 ticles of commerce. On all the gates of the 
 city there is the image of the Virgin Mary, 
 w’ho, it was believed, freed the natives from 
 the plague in 1651. The French language 
 is said to be spoken in its greatest purity at 
 Blois. It is situated 80 miles sw of Ver- 
 sailles, and 100 sw of Paris. Lon. 1 20 e, 
 iat. 47 55 >7. 
 
 JBloneiZi or Bloniez^ a town of Poland 
 Warsovia, 20 miles of Warsaw. 
 
 Bloref a village in Staffordshire, its heath 
 is remarkable for a sanguinary battle betw'een 
 the houses of York and Lancaster ; wherein 
 Nevil, earl of Salisbury, with 500 men de- 
 feated lord A udiey with 10,000. The spot 
 w here lord Aadley fell, is marked by a stone 
 cross. 
 
 Blue Jlillf a post town in the district of 
 Maine, Hancock county, seated on Union 
 river, 15 miles e of Castine. 
 
 Mountain, or Ridge, th^ first ridge 
 
 B O C 
 
 of the Appalachian mountains, which & 
 about, 4000 feet high. See Aleghany, 
 
 ' Blue Mountains, a range of mountains, 
 Sufry county, Jamaica. - ’ 
 
 Blyth, a village at the mouth of the Blyth^ 
 Northumberland, with a quay, Its exports 
 are coal arid salt, 14 miles nke of New-^ 
 castle. 
 
 Blyih, See Blith, 
 
 Blyth, a town of Nottinghamshire, with a 
 market on Thursday. There are some re- 
 mains of a castle and priory. 
 
 Blythhorough. See BUthhorough. 
 
 Boad, a town of Orissa, Fliiidoostan, seat- 
 ed on the Mahanada, 65 miles ese of Sum- 
 bulpour, and 1 15 w of Canack. 
 
 Bobenhausen, a town of Germany, Weter- 
 avia, three miles from Franefort. 
 
 Bober, 2 L river which takes its rise in Sile- 
 sia, on the frontiers of Bohemia, directs its 
 course by Cowenbnrg, Buntalau, and Sagau, 
 and unites with the Oder below Crossen. 
 
 Bobersherg, a tbw^n of the electorate of 
 Brandenburg, five miles s of Grossen. 
 
 Bobio, the capital of a late territory of 
 Italy, in the Milanese, situated on the Treb- 
 bia, 28 miles s of Pavla. 
 
 Bocca, a small town of Italy. 
 
 Bocca Chica, the entrance into (he har- 
 bour of Carthngsna, Terra Firma^ defendedl 
 by several forts and guns, which were all 
 taken by the British in 1741. 
 
 Bocca del J)rago, a strait between the 
 island of Trinidad and Cumana, province of 
 Terra Firma. See Trinidad. 
 
 BOCCA DI SEGNA, or PABVI- 
 CHIO, an island s of Veglia, coast of Dal- 
 matia. 
 
 Bochetta, a place of Italy, famous in the 
 war of 1746 and 1747. It is a chain of 
 mountains over w'hich the great road lies 
 from Lombardy to Genoa ; and on the very 
 peak of the highest mountain is a narrow 
 pass, which will hardly admit three men to 
 go abreast. This pass is properly called the 
 BoJchelta ; for the defence of w’hich there 
 are three forts. It is the key of Genoa; 
 and was taken in April 17.96 by the French, 
 and by the Austrians in 1800. 
 
 Bochnia, a town in the palatinate of Cra- 
 cow, Poland. It has extensive salt-mines, 
 and is 20 miles ese of Cracow. 
 
 Bocholt, a town of Germany, Westphalia, 
 and diocese of Munster capital of a small 
 district, seated on the Aa, 42 miles w of 
 Munster. 
 
 Boclceneim, a town of Lower Saxony, bi- 
 shopric of Hildcsheiiii. 
 
 Bockeiifield, a village, near Eland. 
 
 Bocking, a parish of Essex, which, wuth 
 the adjoining parish of Brain-tree, con- 
 tains about 1 500 liouses. 
 
 Backing, a very large village of Essex 
 adjoining to Brain-tree, from which it is 
 sevaraied only by a smitU stream. 1 1 has 
 
B O G 
 
 an elegant church, and a large manufactory 
 of baize, chiefly for exportation. 
 
 Jiiicjcum, 3i town of Westphalia, county'] 
 of Mark, 25 miles se of Wesel. 
 
 -Boddam, a small fishing town on the 
 coast of Aberdeenshire, 
 
 . Boddam- Castle, an ancient fort in Aber- 
 deenshire, situated on a promontory between 
 two very deep fissures, with high craggy 
 rocks on each side. 
 
 Boddam Head, See Buchanness. 
 
 Bodcii See, or Badan Zee, the upper part 
 of the lake of Constance, connected with the 
 lower, by the Rhin^. 
 
 Boderia. See Bodairia. 
 
 Bodlio, a town of France, department of 
 the Maritime Alps. 
 
 Bcdniin, a town of Ccrnwall, situated in a 
 bottom between tv/o hills, which renders 
 the air very unwholesome. It has a raaiiu- 
 Facture of. serge, and trades in woollen yarn. 
 The summer assizes are held here and at 
 Truro alternately. Here are still to be seen 
 the ruins of an episcopal place and priory. 
 The church is the largest in the county. It 
 £e=uds two members to parliament, and lies 
 S2 miles ne of Falmouth, and 255 w by s 
 of London. Loc. 4 40 w, lat. 50 52 n, 
 
 Bodon, the ancient Vhuinacium, a forti- 
 fied town of Bulgaria, European Turkey, 
 ,v;ith an archbishop’s see. It is situated on 
 the Danube, 26 miles w of Widdin. Lon. 
 25 54 E, lat 54 10 N. 
 
 Bodotria, or Boderia, the anciept name 
 of the river Forth. 
 
 Bodroch, or Bodrog, a town of Hungary, 
 seated on the Danube ; 100 miles se of 
 Buda. 
 
 r -i/o£Zrzt? 2 , 3 town of Hatoiia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, seated on the n side of the gulf of Sca- 
 lanova, 18 miles s of Smyrna, and another 
 on the N side of the gulf of Staiichio, on 
 the site •f ancient Halicarnassuss, 45 miles 
 w by B of Melasga. 
 
 Been, a town of France, department of 
 Rhone and Loire. 
 
 Besschot, a town of France, department of 
 two Nethes, 12 miles rrs of Mechlin. 
 
 Bog, a river of Poland, which takes its 
 rise on the s border of Volhynia, passes 
 through Podoiia, and Budzac Tartary, and 
 a little above Ockzakcw, lulls into the es- 
 tuary of the Dnieper. 
 
 BOGDOl, a country of Tartary, situated 
 on the N of China, very extensive, and sub- 
 ject to China. 
 
 BOGLIO, or BEUIL, a district in the 
 late county of Nice, annexed to France, and 
 included in the department of the Maritime 
 Alps, Some spell the name Bogao, its ca- 
 pital is of the same name. 
 
 Bo^lipour, capital of a circar in Bengal, 
 Hindoo tan, on the river Ganges, I 12 miles 
 ke of Morahedabud. 57 5 e, lat. 
 
 .25 15 N, 
 
 BOH 
 
 (Bognor, a. village coast of Sussex, seve« 
 ,miies se of Chichester, resorted to for siea- 
 bathing. 
 
 Bogota, the., capital of New Grenada, in 
 Terra Firma, near which are gold mines. 
 
 Boliain, See Baudiain. 
 
 Boharm, a parish in the counties of BamlT 
 and Moray, to which is joined a part of the 
 parish of Dundcu cos. It is between sevea 
 and nine miles in length, and from two 
 three in breadth : but the form Is quite Ir- 
 regular. It is watered by the Spey and 
 the Fiddich. In this parish was educated 
 the late celebrated astronomer Mr James Fer^ 
 gusoo. The population was about 1161. 
 
 BOHEMIA, a kingdom in Germany- 
 above 200 miles long, and 150 broad, sur- 
 rounded on every side with natural rampariiS 
 of woods and mountains; bounded on the 
 E by Silesia and Moravia, on the n by Lu- 
 satia and Misnia ; on the w by Bavaria ; 
 and on the s by Austria. It is one of the 
 most elevated countries of Europe : for no 
 rivers enter into it, though many have their 
 source there; the chief of which are the 
 Elbe, the Oder, the Vistula, and the Mul- 
 dau. The air is cold and unwholesome : 
 and they have more epidemical diseases than 
 in the neighbouring countries. There are 
 mines of silver, copper, lead, quicksilver, 
 tin, and some veins of gold, besides dia- 
 monds, all kinds of marble and other pre- 
 cious stones. The capital is Prague ; tho 
 other cities are Cuttenburgh, Konings- 
 gratz, Pilsen, Czaslaw, Budweys, Egra, 
 Glatz, Tabor, and besides, near 100 others, 
 among which almost 40 have the title of 
 Royal. The Kingdom is divided into 16 
 circles, which have ‘peculiar judicatorie.g. 
 The towns and barons have also peculiar 
 bereditery and fudal jurisdictions. The 
 inhabitants thus rank into the two extremes 
 of condition, the haughty and powerful, tha 
 abject and debased. Every lord is a so- 
 vereign, and every tenant a slave. On tbs 
 imperial demesnes, a generous example 
 has besn shown to the Bohemian nobility^ 
 by the abolition of this deplorable state of 
 viilenage. Although the Bohemians at pre- 
 sent are not remarkable either for arts or 
 arms, yet they formerly distinguished them- 
 selves as the most intrepid assertors of civil 
 and religious liberty in Europe ; witness 
 the early introduction of the reformed re- 
 ligion into their country, when ii was scarce- 
 ly known in any other ; the many glonoua 
 defeats they gave to the Austrian power and 
 their generous struggles for jcdependence. 
 Their virtues, may be considered as ihe 
 cause of their decay ; as no means were 
 left unemployed by their despotic masierf 
 for breaking their spirit; though it is cer- 
 tain their internal jealousies and dissetnions 
 «;reatly contributed to their subjection. T.he 
 H Roman Catholic rebgion is the principal, 
 
B O K 
 
 feut there are many protestants. The lan- 
 guage is a mixture of the German and 
 Sclavonian. Their customs and diversions 
 are the same as in Germanyi They have 
 suffered from the late disastrous war. 
 
 Bohio, the greatest river in Chili. It falls 
 into the sea with a mouth two or three miles 
 oven Its water is medicinal, ascribed to the 
 gold mines through which it runs. The 
 Spanish keep many garrisons upon it, to 
 prevent the incursions of the Indians from 
 the other side. 
 
 Bohmischf a town in the circle of Leutme- 
 ritz, Bohemia, 22 miles ene of Leufcmeritz. 
 
 Bohtnisck Aicke, a town in the circle of 
 Buntzlau, Bohemia, 20 miles n of Jung 
 Buntzlau. 
 
 Bohm?$chbrodi a town of Bohemia, circle 
 of Kaursim. 
 
 BOHOL, one of the Philippine islands. 
 Lon. 121 5 E, lat. 10 0 k. 
 
 B&ianOf a town of Italy, Naples, with a 
 bishop’s see, near the river Tilerno. It suf- 
 fered greatly by an earthquake in 1803, by 
 which many of the inhabitants wore de- 
 stroyed. It is 45 miles nne of Naples. Lon. 
 14 25 E, lat. 41 30 N. 
 
 BoitnitZy or Botniiz, a town of Upper 
 Hungary, remarkable for its baths, and the 
 quantity of saffron that grows about it. 
 
 Boiscom7nun, a towm in the department 
 of Loiret, France, 25 miles ne of Orleans. 
 
 Bois de Soigniesy a large forest of France, 
 department of Dyle. 
 
 Bois Le^Duc, called by the Dutch Herto- 
 genboschy a large, strong, handsome town of 
 Holland, situated between the rivers Domel 
 and Aa, among morasses, 22 miles e by n 
 of Breda, and 45 ese of Amsterdam. It is 
 > tlie capital of a district of the same name, in 
 .^hich are the towns of Helmont and Eynd- 
 haven. Its castle is named Papenbriel. On 
 the s at a little distance are the forts St An- 
 tony and Isabella. 
 
 Boitzenburgy a town of Brandenburgh, in 
 the Ucker Mark, 10 miles w of Prenslow. 
 
 Boilzenhurgy a town of Mecklenburg, 
 Lower Saxony, at the confluence of the Bo- 
 itze and Elbe, 30 miles sw of Schwerin, 
 
 BoJadoTy a cape of Ne;^;roland, doubled 
 by the Portuguese in 1433. Lon. 14 27 w, 
 lat. 26 12 N. 
 
 Bokharny a city of Tarinry, and capital of 
 Great Bukharia, situated one day’s journey 
 to the N of the river Jehun, or Amu. Buk- 
 hara sulTered considerably Vom a siege by 
 the Moguls army, who bu'mt it, and it con* 
 tinued in ruins for some years, but at length 
 Jenghis Khan ordered it to be rebuilt. It is 
 now large and populous; and is the resi- 
 dence of a Khan who is altogether despotic, 
 thr ugb his power reaclies but a little wjiy 
 without foe city. The town is situated on 
 a risfug ground, with a slender wall of 
 fidith, and a dry diich. The houses are low, 
 
 BO L 
 
 f bufit mtjstly of mud j but the carayanseries 
 and mosques, which are numerous, are all 
 of brick. The inhabitants are more civilized 
 and polite than some of their neighbours;* 
 and yet are cowardly, cruel, effeminate, and 
 perfidious. They pay heavy taxes, and it is 
 almost criminal to be rich. It is 138 miles 
 w by s of Samarcand. Lon. 62 56 e, lat. 
 39 4 N. 
 
 BOKHARIA, or BtrcHAaiA, a territory 
 of Ushbec Tartary, bounded on the n ly 
 Turkestan, on the s by Hindoostan and Per- 
 sia, E by Casbgur, and w by Chorasan and 
 Charasm. It is the best cultivated cf any 
 part of Tartary, and abounds in corn and 
 fruit. Some of the inhabitants are white and 
 well made, but in general they are tawny 
 and have black hair. They are clean and 
 nice in their food, which often consists of 
 minced meat, and tea is tlieir usual drink. 
 They use the bow, lance, and sabre, ^amar- 
 cand is the capital. 
 
 Boly anciently called Botch a town in 
 Cumberland, with an ancient castle. 
 
 BOLABOLA, one of the Society isiaml-s:, 
 in the Pacific. Lon. 151 32 w, lat. 16 32 3 . 
 
 Bolcheresky a town seated on the Bol 
 choireka, Kamschatka, 22 miles from the 
 entrance of that river into the sea of Okosk. 
 Lon. 156 37 e, lat. 52 54 n. 
 
 Bole Skiney a parish of Inverness-shire, 
 united to Abelarf, situated in what is called. 
 The Great Glen of Caledonia. This parish 
 is 24 miles long and 12 broad. The soil is 
 various, from the finest light loam, to the 
 worst gravel. Lime abounds, but the farmers 
 seem blind to its value. Population, 1741, 
 which is on the decrease, owing to the ex** 
 tension of farms for sheep walks. No people 
 are more attached to the soil, but for the 
 reason just mentioned, they are obliged to 
 emigrate in pursuit of the means of sub* 
 sistence. Several lakes in this parish a’oound 
 with delicious fish. Fort Augustus is in 
 this parish. 
 
 Boleslaff, Bdeslapee, or Buntszlaiiy a town 
 of Silesia. 
 
 Bolingbrokey or Bulinghrokey a toum of 
 great antiquity, Lincolnshire, but now in a 
 mean condition. It was the birth place of 
 Henry IV ; and is situated at the source of 
 a branch of the Witham, 29 miles e of Lin- 
 coln, and 133 N by E of London. It has a 
 market on Tuesday, and has manufactures 
 of earthen ware. 
 
 Bolingbrcke, a town of Maryland. 
 
 Bolislaii), a town of Bohemia, 30 miles 
 KE of Prague. 
 
 Bolkoi'dtZy a town of Silesia, 12 miles s 
 of Glogau. 
 
 Bolniza, a place in the Italian republic, 
 department of the Lario. 
 
 BDLOGNA, or Boeog nf.se, a tc'rrltory 
 ill the late jiapal dominions, included in th.e 
 recent Italian ilepublic, and divided into 
 
E O L 
 
 tfie departments of the Reno and Upper 
 Padua. It was one of the independent 
 Italian States, which formed, along with 
 Perrara, Modena, and Reggio, the tempo- 
 rary republic of Cispadana, which was after- 
 wards united to the Italian Republic. It is 
 Watered by a great number of small rivers, 
 which reader its soil the most fertile of any 
 in Italy. Hence the capital, from the great 
 produce of the land about it, is called Bolog- 
 na the fat. It has mines of alum and iron ; 
 and the inhabitants fabricate large quantities 
 of linen, silk stockings, and cloth. Bologna 
 contains 308 towns and villages, and in 1797, 
 the number of citizens was 295,852 ; having 
 increased 129,252 since 1771. 
 
 Bologna, the late capital of the above 
 territory, and also of the republican depart- 
 ment of the Reno. It is about five miles 
 in circumference, and contains 70,000 in- 
 habitants. It has long been distinguished 
 as a school of science ; the university being 
 one of the most ancient and celebrated in 
 Europe. An academy of arts and sciences 
 Was founded in 1712, and contributed greatly 
 to that fame which the city has acquired. 
 As a school of painting, it is immortalized 
 by the number of masters it has produced. 
 There are here 168 churches, and these, as 
 well as the numerous mansions of the no- 
 bles, are most munificently furnished with 
 their best productions. Also the city exhi- 
 bits some of the finest monuments of archi- 
 tecture ; such as the palace of Capraria, the 
 marble fountain in the palace- del Gigante, 
 and, in fact, almost every building of any 
 note, but the buildings in general are not 
 remarkable for beauty. The academy of 
 arts and sciences is a building of great mag- 
 nificence, and the public theatre one of the 
 largest and most beautiful in Italy. The 
 church of St Petronius is the largest in 
 Bologna, but is more remarkable for its 
 pavement, where Cassini drew his meridian 
 line, 180 feet long. The trade of Bologna, 
 which is very considerable, has an easy con- 
 veyance of its produce by a canal to the Po. 
 The Reno, which passes by the city, turns 
 no less than 400 mills for silk works. It is 
 situated at the foot of the Appenines, 22 
 miles SE of Modena, and 173 nw of Rome. 
 Lon. 1 1 21 E, lat. 44 30 n. 
 
 BOLOGNOIS, Bolonnois, or Bou- 
 LOGNois, a ci-devant territory of France, now 
 in the department of Somme. 
 
 Bolozero, a town of the government of 
 Novogorod-Welicki, Russia. 
 
 Bolsene, a town of Germany, Tyrol, and 
 circle of Austria, agreeably situated in the 
 midst of a fine large valley, full of villages, 
 and abounding in vineyards. 
 
 Bolsena, a lake of Italy, late in the pope’s 
 territories, afterwards in the republican de- 
 partment of Cispino, near the town of Bol- 
 5 . 
 
 BOM 
 
 sena situated in Ion. 12 13 e, lat. 42 33 i« ; 
 18 miles nnw of Viterbo. 
 
 Balsover, a large, well built town of Der- 
 byshire, with a market on Friday, noted for 
 its manufactures of tobacco pipes. It has a 
 large castie, on the brow of a hill ; is six 
 miles E of Chesterfield, 13 from Sheffield, 
 and 145 nnw of London, 
 
 Bolswaert, a town of Holland, in Fries- 
 land, near the Zuider Zee, 10 miles n of 
 Sloten. Lon. 5 20 e, lat. 65 3 N. 
 
 Bolton, a parish of Haddingtonshire, ex- 
 tending near six miles in length, from ne to 
 sw, and about a mile and a quarter, at a me- 
 dium, in breadth. It contains about 2,300 
 acres, of which about 170 are planted ; all 
 the rest is arable land. The population is 
 about 252. 
 
 Bolton, a town of Lancashire, situated on 
 the liver Creoll, noted for its medicinal 
 waters, and still more for its manufactures 
 of muslins, dimities, counterpanes, and fus- 
 tians. It has fairs, June 29, July 16, and 
 August 20, wdth the market on Monday, for 
 cloth and provisions. The population is 
 about 12,549. It lies J1 miles nw of 
 Manchester, and 197 nnw of London. 
 
 Bolton, a town of Massachusetts, Wor- 
 cester county, famous for its limestone, 18 
 miles NE of Worcester, and 34 w of Boston. 
 
 Bolzano. See Botzen. 
 
 Bomal, a town of Netherlands, in Lux- 
 emburg, department of the Ourt, situated on 
 the river Ourt, 20 miles s of Liege. 
 
 Bomnngoy, the principal town in the 
 kingdom of Angoy, Africa, situated on the 
 N bank of the river Zaire. 
 
 Bombarde, a fort and village on the n Pe- 
 ninsula of St Domingo, taken from the 
 French in June, 1776, by the British under 
 major-general Gordon Forbes. Lat. 19 
 42 N. 
 
 BOMBAY, an island of Hindoostan, on 
 the w coast of Deccan, seven miles in length, 
 and 20 in circumference. It has its name 
 from the Portuguese Buonbahia, so called 
 on account of the excellent bay which it 
 forms with the winding of the other islands 
 along the continent. The harbour is spaci- 
 ous enough to contain any number of ships, 
 affording excellent anchoring ground, and, 
 by its land-locked situation, a shelter from 
 any winds to which the mouth may be ex- 
 posed. This island was formerly reckoned so 
 unhealthy, thatithadthenameof the burying- 
 ground of Europeans, but is now found to be 
 no worse than any other place in the E In- 
 dies, under the same parallef of latitude. 
 The island is extremely barren, the chief 
 prodtice consisting of cocoa trees, rice, and 
 onions. The mountains are famous for af- 
 fording teak-wood, with which the best mc j - 
 chant ships in the world are built; it is 
 durable that it outlasts the best British 
 T 
 
BON 
 
 There are no rivers in the island, and water 
 in general very scarce, and of the worst 
 qnality. Its local situation renders it the 
 centre of the whole commerce between the 
 Malabar coast, and the Gulf of Persia, the 
 Red Sea, and all the trade on that side ot 
 the great Peninsula of Hindoosfan, and 
 the northern part adjoining it. The island 
 came into the possession of the English by 
 the marriage of Charles II. with the In- 
 fanta of Portugal, and is now one of the 
 three presidencies by which the territories of 
 the E Indian Company are governed. Be- 
 sides the superiority of the Island, the Com- 
 pany have become considerable territorial 
 proprietors by purchase, and confiscations. 
 The directors appoint by commission a pre- 
 sident, who exercises the whole government 
 of the colony. The Island is divided into 
 the three parishes of Bombay, Mahim, and 
 Salvacum. It is 150 miles s of Surat, and 
 40 Nw of Bajapoiir. 
 
 Bomhaif, the capital of the above island, 
 rendered both by nature and art the strongest 
 place in all the E India Company’s posses- 
 sions. The castle is a regular quadrangle, 
 well built of strong hard stone ; a wall sCir- 
 rounds the city, and is inclosed by a ditch, 
 which may be flooded at pleasure, by letting 
 in tiic sea, which terminates the ditch on 
 iw^o sides, so that the town may be entirely 
 surrounded with water; but the adjoining 
 eminence of Bungliafee Point, w^culd still, 
 be a most important key to an assailing enc-| 
 my. The walls are not above a mile in] 
 circumference. Bon. 72 38 e, iat. 18 
 53 N. * ‘ 
 
 BOMBAY- HOOK, an island at the 
 mouth of the Delaware. 
 
 Bombh a town of Congo, seated on the 
 river Loze, 1 40 miles ssw of St Salvador. 
 
 Bomene, a sea- port of Holland, on the n 
 shore of the island of Sehowen, three miles 
 E of Browershaven. 
 
 BOMMEiE, or Bommelwert, an island 
 of Plolland, department of the Meuse, formed 
 by the junction of the Dommel with the 
 Meuse and the Waal. It lies in the pro- 
 vince of Guelderland, except a small portion 
 of the w end of it, which belongs to S Hol- 
 land, and is 15 miles long and four in 
 breadth where widest. It was taken by the 
 Trench in 1672, and in 1794. 
 
 Bommel, a town of Holland, situated on 
 the N of the river Waal, 21 miles s by e of 
 Utrecht. Lon. 5 15 e, lat. 51 50 n. 
 
 ■ Bona, by the Moors called Balederna, a 
 sea- port of Algiers, formerly rich and popu- 
 lous, and the capital of a province of the 
 same name in the ancient kingdom of Con- 
 stantina. Near it are to be seen the ruins of 
 the ancient Hippo Regius. Its trade coii- 
 sists in corn, wool, oil, and w'ax. It is 
 now a very mean place, poorly built, and 
 thinly inhabited j scarcely any traces of 
 
 BON 
 
 its former grandeur, except the ruins of a- 
 cathedral, or as others guess, of a monastry 
 built by St Austin, about three miles from 
 the city. Near these ruins is a famed spring 
 called by his name, which was much fre- 
 quented by the French and Italian sailors. 
 Bona is commanded by a little fort, in 
 which is a garrison of about 500 Turks^ 
 under the command of an aga, vvho is also 
 governor of the town. Tlie road for the 
 sliips is good for nothing before the towm,. 
 but a liiile farther w is very deep and safe 
 it is 270 miles s of Algiers. Lon. 7 45 e,, 
 lat. 56 52 N. 
 
 Bona, a promontory on the e coast of 
 Africa, nearly opposite to Sicily. 
 
 BON AIR, an island of S America, near 
 the N coast of Terra Firma, belonging to the- 
 Dutch, CO miles in circumference, with a. 
 I good harbour and road, on the sw side. 
 Lon. 68 18 w% lat 12 10 n. 
 
 Bonais, a very high mountain of Frances^ 
 department of Mont Blanc. 
 
 Bonames, a town of Germany,' in the late 
 circle of the Upper * Rhine. Here the 
 French, under general Jourdan, had their 
 head quarters in July, 1796. 
 
 Bonaventura, a bay, fort, and sea- port of 
 j S America, on the coast of Popayan, in Ter- 
 ra Firma. It is the principal fort of the 
 province of Popayan, and 90 miles w of 
 Cali. Lon, 75 18 w, lat. 5 20 n. 
 
 I BpNAVISTA, an island in the Atlan- 
 tic, the mofet easterly, and first discovered of 
 the cape de Verd islands. It received its 
 name from the beautiful appearance it pre- 
 sented to the first discoverers, in 1450 ; but 
 the inhabitants are so remarkably "slothful, 
 that they have allowed it to become waste 
 and baiTen. It is 20 miles long and 15 
 broad; and is subject to the Portuguese. 
 Lon. 22 47 w, lat. 16 5 n. 
 
 Bonavista, 1. a spacious bay: and, 2. a 
 cape on the e side of Newfoundland. Lon. 
 52 52 w, lat. 48 15 N. 
 
 Bondorf, a tov/n of Suabia, capital of a 
 county oPthe same name, 28 miles nnw of 
 Zurich. 
 
 Bonhil, a parish of Dumbartonshire, four 
 miles and a- half long, and four broad. The 
 Leven and the s end of Loch Lomond, di- 
 vide it nearly into equal parts, and supply 
 salmon, parr, trouts, 8cc. The population 
 is about 2,460, and greatly on the increase. 
 This parish formerly belonged solely to 
 the family of Lennox, who had two seats 
 in the parish, the one at the end of Loch 
 Lomond, of which the fosse only remains, 
 the other is the dw'elling house of the pre- 
 sent proprietor. In this parish are two ash 
 trees of uncommon dimensions. In one of 
 them is a room cut, of eight feet five inches 
 diameter, and 10 or 11 feet high, and is 55 
 feet thick at the root. The other, which 
 I stands in the church yard, measures 25 lect 
 
BON 
 
 -%here thickest, and has three branches, each 
 »!)out ten feet in girt. 
 
 Bonifacioy a sea-port town in a district of 
 •Corsica of the same name, well fortified and 
 popnloiis, situated on a small peninsula at 
 the s extremity of the island, 40 miles sse 
 of Ajacco. Lon. 8 56 e, lat. 41 25 n. 
 
 Bonkle and Preston, two united parishes 
 of Berwickshire, extending about six miles 
 every way, and containing 8,900 acres. ' 
 The population was about 674. 
 
 Bonn, or Bon, an ancient and strong city 
 of France, department of the Rhine and 
 frioselle, of which it is the capital, late of 
 Germany, and territory of Cologne, the 
 prince of which usually resided in it. It 
 is of great consequence in the time of war, 
 being situated on the left bank of the Rhine, 
 in a place where it can stop every thing that 
 comes down that river. Besides a rich cabinet 
 of natural curiosities in the Elector’s palace, 
 it has a fiourishing university, four parish 
 churches, and several religious foundations. 
 It is seated on the Rhine, 14 miles s by e 
 of Cologne. Though well fortified, it was 
 taken by the duke of Marlborough in 1705, 
 and by the French Republican army in 1795. 
 Lon 7 9 E, 1st. 50 40 n. 
 
 Bonna, one of the 50 citadels built by 
 Drusus on the Rhine; supposed by some 
 ta be the same with the Ara Ubioniim ^ 
 now called Bonn. 
 
 Bonnetahle, a tov/n ef France, depart- 
 ment of Sarte, 15 miles ne of Mans. 
 
 ►* Bo7ineval, a. town of France, department 
 
 of Eure and Loire, on the Loire, eight miles 
 
 of Chateaudun. Lon. 1 20 e, iat. 48 1 2 n. 
 
 Bonneville, a tov/n of France, department 
 of Mont Blank, situated on the n side of the 
 river Arve, at the foot of a mountain, called 
 the Mole, 20 miles se of Geiie-va. Lon. 6 
 18 E, lat. 46 4 N . 
 
 Bonniton Fall, or Bonniton Linn, a beau- 
 tiful cataract, where the whole water of the 
 Clyde falls over a rock upwards of twelve 
 feet perpendicular, about two miles and a- 
 half above Lanark ; about two hundred 
 yards distant, lies Bonniton House, the seat 
 of lady Bonniton. 
 
 Bonny, a town of France, department of 
 Loiret. Lon. 2 54 e, lat, 47 57 n. 
 
 Bontkain, a sea- port, on the ne part of a 
 large bay in the island of Celebes, where 
 ships lie secure during both monsoons. It 
 is seated on the s side of a small but deep 
 river and has a palisadoed fort. Lon. 117 
 28 E. lat. 5 1 1 s. 
 
 Bontory, a towm in the palatinate of 
 Bracklau, Polland, 22 miles e of Brack- 
 iau. 
 
 Bony, capital of a kingdom of the same 
 name, on the s coast of the island of Celebes, 
 It is the most powerful nation of the island. 
 The inhabitants are called Bonginese, or 
 • Buggess. The town is seated on the nw 
 
 BOP 
 
 sido of Bony or Buggess bay, which is^largc 
 but injured by rocks and shoals. Lon. 120 
 55 E, iat. 2 50 s. 
 
 Boogehooge, capital of the country of Cutch 
 Hindoostan, 140 miles se of Tatta, and 250 
 w by N of Amedabad. Lon. 69 2 e, iat. 25 
 
 16 N. 
 
 BOON, an island of the district of 
 Maine. 
 
 Boonshorongh, a small towm of Kentucky, 
 and the first that was settled in that state. 
 
 BOOSHALA, or BHU-ACH AIL- 
 LIE, a small islands of the island of Stalfa, 
 It is of an irregular pyramidal form, and 
 entirely composed of basaltic pillars. 
 
 Booshatter, formerly the city of Utica, fa- 
 mous for the retreat and death of Cato, 
 lies about seven miles inland from Porto 
 Farino, in the bay of Tunis. 
 
 BOOTAN, a mountainous country of 
 Hindoostan Proper, and a feudatory province 
 Qf Thibet. It abounds in mountains, co- 
 vered with eternal verdure, and rich with 
 abundant forest trees. There is not a spot 
 but is cleared and adapted to cultivations 
 The declivities are shelved into horizontal 
 beds, and every favourable aspect improved. 
 Many of the loftiest have populous villagess 
 on their summits, arising among luxurious 
 orchards and plantations ; their sides are 
 clothed with population, and ai^e equally 
 rich and fertile. There is scarcely one 
 whose base is not washed by'' some copious 
 stream. The southermost ridge of the Boo- 
 tan mountains rises nearly a mile and a- half 
 above the plains of Bengal in a horizontal 
 distance of only 15 miles; and from their 
 summit, the astonished traveller looks on the 
 ■ plains below as on an extensive ocean. The 
 Bootees are fairer and more robust than 
 their nGlghbours the Bengalees, with broad- 
 er faces and higher cheek-bones ; their hair 
 is invariably hladi, with long pointed corners, 
 and their skins remarkably smooth. Tho 
 houses are built cn props, and ascended by 
 ladders, the lower pe.rt closed on all sides, 
 serves for holding stores, and lodging hogs, 
 cows, and other animals. The capital is 
 Tassasudon. 
 
 Booth Bay, on the coast of Lincoln coun- 
 ty, district of Maine. 
 
 Booths- Hall, a village in Lancashire, 
 which has fairs on whitsun- Saturday, and 
 Saturday before October 23. 
 
 Bootle, a village m Cumberland, which has 
 fairs, April fifth and September 24. 
 
 Bojialtol, a tow^n of the Malway, IL.idoo- 
 stan, 98 miles e by s of Oagein. 
 
 Bopjingen, a town of Germany, ;Uuat- 
 ed oil the Edgar, 19 miles aw of Oona- 
 wert. 
 
 Boppart, a town of France, department of 
 the EilFel, situated near the Rhine, eight 
 miles s of Coblentz. It was taken by the 
 French in the end of 1791, along w».,h 
 T 2 
 
BOR 
 
 Bingen, Bohn, Coblentz, and the rest of the 
 territory w of the Rhine. It was formerly 
 in the electorate ef Treves. 
 
 Borhe, a town of S Jutland, Denmark. 
 
 Borberek, a town of Transylvania, coun- 
 ty of Wessenburg. 
 
 Borch, a town of Upper Saxony, on the 
 Elbe, 14 miles he of Magdeburg. 
 
 Borchloerii or Loots^ a town of France, 
 department of the Lower Meuse, IJ miles 
 Hw of Liege. 
 
 Bordentowriy a thriving town of the Unit- 
 ed states, Burlington county, on the w side 
 of the Delaware, six miles below Trenton, 
 and 23 iqi of Philadelphia. 
 
 BORDOC, one of the Faro islands, 
 greatly indented with some convenient and 
 .safe harbours. The principal and the best 
 is that called Clack. Lon. 5 54 w, lat. 62 
 26 N. 
 
 Boreray. See Barreray, 
 
 Borgy the chief town in the island cf 
 Femern, Denmark, seated on Fermn 
 sound, with a fort. Lon. 11 5 e, lat. 54 
 55 N. 
 
 Borgheimy a town of Germany, territory 
 of Cologne. 
 
 Borgrte, a towm of St Domingo, 24 miks 
 E by s of Port-de Paix. 
 
 BorgOy an ancient town and bishopric of 
 Sweden, situated on the gulf of Finland, in 
 the province of Nayland, on a river naviga- 
 ble by small vessels, 24 miles ene of Hel- 
 sinfors. 
 
 Borgo-J)i~ San-Domino, a town of Italy, 
 territory of Parma, with a bishop’s see, 
 seated on the Stirone, 18 miles sw of Pia- 
 cenza. Lon. 10 31 E, lat. 44 50 n. 
 
 Borgo-Bi’ San-Sepulchro, a town of Ur- 
 bino, on the borders of Tuscany, situated 
 near the source of the Tiber, 12 miles he 
 of Arezze, and 50 e of Florence. On the 
 oOth of September 1 789, this town was much 
 damaged by an earthquake, v'hich destroyed 
 many houses and palaces, with part of the 
 CiUhedral, some churches, and a village five 
 Ciiles distant. Above 1000 persons perish- 
 ed. A shock of this earthquake was felt on 
 the same day, at Parson’s Green, near 
 Ldinburgb. Lon. 12 7 e, lat. 45 30 N. 
 
 Bovgo-Dl-Val Dir Taro, a town of Italy, 
 Parma, siUutled on the Taro, 20 miles sw of 
 Ikirma. 
 
 Borgo- Forte, a town of Italy, in the late 
 icpobhcan department of the Mincio, on 
 I lie Fo, fit its confi’.tcnce wdth the Agba, 
 iO aid ;i. of Mantua, Lon. 1 i 2 e, lat. 41 
 15 f's 
 
 jiorgue, or Borg a parish on the s coast 
 of Kirkcudbrightshire, united in i670, to 
 thc)‘.:e of Senwick and Kirk- Andrew’s. It 
 is hi miles long, and seven broad, and con> 
 tuins aOiiUt 40 square miles. Though ' 
 mosiiy ar iblo, a great p>art is under pasture ; 
 a good number of black cattle, of a su- 
 
 BOR 
 
 perlor bVeed, and sheep are reared. It ijs 
 also remarkable for excellent honey. In 
 two Or three places the shore is bold and 
 rocky, the clilTs rising in some places about 
 300 feet perpendicular. Saphire and other 
 marine plants grow among the rocks ; strata 
 of shells are found in the bay, which are one 
 of the best and most durable manures for 
 land. Population was about, 820. 
 
 Boria, or Borja, a small town of Spain, 
 Arragon, 42 miles wnw of Saragossa. 
 
 Borja, a town in the audience of Quito, 
 Peru, seated on the head waters of the Ama- 
 zon, 300 miles e by n of Paita. Lon. 76 
 36 w, lat. 4 15 s. 
 
 BORIQUEN, one of the Carribee is- 
 lands, N America, five miles sw of Porto- 
 Rico. The English formerly had a settle- 
 ment there, but were driven away by the 
 Spaniards. It is without inhabitants, though 
 agreeable and fertile ; the air being whole- 
 some, and the water good. Land- crabs are 
 numerous, whence some call it Crab Island, 
 Lon. 66 0 w, lat. 1 8 0 n. 
 
 BorJeel, a river which rises in Westphalia, 
 above Cosefeld, and falls into the Yssel, near 
 Zutphen. 
 
 Borkdo, a strong town of Holland, in the 
 department of the Yssel; rerriarkable for 
 having been the scene of two wars in w’hich 
 the States General were engaged ; one in ^ 
 1665, against the bishop of Munster, and the 
 other w'ith France in 1672. It is situated 
 oil the Borkel, 15 miles ene of Zutphen. 
 
 Borkeuy a town of Munster, Westphalia, 
 seated on the river Aa, 38 miles w of Mun- 
 ster. Its church is collegiate. 
 
 Barley, or Loch-Borley; a lake in the 
 peninsula of Durness. 
 
 Borlumy a hill, Inverness-shire, on which 
 there are quantities of vitrified matter, 
 whereon no plant wdll vegetate. 
 
 BORMIO a territory of the Grisons, 
 Switzerland, 15 miles ever both ways; and 
 was formerly divided into five communities, 
 viz. the (own, the valley of Forbia, the in- 
 terior Valley, the Lower Valley, and the 
 Valley of Luvino. This territory was 
 united to the late Italian Republic in Nov. 
 1797, and, it is presumed, now forms part 
 of the dominions of the king of Italy. 
 
 Bormio, the only town in the above dis- 
 trict, seated at the foot of the mountains, 
 on the Fredolfo near its confluence with 
 the Adda. In the vicinity of the town are 
 medicinal Baths. It is 40 miles se of 
 Coire. Lon. !0 20 e, lat. 46 17 n. ^ 
 
 Borna, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- 
 nifi, near the river Pleysse, 10 miles ene 
 of Leipsic. It has a manufacture of stuffs. 
 
 I Bornaco, a town of the late Italian re- 
 i piibiic, department of the lessino. 
 
 BORNEO, an island of Asia, on the 
 Indian ocean, one of the three great Sunda 
 islands. It is thought to be the largest 
 
B OR 
 
 island in the world next to New Holland 
 bcin" 1800 miles in circumference. It is- 
 situated under the equator, which near y 
 divides it; yet the air is not so excessive y 
 hot as migiit be expected, being frequently 
 refreshed with showers and cool breezes. 
 Towards the interior the country is moun- 
 tainous, but the coast for many hundred 
 miles is a dead flat, usually overflowed to 
 a considerable extent by the sea for one half 
 of the year, which occasions some of the 
 houses to he built on floats and others on 
 pillars. The w and ne sides of the island 
 are almost desart, and the e is but little 
 known. The principal river is the Benjar, | 
 which intersects almost the whole length of 
 the island. In tbe rivers the finest dia- 
 monds in the Indies are found, being pro- 
 bably washed down from the hills by the 
 torrents. The island also contains gold, 
 iron, tin, and loatlstone; produces cassia, 
 camphire, frankincense, musk, aloes, agaric, 
 sapan, pepper cinnamon, honey, rice, edible 
 birds nests, sandal-wood, and a variety of 
 fruits and gums. It abounds with horses, 
 oxen, buffaloes, deer, goats, elephants, beais, 
 tigers, monkeys, and ouranoutangs, The 
 countries on the coast are inhabited by a 
 mixture of Malays, Javanese, and Macas- 
 sars. The real natives of the island, how- 
 ever, live in the interior, and are called 
 Biadjoos of Dajakkese, they are blacks and 
 Pagans are of middle stature and well made, 
 go almost stark naked, and are tatooed blue. 
 The chiefs extract one or two of the foreteeth 
 instead of which tiiey substitute others of 
 gold. Strings of tigers teeth are wore round 
 the neck as a badge of courage. The 
 island is divided into several kingdoms, the 
 principal of which are Borneo and Bvinjar- 
 massing. X'he English had factories here ^ 
 but differences arising between them and 
 the natives, they were driven away or mur- 
 dered in 1706. The Dutch are now the 
 only Europeans who have settlements here, 
 and their chief factories are at the mouth of 
 the Banjar and the Pontania. It lies be- 
 tween 107 and 117/lon. e, and between 6 
 N, and 4 50 lat. s. Borneo, the principal 
 city of the island, is large and populous 
 with a good harbour, and lies on the ?^e side. 
 Lon. 1 12 27 E, lat. 4 55 N. 
 
 BORNHOLM, an island in the Baltic 
 sea, 10 miles se of Schonen in Sweden ; 
 seven miles in length, and above four in 
 breadth. It has three considerable towns, 
 Ratum, Sandwich, and Nexia ; v. ith a great 
 number of villages ; and is f^ertile and po- 
 pulous. It was conquered by the Swedes 
 in 1653; but the inhabitants, under the 
 conduct of Jens Roefords, voluntarily sur- 
 rendered it to the kingdom of Denmark, to 
 avoid the tyranny of the Sw edes. In 1768, 
 a body of 5000 Swedish troops, in their 
 passage from Fomerana to Sweden, being 
 
 BOR 
 
 shipwrecked on this island, such of thera as 
 remained were made prisoners of war. 
 The inhabitants defend the island by their 
 own militia, without any expense to the 
 crown. The governor resides at Rattum. 
 Bornholm lies 16 miles from Zealand, and 
 six from Ystad. Lon. 15 56 e, lat. 55 15 if. 
 
 BORNOU, a kingdom of Zaara, Africa^ 
 extending from 12 to 22 e longitude, and 
 from 17 to 21 N latitude. The n partis 
 poor ; but all the rest is well watered by- 
 rivers, that rush down with a dreadful noise 
 from the mountains rendering the country- 
 prolific in corn, grass, and fruits, and 
 giving it a pleasing aspect. The e and \r 
 frontiers consist of mountains and vallies* 
 the latter being covered with flocks of cattle^ 
 fields of rice and millet; and the formed 
 with wood, fruit trees and cotton. On the 
 Nw stands the mountain Tarton, and on the 
 s flow^s the river Niger. The climate is 
 said to be characterised by excessive though 
 not uniform heat. The common animals 
 are horses, asses, mules, dogs, horned cattle, 
 goats, sheep, and camels. The game consists 
 of patridges, wild ducks, and ostriches, the 
 flesh of which is prized above every other. 
 The other animals are the lion, leopard, 
 civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, antelope, 
 Camelopardalis, crocodile and hippopolarnus* 
 and there are many snakes, scorpions^ 
 centipedes, and toads. The natives arc 
 black, but not of the Negro cast. Their 
 dress usually consists of a shirt of blue cot- 
 ton, a red cap and a white muslin turban. 
 The principal people wear gold nose rings. 
 The inhabitants are distinguished by humane 
 and courteous manners ; are excessively fond 
 of play, of drafts and chess. Upwards of 
 thirty languages are spoken. Mahometan- 
 ism is the prevailing religion. Here is an 
 elective monarchy, and on the death of the 
 sovereign, three persons called elders choose 
 his successor from among his sons. The 
 Sultan has a vast army, most of those armed 
 with the sabre, pike and bow. He is said 
 to have 500 ladies in his Seraglio, and 500 
 horses in his Stud. 
 
 Bornoii, a lake in the above kingdom^ 
 through which the Niger runs. 
 
 Bov'iioii, the capital of the kingdom, is 
 situated on a level country, on the banks of 
 the Gazel. It has a palace like a citadel, 
 and the whole city is encompassed with a 
 ditch and a high wall. The houses, thougli 
 neat, are so irregularly placed, that they 
 can hardly be said to form streets. Its trade 
 consists in gold dust, slaves, horses, ostrich 
 feather?, salt and civet. It is 1750 miles 
 ENE of Cassina. Lon. 25 52, lat, 19 45 k,. 
 
 BO RON DON, St, an island in the At- 
 lantic, mentioned by Linschotten, and 
 others, in their description of the canary 
 islands ; and said to have been touched at 
 accidentally by several ships; but .though 
 
B O It 
 
 *m1 to be about 100 leagues distant from 
 ^erroj inhabited by Ciiristians, abounding 
 in wood and refreshments of every kind, 
 and frequently searched for by navigators 
 voyages of discovery, none of them have 
 liitherto fallen in with it. Hence it has 
 been called the marvellous island. 
 
 JSorougkbridgei a town in the N Riding of 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday, and 
 a trade in hard- ware, and noted for its cattle 
 market, situated on the river Ure over which 
 there is a handsome stone- bridge. TIere 
 Echvard II., in 1322 defeated the rebel 
 Earl of Lancaster. It sends tw'o members 
 to parliament, and lies 18 miles nw of York, 
 and 206 n by w of Lond(:w®. 
 
 BORRERAY, a small island of Scot- 
 land, one of the Hebrides, lying nw of N 
 CJist, between Valey and Pabby isles. It is 
 a. mile and a-bai£ in length, and a mile in 
 breadth. Also, another small island of the 
 Hebrides, about a mile in circuit. 
 
 Borriano, a town of Spain, Valencia, at 
 the mouth of the Miilas, 21 miles n of Va- 
 lencia. 
 
 BORROMEAN Islands, two small 
 islands in the lake Moggiore, Italy, called 
 Jsola Bella^ and Xsola Madre, 
 
 Borroiii a hill on the coast of the county 
 •of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Borrowdale^ ai village, in a most romantic 
 valley of Cumberland, among Derwent- 
 vvater Fells, which are reckoned among the 
 loftiest hills in England. This valley is four 
 miles from Keswick, in passing from which, 
 ii:he traveller has Keswitk lake on bis right 
 hand, stupendous rocky precipices on bis left, 
 and huge masses of rocks scattered along bis 
 road, which have fallen from the mountains. 
 It is watered by a number of fine rivulets, 
 which precipitate from tiie hills, and forming 
 many beaiitilui cascades, meet in Borrow- 
 <3ale. It is famous for mines of wadd, or 
 black lead. 
 
 Borrowdale Beedc, a river formed in the 
 above valley, by the junction of the rivulets, 
 which, after passing out of the dale, spreads 
 into an extensive lake, called Dertvent-waterf 
 m Keswick^ and contains many beautiful 
 islands. 
 
 Borrowston, a village on the coast of 
 Caithness, parish of Rea. 
 
 Borrowstowness, or Boness, a parish in 
 Linlithgowshire, extending four miles in 
 ieugth, and two and a-half in breadth, on 
 the banks of the Frith of Forth. The soil 
 is a deep loam, well cultivated and fertile. 
 'I he parish abounds with coal, ironstone, 
 limestone, freestone, and granite. The po- 
 pulation is about 2790. 
 
 Borrows/ oioness, a baronial town in the 
 above parish, has one of the safest and most 
 commodious harbours in the Frith of Forth. 
 Iheie is a very considerable trade in ship- 
 buiicing, for which this place has been long 
 
 JB O S 
 
 famwis. The exportation of coals 
 increases the trade of the town. wLie i# 
 also an extensive manufactory of salt, of 
 which about 40,000 bushels are made an- 
 nually; soap, candles, stone and earthen 
 ware. Silk is spun for Spittalfield manu- 
 facturers. It has a share of the coasting and 
 Baltic trade, and several other ports are sub- 
 ject to the custom-house here. Some ves- 
 tiges of the Roman wall, between the Forth 
 and Clyde, are still visible. The duke of 
 Flamilton is proprietor of the whole parish, 
 except one small estate. It has a fair Kov. 
 16 ; and is three miles n of Linlithgow, and 
 18 w from EdiKburgh. Lon. 3 34 w, iat, 
 56 2 N. 
 
 Bor set, or Bor sett, a place celebrated for 
 its baths, about half a league from Aix la 
 Chapelle. The waters are w armer than those 
 of Aix la Chapelle, much more sulphureous, 
 and abound with Selenites, which incrust the 
 pipe through which the water passes, as well 
 as the sides of the bath ; but are used as 
 baths for the same diseases, and also in drop- 
 sical and cedematous cases. 
 
 Borson, a town of the Austrian Tirol, 
 which was evacuated June 2, 1796, by its 
 inhabitants, who fled to Sallzburg, upon the 
 approach of the French army. 
 
 Bortlimick, a parish of Scotland, county of 
 Edinburgh, about 1 2 miles sse of the me- 
 tropolis, extending about six miles from e to 
 vv, and four from n to s. The climate is 
 various, but generally mild and salubrious^ 
 The soil in general light, and agriculture 
 much improvetl. The celebrated historian. 
 Dr. Robertson, was a native of this parisln 
 and James Small, the inventor of the new 
 plough, and other excellent agricultural im- 
 struments, resided in this'vicinity. The po- 
 pulation is about 842. 
 
 Borthwick, a river of Scotland, which rises 
 in the high grounds, wdiere the counties of 
 Dumfries and Selkirk meet, and runs into 
 the Tweed, abounds with trout, and is some- 
 times visited with salmon. 
 
 Borthwick Castle, a magnificent ruin, ori- 
 ginally of astonishing strength, and still very 
 entire, situated in the above parish. It was 
 built by William the first Lord Borthwick, 
 about A D 1430. The w'alis are 13 feet 
 I thick at the foundation, and the great hall is 
 I 40 feet long, and had been elegantly adorn- 
 ed with lustres, paintings, tapestry, &c. On 
 the first floor arc state rooms, formerly ac- 
 cessible by a draw- bridge. Notwithstanding 
 its strength, it was taken by Oliver Crom- 
 well in 1650. It w'as an assyluni to the un- 
 fortunate queen Mary and Bothwell, before 
 the battle of Carberry. 
 
 Bosa, or Bossa, a town in the w coast of 
 Sardinia, wdth a castle, situated on the mouth 
 of a river of the same name, near w hich it 
 lias a harbour; 17 miles sse of Algeri, 
 
 ; Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 40 29 n. 
 
BOS 
 
 SoscfJStle, formerly called BotereniiK Cns-^ 
 iiej a town iii Co. ovvall situated on the 
 Biistol Channel 229 miles from Londun. 
 
 BOSCA WEN’S ISLAND, an island in 
 the F..C dc Ocean, about 10 miles in cir- 
 cumrereiice. Lon. 175 10 w, lat. 15 50 s. 
 
 Boschh or Boscof a town of Italy, in the 
 M'ianese, on the river Orbe^ five miles e of 
 Alexandrio, 
 
 Boscoheh a village in Shropshire, near 
 White Ladies, noted for the oak in which 
 Charles IT. was hid, and saw the soldiers 
 pass by in quest of him, after the battle of 
 Worcester. The tree was inclosed by a 
 brick v/all, but has been almost cut away by 
 travellers. It is nine miles ss of Newport. 
 
 BOSMAIFE, an island of Russia, pro- 
 vince of Astracan. 
 
 BOSNIA, a province of Turkey, Europe^ 
 which belongs entirely to the Turks. It is 
 300 miles long, and 70 broad. It is moun- 
 tainous but fertile, especially near the rivers. 
 The principal revenue arises from the silver 
 mines^ The falcons of Bosnia are held in 
 great esteem. Serai is the capital. 
 
 Bosphorus Cimmerius^ or the Scythian 
 Bosphorus. See Kapha. 
 
 Bosphorus Thracius, See Constantinople ^ 
 Straits of. 
 
 Basra, a town of Syria, European Tur- 
 keyj anciently a city of refuge among the 
 Jews, lay over against Jericho, in the VVil- 
 dernets, in the plains of Reuben. Mahomet 
 is said to have here received instructions from 
 a Nestorian monk, concerning tiie doctrines 
 of the religion which he founded. It is 100 
 tniles s of Damascus. Lon. 57 10 2 , lat. 
 52 20 N. 
 
 Bossiny, a town of Cornwall, near King 
 Arthur’s Cattle. It has fairs, Aug. 5. and 
 Nov. 22 5 and sends two members to par- 
 liament, 17 miles w of Launceston, and 
 J255 w by s of London. 
 
 Bossot, a tov/n of the peninsula of Malac- 
 ca, Thither India. Lon. 105 18 e, lat. 5 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Bosiupt, a, town of Trance, department of 
 the Dyie, eight miles s of Louvain. 
 
 Bosf, a very streng town of Persia, capital 
 cf Z lieslan, seated on the Keermund, 170 | 
 miles wsw cf Candahar. Lon. 64 15 e, lat. 
 52 50 n. 
 
 Boston, a corporate town, Lincolnshire, 
 which sends two members to parliament, 
 with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 It is commodiously situated on both sides^cf 
 the Witham, near the sea, but its harbour 
 can only admit of vessels of inferior burden. 
 Boston is, however, a place of very consider- 
 able ti’ade, having also canals to Bourn and 
 Lincoln. It has fairs,. May 4, and July 1 1 . 
 and from <he 1 ith to the 20th of December. 
 The steepie of the parish church is 500 feet 
 high, and is crowned with a bcautitul octa- 
 gonal lantern, which way bv' seen 40 miles ■ 
 
 B O B ■ 
 
 round the country, and also sej'ves as a guid v 
 to mariners entering the dangerous channels 
 of Boston deeps. It has a trade in wool, 
 and is 37 miles se of Lincoln, and 115 n of 
 London. Lon. 0 5 s. lat. 55 1 n. 
 
 Boston, the metropolis of Massachusetts, 
 and the most flourishing town of the Eastern 
 States of N America, in Suffolk couiity, on a 
 peninsula of about four miles in circumfe- 
 rence, at the head of Massachusetts bay. In 
 1795, it contained 2376 dw'elliiig- houses,, 
 and 18,058 inhabitants, but the increase has 
 been very considerable since. The public 
 f)uildings are, a state-house, and a work- 
 house, a bridew ell, a council-chamber, a trea- 
 surer and secretary’s office, and a powder- 
 magazine ; besides seven public schools, and 
 17 churches, viz. nine for Congregationaiists,, 
 three for Episcopalians, eight for Baptists, 
 one for Quakers, one for Universalists, and 
 one for Roman Catholics. There are three 
 banks, and several humane and Horary so- 
 cieties. Franklin Place is One of the prin- 
 cipal ornaments of the town. It has its 
 name from the celebrated Dr Franklin, who 
 I was born in this place, and is encompassed 
 I on two sides with buildings of superior 016=* 
 gance. The mall, a beautiful public walk, 
 is on the w cf the town. On the e side of 
 the town lies the harbour, which, though 
 large enough 'o contain 500 ships at anchor,, 
 has so narrow an entrance, as hardly to admit 
 two ships abreast. About 80 wharfs are 
 erected along the harbour, in front of the 
 town. A light-house is erected on a rock 
 on the N side of the harbour, w hich also con- 
 tains about 40 small islands, that produce 
 corn, hay, and pasturage. No town in the 
 United Beales has been more retarded in its 
 progress than Boston, by fire and war. Few 
 towns in America are, however, increasing 
 more rapidly in commerce, population, and 
 manufactures. The chief of which are rum, 
 loaf-sugar, beer, canvas, cordage, pot and 
 pearl ashes, chocolate, tobacco, and glass. 
 The commerce extends to all the principal 
 commercial countries in Europe, as well as 
 to China and the E Indies. The exports in 
 1794, amounted to 2,781,703 dollars; and 
 the arrivals from foreign ports alone, w'cre 
 464 vessels. Boston is governed by seven 
 select men, a town clerk, trjjasurer, and 1 2 
 overseers, chosen annually, along with 48 
 inferior officers. In 1775, in this vicinity, 
 the first hostilities commenced between A- 
 merica and Britain. It is 252 miles ne of 
 New York, and 348 from Philadelphia, in 
 the same direction. Lon. 70 S3 w, lat. 42 
 25 N. 
 
 Bosuh, a town of France, department of 
 Aveiron, 10 miles we of Rhodes. 
 
 BoswelVs Green, St, a place in the pa5ii,b 
 of St Boswell’s, where one of the largest fairs 
 in Scotland is annually hold, on the 18th of 
 July. The principal articles, are linen cloth. 
 
BOX 
 
 sbeep, liorses, black catle, hardware, and { 
 haberdasheries. 
 
 BosweVsi Bit or Lsssudden, a parish of 
 Roxburghshire, on the banks of the Tweed, 
 within 10 miles of Kelso, five of Melrose, 
 and seven of Jedburgh ; extending about 
 tliree miles in length, and nine in breadth. 
 The soil is good, and has lately been much 
 improved. Dalkeith and Peebles are the 
 principal markets. The population was 
 about 497. 
 
 Bosworth, a town of Leicestershire, situ- 
 ated on a h%h hill, and memorable for the 
 decisive battle fought near it, between Ri- 
 chard III. and the earl of Richmond, after- 
 wards Henry VII. in which the former lost 
 bis crown and life. It has a market on 
 Wednesday ; and fairs May 8, and June 10. 
 It is 13 miles wof Leicester, and 106 nnw 
 of London. 
 
 Botalleck, a village of Cornwall, on the 
 Irish sea, 10 miles w of St Ives. 
 
 Botany 'Bay, in New S Wales, on the e 
 Coast of New Holland, discovered by Captain 
 Cook, in 1770, and so named from the great 
 Variety of plants he found on the shore. 
 The entrance is formed by point Solander 
 and Cape Banks. It was originally fixed on 
 for a colony of convicts from Britain; but 
 afterwards Port Jackson, 15 miles farther 
 N was preferred. See Holland- N’ew» Lon. 
 151 21 E, lat, 34 0 s. 
 
 BOTANY ISLAND, in the Pacific 
 Ocean, on the se of New Caledonia. Lon, 
 167 16 E, lat. 22 27 s. 
 
 Botary^ an ancienL parish of Aberdeen- 
 shire, now a part of (Sirny. 
 
 Botesdalcy Bottisdale, or BvAdesdale, a 
 small market town of Suffolk, situated in a 
 valley on the borders of Norfolk. It was 
 formerly called Botolph's dale, from St. Bo- 
 toph*s chapel, which, after remaining many 
 years in a state of neglect and dilapidation, 
 has been recently repaired and fitted up for 
 the accommodation of the inhabitants Here 
 is also an endowed grammar-school, to ivhich 
 belong certain scholarships, assigned to Ben- 
 net and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 
 It has a market on Thursday, and two an- 
 nual fairs. It is 15 miles ne of Bury on 
 the Yarmouth road, and 86 of London. 
 
 Bothkennar, a parish of Siirlingshire, one 
 mile and a half long, and equally broad, con- 
 taining about 1248 acres all cultivated. In 
 it is scarcely a hill or a stone, as the land 
 has been gained from the river Forth here 
 are 12 productive Orchards, The popula- 
 tion was about 575. 
 
 Bothnia Gulf of a large branch of the 
 Baltic, which penetrates into Sweden. It | 
 commences about lat. 60. and stretches as i 
 far as lat. 65 5 1 N. It .has no tides, and j 
 is usually frozen up four months of the 
 year. It contains the island of Aland, and 
 many other smaller ones along the parish. ( 
 
 BOX 
 
 BOTHNIA, E. a province of Swede??, 
 Finland, on the e side of the gulf, situated be- 
 tv/een the provinces of Kirni and Finland 
 Proper, and Russia. It is 300 miles long, 
 and from 90 to 220 broad. The exports 
 consist principally of timber, pitch, tar, 
 whale-oil and butter. It is sometimes called 
 Cajania, and the capital is Cajaneburg. 
 
 BOTANIA, W, a province of Sweden, 
 Nordland, situated on the w side of the Gulf, 
 230 miles long, and from 25 to 50 broad. 
 The soil is sandy, yet tolerably fertile, but 
 the crops are often destroyed by frost in 
 July. It has mines of iron, copper, and 
 numerous forests, and trades in skins of 
 Rein deer. Wolves, Bears, Ermines, foxes. 
 Otters, &c. The inhabitants are protes- 
 tants, and have an excellent character as 
 honest and upright people. The chief towns 
 are Tornea and Uma. 
 
 BothivelU an ancient barony and parish of 
 I.anarkshire, extending from the Clyde to 
 w Lothian, about eight miles and a-halfin 
 length, and four in breadth. The soil in 
 general is good, though clayey ; and the 
 climate healthy. It is watered by the Clyde, 
 and the s and n Calders. Coals and free- 
 stone are the only minerals. There are four 
 villages, five bridges, six corn and two lint 
 mills, and a bleachfield, in (he parish. The 
 church is a very ancient structure, and be- 
 fore the reformation, was a provostry, with 
 very great endowments. The late Mr. 
 Alton Author of the Aortus Kewensis was 
 a native of this parish. The population was 
 about 3017. 
 
 Boihwell Bridge, an ancient bridge of four* 
 arches over the Clyde, in the above parish, 
 memorable for an engagement fought on it 
 in 1679, between the forces of the persecut- 
 ing Charles II, under the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth, and those who were constrained to 
 draw the sword in defence of their religious 
 principles ; wherein the latter were defeated, 
 with the loss of 400 slain, and 1200 taken 
 prisoners. 
 
 Bothwell Castle, a very ancient and mag- 
 nificent structure now in ruins, adjacent to 
 the village of Bothwell, originally built of 
 polished stones of a red colour. The ruins 
 are greatly admired by all visitors. 
 
 Botley, a thriving village of Hampshire 
 recently become a great thorough- fare by 
 the erection of a large brick bridge over 
 the Humble ; the fording of which was for- 
 merly a terror to travellers, and induced 
 many to prefer a long and circuitous road 
 by Winchester. Here is now a considerable 
 trade in flour, the mills being worked by the 
 river, which is navigable for boats to this 
 place. It is six miles e of Southampton, and 
 56 from London, and has four annual fairs. 
 
 Bolriphine, a parish of BamfFshire, 24 
 miles from BamlF, extending about four 
 ( miles from N to s, aiid three from £ to w. Th^ 
 
B O U 
 
 :Soil IS fertile, consisting chiefly of arich black j 
 loam, which | ohuces • indai*. crops of j 
 barley, oats, aiiu fl ix. nestoi. « to be ; 
 found ill every field ; but has not bee . niich ' 
 used in a griculture. The fuel is pea and | 
 turf. It has a fair. in February for linen, j 
 yarn, and husbandry utensils, &.c. The 
 population is 589. 
 
 Botr'ys, JBotrus, or Bostra, a town of Pbee- 
 nicia, or; the Mediterranean, 12 mdes of 
 Pyblus, now almost in ruins, and called Bo- 
 teron, or Boturn. 
 
 BoUengo, a village of Italy, in the Doga- 
 do of Venice. 
 
 Bottesdale. See Bnddesdale, 
 
 Bottesford, a village in Leicestershire on 
 the borders of Lincolnshire and Nottingham- 
 shire, in ics vicinity is Belvoii Castle, the 
 ancient seat of the Dakes of Rutland. Many 
 antiquities have been discovered in this 
 neighbourhood. In the c^iurch are several ! 
 monuments of the Rutland family. 
 
 Boturn. See Botry's, 
 
 Boiiuar, a town of Germany^ Wirtem- 
 berg, on a river of the same name, 15 miles 
 ssE of Hailbron. 
 
 Botzeii, or Bolzano, a town of Tyrol, situa- 
 ted on the Eisack, surrounded by mountains, 
 and defended by a castle. It is celebrated 
 for its excellent wine, and has four noted 
 annual fairs, frequented by great numbers 
 of Swiss, Italians, and natives. It was taken 
 by the F»'ench, under Bonaparte, in March 
 1797, and re-taken in April by the Aus- 
 trians, under general Laudon. It lies 22 
 miles ssw of Brixen. Lon. 11 1 5 e, lat. 46 
 o2 N. 
 
 Bova\ an Episcopal town of Naples, Ca- 
 labria, Uiteriore, 20 miles se of Reggio. 
 
 Bouaga, a town of France, department of 
 the Lower Loire. i 
 
 Bouchaiyiy or Bokciin^ n fortified town of 
 France, departmenrof the N. divided into 
 two parts by the river Scheldt. It was taken 
 by the French in 1676, and by (he allies 
 under the duke of Marlborough, in 1711. 
 which was the last military atcliievement of 
 that great general ; but the following year 
 it was retaken by the French. In 1794, the 
 adjoining forest, called Bouchain, or Bohain 
 wood, was rendered almost inaccessible by 
 the French, being secured by several very 
 strong entrenchments, in order to obstruct 
 the progress of the allies ; notwitiistarfding 
 which, they were completely dislodg ed from 
 the position, and all their works taken pos- 
 session of by the British, under the duke ql 
 York. Bouchain lies nine miles w of Valen- 
 ciennes. Lon. Z 21 E, lat. 50 18 n. 
 
 Buuchart, a town of France, department 
 of Inure and Loire, on a small island of 
 the river Vienne, 15 miles ssvv ol lours. 
 
 Bouchemuirt, a town of 1' ranee, d^'partment 
 of the Maine and Loire, four mile., ix c: .4 ngers. 
 ■' 5 
 
 BOV 
 
 Bovchevy a town of Persia, bordering ou 
 the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Boucl IS a town of France, department 
 of die D ' abs sigf.t miles e of Besancon. 
 
 BOUGOIR, a.i isl'ind i..'' i S sea, dis- 
 covered wy BougaiiiviiL in I v>7, called by 
 the natives Matea. Lon. 15 25 w of Pads, 
 Lat. 17 5 s. 
 
 Boiidry, a Chattellany of Switzerland, 
 province f Neufehate!, four miles sv/ of 
 Neufebatei. 
 
 Bovegno, a village of Italy, the Vale of 
 Trompi i, and late republican department of 
 B n at. ) 
 
 BoveilsStO. town of France, department of 
 the Sorn'oe, six miles wsw of Amiens. ^ 
 
 Bouillon^ a town of France, department 
 of Forrets. The property of this place w.is 
 long disputed between the L-Jshop of Liege 
 and the house of Marck, till taken by Louis 
 XIV of France, in 1676, wiio gave it to a 
 Duke of Bouillon. It has remained under 
 the dominion of the French ever since. The 
 castle is situated on an ioaccessihle rock 
 upon the river Semois, 12 miles nne of Se- 
 dan, and 46 vv by n of Luxemburg. Lon, 
 5 20 E, lat. 49 45 n. 
 
 Bouilly. a town of France, department of 
 Aube, seven miles s of Troyes. 
 
 Bouin, an isle of France, in the bay of 
 Biscay. ' 
 
 Bovignes, a towm of Franck, department of 
 Sambre end Meuse, 10 mUes s of Namur, 
 
 Boviaoy an epi.scopal towm O; Napie-s, Ca- 
 pitanata, at the foot of the Appennines, 15 
 miles jne of Bsnevento. 
 
 Boulak, a marked; town of Egypt, and the 
 port of Cairo, situated on the banks of the 
 Nile. 
 
 Boiday, 3 town of France, department of 
 the Moselle, 15 miles xe of Me>z 
 
 BoulnesSy a village in Cumberiaod, Sol- 
 way Frith, where, by crossing the sands, be- 
 tween Scotland and Engl and. at low water, 
 passengers save a circuit of many miles At 
 this place was the ancient termination of the 
 Piet’s Wail. _ 
 
 Boulogne, a sea-port of France, on the 
 river Liartne, wTmre it falls into the English 
 channel, is divided into two towns, the up- 
 per and lower. It lies 14 milea ssw of Ca- 
 lais, and in the department of the Straits of 
 Calais. The port has for a long time been. 
 30 shallow that no ships of burden could en- 
 ter it. But owing to some recent improve- 
 ments, it is represented to hold ten feet at 
 low water ; and a large bason has been, 
 lately constructed to contain 17 feet. Tiie 
 harnour is protected by a mole, to which 
 veiy strong fortifi cations have been added. 
 Under Bonaparte, Boulogne has been made 
 a royal port, and no merchant vessel, priva- 
 teers, nor even prizes, are admitted, unless 
 loaded with ordinance or arditury stoies; 
 
 U 
 
B O U 
 
 beuig tlic .principal depot of tbe 'armx^ttjnts |[ 
 xvhichhejintended for the invasion of Britain. 
 Bon. 137 Jat. 50 44 n. . 
 
 town of France, departrnenrof 
 B Pyrenees ; t.’.ken by tbg, Spaniftrd$ in 
 1 71)5, retaken 1794, 
 
 Bourhony a small county the United 
 States, Kentucky, with a capital of the same 
 nanne, which stands on a point of land 
 formed by two branches oS the Licking,. 20^ 
 miles ENE of Lexingion, 
 
 Bourhoriy a county of Georgia, on the 
 Missisipi, including the Natches country ; 
 alsoa fort in Martinicoand ariverin Labrador. 
 
 BOURBON, or Mascarenhas, an island 
 in the Indian ocean, lying 300 miles e of 
 Madagascar. It is about 60 miles long, and 
 45 byoad. It is in some places inaccessible, 
 and h.as no port, but has many good roads 
 for shipping, particular]}^ on the w and ne. 
 
 In the sE part of the island there is a volca- 
 no, which has long thrown out vast quanti- 
 ties of bitumen, sulpher, and other combus- 1 
 tible materials, so that the country about it j 
 is useless, and is called by the inhabitants 1 
 |>a/y.s brule, that is, burnt land. The shore is | 
 high and rocky all around j and the form of 
 the land is irregular. The air is pleasant, 
 and is generally purihed once or twice a- 
 year by |)urricanes, so as to he highly sala- 
 ' brioiis but when these fail of making their 
 annual visits, as they sometimes do, diseases 
 are frequent and fatal, lliis pro- 
 
 duces bananas, oranges, citrons, tamarinds, 
 and other fruits : also ebony, cotton, white 
 pepper, gum berzoin, aloes, and tobacco, 
 ail excellent in their kind. No venemous 
 animals are to be found in it, and only 
 two sorts that are disagreeable to the sight, 
 viz spiders of the sis^e of a pigeon’s egg, 
 which w’eave nets of a surprising strength, 
 i:cckoned by some capable of being treated 
 so as to become as valuable as silk ; and 
 bats of a most enormous size, w hich are not 
 only eaten, but esteemed a great delicacy. 
 The French first settled here J672, after 
 they w'ere driven from tlfc island of Mada- 
 gascar. They have now some considerable 
 towns in the island, with a governor. Since 
 the revolution they have given it the name, 
 Reunion, It surrendered to the British in 
 1810. St. Denys is the capital. Lon. 55 
 30 E, lat. 20 52 n. 
 
 O U 
 
 Bourhnvnc’Ie'hainsy a towm of France, de«r 
 ! partment of Upper Marne, famous for its 
 hot baths. 15 relies ene ofLangres. 
 
 BOUBOJ^NOISj a ci-devant province 
 of France, watered by the Loire, the Aher, 
 and the Chur; and abounds in corn, fruit, 
 pasture, wood, game, and wine. It now 
 forms the deparment of Alier. 
 
 Bourbourgy a town of France, department 
 of the N, situated on a canal that goes to Dun- 
 kirk and Calais, 10 miles nw of the former. 
 
 ^ BourdeauxTy an ancient, large, and ricli 
 city of France, department of Gironde, 
 built in the form of a bow, of which the Ga- 
 ronne is the string. This river is bordered 
 by a large quay, and the water rises four 
 yards at full tide, for which reason the largest 
 vessels can come up to it very readily. The 
 castle called the 'Trumpety is situated at the 
 entrance of the quay, and the river runs 
 round its w^alls. Most of tl^e great streets 
 lead to the qday. This city has twelve 
 gates ; and though considerable in point of 
 size, was anciently ill built, badly paved, 
 dangerous without police or any cf those 
 municipal regulations indispensably requB 
 site to render a city splendid or elegant. It 
 has entirely changed its appearance within 
 these Isst 30 years. The public edi.fices 
 very noble, and all the streets newly built, 
 are regular and handsome. The quays are 
 four miles in length, and the river is con- 
 siderably broader than the Thames at Lon- 
 don bridge. Almost in the centre of the 
 town, a fae equestrian statue in bronze, was 
 erected to Louis XV. In 1743. The beauty 
 of the Garonne, and t]}e fertility of the ad- 
 joining country, were probably the causes 
 which induced the Romans to lay the foun- 
 dation of this city. During the irruptions 
 of the barbarous nations, and particularly in 
 those which the Normans repeatedly made, 
 Eourdeaux w^as ravaged, burnt, and almost 
 entirely destroyed. But when Henry IJ, 
 of England, united it to his dominions by 
 his marriage with Eleanor of Aquitane, he 
 made it a principal object of his policy to 
 rebuild and restore it to its ancient lustre. 
 Edward the Black Prince, brought his royal 
 captive, John king of France, to this city, 
 after the battle of Poictiers i^ 1356; and 
 held bis court and residence here during 1 1 
 years. His exalted character, his uninter- 
 
 Bourbon- Laneyy a town of France, de- j rupied series cf good fortune, his victories, 
 partment of Saone and Loire, remarkable |! his modesty, his afFabili'y, and his miinifi- 
 
 for its cattle and hot mineral waters ; and 
 has a large marble parement called the 
 Great Bath, whii b is a work of the Ro- 
 mans. It is 28 miles sw of Autun. 
 
 cence, drew strangers to Bourdeaux from 
 every part of Europe. Hen: his son Richard’ 
 II. was born. In 1133, Charles VII. king 
 of France, re-entered the city, and having 
 
 Bourbon a small town of jj suljected the whole province of Guinne, 
 
 France, department of Allier, remarkable i| ordered the Ckatta Trowpetle to be built, 
 for its hot baths, and for giving name to the ij to defend the passage of the river ; and 
 family of the late unfortunate king' of II Louis XIV. afterwards employed the cele- 
 France. It is seated near the Allier, and is ij brated Vauban to erect a new fortress in the 
 
 11 modem style of milittuy architecture, on the 
 
 15 miles w of Moulins. 
 
B O If 
 
 saTr?e spot. Marshal B-eresford with a de- 
 tachment from the army of lord Wellington, 
 entered this city on the 12th ol Blarch, 1814 ; 
 and was received by the inhabitants with the 
 greatest demoiistrations of joy« Bourdeaux 
 contains upwards of 100,000 inhabitants, 
 and is one of the first cities in France for 
 magnitude, riches, and beauty. I'he cathe- 
 dral and the churches belonging to the late 
 religious orders, the Dominicans and the 
 Cinirtrcux, are much admired. According to 
 the present religious establishment of France, 
 JBaurdeaus is the seat of an archbishop. The 
 that are most remarkable are the 
 palace of Gaiienus, built in the form of an 
 amphithe .tre, and several aqueducts. The 
 town has am university, and an academy of 
 arts and sciences, and a considerable trade, 
 particularly in wine and brandy. It lies 87 
 miles s of Kochele. Ijon. 0 30 w, iat, 44 
 
 50 N. 
 
 Bourdinet, a town of France, departments 
 of the Sambre and Meuse, in Namur, five 
 miles irw of 
 
 Boiirg., a sea port town of France, depart- 
 ment of Gironde, willi a good harbour, on the 
 river Dordogne, near the pointof land form- 
 ed by tlie coulluence of that river with the 
 Garonne, which is called the Bee d’ Ambez, 
 and is thought a dvangerous paisage. It 
 ■has a great trade in wine, an-i lies 15 miles 
 y by E of Buuriieaux. 
 
 a ci: 3 r ct France, and capital of the 
 department of Ain. Near thi^ place is the 
 magnificent church and monastery of the Iste 
 Augiistines, vvldch contains the mausoleum 
 cf Margaret of Austria, and of Coarles V. 
 and ether fine pieces of sculpture. The 
 principal trade of Eourg .is .in horses, 
 cattle, and white leather, n It stands 
 in a fertile country, on the river liessousse, 
 
 miles SE of Macon. 
 
 Bovrg, the capital of Guiana, island of 
 Cayenne, South America. Lon, 52 50 w, 
 lafc. 5 2 N. 
 
 Bourgensufy a small w^ell built toFu of 
 France, department of Creuse, noted for a 
 very large and lofty tower, faced with stones 
 cut diamond wise, erected towards the end 
 of the 15th century, by i^izam, brother of 
 B ijazet 11. e.nperor of the Turks, when 
 he was oMiged to exile himself to this 
 country. It is .situated on the river Tau- 
 rion, 20 miles ke of Limoges. Lon. 2 3 
 w, iat, 47 4 N. 
 
 Bourges, an ancient town cf France, de- 
 partment of Cher. Although in extent it 
 is one of the largest chits of France, the 
 iiihabilants haidW amount to 25,000, and 
 tiieir trade is inconsiderable. See Berry, 
 This city is the birth place of Louis XL 
 the Kero of France, who founded the uni- 
 versity ; and of the celebrated preacher 
 Bourd alone. It is seated at the conllaence 
 -of the Yevre and Auron. Ib chief manu- 
 
 B o u 
 
 fastures are cloth, woollen atulL, and cotton. 
 
 It is 25 miles sw of Nivers and 125 s 
 Paris. Lon. 2 24 e, Iat. 47 5 n. 
 
 Bozirget, a town of France, department 
 of Mont Blanc, seated on a lake of 
 same name, six miles n of Chamherry. 
 
 Bjurgneufy a sea- port of Frame, de 
 partrnent of Lower Loire. The chief trade 
 is in salt, made from the adjacent s.dt 
 marshes. It stands on a bay to which it 
 gives name, betw^een the isle of Noirmou- 
 tier, and the continent 20 miles sw of Nan- 
 tes. Lon. 2 I? w, Iat. 47 4 n. k 
 
 Bourgogne. See Burgundy. 
 
 Baurgueily a town of France, deparMnent 
 of Indre and Loire, 22 miles w of Tours. . 
 
 Bourmonfy a town of France, department 
 of Upper Marne, seated on a mountain, 
 
 20 miles e by n of Chaumont. 
 
 BourUy a large town, Lincolnshire, si-? 
 tuated on a rivulet that runs to Spalding, 
 and has a navigable canal to Boston. It 
 is very ancient and had a castle, where 
 king Edmund was crowned. It has a 
 good corn market, and three fairs, March 7, 
 May 6, and October 29. It is 17 iiiiles n 
 of Peterborough, 35 s of Lincoln, and 9 7 
 N of London. 
 
 •BOURO, island in the E Indian 
 ocean, one of the Bloluccas, betw^een Cele- 
 bes and Ceram, 90 miles long and 30 broad. 
 
 It is w^ell cultivated ; and is subject to the 
 Dutch, who have built a fortress on it. 
 Here are some very high mountains, and 
 in their vicinity the sea is very deep. The 
 capital is of the same name, but is some- 
 times called Cajeli. Nutmegs, cloves, cocoa^ 
 and banands are its chief arlieles of produce. 
 Lon. 127 25 E, Iat. 3 30 s. ' \ 
 
 Bourthes, a town of France, department 
 of the Straits af Calais, 12 miles se of 
 Boulogne. 
 
 Bourtie, f. parish of Aberdeenshire, about 
 four miles long, and two iiroad, containing 
 about 4,000 acres, of which dOO are inclosed, 
 and some hundreds planted with wood. 
 The population is about 445. 
 
 Bourtrey, a fl;mrishing village, kingdonn 
 of Auta. Gold Coast of Af ici. 
 
 Boussfic, a towm of France, department 
 of Creuse, situated on a rock, 25 miles jse 
 of Gueret. 
 
 Boutan. See Boolan. 
 
 BOUTAN, an i.^land in the E Indian 
 ocean, about 1 2 miles from the sc part of 
 Celebes. Lon. 123 30 e, Iat, 5 0 s, 
 
 Boutonney a river of France, department 
 of Low^er Charente. 
 
 Bouvillon, See BouiVon. 
 
 Bnuvignes. See Bov 2 gnes. 
 
 Bovy- Traccj/, a village, Devonshire, which 
 has fairs on Holy Tlmr.^dey, and Ju'v 7« 
 BouzonvilL'y a town of France, depart- 
 ment of }he Moselle, scate-d on the Nied| 
 
 27 miles n£ of Metz. 
 
 U2 
 
BOW 
 
 BRA 
 
 BoWf or JBowey a town of Devonshire, 
 whi/ h has a weekly market, and two fairs ; 
 in WhitsuD-week, and Ncv. 29, 14 n iies 
 jfw cf Exeter, and 188 w by s of London 
 
 I>oiv, cr Stratford-le-Boiv, a vihage in 
 Middlesex, two miles ene of London, me- 
 morable for having the first stone bridge 
 ever erected in England ; from the bows or 
 arches of which over the Lea it had its 
 name. It is noted Tor dying scarlet, and 
 has several mills, manufactories, and dis- 
 tilleries on the Lea. It has a fair on 
 Whitson- Thursday. * 
 
 BOW, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 
 50 miles in circuit. Lon. 141 10 w, lat. 
 18 2.3 s. 
 
 Bownn s Hilloclc, an ancient fort Aber- 
 deenshire, three miles w of Pcteihead. 
 
 Bowden, anciently called Bothenden, a 
 parish of Roxburghshire, six miles long, and 
 four and a-half broad, containing about 
 6,700 acres. About three fourths are ara- 
 ble, and one- fourth moss or wood. Herp, in 
 a var.lt adjoining the church, is the bury- 
 ing place of the duke of Roxburgli. In 
 the parish is a military high way, supp.sed 
 to be Roman, with circular camps on emi- 
 nences, where w arlike instruments have been i 
 found. The population is 829. 
 
 Bowden, a town and township in the 
 district of Maine. 
 
 Bovjer a parish, county of Caithness, seven 
 miles long from e to w, and three broad 
 from N to s. The parish is kve), and the 
 cultivated ground consists chiefly of a long 
 extended vale or strath. The population 
 i 1592. 
 
 Bowes, a market town of Yorkshire, si- 
 tuated on one of the Roman military ways, 
 and formerly one of their stations. The 
 antiquity of this place appears from a stone 
 in the church wijich was used for a com- 
 munion table about the beginning of the 1 7tb 
 century, upon which there is an inscription 
 to the emperor Adrian. Here is an in- 
 teresting ruin of a castle, supposed to be 
 the Turris de Arcubiis, built by Alan, first 
 carl of Richmond, in the reign cf the 
 Conqueror. Bowses has a market on Fri- 
 day, and a fair Octo. 1. It is 15 miles 
 from Richmond. 
 
 Bowling- Bay, a place in the county of 
 Dumbarton, wdiere the great canal from 
 the Forth w-as joined to the Ciyvde, on the 
 28th July, 1 790. 
 
 Bowaess, a village of Westmoreland, seat- 
 ed on the E side of Windein crewater rune 
 miles vv by N of Kcijdal. It is the chief 
 place for pleasure and tradiirp;, boats em- 
 ployed on the lake, and also the great market 
 for charcoal and fish. 
 
 Bowncss, a village at the w end of tlie 
 Piets wall, sorted on the Solway Frith, 
 Ci'c.'iher'aod. 15 miles w by n of C.^rl s’e, 
 whv.i a. Ren-an station> it was called BUi- 
 
 } turn Belgium ; from hence Antonius began 
 his Itir.crary. 
 
 Boib- rg, a towm of Germany, late circle 
 of the Rhine, w ith an ancient castle on an 
 eminence, on the Tauber 13 miles w of 
 ) Mergenthein. 
 
 Boxford, cr Boxgrove, a town in the coun- 
 ty of Suffolk. It consists of several streets 
 which centre in an area, and has a church 
 95 feet by 52 wdtbin walls, with a free 
 grammar school, founded by queen Eli- 
 zabeth. Its trade consists in malt-making, 
 and dressing of sheep and deer skin in oil. 
 It has tw o annual fairs, Easter Monday and 
 St. Thomas’s day. Jt is four miles from 
 Stoke, and five from Nay land. 
 
 Boxley, a village near Maidstone, Kent, 
 famous for an abbey fo; r • ^ by the earl of 
 Kent in 11^6, the rer c.;ris of which still 
 j exist. Ir thi.*. abbey E v.vard II granted 
 the charter to the city of London, empower- 
 ing them to elect .i mayor. 
 
 Boxlehude, a t(»w'n of Germany, tenitory 
 of Bremen, on the rivulet Esse. 
 
 Boxiel, a towh of Holland, department 
 of Bommel and Scheldt. Tiie French took 
 it by assault, Sept. ,14. 1794, having beaten 
 I the British and Dutcl) troops commanded 
 j by the duke Yoik, eight miles s of Bois 
 Le 
 
 Boxthnde, a town in the Duchy of Bre- 
 men, Lover Saxony, on the Este, which, 
 unites with the Elbe, 12 jniies sw of 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Boxworth, a towm seven miles w of Cam- 
 brklge. 
 
 Boyle. See Abhcyhoyle. 
 
 Boylston, a towrsliip in Worcester county, 
 Massaebussets. 
 
 Boynaia, a parish cf BamfFshire, five 
 miles long, and from a n-he to a mile and 
 a-half broad, one liad of which is arable, 
 and the other hilly, and fitter for pasture; 
 about 4C0 acres are plart5.’d woth wood. 
 Cultivation is here in a coi>sidera»*ie state of 
 improvement, ow'ing to the exertions of the 
 late earl of Finlater, w'ho iot bi-> lands cn 
 long lesfcs, and granted other h -.ulgcnces 
 vto the farmers, A considerabie fishery 
 is carried on, on the epast. Population, 
 1 . 122 . 
 
 Boyne, a river v.diicn rfses in Queen’s 
 county, memorable for a bottle lought on its 
 banks between Janies 11. and William HI; 
 in 1690. in which the tormer was defeated. 
 It fails into the IriUi channel, below Drog- 
 heda. 
 
 Boyolo, or Bozzolo, a tow n of Italy, dept, 
 of the Mincio, on the Oglio, 15 miles sw of 
 Mantua. 
 
 Bozruh, a town of the state of Connecti- 
 cut, J^ondoii county. 
 
 Bozzolc, a village of Italy, on the e bank 
 of the Lake IVIuggiore. 
 
 Braan, cr Bran, u river of Perthshire, 
 
BRA 
 
 'which descending from the hills E of Loch 
 Tay, unites with the Tay above Dunkeld. 
 At the Rumbling bridge, which is an arch 
 thrown over a narrow chasm, the river is 
 precipitated in a fall of nearly 50 feet. ^ 
 
 BRABANT, a large ci-devant province 
 of the Netherlands for some time incorpo- 
 rated into the French empire, and constitut- 
 ing the de|)a'-tment of Dyle, of which Brus- 
 sels is the capital, as it was formerly of the 
 province. It contains 26 fortified towns ; 
 and the country is very fertile. Its principal 
 rivers are the Scheldt, the Dommel, and the 
 Lys. The northern part belongs to Holland 
 and is styled Dutch Brabant. The southern 
 formerly denominated Austrian Brabant, be- 
 longed to the bouse of Austria. 
 
 Bracadalct a parish in the isle of Sky, In- 
 verness-shire, extending about 26 miles in 
 length, and from 6 to 10 in breadth. The 
 surface is hilly ; the cUmate healthy, though 
 moist; and the soil pretty fertile, but litter 
 for pasture than agriculture. The po- 
 pulation is 1865. Four harbours, and 
 as many islands, belong to the parish. 
 There are two churches, where worship is 
 perfi rmed alternately. There are still to be 
 seen the ruins of several chapels, which have 
 had burying places. Here too are the re- 
 mains of Danish forts, and an aruficial sub- 
 terraneous gro'to. The names ot places are 
 in general Damsb, but the Gaelic is mostly 
 spoken. Kelp black cattle, and sheep, are 
 the principal exports. 
 
 Jfrncciano, a lake of Italy, 12 miles nw 
 of Home, w’ith a towni of the same name on 
 the w side of it, celebrated for its v/arm 
 taths. 
 
 JBraccigliano, a town of Naples, late Prin- 
 cipato Citeriore, seven miles nnw of Sa- 
 lerno. 
 
 BRACKLAU, or Bracklaw’, a palati- 
 nate in the eastern part of Podo'na; also 
 called Lower Fodcdia, which is of greater 
 extent than Upper Podol’a, but, being near 
 the Tarteo'S, is more desolate. At the par- 
 tition of Poiand. this palaiii.ate fell to Rus- 
 sia; capital Bracklaw, oa the Bog, 85 miles 
 Eof Kaminieck. Lon. 28 36 e? lat. 48 5 n. 
 
 Bratkky, an ancient and large borough 
 town, Nc; thamptonshire, on a branch of the 
 river Ouse. It is 18 miles sw of North- 
 ampton, and 63 nw of London. It has two 
 churches, and a free school, which was for- 
 merly an university. 
 
 Bracomovos, a town of the province of 
 Quite, Spanish America. 
 
 Rrad, a town of Sclavonia, situated on the 
 V side of the river Saave. 
 
 BraddocJd s hay^ lies on the s side of Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 Braden^ a lake in Ayrshire, with an island 
 and an old castle in it, 
 
 Bradesly, a village in Worcestershire, 
 near Broinsgrcve, where are the ruins of a 
 
 BRA 
 
 1 superb abbey, founded by the empress MauiS, 
 mother of Henry II. 
 
 Bradjield, a town of Essex, seated on the 
 Blackw'ater, with a market on Thursday, 1 6 
 miles N of Chelmsford, and 44 kne of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Bradford^ a towm in Wiltshire, the centre 
 of the greatest fabric of superfine cloths in 
 England ; which it shares with the surround- 
 ing towns, Trowbridge, Melksham, Corsham, 
 and Chippenham. It is situated on the A- 
 von, 11 miles w of Devizes, and 100 w of 
 London ; and has a market on Monday, and 
 fairs trinity Monday, and Nov. 29. 
 
 Bradfords a town in W Yorkshire, situated 
 in a fertile valley on a branch of the Aire, 
 between Leeds and Halifax. The town has 
 been much improved of late, by the erection 
 of several public buildings. Its trade, which 
 w’^as very considerable, has also been much 
 augmented, by the establishment of an ex- 
 tensive cotton manufacture, and by making 
 a rami ficatiou of the Grand Canal from Hull 
 to Liverpool, ' navigable to this place. Its 
 manufactures are tammies, calimancos, wool- 
 len cloths, wool cards, combs, and leather 
 boxes. In its vicinity is an extensive iron 
 foundry. It is 36 miles sw of York, and 
 106 NNW of London. 
 
 Bradford, a town of Massachusetts, Essex 
 county, where ships are built and shoes mads 
 for exportation. It stands on the Merrimac, 
 opposite Haverhill, 10 miles w of Newbury 
 Port. 
 
 Bradwg, an ancient market town on St 
 Helen’s bay, Isle of Wight, with a con- 
 venient quay, and store-houses for corn, &e. 
 The church is said to have been erected 
 about the year 704, by Wilfrid, bishop of 
 Chichester, who baptized his first convert on 
 this spot; six miles e of Newport, and eight 
 s of Portsmouth. 
 
 Bradnincli, a town of Devonshire, once a 
 considerable place, and sent two members to 
 parliament, but was destroyed by fire. It 
 has a market on Saturday, and fairs April 
 25, and September 21. 
 
 Bradvjood, a thriving and populous village 
 in Lanarkshire, the superiority of which be- 
 longs to the earl of Lauderdale, and Lock- 
 hart of Carnwath. The great Roman road, 
 called WatUng street, passes through the 
 village. 
 
 BR AE-MAR, or Brae-Marr, a moun- 
 tainous district in Aberdeenshire, situated in 
 the middle of the Grampian hills, about 50 
 miles w of Aberdeen. In this district is the 
 castle of Brae- Mar, in possession of the 
 crown and occupied by a party of soldiers ; 
 and one of the three divisions of that exten- 
 sive territory called Mark. 
 
 Brae-Marr, a parish in the above district, 
 anciently called Cenn- Androchait, long sli ce 
 united to that of Crathy^ which see. 
 
 Brae^Moray* ►See fldenkcUlc, 
 
B It A 
 
 BR A^^-MOR A Y, or BnAs-T^irarvAY, a v 
 imountai nous and woodjr district, in the conn- [ 
 ties of Elgin and Nairn. 
 
 Braga, a city of Portugal, capital of the '• 
 province of Entre*Duerj-e-Minho, situated 
 in a feriiie country on the river Crivad;>j 32 i 
 niiies n of Porto Port, and IcO n oi Lisbon. ! 
 It is the see of the primate or Portugal, j 
 Here are four churches, a cathedra), and | 
 eight convents— some ruins of an aqueduct, ' 
 and an amphitheatre. Lon. 8 29 w, lat. 41 ! 
 42 n. i 
 
 Braganza, a city of Portugal, in Tralos ! 
 Montes, situated on an eminence, near the ! 
 rivulet Fervenzo, and divided into the old j 
 city and the new town. The town is in i 
 a plain, and defended by a fort with four I 
 . bastions. It is situated near the river Sabor; ! 
 and carries on a silk manufacture ; 32 miles 
 wKw' of Bloranda, and 88 ke of Oporto. I 
 Eon. 6 30 w, lat. 42 2 n. i 
 
 EliAIDALBIN, or Breabalbane, a I 
 district of Perthshire, extending 32 miles j 
 from E to w, and 13 where broadest, from s ! 
 to N. it is a mountainous country, lying 
 among the Grampian hills, supposed to be 
 the country anciently known by the name of 
 Albania; whence the High anders to this 
 day call ihemseivcs Aibinkh^ The !uune in 
 (Lselic, Braid A*bainn, signifies the higliest 
 j-airt in ScotL nd ; as an evidence of which, i 
 the rivers run partly into the eastern, and 
 partly into the western creau. Tue high i 
 mountains, by their aUi.;cihm of the clouds, 
 cause the rain to Tali in .great abund.-, nee ; 
 the .snow too, lies long upon the Ldls ; and 
 owing to these clrctitr: ioiicer-, the spring iu 
 generai is late and ce J ; bui. w)-en summer 
 commences, by the selection of the sun from 
 die adjacent hills, tiic heat is much greater 
 tlian in the level couatries, and vegetation 
 , advances with great rapiddy In some of 
 the vallies of tlie GraiTipians, barley has often 
 been reaped in good order, nine weeks after 
 it has been sown. Much flax has been cul- 
 tivated ; and born the industrious spirit 
 . which has been gradually gaining among 
 the inhabitants within th.e last 60 years, ! 
 their condition is greatly improved. During ! 
 the summer, many of them are employed in | 
 
 . gathering from the rocks, the corcur, or the j 
 lichen omphaloides, of which great quantities | 
 are exparted for the use of dyers, at the price | 
 of Is. or Is. 4d. per stone. Great flocks of i 
 sheep arere.aredon the mountains, and much’ P 
 wool is sent out of the country. Xenmore, 
 Killin, and Kiifton, are the principle villages ! 
 
 . in the district. The ancient name Albany, 
 al.so affords a Scotch title to the duke of 
 York, and the present name a title of carl 
 to a branch of the family of Campbell, who 
 has a magnificent seat at Taymouth. Ra- 
 ther iV an pay Black Meal, to prevent his 
 district from being plundered, lord Breadal- 
 
 B r; A 
 
 bin, previous to 1745, maintained a constant 
 guard at his^own expence, 
 
 Braila : towm cf European Turkey, Wa- 
 lachia -. 51 the Danube. It has a castle for- 
 tif i vv.th seven towers. It was taken by 
 ti:r; Russian general Ronne, in 1711, but 
 Lte; wards restored; 1 10 miles se of Tergo- 
 visto. 
 
 Br allow, a towm of Poland, Podolia, si- 
 tuated on the river Bog, 30 miles nw of 
 Bracklaw. 
 
 Brain e le Comple, a town of the Nether- 
 lands, Hainault, 15 miles ssw of Brussels. 
 
 Braine, a towm of France, department of 
 Aisne, on the Vesle. 
 
 Braintree, a town in Esses, called Rahu, 
 in Doomsday-book. It has manufactories 
 of baize and soap, with a market on Wed. 
 and faiis May 8, and Oct. 22. It is Joined 
 on the N by the extensive village of Bucking;' 
 is seated on the Blackwater, . and lies 1 1 
 miles KE of Chelmsford, and 40 ke of Lon- 
 don. Also, a township of AYrmont, and 
 another of Massachusetts, Norfolk county, 
 on a bay eight miles s by e of Boston. 
 
 Bralccl, a towm of Germany., circle of 
 Westphalia, on the Erught, principality of 
 Paderboi'fi, 16 miles e of Paderborn. 
 
 Bralio, a lofy mountain of the Alps, 
 country of the Grisons, which separates the 
 valley of JMunstcr from tlie country of Bor- 
 rnio. It is supposed to be the Juga Rhseii- 
 ca of Tacitus. 
 
 Bramnit, a toum of France, department 
 of IMont Blanc, 35 miles nvv of Turin. 
 
 Bramber, a town of Sussex, 51 miles s 
 by w of London, on the Adoiir, adjoining 
 to the s of Sleyning, It was formerly of 
 some account, but has now neither m.nrket 
 nor fair, though it sends two members td 
 parliament, 
 
 Brampore, a towm of India, province of 
 Berar, 220 niiies e of Surat. 
 
 Mrampore, or Brampour, a city of Asia, 
 in the dominions of the Great Mogul, and 
 capital of Candish. It formerly stood on as 
 much ground as London ; butisno^v j^reat- 
 ly decayed, and cinefly inhabited by Banians. 
 In the market-place is the statue of an ele- 
 phant in red stone, as big asiife. On the 
 other side of the river, which intersects the 
 cit 3 % a new town has been built in a better 
 situation. A very great trade is carried on 
 here, and throughout all the province, in 
 which a prodigious quantity of cotton cloth 
 is made. Lon. 77 25 e, lat, 21 10 n. 
 
 Brarnpinn, a town of Cumberland on the 
 Irthing, whth a market on Tuesday, nine 
 miles EKE of Carlisle, and 31 1 nnw of Lou- 
 don. It is a very ancient place, but at 
 present very small, on the top of a hiil in 
 the vicinity is a fortifiod trench, called 
 the moat. 
 
 Bramstedtf a town of Lower Saxony, 
 
BRA 
 
 Holstein, on the Bram. Hear tt is a nnedi- 
 cihal Spring, 21 miles n of Hambarg, 
 
 Bran, a lull of Scotland, Inverness-sb. ; 
 so named (says tradition) from Bran, the 
 famoas dog of Fingal. 
 
 Bran, See Braan. 
 
 Bran, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Bern, on the liver Aar. 
 
 Brananoe, a town of Bohemia, 1 1 miles 
 Nw of Glarz, has a manufacture of cloth. 
 
 , Brancaleone, a town of Naples in the j 
 late province of Calabria lliteriore, and | 
 Neapolitan Republican department of Sr- ! 
 gra, nine miles se of Bova. | 
 
 Brancaster, a village four miles w by x of | 
 Burnham, Norfolk, has an extensive trade in | 
 malt, and was the aPxcient Bransdunum of 
 the Romans^, and then of considerable ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Branchidae, a city on the frontiers of 
 Persia. 
 
 BR AND ANO, the name of a department 
 ofthelute Neapolitan Republic, so called fiom 
 a river that runs into the Gulf of Tarento. 
 
 Brartdeis, & town of Bohemia, 10 miles 
 XE of Prague, on the river Elbe. 
 
 BRANDENBURG, an extensive mar- 
 quisate of Germany. Its greatest length is 
 about 200 miles, and its greasest breadth near 
 100. Its northern situation makes it very cold 
 for seven or eight months in winter. I he 
 soil dn general is far from being fruitful, 
 a great part of it consisting of sand ; yet 
 under the last and present reigns it has 
 been greatly improved, and better peopled 
 than formerly. It abounds in wool, wood, 
 iron, fias, hemp, hops and tobacco. The 
 chief rivers are the Elbe, the Ode'*, the 
 Prignitz, the H ivel, the Waite, aid the 
 Spree. Some of the rivers and lakes abound 
 in fish, and are united by canals. The mar- 
 quisate contains 120 towns, above 2,500 
 villages, and al>out 1,200,000 inhabiunts. 
 Various manufactures and arts, most of 
 which were introduced by the French rs- 
 fugtes, are carried on, especially at Berlin 
 and Potsdam, by v/nich large sums are kept 
 in tise country, and an extensive exportation 
 supported. For the education of youth, and 
 the advancement of learning, besides Latin 
 schools in scjveral places, .and gymnasia, 
 There is an university at Frankfort on the 
 Oder, and an academy at Berlin. Frede- 
 rick VI. ^'f Nuremberg, when he received 
 the perpetual investiture of the city of 
 Brandenburg, (se? the following article.) 
 was also invested by the diet of Constance 
 in 1417, in the principalisy of Branden- 
 burg; having had previously ccnfeired up- 
 on him the dignldes of elector and arch- 
 chamberlain of the holy Roman empire. 
 Brandenburg remained long in subjection 
 to Poland ; and the investiture of Prussia 
 was granted by the Polish kings to each 
 succeeding margrave. Frederick William, 
 
 I b?.vmg concluded a treaty with the king of 
 ! Pohtnd, was acknowdedged to be sovereign 
 j of Ducal Prmsia, by an assembly of ih.e 
 j states of Konigsberg, A D. 1663 By the 
 i treaty of Vienn.j', the emperor corifinnctl 
 ; this title ; and Frederick, the sou of Fre- 
 ' cUrick William wt.s provlaimed king of 
 Prussia, Jan. 18, 1701. By a late state- 
 ment, Brandenburg contributed to tiie 
 revenues • of the Prussian monarchy, 
 1.050,0001. being nearly a third of the 
 whole, ft is divided ht general into the 
 electoral and New Marches. The former 
 ts agaiiii subdivided into Iho old Marclie, 
 and the Ucker I'darcsie. The eld Marche 
 which lies on the w side of the Elbe, be- 
 tw'eeii the river and Lunenburg, is about 
 50 miles in length, and SO in breadth. 
 The greater part of the inhabitants are 
 Ludierans but papusts are tolerated. Ber- 
 lin is the Capital. 
 
 Brandenbvj'g, a city of Germany, and 
 capital of the marquisate, situated on the 
 river Havel. It is divided into the old and 
 new to'ivn ; and was anciently the see of a 
 bishop,. It has a small colony of French 
 Cnivini&ls, with a manufacture of cloth, 
 fast Ian, and canvas; and a good trade is 
 carried cn by the Havel. The fort locks 
 like a suburb ; and contains a riding- school ; 
 with the cathedral church. Brandenburg 
 is of great antiquity. Some historians sny 
 it wa.s founded by the Sclavontans, who 
 gave it the name of Branber, which signi- 
 iies the Guards of the Forests ; and the 
 Germans called it Branbung. The empe- 
 ror Henry I. fortined it in 925, to serve as 
 a rampart against the Huns, and bestowed 
 
 i " "" 
 
 Alt .-. IIJ, 
 
 It descended to Geron, Margrave of 
 Lusatia ; which passed into the families of 
 Stadeii, Ascaoia, Bellenstadt, 2nd that of 
 Biavaria, till the emperor Sigismund, with 
 the coiLsent of the states of the empire, in 
 1416, gave perpetual investlturje to Frede- 
 rick VI. of Nuremburg, and his family. It 
 is 32 miles w by s of Berlin. Lon. 14 15 
 E, lat. 52 45 E. 
 
 Brandenburg N'evj, the capital of the cir- 
 cle of Stutguard, seated on the Tollensee. 
 The houses are neab and the streets remark- 
 ably clean. The town-house and church 
 of St Mary are large structures. It carne.s 
 on a good trade in hops. It is 72 miles N 
 of Berlin. Lon. 15 22 e, lat. 55 40 x. 
 
 Brandenburg, a town of Ducal, Prussia, 
 seated at the x end of the Frische Half; 13 
 miles svv of Koiiigs'oerg. 
 
 Brandon, a towm of Suffolk, on the river 
 Ouse, over w’hich it has a bridge, and a ferry 
 at a mje’s distance ; whence it is divided 
 into Brandon, and Brandon ferry ; vvhich 
 last has the most business, because common 
 dities are brought thither from the isle of 
 
 the government on Sifroi, count of Ringel- 
 I heitn, wdlh the title of Margrave or Jfar- 
 
 [j 
 
B R A 
 
 BRA 
 
 TJ.y. It has an cxieiuhlve traile in com, 
 malt, timber and coal. In the vicinity are 
 piodiictive rabbit warrens. From this place 
 the duke of Hamilton received his British 
 title. It lies 17 miles s by w of Bury, and 
 78 NNE of London. 
 
 BRANDYPOTS, islands of the United 
 States in the river St Lawrence. 
 
 Brandywine^ a river of the United States, 
 famous for a bloody battle fought on its 
 banks between the British and Americans 
 on the 11th Sept. 1777, which lasted the 
 whole day, and ended in the defeat of the 
 latter. Also a township of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brmiford, a town of the United States, 
 New- Haven county, Connecticut, seated on 
 a river of the same name, which fails into i 
 Long Island sound, 10 miles e of Newha- 
 ven, and 40 s by w of Hartford. In its vi- 
 cinity are many iron works. 
 
 Bramka, a town of Transylvania, seated 
 on the Merish, 35 miles s of Weissenburg. 
 
 Branteik Welhy a mineral spring, Dum- 
 fries'shire, whicli, though several yards 
 deep, and situated in an extensive moss, 
 contains a very strong sulphureous water, 
 more powerful than that of Moffat, and 
 used with great success in scorbutic and 
 scrophulous cases. Near it are three cha 
 lybeats springs with nature and virtue similar 
 to Hartfeil spa. Here are the remains of 
 A druidical temple 
 
 BRASIL, or BRAZIL, a large country 
 of S America, being the eastarmost part of 
 that continent, lying between the equinoctial 
 pile, and 35 degrees lat. s ; and between 35 
 , degrees and 60 degrees ion. w. It is about 
 1560 miles in length, and 1,000 in breadth ; 
 but measuring along the coast, it is 2,000 
 miles long, and including its windings 5,000. 
 It was discovered by Alvares Cabral, a Por- 
 tfeguese who was forced upon it by a tern- 
 pest in 1500, and has since remained under 
 the dominion of Portugal, giving the title of 
 prince to the heir^ apparent of that kingdom. 
 The Portuguese have divided the coast into 
 the provinces of Paria, Maragnano Siara, 
 Rio Grande, Pareiba, Tainarica Fernain- 
 bucca, Seregippe, Bahia, Porto Saguro, Es- , 
 perito SantO; llio de Janeiro Angra, St j 
 Vincent, and Del Rey. The first aspect of j 
 Brazil from the see is rather unfavourable, 
 but, on a more narrow inspection, nolhing 
 can be more beautiful ; the eminences are 
 covered with woods, and the vaiLes with the 
 most refresliirg verdure. In so vest a tract 
 of laud, it cannot be imagined that the cli- 
 mate will be found at all equal, or the sea- 
 sons uniform The ncrtlicrn provinces are 
 subject to heavy rains, var-uhie wuids, torna- 
 does, storms, and the utnu st fury ot the 
 elements; while the soutfieily r^gsons are 
 blessed with all the comforts whicn a fine 
 fertile soil and temperate climate can aifoid. 
 In sonjie of the provinces the heat of the 
 
 ' cliinaie favours tlie generation of a variefy 
 of poisonous reptiles; .some of whiefi, as tl.^e 
 liboya, or roebuck snake, are said to extend 
 to the length of 30 feet, and to be tiW) or 
 I three yards in circumference. Here also are 
 scorpions, ant-bears, tygers, porcupines, ja- 
 I nonveras and an animal called tapiras&aut 
 
 ( which is the production of a bull and an ass, 
 having a great resemblance to both No 
 country on earth affords a greater number of 
 I beautiful birds or greater variety of the most 
 exquisite fruits; the chief commodities are 
 Brazil wood, ebony, dying woods, amber- 
 gris, rosin, balsams, indigo, svveet-raeat.t, 
 sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, beautiful 
 pebbles, crystal, emeralds, jasper, and other 
 precious stones; in all which the Portu- 
 guese carry on an amazing trade. The gold 
 and diamond mines were first opened ia 
 1681 ; and have since yielded above five 
 railiions sterling amiualiy, of which sum a 
 fifth belonged to the crown. The revenue 
 arising to the crown from this colony was 
 estimated at tw'o njillions sterling in gold, 
 exclusive of the dudes on the exports of the 
 country. These exports were of late years a- 
 inazingly increased, inconsequence of the va.st 
 confluence of people hither enlarging th« 
 importation of European commodities. 
 From Great Britain they receive woollen 
 manufactures of ail sorts ; from France, 
 Holland, and Germany, lace, thread, and 
 fine hollands; and from Italy, and other 
 countries, silk manufactures, lead, tin, and 
 other metals. There was also a great trad® 
 in various articles, carried on by the Euro- 
 pean stales with Portugal, for the use of the 
 Brazils. From these various and extensive 
 channels, the trade of Portugal was enlarged, 
 that instead of 1 2 vessels formerly employ- 
 ed in the Brazil commerce, there were sel- 
 dom fewer than 100 sail constantly engaged. 
 The channels of this trade however, must 
 now be greatly altered and circumscribed, 
 since the tyrannic power of Bonaparte has 
 obliged the royal family and court of Por- 
 'tugal to leave their ancient seat and king- 
 dom, and settle in the Brazils. The natives 
 who inhabit the inland parts live almost in 
 a state of nature : they are copper coloured, 
 go naked, cohabit indiscriminately, and have 
 no temples and no signs of religion; they 
 are strong, lively, and gay, and subject to 
 few’^ diseases. Their hammocks and dishes 
 constitute their furniture Their knives are 
 made of Sl one, and their arms bows, arrows, 
 and wooden Clubs. St, Sebastian is the 
 Capital. 
 
 Breshuv. a city of Lithuania, and capital 
 of ihe pel iliante of Wiliia, situated on the 
 N of a lak- which communicates w'ith the 
 Owiaa. It is a large town situated 76 
 miles nne of Wilna. Lon. 26 48 e, lat, 
 56 46 N, 
 
 BRASSA, an island lying in the noted 
 
BRA 
 
 sound of Brassa, on tbe coast of Shetland, [ 
 in which 1,000 vessels might be commo- I 
 diously moored. It abounds w'ith herrings. 
 
 Brassaw, or Cronstadt^ a strong town of 
 Transylvania, in Borezlaiid, on the Burezel, 
 50 miles E by n of Hermanstadt. Lon 25 
 55 E, lat. 4d 50 n. 
 
 BRASS ISLAND, one of the Virgin 
 islands. 
 
 Brass Toioriy in the state of Tennesee, 
 100 miles s of Knoxville, situated near the 
 source of the Hiwasee, to the south about 
 two millpis the enchanted mountain, famous 
 for the curiosities found among its rocks, con- 
 sisting of the tracks of bears, horses, turkies, 
 and human beings, with impressions as exact 
 as could be formed in snow or sand. 
 
 Brastedj a village in Kent, lias fairs. May 
 23d, and Ascension day 
 
 Braltleborough, a post-town of the United 
 States, in Windham country, Vermont. Tt 
 is 23 miles e of Bennington, 70 wnw of 
 Boston, and 312 from Philadelphia, 
 
 BRAVA, one of the Cape Verd Islands, 
 is inhabited by Portuguese. It is moun- 
 tainous, but fertile, and abounds wdth hogs, 
 asses, beeves, and horses. Of its three har- 
 bours. Porto Ferreo on the s, is the best for 
 large vessels. Lon 24 39 w, lat. 14 52 n. 
 
 BRAVA, a republic on the southern ex- 
 tremity of the kingdom of Magadoxa, and 
 the only one in Africa. It w'as founded by 
 seven Arabian brethren, w'ho lied hither from 
 the tyranny of Lacah, a petty monarch of 
 Arabia. The city of Brava, is now large 
 and populous, and the greatest mart 011 all 
 the coast. Its merchants are rich, carrying 
 on an extensive trade in gold, silver, ele- 
 phants teeth, ambergris, silk, cotton, and 
 other stuffs. The republic is under the pro- 
 tection of the king of Portugal^ The city 
 of Brava lies in Ion. 43 23 n, lat. I 20 n. 
 
 Braubachy a town of Germany, in Wet- 
 teravia, situated on the Rhine, eight miles s 
 of Coblentz. 
 
 Braughing, a toWn in Hertfordshire, on 
 the K side of the Roman road. It is two 
 miles N of Puckeridge, and 31 from London, 
 
 It has a fair on Whit- Monday. 
 
 Braulio. See Bralio, 
 
 Brauna, Braunauy BraunmOy or BranaUs 
 a town of Germany, on the river Inn, it lies 
 28 miles sw of Passau. It was formerly | 
 the residence of the elector of Bavaria. In I 
 3 742 it was conquered by the Austrians; and j 
 ceded to them in 1779, by the peace of Tes- | 
 chen. In 1803 it w'as subdued by the i 
 French and Bavarians, but now freed from 
 the yoke of the former. Lon. 13 3 e, lat. 
 
 48 10 N. 
 
 Braunsburgy a town of Regal Prussia, 
 situated near the Baltic sea. Lon. 20 0 e, 
 lat. 45 15 N. 
 
 Braunsburgy a trading towm of Polish 
 Prussia, in Ermeland. It is situated on the 
 6 
 
 B R E 
 
 Passarge, 18 miles ne of Elbing. In 1733 
 was established here an academy for Catho- 
 lics. 
 
 ^ Braunfels, a town of Germany, in the late 
 circle of the Upper Rhine, 10 miles w by s 
 of Wetslaer, and 30 nne of Metz. It is the 
 capital of the county of Solms. Its castle 
 is in a state of decay, but its palace the resi- 
 dence of the prince of Solms. Braunfels is 
 a magnificent structure. Lon. 8 33 e, iat. 
 50 30 N, 
 
 liraunston, a village in Northamptonsl.ire, 
 where the grand junction- canal totheXimmes 
 commences; which renders it the central 
 place of inland navigation to the four princi- 
 pal sea- ports of the country. It is four 
 miles Nw of Daventry. 
 
 Braijy a sea-port town of Ireland, in the 
 county of V/icklow, 12 miles sse of Dublin, 
 and 13 N of Wicklow. Lon. 6 1 w, iat. 53 
 
 11 N. 
 
 Bra^y a town of Berkshire, on the Thames, 
 a mile from Maidenhead, celebrated in song 
 for its vicar, who in four successive reigns 
 was tivice a protestant, and twice a papist, as 
 his leading principle was to live and die 
 vicar of Bray. 
 
 Bray ^sue~ seine, a town of France, in the 
 department of Aube, it is situated on the 
 Seine. Lon. 3 2 G e, lat. 48 25 n. 
 
 Bray-sur-somraey a town of France, in 
 the department of Somme. 
 
 Brazioly a city of Italy, in the Gulf of 
 Venice. 
 
 BRAZZA, or BRAZZO, a mountain- 
 ous island of Italy, with a town of the same 
 name in the Gulf of Venice, 28 miles long, 
 10 broad, and 70 in circumference. The 
 land is very fertile, producing wine, almonds, 
 figs, saffron, silk, and mastich. Its cheese 
 and wool are in great repute. Nericki is 
 the capital. Lon. 17 35 e, Iat 43 50 n. 
 
 Bre, or Brenno, a town of Italy, on the 
 East Bank of the Oglio, containing about 
 1000 citizens, 
 
 Breacan, Gnlph of, lies on the w coast of 
 Argyllshire, between the islands of Jura and 
 Scarba. It is narrow, and forming a com- 
 munication between the Atlantic, and the in- 
 ternal sea on the coast of Argyll, the rapid- 
 ity and violence of the tides are tremendous. 
 Immense bodies of water tumble headlong, 
 as over a precipice ; then rebounding from 
 the abyss, meet the torrents from above. 
 The noise of their conflict is heard through 
 the surrounding islands. 
 
 Breadalbane See Braidalbin. 
 
 Breach neck hill, a hill of ihe United 
 States, 60 miles n of New York, opposite 
 I Butter hill. 
 
 I Breamyin Gloucestershire, 
 
 j Breatvish, a river, Northumberland, 
 
 j Brearidgey in Northumberland. Brear-^ 
 touy two villages; 1. in Durham; 2. s.^ 
 
 I Yorkshire, 
 
 X 
 
:l;f 
 
 B R E 
 
 . ^fehsg, or Brebagta7'$Jcin, a hill in Suthcr- 
 landshire. 
 
 li^rehlnce, or Bourhince, a river of France. 
 
 Brechin, a parish of Scotland, in For- 
 farshire, extending about seven miles and a- 
 half in length from e to w, and nearly as 
 much in breadth from n to s. The ground 
 on both sides is rocky, and abounds in free- 
 stone. I’he climate is dry, and in general 
 healthy, A considerable quantity of oats 
 and barley is exported. 
 
 Brechin, a town in the above parish, situ- 
 ated on the declivity of a hili, the foot of 
 which is washed by the river South- Esk. 
 The town was formerly w^alied about, and 
 some remains cf the gates may still be Seen. 
 It consists of cue long handsome street, with 
 two smaller oiscs, and several bye lanes. 
 The rovfdty extends half a mile everyway 
 from the cross, but the suburbs stretch a 
 considerable wsy farther; towards the e and 
 .s as^e what are called the Tenements i these 
 are buildings independent of the burgh, and 
 held in feu from the proprietor of South- Esk. 
 
 At 
 
 the Tenements is a stone 
 
 the end 
 
 over the South- Esk of two large 
 arches. The whole town is well supplied 
 with water, by means of leaden pipes. 
 Brechin w^as a Vich bishopric founded by 
 David I. about 1150. At the reformation, 
 its revenues in money amounted to 7001. a- 
 year. The cathedral is a Gothic piK sup- 
 |)ortcd by 12 pillars; in length 166 feet, in 
 breadth 61 ; part is ruinous, and part serves 
 as the parish church. The steeple is a hand- 
 some tow^er 1 20 feet high, with a fine spire. 
 Near the church stands a circular tower, of 
 exquisite workmanship acd elegant propor- 
 tions, consisting of 60 courses of stones, 
 with a stair- case to the top. This tower 
 which is 50 feet high to the roof, out of 
 which rises a spire of 25 feet adorned with 
 sculptural devices, has often been observed 
 to shake with a high wind. This monu- 
 ment of antiquity is believed to have been 
 erected by the ih'cts. The Caldees had a 
 convent here which w'as followed by one of 
 Red Friars, and ihe wallfe of an hospital, or 
 Maiion J)ien, founded in 1256, by William 
 de Erechen, are yet standing. In 1452 was 
 fought a battle near this place between the 
 Royaiisti under the Earl of Huntly, and 
 those who had taken arms to revenge the 
 murder of the ear] of Douglass in Stirling 
 Castle, in the time of James I. On an 
 enrdue!ice, a liu’c s of the town stands the 
 ancient castle orBrechin, the residence of the 
 family of Maule, formerly earls of Paamuie. 
 It stands on the site of one which in 1506 
 withstood the arms of Edw'ard I. of England 
 
 ancestor of t\\Q prcseiit proprietor, was killed 
 by a r tene thion n from an engine, it was 
 forced to suirendcr, Brechin is a royal 
 burgh, and with lour olhcis 
 
 B R E 
 
 member to parliament. It lies about eight 
 miles from the harbour of Montrose ; and 
 the tide flows wdthin two miles of the town. 
 Most of the merchants deal in linen and 
 yarn, and the manufacture of brown linen 
 and sail cloth is considerable. Brechin has 
 also a bleachfield, and a considerable tan-» 
 ncry, besides breweries ; which makes excel- 
 lent porter, large quantities of which are ex- 
 ported to London. The best attended fair 
 is iho Trinity. The population of the towm 
 and parish 5466. It is 64 miles ne from 
 Edinburgh, Lon. 2 18 e, lat. 56 46 n. 
 
 Brecknock, or Brecon, a large town of S 
 Wales, and capital of Brecknocksh. It has a 
 market on W ednesday and Friday. Its once 
 proud castle is now crumbled into ruins. It 
 has a fine arsenal, and on the e of the town a 
 lake well stored with fish. On the south 
 are the mountains called the Brecknock 
 Beacons— «the highest of which, viz, Cader 
 Arthur, is the loftiest in S Wales. It is aa 
 ancient place, and contains three churches. 
 
 It is numerously inhabited, the houses are 
 w'ell built ; and there is a considerable wool- 
 len manufactory. It sends one member to 
 parliament. It is 54 miles nw by w' of Mon- 
 mouth, and 171 w by n of London. Lon. 
 
 3 22 w, lat. 51 54 n. 
 
 Brecknockshire, a county of Wales. It is 
 59 miles long, 27 broad, and about 100 irt 
 circumference ; containing 600,000 acres, 
 and 51,655 inhabitants. It is surrounded 
 with hills, which renders the air pretty tem- 
 perate. The interior is itself very moun- 
 tainous. The soil on the hills is very stony, 
 but the valleys are fruitful both in corn and 
 grass. The chief commodities are corn, 
 cattle, fish, and otters fur; there are also 
 manufactures of cloth and stockings. The 
 principal rivers are the Usk, the Wye, and 
 the Yrvod. Tlfe chief towns are Brecknock, 
 Bealt and Hay. This county sends a mem- 
 ber to parliament. It is in the diocese of 
 Llandaff; contains 61 parishes, and four 
 market towms ; and is divided into six hun- 
 dreds. In the s part it abounds with iron 
 and coal. 
 
 Breda, a city of Holland, in the cl- 
 dc vant Dutch Brabant, and department of 
 the Dommel and Scheldt, surrounded. on all 
 sides by water and morasses. It is a large, 
 populous, w'ell-built city, regularly fortified 
 in the modern way, and is one of the strong- 
 j est places on the Dutch frontiers. It is si- 
 tuated on the river Merek, it is 40C0 paces 
 in circumference, and contains upwards of 
 2000 bouses. The towm is of a triangular 
 figure, and at every angle there is a gate 
 built with brick. The great church is 
 
 noble structure, 
 feet high. The mausoleum of Angelbeit: 
 II. count of Nassau, is a curious piece, a- 
 dorned with several statues and inscriptions. 
 In 1625, after a siege of ten moiitl 
 
B R E 
 
 taken by the Spaniards, but retaken by the 
 Pringe of Orange i-n 1637. In February 
 1793, it was surrendered to the French Re- 
 publican army, by count Byland, after a 
 siege of only three days ; but was retaken 
 soon after. It lies 22 miles w by s of 
 BoiS'lc-Duc ; 22 ne of Bergen-op» Zoom ; 
 25 NNE of Antwerp ; and 60 s of Amster- 
 -dam. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 51 35 n. 
 
 liredorii a healthy pleasant village near 
 Breedon Hills, Worcestershire. It is five 
 miles NNE of Ashby de la Zouch, and eight 
 from Pershore, It stands at the foot of a 
 high limestone rock, on the top of which 
 the church is built, and from whence there 
 is an extensive prospect. 
 
 Bredsted, a town in the Duchy of Sles- 
 wick, Denmark, 21 miles wnw of Sleswick. 
 
 BreedCs Hill, an eminence to the n of 
 Charlestown, Massachusetts, famous for the 
 resistance made to the British troops, by 
 •the Americans, on the 17th of June 1775, 
 usually denominated the battle of Bunkers- 
 bill. 
 
 Breganzon, a strong castle of France. 
 
 Bregentz, or Bergentz, a town of Tyrol, 
 in Germany, situated at the mouth of a 
 river of the same napae, at the e end of the 
 lake of Constance, six miles se of Lindau. 
 Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 47 36 n. 
 
 Bregna^ a fortress of Hungarian Dalmatia. 
 
 BKEHAR, one of the Scilly islands, 
 lying 30 miles almost directly w of the 
 Land’s End, in Cornwall, between the isles 
 of Micario, Guei Trescaw, and Bamson. 
 Lon. 6 47 w, lat. 50 2 n. 
 
 Brehna, a town in Saxony, formerly capital 
 of a county. It is eight miles ke of Halle. 
 
 Brele, a river of France, which divides 
 the department of the Lower Seine from 
 that of Somme. 
 
 Brema, a. town of Italy, in the Milanese, 
 on the frontiers of Monserrat, 28 miles w of 
 Pavia. 
 
 BREMBANA, a district of Italy, in the 
 late republican department of the Serio, and 
 containing 1 9,400 citizens, who carry on an 
 extensive trade in cattle, coals, wool, silk, 
 cheese, iron, &c. 
 
 Brembo, a river of Italy, which runs 
 through the Lower Vale of Brembana, 
 
 Bremganten, a considerable town of Swit- 
 zerland, in the territory of Fyen Aompter, 
 in the free lov/er Baliwics, betw^een the 
 cantons of Bern and Zurich. The inhabi- 
 tants are Roman Catholics, and deal chiefly 
 in paper. It is very advantageously situated 
 on the fiver Reuss; 10 miles w of Zurich, 
 Lon. 8 i 7 E, lat. 47 23 n. 
 
 BREMEN, a duchy of Germany, in 
 the circle of Lower Saxony, lying between 
 the rivers Weser and the Elbe, the former 
 separates it from Odenburg, the latter from 
 Holstein, The air is cold ; but the country 
 
 is fertile, and well peopled. It formerly be- 
 
 B R E 
 
 IcDged to Sweden, but was conquered by 
 the king of Denmark, who sold it to the 
 king of Great Britain, as Elector of Flan- 
 over, 1719. In wunter it is subject to in- 
 undations. Stade is the seat of regency. 
 
 Bremen, a large, populous, and very 
 strong city, the capital of the duchy, and 
 before the late dissolution of the German 
 empire imperial and free. The river Weser 
 runs through it, and divides it into the old 
 and new town. The town is governed by 
 its own magistrates, and is divided into four 
 quarters, each of which has a burgomaster. 
 In the middle, there is a large market- 
 place, with the statue of Rolando, It has 
 a harbour nine miles below the town, and 
 had a great trade in iron, flax, hemp, and 
 linen, v/ith France, England, Spain, and 
 Portugal; and in return imported provi- 
 sions, with which it supplied W'estphalia, 
 and the countries about Hanover. In 175/ 
 it was taken by the French, who were driven 
 out by the Hanoverians in 1758, In 18 iO 
 it fell under the dominion of France, but h 
 now free from their yoke. It is 22 miles k 
 of Oldenburg,, and 62 wnw of Zell. Lon. 
 8 48 E, lat. 53 6 N. 
 
 Bremen, Veerd, or Bremen Woerd, a town 
 in Bremen, defended by a castle and seated 
 near the Oste, 32 miles x by e of Bremen. 
 Here is kept the chancery of the duchv. 
 Lon. 0 35 E, lat. 53 58 n. 
 
 Bremenuvorde, a fortified town of Lower 
 Saxony. Lon 8 35 E, lat. 53 48 n. 
 
 Brendola, a large town of Italy. 
 
 Brenne, a ci-devant territory of France, 
 in the department of Indre and Loire. 
 
 Breno, a town of Bresciaao, Italy, on 
 the Dglio, 56 imies n of Brescia. 
 
 Brent, a small town of Devonshire, wilTh 
 a market on Satuiday, and two fairs, on 
 May 13, and Oct. 10, for horned cattle. It 
 lies six miles from Ashburton, 198 w by s 
 of London. Lon. 4 2 w, lat. 50 35 x. 
 
 Brent, or Brent Brook, a rivulet of Mid- 
 dlesex, which falls into the Thames. 
 
 Brenta, Brente, a river of Germany, 
 which rises from two lakes in Tyrol, and 
 falls into the Lacuna of Venice, near Bron- 
 dolo. 
 
 Brentford, a town of Middlesex, situated 
 on the river Brent, whence it derives its 
 name. It is divided into three parishes, 
 VIZ. Old Brentford, New Bienlford, evd 
 Brentford End. Old Brentford was rebuilt 
 in 176^, is situated upon a fine rising bank, 
 close to the Thames, and the grand jnnclian 
 canal. Brentford has a market- house, two 
 charity schools, a large flour mill, and an 
 extensive pottery and trade in bricks. Here 
 the members of Parliament for the county 
 of Middlesex are elected. It lies on the great 
 road to the w, seven miles from London. 
 
 Brent' wood, or Bruntzvood, a town of Es- 
 sex, on a rising gronud, oa the road from 
 X 2 
 
B R E 
 
 I^oiidon to Colchester ; it has a market on 
 Tuesday, and is 11 miles wsw of Chelms- 
 ford, and 18 ene of London. 
 
 Brentwood, a township of New Hamp- 
 shire, containing 976 citizens in 1790. 
 
 Breschcns, a town of Holland, in the 
 island of Cadsand, 10 miles n of Sluys. 
 
 Brescia, a city of Italy, and capital of the 
 late province of Bresciano, and the depart- 
 ment of Mela. It is situated in an agree- 
 able plain on the river Garza. The cathe- 
 dral and palace are adorned with elegant 
 paintings. In the former is preserved the 
 standard of Constantine. It is nine miles 
 in circumference, and contains 48,000 ci- 
 tizens, w'he are said to clear annually by 
 their trade in silk, flax, and iron, 1, *200, 000 
 rix dollars, (21,0001. Sterling) besides a 
 profitable commerce in linen, wool, and oil. 
 This place is famous for its manufacture of 
 fine arms. In 1796 it was taken by the 
 French, and retaken by the Austrians in 
 1799, and again fell under the controul of 
 France, in 1800. It lies 55 miles n of Cre- 
 mona, and 95 w of Venice. Lon. 10 5 e, 
 lat. 45 51 N. 
 
 BRESCIANO, a ci-devant province of 
 Italy, in the territory of Venice, included 
 • in the late Italian republic, and divided into 
 the departments of the Mela and Benaco ; 
 bounded on the n by the Grisons ; on the 
 E by the lake Garda ; on the s by Mantua 
 and the Crenanese; and on the w by Ber- 
 gamosco. It is very fertile in corn, hemp, 
 flax, maize, olives, and fruits. It has supe- 
 rior pastures, mines of iron, and copper. It is 
 watered by several small rivers. The whole ci- 
 devant districts of the town contain 200,000 
 citizens, of whom 45,000 are farmers. Bres- 
 cia is the capital. 
 
 BresseUo. See BersoUo* 
 
 Breslau, or Breslaw, a small duchy 
 of Lower Silesia, in Germany. It is every 
 where level and flat ; is an excellent corn 
 and pasture country, abounding with herds of 
 cattle, and flocks of sheep; but destitute of 
 wood, except in one district. Both the 
 property and jurisdiction belong to the king 
 of Prussia. 
 
 Breslau, or Breslaw, the chief town of 
 the duchy, and of all Silesia; situated at the 
 conflux of the Oder and Oblau. Including 
 the suburbs, it is of great extent ; having 
 many large regular squares, broad streets, 
 stately public and private edifices; but the 
 fortifications are of no importance. The 
 popish university and the exchange are mag- 
 nificent structures. The city is the scat cf 
 all the high colleges ; and the third in rank, 
 next to Berlin and Konigsberg, in the whole 
 Prussian dominions. Its trade and manu- 
 factures are very considerable ; especially in 
 linen, leather, and Hungarian wines, and it 
 some good public libraries, two ar- 
 mouries, a college cx Physicians, and a mint, 
 
 B R E 
 
 the two principal churches belonging to the 
 protestants. It is very populous. It was 
 taken by the king of Prussia, in 1741, and 
 retaken by the Austrians in 1757 ; but the 
 king of Prussia took it back again the same 
 year. Breslaw is 1 1 2 miles e of Prague, and 
 165 N of Vienna. Lon. 17 9 e, lat. 51 5 n, 
 
 Bresle, a river in the n of France, which 
 separates the department of the Lower Seine 
 from that of Somme, and discharges itself 
 into the English channel at Treport. 
 
 Bresle, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhone and Loire. 
 
 BRESSAY, or Brassa, an island of 
 Scotland, about four miles long, and two 
 broad, lying about six miles e of the coast 
 of Shetland, from which it is separated by 
 the Sound. It is famous for excellent 
 slates, and breeds horses, black cattle, and 
 sheep, of which both the mutton and wcol 
 are excellent. Here are some perpendicular 
 stones and ruins of castles ; one of the latter 
 is a good land mark for vessels entering 
 Bressay Sound. The smallness of the 
 farms, want of leases, and servinuic to the 
 proprietors prevent the improvement of the 
 soil. Lon. 10 w, lat. 60 10 n. Population 
 about 670. 
 
 Bressay Sound is esteemed one of the 
 best harbours of Britain, and here the Eng- 
 lish and Dutch busses and whale ships re- 
 sort, to the N is a sunken rock, called the 
 unicorn, after the name of a ship which was 
 dispatched after Botlnvell, when after the 
 ruin of queen Mary’s party, he fled to Shet- 
 land, which ship was wrecked on that rock. 
 
 Bressa, Burra, and Quarff, three united 
 parishes of Scotland, in the county, and on 
 the coast of Shetland ; comprehending also 
 the islands of Noss, Havera, and House. 
 They are in all, above 10 miles long, and 
 two broad. The climate is damp, but 
 healthy. The population is J550. 
 
 BRESSE, a ci-devant province of 
 France, with a town of the same name. It 
 is 40 miles from n to s, and 25 from e to 
 vl. It is fertile in corn and hemp, has fine 
 pastures, and several lakes wdth plenty of 
 fish. The French got possession of it in 
 1601. It now forms the department of Ain. 
 
 Bressci, See Breste. 
 
 Bressuire, a town of France, with a col- 
 lege, in tl.e department of the two Sevres. It 
 is 35 miles nw of Poictiers. Lon. 0 50 \v 
 lat. 46 50 N. 
 
 Brest, a maritime town of France, in the 
 department of Cape Finistere. situated on 
 the declivity of a hill, on the side of its port, 
 which is tiie largest in the kingdom, and 
 will hold 500 ships at a time. It was cn- 
 
 f * 
 
 tirely consumed by fire in 1744. The 
 craggy entrance into the port is narrow, and 
 guarded by a strong castle situated on a 
 rock, which cannot be attempted on the sea 
 side j and it is defended, on the land side by 
 
B R E 
 
 B R I 
 
 a large ditch, and other fortifications. The | 
 streets are very narrow, ill contrived, few 
 in number, and have all a descent. A 
 great quay surrounds this side of the port, 
 which is above a mile long, ar.d 200 paces 
 broad ; and there are magazines on the 
 quay full of foreign mei i har. hzcs. On the 
 other side or the pt-rt the fine church cf 
 Notre Dame is at tiie bottoin of 
 
 the harbour, th?' e ^ two docks very com- 
 modious for ; building of large ships. 
 Tiie ent>;=rx;:e into the harbour is called the 
 gulkt, art: a pass:ige extremely difficult, 
 
 bn accou r of the sunk rocks on both sides 
 ofti.e slu re. Louis XI V. built the arsenal, 
 and his successor established a marine acade- 
 my. The English were frustrated in an at- 
 tempt to take this place in 1694. It has 
 every accommodation for the navy; is 
 SO miles south-east of Morlaix, and 325 n 
 of Paris. Lon. 4 29 w, lat. 48 23 n. 
 
 BRESTE, a palatinate and province of 
 Cujavia, in Polar.u, 
 
 irestej Bressid, or Bresese, the capital 
 of the above palatinate, situated on the river 
 Bog. 80 miles e of Warsaw. It is a forti- 
 fied town, and has a castle built upon a 
 rock. -Lon. 24 6 e, lat. 52 4 n. 
 
 BRETAGNE, a ci-devant province of 
 France, now formed into five departments, 
 See Brittany. 
 
 Breteuilf a town of France, on the Iton, 
 in the department of Eure, 1 5 miles sw of 
 Evreux. Lon. 1 0 e, lat. 48 56 n. 
 
 Breteul, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Oise, 14 miles nne of Beauvais, 
 and 1 8 s of Amiens. 
 
 BRETON, CAPE, or Cape Britain, 
 an island near the eastern continent of 
 North America, lying between 450 deg. 
 and 47 deg. lat. n. It is separated from 
 Nova Scotia by a narrow strait, called Can- 
 so ; and is about 100 miles in length, and | 
 from 20 to 70 in breadth. The dampness j 
 of the soil is exhaled in fogs, without render- 
 ing the air unwholesome; but the climate 
 is very cold. On the coast is abundance of 
 cod. The English took it from the French 
 in 1745. The capital is Louisbufgh. 
 
 Bretten^ a palatine bailiwick of Germany, ! 
 ceded to Baden in 1802. 
 
 BreUen^ a town of Germany, in the cir- 
 cle of the Lower Rhine. It lies 18 miles j 
 SE of Spire. 
 
 BRETTIGAW, a territory or valley of 
 the Grisuns. Castels is the principal town. 
 
 Bretion-Halti nw of Barnsley, Yorksh. 
 
 Brevordt, a town of Guelderland. Lon. 
 
 6 35 E, lat. 52 5 n. 
 
 Brevordti a town of Holland, county of 
 Zutphen, with a castle seated in a morass, 
 24 miles se of Zutphen. 
 
 Brewers, a town of the district of Maine, 
 in Washington county, at the mouth of the , 
 Scoodick, bay of Passamaquoddy, 25 miles S 
 
 NNE of Machias. Lon. 67 35 w, lat. 44 
 58 N. 
 
 Brewer's Haren, a good harbour at the 
 N end of the island of Chiloe, on the coast 
 of Chili, in S America. Lon. 82 0 w, 
 lat. 42 0 s. 
 
 Brewington* Fort, in the state of New 
 Yo^k, at the w end of lake Oneida, 24 
 miles SE of Fort Orwego, and 45 w of 
 Fort Stanwix. 
 
 Brewliouses, a harbour of Scotland, in 
 Dumfrics-shire. 
 
 Breivood, 1 0 miles s by w of Stafford, and 
 129 NW of London. It has a fair, Septem- 
 ber 1 9, and a market on Tuesday. 
 
 Brey, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Lower Meuse, on the river 
 Neer, in the territory of Liege, frontiers of 
 Brabant; 14 miles n of Maestricht. Lon. 
 5 39 E, lat. 55 4 n. 
 
 BreyU a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the lile and the Villaine. 
 
 Briancon, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Alps. It has a fine 
 bridge over the Durance, 180 fee' high, 
 and a strong castle, and other fonifi cations. 
 It has a fine church, and in its v cinity 
 manna is collected from a sort of pine-tree. 
 It lies 20 miles n of Embrun, Lon. 6 25 
 E, lat, 44 52 N. 
 
 BRIANCONNOIS. a ci-devant terri- 
 tory of France, in Dauphiuy. It com- 
 prehends several valleys, though it is ex- 
 tremely cold, yet it is fertile in corn and 
 pastures. Briancon is the capital. It is 
 now comprehended in the department of 
 Upper Alps. 
 
 Brian-connet, a fortress of Savoy, in the 
 Taraxitaise, near the town of Moastiers, on 
 a high rock to which there is access only 
 on one side, where it is ascended by upwards 
 of 200 steps. It lies on the ordinary rout 
 from Savoy to Italy. 
 
 Briar- Creek, a river of Georgia, which 
 runs into the Savannah. Here general 
 Prevost defeated a party cf 2,000 Ameri- 
 cans under general Ash, May 3, 1779. 
 
 Briare, a towm of France in the depart- 
 ment of Loiret, and late province of Or- 
 leanois, situated on the Loire. It has s 
 long street ; and a canal, oo miles in length, 
 connecting the Loire and the Loing, near 
 Mentargis. It is 40 miles sse of Orleans, 
 and 88 s of Paris. Lon. 2 47 e, lat. 47 
 40 N. 
 
 Bricherasco, a town of Italy, two miles 
 and a-half ssw of Pisneroio. 
 
 Briczani, a towm of European Turkey 
 in Moldavia. 
 
 Bride's, St, a towm in Pembrokeshire, 
 seated on the s,side of a fine bay, to whicli 
 it gives name. It bad formerly a brisk 
 trade in herrings, seven miles wnw of 
 Milford. 
 
 Bridge-Fndf a thriving village of Perth- 
 
B R I 
 
 ^hire, hi the parish of Kinnoul, situated at 
 the E End of Perth- bridge. 
 
 Bridge- Endy a town of South Wales, in 
 Glamorganshire, situated on the Ogmore. 
 It has a woollen manufactory, and a con- 
 siderable market on Saturday for cattle and 
 provisions; with tw'o fairs, on 17th Ncv. 
 and Holy Thursday. Coite castle stands 
 two miles to the North, seven miles wnvv 
 of Cowbridge, and 1 S 1 w of London. Lon. 
 3 38 w, lat. 5 1 SO n. 
 
 Bridge-End, a village in Kirkciidbi ight- 
 shire, in the parish of Trequire, Scotland, 
 containing 1502 inhabitants. 
 
 Bridgehampton, a post-town of New York, 
 in Suflblk county, Long island, 1S6 miles 
 from Philadelphia. 
 
 Bridgehoiise Bay^ a bay on the ccast of 
 Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Briugenortkf or Bruges, a tov/n of Shrop- 
 shire, situated on the Severn, which divides 
 it into two parts, united by a handsome stone 
 bridge, and called the upper and lower town. 
 It is said to have been built by Ethelfleda, 
 widow of Ethelred king of the Mercians, 
 about A D 675. The town consists chiefly 
 of three streets, well built. It was formerly 
 surrounded with w'alls, and had a castle, of 
 which only the ruins are to be seen. It has 
 two churches, the upper, called St Leonard’s, 
 and the lower, Mary Magdalen, with a hand- 
 some tower and clock, and a good ring of 
 six bells; an hospital for 10 poor widow's; 
 and a free-school, for the sons of burgesses, 
 that sends and maintains, 18 scholars at the 
 university of Oxford. It enjoys many pri« 
 vUeges, granted by different charters, and 
 sent members to parliament, aborigine. Its 
 situation is equally pleasant and commo- 
 dious for trade and it has manufactures of 
 stockings, cloths, fire-arms, iron tools, &c. 
 It has a well supplied w^cekly market on 
 Saturday, and fairs on Thursday before 
 Shrove Sunday, June 30, August 2, and 
 October 29, which are resorted to from all 
 parts of the kingdom. It is 20 miles w by 
 N of Birmingham, 25 ss of Shrew'sbury, 
 and 159 kw of London. Lon. 2 23 w, lat. 
 52 36 N. 
 
 BridgestoeJe, in Nortbamptonsbire, three 
 miles from Thrapston. It has fairs, May 6, 
 Sept. and Nov. 22. 
 
 Bridgeioji, a thriving manuflrcturiiig vil- 
 lage in the barony of Glasgow, containing, 
 along with that of CaUon, 6,695. 
 
 Bridgeton, a town of Maryland in Queen 
 Anne’s county, eight miles e of Ceulreville, 
 and 65 ssw^of Pbiiadelpiiia. 
 
 Bridgetown, a town of Maryland, situated 
 on the Chester. It is 14 miles e by n of the 
 town of Chester, and 65 ssw of Philadelphia, 
 
 Bridgetown, a town of New Jersey on 
 Cohanzy creek, capital of the county of 
 Cumberland, 36 miles sse of Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 75 15 w, lat. 39 32 N. 
 
 B R I 
 
 JSridgetown, a township of the United 
 States, in the district of Maine, Cumberland 
 county, containing 329 inhabitants 
 , Bridgetown, the capital of Barbadoes, si- 
 tuated in the inmost part of Carlisle-bay, 
 which is capable of containing 500 ships. 
 It contains above 1,500 houses, which are 
 well built and finished. It suffered severely 
 by fires in 1688, 1756, 1766, and 1767, and 
 was nearly crazed by a hurricane in 1780. 
 The wharfs and quays are well defended 
 from the sea. But what renders Bridge- 
 town the finest and most desirable town in 
 the West Indies, is its security against th^ 
 attacks from foreign enemies ; being de- 
 fended by a number of forts and batteries. 
 The church of St. Michael exceeds many 
 English cathedrals, and has a fine organ, 
 bclis, and clock. It has a free-school for 
 the instruction of poor boys, an hospital, and 
 a college, endowed with ;^.2,000 per annum, 
 by Colonel Codrington, and built in pursu- 
 ance of his will, by the society for pro- 
 pagating the gospel. Lon. 59 36 w, lat. 
 15 5 K. 
 
 Bridgewater, a large borough and market 
 town of Somersetshire, on the river Parret, 
 over v/iiich there is a stone bridge. Though 
 the houses are not very regularly built, the 
 streets are wide and well paved. The church 
 has a good organ and handsome alter-piece, 
 and the spire is reckoned one of the largest 
 in England. Here arc also a spacious town- 
 hall, a large free-school, and a neat aim- 
 house. This town sends two members to 
 parliament. The corporation, including a 
 mayor and two aldermen, consists of 24 ca- 
 pital burgesses. The midsummer county 
 sessions are held hem annually, and the as- 
 sizes every other year. The army of the 
 parliament, in their wars with Charles I. 
 burnt great part of the town, and laid the 
 castle in a-uins, scarcely a vestige of the latter 
 is now to be seen. About 40 vessels, of from 
 30 to 100 tons burthen, are employed in 
 bringing coals from Wales, for the supply of 
 this town and neighbourhood. Bridgcw’aler 
 has two weekly maikets, Thursday and Sa- 
 turday, the former famous for cheese and 
 cattle ; and fairs, July 24, October 2, and 
 Dec, 27, It is 31 miles ssw of Bristol, 137 
 w by s of London, and two from Startpoint, 
 Lon. 3 0 w, lat. 51 8 n. 
 
 Bridgewater, a town of Massachusetts, in 
 Plymouth county, containing 4,973 citizens, 
 50 miles from Bestrn. In it and its vicini- 
 ty are manufactured great quantities of hard- 
 ware. Also, townships' of New Hampshire 
 and Vermont. 
 
 Bridlinglon, or Burlington, asea-porttown 
 in the East Hiding of Yorkshire. It is si- 
 tuated on a creek of the sea, near Flambo- 
 rough-head, having a conunodious quay for 
 ships to take in iheir lading. It has a safe 
 harbour ; and is a place of good trade, la 
 
B R I 
 
 summer it is much resorted to for sea-bathing, 
 and mineral waters; 40 miles ene of York, 
 and 206 N of Condon, Lon. 0 10 w, lat, 
 
 54 8 N. 
 
 Briuport, a borough, and a neat and well 
 built sea- port town of Dorsetshire, situated 
 between the Brit and the Bride, with a har- 
 bour that can contain about 40 vessels of 
 small burden. It sends t%vo members to 
 parliament. It is noted for its market for 
 hemp, and for making ropes, canvass, and 
 cables for shipping. It is 12 miles w of 
 Dorchester, and 155 w by s of London. 
 Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 50 42 N. 
 
 Bridport, a township of Vermont, in Ad- 
 dison county, containing 449 citizens. 
 
 brie, a ci-devant territory of France, in 
 the department of Seine and Marne, vvith a 
 town of the same name. It abounds in corn, 
 cattle, and pasture. 
 
 Brieg, a town of Silesia, Germany, capital 
 of a territory of the same name, situated on 
 the Oder. It v/as a handsome place; the 
 castle, the college, and the arsenal being very 
 great ornaments, most of the houses well 
 built ; but the Prussians, who besieged it in 
 1741, reduced a great part of the town to 
 ashes, and quite ruined a wing of the castle. 
 The Prussians, to whom it was ceded by the 
 peace, augmented the fortiBcations, and built 
 a new suburb. It has a Lutheran cathedi'a:, 
 and several churches for catholics and pro- 
 testants, and a fair noted for cattle ; and a 
 manufacture cf fine cloth. It is 25 miles 
 SE of Breslaw. Lon. 17 ol e, lat. oO 
 50 N. 
 
 BrkU or Brill, a maritime town of Hol- 
 land, and capital of the island of Vcorn, now 
 in the department of Deift. The Dutch 
 took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which 
 was the foundation of their republic. It is 
 situated at the mouth of ti;e Maese, 20 
 miles cf Rotterdam. Lon. 4 i e, lat. 
 Z\ 58 N. 
 
 Briena, a town of Italy, situated on the 
 Vf bank of the lake Como. 
 
 Brienne, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of the Aube. 
 
 Briennois, a territory of France, in the 
 department of Saone and Loire, 
 
 Briens- bridge, a town in the county of 
 Clare, Ireland, on the Shannon. Here is j 
 an excellent sulphercous spring, 10 miles I 
 yNE of Limerick. j 
 
 Brientz, a town of Swisserland, in the 
 canton of Bern, famous for the cheese made 
 in its nieghbourhood. It stands on a lake 
 of the same name, nine miles long, and three 
 broad, and is 42 miles se of Bern. 
 
 BRIESCIA, a palatinate of Poland, in 
 the duchy of Lithuania; by some called 
 Polesia. It is of considerable extent from 
 E to w, and is watered by the rivers Hag and 
 Pripese. It h full of wooih*, rn jrdu"';. a.nd 
 lakes. 
 
 B R I 
 
 Brteux, St, a town of France, in the 
 department of Finistere. The churches, 
 streets, and squares are tolerably handsome, 
 but the town is without walls and ditches. 
 The church of Pdichael is in the suburb of 
 the same name, and is the largest in the 
 place. The college, which is very near, is 
 maintained by the town for the instruction 
 of Youth. Lon. 2 38 w, lat, 48 51 n. 
 
 Bricp, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Moselle, near the Mause, 12 miles 
 Nw of Metz, and 50 ne of St Micliael. 
 
 Briggs, a range of rocks n side of Carrick- 
 fevgus bay, Ireland. 
 
 Brighthelmstone, or Brightan, a market 
 town and sea- port of England, in Sussex, 
 pleasantly situated on the s side of a range of 
 hills called the South Downs, which shelter 
 it from the n winds. The streets are vef j 
 neat and clean, the lodging-houses pleasant 
 and numerous, and many of the shops fur- 
 nished in a stile equal to those of the metro- 
 polis. On a hill at the northern extremity 
 cf the town is an ancient church, dedicated 
 to St Nicholas. In Prince’s Place is the 
 chapel royal, a neat edifice, founded in 1795. 
 It has also seven other places of worship, for 
 different denominations, besides a Roman 
 Catholic chapel, and a Jewish synagogue- 
 Tlie Marine Pavilion, the summer residence 
 cf the prince of Wales, and his superb sta- 
 ble, with the recent buildings, add consider- 
 ably to the ornaments of Brighton, This 
 place of fashionable resort has hot and cold 
 baths, a theatre ; and on the "w a chalybeal^e 
 spring. Here in 1651 Charles embarked 
 for France, after the battle of Worcester. 
 This town is principally supported by visi- 
 tants, and by its fishery, which employes ICO 
 boats, chiefly in supplying the London mar- 
 kets. Its daily market is Vv^ell supplied with 
 provisions. It has fairs Holy Tliursday and 
 September 4. Population 12,012 in 1811. 
 It lies 74 miles nw from Diep^pe in France, 
 56 s of London, and eight sw of Le\ve>;, 
 Lcn. 0 6 w, lat. 50 52 n. 
 
 ■ Brignoles, a town cf France, m the de- 
 partment of Var, famous for its prones. It 
 is situated among mountains, in a p!e»^sant 
 country, 20 miles nkh of Toulon, and '525 
 ssE cf Paris. Lon. 6 15 e, lat. 45 24 n. 
 
 Bidgslock, a village in Northampton dure, 
 has three fairs, May 6, Sep. 5, and Nov. 
 
 Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile. It is situated at the foot of the moirn- 
 tain Tajima. Herein 1710, generi^I Sizu-' 
 hope and his army were made prisoners. It 
 has a manufacture of cloth, and a trade lu 
 wool, and is 45 miles ne ol Madrid, i.cm. 
 5 20 w, lat. 4i 6 N. 
 
 Brilon, a town cf Westphalia, capital of:j 
 district, and former’y a Han- ,* iewu. li i-> 
 \ seated on the Mci-e, 27 mues k by s oi 
 
 I Arensberg. I.:Gnv 8 45 e-. i-at 5 l n-5 k. 
 
 II Brrn.n, cv i town ivf 
 
B R I 
 
 Bohemia, in Moravia, pretty large and well j 
 built. The assembly of the States is held 
 alternately here and at Oimutz, It is near 
 the Swart. The castle of Spiisberg, its chief 
 defence is on an eminence without the 
 town. The king of Prussia, after investing 
 it in 1742, was forced to raise the siege. 
 liOn. 7 8 E, lat. 49 8 N. 
 
 Brindisi anciently Brundiisium^ a cele- 
 brated town of Naples, in the Terra d’ Otran- 
 to, vvitii an archbishop’s see, seated on the 
 gulf of Venice. Its walls are still of great 
 extent, but the inhabited houses do not fill 
 above half the inclosure. The streets arc 
 crooked and rough. The catliedral, dedi- 
 cated to St Theodore, is a work of king 
 Roger, but not equal, in point of architec- 
 ture, to many churches founded by that mo- 
 narch. Little remains of ancient Brimdu- 
 sium, except innumerable broken pillars; 
 fragments of coarse Mosaic, the floors of 
 former habitations ; the column of the light- 
 house ; a large marble bason, into which the 
 water runs from brazen heads of deer, some 
 inscriptions^ ruins of aqueducts, coins, &c 
 Its castle, built by the emperor Frederick 
 II. and repaired by Charles V. is large and 
 stately. The port is double, and the finest 
 in the Adriatic. The kingdom of Naples 
 cannot shew a more complete situation for 
 trade than Brindisi. Here, goodness of 
 soil, depth of water, safety of anchorage, and 
 centrical position, are all united ; yet it has 
 neither commerce, husbandry, nor popula- 
 tion. It lies 52 miles e of Tarento. Lon. 
 18 15 E, lafe. 40 45 n. 
 
 BrioUi one of the Magdalen isles. 
 
 Brioniy small islands of Italy, in the late 
 Austrian districts of Rovigno, which afford 
 fine marble. , 
 
 BrionnCy a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Seine, situated on the river 
 Rhille. Lon. 0 51 e, lat. 49 51 n”. 
 
 Brioude, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Upt>er Loire, The houses are 
 built after the antique manner, and are 
 badly disposed. The church of St Ferrol 
 is highly celebrated. Near the old town is 
 a stone bridge over the Allier, of one arch, 
 of 175 feet in diameter. Near it is a small 
 town called Church Brioude, on account of 
 its famous chapter. Brioude is situated 16 
 miles s of Issoire, 52 nw of Puy, 54 s by e 
 of Clermont, and 225 s by e of Paris. Lon. 
 
 2 50 E, lat. 46 15 N. 
 
 Briqueras, a town of Piedmont, situated 
 in the valley of Lucern. Lon. 7 24 e, lat. 
 
 44 41 N. 
 
 Brisach, Oldy a town of Suabia, Germany, 
 and once capital of Brisgaw. It was a very 
 strong place ; but the fortifications were de- 
 molished, and the artillery carried to Fri- 
 burg. It stands on the k side of the Rhine, 
 eight miles xv by s of Friburg. Lon, 7 49 
 E, lat, 48 8 N, 
 
 B R I 
 
 Brisacht N'eiv, a town of France, in the 
 department of Upper Rhine, built by order 
 of LouL XIV. It is 52 miles s of Stras- 
 burg, and one w of the Rhine, eight miles 
 E of Coiinar. Lon. 7 40 e, lat. 48 5 n. 
 
 Brisago, a town of Italy, situated on the 
 lake >Iag!ore, five miles s of Locarno. 
 
 BRISGAU, a territory of Germany, in 
 Suab'a, on the eastern banks of the Rhine, 
 about 50 miles in length and 50 in breadth. 
 The principal places are Brisach, Fribourg, 
 Rhinmark, and an island in the Rhine. 
 This country has been the scene of frequent 
 and bloody contests between the French and 
 Austrians since the French revolution. At 
 the peace of Campo Formio, this province 
 was ceded to the duke of IVIodena, as an in- 
 demnification for the loss of his Italian do- 
 minions, and this was afterv^ards confirmed 
 by the treaty of Luneville. » Friburg is the 
 capital. 
 
 Brissac, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Maine and Loire, situated on 
 the Aubence, 15 miles s of Angers. Lon. 
 0 17 w, lat. 47 20 n 
 
 BrislinOf a town of Capitanata, Naples, 
 
 1 1 miles ssw of Manfredonia. 
 
 Bristol, a city of England, situated on 
 the rivers Frome and Avon, in the counties 
 of Gloucester and Somerset, and esteemed 
 inferior to none, except London, in wealth, 
 trade, and number of inhabitants. In ap- 
 pearance, it has been compared to ancient 
 Rome, being nearly of a circular form, and 
 the river cutting off about one-sixth part 
 from the rest; it also stands on seven hills. 
 The increase of buildings and other im- 
 provements are amazing. It is estimated 
 that above 800 houses have been erected 
 since the beginning of the 18th century 
 and the town is still augmenting. Antique 
 and projecting houses, built of wood and 
 plaster, chiefly occupy the interior and 
 trading parts ; but the modern building are 
 of brick or stone. The outer parts of the city 
 are spacious and elegantly built, andthe streets 
 are well paved and lighted. The number 
 of houses is computed at 1.5,000, and that 
 of the inhabitants 76,455 in 1811. They 
 are well supplied with water, by means of 
 pipes, from the river. Bristol is a bishop’s 
 see, being one of the six erected by Henry 
 VI I L The cathedral church was the 
 church of the abbey of St Austin in Bristol, 
 founded by Robert Fitzharding, son to a 
 king of Denmark. Besides the cathedral, 
 there are 1 9 parish churches, five chapels of 
 the establishment, 19 chapels and meeting- 
 houses, a chapel for French protsstants, a 
 Roman Catholic chapel, a New Jerusalem 
 church, and a Jewish synagogue. The 
 churches are all remarkable for handsome 
 monuments and good bells; in particular 
 I that of St Mary Radcliffe. Among the 
 other public edifices are^ the Exchange, in 
 
B R I 
 
 B R I 
 
 Corn-street; the Post-office; the Council- 
 house ; the Guildhall, the Custom-house ; 
 the Assembly-room ; the Equestrian Thea- 
 tre; the Merchant’s- hall ; the Cooper’s- 
 hall ; and the Merchant Taylor’s hall. Here 
 are also more than 50 charitable institutions, 
 including schools, hospitals, and asylums, 
 &c. The prison of Newgate for felons and 
 debtors, and of Bridewell, for commitment 
 and correction, are spacious, healthy, and 
 convenient. The general market consists of 
 several rows for butchers, stalls for vegeta- 
 bles, and three piazzas for poultry, cheese, 
 butter, &c. St. James’s market, and the 
 Welsh market, in King’s street, are equally 
 neat and convenient. Bristol has some con- 
 siderable woollen manufactures ; but its trade 
 ill soap, china,, sugar refinery, &;c. is im- 
 mense ; and there are no fewer than 15 
 glass-houses. T^he city companies are 13. 
 The river Avon at this place affords'prodi- 
 gious quantities of fish, and has over it 12 
 bridges of stone and four of wood. Over 
 the Frome is a draw bridge, which is raised 
 by a curious piece of mechanism. The quay 
 is reckoned one of the finest mercantile 
 havens in Europe ; extending upwards of a 
 mile in length, and on the banks of the river 
 are several dock yards, and dry and floating 
 docks, for rebuilding and repairing the ship- 
 ping. No carts or w^aggons are admitted 
 into Bristol, lest they should damage the 
 subterraneous vaults and sewers. Sledges 
 are used in their stead. About half way be- 
 twixt Bristol and Bath, at a place called 
 Warmly, a Company of Bristol merchants 
 have erected a noble manufacture of pins, 
 Sec, which employs a great number of hands, 
 including about 200 children. The hot welly 
 about a mile w from the city, on the side of 
 the Avon, is much frequented, having ob- 
 tained high repute, especially in cases of 
 consumption. Besides this there is a cold 
 spring which gushes out of a reckon the side 
 of a river, and supplies the cold bath. In 
 St. Vincent’s Rock*are found those transpa- 
 rent chrystals known by the name of Bristol 
 stones. Bristol is a county of itself, and 
 sends two members to parliament. The 
 corperation consists of a mayor, recorder, and 
 12 aldermen, of whom the recorder is one, 
 two sheriffs, and 28 common councilmen. 
 The mayor, to support his dignity is entitled 
 to certain fees from ships, which long ago 
 amounted to 5001. or 6001. Whoever mar- 
 ries a citizen’s daughter obtain.s the freedom 
 of the city. Of its ancient v/alls, only one 
 gate remains. It has three markets, on 
 Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, and two 
 annual fairs. Population 76,430 in 181 i. 
 
 It is 40 miles s of Hereford, 13 wnw of 
 Bit’i, .34 ssw of Gloucester, and 113 w of 
 liOndon. • Lon. 2 56 vv, lot. 51 28 n. 
 
 Brisioly a maritime county of the United 
 States, in Massachusetts. It is 42 miles i! 
 
 6 
 
 1 in length, and 32 in breadth ; and is divided 
 
 1 into 15 townships, viz. Taunton, Norton, 
 Easton, Mansfield, Attleborough, Swanzy, 
 Somerset, Dighton, Ilaynliam, Berkley, 
 Freetown, Westport, Dartmouth, New Bed- 
 ford, and Rehoboth. It contained in 1790, 
 4,514 houses and 31,709 inhabitants. This 
 country has valuable mines of iron ore, 
 which are worked to a large amount. Copper 
 ore has been discovered in Attleborough 
 township. The chief towm is Taunton. 
 
 Bristol, a sea-port and capital of a county 
 j of the same name, in Rhode Island, con- 
 taining above 1400 inhabitants. It is situ- 
 ated on the Main, 13 miles nne of Newport; 
 and contains about 159 dwellings, a hand- 
 some court house, church for Episcopalians, 
 and one for Congregationalists. This town 
 w^as bombarded by Captain Wallace, com- 
 manding a small British squadron, in Oct. 
 
 1 775, and laid under contribution ; several 
 of the houses were destroyed ; but they have 
 been since rebuilt. It is now flourishing ; 
 and carries on a considerable trade to Africa, 
 the W Indies, and the different states. A su- 
 preme court is held here, the first Monday in 
 iVpril and October, and a court of common 
 pleas, the first Monday in January and July. 
 It is four miles S of Warren, 14 se by e of 
 Providence, and 300 from Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 71 14 w, lat. 41 40 n. 
 
 Brisioly or Bristol New, the capital of the 
 county of Bucks, in Pennsylvania, situated 
 on the Delaware, about 20 miles ne of Phi- 
 ladelphia. It contains about 50 dwellings, 
 some of which are neat and commodious. 
 Lon. 75 0 w, lat. 40 45 N- 
 
 BRITAIN, or Great Britain, the most 
 con.siderable of all the European islands, ex- 
 tends from the Lizard- Point, in the lati- 
 tude of about 50 deg. to Dungsbay-head, in, 
 latitude 58 40 n, or taking it in a straight 
 line from n to s about eight deg. or 550 
 miles; and from Dover Head on the e, to 
 Lands-end on the w, comprehends about 
 seven deg. of longitude, which may be com- 
 puted at about 290 miles. Others estima’e 
 its length at 700 miles, and its breadth at 
 300 ; but the form being very irregular, and 
 lessening continually towards the n, proper 
 allowances must be made in computing its 
 dimensions. The ancient name was Albion, 
 but that of Britain has been substituted in 
 its place ; and by this name it w^as known in 
 Csesar and Pliny’s time. The Kofn‘.^n‘. 
 upon their invasion found this island inha- 
 bited by several tribes, which appear to have 
 emigrated from different parts of the conti- 
 nent. At that period the inhabitants were 
 divided into separate independent state , 
 which facilitated the general conquest. 
 Each state was governed by a king, and 
 .several chleftans under him, who exercised 
 a kind of authority in his own territory. 
 The king commanded the army in time 
 
 Y 
 
B R I 
 
 B R I 
 
 whv, bu?: tli€ regal power was almost uucon- [i 
 trculable in tjliat period of -society. The 
 Bi itons had scarcely any towns ; and camps 
 ®nd %’illHgcs appear to have been their prin- 
 cipal h^ibitations. The bards, the prophets, 
 the druids, and the 'Common people, com- 
 posed the different classes of ancient Britons. 
 They had various forms of superstition a- 
 mong them ; but they were more united in 
 their religious than their political creed. 
 The invasion of the Romans introduced 
 luxury and refinement; and soon enervated 
 their national vigour, and reduced them to a i 
 defenceless state. The political divisions of |j 
 Britain, are into England, Scotland, and ! 
 Wales, I 
 
 BRITAIN, NEW, a large country of I 
 N America, called also Terra JLabrador, has i 
 Hiidson^s bay and strait, on the n and w ; I 
 Canada and the river St. Lawrence on the i 
 s; and the Atlantic on the e. It is subject | 
 to Great Britain, but yields only skins and j 
 furs. This country is one of the most bar- j 
 ren, and its sea cyjast one of the most re- j 
 markable. Bordered by innumerable islands, 1 1 
 and many of them a considerable dk- ji 
 tance from the main land, a ship of burden I 
 would sail a great way ^ong the coast, with- j 
 out being able to form any notion of its true j 
 situation. Hence all charts of it have been i 
 so extremely erroneous, and hence arose j 
 illiose opinions, that some of the inlets ex- j 
 tended a vast dktance into the country, if 
 Slot ^uite into the ses of Hudson^s bay. 
 Davis’s inlet, which has beeni so much talk- 
 ed of, is not ^0 leagues from the entrance of 
 It to its extremity. The navigation here is 
 extremely hazardous. Towards the land, the 
 sea is covered with large bodies and broken 
 pieces of ice ; and the farther you go north- 
 ward, the greater is the quantity. This vast 
 tract of land is extremely barren, and alto- 
 gether incapable of cultivation. The surface 
 is every where uneven, and covered with 
 large stones, some of which are of amazing 
 dimensions. There are few springs; yet, 
 throughout the couti try, there are prodigious 
 chains of lakes or ponds. It is a country 
 formed of friglitful mountains, and unfruit- 
 ful valiies; and there is no such tiling as 
 level land. A blighted shrub and a little 
 moss is sometimes to be seen, but in general 
 the bare rock is all you behold. There is 
 but little appearance of summer before the 
 middle of July ; and in September the ap- 
 proach of winter is very evident. All along 
 there are many rivers that empty themselves 
 into the sea, yet there are but few of any con- 
 sideration, the greatest part of them being 
 nothing more than broad brooks, or rivulets. 
 Hetfe th.e wretched t'esidents build their | 
 tniserablfi habixalions with the bones of ! 
 whales. It ever they cheer iheir aching Ij 
 iimbs with a fire, (they gather a few sticks ij 
 fjom the sea-shore^ wiiich have probably ' 
 
 I beeia washed from Norway or Lapland* 
 Here a vast quantity of snow remairis t^poni 
 the land throughout the year. It k but 
 seldom foggy, speaking comparatively, be- 
 tween this and New foundland ; nor are you 
 so frequently liable to those destructive gales 
 of wind which visit many other parts of die 
 globe: It is in general high land, and some- 
 times you meet with mountains of an as- 
 tonishing height; you are also frequently 
 presented wdth prospects that are really 
 awful, and extremely romantic. The inha- 
 bitants of New Britain are called Esqui- 
 maux. 
 
 BRITAIN, NEW, an island in the S 
 Pacific, situated n of New Guinea. Capt, 
 Dampier was the first who sailed through 
 the strait which separates it from New Gui- 
 nea; and in 1767, Captain Carteret sailed 
 through another strait, which separates at 
 from another island on the Nof it» wiiich he 
 called New Ireland. New Britain on the 
 N and w, extends to Ion. 152 19 e, and lat. 
 4 0 s New Ireland extends from Ion. H9 
 2 E, and lat. 20 50 s. The coasts of t>otb 
 are rocky; the inland parts high and inomi- 
 tainoijs; but covered with various trees; 
 such as the nutmeg, the cocoa nut, and dif- 
 ferent kinds of palm-trees. The natives are 
 black and woolly headed like negroes. 
 
 BillTANY, or Bretagne, a ci-dc- 
 vant province of France, 150 miles in length, 
 and 112 in breadth. It k a peninsula, 
 surrounded on all sides by the ocean, except 
 on the i:,- wher^i it joined Anjou, Blaine, 
 Normandy, and Faitou. The natives carry 
 on a great trade, by the haibours on its 
 coast. It abounds in large forests. Some 
 authors suppose that Great Britain was first 
 peopled from Brittany. It is now divided 
 into five departonients I lie and Viiiaine.' 
 Low'ce Loire, Finistere^ North coast, and 
 Morbihan. 
 
 Brives Ta Gaitlardey a town of France, in 
 the department of Correze. It is situated is 
 a fruitful plain, opposite to an island formed 
 by the Correze, over which there are tsvo 
 handsome bridges. St has elegantbuildings, 
 fine walks, and manufactures of* silks, mus- ^ 
 lins, gauzes, Ac. It is 12 miles sw of Tulle, 
 and 220 s by w of Park. Lou. 1 45 e , lat- 
 45 15 K. 
 
 Brix, a town of France, in the department 
 of the Channel, 5 miles w of Valognes. 
 
 Briren^ a bishopric of Germany, ceded to 
 the grand duke of Tuscany in 1 802, and in- 
 corporated in circle of Austria, in Tirol, 
 near the frontiers of Friuli, and Carinti.ia 
 tow^ards the e. The principal places are 
 Brixen, Serzingen, Breuneck, and Liemz. 
 This country was over- run by the Frcfich 
 army, under Gen. Bonaparte, in 1797. It 
 k very mountainous, but its wine is excellent, 
 
 Brixen, the capital of the bishopric, and 
 the bkhop’s common residence, is on the. 
 
B R O 
 
 Eisachs, at its ct>nf!u«acc with the | 
 Eicnts, and at some distance from the moim- 
 lain Brenner. Besides the cathedral it has 
 ft parochial, and six other churches. It is a 
 populous, town ; and the houses are well 
 built, with piazzas, and painted on the out- 
 side. It is much frequented on account of 
 the rainer4 waters near it. The French 
 took it in 1796, and again in the following 
 year. 58 miles s by e of Inspruc. Lorn 1 1 
 50 E lat. 46 41 K. 
 
 Tit'issnstc. cltt a town of Franconia, in Ansi* 
 pach, 16 miles ene of Wnrtzhurg. 
 
 £rixham,a. village of Devonshire, situated 
 on the western side of Torbay, and famed for 
 its fishery, in which upwards of 100 sloops, 
 besides a great number of small boats, are 
 employed, A whart was. lately built here, 
 and the water conveyed to it at the expense 
 of government, for the purpose of watering 
 the shipping. Here, in 1688, landed the 
 Prince of Orange, afterward King William, 
 four miles ne of Dartmouth, and 201 w by 
 s of London. 
 
 Briosia. See Brescia. 
 
 Brizen or Britzsv.^ a town in the Middle 
 Mark, Brandenburg, seated on the Adah, 18 
 miles NE of Wittenberg. 
 
 Braad, a river of the linked States, which 
 rises in the White Oak mountaias, in N Ca- 
 rolina. 
 
 Braadlaw, a mountain of Tweedale, about 
 2800 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Broad Riven more properly an arm of tbe 
 sea, which forms one of the best harbours in 
 the state of 8 Carolina. 
 
 Byoadsea, a fishing village in Aberdeen- 
 shire, containing about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Bi'oadsiairsy a village on the shore of Kent, 
 with a harbour and pier for small vessels, is 
 a fashionable resort for sea bathing, being 
 more retired than Kumsgate, from which it 
 is distant two miles to the n. 
 
 Brody or Brodty a strong town on the Save, 
 Sclavonia. Here, in 1688, the Austrians 
 obtained a victory over the Turks; 45 miles 
 sw of Essek. Lon. 1 8 30 e, lat. 45 1 0 ii. 
 
 Brod^ a town of Moravia, on the borders 
 of Hungary, 10 miles ESEof Haradisch. 
 
 Broaera or Brodra^ a town of Asia, in the 
 province of Guzerat, belonging to the Great 
 Mogul. It stands in a sandy plain, and is 
 fortified with pretty good walls and towers. 
 It is inhabited by Banians and calico weavers. 
 The country produces cotton, wheat, rice, 
 guralac, and indigo, 62 miles sfe of Ameda- 
 bad. Lon. 73 1 1 e, lat, 22 16 n. 
 
 Brod‘Nemekiy or Teutsch- Brody a town 
 of Bohemia, in the circle of Dzazlaw, ori 
 the river Sazawa, 20 miles s by e of Czazlaw. 
 
 Brodsleen a good harbour of Kent, in the 
 isle of Thanet. 
 
 BrodziaCy a town of Lithuania, Poland, 
 seated on the Berezina, 100 miles s of Po* 
 lotzk, Lon. 28 5 e, lat 5 1 3 
 
 B R o 
 
 JSroekf a town of the circle of Westplxaha^ 
 and duchy of Berg, Germany, on the Roer, 
 and capital of a county of the same name, 
 
 1 1 miles, N of Dusseldorp. 
 
 Broeky a very neat and beautiful village of 
 Holland, in the department of Amstel, six 
 miles from Amsterdam. The manneis of 
 the inhabitants are singular. They marry 
 invariably among themselves. In every 
 they have one door appropriated to mavnage 
 and death. Their gardens are adorned with 
 China vases, grottoes of shell-work, &c, and 
 their streets are paved in Mosaic work with 
 variegated bricks, and no carriages pass along 
 them. In the front of their houses, which 
 are painted on the outside, they have a ter- 
 race and garden railed in, and behind, mea- 
 dows full ®kf cattle. 
 
 Broglio, the capital of a county of its 
 name ia Piedmont, Italy, situated near the 
 department of Lower Alps, Lon* 7 42 s, 
 lat. 44 1 2 N. 
 
 Broichm Castle^ an ancient fort of Inver- 
 ness-shire, situated near the n end of the isle 
 of Raasay, on the e coast, and well kuavvt^ 
 as a land mark by mariners. 
 
 BfoJeen-Ba^y a hay cf New South Wales, 
 on the E coast of New Holland, formed by 
 the mouth of the great river Hawkesbury, lii 
 a safe harbour, 18 miles n of Fort Jackson. 
 Lon. 151 2Te, lat. 33 34 s. 
 
 Brokenhovoughy or Broken- BridgSy ^towm 
 
 in Wiltshire, formerly called Caerberburg. 
 
 Bromley . , a town of Kent, situated on the 
 river Ravensburg, 10 miles s by e of 
 don. It has an hospital for 20 clergymen s 
 widows, with an allowance oi 20l. a- year 9, 
 and5Ql. a-yearto the cbaplaim It has fairSg, 
 Feb. 14, and Aug. 5. and a market on 
 Thursday. In its vicinity the bi^ops of 
 Rochester have a palace, near which is a 
 chalybeate spring. Lon. O 5 E, lat. 51 23 K. 
 
 Bromley y a town in Staffordshire, formerly 
 called Abbots- Bromley, and afterward Pa- 
 get- Bromley, in honour of Lord Paget, to 
 whom ii was given at the dissolution of the 
 abbies, has a market on Monday, and is seven 
 miles e of Stafford, and 1 29 nw of London. 
 
 BromploHy a village in Kent, on a ris- 
 ing ground not far from Chatham, containing 
 fine barracks for the military of that garrison. 
 
 Bro^npioriy in Middlesex, sw of London, 
 has an ancient mansion called Watehouse, 
 where, it is said, O. Cromwell was to reside; 
 and is famous for the fine botanical garden 
 and library founded by the late Mr. William 
 Curtis. 
 
 Bt'omsgrovey a corporate town of Worces- 
 tershire, situated on the river Salwarp. It 
 has a considerable manufacture in sheeting, 
 needles and nails, and a large market on 
 
 Tuesday, for corn, cattle, and all sorts of pro- 
 
 I visions. Here is a grammar school, founded 
 
 I by Edward VI. It is 116 miles nw of 
 i X^oudon. It has a fair Jane 24, aud Oct 1 3 
 
 y 2 
 
B R O 
 
 Bromyard, a town of Herefordshire, con- 
 taining about 242 houses, and 983 inhabi- 
 tants. It has five fairs, and a market on 
 Tuesday, situated near the Frome, amid fine 
 orchards, 13 miles ne of Hereford, and 125 
 WNw of London. 
 
 Broni, or Broiino, a town of Italy, in the 
 department of the Tessino, on the s side of 
 the Po, iO miles se of Pavia. Here the 
 Austrians were defeated by the French, in 
 1800. Lon. 10 5 e, lat. 44 50 n. 
 
 Brondolo, a very ancient but ruinous 
 town of Italy, in the district of Chioggia. 
 
 Bronti, a town of Sicily, in Val di He- 
 mona, 28 miles w of Taormina. 
 
 Broolcfield, a post town of the United 
 States, in Massachusetts; situated on the 
 Quoaboag, in Worcester County. It is 17 
 . miles w by s of Worcester, and 68 from 
 Boston, in the same direction. 
 
 Brookhaven, a township of New York, in 
 Suffolk county. Long Island, containing 
 5224 souls in 1776. It is 60 miles e of 
 New York. 
 
 Brooklyn, a handsome towm of Long 
 Island, opposite New York city, near East 
 River, which separates it from New York. 
 It consisted, in 1790, of one principal street. 
 
 Brooklyn, a town of Massachusetts, in 
 Norfolk county. A narrow bay separates it 
 from Boston. From hence the Boston mar- 
 ket is supplied with abundance of vegetables. 
 
 Broom, Loch, an extensive salt W'aterlake, 
 or arm of the sea, in Ross shire, noted for 
 excellent herrings. It contains many excel- 
 lent harbours, and is one of the best fishing 
 stations, 
 
 Brora, a lake of Scotland, in the county 
 of Sutherland, four miles long, and one 
 broad. In the middle of it is an island of 
 an oblong square figure. 
 
 fdrora, a village situated on the river 
 Brora, over which it has a bridge, on the 
 high road to Caithness and Orkney, 14 miles 
 tiE of Dornoch. 
 
 ^ Bros, a royal free town, and capital of the 
 district of Bros, Transylvania, situated on 
 the Marcs. 
 
 Brosely, a village in Shropshire, near the 
 Severn, six miles v nw of Bridgenorth, and 
 J46 Nw of London, noted for its iron w'orks, 
 porcelain, and tobacco pipes. 
 
 Brossne, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Cnarente. 
 
 Brother- Isle, a small Island on the coast 
 of Shetland, in Yell sound. 
 
 Brother - Loch, a lake in Renfrewshire, 
 two miles in circumference. 
 
 Bratherton, a village one mile n of Ferry- 
 bridge W Yi rkshire, celebrated as the birth- 
 place of Thomas de Brothei ton, son of Ed- 
 vard I. 
 
 B rotherlon, an Indian town of N York, 
 near new Stockbridge, inhabited .by about 
 150 Christian Indians, who emigrated from I 
 
 B R O 
 
 I different parts of Connecticut, under the car® 
 
 I of the Rev. Mr Samson Occum. 
 
 ; Brothick, or Brothock, a small river of 
 Angus-shire, wduch falls into the sea at 
 I Aberbrothwick, to which it gives name. 
 
 I Brouage, a maritime town of France, in 
 ' the department of Lower Charente. It con- 
 ! sists of 5 or 6 streets w^hich terminate in a 
 great square. It is famous for its salt works. 
 I he salt is called bay-salt, because the towm 
 lies on a bay. It is 17 miles s of Rochelle, 
 and 170sw of Paris. Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 45 52 n. 
 
 Brouca, a town of Sicily, in the Val di 
 Demona, 15 s of Catania. 
 
 Brouck, Brack, or Briigg, a town of Sw it- 
 zerland, in the country of Argow. It is 22 
 miles sE of Basel. Lon. 8 32 e, lat. ^21 n. 
 
 Brower shaven, a sea*port town of Holland, 
 on the N side of the island of Schonen, in the 
 department of the Meuse, 9 miles sw of 
 Helvoetsluys. Lon. 3 50 e, lat. 51 50 n. 
 
 Brough, a fishing town on the coast of 
 Caithness, where there is a safe harbour. 
 
 Brough, a town in Westmoreland, situated 
 under Stanmore hill, 8 miles from Appleby, 
 and 261 nnw of London. It has a castle 
 lately re-built, and an ancient fort called 
 Caesar’s Tower. It has a market on Thurs- 
 day, and a fair, Thurs. before Whit. 
 
 Broughton, a parish of Scotland, in the 
 county of Tweeddale, four miles long, and 
 three broad. The soil is generally a deep 
 wet clay, which being well cultivated, pro- 
 duces good crops in dry seasons. The prin- 
 cipal disadvantage it labours under, is the 
 scarcity of fuel. There are ruins of 10 an- 
 cient castles in the parish. The population 
 is about 214, also a remarkable neat vil- 
 lage in the above parish, which has a fair 
 October 4. 
 
 Broughton, a village on the ke side of the 
 New' town of Edinburgh. 
 
 Broughly Castle, an ancient fort in For- 
 farshire, formerly the key to the navigation 
 of the Tay, and the scene of many warlike 
 deeds, but now verging fast to ruin. In 
 , 1547, it w'as seized by the English, under 
 the duke of Somerset, and filled with an 
 English garrison, with a design to force a 
 marriage between Edward VI. and Mary of 
 Scotland, then an infant. Upon the duke’s 
 return to England, it was blockaded by the 
 ,,,earl of Arran, from Oct. 1, 1547, to Jan. 1, 
 1548, when he w^as obliged to raise the siege. 
 
 It was soon after attacked by the earl of 
 Argyll, w’ho was likewise repulsed. It was 
 next attacked by three French and three 
 German regiments under D’Effe, who all 
 met with the same fate. At last the supplies 
 from England of provisions, &c. failing, the 
 English garrisons in Broughty Castle and 
 I the fort Balgillo, were obliged to surrender 
 to the allied army of Scots, Germans, and 
 French, under Dos Thermes, on the 20th 
 Fcbiuary, 1550, 4 miles e of Dundee. 
 
B R U 
 
 Srownsville, or Bedstone Old Fort, a flou- 
 rishing post-town o? Tennsylvania, on the 
 Monengahela. A bridge has been erected, 
 which connects Bridgeport, a small village 
 on the opposite side ot the creek, with 
 Brownsville. It is 260 feet long, and 14 
 broad, and 56 feet in height. The town is 
 laid out in regular streets, crossing each 
 other at right angles. Upwards of 1 00 boats 
 are built here annually for trade, &c. 24 grist, 
 saw, oil, and fulling mills, are within less 
 than five miles of the town. It is 30 miles s 
 by £ of Pittbburg, and 310 w of Philadel- 
 phia. In the vicinity are many monuments 
 of Indian antiquity, and it is enriched by the 
 trade of Kentucky. Lon. 4 44 w, lat. 39 
 
 58 N. 
 
 Broxburn) in the parish of Uphall, has a 
 fair in August. 
 
 Broyle, a cape and sea^port of Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 Bruar, a small turbulent stream in Athol, 
 celebrated for the romantic beauty of its 
 cascades. 
 
 Briicehill, an extensive moor in Aber- 
 deenshire, so named from Ldward Bruce, 
 brother of King Robert I. 
 
 Bruchsal, a town of Germany, in the late 
 palatinate of the Rhine, and bishopric of 
 Spires, on the Satz, with an extensive salt- 
 work, five miles se of Philipsburg. Lon. 
 8 SO E, lat. 49 15 N. 
 
 Bruck, a towm of Germany, in Stiria, ca- 
 pital of a circle of its name. It stands on the 
 river Muehr, 13 miles K of Gratz. Lon, li> 
 15 E, lat. 47 27 n. 
 
 Bruck, or Brugg, a town of Austria, on 
 the river Leyeta, 20 miles ese of Vienna. 
 
 Bruder, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Under wald. Lon, 8 10 e, lat, 
 46 33 N. 
 
 Brue, a river in Somersetshire, has its 
 source in Selwood forest, on the borders of 
 Wiltshire, and flowing by Bruton and Glas- 
 tonbury, falls into Bridgewater bay. 
 
 Brug, Ste Brouck, 
 
 Brug, a town of the Vallais, in Switzer- 
 land, on the Rhone, 39 miles e of Sion, 
 Lon. 8 17 E, lat. 45 33 N. 
 
 Bruges, a city of France, capital of the 
 department of Lys, and lately an episcopal see. 
 Ii is situaled in a plain eight miies from 
 the sea ; and has a great number of canals 
 which lead to Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, New- 
 port, Fumes, Ypres, and Dunkirk. Bruges 
 was in a very flourishing condition upwards 
 of 200 years ago, but since the enlargement 
 of Amsterdam and Antwerp, trade is di- 
 minished, and the number of its inhabitants 
 estimated at 20,000, is less than might be 
 expected in so large a place. However, 
 there are still many rich merchants, and a 
 chamber for trade. The finest square in the 
 city is the great market. On the side of the 
 great square there is a structure, which serves 
 
 B R u 
 
 , as a public magazine for cloth. The squar© 
 where the Wednesday’s market is held, con- 
 tains several w^alks, and a new guard- house 
 in the middle. The Burg is a large square, 
 in which is the town-house, built in the Go- 
 thic manner. The church, dedicated to the 
 Virgin Mary, has a high steeple, which 
 serves as a sea-mark for the ships that tome 
 hither. Besides the cathedral, and two colle- 
 giate churches, there are five parish churches 
 and 14 chapels. There are many alms-houses 
 and hospitals. The parts about the city, 
 which belong to it, are called Franc of 
 Bruges, and contain 37 villages. The for- 
 tifications being but trifling, in time of war 
 it always yields to the strongest. The 
 French took it in 1792, lost it in 1793, but 
 after retook it it is eight miles e of Os- 
 tend, and 46 w of Antwerp. Lon. 3 10 e, 
 lat. 51 12 N. 
 
 Brugge, a town of Germany, principality 
 of Heideisheim, seated on the river Leync, 
 12 miies sw of Heideisheim. 
 
 Bruggen, a town of Westphalia, in tlio 
 duchy of Juliers, department of Roers, on 
 the Schwalm, six miles ne of Ruremonde. 
 
 Brugneto, a city of Italy, situated at the 
 foot of the Appenines, 35 miles ese of Ge- 
 noa. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 44 20 n. 
 
 Brumau, a t(>wn of Moravia, in the cir- 
 cle of Hradiscb, borders of Hungary, 30 
 miles E of Hradisch. 
 
 Brunanburg, an ancient town of York** 
 shire, now called Brough. 
 
 Brunette, a strong and important fortress 
 of Piedmont. 
 
 Brunn. See Brin* 
 
 Brunnen, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Schweitz. It is situated on the 
 Waldstader See, two miies sw of Schweitz, 
 Here was laid the foundation of the Swiss 
 republic, by the alliance formed betw'een the 
 cantons of Uri, Schweitz, and Underwaiden. 
 
 Brunsbuttle, a sea-port town of Germany, 
 mouth of the Elbe, subject to Denmark, 13 
 miles Nw of Gluckstadt. Lon, 9 2 e, lat, 
 54 2 N. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a country of Germany, 
 in the late circle of Lower Saxony, bounded 
 on the N by the duchy of Lunenburg ; on 
 the w by the circle of Westphalia ; on the s 
 by Flesse, and the territory of Piechfield ; 
 and on the e by Thuringia, with the princi- 
 palities of Anhalt and Helberstadt, and the 
 duchy of Magdeburg. The rivers are the 
 Weser, the Ocker, and the Lyne; and it is 
 fertile both in corn and pastures ; has large 
 forests, mines, and medicinal springs. It is 
 divided into two counties and four duchies ; 
 viz. Calenberg, Grubenhagen, Proper, and 
 Wolfenbuttle, along with the two counties 
 of Rheinstein and Blankenberg. The duke 
 of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle is styled Duke 
 of Brunsv/ick and Lunenburg, as well a» 
 the elector of Hanover, The whole of this 
 
B R U 
 
 croisnirj which bad fallen under ihe domi- 
 nion of France, and was fornaerlj taken pos- 
 sesbion of, October 28> 1 806 ; it is now, by 
 the exertions of the allied armies freed from 
 their yoke. 
 
 Brunswkky a fortified citj and the capital 
 of the above country. It is composed of 
 five tov.rns, vis. the Old Town, the New 
 Town, the Hagen, or Burg, tho Old Wieck, 
 and the Sack, which makes it a large place ; 
 but the houses are almost all built of wood. 
 There are several churches ; one of which 
 is an ancient Gothic building. Brunswick 
 is of a square form, divided in the middle 
 by the river Ocker ; it is about two miles 
 in circumference. This city was the resi- 
 dence of the duke of Brunswick Woifenbut- 
 iie. The inhabitants carry on a considerable 
 trade with Bohemia, It is celebrated for its 
 strong beer called Mwuy which finds its way 
 even to Asia. The religion is the Lutheran, 
 and the people observe it very strictly. The 
 peasants are sober and laborious, being ro- 
 bust and strong, they make good soldiers. 
 The minaber of inhabitants are about 22,000, 
 and the whole income of the duke was esth | 
 mated at 130,000/. Bruns wick is situated 
 on the Ocker, seven miles n by e of Wuifen- 
 buttle, and 68 s of Luneburg. Lon. 10 
 47 E, lat. 52 16 n. 
 
 Brumivicki a town of the United States, 
 In New Jersey, incorporated in 1784, con- 
 taining 2500 citizens, one half of whom 
 were Dutch. It is situated on the sw bank 
 of Rariton river, over vidiich is one of the 
 most elegant bridges in the United States. 
 In this city was Queen^ Colleg^t but it has 
 BOW ceased to be a seat of learning. Its 
 situation is low and unpleasant. It enjoys 
 considerable inward trade, and many small 
 vessels belong to the port. This town is 12 
 miles above Perth Amboy, 60 jne of Phila- 
 delphia, and 35 sw of New York. Lon. 75 
 O w, lat. 40 20 N. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, a county of Virginia, 
 58 miles in length, and 33 in breadth. A 
 district court is held here on the 29lh of 
 April, and Sept, and a county court the 4th 
 Monday in every month. It is well watered 
 by.Nottaway and Menerrin rivers. 
 
 Brunswick, a small town of N Carolina, 
 in a county of the same name, in which is 
 ihe Wakkamaw, seven miles long, and five 
 broad. It is about nine miles n of Fort 
 Johnson, and 17 sw of Wilmington. Lon. 
 
 3 13 w, lat. 34 0 n. 
 
 Brunswick, a small post tow'n of the 
 United States, in Maine district, situated 
 in Cumberland county, containing about 1 
 158 7 citizei-is. It is 153 miles troin Boston, 
 
 Brunsu ick, a sea port town of the United 
 States, in Geojgia, capital of Ciynn county, 
 seated at tlie mouth of Turtle river, in St 
 Simons soutud, in a fertile country, has a 
 safe and U»'ge harbeur. It is 60 miles 
 
 B R u 
 
 s»w of Savannah, Lon, 81 O w, lat. 
 
 10 N. 
 
 BRUNSWICK, NEW, the i#vr division 
 of Nova Scotia, which, in 1 784, was divided 
 into two provinces Since the conclusion 
 of the American war, the emigration of loy- 
 alists to this province from the United States 
 has been very great. The river St John 
 opens a vast extent of fine country, most of 
 which is settled and under improvement. 
 The upland is in general well wooded, and 
 the lofty pines afford a considerable supply 
 of masts for the navy^ The chief place is 
 the city of St John, but the seat of govern- 
 ment is at Frederietown. 
 
 Brussels, a city of France, lately capital of 
 Brabant, and seat of the governor of the 
 Austrian Netherlands, now the capital of 
 the department of Dyle. The small river 
 Senne runs through it. It is a rich and 
 handsome city ; and, among the public struc- 
 tures, the palace, the town- house, and the 
 arsenal are most superb. The Hotel de 
 Ville, in the grand market-place, is a stu- 
 penduous structure. Its turret is 364 feet 
 high ; surmounted by a figure of St Michael 
 of copper, gilt, 17 feet in height, which turns 
 with the wind. No city in Europe, except 
 Naples and Genoa, makes a finer appeal’s nee 
 at a distance. It is encompassed with a dou- 
 ble brick wall, and has seven gates ; but, 
 being seven miles in compass, is too large to 
 bold out a long siege. In Brussels are se- 
 ven fine squares, or market-places ; that of 
 the great market is one of the most beautiful 
 in the world. The town-house takes up 
 one quarter of it. In the other parts of 
 this square are the halls of the different trades# 
 and several ancient palaces. There are 20 
 public fountains. In the lower part of tho 
 city there Are several canals for the shipping. 
 One in particular was cut from the Scheldt, 
 20 miles from the city, by which vessels can 
 pass between Brussels and Antwerp. A 
 kind of nunnery, called the Beguinage is like 
 a little town, and is encompassed by a wall 
 and ditch. The females educated here are 
 pernaitted to leave it when they are designed 
 to marry. The hospitals are well endowed ; 
 some of them are for the maintainance of 
 strangers for threedays. Amongthechurches. 
 that of St Gudula is very magnificent. The 
 Jesuits had a fine church, as well as a li- 
 brary. In 1695, Brussels was bombarded 
 by Marshal Villeroy, who demolished 40CO 
 houses, the stadihouse, and several churches. 
 Marshal Saxe, the French general, took if, 
 in 1746; but it was restored by the treaty of 
 Aix-la-Chapeile. It w'as taken by the 
 French army in 1792; retaken by the Aus- 
 trians in 1795 ; but recovered soon after by 
 the French. Braissels has long been cele- 
 brated for its manufactures of laces, camblets, 
 and tapestry. The population amounts to 
 about 80,000. It is 25 miles s of Antw’erp 
 
B U C 
 
 and 148 Iff by s of Paris, Lon. 4 IS k lat. 
 40 51 N. , « - - j 
 
 Bruton, a town of Somersetshire, situated 
 on the river Bruc, and well inhabited. It 
 is adorned with a very beautiful church ; it 
 is famous for malt, and for a woollen manu- 
 factory of cloth and serges, besides silk nnd 
 hosiery. Here is an alms-house consisting 
 of the ruins of a priory, and a frec-school 
 founded by Edward VI. It is 1 2 miles sf. 
 of Weils, and 109 w of London. Lon. 2 | 
 
 SO w, iat 51 15 N. , . , I 
 
 BRUYE, or BUGA, an island in the j 
 hay of Bengal, about 25 miles long, and 10 ; 
 broad. Ix)n. 97 37 e, iat. 26 15 n. | 
 
 Bruyers, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Vosges, 22 miles s by e of Lune- 
 ^\\e. Lon. 6 50 e, Iat. 48 18 w. 
 
 Bryans Bridge, a towm in the county of 
 Clare, and province of Connaught, Ireland, 
 on the Shannon, eight miles n of Limerick 
 
 Bryde St, an ancient parish now united 
 with that of Traquair. 
 
 Brzenilz, a mine-tovm of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Saatz. It has manufactures of 
 I nee, fire-arms, iron, &c. 
 
 Bi'zesc, a fortified town of Lithuania, and 
 capital of Potesia, seated on the Bug,- with 
 a castle. Here is a synagogue, resorted to 
 by Jews from every part of Europe. It is 
 nine miles s by w of Orodo, Loii. 24 6 
 %, Iat. 52 4 N. 
 
 Brzese, a capital erf a palntinate of its 
 name, in Poland, seated in a marshy plain, 
 and surrounded by a wall, 95 miles wnw^ of 
 Warsaw. Lon. 18 30 w, Iat. 52 40 N. 
 
 Brzesnitzl a town in the circle of Saatz, 
 Bohemia. Here are manufactures of hard- 
 ware, fire-arms, and lace ; 24 miles wnw of 
 Saatz — Another, 18 miles wnw of Pisek, 
 circle of Prachin. 
 
 BUA, an island in the gulf of Venice, on 
 the coast of Dalmatia, near Trau. It is 
 separated from Traon, by a canal of 350 feet 
 broad, over which a brick dam, and two 
 stone bridges are built. The island is 10 
 miles in length, and 21 in circuit; hut ra- 
 ther high and mountainous. It is populous, 
 and has a secure and commodious port. 
 The climate is mild, and the soil fertile, pro- 
 ducing wine, oil, &c. 
 
 Buarcos, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on 
 the Mondego, 27 miles sof Abeira. Lon, 8 
 5 w, Iat 40 5 N. 
 
 Buccari, or Buchari, a sea-port of Croa- 
 tia, on the NE part of the Gulf of Venice. 
 It lies 12 miles e of Fiurae. Lon. 14 26 e, 
 Iat 45 17 N. 
 
 BUG 
 
 prdiendihg a. tract of 20 miles in length, arj 
 nine in breadth. That part which lies in 
 Aberdeenshire, extends s to the river Ythan. 
 The surface is in general bleak and barren, 
 the coast is hold mid rocky. The whole 
 district formerly belonged to the earls of 
 Buchan, but nov/ possesses little of it except 
 j the title. 
 
 Buchanan, a parish in Stirlingshire, Scot- 
 ianc), about 18 miles long, and five broad, 
 exlendmg about 15 miles along the banks of 
 Loch Lomond; and the Grampian hills 
 1 rim through its centre. Here the river Forth 
 takes its rise. The surface is mountainous 
 j except two rallies called Glendow and Gle- 
 narclet ; the climate is healthy. The seat of 
 the duke of Montrose, who is proprietor of 
 the whole parish, is among its principal or- 
 j caments. The population is about 748. 
 
 Buchanness, the most eastern promontory 
 o'* Sco'l:ind,E of Peterhead. . Near this pro- 
 montory are the Bullerso^ Buchan, and other 
 stupendous precipices and rocks, which at- 
 tract the attention of travellers, and are ad- 
 mired by all for their awful grandeur. Loa. 
 
 1 34 E, iat. 57 27 n. 
 
 Biicknu, or Buchaw, a free and imperial 
 town of Germany, m Suabia, on a lake called 
 the Feyder See, with a nunnery, 25 miles 
 sw of Ulm. Lon. 9 40 e, Iat. 48 5 n. 
 
 Buchaw^ a small territory of Germany, 
 which comprehends the district of Find, 26 
 miles s'w of Saatz, 
 
 Buchlyie,^ considerable village of Stir- 
 lingshire, in the parish of Kippen. It is & 
 hoj’ough of barony, entitled to hold five faiis 
 in tlae year; and contains about 500 iaha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Bucholz', a town of the principality of 
 Bradenburg, 23 miles sse of Berlin. 
 
 Bucharest, a pretty large town of Turkey 
 in Europe, situated in the middle of Wala- 
 chia. The generality of the houses are mean, 
 and ill built. Here the Hosgodar usually 
 resides. Besides the patriarchal church, 
 which is large, there is the church of St. 
 George, the patron saint of Walachia. It is 
 sealed on the Domboriza ; and the popula- 
 tion is estimated at 60,000 ; 35 miles sse 
 of Tergovist, and 200 n by w of Adrianople* 
 Lon. 26 8 e, Iat. 44 57 N. 
 
 Buchorn, a small town of Suabia, in Ger- 
 many, situated on the lake Constance. Lon. 
 9 20 E, Iat. 47 40 n. 
 
 Back, a mountain of Scotland in Aber- 
 deenshire, 2377 feet above the level of the 
 
 . r 1 T 
 
 BUCK, one of the Virgin Is^es. Lon. 
 
 Buccleiigh, a village in the county of Sel- 
 kirk, Scotland, from which the noble family 
 of Scott have the title of Duke. 
 
 BUCHAN,' a territory of Scotland, lying 
 partly in the county of Aberdeen, and partly 
 in that of Bamff. The latter district extends 
 northwards from the Ugie to the sea, com- 
 
 65 30 w, Iat. 18 15 n. 
 
 Buckden, a village in Huntingdonshire. 
 50 miles sw of Huntingdon. Here is a 
 magnificent palace of the bishops of Lincoln, 
 I and several of them have been buried in the 
 ' church. 
 
 I Backeburg, a town of Wertphalia, in the 
 
BUG 
 
 territory of Scbauenburp;:, on the A'a, three 
 miles ESE of Minden. Lou. 8 58 t:, lat. 52 
 
 1 8 K. 
 
 Buckenkanit a town in Norfoikshire, 90 
 miles from London. It has a market on 
 Saturday. 
 
 Buckenham Ferret a village in Norfolk- 
 shire. 
 
 Buckenham Rousef four miles n of Thet- 
 ford. 
 
 Buckenham NeiVy a town of Norfolk, 9-3 
 miles of London, and 12 e by n of Tfaet^ 
 ford. 
 
 Buckfcistleigh, a village three miles s by w 
 of Ashburton, Devonshire. Many of the 
 houses are built from the ruins of an abbey, 
 some vestiges of which still remain. 
 
 ' Bnckhaven. a fishing village on the coast 
 of Fifeshire, in the parish of Wemyss. As 
 the inhabitants seldom intermarry out of the 
 village, they retain a phraseology and accent 
 peculiar to themselves. 
 
 Buckie, a fishing town on the coast of 
 BamfFshire, in the parish of Rathvan. In 
 1793, it contained’ 165 houses, and 703 
 inhabitants. 
 
 ' BUCKINGHAM, BUCKS, or Buck- 
 inghamshire, an inland county of England, 
 included in the Norfolk circuit, the diocese 
 of Lincoln, and the province of Canterbury. 
 It is bounded on the n by Northamptonshire, 
 on the s by Berkshire, on the k by Bedford- 
 shire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex, and on 
 the w by Oxfordshire. It is of an oblong 
 form ; and its greatest extent is from n to s. 
 It contains 478,720 acres ; in 1811,117,650 
 inhabitants, 203 parishes, 73 vicarages; is 39 
 miles long, 18 broad, and 109 in circirmfer- 
 ence. It has 1 5 market towns, and 613 infe- 
 rior ones. It is divided into eight hundreds ; 
 provides 560 men for the militia; sends M 
 members to parliament; and pays 12 parts 
 of the land tax. Its rivers are the Thames, 
 Ouse, Coin, Wichain, Amershara, Isa, Tame, 
 and Loddon. Its chief trade consists in 
 bone, lace, paper, corn, fine wool, and breed- 
 ing rams. The air is generally good, and 
 the soil mostly chalk or marie. 
 
 Buckingham, the chief town of the above 
 county, stands in a lovr ground, on the river 
 Ouse, by which it is almost surrounded, and 
 over which there are three handsome stone 
 bridges. It is large and populous, and go- 
 verned by a bailiff and 12 burgesses, who 
 elect ^two members to parliament. The 
 cimrch is a stately edifice of stone, finished 
 ubontthe year 1781, at the expence of LI 000. 
 'fo the s\v end of it is attached a square tower, 
 ornamented with pinnacles, embrassures, and 
 n light tapering spire, altogether 150 feet 
 There are also meeting-houses fur 
 Presbyterians, Methodists, Quakers. The i 
 tov/ii-hall is a large brick edifice, the prin- 
 cipal fioor is appropriated for the magistrates, 
 ^liare they hold the parish court every three 
 
 B u D 
 
 weeks, and sessions half-yearly. Two milei 
 to the w is Stowe, the elegant seat of the 
 marquis of Buckingham. ..Buckingham, has 
 had a large market on Saturday from time 
 immemorial; and it has now 10 annual 
 fairs, viz. Jan. 12, and 30, Pdarch 6, May 6> 
 Thurs. in V/hitsun-week, July 10, Sept. 4, 
 Oct. 2, Sat. after Oct. 11, and Nov. 8. |fs 
 its neighbourhood are many paper mills upon 
 the Ouse. It is 25 miles ne of Oxford, and 
 55 Nw of London. In 1725 this tovvn suf- 
 fered severed y by fire. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, acountyof the United 
 I States, in Virginia. It is 65 miles long, and 
 30 broad ; and in 1795, contained 561 J free 
 inhabitants, and 4168 slaves. 
 
 Buckland, a township of Massachusetts^ 
 in Hampshire county, containing 718 cU 
 tizens 
 
 Bucklers- Hard, .a village on Bcaulien rir 
 ver, Hampshire. Ship-building is carried on 
 here to such extent, that many frigates have 
 been built at this place. It is 9 miles ssvy 
 of Southampton. 
 
 BUCKOR, a province of Asia, subject 
 to the Great Mogul, with a capital of the 
 same name. It is situated on the Indus, on 
 the banks of which there are corn and cattle ; 
 but the w part is a desert. The inhabitants 
 are strong, robust, and drive a great trade in 
 cotton cloth, and other Indian commodities. 
 They are all Mahometans. 
 
 Buckou, a town of Brandenburg, 22 miles 
 E of Berlin. 
 
 Bucks, a populous and well cultivated 
 county of the United States, in Pennsylva- 
 nia, Its greatest length is 41 miles, and 
 breadth 21. It contains 4 1 1 ,900 acres ; and 
 is divided into 27 townships. I4s popular 
 tion in 1795, was 25,140 free citizens, and 
 261 slaves. On the s it is fertile; the land 
 on the N is rather poor, but it abounds in 
 limestone. Lead and iron ores have been 
 discovered. Newton is the capita). 
 
 Back stead, a town of Sussex. It has a 
 fair, July 31. 
 
 Buckstoivn, a town of the district of 
 Maine in Hancock county, 260 miles ne of 
 Boston ; another in Maryland, eight miles 
 and a half ss of Cambridge. 
 
 Biida, or Offen, the capital of Louver 
 Hungary, on the side of a hill, on the w 
 side of the Danube. It is large and well 
 fortified ; and has a castle that is almost im- 
 pregnable. The houses are mostly built with 
 square stones. Tne most sumptuous struc-. 
 tures are the caravanserai, the mosques, 
 bridges, and baths. The Danube is about 
 three quarters of a mile in breadth ; between 
 the city and Pest, there is a bridge of boats, 
 consisting of 63 large pontoons. The Jews 
 have a synagogue near the castle gardens. 
 The surrounding country produces excellent 
 wine, and while it was in possession of the 
 Turks, the baths and public rooms were kept 
 
B U E 
 
 B U E 
 
 b tlia best style. In 1686, after many 
 sieges, it was taken by the Gerniiins, after 
 having been in possession of the r*uiks for 
 157 years. The population is estimated at 
 2 1,000. It is 91 miles ese of Presburg, and 
 200 NNW of Belgrade. Lon. 19 25 e, lat. 
 47 30 N. 
 
 BUDA, the BERaLERBEGLic, was one of 
 the chief governments of the Turks in Eu- 
 rope. It included aU the countries of Hun- 
 gary. But great part of this government 
 now belongs to Hungary. 
 
 JBuddo, an insulated rock on the coast of j 
 Fife, which serves for a land-mark. 
 
 Budelich, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Sarre, formerly in the electorate 
 of Treves, on the Traen, 12 miles ese of 
 Treves. Lon. 6 55 e, lat. 19 52 N. - 
 
 Biidericfi, or BudicJiy a town of the grand 
 duchy of Cleves, department of Roen, on the 
 Rhine 22 miles se of Cleves. 
 
 Buditi, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Rakonitz. It is 9 miles s by w of Leit- 
 meritz. 
 
 Budingeuj the capital of a lordship it> Ger- 
 many of the same name, in Watteravia, on 
 the Sambach, 20 miles ene of Frankfort. 
 Lon. 90 27 E, iat. 50 20 n. 
 
 Budley, a town of Devonshire, with a 
 market on Monday. 
 
 Budoa, a maritime town of Dalmatia, ca- 
 pital of a county of the same name, and 
 about 700 paces in circumference. It with- 
 stood a siege of the Turks in 1686, and lies 
 50 miles se of Ragusa. Lon. 18 58 e, lat. 
 42 50 N. 
 
 Budrioj a town of Italy, in the Bolognese, 
 eight miles e of Bologna. Lon. 11 35 e, 
 lat. 44 27 N. 
 
 Budweis, a royal city of Bohemia, circle 
 of BeCiin, seated on the Muldau. It is 
 pretty large and well built, surrounded with 
 strong walls, and fortified with a good ram^ 
 part. In the neighbourhood are mines of 
 gold and silver. It is 75 miles s by w of 
 Prague Lon. 14 19 e, lat 49 2 n. 
 
 BUDZIAC TART ARY, lies on the 
 rivers Niester, Bog, and Nieper. The chief 
 town IS Oczakow. It is subject to Turkey. 
 
 BUEN-AYRE, one of the Leeward 
 islands, e of Curacoa. See Bonair. 
 
 BUENA VISTA, one of the Cape de 
 Verd islands, called also Bonavista and 
 Jjonnevieu. It is reckoned near 20 leagues 
 in circumefernce. The coast stretches e and 
 Nw, cind is terminated with sundry banks to 
 the sea. The interior part is chiefly moun- 
 taiiiuu.s. 
 
 BUENOS- AYRES, a country of South 
 America, belonging to the Spaniards. This 
 name, given from the pleasantness of tlie 
 climate, is extended to all that country lying 
 between Tucuman on the e, Paraguay on 
 the N. and Terra Mageilanica on the s, or to 
 the vertex of that triangular point of Und, 
 6 
 
 which composes South America. The coun- 
 try is watered by the great river La Plata. 
 It was first discovered in 1515, by Juan 
 Diaz de Solis, and partly subdued by Se- 
 basti.;m CabQt, who gave the great river the 
 appeiiation or La Plata, lr(»m the abund.-nce 
 of the precious metals he procured from the 
 inhabitants. The province is 114 enoiiely 
 destitute of gold, and has mines of coypet 
 and tin. But although poor in precious 
 metals, no country is richer iu vegetable pro- 
 ductions, The clim.-.te is so salubrious, that 
 nature will spontaneously produce almost 
 every thing; the country is every whe^^e in- 
 tersected by rivers, which dihuse their ferti- 
 lizing influence, the centre, by the great La 
 Plata, and either side by smaller rivers or 
 brooks, w-^hicb flow into It. A consideral)'a 
 portion of the land is cultivawed and cn^efly 
 set apart for wheat, cotton, flax, hemp, and 
 saffron, but the largest part is under pasture, 
 or unreclaimed, supporting a vast number of 
 cattle, horses, sheep, &c. The greatest ex- 
 pense of a horse or cow is in the catching of 
 it. In such abundance are those useful ani- 
 mals that the hide alone is deemed of any 
 value.. The wild interior of the country als^ 
 affords a plentiful field for the chace, and the 
 coasts swarm widi fish, especially the whale 
 and sea-woif. The inh?.bitants living well, 
 wdth little labour, are become idle, and the 
 commonality are generally poorly clothed. 
 In 1778, when the province v/as erected into 
 a separate govermnent, the trade of tb0 
 country received several very favourable re- 
 gulations ; and in 1791, foreign, as well as 
 Spanish merchants, were permitted to im- 
 port negro slaves and hardware, and to ex- 
 port in return the various rich productions 
 of the country. These, in some degree, 
 opened sources for the consumption of Eu- 
 ropean manufactures, and the way to opu- 
 lence ; but the obstacles to foreign traders 
 vs^ere still so great, that the advantage has^ 
 been extremely partial. The commerce cf 
 neutrals could only be carried on through 
 the agency of Spanish br( kers, whose coni- 
 ■ mission, &c. amounted to about seven and a 
 half per cent. ; besides which the Spanish 
 government charged thirty- four and a half 
 per cent, ad valor evz on the imports, and 
 twenty-two per cent, on the exports, making 
 together a chc;rge of sixty-four per cent, 
 against the neutral adventurer, ihe traue, 
 however, through Spain, has arrived at a. 
 most prosperous condition, of w hich we may 
 form a very correct idea, from a view ot the 
 imports and exports. In the year R9d, 
 there arrived 62 loaded ships froin Cadis, 
 Barcelona, Malaga, &c. The value of diat 
 part of the. cargoes which consisted oi Sps-* 
 nisli productions, amounted to 1,705,866 
 American piastres. The value of the foreign 
 manufactures, &c. amounted to 1,148,073. 
 Oa the other hand^ there, sailed from Busnoa 
 
 Z 
 
Ayres 51 ships for Cadiz, Barcelona, Ma* 
 laga, Corunna, &c. These carried . coined 
 and uncoined gold, of the value of 1,425>701 
 piastres; silver 2,556,504 ; and that of the 
 other productions of the province to 07 6,8 7 7 
 piastres. The goods exported , consisted of 
 874,593 raw ox-hides, 43,752 horse- hides. 
 24,486 skins of a finer sort, 46,800 nrrobas 
 of the wool of Guanaco, or camel sheep, 
 11,890 goose wings, 451,000 ox-horns, 3223 
 cvvt. of copper, 4 cwt. of tin, 2541 tanned 
 hides, 222 dosen of manufactured sheep 
 skins, 2128 cWt. of salted beef, and 185 cwt. 
 of lalted pork. From these statements, the 
 importance of the settlement in a commercial 
 view will be obvious. The advantage, how- 
 ever, was chiefly confined to Spain, and in a 
 war with any enterprising nation, it would 
 naturally become an enviable object of con- 
 ipiest. The capital of the province surren- 
 dered to the British forces, on the 26th June, 
 1806 ; but was retaken by the Spanish forces 
 about two months afterwards. The popula- 
 tion of Buenos Ayres is not exactly ascer- 
 tained. The chief towns are the capital, 
 Monte Video, the best harbour in the coun- 
 try, Corienteo, and Santa Fe. 
 
 Buenos- Ayres., Neu^ira Sennora dc, tbs 
 capital of the above country, was founded in 
 1535, under the direction of Don Pedro de 
 Mendoza, then governor. It stands on a 
 point called Cape Blanco, on the south side 
 of the Plata, fronting a small river, in a fine 
 plain, rising by a gentle ascent from the 
 river. It is tmly paradisiacal, if we regard 
 the temperature of the climate, the- fertility 
 of the soil, or that beautiful verdure which 
 overspreads the whole face of the country. 
 Bat the city itself, to be the capital of such a 
 vast extent of country, has little v/orthy of 
 observation. Its extent is considerable 
 enough, but badly occupied ; the suburbs, 
 v/hich are inhabited by mestizoes and negroes, 
 are extremely low, and miserably filthy. 
 The interior, how'ever, presents some beauti- 
 ful streets, w'hich have a very agreeable shew 
 of opulence and taste. They are broad and 
 straight; the handsomest are the Caile del 
 Santa Trinidad, and the Cade del Santo Be- 
 nito. The cathedral is a noble stone build- 
 ing, worthy of a better metropolis. The 
 church of St Francis, and that of the convent 
 of Mercy, are likewise very beautiful build- 
 ings, with cupolas and high steeples, much 
 in the same style as the cathedral. It has a 
 college, tv/o monasteries, five convent*;, and 
 a small Indian church, and contains about 
 33,000 people ; including Spaniards and na- 
 tives of different complexioriS, The inland 
 trade is carried on by carts drawn by oxen. 
 Bon. 5S 2o vt', lat. 54 35 s. 
 
 JBucren, or Bure 7 i. a town of Holland, 
 on the sof the Rhiitc. It is situated 22 rnihs 
 r.> of Niinr^uen. Lon. 5 22. 52 , lul. 52 
 
 , Buett a* mountain of France,, in . th© 
 partuieat of Mont Blanc, 10,106 feet . 
 
 Bug, a. river of Poland, which has, 
 source in the palatinate of Lemburg, fiavy^ 
 through Biachia and Mahovia, and falls ihto^ 
 the Vistula above Wisebgrod. 
 
 Bugia, by the Africans called Bugeiak, 
 a maritime town of Africa^ in the kingdom 
 of Algiers, in the province of Constantia,. 
 at the mouth of the Major, pn a bay of the 
 Mediterranean. It has a handsome port,, 
 formed by a narrow neck of land running 
 into the sea. The city itself is built on the 
 ruins of a large one ; a groat part of w'hose 
 walls runs up quite to the top of it ; where 
 there is also a castle that commands the 
 whole town, yet Sir Edward Spragge, in 
 1671, destroyed several Algerine men of 
 war, under its very walls. The inhabitants; 
 who arc descended from tli© most ancient 
 Arabs, Moors, or Stuacens, drive a con- 
 siderable trade in plough-shares, maitocks, 
 and other iron tools. It is 90 miles e of 
 Algiers. Lon, 5 28 e, lat.,36 49 n. 
 
 a town of jEgypt, situated on the* 
 w shore of the Bed sea, about i 10 miles vv 
 of Mecca. Lor.. 56 6 e, iat. 22 1.5 n. 
 
 Buittk, or Buallt, SlU ancient market town 
 of England, in Brecknockshire, delightfully 
 situated. It has a manufacture of stockings ; 
 markets oii Monday and oaturday. Fairs 
 June 27, Oct. 2, and Dec. u. it is 175 
 miles w by n of London. 
 
 Bu:s, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Dvo 13, 40 miles sw of Gas, and 
 65 SS 2 of Valence, 
 
 Biiith, a parisli in the ste warty of Kirk- 
 cudbright bordering on the Solway- 
 about eight uiiles long and three Inuud. The*, 
 scii is dry, and fertile; the sui face is 
 hilly. Here are found the water polypus, 
 rock crystal, talos and spars. The crossbill, 
 bulfinch, pheasant, and quails are comm ori, 
 and in hard winters some Artie birds are 
 seen in the parish. Buitlc Castle, now the 
 property of the family of Murray of Brought, 
 appears, fiom its ruins and fosse, to have 
 been a place of great strength and celebrity. 
 The population of the parish is 363, 
 
 Bidlrago, a fortified town in New Cas- 
 , tile, Spain, on ibe Lez' 2 <^, 40 miles n of 
 Madrid. It is famous lor the wool which is 
 produced in its \lcinky. 
 
 Bnjalance, a town of Andalusia, Spaiis. 
 The surrounding courUy is rich in vines, 
 olives and corn, 22^miin3 e of Cordova. 
 
 Bnchari,^ st^a'll Wfii built town of Hun- 
 garian Dalmatjar. Lon. 14 59 e, iat, 45 29 w. 
 
 BUKHARIA, a genciM name for all 
 that var^t tract of lani.1 lying belweeii Ka- 
 12301 and the great . IBhi, or sandy desart; 
 
 ; bordering cn C.n'na. Thl^, region is di- 
 I vided into Great ur.d Liule BukiiaVia. The 
 : Lhdaumk I'artars arc masters of uie counlry. 
 li BUKHAKIA, Goat, which i*w apposed 
 
B U L 
 
 comprehend th« Sogdiana and-Bactrina 
 of the ancient Greeks and Romans, with 
 Jheir dependencici is situated between 34 
 deg. and 46 deg. lat. N, and between 76 
 deg. and 92 deg. Ion e. It is about 770 
 miles long from w to e, and 730 broad fi-om 
 s to N. It is exceedingly rich and fertile ; 
 the fields are covered with grass the height 
 of a man ; the rivers abound with excellent 
 fish, and wood. But all these benefits are 
 of little use to tlie Tartar inhabitants, who 
 are naturally indolent. This country is di- 
 vided into three large provinces, viz. Buk- 
 haria proper, Samarcand, and Balk ; each of 
 ivhich is generally its proper khan. 
 
 BUKHARIA, Little, is so called, not 
 because it is less in dimensions than the 
 e^ier, for in reality it is larger ; but because 
 it is inferior to it as to the number and 
 beauty of its cities, goodness of the soil, &c. 
 It i« surrounded by desarts. It is situated 
 between 93 deg. and 118 deg. Icn. s, and 
 35 deg. 30 and 45 of kt. n. being in length 
 from E to Wf about 850 miles, and in breadth 
 from N to « 580 ; but. if its dimensions be 
 taken according to its semicircular course 
 from the s to the kk, its length will ho 1200 
 miles. It is sufficiently populous and fer- 
 tile. It is very rich in mines of gold nnd 
 gflver. Much musk is likewise I’d and in 
 this country, as well as diamonds and all 
 « 0 Pts of precious stones. 
 
 BUKHARIA Frok R; is the most wes- 
 tern, province of Br kh^via. It is about 390 
 miles long, and 320 bfo.ad. The tow ns are 
 Bukhara, Zam, Wardansi, Ksiakul, Si- 
 unjbala, Karshi, Zarjiii, Nersem, Karmi- 
 na, &c. 
 
 Bnkoreste, a town of Wallachia, in Tur- 
 key in Europe. Lon. 26 42 e, lat. 44 30 w. 
 
 Bulac, a town of Egypt, situated on the 
 E shore of the Nile, about two miles w of 
 Grand Cairo, of which it is the port town, 
 and contains about 4000 famiiics. It is a 
 place of great trade. Lon. 31 22 e, lat. 
 30 2 N. 
 
 BULAM, a fertile island of xlfriea, at 
 the mouth of the river Gambia. The 
 Ec glish settled a small colony of fre'e blacks 
 L?;*e in 1 792, but the natives, ignorant of the 
 l:nspeakable advantages that might have 
 ev*er.taal]y resulted from such an estabiish- 
 n.cnt, did net permit them to continue, 
 Lon. 15 0 w, lat. 11 0 n. 
 
 ' BULGARIA, a small province of Tur- 
 key in Europe. It is very n.iiTow, hut 325 
 mdes long on the side of die Danube. It 
 is divided into four sangiacates; Byden, 
 Sardice, Nicopolis, and SiHstria. The chief 
 towms are of the same names, except that of 
 Sardice, which i^ now caiied Sophia. The 
 country is in general moimtr.inous, but the 
 plains and valiies are well v;att'red and fer- 
 tile, producing wine and corn In ,fbegTca‘ r?t 
 J[vlcnty. Sofia is the capital. 
 
 BUN 
 
 BalkomiZt a town of Silesia, in Bohe- 
 mia. Lon. 16 15 E, lat. 51 39 N. 
 
 a town of Vclhinra, Poland. Lon. 
 24 16 E, lat. 52 40 N. 
 
 J9w710zw?, a village in Argyllshire, on the 
 E side of Loch Etive, where the Lorn Fur- 
 nace Company have their manufactory. 
 Hera a valuable salmoti fiihtry, and a 
 harbour IvLere ships are safe, from whatever 
 quarter the winds blows; 15 miles ene of 
 Oban. 
 
 B UNCOMB, a comity of the United 
 States, in N Carolina, situated in Morga?i 
 district. It is the largest and most westerly 
 county in thst state, It is hilly, the Blue 
 Mountains passing through it to S Carolina. 
 Its principal rivers are the Catabaw, Paco- 
 iet, and Broad River. 
 
 BIJND'SLA, or BUNDELQUND, a 
 territory of Kindoostan Proper, sSw of the 
 river Jumna. It is a moiiniainous district 
 of more than 100 miles square; is inhabiieci 
 by Ragpoots, and contains the famous dia- 
 mond mines of Paniia, . Chatterpour is the 
 capital. 
 
 BundlepataUi a town on the Coromandel 
 Coast, in ion. 83 40 e, lat. 18 i jsr. 
 
 Bungai/y a market town of Suffolk, situat- 
 ed on the river Wavenny, which is navigable 
 to Yarmouth. - Here are two churches and 
 the remains of a castle and nunnery. Its 
 trade is considerable, end the women are 
 much employed in knitting of stockings. It 
 is 36 miles N‘’by e of Ipswich, and 107 kx 
 of London. 
 
 BUNGO, BONGO, or XIMO,' one of 
 the islands which compose tlie empire of 
 Japan. ' In 1583, the king of this country, 
 who was con verted to the Catholic religion, 
 sent a solemn embassy to' the Pope Lon. 
 132 0 E, lat. 32 40 n. 
 
 Buniva, or Boniva^ a mountain of Greece, 
 between Janns and Livacia, extending to 
 the Gulf of Zelton, celebrated for the Pass 
 of Thermopylae (which bad its name from 
 the warm baths in the u'eighbourbood) where 
 Leonidas, with a handful of Spartans amount- 
 ing only to 300, resisted the immense army 
 of the Persians for three days. The ancient 
 name of this mountain was 
 
 Bunker^ s- hill. See Breedshill. 
 
 Buntingfordy a town of Hertfordshire. 
 It has a market on Monday, and two fairs 
 on June, 29, and November 30; 31 miles 
 N by E of London. Lon, 0 6 w, lat. 51 
 55 N. 
 
 Bimtwala, a town of Canara, liindoostan, 
 near the Netrawari, has an extensive inland 
 trade, and is 10 miles a of Mangalore. 
 
 Buntzel, a town of Silesia, on the Bober, in 
 the duchy of Jauer. It is in the road to 
 Leipsic ; and its chief trade is earthenv ware ; 
 23 miles w by Nof Lignitz. Lon. 15 50 s, 
 lat. 51 12 N. m. 
 
 Biinixlau, Alt » town of Bohemia. 
 
 Z 2 
 
 
BUR 
 
 *Bunlsifau a town of Bohcrnta, 'ca*' 
 
 pjtal of the circle of Buntzlau ; seated on 
 the Iser 28 miies nne of Prague. It was 
 a royal town, under Adolphus IX. Xon. 15 
 5 E, lat 50 22 k. ' '' 
 
 JBuqupi, a town of Fraoci^, in the depart-i, 
 naent of the straits of Calais, nine mjle^ w off 
 Bapaume Lon. 2 40 e, lat. 50 l2 n. ^ 
 
 ' JBiiragrag, a river of Barba^y, in the king-, 
 doin of Fez, which falls into the Atlantic, at 
 Sallee. 
 
 BCRANO, a populous island and town 
 in .he Dogado of Venice. 
 
 JBiirdiauseny a town of Germany., Lon. 
 15 25 E, lat. 48 5 N. 
 
 BURCKLAND, a county pf Trans^^l- 
 vania, in many places rich arid fertile. " The 
 Capiralis Cronstadt. 
 
 jDardiuan, capital of a territory in Bengal, 
 on the Dumraoada, 57 miles w of Calcutta. 
 Lon. 87 56 e, lat. 25 20 n. 
 
 Burello, or Civita Burella^ a town of ,l^a- 
 ples, 20 miles s of Lanciano. Lon. 14 48 e, 
 lat. 41 58 N. 
 
 Bure% a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Westphalia, 10 miles s of Paderborn. 
 Lon. 8 ^5 E, lat. 53 16 n. , 
 
 Buren, in Guelderland, Holland, with a 
 strong castle, 22 miles w of Nimeguen. Lon. 
 
 5 22 E, iat. 52 0 N. 
 
 Buren, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Bern, on the Aar, six miles w of So- 
 le tire. 
 
 Bitrero, a town of Holland, situated on 
 the Yssel Lon. 5 1 9 w, lat 51 58 n. 
 
 • Burfordy a town of Oxfordshire, situated 
 on an ascent near the river Windrush. It 
 has man -i factories of rugs,* dufU^ s^ &c. It 
 is 17 miles w by n of Oxford, 23 wnw of 
 Banbury, and 72 w of London Lon. 1 37 w, 
 lat. 51 46 N. 
 
 Btirgy a town of Holland, county of Zut- 
 pben, on the old Yssei ; in the department 
 of the Rhine IS miles e of Nimeguen, Lon. 
 
 6 1 2 E, lat, 52 0 ir. 
 
 Burg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 Duchy of Magdeburg, on the Ihlc, 12 miles 
 >*NE of MagrRbur.r. 
 
 Burg, a town of the grand dnchy of Berg, 
 on the Vfipper. In; has manufactures of 
 gun barrels, and wooikn slufTs, 18 miles se 
 of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Burg, a promontory, or head-land, on the 
 coast of Argyllshire. 
 
 Burgas, a town of European Turkey, w 
 of the Black sea, 116 miles nnw of Con- 
 stantinople. Lon. 27 26 e, lat. 42 31 kt. 
 
 Burgaii, a town of Suabia, on the Min- 
 del, in a Margraviate of tlie same name, late- 
 ly belonging to Austria, but in 1805, ceded 
 to Bavaria, six miles e of Guutzhurg, the 
 capital, and 12 wnw of Augsburg. Lon. 
 
 10 58 E, lat. 48 25 n. 
 
 Burgdorf, a pretpr large town of Switzer- 
 land, in the canton of Bern, on the Emmen, 
 
 t U R 
 
 with a castle eight miles ke of Bern. Loti. 
 7 35 s, lat. 47 6 ir. 
 
 Burgdorfy a town of Lower SaXony, in 
 Ltinenburgh, with a castle, on the Awe, 14 
 miles ene of Hanover, and 15 s of Zell, 
 Burghy a town in Lincolnshire, two miles 
 N.of Wainlleet, 32 e of Lincoln, and 127 
 N bf London. It has a market on Thuts- 
 
 25 ; and a charity school. Lon. 0 5 e, 
 lat. 53 12 N. 
 
 Burghy a village in Cumberland, five 
 miles WNW of Carlisle. In its vicinity is a 
 column, that marks the spot where Edward I, 
 died, when he w'as eagerly preparing to 
 make an inroad on Scotland. 
 
 Burghy or Burgh-heady a peninsula, with 
 an old fort on the coast of Morayshire, in 
 the parish of Duffus. 
 
 Burghnun, a town and castle of Germany, 
 on the Haun, eight miles nne of Fulda. 
 
 Burgh- Cast ley or Borough- Castley a fortress 
 on the edge of the county of Suffolk. 
 
 Burgh- heady a village of Scotland, on 
 the coast of Morayshire, containing 4C0 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Burgh- Heady a promontory on the coast 
 of Wigtonshire in the parish of Whitehorn, 
 round which the tide flows three hours and 
 ebbs nine. - 
 
 Burglengenfely a town in the principality 
 of Newburg, Bavaria; 16 miles nw of Ra- 
 tisbon. 
 
 Burgles, a town of Transylvania, 80 miles 
 N of Ciausenburg. Lon. 22 40 lat. 47 
 40 n. 
 
 Burgosy a city of Spain, the capital of Old 
 Castile. It is surrounded with mountains* 
 It lies chiefly on the declivity of a hill, on 
 the top of which there is a strong antique 
 castle, once the residence of the kings of Cas- 
 tile. The low^er part of the town is w'atered 
 by the river Arlancon. Trie principal avenue 
 to the city is by a handsome bridge over this 
 river. The town is large and populous; 
 but the houses are ill built, and the streets 
 narrow and dirty. There are several squares, 
 adorned with fountains and statues. The 
 cathedral church is a master-piece of Gothic 
 architecture. There are several fine convents 
 and nunneries ; one of which la-^t contains 
 150 nuns of noble extraction. It is 95 
 miles E by s of Leon, and 117 n of Madrid. 
 Lon. 3 SO w, lat. 42 "20 N. 
 
 BurgUy or Berdaa, a territory s of Augila, 
 and E of Fezzan, in the desert ot Lybia, 
 with a capital of the same name. 250 miles 
 s of Augiia, and 430 e.e of Mourzook, Lon 
 21 40 E. lat. 26 10 N. 
 
 BURGUNDY, or BOURGOGNE, a 
 late province of France, which contained, 
 besida^s the government of Burgundy, Bresse, 
 Bugey, and the district of Gex. It is 112 
 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is 
 ^ watered by the rivers Seine, Dehune, Bre- 
 
BUR 
 
 Armancon, Ouche, Sanzon, 
 and Saone. Dijon was the capital. Jt is 
 fertile in corn, fruits, and excellent wines. 
 The principal places are Dgon, Aujerre, 
 
 Autun, and Bourbon L’Ancy. ItJsnow 
 
 divided into the three departments of Cote 
 d’Or, Saone and Loire, and Yonne. 
 
 Burhanpour, a flourishing city of Hin- 
 doostan, the capital of Candeish ; and has a 
 great trade in fine cottons for veils, shawls, 
 &c. situated in a beautiful country on the 
 Tapty ; 225 miles e by n of Surat. It be- 
 came subject to the British in the Mahratta 
 war, in 1805. Lon. 76 19 e, lat. 21 25 N. 
 
 BiiThuTipouTf a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Bengal, 90 miles n of Calcutta. 
 
 Burianoy a town in the vicinity of the ' 
 Lake CVtiglino, in the Siennese, Tuscany. 
 It lies 10 miles sse of JMassa. 
 
 Buncky a town of France, ii> the dept, 
 of the Roer. It is agreeably situated on the 
 Rhine, 20 miles s of Cleves. Lon, 6 5 e, 
 lat. 51 55 K. 
 
 Burkui a maritime town in the province 
 of Aman, Arabia, 45 miles wnw of Mascat. 
 
 burke, a mountainous county of N 
 Carolina, in the district of Morgan. Mor- 
 gantown is the chief town. 
 
 burke, a cQunty of Georgia, of which 
 Louisville and Waynesborough, are the chief 
 lowns. 
 
 Burkeuy a town of Germany, in the terri- 
 tory of Menlz, 27 miles £ of Heideisberg. 
 
 Biirkhaustny a town of Bavaria, with an 
 old fortified castle on a mountain, on the 
 Salza, near its junction with the Inn ; is the 
 seat of a regency, 27 miles nnw pf Saltz- 
 burg. 
 
 Burklengeut a town of the palatinate of 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Burlingtoyiy a town in England. See 
 
 Burlington, a large maritime county of the 
 United States, in New Jersey; 55 miles in 
 length, and 28 in breadth. It is divided 
 into 1 1 townships, viz. Chesterfield, Notting- 
 ham, Little Egg-harbour, Evesham, New 
 Flanover, Chester, Springfield, Northamp- 
 lon, Mansfield, . Burlington, and Williams- 
 faurgh. It contains about 20,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The interior part of the county is one 
 extensive forest of pine trees. 
 
 Burlington city, the capital of the preced- 
 ing County. It is situated partly on an 
 island, and partly on the se side of the De- 
 laware ; and extends according to its charter, 
 one mile back, and three miles along the 
 fiver. It communicates with the main land 
 by four bridges, and causeways. The main 
 streets are regular and spacious. It is ad- 
 vantage\yUbly situated for trade. The public 
 buildings are iwo market houses, a court 
 house, and jail ; besides two houses for public 
 worship. There are also an academy, a free 
 school, a naiLmanufactory, and a large dis- 
 
 BUR 
 
 stiilery. The city was a free pork under 
 state-government, but has been established 
 by Congress a port of entry, and a collector 
 appoitited for it. It is 20 miles ne of Fhi- 
 ladeiphia by water, and 17 by land. Lon. 
 75 19 w, lat. 40 17 N. 
 
 Burlington, the capital of ChUtendou 
 county, Vermont. It is beautifully situated 
 on the lake Champlain, and contains about 
 50 houses compactly built. It is 122 miles 
 N of Bennington, 520 n by e of Nev/ York, 
 and 425 nne of Philadelphia, In 1791, a 
 richly endowed university was founded hers 
 by charter, Lon. 1 55 e, lat. 44 32 n from 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 BURMAH, an extensive kingdom of 
 Asia, E of the Ganges, sometimes called 
 Ava, from the name of its capital. This 
 kingdom was conquered in 1752, by the 
 king of Pegu. But Alompra, a Birman, 
 who was continued by the conqueror as chief 
 at Monebabon, revolted against the Peguers, 
 and became the conqueror of Pegu, in 17574 
 This deliverer of his country continued in a 
 state of warfare to his death, in 1760 ; and 
 his successors have since added the other 
 countries, wdiich now form the Birman em- 
 pire. The climate of Birmah is very salu- 
 brious ; the seasons being regular, and the 
 extremes of heat and cold seldom experien- 
 ced. The soil is remarkably fertile, produc- 
 ing rice, sugar canes, tobacco, indigo, cottouj 
 and all the tropical fruits in perfection ; and 
 on the banks of the Irawaddy, is produced 
 the finest of teak timber in the world. The 
 kingdom of Birmah abounds in minerals ; it 
 has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and sap- 
 phires, and affords amethysts, garnets, chry- 
 solites, jasper, load-stone, and marble. It 
 abounds in elephants, horses, and other ani- 
 mals. The Birmans are a lively, inquisitive 
 race, active, irascible, and impatient. Their 
 wives and daughters have free intercourse 
 with the other sex. The Birmans are ex- 
 tremely fond both of poetry and music. 
 Their religion is in fact that of the Hindoos, 
 though they are not votaries of Brama, but 
 sectaries of Boodh. The emperor of Buririah 
 is a despotic monarch. The capital of the 
 kingdom, and metropolis of the empire, is 
 Umerapodra. 
 
 BurnesSi a parish of Scotland, in the isle 
 of Sandy, in Orkney. Its population is 
 390. 
 
 Burnham, a fishing town of Essex, at the 
 mouth of the river Crouch. This and Wal- 
 fleet are places famous for oysters. It is 40 
 miles E by N of London ,* and has fairs, 
 April 25, and Sept. 4. 
 
 Burnham, a town in Buckinghamshire, 
 It has fairs, Feb. 25, May 1, and Sep. 25. 
 
 Burnham, a town on the coast of Norfolk, 
 with a harbour. It has a market on Monday 
 and Saturday ; and fairs, March 1 5, and 
 . August 1. It lies 29 miles of Norwich, 
 
B u a 
 
 117 KF of,^<pndon. Loft. O 
 .'>5 4 N. Buri^M'f^ Thxfy^r in xhiw vkini'ty, 
 i$ the birth-p^acGtof the reiw)wncd tdmii^l 
 lord Nelson, of which h*s father /jvas rector. 
 
 jBund^^^ a town pf l^ncashihc,. ■ Jt^^^ a 
 niarket on^^ ^ md fairs, March 
 
 ^asteiveve, May, Jply IQ, and Oct.. 1 u 
 It is seated in a hnia; VjaUfyf^ adorned u4ib^ 
 wood, and nearly surrounded by the L^ds? 
 and Liverpool canal * miles. ■si:<;of Lan- 
 caster, and 2J1 NNw of London*: 
 
 Burmwarky a bill of Dumfriesi^slirre, in 
 the parish of Hoddarn. 
 
 Burnt Eli/y a viUage in Sufblk, between 
 Sudbury and Biiston. / , 
 
 ^ Burntisland, a parish of Scotland on the 
 coast of Fifesbire, anciently called Ringhorn 
 Wester, about nine miles n by w from Leith, 
 Extending about three miles every way. The 
 cUm^tte is healthy and warm. The soil of 
 the lower ground is rich and fertile, but the 
 rest of the parish is not of equal quality and 
 value. There is a very fine quarry of fst?e- 
 stppe, and over the whole parish, mexhausti- 
 tUqpames of limestone. Population, ISSOy 
 including the borppgb. 
 
 I ^ Burntisiandy a royal borough, and sea-port 
 town in .the above parish, situated on the 
 Jrith of Forth, nine miles n by w of Edin- 
 burgh.. It has the best harbour on the coast, 
 formed by a rocky isle lengthened out with 
 piers, and sheltered from all winds, being 
 surrounded with hills in the form of an am- 
 phitheatre. The old castle, built by the 
 Duries, commanded both the town and 
 harbour.. It held out against Cromwell, till 
 he was obliged to enter into conditions with 
 the inhabitants. Tbs quays, as they now 
 stand, were built by him, and the streets have 
 never been repaired since* The government 
 of the burgh, is vested in 21 persons, viz. 14 
 guild counsellors, out of whom are chosen 
 three haiiies, and seven trades counsellors. 
 A provost is also elected annually. This 
 town had a great trade before the Union in 
 exporting corn and malt to England. It 
 has now a sugar-house, belonging to a 
 Glasgow company, a vitriol work, and a 
 distillery, and ship building. A considerable 
 portion of this town, like several others, on 
 the coast of Fife, is in ruins. There is a 
 regular Ferry to Leith at full and half tide, 
 Here is a mill driven by sea water, from a 
 reservoir filled by the flood tide. Lon. 3 5 w, 
 iat. 56 S N. 
 
 BURNT- ISLAND, an island, near the s 
 coast of Newfoundland, IS miles ese of cape 
 Ray. Lon, 58*50 w, lat. 47 50 n. 
 
 BURNT- ISLANDS, a cluster of islands 
 in the Indian ocean. Lon. 75 50 e, lat. 16 
 
 BURRA, an island of Scotland, on the 
 w ot ?he mainland of Shetland, three miles 
 in circumference, which, with three other 
 
 B TJ R 
 
 islands, S parish; but now are only 
 
 a part of Brefssay, ‘the fe dUMainland. 
 
 Burmmpooieri tit Megnky driver in India, 
 which at Calcutta sobietitrfes rises five feet 
 almo.^t instantaneously; hasdts source in the 
 mountains, frorh thb' "opposite side of which 
 : the Ganges takes its rise.^ - These rivers after 
 a: course of about 1200 miles iti opposite di- 
 r-OGtiottstinite near the ^ The fbrthev^ih ita 
 progress e till iUreaches to withiiP 220 miles 
 of ihe w of China, is called Sapoo or %hcin, 
 that is, the River. It then sudd^nly^ turns 
 w, passes- through Assam, wh^'re it^^Cfs the 
 name Boorampooter, flow's round tlie w*esternt 
 point of the Garrow moun tains, •^wheels td 
 the s, and joins the Ganges 40, miles from 
 ' the' sea. . 
 
 Burrane^Si a place In Orkney, where fher« 
 is an ancient Pictish castle. , ' 
 
 Burra Voe^ a good harbour on the coast 
 of Shetland. 
 
 BURR AY, an island on the s coast of 
 Orkney, four miles long and one broad. 
 It contain^ 518 inhabifants. 
 
 Bursa, or Prusai the capital of Bitliynm; 
 in Asia Minor, situated on several li trie hilH; 
 on the borders of a fine plain covered wifli 
 fruit trees. It it one of the largest and 
 finest cities of Asiatic Turkey, and contains 
 about 60,000 inhabitants. None but Musi 
 selmen are permitted to live in the city ; but 
 the suburbs, the most elegant p£lft of the 
 town, are filled with Greeks, Jews, and Ar^ 
 menians. It was the capital of the Turkish 
 enripire, before the taking of Constantinople.* 
 The mosques andcaravanseras are fine struc- 
 tures. The bezestine contains ad the coru'^ 
 modities of the E. The best workmen fn* 
 Turkey reside in this town. The streams 
 that descend from mount Olympus, at the 
 foot of which it stands, supply every family 
 with water. It is 60 miles s by e of Con- 
 stantinople. Lon. 29 5 E, lat. 40 81 n. 
 
 Bur stem f a town in Stalford shire, two miles 
 NNE of Newcastle-under- Line, celebrated 
 for its potterigs. It has markets on Mon- 
 day and Saturday, and fairs, March 22 
 June 28, and Oct. 17. It is seated near 
 the Mersey and Trent canal, 151 miles i^rNW 
 of London. 
 
 Burlestouy a village of Hampshire on the 
 Humber, near its mouth. Here ships are 
 built for the navy, five miles ese of South- 
 ampton. 
 
 Burton vjion Strenihery a town of Lincoln- 
 shire, on a hill near the Trent, with a mar- 
 ket on Monday, 12 miles n of Lincoln, and 
 165 N by w of London. 
 
 Burtouy a town of Westmoreland. It is 
 pretty well built, and lies in a valley near 
 the Lancaster canal, on the great road from 
 Lancaster to Carlisle, 12 miles s of Kendal, 
 and 25 1 knw of London. 
 
 Burton upon Trent j a town of StefTord-- 
 
BUS 
 
 E^ire: over tlie Trent it has a4rjc hyidge of i 
 free stone, abput a quarter of a mile in 
 lengUi, supported by 37 arches. It consists 
 chiedy of one long street. Here are a hand- 
 some church, with eight musical belis^ a neat 
 and spacioui town-hail; three meeting- 
 houses for dissenters, a free-school, 11 Sun- 
 day-schools, two alms-houses, &c. Jt has> 
 manufactures of cotton, tamrnies, liats, &c. 
 It has a market on Thursday, and fairs, 
 Candlemas day, April 5, Ascension day, and 
 October with the hve preceding days, 
 for cheese, cattle, &c. with a great shew of 
 horses. It is peiebrated for its ale ; and lies 
 12 miles HE of Litchfield, and 125 hnw of 
 London,. 
 
 Burviesca, a town in Old Castile, Spain, 
 
 Jiurivaht a town of Bengal , bordering on 
 Orissa, 250 miles why N of Calcutta. Lon. 
 b4 oo E, lat. G H, 
 
 Burwash, a neat and populous tov/xrin the 
 county of Sussex, fairs May 12, and Sept. 4. 
 
 Burwelly a populous village in the county 
 of Cambridge, three miles n of Newmarket 
 Heath. Bunvell, two villages ; I. in Hamp- 
 shire ; 2. in Lincolnshire. Burwell* s Green, 
 Hertfordshire. BurmQod, in Surry. 
 
 Bury^ a town of Lancashire, situated on 
 the Irweli, famous for its manufactures of 
 fustians, half-thicks, and kerseys, and in its 
 vicinity some capital printing works. Bury 
 has a market on Thursday, and fairs March 
 5, May 3, and September 1 8. Bury is nine 
 miles N by w of Manchester, and 193 hnw 
 of London. 
 
 . Bury, SL Bdmund^s, the county town of 
 Sulfeik, lies in a pleasant situation on a 
 f brauch of the Ouse. It was so named from 
 St. Edmund. Here tine barons met and en- 
 tered into the league against king John, and 
 here the parliament sat, called by Henry VI. 
 in 1 446. At present this towui has two large 
 parish churches standing in one church- yard. 
 It has also four meeting houses, bridewell, 
 an old and new goal, and a handsome mar- 
 ket-place. The population in 1811, v/as 
 7986. Lon. 0 45 e, iat. 52 22 h. It has a 
 market on Wednesday for corn, and on Sa- 
 turday for provisions ; and fairs Easter Tues. 
 Oct. 2, and Dec. 1, 2, and 3. It sends two 
 members to parliament. Here are buried St. 
 Edmund, in honour of whom an abbey 
 was built, the ruins of which are yet in a 
 high state of preservation, and Mary queen 
 of France, spouse of Charles Brandon, duke 
 of Suffolk, It is 14 miles e of Newinarket, 
 ^ and 72 2 <ne of London. 
 
 Biiryeu'i, St, a village of England, in 
 Cornwall, five miles wsw of Penzance, In 
 the church, are a number of antique relics. 
 In^the Vicinity is a circle of 19 large stones, 
 at the distance of 1 2 feet from each other, 
 and a larger one in the centre ; here a col- 
 lege was foiinded.by kmg Ath.elstwue. 
 
 Bu-aeo, a ridge ef inouu talus in Beira-, 
 
 BUT 
 
 Foftugrii rendered famous for a battfe m 
 1810, in which the British and Portuguese 
 were victorious. These mountains stretch 
 N from the Mondego. 
 
 Bushier, a town of Farlistan, Persia, seat- 
 ed on a peninsula in the Persian gulf, and 
 Uuitounded by a wall. Here the E India 
 Company have a factor, and an extensive 
 trade. 
 
 : Bushwick, n town of New York, in King’s 
 county, Longlshmd, containing 540 citizens, 
 a small district of Italy, town 
 of the same name seated on the Adige, con- 
 taining 2400 ^ouls^ besides five villages. 
 
 Bustah, a town in Fair Isle, Orkney. 
 
 Busta, Voei a harbour on tiie coast of 
 Shetland. 
 
 Bmtleton, two towns, 1. in Hampshire; 
 2. in Northumberland. 
 
 BUTCHER’S ISLAND, in the E In- 
 dies. It is about two miles long, and one 
 broad, near Bombay. 
 
 BUTE, an island lying oh the w of Scot- 
 land, being separated from Cowal in Ar- 
 gyllshire, by a narrow channel. In lehgth 
 it is about 18 miles ; the bnradest part*, from 
 E to w is about five. Part of it is rocky and 
 barren ; but, from the middle southwards^ 
 the ground is cultivated, and produces 
 pe^se, oats, and barley. The climate, though 
 damp, is mild and temperate. The coast is 
 rocky, but indented with several very safe 
 harbours. There is a quarry of red stone, 
 and limestone is met with in every part; 
 coal has never beeh discovered. The na- 
 tives are healthy and industrious, speak thft 
 Erse and the dialect of the Lowlands ihdif- 
 ferently, and profess the Protestant religioirl 
 The island is divided into two parishes, ac- 
 commodated v/ith four churches; and belongs 
 chiefiy to the earl of Bute, who possesses an 
 elegant seat near Rothsay, the capital eff the 
 shire.' It was from vei’y early times part of 
 •the patrimony of the Stuarts : large posser- 
 sioiis in it were giar ted to Sir John Smart, 
 son ot liobcn ili by his beloved mistress 
 F^ilzabeth More; and it has continued ia 
 that hi-e to il.e present time. There 
 ^;veTsl rCiflains of antiquity on the isiarid ; 
 in panicular near Rcthsay. 
 
 Buts, a snire of Scotland, comprehending 
 the above eland, with those of Arran, tr*e 
 two Cumbrays, and Incbmainock. Thi* 
 county and that of Caithness send a mcr. « 
 her to parliament alternately. The earl of 
 Bute is admiral of lliie county, by commis- 
 sion frotn his majest}'^ ; and no way de';< c- 
 dent on the lord high admiral of Scotlard. 
 
 Butrago, a town of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile, 30 mdcs NS of Madrid. 
 
 Butrivto, a lake of Ep'i us. 
 
 Butrinlo, ancie/cdy called Buthrotum. si 
 port towcA of Epirus, or C.iniua, in Tu-key 
 in Europe, situated opposite to the id;ual 
 ■ of Ccrr:#> at the «ntrai:v:e of tli 2 gud vf 
 
B U X 
 
 Venice, 30 miles s of Chimera. Lon. 20 
 9 £, Ut. 59 49 N. 
 
 JJuttermere IVateVy a lake cf Cjmberland, 
 eight miics of Keswick. It is nearly two 
 inties long, and half a mile broad. Tne vil- 
 lage of Buttermere stands at the n, ana a 
 group of houses, called Gatesgarth, at the s 
 extremity, under an amphitheatre of mouti- 
 taiaous rocks. This village has been often 
 visited of late from being the residence of 
 Mary of Buttermere. Here is to be seen 
 Honister Crag, rising in majestic height, 
 with Scarf on the e, and Fleetwith on the w. 
 The lake is supplied with numerous streams 
 from the mountams, which, dashing and 
 foaming from rock to rock, form a sublime 
 prospect. This lake Is called the Upper 
 Lake ; and near a mile from it to the ke is 
 the Lower Lake, called also Croraack w^ater. 
 The Croker passes through both lakes, and 
 runs by Ccckermouth. Before Quec-n Ann’s 
 bounty, the living of Butterraere chapel w^as 
 forty sbUtings per annum, a pair of clogs, 
 and a hempen shirt, and what was termed a 
 wdiittlegate. 
 
 JButterwortht an extensive village, two 
 miles E of Rochdale, Lancashire. Its trade 
 and manufactures are similar to those of 
 Rochdale. 
 
 Button's Bay, the n part of Hudson’s bay, 
 in North America. It lies between 80 deg. 
 and 100 deg. w Ion., and between 60 deg. 
 and 66 deg. n lat. It had its name from 
 Sir Thomas Button, who lost his ship in his 
 attempt to discover a nw passage. 
 
 Buttstadt, or Buttstet, a town of Upper 
 Saxony, in Thuringia, on the Loss, 16 miles 
 w of Naumburg, 
 
 BUtzhach. a town of Germany, in the cir- 
 cle of the Upper Rhine, in a rich plain, 10 
 - miles s of Guiessen. 
 
 ■ Batzovjy a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 Germany, on the Warna. Lon. 25 12 e, 
 iat. 54 50 n; 
 
 Buxaloon^, a North American Indian 
 town, 25 miles from Fort. Franklin. 
 
 Bwjiar, 3 . town and fortress of Babar, 
 Ilindoostan, seated on the Ganges, 72 miles 
 w of Fatna. 
 
 Bawedeivavy a stroilg fort of the count;^ cf 
 Buotan, at the entrance of the mountains 
 from Bengal, on a rock, 20 miles n of Cin- 
 chacotta. 
 
 Buxtehude, a town in the duchy of Bre- 
 men, Lower Saxony, on the Este, 18 miles 
 S£ of Stade. 
 
 Buxtead, or Buchstead, a village in Sus- 
 sex, has a fair, July 21. 
 
 Buxton, a towit in the Peak of Derby, ce- 
 Iwbiated for its medicinal waters. It has 
 nine w ells that rise near the source of the 
 river Wye. Buxton waters are hot and sul- 
 phureous ; and ir.urb company resort to them 
 in iiummer, Froat this cauije the place has 
 
 B Z IT 
 
 grown to a large irregular town, whfc?i & 
 daily increasing. The earl of Shrew'sbury 
 erected the building for the bath. Here, 
 Mary queen of Scots, resided for some time. 
 Of the seven wonders of the Peak, the wells 
 are reckoned one. Pools Hole, at a mile’s 
 distance, is reckoned another. This is a cave 
 696 feet long, of considerable height, with a 
 roof resembling a Gothic cathedral. The 
 duke of Devonshire has lately erected a most 
 magnificent building, in the form of a cre- 
 scent, v/ith piazzas, under which the company 
 walk in wet or cold w'eatlier It is divided 
 into different hotels, shops, &c. with a public 
 coffee-room, and a very elegant room for as- 
 semblies and concerts. The principal trade 
 of Bdxton is the cotton manufacture. 1$ 
 lies in an open healthy country, 25 miles 
 from Manchester, 52 nw of Derby, and 160 
 NNw of London. 
 
 Buxton, a township in York county, dis- 
 trict of Maine, containing 1564 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Buy, Buis, or Buys, a town of France^ 
 in the department of Drome, Lon. 5 20 e, 
 lat. 44 25 N. 
 
 Buzancois, a small town of France, ih 
 the department of Indre. Lon. 1 29 e, lat. 
 46 38 K. 
 
 Buzancy, a town of France, in the de- - 
 partment of Ardennes. Lon. 5 5 e, lat. 49 
 58 N, 
 
 Buzbach, a town of Germany, in Wete- 
 ravia. Lon. 10 e, lat. 50 22 n. 
 
 Buzet, a small town of Frac^ce, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Garonne. Lon. 1 45 e, 
 lat. 45 47 n. 
 
 Buzzard's Bay, a bay of Massachusetts, 
 w'hich with Barnstable bay on the ni, forms 
 the peninsula of Cape Cod. Lon. 70 38, 
 lat. between 4l 25 n. 
 
 By chow, a small town of Poland, in Li- 
 thuania, on the Dnieper, 180 miles ssw of 
 Wilna, Lon. 50 2 e, lat. 55 57 n. 
 
 BYFIELD a district of Massachusetts 
 in Essex county, in which there are a 
 flourishing woollen manufactory, and ma- 
 chinery for making nails. 
 
 Byghof or Bynchow, a towm of Russian 
 Lithuania, situated on the Dnieper, 186 
 miles s of Wilna. Lon- 30 15 e, lat. So 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Byran, a town of Maryland, in Charles 
 county, 24 miles se of the federal city. 
 
 BYRON’S ISLAND, a low, woody, 
 and very populous island, in the South, Pa- 
 cific ocean, discovered by Commodore By- 
 ron, in 1765. The people are strong and 
 active, marked tor cheertnlness and intre- 
 pidity. Lon. 175 46 e, lat. 1 18 s. 
 
 • Byzia, or Viza, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Romania. 
 
 Bzudy, a town of Moldavia in European 
 Turkey. Lon. 28 35 e, Uh 1 7 20 
 
C At 
 
 C 
 
 C A, or Ca-di-Compagna, a district of the 
 late maritime division of Austria, in 
 the Veronese, containing 35 villages. 
 
 Caaderiy a town of Bohemia, on the Eger, 
 nine miles sw of Commottau. 
 
 Caauy or Caana, town in Upper Egypt. 
 It is 320 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 30 23 e, 
 lat. 26 30 N. 
 
 Cabeca de Videj a small sea-port of Alen- 
 tejo, in Portugal, 1 2 miles sw of Portalegro. 
 Lon. 6 43 V/, lat. 39 10 N. 
 
 Cabela, or Cabella, a cape on the coast of 
 Terra Firma, S America. Lat. 1 0 3 n. 
 
 Cabenda, a sea-port of Congo, in Africa, 
 subject to Portugal, 1 00 miles se of Loango. 
 Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 4 5 s. 
 
 Cubes, or Gabes, a town of Tunis, not far 
 from a gulf of the same name, s of Tunis 
 170 miles. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 33 40 n. 
 
 CABEZZO, a province of Africa, in 
 Angola. It is populous, and well stored with 
 cattle, &c. and has a mine of iron, which the 
 Poruguese have taught the natives to ma- 
 nufacture. This province is watered by the 
 Rio Longo. 
 
 Cabianca, a populous town of the late 
 maritime division of Austria, district of 
 Chioggia. 
 
 Cabin- Point, a small post-town of Vir- 
 ginia, situated in Surry county, 26 miles ese 
 of Petersburg, and 529 ssw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Cabo de St. Martin, a promontory in Va- 
 lencia, in Spain. 
 
 Cabra, a town of Andalusia, Spain at the 
 foot of a mountain, on a river of the same 
 name. Here is a college for philosophy and 
 divinity, and six convents. 
 
 Cabra, a town of Africa, in the jkingdom 
 of Tombuctoo. It is large, and is seated on 
 the river Niger, about 1 2 miles from Tom- 
 buctoo. The town is extremely unhealthy, 
 which is propably owing to its low situation. 
 The colour of the inhabitants is black, and 
 their religion a sort .of Mahometanism. 
 They manufacture cotton cloths but import 
 woollens from Barbary. They have plenty 
 of corn, cattle, milk, and butter. It is 10 
 miles SE of Tobuctoo, and 1200 s of Al- 
 giers. Lon. 0 50 e, lat. 14 21 n. 
 
 Cabrach, a parish of Scotland, in the 
 counties of Aberdeen and Bamff, about 30 
 miles distant from Aberdeen, and extending 
 seven miles and a-half in length from s to n, 
 and four and a-half in breadth, from e to w. 
 The soil is wet, and better suited for pasture 
 than cultivation. Slate, limestone, and peat 
 abound in the parish. It is much resorted 
 to for goat whey. The population is 
 684. 
 
 C.4BPERA or Cabreira.. a mountaiu- 
 6 
 
 GAG 
 
 ous island of Spain, near Majorca, and op- 
 posite to Cape Salinas. It has a large and 
 safe harbour. 
 
 Cabul, or Gahoul, a city of Asia, capital of 
 the province of Cabulistaii, and of the whole 
 country of Affghanistan. It lies on the 
 frontiers of Great Buckharia. It is one of 
 the finest places in that part of the world, 
 large, rich, and very populous. The Usbec 
 Tartars drive there a great trade in slaves 
 and horses. The Persians bring black cattle 
 and sheep. The city stands on the river 
 Attock, which falls into the Indus. The 
 inhabitants are mostly Pagans, though the 
 officers of state and most of the garrison are 
 Mahometans. Cabul has several fine palaces 
 and spacious caravanseras, and is the usual 
 residence of the sovereigns of Affghanistan. 
 Lon. 68 58 e, lat. 34 36 n. 
 
 CABUL, or Cabulistan, a province of 
 the Affghan territories. It is 250 miles in 
 length, and 240 in breadth ; and its chief 
 town is Cabul. They have plenty of pro- 
 visions, mines of iron, myrobolans, aromatic 
 woods, and drugs of many kinds. In 1739, 
 it was taken and plundered by Nadir Shah, 
 170 miles ne of Candahar. Lon. 68 35 e, 
 lat, 34 30 N. 
 
 Cacaca, a town of Africa, in the kingdom 
 of Fez, near Malilla. Lon. 2 55 w, lat. 35 
 
 2 N. 
 
 Cacella, a town on the se coast of Algarva, 
 Portugal, eight miles wsw' of Castro Marim 
 Caceres, capital of the province of Camarines, 
 island of Luconia. Lon. 124 0 e, lat. 14 
 33 N. 
 
 Caceres, a town of Spain, in Estremadura. 
 It lies 22 miles se of Alcantara. Lon. 5 
 44 w, lat. 39 11 n. 
 
 Cachan, or Cashan, a considerable town of 
 Persia, Irac Agemi, where they carry on 
 an extensive trade in silk, silver, &c. Here 
 are a mixture of Christians, and Gubres or 
 worshippers of fire. It stands in a vast 
 plain, 55 miles n by w of Ispahan. Lon. 
 51 55 E, lat. 33 20 n. 
 
 CACHAO, or Ketciio, a province of 
 Tonquin, in Asia, situated in the heart of 
 the kingdom, and its soil is fertile. 
 
 Cackao, or Kecho, the capital of the above 
 province, and the metropolis of the kingdom. 
 It is situated about 80 leagues from the sea, 
 and is prodigiously crow ded w ith people, ir.T 
 somuch that the streets are hardly passable, 
 especially on market-days. The principal 
 streets are wide and airy, and paved with 
 small stones. The houses low and mean, 
 mostly built of wood and clay. The maga- 
 zines and ware-houses belonging to foreign- 
 ers are the only edifices built of brick. The 
 I king’s palace stands in the centre of the city, 
 j Besides this palace, the ruins of one si ill 
 j more magnificent are to be observed, called 
 1 Libaitvia. TheJJarsenal is likewise a large 
 ’ and noble buikh'.ng, w'ell stored >¥1111 ammu- 
 
CAD 
 
 nUicn and artillery. The building belongs 
 ing to the English factory is the best in the 
 city. It is seated on the Hoti. Lon. 105 
 11 E, lau ?1 W N. 
 
 Caciieo^ a lown of Africa, in Negroland, 
 on the river Cacheo or St. Domingo, 50 
 miles from the sea. It is subject to the Por- 
 tuguese. wno carry on a great trade in wax 
 and slaves. Lon. 14 55 w, lat. 12 6 n. 
 
 Cachoeiro, a town in the territory of All- 
 Saints Bay, Brasil, seated on a small river, 
 is the principal mart for the gold mines in Unit 
 quarter. It is 42 miles nw of St. Salvador. 
 
 Ccicongo, a tpwn of the kingdom of Lo- 
 ?ango, 40 miles sse of Laango, seated near 
 ^::ie mnutii of a river, 
 
 Cacorla, or Cocorla, a town of Spain, in 
 Aii.Uiiiisia, situated on the Vega, between 
 t vo uiountaifis, 15 miles ese of Ubeda, and 
 '40 ENE of Jiien. 
 
 C'lAlan, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 ol: Zat.-:.. Lon. 15 54 s, lat. 50 20 ' n. 
 
 Cadder, cr Calder^ a parish of Scotland, 
 in Lanarkshire, 15 miles long from s to w, 
 and nearly tour broad from n to s. The 
 surlacc is level ; and the soil consists of moss, 
 eafidy till, and deep earth, which produce ex- 
 cellent crops. Free stone, whia- stone, and 
 lime-stoi'.e q larries are abundant. The po- 
 pulation is 2120. 
 
 CADE A, or The League of the House 
 OF God, is one of those that compose the re- 
 public of the Orisons, and the most powerful 
 and extensive of them all. It contains the 
 bishopric of Coire. the great valley of Enga- 
 dine, and that of Br.agaii or Frega'l. Coire 
 is the capital. The most prevalent relgion 
 in this league is the^Protestant. 
 
 Cadenao, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Lot, seated on the Lot, 27 miles 
 of Gabors. Lon. 2 0 e, lat 44 52 n. 
 
 Cadenely a town of France, in the depart- 
 Kient of the Mouths of the Rhone. Lcn. 5 
 50 E, lat. 45 40 m 
 
 C Cider-' Idris, a mountain of Wales, in Me- 
 rionethshire, s of Doigelly, on the top of 
 which are still. to be seen the ruins of a for- 
 tress. Mere likewi.se are several small lakes 
 abounding wdth fish. Its perpendicular 
 'height is estimated to be 2900 feet above the 
 Jevei of the sea. Some tumuli and circles 
 of upriglrt stones are to met -with. 
 
 Cadiar, ,3 town of Granada, Spain^ 28 
 miles sE of Granada. 
 
 Cadillac, a town of France, in the depart- 
 mout of Gironde, on the Garonne, with a 
 castle. It lies 15 miles se of Bourdeaux*. 
 Lon. 0 22 %v, lat. 45 40 n. 
 
 Cadiz, a fortified city and port of Spain, in 
 Andalusia, situated on the island of Leon, 
 opposite to Fort St. Mary on the continent 
 about 58 miles ssw of Seville, and 60 wnw 
 of Gibraltar. It wa.s built by the Phenicians, 
 was in posses.siou of the Cirlhaginians, and 
 ;4iU:i’-v,^£;rds came under the power of the Ro* [ 
 
 CAD 
 
 mans, of whese antiquities there are ves- 
 tiges remaining to this day. ^ It occupies the 
 whole surface of the western extremity of the 
 island, which is composed of two large cir- 
 cular parts, joined together by a very narrow 
 bank of sand. At the se end, the ancient 
 bridge of Suaco, thra-wn over a deep river,, 
 affords a communication between the island 
 and the continent ; a strong line of works 
 defends the city from all approaches along 
 the isthmus. Except the Calle Ancha, all 
 the streets are narro'w, ill paved but kept re- 
 markably clean. They are all drawn in 
 straight lines, and mo^t of them intersect 
 each other at right angles. Tiie houses are 
 lofty, with each a vestibule, which being, 
 left open till night, serve passengers to re- 
 tire to. The roofs are fiat, covered with an 
 impenetrable cement, and few are without a 
 mirador or turret to view the sea. High 
 above all these pinnacles, which give Cauiz 
 a most singular appearance, stands the tower 
 of signals. Here flags are hung out on tim 
 first sight of a sail. The city is divided into 
 24 districts, under the inspection of as many 
 commisioners of police; its population in 
 1799 was 75,000; and are abundantly sup- 
 plied With every necessary of life, except 
 water, which is supplied by springs on the 
 coast, near St. Maria. A new catiiedral 
 begun in 1722, will yet require many years 
 to complete it ; stands on the sliore. Among 
 the public buildings are a national theatre, 
 and an observatory, but there is no exchangee 
 The Square of St. Anloriio is large, and to- 
 lerably handsome ; the only edifice of any 
 shew is the new orphan-house ; opposite to 
 it is the fortress of St, Sebastian, built on a 
 neck of land Vurming out into the sea. On 
 St. Sebastian's, a kizid of fair is held in the 
 fort. If the prospect to the ocean is solemn, 
 that towards the main land is animated in 
 the hig.kest degree ; the men of war ride in 
 the eastern bosom of the bay ; lower down, 
 the merchantmen ; and close to the town an 
 incredible number of barks. In a large 
 bastion, jutting out into the bay, stands the 
 custom-house. The stir at Cadiz, which is 
 the great Spanish mart for America and the 
 W IndieSff is prodigious during the last 
 months erf the stay of the fiofca. The pac- 
 kers possess the art of pressing goods in great 
 perfection. Every comrxiercLl nation has a 
 consul resident at Cadiz. In 1596, Cadiz 
 was taken, pillaged, and burnt by the En- 
 glish, but in 1 702 their efforts were frus- 
 trated. In addition to the craggy Rocks 
 on the s, fort St. Sebastian on the w, and 
 fort St. Philip on the e, the harbour is de- 
 fended by Fort Matagorda, on the continent, 
 near Porto Real, and St Lorenzo, on the 
 Peninsula. It is 50 miles w by s of Mala- 
 ga. Lon. 6 6 w, lat. 56 52 n. 
 
 Cadiz,, a town on the n side cf the 
 Lbnd of Cuba* 
 
CAE 
 
 CADORA, or Cadokino, a province of 
 Italy, late in the territory of Venice, -after-* 
 wards in Maritime Austria. It is very 
 tnountainous, but pretty populous, and a- 
 boiinds in wood and iron. The oiily town 
 is Cadora. Inhabitants 22,000. 
 
 Ccfdora, or Pisve Cadore, a town of 
 Italy, and capital of a district, stands on 
 the Piave, and is celebrated as the birth- 
 place of Tatian the painter, 15 m les n of 
 B d.luno. Loll. 12 0 k, lat. 46 28 n. 
 
 G4.DSAND, an island on the coast of 
 B-~ • av:a, situated at the mouth of the Scheldt, 
 ipchided in the department of the Meuse. 
 The inhabitants make excellent cheese from 
 the fertil'e pastures in the vicinity. Capital 
 is Cissandria. 
 
 Coen, a considerable town of France, in 
 the department of Calvados. It has a cele- 
 brated university, and an academy of litera- 
 ture. It contains 60 streets, 12 parishes, 
 and about 40,000 citizens. It has a castle, 
 with four towers, built by the English, 
 William the Conqueror is buried in the Ab- 
 bey of St. Stephen, which he founded. The 
 towm-house is a large building, with four 
 great towers. The square has fine houses 
 cn three sides of it. The river Orne ilow’^s 
 through the city, to wdiicb large vessels ap- 
 proach by means of the tide. It is situated 
 in a pleasant country, about eight miles 
 from the sea, 65 miles w l y s of Rcfuen, and 
 125 w of Paris. Lon. 0 22 w, kit 49 1 1 N. 
 
 Caer- Custenilh, a town of Caernarvon- 
 shire, N Wales. 
 
 Caerdiff, a borough of Glanicrganshire, 
 S Wales, on the Taff, 25 miles w by n of 
 Bristol; markets Wednesday rod Saturday. 
 
 Caerjilly^ a town of Glamorganshire, si- 
 tuated between the rivers Taff and Kumney, 
 in a moorish ground among the hills, 159 
 miles w of London. It has a market on 
 Thursday, and sis fairs, April 5, June 7, 
 July 1 9, Aug. 25, Oct, 9, Thursday before 
 Christmas. Its castle, which is of high an- 
 tiquity, was nest to that of Windsor in es- 
 tent. The se tow'er of this castle leans so 
 far to the s as to depart 1 1 feet from the 
 perpendicular. 
 
 • Caerhun, a village in Caernarvonshire, 
 seated on the Conwa.y, five miles s of Aber- 
 conway. The ancient Conovium is sup- 
 posed to have, stood here. Here a Roman 
 hypocaust and other antiquities have been 
 discovered. 
 
 Caerlaverecky a parish of Scotland, in 
 Humfres-shire, six miles long and two 
 broad, containing about 4040 Scots acres. 
 It is a kind of peninsula, formed by the 
 Kith, the Lochar, and Solway frith. The 
 population is 1014. Dr. John Hutton, 
 first pliysician to King V/illiam ard queen 
 Mary, and physician-general 10 the arm3^ 
 left lOOOl. for the benefit of this his na- 
 tive parish, which was laid cut in the piu- 
 
 C A E 
 
 chase cf an estate now worth 2CCl. per 
 annum. 
 
 ^Caerlaverock Casile> an ancient fortress m 
 the above parish, of a tnanguiar it rm -.nd 
 formerly of great, strength, ihe nee of 
 
 the Maxwells, earls of NitiibdeJe, to wiu.se i t- 
 
 presentstive most of the above parish still 
 belongs. 
 
 Cderleon- a town of Monmouthshire, an .. 
 a place cf great antiquity. 'It is conimodi- 
 ously situated on the river Usk, ovei 
 there is a large wooden bridge, 146 m w 
 by N cf London. 
 
 Caermarthen, a county ot S VV . - • 
 
 miles long, and 20 broad. Itisojv . . . i 
 
 the s by Bristol channel, on h e v- ir: i 
 
 hrokeshire, on the u by Care, ‘ 
 
 on the E by the shires of Brechi. .. 2 ... la- 
 morgan. The air is wholest -- a 
 
 soil fertile both in corn and pa^: .. ^ ine 
 principal rivers are the Towy, die Coiby, 
 and the Tave ; of winch the iirsi: abounds 
 with excellent salmon, Tiie chief towns 
 are Caermarthen, Ridwely, and 
 dovery. This county contains other fve 
 towns, and 145 parishes, with : 7,S17 nha- 
 bitants, and lies in the diocese of 3t. David. 
 The county and city send each a menroer to 
 
 parliament. Hasplenty ofieud,coai,and nme. 
 
 .Paermarthen, the capital of the county, .s 
 situated cn the river Tcwy,^over winch it nas 
 a fine stone bridge. X-t is of great antiqairy ; 
 it is a populous and thriving place, it is a 
 corporation and c^punty ot itsel’, and con^ 
 tained 7275 inhabitaius in 18II. It was 
 once fortified with a wall, i^ndthe remains of 
 the castle are converted into a county gaol. 
 The remains of the Roman pretorium adjoin 
 to the towm on. the f. Ibis town is 24 rniies 
 SE cf Cardigan, and 220 w by s of London, 
 Lon, 4 25 w, iat. 52 12 N 
 
 Caernarvon.si county of N Wales. bounued 
 on the N and w by ‘he sea. on to s by Me- 
 rionethshire, and on the.E »•. mi Den- 
 
 bighshire by the river Conw^ay. it m ai;out 
 50 miles in length, 13 m breadth, ana iOO 
 in circumfeiencc. it contains six towns, and 
 68 parishes, with 41,521 inhabhanfs; and 
 abounds in lead and copper mines. It nds 
 one member to parliament for die .j.ure. axid 
 another for the borougli, and lies m the 
 diocese of Bangor. The air is very u.ercmg, 
 owing partly to toe snov/, which lies up- 
 wards of six mon‘th&, and {y^vtly to the great 
 number of lakes, which are said to be no 
 fewer than 50 or 60, The soil in the vaL 
 leys on the siclo next Ireland is pretty iertiie. 
 The highest raourbaiiis in the county are 
 Snowden hills, and Penmaenmawr. On 
 account of its lofty and rugged aspect, this 
 county may justly be ^tyled the British 
 Alps. Its riches consist m ciutle, sheep, 
 and goats, copper mines, and a mai)ufacture 
 of woollen ciolb.' Its rich vales are vari- 
 1 gated wiUi wood, water and meadows. The 
 
C A F 
 
 principal towns are Bangor, Caernarvon, 
 and Conway. 
 
 Caernarvon, the capital of the above 
 county. It was built by Edward I, near 
 the site of the ancient Segontium, after his 
 conquest of Wales in 1282, the situation 
 being well adapted to overaw'e his new sub- 
 jects. Here Edward 11. first Prince of 
 Wales was born. It had natural requisites 
 for strength ; being bounded on one side by 
 the sea, by the aestuary of the Seint on 
 another, on a third side, and a part of the 
 fourth, by a creek of the Menai. It was 
 built within a year, by the labour of the 
 peasants, and at the cost of the chieftans of 
 the country. The quay is a most beautiful 
 walk along the Menai, and command a 
 very agreeable view. Caernarvon is desti- 
 tute of manufactures; but has brisk trade 
 with London, Bristol, Liverpool and Ireland, 
 for the necessaries of life, and blue slates of 
 the best quality, many of which are also 
 exported to America. Edward I. bestowed 
 on this town its first royal charter, and made 
 it a free borough. It is governed by a 
 mayor, aldermen, two bailiffs, a town-clerk, 
 and two serjeants at mace. The represen- 
 tatives of the place are elected by its 
 burgesses, and those of Conway, Pwllheli, 
 Nesyn, and Crickaeth. Caernarvon has a 
 market on Saturday, and fairs Feb. 25, May 
 16, Aug, 4, and Dec. 5. It is seven miles 
 sw of Bangor, and 244 nw of London. 
 Lon. 4 20 w, lat. 55 8 n. 
 
 Caernarvon Bay lies between two points, 
 at the s entrance of the channel. It affords 
 a good harbour for ships. 
 
 Caerwent, a village four miles sw of Chep- 
 stow, Monmouthshire, is the Roman Venta 
 Silurim, once crowded with temples and 
 palaces, now occupied by a church and a few 
 straggling buildings. Fields and orchards 
 fill up the rest of the area. 
 
 Caerivys, a market town of Flintshire, in 
 N Wales. It had a market on Tuesday, 
 and six fairs for cattle ; but its market is now 
 removed to Flolywell, and the assizes to 
 Molds, five miles w of Flint, and 212 nw 
 of London. 
 
 Cresaria, an ancient city on the coast of 
 Phcenicia. It was conveniently situated for 
 trade; but had a dangerous harbour. He- 
 rod the Great, King of Judea, remedied 
 this, and made it one of the most conve- 
 nient havens on that coast. 
 
 C^snria River, or Colirasie Creeks aTiver 
 of New .’Jersey. It is navigable by vessels 
 of 100 tons for 20 miles up. 
 
 Cuffot or luiffa, a city and port town of 
 the Crimea, situated on the sk part of that 
 Peninsula. It contains about 6000 houses, 
 and lies 150 miles ne of Constantinople. 
 Tlie Genoese took it in 1266. The Vene- 
 tians got possession in 1297, butsoon lost it. 
 In 1414, the Tartars and Turks became its 1 
 
 C A G 
 
 masters. It was the last sovereignty of the 
 Genoese in the Crimea. In 1791, it fell 
 into the hands of the Russians, who restored 
 its ancient name of Theodosia, by them it 
 has been greatly dilapidated, great part of 
 its baths, mosques, and houses have been 
 laid in ruins. Furs, lamb-skins, leather, wax, 
 and female slaves from Circassia, form its 
 principal traffic. Lon. 55 20 e, lat. 45 O n. 
 
 Caffa, Straits of, the ancient Cimmerian 
 Bosphorus. r 
 
 CAFFRERIA, the country of the 
 CaflVes, in Africa. It extends along the 
 Indian Ocean to the mouth of the Great 
 Fish river, in lat. 30 deg. 30 m. s, by 
 which it is divided from the country of the 
 Hottentots. The Caffres are tall and well 
 proportioned ; and, in general evince great 
 courage in attacking lions and other beasts 
 of prey. Their skin is a jet black, their 
 teeth white as ivory, and their eyes large, 
 the clothing of both sexes is the same, con- 
 sisting entirely of the hides of oxen. Their 
 exercise is hunting, fighting, or dancing. 
 They are expert in throwing lances, and, in 
 time of war, use shields made of the hides 
 of oxen. They raise several vegetables which 
 are not indigenous to the country, as to- 
 bacco, water-melons, kidney beans, and 
 hemp. Their huts are higher, and more 
 commodious than those of the Hottentots, 
 and their lands more fertile. Industry is 
 the leading trait in the character of the 
 Caffres, who are distinguished from their 
 neighbours to the s by their fondness for 
 agriculture. They are governed by an he- 
 reditary king, whose power is very limited 
 receiving no tax, and having no troops at 
 his command. His cabin is neither higher, 
 nor better decorated than the rest. The 
 distance of the different hordes makes it 
 necessary that they should have inferior 
 chiefs, who are appointed by the king. They 
 have a high idea of the supreme being, believe 
 in a future state of rewards and punishment, 
 but think the world to have been from ever- 
 lasting, and that it will have no end. They 
 have neither priests nor sacred rises, but are 
 greatly influenced by conjurers. The Lon- 
 don Missionary Society have lately intro- 
 duced the gospel among them. 
 
 CAGEAN, or Cagayan, a province of 
 the island of Lyizen, or Manilla, in the E 
 Indies. It is the largest in the island, being 
 80 leagues in length, and 40 in breadth. 
 The principal city is called New Segovia * 
 and 15 leagues eastward from this city lies 
 cape Bajador. The peaceable Cageans who 
 pay tribute are about 9,0C0 ; but there are 
 ina.iy not subdued. The whole province is 
 fruitful. The men apply to agriculture, and 
 are of a martial disposition ; and the women 
 to SL'veral works in cotton. On the moun- 
 tains there is abundance of basil, ebony, and 
 other valuable woods. 
 
C A I 
 
 Caglit 211^ ancient episcopal town of Italy, 
 in the territory of Urbino, 20 miles s of 
 Urbino. Lon» 14 10 e, lat. 43 15 n. 
 
 Cagliano, a town of Germany, in the 
 bishopric of Trent, near Roveredo. 
 
 Cagliari, an ancient, large, and rich town, 
 capital of the island of Sardinia. It is situa- 
 ted on the declivity of a hill, is an universi- 
 ty, an archbishopric, and the residence of the 
 viceroy. There are five churches besides the 
 cathedral. It has an excellent harbour, and 
 ^ good trade. Lon. 9 14 e, lat. 39 27 n. 
 
 Cagnete, Canete, or Guarco. capital of a 
 territory of the same name in Peru, near the 
 sea, 80 miles se of Lima. Lon. 76 16 w, 
 lat. 13 10 s. 
 
 Cahir, in Kerry county, Munster, Ire- 
 land, Dinglebay, 32 miles sw of Tralee. 
 
 Cahier, or Cahir, a village in Tipperary, 
 Ireland, with a castle, on the Suer, 12 miles 
 s of Cashel. 
 
 Cahircanaway Drungand, a range of very 
 high hills, in the county of Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 Cahirconrigh, a conical mountain of Ire- 
 land, in Kerry, Munster, more than 700 
 yards above the level of the sea. 
 
 Cahors, a considerable town of France, in 
 the departnient of Lot. It is situated on a 
 peninsula made by the river Lot. The prin- 
 cipal street is very narrow. The cathedral 
 is a Gothic structure. It has an university ; 
 and is 45 miles nw of Toulouse. The for- 
 tifications are regular, and the town is sur- 
 rounded with thick walls. Here are the 
 remains of a Roman amphitheatre. Henry 
 IV. took this city by assault in the year 
 1580. It is 70 miles n of Toulouse, and 
 287 s of Paris. Lon. 1 26 e, lat. 44 26 N. 
 
 Cajanat or Cajeneburg, the capital of e 
 B othnia or Cajania, in Sweden, seated near 
 the tremendous cascade of Pytia. It contains 
 but few inhabitants ; 350 miles nne of Abo. 
 Lon. 27 45 e, lat. 64 13 n. 
 
 CAJANIA, a name given to the province 
 of E Bothnia, in Sweden. 
 
 Cajazza, anciently Calaiia^ a town of 
 Naples, in the province of Lavoro, near the 
 Volturno, on a hill, 22 miles ne of Naples. 
 Lon. 15 0 e, lat. 41 15 n. 
 
 CAICOS, islands in the W Indies, having 
 St Domingo on the s. They take their 
 namefrom the principal one. Lon. 7 1 30 w, 
 lat. 21 40 N. 
 
 Caifa, a sea port on the s side of the bay 
 of Acre, Palestine, with walls and a citadel, 
 eight miles sw of Acre. 
 
 Caifongy or Caifumy a town of China, 
 capital of the province of Honan, six miles 
 from the river Hoang Ho. This river being 
 higher than the plain through which it 
 passes, it is kept in its course by dykes. In 
 J642, when these dykes were broken down 
 by rebels, 300,000 of the inhabitants were 
 drowned. The ruins tliat remain, give but 
 a small idea of its former extent and mag- 
 
 c A I 
 
 nificcnce. Its jurisdiction comprehends four 
 cities of the 2d class, and 30 of the 3d. It 
 is 315 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. 114 28 e, 
 lat, 35 0 N. 
 
 CAIMAN Islands, three American 
 islands, lying s of Cuba, 55 leagues kw of 
 Jamaica, between 81 and 86 deg. of ion. w, 
 and 21 deg. of lat. k. The climate is excel- 
 lent, and the soil very fertile. Here the 
 inhabitants of Jamaica catch tortoises. 
 
 CAIMAN Great, the most southerly of 
 the above islands. Lon. 89 50 w, lat. 15 
 48 N. 
 
 CairUy a village of Scotland on the coast 
 of Wigtonshire, near Loch Ryan, with a 
 safe and commodious bay. 
 
 Cairngormy one of the highest of tlie 
 Grampian mountains in Scotland, in Strath- 
 spey, Invernesshire, famous for its rock 
 crystals of various tints. Some have been 
 found weighing three or four ounces. Be- 
 sides these stones, line specimens of asbestosy 
 covered wdth calcareous crystallizations, talc, 
 zeolitCy crystallized quarlZy and sparsy are 
 frequently found. The height of this moun- 
 tain was found to be 4,050 feet above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 Cairnpaty a mountain of Scotland, in the 
 parish of Portpatrick, Galloway, 800 feet 
 above the level of the sea, on the top of 
 which is a circle of stones, of pretty extensive 
 diameter, where it is supposed, divine wor- 
 ship was performed in the time of the Druids, 
 or some such remote era. 
 
 Cairnyy a parish in Aberdeenshire, consist- 
 ing of the united parishes, of Botary, Rathven, 
 and part of Drumdelgy. It extends along 
 the banks of the river Devaron, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the thriving town of Huntly'. 
 It is part of the lordship of Strathbogie, once 
 the property of the Cummins, who taking 
 part with Baliol, on the accession of king 
 Robert Bruce, were denuded of their lands, 
 which were given to Sir Adam Gordon, an - 
 cestor to the present duke of Gordon. The 
 surface is hilly, but in low grounds the soil 
 is deep, and abundantly fertile. Population, 
 1561. 
 
 Cairnsmuir, one of the highest mountains 
 in the stewartry of Kircudbright, parish of 
 Kirkmabreck, between 3 and 4000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Lead mines nigh its 
 base were long wrought. It is a famous re- 
 treat for foxes, and from its summit com- 
 mands a most extensive prospect. 
 
 Cairoy or Cairo Grandy the capital of 
 Egypt, situated in a plain at the foot ol a 
 mountain. It was founded by Jawhar, a 
 Magrebian general, in the year of Hegira, 
 358. It is divided into the New and the 
 Old cities. Lon. 31 23 e, lat. 30 3 n. 
 
 Cairoy New, which is properly Cairo, is 
 situated in a sandy plain, about two miles 
 and a- half from the old city. It stands on 
 the western side of the Nile, from which it 
 
C A I 
 
 ts not three-fourths of a mile distant. Bulac 
 is the port of Cairo; and some travellers 
 joining them together, have made Cairo of a 
 most enormous magnitude ; the real circum- 
 ference of it, however, is not above 10 miles ; 
 and the number of inhabitants 500,000. 
 The houses are from one to two or three 
 stories high, and flat at the top ; where they 
 take the air, and often sleep ail night. The 
 higher ranks have a court on the inside like 
 a. college. Some houses will hold 500 per- 
 sons of both sexes. There is a canal called 
 Khalis, which runs through the city from 
 onft end to the other, with houses on each 
 side, which makes a large strait street. 
 New Cairo is surrounded with wails built 
 ■with stone. The walls were never very high, 
 arid are in many places gone to ruin. Cairo 
 has three gates, which are very magnificent; 
 and about 500 public mosques, some of which 
 have six minarets. The khans, or caravan- 
 seras, are numerous and large, with courts 
 in the middle, like their houses. The Nu- 
 bians, the Abyssinians, and other African 
 nations, which come to Cairo, have one to 
 themselves, where they always meet with 
 lodging. Besides these, there is a bazar, 
 where all sorts of goods are to be sold. Not 
 far from the best market-place is a mosque, 
 and a lunatic hospital. The increase of the 
 Nile generally begins in May, and in June 
 the inhabitants proclaim about the city how 
 much it has risen. Over- against Old Cairo 
 the basha has a house, v/berein the water 
 enters to a column^ which has lines at the 
 distance of every, inch, and marks at every 
 two feet as far as 50. When the water rises 
 to 22 feet it is thought to be of a sufficient 
 height. There is much pomp and ceremony 
 used in letting the water into the canal above 
 mentioned. When the water has fiiled the 
 canal and lakes in the city, and the numerous 
 cisterns, it is let into a vast plain to the ne, 
 the extent of which is 50 miles. When the 
 country is covered v/ith water, it is no un- 
 pleasant sight to view the towns appearing 
 like little islands, and the people passing and 
 repassing in boats. New Cairo lies 100 miles 
 s from the mouth of the Nile. 
 
 CairOi Old, lies on the e side of the Nile, 
 and has scarcely any thing remarkable but 
 the granaries of Joseph. There is likewise 
 a tolerably handsome church, which is made 
 use of by the Copts, who are Christians and 
 the original inhabitants of Egypt. Joseph’s 
 well, made by a vizier of that name, is in the 
 castle. It is 280 feet deep, and 40 in cir- 
 cumference, with, a staircase round it. It is 
 filled with water raised from the Nile by a 
 machine driven by oxen. Here are a num- 
 ber of public bagnios, employed as places of 
 refreshment and diversion, particularly for 
 the women, who visit them twice a week. 
 Tiie wives of rank, how'ever, have baths at 
 Iromc. The women have more liberty here 
 
 c A I 
 
 than is usual in the Turkish empire. Be^ 
 fore the discovery of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, Cairo was a place of great trade. 
 Most of the European nations have still 
 consuls and factors here. It was taken by 
 general Bonaparte, on the 22dof July 1798, 
 and retaken by the British in 1801. 
 
 Cairoan, or Cairimn, a city of Africa, in 
 the kingdom of Tunis, situated about five 
 miles from the gulf of Capresonthe borders 
 of a sandy desert, on the river Magrida. It 
 ■was built by the Aglabites ; and is the ancient 
 Cyrene, but has now lost its splendor. It 
 lies 60 miles s by e of Tunis. Lon. 1 0 26 e, 
 lat. 56 5 N. 
 
 Caistor, a market town in Lincolnshire. 
 The churjpli is a venerable stone edifice. 
 The town has a market on Monday, and 
 fairs, Whitsun, eve, and first Sat. after Oct. 
 10, for all sorts of live stock, &;c. Here are 
 the ruins of a monastery, and many remains 
 of Roman antiquity. It is 12 miles sw of 
 Grimsby, and 156 N of London. 
 
 CAITHNESS, otherwise called Wick, 
 is the most northern county of Scotland. It 
 is bounded on the e by the ocean, and by 
 Strathnaver and Sutherland on the sand sw% 
 On the N it is washed by the Pentland frith, 
 which divides it from the Orkneys. It ex- 
 tends 55 miles from n to s, and about 20 
 from E to w. The vast ridge of hills wdiich 
 forms its sw boundary, terminates in a re- 
 markable promontory, called the Ord of 
 Caithness, over which the road from Dornoch 
 to Wick passes. The coast is rocky, and 
 remarkable for a number of bays and pro- 
 montories. Scribister bay on the nw, is a 
 good harbour. Rice bay, on the e side, ex- 
 tends three miles in breadth ; but is of dan- 
 gerous access. At the bottom of this bay 
 appear the ruins of tw^o strong castles, the 
 seats of the earl of Caithness. Duncan’s 
 bay, otherwise called Dunsby head, is the ne 
 point of Caithness. At this place, the breadth 
 of the frith does not exceed 12 miles. It is 
 the ordinary ferry to the Orkneys. The sea 
 in this place, is very impetuous. The only 
 island belonging to this county is that of 
 Stroma. The cuiinty of Caithness, though 
 chiefly mountainous, flattens towards the sea- 
 coast, where the ground is arable, and pro- 
 duces good harvests of oats and barley. 
 Lime stone abounds. Caithness is well 
 watered with small rivers and brocks, but is 
 in general bare of trees. Lead is found at 
 Dunnet, copper at Old Urk, and iron ore at 
 several places. The air is temperate, though 
 in the latitude of 58 degrees, where the long- 
 est day in summer lasts 18 hours. The fuel 
 used by the inhabitants of Caithness consists 
 of peat and turf. The forests of Moravins 
 and Berridale alTord abundance of red deer 
 and roe bucks. The hills are covered with 
 sheep and black cattle. The rivers and lakes 
 abound v, nth trouts, salmon, and eels. Va- 
 
CAL 
 
 i-ioiis obelisks and ancient monuments ap- 
 pear in this district; and several Romish 
 chapels are still standing. Caithness is well 
 peopled with a race of hardy inhabitants, 
 who employ themselves chietly in fishing, 
 breeding sheep, and black cattle. They are 
 remarkably industrious ; for, between Wick 
 and Dunbeath, they have forced several little 
 harbours for their fishing boats. This coun- 
 try sends out, in some years, about 20,000 < 
 head of black cattle. Here are neither barns 
 nor granaries; the corn is threshed ou% and 
 preserved in the chaff in byks, which are 
 stacks in the shape of bee- hives. The po- 
 pulation of this county is 22,609. The 
 real land rent is estimated at 19,960). ster- 
 ling. The English is the prevailing lan- 
 • guage, but in the highlands Gslic is spoken. 
 Wick is the capital. This county sends a 
 member to parliament alternately with the 
 shire of Buie. 
 
 Caket^ a town of Persia, in the province 
 of Gurgistair. Its trade consists chiefly in 
 silks. Lon. 46 1 5 e, lat. 35 30 n. 
 
 Caluy or St Gala, a town in the. depart- 
 ment of the Maine, France. 
 
 CalabuTt capital of a territory of the same 
 name, in the kingdom of Benin, where there 
 is a factory belonging to the Dutch, 140 
 miles ESE of Benin. Lon. 7 15 e, iat. 3 
 40 N. 
 
 CalabezQf a town in Terra Firma, South 
 America, province of Caracas, on a river of 
 the same name, 120 miles s of Leon. 
 
 GALABPtIA, a countiy of Italy, in the 
 kingdom of Naples, divided into Calabria 
 Citra, and Calabria Ultra, the capital of the 
 former is Cosenza, of the latter Catawzaro; 
 W'hich has been almost entirely desolated by 
 the earthquakes of 1783. The reiterated 
 shocks extended from Cape Spartivento to 
 Amantea, above the guiph of St Eirfemia 
 and also affected that part of Sicily which | 
 lies opposite to the southern extremity of 
 Italy. Messina became a heap of ruins. 
 Reggio almost destroyed ; Tropea greatly 
 damaged, At^Palmi the atmosphere had so 
 fiery an aspect, that many people thought 
 part of the town was burning. Stupendous 
 alterations w'ere occasioned in the face of the 
 countiy ; and rivers, choaked up by the fall- 
 ing in of the hills, were converted into lakes. 
 Whole acres of ground, with houses end 
 trees upon them, were broken off from the 
 plains. In short, every species of pheno- 
 menon, incident to those destructive commo- 
 tions of the earth, was to be seen in its ut- 
 •most extent and variety in this ruinated 
 country; above 40,000 of the inhabitants 
 perished in this calamity. Their Sicilian 
 majesties, with the utmost expedition, dis- 
 paiched vessels loaded with every thing that ! 
 could be thought of on the occasion, fur the | 
 relief and accommodationcf the distressed Ca- 1 
 labriaijs, The king sent a geuei'^l officer ^ 
 
 CAL 
 
 from Naples and ordered him to take all the 
 money the royal treasures could supply or 
 borrow ; be was determined to part with his 
 plate, nay, the very furniture of bis. palace. 
 To this accumulated distress, succeeded a 
 most inclement season, but since this period, 
 the country has been gradually restored to 
 its former prosperity. But its improvement 
 has been greatly retarded by the late anar- 
 chy and confusion, which the ambition cf 
 French rulers have brought on this ill-fated 
 country. See Naples, The rural procliic- 
 tionsef Calabria consists cliiehy in corn, fruits, 
 wdiie, oil, flax, hemp, rice, saffron, honey, 
 cotton, and silk. About Reggio, there is a 
 remarkable manufactory of wool from a 
 shell fish that resembles a very large mu- 
 sette. There are mines of gold, silver, iron, 
 sulpher, and alabaster, in Caialn-i, 
 
 Calahorra, an episcopal town of Spain, in 
 Old Castile, near the Ebro. It is 60 
 miles Nw of Saragossa, and 70 e of Burgos. 
 Lon. 2 7 w, lat. 42 12 n. 
 
 Calais, a strong town of France, in the 
 department cf the Straits of Calais, wdth a 
 citadel and a fortified barbeur. It is buik 
 in the form of a triangle, one side of which 
 is towards the .sea. The citadel is as large 
 as the town, and has but one entrance. It 
 io a trading place, with handsome streets, and 
 several churches. The number cf inhabi- 
 tants is reckoned 4,000. Calais w’as taken 
 by Edward III. in 1347, after a siege of 
 more than i 1 months, and i emained subject 
 to England till the inglorious reign of queen 
 Mary, when it was retaken by the duke of 
 Guise, after having been 210 years in thu 
 possession of the English. In 1696 it was 
 bombarded by the English, without receiving 
 much damage. The fortiScadons of Calais 
 are good, but its greatest streogUi is in its 
 situation among the marches, which may be 
 overflowed at the approach of an enemy. 
 The barbeur is not so good as formerly, nor 
 will it admit vessels of any great burden. 
 In times of peace, there are packet boaUi 
 going twice a-W’eek betwixt Dover, and 
 Calais. Jt is 21 miles ess of Dover, srui 
 152 N by w of Paris. X.on. 1 51 e, las. 
 50«5S N. 
 
 Calais^ St, a towm of France, in the de- 
 partment of Sarte, 24 miles ese of Man?, 
 Lon. 0 43 E, lat. 47 55 n. 
 
 CALAIS, STRAITS OF, a deportment 
 of France. Calais, St Omers, Bethune, 
 Hesdin, Arras, and Bapaume, are its ciiiof 
 towns, 
 
 Calamata, or Calamela, a consi(F'’a'de 
 tow'e of European Turkey, in the Mere;'’., 
 and province of Belvedera, on the river 
 Spinarza. Lon. 22 15 e, Ios. 37 8 n, 
 
 C ALAMIiKN ES, a cluster of i^laud-,-, iL '5 
 most westerly of the Philippines. They aic 
 17 in number, and mountiunqus, livt pro- 
 duce great quunviiies of hor-ry, 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 ©(Vible bird-nests. They are to tho of 
 Borneo. The chief of these islands is Pa- 
 ragoa. Lon. 118 45 e, lat 1 1 0 n. 
 
 Calapetan, a town of Hindoostan, on the 
 Coromandel coast. Lon. 78 Oe, lat. 8 15 n. 
 
 Calat-fimh a town in the valley of Maza- 
 ra, Sicily. 
 
 Calata-Girone, a town of Sicily, seated on 
 a hill, in Val di Noto, with elegant streets, 
 palaces, and other public buildings, 56 miles 
 w of Catania. 
 
 Calalasud, or Calatayudy a large and 
 handsome city in the kingdom of Arragon, 
 Spain, 44 miles sw of Saragossa. Its prin- 
 cipal commerce is hemp and soap. Lon. 
 
 1 35 w, lat. 41 28 N. 
 
 Calata Nicctta^ a town in the Val di 
 Noto, Sicily. 
 
 Calata- Xiheta, a town in the Val di Noto, 
 Sicily, has a number of fine buildings, and 
 manufactures of muslins, and coarse cloth, 
 44 miles v/nw of Catania. 
 
 Calatrava^ a city of Spain, in New Cas- 
 tile. From this place originated the mili- 
 tary order of, the knights of Calatrava. The 
 kings of Spain are the perpetual grand 
 masters. It is seated near the Guadiana, 
 and lies 65 miles ese of Toledo. Lon. 5 
 10 w, lat. 59 4 N.- 
 
 CalbarU or Calbary, the name of a river, 
 a territory, and a village of Africa, in the 
 kingdom of Benin. 
 
 Calbe^ a town in the duchy of Magde- 
 burg, Lower Saxony, on the Soale, 16 miles 
 s by E of Magdeburg. 
 
 Calben, a town of Germany in the old 
 mark of Brandenburg, with a castle, seven 
 miles sw of Stendcl. 
 
 Calberga^ a town of the Deccan of Hin- 
 doostan in Golconda, formerly, the resi- 
 dence of the sovereigns of the Deccan. It 
 was large, and very populous, but is now j 
 greatly declined. It lies 85 miles w by n | 
 of Hydrabad, and 110 e of Visapour. Lon. 
 77 20 E, lat. 17 25 N. 
 
 Celcada^ or Santo Domingo de la Calcada, 
 a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 48 miles . 
 E of Burgos. Lon. 3 12 w, lat, 42 56 n. i 
 
 Calcary a very strong town of France, in 
 the department of the Roer, Duchy of Cleves, , 
 near the Rhine, eight miles se of Cleves. 
 Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 51 45 n. 
 
 CALCHAGUA, a province of Chili, 45 
 miles in breadth, and extends from the 
 Andes ta the ocean, between the rivers Teno 
 and Cacha Poal, rich in gold, grain, wine, 
 and fruits. Capital, St. Ferdinando. 
 
 CalcinaiOy a town of Italy, in the Man- 
 tuese. It contains 500 citizens, and is si- 
 tuated eight miles se of Brescia. Here the 
 French pained a victory over the Austrians 
 in 1706.'^ Lon. 9 55 e, lat. 45 15 n, 
 
 CdcuUa, the capital of Bengal and the 
 scat of the rovcrnor~ge?ieral of the British 
 dominioub ia the L indies, is situated on 
 
 the western arm of the Ganges, about 100 
 miles from the sea. It is a modern city. The 
 English first obtained the Mogul’s permis- 
 sion to settle here in 1690 ; and Calcutta is 
 now become a large and populous city, con- 
 taining about 7 00,000 inhabitants. The part 
 inhabited by the English is elegantly built; 
 but the greatest part is built after the general 
 fashion of the cities of India. Their streets 
 i are exceedingly confined, narrow, and crook- 
 ed, with a vast number of ponds, reservoirs, 
 and gardens, interspersed. A few of them 
 are paved with brick. The houses are built, 
 some with brick, others with mud, and a still 
 greater number wdth bamboos and mats, 
 which are very readily destroyed by fire. 
 The approach to tlie houses is generally by a 
 flight of steps. Within these 35 years Cal- 
 cutta has been greatly improved, both in ap- 
 pearance and in the salubrity of its air; the 
 streets have been properly drained, and the 
 ponds filled. The expense attending it was 
 supposed to amount to two millions sterling. 
 Calcutta is the emporium of Bengal. Be- 
 fore the war of 1755, Calcutta was com- 
 monly garrisoned by 500 Europeans, who 
 were frequently employed in conveying the 
 Company’s vessels from Patna. The trade 
 of Bengal alone, supplied rich cargoes for 50 
 or 60 ships annually, besides what is carried 
 on in small vessels to the adjacent countries. 
 This flourishing state of Calcutta probably 
 was one motive for the Nabob Surajah Dow- 
 lah to attack it in 1756, with an army of 
 70,000 horse and foot, and 400 elephants. 
 After several attacks, in which he was re- 
 pulsed with great loss, the besieged were 
 forced to abandon their posts, and retreat 
 into the fort; on which the Nabob’s troops 
 entered th6 town, and plundered it for 24 
 hours. An order was then given for attack- 
 ing the fort. The garrison defended them- 
 selves bravely for some time, but were at last 
 obliged to surrender; and were all to the 
 number of 146, crammed into the Black 
 Hole prison, from whence only 25 came out 
 alive in the morning. This inhuman act 
 was punished by the deposition and execu- 
 tion of Dowlah by his successor, after the 
 battle of Plassey. The injuries which Cal- 
 cutta suftered at this time were soon repaired. 
 It was retaken by admiral Watson, and co- 
 lonel Clive, early in 1757. Since that time 
 the immense acquisition of territory by the 
 British in this part of the world, have given 
 an opportunity of embellishing and improving 
 it very much. Sir William Jones, on the 
 15th January, 178^, instituted a society for 
 inquiring into the history civil and natural, 
 the antiquities, arts, sciences, and literature 
 of Asia, and thus the literature of Europe. 
 I Immediately after the l>attlc of Plassey, lord 
 1 Clive began the erection of the citadel, 
 I which is named fort William, and is superior 
 i as a fortress to any ia India. The G^inges 
 
CAL 
 
 « navigable to the town for the largest ships 
 that visit India. Here is but one oliarcii of 
 the establishment of the motiier country, 
 aiihougli this be the head of the mighty 
 empire of British India, in all of wiiieh 
 there is not one bishop^s see. Here is the 
 seat of the governer-general and council of 
 Bengali, who have a coiitroul over the pre- 
 sidencies of Bombay, Madras, and Bencoo- 
 len. A supreme cout of judicature is held 
 here, by a chief justice and three puisne 
 judo-es. Calcutta lies 1030 miles ne by n j 
 of Madras. Lon. 88 28 e, lat. 2.2 23 n. 
 
 Caldas, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 seated amidst mountains, overspread with 
 olives, celebrated for its hot baths, 15 
 miles N of Barcelona. 
 
 CaldecQt, a village in Monmouthshire, 
 stands on a plain, five miles sw of Chep- 
 stow. It is remarkable for the rains of its 
 castle. 
 
 Calder, a parish of Scotland, partly in 
 Nairnshire, and partly in Invernesshire, four 
 miles long, and two broad ; it is partly fiat, 
 and partly hilly ; and abounds with wood 
 and water. The climate is excellent; 
 and the soil fertile. The number of acres 
 is estimated at 26,000. The population is 
 1179. It has a rivulet and village of the 
 same name, with very picturesque sce- 
 nery. 
 
 Calder, a navigable river, which has its 
 source on the borders of Yorkshire, passes 
 by Halifax and Wakefield, eight miles be- 
 low which it joins the Aire. 
 
 Calder the ancient name of that 
 
 whole district, which is now divided into 
 three ; viz. East, id, and West Calder. 
 
 Calder, East, a parish in the county of 
 Mid Lothian, now annexed to Kirknesvion. 
 It has a village of the same name. 
 
 Calder, Mid, a parish of Scotland, in 
 Mid Lothian, seven miles long, and not 
 above three broad. The climate is very 
 healthy, and tiie soil light. It makes good 
 returns of oats, barley, turnips, and pota- 
 toes, cfec. It abounds with free-stone, lime- 
 stone, and iron-stone. Population is 1014. 
 In this parish was born the celebrated John 
 Spottiswood, archbishop of St. Andrews, 
 author of a history of the church of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Calder, Mid, town in the above parish. 
 It contains about 650 inhabitants. It has 
 two fairs, on the 2d Tuesday of March and 
 October,' and a weekly market. It lies 12 
 mil&s w of Edinburgh. In its vicinity is a 
 paper-mill 
 
 CaZto-Hniwe, the seat of Lord Torphicen. 
 Its gallery is adorned with a picture of the | 
 immortal reformer, John Knox ; on the 1 
 back of which is the following inscription : j 
 John Knox. The first Sacrament of the 
 Supper, given in Scotland after the refor- 
 mation, was dispensed by him in this hall.^-’ 
 
 Calder, West, a parish in Mid-Lothian, 
 about iO miles long, and live and a-iialf 
 
 CAL 
 
 'I broad. The greater part of the ground is 
 elevated. The soil is a black mossy earth, 
 or a. wet clay on a till bottom. Tiie south- 
 ern part, vrliich borders on Lanarl’shire, is 
 divided into sheep farms. Agriculture is in 
 general in its simplest and rudest state ; 
 but, there is plenty of excellent lime-stone. 
 The population is 1175. 
 
 Calder, in Laiiarksh. See Cadder. 
 
 Caldersburg, a township of Vermont, in 
 Orleans county. 
 
 Caldeiv, a river of Cumberland ri ses in 
 Skiddaw forest, in one part of ifs course 
 sinks under ground several times, and as 
 often emerges, turns a number of mills em- 
 ployed in different manufactures, passes 
 Carlisle on thew, and unites wdth the Eden 
 a little below that city. 
 
 Caldolzburg, a town in the principality 
 of Anspach, Fraiiconia, with a castle, 18 
 miles NE of Anspach. 
 
 Caldonanz, a lake in the Tyrolese, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Cale, the capital of the island of Vog- 
 liano, in Italy. 
 
 CALEDONIA, the ancient name of 
 Scotland ; formerly comprehending all 
 that country lying n of the Forth and Clyde, 
 of v/hioh Dunkeld is supposed to have beers 
 the capital. 
 
 CALEDONIA, the name of a settle- 
 ment on the w side of the gulf of Da- 
 rien, founded by some Scotch families 
 in 1699, long since in the hands of 
 the Spaniards, 150 miles ss of Porto 
 Bello. Lon. 77 56 w^, lat 8 30 n. See 
 Darien, 
 
 CALEDONIA, New, an island in the 
 South Sea, discovered by Captain Cook 
 m 1174. It extends from 19 deg. 37 m, 
 to 22 deg. 30 m. lat. s, and from 163 deg, 
 37 m. to 137 deg. 14 m. Ion. e. H is 
 260 miles long, and 70 broad. This is- 
 land is diversiiied by hills and valleys of 
 various size and extent. From the hills 
 issue abundant of rivulets, which contribute 
 to fertilize the plains. Along its ne shore 
 the land is flat, and well watered and cul- 
 tivated. The mountains consist chiefly of 
 rocks. The country in general bears a 
 great resemblance to those parts of New 
 South Wales, which lie under the sa.me pa- 
 rellel of latitude. The whole coast seems 
 to be surrounded by reefs and shoals, which 
 render all access to it extremely dangerous. 
 Every part of the coast seems to be inhabited ; 
 the plantations in the plains are laid out with 
 great judgment and cultivated with much 
 labour. It differs from all the other islands 
 yet discovered in the South Sea, in being 
 entirely destitute of volcanic productions. 
 The houses, or huts, are circular, something 
 like a bee-hive, and full as close and warm ; 
 there is no passage for the smoke, but 
 through the door. The canoes are Heavy 
 clumsy vessels, made of two trees hallowed 
 out, having a raised gunnel about two inches 
 
CAL 
 
 and closed at each end with a bulk 
 head of the same height. The inhabitants 
 are very stout, tali and in general well pro- 
 pvTticned : their features mild, their beards 
 and hair black, and strongly frizled, but 
 not Vvoolly ; their colours is a daYk chesnut 
 brown, they smear their faces vvdlh black 
 paint. A few measured six feet four inches. 
 They are remarkably courteous, not at all 
 addicted to pilfering. The men go naked, 
 only tying a string round their middle, and 
 another round their neck. The women 
 seemed to be in a servile state : they were 
 the only persons who had any employment. 
 They are in general of a dark chesnut, and 
 Eometimes mahogany brown ; their stature 
 middle-sizeil, though some are tall, and their 
 whole form rather stout, and somewhat 
 clumsy. Their dress is a short petticoat or 
 fringe, consisting of filaments, or little 
 cords. They decorate the graves of their 
 'chiefs with spears, darts, paddles, <tc. 
 There was not a single instance during the 
 ship’s stay at this island, of the wmmen per- 
 mitting any indecent familiarity with an 
 European. Their language bears no affi- 
 nity to that spoken in the other South Sea 
 islands. Their food consist of roofs and 
 fish. They discover art in the cultiva- 
 tion of the soil. Cape Queen Charlotte is 
 in Ion. 167 12 e, lat. 22 L5 s. 
 
 Catedoma, a county of Vermont, bounded 
 by Essex on the ne ; by Orleans and Chit- 
 tenden on the NW ; by Orange on the sw ; 
 and by the Connecticut on the se. It con- 
 tains 24 tow'nships. 
 
 CALENBEPvG, a principality of Lower 
 Saxony, and one of the four divisons of 
 Erimswick, chief towns Gottingen and Han- 
 over. It has its name from an ancient cas- 
 tle now in ruins, on the Leine, 17 miles s of 
 Hanover. Lon. 9 43 e, lat. 52 20 n. 
 
 Calhuco, a town of Chili, possessed by In- 
 dians, Mestees, and Spaniards, 180 mules s 
 of Maldivia. Lon. 73 37 w, lat. 42 40 s. 
 
 Cali, a town of South Ameriea, in Po- 
 payan. It is 90 miles e of Bonaventura, 
 and 200 w" of St. Fe. Here the governor of 
 the province has his residence. Lon. 77 5 
 w, lat. 3 15 N. 
 
 CALICUT, a kingdom of India, on this 
 side the Ganges,, upon the cqast of Malabad. 
 It is about 63 miles long, and equally broad. 
 It has many woods, rivers, and marshes, and 
 is very populous. The laud along the sea 
 ccast is low and sandy, and produces a num- 
 ber of cocoa-tree. The higher grounds 
 produce pepper and cardamom of a very 
 good quality ; various medical drugs ; tim- 
 ber for building ; white and yellow sanders ; 
 cassia lignea ; cassia fistula; nux vomica, 
 and cocculus indicus Part of this terri- 
 tory was ceded to Britain in 1792 by 
 Tippoo Sail). 
 
 Calicut, a town of Asia, in the above 
 Kingdom, and capital of Malabar, the first 
 port in India visited by the Portuguese, w’ho 
 
 CAL 
 
 discovered it in 1498. ItliesllO miles sw 
 of iSeringapatam. 130 sse of Mangalore, 
 and 320 sw of Fort St. George, Lon, 75 
 52 e, lat. 11 12 N. 
 
 CALIFORNIA, the most northerly of 
 all the Spanish dominions cm the continent 
 of America. It is sometimes distinguished 
 by the name of New Albion, and the Islas 
 Carabiras : but the most ancient appella- 
 tion s California. This peninsula extends 
 from Cape St. Sebastian, in lat. 43 deg. 
 20 m. to Cape St. Lucar in lat. 22 deg. 
 32 m. N. and lies between 116 deg. and 
 138 deg. Ion. w. It is divided from New 
 Mexico by the gulph, or as some call it 
 the lake of California. In 1536, it was 
 discovered by Cortes, and visited by Sir 
 Francis Drake in 1578. A chain of moun- 
 tains runs from one end of it to the other, 
 the highest of which, called Cerra dela 
 Geganta, is from 4600 to 5000 feet. Here 
 is a species of goat called berendos. The 
 sky is constantly serene, the soil in general 
 sandy. On the coasts, especially towards 
 the Vermillion sea, there are many inhabit- 
 ed islands, on some of which the Jesuits 
 have established settlements, such as St. 
 Clements, Paxaro, St. Ai.nne, Cedars, St. 
 
 ! Joseph, and a multitude of others. Butthe 
 j islands best known are three, lying ofi‘ Cape 
 St. Lucar, towards the Mexican coast, cal- 
 led Les Tres Maries, the Three Maries. 
 As California lies altogether within the 
 tempera-te zone, the natives are neither chil- 
 led with cold nor scorched with beat : and 
 'indeed the improvements in agriculture 
 made by the Jesuits afford strong pioots of 
 the excellency of the climate. In a coun- 
 try, however, stretching about 800 miles in 
 length, there must be . considerable varia- 
 tions of soil and climate. It is stocked 
 with all sorts of domestic animals known in 
 Spain and Mexico. The quantity of fish 
 which resort to these coasts, is incredible. 
 Salmon, turbet, barbel, skate, mackrel, &c. 
 are caught w’ith very little trouble. The 
 fame of California for pearls, has drawm 
 great numbers of adventurers hither, who 
 have explored the gulph with much success. 
 The extremity of the peninsula towards 
 Cape St. Lucar is more level, temperate, and 
 firtile, than the other parts, and consequently 
 more woody. When this peninsula was vi- 
 sited by the Jesuits in 1697, they found ths 
 natives, a strong, well made, ingenious race, 
 but fickle and pusillanimous in their con- 
 duct ; and without religion or government. 
 No kind of dress was used by the men ; the 
 women made use of long robes of palm 
 leaves, or short girdles. Their habitations 
 in winter were the caves of the rocks ; in 
 summer they erected small huts. The Je. 
 suits, by distributing a number of European 
 curiosities and necessaries among them, soon 
 reconciled them to the Spaniards. They com- 
 menced carpenters, masons, v/eavers, and 
 husbandmen, and by. such means, succeeded 
 
CAL 
 
 inimpaTting knowledge, to this savage peo- 
 ple, who have been all successively formed 
 into one body. In 1745, they composed 43 
 villages, nov/ reduced to 16. The inhabi- 
 tants of these small villages subsist princi- 
 pally on corn and pulse, which they culti- 
 vate ; and on the fruits and domestic animals 
 of Earope. Tjiey manufacture some course 
 stuffs ; and the necessaries they need are 
 purchased with pea,rls, and with 
 
 wine, 
 
 CAL 
 
 Lahore, Hindoostan, 50 miles e of La- 
 hore. 
 
 CailaOf a strong town of South America, 
 in Peru, built on a low fiat point of land, on 
 the sea-shore, on a river of the same name. 
 It is the port of Lima, from whence it is 
 distant five miles to the w. In a square 
 near the sea-side, are the governor's house, 
 the viceroy^s palace, the parish church, and 
 a battery of three pieces of cannon. Tnere 
 
 ‘ the number of families dees not exceed 400. 
 
 which resembles the Canary. A few sim- j| are five monasteries, and an hospital, though 
 pie laws are sufficient to regulate this ris- i 
 ing state. In all' California, there are only 
 two garrisons, each consisting of 30 men, 
 and a soldier guarding e^^ry missionary. 
 
 The principal place is Loxeto. 
 
 C-alitoor, a fortress of the island of Cey- 
 lon, seated at the mouth of a river of the 
 same name, 28 miles s of Colombo. Lon. 
 79 50 E,lat. 6 34 n. 
 
 CaliXy a town of Sweden, W Bothnia, 
 seated on a river of the same name, near 
 its influx into the Gulf of Bothnia, 22 miles 
 w of Tornea. 
 
 CALK A, a kingdom of Tartary, in Asia, 
 E of Siberia. 
 
 Callaay a town in Tremesen, Barbary. 
 
 Callah Ely a town in the province of 
 Mascara, Algiers, \vhich has a consider- 
 able trade in carpets and other commodi- 
 ties. It lies 40 miles e of Oran. 
 
 The trade of Callao is considerable. At 
 the port of Callao the watering is easy. 
 In 1746 the town was almost wholly de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake. Lon. 76 58 w, 
 lat. 12 2 s. 
 
 Cala Sujungy or Calla-Susungy a town 
 in the island of . Bouton, Asia. 
 
 CalUy a town in the province of Constan- 
 tia, Algiers, seaded on a rock, nearly sur- 
 rounded by the sea. Here the French have 
 a factory for the coral fishery, a trade in 
 wmol, leather, wax, and gram, 3b miles s 
 of Bona. 
 
 CalleUy a borough in Kilkenny, Ireland, 
 10 miles sw of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 22 w, 
 'laL 52 25 n. 
 
 Callianeey a town of Dowlatabad, Hm- 
 doostan, stands near the Kakiiah, 74 miles 
 
 j \v of Eeder and 150 se of Aurungabad 
 
 Callander, a parish of Scotland, in Perth- Callioqua, a sea-port, on the sw coast of 
 
 ~ ' St. Vincent. 
 
 CALLIGRAY, an island of Scotland, 
 on the coast of Inverness-shire, four miles 
 and a-half e of Berneray. It is inhabited, 
 though only two miles long and on© 
 broad. 
 
 Callingtony a borough and market town 
 
 IS ,| of Cornwall, famous for its manufacture of 
 
 lofty mouniams raise their rocky tops, jj cloth, seated on the Lynher. The borough 
 The parish abounds in lime-stone, marble, j| is governed by a portrieve ; ana hasabou 
 slates, f?8e.stoae, and a beautiful species of |j 20 voters, who send two members to par- 
 ’ ” ' Uament. It has a market on Wednesday, 
 
 and three annual fairs. May 4th, Sept. 19, 
 and Nov. 12- It is about 20 miles nw 
 of Plymouth, and 216 w by s of London. 
 
 Callomay a town of Peru, famous for its 
 silver mines. It lies 70 miles n by e of 
 Arequipaaod J70 s of Cusco. 
 
 CalloQ, a fortress in the Netherlands, ter- 
 ritory of \Yaes, on the Scheldt. Here the 
 Dutch were defeated by the Spaniards in 
 1338. It is five miles w of Antwerp. Lon. 
 4 10 E, lat. 51 15 N. 
 
 Calmary a strong sea-port of Swmden, m 
 the province of Smaland. It is divided into 
 two towns, the old, much decayed, and the 
 new, consi ting of large handsome houses. 
 The chief exports are planks, alum, and 
 hemp. Here on an eminence, is an ancient 
 castle, now^ turned into a distillery. By the 
 unicu of Caimar, the deputies of Sweden, 
 Denmark, and Norway were appointed to 
 hold their meeting here for the purpose at 
 electing a king. It lies 190 miles sw 
 of Stockholm. Lon, I6 22 e, lat, 5641 
 y * B b 2 
 
 shire. It extends from e to w about 24 
 miles in length, and its breadth at the e 
 end is about 15. Its surface is mountain- 
 ous, and v/as formerly quite bleak with 
 heath, but by the introduction of sheep, 
 has assumed a verdant hue within these 36 
 years. ^ Above the Trosachs, Bemedi, v/hose 
 elevation is 3000 feet, Ben venu, and other i| 
 
 cemented rock, called pudding-stone. The 
 climate is highly sciliibrious, and the people 
 live to a great age. The population is 
 2182. The soil is a light gravel, not rich, 
 but greatly improved. The roads and 
 bridges are good ; there are nine mills of 
 various kinds in the parish. Wood, to the 
 value of 15,0001, is cut once in 25 years. 
 The inhabitants are industrious, and ex- 
 tremely charitable. Their language is the 
 Gaelic. English is spoken only by those 
 of rank and education. 
 
 Callander y a thriving village in the above 
 parish, situated on both sides of theTeath, 
 containing upwards of 1000 inhabitants. 
 Here is a handsome church, and a school 
 with two masters, where the languages and 
 practical sciences are fought. The recent 
 introduction of the cotton manufadture, has 
 added considerably to its extent. Callander 
 has two great fairs, held on 21st March, 
 O. S. and 16th May. Lon. 1 24 w of 
 Ediburgh. Lat. 56 17. 
 
 Calianore^ a town in the province of 
 
CAL 
 
 CALMINA, an island of the Archipelago, 
 seven miles nw of Stanchio. Lou\ 26 46 e, 
 lat. 36 66 N. 
 
 Caine, a town of Vriltshire, on a river of 
 the same name. Its chief maanfacture is 
 cloth. It sends two members to parlia- 
 ment ; and lies 2A miles e of Bristol, 
 and 88 w of London. Lon. 1 69 w, 
 iat. 61 30 N. 
 
 Calpe, a mountain of Andalusia, in Spain ; 
 Rt the foot of which, towards the sea, stands 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Caluentm,iiio\y'{\ of the island of Ccjdon. 
 Lon. 73 2 E, lat. 8 L5 n. 
 
 Caltori, a suhurl) of Edinburgh, on a hill 
 of the same name, \vh3re stands the observa- 
 tory, and a monument to the memory of 
 admiral lord Nelson, and the House of 
 Correction. The remains of the celebra- 
 ted David Hume the historian, lie in its 
 burning ground, in a round tomb which 
 he ordered to be constructed for his own 
 use. 
 
 Calton, a manufactaring village in the 
 barony of Glasgow. 
 
 Caltura, a town with a fort on the w 
 coast of Ceylon, seated at the mouth of a 
 branch of the Muliwaddy, 28 miles s by e 
 of Columbo. Here are various manufac- 
 tures, especially of Arrack. Lon. 79 <56 e, 
 lat. 6 44 N. 
 
 Calvados, a department of France, 12 
 miles in length, has its name from a ridge 
 of rocks in the same department ‘ It is 
 formed out of the ci-devant province of 
 Lower Normandy. Its chief towns are 
 Caen, Bayeux, Pont PEveque, Liseux, Fa- 
 laise, and Vi re. 
 
 Caluca, a town of Diarbeck, in Asian 
 Turkey. Lon. 39 0 e, lat. 34 30 n. 
 
 CALVERT, a country of the United 
 States, on the Westernshore of Maryland. 
 It is 33 miles and a-half long, and 19 
 and a half broad. It contains 4347 free in- 
 habitants, and 430c5 slaves. The surface is 
 hilly, and the soil sandy ; but it produces 
 good crops of Indian corn. Prince Fre- 
 derick is the chief tov/n. 
 
 CALVES ISLANDS, three isles on the 
 coast of the county of Cork, Ireland. 
 
 Calvi, a sea-port of Corsica, situated on 
 a mountain and guiph of the same name, 
 with a good harbour and strong fortress. 
 
 It was taken by the English in 1794: 38 
 miles w^sw of Eastia. Lon. 9 15 e, lat. 
 42 26 N. 
 
 Calvi, a town of Naples in lavoro, eight 
 miles N of Capua, and 15 n of Naples. Lon. 
 
 14 45 E, lat. 41 15 n. 
 
 Calunsko, a town of Archangel, Russia. 
 Lon. 44 82 e, lat. 65 15 n. 
 
 Calw, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of 
 V/itternberg. It has a porcelain and siutT 
 rnanufaelory. It is 20 miles s\v of Stut- 
 gard. 
 
 Calzada, a town of Spain, in Old Castile. 
 Iaui. 2 47 w, lat. 42 12 n. 
 
 CAM 
 
 Calzo, a town of Italy, in the late re- 
 publican department of tne Upper Po. 
 
 Cam, a winding river which has its source 
 in Hertfordshire, and passing by, Cambridge, 
 unites with the Ouse in the Isle of Ely, 
 
 It is navigable from the Ouse to Cambridge. 
 
 Cam, one of the Virgin Isles. Lon. 
 63 25 w, lat. 18 20 n. 
 
 Cam ana, a town of Peru, and capital of 
 the jurisdiction of the bishop of Arequipa, 
 on a river of the- same name, near the Paci- 
 fic ocesn, 70 miles w of Arequipa. 
 
 CAM ARAN, an island of Arabia, in the 
 Red Bea, whose inhabitaats are little and 
 black. Here is a fishery for pearl oysters 
 and white coral. Lon. 42 22 lat. 15 6 n. 
 
 Camaret, a sea-port of F ranee, eight 
 miles s of Brest. Here the English, in an 
 expedition against Brest in 1694, lost a 
 great number of men. 
 
 CAMARGUE, a fruitful island of 
 France, or cluster of islands, at the mouths 
 of the Rhone, containing 80 square miles. 
 They are separated by canals and fortified. 
 
 Camaso, a town of Kindoostan, Lon. 
 
 82 10 E, lat. 28 30 n. 
 
 CAMS A, a province and peninsula of 
 Hindoostan, commonly called Giizerat. 
 
 'Camba, Cambaia, or Cambay, a large 
 city of Hindoostan, capital of the above pro- 
 vince, and has high walls, with a pretty 
 good tra.de. Its manufactures are inferior 
 to few' in India. It abounds in corn, cat- 
 tle, and silk ; agates and cornelian stones 
 are found in its rivers. It has the bezars, 
 and four public cisterns. It is 50 miles s 
 of Amedabad, to wrhich it is the port. Lon, 
 
 72 34 E, lat. 22 17 n. 
 
 Cambas,m Pembrokeshire, has fairs Feb. 
 
 13, and Nov. 12. 
 
 CA.MBAT, the southernmost province 
 of Abyssinia, inha,bited by a mixture of 
 Christians, Pagans, and Mahometems. The 
 country is fertile. 
 
 Cam berg, a town of Germany, in the 
 palatinate of the Rhine, and county of ' 
 Nassau. It is situated 17 miles n of Alentz, 
 and as many e by s of Nassau. 
 
 Camberwell, a pleasant and well built 
 village in Burry, two miles sse of London. 
 The parish contains the viliages of Peck- 
 ham and Pulwich. 
 
 Camhio?ie, a town of Italy situated on 
 the lake of Lugano. 
 
 CAMBODIA, a kingdom of Asia, in 
 the E Indies. This country is divided from 
 X to s by the Mccon or Cambodia, which 
 annually overdow the country in the rainy 
 season, between .Tune and October. Besides 
 the usual productions in the same latitude, 
 this country yiel'.is gamboge, which gives a 
 line y eilo vV tint. Though a count yy nat ui al ly 
 rich, the inhabitants aie few. The men are 
 of a yellow complexion, well n:ade, with 
 long hair, and they w^ar a large rcbe . — 
 
 I'he women who aiv handsome, but immo- 
 dest, Lave a dross sLorter and cioser than the 
 
CAM 
 
 men. The religion is idolatry. They ma- 
 nufacture very fine cloth. 
 
 Cambodia, the capital of the kingdom, 
 seated on the above river, 230 miles from 
 its mouth. Lon. 101 50 e, lat. 13 0 n. 
 
 Camborn, a pleasant and handsome tov. n 
 of Cornwall. It has fairs March 7, June 
 20, and November 11. 
 
 Cambray, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the North, seated on the 
 Scheldt, lately an arohiepiscopalsee,now a 
 bishopric, it is defended by good fortifi- 
 cations. The buildings of Cambray are 
 tolerably handsome, and the streets fine 
 and spacious. The cathedral is one of 
 the finest in Europe. Cambray is one of 
 the finest, most opulent and commercial 
 cities in the French Netherlands ; and par- 
 ticularly noted for the manufacture of 
 cambric. It has also manufactures of 
 lace, soap, and leather. Lon. 3 20 e, lat. 
 50 1 1 N. 
 
 CAMEP».ESIS,a late province of France, 
 in the Netherlands, about 25 miles in 
 length. It is a very fertile and populous 
 country. Its trade consists principally of 
 corn, sheep, very fine Vvmol, and fine linen 
 cloth. Ca-rnbra}' was the capital. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, or Cabieridge-shirs, 
 a county of England. It is about 50 
 miles long from n to s,’ and 25 broad 
 from E to w, and 130 in circumference. 
 It lies in the diocese of Ely ; and ‘sends six 
 members to parliament ; the county, the 
 uniYer3it3n and the town, electing two 
 each. The air is various in different parts 
 of the county. In the s and e it is healthy, 
 but the isle of Ely in the n is low, and, 
 owing to the confluence of many rivers, 
 great part of it is frequently covered with 
 fog, and sometimes overflowed Vv ith water. 
 It produces plenty of corn, iiarle^/, saffron, 
 and hemp, and affords the richest pastures. 
 The principal nianuraoture of the county 
 arc malt, pepper, and baskets. The chief 
 rivers are the Ouse, the Cam, the Welland, 
 the Glene, the Witham, and the Peter- 
 borough, which is navigable from Wisbech, 
 It is divided into 15 hundreds, has a city, an 
 university, eight m.arket towns, and 64 
 parishes. It-eontains about 16,451 houses, 
 570^000 acres of ground, and 89,346 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Cambridge, the capital of the county, 
 and the seat of a, celebrated university, is 
 plecisantly situated on the river Card, 
 whence it derives its name, and by which it 
 is divided into two pans, connected tc- 
 gether by nine bridges. It appears to have 
 been a place of considerable anlicuity. 
 Here ore the remains of Pythagoras^ school, 
 Barnwell priory, and ci ci castle buiit by 
 Wuiiam the Conqueror. By doonwdrriy 
 book it appears that it had ten wards con- 
 taining 387 houses. The present t-CY/n is 
 about a mile in length, and half a mile 
 bread in the middle^ but gradually diffiinisli- 
 
 CAM 
 
 ing in breadth towards the ends. The 
 streets are w^ell paved and remarkably 
 clean. The market -placeis situated in tlie 
 middle of the town, and consists of two ob- 
 long squares united together, in which is 
 HobsoiFs conduit, that is constantly run- 
 ning. The county goal is the gate-houso 
 of the castle, built by William the Con- 
 queror ; at the top of the angle stands the 
 shire hall, a noble edifice. This and the 
 town-hall are the only edifices of note, 
 which do not belong to the university. 
 The university, Bvhich is the glory of Cam.- 
 bridge, is supposed to have been erected in 
 the time of the Heptarchy. It contains 12 
 colleges and four halls, which have equal 
 privileges with the colleges. The colleges 
 are, Peter House, Corpus Christi, or Benet, 
 King's, Queen^s, Jesus Ciiristfs, St John's 
 Magdalen, Trinity, Emanuel, and Sidney 
 Sussex. The halls are Clare, Pembroke, 
 Trinity, and Catharine. Of the colleges, 
 Peter House is the most ancient ; King's 
 College is the noblest foundation in Europe, 
 Tne other structures belonging to the uni- 
 versity, are the senate house, St Mary's 
 chapel, the schools, the university libraiy, 
 efec. which form a noble square. Here is 
 also a botanical garden, and a general hos- 
 pital. The university is governed by a 
 chancellor, who is always a nobleman, and 
 has a commissioner under him ; a high 
 steward, a viee-chaiiceilor ; two proctors ; 
 and two taxers. The other officers are, a 
 register ; three esquire beadles ; one yeomen 
 beadle ; aiid a libra,ry-keeper. The uni- 
 versity records were burnt in the time of 
 W at Taylor and Jack Straw. The senate- 
 house, 10 1 feet long, 42 broad, and 32 high> 
 and the most superb room in England, cost 
 16,0001. The town is governed by a 
 mayor, high steward, recorder, 12 aider- 
 men, 24 common council-men, a town- 
 clerk, and other inferior officers. It has 
 I 14 parish churches, besides 16 chapels, and 
 three meeting-houses, and a synagogue. 
 Tile town-haii was rebuilt in 1782, and 
 consists of a court-room, 70 feet long, 2S 
 broad, and 28 high ; besides two adjoining 
 rooms. A parliament was held here in the 
 reign of Richard II. George I. was 
 created duke of Cambridge before he suc- 
 ceeded to the throne ; and the title has re- 
 mained in the crown. The inhabitants are 
 11,108. Cambridge has a market every 
 ¥/ednesday and Saturday, and two great 
 fairs, one at midsummer day, which lasts 
 seven days: and the other, Stourbridge fair, 
 is held Sept. iS, in a field two miles ne of 
 the town, under the jurisdiolion of the uni- 
 versity, which lasts 14 lavs, and is visbxal 
 by mcrehariTc, traders, cjc. frf>rii the most 
 aistant parts of the kingdom. Its principal 
 orainary trade consists in corn, o:i, arul 
 iron. It lies oO ariles NNE o'" Ox'oi-l ; ard 
 54 N by E of London, a-'d IT s of Ely. 
 Lon. 0 4 E, lat. 52 12 n.. 
 
C A M 
 
 Cambridge, a post town of the United 
 States, South Carolina, and capital of the 
 district of Ninety-Six. It is situated in Ab- 
 beville county, and contains about 60 houses. 
 In its vicinity, in 1T81, the Americans de- 
 feated the British troops. It is 60 miles w 
 by N of Columbia, loONwof Charlestown, 
 and 745 from Philadelphia. Lon. 8i ^0 w, 
 lat. 33 50 N. 
 
 Cambridge, one of the largest and most 
 flourishing towns of Middlesex county, 
 Massachusetts. It contains, besides Ha- 
 vard university, and a handsome court- 
 house, about 100 dwellings. Havard uni- j 
 versity, founded in 1636, consists of four j 
 spacious edifices. The library contains 
 upwards of 13,000 volumes. The philoso- 
 phical apparatus has cost nearly 15001. 
 and is one of the completest on the Ameri- 
 can continent. The usual number of resi- 
 dent students is from 130 to 160. An 
 elegant bridge connects it with Boston, 
 from which it is distant four miles, and 
 350 from Philadelphia. Lon. 70 59 w, 
 lat. 40 25 N. 
 
 Cambridge, the chief town of Dorchester 
 county, eastern shore of Maryland, on the 
 Choptawk, 13 miles from its mouth, in 
 Chesapeak bay. It contains about 50 
 bouses, a church, and 300 inhabitants. It 
 lies alxjut 152 miles ssw of Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 76 20 w, lat. 38 48 N. 
 
 Cambridge, a tovruship of New York, 
 in Yvashingtori county, which, in 1790 con- 
 tained 4,955 cAizeiis. 
 
 Cambridge, a town of Vermont, in 
 Franklin county, contaimrig 359 citizens. 
 
 Camhriila, or Camhrillss, a walled town 
 of Catalonia, Spain, near the sea, 14 miles 
 w by s of TarragODa. 
 
 CAMBUR, a mountainous district in 
 Albania 15 miles long, and 10 broad, with 
 a town of the same name. 
 
 Comhiiskenneth, an abbey in Clackman- 
 anshire, of which the ruins only now re- 
 rnain, celebrated as the burial place of king 
 James HI. 
 
 Camhuslang, a parish of Scotland La- 
 narkshire, formerly called Drumfargard, 
 comprehending an extent of about eight 
 miles square. It is situated between Glas- 
 gow and Hamilton, The soil is clayey 
 on a till Ixjiioni. The clinjate is various, 
 but healthy. The whole ground is arable, 
 well cultivated, and productive. There 
 are 160 coal pits in the parish. Here is 
 also free-stone, marble, and iron-stone. 
 Muslins, hoi lands, and cotton stufts, are 
 manufactured. The population is 1558. 
 In the year 1742, very extraordinary efleots 
 both on the mind and body, were produced 
 by the sermons of Mr. M^Cuiiock, minister 
 of the parish, of Mr. Whitiieid and others, 
 imputed by some to the agency of the Holy 
 Spirit, and by others to the inliuenco of 
 Satan. 
 
 Camhusmiahael, Canipsmichael, a parish 
 
 CAM 
 
 of Scotland, in Perthshire, now united to 
 that of St Martinis. 
 
 Cambusnethan, a parish of Scotland, in 
 Lanarkshire, about 12 miles long, and two 
 and a-half broad. Iron-stone, free-stone, 
 and coals abound. The population is 1972. 
 In this parish, particularly on the banks 
 of the Clyde, are many productive or- 
 chards. Here likewise are the seats of 
 Lockhart of Cambusnethan, of lord Bel- 
 haven, and of Sir James Steward Denholm, 
 baronet. There are two judiciously select- 
 ed libraries. 
 
 Cambusnethan, a village in the above 
 parish, containingnearly 400 inhabitants. 
 
 CAMDEN, a county of the United 
 Statas, in Edenton district, North Carolina. 
 The chief town is .jonesborough. 
 
 CAMDEN, a district of South Carolina. 
 It is 82 miles from n to s, and 60 from e to 
 w, and is divided into the following counties, 
 viz. Fairtieid, Ptichland, Lancaster, Ker- 
 shaw, Clermont, Clarendon, and Salem . 1 1 
 
 produces good crops of Indian corn, wheat, 
 rye, barley, tobacco, cotton, <fee. 
 
 Camden, a post town of South Carolina, 
 capital of the above district, and contains 
 about 120 houses regularly built on a good 
 plan. It is situated on the Wateree or 
 Cataw'ba, a large navigable river, and 
 carries on a brisk trade with the back 
 counties. It is noted as the place where 
 two battles were fought in our contest with 
 America; one in 1780, between lord Corn- 
 wallis and general Gates, and the other in 
 1781, betvreen lord Rawdon and general 
 Greene. It is 35 miles ne of Columbia, 
 and 626 sw by s of Philadelphia. Lon. 80 
 54 w, lat. 34 12 n. 
 
 Camden, a small post town of the district 
 of Maine, w of Penobscot bay. It is 36 
 miles ENE of ^Yiscasset, 22§ from Boston, 
 and 572, from Philadelphia. Lon 69 20 w, 
 lat 44 10 N. - 
 
 CAMDEN, a county of Georgia, having 
 230 citizens. 
 
 Camel, ov.Camh Alau, a river in the coun- 
 ty of Cornv/ail. It has its source two miles 
 N of Carnelford, takes Bodmin in its course, 
 and at Padstow enters the Biustol chatiueU 
 
 Carnelford, a borough town of Cornwall, 
 consisting of alwiit i 00 houses, seated on the 
 Camel, gorerned by a mayor. lit has a great 
 market cu Friday for yarn ; and four fairs, 
 Cii the 1st Friday after 10th March, 26th 
 May, 17th July, and 17th Sept. It sends 
 two members to parliament. It lies 14 miles 
 w of Launceston, and 229 w by s of London. 
 Here king Arthur received bis death wound 
 from his nephew Mordred, who was killed 
 on the spot. Lon. 4 55 w, lat. 50 42 N. 
 
 Camerino, a populous town of Ttaiy, near 
 the Appenines, seated on a mounfain, not 
 far from the Cliarente. Jt lies 37 miles sw 
 of Ancona. Lcn. 13 0 e, lat. 43 15 n. 
 
 CamcrGn,a parish of ScotiaM, Fife^hire. 
 j It is six miles long from e to w, and lour 
 
CAM 
 
 and a-half broad from n to s. The parish 
 abounds in coal and limestone. The vil- 
 lage of Cameron lies four miles sw of the 
 city of St. Andrew ^s. The population, in 
 1801, was 1095, and is on the decrease. 
 
 Cameron, Cape, a head-land of N Ame- 
 rica. Lon. S3 29 w, lat. 15 35 N. 
 
 Camin, a sea-port of Russian Pomerania, 
 in a principality of the same name. Its na- 
 vigation and commerce are very extensive. 
 It stands on the Dnvenow, opposite the isle 
 of Wollin, 25 miles n of Stettin. Although 
 the bishop’s see was secularized at the 
 peace of Westphalia, it retains its cathedral 
 and chapter. Its trade is extensive, and it 
 is celebrated for its beer. Lon. 14 52 e, 
 lat. 53 54 N. 
 
 Caminha, a maritime town of Portugal, 
 in the province of Entre-Duero-e-Minho, 
 12 miles n of Viana. Lon. 8 29 w, lat. 
 41 50 N. 
 
 CAMISANO, a district or vicarage in 
 the late maritime division of Austria, con- 
 taining the town of Camisano, and 43 very 
 populous villages. 
 
 CAMMA, a province of the kingdom of 
 Loango, in Africa. 
 
 Camonica, or Val Camonica, an exten- 
 sive valley of the late Italian republic. It 
 is 211 miles long, and 46 broad. This dis- 
 trict is divided into 55 parishes, containing 
 49,009 citizens. 
 
 CAMPAGNA, or Campania, a district 
 of Italy, containing 10 parishes and a 
 town in Principato Citra, 40 miles ne of 
 Naples. 
 
 CAMPAGNA Di VERONA, a stony dis- 
 trict of the late maritime Austria, between 
 Verona and Hostia ; 20 miles in length. 
 
 CAMPAGNA DI ROMA, a late pro- 
 vince of Italy. It was subject to the Pope, 
 and about 60 miles long. This was the an- 
 cient Latium, once one of the richest and 
 best cultivated districts in the world. It is 
 now comparatively without inha.bitants, and 
 is covered v/ith the ruins of tombs and tem- 
 ples ; Rome is the capital. 
 
 CAMPBELL, a county of Virginia, 45 
 miles in length, and 30 in breadth, 
 
 Campbell'S Salines, in North tiolston, in 
 the state of Tenessee. This tract consists 
 of about 300 acres of salt marsh land, of a 
 very rich- soil, and a coal mine has been 
 discovered near it. 
 
 Camphelton, a parish pf Scotland, in Ar- 
 gyllshire. It consists of a large section of 
 the peninsula of Kyntyre, about 16 miles 
 long from n to s, 15 broad at the n end, and 
 nine at the s ; was long the residence of the 
 Scotch kings, and comprehends what once 
 composed the parishes of Kilehousland, Kil 
 michael, Kilkivan, and Kilkeran. The 
 parish- abounds with coal, peat and fuller s 
 earth. Population, 8, TOO, nearly double of 
 what it contained in 1T55. It has two 
 ministers, one of whom preaches in Geeiic, 
 and the other in English, 
 
 C A M- 
 
 I Camphelton, or Campbeltoim, a town ia 
 I the above parish, situated on the lake of 
 I Kilkerran, on the eastern shore of Kintyre, 
 of which it is the capital. It has a good 
 harbour; and is now a very considerable 
 place. The inhabitants are reckoned to be 
 TS0T,in 1811 ; and they have lately begun 
 the maimfacture of cotton goods. This 
 town was erected into a royal burgh, in 
 1701. It joins With Air, Irvine, Inverary, 
 and Rothsay, in sending a member to parlia- 
 ment, It has a school with two masters, 
 and two good libraries. It is the general 
 rendezvous of the herring Basses on the w 
 coast, and itself employs about 50 vessels 
 in that trade. It lies 65 miles ssv/ of In- 
 verary, and 176 w by s from Edinburgh. 
 Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 55 29 n. 
 
 Campbeltown, n wiW'Age, in Dauphin coun- 
 ty ; Pennsylvania. 0 26 w, lat. 
 
 40 17 N. ' 
 
 Campbeltown, a large and Nourishing 
 town of North Carolina, situated on a branch 
 of Cape Fear river, 100 miles above Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 Campden, a corporate town of Glouces- 
 tershire, famous for its stocking manufac- 
 tures, It lias four fairs, and a market on 
 Wsdnesdsiy. It lies 22 miles NEof Glou- 
 cester, and 90 WNW of London'. Sir Bap- 
 tist Hicirs, afterwards viscount Campden, 
 erected an alms house, and bestowed 
 L. 10.000 for its support. His monument is 
 hi the church. Here in 689, it is said, was 
 a congress of all the Saxon kings, to decide 
 on peace or war, with the Britons. Lon, 
 1 59 w, iat. 52 4 n, 
 
 Campeaeliy, a town of New Spain, situa- 
 ted on the w coast of the bay of Campea- 
 cby. It is defended by a good wall and 
 strong forts. Its exports are wax and log- 
 wood. The Eng'lish took it in 1059, the 
 buccaneers in 1678, a,nd the freebooters of 
 St Domingo in 1685 ; 98 miles sw of Meri- 
 da. Lon. 90-31 w, iat. 19 57 n. 
 
 Campen, a strong town of Holland, in 
 the department of the Yssei, near the mouth 
 of the Yssei, on the Zuyder Zee. It lies 
 eight miles wnw of Zwoll, and 44 ke of 
 Amsterdam. Lon. 5 35 e, lat. 52 38 n. 
 
 Camper down, a. sea port of Holland, in the 
 department of the Texel, famous for the 
 victory obtained by the British under admi- 
 ral lord Duncan, over the Dutch under 
 admiral De Winter. 
 
 Campion, a town of the kingdom of Tan- 
 gut, in Tartary. Lon. 194 53 e, lat. 40 
 25 N. 
 
 Campione, a town of Italy, in the dept, 
 of Eenaco, near the lake of Garda. The 
 citizens carry on a profitable carp fishery, 
 and good p on manuiactures. 
 
 Campio Formida, or Campo Fermio, a 
 town of the late maritime Austria, in the 
 province of Friuli. Hera a treaty of peace 
 w^as concluded between the French and 
 Austrians in 1797, 
 
 - • 
 
C A N 
 
 Campo Basso, a town in tiie MoHse, 
 Naples^ with a trade in ciitier3\ Most of 
 its inhabitants Vvere destroyed by an earth- 
 quake in 1805. It is 12 miles s of Molise. 
 
 CAP.IPO BELLO, a long narrow island, 
 of the United States, on the e coast of 
 Washington co^inty. Lat. 44 48 n. 
 
 Campo St Pietro, a town and castle of 
 Italy, in the Paduano, seated on the Men- 
 son, 12 miles n of Padua. 
 
 Campo Mayor, a town of Portugal, in 
 Alentejo. It was taken by the French in 
 J8II ; and is 14 miles n by e of Elvas. 
 Lon. 7 24 w, lat. 38 50 N. 
 
 Campoli, or Campli, a town of Naples, 
 Italy, 23 miles n by e of Aquiia. Lon. 
 13 55 E, lat. 42 38 n. 
 
 Camp ora, a market town in the isle of 
 Arbe, Italy. 
 
 Campredon, a tov/n of Catalonia, in 
 Spain, situated at the foot of the Pyrenean 
 mountains, seated on Ter, 45 miles n of 
 Barcelona. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 44 0 n. 
 
 Campsey, or Campsie, a parish of Scot- 
 land, in Stirlingshire, eight miles long, and 
 seven broad, containing about 26 square 
 miles. The two great roads from Kippin 
 to Glasgow, and from Glasgow to Edin- 
 burgh, pass through the parish. It abounds 
 v/ith waters, woods, coal, and lime-stone. 
 The village of Campsie consists of a new 
 and old town. In this parish are four 
 printfields and a bleachtield. Its ancient 
 woollen manufacture of Campsie greys is 
 nearly extinct. The greater part of the 
 property is in possession of families de- 
 scendants of those who, held it three cen- 
 turies ago. The population is 2906. 
 
 Campsie Fells, or Hills, a. range of hills 
 in the above parish, of which they consti- 
 tute about a fifth part. The highest ridge 
 is about 1500 feet above the sea, and. 1200 
 from its base. It consists of various strata 
 of lime-stone, moor stone, iron stone, spar, 
 and crystal, and is supposed to contain 
 copper and lead. 
 
 Canml, a town of Asia, on the eastern 
 extremity of the kingdom of Cialus, fron- 
 tiers of Tan gut. Lon. 98 5 e, lat. 37 15 n. 
 
 Canaan, a town of Connecticut, in Litch- 
 field county, seated on the Housatonie, 30 
 miles Nw of Hartford. 
 
 Canaan, a town of Main district, in Lin- 
 coln county, on the Kennebeck, 60 miles n 
 of Wiscassct. 
 
 CANADA, or the province of Quebec, 
 an extensive country of N America. Un- 
 der this name the French comprehend a 
 very large territory. That part, however, 
 which was reduced by the British arms, 
 lies between 61 deg. and 81 deg. w Ion. 
 and between 43 deg. and 52 deg* of n lat. 
 The climate is not much different from 
 that of the Northern British colonies. 
 From December to April, the weather is 
 so severe that the broadest rivers are fro- 
 »en over, and the §now lies commonly 
 
 C AN 
 
 from four to six feet deep. The soil i» 
 general is good, and in many parts ex- 
 tremely fertile. Canada produces, among 
 other trees, two sorts of pines, the wiiit© 
 and the red ; four sorts of firs ; two sorts 
 of cedar and oak ; the male and female 
 mapple ; three sorts of ash trees ; three 
 sorts of walnut trees ; vast numbers of 
 beech trees, and white wood ; white and 
 red elms, and poplars. The country pro- 
 duces also a vast variety of other vegeta- 
 bles, particularly tobacco. Near Quebec 
 is a line lead mine, and many excellent 
 ones of iron have been discovered. 'The 
 rivers are extremely numerous. The prin- 
 cipal are, the Quattauais, St. John^s, Seg- 
 ninay, Despaires, and Trois Eiveres ; but 
 all these are swallowed up by the great 
 river St. Lawrence. This river is the only 
 one upon , which any settlements of note 
 are as formed. Here are five lakes, 
 the least of which is of greater extent than 
 the largest to be found in any other part of 
 the world ; viz Ontario, Erie, Huron, 
 Michigan, and Superior. Canada abounds 
 with stags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins, 
 wild cats, ferrets, weazels, large squirrels, 
 hares, and rabbits. The southern parts 
 breed great numbers of wild bulls, divers 
 sorts of roe bucks, goats, wolves, &c. 
 The marshes, lakes, and pools, swarm v/itli 
 otters and beavers. A vast variety of birds 
 are to be found in the woods ; and the St. 
 Lawrence abounds with ffsh. There are a 
 multitude of different Indian tribes. The 
 principal townsare Quebec, Trois Rivieres, 
 and Montreal. The commodities required 
 by the Canadians from Europe are wine, or 
 rum ; cloaths, linen, and wrought iron. 
 The Indian trade requires rum, tobacco, a 
 sort of dulHe, blankets, gums,. powder, bails 
 and flints, kettles, hatchets, toys, and 
 trinkets of all kinds. Canada v/as disco- 
 vered by John and Sebastian Cabot, Fa- 
 ther and son, famous English adventurers, 
 in 1497, and was settled by the French in 
 1608. This settiea^.ent for many years con- 
 tinued ill a low way. The French, how- 
 ever, at last concluded a permanent peace 
 with them : but on the war breaking out 
 with Britain in 1759, the whole country 
 was conquered by the latter, and finally 
 ceded to it by the peace of 1763. The ex- 
 ports from the province of Lower Canada, 
 in 1786, amounted . to L. 343,263, and the 
 imports to L. 325,116. In 1791, it was- 
 enacted by the parliament of Great Britain, 
 that there shall be within each of the pro- 
 vinces of Upper and Lower Canada, a legis- 
 lative council and an assembly. The legis- 
 lative to consist of not fewer than seven 
 members for Upper, and 15 for Lower Ca- 
 nada, to be summoned by the governor. 
 The house of assembly to consist of not less 
 than 16 members from Upper, and 50 from 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Cemajakary, a flourishing post town of 
 
CAN 
 
 MontgoiiieT 7 county, New ^ oi.., on 
 ot the same nauie, on the Mohaw k. It ts 
 noted for the excellence ot its cider U 
 1796, it contaim’d 730 eiectois. It li,-s i 
 miles NE of Cooperstown, and 56 wkw o 
 
 Bfanc, the White Caua'^ one of 
 the )>our)danes between the late Itaaaii Ko- 
 public and Maritime Austria. 
 
 CarM Grande, or 
 
 city of Venice. It has nearly 50J bridges 
 
 ‘’'canal, the Duhe of Bridgewater’s, & stu- 
 nendous work, begun in 1758, at Wovsely 
 Mill, seven miles from Manchester, where, 
 at the foot of a mountain, mostly composed 
 of coal, a bacon is out, which contains a 
 body of water sufficient for a reservoir 
 to the navigation. From this bason the 
 canal runs under a hill to the coal works, 
 near three quarters of a mile. At Barioii 
 Bridre, three miles from the bason, there 
 is an aqueduct, which conveys canal 
 
 over the Irwel, a navigable river, 200 yards 
 broad. There are three arches over ihis 
 river ; the centre one is 63 feet wide, and 
 38 hieh. This navigation is more than 
 miles in length; it falls 95 feet, and was 
 tinished in five years, under the direction of 
 
 Brindley, the engineer. ^ , 
 
 Canal, Grand Junction, m England, a 
 work which forms a communication with 
 several other canals in the centre of tae 
 country, forming a connection witb the 
 rivers Thames, Severn, Mersey, and Trent, 
 and consequently an inland navigation to 
 the four principal sea ports of London, 
 Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull. This canal 
 commences at Braunstone, Hampshire, and 
 enters the Thames at Brentford. Its length 
 is upwards of 90 miles. ^ 
 
 Canal, the Grand Trunk, or tne Stafford 
 shire Canal, was begun in 1T66, under the 
 direction of Brindley. It is 93 miles m 
 length, from the duke of Bridgewater’s 
 canal at Preston on the Hill, in Cheshire, 
 to Wildon Ferry, in Derbyshire, where it 
 communicates with the Trent, It unites 
 the Mersey and Trent, or the Irish Sea and 
 German Ocean. An aqueduct of 23 arches 
 conducts it over the Dove, and one of six 
 over the Trent. At Freston on the Hill it 
 passes under ground 124J yards, it has two 
 subterraneous passages at Barton and at 
 Harecastle Hill, Staffordshire, it is con- 
 ducted under ground 2280 yards. 
 
 Canal, the Great, in Scotland, forming a 
 junction between the Forth and the Clyde. 
 This bold and lofty design was iinished in 
 1790, upon a scMa far above the usual di- 
 mensions of the largest canals in England. 
 Vessels constructed for foreign trade, with 
 19 feet of beam, drawing eight feet oF 
 water, can pass from the Eastern to the 
 Western Sea, thus shortening a course of 
 800, and in others, of 1,000 miles. _^The 
 •xtrein#' length ofthiscanftl froiu th® tOith 
 
 CAN 
 
 to ihs Clyde, is 35 one-quarter English 
 miles, riijing and failing i60 feet, by means 
 of 39 ' locks. In the space of 30 miies 
 it is carried over no le* s tiian 36 rivers 
 a^d rivulets, besides two great roads liy 
 means of 38 aqueduct bridges. In the 
 course of this inland navigation, which 
 may be performed in less than 18 hours, 
 they pass the beautiful and romantic si- 
 tuation of the stupendous aqueduct bridge 
 over the Kelvin, n^ar Glasgow, 400 feet 
 in lent»-th, carrying a great artificial river 
 over a natural one in a deep valley, 
 where large vessels sail along at the 
 enormous height of 70 feet above the bed 
 
 of the river. . 
 
 Ca7iaL Caledonian, a navigabte canal 
 now forming, between Inverness and Fort 
 William, through that great valley called 
 GleiwioTe-na-h’alabw, or the gieat glen 
 of Caledonia, which stretches in a direct 
 line across the kingdom, a distance of 
 about 50 miles. In April, 1804, a bill 
 was passed by the British parliament for 
 its formation ; to be called the Caledonian 
 Canal; and to be 20 feet deep, 50 feet 
 vide at the bottom, and iiO feet wide at 
 
 the top, so as to receive frigates of 
 iruns, or merchant vessels of the like size. 
 This great work, for which 70,0001. has 
 been voted by parliament, is rapidly car- 
 rying into execution, and will soon open a 
 navigation from sea to sea. 
 
 Canal, the Grand, in Ireland, commences 
 in Dublin, at the w end of the town, and is 
 carried to the river Shannon. It is con- 
 nected with the Barrow, whereby a com- 
 munioation is opened between the metro- 
 polis and Athy, Carlow, Ross, Waterford, 
 Clonmel, &c. The execution of this 
 great work was an arduous business ; be- 
 sides having to cut through bard and rooky 
 strata, they had to carry it through a 
 long tract of turf bog. By a branch, 
 which has been carried, at an immense 
 expense, by a circuitous course round the 
 s side of the city, the Grand Canal now 
 communicates with the harbour of Dublin, 
 or the sea. 
 
 Canal of Languedoc, (ci-devant Royal,) 
 v/as begun in 1666, in order to effect an in- 
 land communication between the Atlantic 
 and Mediterranean, and finished in 1682. 
 It is carried over 37 aqueducts, and crossed 
 by eight bridges. At St Ferrol, near Revel, 
 between two rocky hills, an immense reser- 
 voir above 1000 feet in diameter, has been 
 constructed for the supply of the naviga- 
 tion. This reservoir is, in general so well 
 supplied, that though it should be open 
 for months successively, there is no visible 
 diminution of water. Near Beziers tlierc 
 are eight sluices, which form a regular cas- 
 cade 936 feet long, and 66 high, by wh ch 
 vessels cross the river Orb, an<l continue 
 their voyage on the canal. Betwe fi 
 zieres and Gapestan, is the Mai Pas, w hitre 
 C © 
 
CAN 
 
 the canal is conveyed for the length of 720 
 feet, under a mountain. At Adge there is a 
 most curious round sluice, lock, or cham- 
 ber, with three openings, three different 
 depths of the water or levels meeting here. 
 Its length from Toulon to Beziers where it 
 joins the river Orb, is 162 miles. 
 
 Canal, Imperial, or Vun, in China, a stu- 
 pendous work cut out by order of Cbi-tsou, 
 sovereign of the western Tartars, and founder 
 of the twentieth dynasty of Chinese empe- 
 rors. It employed 30,000 men upwards of 
 40 years. It extends through the w'hole 
 empire from n to s, upwards of 400 miles ; 
 and uniting with several rivers in its course, 
 serves to convey goods between Pekin and 
 Canton. The traffic’upon it is exceedingly 
 great. In some places the cut is 60 or 70 
 feet below the surface. In others the canal 
 is elevated to a considerable height above 
 the surface by means of stupendous em- 
 bankments. 
 
 Canmidagua, a post town, the capital of 
 Ontario county, near a lake of the same 
 name, 20 miles long and three broad. The 
 town stands on a gentle slope, 90 miles ese 
 of Niagara, and 130 w by n of Coopers- 
 town. 
 
 CANANEA, an island on the coast of 
 Erpesil, S America, and town in the same. 
 
 Cananore, a large maritime town, capi- 
 tal of a kingdom of the same name, on the 
 Malabar coast, with a large and sale har- 
 bour, belonging (o the English E India 
 Company, <56 miles nnw of Calicut. Lon. 
 "76 90 E, lat. il 53 N. 
 
 CANARA, a province on the Malabar 
 coast, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, 
 now in the possession of the British, ISO 
 miles long, and from 30 to 80 broad. Here 
 the custom of burning the wives with their 
 husbands, had its beginning, and is still 
 practised. The lower grounds yield every 
 year two crops of corn or rice. It produces 
 also betel nuts, and wild nutmegs in plenty. 
 Mangalore is the chief port. The government 
 is generally in the hands of a lady, and its seat 
 at Baydow, two days journey from the sea. 
 
 CANARIA, or the Grand Canary, an 
 island in the Atlantic, about 180 miles froni 
 the coast of Africa. It is 42 miles long, 27 
 broad, and about 100 in circumference It 
 gives the title of Canary to the whole clus- 
 ter ; and is justly celebrated for the delight- 
 ful temperature of its air, the plenty of good 
 water, trees, herbs, and delicious fruits. 
 There is also wheat, of w^hich there are two 
 harvests in the year, in February and May ; 
 barley, maize, potatoes, yams, and the best 
 onions in the world. Canary, or Palmas, 
 the capital, is about three miles in compass, 
 and contains 1 2,000 inhabitants. It is a bi- 
 shop^s see, the seat of the governor and coun- 
 cil, and a tribunal of the Inquisition. A great 
 quantity of sugar is produced here, and the 
 wine called Palm sack — has hence the 
 Jiarne of Canary. Lon. 15 42 w, lat. 28 4 n. 
 
 € A N 
 
 CANARY ISLANDS, are situated in 
 
 the Atlantic, over against the empire of Mo- 
 rocco. They were formerly called the 
 Fortunate Islands, The land is very fruit- 
 ful ; both wheat and barley produce 130 
 for one. These islands were not unknown 
 to the ancients ; but they w^ere long forgot, 
 till John de Betencourt discovered them in 
 1402. The language, manners, and cus- 
 toms of these Islanders had no resem- 
 blance to those on the continent, nor 
 to those of any other people. They did not 
 even know' that there w'as any other country 
 besides. In their colour, they w^ere like 
 the inhabitants of Barbary, in Africa. 
 The Spaniards got possession of all these 
 islands, except Ivladeira, v/hich belongs to 
 the Portuguese. Their names are Alls- 
 granza, Canaria, Ferro, Fuertaventura, 
 Gornera, Graciosa, Inherno, Lancerotta, 
 Lobos, Medeira, Palma, Rccca, St Clare, 
 Salvages, and Teueriffe. Lon. from 12 
 deg, to 21 deg. w, lat. from 27 30 m. to 
 29 deg. 30 m. n. 
 
 CANAS, a province of Peru, divided into 
 tw'o districts, called Canas and Canches. 
 
 Cancalle, a town of France, situated on 
 a bay of the same name, in the department 
 of Ille and Vilane, noted lor oysters. 
 Here the English landed in 1758, with 
 the intention of burning the shipping at 
 St Maio. It is nine miles e of St Malo, 
 and 40 nnw of Renne. Lou. 1 57 W', lat. 
 47 41 N. 
 
 Canche, a navigable river of France, in 
 the department of the Straits of Calais, falls 
 into the sea below Staples. 
 
 CANDAHAR, a kingdom of Asia, be- 
 tween Persia and the river Indus, formerly 
 a province of Persia. This country is go- 
 verned by its own sovereign Zemaun Shah 
 Abdalla, whose dominions extends w to near 
 the city ofTarshish, including Cabul, Per- 
 shore, Guiani, Gaui, Segestan, and Korasan, 
 a tract not less than 650 miles in length. 
 Its breadth is unknown. On the e side of 
 the Indus be possesses the territory of Cash- 
 mere, and some districts above the city of 
 Attock. In 1739, the sovereign of this 
 country w'^as deprived of his territories by 
 Nadir Shah, on w'hose decease he re-appear- 
 ed among his former subjects, and erected 
 a considerable kingdom oii the e of Persia. 
 See Affghanistan. 
 
 Candahar, the capital of the above king- 
 dom, is a place of great trade, and has a 
 considerable fortress. It is situated on the 
 river Hermend, 145 miles ssw of Cabul. 
 Lon. 67 15 e, lat. 33 0 n. 
 
 Candes, a towm of Fra’^oe, in the depart- 
 ment of Iiidra and Loire, seated at the con- 
 11 uence of the Vienne and Loire, 30 miles 
 wsw of Tours. 
 
 CANDIA, anciently Crete, an island in 
 the Mediterranean, 180 miles in length, and 
 from 20 to 50 in breadth. It is generally 
 reckoned a part of Asia. There are uo 
 
CAN 
 
 considerable streams in the island, but many 
 rivulets, of which the torpid Lethe is one ot 
 the largest. The famous mount Ida, now 
 called Psilorili, occupies great part ot the 
 middle of the island. The inhabitants, wno 
 consist of Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and 
 Turks, are happy in not being exposed to the 
 troublesome bite of noxious insects, and the 
 poison of serpents, and the rapacity ci the 
 wild beasts of the desart. Ot the ciimate 
 of Candia, travellers speak with rapture. 
 The vallies produce fine cattle, sheep, game, 
 wine, fruits, oil, silk honey, and corn, be- 
 sides many odoriferous and balsamic plants. 
 Candia came into the possession of the Ve- 
 netians by purchase in the year 1194. It 
 continued in their possession 550 years, 
 when it was invaded by the Turks, and 
 after a war of 25 years continuance, it was 
 entirely subdued by them, and still remains 
 in their possession. It is now governed by 
 three pachas, who reside respectively at 
 Candia, Canea, and Relirao. The total 
 number of inhabitants in this island does not 
 exceed 359,200. It lies between Ion. 22 
 deg. and 27 deg. e, and between lat. 3o 
 
 deg. and 36 deg* n. . , j 
 
 Candia^ the capital of the above island, 
 is situated on its northern coast, and the site 
 of the ancient Heraclea, the see of a Greek 
 archbishop, aud is the seat of government 
 under the Turks. Its walls are more than 
 a league in compass and delended by deep 
 ditches. This city, when under the Vene- 
 tians, was opulent, commercial, and popu- 
 lous ; but it has now lost much of its former 
 strength and grandeur. The harbour, natu- 
 rally'’ a line bason, is every day becoming 
 narrower and shallower ; admitting only 
 boats, and small ships. Many of the once 
 reirular and handsome streets are now al- 
 most desolate. Candia lies 500 miles ssw of 
 Constantinople. Lon, 25 18 e, lat. 35 19 n. 
 
 Candia, a township in Rockingham 
 county, N Hampshire, containing 1040 ci- 
 tisens. 
 
 CANDISH, or Candeish, a considera- 
 ble province of the deccan of Hindbostan, 
 subject to the Poonah Mahrattas. It is 
 populous and rich, particularly in cotton. 
 Bourhanpour is the capital. 
 
 CANDLEMAS Isles, two islands near 
 the coast of Sandwich Land. Lon. 27 13 w, 
 lat. 57 10 s. ^ . 
 
 CANDY, a large kingdom of Asia, in 
 Ceylon. It contains about a quarter of the 
 island, and occupies the middle part of the 
 island, and no v/here extends to the sea- 
 coast, except about 1 0 miles on the eastern 
 shore. The king, who is absolute, is dis- 
 tinguished by a crown, which he thinks no 
 oti^r sovereign is entitled to wear. His 
 subjects are idolaters. Their weapons of de- 
 fence are fire arms, bows, and arrows. The 
 weather is excessively hot by day, with togs | 
 and heavy dews by night. Thunder storms 
 are frequent and violent* Theisiand abounds 
 
 CAN 
 
 with iron and other minerals, but the 
 Candiaiis neglect them. There are many 
 appearances of volcanic eruption. The 
 m'ountaiiis are cultivated to the.r sum- 
 mits, and are interspersed with villages. 
 The vallies are adorned with groves of 
 areka, jacea, cocoa-nut, limes, and oran- 
 ges, watered by the streams from the 
 
 mountains. , . j 
 
 Candy, the capital of the above kingdom. 
 The houses are poor, and badly furnisned. 
 The king^s palace is a largo building, 
 with io steps leading to the entrance, con- 
 structed witha kind of cement, perfectly 
 whit^>, with stone gateways. The princi- 
 pal street is above two miles long and very 
 broad. The houses are but one story, but 
 the floors are raised so high that they have 
 the appearance of two. This is done to 
 prevent the bad consequence of ^ tne ele- 
 phant fi»-hts, which take place in this street 
 for his majesty’s amusement. In Feb. 1803, 
 the British troops entered Candy, but on ac- 
 count of the unheaithiness of the climate 
 and perfidy of the inhabitants, they agreed 
 to evacuate the place in June, but on the 
 third day after were all cruelly massacred. 
 The town is situated in the centre of the 
 island, 90 miles n by E of Columbo.. Lon. 
 80 52 E, lat. 7 5 N. 
 
 Canea, a considerable town of the is- 
 land of Candia, where a bashaw resides. 
 
 It was built by the Venetians, and occupies 
 part of the site of the ancient Cydoma. 
 
 It is but about two miles in compass ; 
 encircled on the land side with a sm- 
 (rie wail, extremely thick, and defended 
 by a broad and deep ditch. The city 
 has only one gate, viz. that ^Df Retimo, 
 protected by a half moon battery. Canea 
 is laid out on a fine plain ; the streets are 
 laro-e and straight. The harbour receives 
 ships of 200 tons burden. At the time 
 when Tournefort visited Crete, Canea did 
 not contain more than five or 6,000 in- 
 habitants, but now, 16,090. In 1645, it 
 was taken by the Turks, at the expenoe 
 of the lives of 25,000 men. It is 03 miles 
 w by N of Candia. Lon. 24 7 e, lat. 
 
 35 27 N. , 
 
 CANELL^, or Caneland, a large 
 country in the island of Ceylon, formerly 
 called Cotta. There are five towns on 
 the coast, some fores, and a great num- 
 ber of harboui^s: and there are seve- 
 ral rich mines, from whence rubies, sap- 
 phires, topazes, cats-eyes, and several other 
 precious stones, are obtained. 
 
 Caneto, a strong town of Italy, m the 
 Mantuese, taken and retaken sevoful times 
 by the French and Austrians. It lies 
 miles w of Mantua. Lon. 10 15 e, lat. 
 
 Canetto, a city of Peru, ana capital of a 
 district so named. Lon. 75 78 w, lat. 
 
 1 2 1 4 s • • 
 
 Canga. a town of Congo, on the Zaire, 
 
 
C A N 
 
 880 miles ne of St. Siilvador. Lon. 
 
 10 E, lat. 2 10 s. 
 
 Cdug^irecoray a large river in the penin- 
 sula of Mindoostan. | 
 
 Cangiano, a town in Principato Citra, j 
 Naples^ 40 miles e by s of Salerno. | 
 
 Cangoxima, a sea-port on the s coast ot 
 the .isle of Ximo, Japan, with a light-house 
 and a commodious road-stead. Here the 
 emperor has extensive magazines, some ot 
 which are fire-proof. Lon. 16 e, lat. 
 
 32 10 N. 
 
 Caniaderago^ a lake of the United States, 
 New York, six mi.es v/ of lake Oisego, 
 nine miles tong. From it issues the stream 
 called Oaks Ch’eek, and joins the Susque- 
 hanna, five miles below Ostego. The coun- 
 try here is famed for its cheese. 
 
 • Canidole Great, 'dnd. Canidole Little., two 
 imall, but fertile islands of Italy, seven 
 miles in circumierenes. 
 
 Cmiigaw, a peak of the Pyrenean moun- 
 tain? ; 8640 feet high. 
 
 Canina, the capital of a district of the 
 same name, Abania, lies on the sea-coast, 
 near the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 
 eight miles n of Valona, Lon. 19 26 e, 
 lat. 40 6 N. 
 
 Cani^ay,Si parish of Scotland, in Caith- 
 ness-shire, the most northern land in Britain, 
 containing an extent of about 60 square 
 miles. It is mostly level ; and the climate 
 •variable, but healthy. The soil, wherever 
 cultivation prevails, is a light black loam. 
 Johu O’Groat’s House is situated in the pa- 
 rish. There are about 60 fishing boats em- 
 ployed around the coast. Here the sea a- 
 bounds with cod, ling, grayfish, and lob- 
 sters, Besides the parochial, there are two 
 schools, supported by the sociel}' for propa- 
 gating Christian knowledge. The language 
 is English, but the naxnes of places Norwe- 
 gian. It has fairs in February and No- 
 vember. Population is about 1986. 
 
 Canischa, a strong town of Lower Hun- 
 fary. The Turks, who took it in 1600, re- 
 tained it for 90 years, when after a long 
 blockade, it fell into the hands of the Aus- 
 trians, to whom it was ceded at the peace c4 
 Carlowitz. It is 90 miles s\v of Buda. 
 Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 46 30. 
 
 CANNARES, a nation of Indians, in 
 Peru. 
 
 Cannat, St, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the mouths of the Rhone. 
 
 Cannaveral, Cape, near the e side of E 
 Florida. Lon. 81 9 w, lat. 28 35 n. 
 
 CANNAY, one of the Western isles of 
 Scotland, four miles long, and one and a-half 
 broad, sv/ of Sky. It is fertile and verdant. 
 Population about 300. Here are vast ranges 
 of iBasaUic pillars. The harbour is on the 
 gsE i«ide the island, and has a sunken rock 
 at its mouth. Lon. 6 38 w, lat. 67 13 n. 
 
 Cannes, a sea-port town of France, in the 
 department of the mouths of the Rhone. 
 Lon. 6 41 E,lat. 43 34 n. 
 
 € A N 
 
 CANO, a kingdom of Africa, in Negro- 
 land. it produces corn, rice, and cotton. 
 Also a town in the above kingdom, seated 
 on the s side of a large lake near the Niger,, 
 called by the inhabitants the Nile of tho 
 Negroes. Here are rich merchants and 
 civil p-'ople ; 130 miles e by s of Cassina. 
 Lon. 13 25 E,lat. 16 15 n. 
 
 Canohia, Siiown of Italy, in the Malanese, 
 39 miles vv of Como, and 36 nnw of Milan. 
 Lon. 8 47 E,lat. 45 65 n. 
 
 Canoby, derived from Csenobium a mo- 
 nastry, a parish of Dumfries-shire, on th# 
 borders of England, about nine miles long 
 from E to w, and seven broad from n to s, 
 containing 22,609 acres of ground, of 
 which about 16,000 are arable. The pa- 
 rish abounds, in woods, orchards, limestone, 
 coal, and freestone. The population is a- 
 bout 2580. Here are some remains of forts 
 constructed to repel the incursions of the 
 English, of a Roman camp, and a Roman 
 highway. The scenery on the stage from 
 Lotigtown to Langholm, on the banks of 
 Esk, which is in the line of the great road to 
 London by Carlifde, is much admired by 
 travellers. This district having been some- 
 time claimed by the English, was called 
 Debateahle Land. 
 
 Canoge, a town of Hindoostan Proper, in 
 the province of Agra, on the western bank 
 of the Ganges ; said to have been, in tho 
 time of Alexander, the capilal of ail Hin- 
 doostaa — and that in the sixth century, 
 30,000 shops here sold betel-nuts. It is 
 now of moderate size, and stands near the 
 confluence of the Calini and Gaiiges : 1 16 
 miles E by s of Agra. Lon. 80 13 e, lat, 
 27 3 N. . 
 
 Canongate, a burgh adjacent and under 
 vassalage to Edinburgh, of which it is one 
 of the suburbs. It is governed by a bailie 
 and two other resident inagisirates, appoint- 
 ed by the town council. Before the union, 
 being the court end of the town, it v^’as the 
 residence of many of the nobility and gentrj*. 
 The chapel of Boiyroovi-house, having been 
 forraer^v the parish church of Canongate, a. 
 number of seats in the present church are 
 the property of noble families, W'ho held 
 ofiices at court. Here is a well endowed 
 grammer school and charity work-house. 
 Population about 6,000. The church is 
 collegiate; See Edinburgh . 
 
 Canonicut, a small island of the I nited 
 States, about six miles long and one 
 broad. It contained in 1796, 491 free in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Canonsburg, a town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Washington county, on Charter Creek, four 
 miles from Morgauza, and 16 ssw of Pitts- 
 burg. Lon. 6 4 w, and Idt. uO i « no! Phi- 
 ladelphia. 
 
 Canosa, a tow'n of Naples, in Puglia, oc^ 
 cupying part of the site ot the ancient Ca- 
 nusium, one of the principal cities of Italy. 
 In iis vicinity ave sLili some vestiges of lh« 
 
CAN 
 
 ancient Cannje, the scene of the famous 
 battle between Hannibal and the Romans, 
 which cost the latter 4.5,000 men ; four 
 miles w by n of Trani. 
 
 Cancul, capital of a circar of the same 
 name, in Goicoiida, Hindoostan, 110 miles 
 \v of Hydraba.d. Lon. 78 7 e, lat. 
 
 48 w. _ . 
 
 Canourghe, a town of trance, in thede- 
 pariment of Lozere, on the j-^ot, v/ith a 
 trade in woollen stulfs and cattle, 13 miles 
 sw of Mende. 
 
 Canso, a sea port and township of Nova 
 Scotia, in Halifax county, on a strait be- 
 tween Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, noted 
 for its cod fishery. Lon, 60 55 lat. 
 45 20 N. 
 
 Canstadtj a town of Siiabia, Germany, 
 with a manufacture of printed coitons. 
 Here are several medicinal springs. It 
 stands on the Neckar three miles ne of 
 Stutgard. Lon. 9 9 w, lat. 48 51 N. 
 
 CANTAL, a department of France, has 
 its name from one of its mountains, whose 
 top is always covered with snow. St. 
 Flour is the chief town. 
 
 CantazarOy an episcopal city of Calabria 
 Citra, Naples, not far from the sea, 26 
 miles sw of St. Severino. Lon. 17 0 e, 
 lat. 38 59 N. 
 
 CantecroiXy a territory and town includ- 
 ed in the department of the two Nethes. 
 
 Canterbury y a city of England, capital 
 of the county of Kent. The arcinepiscopal 
 and metropolitan dignity was very early 
 settled here. The diocese contains 257 
 parishes, besides chapels, in Kent, and 
 about 100 more in other dioceses. It is a 
 county of itself ; and the corporation con- 
 sists of a mayor, recorder, 12 aldermen, a 
 sheriff, 24 common councilmen, a mace- 
 bearer, a sword-bearer, and four serjeants 
 at mace. Formerly 2000 or 3000 French 
 Protestants were emplo3'ed in the silk 
 manufacture ; but this branch is now great- 
 ly decayed since Spitallields became so 
 fiourishing. Besides the cathedral, it con- 
 tains 14 parish churches, ^seven hospitals, a 
 free school, a house of correction, a jail 
 for criminals, and a spacious conduit for 
 supplying the inhabitants with water. It 
 consists of four streets, in "fhe form of a 
 cross, and divided into six v/ards, which 
 are about three miles in circumference. 
 In 1811, it contained 10,200 inhabitants. 
 It was the Durovernum of the Romans, 
 and therefore a town when they were in 
 Britain. Here was put to death that tur- 
 bulent priest Thomas a^Becket in 1170, 
 who was alterwards canonized. Henry 
 IV. and Edw'ard the Black Prince are 
 buried in the cathedral. Here is an an- 
 cient castle, ^yitb wails, and a deep ditch. 
 A grammar school iounded by Hemy 
 Vril. and vestiges of many Roiiia,n anti- 
 iquities. It has a market on Wednesilay 
 iand hiaturday, and is seated on the Stour, j 
 
 C A N 
 
 55 miles ese of London, Lon. 1 5 b, lat, 
 51 18 N. 
 
 Canterbury, a township in Connecticut, 
 and also of New Hamphshire, containing 
 J070 citizens. 
 
 Canthy a town on the river Weistritz, 
 Silesia, 15 miles sw of Erislaw. 
 
 CatitUlana, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 
 seated on the Guadalquiver, 35 miles nne 
 of Seville. 
 
 CantiUy Cape, a promontory on the coast 
 of Morocco, Africa. Lon'. 9 5 w, iat. 32 
 49 N. 
 
 Canton, a large, populous, and wealthy 
 city of China, capital of the province of 
 Quangtong. The walls are pretty high, 
 and about six or seven miles in circumfer- 
 ence, though not more than one-tliird of 
 the ground is occupied by buildings. Tha 
 compass of the city and suburbs together, 
 IS about 10 miles. The buildings are in 
 general low ; but the houses of the most 
 respectable merchants and mandarins ^re 
 comparatively lofty and w’ell built. In 
 different parts of the city and suburbs are 
 joos houses or temples, in \vhich are placed 
 the images worshipped by the Chinese, 
 The streets are long and narrow, paved 
 with flint. On both sides are shops appro- 
 priated to the sale of different commodi- 
 ties. At the end of erery street is a bar- 
 rier, which, wdth the gates of the city, are 
 shat in the evening. In canton there are 
 no carriages ; but the better sort are 
 carried in chairs. The common people 
 walk generally bareheaded and barefoot- 
 ed. It iar outstrips all the other cities of 
 Asia in temples, superb palaces, courts, 
 and immense riches. On the wharf of 
 the river, stand the factories of the Dutch, 
 French, Swedes, Danes, English, cvc. The 
 side of the river next the city is covered 
 with boats, which form a kind of town or- 
 street, in w^hich live the poorer sort of 
 Chinese, or rather the descendants of th* 
 Tartars. On this river live many thousand 
 souls w'ho never were permitted to coma 
 on shore, whose only habitation is their 
 boat. The European vessels lie and un- 
 load their cargoes at Wampoa, about 12 
 miles from Carron, which are transmitted 
 by lighters to the factories. The w'eather 
 at Canton is, in summer, extremely hot, 
 and in Dec. Jan. and Feb. cold: the coun- 
 try is nevertheless pleasant and heaUbful. 
 The number of inhabitants has been estis- 
 mated at 1,509,000, hut latter calculation, 
 have made the number considerably less. 
 It is 50 miles from the Indian ocean 
 and 1 100 s of Pekin. Lon. 113 2 E, lat. 
 23 8 N. 
 
 CANTON, an extensive province of 
 China. See Quang-to^xG. 
 
 Cantyre, or Kentyre, a peninsula in Ar- 
 gylshire, about 40 miles long and from liv-s 
 to eight broad, separated from Knapdale on, 
 the N by the narrow sandy isthmus of Tar- 
 
 h) 
 
CAP 
 
 bet. The promontory in wbicb it termi- 
 nates on the s is catted the JVlulI ol Can- 
 tyre, where on certain rocks called the 
 Merchants, is a light-house oi great eleva- 
 tion, in loo. 2 40 V7 ol Edinburgh, lat. 66 
 21. This peninsula is hilly and moist, but 
 not unfertile. The only town of note i^ 
 Campbelton. lu 1093, M‘ Donald the 
 uhieitan caused his barge to be drawn in 
 full sail across the isthmus of Tarbet, in 
 token, that Cantyre was a par t of his domi- 
 nion of the isles. 
 
 Cantzy a town of Silesia in Germany. 
 Lon. 16 36 n, lat. 5i 6 n. 
 
 CanuSy anciently/ called Adonis, a river 
 in Phoenicia. 
 
 Canceyy an isle in the county of Essex, 
 opposite to the PI ope, about five mues long, 
 from Hole Haven to Leigh. A fair is hcid 
 upon it, J une 25tii. 
 
 Canify a town in the department of the 
 Lower Seine, Prance, seated in a country 
 which abounds in corn and fiax ; 26 miles 
 Kw of Rouen. 
 
 Cany/'orky a short navigable river of the 
 United States, in Tennesse. 
 
 CAORLO, a smali island in the gulf of 
 Venice, on the coast of Friuli, with a town 
 "of the same name, 20 miles sw of Aquileia. 
 Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 45 42 n. 
 
 fiapadOy an episcopal town of Naples, 
 in Principato Citra. Lon. 15 18 e, lat. 
 40 40 N. 
 
 Cape B 7 ’eton, See Bretoriy Cape of, 
 Capelley a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Aisuie, 10 miles ne of Guiese. 
 Lon. 3 59 e, lat. 49 58 n 
 
 CapestaUy a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Herauit, near the Aude and 
 the canal of Languedoc, six miles w of 
 Beziers. Lon. 3 8 e, lat. 43 21 n. 
 
 CaputanOy a town of Calabria Ulterior, 
 Naples, 20 miles ne of Squillace. 
 
 CAPITANATA, one of the 12 provinces 
 of Naples. It is a level country without 
 trees. The capital is Luoera. 
 
 Capo Arcine, See Cavarzere, 
 
 Capo htriOy the chief town of the 
 province of Istria, situated on a small 
 island in the gulf of Venice, and joined to 
 the mainland by draw-bridges. It was 
 anciently called Insignopolis. Its chid 
 revenue is wane and salt, eight miles s of 
 Triest. Lon. 14 0 e, iat. 45 40 n. 
 
 Cumpo FinOy a large barren rock in the 
 territory of Genoa, near it there is a har- 
 bour of the same name, and has a castle on 
 its eastern peak, 13 miles ese of Genoa. 
 Lon. 8 56 e, lat. 44 20 n. 
 
 CAPPADOCIA, an ancient kingdom 
 of Asia, comprehending all that country 
 which lies beween mount Taurus and the 
 Euxiiie Sea. 
 
 CAPPADOCIA, Magna, or Cappado- 
 cia, properly so calletl, lies between 38 
 and 4 1 deg. lat. n. It is divided into the 
 four Reglerbeglies of Siicas, Trebizoud, 
 
 CAP 
 
 Maraschy and Cogniy and subject to the 
 Turks. * 
 
 Cappely a town in the duchy of Sles- 
 wick, Denmark, e coast, 16 miles ke of 
 Sleswdck, 
 
 Cappoquiny in Waterford, Munster, Ire- 
 land, on the Blackwater, with a castle, 13 
 miles v/NW of Dungarvon, and 18 ssw of 
 Clonmel. 
 
 CAPRALA, or Capria, an island of 
 France, ne of Corsica. It is about 15 
 miles in circumference, has a towm of the 
 same name, and a safe harbour, protected 
 by a castle. Lon. 9 56 e, lat. 43 5 n. 
 
 CapraoUy a town of Italy, 20 miles n of 
 Rome. Lon. 13 5 e, iat. 43 15 n. 
 
 CAPRARIA, one of the Zemiti islands, 
 in the Adriat c. Lon. 33 22 e, from Ferro, 
 lat. 42 ION. 
 
 CAPRI, an island in the entrance of the 
 gulf of Naples, anciently called Caprea, 
 live miles long, and two broad. Its shores 
 are steep, and accessible in only two places. 
 
 A large portion of its surface is unfit for 
 cultivation ; but every spot that will ad- 
 mit of improvement, teems with the best 
 productions of the earth. In this retreat 
 the emperor Tiberius spent the last ten 
 years of his life in great luxury. This is 
 the resort of vast quantities of quails : the 
 tenth of those that are caught forms part 
 of the bishop’s revenue, who is hence styled, 
 Bishop of Quails. 
 
 Capri, the capital of the above isle, once 
 celebrated for its superb works, which v/ere 
 destroyed after the death of Tiberius, It is 
 2T miles ssw of Naples. Lon. 14 10 e, 
 lat. 40 32 N. 
 
 , Capua, a neat little city in Lavora, 
 Naples, at the foot of a mountain, on the 
 Voiturno, and the see of an archbishop, 
 w'ho is the first in the kingdom. It was 
 built out of the ruins of ancient Capua, 
 from w'hich it is two miles distant. Next 
 to Rome it abounds in ancient inscriptions. 
 In 1803, an earthquake destroyed a num- 
 ber of soldiers, and occasioned great loss 
 to this city. Capua is at present fortified 
 according to the rules of modern art, and 
 may be considered as the key of the king- 
 dom. It is 20 miles n of Naples, and 100 
 SE of Rome. Lon. 14 19 E,lat. 41 T n, 
 Capathy a parish of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, comprehending the greater part of the 
 district of Stormont, and extending near 13 
 miles in length, and from one to six and a- 
 half in breath. The soil is partly a light 
 loam, and partly a cold wet clay, the n 
 and w parts are hilly, and contain quarries 
 of fine blue slates. A number of districts 
 belong to this parish, wholly detached by 
 other intervening parishes, some of these 
 appendages are at the distance of 25 miles. 
 Near the Tay and Isla, the climate is mild, 
 and the soil "good. Near the church is a 
 druidical circle. Within the church is a 
 brass font; 16 inches and a half in diameter, “ 
 
CAR 
 
 with two inscriptions in the inside, one in 
 Homan, and the other in unknown charac- 
 ters. Principal manufacture is linen. 
 Population, 2097. 
 
 Car, or Char, a river which runs into the 
 sea at Charmouth in Dorsetshire. 
 
 Car, a lake in the county of Armagh, 
 Ireland. 
 
 CARA, a small island of Scotland, ly- 
 ing w of Kintyre. It is one mile long, and 
 half a mile broad. It contains 22 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Cara, a river of Russia, which has its 
 source in the n extremity of the Ural moun- 
 tains, empties itself into the gulf of Kar- 
 skoi, in the Arctic ocean, and for the space 
 of 140 miles is the boundery between Eu- 
 rope and Asia. 
 
 Carahara, a town of Georgia, in Asia. 
 Lon. 43 40 e, lat. 42 48 n. 
 
 CARABAYA, or Caravaya, a district 
 or jurisdiction of Buenos Ayres, about 40 
 leagues in extent. St Jean de i^Ore is the 
 capital. 
 
 CAR AC, a small island in the Persian 
 gulf. 
 
 CARACATAY, an extensive territory of 
 Asia, reaching from the Chinese wall to the 
 country of the Monguls, lying between 
 China on the e, and Imaus on the w. 
 
 CAPiACCAS, a large province of Terra 
 Firma, in South America, belonging to the 
 Spaniards. Its rich plains produce cocoa 
 nuts of superior quality, sugar, coffee, cot- 
 ton, tobacco, and indigo. 
 
 Caraccas, the capital of the above pro- 
 vince, is large, wealthy, and populous. 
 Lon. 67 10 w, lat. 10 30 n. 
 
 CARAMANIA, a considerable province 
 of Asiatic Turkey, to the e of Natolia. 
 Within its limits are the ancient Pamphi- 
 lia, and the greater part of Cilicia, Cap- 
 padocia, and Pisidia. Its lakes abound 
 with fish, and furnish great quantities of 
 salt. Cogni is the capital. 
 
 CARAMANTA, a province of South 
 America, extending on both sides the river 
 Cauca, surrounded by lofty mountains. 
 Its waters afibrd salt. The capital of the 
 same name stands on the Cauca, 240 
 miles NNE of Popayan. Lcn. 75 15 w, 
 lat. 5 18 xV. 
 
 Carangas,>di town of Peru, capital of a 
 country abounding with cattle, and rich in 
 silver mines, 4-3 miles w of Potosi. 
 
 CARANJA, an island in the Indian sea, 
 three leagues s of Bombay. Lon, 72 44 w, 
 lat. 18 55 N. 
 
 Carara, a town in the principality of 
 Alassa, Tuscany, noted for its variegated 
 marbles, lies five miles nne of Mcissa. 
 
 Carasui, a large lake of Bulgaria, said 
 to be 55 miles in circumference, with seve- 
 ral islands, formed by a branch of the 
 Danube, near its influx into the Black sea. 
 
 Caravqcca, a town in Murcia, Spain, 
 among mountains, 48 miles wnw of Murcia. 
 
 CAR 
 
 Caravaya, chief town of a territory o£ 
 the same name, in Peru, 160 miles se of 
 Cusco. Lon. 69 36 w, lat. 14 40 s. 
 
 CARAVI, a small island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago. Lon. 41 22 e, Ferro, lat. 
 36 33 N. 
 
 CAllBERY, an island in Dunmannus 
 bay, Ireland. Lon. 9 33 w, lat. 31 31 n. 
 
 Carbet, St, Jaques, a townof Martinico, W 
 Indies. Lon. 43 24 w, Ferro, lat. 14 39 N. 
 
 Curoassone, an ancient city, and capital 
 of the department of Aude, France. It is 
 divided into the upper and lower town by 
 the river Aude. In the former are a strong 
 castle and the cathedral ; the latter is well 
 built and accommodated with water from 
 the Aude by means of an aqueduct. Here 
 are manufactures of all sorts of cloth. Car- 
 cassone is 33 miles w of Nar bonne, and 
 30 SE of Toulouse. Lon. 2 13 e, lat. 
 43 14 N. 
 
 Carculla, a town of Canara, Hindoostaia 
 seated between tanks or lakes, from which 
 issue two rivers. It is principally inhabi- 
 ted by shopkeepers, and the vicinity 
 abounds in rice, betel nut, turmerce, and 
 ginger. Here in an open temple, is the 
 statue of a naked man, 38 feet in height 
 and 10 in thickness, formed from one solid 
 piece of granite. It is 26 miles n by b 
 of Mangalore. 
 
 Cardiff, or Caerdiff, a towm of S Wales, 
 in Glamorganshire, seated on the Taef. It 
 is a large, compact, well built town, with a 
 handiome bridge of four arches ever the 
 river. It is an ancient corporation, under 
 the government of the constable of the cas- 
 tle, two bailiffs, 12 alderman, 12 capital 
 burgesses, &c. Near the town sire some 
 iron works, and a canal. The town was 
 formerly surrounded by a wall, of which 
 only some vestiges of its gates remain, the 
 castle was an elegant Gothic pile, but its 
 appearance is hurt by modern repairs. In 
 it died Robert duke of Normandy, eldest 
 son of William the Conqueror, after his bro- 
 ther Henry L had blindfolded and confined 
 him 2S years. It is i 3 miles s of Cowbridge. 
 42 s of Brecknock, and 169 w of London. 
 Lon. 3 iS w, lat. 31 28 k. 
 
 CARDIGAN, a county of S Wales. 
 Its length is about 42 miles, audits breadth 
 near 20. On the s and w it is fertile ; but 
 on the N and e moimtainous, barren, and 
 bleak. It has rich lead mines. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are me Ty vy, the Rydal, and tha 
 Isiwif h. There are five market towns, viz. 
 Cardigan, Aberistwith, Llanbadarnvawn, 
 Llanbedar, and Tregaron ; with 77 parishes 
 and it is computed to have 42,956 inhabi- 
 tants. It sends two members to parliament, 
 one for the county, and one for the town. 
 The mountains abound with silver and lead 
 ores. Here any person who can- build a 
 house, and kindle a fire in it, without being 
 challenged, has the privilege of inclosing 
 ; four acres of the common lor his own use. 
 
CAR 
 
 which desctods toJiis heirs forever. To 
 «vade the vigil^lje of the gentlemen and 
 yeomanry who have interest in these com- 
 mons, these houses are frequently raised up 
 in one night, with materials secretly pro- 
 vided for ihe purpose, so. that it is not un-* 
 common to see a house emitting smoke in 
 the morning, where it was wa^^te the even- 
 ing before. 
 
 ' Cardigan, the capital of the above coun- 
 ty, lies near the mouth of the Tyvy, on 
 ^the Irish channel, on a bay to which it 
 gives name. It walls and castle are in 
 ruins, but the town is well built, and 
 is governed by a mayor, 13 aldermen, 
 
 13 common council men, &c. It has 
 a market on Tuesday and Saturday, and 
 fairs, February 13, April 5, September 8, 
 and December 19. It once had a priory 
 Of black monks, and is famous for a deci- 
 five victory obtained by the \¥elch over the 
 Enf^lish in 1136. Here are several rude 
 stone obelisks, some of which are of great 
 magnitude. 
 
 Cardona, a handsome town in Catalonia, 
 Spain. It is situated on an eminence, near 
 • the Cardoncro. In its vicinity is a mountain 
 of solid rock salt, of which trinkets, snuff- 
 boxes, and vases, are raanutactured. ^ Its 
 'Vineyards afford excellent wine. It is 36 
 miles KNw of Barcelona. Lon. 1 26 e, 
 lat. 41 42 N. 
 
 Cardross, a parish in Dumbartonshire. 
 It is seven miles long, and three broad. 
 The soil is partly light gravel, anff partly 
 clay ; and generally productive. The po- 
 pulation is 2549. The celebrated Dr Smol- 
 let was born in this parish. Mr Smollet of 
 Bonhiil, his cousin, has erected a lofty co- 
 lumn with an elegant Latin inscription, to 
 perpetuate his memory, adjacent to the man- 
 sion-house of Dalguhurn where he was born. 
 The population is more than trebled within 
 the last 50 years, owiiig to the extensive 
 printfields of Cordale and Daiguliuni, on 
 the Severn. 
 
 ' CABELI A, the eastern province cf Fin- 
 land ; see WiBUEG. 
 
 Carentan, a town in the department of 
 the Manche, France, with a castle', eight 
 miles from the sea, and 21 w of joayeux. 
 Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 49 16 n. 
 
 Cares, or Kareis, a town cf Turkey in 
 Europe, on mount Athos, 17 miles SE of 
 
 Salonica. ^ * i,- 
 
 Caresen, or Cassen, a sea port of Arabia 
 Felix. Lon. 52 7 e, lat. 16 5 n. 
 
 Careston, or Caraldston, a parish oi 
 Scotland, in Angus-shire. It is three 
 miles long, and one broad. Tho soil is 
 fertile, and well cultivated, and the popu- 
 lation is 229. Here are two artificial 
 mounds, the one, it is said, was raised for 
 the purpose of law, and the other 
 execution of capital offenders. Three 
 large upright stones, at half a miles dis- 
 tance from the cuuroh, are said to bo the 
 
 GAR 
 
 remains of a monument erected to CarreX, 
 one of Ossian's heroes, from whence th» 
 parish derives its name of Carraldstone, 
 nine miles ne of Forfar. 
 
 Carew, a village of Wales, four miles E 
 by N of Pembroke, on a branch of Milford- 
 haven, distinguished for the stately and ve- 
 nerable ruins of its castle. 
 
 Carfagnano, a ci-devant seignpry, Italy. 
 See Castel Nuovo de Carfagnano . 
 
 Cargill, a parish in Terthshire, about 
 six miles long from w to e, and four broad. 
 Except the woodlands, it is mostly arable. 
 The population is 1585. An old act of 
 the parliament of Scotland imposing a 
 fine of a wedder sheep, or 3^. 4d. for 
 every stalk of Gool, which the farmer 
 allowed to grow among his corn, is iii 
 this parish mitigated to the fine of one 
 penny. Here are traces of a Roman 
 high way, several druidical circles, tu- 
 muli, &c. 
 
 Carhaiz, a town in the . department of 
 Finisterre, France, on the Yer, 19 miles s 
 of Morlaix. 
 
 Carham, a village in Northumberland, on 
 the banks of Tweed, seven miles e of Kelso. 
 
 In a battle fought here between the Danes 
 and English fell 11 bishops, and two Eng- 
 lish counts. Here also in 1018, the^ Scots 
 subdued the English; anal in 1370 Sir 
 John Lilburne was, by the Scots, defeated 
 and taken prisoner. 
 
 Carhampton, a town in SomeTsetSiiirej 
 near Dun^ter. 
 
 CARIACOU, the ehiof of the Grena- 
 dine isles. It contains 1613 acres of fev^ 
 
 tile land. , . 
 
 Cariati, a town in Calabria Citeriore, 
 Naples, 25 miles n of St Severino. Lon. 
 17 10 e, lat. 33 38 n. 
 
 CARIBBEE ISLANDS, a cluster of 
 islands, situated in the Atlantic ocean, be- 
 tween 59 degrees, and 63 degrees Ion. w, 
 and lietween 11 degrees and 18 degrees 
 lat. s. Those that lie nearest the e, hav@ 
 been called the Windward Islands, ths 
 others the Leeward, on account of the winds 
 blowing generally from the eastern point 
 in those quarters. The rains of the Carib- 
 be? islands are torrents. ^ The produce of 
 the Caribbee islands consists of sugar rum, 
 molasses, indigo, &c. The Caribbee or 
 Charaihes, were the ancient natives ot tu» 
 Windward islands. 
 
 C ARIBIANA, or CARRIBBIANA, th# 
 ne coast of Terra Firma, in S America. 
 
 Carical, a French settlement on the w 
 coast of Coromandel ; taken by the «.nglisli 
 in 1760, stands at the mouth of a branch of 
 the Cavery, eight miles s of Tranquebar. 
 Lon. 80 12 E, lat, 11 15 N , 
 
 Carignan, a town m the department of 
 Ardennes, France, formerly - 
 
 Luxemburg, and called I viox. Louis X 
 to whom it was ceded changed us ^ 
 
 stands on the Criers, eight miles ese of Sedan* 
 
CAR 
 
 Carij^naifi) a fortified town in a district of 
 the same name, in Piedmont, with a castie, 
 on the Po, U miles s by w of Tuvin. Lon. 
 
 7 25 E, lat. 44 30 n. 
 
 CARIMAN JAVA, a cluster of E In- 
 diim islands, n of Java, at the chief oi whicn 
 ships in their passage to Borneo, find iresh 
 provisions. Lon. 110 12 e, lat. 6 56 s. 
 
 Carinolaf an episcopal town of Naples, 
 near Mount Massico, Terra di Lavoro, 25 
 miles AW of Naples. Lon, 15 10 e, lat. 
 
 41 zO N. 
 
 CARINTHIA, a duchy of Germany, in 
 Austria. A part of this country was an- 
 ciently oailed Carnioia, and the inhabi- 
 tants Garni. The air is cold; the suviac 
 in general mountainous. The inhabitants 
 are partly de»ceiidants of the ancient Ger- 
 mans, and partly of the Sclav onians. it 
 abounds in iron and lead, and afiord good 
 pastures for cattle, Clagenfurt is the 
 capital. 
 
 Carishrook Castle^ a village situated in the 
 middle of the isle of Wight, the seat of the 
 governor, a mile sw of Newport. It was 
 built by the Saxons, and was for 13 months 
 the prison of Charles 1. Here is a well 
 218 feet deep, out of which water is drawn 
 by means of a wheel turned by an ass. 
 Part of its Priorj^ is converted into a farm 
 house, but still retains the name. Lon. 1 
 30 w, lat. 50 40 n. 
 
 Caristo or Cartel Rosso, an episcopal city 
 of Greece, in the s of the Island of Negro- 
 pont. Lon. 24 35 e, lat. 3is 4 n. 
 
 Carlingford, a port town in the county oi 
 Louth, Ireland ; stands on Carlingford bay, 
 famous for the excellence of its oysters. 
 Lon. 6 0 w, lat. 54 li n. 
 
 Carlinwark LocA, a lake in Kircudbright- 
 shire, and a village at its n corner,iiow bet- 
 ter known by the name of Castle Douglass, 
 it has a share of the cotton marmfacture, 
 and is seven miles ne of Kircudbright. 
 
 Carlisle, an ancient city of Cumberland, 
 and capital of the county. It is surrounded 
 by a strong stone M^ali, and has a pretty 
 large castle in the w, part of it, with a 
 citadel in the e, built by Henry VIII. 
 The principal streets lead from three gates, 
 the English on the s, the Scotch on the 
 N and the Irish on the w, and meet at 
 the market-piace, where the town hall, 
 moot-hall, and council chamber, are si- 
 tuated. It is governed by a mayor, 12 
 aldermen, two bailiffs, &c. and sends two 
 members to parliament. It has a coi)si- 
 derable market on Wednesday, and Sa- 
 turday. The manufactures of Carlisle are 
 cotton and linen checks, grey cottoiis. 
 Osnaburgs, <fec. It contained in 1811, 
 12,831 inhabitants. In 1645, after a block- 
 ade of eight mouths, it surrendered to the 
 parliamentary forces. In 1745, it fell into 
 the hands of the rebels, but was recovereu 
 by the duke of Cumberland. Here Edwaru 
 I. held a parlimeut, since which time it hasj 
 
 CAR 
 
 sent two citi^ns to the house of commons ' 
 these are elected by 700 freemen, who pass 
 toil iroe ihrougu the wiiole county. It 
 is 90 mues s of Edinburgh, 50 w of New- 
 castle, and 301 NNW of London. Lon. 2 
 53 w, iat. 54 46 N. . 
 
 Carlisle, a post-town of Pensylvania, and 
 capital of Cumberland county. It contains 
 above 2,000 inliaoitauts. It has a ooHege, 
 a jail, a court-house, and four churches^ 
 
 It is 100 miles w by n of Phiiaaelphia. 
 Lon. 7t 30 w, lat. 40 10 N. 
 
 Carlohago , a town seated at the foot oi a 
 rock in Moriaohia, near the sea, by which 
 tue isle of Pago is separate:! from the con- 
 tinert. Its .rade is principally in wood, 
 and is 46 miles se of Bucoari. Lon. 15 
 13 E, lat. 44 53 n. 
 
 Carlos, St, a town oi Nicaragua, New 
 Snain. Lon 83 45 w, lat. 1 i 0 n. 
 
 ‘ Carlos St, a town in the province of Ca- 
 raccas. Terra Firma, 85 miles sw of 
 Leon. 
 
 Carlos, St, a town of Cuba, n side of th© 
 iAand 62 miles e of Kavamia. 
 
 Cavlostadt, or Carstadt, a town of Hun- 
 gary, capital of Croiia, seated at the con- 
 fluence of the ivulpa and Corona, 180 mixCs 
 s by w of Vienna. Lon. 10 5 b, lat. 45 
 
 Carlostadt,ov CarUtadt, a town m Wer- 
 meland, Sv/eden, It contains 1,500 inha- 
 bitants, who trade in iron, copper, and 
 v/ood. Lon. 14 '4 B, lat. 59 16 n. 
 
 CorloUa, a town in Andeiu ia, Spain, 
 built in 1769, for the accomimxlation of 
 emigrants from Italy and Germany. It is 
 15 miles s of Cordova. 
 
 Carlow, a county of Ireland, in Leinster* 
 It contains 50 parishes. The surface of 
 the county, is beauiif Lilly undulated, and ri- 
 *es into hills of no remarkable elevation. 
 The lowlands are strong fertile loams. 
 Carlow sends three members to tne imperial 
 parliament, two for the county and one for 
 the town. Population about 44,000 The 
 principal rivers are the Barrow and .Laney. 
 
 Carlow, the chieftowm of the above coun- 
 ty, situated on the Barrow., It is 20 miles 
 NE of Kilkenny, and 42 sw of Dublin 
 Its ancient name was Catheriagh. Its 
 castle, which stood on the banks of thdi 
 river is now in ruins. Lou. 7 14 w, iat. 
 52 48 N. 
 
 Carlowitz, a small town of Hungary, m 
 Sclavonia, on the Danube, 38 miles nw 
 of Belgrade. Here the terms of peacb 
 were settled between the Germans and 
 Turks in 1869. Lon. 19 5 e, lat. 45 25 n. 
 
 Carlsbad, a town of Bohemia, in the Cir- 
 cle of Saatz, seated nee.r the junction of th» 
 Eqra and Topel, 24 miles ene of the for- 
 mer. It is noted for its hot batbs, disco- 
 vered by the emperor Charie.s IV, as ha 
 was hunting. Lou. 12 57 e, lat. aOLo n. 
 
 Carlsberg, a fiirtified town in the dsjpart- 
 ment of Sarra and Moselle, France. 
 
 0 d 
 
CAR 
 
 C A R 
 
 Carlshtirg, a town of Lower Saxony, in \ 
 tbo ^’rrlto^y of Bremen, at the mouth of i 
 the \Yescr, on the Geeste, 30 miles n by i 
 w of Bremen. Lon. 8 45 e, lat. 53 \ 
 32 N. 
 
 Carlscronay or, Carlscroon a city and ] 
 sea-port town of Sweden, in the province 
 of Blekinglien. The way into the town 
 from the main land, is carried over a dyke 
 to an island, and from thence, along two < 
 wooden-bridges joined by a barren rock. ; 
 The town contains about 15,000 inhabi- i 
 lants. It is adorned with two handsome 
 churches. The entrance into the harbour ' 
 is extremely difficult. In 1T24, a dock 
 was built, which has since been enlarged, < 
 and is now capable of receiving a ship of 
 the firot rate. New docks have also been 
 begun, upon an extensive plan. It was 
 founded by Charles XI, as a more conve- 
 nient situation for his fleet, and is mostly 
 constructed of wood. In 1790 above two- 
 thirds of the towm were consumed by fire. 
 Here are founderies for cannon, and ma- 
 nufactures of sails, ropes, and gun-powder. 
 Cariscrona is 220 miles sw of Stockholm. 
 Lon. 15 26 E, lat. 56 7 n. 
 
 Carlshaven, a town of Blekingen, Swe- 
 den. It has a timber yard, a woollen ma- 
 nufacture, and a forge for copper, 22 miles 
 w of Cariscrona. 
 
 Carlsriihe, a town of Suabia. Here the 
 prince has a palace, two miles nw of 
 Hourlach. 
 
 CarlstadL See Carolstadt. 
 
 Carlstadt^ a town in Franconia, Ger- 
 many, on the Maine, 13 miles n by w ci 
 Wurtzbnrg. Lon. 0 51 e, lat. 50 0 N. 
 
 Carluke, a parish in Lanarkshire, seven 
 miles long from w to e, and four and a- 
 half broad. Free-stone, lime-stone, and 
 iron-stone, abound ; and there are some 
 rich veins of coals. The orchards extend 
 in [length five miles, and are supposed to 
 comprehend nearly 80 acres. The popu- 
 lation in 1802 was 1756. Near the Ro- 
 man highway whicli intersects the parish, 
 several P*,oman coins have been found, and 
 seme Scottish as old as the reign of Alex- 
 ander III. In the church are several ves- 
 tiges of Romish superstition. 
 
 Carluke, a village in the above parish. 
 It has fairs, ist Thursday in February| 2 1st 
 May, aud last Wednesday in July, 33 
 . miles sw of Edinburgh. 
 
 ' Carmagnola, a fortifled town of Pied- 
 mont, stands on a small river which unites 
 with the Po, 14 miles s of Turin. Lon. 7 
 33 E, lat. 44 43 n. 
 
 Carmel, a high mountain of Palestine, 
 on which is a city of the same name, cele- 
 brated to all generations as the retreat of 
 the prophet Elijah from the persecution of 
 Ahab. Here w^as a monastery of Carme- 
 lites ; 50 miles n of Jerusalem. 
 
 Carmichael, a parish of Scotland, ^ in 
 Lanarkshire, six miles long> and live 
 
 broad. There is a rood iimework, and 
 and an excellent colliery. The population 
 is 832. The dairy is the chief object of 
 the farmer. Here is a seat of the earl of 
 Hyndford, whose second title is lord Car- 
 michael. 
 
 Carmino, a town of Cornwall. 
 
 Carmona, an ancient town of Spain in 
 Andalusia, with a ruinated castle of great 
 extent. The gate on the side of Seville is 
 one of the most striking pieces of antiquity 
 in Spain. Here too are remains of ancient 
 walls, inscriptions, (fee. It is 36 miles nb 
 of Seville. Lon. 5 37 w, lat. 37 24 n 
 
 Carmona, a towm in Friuli, Italy, stands 
 on a mountain near the Indri, seven 
 miles NW of Goritz. Lon. 5 37 e, lat. 46 
 
 15 N, 
 
 Carmseia, a spacious sea-port in the isle 
 of Cherso, Italy. 
 
 CARMUNNOCK, a parish in Lanark- 
 shire, about four miles in length, and three 
 in breadth, The soil is partly a light 
 quick mould, partly a strong deep clay, and 
 partly a shallow clay, mixed v/ith sand. In 
 many parts there are coal and limestone ; 
 there is also plenty of iron-stone, and exten- 
 sive quarries of free-stone. Population i^ 
 about 570, and is on the increase. The 
 inhabitants of this parish are so connected 
 in marriage, that scarcely two of them can 
 be found w’^ho are not related. The pros- 
 pect from some parts of it includes part of 
 
 1 6 counties. 
 
 Carmylie, a parish of Scotland, in Angus- 
 shire, three miles long from e to w, and 
 four broad. The population is 892. 
 
 CARNATIC, a rich, populous, and fer 
 tile country of Hindoostan. It is 570 miles 
 in length from n to s ; but no w^here more 
 than 120, and commonly only 75 miles wide. 
 The country is rich, fertile, and populous, 
 containing an incredible number of fortres- 
 ses and public monuments. The principal 
 rivers are the Pennar, Paliar, and Cauvery, 
 This country is subject to Britain, The 
 revenue of the Nabob is 1,500,0001, who 
 pays to the E India Company a subsidy of 
 1 60,0001. In 1 787, the Company took into 
 their own hands the administration of the 
 Carnatic and the collection of the revenue. 
 The capital is Arcot. 
 
 Carnbee, a parish of Fifeshire, about four 
 miles square. Coal abounds, and there are 
 excellent lime and freestone quarries. The 
 population is about 1,083. This parish is 
 well cultivated and very fertile. 
 
 Carnawl, a towm of the province of Del- 
 hi, Hindoostan, famous for the victory ob- 
 tained by Kouli Khan, over the great Mogul 
 in 1739, and for the defeat of the Mahrat- 
 I tasby the Seiks under Abdalla, in 1761 : 80 
 miles NW of Delhi. 
 
 Carnesville, a town of Franklin county, 
 Georgia, 100 miles nw of Augusta, and 
 1 15 miles nnw of Louisville. 
 
 Carnew, a town in the county of Wicklotr. 
 
 
 
CAR 
 
 Carney-HUly or Cairnay-Hilly a village in 
 Fifecli^re, which has 400 inhabitants, two 
 miles w of Dumferline. 
 
 Carniay a territory of the late Maritime 
 division of Austria, 25 miles long? and 20 
 broad, containing 16.3 villages, and 28,000 
 souls. 
 
 CAPtNIOLA, a duchy of Germany, m 
 the circle of Austria, extending in length 
 about IJO miles, and in breadth a])Out SO. 
 Carniola is full of mountains. The val- 
 leys are very fruitful in corn, wine, and 
 oil. There are mines of iron, lead, copper, 
 and mercury. There are several rivers, 
 besides many medicinal springs and inland 
 lakes. The languages chiefly in use are 
 the Soiavonlan and the German. The 
 duchy is divided into the Upper, Lower, 
 Middle, and Inner Carniola. Christianity 
 was first planted here in the 8th century. 
 Carniola was long a marquisate ; but, in 
 1231, was erected into a duchy. Its ca- 
 pital is Lawback. 
 
 Carnocky a parish in the w of Fifeshire, 
 about three miles square, with a village of 
 the same name. The soil is partly black 
 earth, partly clay or till. There are five 
 coal mines, some iron-stone, and plenty of 
 freestone, in the parish. The population is 
 about 860. In 1752, Mr. Thomas Gil- 
 lespie, incumbent of this parish, was ejected 
 for refusing to assist in a violent settlement, 
 and became the first minister of that party 
 who took the designation of the Presbytery 
 of Pielief, 
 
 Carnwathy a parish in Lanarkshire, 12 
 miles long from s to n, and eight broad. 
 The soil is partly sandy, and partly deep 
 rich clay. There is an extensive iron foun- 
 dry in the parish. Population is about 
 2,680, The parish contains some medici- 
 nal springs, and is watered by the clyde 
 and Medwin. In 1424, Sir Thomas So- 
 merville founded the church here for a 
 provost and three prebendaries, and made 
 provision for the support of eight poor old 
 men. 
 
 Carnwathy a, village in the above parish. 
 It has fairs, 1st Thursday in July, ^nd 2d 
 Wednesday in August, old style. Popula- 
 tion 500. Near the w end of the town is 
 a tumulus surrounded by a deep ditch 
 and mound, in the centre of the tumulus 
 is an opening virbere has been a circular 
 staircase. It is supposed to have been a 
 burying place. 
 
 Carotath, a town of Selesia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, on the Oder, 
 14 miles k w of Glogau. 
 
 CAROLINA, an extensive country of N 
 America, which before the secession ot the 
 American colonies fit)m the British, com- 
 prehended the whole w part of Florida, situ- 
 ated between 29 degrees and 36 deg. 30 m. 
 lat. N. It is situated between the extrenii- 
 tie.s of heat and cold. It has great rains in 
 winter, and often heavy showers atmidgum- 
 
 C A R 
 
 mer. In August and September, there are 
 sometimes great winds, which are so violent 
 as to make great lanes through the woods, 
 tearing up the trees by the roots. The soil 
 on the coast is sandy ; but further up the 
 country is very fruitful. Large quantities of 
 rice, pitch, tar, turpentine, deer i^skins, and 
 timber for building, cypress, cedar, and sas- 
 safras oak, walnut, and pine, are annually 
 exported ; as well as beef, pork, tallow, 
 hides, furs, wheat, peas, potatoes, honey, 
 bees-wax, myrtle-wax, tobacco, snake-ro(^, 
 cotton, and various gums and medic^ 
 drugs. It abounds with ginseng and lions- 
 heart, a sovereign remedy for the bite of a 
 serpent. Carolina is adorned with many 
 beautiful rivers and flourishing woods. 
 The rivers are large, and navigable many 
 miles up the country. The chief mountains 
 are the Appalachian. 
 
 CAROLINA. North, is one of the 
 United States of America, situated between 
 Ion, 76 deg. 9 m. and 81 deg. 43 m. w, and 
 between lat. 33 deg. 51 m. and 36 deg. 30 
 m. N. It is 450 miles long from e to w, 
 and 180 broad from n to s. It is divided 
 into eight districts, via. Edenton, Newbern, 
 Wilmington, Halifax, Hillsborough, Salis- 
 bury, Morgan, and Fayetteville, the greater 
 part of which extend across the state from 
 N to s. These districts are subdivided into 
 54 counties. The chief rivers are the Cho- 
 wan Roanoke, Pamlica, Yadkin Catabaw, 
 Dan, Perquimams, Pasquotank, &c. The 
 chief sounds are Albemarle, Pamlico, ana 
 Core The most common trees are the oak, 
 walnut, pine, hickory, and pitch-pine, a tall 
 majestic tree, of which tnere are large fo- 
 rests, affording pitch, tar, turpentine, and 
 different kinds of lumber for exportation. 
 A species of rock, supposed to be a concre- 
 tion of marine shells, supplies the want or 
 lime-stone, and the state abounds with iron 
 ore. The annual exports amounted, on the 
 Both September 1791, to 424,548 dollars. 
 The population in 1710, did not exceed 
 6,000, but in 1791, it was 393,751, in 1801, 
 It was 478,103, and in 1810, 563,5 16, The le- 
 gislative authority, ratified in 1796, is vested 
 in a senate and a house of commons ; whic^j 
 are jointly called tne General Assembly^ 
 Both are annually elected by ballot ; each 
 county choosing one senator and two com- 
 moners ; and each of the towns of Edenton, 
 'Wilmington, Newbern, Salisbury, Hillsbo- 
 rough, Halifax, and Fayetteville, one com- 
 moner. The qualifications tor a senator are 
 one year’s residence, and 300 acres ol land 
 in fee-simple ; of a commoner, a like r.>si- 
 dence, and 100 acres ; those for a voter are, 
 21 years of age, a year’s residence, and na\- 
 ingpaid taxes; and, in addition to these, a 
 voter for a senator must have a freenoia oi 
 50 acres. The governor is clio;.en by ilie 
 Legislature annually, and is only exigible 
 three years in six. He must be 30 yeais of 
 ■d^Q, five years resident, and possess a iree- 
 ,D d 2 
 
CAR 
 
 hold of 1,0001. A council of state, con- 
 sisting of seven members, is also chosen by 
 the legislature to assist him. All persons 
 in public oltices, and all who deny the 
 being of a God, are excluded from sitting 
 in eiiher house. Till lately, the general 
 assembly met by adjournment in one or 
 other of the seven towns above mentioned ; 
 fcu« in life?, they passed an aot for erect- 
 ing a cenincai se.U of government. See 
 PtALEiGH, no^'. toe seut of government. 
 J^ewburn is the lavgesi town. 
 
 CARiHJIvfA, South, one of the United 
 States of America, simated between TS 
 ides*. 34 m. auui bh deg. *-^1) m. Ion. w, ana 
 between 3'^ and o > deg. lat. n ; and com- 
 preLern’i g an exteui of 20,u00 square 
 nnics, being :^b0 miles iong, and ^ tlb 
 broad. It s divided mto nine disiricts; 
 yi'/ . Bea uiort. Chaiiesuin, Ora..' geburg, 
 Camden, (-•eorgeiovvn, Nmetysix, PLokney , 
 Cheraw, and Vdashinglon ; and sub:.iiViv.ied 
 into 3t5 eounaes. The chief risers are 
 the Santee, Eaisto, Yfaieree, Wakkamaw, 
 Ashley, Ashepoo, Cooper, &c. The coun- 
 try is level for bO miles e w from th- coa.it ; 
 but afterwards rises gradually for 60 
 miles in sand hillocks. The country a- 
 bounds with precious ores, and there are 
 likewise found pellucid stones of diherent 
 hues. Beside niaize, wheat, nee, cCc. tor 
 home consumption, large quantities of to- 
 bacco, and some cotton, wdieat, and rice, 
 are raised for exportation. There are also 
 a variety of medicinal herbs anti roots. 
 The exports in 1795, amounted to 5,998,492 
 dollars. The population, by the census in 
 1810, was 414,935. The legislative au- 
 thority, by the constitution ratilled in 1790, 
 was vested in a general assembly, consist- 
 ing of a senate and house of representati ves. 
 Of the former there are 37, of the latter 124, 
 elected among the districts. The senators 
 are elected for lour years, and divided into 
 two classes. They must be free white 
 men, 30 years old, and hye years resident 
 in the state. The representatives afe elect- 
 ed for tw^o years ; must be free w bite men, 
 21 years old, and three years resident in 
 the slate. Voters for either branch miusl 
 be free w hite men, 21 years old, tw^o years 
 resident in the slate. The general election 
 is held every 2d year on the 2d Monday of 
 October, and the general assembly meet 
 annual!) on the 4th Tuesday of November. 
 Cbade: ton wiiich was formerly the capital 
 of ail Carolina before ihe division, is still 
 reckoned the cLief low n ; but Columbia is 
 the seat of gpvernnkent. The Cattibaw’s 
 are the only indian nation in che state Tim 
 Presbyterians are the most numerous reli- 
 gious sect. 
 
 Carolina, a, town of Spain, in Andalusia , 
 the chief towm of a colony so named, in tne 
 Sierra Morena, seatetl on a hill the most 
 elevated in this settlement, 20 miles ee of 
 Andaxar. 
 
 CAR 
 
 CAROLINE, a fertile county of the 
 United States, in Mciryland, on the eastern 
 shore. It is 34 miles from n to s, and 16 
 from E to w ; and contains 7449 free inha- 
 bitants, and 2057 slaves. Denton is the 
 chief towHi. 
 
 CAROLINE, a populous and well cul- 
 tivated county in Virginia. It is 40 miles 
 long, and equally broad. 
 
 CAROLINE Islands, a number of 
 islands to the e of the Pliiilipines, in the 
 N Pacific ocean, discovered by the 
 Spaniards in 1686, situated betwx^en Ion. 
 138 and 154 e, and lat. 8 and 11 m, and 
 are about 30 in number, and populous, 
 ilogoleu, the principal island, is about 
 140 miles long, and 40 broaa. Yap, 
 tiiD w extremity of this range, is next 
 in size, but not above one third of the 
 former. They have not been much visited 
 of late. 
 
 CaroGT, or Caruru, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Coimbetore, Hmuoosian, wiih 
 a fort and a large temple, stands on 
 the Amaraw'Oti, eight miles above its 
 junction with the Cavery, and 37 ne of 
 Daraporam. The vicinity abounds with 
 sugar cane. 
 
 Carouge Point, the n extremity of Hispa- 
 niola. 
 
 Carpathian MGVMtains, are the boundary 
 between Poland and Hung ary and Transyl- 
 vania, to the extent of dOO miles. 
 
 CARPATHUS, ah island of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, now caked Scarfanto. 
 
 Carpenedalo, a town of Italy, in the Ve- 
 ronese. It contains 4000 citizens. 
 
 Carpentaria, an extensive bay on the n 
 OOO.SI of New Holland, discovered by Car- 
 penter, a Dutch captain, in 1618. Also the 
 name of the country on the e side of the 
 bay. 
 
 Carpentras, a towai of France, in the dept, 
 of Vaucluse, on the Auson, 14 miles ne of 
 Avignon. Lon. 5 6 e, lat. 44 8 n. 
 
 Carpi, the capital of a district of the same 
 name, in the Modenese, seated on a canal to 
 the Sechia, eight miles n of Modena. It 
 has a fortified castle, and considerable trade. 
 Lon. 11 42 E, lut. 44 45 N. 
 
 Carpi, a towm of Italy, on the Adige, in 
 the V eronese. Here the Austrians defeated 
 the Frenth in 1701. It is 24 miles se of 
 Verona. Lon. 11 39 e, lat. 45 10 n. ^ 
 
 Carroza, atowui on the e side of the har- 
 bour of Cadiz, w^here is a college for marines, 
 docks for ship-bmlding, magazines, and na- 
 val stores ; nine miles ese of Cadiz. 
 
 CARRICK, the -outhern division of 
 A vrshire. It borders on Galloway, stretches 
 >2 miles in lengtii, and is a hilly couniry, tit 
 for pasiurage. The northern part, the banks 
 of its rivers, and part of the sea coast is ara- 
 oie, and when properly cuitivated, fertile in 
 cram. The chief rivers arc the fetinchar and 
 Uiivaii. The toWns are Maybole, Girvan, 
 and Baliantrae, its villages Coimonel, Kirk- 
 
CAR 
 
 »6waW, and Dailly. Tbe rivers abound 
 with salmon, and otlser fish are taken^ on 
 the opast. The I'nnce ot Wales is E-arx 
 
 of Carriek. . 
 
 Carrick-on-Shannon, a town in the coun- 
 ty of Leiirim, Ireland, 88 miles wnw of 
 Dublin. Lon. 8 w, lat. 53 53 n. 
 
 Carrick-Gn-Suir, a town in Munster^ and 
 countY oLTipperary, Ireia-nd, noted tor its 
 woolitn cloth, called ratteen j miles se 
 of Cashel. I on. 7 14 w, lat. 52 16 n. 
 
 Currickasticken, a mountain and a river 
 XU Louth county, Leinster. 
 
 Carrickfergusy a town of Ireland, in the 
 county of Antrim, and province of Ulster, 
 with a castle. It is a town and county in 
 itself; is very rich and populous, with a 
 good harbour, and is gov. rned by a mayor, 
 recorder, and sheriffs. It stanus on a spa- 
 cious bay of its name, in the Irish chan- 
 nel, and lies 85 miles n by e of Dublin. 
 Lon. 6 14 w, lat. 54 48 n. . 
 
 CurrickraacrosSy a town in Monagnan, 
 Ulster, 19 miles kse of Monaghan. 
 
 Carrideuy a parish m West Lothian, about 
 18 miles w from Edinburgh, on the s side 
 of the Frith ol Forth, two miles long from e 
 to w and one broad. It abounds in free- 
 stone and coa,ls. Its exports are salt ana 
 coals. There are four villages in the pa- 
 rish. The population is about 1590. 
 
 Carrion di Ics Condes, a town of Spain, 
 in Leon, on the frontiers of Old Casiiip, has 
 |0 chur; hes, iO convents, and tw^o hospitals. 
 It is seated on the Carrion, 18 miles n of 
 Piacenlia, and 40 w of Burgos. 
 
 CarroHySi small river of Scotland, which 
 rises about the middle of the isthmus be- 
 tween tne friths of Forth and Clyde. It is 
 navigable for some miles near its mouth, 
 and a considerable trade is carried on upon 
 it by small craft. Near its source is a tre- 
 menious cascade, called Auchmlily Linn 
 Spout, probably ailuded to in the Tragedy of 
 ijQuglasSy when old Norval says, Red 
 came the river down,^^ cfec. This river was 
 the N limit of the Roman empire in Britain, 
 and therefore the scene of the most interest- 
 ing events. On its banks lies the village of. 
 
 "Cuvrony remarkable for the extensive iron- 
 foundery in its neighbourhood, two miles 
 from Falkirk, and three above where the 
 Canon falls into the i orih. These works 
 were estabiisned m 1760, and 8.re the great- 
 est of the kind in Europe. There are five 
 blast, 16 air, and three cupola furnaces, an 
 engine that draws 3i tons and a-half ol 
 water in a minute, tour mills for boring can- 
 non, and forges for making iron malleable. 
 Above 1.600 men are employed ; and the 
 average weekly consumption by the furna- 
 ces, is 800 tons of coals, 400 tons of ironstone 
 ore, and 100 tons of limestone. Three kinds 
 of ore are employed, which are mixed toge- 
 ther in regular proportions. The works are 
 carried on by a chartered company, with a 
 capital of L. 150,000 sterling, divided into 
 
 c A R 
 
 600 shares, it stands on the n side of th« 
 Carron, in the parish of Larbert, 27 miles w 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 Carsefairny or Carsefern, a parish in the 
 stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Scotland. It 
 abounds wdth iron ore, but has no coals. 
 Mere are large tumuli, and chalybeate 
 springs. Pasturage occupies principally 
 the attention of the farmer. Population 496. 
 
 Carty White, and Black, two rivers in 
 Renfrewshire. The former rises s of the 
 village of Eaglesham, and after a winding 
 course, passes through Paisley, and unites 
 with the Gryfe near Renfrew. — The latter 
 issues from Lochwinnoch, runs e, and after 
 turning a number of cotton mills, falls into 
 the Gryfe, four miles ww of Paisley. Both 
 of them are of high importance to the en- 
 lightened and spirited manufacturers in that 
 quarter. 
 
 Cartago, a city and capital of Costo 
 Rico, New Spain, seated on a river of its 
 name, 70 miles from the Pacific ocean. It 
 lias some wealthy merchants. Lon. 84 
 10 w, lat 10 15 N. 
 
 Cartama, a town in Grenada, Spain, eight 
 miles Nw of Malaga. Lon. 4 28 w, lat. 
 36 40 N. 
 
 CARTERET, a maritime county of N 
 Carolina. It contains 3010 free citizens, 
 and 713 slaves. The chief town is Beau- 
 fort. 
 
 CARTERET Island, in the Pacific 
 ocean, discovered by captain Carteret, in 
 1767. Its extent is six leagues from e to 
 w. I on. 159 14 E,lat. 8 26 s. 
 
 Carter Fells, hills in Northumberland, on 
 the borders of Scotland. 
 
 Cartersiille, a town of Virginia, on 
 James river, 40 miles wnw of Richmond. 
 
 Carthage, a celebrated city of Africa, 
 which was once the rival of Rome. On its 
 site stands a small village, called Melchai 
 Carthage Cape, a promontory of Africa, 
 10 miles NE of Tunis. Lon. 10 31 e, lat. 
 36 52 N. 
 
 Carthage, New, a rich trading towli of 
 Mexico, and the capital of Costa Rica, 
 Lon. 36 10 w, iat. 9 55 n. 
 
 CARTHAGENA, a province of Terra 
 Firma, S America. It is mountainous but 
 there are many well watered and fertile 
 valiies ; but being thinly inhabited, it is 
 but poorly cultivated. Here emeralds are 
 found. 
 
 Carthagena, the capital of the province 
 situavedon a sandy island. On the e, it lias 
 a communication by a wooden bridge, with 
 a large suburb called Xemani. The fortifi- 
 cations both of the cJy and suburbs, are built 
 after the modern maimer. The city and 
 j suburbs are well laid out, the streets straight, 
 j broad, uniform, and wcii paved. AU the 
 I houses are built of stone or brick. The oli 
 1 male is exceedingly unhealthy. The bar 
 j hour of Carthagena is the safest and best for 
 tified in Spanish America ; and is the port at 
 
CAS 
 
 which the galleons began their trains on 
 their arrival from Europe, and. their port oi 
 rendezvous, on iheir return. Ihe English 
 took it in 1585, and the French in 1697 
 but in 1741, admiral Vernon, after having 
 carried the ierts, was obliged to abandon 
 the siege. Lon. 75 21 w, lat. 10 27 x. 
 
 Carthagena-Bay, in South America, is 
 one of the best in that country. It extends 
 two letigiics and a-half from x to s. 
 
 Carthiigenay the capital of a territory of 
 the same name, province of Murcia, Spain, 
 built by Asdrubal, and named after the 
 city of Carthage, seated on a gulf of the 
 same name. It has the best harbour, as 
 well as the most considerable docks and 
 magazines, in all Spain. Here is produced 
 barilla of the best quality, and the line red 
 earth called almagra, used in polishing 
 mirrors. Carthagena surrendered to Sir 
 .Tohn Leake in 1706/ but was retaken by 
 the duke of Brunswick. It is 27 miles s 
 of Murcia. Lon. 1 31 w, lat. 37 37 n. 
 
 Cartmel, a town of Lancashire, stands 
 among the hilts called Cartmel Fells, near 
 the sea. Here is a large old church, with 
 a singular tower, being a square within a 
 square, the upper part set diagonally with- 
 in the lower. It is 14 miles x by w of 
 Lancaster, and 254 xnw of London. 
 
 Caruru, See Caroor. 
 
 CarwaVy a town of Asia, on the coast of 
 Malabar, in the East Indies, seated near 
 the moiitli of the Aliga, where the East 
 India company have a factory, fortified 
 with two bastiohs. It is 50 miles sse of 
 Goa. Lon. 74 14 e, lat. 14 42 h. 
 
 Carysforty a borough in Wicklow, has a 
 free-school founded hy Charles I, 14 miles 
 sw of Wicklow, and 34 of Dublin. 
 
 CASAC, or CAZACy a country in the do- 
 minions of Persia, on the frontiers of Arme- 
 nia, nominally subject to Persia, but 
 governed by its own princes. The inhabi- 
 tants, vrho are descended from the Cossacs, 
 are a rude and barbarous people. Casac, 
 or Casaclora, is the name of the capital. 
 
 Casa del CampOy a royal seat of Spaih, 
 in New Castile. 
 
 Casagrande, a town in the n part ef 
 r^ooora. New Spain, where are the re- 
 iiiahiS of an Artec city, in the centre of 
 which is an immense edifice, consisting of 
 three floors with a terrace above them ; 
 and the entrance, by means of a scaling 
 ladder, is at the second floor, and is sup- 
 posed to have been an ancient Mexican 
 fortress. It stands in an' immense plain, 
 on the left bank of the Gila, 239 miles 
 xw of Arispe. Lon. Ill 0 w, lat, 33 
 35 N. 
 
 Casaly a considerable town of Italy, in 
 the lepubiican department of the Adda, on 
 the Po. Its castle, citadel, and fortihea- 
 tions have all been destroyed. It is 37 
 piiles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 37 e, lat, 
 45 18 N, 
 
 CAS 
 
 Casal Maggiorey a small strong town of 
 Italy, on the Po, 26 miles ese of Cremo- 
 na, containing 5,500 citizens, Lon. 115 
 B, lat, 45 6 N. 
 
 Casal Nuovay a town of Calabria Ulte- 
 riors, Naples, where, by au earthquake in 
 1783, upwards of 4000 people lost their 
 lives. It is near the sea, 1 i miles x by w 
 of Oppido. 
 
 Casbiny or Casvsiriy a large trading city 
 of Persia, in Irac Agemi. Lon. 51 10 e, 
 lat. 36 § N. 
 
 Cascaesy or Cascais, a town in Estrama- * 
 dura, Portugal, on the Tajo, 17 miles w of 
 Lisbon. Lon. 10 15 w, lat. 38 40 x. 
 
 Cascante, a town of Navarre, on th# 
 borders of Arragon, Spain, six miles x of 
 Taragona, and eight s of Tudela. 
 
 Casehauy Caschaw yOx Cassoma, a royal 
 free town and fortress of Upper Hungary. 
 Lon. 20 36 e, lat. 40 15 x. 
 
 Casco Baijy a bay of the United States, 
 on the coast of the district of Main, Massa- 
 chusets, situated betw-een Cape Elisabeth 
 and Cape Small Point, interspersed with 
 small islands, and is 25 miles wide. Lon. 
 
 69 30 lat. 44 40. 
 
 Casertay an episcopal town of Naples, with 
 a superb royal palace, and a modern aque- 
 duct, which supplies the city of Naples with 
 water. Its buildings were injured by an 
 earthquake in 1803. It is 15 miles n of 
 Naples. Lon. 15 15 e, lat. 41 20 n. 
 
 Cashely or Cashil, in the county of Tippa- 
 rary, Munster. C ashel sends a member to 
 the imperial parliament. Part of two gates 
 of its ancient walls are still remaining. Its 
 ancient cathedraL, now in ruins, is supposed 
 to have been the iirst stone edifice in Ire- 
 land. A synod held here by Henry I. in 
 1 158, confirmed him in this part of his king- 
 dom. The modern cathedral is a hand- 
 some building. The city, though populous, 
 has little trade. It is 60 miles sw of Dub- 
 Im. Lon. 8 10 w, lat. 52 26 x. 
 
 Cashguvy a city of Usbec Tartary, capi- 
 tal of a country of the same name. Here 
 several of the Persian kings resided. The 
 palace of Nadir Shah was surrounded by a 
 wall a mile and a-half in circumference. 
 Another of four miles encompasses the city, 
 it has an extensive trade, and is 280 miles, 
 
 N by w of Ispahan. Lon. 73 25 e, lat. 
 
 IJ 30 N. 
 
 CASHMERE, or CASHMIRE, a pro- 
 vince of Hindoostan Proper, subject to the 
 king of Candahar. The country is celebrat- 
 ed for its romantic beauties, the fertility of 
 its soil, and temperature oi th atmosphere. 
 Among other curious manutaei ures of Cash- 
 mere is that of shawls, which are distributed 
 all over the western and southern Asia ; these 
 shawls are made of the wool of a species of 
 goat. They employ a species of sheep, called 
 Hundoo, in carrying burdens. The men 
 are stout and w’eil made, complexion of both 
 sexes a dark brown. They have a language 
 
CAS 
 
 of thtir own. move fine isnt thcio tlict of the 
 Sanscrit. Their religion too is said^to 
 dilfer from that of the Hindoos. ihe 
 Chelurn, a navigable river, receive the 
 tributary streams that pour down ihe 
 mountains, by which this mimense v 
 is surrounded. It is ofen visited by earth- 
 quakes, for which causes their houses are 
 
 all of wood. tt- j ^ 
 
 Cashmere, a large city of Hmdoostan 
 Proper, capital of the above province, U 
 stands on both sides of the Chelum, is 
 without walls, and has narrow and dirty 
 streets. Many of the houses are three 
 stories high, covered with earth on the top, 
 and planted with flowers. It abounds with 
 temples, fountains, and reservoirs. It is 
 285 miles e by s of Cabul. Lon. 73 ii e, 
 lat. 33 49 N. . 
 
 CASHNA, an extensive empire oi Atrica. 
 It resembles Bornou in climate, soil, and 
 natural productions, and in the colour, 
 genius, religion, and government of the 
 people, capital of the same name. 
 
 Caspe, a town in Arragon, Spain, seated 
 at the junction of the Ebro and Guadaloupe, 
 35 miles s of Balbastro, and 44 se of Sara- 
 gossa. Here Ferdinand the IV was chosen 
 king of Aragon. 
 
 Caspian Sea, a large lake of salt water m 
 Asia, about 680 miles long from s to n, and 
 260 broad. It forms several gulfs, and con- 
 tains between Astracan and Astrabad, an in- 
 credible number of small islands. At the 
 distance of some miles from land it is 500 
 fathoms deep ; but it has no tide ; and, on 
 account of its frequent shoals, is navigable 
 only for vessels drawing from nine to ten 
 feet water. The Ftussian ports are Kislar 
 and Gurief; those belonging to Persia, 
 Derbent, Niezabad, Einzelle, Astrabad, 
 and Baku. The fish caught in this sea, are 
 generally cured, and form no inconsiderable 
 article of consumpt in the Russian empire. 
 Lon. from 48 deg. to 53 deg. e, lat. from 
 37 deg. to 47 deg. n. 
 
 Cassandria, a town seated on the sw side 
 of Cadsand, Holland, at the mouth of the 
 Zwin, three miles n of Sluys. 
 
 Cassano, a town in Calabria Citerior, in 
 Naples. Lon. 16 30 e, lat. 39 55 n. 
 
 Cassano, a town of Italy, in the Milanese. 
 Here in 1705, prince Eugene was frustrat- 
 ed in his attempt to pass the Adda, and in 
 1799 the Austrians obtained a victory over 
 the French. It is 15 miles ke of Milan. 
 Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 45 20 n. 
 
 CASiSAY, a kingdom of A^sia. It is 
 fertile and populous, and now subject to the 
 Birmans. Little is known of its inhabi- 
 tant'! who are called Muggalcos. Munny- 
 pour is the capital. 
 
 Cassel, a town in the department of the 
 North, France, 10 miles ke cf St Omer. 
 Lon. 2 36 e, lat, 50 48 n. 
 
 Cassel, a town of Germany, in the late 
 circle of the Lower Rhine, opposite Mentz, 
 
 CAS 
 
 with winch it is couuccted by a bridge of 
 beats. In 1 792 it was taken by ihe French, 
 retaken by the Prussians ia tho following 
 year, ceded to the French in 1808, and de- 
 livered from their yoke, together with the 
 rest of Germany, in 1814. 
 
 Cassel, the capital of Hesse Cassel, in 
 the late circle of the Upper Rhine, in 
 Germany. It is divided into the Old, New, 
 and Higii Towns. It is strongly fortified, 
 but the fortifications are not regular. 
 It contains about 25,000 inhabitants. 
 These have established several manufac- 
 tories in the plaoe, pa.rticularly cf woollen, 
 linen, hats, and porcelain. In 1709, a 
 college was founded by tho landgrave. 
 The attention of travellers is attracted by 
 the palace, the cabinet and curiosities, the 
 gardens, arsenal, and foundry. In 1760, it 
 was subdued by the French, restored in 
 1763. It stands on the Fulda, 40 miles sk 
 of Paderborn. Lon. 9 25 e, lat. 51 
 20 N. 
 
 CASSINA, a large empire in Negroland, 
 w of Bornou, similar to it in climate, 
 soil, and produce, and in the religion, 
 government, and disposition of its inhabi- 
 tants. It has less rain and a greater 
 number of parrots, and monkies. It is 
 said that it contains 1000 towns and 
 villages. Its capital is of the same 
 name, and trades in gold dust, cotton 
 cloth, sena, stavet, civet, and hides; and 
 lies 750 miles wsw of Bornou. Lon. 11 
 35 E, lat. 15 40 n. 
 
 Cassis, a town in the department of the 
 mouths of the Rhone, on the Mediterranean, 
 nine miles ese of Marseilles. 
 
 Cassumbazar, a town of India, on the 
 Ganges. Lon. 30 15- e, lat. 24 10 n. 
 
 Castagnola, a town of Piedmont, stands 
 on the Po, eight miles s of Turin. 
 
 Castamena, or Kastamoni, a of Na- 
 tolia, much diminished in size and popula- 
 lation, 240 miles e of Constantinople. Lon. 
 34 22 E, lat. 44 42 n. 
 
 CastauoTitz, a town of Austrian Croatia. 
 Lon. 17 19 E, lat. 45 40 n. 
 
 Castelemara, a town in Prinoipaio Cite- 
 riore, Naples. Lon. 14 25 e, lat. 41 40 n. 
 
 CasteUa-Mare,a sea port of Sicily. Lon. 
 12 50 E, lat. 38 7 n. 
 
 Castel-Arragonese, a strong town, cn the 
 NW coast of Sardinia, 29 miles kb of 
 Sassari. Lon. 9 13 e, lat. 40 56 n. 
 
 Castel Baldo, See Baldo, 
 
 Castel Branco, a tosNu. of Portugal, capi- 
 tal of Beira, 62 miles se of Coimbra. 
 Lon. T 22 w, lat. 39 52 n. 
 
 Castel- Fo lit, a town in Catalonia, 
 Spain, near the Fulvia, 15 miles w oiGeroria. 
 
 Casi el- Franco, a smalt fortified frontier 
 towm of Italy, 12 miles w of Treviso. 
 
 Castel-Franco, a pretorship of the late 
 -Maritime Austria, in the Trevisano, con- 
 taining one town, tv/o parishes, several 
 villages, and 7000 souls. 
 
CAS 
 
 CastehGondolfo, a town of Italy, near ' 
 the lake Albano. In its vicinity cire the 
 ruins of an immense palace, tiiuit by the 
 emperor Domitian, lU miles s by b o1; 
 Rome. Lon. 12 46 e, iat. 41 44 n. 
 
 Castel-Geloux, or Cartel JalouXy a town i 
 in the department of Lot and Garonne, 
 France, on the Avanee. It trades in cattle, 
 honey, and wine, 32 miles w by n of 
 Agen. Lon. 0 25 e, lat. 44 20 n. 
 
 Castel a Mare, a town in the Valdi Ma- 
 zara, Sicily, situated on a bay on the n 
 coast, 23 miles w by s of Palermo. 
 
 Castel a Mare della Bruce a, a town near 
 the coast of Principto Citra, Naples, 13 
 miles w by n of Policastro. 
 
 Castel a Mare di Stabia, a town in' 
 Principato Citra, where stood ancient 
 Stabia, on the bay of Naples, with a royal 
 dockyard, 15 miles sse of Naples. 
 
 Castel Macchio, or Muschio, a populous 
 town of Italy, in the island of Veglia. It 
 has above 12,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Castel Nuovv, sl populous town of Italy, 
 Another town and village. Italy. 
 
 Castel Nuovo, a town of Lower Dalma- 
 tia. Lon. 18 29 E, lat. 42 36 n. 
 
 Castel Nuovo di Carfagnana, a town of 
 Italy, in Modena, vatley of Carfagnana, on 
 the tochio, 37 miles ssw of Modena. Lon. 
 10 40 E, lat. 44 5 N. 
 
 Castel de la Blana, a maritime town of 
 Valencia, Spain, 46 miles nne of Va- 
 lencia. 
 
 Caslel Rosso, an island in the Mediter- 
 ranean, two miles long, with a good har- 
 bour, 90 miles e of Rhodes. Lon. 29 
 21 E, iat. 38 7 n. 
 
 Castel Vetrano, a town of Sicily, has a 
 palace with a collection of old armour, 
 eight miles e by n of Mazara. 
 
 Castel Vetro, a populous town of Italy. 
 
 a town of Italy. Lon. 11 15 e, 
 lat. 45 30 N. 
 
 Castellane, a pleasant town of France, 
 near it is a salt sprijjg, so strong as to 
 be able to turn a mill at its source. It 
 stands on the Verdon, 20 miles se of 
 Digne. Lon. 6 34 e, lat. 43 55 n. 
 
 Castelaun, a town in the county of Spon- 
 heim, department of Rhine and Moselle, 23 
 miles ssw of Cobientz. 
 
 Castellanetta, a town in Naples, 19 miles 
 WNW of Taranto. 
 
 Castellara, a small town of Italy, six miles 
 NE of Mantua. 
 
 * Castellczo, See Castellacio. 
 
 Castellazo, a town of Piedmont. Lon. 
 
 8 50 E, lat. 45 3 n. 
 
 Castello Branco, the capital of Beira, 
 in Portugal. Lon. 8 5 w,lat. 39 35 n, 
 
 Castello di Vide, a small strong town in 
 Alentejo, Portugal. Lon. 6 25 w, lat. 39 
 15 N. 
 
 Castello^Rodrigo, a town in Tra-los- 
 Montes, Portugal. Lon. 6 22 w, lat. 41 
 40 N. 
 
 C A S 
 
 Castellan, a small town in Catalonia 
 Spain, Gulf of Roses, on the mouth of a 
 river, eight miles w by s of Roses, Lon. 
 2 58 E, lat. 42 18 n. 
 
 Castelnau, the name of seven towns of 
 France. 1. Castelnau de Barbarens, in 
 the department . of Gers : 2. Castelnau de 
 Brassac, in the department of Upper 
 Garonne: 3. Casteinau de Bretenous, in 
 the department of Lot : 4. Castelnau d^Es- 
 tefond, in toe department of Upper Garonne : 
 5. Casteinau de Magnioc, in the department 
 of Gers: 6. Castelnau de Montartier, in 
 the department of Lot: aod 7. Castelnau 
 de Montmereil, in the department of Upper 
 Garoine. 
 
 Cdstelnaudary, a considerable town of 
 France, department of Aude, on a hili, at 
 the foot of which, is the great bason of the 
 Canal Royal, 15 miles w of Carcapooe. 
 Lon. 2 0 E, lat. 43 19 n. 
 
 Castel-Sardo, See Castel Arragonese* 
 
 Caster, a town of Germany, duchy of 
 Juliers, on the Erst, nine miles e of 
 Juliers. 
 
 Castigleno, a town of the Sienneze, Tus- 
 cany, on a lake of the same name, which 
 produces much salt, 12 miles s by e of 
 Massa. 
 
 Castiglionedelle Stiviere a town of Italy, 
 It has eight churches, and 5,000 citizens. 
 
 Castiglione, a town of Italy, in Mantua,, 
 with a castle, was taken by the Austrians 
 in 1701, who, in 1706 and in 1796, in its 
 vicinity, were, in their turn, defeated by the 
 French. It is 20 miles nw of Mantua. 
 Lon. 10 32 E, lat. 45 23 n. 
 
 CASTI bE, the principal and most opu- 
 lent of the kingdoms into which Spain was 
 formerly divided. It now forms the two 
 provinces of Old and New Castile, so called 
 Iwcause the former was taken, from the 
 Moors, some time before the latter. 
 
 CASTILE, New, or Toledo, a province 
 of Spain, ^bout 200 miles long, and 184 
 broad, bounded on the n by Old Castile, by 
 Arragon and Valencia on ibe e, Andalusia 
 on the s, and Estremadura on the w. It 
 consists of three divisions, Agraria, n. 
 Sierra, e, and Mancha, s. Here the Gua- 
 diana, Guadaiquiver, and Tagus, have 
 their sources. Bf*th the soil and climate 
 are good. Madrid is the capital. 
 
 CASTILE, Old, also a province of 
 Spain, about 192 miles long, and 1 15 broad, 
 having Biscay and Asturias on the n, Nbw 
 Castile on the s, Arragon and Navarre, e, 
 and Leon, w. Its principal rivers are the 
 Douro and Ebro, which are augmented by 
 many tributary rivers and streams. Burgos 
 is the capital. 
 
 Castitlara. See Castellara. 
 
 Castillon, a towo of France, in the de- 
 partment of Gironde, on the Dordogne, 
 25 miles E of Bourdeaux. Lon^O 2 e, lat. 
 44 52 N. 
 
 1 Castine, a sea port of the district of Maine, 
 
CAS 
 
 m Penobscot bay, 65 miles wsw of Machias. 
 Loo. 69 0 \v, lat. 44 26 n. 
 
 Castle- Aerc, a town in Norfolk. It has 
 fairs, 18th April and 25th July. 
 
 Castle-Bar, a populous borough and mar- 
 ker town of Ireland, capital of the county 
 of Mavo, has a great tmde in linen, and tiie 
 assizes sit here. It is 32 miles nw of Tu- 
 am, and 35 n of iialway. Lon. 0 44 
 lat. 53 45 N. 
 
 Castle-Cary, a town in Somersetshire. It 
 has a market on Tuesday : and fairs, on 
 Mid-Lent, and Whitsun-Thiesday, and May 
 1,12 miles sb of Wells, and 1 13 w by s of 
 London. Lon. 2 42 w, lat. 51 5 n. 
 
 Castle-Comb, in Y7iltshire. It has a fair 
 May 4. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 51 30 n. 
 
 Castle- Comer, in Kilkenny, Leinster, 
 where are ejctensive coal-works, 10 miles 
 iqr of Kilkenny. 
 
 Castle-Dermot, in Kildare, Leinster, once 
 a w'ailed town, and the residence of kings 
 of Ireland of the name of Dermot, 
 seven miles se of Atby. Lon. 6 55 w, lat. 
 52 53 H, 
 
 Castle- Douglas, a village in the county 
 of Kirkcudbright. It has a post-office, a 
 banking-branch, and cotton manufactures. 
 Population 800. 
 
 Castle-Haven, a town, county of Cork, 
 Munster, on a bay of the same name, eight 
 miles NE of Baltimore. 
 
 CastleHadingbam, a small but ancient 
 town of Essex. It is 48 miles nnw of 
 London. 
 
 Castle-Island, am island of the United 
 States, situated in the harbour of Boston. 
 
 Castle- Kenhedg, a venerable square 
 building in the parish of Inch, Stranraer. 
 'Long since it was reduced to a ruin by 
 fire, but the walls still remain. It stands 
 near the centre of a policy, the property 
 of the earl of Stair, which, both by na- 
 ture and art, is one of the most beautiful 
 to be seen in any country, and is univer- 
 sally admired by travellers. On the u 
 side is a fine fresh-water lake, about a mile 
 and a quarter long ; on the s there is another 
 lake about three'quartersof a mile long, each 
 of these lakes is about half a mile broad, and 
 are joined on the e by a canal, over which, by 
 a bridge, is the entrance into the policy. The 
 " peninsula betw'een these lakes is about one- 
 fourth of a mile where broadest, and was laid 
 out by the great earl of Stair in the Dutch 
 style. It contains the gardens, pinery, and 
 green-houses of the family, a bowling-green, 
 a labyrinth, a circular artificial bason, fine 
 terraces, and beautiful clumps of planting. 
 The effect of the v/hole is greatly enlivened 
 by the surrounding scenery. 
 
 Castle-Knock, five miles nw of Dublin, 
 had a strong castle now in ruins. Its abbey 
 is converted into the parish church. 
 
 Castle-Lyons , a town of Cork, Ireland, 
 near the Bride, 22 miles n ve of Cork. Here 
 'are the ruins of a monast cry. 
 
 7 
 
 C A S 
 
 Castle-maine, a sea-port of Monster, 
 county of Kerry, at the mouth of the Mang , 
 
 6 miles s of Tralee, and 28 e of Dingle. 
 
 Castle-Martyr, a town of Cork, 20 mi ’os 
 E of Cork. 
 
 Castle Pollard, in West Meath, 11 miles 
 N of Mullingar. 
 
 Castle- Rea gli, in the county of Roscom- 
 mon, Ireland, 17 miles nw of Roscoriiinon, 
 and 20 w of Longford. 
 
 Castle-Rising, an ancient but greatly de- 
 cayed borough of Norioikshire, which, sends 
 two members to parliament, elected by the 
 parson and farmer, wiio appoint each other 
 mayor alternately. Its castle is in ruins, 
 but it has an hospital for 1 2 poor men, and 
 an ^Ims-house for 24 widows, founded by 
 the Howard family. To the duke of Nor- 
 folk it gives the title of baron. Here are 
 vestiges of Danish, Saxon, and Roman anti- 
 quity, 7 miles ne of Lyii ) Regis, and 103 
 NNE of London. 
 
 Castle Sem-ple Loch, mine parish of Locli- 
 winoch, Renfrewshire. 
 
 Castleton, a village seated at the foot of 
 a rock, 250 feet high, in the Peak of Derby- 
 shire, On the top of this rot^k are the riuus 
 of a castle, said to have been built by Wil- 
 liam Peverel, natural son of William the 
 Conqueror. In this vicinity are three of the 
 wonders of the Peak, viz. the DeviPs Cave, 
 the entrance of which is 42 feet high, and 
 120 wide, which becomes narrower as it 
 proceeds. To this succeeds another large 
 cavern, with large openings in the roof, next 
 to which is a third called Roger Raines 
 house, on account of its continal dropping. 
 The length of the whole extends to IHT 
 yards. Mam Tor, a mountain 1 300 feet 
 above the level of the valley, stands about 
 a mile to the w, on the top and sides of 
 which is a Camp. A mile south of this 
 mountain is Elden Hole, a perpeiidiouiar 
 opening in a limestone rock. It has been 
 plumbed from 192 to 295 yards, 40 of 
 which seemed to be water, but its depth is 
 still unknown. 
 
 a township of Vermont, con- 
 taining 805 citizens in 1790. 
 
 Castletown, a parish in Roxburghshire. 
 It was formerly named Liddisdale. It is 
 18 miles long, 14 broad and triangular iu 
 form. Population about 1180. There are 
 many vestiges of churches or chapels, and 
 deserted villages, and a number of burying 
 grounds in this parish. Here, too, are 
 round towers, called Piets works, tumuli, 
 erect stones, and one druidical circle. The 
 celebrated Dr. Armstrong v.ms a native of 
 this parish. 
 
 Castletown, a town in the above parish, 
 founded in 1793. H is rapidly advancing, 
 consisting of two pricipai streets. 
 
 Castletown, the capiiai of the fsle of Man, 
 situated on the sw part of trie i.sland, It has 
 a strong castle, but ol no grr^at importance, 
 on aocountof its distance from the harbonr, 
 E E 
 
 
CAS 
 
 which is, however, Tocky and shallow. 
 The castle, said to have been built in 
 the 1 0th century, by Guttred, a Danish 
 king of Man, (who was buried in it,) stands 
 in the centre of the town, is the residence 
 of the governor, and contains the goal and 
 barracks. This town is the seat of the 
 legislative body, or House of Keys, and 
 the courts of chancery and common law. 
 The deemster of chief judge keeps a re- 
 gular court here for the southern part of 
 the island. The flight of steps leading to 
 St. PauPs church in London, was taken 
 from a quarry of black marble in this 
 vicinity, 10 miles ssw of Douglas. Lon. 
 4 35 w, lat. 53 55 n. 
 
 Castletown of Braermar, in Aberdeensh. 
 
 Castletown, a township of New York, 
 in Richmond county, Staten Island, con- 
 taining 961 citizens. 
 
 Castle- Willan, a town in the county of 
 Down, Ireland, stands on a lake, to which 
 it gives name, 18 miles ene of Neury. 
 
 Cast on, or Cawston, a town in Norfolk, 
 •with a market on Tuesday, and fairs, Jan. 1, 
 April 14, and August 28. 
 
 Castres, a town in the department of Tarn, 
 France. In 1567, the inhabitants embraced 
 the principles pf the reformation, demolished 
 the Roman Catholic churches, and fortified 
 the towm ; but, in 1629, they were obliged 
 to submit to Levv^is XIII, when the place 
 was disrnantled. It contains 100,000 inha- 
 bitants, has ^ good trade, and is the birth- 
 place of Rapen de Thoyras, Abel Boyer, and 
 M. Dacier. Here have been found Turkois 
 stones. It is seated on the Agout, 36 miles 
 E of Toulouse, and 73 sse of Cahors. Lon. 
 2 14 E, lat, 43 36 n. 
 
 Casiri, a town on the se coast of the Mo- 
 rea, where stood the ancient Hermione, part 
 of the ruins of which are still to be seen, 45 
 miles SSE of Corinth. 
 
 Castries, Bay of, a bay on the Strait of 
 Saghalien, ne coast of Chinese Tartary. It 
 was visited by Perouse. Lon. 142 1 E,lat. 
 51 29 N, 
 
 Castro, atown of Italy, capital of a duchy 
 of its name, in patrijuony of St. Peter. It is 
 5^ miles nw of Rome. Lon. 11 54 e, lat. 
 42 23 N. 
 
 Castro, a town of Naples, anciently called 
 Castrum Mirterv{B, with a harbour and good 
 trade, six miles ssw of Otranto. Lon. 18 
 31 E, lat. 40 16 N. 
 
 Castro, a town of South America, capital 
 of the island of Chiloe. The inhabitants 
 are in general proprietors of the land 
 they occupy. The city is built ol wood, 
 and is on the e coast, on an arm of the 
 sea, 220 miles s of Valdivia. Loa. 72 26 
 w, iat. 42 40 N. 
 
 Castro, the ancient Mytilene, a sea. port 
 and capital of the island ol ivleteiin, with 
 two harbours, one of which will admit large 
 vessels, it is 30 miles sw of Adrauiiti. 
 Lon, 26 30 K, iat. 39 14 N. 
 
 CAT 
 
 Castro Giavanni a town in Val di De- 
 mona, Sicily, the ancient Enna, noted for 
 the worship of Ceres and Proserpine, 40 
 miles w of Catana. 
 
 Castro Marim, a strong town of Portugal, 
 in Algarve, 62 miles s by e of Beja. Lon. 
 
 7 32 w, lat, 376 n. 
 
 Castro Reale, a town of Sicily, 15 miles 
 w of Messina. 
 
 Castro Viregna, a town, Peru, S Ame- 
 rica, famous for its wool and tobacco, 
 125 miles se of Lima. Lou, 74 45 w, lat. 
 12 50 s. 
 
 Castrop, a town in the county of Mark, 
 Westphalia, seven miles w of Dortmond. 
 
 Castropol, a town in Austuria, Spain, 14 
 miles NE of Mondonedo. 
 
 Caswell, a county of North Carolina, in 
 Hillsborough district. It contains about 
 
 10.000 inhabitants. 
 
 Cat Island. See Guanahami. 
 
 Catabaw, a town of South Carolina, in 
 the N part of Camden district. It is in- 
 habited by the Catabaws, a tribe of N 
 American Indians, who consist of about 
 450 people, seated on the Catabaw, or Wa- 
 terie, on the line separating N and S Caro- 
 lina, 18 miles « of Charlotte. Lon. 5 42 w, 
 
 , lat. 34 56 N. 
 
 CatahoocUee, a large navigable river of 
 the United States in Georgia. 
 
 CATALONIA, a province of Spain. It 
 is 140 miles in length, and 110 in breadth. 
 It is watered by a great number of rivers ; 
 the principal of wdiich are the Lobregat, the 
 Ter, and the Segra. The feir is temperate 
 and healthy ; but the land is in general 
 mountainous. It produces, however, corn, 
 wine, oil, pulse, flax and hemp, sufficient for 
 the inhabitants. There are several quarries 
 of marble of all colours, crystal, alabaster, 
 amethysts, and lapis lazuli ; there are also 
 mines of iron, tin, lead, alum, vitriol, and 
 salt. The Lobregat divides Catalonia into 
 two parts, the e and w, according to their 
 situation. This province comprehends IT 
 territories, two of which are in Rousillon, 
 and belong to the French. The rest are 
 subject to the Spaniards. The principal 
 towns are Barcelona, the capital, Tarra- 
 gona, Tortoso, Lerida, Solsonia, Cardona 
 Vich, Girona, Seu d'Urgei, Pui Cerda, and 
 Cervera. 
 
 Catanea or Catania, a city of Sicily, si- 
 tuated on the gulf of Catani, at the mouth 
 of the Indicelle, near the foot of Mount 
 iEtna. The number of inhabitants dwelling 
 in Catania, amounts to 30,000 ; the Cata- 
 nians make it double. Catania is 52 miles 
 sw of Messina. Its cathedral is the largest 
 in Sicily. It has an university, a superb 
 convent, a museum of antiquities and natiiral 
 history, and the remains ci a Roman amphi- 
 iheatre. In 1669, it was nearly destroyed 
 by an eruption of Mount ii-:tna. In 1693, 
 
 18.000 of its inhabiiarils perished by an 
 earthquake. It has a manufacture of siikj^ 
 
GAT 
 
 and trades in wine, oil, soda, and amber. 
 Lon. 15 17 E,lat. 37 28 n. 
 
 Catanzaro, a city of Naples, the capital 
 of Calabria Ulteriore, stands on a mountain, 
 near the Gulf of Squillau. Here is a ma- 
 nufacture of silk, and a trade in oil and 
 corn. Lon. 16 48 e, lat. 39 0 n. 
 
 Cataro. See Cattaro, 
 
 Catawesy, or Hughesburg, a town of 
 Pennsylvania, in Northumberland county, 
 on the E branch of the Susquehanna, 25 
 miles ENE of S unbury, and 100 Nw of Phi- 
 ladelphia. 
 
 Categaty or Categatey the passage from 
 the German ocean into the Sound, compre- 
 hending several islands. 
 
 Caihanee, or Cathants, a river of Maine 
 district, United States. 
 
 Cathcart, an ancient parish in the coun- 
 ties of Renfrew and Lanark, but chiefly in 
 the former. It is six miles long, and two 
 broad, containing above 3,000 acres, almost 
 wholly arable. Weaving, bleaching, pa- 
 per, and snuft* manufactures, are carried on. 
 The population is 10-59. 
 
 Cathel Loch, a small lake in the parish 
 of Halkirk and county of Caithness. 
 
 CATHERINE, ST, an island on the s 
 coast of Brazil, 39 miles long, and six 
 broad. The channel between it and the 
 continent, is a good harbour. St. Cathe- 
 rine is the chief tow'n. Lon. 47 48 w, 
 lat. 27 35 s. 
 
 Catherinburg, the capital of a territory 
 of the same name, in Siberia, near the 
 mouth of the Iset. Near it are the prin- 
 cipal gold mines of Siberia, and more than 
 100 founderles for iron, copper, <fec. It is 
 310 miles w^sw of Tobolsk. Lon. 61 25 e, 
 lat. 56 45 N. 
 
 CATAHRTNENSLAF, or Ecaterin- 
 enslaf, one of the 41 governments of the 
 Russian empire. 
 
 CATHERINENSLAF, or the Glory 
 of Catherine, the capital of a province of 
 the same name. It was built by Catha- 
 rine II, and stands near the junction of the 
 ^_JKiltzin and Samara, 178 miles ne of Cher- 
 soD. Lbn735 15 e, lat. 47 23 n. 
 
 Catmamou, or Catmandu,X\iQ capital of 
 Napaul, in Hindoostan Proper, stands on 
 the E side of the Bishnmutty, near its 
 junction with the Bogmutty. The inha- 
 bitants are estimated at 50,000. The 
 houses which are of mean appearance, are 
 of two, three, and four stories. Here are 
 many temples constructed some of them 
 of wood, and some of brick. Lon. 85 16 e. 
 lat. 28 10 N. 
 
 Catoche Cape,ihe ne promontory of You- 
 catan, in Mexico. Here the English first 
 began to cut logwood. Lon. 86 30 w, 
 lat. 22 10 N. 
 
 Catrine, a village in Ayrshire, in the pa- 
 rish of Sorn, on the n side of the river Ayr. 
 It is of a regular, oblong form, in the 
 middle of which is a square of 300 feet, 
 
 C A V 
 
 This village ow'es its rise to the cotton ma- 
 nufacture, by Mr Alexander of Balloch- 
 myie, and Mr David Dale of Glasgow. It 
 has a neat chapel, and a school with a de- 
 scent salary i It contains nearly 1400 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Cattaek, Cuttack, a city of the Deccan 
 of Hindoostan, capital of Orissa. It be- 
 longs to the Berar rajah, a Mahratta prince ; 
 is encompassed by wails, and is seated on 
 an island in the Mahanada, on the only 
 road between Bengal and the Northern 
 Circars, 220 miles sw of Calcutta. Lon, 
 
 86 1 E, lat. 20 31 n. 
 
 Cattaio, a town of Italy in the Paduano, 
 five miles s of Padua. 
 
 CATTAHUNK, one of the Elizabeth 
 islands. 
 
 Cat tar a very ancient town of Dalma- 
 tia, seated on a gulf of its name, formerly- 
 called Ascriviurti. It has two commo- 
 dious and safe harbours. The town, whioh 
 is surrounded by rocks and strong walls^ 
 stands at the extremity of the innermost 
 harbour, 25 miles s of Scutari. Lon. HI 
 15 E. lat 42 12 Ni 
 
 a village on the Swale, N York- 
 shire, the celebrated Catiaractonium of the 
 Romans, of which striking vestiges are still 
 visible ; five miles se of Richmond. 
 
 Catwyck, a. village of South Holland, on 
 the German ocean. Near this place ths 
 Rhine is absorbed by the sands, six miles n 
 by w of Leyden. 
 
 Catzenellenhogen, a town and castle o£ 
 Germany, in the late circle of Upper Rhine, 
 which gives name to a county, which is di- 
 vided into Upper and Lower by the Maine, 
 and electorate of Mentz. St Goar is the 
 capital of the latter, Darmstadt of the for- 
 mer. Here is an iron mine, 10 miles nb 
 of St Goar. 
 
 CAVA, a small island of Orkney. 
 
 Cava, a considerable and populous town 
 of Naples, in the Hither Principality, stands 
 at the foot of mount Matelian, three miles 
 w of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 e, lat. 40 
 26 N* 
 
 Cavado, one of the principal rivers in 
 Portugal. 
 
 Cavaillmi, a to^i^m in the department of 
 Vaucluse, France, seated on the Durance, 
 an episcopal see, and lately subject to th© 
 pope, 20 miles se of Avignon. Lon. 5 2T 
 E, lat. 43 52 N. 
 
 C AVALERI, an island in the Archi- 
 pelago, between the island of Negropont 
 and the continent of Greece. Lon. 24 IT 
 E, lat. 38 7 N. 
 
 Cavallo^ a sea port of Terra Firma. 
 Lon. 68 12 w, lat. 10 15 N. 
 
 CAVAN, a county of Ireland, in th© 
 province of Ulster, 47 miles long, and 24 
 broad. It contains upwards of 8000 bouses, 
 30 parishes, seven baronies, and two bo- 
 roughs, viz. Cavan and Kilmore ; sends two 
 members to parliament. Population about 
 E e 2 
 
C A V 
 
 ^ 1 , 570. Linen is manufactured to a great 
 enent. 
 
 (kiimn, the capital of the above county, 
 has a free-school founded by Charles I. 
 and is 68 miles xw of Dublin. Lon. 7 
 23 w, lat. 54 52 n. 
 
 » CAVARZEHE, a fertile district of the 
 l^te Maritime divisions of Austria, contain- 
 ing six parishes, several villages, and 1 1,000 
 souls. — Also, a large and rich town in this 
 disirict, containing 7,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Caub, a town of Germany^ in the palati- 
 nate of the Rhine, has a citadel, and stands 
 on the Rhine, two miles n by e of Bacha- 
 racb. 
 
 Cauca, a river of the Isthmus of Darien, 
 
 Caucasus, a very high mountain of Asia, 
 being the principal one of the great ridge 
 of that name. It has frightful precipices, 
 and in many places the roads are cut out 
 of the solid rock. The mountain is 36 
 leagues over, and the summit eight leagues 
 broad, 
 
 Caucasus, is also the common name of 
 that great ridge of mountains which extend 
 between the Caspian and the Black seas. 
 As they are an inexhaustible magazine of , 
 combustible substances, they contain an 
 astonishing quantity of metals. These 
 mountains, excepting the tops, which are 
 alw’ays covered with snow, a.re very fer- 
 tile. They are inhabited by seven ditlbrent 
 nations, viz. the Abkhas, Circassians, Geor- 
 gians, Cisti, Lesguis, Ossi, and Tartars, 
 who all speak different languages. They 
 have many springs of excellent water, and 
 a vast number of towns and villages. 
 
 CAUCASUS, or Caucasia, one of the 
 4X governments into which the Russian em- 
 pire has been lately divided. It is subdi- 
 vided into l\*p provinces, viz. Astracan and 
 Caucasus, 
 
 CAUCASUS, one of the two provinces 
 above mentioned, comprises the Cuban, and 
 all that district to the e and s, now in the 
 possession of Russia. 
 
 Caudehee, a rich, populous, and trading 
 town in the department of Lower Seine, 
 France, it is seated at the foot of a mountain 
 near the Seine, and is encompassed by 
 walls, 18 miles xw'of Rouen. Lon, I 28 e, 
 lat. 49 31 N. 
 
 Caudhully, a town of Coim before, Hin- 
 doostan ; the first place worthy of notice 
 alwve the Gauts, and the great thorough- 
 fare between the country below, and that 
 above these mountains ; 60 miles se of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Caceripatnam,^ town of Hindoostan, on 
 the Pennar, 80 miles wsw of Arcot. 
 
 Covers, a parish of Scotland, in Rox- 
 burghshire, 20 miles long, but very irre- 
 gular in breadth, being from two to seven 
 broad. The Population is above 1300. 
 ’J’he laie celebrated lord Heathlield, who 
 so bravely defended Gibraltar in the Ame- 
 rican war, was a native of this parish. 
 
 ^ C A X 
 
 There are vestiges of camps, some of 
 which seem to be Saxons, others Ro- 
 man. 
 
 Cavery, or Cauvery, a considerable river 
 of Hindoostan, has its source among the 
 western Gauts, and liowing by Seringapa- 
 tam, Bhawanikudal, and Trinchinopoly, 
 discharges itself by nve mouths into the 
 bay of Bengal. 
 
 Cavete, a sea- port on the sw coast of the 
 island of Luconia. See Manilla, 
 
 Caughnawayo, a town of Montgomery 
 county. United States. 
 
 CAUGHNAWAGO, or Cagknewaga, 
 Indians, a tribe of North Americans, in 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Caugmary, a town of Bengal, 30 miles 
 Nw of Decea, and K6 NEof Calcutta. 
 
 C A VI AN A, an island of .S America, at 
 the mouth of the river Amazon, 120 miles 
 in circumference, and of a triangular form, 
 has its south side under the equinoctial line. 
 Lon, 50 20 w. 
 
 Cavina, a town in the island of Manilla. 
 
 ^ a deeplake in Dumfries- shire. 
 
 Caiine, a town in the department of Taro, 
 Fraiice, 20 miles ene of Castres. Lon. 2 
 43 E, lat. 43 40 N. 
 
 Causeway DeviVs,^. faiP.ous road of stones 
 and rubbish, through the county of Nor- 
 thumberland. 
 
 Causeway, Giant's, an immense natu- 
 ral mole, or quay, on the coast of Antrum, 
 in Ireland. - It is composed of basaltic 
 pillars, some of which are upwards of 33 
 feet high, and are of all angular sha|)e3 
 from three to eight. Each pillar consists 
 of. several joints, or stones lying above 
 one another, from six inches to about a 
 foot thick, convex on the one side and con- 
 cave on the other, so as exactly to fit the 
 one below and the one above. The pil- 
 lars which are frona one to two feet dia- 
 meter, generally consists of about 40 joints. 
 The different strata are divided by stripes 
 of a redish stone, resembling a cement, 
 about four or five inches in thickness. 
 These cliffs extend about three miles along 
 -the shore, and are seven miles from Cole- 
 raine, 40 N of Belfast, and 25 w of the 
 Mull of Cantyre, in Argyleshire. Lon. Q 
 22 w,lat. 55 14 N. 
 
 Cauteres,eL village in France, Upper Py- 
 renees. It is 18 miles sw of Bagneres, not- 
 ed for its mineral water. 
 
 Caivood, a towm in the East Riding of 
 Yorkshire, seated on the Ouse, with the 
 ruins of a very old castle. It has a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday, and a fair, May 12. 
 Lou. I 0 w, lat. 53 47 n. 
 
 CAXAMALCA, a town and district in 
 Peru. It is 90 miles from the South Sea. 
 
 Cawamarca, a town of Peru, between the 
 two Cordilleras, capital of a district of its 
 name, where, in 1532, the inca Atahualpha 
 was treacherously seized by <lie Spanish ge- 
 neral Piztirro, and after a mock trial, was 
 
C E D 
 
 next year publicly executed ; TO miles ne j 
 of Truxillo. Lon. T8 W w, lat. 7 3‘^ s. j 
 
 Caxton, a town in Cambridgesime. It 
 has a market on Tuesday ; and fairs May 
 
 and October 18 ; 10 miles w by s of 
 Cambridge, and 49 N of London. Lon. 0 
 10 w, lat. 52 10 N. 
 
 Cayahoga, or Camrga, a short navigable 
 river of the United States, in the !North 
 Western Territory, runs into lake Erie, 
 and admits of sloops at its mouth, and of 
 boats to its source, which is only one 
 mile from the Muskingum, also navigable, 
 and running s enters the Ohio, at Marietta. 
 On its banks is an Indian town of the 
 same name. 
 
 CayamhUy a town of Quito, Peru, 30 
 miles NE of Quito. 
 
 CAYENNE, an island of S America, on 
 the coast of Guiana, 18 leagues in circuit, 
 and fertile; but unhealthy from its forests 
 and marshes. It produces Cayenne pepper, 
 coffee, sugar, and tke elastic gum, called 
 Caoutchous. 
 
 Cayenne, the capital of the above island, 
 is well fortified. The entrance into the i 
 harbour is through a narrow cliannel. 
 Lon. 53 15 w, lat. 4 56 n. 
 
 Cayes, or Les Cayes, a sea port on the s 
 side of Hispaniola. Lat. 18 12 n. 
 
 Cayley, a town of Brasil, near the mouth 
 of the Cataypera, 105 miles ne of Para. 
 Lon. 48 12 w. 
 
 Cayloma, mountains of Peru, famous for 
 the silver mines. 
 
 CAYMITE, Grane, an island of His- 
 paniola, six miles long, and three broad. 
 
 Cayuga, a lake of the United States, in 
 New York, 35 miles long, and two broad 
 — Also, a town on the s side of this lake, 
 Onondago county, 60 miles ssw of Oswego. 
 Lon. 76 48 w, lat. 42 30 n. 
 
 CAYUGA Indians, a tribe of about 
 500 N Americans, one of the ci-devant 
 Six nations. 
 
 Cazenliovia a flourishing township of 
 New York-i 
 
 Cazerom, or Cazeron, a city of Asia, in 
 Persia. Loh. 70 0 e, lat. 29 15 n. 
 
 Cazimir, a handsome town of Poland, in 
 the palatinate of Lublin, on the Vistula, 
 
 50 miles e of Zarnaw. Lon. 22 3 e, lat. 
 
 51 0 N. 
 
 CEBU, one of the most southerly of the 
 Philippine islands. 
 
 CECIL, a county of Maryland. It is 24 
 miles long, and 23 broad; and contains 
 10,218 free inhabitants, and 407 slaves. 
 The chief town is Elkton. 
 
 Cedar-Creek, a small river of Virginia, 
 noted for its natural bridge on the side of a 
 hill, which by sx>me convulsion, seems to 
 have been cleft through its w^hole length. 
 At the bridge it is 250 feet deep, 90 wide 
 at the top, and 45 at the bottom. The 
 county is called ^lockbridge frpm this sin- 
 gular bridge. 
 
 C E N 
 
 Cedar Point, a port of Maryland, h 
 Charles county. Its trade lies chiefly in 
 tobacco, and Indian corn, 40 miles s by e 
 of Washington. 
 
 CEDARS, an island of N America, on 
 the coast of California. 
 
 Cedogna, a town of Naples, Principaio 
 Citra, at the foot of the Appenines, 20 miles 
 NNE of Codza. Lon. 15 38 e, lat. 41 
 5 N. 
 
 CEFALONIA, or CEPHALONrA,a con- 
 siderable island of Greece, in the Mediter- 
 ranean, 40 miles long, and from 10 to 20 
 broad. It is fertile, and produces excel- 
 lent Muscadine, wine, and oil. It was 
 anciently called Cephalonia, and is a part 
 of the republic of the Seven Islands. 
 The capital is of the same name, and is 
 situated on the SE coast, Lon. 20 56 e, 
 lat. 38 12 N. 
 
 Cefalu, a small city of Sicily, in Ih© 
 valley of Demona, anciently called Cepha- 
 loedis. It has a castle, and stands oh a 
 promontory, 40 miles e by s of Palermo. 
 Lon. 14 18 B, lat. 38 50 n. 
 
 Celano, a town of Naples, anciently 
 called Fueinus, near a lake of its name, SO 
 miles in citcumferenee, 15 miles s of 
 Aquila. Lon. 13 93 E, lat. 41 56 n. 
 
 CELEBES, or Macassar, a large island 
 of Asia, in the Indian ocean, 560 mile^ from 
 N to s, but being indented by large bays, is 
 not above ’60 broad. The whole island is 
 commonly called Celebes, but sometimes 
 the E side is distinguished by this name from 
 Macassar on the w. It is situated under 
 the line, but the heat of the vertical is mo- 
 derated by the n winds and the rains, which 
 constantly falls five days before and after 
 the full moons, and during the two months 
 that the sun is nearly vertical. The na- 
 tives consists of various tribes, and aro 
 Mahometans. They are short, with flat 
 faces, and their colour is a reddish yellow^ 
 Are coarse in their manners, jealous and 
 revengeful. They often poison their arrows 
 with the juice of the upas. Among its pro- 
 ductions are maize, rice, sago, pornpions, 
 black pej^er, melons, plantanes, oranges, 
 lemons, pines. It abounds with horses, 
 black cattle, sheep, goats, and monkies. 
 Has abundance of cotton, and in it almost 
 inaccessible mountaius, marble and mines 
 of gold, copper, and tin. The Dutch and 
 English have settlements here. 
 
 Cell, a town in the department of tb» 
 Rhine and Moselle, Franc©. Lon. 6 45 e, 
 lat. 50 10 N. 
 
 Cellardykes, a fishing towm on the s coast 
 of Fife, which once employed 50 boats and 
 300 me#, but is now much decayed. It is 
 in the parish of Kilkenny, and vicinity of 
 Anstruther. 
 
 Cellina, a river of Italy, in Friuli. 
 
 Cenada, or Ceneda, an ancient town of 
 ftaly, in Trevisano, 18 miles N of Treviso. 
 Lon. 12 26 e. lat. 46 2 n. 
 
C E R 
 
 CenchreUy a sea port town on the isthmus 
 t>i Corinth. 
 
 Cents, a mountain of the Alps, by which 
 is a noted passage to Turin. 
 
 Centreville, a town of the United States, 
 in Queen Anne’s county, Maryland, 18 
 miles s of Chester, and 95 ssw of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Central Mountains, a ridge of mountains 
 in the nw of America, from the s side ol 
 which the Mississippi has its source. 
 
 Cenu, a town in Terra Firma, S Ame- 
 rica. Lon. 75 24 w, lat. 10 19 n. 
 
 CREAM, an island in the Indian Ocean, 
 and one of the Moluccas, 180 miles long, 
 and 50 broad, subject to the Sultan of Ba- 
 chian. Its mountains are stored with wood, 
 and the sago tree is a chief article of export. 
 The clove trees along the coast have been 
 greatly^ injured by the Dutch. Lon. from 
 127 to 130 E, iat. 3 0 s. 
 
 CERDAGNA, a territory in the Pyren- 
 nees, partly French, in the department ol 
 the Eastern Pyrennees, of which Mount 
 Louis is the capital; and partly Spanish, 
 in Catalonia, of which Puycerda is the 
 capilal. 
 
 Cere, SL or Sty Sere, a town in the de- 
 partment of Lot, France, 37 miles ne oi 
 Cahors, and 76 sse of Lemoges. Lon. 1 
 33 E, lat. 44 45 N. 
 
 Ctvenza, a town in the Hither Calabria, 
 Naples, on a rock, 10 miles n by w oi 
 Severino. Lon. 17 5 E,lat. 33 23 n. 
 
 Ceres, a parish in Fifeshire, eight miles 
 long, and from half a mile to four miles 
 broad. The climate and soil are various, 
 the surface being hilly. The population is 
 about 2,352. An Aisle of the church is 
 called St Ninian’s Chapel, of which the 
 parish schoolmaster is ex-officio chaplain, 
 but there is now neither duties nor fees at- 
 tached to the title. 
 
 Ceres, a village in the above parish, con- 
 taining 740 inhabitants, and in 1792, em- 
 ployed 1 38 looms in the linen manufacture. 
 It has fairs June 24, and October 20. 
 
 Cereta,, a town in the department of 
 the Eastern Pyrennees, France, has a 
 magnificent bridge, of one arch over the 
 Tet. The commissioners of France and 
 Spain held a congress here in 1660, to 
 settle the boundaries of the two king- 
 doms. In its vicinity the Spaniards were 
 defeated by the French in 1794, 14 miles 
 wsw of Perpignon. Lon. 2 46 e, lat. 42 
 23 N. 
 
 Cerignola, a town of Capitanata, Naples, 
 near which is the ancient Salapia, the ruins 
 of which are called Salape. It was cele- 
 brated by Horace for its excelleAtbread. 
 
 CERIGO, an island in the Ar^ipelago, 
 anciently called Cytheria. It is '45 miles 
 in circumference : part of the republic of 
 seven Islands. » 
 
 Cerigo, the only town in the above island. 
 Lon, 23 22 e, lat. 26 20 N. 
 
 GET 
 
 Cerillg, a town in the department of ^ 
 Allier, France, seven miles sw of Moulins. 
 
 Cerines, a sea port town of Cyprus, has 
 a castle on a stupendous rock, and is a 
 Greek bishop’s see. It exports barley, 
 cotton, silk, oil, and Carob beans; 20 
 miles NW of Nicosia. Lon. 33 35 e, lat. 
 35 44 N. 
 
 Cerne Abbey, a town in Dorsetshire, 
 seated on the Cerne. It was built by St 
 Austin, and is surrounded by high hills, 
 especially on the n. On the side of 
 Trendle-hill is cut a gigantic figure of a 
 man in chalk, holding a club in one hand 
 and extending the other, said by .some to 
 be in memory of Cenrie, son of Orietred, 
 king of Wessex, who was killed in 748. 
 Here are the remains of an abbey, part of 
 which are converted into a house and barn. 
 
 It has three fairs, with a market on 
 Wednesday. Seven miles nnw of Dor- 
 chester, and 120 w. by s of London. 
 
 Cerne, Nether, and Upper, two villages 
 on the opposite sides of Cerne Abbey. 
 
 Cernetz, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 Grisons, seated on the Inn, 24 miles se of 
 Coire. Here is a mineral spring. 
 
 Cerrioy, Druidon, a town of N Wales, 
 in Denbighshire. It has fairs, April 27, 
 August 27, October 20, and Dec. 7. 
 
 Cerrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di 
 Lavora, has a cathedral and collegiate 
 church, and is five miles nne of Telesa. 
 
 Certosa, a village of Italy, in the la,te 
 republican department of the Tessino, fiv© 
 miles N of Pavia. Here is a famous 
 monastery of the Carthusians. 
 
 Cervera, a town situated on a river of 
 the same name, in Catalonia, Spain. It 
 has a famous university, 34 miles n by w 
 Tarragona. — Another on the Mediterra- 
 nean and borders of France, eight miles n 
 of Roses. Lon. 1 9 e, lat. 41 25 N. 
 
 Cervia, anciently Ficulus, a sea port 
 town of Italy, in Romagna, seated near 
 the Gulf of Venice, from whence saltwater 
 is brought by canals, for the supply of 
 an extensive manufacture of salt: 10 miles 
 SE of Ra venna. Lon. 12 17 e, lat. 44 
 30 N. 
 
 Cervinara, a town in Principato Ultferi- 
 ore, Naples, 12 miles sw of Benevento. 
 
 CESENA, a country of the late Mari- 
 time division of Austria. It has seven great 
 villages. 
 
 Cesena, a town and bishop’s see of Ro- 
 magna, in Italy, 18 miles s by e of Ra- 
 venna. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 44 25 n. 
 
 Cesenatico, a town of Italy, seated orv 
 tbs gulf of Venice, 16 milessE of Ravenna. 
 To avenge the arrest of a messenger with 
 dispatches in 1800, the English set fire to 
 the mole of the harbour, by which 16 
 vessels were destroyed. 
 
 Cessieux, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Isere, 27 inihes ese of Lyons. 
 
 Cette, a maritime Iowa in the department 
 
GEY 
 
 ©f Herault, France, and ci-devant province j 
 of Languedoc, seated on the Mediterranean, | 
 where the Languedoc canal meets the sea, 
 18 miles ssw of Montpellier. Lon. 3 42 e, 
 lat. 43 24 N. 
 
 Ceva, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, seat- 
 ed on the Tanaro. In iT96, it was taken 
 by the French, and recovered by the Pied- 
 montese in 1T99. It is eight miles se of 
 Mondovi. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 44 26 n. 
 
 Cevennes, mountains in the s of France, 
 and a territory of the same name in the pro- 
 vince of Languedoc, which forms the de- 
 partment of Gard. 
 
 Ceuta, a maritime town of Africa in 
 Barbary, seated at the extremity of a 
 peninsula on the Strait of Gibraltar. It 
 -belongs to Spain, and is fortified so strong- 
 ly, that on the land side it can repel almost 
 any attack. In 1810, the British were 
 admitted into it to protect them from the 
 French, 20 miles sse of Gibraltar and 
 22 NNE of Tetuan. Lon. <5 20 w, lat. 
 35 50 N. 
 
 CEYLON, a large island in the E Indies, 
 about 280 miles long, and 150 broad. The 
 coast on the e is rocky and on the n it is 
 indented by the sea. In the middle it rises 
 into lofty mountains, v^^ith deep forests, and 
 almost inaccessible jungles which com- 
 pletely surround the territory of the king 
 of Candy and form a strong barrier against 
 bis enemies. By these mountains the is- 
 land is divided into tvv^o parts, and they 
 moderate the effects of the monsoons, by 
 which the seasons are more regulated than 
 by the course of the sun. The coldest sea- 
 son is at the summer solstice, during the 
 western monsoon. Spring commences in 
 October, and it is hottest from January to 
 April. On the top of Humalell or Adam s 
 Peak, the loftiest mountain, is a large flat 
 stone, with the print of a human foot, which 
 tradition says, Budha, the author of their 
 religion left when he ascended into heaven. 
 The principal rivers are Malivayonga, and 
 Mulivaddy— there are many lakes united 
 by canals. There are two species of bread 
 fruit-trees, neaives of the island, but of all 
 its trees ihe talipot is the most remarkable, 
 which grows straight and tall to the Size of 
 the ma;- t of a ship. Its leaves are so large 
 that one of them covers 15 men, they are 
 round, and v/hea dried fold up like a fan. 
 Every soldier carries one of these, and it 
 serves him for his tent. The natives co- 
 ver their heads with them to shade them 
 from the heat of the sun. The elephants 
 are reckoned superior to any in India. 
 Some inscriptions on the rocks are so an- 
 cient that they are not understood by the 
 present inhabitants. The Portuguese were 
 the first European settlers here, but they 
 were displaced by the Dutch. And in 
 1796, Columbo, the Dutch capital surren- 
 dered to the English, who now occupy the 
 principal settlements. It abounds in trees, 
 
 c H A 
 
 shrubs, and high hills, between which the 
 soil is a fat red earth ; and the valleys 
 are extremely pleasant. The finest fruits 
 grow here in vast plenty. Pepper, ginger, 
 and cardamons, are also produced in Cey- 
 lon : with five kinds of rice which ripen 
 one after another. It also abounds with 
 topazes, garnets, rubies, and other precious 
 stones ; besides ores of copper, iron, <fec. 
 and veins of black crystal. The aborigi- 
 nes of Ceylon, consist of two classes of 
 people, the Cingalese and the Vaddhs. 
 The latter are still in the rudest stage of 
 social life. Some of them acknowledge 
 the authority of the king of Candy. They 
 worship a particular god. The Cingalese 
 are the subjects of the king of Candy, and 
 appear to have been, for time immemorial, 
 a race of Hindoos. They are pagans, 
 and though they acknowledge a Supreme 
 God, they worship only the inferior deities. 
 Their houses are small and low, with walls 
 made of hurdles smoothly covered with 
 clay, and the roofs thatched. Their food 
 is generally rice, and their common drink 
 is water, which they pour into their mouths 
 out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through the 
 spout. Not above one-fourth of the island 
 belongs to the king of Candy. Lon. 
 from 80 deg. to 82 deg. e, lat, Irom 6 deg. 
 to 10 deg. N. 
 
 CHABAQUIDICK, a small fertile is- 
 land of the state of Massachusetts, three 
 miles long, and one and a-hatf broad. 
 
 Chahlois, a district of the department of 
 Mont Blanc, France, on the lake of Ge- 
 neva. Thonon is the capital. 
 
 . Chahlis, a town in the department of 
 Yonne, France, famous for its white wine, 
 12 E by N of Aucerre. Lon. 3 59 e, lat. 
 47 42 N. 
 
 Chacao, a seaport of Chiloe, witb good 
 anchorage and but difiicult of access seat- 
 ed on the N coast near the middle of the 
 channel that separates the island from 
 Chili. It has great commerce and is 170 
 miles s of Valdivia. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 
 42 0 s. 
 
 ChacktooU Bay, a bay in Norton sound, 
 on the w coast of N America. Lon. 162 
 47 w, lat. 64 31 n. 
 
 Chactaws, a powerful, hardy, subtle, and 
 intrepid, nation of N American Indians. 
 They have 43 tov/ns, in three divisions. 
 Population 12,123 souls. 
 
 Chacapoyas, a town in the province of 
 Truixillo, Peru, capital of a district of the 
 same name e of the Andes, 160 miles nne 
 of Truxillo. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 6 30 s. 
 
 Chagaing, a city of Birmah, with a small 
 fort. It is situated opposite Ava, the de- 
 serted capital, on the n side of the Irrav/ad- 
 dy, which separates it from Ummerapoora, 
 the present capital. This is the great 
 mart for cotton, which is brought hither 
 from all parts of the country, and shipped 
 I from the China markets. This is the only 
 
|;lr*oe that lias permission to make marble 
 idols for the whole Birman empire. 
 
 Chagre, a fort and town of Terra Firma, 
 at the mouth of a river of its name, pro- 
 vince of Darien, sw of Porto Bello, taken 
 by admiral* Vernon in J740. Lon. 80 7w, 
 lat. 9 10 N. 
 
 Chain-islundf an island discovered by 
 Captain WalUs in the S Sea, Lon. 145 54 
 w, lat. 17 23 s. * 
 
 Ghais Dieuy a town in the department of 
 Upper Loire, France. Here is a celebra- 
 ted Benedictine Abbey, 12 miles e of 
 Brede. Lon. 3 4 e, lat. 45 15 n. 
 
 Chaleedon, or Chaleedoun, anciently 
 called Procerastis and Colbusa, a city of 
 Bithynia. Chalcedon is at present a poor 
 place, known to the Greeks by its ancient 
 name, and to the Turks by that of Cadiaci. 
 CHALDEA. See Irac Arabia. 
 
 Choleo, a town in the province of Mexi- 
 co, New Spain, stands on the bank of a 
 lake of its name, 23 miles se of Mexico. 
 
 Chaleuf Bay, a deep and broad bay of 
 N America, w side of the bay of St. Law- 
 rence. For many leagues it separates 
 New Brunswick from Lower Canada. 
 
 . Ristiyouche is the principal river that falls 
 into it. Fishing and shipbuilding are the 
 
 principal branches of business. 
 
 ChcdJ&rdy a village in Gloucestershire 
 on the Stroud Canal, with a manufacture 
 of broad cloth, two miles sb of Stroud.^ 
 Challans^ a town in the department 'of 
 Upper Loire^ France, 21 miles n of Sables 
 d'0|onne. 
 
 Chalon. Sur M&mey ei handsome town, 
 capital in the department of Marne, Frame, 
 seated on the 31arne, with an academy of 
 sciences and idles letters. It contains 
 1 0,000' iBhahiiiJits; and trades in shalloons 
 and woolleti siuifs, 05 npili&s b of Paris. 
 Lon. 4 21 E, lat,. 48^57 n. ■ . 
 
 GJialom Sur Saone, an ancient town in 
 the department of .Saone and Loire, France. 
 The city contains the Old Town, the 
 Now Town, and the suburbs of St Law- 
 rence. In the Old Town is the cathedral 
 and court of justice. Here are evident 
 traces of Roman grandeur, particularly 
 the remains of an amphitheatre. It fur- 
 nishes iron for Lyon and St. Etienne, 
 and much exported. It stands 
 
 on the Saone 33 miles e by s of Autun 
 and 35 miles s of* Dijon. Lon. 45 e, lat. 
 46 47 N. 
 
 C/iflto, a town with a castle, depart- 
 meat of Upper Vienna, 15 miles wsw of 
 Ijimoges. Here Richard 1. of Eng- 
 hiiivd was mortally wounded by an arrow 
 while he was preparing for the seige of the 
 piece. 
 
 Chamy the capital of a county, in the 
 fjrcie of Bavaria, Germany, 37 miles ne of 
 Hntisboi), Lon. 12 55 E, iat. 49 14 n. 
 
 Chamberry, ei populous town of Italy, now 
 j.unexed to Franco, being the. capital of the 
 
 department of Mont Blanc, formerly duchy 
 of Savoy, with a ducal palace. It is for- . 
 titled, and has several streams running 
 through its streets, has large suburbs, and 
 its houses are furnished with piazzas. 
 The baths in the vicinity are much frequent- 
 ed. It stands at the junction of the Lesse . 
 and Orbane, 27 miles nw of Grenoble, and 
 85 NE of Turin. Lon. 5 50 e, lat. 45 
 35 N. 
 
 Chambershurgy a post town of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and the capital of Franklin county. 
 
 It consists of one long street, in which 
 are erected above 200 houses, two pres- 
 byterian churches, seated among hills, 30 . 
 miles sw of Carlisle. Lon. 77 41 w, lat. 
 
 39 56 n. 
 
 Chambltj Forty a fort of Lower Canada, 
 on the Chambly or Sorel, 15 miles e of 
 Montreal, a little below fort St John, a 
 frontier garrison on the same river. It was ^ 
 taken by the Americans in 1775, and re- 
 covered by the English in 1776. 
 
 Chamondy a town in the department of 
 Rhone and Loire, France, with a castle on 
 the Glez, 17 miles s of Lyon. Lon. 4 55 e, 
 lat. 45 29 N. 
 
 CHAMPAGNE, a ci-devant province 
 of France, about 162 miles long, and 112 
 broad. It was divided into the higher and 
 lower, and Troyes was the capital. It now 
 forms the departments of Ardennes, Aube,, 
 Marne, and Upper Marne. 
 
 Champagniy Propery one of the eight ci- 
 devant subdivisions of Champagne. 
 
 Champigniy a town in the department , of ^ 
 I ndre and Loire, France. ^ 
 
 Champlainy Si lixke oi the United States , 
 of North America, which separates Ver- , 
 mont from the State of New York. Iti^ ^ 
 96 miles in length, and 18 where broadest, 
 and can float the largest ships. It is in- .i 
 terspersed with islands, the largest of which 
 called North Hero, is 24 miles long, and . 
 from two to four broad. The land on its t 
 shores is good. In 1777, the Americans, ., 
 under general Arnold were totally defeated, 
 by the British under general Carlton in a > 
 naval engagement on this lake. . 
 
 ChamplaiHy a township of New York, in 
 Clinton county, seated on lake Champlain. 
 
 It had 572 citizens, t6 electors, and three 
 slaves in 1796, 80 miles n of Croun point.. 
 
 Champlemgy a town in the department 
 of Nievre. France, 25 miles ne of Nevers, 
 
 Chancaky a rich town of Egypt, near 
 Cairo, at the entrance of the road to Mount 
 Sinai. 
 
 Chanda y a considerable city of Hindoos- 
 tan, in Berar, on the branch of the Goda- • 
 very, 78 miles s of Nagpour. Lon. 79 54 e, 
 lat." 20 2 N. 
 
 Chanderee, Si town of Hmdoostan, capi- - 
 tal oi a district in the Malwa country, the . 
 residence of a rajah, near the Betwha, .170 ■■ 
 miles s of Agra. Lon. 78 43 e, lat,. 24 
 48 N. 
 
C H A 
 
 Chandernagore f a large lov/n of Hiii- 
 doostan Proper, in Bengal. It is about 
 a league in eircuniferenee, and bus an ex 
 cellent harbour. It stands on the \v side 
 of che river Koogly* It had « strong fort, 
 ami was the cbiel settiemeni of the French 
 in India. It was taken by the English, 
 in 17o7, and again in 1-793 ; IS ruiies 
 of Calcutta. 
 
 Chandcrj a tow’n of Baglana, Hindoos- 
 tar, Oo iiiiies wkw of Arangahad, taken by 
 the British, in 1804. hmi 74 38 e, iui. 
 ilO 8 N. 
 
 Chandraguli^ a town of PAycore, Ein- 
 d»>ostan, on a hill, near the Varada- San- 
 dal w'ood of good quality grows in the vici- 
 cily, 42 miles jn of Nagara. 
 
 Changanor, a territory of ilindoOstaii. in 
 malabar, with a town of the sairo naoie. 
 
 €hang-HiH\ a town of Chine , hi ti> :: pro-' 
 vinc*^ of Kiang-nan. Xn liiis towry and the 
 villages deper:*dent on it, OiO more than 
 200,000 vvetivers of cotion cioth ; 18 miles 
 SE of SOilg-kiaTig, 
 
 CHANG-TONG, a province of China. 
 It contains 03,104 square miles, wiih 
 24,000,000 inhabitauti?. The country is 
 w ell watered by lakes, streams, and riveis. 
 It IS greatly enricherl by the river Yun, 
 called the Grand Imperial Cantil. The 
 dotios on this canal alone amount to more 
 than 450,0001. annually. The province 
 produces silk of tiie ordinary kind, besides 
 another kind from an inseot resembling 
 our caterpillar. The province is divided 
 into six districts, which contains six cities 
 of the fi^t class, and 114 of the second 
 and^Ird. Along the coast also, are 
 J5 or 16 villages of considerable im- 
 portance, on account of their commerce. 
 There are likewise a number of smalt 
 islands, most of which have harbours. 
 Ti)e most remarkable cities are, Tsi- 
 nan-fou, the capital, Yeutcheu-fou, and 
 Lintcin-tcheu ; to which we may add 
 Kiofeou. 
 
 Cluiunianning , a city of Asia, in Tibet, 
 where has recorded the grand Lama. It is 
 130 miles w of Lassa. Lon. 89 45 e, iat. 
 31 0 N. 
 
 ChanneUiirk, anciently Chingelkirk, a 
 parish of Scotland, in Berwickshire, six 
 miles long, and five and a-half broad. Its 
 form is nearly circular. The population 
 is about 640 ; 18 miles from Edinburgh. 
 
 Ciionneiy^ or Chanonryf in Ross-shire, 
 cont«air.ing above 450 inhabitants, 30 miles 
 w of Elgin. 
 
 CHAN-SI, a province of China, and ore 
 ol the S4imllest in the empire, bordering on 
 the great wall. 1 1 contains fi v e cities of the 
 fir^t class, and 85 of the second. It con- 
 tains 55,268 square miles, with 27.000,000 
 • inhabitants. The climate h ralubaotts 
 and agreeable, and the so;’ g«ra.' raily fer- 
 tale, though the country is luii of moun- 
 The country abouridi- With muik. 
 
 C H A 
 
 porphyry, marble, lapis lasuli, and jaspmy 
 of various colours : and iron .mines, as well 
 as sctlt pits and crystai, nre very common. 
 Here are five cities of iha fir i class, and 
 S5 of the second and third * the principal 
 are Tai-youen-tou, the capita], Ngan y, 
 Fuen tohsou-fou, and Tai-tong-fou. 
 
 Cha^-Hllg, a town in the dopartmerit of 
 fScine and Oise, France. Here i.s a forest 
 vUnd superb hunting seat, formerly the pro« . 
 perty of the prince of Conde. It has an 
 o.dens ve pottery, and is J7 miles n by s of 
 Paris. Lon. 2 36 e, lat. 49 11 n. 
 
 Chao-Hingy a city cf China, in the pro- 
 vince of Tche-Xiang. It has eight cities 
 of the third rank under its jurisdiction, 730 
 miles s by e of Peking. Lon* 120 38 e, 
 lat. 30 10 N. 
 
 C/iao-^TcJieOy a city of China, in the pro- 
 vmce of Quan-tong, sUnds between two 
 large rivers, and has near it a noted 
 monastery of Bronzes, 1 40 miles n of Can- 
 ton, Lon. 113 10 E, lat. 25 0 
 
 Chapala, a lake in the province of 
 Guadalajara, New idpain, 60 miles long, 
 and 16 broad. On its n side is a village 
 of the .same name, 45 miles se of Gua- 
 dalajara. From the lake issues the river 
 St Sago. 
 
 Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a city of Tibet, 
 head of the souihern branches of the Ganges, 
 90 miles w of the lake Mansaroar, and iOO 
 NNE of Sirinagur. Lon. 79 22 E, iat. 3 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Chapel of Garioch. See GaHoch^ 
 
 Chapel- Hill, a post town of United State.% 
 in Orange county. North Carolina, seated 
 on an eminence, with an university, 20 
 miles NW of Ralegh. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 35 
 37 N. 
 
 Chapel in le Frith, a small towm of Derby- 
 shire, has a market on Thursday, and nine 
 annual fairs, and stands on the confine* of 
 the Peak. From heuce is a canal which 
 joins that from Alanehester to Ashtonunder 
 Line, 17 miles se of Manchester, 22 wnw 
 of Chesterfield, and 167 knw of London. 
 
 Cnarahon, a sea port town on the n coast 
 of Java, in the Indian ocean, 130 miles ksr 
 of Batavia. Its produce is cotton, rice, 
 sugar, coffee, pepper, d^c. Lon. 109 10 e, 
 lat. 6 50 s. 
 
 CHARACENE, the most southern part 
 of Susiana, a province of Persia. 
 
 CHAR ASM, a fertile country of Asia. 
 It is divided among several Tartarian 
 princes, of whom one lakes the title of 
 khan ; and he is said to be able to raise 
 an army of 50,000 horsemen. The capital 
 is Khiva, the KhaiPs residence in winter : 
 in summer he encamps on the banks of the 
 
 Charberougk, a town, Dorsetshire. Here. 
 In a gentleman^?- policy, is a bouse where 
 15 digested the plan of the glorious revo- 
 latioii of HJ88, six miles se of Blauiord. 
 !haf 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
 Ik'* 
 
 ![ CHARCAS, or Charcos, the jsoujheta 
 
division of Peru, in South Amofloa. Here 
 are the best silver mines in the woiid. The 
 capital is Plata, See Potosi. 
 
 Chard, a town in Somersetshire, It 
 has a wooilen manufacture; and faits; 
 May 3, August 5, and November 2. It 
 stands on the highest ground between the 
 tvjo seas, 12 miles sse of Tatinton, and 
 139 w by s of London. Lon. 3 18 w, lat. 
 
 50 52 N. 
 
 Ckardstock, in Dorsetshire. Charnels , 
 Devonshire. 
 
 CHARENTE, a department of France. 
 
 It includes the ci-devant province of An- 
 ^oumois; and Angoulesme is the capital. 
 
 It has several iron mines, which yield a 
 very good sort of iron. It takes its name 
 from a river. 
 
 CHARENTE, Lower, a department of 
 France. It consists cf the ci-rdevant pro- 
 vince of Anms and Saintonge. Saintes is 
 the capital. 
 
 Charenton, a town, seated on the Seine, 
 four miles se of Paris, France, once cele- 
 brated for its protestant church. Lon. 2 
 25 E, lat. 48 45 n. 
 
 Charite, a towm in the department of 
 Nievre, France. It has a wmollen manu- 
 facture, and very extensive steel and iron 
 •works, where all kinds of arms and hard- 
 wares are made. It stands on the Loire, 
 iind is 15 miles n of Nevers, It has its 
 name from a priory of Benedictine clu- 
 iiistes, which, in a time of famine, support-, 
 ed the whole town. 
 
 Charlbnr^, a small market towm of Ox- 
 fordshire. "it has a market on Friday, and 
 five annual fairs for horses, cattle, <fec. 
 
 Chanemont, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Ardennes, on a rooky mountain, 
 near the Meuse, 20 miles kb of Alocroy. 
 Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 50 3 n,. 
 
 Charlemont, fx borough and garrison in 
 tire county of Armagh, Ireland, on the 
 Kldckwater, six miles from Dungannon, 
 and 08 KW of Dublin. 
 
 Charlemont, a township of Massachusetts, 
 containing 665 citizens 
 
 Cnarleroy, a strong town in the depart- 
 ment of .Sambre and Meuse, France, seated 
 on the Sambre, 18 rwiles w of Namur. 
 Lon. 4 20 E, lat 50 30 n. 
 
 CH ARLES, a county of Maryland, in 
 the Western Shore. It is 27 miles long, 
 and equally broad ; ami contained, in 1795, 
 10,528 free inhabitants, and 10,085 slaves. 
 The chief town is Port Tobacco. 
 
 Charles, C(^e, a pyomoutory of Virginia, 
 on the N side of Chesapeak bay. Lon. 75 
 50 lat. 37 12 N* 
 
 Charles, Ca^e, a promontory near Hud- 
 son's bay. Lon. 75 15 w, lat. 62 10 n. 
 
 Charles City, a county in Virginia, 30 
 miles long, and nine broad,. 
 
 C harks Fort, a fortress in the ccunty 
 of Cork, Ireland, Lon. 8 40 w, lat* 51 
 
 21 Nv 
 
 Charles, St, a tow n of Louisiana, nea? 
 the coiiiluence of the Missciuri and Mississip- 
 pi, on the leit bank of the fbrmer, 34 miles 
 w by K of St. Louis. 
 
 CHARLESTON, a district of the United 
 States, in S Carolina, Its form is ob- 
 long, ( 3 eing about 60 miles long and , 55 
 broad. It is w^atered by the rivers Wando, 
 Cooper, Ashley, Ponpon, Asheppo, and 
 Cambahee; and contains six counties, viz. 
 Charieston, Wash.ngton, Marion, Berkly, 
 Colleton, and Bartholomew. In 1795, it 
 contained 28,B51 free inhabitants, and 
 48,634 slaves. 
 
 Charleston, a handsome city in the above 
 district, and reckoned the capital of the 
 state, though the seat of government is at 
 Columbia. This city is built on a regular 
 plan, consisiing of several parallel streets. 
 The houses are mostly of brick, and some 
 of them very elegant. The public build- 
 ings are, a state-house, an exchange, an 
 armoury, a college, several academies, an 
 orphan-house, a poor-house, a Jewish syna- 
 gogue,, and 11 other places of worship. 
 The situation is healthy ; the harbour is 
 large, and is guarded by Fort Johnson on 
 James-Island. Charleston carries, on an 
 extensive trade to Europe and the West 
 Indies, being the fourth commercial town 
 in the Union. The exports, in 1794, a- 
 mounted to 3,846,392 dollars ; and the 
 number of vessels belonging to this port 
 w^as 735, in 1787 ; but it is now estimated 
 at about 1000. By the census of 1790, it. 
 contained 16,400 inhabitants, of w’hom 
 7,700 were slaves. It w^as incorporated 
 in 1783, and divided into 13 wards. It - 
 stands on a peninsula, formed by the rivers 
 Ashley and Cooper, the former of which is 
 navigable for ships of burden 20 miles 
 above the town, 100 miles ese of Colum- 
 bia. Lon. 89 20 w, lat. 32 42 N. 
 
 Charleston, a haudsome flourishing town 
 of Massachusetts, and the largest in Mid- 
 dlesex county. It stands under the cele- 
 brated Breedshill, and is separated from 
 Boston by the Charles, over which a bridge 
 was erected in 1787, supported by 75 
 w^oodeu piers, with a draw bridge in the. 
 middle for the passage of vessels. It is 
 ly503 feet long, and 43 broad. Cbavles- 
 ton is connected with Malden by another 
 bridge, erected in, 1788,, which is^ 2,420 
 feet long, and 32 broad. It contained, in. 
 1797, about 2090 inhabitants. Lon. 70 
 33 w, lat. 42 25 n. , 
 
 Charleston, a post tow^n of Maryland, m 
 Cecil county, near the head of Chesapeak 
 bay, six miles sv/ of Philadelphia. Lon* 0 
 5 ? w, lat. 39 31 n. 
 
 Chc^lestoM, a small town of Kentucky, 
 in Mason couniy. 
 
 Charleston, a village of Virginia, in 
 Berkley couiily. . 
 
 Ckarlistcn, or Numher Fow\ a post town 
 of N^w netted, on the CpimsctU 
 
C H A 
 
 SS miles w^jw of Portsmouth, and 105 
 S\V of *808100. 
 
 Charleston, one of the four principal 
 towns of Barbadoes. 
 
 Charlestown, the only town in the isle of 
 Nevis. Lon. 62 42 w, iat. 16 55 n. 
 
 Charlestown, a town of the state of 
 Rhode Island. It contains 2022 inhabi- 
 tants, 19 miles of Newport. 
 
 Charleston, a town of AberdeenshiTe, 
 seated near the Bee. whither invalids re- 
 sort for the benefit of goat w’hey, 2S miles 
 vrby s of Aberdeen. 
 
 Charlestown, a village in Fifeshire, near 
 Dunfermline, on the banks of the Forth, 
 containing about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 CHARLETON, an island at the bottom 
 of Hudson’s bay, in Norih America. Lon. 
 «0 0 wFlat. 52 30 n. 
 
 ChatUton, a township of Massachusetts, 
 in Worcester county, containing 1,955 
 citizens. 
 
 ' Charleville, a town in the department 
 of Ardennes, France, seated on the Meuse. 
 In the centre of its magnificent square is a 
 baadsome fountain, 25 miles wnw of Le- 
 dan. Loh. 4 45 e, \at', 49 50 n. 
 
 Charleville, ei borough in the county of 
 Cotk, Ireland, 34 miles n by w of Cork, 
 and 39 w by s of Casiiel. 
 
 CkatkeOyW town in Lancashire; It has 
 a- nfi^rket on Tuesday ; anvl fairs, ?4lay 5, 
 August 20, and September 5. Lon. 2 
 • 54 53 38 n. ' 
 
 - charlotte, a ^populous and fertile 
 -ebunty bf Virginia. It contained 5202 free 
 - inhabitants, and 48,16 slaves, in 1795. 
 
 - Charlotte^di. port town of North Carolina, 
 and the capital of Mecklenburg county, 
 Steel Cft^k, 44 miles ssw of Salisbury . 
 liOn. 80 45 W, lat. 35 12 n. 
 
 ' Churlotie, Fort, ol fort in S Carolina. 
 Lon. 82 35 iat. 34 0 n. 
 
 ]• Charlotte, Fort, a small fortification 
 near- the to^m of Lerwick, in Shetland, 
 which completely commands the entry to 
 ay .Sound. 
 
 ' Charlotte Town, the capital of the island 
 of St John^s, Gulf of St Lawrence, on the 
 ' Hiilsburgh. Lon. 62 50 w, lat. 46 5. 
 
 ‘ ' - Charlotte iTatufi, the capital of Dominica, 
 formerly called Rosseau, 24 miles se of 
 Prince Rupert bay. In 1806, it sulfeied 
 *■ -severely by an earthquake. Lon. 61 28 w, 
 ; lat. 15 IS nV 
 
 '' Charlottenhurg, a town of the electorate 
 of Brandenburg, middle mark, built Ijy So- 
 phia Charlotte, first quebn of Prussia. It 
 ' stands on the Spree, foiir miles w of Ber- 
 ^ iln, and has d superl> palace, and elegant 
 gardens. ^ 
 
 • ChartoUesvtile, a post town of Virginia, 
 and the capital of Albemarle county, on 
 the Rivanna,' 80 1 miles w?:w of Richmond, 
 and 82 wsw of Frcdericsburg. Lon 3 
 ■ 42 wq lat. 38 ^ ?<r.' ’ ' 
 
 - -Charl&burg. ^QS‘ (^arlbvro. 
 
 c H A 
 
 Charitoa, in Kent. It is noted for a faiy 
 held on St Luke's day, called Horn Fair. 
 
 ChamieSy a towui in the department of 
 Vosges. France^on the Moselle, eight miles 
 E of Mireoourt. Lon. 6 17 E, iat. 48 21 n. 
 
 Charotles, a town in the department of 
 Saone and Loire, France, seated on the 
 Ilecofioe, 25 miles wnw of Macon. Its 
 castle is in ruins. Lon. 4 24 e, lat. 46 
 28 N. 
 
 Charost, a town in the depariraent of In- 
 dre, France, on the Arnon, sis miles nr 
 of Issoudun. Lon. 2 10 E,l5t. 47 I n. 
 
 Charrouoe, a towm in the department of 
 Vienne, France, 2# miles s of Poitiers. 
 Lon. 3 15 E, lat. 46 iO n. 
 
 CHARTER-ISLAND, an island of 
 England, in the Thames. 
 
 Chartres, an ancient and large city fh® 
 department of Eure and Loire, Ibanoe. 
 The town contains about 10,000 peopl®. 
 Its chief trade is in corn. Here the cele- 
 , brated Vauban erected a bridge over the 
 Meuse, on which the city stands. It has 
 one of the most elegant cathedrals in 
 France, 45 miles sw of Paris. Lon. • i 
 30 E, lat, 48 27 N. 
 
 . Chartreuse, Q\ the Grand Chartreuse ^ 9. 
 late celebrated monastery, the c^apital of 
 all the ci -devant convents of the Cctrthusinn 
 monks. Before the revolution, the inhabit 
 I tants consisted of 100 Tathers, with 300 
 servants. At the revolution, it was ccm« 
 verted into a kind of arsenal, Lou. 5 5 ®, 
 lat. 45 20 N. 
 
 Chartreuse of London, jeorrupily. eallcd 
 the ChaHeT’-Home, it is i^ow converfied 
 into an hospital, and endowed with a re- 
 venue of L.OOOO a-year.. Here are main- 
 tained 80 decayed gentlemen, and 40 boys - 
 Charybdisy a famous whiidpooi in the 
 narrow strait of Messinti, SicHy, oppo.4te 
 the famous .Scylla in Iiaiy. According to 
 ancient authors, - these whirlpools were 
 dangerous to mariners, but it is said nob to 
 have been so formidable since the- earth- 
 quake of 1783. 
 
 Chataigneraye,ei town in the department 
 of Vendee, France, 12 miles n of Fontenay 
 ie Compte. ' - ; 
 
 Chata-Uehe. Se& Apalaehicola, 
 Chateau-Briant, ei to^n in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Loire, France, with a castle, 
 24 miles s of Rennes,' Lon, 1 16 w, lat. 
 47 46 N. 
 
 Chateau- Camlresis, a town in the depa rt- 
 ment of Lower Loire^ France, seated on 
 the Seille, ha^ a palace of the bishop of 
 Cambray. Here in 1559^ peace was con- 
 I eluded between Philip TI. of Spain, and 
 j Henry II. of France 14 miles se of Cam- 
 bray; Lon. 8 25 e, lat.- 50 6 n. 
 
 , Chaledu-Chinon, a town in the depart- 
 ment Nievre, France, of the Yonue. It 
 has a cotfsid®rahle rnanufacture of cloth, 
 
 M 36 miles B by w of Nevers. Lon. 4 8 b, 
 I ' lat. 47 0 N. 
 
 Ff 2 
 
C H A 
 
 f Chatman- Dmrphin, gt very Strong cS-Stle 
 of Pi?d iioDt;, in the marqnisate of Saiuces, 
 near the source of the Po, 16 miles w by k 
 • of Saluzzo. 
 
 Chateau du Loir, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Saite, France, seated on the Loire, 
 celebrated for a siege of seven years 
 against the count of Alaais, %% miles sse of 
 Alans. Lon. 0 30 e, lat. 4T 40 n. 
 
 Chateav-Bun, a town in the department 
 _Oi Eure and Loire, France, 30 miles N of 
 Blois. Lon. 1 22 e, lat. 48 4 N. 
 
 Chateau Gontier, a town in the department 
 of Mayenne, France. It has a castle ; a, 
 tradein linen, and a mineral spring, 12 miles 
 ijv/ of Angers. Lon, 0 38 b, lat. 4T 4T n. 
 
 Chateau-Lundon, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine ctnd Alarne, France, stands 
 ton a bill, with an aSsbey, 30 miles s of 
 Melun. Loa. 2 33 E, lat. 48 11 n, 
 .Chateau- Meillant, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Cher, France, has an ancient oastle, 
 30 miles s of Bourges. 
 
 Ckateauneuf, a town in the departrasnt 
 Cher, France, 16 miles s of Bourges. 
 CHATEAUNEUF, department of Eure, 
 and Loire, 16 miles sw of Chartres. 
 
 CHATEAUNEUF, department of May- 
 enne and Loire, on the Sarte, four miles n 
 Oi Angers. 
 
 , Chatcau-Portien, a town in the depart- 
 tment of Ardennes, France, six miles w of 
 -Bethol. Lon. 4 23 e, lat. 49 35 
 
 Chateau- Renmdj two towns in France ; 
 1 . in the department of Indre and Loire, 16 
 ioiks of Tours. Lon. 1 1 w, lat. 47 
 33 N. 2. In the department of Loiret. 
 Lon. 2 25 e, lat. 48 0 n. 
 
 Chateau-Roux^ a town in the department 
 01 Indre, France, 148 miles w by s of 
 >Faris. Lon. 151 e, lat. 46 48 m. 
 
 . Chateau SalinSf a town in the department 
 of Meurthe, 16 miles jje of Nancy. Here 
 are e^vtensive salt v/orks. 
 
 , . Chateaic-Ttiien^ey, a. towxi in the depart- 
 arront of Aisue, France, seated on the Marne. 
 Noted as the birth-place of Fontane. It 
 sTtands on an eminence, and has a castle, 
 S '{ miles E5E of Paris. Lon. 3 33 e, lat. 
 4-9 2 k. 
 
 Chateau- Vilain, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Marne, France, 15 miles w 
 Chaumont. Lon. 2 59 e, let. 48 0 n. 
 
 , .Chaiel or Ckate^ a town in the depart- 
 ment, of Vosges, France, on the Aioseiie, 
 ^ight miles k of Epical. 
 
 . Chatel-Aillon^ a maritime town in the 
 department of Lov/er Chavente, France. 
 
 Ckatel-Chalorif a town in the department 
 of Jura, France, 25 mik-s ene of Lons le 
 ^aunur. Lon. 5 33 e, lat, 46 46 k. 
 Chatelety a town in the new depai tmcnt 
 Sambfc and Meuse, France. Lon. 4 
 E, lat. 59 25 n. 
 
 C uitel le-Chatel, a town in the depart- 
 Mut of Allier, France, 
 
 Chatellerault, a town in ♦he department 
 
 E H A 
 
 of Vienne», France, seated on the ViensN^, 
 famous for its cutlery, watch making, and 
 cutting of false dianeonis; 22 miles kb 
 of Poitiers, Lon. 0 4Q e, lat. 46 34 k. 
 
 Chatenoy^ a towm in the department of 
 V osges, France, six miles se of Neuf chateau', 
 
 Chathaniy a town of Kent, adjoining to 
 Rochester, situated on the Medway. It fe 
 the principal station of the royal navy ; tba 
 yards and magazines, of which there are 
 whole streets, arc furnished with all kinds 
 of naval stores, and materials for building 
 and rigging the largest men of .war. It 
 is reckoned the first arsenal in the world. 
 Besides an ordinance, wharf, and victualling 
 ofiiGe, here are two hospitals for decay e<l 
 shipwrights and scaraon, a church, a 
 chapel of case, and a ship used by the 
 sailers as a place of worship. The ap- 
 proach to Chathar.Ti is defended by Sheer- 
 ness, and other strong fortifications. Se- 
 veral men of wav were burnt by the Dutch 
 in 1667. It contains about 1800 houses, 
 mostly low, and built with brick. The 
 streets are narrow and paved ; and the 
 number of inhabitants in 1811, 12,652 : 3J 
 miles ESE of London. Lon. 0 36 b, lat. 
 5122 k. 
 
 ChaJJiamy a town of Massachusetts, with 
 a harliour, seated at the exterior or ex- 
 tremity of Cape Cod. It employ.^ a, 
 number of vessels in the fishery ; 70 mi’es 
 SR of Boston. Lon, 78 54 e, lat. 41 
 44 N. 
 
 Chatham, a town of South CaTOlina, 
 si^ated at the yead of the Pedee, in a fer- 
 tile country, 90 miles ke of Columbia, 
 and 1 20 k by w of Georgetown^ 
 
 CHATHAAI, a 'well cultivated county 
 of Norih Carolina. In 1795, it contained 
 T,5S9 free inhabitants, and 1632 slaves. 
 The chief town is Pittsburg. 
 
 Chatham, a flourishing town of Connec- 
 ticut, jHiddieacx county, on the river Con- 
 necticut opposite Middleton. 
 
 CHATHAM, a county of Georgia, con- 
 taining 2 568 citizens, and 8,201 slaves. 
 Savannah is the capital. 
 
 Chaiiga.'ty a. town of Bengal, subject to 
 the Great Mogul. It is situated on the 
 eastern branch of the Gauges. Lon. 91 
 10 E, iat. 23 0 H. 
 
 Chatillon les BomheSy in the department 
 of Ain, France, 1 2 miles w of Eourg. Cka- 
 tillony sur bidrey in the department of Indre, 
 12 miles sse of Loches. Chatillcn sur Loire y 
 in the department of Loiret. Chatillcu s-ur 
 Marne y in the department of P/Iarne, seven 
 miles s of Rheims. Chatillon sur SeinSy in 
 the deparlment of Cote d^Or, divided by 
 the Seine. Here are iron works, 40 miles 
 N\v of Dijon. This place is rendered fa- 
 mous by the late conferences between th.« 
 allied sovereigns and plenipotentiaries onthft 
 {'art of Franco an«.i England, t'.e breaking 
 up of which hastened the ruin of ponaparte. 
 
 Chsttonnayy a town of Franoe. in the de- 
 
CHE 
 
 partment of Isre, 15 miles E of Vienne, 
 and 22 SE of Lyon. ^ 
 
 Chatoqne, ot Ckavtaiighqxte, a lake of 
 the United States' in New Y ork*. 
 
 Chatrakal, a district and ioi t of Mysore. 
 See Chitteldroog. 
 
 Chatre, a town m the department ol 
 Indre, Franoe, seated on- the Indre, has a 
 woollen manuiaoture, miles ssE of Cha* 
 teanronx. Lon. 1 56 e, iat. 46 2a n. 
 
 Chatsworth, a village on the Derwent, 
 PeftK of Derbyshire^ wliere is a soperb seat 
 ®f the dukes of Devonshire, enumoFaten 
 Among the wonders of trie Peak on account 
 of its gardens, fountains, ptwk, aiiu siiuaiion, 
 And was the prison of Mary Queen of boots, 
 17 years. 
 
 Chatterpour, a town of Hinloosfan, ca- 
 pital of Bundiecund, 130 miles w&w of 
 Alababad. Lon. 79 56 e, lat. 25 0 n. 
 
 . Chatzan, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Moultan, 90 miles w of Moul- 
 ian. Lon. 69 45 e, lat. 31 8 >i, 
 
 - CHAUDI, a kingdom of Africa, B of 
 the Nile. Berber is the capital. 
 
 Chaves, or Chavez, a town of Portugal, in 
 the province of Tra-los-mcnte.-, with two 
 forts, seated on the Tamego, near the bor- 
 ders of Spain. The town and the suburb 
 Hagdalena are connected by a Roma.n 
 stone bridge. It is 26 miles w of Bra- 
 ganza. Lon. 7 0 w, lat. 41 45 n. 
 
 Chaul, a town of the S Indies, on the 
 eoast of Malabar. The town, and the island 
 on the s side of the harbour, are fortified. 
 Lon. 72 45 e, lat. 18 30 n. 
 
 • Chaulne, or Chaime, a town in the de- 
 partment of Somme, lYanoe. Lon. 2 55 e, 
 iat. 49 45 N. 
 
 Chaumont, in the department of Oise, 
 France, 76 miles ssw of Beauvais. Lon. 
 2 7 E, lat. 49 18 n. 
 
 Chaumount, a towm in the department of 
 Upper Marne, France, seated on an emi- 
 nence, near the river Marne, and has a 
 trade in deer and goat skins, and a woollen 
 manufacture ; 56 miles e by s of Troyes. 
 Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 48 8 e. 
 
 Chauny, a town in the department of 
 Aisne, France, on the Oise, 20 miles b of 
 Noyon. Lon. 3 18 e, lat. 49 17 x. 
 
 CHAUS, a province of Fea, in Barbary. 
 Ckaux-de-fend, a village of Switzerland, 
 stands in a rich valley, nine miles kw of 
 Neuchatel, The inhabitants, about 3000, 
 make watches and clocks, and manufac- 
 ture laee. 
 
 CHAYANTA,a district in Peru, famous 
 for gold and silver mines. 
 
 Cheadle, a town in Staffordshire, has a 
 market on Saturday, an extensive tape ma- 
 nufacture, and in its neigiibourhood several 
 brass and copper works ; 12 miles xne of 
 Stafford, and 140 nw of I.ondon. 
 
 Chebrechin, a town of Poland, in ^he 
 province of lied Russia, Lon. 23 51 e. 
 lat. 50 35 
 
 CHE 
 
 €hehmto,Si harbour of N America, sxB 
 coast of Nova Scotia. The city of Hali- 
 fax, stands near the head of this bay. Alsu 
 a bay on, the e coast of Nova Scotia, into 
 which falls Salmeri river, noted for om? of 
 the most extensive fisheries in the woihi 
 Lon. 63 18 w, lat. 44 45 n, 
 
 CRECGUTiMIES, a nation of N A- 
 merican Indians. 
 
 Chedder, a town in Somersetshire, foot 
 of the Mendip hills, 'celebrated for Its cheese, 
 and for the finest pieces of i3ck scenery ^ 
 in Enf^daml. It is two miles sa of Ax- 
 bridge? It has fairs Pday 4, and Octo- 
 ber 29. 
 
 CHEDUBA, an island in the bay of 
 Bengal, on- the ;coast of Birrmh, 45 miles 
 in tength, and 10 in breadth. It produces 
 , abundance of rice. Lon. 95 35- e, lat. i 3 
 59 N, . 
 
 Cheego^Muddi, a town of Cutoli, Hi»i- 
 dcostau, -Stands, at the mouth of the Cag- 
 gar, 23 miles of Boogebooge, 
 
 Chsgford, a small town in Devonshire, 
 It has fairs, Pdarch 23, May 25, Sept. 29, 
 and October 29. 
 
 Cheitore, a town in the temtory of C^- 
 dipour, Hindoostan, seated oo a moimtaray 
 with e. fortress, and was of great extent, 
 having been the capital of the Rana, or so- 
 vereign prince of thve iiaepoots, in the days 
 of his great iiess. It has be-eii in rums since 
 the time of Aurung7;ebe, in 1681, 46 miles 
 NNE of Ouclipour, and 88 ssw of - Agimere. 
 See OudiponT, 
 
 CHEKIANG, a fertile maritime pro- 
 vince of China, containing 11 cities, 77 
 towns, and many villages. 
 
 Chslm,i\iQ capital of a palatinate, in Bed 
 Russia, of the same name, Poland. Near 
 this town, in 1794, the Foies were defeated 
 by the Russians, 100 miles esb of Warsaw, 
 Lon. 23 20 e, iat. 51 29 N.. 
 
 Chelmer, a river of Essex, navigable to 
 Chelmsford, has its source near Thaxted, 
 and directs its source by Duomow and 
 Chelmsford, to Malden, where it unites with 
 Blackwater. 
 
 Chelmsford, a populous town nearly in 
 the centre of Essex, at the junction of tho 
 Can and the Chelmer. The county house is 
 a magnificent modern building. Here ks an 
 excellent conduit, and a free-school, found.- 
 ed by Edward VI. The great thorough- 
 fare through Chelmsford by the e road frcni 
 London, is its chief support; and, being 
 the county town, the quarter-seosions, d o. 
 are held. here. It has a market on Friday ; 
 fairs May 12, and Nov. 12, and sends two 
 members to parliament. It lies 29 miles 
 ENii: of London, and 43 s by w oi Bury., 
 Lon. 0 33 E, lat. 51 43 n. 
 
 Chelmsford, a town of Massachusett.% 
 in Middlesex county, on tha s side of the 
 Merirnac, connected with Draent by a cu- 
 rious ’midge, at Patiioket Falls, 28 miiss 
 XNW' of Boston. 
 
C II 1 
 
 - CJichea, d villagse oli th« ThaiiAes ; 
 a mile w of Wcstmiaifer, r^emafkable for 
 the magnificGiit hospital for invalids and 
 old decrepit saldievs.^ The royal hospital 
 for Invalids was hirst projected by Stephen 
 Fox, in the ti;ne of Charles IT,^ who him- 
 self contributed, above ]3,0001v to its esta- 
 biishmrnt. It consists of a vast range of 
 boiidings, that form three large squares, 
 nneonunonij^ elegant. In the wings are 
 16 Y/ards, in v/hich are accommodations 
 lor abo ve 400-* men - The. number of pen* 
 sioners received into the hospital, amount 
 to 336 but there is also an uniimited num- 
 ber of out-pensioners on the establishment, 
 wbo receive a comfortable annuity. Here 
 is an excellent Physic Garden, given by 
 Sir Hans Sioane, to the company ^of apo- 
 thecaries, in 1T21, 
 
 Chelsea f a town of Massachusetts, in 
 Suffolk codnty, containing 4T2 citizens. 
 Also a township of Vermont, in Orange 
 eouoty. . 
 
 Cheltenkamy or Chiltenham, a market 
 town nine miles ne of Gloucester, and 94 
 from Loudon. It has a good market-house, 
 and a theatre. On an easy ascent, about 
 half a mile s of the church, rises the Spaw, 
 which first drew tho attention of the public 
 in 1740. The season for drinking the 
 whalers is from May to Oci/ober. They 
 are impregnated with salts, sulphur, steel, 
 calcareous earth, and operate at the same 
 time both, as purgative^ and restorative. 
 Two miles E ol the town is another 
 ininerod spring of the same kind. The 
 town has a market on Thursday, and fairs 
 on Holy Thursday, St James day, and the 
 2A Thoreday in SepL Lon, 2 21 w, lat. Ji 
 
 66 N. 
 
 ChelvmyQx Be/miVa river of Hindoostan, 
 Proper, the most western cf the five eastern 
 branches of the Indus, takes its rise above 
 Cashmere, passes through it into Lahore, 
 and unites with the Chunaub, 16 miles be- 
 low Kooshuab. This river is the famous 
 Hydaspes of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Chehj, St, a town in the department of 
 liOzero, France, 18 miles by w' of Mende, 
 and 30 sw of Piri\ 
 
 Chemnitz, a town in Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, Germany. It is surrounded with 
 w^alls and ditches, has four suburbs and a 
 castle about a mile from the town. Cot- 
 tons, and other fine stuffs are manufac- 
 tured here, and bleaching is carried on lo 
 a considerable extent, it stands on a river 
 of its name, 38 miles sw of Dresden. Lon. 
 12 37 E, lat. .50 30 x. 
 
 Ckencovr, or Chemken, a town of Arme- 
 nia, on the frontiers of Giirgistan, has a 
 beautiful castle, .several mosques, and elc- 
 gaht caravanseras, 160 miles ne of Eirvac. 
 
 Chenango, a tow n of Tiago coimiy. New 
 York, .sec ted near a river of the same; 
 came, \vhich flows into the Susquehanna.' 
 Here >th® judicial courts sit in May; 32 
 
 € H E 
 
 i miles NE of Union, and 60 sw of CooppTf^ 
 town. Lon. 76 0 w, Greenwich, lat. 42^ 
 S. N. ' 
 
 Chenapatam, a town of Mysore, Hfn- 
 , doostan. In its vicinity is a fine stone fort, 
 
 I and palm gardens. Its manufaeluires are 
 I sugar, glass, and ransic wire; 40tmiles 
 ENB of Seringapatam. 
 
 CHEN-SI, a province of China. Chen^ 
 si is one. of the most extensive proyincet of 
 the empire, containing 134,090 squar® 
 miles, with 30,000,000 inhabitants. It has 
 two viceroy ., besides the governors of 
 Sodcheou, and Kau-tcheou, which are thft 
 strongest places in the country. It is subl 
 ject to long droughts, and produces littlB 
 rice ; but they have plentiful crops of 
 w^heat and millet. Clouds of locusts some- 
 times devour the produce of the fields ) 
 these are eaten by the Chinese when boiledi 
 The country abounds with drugs, rhubaifb’, 
 musk, cinnabar, wax, honey, and coalsi 
 It has also rich gold mines, w'hich are not 
 allowed to be opened. The province ii 
 divided into two parts, the e and the U,^ik 
 contains eight /a or cities of the fist classj 
 and 160 of the second and third. Singan- 
 fou is the capital. 
 
 Chert-yang, or Moug-den, sl city of Chi- 
 nese Tartary, and capital of a department or 
 district in the county of the Mantcileu Tar- 
 tars, of the same name, but also called ^a- 
 stong'. The walls are ten miles in circum- 
 ference. It has several public edifices, and 
 arsenals, with magazines' of arms and 
 store-houses. The Tartars corndder it as 
 the principal place of their nation. It is 
 330 miles ene of IHiking, LODi 124 3 e, 
 
 , lat. 41 33 N. 
 
 Chenzim, or Chinting, a tmvrvof Poland, 
 in the palatinate of Sandomirz; Thera 
 are mines of silver and lead,, and quarries 
 of marble in its vicinity w - 
 
 Checu, a tow n of China of the second 
 rank, in the province of ■KiangnaH.. Lon. 
 (34 9 E, Ferro lat. 32 34 n. ' - ^ ’ : 
 
 CHEPAWAS, or CiiiPEWAYS, a nation 
 of N American Indians, who inhabit tb^ 
 coast and islands of Lake SiiJiCnor, Lake 
 Huron. 
 
 Chepello, a small island near the coast of 
 Amerfca, in the gulf of Panama, about a 
 I league in circumference, three miles from 
 the city of Panama, which it supplies with 
 fruit and provisions. 
 
 Che-ping, a city of China, of the second 
 rank, in the pjovince c>f Yun-nan. Lon. 
 120 to E, Ferro, lat. 23 49 N. 
 
 Chepoor, a town and river of Terra Fir- 
 ma, in Darien, Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 10 42 n. 
 
 Chepstow, a sea port of England, in the 
 county of Monmpnth ; it is a large and fiou- 
 risking town, formerly walled round. Chep- 
 stow is the port for all the towns that stand 
 on the river Wye and Livg. Ships of 600 
 tons burden are built here, and a considera- 
 ble trade is carried on from hence to Portu- 
 
 
C H E 
 
 ^>al and the Baltic. Vessels of 700 tons 
 come up to the bridge. On a perpendicular 
 rock are the remains of a castle. Pai t of 
 the priory is converted into a church. The 
 tide rises from 40 to 60 feet, and in 1768 it 
 rose to 70. Its exports are iron, timber, 
 .bark, and elder. There are live constant 
 trading vessels between this port and Lon- 
 don. It is 18 miles n of Bristol, and 135 
 w of London. Lon. 2 36 ic, lat. 5152 k. 
 
 CHER, a department of France, includ- 
 ing part of the late province of Berry. It 
 takc>s its name from the river Cher, which 
 crosses a part of it, and unites with the Loire 
 below Tours. Bourges is the capital. 
 
 Cherasco, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 and capital of a county of the same name, 
 on the borders of the county of Asti, with a 
 strong citadel, seated on a mountain, and 
 the confluence of the Stura and Tanaro. 
 The civil government is conducted by 
 three syndics, 28 counsellors, and eight 
 masters of accounts. The county is about 
 nine miles in diameter ; the land is fertile, 
 it is 24 miles se of Turin. Lon. 7 58 e, 
 lat. 44 45 N. 
 
 CHERAW, a district of South Carolina, 
 S3 miles long, and 63 broad ; comprehend- 
 ing the counties of Darlington, Chesterfield, 
 and Marlborough. It contains 10,760 in- 
 habitants. Grenville is the capital. 
 
 Cherhnrg, a sea port town of France, in 
 the department of the Channel, situated at 
 the bottom of a large bay, between Cape 
 Barfleur and Cape la Hogue, containing 
 jibout 6000 inhabitants, with an Augustine 
 abbey. The port has always been con- 
 sidered by the French as an object of great 
 importance in the navigation of the Chan- 
 nel. Vessels of 900 tons can be admitted 
 at high water, and of 250 at low. Here, in 
 3692, the English defeated the French in a 
 naval engagement, and burnt upwards of 
 twenty of their men of war, near Cape 
 la Hogue. In 1758, Cher burg was taken 
 by the English, with the ships in the ba- 
 son, and the fortifications and works for 
 improving the harbour v^ere demolished. 
 These works w’ere resumed by Louis XVI. 
 on a more extensive scale, but were inter- 
 rupted by the F'rench revolution. It is 
 60 miles of Caen, and 41 posts 
 
 WNvr of Paris. Lon. 1 37 e, lat. 49 
 39 K. 
 
 Cherchesenc, a towm in the province of 
 Curdi^tan, Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Cheren-Tahanen, a town of Chinese Tar- 
 tary. Lon. 137 17 e, Ferro, let. 41 32 k. 
 
 Ckeresoul, a town of Asiatic Tuikey, in 
 Curdistan, Lon. 44 15 E,lai. 35 50 n. 
 
 . CHEliO, a small island of European 
 Turkey, in the Archipelago. Lon. 43 26 e, 
 Ferro, lat. 3G 53 n. 
 
 CHFIROKEES, a nation of Neith Arne 
 rican .Indians residing in the k pa^is of 
 Georgia. They are tall, robust, and well 
 made, They have 43 inhabited tew as ^ 
 
 e H E 
 
 ‘ C/ufrey, a town in the department of the 
 Yomie, France, 10 miles w of Seirs. 
 
 Cheroniso, a town of European Turkey, 
 on the KE coast of the island of Negropont, 
 
 25 miles k of Negropont. 
 
 CHERRY ISLAND, in the Northera 
 ocean, Lon. 20 5 e, lat. 74 30 N. 
 
 Cherry Valley^ a town of New York, at- 
 the head of a creek of its name. Oswego 
 comity, 18 miles s of Canajohary, and 
 45 w by N of Albany. 
 
 Cherso, an island in the Adriatic, on the- 
 coast of Dalmatia. It is 150 miles in oir- 
 oumference, and 60 in length, is stony and 
 mountainous, containing 11,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It is united to Osero, by a bridge 
 over a very narrow channel which sepa» 
 rates the two islands. 
 
 Cherso, the capital of the above island, 
 anciently called Crispa, or Crexa, has a 
 good harbour, and contains 4000 inhabi- 
 tants. Lon. 14 45 e, lat, 45 10 n. 
 
 Cherson, the capital of New Russia, in the 
 government of CatherinenslaT, built by Ca- 
 therine II. is seated on the n bank of the 
 Dnieper, 10 miles below the influx of the 
 Inguloc. It ^vas intended to be the prin- 
 cipal mart for all commodities of export 
 and import ; and contains a dock for the 
 construction of large vessels, but on ac- 
 count of sand banks, the dock yard has 
 been removed to Nicolayef: owung to this 
 the town is rapidly on the decline. Here 
 in 1787, Catherine met the emperor Jo- 
 seph II. In this place in 1790, the cele- 
 brated Mr Howard, so well knowm for his 
 plans of reform of the different hospitals 
 and prisons of Europe, fell a victim to his 
 indefatigable humanity, and was buried 
 near the village of Baupiiigny, and his 
 memory perpetuated by a monument erect- 
 ed by the Russian admiral ; 50 miles e of 
 Oczakef. Lcn. 31 26 e, lat 46 37 n. ; 
 
 Chersonesu^y a peninsuia of Homania, in 
 European Turkey, supposed by the ancients 
 to be about 37 furlongs in breadth. It for- 
 merly contained 1 1 cities. 
 
 Ctitisoneausy one of the 10 new states, 
 into which the n western territory of the 
 United States is appointed to be divided. 
 
 Chertseijy a town in the county of Surry, 
 banks of the Thames. It has a weekly 
 market on Wednesday. Part of the wails 
 of its ancient abbey remain. Here Hen- 
 ry VI. vvas buried, but was afterwards re- 
 moved to Windsor. Here is a handsome 
 stone bridge over., the Thames; 20 miles 
 w by s of London. 
 
 Cherzy a town of Poland in M‘?soviat 
 Lon. 21 8 w, lat. 52 C n. 
 
 Chesapeaky a bay of th‘" United States of 
 Atflcdca, iu Virgin ia, and one of the largest 
 iu the knawn worid ; aflbi ding many com- 
 modious harbouis, and u safe and ca?y navi- 
 gation. It is situated Ireiwesn eape Henry 
 in Virginia^ and cape Charles in Maryland ; 
 streieil'ts 279 t9 
 
CHE 
 
 to iO liiUes broad, and generally nine fa- 
 thoms deep. The James, the Potomac, 
 EappahannoCj and Susquehanna, all navi- 
 gable rivers, fall into it. 
 
 Cheshamy a town of England, in the 
 county of Bucks, with a weekly market on 
 Wednesday, and manufactures of lace, and 
 wooden ware ; 27 miles nw of London. 
 
 CHESHIRE, a county of England ; 
 about 50 miles long, and 25 broad, di- 
 vided into seven hundreds, which contains 
 101 parishes, one city, 11 market towns 
 670 villages, 35,620 houses, and 191,750 
 inhabitants. This, as well as Lancashire, 
 is a county palatinate, has a very distinct 
 government, which is administered by a 
 chamberlain, a special judge called chief 
 justice of Cheshire, a pusine judge, &c. 
 The air is temperately cold emd very heal- 
 thy ; the geucraiity of the inhabitraits liv- 
 ing to a good old age. The general ap- 
 pearance of Cheshire is that of an extended 
 plain ; bat on the easteyn side it is rather 
 mountainous. Chester is the city ; the 
 market towns are Tvatitwich, Maccleslield, 
 Maiphas, Middiewich, Northwich, Cougle- 
 ton, Altringham, Frodsham, Knotsford, 
 Stockport, and Sanbach. The principal 
 rivers are the ^Jersey and the Bee; these 
 receive and carry off to the sea, all the 
 smaller rivers and rivulets in Cheshire. 
 Cheshire has been noted for cheese of the 
 best quality ; the cth&r productions are 
 corn, excellent salt, coal, iron ore, mill- 
 stones, timber, alunri, hops, tkc, 
 
 CHESHIRE, a county of New Hamp- 
 shire, E of the Connecticut, contamhig 34 
 townships, 23,776 citizens, and 16 slaves. 
 
 Cheslerjy a town of France, in the de- 
 partment cf the Aube, and chief place of a 
 canton. 
 
 Chesncy a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Ardennes, and chief place of a 
 canton, in the district of Vouziers. 
 
 CJic.stcTy a city of England, and capital 
 ©f Cheshire^ situated on a rocky eminence 
 above the river Bee, or<rf:r which is a bridge 
 of 12 arches, about 20 miles from the sea. 
 The city is square, and suiTOunded b} a 
 waJl nearly two miles ib circumference. 
 The four principal streets run from a cen- 
 tre towards the cardinai points of the 
 compass, each terminated by a gate. 
 Chester is the see of a bishop, suffragan 
 of the archbishop of York . The number 
 of houses, by the returns under the late 
 lK)pulation act, was 3494, and of inhabi- 
 tants, 16,140. Besides a considerable ma- 
 nufacture of gloves, there is here a ma- 
 nufacture of tobacco pipes, an iron foun- 
 dery, snuff-mills, and an advantageous bu- 
 siness in ship-building. The maritime bu- 
 siness is chiefly with Ireland, with which 
 It has a constant traffic, and coasting, hav- 
 ing but a sn.ail foreign trade. The mar- 
 kets are on Wednesday and Saturtlay ; and 
 fairs, the iiiyst: notetl in Eiigiond, ei'pe- 
 
 CHE 
 
 c-ially for Irish linen, to which there is » 
 great resort of mcrehanis and tradesmen 
 from all parts, particularly Bri5itol ajfid 
 Dublin, are Fob. 24, July 5, and Oct. Iff, 
 each for a week. Chester is goveiajed by ft, 
 mayor, recorder, aldermen, sheri%y eJorn*^ 
 mon-council-men, <fec. and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. Besides, a strotjg cai?- 
 tie, in which is the shire hall, there is a ca^ 
 tiiedral and nine churches. The principal 
 streets have a covered way running fronn 
 house to house, ccdled rows, which defend 
 the foot passengers from txic weaiher, 
 miles sw from Manuhesier, and 180 nw of 
 London. Lon. 3 3 w, lat.-53 12 n. 
 
 Chester^ a eouniy . f ihe United States, in 
 Piiikey district, Soutu Carolina, containing 
 5,866 ' oiiizens, and 935 slaves, in 17.90* 
 Also A town on Broad river, 80 milc.s 
 of Coiupp-Oia. 
 
 Chester y a town of the United States, iff 
 Hew Hampshire, Ilockingham county, off 
 a lake wAicli commuaioates with Mirimac, 
 16 miles w of Exeter, and 34 w by s of 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Chestery a county of Pennsylvania, 45 
 miles long, and SO broad ; containing 33 
 townships, 27,792 citizens, and 145 slaves, 
 in 1790. Also a town, chief of this couu*» 
 ty, 25 miles w by s of Philadelphia. 
 
 Chestei*, capital of Delaware county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Delaw^are, 15 miles 
 sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Chester y a town of the United States, ia 
 Maryland, and capital of Kent county, on a 
 river of the same name, has a college found* 
 ed in 1782, 60 miles sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Cheslerle Street, a town in the valley of 
 Durham, on tbe Wear, formerly a bishop^s 
 see, but removed with the body of St. 
 Ciithbert to Durham. Its church is coll^ 
 giate. Roman coins are found in thii 
 place. 
 
 Cheater, West, a towm cf the United 
 States, in New York, in a county of its 
 name, 25 miles ke of New oric. 
 
 Chestcrfeld, a town in the county of 
 Derby, seated on a bill, betwe^ea the rivu- 
 lets IbbGr uud Holh-.r, contaitiing ne^r 
 1000 be uses, and 4900 iuhabitants, Tho 
 spire of the church is remarkable, owing 
 to its singular curve. Hr^ro is a frea 
 school founded by quean Elizabeth. Ill 
 ^this town are several potteries and silk 
 mills, and a cotton mi) I with large iron 
 iOiinderie.s in the neigobouriiood. The 
 trade of this placets ficihtaied by a canal 
 from hence to the Trent two miles n of 
 Oainsborcugh, 24 miles ^ of Derby, 45 m 
 of Manchester, and 150 by wof Loedon. 
 It gives the title of earl to a branch of th« 
 family, of Stanhope. It is a corporation 
 town, and governed by a mayor, alder* 
 men, <fec. It has a market on Saturday, 
 and six annual fairs. 
 
 Chesterfield, diiowii of the United States, 
 in Cheshire county^ New flaipjpshirC) eo^ 
 
C HI 
 
 tfiining 11?05 citizens, 25 miles s of diaries- 
 ton, and 72 w s of Exeter. 
 
 Cheteean Heady a cape on the w coast 
 of the island of Cape Breton. Lon. 60 
 45 w, lat. 46 40 N. 
 
 CheiiGnmchaSyd.\x\he.oi North American 
 Indians, in Louisiana. 
 
 Chemot a ridge of mountains which 
 run from n to s, through Northumberland 
 and Cumberland. The hills are chiefly 
 wild, and open sheep-walks. Here was 
 once a free chace much used both by the 
 Scot<4iaRd English. They w’Cre the scene 
 of many an obstinate battle between the 
 two nations before their union, among 
 which that of Otterbuni by the English, 
 headed by Piercy, and the Scotch under 
 Douglass, holds a conspicuous place, and 
 will be long celebrated in the well known 
 ballad of Chevy Chase, One of the moun- 
 tains is so high as to be seen at the distance 
 of 60 miles. On the side of them is a large 
 Druidical Temple. 
 
 Chevire, a town in the department of the 
 Maine, and Loire, Erance. 
 
 Chiametlariy a tovfn in the Audience of 
 Guadalajara, and capital of a maritime 
 province of New Spain, of the same name. 
 The town is seated on a river of the same 
 name, 156 miles nw of Guadalajara. Lon. 
 105 45 w, lat. 22 40 N. — Also a cluster of 
 small islands on the same coast. The soil 
 is fertile ; and many mines of silver are 
 found in the country. 
 
 CHIAPA, a province of North America, 
 in the country of Mexico, and audience 
 of Guatimala. It is 70 leagues long, and 
 65 broad. Its principal productions are 
 wUod, aromatic gums, grain, and fruits, 
 with excellent pastures, which feed a great 
 number of cattle. Its horses are much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Chiapa, the capital of the above pro- 
 vince, and the see of a bishop. It has 
 an elegant cathedral and several monas- 
 tries, and consists of only one parish, and 
 about 400 Spanish families, with a faux- 
 bourg, containing about 100 Indian fami- 
 lies. Cotton, cocoa, and cochineal are 
 its chief articles of trade, 200 miles e of 
 Guasteca, and 215 nw of Guatemala. 
 Lon. 93 45 w, iat. 16 44 n. 
 
 Chiapa, or Chiapa dos Indios, a town 
 of Northt America, in the province of Chia- 
 paj containing about 4000 families, chiefly 
 Indians, who are rich. 
 
 Chiaramonte, ci town of Sicily, ifi Valdi 
 Noto. on the summit of a mountain, 32 
 niiles w of Syracuse. 
 
 Chiarenza, a town of the Morea, Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, seated on the Sellus, 
 n‘\ar the Mediterranean, 95 miies w 
 by s of Corinth. Lon. 21 28 e, lat. 37 
 
 4i) N. 
 
 Ctiiavenna, the capital of a county of 
 the sanpe name, in the canton of Grisons, 
 containing aboiit 3000 souls. Its viciriitv 
 8 
 
 G' H V 
 
 abounds' in wine and delicate fruits.' The 
 great support of Chiavenna is the traaspr? t- 
 of merchandise, this town being the : . >■ 
 cipal communication between the ' ■ 
 nese and Germany. It is seated 
 high mountains, near a lake of i , “ , 
 The inhabitants are P^^oman Cai;\ ' 
 have magnificent churches. O:-. t< y el 
 a rock are the ruins of a on e - ted. 
 
 fortress, and adjoining tlie town is a ek 
 of asbestos. It is 38 ir-iles s of Cotre. 
 Lon, 9 27 E, lat, 46 15 N. 
 
 CHICANGA, or Chacakga, a 
 dom of Africa; it is ; b’ r: gold nooses. 
 It is sometimes called P;.[» k.oa, fi ;.'■ t o 
 principal Ijwn, which s. uated au . e 
 river gofala, in Lon. 29 i) e, kree:;' .d. li 
 Lat. 20 15 s. 
 
 CBICAS, or TaruAj an extensivs 
 district of liueaos Ayres. The capital is 
 St. Jago de Colyata. 
 
 Chimsaw, a town of the UnlM'd States, 
 belonging to the Indians. Lon. hS 5G a', 
 Greenwich. Lat. 34 10 n. 
 
 Chicasaw, See Ch:jkasaw„ 
 
 Chiccamogga, a river of the United 
 States. Lat. 33 18 n. 
 
 ChiehacGtta, a fortified town on the 
 s frontier of Bootan, India, 84 miles s by 
 E of Tassasudon. Lon. 89 35 e, lat. 26 
 35 N. 
 
 ChicJie, a town in the department of the 
 Two Sevres, France. 
 
 Chicherohe,di town of the United States. 
 
 Chichester, a city, and the capital of 
 Sussex, and a county of itself, seated in a 
 plain on the Levant, near its entrance into 
 the English channel. Four principal 
 streets extend from the centre, with the 
 names of East, West, North, and Souih, 
 from their direction. The river almost 
 surrounds the towm ; but ships of burden 
 are obliged to unload near .two miles be- 
 low. Chichester is the see of a bishop, 
 and has seven parish churches, besides the 
 cathedral. The city is walled romiu, and 
 formerly had four gates. It is a corpora- 
 tion, and sends two members to parliament^ 
 and in 181 1, contained 6,425 inhabitants. 
 It has a manufacture of needles — fine lob- 
 sters are taken on the bay. Two markets 
 are held weekly, on Wednesday and Sa- 
 turday, 61 miles sw of London. Lon. 0 
 48 w, lat. 50 50 M. 
 
 Chiekamages, a tribe of the Cherokce.s, 
 who inhabit five villages on the Chicca- 
 mogga and Tennessee. 
 
 CHICKASAWS, a nation of North Ame- 
 rican Indians, w ho inhabit the country e 
 of the Missi.^sipi, in the nw corner of 
 Georgia. Their number is reckoned 1725. 
 They have seven towns; the central one 
 lies in ion. 89 30 w, lat. 32 23 n. 
 
 Chiclana, a towm in Aadalusia, Spain’ 
 ranch resorted to in the .spring by the mer- 
 chants of Cadiz. Its vicinity abounds with 
 ; medicinal springs. Near this place, Fii 
 ^ g 
 
C H I 
 
 1811, oa the bclglris of Barrosa, tb^ Eng- 
 lish and Porlugues^^e obtained a splendid 
 victory over the French, 16 miles sse of 
 Cadiz. ^ 
 
 Chielefa, a town in the Morea, European 
 Turkey, Coron, 14 miles w of Colseythia. 
 
 Chiemsee, a lake of Germany, in Bava- 
 ria, sometimes called the Bavarian sea. It 
 contains several islands. On one of these 
 islands is an Augustine monastery, on ano- 
 ther a convent of Benedictine nuns. 
 
 C/t/e/ita, a river of Italy. 
 
 CMerif a town of Piedmont, situated on 
 the declivity of a hill, in an agreeable and 
 fruitful country* It has six gates, and four 
 grand squares or palaces, many churches 
 and religious houses. The inhabitants 
 manufacture cloth and silk. Lon. 25 25 e, 
 Ferro, lat. 44 45 n. 
 
 Ckiesa, a village of Italy, near Padua, 
 surrounded by a wall, seven miles e of 
 Turin. 
 
 Chigvoelf a village of Essex, 10 miles ke 
 of London, celebrated for a free school en- 
 dowed by Archbishop Harsnett, who had 
 been vicar of this place, and is buried in the 
 church, in which is a finely engraved brass 
 figure as large as life, dressed in full Archi- 
 episcopal Habiliments. 
 
 Chigy sur Varme, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Yonne, France. 
 
 Chihiriy or Port Cheer, a sea-port town of 
 Arabia Felix, which carries on a good trade. 
 Lon. 49 25 E,lat. 14 40 N. 
 
 Chilhuahtm, a city in New Biscay, New 
 Spain, seat of a captain general. In its 
 vicinity are considerable mines. The prin- 
 cipal church is distinguished by costly 
 decorations. The population is estimated 
 at 11,600. It is 310 miles N by w of Du- 
 rango. Lon. 104 25 w, lat. 28 50 n. 
 
 CHILI, an extensive country of South 
 America. It is 1190 miles in length, but 
 varies in breadth from 140 to 340. It is 
 bounded on the e by the Andes, and was 
 discovered in 1525 by Diego d’Almagro 
 The Spanish colonies are dispersed on the 
 borders of the South Sea. On that g^eat 
 length of coast, there are no settlements, 
 exempt those of Valdivia, Conception, Val- 
 pariso, and Coquimbo,or La Serena, w'hich 
 are all sea-ports. In the inland country is 
 St. Jago, the capital of the colony. The 
 mountainous parts are possessed by the 
 Araucos, the Puelches, and other Indian 
 tribes. The Spanish part is divided into 1 3 
 provinces, but they are of very unequal ex- 
 tent, and but imperfectly described. The 
 principal rivers are the Biobia,Chavin, Cau- 
 ten, Maule, Kobueno, Sinfondo, Tolton, 
 and Valdivia. The cattle and fruits of the 
 mother country improve in the happy climes 
 of Chili. The chegaus or pricker is the 
 only troublesome insect. Here are neither 
 venomous reptiles, nor ferocious animals to 
 alarm the inhabitants. There is no cul- 
 ture nor habitation at any distance from 
 
 C H I 
 
 The buildings are all Very 
 low, made of unburnt brick, and mostly 
 thatched. This practice is observed on ac- 
 count of the frequent earthquakes, and is 
 properly adapted to the nature of the cli- 
 mate, as well as the indolence of the inha- 
 bitants. They are robust and well shaped, 
 men, but few in number. The Abbe Ray- 
 nal says, there are 40,000 Spanish inhabi- 
 tants in the city of St. Jago, the aggre- 
 gate number of inhabitants in all the pro- 
 vinces of Chili, may therefore be estimated 
 at 80,000 whites, and 240,000 negroes. 
 The temperature is in general mild and 
 agreeable and preferred by the Spaniards 
 to that of the southern provinces of their 
 own country. The fertility of the soil 
 corresponds with the benignity of the 
 climate. Chili has been enriched with 
 valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, 
 and lead, which are far, however, from 
 being wrought in proportion to their value. 
 The united produce of its gold mines never 
 exceeds 220,0001. Sterling a-year. Chili 
 is a state entirely distinct from Peru, and 
 is governed by a chief, who is absolute in 
 ail political, civil, and military affairs, 
 and independent of the viceroy, who has 
 no authority, except when a governor 
 dies, to appoint one in his room for a 
 time, till the mother country names a suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 Chilka, a lake of the Deccan of Hin- 
 doostan . This lake extends about 36 miles 
 in length, and from 10 to 13 in breadth, con- 
 taining many inhabited islands. It com- 
 municates with the sea by a deep, but nar- 
 row opening, and is shallow within, and 
 has a narrow strip of ground betw een it 
 and the sea. 
 
 Chillakothe, an Indian town of the great 
 Miami, North America. 
 
 Chilian, or Chilan, capital of a province 
 of the same name in Chili, seated on the 
 Chilian and well peopled* The district 
 is an extended plain, and produces abun- 
 dance of corn and fruit. The wool o£ 
 their sheep is highly esteemed. In 1751, 
 the city was destroyed by an earthquake, 
 in consequence of w’hich, it w’as remov- 
 ed to a more convenient site. It is 
 miles NE of Conception. Lorn 71 5 w, 
 lat. 35 56. , 
 
 Chilleiros, a town of Portugal, in tho 
 province of Estiamadura, 13 miles ew of 
 
 Lisbon. ^ ^ ^ . 
 
 Chiliicothe, chief town of the state or 
 Ohio, of no great tent. It stnuds on th® 
 right bank of the Sciotto, 130 miles me of 
 Frankfort, aud 180 sw of Pittsburg. Lon. 
 83 8 w, lat. 39 14 N. 
 
 Chillcn, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland, near the lake of Geneva. Its 
 state prison is an ancient castle in this lake,- 
 5 miles ene of Vevay. 
 
 Chilly, a town in th« department of Jura> 
 
 France. , - 
 
 these towns. 
 
C H I 
 
 Chilmarg^ a town of Hindoostan* 
 
 Chiloe, a considerable island on the 
 coast of Chili, at the s extremity of Chili, 
 130 miles long', and 30 broad. The 
 coast is subject to tempestuous weather, 
 especially in March. The Spaniards have 
 but one little fort in the island, called 
 Chacao, and the town of Castro. The 
 land produces all necessary refreshments 
 and provisions, except wine ; and much 
 ambergrise is found. Asses die soon after 
 they are imported, and there is not a mule 
 in the island, but it abounds in sheep, 
 hogs, and domestic, and wild fowl. A- 
 round Chiloe there are many more islands, 
 all which form together the jurisdiction of 
 Chiloe. Lat. 43 s. 
 
 Chilpansingo^ a town of the province of 
 Mexico, New Spain, stands in a rich coun- 
 try, 65 miles nne of Acapulco. 
 
 Chill erny a ridge of chalky hills, which 
 crosses the county of Bucks. It belongs 
 to the crown, and from time immemorial 
 has had the nominal office of steward 
 of the Chiltern hundreds, the acceptance 
 of which enables a member of the house 
 of commons to vacate his seat. They 
 are covered in various parts with woods, 
 and some of the eminences, which are of 
 considerable height, afford extensive and 
 rich prospects. 
 
 Chimatjy a town in the ci-devant county of 
 Hainault, France, is seated on the Blanche. 
 Near it are mines of iron', with founderies 
 and forges, 20 miles enk of Cambray. 
 
 ChimbOy a town and district in the pro- 
 vince of Zinto, South America, 
 
 Chimborazoy a mountain of South Ame- 
 rica, in Peru, which is reckoned the highest 
 mountain in the known world ; being 20,608 
 feet above the sea level. Its top is con- 
 stantly covered with ice and snow, though 
 it lies almost under the line, in lat. 1 deg. 
 41 m. 40 sec. s. 
 
 Chimera, a town and fortress in the pro- 
 vince of Albania, European Turkey, at the 
 entrance of the gulf of Venice, 24 miles s 
 of Velona. 
 
 CHINA, a country of Asia, called by 
 the Chinese Tchon-kou, or the Middle King- 
 dom, China, properly so called, compre- 
 hends from N to s 18 deg. Its extern froju 
 E to w, is somewhat less. The adjacent 
 countries subjected to the Chinese govern- 
 ment, such as the islands ot Hainan, For- 
 mosa, Leatong, and Tartary, are not in- 
 cluded in this estimation. The whole ter- 
 ritories of this prince are more than 900 
 leagues in extent from n to s and about 
 l,d00 from E to w, reckoning from the 
 Eastern sea, as far as the country of Cas- 
 ghar, conquered by the Chinese in 1759. 
 China is so extensive, that all the provinces 
 cannot enjoy the same temperature. Their 
 climate, and the nature of the soil are there- 
 fore various, according as they are nearer or 
 ©ore remote from the south. ISevere cold 
 
 c H I 
 
 is felt at Pekin, while the souther pro- 
 vinces are exposed to exeessive heat. The 
 air, however, is in general wholesome, 
 and the people commonly live to a great 
 age. The principal mountains are those 
 in the northern and western parts of the 
 empire. The latter are rendered fruitful 
 by the labour and industry of the Chinese 
 husbandmen ; but the former, which are 
 barren and rocky, being incapable of im- 
 provement, remain without cultivation. 
 Some mountains are useful, on account of 
 the quicksilver, iron, tin, lead, copper, 
 gold, and silver mines, which they con- 
 tain. Coal mines abound more in every 
 province than perhaps in any part of th© 
 world, and quarries of marble are very 
 common, especially in the province of Fo- 
 kien. China contains potters earth of so 
 many various and excellent kinds, some 
 mixed with gravel, others with the finest 
 sand, that its celebrated porcelain will 
 ever remain unrivalled. This is one of 
 the greatest objects of Chinese industry, 
 and a branch of commerce which employs 
 a vast multitude of workmen. The finest 
 and best porcelain in China is made in 
 a village called Kingte-tcbing, in the pro- 
 vince of Kian-si. This celebrated village is 
 a league and a half in length, and we are 
 assured, that it contains a million of inhabi- 
 tants. The principal lakes of China are the 
 Tonting-hon, situated in the province of 
 Hou-quang, which is more than 80 leagues 
 in circumference, and the Poyang-hou, 
 formed in Kiang-si by the confiuenee of 
 four considerable rivers, wiiich, like the sea, 
 is subject to tempest and storms. This lake 
 is near 100 leagues in length. In this vast 
 kingdom, there are two rivers particularly 
 celebrated. The first is the Yang-tse-kiong 
 or Son of the Sea. It waters four provinces, 
 through an extent of 400 leagues. Th© 
 other great river of China, is the Hoang-ho, 
 or Yellow river, so called because it waters 
 appears of a yellow colour. Besides an 
 immense numberof smaller rivers, it abounds 
 in canals, one of which, called the Grand 
 Canal, exceeds any thing of the kind in the 
 world. By this and several rivers, there is a 
 communication by water between Canton 
 and Pekin, the two extremes of the em- 
 pire, except about one day^s journey, where 
 it is interrupted by a mountain, in the pro- 
 vince of Kiang-si. All travellers agree in 
 their accounts of the fertility of China, and 
 of the extent and beauty of its plains. The 
 land in several provinces yields two crops in 
 a year ; and even in the interval between the 
 harvests, the people sow several kinds of 
 pulse, and other sm,ail grain. China in its 
 vast extent, contains almost every species of 
 trees that are known to us, besides some that 
 are peculiar to itself, as the tallow tree, tne 
 wax tree, the tsi-chu, which produces the 
 celebrated Chinese varnish ; the tie-ly-mon, 
 or iron- wood, v/hich is- so heavy, that it sinks 
 
C H I 
 
 in water, and is used for anchors. The 
 tchii-kou, is a tree so much tlie more valu- 
 able to the Chinese, as itS” inner rind fur- 
 nishes them with the greater part of the 
 paper which they consume. The Chinese 
 have likewise the bamboo, the acacia, and 
 the tea plant. The cotton tree is cultivated 
 with success in the southern provinces, and 
 the produce forms cne of the most con- 
 siderable branches of Chinese commerce. 
 Among the medicinal plants are rhubarb, 
 cassia, and gin-seng. The most esteemed 
 and valuable of all the plants is ginseng, 
 which the Man-tchev/ Tartars call orJiota, 
 the queen of plants. The Chinese physi- 
 cians always speak of it with a kind of 
 enthusiasm, and enumerate without end 
 tiiQ wonderful properties they ascribe to 
 it. The mountains and vast forests of 
 China abound with wild animals of 
 every species ; such as the rhinoceros, 
 elephants, leopards, tygers, hears, wolves, 
 foxes, buffaloes, camels, horses, wild 
 mules, &o. Some beavers, sables, and 
 ermines, are found in the northern pro- 
 vinces. Prodigious quantities of stags, 
 deer, wild boars, goats, elks, hares, rab- 
 bits, cats, squirrels, and wild rats; geese, 
 ducks, partridges, pheasants, and quails, 
 are seen hers, together with several other 
 kinds of game that are not to be found 
 in Europe. A kind of tiger is seen in 
 China w^hich has a body like a dog, but 
 lio tail, remarkably swift and ferocious. 
 Camels both wild and domestic, are 
 found in the ne parts. There are several 
 species of apes. The most beautiful 
 quadruped of China is a stag, which is 
 never larger or smaller than one of our 
 middle sized dogs. China posseses a valuable 
 animal, which is not to be found any w'here 
 else ; it is the hiang-tchang-tse, or musk 
 deer. China has birds of every species ; 
 eagles, falcons, pelicans, birds of paradise, 
 swans, storks, and paraquets. But the most 
 beautiful bird of China, and perhaps of the 
 whole \vorid, is the kin-ki, or golden phea- 
 sant. The small domestic fish, which the 
 Chinese call kin-yu, or gold-fish, are gene- 
 rally kept for ornament by great people in 
 rlieir courts and gardens, and have of late 
 years been brought to Europe. Fishing is 
 considered by the Chinese rather as an object 
 of commerce and industry than amusement. 
 T’lie silk insects, which are different from 
 silk worms, and resemble caterpillars, are 
 found in great numbers on the trees and in 
 The fields of the province of Changtong. 
 ediina appears to have been the natural and 
 original country of the silk wotm. The 
 culture of the mulberry tree and thcmanii- 
 fietiiring ofsilkshave been greatly extended 
 in China. .The principal silk stuiYs manu- 
 factured by the Chinese, are plain and 
 fioweicd gauzes, damask of ail colours, 
 stripped and black sattins, napped, flowered, 
 stripped, clouded, and pinked taffeties : 
 
 c H I 
 
 crapes, brocades, plush, different kii&ds of 
 velvet ; tmd a multitude of other stuffs, the 
 names of which are unknown in Europe. 
 The law has regulated every thing that 
 relates to dress, and even fixed the colours 
 that distinguish the difierent conditions. 
 China is stated to contain in all, 4403 
 walled cities, divided into two classes, 
 called the civil and military, the civil 
 class containing 2045, and the military 
 2357, the former being again divided into 
 three other classes, the first called fott, 
 the second tcheou, and the third Men, 
 The total population of China is stated 
 by some at 333,000,000. The coun- 
 try is certainly more populous than 
 any equal quantity of land in the world ; 
 but this statement is perhaps much exag- 
 gerated. More moderate computations 
 make the number of inhabitants onlv 
 230,000,000 out of which 28,516,488 pay 
 taxes as masters of families. The man- 
 darins are not included in the mirnher of 
 those taxable. , The principal mandarius 
 are the governors-generol of provinces, il 
 of whom iiavp the xHIq ol-tsong-tou, and 
 15 that of hiun-fou. ?vcxt to them are 
 the treasurers-generai, in number 19 ; 
 after these come the 13 lieutenant-generals 
 of the tribunal of crimes; the 17 inspect- 
 ing judges, appointed for whatever concerns 
 the literati; and 1 13 travelling commissaries, 
 whose business is to watch over the conduct 
 of the governors of cities. All these grand 
 mandarins have others under them, distin-. 
 guished by different titles, who act as their 
 counsellors, and assist them in the admini^ 
 strationof the a ffairs of their respective dis- 
 tricts. The literati form the most distin-* 
 guished part of tne Chinese nation. Since 
 the dynasty of Han, tbat is to say, for 2000 
 years back, they have constantly held the 
 chief ra.nk in the empire. Since learning in 
 China is the only means that conducts to 
 honours, it is nec?essary tbat those who as- 
 spire to them should cultivate letters ; and 
 they must make it appear that they have 
 cultivated them with success, before theycan 
 obtain any civil employment. There are in 
 China 24,700 individuals, who are every 
 year introduced to the first degree of literati. 
 Next to the literati are the military, who nls'^ 
 enjoy immunity, and are not comprehended 
 among the taxables. No potentate on earth 
 possesses so unlimited power as the sovereign 
 of this numerous nation. All authority is 
 vested in him, and in him alone. The empe- 
 ror of China has the right of choosing a. suc- 
 cessor either among his children, or the rest 
 of his family, and even from among his own 
 subjects. The mandarins, whether of letters 
 or of arms, compose exactly what is called 
 the nobility. There are only two ranks in 
 China, the nubility and the people; but the 
 former is not hereditary ; the emperor alone 
 confers or continues it. These' mandarins 
 1 enjoy a very valuable privilege ; they may. 
 
C H I 
 
 in cf '^*^5 of RPees:^ity remonstrafe with the 
 ei'ipeior, eR) ‘'r individually, or as a body, 
 op(ai any potion or omission on his part. 
 The. liternti are hij.^hly honoured in 
 China; and to their influence we may, 
 in a great measure, ascribe the mildness 
 and equity of the Chinese government. 
 Tae troops of this empire, including 
 the Tartars, amount to 1,000,000 in- 
 fantry and 300,000 cavalry, which aiding 
 ihe natural strength of the country, render 
 it equally pow'erml as great. The fron- 
 tiers of "this vast empire, nature herself 
 hath taken care to fortify througheut 
 their whole extent. Inaccessible moun- 
 tains cover it on the w, and the remaining 
 part is defended by the Great Yfali, said 
 to have been built about the year 11 GO, 
 which cover three large provinces, stretches 
 along an extent of 500 leagues, is from 
 20 to 25 feet in height, and of such an 
 enormous thickness, that six horsemen 
 may easily ride abreast upon it. It is 
 flanked with towers, two bow-shots dis- 
 tant from each other. It is still almost 
 entire, though built 2000 years ago. This 
 is not the only monument of the ingenious 
 patience and labour of the Chinese. Their 
 bridges shew most surprising examples 
 of ingenuity and art, excelling any thing 
 of the kind in Europe, Where the space 
 is great, they are built on barges strongly 
 chained together. One in particular is 
 mentioned as consisting of a single arch 
 400 cubits long and 500 high, and others 
 are said to be no less astonishing. The 
 origin of this extraordinary people, as 
 well as their primitive religion, is thus 
 given by Father Amiot, an impartial and 
 able judge of the literature, history, and 
 ancient monuments of China. The Chi- 
 nese are a distinct people, who have still 
 preserved the characteristic marks of their 
 first origin ; a people, whose primitive doc- 
 trine will be found, by those who take 
 the trouble of examining it thoroughly, to 
 agree in its essential paris wutli the doctrine 
 of the patriarchs. The principal secret of the 
 Chinese government, and to w^hich it owes 
 Its duration and stability, is, that the different 
 departments are properly inspected : that 
 everyiransaction is tboroughlyinvesti gated ; 
 that suitable rewards are given to the de- 
 serving, and that punishment is inflicted on 
 the guilty adequate to their crimes. The 
 greater part of the taxes are paid in commo- 
 dities. The emperor^s revenue, according to 
 Sir George Staunton, amounts to 06,000,000 
 sterling. Agriculture is the principal and 
 almost the only resource of the Chinese ; 
 and they consider it as the first and most ho- 
 Bourable of all professions, as it is that from 
 which society derives the greatest benefit. 
 The great number of canals and rivers by 
 which China is intersected, (end greatly to 
 facilitate the conveyance ol every kind ol 
 werchandise. The . Chinese are not at all 
 
 c H I 
 
 fitted for maritime commerce. Seldom do 
 an}^ of their vessels go beyond the straits of 
 Sunda. The Chinese in general are oi' a 
 tawny complexion, have large fortdieads, 
 small eyes, short noses, large ears, long 
 beards, and black hair, and those of the 
 greatest bulk are esteemed the most haad- 
 some. The women are celebrated for 
 their little feet. The houses are ofien 
 very mean ; for the most pari consisting 
 of a ground floor, and built of wood. 
 The Chinese are celebrated for their polite- 
 ness, but they often conceal the deepe.st 
 animosity and rancour. Their religion 
 is paganism ; they allow^ polygamy, but 
 keep their wives pretty close. Burials 
 are not permitted in cities and large 
 towns. Their eemetaries are usually on 
 mountains and barren hills. Such is their 
 veneration for their ancestors, that they 
 keep images of them in their houses, to 
 w'hich they pay a kind of religious ho- 
 mage. As learning and the arts are so 
 , much encouraged, they are in general w^ell 
 informed. , Their writing is remarkable 
 for the immense number of its characters, 
 every letter being a word, and consequent- 
 ly every word requiring a different letter. 
 Their naval architecture appears to have 
 made no progress for several centuries. 
 The largest of their vessels arc not above 
 250 or 300 tons burden, and thair length 
 never exceeds 80 or 90 feet. In the year 
 1771 , a body of 50,000 Tartar families, 
 and in 1772 other 30,000 left their settle- 
 ments under the Russian government, vo- 
 luntarily offered themselves as subjects to 
 Kien Long, emperor of China, who received 
 them graciously. Pekin is the capital. 
 
 Chine a ^ a sea-port, situated on a river ia a 
 valley of the same name, in Peru. S Ame- 
 rica. The valley once contained 25.000 
 inhabitants, now reduced to about 500 fa- 
 milies, 90 miles s of Lima. Lon. 7G 15 
 w, lat. 13 10 s. 
 
 ChincJi 4 ihi, a towm in the province of 
 Murcia, Spain, stands on an eminence, ST 
 miles w of Alniauaa, and G9 nnvv of 
 Murcia. 
 
 Chmehi. See Quin-nong. 
 
 Ching-keang , a town in -the province of 
 Kiang-nai), China. Lon. 119 § e, lat. 32 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Ching~livy a town on the river Chuk, tiic 
 capital of th« province of Se-tchuen- China. 
 Lon. 104 0 30 40 N. 
 
 CMn-kieoy y a iewm in tlm; proviiu of Ho- 
 nan, China. 15 leagues ne. ot Yunmiig. 
 
 Chiana Balaharamy a. to'vnin theAl^^sore 
 country, HindGOsicn. L.oa- 77 50 E, lat. 
 13 25 IV. 
 
 ChinoUy a town a>id principal place of a 
 district in the dep'^r orent of the Indre and 
 Loire, France. It contains about 5000 in- 
 I haidtants. Chinoa is <he birth-place of Ra- 
 ' belais and of Quillet, and in its strong castle 
 I died Henr> II« of England. It is situated 
 
C H I 
 
 en the Vienna, and is 23 miles wsw of 
 Tours. 
 
 Chhirayapatana, a town of Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, bas a well built stone fort, and is 
 37 miles m by w of Seringapatam. 
 
 Chinsum, a town in the country of Ben- 
 gal, Hindoostan, The town is populous 
 and commercial, and the houses are built 
 in the European style. The British took 
 possession of this town in 1793. It is 17 
 miles N of Calcutta. 
 
 Chiujjy a town of Luxemburg, in the Ne- 
 therlands, on the Sarnoy, 40 miles w by n 
 of Luxemburg, 
 
 Chin- Yang, or Moncdan Hotnn, a town of 
 Chinese Tartary. Lon. 141 3 e, lat. 41 52 n. 
 
 ChionrliCy a town in Romania, European 
 Turkey, stands on a river of the same name, 
 and is the see of a Greek bishop, 47 miles 
 WKW of Constantinople. Lon. 27 57 e, lat. 
 41 8 N. 
 
 CHIOZZO, or Chioggia, a town and 
 district of Italy, on the coast of the Adria- 
 tic. The town is built on piles, with a 
 fort on the harbour. This district contains 
 one town, one borough, six villages, three 
 harbours, and 40,000 inhabitants. The 
 oapital, Ciiiozza, anciently called Clodia, 
 €ludgia, and Fossa Claudia, is situated 
 on a canal. It is two miles in circuui- 
 lerence, contains three churches, eight 
 monasteries, and 23,000 industrious inha- 
 bitants, 18 miles s of Venice. Lon. 12 6 
 E, iat. 45 17 N. 
 
 Chipawas, See Chepawas. 
 
 Chippenham, a town in the county of 
 Wilts, seated on the Avon. It is a corpora- 
 tion and borough town, returning two mem- 
 bers to parliau7,eat. There is a considerable 
 manufacture of superfine woollen cloth ; a 
 weekly market on Saturday, and four 
 annual fairs. It is 21 miles e of Bristol, 
 and 93 w of London. 
 
 Chipping Norton, in the county of 
 
 Oxford, with a weekly market on Wednes- 
 day, and seven annual fairs. Here are ma- 
 nufactures for horse clothing and harra- 
 teens. It is 74 miles wnw of London. 
 
 Chipping-Ongar, a town in the county of 
 Essex.* The market is on Saturday, 21 
 mile^‘ of London. 
 
 Chipping- Sudbury, a town in Gloucester- 
 shire. It has a market on Thursday ; and 
 fairs, May 25d, aiid June 24th, 12 miles ne 
 of Bristol, and 108 w^nw of London. 
 
 Chipping-Wijcomh, a town in Buck- 
 inghamshire. It ha? a market on Friday ; 
 •find a fair on September 25. It is govern- 
 ed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, and other 
 officers, and sends two members to par- 
 liament. A beautiful Roman pavement, 
 nine square, was discovered near this 
 place. It gives title of barop to PeHy, 
 marquis of Laiisdowme. 
 
 Chipiona, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 
 Kcaied on a rock, near the sea, five miles 
 wsw. of St. Lucat de Barameda. 
 
 c H I 
 
 Chiriqui, Or CMriquita, a town in the 
 province of Veragua, Mexico, stands on a 
 river of its name, 12 miles from its mouth, 
 and 130 w of St, Jago. Lon. 83 28 
 lat. 3 30 N. 
 
 Chirk, a village in the county of Den- 
 bigh, Wales, on the summit of a hill near 
 Wrexham. Here are two castles, one of 
 which appears to have been magnificent, 
 the Other is a complete ruin. It has thre» 
 annual fairs, 2d Thuesday in February, 2d 
 Tuesday in June, and August 12. 
 
 Chirnside, a parish of Scotland, in Ber- 
 wickshire, about three miles and a half 
 long, and three broad, mostly arable land. 
 The population is 1107 souls. David 
 Hume, the celebrated historian, though 
 born by accident in Edinburgh, was from 
 his infancy bred in this parish. The estate 
 ot Ninewells is the property of Joseph 
 Hume, esq. a collateral descendant. 
 
 Chirnside, a village and burgh of barony 
 in the above parish. It contains about 600 
 inhabitants, and has an annual fair on the 
 last Thursday of November. 
 
 Chirg, a town in the department of 
 the Oise, France, and chief place of a 
 canton. 
 
 Chisoin, or Cliisoing, a town in thedejiart- 
 ment of the North, France. Lon. 3 21 e, 
 lat. 18 12 N. 
 
 Chisme, or Cisme, a sea-port town on the 
 w coast of Natolia, Asiatic Turkey. Its 
 ancient name was Cysus, and it is cele- 
 braied as the scene of the great victory 
 gained by the Romans over the fleet of 
 Antiochus in 191, B. C, and for the de- 
 struction of the Turkish fleet by the RuS'f 
 sians in 1770, 40 miles w of Smyrna. Lon 4 
 26 16 E, lat. 38 24 n. 
 
 Chiswick, a village in Middlesex, five miles 
 w by s of London. Here is Chiswick House, 
 a villa of the duke of Devonshire. It is in 
 the Italian style, with a valuable collection 
 of paintings. In the church is interred the 
 famous Kent, painter, architect, and father 
 of modern gardening ; and in the church- 
 yard a monument in memory of Hogarth, 
 with an inscription by Garrick ; also the 
 tomb of Dr. Rose, a worker in the Monthly 
 Review, who died in 1806. 
 
 Chitpour, or Chittipur, a town in the 
 country of Guzerat, Hindoostan, celebratej 
 lor its manufacture of chintzes. Lon. 73 
 3 E, Ferro, lat. 23 45 n. 
 
 Chi fro, or Kifro, a town in the province 
 of Macedonia, European Turke}', where 
 the mother, .wife, and son of Alexander were 
 murdered by Cassander, 36 miles sse of 
 Edessa. 
 
 Chilteldroog, a town in the Mj\sore coun- 
 try, Hindoostan. The plain of which is 10 
 niileslong and foiirbroad, encircled by rocky 
 hills. The town, which once covered the 
 greater part of this plain, is now confined 
 within its \valls.at the foot of the rock. It 
 ‘was strengthened by Tippoo ; and, since hp 
 
C H O 
 
 wAs vanquisiied in 1T9^, it is subject' to the 
 ffajalioi Mysore; Here the English have a 
 gtirrison, 48 miles nw of Sera, and I !7 n by 
 w of Sei'ingapatarn. Lon. 76 e, iat. 14 
 
 6 N. 
 
 CHITTIGONG, a district iii the coun- 
 try of Bengal, Hindoostan. The capital is 
 Islamabad, 
 
 Ckittoor, a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doostan, 70 miles \v of Madias. 
 
 Citivazzo iOT CkicaSy a town of Peidmout, 
 situated in a plain. It is defended with an- 
 cient arid-new walls, bastions, and large fos- 
 filled with water, i 2 miles ne of Turin. 
 Lon. 25 29 e, Ferro, lat. 45 1 n. 
 
 ChimayLa, a town in the Veronese, Italy, 
 on the Adige, 14 miles nkw of Verona. 
 
 Chimiy a town in the county of Sienna, 
 Italy, containingabout 1000 inhabitants, on 
 the Chiano, 65 miles se cf Sienna. 
 
 Chiutayay Kiutajay or Cutajay a town ana 
 capital of a district m Natolia. Here are 
 three Armenian ohurohes, several mosques 
 and warm baths. It is seated near the 
 river Pursak, at the foot of a mountain, 74 
 miles SE of Bursay. Lon. 30 47 e, lat. 39 
 14 N. 
 
 Chmielniky a town of Podoiia, Poland, 
 stands on an island, formed by the Bog, 80 
 miles N of Kaminieck. Lon. 27 50 e, iat. 
 49 44 N. 
 
 Choc Bay, an the w coast of the island ol 
 Si Lucia. 
 
 Choczimy or Cokzim, a town in Moldavia, 
 European Turkey, on the Dniester. It is 
 surrounded by walls and was taken by the 
 Austrians and Russians in 1788, but restored 
 at the peace; llOmilesNNWof Jassay. Lon. 
 26 26 E, lat. 48 46 n. 
 
 Choiseuily a town in the department of the 
 IJpper Marne, France, 12 miles ne ol Lan- 
 gres. / 
 
 Chollety a town in the department of the 
 Maine and Loire, France has a castle, and 
 is 27 miles ssw of Angers. 
 
 Cholniy a town in the government of Pskov, 
 Russia, seated on the Lovat, 180 miles s of 
 Petersburg. Lon. 49 0 e, Ferro j lat. 57 
 0 N. 
 
 CAo/w/a, a town in Tiascala, New Spain. 
 It contains 16,000 inhabitants and is 
 surrounded with beautiful plantations of 
 Agave. This town was once famed for 
 its temples, its potiers, and jewellers. It 
 is most distinguished by a pyramid, the 
 sides of whose base are 1423 feet each, 
 and its present height 177 feet. It con- 
 sists of four stages, and the surface of its 
 platform is 43,208 square feet. In the 
 midst is a church, in which mass is per^ 
 formed every morning by an Indian priest, 
 whose abode is on the lop of this un- 
 common monument. It appears lo be coii- 
 structed of alternate strata of brick and clay, 
 and far exceeds the greatest pyramid in 
 Egypt; 17 mile^ w of Puebla de los An- 
 gelos. 
 
 C H R 
 
 Ckomdy^x town oi H unga ry, and a bisliop'<> 
 see, s lands on the Mar os, 25 miles e of Se- 
 gedin, and 25 n of Temeswar. 
 
 Clwnas, a town in the department of th® 
 Isere, France, and chief place of a canton, 
 13 miles s of Vienne. 
 
 CHOIIASSAN, or Korasan, a province 
 of Persia, about 150 leagues in length, and 
 140 in beadth. The principal towns ar® 
 Herat, Kenef, Talekan, Alerwa, Zaw'eh,<fec. 
 Capital is Maschad. 
 
 Charges y a town in tlie department of the 
 Higher Alps, France, 10 miles k of Gap. 
 
 Cliorley, a town in the county of Lancas- 
 ter. Here are very large manufactures of 
 cotton, fustians, calicoes, and muslins. In 
 the vicinity are coal works, quarries of flag 
 and millstones, and mines of lead and alum. 
 There are two markets weekly, on Tuesday 
 and Saturday. It is six miles sse of Pres- 
 ton, eight N of Wigan, and 208 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 CHOTAR, a district in Dalmatia, con- 
 sisting of several fertile vales, inhabited by 
 the Morlachs. 
 
 Chouley a town on the coast of Concan, 
 India, belonging to the Portuguese, has a 
 harbour for small vessels, which is fortifi- 
 ed ; 24 miles s of Bombay. Lon. 72 46 e, 
 lat- 18 37 N. 
 
 Clirehet a range of mountains 
 
 between Russian Tartavy and Chinese Tar- 
 tary. 
 
 Chrehet Divgaky a range of mountains 
 between Russian Tartary and Chinese Tar- 
 tary. 
 
 ChremnUZyihe principal of the mine towns 
 in Upper Hungary. Lon. 10 27 e, lat. 48 
 59 N. 
 
 ChrUtburgy a town of W Prussia, on the 
 Sorge, with a castle, 15 miles se of Marieu- 
 burg. 
 
 Christhnrg y or Alt ChrirthusQy a town in 
 the territory of Omberland, Prusia, four 
 miles sw of Preuschmark. 
 
 Christchurch y a town in the country of 
 Hants, seated on the Avon, near its junction 
 with the Stour, about three miles from the 
 sea. It is a corporation and a borough town 
 governed by a mayor ; and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. The church is a large 
 edifice. Here are tfie mm? ol a castle and 
 priory. The. principal trade is in knit silk 
 stockings and watch chains. There is a 
 weekly market on Monday. It is 25 miles 
 s of Salisbury, and 100 sw of London. 
 
 Christiana ySiiovyn in Delaware, and coun- 
 ty o. Newcastle, United States, founded by 
 the Swedes, stands on a navigable creek of 
 its name, between the Chesapeak and De- 
 laware, which here are only J3 miles asun- 
 der ; four miles sw of Newcastle, 
 
 Christianburgy a town of Montgomery 
 country, Virginia, wside of the Alleghany 
 ■mountains ; 170 miles wsw of Kichmocd. 
 Lon. 80 50 w^, lat. 37 5 n. 
 
 Christianburgy a fort on the Gold caast> 
 
C H R 
 
 Guinea, belonging to the Danes. Lon. 1 
 55 K, lat. 4 10 N. 
 
 Christiinrfeld, a town of Sleswick, Den- 
 mark, built by the Moravians in the reign of 
 C'ih'istian VII. Its maimiactiires are of 
 superior quality. 
 
 Christiania, a city and seaport in the go- 
 vernment of Agerhus, Norway. It is es- 
 teemed the capital of the kingdom, because 
 the supreme court oi judicature is held here. 
 It is divided into three parts, viz. the city 
 and suburbs, the fortress of Agerhus, and the 
 old townofOpsloe or Anslo, The city and 
 suburbs contain 1100 houses, and Opsla3 
 400. The number of inhabitants is estimat- 
 ed at 9000. The harbour is excellent. The 
 principal exports are tar, soap, iron, copper, I 
 planks, and deals. It is 30 miles from the 
 open sea, and 290 n by w of Copenhagen. 
 Lon. to 50 E, lat. 59 50 n. 
 
 Christianople, a stia port of Blekingen, 
 Sweden, on the Baltic, 1 3 miles ne of Carsl- 
 crona. Lon. 15 4T e, lat. 56 26 n. 
 
 Christ iansand, a sea port town in the go- 
 vernment of Bergen, Norway, capital ol a 
 province of the same name, at the mouth of 
 the Torrisdals, no miles ese of Stavanger, 
 and 120 ssw of Christiania. Lon. 8 40 e, 
 lat. 58 25 N. 
 
 Christianstadt, a town in the country of 
 Blekingen, Sweden, seated on the river Hel- 
 gea, in a marshy plain, and built by Chris- 
 tian I V. of Denmark. It is small but well 
 built, and strongly fortified. English vepels 
 annually resort to t^is port for alum, pitch, 
 and tar. The inhabitants have manufactures 
 of cloth and silken stuffs. It is 57 miles w 
 of Carlscrona, Lon. 14 10 e, lat. 56 
 25 N. 
 
 Ckristiansund y a town in' the island of 
 Fossen, Norway, trades chiefly in timber ; 
 and is 36 miles nw of Drontheim. 
 
 CHRISTINA, St, the largest of the 
 islands called Marquesas. See Marquesas. 
 
 Christinestadt,asee. port town in the pro- 
 vince of East Bothnia, Sv/eden, 155 miles n 
 fey w of Abo. Lon. 21 28 e, lat. 62 
 40 N. 
 
 Christineham, a town of Wermeland, 
 Sweden, e end of the lake Wenner, 30 miles 
 jsE of Carsltadt. 
 
 CHRISTMAS ISLAND, an island of 
 the Paeific, ocean about 15 or 20 leagues in 
 eircumference, covered with wood. Cap- 
 tain Cook landed here on Christmas day, 
 1777, and found abundance of fine turtle, but 
 neither inhabitants nor fresh water. Lon. 
 202 30 E, Greenwich, lat. i 59 n 
 
 Christmas Sound, a bay bn the s coast of 
 Terra del Fuego. Captain Cook passed 
 this sound, 25 Dec. 1774. The country 
 being barren, wild fowl is the principal arti- 
 cle to be found for the supply of sh qipiug. 
 Lon. 70 3 w, lat. 55 22 s. 
 
 Christophe de Laguna, St, a town of Te- 
 neriff, in a fertile plain, has several fountain^ 
 to which water is conveyed by an aqueduct. 
 
 C H U 
 
 Here the governor has a palace, though her 
 commonly resides at .St Cruz. It is alscr 
 the seat of the courts of law. Lon. 16 18 
 w, lat. 28 29 n.- 
 
 CHRISTO? HER^s. St, or St Kitt’s, 
 one of the Leew''ard Islands, in the W 
 Indies, belonging to Britain. It is 20 
 miles long, and seven broad ; contains 
 about 80 square miles ; and is inhabited 
 by about 6000 whites and 36,000 negroes* 
 The soil is fertile and the air good, but 
 subject to hurricanes. It produces sugar, 
 cotton, ginger, indigo, <fce. It lies near 
 Nevis, about 60 miles w of Antigua. 
 Basseterre is the capital. Lon. 63 14 w, 
 lat. 17 15 N. 
 
 Chrudim, a town of Bohemia, and capital 
 of a circle of the same name, on the Cru- 
 dimka. The circle contains 33 towns, and 
 is celebrated for its fish ponds, and excel- 
 lent breed of horses. 
 
 Chvalimk, a town in the government of 
 Saratov, Asiatic Russia. Lon. 65 40 E, 
 Ferro, lat. 52 25 n. 
 
 ChucuitOjdL town of Peru, w side of lake 
 Titicaca, called also Chuciiito, 130 miles 
 Nw of Paz. Lon. 70 26 w, lat. 16 20 s. 
 
 Chudleigh, a town in the county of 
 Devon. In 1807 it was almost totally' 
 consumed by fire, but is now rebuilding. 
 Here is an immense rock of bluish lime- 
 stone, called Chudleigh marble, with a 
 large cavern in it. The vicinity is noted 
 for cider. It has a. weekly market on 
 Saturday, and a woollen manufacture is 
 carried on. It is nine miles sw of Exeter, 
 and 185 w by s of London. 
 
 Chuganseriai, a town in- the Cabulistan, 
 Asia, on a river of its name, 80 miles e of 
 Cabul. Lon. 70 8 e, lat. 54 35 n. 
 
 CHUKOTSKIJA, a province of Siberia, 
 extending from 156 to 197 deg. e ion. and 
 from 63 to 73 deg. 20 m. n lat. and is the 
 most easterly of the dominions of Russia. 
 
 Chuluteca, or Xeres, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Guatirnala, Mexico. Lon. 70 20 
 w, Ferro, lat. 13 20 n. 
 
 CHUMBIVILEAS, a jurisdiction of 
 South America, in Peru, near 30 leagues 
 in extent ; with some miues of gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Chumleigh, or Chimleigh, a tov/n in the 
 county of Devon, on the Taw. Chumleigh * 
 has a market on Friday, and a fair Aug. 2. 
 It is 21 miles nw of Exeter, and 194 w by 
 s of London. 
 
 CImnar, a fortress of Hindoostan, in tha 
 country of Benares, seated on a roiik and 
 fortified, ceded to the English by the Nabob 
 of Oude, in 1772. It stan.ls on the right 
 bank of the Ganges, and is 15 miles s of 
 Benares, and HO w by s of Patna. Lon. 
 S3 5 E. lat. 25 10 x. 
 
 Chmiaob, or Jenaiib, a nver of Asia, chief 
 of ihe five eo stern branciie- ci the Indus, has 
 its source i?) the inoinif.uns oi Tibet, passes 
 through Cvisluue.e and 1. shore, and unites 
 
C I c 
 
 With the indu? 20 miles below Moultan. 
 This river is tbs Aeesines of Alexander. 
 
 Cknn-Kin^y a city in the province of Se- 
 tchiieii^ China. Lon. 123 30 e, FerrO^ lat. 
 
 30 50 N. 
 
 Chun-Te, a city in the province of Pe- 
 tclie-li, China. Under its jurisdiction are 
 nine cities of the third rank ; 200 miles nnw 
 of Pekin. Lon. 114 20 e, lat. 37 5 n. 
 
 Chupj'ahf a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, 
 left bank of the Ganges ; 28 miles Wnw of 
 Patna . 
 
 durpraliy o townofCaadeish^Hitidoostan; 
 seated on the Gool ; 00 miles wof Biirhan* 
 pour. 
 
 Chnrchill, a town in Maryland^ United 
 States, ontlis Rappahannock, eight miles 
 SE of Urbanna. Lon. 70 10 w, lat. 39 
 
 6 N. 
 
 ChniehillFortf Cm the s coast Of Hudson’s 
 bay. Lon. 94 0 w, lat. 58 52 k. 
 
 Church Point, a cape on the w coast of 
 the islanxl of Rai badoes. 
 
 Cky.TQli Strettcn, a town situated in the 
 most hilly part of Shropshire. The principal 
 manufaciure is the making of coarse cloth, 
 .It is 14 miles s of Shrewsbury, and 158 nnw 
 of London. Market on Saturday, and fairs. 
 May 14, and Sept. 25. 
 
 Churn, a river of England, which has its 
 source in a hill, four miles s of Cheltenham, 
 wdience issues seven springs in the compass of ' 
 30 feet called Seven ^¥ells and Thames 
 bead. It passes into V5iitshire by Cirences 
 ter, and unites with the Isis two miles above 
 Cricklade, when they lose themselves in the 
 Thames. 
 
 CHUSAN or Cheuxan, an island on the 
 E coast of China, with a good harbour, and 
 a town called Ting-hai. Lon. 124 0 e, lat. 
 30 0 N. 
 
 CHUSISTAN, or Kosistan, a province 
 of Persia. The country is extensive, but 
 thinly inhabited. It produces cgrn, rice, 
 cotton, sugar, tobacco, and dates. This 
 country was called by the Susiana, 
 
 from Susa the capital. 
 
 CIAMPA, or Tsiampa, a kingdom of 
 Asia. It is separated from Cambodia by 
 mountains, inhabited by a savage people, 
 xvlio are employed in fishing. It produces 
 silk, cotton, and indigo. Feneri is the 
 capital. 
 
 Cibao, a mountain, in the island of St Do- 
 mingo, which abounds in mines of gold, 
 silver, and copper. 
 
 CICACIO^ a district in the government 
 of Buenos Ayres, 80 leagues in extent. 
 
 Cicacole, the capital of one of the northern 
 circars of Hindoostan, 150 miles in length, 
 and from 15 to 30 in breadth ; 150 miles ne 
 ot Rajamundy, and 208 ene of Hydrabad. 
 Lon. 84 S E, lat. 18 16 n. 
 
 Cicliigh, Ciclvi, Ciclut, or Citclut, a for- 
 tres and frontier tov/n of Dalmatia, seated on 
 the w side of the river Narenta. In 1694, the 
 Venetians took it from the Turks ; six 
 
 Cl N 
 
 miles from Narenta. Lon. 18 22 e, lat. 4^ 
 
 29 N, 
 
 Cilley, a town in the Duchy of Stiria, Ger- 
 many, and capital of a district of the same 
 name, which extends as far as Petraw. It 
 has a considerable trade in merchandise go- 
 ing to and from Vienna and Treisi. It is si- 
 tuated on the San where it meets the Roding, 
 from whence ii is navigable ; 58 miles s by . 
 w of Gratz. Lon. 15 19 e, lat. 46 21 n. 
 
 Cimhrisham, or Cimbrishav;€n,OL SCOi\)Ovt 
 in West Gothland, Sweden, 24 miles s of 
 Christiatistadt. Lon, (3 30 e, lat. 56 40 Nt. 
 
 CINALOA, a province in New Mexico,. 
 North America, in the audience of Guada- 
 lajara. The air is pure and healthy ; and 
 the land good and fertile, producing abun- 
 dance of maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton, 
 and has rich niines. 
 
 Cinaloa, the capital of the above province, 
 on a river of the same name, .35 miles from 
 the gulf of California, and 100 nw of Cu- 
 liacan. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 upwards of 9000. Lon. 106 3 w, lat. 25 
 58 N. 
 
 Cinan, a large and populous town of Chi- 
 na. Lon. 103 35 e, lat. 30 7 n. 
 
 Cincinnati, a fiomisliing town in the state 
 of Ohio, and chief of Hamilton county. It 
 is seated on the Ohio, two miles below fort 
 Yfashingtctn. . Remains of antiquity hav;^ 
 been found in the vicinity. It has two places , 
 of public worship, and is the mart of the 
 state ; 82 miles nne of Frankfort, and 100 
 w by s of Pdarietta. It contained 200 housei 
 in 1795. Lon. 84 42 w, lat. 39 6 n. 
 
 Cinefi, a town of Sicily, in the valley’ of 
 Mazara. Here excellent manna i§ found ; 
 20 miles w of Palermo. 
 
 Ciney, a towjn in the territory of Liege, 
 17 miles se of Namur, and 37 sw oi 
 Liege. 
 
 Cinque Mars, Q, town in the department 
 of the Indre and Loire, 10 miles nw of 
 Tours. 
 
 Cinque-Ports, certain sea ports on the 
 coasts of Kent and Sussex, so called from 
 being five in number when their first charter 
 was granted by William I. in 1097. These 
 wer^ Dover, Sandwich, Hastings, Hithe, 
 and Romney ; to Which were afterwards 
 added Winehelsea, Rye, and Seaford. They 
 are all borough towns, sending each two 
 members to parliament, under the title of 
 Barons of the Cinqne Ports. The constable 
 of Dover castle, appointed by the king, had 
 the command of these ports, the inhabitants 
 of which were bound to supply government 
 with 50 ships on receiving 40 days noiice, 
 in lieu of certain privileges and immunities 
 which they enjoyed. They Were also to sup- 
 ply the crews of these ships fbr 15 days In 
 these times the rich merchants of these ports 
 like the opulent merchants of London, v/ere 
 styled barons, whencearose the name of their 
 representatives in parliament. The governor 
 is now ©ailed lord warden of the Cinqu® Ports* 
 Wi h 
 
C I R 
 
 Cinque Villas, a town in the province of 
 Beira^ Portugal, six miles ne of Almeida. 
 
 Cintra, a town in Estrarnadura, Portu- 
 gal. Cintra contains four parish churches, 
 and 1900 inhabitants. A palace built here 
 by the Moors, was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake in 1655 ; but rebuilt by king Joseph ; 
 12 miles Nw of Lisbon. 
 
 Ciotat La, a sea port town in the depart- 
 ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, France, 
 and chief place of a canton, in the district 
 of Marseilles, seated on the bay of Leguee, 
 has a fort, and is noted for muscadine 
 wine ; 14 miles se of Marseilles. Lon. 5 
 41 E, lat. 43 10 N. 
 
 CIRCAR, a name given in Hindoostan 
 to a tract of country. 
 
 C'IRGARS, Northern. These are five 
 circars lying to the n of (he Carnatic, or 
 Madras ; viz. Cleacole, Condapilly, Eilore, 
 Rajamundry, and Guntoor. The first four 
 are in the hands of the English, the latter 
 belongs to the Nizam. The former oc- 
 cupy the sea coast from the Chilka lake, 
 on the confines of Cattack, to the northern 
 bank of Kistnah river, forming compara- 
 tively, a long narrow slip of country, 350 
 miles long, and from 20 to 75 wide. The 
 English circars were taken from the 
 French, who had possession of them only 
 for a few years, in 1759. 
 
 CIRCASSIA, a country of Asia. It 
 was formerly governed by several princes ; 
 but is now almost wholly subject to Rus- 
 sia, and included in the government of Cau- 
 casus. It contains the districts of Great 
 Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beslen, Temir- 
 goi, Abasech, Bseduch, Hatukai, and 
 Bshani. The Cabardians are the most 
 powerful race, and their superiority has 
 introduced a general imitation of their 
 manners among their neighbours, so that 
 from a description of these, an idea may be 
 formed of all the rest. They are divided 
 into three classes, the princes, the usdens, 
 or nobles, and the vassals, or people. The 
 principal articles of commerce are sheep 
 and horses. They have no money, and ail 
 their commerce is carried on by exchange. 
 They are expert horsemen and able war- 
 riors. Their women are famed fo-r their 
 beauty ; and chiefly supply the seraglios of 
 Persia and Turkey. They sell for from 29 
 to L. 1 00, according to their Ijeauty . They 
 have no letters of their own; and those 
 w’ho wish to write their language are obli- 
 ged to make use of Arabian characters, j 
 A certain number of peasants is allowed to 
 each princely family. The eldest in s'lch 
 famijy is considered as chief, and is father, 
 protector, and judge of all these vassals. 
 
 'i he prince, whose person is sacred, cannot 
 be a landholder. His property consists in 
 arms, horses, skives, and the tribute he ex- 
 torts from the neighbouring nations. In 
 t’-me of peace, his house, food, and dress, 
 can scarcely be distiriguisiied from those 
 
 CIS 
 
 of the nobles or even the peasants. They 
 do not appear ever to have had written 
 laws, but are governed by ancient usage, 
 or what may be styled common law. 
 They have few manufactures. At 12 years 
 of age the prince is put under the care of 
 some noble, or of some other prince, to be 
 educated, and his preceptor is repaid by 
 nine-tenths of the booty he collects while 
 he is under his care. Girls are brought up 
 by the mother, and learn to embroider, to 
 make their own dress, and that of their fu- 
 ture husband. Their religion w’as once 
 the Christian, then they were Mahomrae- 
 dans, now they seem to have little or none. 
 They violate their oaihs without scruple, 
 unless taken in certain places, that is near 
 the rqins as is supposed of the Christian 
 churches. 
 
 Circeo, a river of Italy. 
 
 Cire, a town in the department cf the 
 Lower Charsnte, France, and chief place of 
 a canton. 
 
 Cirella, a town of Naples, and province 
 of Calabria Citra ; 12 miles sse of Scala. 
 
 Cirencester, a large and populous town 
 in the county of Gloucester. Two markets 
 are held weekly on Monday and Friday ; 
 and fairs, Easter Tuesday, July 18, and 
 Nov. 8. It is a borough towm, governed 
 by two high constables, and 1 4 w^ards-men, 
 and sends two members to parliament. It 
 stands on the Churn, is a great mart for 
 wool, and celebrated for curriers knives. 
 At this place the Roman roads crossed 
 each other. It had walls, an abbey,, and 
 a castle. It lies 18 miles se of Glou- 
 cester, and 90 w of London, Lon. 1 38 w, 
 lat. 5) 43 N. 
 
 Cirenza. See Accrenza. 
 
 drey, a towm in the department of 
 Meurte, and chief place of a canton in Ihtf 
 district of Blamont, three miles e of Bia- 
 mont. 
 
 Cirie, alowm and capital of a marquisate, 
 in the principality of Piedmont, w hich com- 
 prehends likewise the town of St Maurice, 
 Nolli, and Robasome, on the Doria, eight 
 miles NNw of Turin. 
 
 CISALPINE REPUBLIC, a late ex- 
 tensive democratic state of Italy, which 
 comprehended wdiat was formerly called 
 Austrian Lombardy, the territories of Ber- 
 gamo, Bresciano, and Cremona, the towm 
 and fortress of Mantua, the territory of Pes- 
 chiara, part of the ci-devant Venetian 
 States, all the ancient territory of Modena, 
 the principalities of Mantua and Car- 
 rara, the territory of Chiavenne, and the 
 three legations of Bologna, Ferrara, and 
 Romagna, a part of the Veron.'^se, the ci- 
 devant duchy of Massa, and the Valteline ; 
 lying between Ion. 9 0 and 14 e, and be- 
 tween lat. 43. and 47 0 n. It w^as created 
 by France, and a constitution similar to that 
 of the late Ffench repu])iic was adopted in 
 Sept, 1797. It was finally established 
 
C I T 
 
 and defined by the treaty of Campo-For- 
 niio, on the 17th Qct, 1797, The Cisal- 
 pine (afterwards Italian) republic was 
 divided into 20 departments, viz. Olone, 
 Verbano, Lario, Montague, Tessino, Ad- 
 da, Serio, Adda, Ogiio, Meila Benaco Up- 
 per Po, Mincio, Crostolo, Appennines, 
 Panaro, Reno, Upper Padua, Lower Po, 
 Amone, and Rubicon. Each of these 
 uepartnients reiurned a number of mem- 
 bers to ihe legislative body of the re- 
 public, in proportion to its population. 
 Tue total number of deputies was 240. 
 The total population of the republic, as 
 given by the Cisalpine Consulta, on the 
 iStb May, I SOI, was 3,857,668 ; the re- 
 public being at tiiat time newly divided 
 into 12 departments. The exports of this 
 republic in homed cattle, horses, wool, 
 flax, silks, rice, cheese, &c. he estimated 
 at 10 millions of guilders, or 1,166,6681. 
 Sterling : cmcl the imports at four-fifths of 
 the sum '. Early in 1802, Bonaparte, the 
 first Consul of France, got himself chosen 
 President of this republic : and the name 
 Cisalpine, v/as abolished for that of Italian, 
 which has also now given way to the more 
 pompous title of the Kingdom of Italy, 
 of which it forms the principal part. All 
 these arrangements and changes of forms 
 and names have now passed away like a 
 vision of the night, in consequence of the 
 abdication of the mighty Napoleon, late 
 emperor of the French and king of Italy. 
 
 Cismar, a town in Holstein, near the 
 Baltic, 17 miles n of Traveniund. Lon. 
 11 2 E, lat. 54 14 N. 
 
 CIS? AD ANA, a small Italian republic, 
 comprehending Bologna, Ferrara, Modena 
 and Rbegio. It afterwards made part of 
 the Cisalpine republic. 
 
 Citclut. See Ciclugh, 
 
 Citrazoy a town of Naples, and province 
 of Calabria Citra, near the Mediterranean, 
 20 miles >’w of Cosenza. 
 
 Citta Castellana, a town of Italy. It is 
 23 miles n of Rome. 
 
 Citta di Costello, a town of Italy, situat- 
 ed on the Tiber, with a castle, 27 miles sw 
 of Urhino, and 97 n of Rome. Lon. 12 
 18 E, lat. 43 32 n. 
 
 Citta Ducale, a tov;n of Naples, in the 
 province of Abruzzo Ultra. It lies i8 
 miles w of Aquila. 
 
 Citta Nuova, a town of Italy, situated 
 on the coast of the Adriatic, 10 miles 
 s of Loretto. Lon. 13 46 e, iat. 45 
 32 N. 
 
 CITTA NUOVA, a district of the late 
 Maritime division of Austria, comprehend- 
 ing one town, three forests, and several vil- 
 lages. 
 
 Citta Nuova, an ancient town in the a- 
 bove district. It lies seven miles s of 
 A mage. 
 
 Citta Nuova Cottonera, a fortified town 
 in the isle of Malta. 
 
 c I V 
 
 Citta Veechia. See Civita Vechia, 
 
 Citta Vittorioso, or 11 Borgo, a strong 
 town of the island of Malta, with a good 
 harbour. Lon. 14 34 e, lat. 35 54 n. 
 
 Cittadella, a sea-port town of the island 
 of Minorca, with a good harbour. It 
 contains tw'o churches and four convents, 
 600 houses, and about 3,000 inhabitants. 
 Here the old nobility of the island prin- 
 cipally reside. There is a good harbour 
 at the w end of the island, but the trade 
 is inconsiderable. Lon. 3 34 e, lat. 39 58 N. 
 
 Cittadella, a podestaria or bailiwick of 
 the late Maritime division of Austria, in the 
 Paduano, containing one town, 33 large 
 villages, and 26,140 souls. 
 
 Cftiadella, tiie capital of the above baili- 
 wick, contains 5,800 souls. 
 
 City Point. See Bermada Hundred. 
 
 Civdad, de Las Palmas, a sea-port tow'U 
 of the island of Canary, and capital of that 
 and all the islands. The towm is large, 
 containing about 1200 inhabitants, in ge- 
 neral rich. The harbour is good, and. 
 defended by a fortress. 
 
 Ciudad Real, a town of Spain, the capi^ 
 tal of La Mancha, celebrated for a manu- 
 facture of leather for gloves. Here are 
 three churches and nine convents, two, 
 miles from the Guadinna, and 98 s of Ma- 
 drid. Lon. 3 57 e, iat. 39 1 n. 
 
 Civdad he Los Reyes, a town in the coun- 
 try of Terra Firma, and province of St. 
 Martha, S America. 
 
 Civdad Del Rey Felippe, a town near the 
 Straits of Magellan, S America. 
 
 Civdad Del Rio Del St. Pedra, a town ia 
 Brazil, S America. Lon. 34 15 w, Green- 
 wich. Lat. 32 0 s. 
 
 Civdad Rodrigo, a town in the country 
 of Leon, on the river Aguada, Spain, 50 
 miles sw of Salamanca. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 
 40 52 N. 
 
 Civeda, or Civita, or perhaps Civedata, a. 
 town in the Bressau, Italy, 25 miles w of 
 Brescia. 
 
 Cividal, Cividale, or Cividad del Friuli^ 
 a well-built town of the late maritime 
 division of Austria. It contains 4000 
 souls, and is situated on the Natisone, 
 10 miles e of Udina. Lon. 13 25 e, lat. 
 46 15 N. 
 
 Civita Jquana, a town in the province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra, Naples, 15 miles e of Aquila. 
 
 Civita Jntioa,ato\vn in the province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra, Naples, ] 2 miles sof Caleno. 
 
 Civita Borello, a town in the province of 
 Abruzzo Citra, Naples, 19 miles nne of 
 Molese. 
 
 Civita Castellana, a town situated on a 
 mount ain near the Tiber, Italy, 25 mifes n 
 of Rome. Lon. 13 5 e, lat. 42 25 n. , 
 
 Civita di Casein, a town five mi les sw from 
 Norcia, Italy. 
 
 Civita di Chieti, or Teti, the capital of the 
 province of Abruzzo Citra, Naples. Lono 
 52 28 B, FeriO; let, 42 42 n. 
 
 H h2 
 
C L A 
 
 €ii)ita di Friuli. See Cimdal^ 
 
 CirnUi Ducale, a town of Naples, on the 
 Veil no, 10 miles w of Aquila. 
 
 Cimta Lacinia^ a tew n in the Campagna 
 di iloma, Italy. 
 
 Cirita Luparella, a town in the province 
 of Abruszo Citra, Naples. 
 
 Cirita Mandonia^ a town in the province 
 of Calabria Citra, Naples. In the vicinity 
 are the ruins of the famous city Sibaris, It 
 stands on the gulf of Tarento, 31 iniles n 
 by E of Cosenza. 
 
 Cwita a Mare, a town in the province of 
 t^apitanta, Naples, 13 miles ese of Ter- 
 moia. ^ 
 
 Civita Niiora, a towm in the road from 
 Loretto to Fermo, Italy. 
 
 Civita di Penna, a town in the province 
 of Abruzzo Ultra Naples, 10 miles sb of 
 Teramo. Lon. 14 6Z e, lat. 42 25 n. 
 
 Cimta Real, a town in the province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra, Naples, 13 miles mw of 
 Aquila, 
 
 Civita di St. Angelo, a town in the pro - 
 vince of Abruzzo Ultra, Naples. 
 
 Civita Tomassa, a town in the province 
 of Abruzzo Ultra, Naples. 
 
 Civita Vecchia, a town in the centre of 
 the island of Malta, strongly fortified. The 
 situation of the town is so elevated, that the 
 whole island and sometimes the coasts of 
 Africa and Sicily may be seen from it. It 
 was formerly capitalof the island, and still 
 a bishop^s see. The principal edifices are 
 the cathedral and the palace of the greind 
 master. Here, 1 ,5 feet below the surface of 
 a rock, are large catacombs, with streets so 
 Tegular, that it has the title of the Subterra- 
 meous City. In the vicinity ig the grotto of 
 3aint Paul, formed into three divisions by 
 iron grates, in one of which is an altar, and 
 a statue of the saint in white marble. This 
 city is decreasing. 
 
 Civita Vecchia, a . sea-port to\vn of Italy, 
 In the Ecclesiastical State, with an arsenal. 
 Here the Pope^s gallies w^ere wont to be 
 stationed. It is a free port and injures the 
 trade of Leghorn. The port was enlarged 
 and improved by Trajan, and declared free 
 by Benedict XI V. Its principal exports are 
 puzzolana, and alum prepared at Tolfa ; 33 
 iniles Nw of Rome. Lon. 1 1 46 e, lat. 42 5 n. 
 
 Civitella, a fortress in the province of Ab- 
 ruzzo Ultra, Naples, seven miles of 
 Teramo. 
 
 Civitella, a town in the province of Otran* 
 to, Naples, five miles n of Taranto. 
 
 Civola, See Cihola. 
 
 Civoli. See Cigoli. 
 
 Civvac, a town in the department of the 
 Gironde, France. 
 
 Civray, or Sivray, a town in the depart- 
 mont of the Vienpe, on the Charen'e, 
 France, 20 miles s of Poitiers, and 29 w of 
 lyiontmoriilon. 
 
 Clachon, Loch, a lake in Morayshire, 
 
 C L A 
 
 ClaeJdand, a small island of Scotland, - 
 near the e coast of the island of Arran. 
 
 Clackmannan, a parish of Scotland, 
 about six miles long from sw to ne, and in 
 general five broad. The whole is arable, 
 and the greater part carse ground, well 
 cultivated and productive. There are 
 four collieries, two of which afford seams 
 of coal nine feet thick. The two great 
 distilleries of Kilbagie and Kennetpans are 
 both in this parish. Iron-works vrere 
 established in July 1792, on the banks of 
 the Devon, upon an extensive scale. The 
 population of this parish in 1810, was 
 2961. Michael Bruce, the ingenious poet, 
 born at Keiincswood, Kinross-shire, kept 
 a private school for some time in this parish 
 worth about 121. per annum. 
 
 Clackmannan, a royal burgh, and the 
 head town of the county, is bea.utifuily 
 situated in the above parish. The princi- 
 pal street is broad and spacious, but many 
 of the houses are mean and wretched ; in 
 the middle of the street stands the tolbooth 
 and court-house, a heap of ruins. Here 
 the sheriff sometimes holds his court, and 
 here takes place the election of a member 
 of parliament. The harbour is conve- 
 nient ; and the town contains about 640 
 inhabitants. Ciackmannan Tower stands 
 at the w end of the town, a large square 
 building of considerable strength and great 
 antiquity, T9 feet high. It is said to have 
 been built by King Robert Bruce, and his 
 son king David, bestowed it on his rela- 
 tion, Robert Bruce, in whose family it 
 continued till the family in the direct line 
 became extinct. The great swmrd and casque 
 of the illustrious Robert Bruce are preserved 
 here. It lies 23 miles n by E of Glasgow, 
 and 27 wnw of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 40 w, 
 lat. 56 5 N. 
 
 Clackmannan, a county of Scotland ; it is 
 about nine miles broad from n to s, and 
 w'here longest, from e to w about 12. This 
 is a plain fertile country toxyards the Forth, 
 abounding both with corn and pasture. From, 
 the shore the surface rises into the Ochil 
 mountains, the highest of w^hich, Bencleugh, 
 lies in the parish of Tillycoultry. Con- 
 siderable improvements in agriculture have 
 been made ; but rather more attention in 
 general is paid to pasture than to tillage. 
 The country abounds with coal in everypart : 
 freestone and graniteareaiso in great plenty. 
 In the Ochills, at various times, have been 
 wTought v aluable ores of silver, lead, cop- 
 per, cobalt, iron stone, and antimony. It is 
 watered by the Devon, w hich runs into tie 
 Forth, and on the Forth are many excellenlj 
 harbours. It carries on a good foreign trade, 
 and has manufactures of sail-cloth and 
 coarse linen, girdles, cambleis, <fec. This 
 county joins with that of Kinross in sending 
 a member to pariiameut. The land rent is 
 about 14,2001. Sterling, The population of 
 the county is about 10,858. Clackmannan 
 
C L A 
 
 is the county town, hut Allo.a is the 1 
 largest. 
 
 Clagenjurty a town, the capital of the j 
 duchy of Carintbia, Germany, it is situ- i 
 ated on the Gian, built square, and sur- 
 rounded with a ^ooti wall. It has manu- 
 factures of cloth and white lead, and a 
 society for the [Tomotiug of agriculture 
 and useful arts. Here are six churches 
 and three convents, 140 miles sw of Vien- 
 na. Lon. 14 17 E, lat. 46 46 n. 
 
 Ctaggon Bay, a bay on the w coast of 
 Galway, Ireland. Lon. 10 4 w, Green- 
 wich, lat. 53 34 N. 
 
 Cluir^ St. a lake of the United States, 
 90 miles in circumference. It receives 
 the waters of the three great lakes, 
 Superior, Michigan and Huron, and dis 
 charges them by the river D'Etroit into 
 the lake Erie. 
 
 Claira, a town in the department of the 
 Eastern Pyrenees, France, five miles NEof 
 Perpignan. 
 
 Ciairae, a town in the department of the 
 Lot and Garonne, France. It is situated 
 in a vailej' on the Brot, and contains 
 about 3000 inhabitants. The inhabitants 
 raise tobacco and corn, and make a great 
 deal of wine and brandy, 15 miles nv/ of 
 A gen. 
 
 Clairtaux, a town in the department of 
 the Aube, France, took its name from a ce- 
 lebrated abbey built here in 1 1 15, six miles 
 s of Bar sur Aube. 
 
 Clamency, a town in the department of 
 Nievre France, stands at the confluence of 
 the Buevron and the Ycnne. Before the 
 French revolution, the chapel of an hospital, 
 in the suburb was the living of the bishop of 
 Bethlehem, who was fixed here in 1180, 
 after the Christians had been expelled from 
 the Holy Land. 
 
 Claphanij in the county of Surry, three 
 miles ssw of London, containing many ele- 
 gant villas, surrounding a common, former- 
 ly a morass, but now planted so as to 
 resemble a park. The church cost i 1,0001. 
 and the manor house is now turned into a 
 boarding school. Clapham, in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, fair on Sept, 21. 
 
 Clara, or Mel, an island in the Indian 
 sea, 25 miles long, and four wide. Lon. 
 97 50 E, Greenwich, lat. 11 4 n. 
 
 Clara, St, a small island of Peru, in 
 South America, 70 miles sw of Guagaguil. 
 Lat. 2 20 0, Ion. 80 20 w. 
 
 Clare, a town in the county of Suffolk, 
 seated on the Stour. It gives the title of 
 Duke to a branch of the royal family. The 
 •title of Duke of Clarence was first bestoweti 
 on Lionel, third son of Edward III, Ever 
 since it has belonged to-a branch of the royal 
 family. Here are the remains of an abbey 
 and priory ; the house of the latter is occu- 
 pied by a farmer, who has converted the 
 chapel into a barn. Ther« is a weekly market 
 pn Tuesday, It is 56 miles ne of London. 
 
 c L A 
 
 Clare, a county of Ireland. It dontayis 
 79 parishes, about 17,400 houses, and 
 96,000 souls, who send two represen tativcs 
 to the Imperial parliament. Souk'; parts of 
 the county are mountainous, which feed a 
 great number of cattle and sheep ; the more 
 level grounds are very fertile. Ennis or 
 Clare is the capital'. *Tne principal river is 
 the Shannon. 
 
 Clare, a county, Ireland, in the province 
 of Munster, 55 miles long and 38 broad, 
 contains 79 parishes, two markets towns, 
 and sends three members to parliament. 
 Population about 96,000. It rears more 
 horses than any other county in Ireland. 
 Ennis is the capital, two miles sse, of 
 which is the village of Clare, where ore 
 the ruins of an abbey ojid a castle, on an 
 island in the Fergus, over which is an ex- 
 cellent bridge. 
 
 Clare, an island near the s coast of 
 Cork, about three miles long and one 
 wide. It forms a parish in the diocese 
 of Ptoss, and is about three miles s of Stea- 
 more point. 
 
 Clare, an island near the coast of Mayo, 
 about four miles long and one and a-half 
 wide, Ireland, in the mouth of Clewbar. 
 
 Clare, St, a small island, one of the 
 Canaries. 
 
 Claremont, a town in Cheshire county. 
 New Hampshire, on the Sugar river, where 
 it joins the Connecticut, 90 miles wnw of 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Claremont, Gx Clermont, n. county 35 miles 
 long and 35 broad ; containing 2,479 citi- 
 2 :ens, and 2110 slaves, S Carolina. States- 
 burg is the capital. 
 
 Clarence. See Chiarenza. 
 
 Clarendon, three miles e of Salisbury, 
 Wiltshire. Here are the remains of a royal 
 palace, or rather of two palaces connected 
 by a subterraneous passage, said to have 
 been built by King John. Here the par- 
 liament was several times convened ; the 
 first time by Henry II. in 1164, ami the 
 laws then enacted, by which the power of 
 the clergy was abridged, are styled the Con- 
 stitutions of Clarendon. 
 
 Clarendon, a township in Rutland county, 
 containing 1,478 citizens, Vermont. 
 
 Clarendon River. See Cape Fear River. 
 
 Clarendon, a parish of the island of Ja- 
 maica. 
 
 Clarendon Fort, a fort on the w coast of 
 the island of Barbadoes, about a mile s of 
 Speights Town. 
 
 Claritza, a town of Janna, European 
 Turkey, seated at the mouth of the Penco, 
 gulf of Salonica, 26 miles e of Larissa. 
 
 Clarkahnrg, the capital of Harrison^* 
 county, Virginia, on the Monagabela, 40 
 miles sw of Morgantown. Lon. 80 46 w, 
 lat. 39 15 y. 
 
 Clarksville, the capital of Robertson 
 county, Tennessee, on CumbeHaud river, 
 where it meets Red River, 45 miles nw of 
 
C I. E 
 
 Napbtille. Lon. §7 27 w, Greenwich, lat. 
 33 28 K. 
 
 Claude, St, a town in the department of 
 Jnra, France. It took its rise from a cels- 
 Jbrated abbey, fiecalarized in 1742. Here 
 is an elegant cathedral, with large basoi^s 
 and public fountains. It stands on the 
 Leson, amidst high mountains, 35 miles kw 
 of Geneva. Lon. 3 18 k, lat. 46 24 n. 
 
 Claude, St, a mountain which forms part 
 of Mount Jura, in the department of Jura, 
 France. 
 
 Claverac, a town ,in Columbia county. 
 New York, near a creek of the same name, 
 two miles e of Hudson. 
 
 Clausen, a town in the Tyrolese, Ger- 
 many, near the river Eisack. It has a 
 castle. In the vicinity is produced a fine 
 red 'wine, eight miles sw of Brisen. 
 
 Clausenhurg. See Coloswar, 
 
 Claustliai, a town in Lower Saxony, 
 Germany, seated among the Harts moun- 
 tains. It contains 800 houses. It has a 
 mint, and near it are some rich silver 
 mines, 14 miles ssw of Goslar. Lon. 10 
 22 E, lat. 51 62 n. 
 
 Clay, a lake in the county of Armagh, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Clay, a town on the n coast of the county 
 ox Norfolk, vuih a small barboilr. It has 
 large -sali-works, and a weekly rncirket on 
 Saturday, and a fair oh St. MargareG^ day. 
 Lon. 1 0 s, lat. d2 n. 
 
 Clay-Hale, a suburb of Stranraer, in the 
 parish of Leswalt, in Wigtonshire, Scot- 
 land. It eentaius, along with the adja- 
 ce»it suburb of liiii-Head, about 600 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Clean Longa, a lake in the county of 
 Leibim, Ireland. 
 
 Cieae, Cape, an island near Baltimore 
 Heaven, Ireland. 
 
 Clear , Cape, the scutheiii promontory ci 
 another little island called Clare, on iho s 
 coast of Ireland. Lon. 9 50 vv, lat, 51 
 
 15 N. 
 
 Clehvrg, or Klehurg, a town In the depart- 
 ment Ci the Saaie and Moselle, France. It 
 gives name to a branch of the Palatine 
 family. 
 
 Clebury, or Cleohury Mortimer, a town in 
 the county of Salop, on the river Temde, 
 with a weeklyrnurketon Thursday, and fairs 
 on May 2, and Oct. 27. Here is a richly 
 endowed school, free to all the youth in the 
 town. It is 12 miles s by e of Bridge 
 North, and 136 Nwof London. 
 
 Clccy, a town in the department of the 
 Calvados, and chief place of a canton, in the 
 district of Falaise, containing about 1,700 
 inhabitants, France. 
 
 Clecve, Old, a village in Somersetshire, 
 two miles sw of Walchet, where are the 
 ruins of a monastry, part of which is con- 
 veri ed into farm offices. 
 
 ClerkCs Islands, are two islands at the en- 
 trance of B^rring^s Straits, between the 
 
 C L E 
 
 coast of Kamtschatka and that of Nortk 
 America, seen by captain Cook in 1778, 
 and named in honour of captain Cleike, 
 who was second in command. They 
 were known to the Russians, and both in- 
 habited. Lon. 169 30 w, lat. 63 15 n. 
 
 Clermont, See Claremont. 
 
 Claremont, a town in Columbia county, 
 New York, 15 miles s of Hntson, and 117 
 N of New York. 
 
 Clermont En Argonne, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Meuse, situated on an emi- 
 nence surrounded w^ith woods and patures, 
 France, near the river Ayr, 12 miles w by 
 s of Verdun. Lon. 22 46 e, Ferro, lat. 
 49 7 N. 
 
 Clermont, or Clermont en Beauvaisis, a 
 town in the department of the Oise, situated 
 on an emiinence, near the Bresche, France, 
 37 milesj n of Paris. 
 
 Clermont Ferrand, the capital of the de- 
 partment of Puy-de-Dome, France. It 
 it situated on a small eminence, at the 
 foot of a lefty mouatai.n, and contains 
 about 16,000 inhabitants. Its principal 
 commerce is in corn, wine, wool, <fec. 
 There are several fine walks and public 
 squares ; but the streets are narrow, and 
 the iiouses mean. There are also near 
 it some mineral springs ; and the water 
 of a brook w^hich passes through the 
 fauxbourg of St. Allyre, has completely 
 petrified a wooden bridge to perfect stone, 
 that carriages ca,n pass over it. It is 
 called Clermont Ferrand, from the town of 
 Montferrand being united to it, and for- 
 ming one of the fauxbcurgs. It is the 
 birtii place of the celebrated Pascal. 
 Here are manufactured rateens, serges, » 
 druggets, and leather, 93 miles s of Navers. 
 Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 45 47 k. 
 
 Clermont de Lodeve, a town in th® 
 department of the Herauit, France, seat- 
 ed on an eminence near the Logne. The 
 chief trade is in wool and cattle ; with 
 manufactures of cloth and hats, 10 miles 
 sE of Lodeve, and 24 w of Montpel- . 
 lier. 
 
 Clery, a town in the department of the 
 Loirct, France. Here is the tomb of Louis 
 XI. a monster w'ho degraded human nature. 
 He appears in white marble as if he had 
 been a saint and patriot king, nine miles ssw 
 of Orleans. 
 
 Cleves, a duchy of Westphalia and prin- 
 cipality of Germany. The air is healthy, 
 but the soil unequal. On the eminences 
 are fields, woods, and forests, which extend 
 three or four leagues in length, bordered by 
 towns and villages. On the borders of the 
 Rhine (w'hich runs through the country) 
 are fine pastures, w^hich feed a great number 
 of cattle and horses. The inhabitants chiefly 
 cultivate corn, tobacco, and legumes. Garne 
 is plentiful; and the rivers supply abun- 
 dance offish, especially salmon, pike, and 
 q jirp. There are manufactures of silli cLotbji 
 
C L I 
 
 linftn, and pipes. It contains 24 towns. 
 The principal of v.ljich are Cleves the 
 capita!, Caspar, Wescl, Duisburg, Xanien, 
 Rees, and Emmerich. The rivers are the 
 Rhine, the xMeuse, the Ruhr, the Emesor., 
 the Lippe, and the IsseL Roman Catho- 
 lics, Calvinists, Lut)»erans, Memioniles, 
 and Jews, are all allowed a freedom oi 
 worship. 
 
 Cleves, the ancient capital of the above 
 duchy, to which it gives name ; situated on 
 the river Kerniisdale, in the department ol 
 the R-oer. It lies on the brow of a hill, 
 surrounded with walls, hut is not strongly 
 fortifted, two miles wof the Rhine, and has 
 a Ccistic built in the time of Julius Cse;sar. 
 The magistrates of the city are Calvinists. 
 The number of houses is about SOO. Lon. 
 6 12 E, lat. <51 50 N. 
 
 Clew Bay, ox Nevjport Bay, a large bay 
 on the w coast of Ireland, coatainiiig a 
 great number of small islands. Lon. 9 
 40 w Greenwich, lat. 53 49. 
 
 Cleish, a parish of Kinros-sbire, in Scot- 
 land, extending in length about six miles, 
 and in breadth little more than one. The 
 soil is various, in some parts strong and 
 fertile, and in others graveliy and cold. 
 There are several fine lakes among the 
 hills which are well stored with Lsh. The 
 parish contains plenty of free-stooe, lime- 
 stone, and coal ; but scarcely one of 
 these is wrought. The population is about 
 625. It has a lint-mill, a bleachHeld, 
 and brewery, 28 miles from Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Clie, a lake of Upper Canada. Lon. 89 
 0 w, Greenwich, lat. 44, 20 n. 
 
 Clrff] or Cli^- Regis, or Hinges Cliff, a 
 town in the county of Northampton. A 
 weekly market is held on Tuesday. It is 
 88 miles n from London. 
 
 Cliff, a town in the county of Kent. It 
 is a pretty large place, and has a fair on 
 October 8, six miles e of Gravesend. 
 
 Clifton, a village of Gloucestershire, fa- 
 mous for its medicinal springs, called Bris- 
 tol Eotwells ; and supposed to be one of 
 the pleasantest villages in the kingdom, 
 and is a place of much resort on account 
 of the salubrity of its air. It is one mile 
 w from Bristol. 
 
 Clingen, or Klingen, a town of Germany, 
 in Upper Saxony, and county of Schwartz- 
 burg, 16 miles n of Erfurt. 
 
 Clino, a town of European Turkey, in 
 the province of Thessaly, 22 miles w of 
 Zeiton. 
 
 CZik^a, a fortress of Dalmatia. In 1684, 
 the Uenelians took it from the Turks. It 
 stands on a rocky mountain, six miles n of 
 SpalctUo. Lon. 17 46 e, lat. 43 20 x. 
 
 , Clisson, a town in the department of the 
 Lower Loire, on the Sevre, France, 12 miles 
 s of Nantes. Lon. 16 23 e, Ferro, lat. 46 
 
 N. 
 
 ClUheroe, a borough in the county of Lan- 
 
 C L O 
 
 caster. It has a market on Saturdax^ aaJ 
 sends two m'"m'!crs to pard^r' veKt. 
 nianuiaeaires of eoti.m, uvd a umdmi al 
 spring, end stands near Pendui hil^ not ;' :r 
 from tb'' Ribble, lias a trade in lime, cotton 
 rnanufacturos, and the ruins of an ancient 
 castle, 22 miles se of Lancaster, and 2iT 
 NiXw of London. 
 
 Clitow, a town in the circle os Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, celebrated for its rich sit vet 
 mines. 
 
 Clocaynog, a village in Denbigsbjre, 
 Wales, with two fairs on Easter Tuesday, 
 and October 24. 
 
 Clogli, the name of two Irish villages, 1. 
 in Antrim ; 2. in Down. The latter stands 
 near the bead of Dundrum bay, six mile* 
 sw of Downpatrick. 
 
 Clogher, a village in the county of T'y-' 
 rone, Ireland. It is a bishop^s see, and in 
 1610 was almost devastated by fire, and 
 has never recovered its former size. The 
 eathenrai is the parisii oliuroh. it is 
 od on the Leiioy, 15 miles nw of ilionag- 
 han, and 19 wzw of Durjg'aimon. 
 
 Cloglie? Head, a ce^pe on the e coost of 
 Ireland. Lon. 6 12 w, GreenwiGh, lat. 53 
 47 N. 
 
 Ciognakilty, a borough in Cork, Tre- 
 land, stamds on a bu}" of its name, 28 ’miles 
 sw of Cork. 
 
 Clonard, a town on the borders of Meath, 
 on the Boyne, 32 miles w by k of Dublin. 
 
 Clonhtdiock, in King^s county. Cion- 
 currg, m Kildare. ClondaUdn, five miles 
 \7 ol Dublin. Clondroched, in Cork, Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Clone, a town in Leitrim county. 
 
 Clonea, a town of Waterford county. 
 
 donee, a village seven miles from Dublin. 
 
 Clojieen, a tov/n of Tipperary, Ireland. 
 
 Clonegall, a town in the county of Yf ex- 
 ford, Ireland, 21 miles HKW of Ferns. A 
 village of King^s county, 40 miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 Clones, a town in the county of Monag- 
 han, Ireland, 12 miles wsw of Monaghan. 
 
 Cloney, a lake in the county of Kerry, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Clonfert, a town in the county of Galw^ay, 
 Ireland, and united with Kilmacduagh, to 
 which it was united in 1602, a bishopls see. 
 The cathedral serves as the parish-church 
 of Clonfert, and stands near the Shannon, 
 in the e part of the county, 35 miles e of 
 Gahvay, and 50 w of Dublin. 
 
 Clonmacnois, a village of West Mveath, 
 Ireland, on the Shannon, where are the re- 
 mains of a rich and extensive abbey. It 
 was a bishop's see, but was unv^ed to 
 West PJeath in 1568. It is eig-it miles 
 w of Athlone, and 58 w of Bublin. 
 
 Clonmel, a borough in the county oi Tip- 
 perary, Ireland, on the .' 3 U\r, over whn b is a 
 bridge of 20 arches, separated i’Uo two p ^rts 
 by a small island, on which bouses are built. 
 Its castles and fgrtifiettUon* were razed by 
 
C L O 
 
 C L U 
 
 Crom vvfU. This tov/n is larg^?, opulent, and ! 
 M'ell siltiated lor trade, aithoiigh not so con- 
 renieiit for the assizes, it iias extensive 
 vooUen and cotton manufactures. Since the 
 Union, sends one nien)ber to the imperial! 
 parliament, and isthe birllf-place of the cele- 1 
 brated Lawrence Stern, miles sw of Kil- 1 
 kenuy, 30 wnw of Waterford, and So ssw of I 
 Dublin. Lon. 8 Z w, lat. 54 15 N. 
 
 Cloumesft, a small island on the nw 
 coast ui Ireland, 25 miles nw of Loii- ^ 
 donderry. , ^ j 
 
 a towD, county of WexfoM,! 
 Ireland, head Of Baiioow bay, before the 
 Union sent two, members to parliament. 
 Near it were lead and silver mines?, which' 
 have not been wrought for some time, and 
 the town is on the decline, lOmilesE of Wa-^ 
 terfotd, 16 wsw' of Wexford. 
 
 Cloppeaburg, atov.min Westphalia, Ger- 
 many, united with Dalfearno, principality of 
 ^Juii'ster, 32 miles kg of Lingeu.^ Lon. 25 
 20 Ferro, lat. 52 53 k 
 
 Closehmn, a parisi> in the county of Dum- 
 fries, anu district of ISithsdale, from nine to 
 ten miles in length, and the same in breadth. 
 The river i^Titn forms the s. boundary, along | 
 which the soil is a fine rich Icam ; to the east- \ 
 ward the ground rises a little, and the s^oil i 
 becomes light, dry , and sandy ; the e aistrict 
 is cov ered v/ith extensive minrs, but affording 
 exeelleiit pasture for sheep. The piiucipal 
 ^xeQueensbcrrgy Carrick llills.ixndAuchi.^- | 
 leek ; first of taese, which is elevated 2,000 1 
 feet above the level of the sea. The castle 
 of Closeburn is a ruinous building, sur- 
 rounded by a fosse, which commu’tiiceaes 
 with a loch a quarter of a mile in length, .in 
 which there was a reinarkabie agitation in 
 . 1750, noticed in the Philosophical ‘Trans- 
 actions of thal year. There is near the vil- 
 lage of Closebiuh, a chalybeate spring^oi 
 €onsidcrablesU'cngin. PopukUioa is 1 ,0 1 9. 
 
 ■ Here is a celebrated graiVuLaT-schcoi., long 
 taught by the Mundcils. Education is Iree 
 to the cliildren oi the parish. 'This school 
 ' was liberally endowed hy Mr, Wallace ot 
 Gla' gow,aiiatireof this place, who died in 
 1723. Owing to which, iais noted seminary 
 is called Wallace llall, 12 miles kw of 
 .Dujiiiries, . ^ 
 
 C' 5 j>< 9 tTj' C'anij?,ap]ace in the archbisnopric 
 of Goiogn, near Rhinberg. 
 
 Cl ester Neuh iirg^ a town of Austria. 1 1 is 
 situated on the Danube, and has a yard lor 
 ship building. Here is an Augustine con- 
 vent of regular canons, seven miles new of 
 Vienna. 
 
 Closter seven, a town in Lower Saxony, 
 Germany, ceiebrateil for a treaty concluded 
 between the duke of Cumberland and the 
 duke of Riclfiieu, general of the French 
 armies, by which 38,000 ilanoverians Jaid 
 down their arms and were disjiersed, 19 miles 
 s of Stade, 24 kne of Rremen. 
 
 Cloten, a village in the canton of Zurich, 
 Switzerland. It is large and populous. 
 
 atownin the palatinate ofLub.. 
 lin, Poland, IS miles wsw of Lublhu 
 
 Cloivt, St, a town on the Seine, eight 
 miles v; of Paris, celebrated fur a magnifi- 
 cent royal palace, gardens, cascade, cfec. 
 
 ClorelUj, a village, three miles e of Hart- 
 land, Devonshire, seated on the side of a 
 s.eep rock. It has a good harbour. in the 
 jBristol channel, and is engaged in the her- 
 ring fishery. 
 
 ClowcAj, a lake of North America. Lon. 
 108 15 w, lat. 62 20 n. 
 
 Cloy, or CMs, a town in the depart' 
 meat of the Eure and Loire, France, con- 
 taining about l,00jB inhabitants, five miles 
 sw of Chaleandun.' 
 
 Cloyne, a to’vim in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland, a bishop's {•tec, - founded in the 
 6th century. The ca-it alral, a fine old 
 building, is the parish cuurch, near it stands 
 an ancient round tower, 18 miles e by s 
 of Cork. 
 
 Chiden, a river in Dumfries-shire. 
 
 Climdert, or Klundert, a strong towm of 
 S Holland, near Hollands Diep, formerly 
 called Ne-wervaert, situated on a river, or 
 canal, vvhich runs from the Merwe, and 
 forms the tract on which this town and 
 WilUamstadt stand, into an island, nine 
 miles SE of Williamstadt. 
 
 Clunie, a parish in the county of Perth, 
 and district of Stormont.’ It extends in 
 length mnb miles, its breadth is about 
 four miles. About one fourth part is 
 arable, the rest being mountain, muir, 
 mess, and a lake of the same name, two 
 miles and a half in circumference. The 
 parish is well adapted to the researches of 
 i the botanist, as it abounds with rare plants. 
 The natural . forests are extensive. There 
 are two mineral springs, containing Epsom 
 salt, valued for their antiscorbutic quality. 
 The minerals already known are quartz, 
 whinslone, granite, free-stone, and barytes ; 
 
 1 limestone is found in one place, but the 
 Want of fuel prevents its being quarried. 
 There is a vein of fine blue slate, inter- 
 spersed with large quantities of copper 
 pyrites ; and a deep peat moss on the very 
 summit of Benachally. Population of 
 Clunie is 913, six miles e by N of Dunkeld, 
 and 15 k by w of Perth. 
 
 Clunie, an island in the above lake, with 
 an ancient castle in it, now a summer seat of 
 the family of Airly. The island seems to 
 he artificial, and the castle, the walls of 
 which are nine feet thick. 'W^as built by 
 Bishon Brown of Dunkeld, in the 16tb cen- 
 tury. " This castle contends with Elliock, 
 Dumfries-shire, for the honour of having 
 given birth to the admitable Crichton, 
 Chiny, a parish in Aberdeenshire. Its 
 extent in length may be about ten miles, and 
 its breadth about two. The soil is warm 
 and dry, even in the low grounds. Agri- 
 culture is much attended to, and the crops 
 are productive. Knitting of stockings is the 
 
C L f 
 
 general employment of the inhabitajits. 
 Granite of excellent quality is the only 
 mineral of any value discovered in the dis- 
 trict. Population o.f Cluny is SiJL The 
 church is elegant. In this parish are three 
 Druidical circles, several pillars, and a 
 number of tumuli. One ot the largest 
 farms has been in possession of the same 
 family for upwards of iidO years. 
 
 Cliiny, a town in the department of the 
 Saone and Loire, France, seated on the 
 Grosne. The church is supposed to be 
 one of the largest in France. Tlic town 
 contains three parishes, but is not populous. 
 Here was a cslebrated Benedictine abbey, 
 10 miles Nw of Maaon. 
 
 Cluse, a place where theire is a passage 
 over the edge of Mount Jura, Switzerland, 
 10 miles nw of Soleilre. 
 
 Cluse, La, a town of Savoy, capital of 
 Faucigny, stands on the Arve, 22 miles ss 
 of Geneva. Lon. 6 29 e, lat. 45 5T n. 
 
 Ctuyd, or Clwijd, a river of North Wales, 
 runs through a fruitful valley of its name. 
 It has its source in Denbighshire, passes by 
 Ruthin into Flintshire, washes St. Asaph, 
 and falls into the Irish sea at Rhuddlan, six 
 miles below St. Asaph. 
 
 ClydCy a river of Scotland. Next to the 
 Tay, it is the largest river in Scotland, 
 and is celebrated for its numerous roman- 
 tic falls. It lakes its rise in the same hill 
 from which issue the Tweed and the An- 
 nan. In its course it visits Lanark, 
 Hamilton, Rutherglen, Glasgow, Renfrew, 
 Dunbarton, Port-Glasgow, and loses iteell 
 in the frith of Clyde at Greenock. It is 
 met by the Great Canal from {he Forth, 
 a few miles below Glasgow, to w'hich 
 the tide flows, whence it is navigable by 
 vessels drawing seven and a half-feet 
 water. Owing to its variegated scenery, 
 the beauty and aid which it affords to the 
 highly important districts^ the flourishing 
 city and towns by which It passes, Clyde 
 is the most interesting river of Scotland. 
 See Bannitarij Corra, (fee. 
 
 Clyd€y a river of Vermont. 
 
 Clydesdale^ a district in the south part of 
 the county of Lanark. 
 
 Clydeslaw, a high, hill in the parish of 
 Crawford, from which the river Clyde takes 
 
 iiti ri-3. 
 
 Cbne, a parish in the county of 
 Sutherland, of which the inhabited part 
 extends in length aboikt 24, and in breadth 
 Lorn eight to four miles. It is situated 
 on the E coast, from which the sln^re rises 
 gradually^ to the mountains. A great 
 ni'uiber black cattle and sheep are rear- 
 ed, i)ut although many parts are capable 
 ni improvement, agriculture is little at- 
 leaded to. The inhabitants on the coast 
 are ino. wiy flsher^:, but their want of en- 
 couragement prevents the fishery from 
 being prosecuted to advantage. There is 
 plenty of excellent free-stone, three o.r four 
 
 COB 
 
 quarries of limestone, and coal is said to 
 have been formerly wrought in the parish. 
 Population is 1643. 
 
 Clynfegfaur, a village in Carnarvon- 
 shire, N Wales, with two fairs, on Aug. 
 18 and Sept. 23. 
 
 Ciyfheness, a cape on the se coast of tho 
 county of Caithness. Lon. 3 3 w, lat. 58 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Coal Island, in the county of Tyrone, 
 Ireland, noted for its extensive coal -works, 
 and a canal to Lough Neagh. 
 
 Coango, a river of Africa. See Zaire. 
 
 Coanzo, a large river of Africa, has it* 
 source in tli(3 interior, passes through tha 
 kingdoms of Mataraba and Angola, and 
 falls into the Atlantic in lat. 9 20 s. 
 
 Coast Castle, Cape, the chief settle- 
 ments of the British on the coast of 
 Guinea, has a strong citadel, iO miles enb 
 of St. George del Mina. Lon. 0 1 e, lat* 
 5 0 N. 
 
 Coaw, or Cuavo, a river of Africa. Lon. 
 38 0 B, Greenwich, lat. 8 40 s. 
 
 Cobbe, capital of the kingdom of Darfoojr, 
 350 miles wsw of Sennar. Population 
 about 6000. Lon. 28 8 e, lat. 14 11 n. 
 
 Cdbham, a village on the Mole, Surry, 
 has Several elegant villas, manufactures of 
 copper and iron, and two medicinal springs, 
 seven miles sw of Kingston, ten ne of Guil- 
 ford, and 19 sw of London. 
 
 Cobham, a town in Virginia, United 
 States, on the James river, 45 miles sa of 
 Richmond. Lon. 76 55 w, lat. 37 7 n* 
 
 Cobi, or Chamo, a desert part of Tartaiy, 
 east of Calmuc Tart ary. 
 
 Cobija, a sea-port town on the coast of 
 Chili, in the audience of Charcas, Pacifia 
 ocean, v/ith a good harbour, 250 miles s of 
 Arica. Lon. 72 30 w, lat. 22 20 s. 
 
 Coblentz, a city in the department of 
 the Rhine and Moselle, electorate of 
 Treves. Here the elector built a new 
 palace, the old one being in the vale of 
 Ehrenbreitstein. It has a college, a num- 
 ber of handsome churches, and several 
 convents. It stands at the junction of the 
 Rhine and Moselle, 50 miles ne of Treves. 
 The French took it in 1794, and lost it 
 in 1813, or beginning of 1814. Dr. Cpgan 
 estimates its popuiation at 12 or 13,000. 
 Lon. 7 38 e, lat. 50 22 n. 
 
 Coblentz, a town in the district of Baden, 
 Switzerland, at tlu3 conflux of the Aar and 
 Rhine, 10 miles nnw of Baden. 
 
 Coblon, a port town of Hither India, in 
 Asia, on the Coromandel Coast. Lon. 80 
 20 E,lat. n 56 N. 
 
 Coburg, Principalilg of, situated n:^ar 
 the river Saal, dependent on the circle of 
 Upper .Saxony. The land is generally ferliie. 
 
 Coburg, a town in Upper Saxony, Ger- 
 many, capital ol the abov'*‘ prineipalily, with 
 a castl.e, a fort, and a coli ’ge, sealed on ihe 
 Itch, 22 miles n by e of Bamberg. The 
 town and suburbs arc sivrrouuded with a 
 I i 
 
c o c 
 
 wall. It has maaiifactures of gold, sifter, 
 china, and petrified wood, with which the 
 country abounds. Lon. 1112 E,lat.50 17 n. 
 
 Cocoy a town in Old Castile, Spain, stands 
 among mountains, on the Eresma. It has 
 a strong castle for state prisoners, 28 miles 
 KW of Segovia. 
 
 Cochabamba yor Oropesay one of thelargest , 
 richest, and most populous tov/ns of Peru, 
 S America, capital of the province of Co* 
 •habamba, in the audience *of Charcas. 
 The plains are fertile ; and the air healthy 
 and serene, 120 miles nnw of Plata. Lon. 
 67 25 w, lat. 18 10 s. 
 
 CocliCy a small island in the Caribbean 
 iea. Lon. 63 10 w, lat. 10 57 n. 
 
 CockecO; a river of New Hampshire, S 
 America. 
 
 Cocheiniy or Kocheim, a town in the 
 department of Rhine and Moselle, Ger- 
 many, late of France, electorate of Trieves, 
 stands oh the Moselle, 25 miles sw of Cob- 
 lentz. 
 
 Cochillay a river in the province of Cala- 
 bria Citra, Naples. 
 
 Coehiny a sea-port of Hindoostan, on the 
 coast of Malabar, in the province of the 
 same name, was taken from the Dutch by 
 lie English in 1795, and is 120 miles s by 
 E of Calicut. It is chiefly resorted to for 
 pepper. Lon. 76 5 e, lat. 9 56 n. 
 
 COCHIN, a country of India, on the w 
 coast of the peninsula of Hindoostan, be- 
 tween the provinces of Malabar and Tra- 
 vancore, subject to a rajah, who is tributary 
 to the English, and is 80 miles long arid 
 70 broad. 
 
 COCHIN-CHINA, a country of Asia. 
 This kingdom contains about 50 good sea- 
 port towns, and is divided into six pro- 
 vinces, to each of which belongs a gover- 
 nor afid a seat of justice. It is about 
 500 miles long and 120 broad. The 
 climate is healthy, the heat being mo- 
 derated by the sea-breezes. The rainy 
 season is in September, October, and No- 
 vember, when the land is frequently inun- 
 dated, which meliorates the land, and 
 enables some parts of it to bear three crops 
 in the year."' The principal productions are 
 rice of several sorts, millet, indigo, tea, silk, 
 &c. Among the trees are the varnish-trees, 
 cotton, cinnamon. They have mines of gold, 
 and silver, the former is obtained almost pure 
 from the mine, iron, and quarries of different 
 kinds of marble. The original inhabitants 
 dwell in the mountains, on the side of Cam- 
 bodia, whither they were driven about the 
 beginning of the 15th century. They are 
 black, and savage in their manners, resem- 
 bling the Caffres. Among the animals are 
 elephants, tygers, rhinoceroses, &c. The 
 birds are various and abundant. The sugar- 
 cane is eaten as fruit in Europe; the inhabi- 
 tants cultivate two kinds, and the commerce 
 is immense. Other articles of commerce are 
 odoriferous woods, ivory, musk, honey, <fec. 
 
 c o c 
 
 The manners of the inhabitants who seem 
 to be of Chinese origin, are simple, affa- 
 ble, mild, laborious, and hospitable. The 
 females are much more active than the 
 men, and are frequently employed as 
 agents and brokers. In their cities an(ji 
 towns there are gates at each end of their 
 streets, which are shut every night, and 
 their houses, which are of bamboo cover- 
 ed with straw or rushes, are shaded with 
 groves of oranges, limes, plantains, and 
 cocoa-trees. Their chief nourishment con- 
 sists in rice and fish. As to their religion, 
 they in general believe the metempsychosis, 
 or transmigration of souls. Hue is the 
 capital. 
 
 CochinOy anciently Hephestias, a town in 
 the island of Lemnos, European Turkey. 
 Lon. 43 8 e, Ferro, lat. 39 57 u. 
 
 COCKBURN ISLANDS, a group of 
 small islands near the ne coast of New 
 Holland. 
 
 Cockburn LaWy a mountain in the parish 
 of Dunse. It rises from a base of at least 
 six miles in circumference to a conical 
 top, about 900 feet above the level of th© 
 sea, which makes it a fine landmark for 
 mariners. On its n side, is Edwin’s-hall, 
 or Wodens-hall, consisting of three circu- 
 lar walls, each seven feet thick, and built 
 without mortar. The spaces between th© 
 walls have been arched over and divided 
 into cells. 
 
 Cockburnspathy a parish in the county of 
 Berwick. It lies close upon the sea-coast ; 
 is light and sandy, interspersed with fields of 
 rich deep clay. Peaths or Peese bridge is 
 ,123 feet from the surface of the water to th© 
 parapet, 300 in length, and 15 wide, and is 
 looked upon as a masterpieccof architecture. 
 The church of Auld Cambus, or Alt Cam- 
 bus, which parish is now annexed to Cork- 
 burnspath, is partly yet standing and is sup- 
 posed to be 1100 or 1200 years old. Popu- 
 lation is 930. There is a fishing town in 
 this parish of the same name. 
 
 CockenziCy a village in the parish of Tra- 
 nent, near the harbour of Portseaton, con- 
 taining, with that village, 430 inhabitants in 
 1792. Noted for an extensive oyster fishery. 
 
 Cocker, a river of England, which has its 
 source in the beautiful lakes of Buttermcre, 
 Crummock, and Lewes- Water, and passing 
 N through the charming vale of Lortoiymd 
 Cockermouth, which it divides, unites with 
 the feerwent. 
 
 Cockermouthy a town in the county of 
 Cumberland. The principal manufactures 
 carried on here are hats, shalloons, <fec. with 
 considerable tanneries. There are two week- 
 ly markets on Monday and Saturday. It i» 
 a borough town, and sends two members to 
 parliament. It is governed by a bailiff, cho- 
 :^en annually by a jury of 16 burgesses. Th# 
 bailiff is the returning officer. Its castle, 
 said to have been built by William de Mes- 
 chines, soon aftnr the conquest, is situate 
 
CO G 
 
 «« a pleasant hill on the e of the Darwent. 
 
 It is now a ruin, having been taken and in a 
 great measure destro3^ed by the parliament’s 
 armj’ in the time of the civil wars. It is 1 3 
 miles NE of Whitehaven, and 305 n of Lon- 
 don. Lon. 3 15 w, lat. 54 32 n. 
 
 Cockermouthf a town of New Hampshire, 
 America. 
 
 Cockle- Shell Hay, a bay on the e coast of 
 the island of St. Christopher. Lon. 62 22 
 w, lat. 17 22 N. 
 
 CookpeUf a parish in the county of Edin • 
 burgh, about two miles long, and one and a- 
 half broad. The soil is a strong clay, which 
 is very fertile, and in general well cultivated. 
 Here is a small manufactory of gun- 
 powder, the only one in Scotland. Coal is 
 to be found in every part, and has been 
 wrought to great advantage. Population 
 about 1681. 
 
 Cocoa Paint, a cape of the island of 
 Tinian. 
 
 Cocoa-Nut Island, a small island at the 
 entrance of Carteret’s harbour, on the se 
 coast of New Ireland. 
 
 Coconato, a town of Piedmont. Lon. 8 
 9 E,lat. 45 5 N. See Cogoreto. 
 
 Cocos, a small island in the Pacific 
 ocean. Lon. 72 0 w, Ferro, lat. 5 15 n. 
 
 Cocos, a cluster of islands, in the In- 
 dian ocean, a little to the sw of the coast of 
 Sumatra. Lon. 96 35 e, lat. 12 30 s. 
 
 Cod, Cape, the sb point of Massachusets 
 bay. Lon. 70 14 w, lat. 42 4 N. 
 
 Cod’s Head, a cape on the sw of Ireland. 
 Lon. 9 59 w, lat. 51 36 n. 
 
 Codigoroy a market town of Italy, situ- 
 ated on an isthmus of lake Comachio. 
 
 Codogno, a towu situated at the conflux of 
 tha Adda and the Po, Italy, 12 miles sse of 
 Lodi. 
 
 Codomudi, a town of Coimbetore, Hin- 
 doostan, stands near the Cavary, a little 
 above its junction with the Noyelar, 13 
 miles SSE of Bhawanikudal. 
 
 Coel, a town in the country of Delhi, 
 Hindoostan, 33 miles n of Agra, and 
 65 SE of Delhi. Lon. 78 27 e, lat, 27 
 48 N. 
 
 Coennern, or Konnern, a town in Lower 
 Saxony, and containing about 333 hpuses, 
 Germany. 
 
 Coesfeld, a town in the bishopric of Mun- 
 ster, Westphalia, on the Burkel, 18 miles 
 w of Munster. Lon. 7 24 e, lat. 51 
 57 N. 
 
 Coevorden, a fortified town in Overyssel, 
 Holland, situated in a morass, on the river 
 Aa. It is one of the strongest places in the 
 country, 33 miles s by e of Gropingen. 
 Lon. 6 44 e, lat. 52 42 N. 
 
 Cogead, a lake 50 miles long, and 10 
 broad, N. America. Lon. 109 Ow, lat. 66 
 On. 
 
 Coggeshall, a town in the county of Es- 
 sex, stands on the Black water, and has a 
 manufacture of bays and serges. It has a 
 
 c o I 
 
 weekly market on Saturday, and fairs Whit- 
 sun-Tuesday and Wednesday. It is 10 
 miles w of Colchester, and 44 ne of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Cognac, or rather Cogniac, a town in the 
 department of the Charente, France, cele- 
 brated for its wine and brandy. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants is about 5000. It has a 
 castle where Francis I. was born, and stands 
 on the Charente, 17 miles w of Angou- 
 lesme. Lon. 29 minutes w, lat. 45 46 n. 
 
 Cogne, a valley of Piedmont, to which the 
 title of county is annexed, belonging to the 
 bishop of Aosta. It takes its name from a 
 small river which waters it. The mountains 
 which surround it are rich in mines of iron 
 and copper. It contains 13 villages, of 
 which Cogne is the principal. The town is 
 six miles s of Aosta. 
 
 Cogni or Konieh, a town, the capital of 
 Caramauia, Asiatic Turkey, and the see of a 
 Greek archbishop, situated in a beautiful 
 and fertile country. It is very large ; the 
 walls are supported by 108 square towers, 
 40 paces distant from each other. It has 
 two large suburbs, one of which is the resort 
 of strangers and caravans. It has extensive 
 commerce, being seated in a country rich in 
 corn, pulso, fruit, and cattle. All the inha- 
 bitants are Turks, 260 miles se of Constant 
 tinople, Lon. 33 30 e, lat. 37 30 n. 
 
 Cogoreto, or Cogureto, a village of Italy, 
 the native place of Christopher Columbus, 
 the celebrated discoverer of America. 
 
 Cohahucila, a province in the audienpe of 
 Mexico, New Spain, of which Monclova ia 
 the capital. 
 
 Coiba, or Quito, a small island in the Pa- 
 cific ocean. Lon. 64 40 w, Ferro, lat. 8 
 0 N. 
 
 COIMBETORE, a province in the 
 peninsula, lying south of Mysore, Hindoos- 
 tan. It is fertile, and well watered by 
 several rivers. The principal towns are 
 Coimbetore, Erroad, and Carroor. It was 
 ceded to the English on the defeat of Tip- 
 poo in 1799. 
 
 Coimbetore, the capital of tho above pro- 
 vince, to which it, gives name, is situated at 
 the foot of thq Western Gauts, on the river 
 Noyelar. Here is a large inud. palace, and 
 a mosque built by Tippoo. The palace is 
 converted into barracks lor British cavalry. 
 It has manufactures of cotton stufl*s, and 
 trades in thread, cotton, wool, tobacco, su- 
 gar, and betel -leaf, 100 miles s by e of Serin- 
 gapatam* Lon. 77 7 e, lat. 10 58 n. 
 
 Coimbra, a city in the province of Biera, 
 Portugal. It is seated on a mountain near 
 the Mondego, and is a bishop’s see. It has 
 a celebrated university, containing 18 col- 
 leges, in which are about 4000 students. 
 Besides, the cathedral, it has nine churches 
 and eight convents. This city contain- near 
 12,000 inhabitants. It is 100 miles ne of 
 Lisbon. Lon. 8 20 w, lat. 40 25 k. 
 
 Coire, or Chur, a town situated at the foot 
 1 i 2 
 
C O L 
 
 of the Alps, in a rich valley, Switzerland,! 
 capital of the Orisons, encii cled by brick | 
 walls, furnished with square and round 
 towers, and stands on the Ple-ssur, near the 
 Rhine. It consists of two divisions. The 
 gi’catest of which is of the Protestant, and 
 the least of the Catholic religion. Here, in 
 1799, the French vanquished the Austrians, 
 2<5 miles esz of Glares, Lon. 9 2S e, lart. 
 46 SO N. 
 
 Cokenhaiisen, a strong town in the govern- 
 ment of Livonia, Russia, on the Dwina, dO 
 miles sE of Riga. Lon. 25 50 e, lat. 56 
 
 30 N, 
 
 Cc~Kingy a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Yun-nan, China, 1,160 miles 
 ssw of Pekin. 
 
 Coly one of the w^estern islands of Scot- 
 land, about 13 miles long, and three broad, 
 containing upw^ards of 1000 iijihabitants. 
 The surface is rocky and partly covered 
 with heath, but part of it is arable, and pro- 
 duces corn,a number’of horses, blac'kioattle, 
 and sheep, are reared. The castle which is 
 still in repair, is a strong edifice. 
 
 Colan, a town in Peru, South America. 
 The inhabitants raise a great deal of grain, 
 and feed a number of cattle, nine miles n of 
 Fayta. 
 
 Colar, a town in the Mysore country Hin- 
 doostan,has a large fort constructed of mud, 
 and the ruins of a hiil fort. In the vicinity 
 is a college of Mussulman priests and a 
 mosque. Here cotton cloth and muslins 
 are manufactured. It is the birth place 
 of Hyder Aly, wdio erected an elegant 
 mausoleum for his father, who is buried 
 here, 40 miles ene of Bangalore, and 
 J40 w of Madras. Lon. 78 9 e, lat. 13 
 
 9 N. 
 
 ColarnSf a town in the circle of Gohiid, 
 Hindoostan, 125 miles s of Agra. 
 
 Colatto, or CcUaUoj a town of Italy, six 
 miles ssw of .Ceneda. 
 
 Colatto, or Collalfo, a county in the late 
 Maritime Austria, in the Trevisane, con- 
 taining the three important castles of Collal- 
 tOy St. Salvatore, and St. Lucia, with several 
 towns and villages. 
 
 Colba, a towm in Upper Saxony, and ter- 
 Titory of Neustadt, Germany, three miles 
 W’sw of Neustadt. 
 
 Coiberg, a town in Upper Saxony and 
 Prussia Pomeiania, Germany, at the mouth 
 of the Persant on the Baltic, remarkable 
 for its salt-v,^rks, and has a good raanu-? 
 factiire of -linen. It surrendered to 
 the Prussians, after along siege, in 1761, 
 but was restored at the peace, and is 60 
 miles XE of Stettin. Lon. 15 36 e, lat, 54 
 
 8 N. 
 
 Calchesifry a town in the county of Essex, 
 on the river Coin. There are three bridges 
 ovj^r it : and it is navigable within three 
 miles of the town, for ships of large burden ; 
 a little lower, it may even receive a royal 
 navy ; and qp to that part called the Hythe, 
 
 c o L 
 
 Ij close to the houses it is navigable for hoj^s 
 
 I and small barks. There is a large quay by 
 the river, which passes through the town, 
 and a good custom-house. Its ancient wall 
 is now demolished, and its castle is in ruins. 
 Once it had 16 churches, but now only 12. 
 After a severe siege the town surrendered 
 ^to the army of the parliament in the civil 
 Well. The town chiefly subsists by making 
 baize, and the wiiole county is employed, 
 and in part maintained, by the spinning of 
 wool for the baize trade of Colchester and 
 its adjacent villages. The town of Colches- 
 ter has been supposed to contain about 
 40,006 people, including the out villages 
 within its liberty, of which there are 
 many, the liberty or the town being of 
 large extent ; but, according to the re- 
 turn made in 1801, the number of inhabi- 
 tants within the walls and suburbs, was 
 only 11,520, The town sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament ; and is governed by a 
 mayor, recorder, towiicleik, 12 aldermen, 
 18 assistants, 18 common-council, tvro 
 coroners, four setjeants, and two claviers. 
 The mayor and aldermen, for the time 
 being, witl^ 48 guardians, are also a cor- 
 poration for the benefit of the poor. There 
 are markets on Wednesday and Satur- 
 day ; fairs July 5 and 23, Oct. 20, for cat- 
 tle, and 21 foT merchandise, which lasts two 
 or three days, and sometimes for weeks. 
 This place is celebrated for oysters and enn- 
 go roots. It is 1 2 miles sw of Ipswich, and 
 51 ENE of Loudon. Lon. 0 58 e, lat. 51 
 53 N. 
 
 Colchester, a town in Connecticut^ United 
 States, New London county, 20 miles nw of 
 New London. 
 
 Colchester, a town in Virginia and Fair- 
 fax county, America, situated on Oequo- 
 quam creek, three miles from it junction 
 with the Potomac, and 16 sw of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 Colchester, a town of Vermont, in Chit- 
 tenden county, situated on a bay of Lake 
 Champlain, at the mouth of the Onion, 14 
 miles N by e of of Burlington. 
 
 Colding, or Kolding, 3. tosvn in the diocese 
 of Ripen, situated between mountains, on 
 the river Thueths, near its entrance into the 
 Little Beir^^j^mmrk : the harbour is much 
 injured tf kafid banks, and its trade much 
 decayed. Here many Danish kings resided, 
 Lon. 9 23 e, Greenwich, 'tax. '55 30 n. 
 
 Co led fig ham, a parish in the county of 
 Berwick ; it is of an irregular square figuix;, 
 ofseveu or eight miles, and a rich fertile soil, 
 except about 600 acres of inuir. About a 
 mile w’ of St. Abb’s Hoad, is a beautiful 
 piece of water called Coldingham Loch, 
 about a mile in circumference, and of coli- 
 siderable depth. There are, besides the 
 town of Coldingham, three or four small 
 villages in the parish, the inhabitants of 
 which are chiefly farmers ox weavt?rs. Fo^ 
 pulatioii about 239 1 , 
 
COL 
 
 Coldingliam, a town in the above parish, » 
 containing, with the environs, about 530 ' 
 families. Here are the remains of an ab- 
 bey or priory, built by Edgar king of Scot- 
 land in 1 100. Ebba, one of the Abbesses, 
 celebrated for her chastity, gave name to a 
 promontory in this parish, called St. Abb's 
 Head. The inhabitants of the town, about 
 700, subsist partly by farming portions of 
 land, of which a number of them are pro- 
 prietors ; partly by weaving principally in 
 the cotton linei^and partly by fishing, which 
 here is constantly carried on. It has also 
 a brewery, 1 1 miles nkv/ of Berwick. 
 
 ColditZy a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 margraviate of Missina, situated on the 
 Hukla, Germany. The inhabitants manu- 
 facture linen and other stuffs, 22 miles se 
 of L( dnsic. 
 
 Coldstream, a town in the county of Ber- 
 wick, on the N side of the Tweed, contain- 
 ing about 1162 inhabitants. Here a neat 
 bridge over the Tweed unites the tw'o king- 
 doms. Here general Monk first raised the 
 Coldstream regiment, v/itb w^hich he march- 
 ed into England to restore Charles II. It 
 was formerly the seat of a Priory of Cister- 
 tians. It is noted for the manufacture of 
 implements of husbandry, and for boots and 
 shoes. Coldstream is 14 miles sw of Ber- 
 wick, 46 SE by E of Edinburgh. 
 
 Coldstream, a parish in v/hich the above 
 town is situated, extending for seven or . 
 eight miles, with a breadth of about four. 
 The soil is mostly rich and fertile ; on the 
 banks of the Tw^eed, light, inclining to 
 clay backwards. Freestone is abundant, 
 and the symptoms of coal are very flatter- 
 ing. Shell and rock marl are found in 
 many parts. Population of the parish is 
 2269. The Hirsel, the seat of the Right 
 Honourable, the earl of Home, is in this 
 parish. 
 
 Coldwater,^ lake of N. America. Lon. 
 
 1 11 w, lat. 54 56 n. 
 
 Coleagara, a tewm of Coirabetore, Hin- 
 doostan, with tw’o large temples. It is the 
 resort of traders between the country below 
 the eastern Gauts and Seringa patam, 34 
 miles SE of the latter place. 
 
 Cclehrook, a town in Massachusets, 
 United States. 
 
 Colebrook Dale, a village in the eastern 
 part of Shropshire, seated in a vale, be- 
 tw^een two hills, on the Severn, Here are 
 extensive iron- works, connected with the 
 Severn by a canal, in forming which, a 
 spring of native tar was discovered. A 
 work for obtaining a similar kind of tar 
 from the condensed smoke of coal has 
 been erected. Here is also a brine 
 spring. A large and elegant bridge of 
 cast-iron of one arch was thrown over the 
 Severn at this place in 1779, two miles n 
 by E of Brosely. 
 
 Coleford, a town in the county of Glou- 
 cester, with a weekly market on Friday. 
 
 COL 
 
 , Near it are considerable iron-works. It 
 has fairs June 20th, Nov. 24th, and is 123 
 ; miles w of London. 
 
 Colenet, Cape, on the island of New Ca- 
 ledonia, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 164 
 56 E, lat. 20 30 s. 
 
 Cokrain, a town iii the county of Lon- 
 donderry, Ireland, situated on the river 
 Bann, about three miles from the sea, with 
 a valuable salmon fishery, and a noted 
 manufacture of linen, sends one member 
 to pail lament, 28 miles ene of London- 
 derry. 
 
 Colerain, a town in the state of Georgia, 
 United States. Here in 1796, a convention 
 was concluded between the Creek Indians 
 and the United States. It stands on the 
 St. Mary river, 35 miles w by n of Port 
 St. Mary, and 140 s by e of Louisville. 
 
 Coleshill, a town in Warwickshire, on an 
 eminence, on the Cole> with a market on 
 Wednesday, and fairs on Shrove Monday. 
 May 6th, and Oct, i2th. It is 105 miles 
 Nw of London, and 10 e of Birmingham. 
 
 Coleshill, a village in Herfordshire, cele- 
 brated as the birth-place of Waller the poet^ 
 seven miles w of Ricbmansworth. 
 
 Coligny, a town in the department of the 
 Ain^, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 J 2 miles iv of Bourg. 
 
 Colihaut, a town on the western side of 
 the island of Dominica. 
 
 Colima, a tow n in the county of Mexico, 
 and province of Mechoacan, S Amerioa, 
 stands in a fruitful vale on the Nequalapa. 
 The town is large and rich. Near it is a 
 mountain of the same name, with a volcano, 
 145 miles s by w of Guadalajara. Lon. 
 103 10 w, lat. 18 58 n. 
 
 Colimer, a town in the department of the 
 Orne, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 four miles w of Montagne. 
 
 Colin, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Caiirzim, with a strong castle, 28 miles 
 E of Prague. 
 
 Collingshnrg, a village in the parish of 
 Kiiconquhar, Fifeshire. It contains about 
 360 inhabitants. 
 
 Coll. See Col. , 
 
 Collabang, a towui in the Malwa country, 
 Hindoostan, on the Sinde, 50 miles w of 
 Chandaree. 
 
 Collace, a parish in the valley of Strath- 
 more, and county of Perth, forming a square^ 
 of nearly two miles. The^rthern divi- 
 sion has a light black loara|^ soil, inter- 
 mixed with ciay ; and the southern by the 
 N side of the Sidlaw hills, is in some places 
 enclosed and improved. The number of 
 inhabitants is about 562. It is seven miles 
 N of Perth. 
 
 Colle, a town in Ti^cany, Italy, near tho 
 Elza, on a hill, 10 miles nnw of Sienna. 
 
 CoUeda, a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 country of Thuringia, Germany, stands on 
 the Unstrut, and lies 19 miles n by w of 
 Weiriiar. 
 
COL 
 
 Cckessie^ a parish in the eoiint;f M 
 about eight miles in length, and five in 
 breadth. The arable land is very fertile, 
 Population is about 930. — Also a village in 
 this parish, in the vicinity of which are 
 two castle s in ruins, one of which, called 
 Maiden Castle, is said to have been de- 
 fended by a maiden lady, till the besieg^ers 
 were obliged to abandon their enterprise. 
 
 Colleton^ a county in Charles-town dis- 
 trict, S Carolina, United States. 
 
 Collier f a town in N Carolina, United 
 States, 1 1 miles ne of Wilmington. 
 
 CoUington, a parish in the county of Mid 
 Lothian, within two miles of the metro- 
 polis. It extends about four miles e and 
 w, and about five in a s and n direction, 
 taking in Logan-house hilL the highest 
 point, which is 1700 feet above the level 
 cf the sea at Leith. The arable lands are 
 all enclosed and highly cultivated. The 
 river of Collmgton, or rather the water of 
 Leith y in a course of 10 miles drives no 
 fewer than 71 mills. Paper, magnesia, 
 and tobacco, are manufactured here. 
 There are also bleachfields and a skinnery. 
 Population is about 1397. 
 
 Colliourey a town in the department of 
 the Eastern Pyrenees, and chief place of a 
 canton in the district of Ceret, France. 
 It has a small harbour on the Mediterra- 
 nean, and is inhabited by fishermen, 18 
 miles ssE of Perpignan. Lon. 3 10 e, lat. 
 42 34 n. 
 
 ColUstown, mAOld Castile, two villages in 
 the parish of Slains, Aberdeenshire, contain- 
 ing about 329 inhabitants. 
 
 Cello, a village of Italy. It has iron 
 mines and founderies. 
 
 Collobrieres, a town in the department of 
 the Var, and chief place of a canton in the 
 district of Hieres, France> 18 miles ne of 
 Toulon. 
 
 Collon, a town in Louth county. 1 1 has a 
 stocking manufactory, and an extensive 
 bleachfield. It is a post town, and has fairs, 
 
 ■ 5une 3d and Nov. 24th, six miles nnw 
 of Drogheda, and 30 n of Dublin. 
 
 Collonge, a town in the department of 
 Ain, and chief place of a canton in the dis- 
 trict of Gex, France, 15 miles sswofGex. 
 
 Collumpton. See Columhton, 
 
 Colmar, a town in the duchy of Holstein, 
 ©ermany, five miles se of Gluckstadt. 
 
 Colmar, the capital of the department ol 
 the Upper Rhine, and surrounded by a wail 
 flanked with towers, France, near the 111, 
 42 miles s by w of Strasburg. It contains 
 about 15,000 inhabitants, Lon. 7 22 e, 
 lat. 48 5 N. 
 
 Colmars, a towm in the department of the 
 Lower Alps, and chief place of a canton in 
 the district of Castellane, France, 20 miies 
 SE of Digne. 
 
 Colmbcrg, or Colbenberg, a town in Fran- 
 conia, Germany, principality of Anspach, 
 wine miles nw of Anspach, 
 
 c 6 L 
 
 '^Cplpiondl, a parish in the county of 
 Ayr, and district of Carrick. It is about 
 20 miles in length, and six in breadth. It 
 is watered by the Stinchar, the banks of 
 which /are loamy and fertile. Inclosures 
 and other improvements in agriculture, 
 are pretty much followed. Population is 
 about 1396. Divine worship is performed 
 at Barhill in the higher part of the parish 
 several sabbaths in the year, for the accom- ‘ 
 modation. of the inhabitants that are remote 
 from the church. 
 
 Colmonelly a village in the above parish^ 
 It has four fairs. 
 
 Coin, a river which has its source near 
 Clare in Suffolk, runs by Halstead and 
 Colchester, in Essex, and at the e end of 
 Mersey Island falls into the German 
 Ocean. Here are found the celebrated 
 Colchester oysters. This is the name of 
 other two lesser rivers which fall into the 
 Thames, the one at Slaines, the other at 
 Islesworth. 
 
 Colnbrook, a town in the county of Bucks, 
 on the river Coin. It is 17 miles wof Lon- 
 don. Being seated on the Bath road it has 
 several large inns, a market on Wednesday, 
 and fairs April 3d and May 3d. 
 
 Colm, a town in Lancashire. It carries oa 
 a considerable trade in calieoes and dimities. 
 The market is on Wednesday, and fairs May 
 14, and Oct. 10. It stands on a hill neap 
 the Leeds Canal, 36 miles se of Lancaster; 
 and 218 nnw of London. 
 
 Colocythia, a town in the Morea, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, stands on the w side of a bay 
 of the same name, 36 miles s of Misitra, 
 Lon. 22 24 e, lat. 36 38 n. 
 
 Colocza, a town on the Danube, Hun- 
 gary, with an archbishop^s see, 27 miles s 
 of Buda. Lon. 18 29 e, lat. 46 38 n. 
 
 Cologne, a ci-devant electorial archbisho- 
 pric of Germany, in the circle of the Lower 
 Rhine, which was overrun by the French, 
 in October 1794, and anne^d to France, in 
 Dec. 1797, when it was partitioned be- 
 tween the departments of the Roer, the 
 Rhine, and Moselle. The soil is unequal, 
 being composed of mountains and forests, 
 sand lands, and fertile fields. There is 
 plenty of game, fish, mineral tprings, and 
 excellent vineyards. It contains 72 towns 
 and cities. The inhabitants are, in gene- 
 ral, Roman Catholics. 
 
 Cologne, the capital of the above ci-de- 
 vant, archbishopric, andthe department of the 
 Roer, France, with a university, formerly 
 an imperial city of Germany. It is built in 
 the form of a crescent, on the borders 
 of the Rhine, and fortified in the an- 
 cient manner Here are 10 collegiate, and 
 19 parochial churches, and other religious 
 houses, all of them celebrated for their 
 paintings, their riches, or their revels. It 
 gave birth to the famous Rubens. Its once 
 extensive commerce, is exchanged for the 
 manufacture of a few stockings, ribands and 
 
COL 
 
 some tobacco. Two thirds of this once 
 flourishing city are now in ruins.j whole 
 streets and squares are converted into vine- 
 yards and other gardens- This is p:wing to 
 the expulsion of the Jew^s in 1485, and the 
 persecution of the ProtOBtants in 16 IS- In 
 the Cordeliers church is the tomb of the ce- 
 lebrated schoolman, John Duns Scotus, a 
 native of the town of Dunse, Berwickshire. 
 — 17 miles e of Juliers. Lon. 6 SS e, lat, 
 50 58 N. 
 
 COLOGJf A, a fertile district of the late 
 maritime division of Austria, in the ci-de- 
 vant Dogado of Venice. It is divided 
 nearly in two by the Gaa, and contains one 
 low'n, 13 large villages, and 12,500 souls. 
 
 ' Cologmy a rich town, capital of the 
 above district, situated on the Fueme Nuo- 
 va, containing 6,200 inhabitants, who trade 
 in wdne and silk. It lies 15 miles from 
 Vicenza. 
 
 Cologne, an agreeable village at the foot 
 of the hill Orsano, Italy. 
 
 Cologne, a town in the department of 
 Gers, and chief place of a canton, Italy, 
 18 miles r of Auch. 
 
 Colokitia, or Kolokitia, a town on the s 
 coast of the Morea, European Turkey. 
 Lon. 22 50 E, Greenwich, lat. 36 47 n. 
 
 Colomay, a town on the river Pruth, Po- 
 land. Lon. 25 40 e, lat. 48 41 w. 
 
 Colomhes, a town in the department of 
 Paris, and chief place of a canton in the 
 district of St. Denys, France, about six 
 miles Nw of Paris. 
 
 Colomhy aux belles Femmes, a town in 
 the department of the Meurte, and chief 
 place of a canton in the district of Vesclize, 
 France, 15 miles sw of Nancy. 
 
 Colombier, a town in the department of 
 the TJpper Saone, and chief place of a can- 
 ton, in the district of Vesoul, France, 10 
 miles NK of Vesoul. 
 
 Colombier, a town in the county of Neuf- 
 ehatel, Switzerland, two miles sw of Neuf- 
 chatel. 
 
 Colomiers, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, 18 miles se of 
 Meaux and four e of Paris. 
 
 Colongodu, a town of Malabar, Hindoo- 
 stan, stands at the foot of mountains on 
 the s. It has extensive manufactures of 
 cotton, and is 27 miles sw of Coimbe.tore, 
 and 53 E by s of Paniany. 
 
 Colonna, a town situated 18 miles s of 
 Rome, in Compagna de Roma. 
 
 Colonna-di- Rubicon, a town of Italy. 
 Lofi. 12 25 w, lat. 44 10 n. 
 
 Colonne, a town in the department of 
 Jura, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 six miles nw" of Poligny. 
 
 COLONS A, one of the Western Islands 
 of Scotland, about six miles long and two 
 broad. It is separateil fromOrensay by a 
 narrow sound, which is dry at low water, 
 and they may be considered together. Of 
 about 8000 acres, 3000 are arable. But of 
 
 G o L 
 
 late, the system of converting arable land 
 into pasture ha^ prevailed, and a great 
 part of the two islands is covered with 
 black cattle- The population about 805* 
 These islands belong to the parish of Jura, 
 the minister of wiiich is obliged to keep an 
 assistant here, but has no chapel to officiate 
 in. The society for propagating Christian 
 knowledge have a school in this quarter. 
 The s point is in Ion. 3 30 w, lat. 56 0 n. 
 
 Coloor, a toWn in the circar of Guntoor, 
 Hindoostan, in which is a diamond mine. 
 It stands on the Ristnah, 13 miles nw of 
 Condavir. 
 
 Colorado, a river which has its source a- 
 mong the mountains on the xe side of New 
 Mexico, by a wsw course falls into the » 
 part of the gulf of California in lat. 33 x. 
 Its whole course is about 1000 miles, 300 
 of which are navigable for vessels of con- 
 siderable burden. The banks are with- 
 out wood. Lon. 79 17 w, Ferro, lai. 
 29 N. 
 
 CoLOBADOS, Los, a cluster of small is- 
 lands or rocks, near the island of Cuba. 
 
 Colorno, a town in the Parmesan, Italy, 
 near the Po, 10 miles x of Parma. 
 
 Coloswar, or Clausenburg, a town of 
 Transylvania, on the river Samos. Loti. 
 10 7 E, Ferro, lat. 46 47 x. 
 
 Colsterivorth, a town in Lincolnshire, 
 pleasantly situated on the e side of the 
 river Witham, near which is Woodthorp, 
 where Sir Isaac Newton was born in 1642. 
 It is 98 miles from London by AYare, and 
 102 by Hatfield- 
 
 Colvend and Southwick, a parish in tb© 
 stewartry of Kircudbright, extending along 
 the banks of the Solway Frith, about eight 
 miles in length, and four in breadth, and 
 containing 1106 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is rough and irregular, much broken 
 and interrupted by rocks, large heaps of 
 stones, and impenetrable copses of thorns, 
 furze, and briars. The coast is remarka- 
 ble for those rare productions of nature 
 called Animal Flowers, which seem to be 
 the link between the animal and vegetabl© 
 kingdoms. It affords a variety of 
 of which a number are taken. Samphire 
 is collected here, and in the parish are 
 petrifying springs, some crystalizations, a 
 rich vein of copper, and cibundanca of gra- 
 nite, one species of which is valued for 
 millstones, 
 
 Columb Magna, or Great St, Columh, a 
 market town in the county of Cornwall, 
 which gives name to a large parish. 
 Its markets are on Monday and Thursday, 
 arsd fairs, Thursday in Mid Lent, and 
 Thursday after November 13. Here the 
 sessions sit for one division of the coun- 
 ty. The church was dedicated to St. 
 Columb ; 32 miles sw of Launceston, 
 
 45 HE of the Lands end, and 249 wsw of 
 London. 
 
 Columbia, a towp in the Westsrn TerrK 
 
COL 
 
 C O M 
 
 icry, aftd county of Hamilton, United States, 
 on the Ohio, eight miles e by s of Cincin- 
 nati. Lon. 84 34 w, lat. 38 67 n. 
 
 Columbia, the capital of Kershaw coun- 
 ty, in South Carolina, United States, is the 
 seat of the state government, but branches 
 of each of the public offices sit at Charles- 
 ton. It stands on the Cougaree, near its 
 junction with the Saluda ; 1 10 miles NxWv of 
 Charleston. Lon. 8110 w, lat. 33 58 n. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a county of New York, 
 32 miles long, and 21 broad, containing 
 eight towns, 26,109 citizens, and 1623 
 slaves. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a tract of land in the 
 United States, about 10 miles square, partly 
 in Virginia, and partly in Maryland, hut 
 ceded by those States to Congress, as a most 
 centrical spot for establishing a seat for the 
 general government. The territory of Co- 
 lumbia, in 1801, contained 8,144 inhabi- 
 tants, and in 1810,24,023. See Washing- 
 ton, 
 
 Cohimhia, a towaship of Maine district, 
 in Washington county, on Pleasant river, 
 15 miles wsw of Machias.. 
 
 Columbia, a tov/n in Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylv ania, on the Susquehanna, Wrights 
 ferry, 12 miles w of Lancaster, and 70 w 
 by K of Philadelphia. 
 
 Cohimhia, a post town in Goochland 
 county, Virginia, at the confluence of the 
 rivers James and Ptivanna, 100 miles sw of 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Columbia, river, Nw part of N America, 
 which has its source near that of the Mis- 
 souri. Captains Lewis and Clark, in 1805, 
 ^ ^trac^d it from where it is 860 yards wide, to 
 ihe Pacific ocean, v/here it is above three 
 miles wide, in Ion. 123 26 w, lat. 48 19 x. 
 
 Columbo, a town on the western coast of 
 the island of Ceylon. The natives live in 
 the old town without the walls of ihe new. 
 The streets of this last are wide, and ex- 
 ^ tremely clean, and the British governor’s 
 house is a handsome structure. The inhabi- 
 tants amount to about 300,000. It was 
 built by the Portuguese in 1638, w^as taken 
 by the Dutch in 1658, and became subject 
 to the British in 1796, The fort which is 
 seated on a peninsula, is strong both by art 
 and nature. There is a school for propagat- 
 ing the Christian religion. It has a Bota- 
 nic garden ; and is the principal place of 
 •trade in the island. Among its numerous 
 exports are arcka, cinnamon, |)epper, cor- 
 dage, betel-leaf, cocoa nuts, oil, wax, honey, 
 and fruit, &c. Lou. 79 55 e, lat. 7 6 n. 
 
 Cohimhton, Collumpton, or Cu/lumpton, 
 an ancient market town in Devonshire situ- 
 ated on the viver-Culm, consisting principal- 
 ly of one long street. It has considerable 
 )nanufaetures of broad cloths, serges, <fec. 
 The number of houses is about 500, and it 
 has a market on Saturday, and fairs, first 
 Wednesday in May and November; 12 
 miles .XKE of Exeter, and 160 w of Loudon. 
 
 Columna, a town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, 50 miles se of Moscow. 
 Lon. 38 25 e, lat. 55 5 x. 
 
 COLURI, an island in the gulf of En- 
 gia, near the coast of Livadia, about seven 
 miles long and two wide, formerly called 
 ^alamis. The chief town is of the samo 
 name, at the bottom of one of the finest 
 harbours in the world ; 17 miles v/ by s 
 of Athens. Lon. 23 46 e, lat, 38 0 n. 
 
 Colyton, or Cullyton, a market town ia 
 Devonshire. It contains 289 houses, and 
 stands on the Cole at i(s junction with the 
 Ax. Market on Thursday; fairs. May 1, 
 and Nov. 30; 17 miles e of Exeter, and 
 161 w by s of London. 
 
 Com, or Kom, a town in the province o? 
 Irac Agemi, Persia, at the foot of a moun- 
 tair, on a river which runs through a fer- 
 tile plain; celebrated for its silk manu- 
 factures, chiefly velvets, also sword blades, 
 porcelain, and excellent soap. Here are 
 superb mosques and grand sepulchres ; 1 10 
 miles NNE of Ispahan. Lon. 51 20 e, 
 lat. 34 30 N. 
 
 ComacJiio, a town of Italy, on a lake of 
 the same name, stands between two mouths 
 of the Po, 27 miles ese of Ferrara. 
 
 COMANA, Gotta, a province and town 
 in Terra Firma, South America, 10 miles 
 w of Cumana. 
 
 Comasco, See Como, 
 
 Comayagua, or Valladolid, capital of 
 Honduras, New Spain, on the Chamalucon, 
 280 miles E of Guatimala. Lon. 88 20 w, 
 lat. 14 35 N. 
 
 Come Martin, a town on the x coast of 
 Devonshire, on the Bristol channel. Near 
 it are silver mines. Hence iron and lead 
 are shipped to Bristol ; 26 miles e of Ilfra- 
 comb, and 202 w of London. 
 
 Comham, a town in the country of Cud- 
 dapa, Hindoostan, 65 miles x of Guddapa. 
 
 Combamet, a town in the country of Gol- 
 conda, Hindoostan, 68 miles e of Hydra-r 
 bad. 
 
 Comheau, Fontaine, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Upper Saoiie, and chief 
 place of a canton, France, 11 miles wxw 
 of Vezoul, 
 
 Comitlah, a town in the country of Ben- 
 gal, Hindoostan, on a river that runs w, and 
 joins the Burampooter, capital of Tipera, 
 188 miles exe of Calcutta. Lou. 91 20 e, 
 lat. 23 25 N. 
 
 Comines, a town in the department of the 
 North, Flanders, on the Lis, eight miles sse 
 of Ypres. 
 
 COMING, or Comix, an island in the 
 Jliediteiranean. Lon. 14 15 E,lat. 35 52 x. 
 
 Comiso, a town in a feriiie plain, in Valdi 
 Note, Sicily, 27 miles w by x of Noto. 
 
 COPvjMANOES, one of the Virgin isles, 
 NNE of Tortula. Lon. 63 0 w, lat. 18 25 
 
 COMMENDO, CommaaI or Kom.ma- 
 XI, a kingdom of Africa on the Gold Coast, 
 about 20 niilei square. The king is said to 
 
COM 
 
 bs a^le in this little kingdom, to rdjse an 
 army of 30,000 men. The capital is called 
 Grand Commendo, Or GulFo. Little Com- 
 mendo, where the English and Dutch have 
 forts, is four miles to the s of the capital. 
 The natives are in general turbulent, cun- 
 ning, and deceitful. Their employment 
 consists either in fishing or in commerce. 
 iiOn. 0 34 E, lat. 4 <54 n. 
 
 Commcfcy^ a town and principal place 
 of a district, in the department of the 
 Meuse, France. It contains two parishes, 
 has a castle, and stands on the Meuse, 16 
 miles sE of Bar le due. 
 
 COMMINGES, a ci-devant country in 
 Gascony, about 15 leagues. in length, and 
 six in breadth, which is now included in 
 the department of Gers, France. 
 
 Commotau, Comet au, or Chomston, a 
 tov/n in the circle of Saatz, Bohemia. 
 Large quantities of alum are prepared 
 here. It lies in a fertile vale, 58 miles nw 
 of Prague. Lon. 13 30 E,lat. 50 37 n. 
 
 Conineno, a tow n in the province of Al- 
 bania, European Turkey, 36 miles se of 
 Albasano. 
 
 Como, a town of Italy, on the lake 
 Como, pleasantly situated in a plain, al- 
 most surrounded with mountains, and is 
 large, populous, and commercial. The 
 town is surrounded by a wall. The houses 
 are neatly built of stone ; the cathedral is 
 a handsome edifice of white marble. The 
 inhabitants have established several ma- 
 nufactures of cotton and silk. The town 
 was the birth-place of the younger Pliny, 
 who in his letters makes mention of the 
 enchanting scenery of its environs; 18 
 miles N of Milan, and 80 ne of Turin. 
 Lon. 9 7 E, lat. 45 44 n. 
 
 Como, Lake of, a lake in the Milanese, 
 Italy, about nine leagues in length, from n 
 to s, and hardly one wide, divided into two 
 branches on the s. At the end of one 
 stands Como, and at the end of the other 
 Lecco ; and several towns and villages ate 
 Jileasantly situated on its banks. The 
 Adda passes through this lake by Lecco. 
 
 Comonana, a town in the province of 
 Macedonia, European Turkey, 60 miles 
 KNEof Akrida. 
 
 COMORA, or Gomora Islands. They 
 are five in number, situated between the 
 X of Madgascar and the coast of Zarigne- 
 bar. Their names are Hinznan, Mayotta, 
 Mobilla, Angezela, and Comora, which 
 gives name to the above cluster, and is 
 about six leagues long, and three wide. 
 Lon. 43 to 45 e, Greenwich. Lat. 1 1 50 
 to 13 s. 
 
 Comorin, Cape, a promontory of Asia, 
 the most southern pan of HindOostan. Lon. 
 77 5 E, lat. 7 56 n. 
 
 Comorn, or Comora, the capital of a 
 country to which it gives name, Hungary". 
 In 1783, it was almost wholly destroyed by 
 an earthquake. It stands on the Daiiube. 
 
 9 
 
 CON 
 
 in the isle of Schut, 55 miles ese of Pres-* 
 burg. Lon. 18 15 e, lat, 47 46 n. 
 j Compeigne, a town and principal place 
 I of a d strict, in the department of the 
 j Oise, France, seated on the Oise, near 
 an extensive forest. Here, in 1430, tha 
 Maid of Orleans was taken prisoner. Five 
 or six ecclesiastical councils have been 
 held in this place, where is a college and. 
 a palace, where the kings of France have 
 often resided. The principal commerce 
 consists in corn, wine, and wood ; 38 miles 
 E of Beauvais, and 75 ne of Paris. Lon. 
 3 50 E, lat. 49 35 n, 
 
 Compeyre, a towm in the department of the 
 Aveiron,and chief place of a canton, France^j 
 on the Tarn, three miles n of Milhaud. 
 
 Compostella, or San Jago de Compos- 
 tella, the capital of Galicia, Spain, with 
 an university, and an archbishop’s see ; 
 situated in a beautiful plain, between the 
 Tambra and Ulla, on all sides surrounded 
 with agreeable hills. The churches and 
 public squares are .superb, it has a strong 
 castle, and .several convents of both sexes. 
 It is pretended that James the Less, the; 
 patron of all Spain, is buried here, whose 
 wooden image stands on the altar of the 
 cathedral, and is visited by pilgrims, for 
 who.se reception a magnificent hospital is 
 fitted up. From this city, the order of St. 
 Jago, or James, took its rise, into which 
 none are admitted except they can prove 
 their nobility for two generations ; 155 
 miles w by N of Leon, and 305 nw of Ma- 
 drid. Lon. 8 37 e, lat. 43 52 n. 
 
 Compostella Nuova, the capital of the 
 provinceofXalisco, Mexico, llOmiles w of 
 Guadalajara. Lon. 104 36 w, lat. 21 20 n. 
 
 Compreignae, a town in the dept, of the 
 Upper Vienne, and chief place of a canton^ 
 France, 10 miles n of Limoges. 
 
 Comrie, a parish and considerable village 
 in Perthshire. The parish extends about 
 13 miles in length, and 10 in breadth. The 
 soil of the low grounds is in general light 
 and gravelly. The banks of Loch Erne and 
 of the river are covered with natural wood, 
 and numerous flocks of sheep are reared upon 
 the sides of the lofty mountains. The parish 
 affords a very greatvariaty of wild Highland 
 scenery. At the w end of Loch Erne is a 
 quarry of excellent lime-stone, which has 
 contributed much to the improvement of the 
 land ; and near the forest of Glenairtncy i .3 
 a good slate quarry. This village is plea- 
 santly situated on the n bank of the Erne. 
 It consists of one long but irregular street. 
 The Gaelic tongue is familiar to the pari- 
 shioners and villagers. The population is 
 2458. This parish and neighbouring dis- 
 tricts, have been visited of late years, with 
 frequent and smart shocks of an earthquake, 
 most .severely felt at the village of Comrie ; 
 18 miles w of Perth. In the vicinity ard 
 vestiges of two Ptoman camps. 
 
 ' Con. a lake in Perthshire, parish of iVber- 
 K k 
 
e o N 
 
 foyle, alrout two mUes and a-balf long, 1 
 famed for its romantic scenery and a bound- 
 ing with excellent pike, trout, and eel. 
 
 CONANICUT, an island a little to the 
 B of Rhode island. Lon. 71 20 w, lat. 41 
 25 N. 
 
 CONCAN, a country of Asia, , situated 
 on the western coast of the peninsula of In- 
 dia, between Bombay and Goa, separated 
 from the rest of the continent by a ridge of 
 mountains called the GauU. It belongs to 
 ihe Mahrattas. The principal towns are 
 Choul, Fort Victoria, Dabul, Severndroog, 
 Gheria, Tamana, and Sunderdoo; and lies 
 between 15 and 20 n lat. 
 
 Concarneau, a sea-port tow^n in the dept, 
 of Finisterre, and chief place of a canton, 
 France, has a castle, and is 16 miles se of 
 Quimpere, 
 
 Conception, a river on the isthmus of Da- 
 rien, America. 
 
 Conception Hive, a town in the country 
 of Chili, on the coast of the S pacific 
 ocean, province of Puchacay, on the n 
 banks of the Biobio, three miles from the 
 sea, and nine from the site of the old city, 
 which was destroyed by an earthquake in 
 1751, the ruins of which are still visible, 
 on the SE side of the bay. It contains 
 about 15,000 inhabitants, Spaniards and 
 Mestices. The environs are fertile, and the 
 harbour large and commodious, being shel- 
 tered from the ocean by the island of Qui- 
 liguina. The president of the royal au- 
 dience of St. Jago, has a palace here, in 
 which he is obliged to reside for six months 
 in the year. Its exports consist of wheat, 
 ^iour, hides, tallow, and dried beef; 210 
 miles N of Valdivia, and 260 wsvv of St. 
 Jago. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 36 43 s. 
 
 ' Conception, or Conception de los Pam- 
 pas, a town in Paraguay, on the s side of 
 the river Plata, Lon. 39 25 w, Ferro. 
 Lat. 36 30 s. 
 
 Conception, La, a sea-port town in the 
 province of Veragua, America, on the Vi- 
 ragua, near the Carribean sea, 33 miles 
 NNW of St. Jago. Lon. 81 40 iat. 8 
 48 N. 
 
 Conception Bay, a bay on the e coast of 
 Newfoundland. Lon. 52 40 w, Greenwich. 
 Lat 47 40 N. 
 
 Concohella, a town of Anziko, Guinea, on 
 the Zaire, and frontiers of Congo, is the 
 residence of a prince ; 150 'miles sw of 
 Monsal. Lon. 15 54 e, lat, 2 5 s. 
 
 Concord, a town in New Hampshire, and 
 county of Rockingham, situated on the Mer- 
 rimack, United States, 54 mile.s wnw of 
 Portsmouth, and 58 sw of Hanover. 
 
 Concord, a towui of Massachusets, has an 
 elegant court house, and three bridges over 
 the river Concord. Hero the provincial 
 congress met in 1774, and here the first op- 
 position was made to the British troops in 
 iT75 ; 18 miles nnw of Boston. 
 
 Concordia, a town of Modena; Italy, on 
 
 CON 
 
 the Sechia,five miles w of Mirandola. Lg^.- 
 11 13 E, lat. 44 52 N. 
 
 Concordia, a town in the country of 
 Friuli, Itaiy, 28 miles ssw of Udina. 
 
 Concoures, a. town in the department of 
 the Aveiron, and chief place of a canton, 
 France, seven miles nne of Rhodiz. 
 
 Concressaut, or Concorsaut^ a town iu 
 the department of the Cher, France, 25 
 miles N of Bourges. 
 
 Condanore, a town in the country of Gol- 
 conda, Hindoostaii, 24 miles e of Adoni. 
 
 Condapilly, the capital of one of the five 
 circars of its name, situated near the bay 
 of Bengal, on the Kistna, 80 miles sse 
 of Rajamundry. Lon. 80 30 e, iat. 16 
 37 N. 
 
 Condapour, a town of Golconda, Hin- 
 doostan, 20 miles s by w of Ilydrabad. 
 
 Condavir, a town in the ciroar of Gun- 
 toor, situated on a mountain, Hindoostaa, 
 30 miles sw of Condapilly, and 65 ^ne of 
 Ongole. Lon. 80 19 E,lat. 60 22 n. 
 
 Conde, a town in the department of the 
 North, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 seated on the Scheldt, at its junction with 
 the Haisne. Aster a severe siege, it sur- 
 rendered to the allies in 1793, but was re- 
 covered in the following year, and had its 
 name changed to that of Nord Lihre ; 
 seven miles n by e of Valencienne, and 26 
 se of Lisle. Lon. 3 48 e, lat. 50 27 n. 
 
 Conae Sur Noireau, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Calvados, and chief place 
 of a canton, France, stands on the Ne- 
 leau. The inhabitants are about 3,500, 
 and carry ou a considerable trade in cloth, 
 leather, and cutlery ; 28 miles sw of 
 Caen. 
 
 Condeeedo, a Cape in Yucatan, North 
 America, 100 miles w of Merida. Lon. 91 
 27 w, lat. 20 50 N. 
 
 Condcsiiyas D’ Areqnipq, the capital of a 
 jurisdiction in the country of Peru, S Ame- 
 rica, vyhere a species of wild cochineal is 
 gathered, 85 miles nnw of Arequipa. 
 
 Condom, a town, and principal place of a 
 district, in the department of the Gers, 
 France, on the Blaize. The number of 
 inbabit^ints is about 5000 ; 26 miles 
 NNW of Aueb. Lon. 0 24 k, lat. 43 
 58 N. 
 
 Condore, or Pulo Condore, an island in 
 the Eastern Indian sea, -about 20 leagues 
 from the coast of Cochin China, nine miles 
 long and two broad. The island is fertile, 
 and affords bufifuloes, bogs, vegetables, and 
 water, and has an excellent harbour. The 
 people are of an olive complexion, small 
 and well proportioned. Their idol temple 
 is small, built of wood, and covered with 
 thatch. In 1702, the English formed a 
 settlement here, but their factors were most 
 of them murdered and expelled in 1705. 
 Lon. 107 20 e, lat. 8 40 n. 
 
 Condrieu, a town in the department of the 
 RhouC; France, celebrated tor its wine. It 
 
CON 
 
 eontains about 3000 inhabitants^ stands 
 near the Rhone, 18 miles s of Lyon. 
 
 ConeglianOy a town in the Trevisano, 
 eontainiiig 3620 souls. Lon. 12 40 e, iat. 
 45 50 
 
 ConfianSy a town of Savoy, near the 
 junction of the Doron and Isere, IS miles 
 E of Chamherry. 
 
 ConfMnSy a town in the department of 
 the Upper Saon^ France, 12 miles n of 
 Vesoul. 
 
 Conjians yox a valley in Rousil- 
 
 lon, France, surrounded by the Pyrenees. 
 
 Conjlans St Honoriney a town in the de- 
 partment of the Seine and Oise, France, 15 
 .miles sw of Paris. 
 
 ConfolenSy a town and principal place of 
 a district in the department of the Charente, 
 on the Vienne, France, 36 miles ssw of 
 Poitiers, and 30 miles ne of Angoulesme. 
 
 Congy a village of Ireland, in a parish of 
 the same name, county of Mayo, formerly 
 the residence of the kings of Connaught. 
 Here are the remains of several churches 
 and religious houses. In the vicinity are 
 several caverns, and a large river suddenly 
 emerges from a sloping bank, and after a 
 rapid course of about a mile, falls into 
 iough Carrob, supposed to be a subterrane- 
 ous channel, by which lough Carragh and 
 lough Mask discharge themselves, 16 miles 
 E of Tuam, and 24 sof Castlebar. 
 
 CongOy a town in the province of Irak, 
 Agemi, Persia. 
 
 CongtetoHy a town in the county of Ches- 
 ter, It is governed by a mayor and six 
 aldermen, and has considerable silk and cot- 
 ton manufactures : a w'eekly market on 
 Saturday, and four annual fairs. 1 1 is seat- 
 ed on the Dean, seven miles s of Maccles- 
 field, and 161 kw of London. 
 
 CONGO, or Kongo^ a kingdom on the 
 w coast of Africa. The climate is hot in 
 summer, and the winters are mild as the 
 finest springs of Italy. _ Their days and 
 nights are almost equal. The soil is 
 good ; and generally produces two crops 
 in a year. The winter is from March to 
 Sepember, during which, rain falls al- 
 most every day. The inhabitants, who 
 go almost naked, worship the sun, moon, 
 stars, and various sorts of animals. The 
 men are averse to labour, which they com- 
 mit to their slaves, or for want of such, to 
 their wives. The principal corn used by 
 them is maize. They have fruit trees. 
 Among the animals are elephants of a 
 monstrous size, lions, leopards, &g. The 
 dante is an animal which seems peculiar 
 to this country ; it is shaped and coloured 
 much like an ox, though not so large. 
 The nsossi is of the bigness of a cat, ot 
 an ph colour, and hath two small horns 
 on its head. It is perhaps the most fearful 
 creature that lives, ever in motion, and 
 starting at the least noise ot breath of air. 
 Ostrichis are of surprising magnitude and 
 
 CON 
 
 beauty, and in great plenty. There are a 
 great variety ol parrots ; but the most es- 
 teemed birds of ail, are those which they 
 siiie, by way of excellence, the birds of 
 music. Fish, as in other maritime coun- 
 tries, are here in great plenty and variety, 
 both from the sea, and from the multitude 
 of rivers, which water the couniry. The 
 pico marina, is a sea-fish of a large size, 
 prodigious strength. It is at war with 
 every fish that swims, and with every 
 thing it meets in its way, without being 
 intimidated by the largest vessels. They 
 are likewise infested with a vast variety 
 of serpents, some of them of a monstrous 
 length and thickness. The most perni- 
 cious and dangerous kind of insects, is the 
 ant or pismire. The industrious bee fur- 
 nishes the inhabitants with excellent honey 
 and wax in such vast plenty, that there js 
 scarcely a hollow tree, cliff of a rock, or 
 cleft of the earth, in which they do uo$ 
 find great quantities of their combs. St, 
 Salvadore or Banza, is the capital. The 
 principal rivers are the Zaire, the Dando, 
 the Coanza, the Vambra, and the Barhela.. 
 Lon. 14 deg. to 21 deg. e, fat. 3 deg. to 8 
 deg. 30 m. s. 
 
 Congouy a town in the province of Far- 
 sistan, Persia, stands on a river which 
 falls into the Persian gulf. Here are sold 
 pearls brought from Bahrin, and is 120 
 miles s of Shiras. Lon. 52 30 e, lat. 2T 
 56 N. 
 
 Congrier en Pouancey a town in the de- 
 partment of the Mayenne, and chief place 
 of a canton, France, about 20 miles sw of 
 Laval. 
 
 Coniy a fortified town in Piedmont, Italy, 
 capital of a district of its name. Its trade 
 is considerable. It is strong by nature and 
 art: it is the market for the commodities 
 from Nue and Turin, intended for Ger- 
 many, Lombardy, and Swisserland. After 
 the victory of Mondavi, it was delivered to 
 the French who could never take it, as a 
 guarantee for the fulfilment of a treaty ; 
 but in 1799, it surrendered to the Austrians, 
 35 miles s of Turin. Lon. 7 44 e, lat. 44 
 
 22 N, 
 
 Conjever am ydiiovfn of the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doostan. The streets' are shaded on each 
 side by a row of cocoa nut trees. There 
 are two largs temples and a handsome 
 mosque. It stands on the Palear, 24 miles 
 E, of Arcot, and 44 wsw of Madras. 
 
 Coniglioney a town in Val de M^zarap 
 Sicily, 22 miles s of Palermo. 
 
 Conily a tov/n in the province of Anda- 
 lusia, Spain. The iniiabitants are much 
 engaged in fishing, 18 miles sse of Cadiz, 
 Lon, 10 35 E, Peak of Teneriffe, lat. 36 
 16 N. 
 
 Coniny or Komuy a town in the palati- 
 nate of Kalisch, Poland, seated on the 
 Warta, palatinate of Kalisch, 18 miles 
 s by E of Guesen. 
 
 K k 2 
 
CON 
 
 Coningseck, the capital of a county of. 
 the same name, in Swabia, Germany, 20 
 miles N of Constance. Lon. 9 20 e, lat. 
 
 4T 50 N, . 
 
 Coningtony in Huntingdonshire, near 
 Stilton, at the head of the river which 
 forms Brickmere, Ugmere, and Whittle- 
 sea, and has the remains of an ancient 
 castle. 
 
 Conisherg, Kongslerg, or Konsherg, a 
 town in the diocese of Aggerhuus, Norway, 
 situated in the midst of mountains, in v/hich 
 are some mines of silver, and in one a vein 
 of gold. Some of these mines are exceed- 
 ing profitable. It is seated on both sides 
 of the Loire, 40 miles sw of Christiania. 
 Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 59 40 n. 
 
 Canishrovghy a parish and village of w 
 Yorkshire. It was once a place of note, 
 and is famous for the remains of a castle, 
 said to have aOTordecl an asylum to Hen- 
 gist, after he was defeated by Aurelius 
 Ambrosius, near which he is supposed to 
 "be buried. 
 
 Coniston-Merey a beautiful lake in the n 
 part of Lancashire, six miles long, and one 
 j5road. At its nw extremity stands the vil- 
 lage of Coniston, three miles w by s of 
 Hawkshead, and 12 n of Ulverstone. 
 
 Conna, a lake in the island of Grossa, 
 abounding with fish, Italy. 
 
 CONNAUGHT, a province of Ireland, 
 J30 miles long, and 84 broad. It contains 
 five counties, viz. Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, 
 Roscommon, and Sligo, which include ^96 
 parishes, 4,108 square miles, and 95,821 
 houses, one archbishpric, and five bisho- 
 prics. It is in many places fertile, but the 
 worst cultivated of all the provinces. 
 Galway is the chief town. 
 
 CONNECTICUT, one of the United 
 States. Its shape is nearly a long square, 
 except towards the sw a small tract about 
 12 miles long, and eight or nine wide ; its 
 length from e to w is 82 miles, and 
 breadth from n to s 57. The climate is 
 healthy, though subject to frequent chan- 
 ges of weather, especially on tbe^sea-coast. 
 The winters are generally very severe, and 
 the summers very hot. It is composed of 
 mountains, hills and valleys, with a great 
 cumber of rivers, and is divided into eight 
 counties, viz. Hartford, Newhaven, New 
 London, Fairfield, Windham, Litchfield, 
 Middlesex, and Tolland. The principal 
 productions are maize, wheat, barley, oats, 
 flax, hemp, &c. The number of iuhabi- 
 lants in 1810 was 261,942. The inhabi- 
 tants are mostly of English descent ; and 
 are Independents ill religion. The princi- 
 pal towns are Hartford, Newhaven, New 
 London, Norwich, Middleton, and Wea- 
 thersfield ; the principal rivers are Con- 
 necticut, Honsatonick, and Thames. In 
 3794, the value of foreign exports amount- 
 ed to 806,746 dollars. 
 
 Connecticut^ a large river of the United 
 
 CON 
 
 States, which rises in the northern part of. 
 New Hampshire, and flows s into Long 
 Island Sound. It has great falls between 
 W al pole and Westminster, where is a bridge. 
 160 feet in length. The river is above 300. 
 miles long, and navigable to Hartford. 
 
 Connor y a town in the county of Antrim,- 
 Ireland, and together with Doun a bishop’s 
 see, In 1641, the cathedral was destroyed, 
 part of it is now the parish church, six 
 miles N of Antrim. 
 
 Conquety Le, a sea-port town ip the de-? 
 partment of Finisterre, and chief place ofi 
 a canton, France. It has a good road- 
 stead and port for shipping, 12 miles w ol 
 Brest. Lon. 12 54 e, Ferro, lat. 48 22 n. 
 
 Conselvcy a town and district in the Pa- 
 duan, Italy, containing 41 villages, and 
 40,000 souls. The town has 5,700 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 CONSERANS, or Couserans, a coun- 
 try in the department of Gers, France. 
 
 It contains a village of the same name. 
 
 Conset’s Bay, a bay on the ne coast of 
 the island of Barbadoes. 
 
 Constadty a town in the principality of 
 Oels, Silesia, 23 miles ne of Brieg. 
 
 Comtanccy a city of Germany, in Sua- 
 bia, situated on a lake called Badan Sea, 
 or the Upper Lake of Constance, Germany, 
 From 1414 to 1418, a famous council 
 was held here, In which John Huss and 
 Jeronie of Prague, were both sentenced to 
 be burned. It likewise condemned the 
 doctrines of WickliftVand 40 years after 
 his death caused his bones to be burned. 
 In 1787, Joseph II. granted the seculari- 
 zed convent of the Dominicans to 300 Ge- 
 nevans, who settled here. The French took 
 it in 1796, and in 1805, it was ceded to the 
 elector of Badan, by the treaty of Pres- 
 burg, 85 miles ne of Zurich, Lon. 9 7 
 E, lat. 47 38 N. 
 
 Constanccy one of the largest lakes oU 
 Switzerland, which separates it from Ger-? 
 many. It consists properly of two lakes ; 
 \\z, Consttanccy Lower, ox Zeller Zee, 16 
 miles long and 10 broad ; and Constanccy 
 Upper, or Baden Zee, 45 miles long and 
 28 broad. The Rhine connects both lakes, 
 and this intervening space is called the 
 Boa men Sea, This, like all the lakes of 
 Swisseriand, is deeper in summer than win-r 
 ter, pwing to the melting of the snow. 
 
 Constantina, a hamlet near the Cape of 
 Good Hope, celebrated for its wine. 
 
 Constantina, the eastern province qf the 
 kingdom of Algiers, and the largest and 
 richest of the four. In the mounteins dwell 
 free Arabian and Moorish tribes, of whom 
 the Cabyls are deemed the most turbu- 
 lent and cruel. It abounds in oil, soap, dried 
 figs, and wood, by which Algiers is supplied^ 
 ‘^Constantina, OT Casihina,xbe capital of the 
 above province, .situated on the river Kum- 
 nel, at the top of a steep and almost inac-. 
 eetsibie rock. The usual way of punishipij 
 
GO N 
 
 thiar criminals is by throwing them down 
 tUe rocks. Here is a triumphal ar ch and 
 Other Roman antiquities. Next to Aipers^ 
 this is the most populous city in the king- 
 dom ; 190 miles E by s o£ x\lgiers. Lon. 
 6 24 E, lat. 36 24 N 
 
 Constantinople y a city of Europt, 
 
 and 
 
 capital of the Turkish empire, anciently 
 called Br^aniinm. The Turks call it 
 Islambcul, or the Fertile Piaoe. It >5 si- 
 tuated at the eastern extremity oi Ro- 
 mania, and is one of the largest cities in 
 Europe. The site forms an unequal tn- 
 ano'le, and the circumference is nearly 14 
 Ei^lisb miles, including a surface of about 
 2000 acres, surrounded by walls, and de- 
 fended on two sides by the sea, and the 
 harbour called the Golden Horn. The 
 inhabitants, including the suburbs of Ga- 
 lata Pera, Tophana, and Scutari, are esti- 
 mated at 520,000, of whom 200,000 are 
 Turks, 100,000 Greeks, and the remainder 
 Jews, Armenians, and Franks, of all the 
 European nations. The harbour , lies to 
 the N, which is convenient and large, and 
 of easy approach from the Black Sea, or 
 from the Mediterranean. 'Ine streets are 
 badly paved, narrow, dark, and slippery ; 
 interspersed here and there with beautiful 
 edifices, public baths, c%c. in the midst of 
 low houses, built of wood or earth. St. 
 Sophia, which fronts the great gate of the 
 seraglio, was built by the' emperor Justi- 
 nian, and for a long time used as a temple, 
 but i.s now a mosque. It will contain 
 100,000 persons conveniently. It is three 
 miles in circumference, including the gar- 
 dens ; it is ail assemblage of palaces and 
 apartments, placed by the side of one ano- 
 ther, without symm^ry and without order. 
 The principal entrance to the palace is c|f 
 marble, and is called Capi, that is, ThE 
 Port, which name is sometimes given to 
 the whole empire. The slave-market is 
 situated near a street which leads to 
 Adriaiiople; and the Jews are the princi- 
 pal merchants. A great number of girls 
 are brought from Hungary, Greece, Can- 
 dia, Circassia, Miiigrelia, and Georgia, 
 for the service of the Turks, who gene- 
 rally buy them for their seraglios. There 
 are bazars, or bezesteins, where all sorts 
 of merchand.ise are contained and exposed 
 to sale. They are large square buildings, 
 covered with domes, and supported by ar- 
 cades. The plague generally visits this 
 city every year, and makes dreadful ha- 
 vock. Here are a great many monuments 
 pf antiquity, among which may be men- 
 tioned the elegant temple of St Sophia, 
 built in the 6th century. In the old serag- 
 lio are lodged the widows of deceased sul- 
 tans, and the women who have fallen 
 under the displeasure of the Grand Seignior. 
 The great square near the mosque of sultan 
 Bajazet is allotted for public amusement, 
 ^^e harbouT, abou^ four loug^t and 
 
 CON 
 
 half a mil© where broadest, is on the N side 
 of the city. Beside Aijub, which has a 
 mosque, Galata and Pera are suburbs of 
 the immense city. Galata is chiefly inha- 
 bited by merchants. Near it on the e is 
 Tophana, a cannon founderj. Pera is built 
 mostly with stone, and is the residence of 
 foreign ambassadors. The city displays 
 great magniflcence in its mosques, bagnios, 
 and caravansaries, and standing on rising 
 ground, a complete view of the whole is 
 had from the sea, 1 12 miles ese of Adria- 
 nople, 300 E of Salonicha, and 700 se of 
 Vienna. Lon. 28 55 e, lat 41 1 n. 
 
 Constantinople, Straits of, or the ancient 
 Thracian Bosphorus, is the communication 
 between the Euxine or Black Sea, and the 
 Propontis, or sea of Marmora. It is 20 
 miles long, and a mile and a quarter broad, 
 v.^here narrowest. The Turks have built 
 two castles opposite each other, to defend 
 the passage. It forms the separation hero 
 between Europe and Asia. Constantinople 
 stands at its entrance on the w side, and 
 Sc\itari on the other. Elegant houses built 
 of wood, and painted white or red, by the 
 Turks ; when inhabited by Greeks <&c. of 
 a blacking brown . 
 
 Constantinawy a town of Podolia, Po- 
 
 land, stands on the Bog, 73 miles ne of 
 Kaminieck. 
 
 Canstantinow, a town in Volhynia, on 
 the river Slueza, Poland, 110 miles se of 
 Lucko. Lon. 27 20 e, lat. 49 58 n. 
 
 Consuegra, a town in New Castile, Spain. 
 It belongs to the knights of Malta, 54 
 miles SE of Toledo. 
 
 Contchoudsong, a town in the country of 
 Thibet, Asia. Lon. 115 14 e, Ferro. 
 Lat. 30 20 N. 
 
 Contentayna, a village of Valencia, 
 Spain situated on Mont Mariola, and famous 
 for an uncommon variety of curious plants 
 and medicinal herbs. 
 
 Contessa, of European Turkey, in 
 
 the province of Macedonia, in a small is- 
 land, at the bottom of a gulf to which it 
 gives name, at the mouth of Strimon, 240 
 miles w of Constantinople. Lon. 24 18 e, 
 lat. 40 40 N 
 
 CGntiglianOy a town in the duchy of Spo- 
 leto, situated near a lake to which it gives 
 name, Italy, nine miles w of Rieti. 
 
 Contigne,, a town in the department of 
 the Maine and Loire, and chief place of 
 a canton, France, three miles n of Cha- 
 teauneuf. 
 
 Cofitin, 3 L parish in Ross-shire. The sur- 
 face is very mountainous, and much of it 
 covered with natural wood ; but there is a 
 considerable quantity of good corn lands in 
 the vallies. Shell and rock marl, and lime- 
 stone of good quality abound. Population 
 is 2,400. 
 
 Contres, a town in the department of the 
 Loire and Cher, and chief place of a can- 
 ton, France, 10 inikfi ss of Blois, 
 
e o p 
 
 atowu in the department of Som- 
 me, Frauee, stands on the Seiile, 14 miles 
 ssw of Amienj'. 
 
 Comersano, a town in the province oi 
 Bari, Naples, 12 milse se of Eari. 
 
 Conwai/y a river of North V7ales, which 
 has its souroe in a lake in Merionethshire, 
 passes through the vale of Conway, and 
 falls into the Irish sea, at Aberconway. 
 
 Conway ; see Aberconway, It has a 
 tnarketon Friday. 
 
 Conztiy the capital of the province of 
 Priocipnto Ultra, Naples. Its principal 
 commerce is in marble. It suffered greatly 
 by an earthquake in 1894, in consequence 
 of which, the site of the cathedral can 
 scarcely be traced. It lies 62 miles e ol 
 Naples. Lon. 15 32 e, lat. 40 50 n. 
 
 Cook’s inlet, an extensive arm of the sea, 
 which penetrates into the nw coast of N 
 America, between Cape Elizabeth and 
 Point Banks, the entrance of which is in 
 Ion. 152 w, and its termination in Ion. 148 
 
 43 w, lat. 61 29 N,' 
 
 Cook’s Strait, a strait in the Southern Pa- 
 cific ocean, which divides the two islands 
 of New Zealand, about four or five leagues 
 broad. 
 
 Cooly Point, a cape at the n entrance 
 into Dundalk bay, on the* coast of Louth, 
 Ireland. 
 
 COOPER’S ISLAND, an island on the 
 
 coast of Java, near Batavia. ' 
 
 COOPER’S ISLAND, one of the Virgin 
 islands, in the W Indies, about five miles 
 long, and from one to two broad, Loh. 65 
 57 w, lat. 18.7 N. 
 
 COOPER’S ISLAND, an island in the 
 S Pacific ocean, near S Georgia. . Lon. 
 36 4 w, lat. 54 57 s. 
 
 Cooyerstown, capital of Otsego county, 
 New YorkjSW end of Otsego lake, 73 miles 
 w by oi Aiba'rty, Lon. 74 5S \y, lat. ’42 : 
 
 44 N. 
 
 Oocs, or Cos ; see SfancMo. 
 
 Coos Beyhar, a town in the country , 
 cf Bengal, Riuuoostsn, seated on the Toor- 
 sha. Here there is plenty of food xvithout 
 much labour, yet the inhabitants are, 
 c.specially the jower classes, in a state 
 of great poverty ; 160 miles of 
 
 Moorshedabad. Lon. 89 34 e, lat 26 
 
 18 Nf. 
 
 Coosnwafclie, a town in Beaufort dis- 
 trict, S (hradina. The ccurls were trans- 
 lerrCil hither from Beaufort. It stands on 
 the Coosawg 20 miles nw of Beaufort, and 
 60 v/sw of Charleston. 
 
 Coperihayen, the metropolis of Denmark, 
 situated on the eastern coast of the island of 
 Zealand, on a bay of the Baltic, near the 
 28otind, built on a morass, and surrounded 
 with several small hikes. Uisaccounted tlie 
 best built city of the north. Tlie harbour is 
 capable of corsfaining 500 sail, and is al- 
 ways crowded with ships ; and the streets 
 c\jre iiiteivt’cted by broad cauak^, which 
 
 COQ 
 
 bring (he merchandise close to the ware- 
 houses on the quays. Copenhagen contains 
 about 4000 houses, four royal palaces, 19 
 churches, and a great number of public 
 buildings, 1 1 public places or markets, and 
 186 streets, almost ail broad, and in a 
 straight line. This city owes its present 
 beauty to the fire of 1728, which destroyed 
 live churches and 67 streets, having been 
 rebuilt in a better style. The new part of 
 the town, raised by the late king, Frede- 
 ric V, is extremely beautiful. It consists 
 of an octagon, containing four uniform and 
 elegant buildings of hewn stone, and of four 
 broad streets leading to it, in opposite di- 
 rections. It has dockyards on the conti- 
 guous islands, called Holms, with every 
 thing necessai-y for ship-building. The ci- 
 tadel is furnished with five bastions and a 
 double ditch filled with water. Here is an 
 observatory built by Christian IV, in the n 
 suburb an obelisk erected in honour of 
 Christian, for abolishing vassalage. xAt the 
 distance of four miles to the nw is Frede- 
 ricsburg, a castle, with a magnificent cha- 
 pel, in which their kings are crowned. In 
 the centre of the new market there is an 
 equestrian statue of Christian V. in marble. 
 
 It has an university, and manufactures of 
 exquisite porcelain of silk, cotton, woollen 
 cloth, canvas, leather, and sugar. In 1799 
 the population w^as 83,6 1 8. It is five miles 
 in circumference, 340 miles sw of Stock- 
 holm, and 500 NE of London, Lon. 12 
 32 E, lat. 55 41. > 
 
 Copiupo, a town and jurisdiction in the 
 most norlheni parts of Chili, South Ame- 
 rica, on a river of its name. The jurisdic- 
 tion is rich in gold mines ; and contains 
 ' lilvewise mines of iron, copper, sulphur, and 
 in^ad. The whole soil is impregnated with 
 gem ; and saltpetre is common ; 49# 
 jniles N by E of Valparayso. Lon. 70 
 >15 w, lat. 27 10 s. 
 
 Copiloxmtz, a town in Bulgaria, Euro- 
 pean Turkey Lon. 36 55 e, lat. 46 40 n. 
 
 Copland Island, a small island with a 
 lighthouse, near the ne coast of the county 
 of Down, Ireland. 
 
 Coporta, a town in Ingria, at the mouth 
 of fhs river of the same name, Russia, 50 
 miles w of Petersburg. 
 
 COPPAY, one of the smaller western 
 islands, two miles w from the island of 
 Lewis. 
 
 Coppenhruge, a town in Westphalia, a 
 county of Spieg-elberg, Germany, 10 miles 
 E by N of Hamel in. 
 
 Coppermine, a river of North America. 
 
 Lon. 1 1 1 5 w, Greenwich, lat. 69 0 n. 
 
 Coppermine Hills, hills of North Ame- 
 rica. Lon. 1 12 w, Greenwich, lat. 68 30 n. 
 
 Coppet, a town and barony, situated on 
 the lake of Geneva, in the bailiwick of 
 Nion, and canton of Bern, Switzerland. 
 
 Coquet, a river in Northumberland, rises 
 on the Scots border, passes through Nor-. 
 
C O R 
 
 fiiul ffills inio tbo 
 
 ocean at Warkworth, also a small isiand 
 about a mile in oircumlerence, opposite the 
 mouth of this river. , 
 
 COQUIMBO, orSERENA, ajuTisdictioii 
 ill Chili, S America. The fertility and 
 beauty of the country liave iuduced many 
 families to reside here. It has mines of 
 g-old and silver, besides plenty of corn, 
 wine, and fruits. 
 
 Coquimho, the capital of the above juris- 
 diction, about a quarter of a league from 
 the sea, on a river of the .same name. The 
 streets are built in a line, well watered, 
 and shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges, 
 olives, Arc. always green. The number of 
 houses is between 200 and 300, 260 miles 
 E of Valpwarayso. Lon. Tl 0 w, lat. 20 
 65 s. 
 
 Corah, a town in the country of Alaha- 
 bad, Hindoostan, seated on a river that 
 unites with the Jumna, 98 miles nw of 
 Alahabad. Lon. 80 45 e, lat. 20 7 n. 
 
 Corhachy the capital of the late circle of 
 the Upper Rhine, and principality of Wal- 
 tleck, Germany, stands on the liter, with a 
 university, and consists of the old and new 
 town. In the vicinity is the castle of 
 Eisenberg. Here, in 1780, the French 
 vanquished the Hanoverians, 22 miles w of 
 Cassel. Lon. 9 1 e, lat. 51 16 N. 
 
 Corbecky a town in the department of the 
 Dyle, France, three miles s of Louvain. 
 Lon. 4 49 e, lat. 50 50 n. 
 
 Corbeily a town and principal place of a 
 district, ia the department of the Seine and 
 Oise, France, and stands on ihe Seine, at 
 its junction with the Juine, The principal 
 trade is in tanning leather. It is 17 miles 
 s of Paris, 
 
 Corbeillesy a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Loiret, and chief place of 
 a canton, in the district of Montargis, eight 
 miles NW of Montargis. 
 
 Corbie, a town in the department of the 
 Somme, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 seated on the Somme, with a famous abbey, 
 10 miles E of Amiens. 
 
 Corbieres, a town and chief place of a 
 bailiwick, ia the canton of Friburg, Swit- 
 zerland, 10 miles s of Friburg. 
 
 Corhif, a small city of Amienois,' and 
 Picardy, in the department of the Somme, 
 France. Lon. 2 47 k, lat. 50 20 n. 
 
 Corbigny, a town and principal place of 
 a district, in the department of the Nievre, 
 France, 20 miles nk of Nevers, 
 
 Corhridge, a town in Northumberland, 
 four miles e of Hexham, and near 20 w of 
 Newcastle, k of the Tyne. Here was 
 lately discovered an altar to Hercules. 
 
 Corby, a town a«id abbey on the se borders 
 of Westphalia, G^pimany. Lon. 9 25 e, 
 iat. 51 40 N. 
 
 Corby, a town of Lincolnshire, 13 miles 
 w of Stamford, 25 s of Lincoln and 102 n 
 by w cf London. It has a trifling .market 
 
 cos. 
 
 on Wednesvlay, and fairs on Ang. 23 vand 
 I Monday before October iO. Here is a. 
 free-sciiool for educciting the sons of poor 
 clergymen for the university. 
 
 Coreas, au island in the Atlantic resem- 
 bling a crescent, n of Hispaniola. Lon, t 
 55 w, lat. 21 55 n 
 
 Cordeliers, or Ccrdilleras. See Jades, 
 
 CordevoUOy ix late river of Italy, the bed 
 of w’hicb was filled up in 1771, by tne faU 
 of Mount Spitz, and its current being thus 
 stemmed, swept away several villages, and 
 formed the lake of Allegbe. ^ 
 
 Cordon, a small island in the Pacifio 
 ocean, at the entrance of the bay of Realeio, 
 near the w coast of Nicaraqiia. , 
 
 CORDOVA, a province of .Spain. It is 
 partly covered with the mcmitains of Mo- 
 rena and vast plains, with here and there 
 sharp naked rocks, and deep valleys be- 
 tween. Here are the best horses in Spam, 
 and fruits are abundant, as grapes, oiives, 
 figs, citrons, &e. Game,, with sheep and. 
 goats, are abundant. The principal towns 
 are Cordova, Lueeea, and blouLilla ; tire 
 principal vher is the Guadalqiriver. 
 
 Cordova, a ci^y of Spain, about a. league 
 from the Morena rnountaiDS, seated on the 
 Guadal quiver. Its ancient name was Uor- 
 duba. The suburbs are handsome, and 
 large enough to be taken for towns. The 
 circumference of the town is large, but it 
 is not peopled in proportion to its extent, 
 for there are many orchards and gardens 
 within the walls, The palaces, churches, 
 and religious houses are in general superb. 
 It trades in wine, silk, and leather, but is 
 on the decline, 80 miles ne of Seville, and 
 190ssw of Madrid, Lon. 4 34 e, lat. 3T 
 35 N. 
 
 CORDOVA, a province in the govern- 
 ment of Buenos Ayres ; about 100 leagues 
 in length, and 70 in breadth, crossed by 
 several chains cf mountains, and watered 
 by several, rivers. The inhabitants feed a 
 great number of cattle and horses. Ser- 
 pents are numerous, and some are of an 
 amazing size. 
 
 Cordova, the capital of the above pro- 
 vince. It has a great trade with Buenos 
 Ayres, and sends cotton cloth to Potosi, 260 
 miles s of St Jago del Estero. Lon. 05 
 15 w, lat. 32 10 s. 
 
 Cordova, a town of Tlascala, New Spain, 
 seated near the Blanco. It is a bishop’s 
 see, has sugar mills and abundance of to- 
 bacco, 45 miles wsw of Vera Cruz and 90 
 E by s of Puebla. 
 
 Cordovan, Tower of, a lighthouse at the 
 mouth of the river Gironde, France. 
 
 Core Bank, a narrow island on the coast 
 of N Carolina, about 40 miles long, and 
 near twm broad. 
 
 COREA, a kingdom of Asia. It is a 
 peninsula, being every where surrounded by 
 the sea, except towards the n. It is go- 
 verned by a king, absolute over his own 
 
COR 
 
 Su])jects, but tributary to the emperor of 
 China, and is divided into eight provinces, 
 Hien-king, Ping-ngan, Hoang-hai Kiang- 
 yuoa, King-ki, Tchu-sin, King-chan, and 
 Tchuenso, which contains 33 cities of the 
 ^ first, <53 of the second, and 70 of the third 
 ' rank. The towns are exceedingly popu- 
 lous, and the inhabitants resemble in almost 
 every thing the Chinese. The country 
 abounds in corn and rice. It produces 
 ginseng, iron, fossil salt, castor, and sable- 
 skins, and a peculiar paper made of cotton. 
 There are mines of gold and silvcV in the 
 mountains, and good pearl fisheries on the 
 coast. The people are active, brave, fond 
 of dancing and of the sciences, to which 
 they apply with great avidity. Their men 
 of learning are distinguished by plumes of 
 feathers which they wear in the cap. They 
 do not bury their dead till three years 
 after their decease, but keep them in cof- 
 fins during that time. Their women are 
 less confined than those in China. Kiang- 
 ki-tao is the capital. Corea extends from 
 i? to s about 500 miles, and about 200 
 broad from e to w. Lon. 126 42 e, lat. 37 
 38 N. 
 
 Corelldi a town in Navarre, Spain, on the 
 Alhama, 12 miles w of Tudela, and 44 s of 
 Pamplona. 
 
 Cdrfecastle, a town in the county of Dor- 
 set, in the isle of Purbeck, governed by the 
 mayor and barons, who claim the same 
 privileges as the Cinque Ports. It stands 
 between two hills, on one of which, king 
 Edward the martyr, by the influence of his 
 mother-in-law, was stabbed in 98 1 . It has 
 a church which is not subject to any epis- 
 copal jurisdiction. It consists of two 
 streets. The houses are mean. It sends 
 two members to parliament. Its only 
 trade is in stone, and in knit stockings. It 
 has a market on Thursday, and fairs on 
 May 29, and Oct. 29 ; 21 miles t of Dor- 
 chester, and 120 w by s of London. Lon. 
 0 24 w, lat. 50 36 N. 
 
 CORFU, an island at the mouth of the 
 Adriatic, near the coast of Albania, about 
 15 leagues long, and eight broad ; anciently 
 known under the names of Scheriay Phesa- 
 cia, Caregra, Drepano, lately subject to 
 the Venetians. It now is a part of the 
 republic of the Seven islands. The ca- 
 pital, which is of the same name, has a 
 strong castle, which stands on the e side 
 of the island, a magnificent Greek metro- 
 politan church, and a good harbour. It 
 contains above 50,000 inhabitants, and is 
 divided into four bailiwicks or govern- 
 ments. The air is healthy, the land fertile, 
 and the fruit excellent. Salt forms a great 
 source of employment and riches. Lon. 19 
 50 E, lat. 39 36 n. 
 
 CORGA, a country of India, near the 
 coast of Malabar, between Canara and My- 
 sore, governed by a rajah. The inhabi- 
 tants are a division of the Nayrs, 
 
 CO R 
 
 Coria^ a city in the province of 
 dura, Spain, stands on the Alagon, and is a 
 bishop’s see. Near it are medicinal 
 springs, 120 miles wsw of Madrid. Lon, 
 
 6 46 W, lat. 39 56 n. 
 
 Coriaco, a town in the province of Cu- 
 mana, on a gulf to which it gives uame, 
 
 S America, 40 miles e of New Cordova. 
 
 Corinth, oT Corintho, orCoranto, st town 
 in the Morea, Greece, near a narrow isth- 
 mus to which it gives name. St. Paul 
 preached, and wrote two epistles to a 
 church in this city. The town at present 
 contains about 1300 inhabitants. Each 
 house has a garden, planted with oranget 
 and other fruit trees. It is the see of a 
 Greek archbishop, with a castle. It was 
 a place of high importance in ancient 
 Greece, on accoimt of its castle, its har-< 
 hours, its riches, its painters, and sculptors, 
 and architects. 1 1 is liow^ greatly decayed. 
 It lies 60 miles w of Athens. 
 
 Corinth, Isthmus of, in the Morea, a neck 
 of land Which joins the Morea to Lividia. 
 The narrow'est part of it is six miles over. 
 Here, on mount Oneins, were celebrated 
 the famous Isthmian games. In this place 
 are still the ruins of a city and of the tem- 
 ples dedicated to the sun, Pluto, Diana, 
 Neptune, Bacchus, and Ceres. Julius Cjb- 
 sar, Caligula, and Nero, after relinquishing 
 the attempt of cutting a canal across this 
 isthmus, built the wall Hexamilium across 
 it, which was levelled by Amurath, rebuilt 
 by the Venetians, and again destroyed by 
 Mahomed II. 
 
 Corita, a towm in the province Of LCon, 
 Spain, 23 miles e of Salamanca. 
 
 CORK, a county of Ireland. It is 99 
 English miles in length, and 7 1 in breadth ; 
 arid contains 232 peirishes, 76,739 houses, 
 and 416,000 inhabitants. The county 
 contains more good soil than bad ; and 
 some parts are highly cultivated. The 
 principal rivers are Bandori, Black water, 
 and Lee. The burgh towns which sends 
 members to the British parliament are 
 Bandonbridge, Kinsale, Youghal, arid 
 Mallow, beside t\vo for the city of Cork, 
 and two for the county, in all eight mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Corh, the capital of the above county, si- 
 tuated on an island in the river Lee, with 
 two large stone bridges over the principal 
 branches of the river. The towm has been 
 lately much improved and enlarged. It 
 contains about 8,000 houses, and about 
 100,000 inhabitants. Its harbour is one of 
 the best in the world. The exportation, the 
 largest in the kingdom, ooiisist chiefly of • 
 beef, hides, butter, tallow, and other provi- 
 sions. Vessels of 120 tons can come up to 
 the quays. Ships of heavier burden unload 
 and load at West Passage, but those of the 
 greatest burden at the Cove, a few mile» 
 lower. This place is defended by a strong 
 fort. The aathedral Wus built by dufy oi 
 
COR 
 
 coals between 1725 and 1735. It has six 
 other parish churches.'- It was taken by the 
 duke of Marlborough in 1690. Cork is 
 s-ovenied by a mayor, sheriffs and common 
 Souacil. and returns two members to parlia- 
 ment, 14 miles from St. George’s Channe , 
 and 150 sw of Dublin. Lon. 8 28 w, lat. 
 
 Corkaguinny, a fertile peninsula in 
 Kerry, 24 miles long, and eight broad. 
 
 Corlin, a town in Upper Saxony, Ger- 
 many. It has considerable woollen 
 manufactures, and is the chief place of a 
 bailiwick, has a castle and is seated on the 
 Persant, 10 miles se of Colberg. 
 
 Cormantiny a town on the Gold coast 
 Africa; it is large and populous. A fort 
 which was taken by the English in 1665, 
 latterly belonged to the Dutch. Lon. 0 
 15 w, lat. 5 30 N. 
 
 CoTnisryy a town in the department oi 
 the Indre and Loire, France, stands on the 
 Indre, has an Abbey, and lies eight miles 
 
 BE of Tours. . T 1 
 
 Corm, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak 
 Arabia, on the Tigris near its junction with 
 the Euphrates, 35 miles wnw of Bassora. 
 
 Corneto, a town of Italy, on the Marta, 
 in St. Peter’s Patrimony. It is three miles 
 from the sea, 10 n of Civita Veccbia, and 
 38 MW of Rome. 
 
 Cornhill, a town in that part of Durham 
 which lies n of Northumberland, stands 
 near the Tweed, between which and Cold> 
 stream, there is an elegant bridge over the 
 Tweed, 12 miles sw of Berwick, 47 miles 
 j^E by s of Edinburgh, and 335 n of Lon- 
 don. It has a fair December 6th, 
 
 CorniglianOy a town in the Milanese, 
 Italy, 15 miles e of Milan. 
 
 Comiglia, or Cornillidy a town in the 
 Mate of Genoa, Italy. Lon. 9 56 e, lat. 
 44 8 N. 
 
 Cornwally the most s westerly county of 
 England, is almost an island, being sur- 
 rounded on all sides by the sea. The whole 
 length is about 78 miles. It contains nine 
 hundreds, 161 parishes, and 758,484 acres, 
 and has 37 market towns. On the sea 
 shores and the valleys, near the banks of the 
 great rivers, are the chief and almost only 
 seats of cultivation. The higher grounds 
 exhibit in many parts the appearance of a 
 dreary waste. The mines of Cornwall con- 
 sist chiefly of tin, copper, and some lead. 
 The annual produce of tin for seven years, 
 from 1786 to 1792, both inclusive, has been 
 •about 22,000 blocks, amounting nearly to 
 101. lOs. per block, exclusive of duties, in 
 the whole affording a produce of 330,000 
 pounds. Native gold has been found in 
 some stream works, and in some mines of 
 -tin. The whole of the copper mines pro- 
 duce about 4,700 tons of copper, amount- 
 ing annually to about 320,0001. The num- 
 ber of persons employed about the mines 
 probably amount to 16,000, In Corn- 
 
 COR 
 
 wall, the air is milder in winter than in the 
 more internal parts of England, and cooler 
 in th« summer months. < From the preva- 
 lency of sw winds it is very difficult to 
 raise plantations of trees in exposed situa- 
 tions. Myrtles grow every wh«r.^ in the 
 open air, without the aid of green -houses. 
 Fruit trees are every where found to thrive, 
 particularly the apple ; and in the eastern 
 part of the county a great deal of cyder is 
 made, of a very good quality. The mul- 
 berry-tree flourishes well in Cornwall, in 
 the western parts. Cornwall returns 44 
 members to parliament, and contains 
 34,372 houses, and about 188,269 inhabi- 
 tants. The rivers are the Tamar and 
 Camel. The king’s son is born duke of 
 Cornwall, and derives a revenue from the 
 lands, and the mines of tin and copper. Ho 
 appoints in his privy council, the sheriff 
 of the county* Launceston is the capital. 
 
 Cornwallis, a town on the w coa^ of 
 Nova Scotia, 42 miles ijw of Halifax. Lon. 
 
 64 20 w, lat. 11 10 N. 
 
 Coro, a port town on the Caracoa coasi 
 in Terra Firma. See Venezuela, Lon. 
 
 69 15 w, lat. 45 10 K. 
 
 Coromandel, Coast of, extending from 
 Cape Calymere, lat. 10 20 to the mouth of 
 the Kistnah, lat. 15 45 n, Hindoostan. 
 There is not on the whole coast a proper 
 port for large ships, Madras is the princi- 
 pal town. 
 
 Cor on, a town in the Morea, European 
 Turkey, situated on the w side of a gulf to 
 which it gives name. It was anciently 
 called the Gulf of Messina. It has a large 
 harbour 15 miles e of Modon. It was 
 cannonaded by the Russians in 1770, and 
 part of it is still in ruins, Lon. 21 46 a, 
 lat. 36 55 N. 
 
 Corona, a village in the V eronese, 
 Italy. 
 
 Coronata, an isle of Italy, on the coast 
 of Dalmatia, 50 miles in circumference, 
 inhabited chiefly by shepherds. 
 
 Coronation, Cape, a cape of the Island 
 of New Caledonia, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 Lon. 167 8 e, lat. 22 5 s. 
 
 Coregio, a town of Modena, Italy, has 
 a castle, and is nine miles nks of Reggio. 
 Lon. 11 25 E, lat. 44 46 K. 
 
 Correze, a department of France. It 
 has its name from a river which, after 
 passing Tulles and Brives, unites with the 
 Vizere. Tulles is the capital. 
 
 Corrib Lough, a lake in the county of 
 Galway, 22 miles long and from two to 
 five broad. It covers 31,300 acres and is 
 interspersed with several islands. 
 
 Corrientes Las, a town in the govern- 
 ment of Paraguay, on the Parana, at its 
 junction with the Paraguay, 490 miles n 
 of Buenos Ayres. Lon^ 59 0 w, lat. 27 
 
 30 s. - 
 
 Corsham, a town in the county of Wilts 
 with a weekly market on Wednesday y 
 
COR 
 
 of the chief residence of the earls of Corn- 
 wall, It has woollen manufactures, and 
 fairs March 7th, and September 4th, nine 
 miles ene of Bath, and 97 vv of London. 
 
 • CORSICA, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, about ISO miles in length, and from 
 40 to 50 in breadth, called by the ancient 
 Greeks Kyrnos or Kyrnon, and Callista, 
 The Romans gave it the present name. 
 The inhabitants reap good harvests in sum- 
 mer, and gather plenty of fruit in the au- 
 tumn ; the warmth of the climate is cooled 
 by the sea-breezes. There are several ex- 
 cellent ports on the coasts. It is watered 
 by a great number of rivers, well supplied 
 with fish. There are several mineral 
 springs, both hot and cold. Quadrupeds 
 are nume»us. Among the wild animals, 
 is the moussoli, an animal like a stag in 
 size and colour, but with the horns of a 
 ram, extremely shy and nimble. The 
 scorpion found in the island is without 
 venom ; a large spider, whose sting is as 
 sharp as that of the bee, seems to be the 
 only venomous insect in the island. Olives 
 is one of its principle riches. The moun- 
 tains are rich in lead, iron, copper, ami sib 
 ver. Here and there are found mines of 
 alum and saltpetre. The granite of Cor- 
 sica is nearly equal to the oriental ; many 
 precious stones, such as porphyry, jasper, 
 talc, amainthes, and emeralds, are found 
 scattered in the mountains; and the south 
 coast abounds with beautiful coral. The 
 number of inhabitants is about 160,000. 
 From the earliest times it was famous for 
 the quantity of its honey. The tyranny of 
 the Genoese, under whose sovereignty the 
 island wets for some centuries, was so in- 
 tolerable that the people were in almost a 
 perpetual state of insurrection. In 1736, 
 Theodore baron Newholf, a . German, was 
 elected king, but he was obliged to.relin- 
 < 5 ^uish his government. The Genoese sold 
 the sovereignty to France in 1767, and the 
 famous Paoli who had the chief command 
 was obliged to leave the island in 1769, 
 but he afterv/ards revolted from the French, 
 who had constituted this an 85th depart- 
 ment of France, and by the help of the 
 English the French were expelled from the 
 island, but it was soon after evacuated and 
 ©gain came under the French yoke. Bastia 
 and Ajaccio are the chief towns. Loni 9 
 0 E, lat. 4Z 0 N. 
 
 Corsoer, a town on the w coast of the 
 island of Zealand, on a peninsula in the 
 Great Belt, Denmark. It is defended by a 
 castle. The harbour is excellent for small 
 vessels, 54 miles wsw of Copenhagen. 
 Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 55 12 n. 
 
 €&7stryphine, a parish in the county of 
 Mid-T.othian, four miles long, and two and 
 a- qua Vi er broad, consisting of great diver- 
 sity ed soil. The climate is healthy. The 
 populaunn in 1801, was 840, aiid had de- 
 197 since '1793. Agr.culture is 
 
 C OR 
 
 conducted upon the most improved priuot* 
 pies, and affords suitable returns to the in- 
 dustry of the inhabitants. Also a village in 
 the above parish, three miles of Edin- 
 burgh. Here is a medicinal well formerly 
 much resorted to, but nov/ neglected. 
 
 Corstorphine Hilly a hill in the above 
 parish, which abounds with excellent free- 
 stone. 
 
 Curtachy and Clnrn, two united parishes 
 I of Scotland, in the n side of Angus-sbire ; 
 the torrner extending 13 miles in length, and 
 eight in breadth, and the latter being 10 
 miles long, and seven broad. The soil is 
 poor. Ciova forms part of the Grampians. 
 Agriculture is of late improved ; but the 
 prociucc Is hardly equal to the consumption. 
 The population is 936. The only seats in 
 the parish art? Cortachy Cattle and Ciova 
 j House, both the property of the family of 
 Agilty of Airly. 
 
 Carte, a town of the island of Corsica, at 
 I the loot of a rock at the confluence of the 
 Resticona and Tavignano. The castle 
 stands on a rock which rises above the rest, 
 it was the seat of- the vict>royalty while 
 the island was in possession of (be English, 
 and has been improved since. It contains 
 about 3000 inhabUants, 27 miles ke f)f 
 Ajaccio and40sw of Bastia. Lon. 8 52 e, 
 lat. 42 6 N. 
 
 Coriemiglia, a town in Piedmont, Italy, 
 stands on the Berinida, 16 miles e of 
 Cherasco. 
 
 CortonGy a town w'ith a celebrated aca- 
 demy, Tuscany, sealed on a mountain on 
 the frontiers of St. Peter’s Patrimony, and 
 is a bishop’s see, 32 miles e of Sienna. Lon. 
 
 1 1 52 E, lat. 43 14 N. 
 
 Corveyy a town and celebrated abbey of 
 Germany, and small principality in West- 
 phalia, about 12 miles long, and 10 broad, 
 situated on the western bank of the Weser, 
 27 miles e by n of Paderborn. Here is a 
 famous abbey. Lon. 9 34 e, lat. 51 39 n, 
 
 CorunnGy La, the capital of the province 
 of Galicia. The harbour is large and safe, 
 and defended by two castles. Owing to 
 the poverty of the circumjacent country, it 
 has little trade. Here the British army 
 under Sir John Moore, after a most masterly 
 retreat from Astorga, before vastly superior 
 numbers of the French, gallantly termina- 
 ted their campaign in Spain, on the 16th 
 January, 1809, 20 niiies sw of Fenol, and 
 35 N by E of Compostella. Lon. 8 19 w, 
 iat. 43 23 N. 
 
 Corvoy the most northerly of the Azore 
 Islands in the Atlantic, about four leagues 
 in circumference, with a small port ; and 
 containing about 500 inhabitants. It has 
 its name from the multitude of crows found 
 upon it. It produces wheat, and great num- 
 bers of hogs are reared. Lou. 31 6 w, lat. 
 30 42 N. 
 
 Corwen, a village in Merionethshire, N 
 Wales, stands near the river Dt^e, has a mar- 
 
cos 
 
 icet on Tuesday. Fairs on March 12, 
 May 2-4, July 21, Oct. 10, and Dec. 20 ; 
 nine miles ne of Bala, and 202 nw of 
 London. 
 
 Corytrckan^ a tremendous whirlpool on 
 the w of Scoiland, which has its name 
 from a young Danish prince, who was 
 drowned here. It lies between the n point 
 of Jura and the Isle of Scarba; and is 
 above a mile m circumference. See Brea- 
 can, 
 
 Ccrzola, or Corscola, an island in the 
 gulf of Venice. Lon. 18 15 e, lat. 42 
 36 N. 
 
 Corseir, El, a town on the coast of the 
 Red Sea, and principal place of trade be- 
 tween Egypt and Arabia, 280 miles s by 
 E of Suez. Lon. 33 .50 e, lat. 26 8 n. 
 
 Cosenza, a town in the province of Ca- 
 labria Citra, Naples, has a strong castle, 
 and is the see of an archbishop. The 
 environs are beautiful, populous, and well 
 cultivated, and afford corn, wune, oil, fruit, 
 and silk, in abundance. It stands on the 
 Crati, foot of the Appenines, 155 miles 
 SE of Naples. Lon. 16 20 e, lat. 39 
 20 N. 
 
 Co sham. See Cor sham. 
 
 COSINISSA, a small island in the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago. Lon. 43 28 e, Ferro, 
 lat. 36 36 N. 
 
 Coslin, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 which has good woollen manufactures, ex- 
 cellent fisheries and fine cattle ; stands on 
 the Nefebach, 18 miles e of Colberg. 
 
 Cosne, a town in the department of 
 Nievre, France. The principal trade of 
 the inhabitants is cutlery, anchors of ships, 
 and gloves. In the environs are mines of 
 iron. It stands on the Loire, at its junction 
 •with the Noain, and is 34 miles n by w of 
 Nevers, and 100 s by e of Paris. Lon. 20 
 36 E, Ferro, lat. 47 25 n. 
 
 Cospour, a town in the kingdom of As- 
 sam, Asia, 376 miles e of Patna. Lou. 92 
 57 E, lat. 24 56 N. 
 
 COSSACS, or Cossaqties, a people si- 
 tuated betw'een the ,Iaik and the Dniester. 
 They are divided into three branches, cal- 
 led Kosakki-sa-Porovi, or Cossacs on the 
 Boristhenes, the Kosakki-Donski, and Ura- 
 lian Cossacs. The former inhabit the 
 Ukraine, their houses are of wood. The 
 Kosakki-Donski possess both sides of the 
 Don, and are of the same religion as the 
 Russians. The Uraliaii Cossacs, whose 
 chief town is Uralsk, inhabit the banks of 
 the Ural. They are all subject to Russia. 
 These people are large and well made, 
 have blue eyes, brown hair, and aqueliiie 
 noses ; are brave and intrepid ; the women 
 well shaped and complaisant to strangers. 
 
 Cossano. .See Cassano. 
 
 Cossimhazar, a town in the country of 
 Bengal, Hindoostan, the centre of the trade 
 of European factors, and place of their resi- 
 dence^ is surrounded by a river of the same 
 
 COT 
 
 name, seven miles s of Moorshedabad, and 
 105 N of Calcutta, 
 
 Cossimhazar, a river of Bengal, and tbo 
 most westerly branch of the Ganges, from 
 which it separates 35 miles below Rajemal. 
 After taking its course by Moorshedabad, 
 Cossimbar, eSre. it is joined at Nnddea, by 
 the Jellinghay, also a branch of the 
 Ganges, after which they form the Hoogly. 
 
 Cossimeotta, a town in the circar of 
 Cicaeole, Hindoostan, seated on a river 
 that flow^s into the bay of Bengal, 74 miles 
 sw of Cicaeole. Lon. 83 7 e, lat. IT 
 A2n. 
 
 Cossipour, a town in the country of Delhi, 
 Hindoostan, ne frontier of the province, 100 
 miles ENE of Delhi. Lon. 79 18 e, lat. 29 
 14 N 
 
 Cossonay, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland, stands on the Venog, 10 miles 
 N of Lausanhe. 
 
 Costagnassar, the highest mountain in 
 European Turkey, anciently called Haemus. 
 
 Costamitza, 0 i town on the Udda, Croatia, 
 57 miles ese of Carlstadt. Lon. 17 8 e, 
 lat. 45 20 N. 
 
 COSTA RICA, a province in Mexico, 
 N America. It is 50 leagues in length, 
 and nearly as much in breadth. It is full 
 of deserts and forests ; thinly peopled, and 
 ill cultivated. There are mines both of 
 gold and silver. The principal commerca 
 consists in cattle, hides, honey, and wax. 
 The capital is Cartago. 
 
 Costhiem, or Kostheim, a town and elec- 
 torate of Mentz, on an island in the Rhine, 
 Germany. 
 
 Costosa, a village in the Vicentino, Italy, 
 famous for its quarries of beautiful whit© 
 marble. The excavation formed in one of 
 these, is supported by above 1000 square 
 pillars of marble. 
 
 Coswiek, a town in Upper Saxony, Ger- 
 many, stands on the Elbe, has a castle, and 
 is 10 miles w by n of WittenbQrg. 
 
 Cotatis. See Kutatis. 
 
 Cothus, or Cotuitz, a town of Lusatia, 
 seated on the Spree, with a castle on an 
 eminence on the e side of the town, for- 
 merly subject to the king of Prussia. 
 The manufactures here are carried on by 
 French protestants, and is celebrated 
 for beer, flax, and pitch, 60 miles e by 
 s of Wittenbiirg. Lon. 14 24 e, lat. 51 
 46 N. 
 
 COTE La, one of the richest, most po- 
 pulous, and most beautiful districts of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Cote cP Or, a department of France. It 
 is formed chiefly out of the province of 
 Burgundy. It is 65 miles from n to s, and 
 from 25 to 50 from e to w. Dijon is the 
 capital, on the s of v/hich is a mountain, 
 from which it takes its name. 
 
 COTES DU NORD, (North Coasts, de- 
 partment of), one of the new divisions of 
 It iogludes part of Brotagne, and 
 hl‘4 
 
c o u 
 
 is about 65 miles from E to w, and from 
 27 to 45 from v to s, St Brieuc is the 
 capital, 
 
 Coteswold Hills, a long tract of high 
 ground in the e part of Gloucestershire, 
 affording fine pasture for sheep. In other 
 places corn is produced. The sides of 
 these hills are so beautiful that they are 
 celebrated in ancient song. 
 
 Cothen, the capital of the principality of 
 Anhalt-Cothen, Germany, has a castle, 
 and is 12 miles sw of Dessau. Lon. 12 9 e, 
 }at.5l44N. 
 
 Cotiari, a small island near the e coast 
 of the island of Ceylon. 
 
 Cotignac, a town in the department of 
 the Var, France, on the Argens, 33 miles 
 TtfNE of Toulon. 
 
 Cotignola, a town of Italy, in Terrara, 
 25 miles ssE of Terrara. 
 
 Cotopaxi, a mountain in the country of 
 Peru, 3126 toises above the level of the sea, 
 with a volcano. 
 
 Cotronel, anciently Croto, a sea port 
 town in the province of Calabria Ultra, 
 Italy, having a considerable trade in cheese, 
 corn, oil, and silk. Lon. 17 46 e, lat. 38 
 56 N. 
 
 Cottan, a town in Little Bukharia, Asia. 
 It is a place of considerable trade. 
 
 Cottilah a town in^the country of Mewat, 
 Hindoostan. Lon. 77 7 e, Greenwich, 
 lat. 27 24 N. 
 
 Cotug, a town of St Domingo, in a fertile 
 district, at the junction of the Camu and 
 Yuna, 35 miles wsw of Samana. 
 
 Coucg, a town in the department of the 
 Aisne, France, on the Oise. It is divided 
 into two parts, called Coucg le Chapelle, 
 and Coucg le Chateau, nine miles n of 
 Soisons. 
 
 Coventrg, an ancient city in Warwick- 
 shire, united with Litchfield, is a bishop^s 
 see, and a county of itself. Here are three 
 churches. The steeple of St Michael is 
 said to be the most l>eautiful in Europe. 
 The population in 1811, 17,923. The mu- 
 nicipal government is vested in a mayor, 
 two bailiffs, sheriffs, 1 0 aldermen, and some 
 other officers. It sends two members to 
 parliament. The principal manufactures 
 are ribbons, gauses, camblets, <fec. A little 
 out of the town is the head of the great ca- 
 nal to Oxford ; and another canal is made 
 to join the Staffordshire canal near Litch- 
 field. The market is on Friday,; and fairs 
 ar« on May 2, Friday in Trinity week, and 
 Nov. 1. It is 15 miles nne of Warwick, 
 and 91 nw of London. Lon. 1 30 w, lat. 52 
 24 N. 
 
 Coventrg, a township of Rhode island, 
 in Kent county, containing 2477 souls. 
 Covert Porvm, a town and fortress in the 
 Mysore country, Hindoostan, on the Ca va- 
 ry, 60 miles se of Mysore. Lon. 77 38 e, 
 lat. 11 51 N. 
 
 Couesnon, a river in th« department of 
 
 C O TT 
 
 the Maine and Loire, France. Couesnon, a 
 river in the department of the Channel, 
 France. 
 
 Covtlham, a town of Beira, Portugal, IS 
 miles sw of Guarda, has a manufacture of 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 Covington, a parish in the s part of the 
 county of Lanark, about three miles long., 
 and rather more than two broad. Tinto, 
 the highest point, is elevated to the height 
 of 1720 feet aljove the level of the Clyde;, 
 The hilly part of the parish is covered 
 with heath, but the rest of the soil is fer*' 
 tile, and well cultivated. Population is 
 about 456. Here is a strong fort cal- 
 led Covington Tower, which was finish- 
 ed in 1 442 by Lindsay, laird of Coving- 
 ton. Its walls are 10 feet thick. Here 
 are three round lamps, and several tu- 
 muli. 
 
 Coulam, a town on the southern coast, 
 in the country of Tinevelly, Hindoostan-. 
 Lon. 77 20 e Greenwich, lat. 8 10 n. 
 
 Coulan, a town on the coast of Malabar, 
 in the Travaneore country. It is on a na- 
 vigable river, and has a good harbour, 60 
 miles NW of Travaneore. Lon. 76 34 e, 
 lat. 8 51 N. 
 
 Coull, a parish in Aberdeenshire, at the 
 head of a Strath which is called Cromar. 
 Its shape is nearly triangular, the longest 
 side of w^hich is about five miles, and the 
 other two about three and a-half. The 
 soil is excellent. Population is about 
 679. The castle of Coull seems to have 
 been very strong. Silver coins of Alex- 
 ander I. have been dug from its ruins. 
 
 Coulter Loch, a small lake in Stirling- 
 shire, about two miles in circumference. 
 Here a stone upwards of a ton weight, was, 
 a few years ago, removed from its situation 
 by a natural convulsion. 
 
 Coumour, a port of Chinese Tartary. 
 LOn. 144 3 e, Ferro, lat. 49 38 N. 
 
 Covolo, a fortress and village of the 
 Tyrolese, intended to guard an important 
 pass in the road from Germany to Italy. 
 
 Covoerden, See Coevorden, 
 
 Coupee Point, a Spanish fort and settle- 
 ment of North America. It has 2000 free 
 inhabitants, and 7000 slaves. 
 
 Courland Duchg of, is under the influ- 
 ence of Russia, consisting of Courland 
 Proper and Semegallia, 250 miles long, 
 and 40 broad. The country is fertile 
 in corn, hemp, and flax. It has some 
 groves of oaks, and forests of pine, and 
 fir. It was annexed to Russia in 1795, 
 but has been tributary to Poland. Mettau 
 is the capital. The woods abound with 
 bears, wolves, and elks. The religion is 
 chiefly Lutheran. The principal towns 
 are Goldiugen, Windau, Libau, Groben, 
 and Candau. 
 
 Corlin Islands, tw'o small islands, four 
 miles E from the island of Scalpa. 
 COURSERANS^ a late province o! 
 
cow 
 
 France, now part of the department of At- 
 rieee, and lies along; the river Satat. 
 
 Court of Aldermen, a cluster of smalt 
 islands or rocks, near the east coast of New 
 Zealand, about half a league in extent 
 every way. Lat. 36 57 s. 
 
 Courthezon, a town in the department ol 
 the Mouths of the Rhone, containing about 
 2,000 inhabitants, France. „ , , 
 
 Courtray, or Courtrai, called by the 
 Flemings Cortryck, a town ol France, in 
 the department of the Lys, and celeorateo 
 for its manufacture of table linen and wool- 
 len cloth. It stands on both sides of the 
 Lys, 12 mile^ e of Ypres. , , ^ ^ 
 
 Coutances, the capital of the department 
 of Manche, France. The principal trade is 
 in grain, butter, and cattle. There are 
 manufactures of woollen and linen cloth. 
 The number of inhabitants is about 5000. 
 
 It is the see of a bishop, and has a hand- 
 some cathedral, 37 miles sw of Bayeux, 
 and 185 w of Paris. Lon. 1 7 e, Ferro, 
 
 lat. 49 3 N. . ^ 
 
 Contra Lough, a lake in the county oi 
 Galway, three miles se of Gort. Its banks 
 are admirably romantic. 
 
 Coutras, a town in the department ot the 
 Gironde, France, containing about 2900 in- 
 habitants, at the junction of the Ille and 
 Droiine, 25 miles ne of Bourdeaux. 
 
 Couture D^Argenson, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Two Sevres, France. 
 
 Couture, La, a town in the department of 
 the Straits of Calais, France. 
 
 Couzon, a town in the department of Ar- 
 dennes, France. 
 
 Cow and Calf, rocks in Dundrum bay, 
 near the se coast of the county of Down, 
 Ireland. . 
 
 COWAL, a district in Argyllshire. This 
 district is intersected by three arms of the 
 sea, Loch Ridden, Loch Streven, and Loch 
 Eck, and is watered by the rivers Curs and 
 Eachaig, which abounds with all kinds of 
 fish. The coast is partly fiat, and partly 
 bold and rocky, possessing many creeks 
 and harbours, which afford shelter to the 
 busses employed in th^e herring fishery. 
 
 Cowag Stakes, a place near Chertsey, 
 where it is said C£Esar passed the Thames. 
 
 Cowbridge, a corporate town in Glamor- 
 ganshire, in the fertile vale of Glamorgan, 
 on the river Daw, and from the bridge is 
 called by the Welch, Pontfaen, The gate- 
 way of Llanbithiau castle, in the vicinity, 
 is turned into a barn. On a high hill, 
 about a mile distant, are the ruins of Pen- 
 tine castle. Dr. Prue, and other eminent 
 literary characters, received the rudiments 
 of science at the grammar school here ; 1 2 
 miles w of Cardiff, and 173 of London. 
 It consists chiefly of one street, about three- 
 fourths of a mile in length, and is well 
 built. It has a well supplied market on 
 Tuesday, and fairs May 4, June 24, and 
 September 49. : , 
 
 C R A 
 
 Cawden, hi the county of Kent, near tfia 
 Medway, with a fair on July 21. 
 
 Cowe, the capital of the Cherokes, N 
 America. 
 
 Cowea, a town in Tennessee, United 
 States. 
 
 Cowen, a river of Wales, in Csermar- 
 thenshire. 
 
 Cowes, a town on the n coast of the isle of 
 Wight, on the Medina or Cowes, opposite 
 to which is the village of e Cowes. Henry 
 VIII. erected a fort at each, for the defence 
 of the island. It is a place of good trade, 
 and a great resort to merchant ships. 
 Passage boats are continually passing be- 
 tween this place and Portsmouth and 
 Southampton, and the packet with the mail 
 from the island to London, sails from this 
 place every day at noon. This place is 
 much frequented for sea-bathing, where 
 there are handsome accommodations, and 
 an assembly room ; 12 miles e by s of 
 Southampton, 12 w by s of Portsmouth, 
 and 86 sw of London. Lon. 1 17 w, lat. 
 
 50 46 N. 
 
 Cowldurga, a town of Mysore, Hindoo- 
 stan, with a fort, encircled by hills and fo- 
 rests, 12 miles s of Nagara. 
 
 COWLEY, one of the Gallapagos islands, 
 in the Pacific ocean. 
 
 Cowling, m the county of Suffolk, with 
 two fairs, July 31, and Oct. 17. 
 
 Cox’s, a town in Virginia, United States. 
 Coxwold, in the North Riding of York- 
 shire, with a fair on August 25, has a free- 
 school, with a master and two ushers, an 
 ancient Gothic church, and several antique 
 monuments. 
 
 Coylton, a parish in the district of Kyle, 
 in Ayrshire ; about two miles in breadth, 
 and seven in length. The soil is fertile. 
 There are several new plantations, which 
 are in a thriving state. There are nu- 
 merous lakes in the parish which abound 
 with trout. Coal, freestone, lime, and marl, 
 are found in every part. Population is 848. 
 It was formerly a prebendary. 
 
 Coyll, a river, joins the Soank, 34 miles s 
 of Conjoor. They both together form the 
 Bramnee, Hindoostan. 
 
 Coylan, See Quilon, 
 
 COZUMEL, an island near the east coast 
 of Jucatam. Here Cortes landed and re- 
 freshed his troops, before he attempted the 
 conquest of Mexico. It is inhabited by na- 
 tive Indians. The country is fertile. It is 
 40 miles long, and from three to ten broad. 
 Lon. 87 19 w, lat. 19 49 n. 
 
 CRAB ISLAND. See Boriqitex. 
 CRACATOA, the southermost island in 
 the straits of Sunda, high peaked and 
 woody. Small turtle abound among it* 
 coral reefs. It is celebrated for its excel- 
 lent water, and is considerably populous, 
 and subject to the king of Bantam. Lon. 
 105 56 E, lat. 8 5 s. 
 
 CRACOVIA, a palatinate of Poland, 
 
C R A 
 
 Tbe principal towns are Cracow and 
 Landseron. 
 
 Cracow f the capital of a palatinate of 
 the same name in Poland, on the Vistula, 
 has a universiiy, and is a bishop^s see. It 
 was formerly the capital, and their kings 
 were elected and crowned here. It now 
 belongs to Austria. The ancient palace 
 stands on a rock near the Vistula ; near it 
 is the cathedi'cil in which the kings of Po- 
 land are buried. It was taken by Charles 
 XII. of Sweden, in 1/02, and afterwards 
 by the Russians. In 1794, Kosciusco, the 
 patriot general, expelled the Russians, but 
 afterwards it surrendered to the Prussians. 
 The town is surrounded by walls, large 
 and well built. The streets are broad and 
 straight, but badly paved. This city, 
 formerly near the centre of Poland, occu- 
 pies a great space of ground ; but, with its 
 suburbs united, hardly contains 24,000 in- 
 habitants. It is 130 miles ssw of Warsaw. 
 Lon. 19 50 E, lat. 50 0 n. 
 
 Craig, a parish in Angus-shire. It ex- 
 tends along the sea-coast about four miles, 
 presenting a rocky craig or precipice to 
 the sea; its length is about six, and its 
 breadth about two miles and a-half, sepa- 
 rated from Montrose by the South Esk. 
 The soil is good, producing excellent crops. 
 The parish has extensive limestone quarries, 
 improvements in husbandry were early 
 introduced into this parish. There is a 
 considerable fishing at Ferry den and along 
 the coast. Population is 1,328. 
 
 Cra^gendive, a small island, near four 
 miles E from the island oi Jura. 
 
 Craiggag Point, a cape on the e coast 
 of Satheiiandshire. 
 
 Cragie, a parish in the district of Kyle, 
 in Ayrshire, about seven miles long by one 
 and a-half broad. The greatest part is 
 arable, well enclosed, and very productive, 
 the hills are covered with verdure. Many 
 parts contain coal, and in one pit there is 
 a seam of Catinel coal. There are also 
 twm or three great timeworks, from which 
 60,000 bolls of lime may be annually 
 raised. Population is 786. 
 
 Craig-Leith, a small island in the frith 
 of Forth, about a mile north of N Berwick. 
 
 Craig- Lockhart, a hill about two miles 
 £W of Edinburgh, beautifully wooded, ele- 
 vated 540 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Craig-Logan, a cape on the nw extremity, 
 .of Wigtriishire. 
 
 .Craigluih Loch, a lake in the district of 
 Stormont, Perthshire, from whence issues 
 the Lurian. 
 
 Craigtmh, a parish on the western coast 
 of Argyllshire. The soil inclines to clay, 
 and is tolerably fertile ; but the climate, on 
 account of the vicinity to the. Atlantic, is 
 .so moist and variable, as often to blast 
 the farmer^s hopes. A few herrings, and 
 other fish, are caught on the coast. Popu- 
 lation is 9i>4, Here axe several cir- 
 
 C R A 
 
 cular towers, whose walls are seven feet 
 thick. 
 
 Craigmillar, a ruinous castle to the se 
 of Edinburgh, occasionally the tesidenca 
 of Mary queen of Scots. 
 
 Craig-Owl, one of the Sidlaw hills, in the 
 parish of Teaiing in Angus-shire, elevated 
 i,100 feet perpendicular above the level of 
 the sea. 
 
 Craig- Phatric, a steep and rugged hill in 
 the neighbourhood of Inverness ; the eleva- 
 tion of the highest part is 1,150 feet above 
 the level of the river Ness, which flows at 
 its foot. 
 
 Crail, a parish in Fifeshire, which occu- 
 pies the whole of the East nook of Fife, 
 extending in length about six miles, and of 
 very irregular breadth. From the atten- 
 tion paid to husbandry, they have generally 
 pieniiful crops. Limestone is also found. 
 The population, including the borough, is 
 1652. 
 
 Crail, di royal borough of great antiquity, 
 in the above parish, with a small harbour. 
 It consists of two parallel streets. The 
 houses are fallen into decay. It used to. 
 be the great rendezvous for the herring 
 fishery. In an old castle, the ruins of 
 which still remain, King David I. occa- 
 sionally resided and, according to some, 
 died. Fishing is still continued, though 
 not so flourishing as formerly. About 
 eight miles se of st Andrew^s. 
 
 Crailing, a parish in the county of Rox- 
 borough, on the banks of the Teviot and 
 intersected by the road from Kelso to 
 Hawick. Its form is nearly circular, 
 having a diameter of about four miles. 
 The soil, though various, is excellent, and 
 highly cultivated. Marl, lime, and gyp- 
 sum, are used for manure. Population is 
 699. 
 
 Crain, or Crainherg, a town in Carniola, 
 on the Sax e, Geniiany, has a castle, and is 
 
 18 miles nw of Laubach. 
 
 Crainherg, a mountain of Carniola. 
 Crahau, or Kruka, a town of Germany, 
 
 19 miles nne of Dresden. 
 
 Craliovavelika, a town on an island of 
 
 Sciavpnia. Lon. 34 13 e, Ferro, iat. 45 
 44 N. 
 
 CramGnd,3L parish in the county of Lin- 
 lithgow and Mid-Lothian, on the s banks 
 of the Forth,and both sides of the Almond. 
 John Law, author of the famous ?ilississippi 
 Scheme, and for some time comptroller of 
 the finances in France, was a native of this 
 parish. The whole extent of the parish is 
 from six to seven miles in length, while the 
 breadth varies from one to two. It is fei- 
 tile and well cultivated. Freestone abounds 
 in many places, as also whiustone and gra- 
 nite. Ironstone is found along the coast; 
 and there are many large seams of coal. 
 Population is 1400. 
 
 Cramond Nether, in the above parish, 
 
 four or five ivAy of Ediuhingk. It oon-, 
 
C R A 
 
 tains? upv/ards of 340 inhabitants, who are 
 mostly employed in the iron works. Near it 
 is a commodious harbour, on the river 
 Aniond, having eight or ten sloops employed 
 by the Cramond iron-work company. This 
 company, it is said, occupy a capital of 
 above 30,0001. manufacturing spades, bolts 
 for shins, &c. 
 
 Cranberry, a town of New Jersey, Mid- 
 dlesex county, 16 miles ssw of Brunswick, 
 and 20 F.NE of Trenton. 
 
 Cranboxirn, a town in Dorsetshire. This 
 town has a weekly market on Thursday, 
 and fairs Aug. 24, and Dec. 6. Here 
 is a fine chase which extends into Wiltshire, 
 miles ne of Dorchester, and 93 w of 
 London. 
 
 CranhroGk, a town in the county of Kent. 
 It has a very ancient, beautiful church, 
 166 feet in length, and 69 in breadth, with 
 a lower 94 feet high, including the fane. 
 It has a v/eekly market on Saturday, and 
 two annual fairs. And is celebrated as the 
 first seat of the woollen manufactures, for 
 which England has long been famous. It 
 was established here by a colony of Flem- 
 ings as early as the. reign of Edward I. 
 Its cloths were long distinguished both for 
 texture apd colours. Here is a free gram- 
 mar-school, endow'ed by queen Elizabeth, 
 and a free writing-school for poor children, 
 13 miles s of Maidstone, and 49 se of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 CraTnenburgy a town in the department 
 of the Roer, France, in thedudhy of Cieve, 
 on an eminence, five miles w of Cieve. 
 
 Cranganore, a town in the country of 
 Cochin, on the coast of Malabar, India. 
 The Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 
 1062, and, in 1789, sold it to the rajah of 
 Travancore, 30 miles n by w of Cochin. 
 Lon. 75 48 e, lat. 10 23 n. 
 
 CransaCy a village in the department of 
 the Aveiron, France, celebrated for its mi- 
 neral waters, 15 miles ne of Rhodes. 
 
 Cranshairs, a small parish in the midst 
 of the Lammermiiir hills, in the county of 
 Berwick, intersected by Longformaciis. 
 The surface consists mostly of high hills, 
 and therefore better adapted . for pasture 
 than for tillage. Population is 160. The 
 old castle of Cranshaws is an edifice of 
 great strength, and still entire. It was a 
 place of refuge in the border wars. Here 
 are vestiges of encampments and two large 
 tumuli. 
 
 CranstoTiy a parish in the county of Edin- 
 burgh, extending about five miles in length, 
 ^and three in breadth. The gentle swellings 
 of the hills, are adorned \vith fine seats and 
 extensive plantations. The soil is excellent, 
 and the whole parish is arable. Free- 
 stone and limestone abound in the parish, 
 and works are erected for the extraction 
 of pitch, tar, naphtha, and volatile salt, 
 from pit coal. Population is 805. 
 
 Oransten, a in thti above pjrish 
 
 C R A 
 
 containing about 187 inhabitants. Here is 
 a holly-tree which measures seven and 
 a-half feet in girt. 
 
 Croon, a town in the department of the 
 Mayenne, France, by the Ouden, 17 miles 
 s by w of Laval. 
 
 Crapaky a chain of mountains betvreen 
 Poland, HuDgr?Ty, and Transylvania. 
 
 Crathy sluA Braemcrr, two united parishes 
 in Aberdeenshir.-, in the very middle of the 
 Grampian mountains. The length of the 
 inhabited part is about 30 miles, ani;l the 
 breadth varies from six to ten ; but the 
 w’hole extent is about 40 miles ia length, 
 and 20 in breadth. The low grounds, 
 when properly cultivated, produce good 
 crops. Besides the natural wood, there 
 are extensive plantations of, fir and larix. 
 The principal lakes are loch Callader and 
 loch Brotachan. The mountains abound 
 with precious stones ; granite of a fine 
 polish also abounds ; and there are inex- 
 haustible quarries of limestone, and of fine 
 slate. The united parishes of Crathy and 
 Braemarr contain about 1,876 inhabitants, 
 a great proportion of whom are Roman; 
 Catholics, who have two clergymen within 
 the parish. The society for propagating 
 Christian knowledge supports amissionary 
 and school-master in Braemarr. This dis- 
 trict w^as part of the Caledonian Forest. 
 
 Cratiyix river of Naples, which runs into 
 the gulf of Tarento. 
 
 Crato, a town of Alentejo, Portugal, has 
 a priory belonging to the knights of Malta, 
 and is 14 miles w of Portalegre. 
 
 Crawford, a parish in Lanarkshire, ex- 
 tending about 18 miles in length, and 
 about 15 in breadth. The greatest part 
 consists of hills and muirs ; some are fit 
 for pasture, but many scarcely exhibit 
 marks of vegetation ; and even the best 
 ground is adverse to agriculture. Lead- 
 hiils are in this parish, the most extensive 
 mines in the kingdom. See LeadhilU. Po. 
 pulation, including Lead-hiils, and the vil- 
 lage of Crawford, is 1,671. 
 
 Cimvford, a village in the above parish, 
 chiefly inhabited by feuers of small free- 
 doms granted by the neighbouring proprie- 
 tors, near which stand an old castle and 
 tower, called Tower Lindsay. 
 
 ! Crawford, Ja/iw, a parish in Lanarkshire, 
 extending 15 miles in length, the greatest 
 breadth being about six. It contains very 
 little arable land. A valuable lead 
 mine has been opened ; and there is an 
 excellent limestone quarry, abundance of 
 W'hite freestone and coal. Population 
 about 712. 
 
 , Cray, See Croy, 
 
 Cray, St Mary’s, a town in the county 
 of Kent. Market on Wednesday, fair on 
 Feb. 2, 1 2 miles se of London. 
 
 Crayford, a town in the county of Kent. 
 At E end of the town is a bleachfield and 
 printfieldj and about a mile distant is a 
 
C R E ^ 
 
 water mill for slitting and rolling iron. It 
 is seated on the Cray, two miles w by n of 
 Dartford. 
 
 Crecy, or Cressy, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Somme, France, noted for a 
 \ictory obtained over the French by 
 ■^Edward III. in 1346, 32 miles nw of 
 Amiens. 
 
 Credan Head, a cape on the w coast of 
 Waterford harbour, Ireland. 
 
 Creditorty or Kirktony a town in the 
 county of Devon, seated between two hills. 
 
 It is governed by a magistrate called a 
 portreeve. It was nearly destroyed by fire 
 in neo The church, once a cathedral, 
 is a magnificent structure. Boniface, arch- 
 bishop of Mentz, styled the GeriBan Apos- 
 tle, was a native of this town, and it sent 
 members to a parliament of Edward I. 
 held at Carlisle, 12 miles nw of Exeter, 
 and 180 w by N of London. The princi- 
 pal manufacture is that of serges, which 
 is carried on to a great extent. It has a 
 weekly market on Saturday. 
 
 Creey a river which rises in the southern 
 parts of Ayrshire, and falls into the bay 
 of Wigion. It abounds with salmon, 
 ami is navigable to vessels for several 
 miles. 
 
 Creetown, or Ferrytown of Creey a small 
 town on the n side of Wigion bay, at the 
 mouth of the river Cree, in the parish of 
 Kirkmabreck, and stewartry of Galloway, 
 on the great road from Portpatrick to 
 London. It contains upvv^ards of 400 in- 
 habitants ; and is supported by a consider- 
 able coasting trade. Creetown was latelj^ 
 erected into a burgh of barony. 
 
 Creglinyefiy a town in Franconia, prin- 
 cipality of Anspach, stands on the Taubor, 
 30 miles nw of Anspach. 
 
 CREICHGOW, or Crichgam^ a couii- 
 try between Suabia and the Lower palati- 
 Bate. 
 
 Creily a town in the department of the 
 Oise, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 on the Oise, five miles E of Senlis. 
 
 Creilshenriy a town in Franconia, and 
 principality of Anspach, stands on the Jaxt, 
 22 miles sw of Anspach. 
 
 Creinay a fortified town, and capital of 
 Cremasco, Italy, on the Serio. It is well 
 buHt, populous, and commercial ; and 
 contains 8800 citizens ; 30 miles s of 
 Bergamo. Lod» 9 50 e, lat. 45 22 n. 
 
 CREMASCO, a country of Italy, pro- 
 Tuice of Bergamasco, which took its name 
 from Crema the capital. It is 74 miles 
 long, 46 broad, and 230 in circumfer- 
 ence; and contains one city, four villages 
 53 parishes, and 80,000 souls. It is fertile 
 in corn, wine, flax, and hemp. 
 
 CremieUy or Cremviy d, town in the de- 
 partment of the Iseie, France, by the 
 Rhone, 20 miles ne of Vienne.^ 
 
 Cremrneny a tow’n in Upper Saxony, and 
 Middle Mark of Brandenburg, containing 
 
 C R E 
 
 about 300 houses ; 22 miles nww of Ber- 
 lin. 
 
 CremnitZy or KremnitZy a town of Upper 
 Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 miles 
 N of Schemnitz. The town contains but 
 50 houses. 
 
 Cremona y a city of Italy, the ci-devant 
 capital of the Cremonese. The principal 
 streets are wide and straight, adorned with 
 some small squares, a few palaces, an uni- 
 versity, 40 parish churches, 43 convents, 
 and about 12,000 inhabitants, but the 
 houses in general are not well built. It is 
 situated in a delightful plain, watered by 
 the Oglio, and about a quarter of a mile 
 from the Po, over which there is a bridge 
 of boats, protected by a fort. A canal 
 passes through the town, and forms a com- 
 munication between the Oglio and the Pe. 
 Cremona has been several times taken ; it 
 IS five miles in circumference, and is de- 
 fended by a castle. It is 38 miles se of 
 Milan. Lon. 9 58 E,lat. 45 8 n. 
 
 CREMONESE, a territory of Italy, i« 
 the duchy of Milan, bounded cn the n by 
 Bresciano, w by Cremasco, s by Parma, and 
 E by Mantua. It is fertile, particularly 
 in wine and fruit. Cremona is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 CrempCy or Krempe, a town in the duchy 
 of Holstein, Germany. The chief trade 
 of the inhabitants is in cattle. It is four 
 miles N of Gluckstadt, and 27 nw of Ham- 
 burgh. 
 
 Cremsier^ ^ town of Moravia, with a cas- 
 tle, seated on the river Marsch, 18 miles 
 ssE of Olmutz. 
 
 CrescentinOy a town of Italy, seated oa 
 the Po, 20 miles ne of Turin. 
 
 Crespyy a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment Oi the Oise, 17 miles s of Compeigne. 
 
 Cressy. See Creey, 
 
 Cresty a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Drome, on the river Drome, 16 
 miles SSE of Valence, 
 
 CrevecoeuTy a town and fortress of S Hol- 
 land, at the conflux of the Dommel with 
 the Maese, four miles w of Bois le Due. 
 
 Crevecoeiiry a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Nerd, on the Scheldt, five 
 miles s of Cambray. 
 
 Crevelt, a town of France, the capital 
 of the department of the Roer, lately ol 
 Germany in the electorate of Cologne. 
 Near this place the Hanoverians defeated 
 the French, in 1758. It is 38 miles nnw 
 of Cologne, Lon. 34 35 e, lat. 49 44 N. 
 
 CP^EUSE, a department of France, 
 which takes its name Irom the river Creuse, 
 which crosses it, and flows into the Vien- 
 ne. It contains the late province of 
 Marche. Gueret is the capital, 
 
 Creusen, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of Franconia, in the principality of 
 Bayreuth, seven miles from Bayreuth, 
 Creutzburg, or Klusabcreck, a town of Si- 
 lesia, in the principality of Brieg, with a 
 
C R I 
 
 castle, seated on the Brinnitz. The prin- 
 cipal trade ot‘ the inhabitants is in hone}^, 
 wax, leather, and Max. It is 35 nules e 
 hy N of B rie^. 
 
 ereutznatchj a town of France, in the 
 department of Mont Tonnere, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the circle of the Upper Rhine. It 
 is situated on the Nalie, which divides it into 
 the Old and New Town. This town was 
 taken three times on Dee. 2, 1705, first by 
 the French, then by the Austrians, and again 
 by the former. It is 25 miles sw of Mentz. 
 The inhabitants carry on a great trade in 
 w'ine, salt, corn, wool, and tobacco. Lon. 7 
 55 E,lat. 40 41 N. 
 
 Crewkerne, a town in Somersetshire. It 
 has some manufactures of Dowlas sail- 
 cloth, girtweb, ami stockings ; and con- 
 tains abont 3000 inhabitants, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday. It is seated near a 
 branch of the Aarret, 25 miles s of Wells, 
 and 132 wsw of London. 
 
 Crichton, ix parish in the county of Edin- 
 burgh, containing about 3000 acres, of 
 which two- thirds are well adapted for til- 
 lage. In this parish stands the venerable 
 Ca*stle ol Chrichton, which was the property 
 and residence of Sir William Chrichton, 
 chancellor of Scotland, in the 1 5th century, 
 Who founded the church in 1440, fora pro- 
 vost and nine prebendaries. Population 023. 
 
 Crichton, in the above parish, 14 miles s 
 of the metropolis. It is a thriving place, 
 and contains, with the adjoining village of 
 Pathhead, 450 inhabitants. 
 
 Crieacth„ ox Crickeith, a town of Wales, 
 in Carmarthenshire, with a market on Wed- 
 nesday. The ancient castle is now in 
 ruins. It is situated near St Georgefs chan- 
 nel, 1 8 miles sse of Carmarthen, and 234 
 »w of London. 
 
 Crickhowel, a town of Wales, in the coun- 
 ty of Brecknock, seated on the Usk, much 
 resorted to by invalids, for the purpose of 
 drinking goats milk and whey. Its ancient 
 castle is now in ruins. It has a weekly 
 market on Thursday ; 10 miles se of Breck- 
 nock, and J 57 w by n of London. 
 
 Cricklade, a town of England, in the coun- 
 ty of Wilts It contains about 250 houses, 
 and is a burgh town. The river Thames is 
 navigable to this town ; and a canal is now 
 made between the Thames and the Severn, 
 which joins the former here. It has a week- 
 ly market on Saturday, and is 25 miles w 
 by s of Oxford, and 84 w by n of London. 
 
 Criech, a parish of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 
 about three miles long and two broad. 
 Thesoil is not rich^ but agriculture is much 
 attended to. The population is about 405. 
 
 Criech, a parish of Scotland, in Suther- 
 landsMre, which is at least 40 miles ; the 
 length of the inhabited part 'is about 24 
 miles, the breadth from two to 10 miles. 
 The seasons are early, and the crops heavy ; 
 But there is only about one 30th part of the 
 <4istrict cultivated. There is a great deal 
 9 
 
 C R I 
 
 of natural wood, principally of oak and 
 birch ; there are also several thriving plan- 
 tations of fir. The great quantity of moss 
 ill this district furnishes plenty of fuel. 
 Population, 1974. 
 
 Crieff, a town of Scotland, in the county 
 of Perth, seated on the n of the Earn, over 
 which there is a bridge of four arches. It 
 is much resorted to in the summer months 
 for its health} situation. It contains about 
 2100 inhabitants, and is much enlarged 
 within these few years. When the old 
 church was taken down in 1787, 40 gold 
 coins of Robert Bruce were found in a 
 niche of the wall. Here are two tannages, 
 a paper mill, and a brewery. Many of the 
 inhabitants are employed in the weaving of 
 lilankets, and coarse cloths, besides cottons 
 for Glasgow manufactures ; 17 miles w of 
 Perth, and 20 n of Stirling. 
 
 Crieff, a parish of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, in which the above town is situated: 
 It is well cultivated, and the greatest part 
 enclosed. Population, 2876. 
 
 Grim, a towui of the Crimea, supposed to 
 be the site of an ancient city, that at soma 
 former period gave its name of Crim Tar- 
 tary, or Crimea, to the whole peninsula. 
 It is seated at the foot of an insulated 
 mountain ; 10 miles w of Caffa. 
 
 CRIMEA, or CRIM TARTARY, the 
 ancient TauricaChersonesus, a peninsula of 
 Europe ; bounded on the s and w by tho 
 Black sea, n by the province of Catherinen- 
 slof, with which it communicates by the isth- 
 mus of Prekop, and e by the sea of Asoph 
 and the strait of Taman ; forming a part of 
 the government of EcaterinosUiy , under tho 
 name of Taurida, Russia. The Crimea is 
 divided into two parts by mountains which 
 run E and w. The n division is fit for pas- 
 ture only . In the s parts the valiies are as- 
 tonishingly productive, and the climate ex- 
 tremely mild. This country is inhabited by 
 Tartars. Besides the ports of Kerth and 
 Jenikale, the road of Caifa, and the harbour 
 of Baluclana, there is near Sebastapol, on# 
 of the finest harbours in the world. Syni- 
 pheropol is the capital. Toward the end of 
 the nth century, the Genoese took posse.s- 
 sion of this country, but w^ere expelled by 
 the Crim Tartars, in 1474. The.se Tartars 
 had been settled in the Crimea above 200 
 years before the expulsion of the Genoese. 
 They were subjects of Bata Khan, graml- 
 son of Zingis, and their conquest was anuer- 
 ed to the kingdom of Kasan, till the death 
 of Tamerlane, in 1400, when Edegai Knan, 
 an officer of that prince, took possession of 
 it, and w^as succeeded by Duclet Cherai,iii 
 whose family the sovereignty continued till 
 the 18th century. The Khans, however, 
 were tributaries to the Turks (ill the y' ar 
 1774, when they obtained their indepen- 
 dence. In 1783, the Russians took posses- 
 sion of the country, and in the tollowing 
 year it w^as coded to them by the Turks. 
 
 M m 
 
C R O 
 
 CrimmiizschaWfdiiovm in Upper Saxony, 
 in Atisma. The inhabitants carry on ma- 
 nufactures of cloth, flannels, and linen ; 
 «eated on the Pleise, 10 miles ssw of Alten- 
 burgh. 
 
 Crimond,€L parish of Scotland, in the dis- 
 trict of Buchan, in Aberdeenshire. The 
 figure is triangular ; and it contains 4600 
 acres, of which 3000 are arable ; the re- 
 ibainder is occupied by mosses, links, and 
 the lake of Strathbeg. Population 822. 
 
 Crinan, Loch^ a small arm of the sea, on 
 the w coast of Argyllshire, lately connect- 
 ed with Loch-Gilp (an arm of Loch Fine) 
 by a navigable canal, named the Crinan 
 Canal. 
 
 Croachpatrick, a mountain of Ireland, in 
 the county of Mayo, near the side of Claw 
 bay, four miles sw of Newport. It is in the 
 form of a sugar loaf, 2666 feet above the 
 level of the sea, and deemed the highest 
 mountain in the country ; it is much fre- 
 quented by pilgrims. 
 
 Croara, a town of Italy. 
 
 CROATIA, a country of Europe, bound- 
 ed on the North by Hungary, Eby Sclavo- 
 nia and Bosnia, s by Dalmatia, and w by 
 Carniola and Stania. It is about 150 miles 
 in length, and from' 40 to 60 in breadth. 
 It belongs to the house of Austria, except a 
 small part of it w'hich is subject to the 
 Turks. The principal towns are Warasdin, 
 or Little Warasdin, Kreutz, Velika, Iwa- 
 iiitz, Zagrab, Karlstadt, and Sluin. The 
 principal rivers of Croatia are the Corana 
 and the Save. Karlstadt is the capital. 
 
 CrocceuSf or Hoamho, a river of China, 
 which rises in the mountains to the w of the 
 province of Suchuen, and after traversing 
 2000 miles, falls into Nankin bay. 
 
 Croja, or CroiUy a town in the province of 
 Albania, European Turkey, seated near the 
 gulf of Venice, 13 miles of Durazzo, 
 CroisiCy Qx Croisil, a sea port in the de- 
 partment of the Lower Loire, France, sur- 
 rounded with salt marshes. The inhabi- 
 tants carry on a considerable coasting trade, 
 35 miles w of Nantes. Lon. 2 32 w, lat. 47 
 18 N. ■ 
 
 CROIX, ST, one of the Caribbee islands, 
 SO miles long, and eight miles where broad- 
 est, lying 40 miles s by e of St Thomas. It 
 belongs to the Danes, and produces a great 
 quantity of sugar. The chief towm is Chris- 
 tianstadt on the n coast, with a fine harbour, 
 defended by a fortress. Lon. 65 28 w, lat. 
 17 45 N. 
 
 Croix, St, a river of N. America, which 
 forms the ne boundary of the United States, 
 and runs into the bay of Passamaquoddy. 
 
 Croix, St Levjroy, La, a town of France, 
 in the department of the Eure, and chief 
 place of a canton, six miles >;e of Evreux. 
 
 Croix Sur Meuse, La, a town of France, 
 in the department of the Meuse, and chief 
 place of a canton, 12 miles se of Verd\in. 
 Crokane, mountains in the county of Cork. 
 
 c R o 
 
 CroUes, a town of Franco, in the de- 
 partment of the Isere, which has a consi- 
 derable trade in wine, ten miles ni of 
 Grenoble. 
 
 Cromack, or Cronach, a fortified town of 
 Franconia, in the principality of Bamberg, 
 near a river of the same name, 11 miles n 
 of Culmbacb. Lon 1 1 30 e, lat 50 29 k. 
 
 Cromack- Water, a lake in Cumberland,, 
 between Buttermire- water and Lowes- wa- 
 ter, receiving the former at its s end by the 
 river Cocker, and the latter at its n end. 
 
 It is four miles long, and near half a mile 
 over, and beautified with three small isles. 
 
 Two of them covered with wood, the other 
 is a rock. Near the sw end of it is a wa- 
 ter-fall, called Scaleforce. At the ne end 
 is a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker, 
 
 It abounds with red trout and char, 
 
 Cromarty, a small county of Scotland. 
 
 Its greatest length is about 16 miles, and 
 its average breadth between six and seven, 
 bounded on the n by a frith or river, cal- 
 led the frith of Cromarty ; on the e by tho 
 Murray frith ; and every v/here else by the 
 county of Ross. It chiefly belongs to the 
 Andersons of Udal, and the family of Ross* 
 of Cromarty. Agricultural improvements 
 are yet in their infancy. The higher 
 grounds are mostly covered with heath, but 
 towards the shores the soil is light and ear- 
 ly. Fisheries are very successfully prose- 
 cuted, and pearls are sometimes found in the 
 frith of Cromarty. Cromarty is divided in- 
 to five parishes, and contains 3052 inhabi- 
 tants. The real rent is estimated at 70001. 
 sterling. Cromarty returns one member 
 to parliament alternately with Nairn. 
 
 Cromarty, a parish in the above county, 
 seven miles long, and from one to^ four 
 broad. The climate is cold, but healthy. 
 
 It is in a state of high improvement : to ac- 
 complish this, the late Mr George Ross ex- 
 pended above 50,0001. The hill of Cro- 
 marty is much celebrated for the grandeur 
 and extent of the prospect it affords. Po- 
 pulation, 2208. 
 
 Cromarty, the capital of the county of 
 the same name, seated at the mouth of th» 
 Cromarty Frith, containing about 1700 in- 
 habitants. Here is a manufacture of coarse 
 cloth, and a considerable coasting trade. 
 
 A ferry boat is established across the mou^ 
 of the Frith from Cromarty to the Ross 
 side. It is 16 miles nne of Inverness. 
 Lon. 3 50 w, lat. 57 38 N. 
 
 Cromarty Frith, one of the finest bays 
 on the coast of Britain. Its length is a- 
 bout 16 miles j and its breadth in the middle 
 about three : the entrance is little more than 
 a mile wide, between the two promontories 
 called the Sutors of Cromarty. After pas- 
 ing the Sutors, there is the finest anchor- 
 ing ground for several miles up the bay. 
 
 Cromdale,^ a parish of Scotland, in the 
 counties of Inverness and Moray, 20 miles 
 in length, and in some places 1 1 or 12 miles \ 
 
C R O 
 
 ^oad. Not a hundredth part of the lands 
 is arable, but flocks of sheep every where 
 cover the country. Plantations of fir, are 
 numerous and thriving. The low and fer- 
 tile grounds on the banks of the Spey have 
 been rendered famous by a song (the 
 Haughs of Cromdale.) Cromdale is famous 
 for a battle fought within its limits between 
 the forces of king William, and those of 
 the exiled king James, under Lord Dundee, 
 in which the former were victerious. The 
 number of inhabitants, 2187. 
 
 Cromer, a town of England, on the ke 
 of the county of Norfolk, with a harbour 
 for fishing vessels. The town was former- 
 ly larger than at present, it having two 
 churches, one of which, with several houses, 
 was sw'allowed up by the sea. The inha- 
 bitants are chiefly fishermen. It is a place 
 of resort for sea-bathing, and fine lobsters 
 are taken here. It is seated on the German 
 ocean, has a weekly market on Saturday, 
 and is 22 miles n of Norwich, and 129 ne 
 of London. Lon. 0 30 b, Greenv^^ich, lat. 
 52 55 N. 
 
 Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, on the 
 river Derwent. Here Mr Arkwright, after- 
 ward Sir Richard, erected some of the new 
 cotton mills, a capital improvement of me- 
 chanism due to him. His son has an ele- 
 gant seat on the e bank of the river. From 
 Cromford, a canal crosses.' the Derwent, 
 runs a considerable way parallel to it, turns 
 to the E at Critch-chace, where there is an 
 iron forge, and joins the Erewash canal at 
 Lougley bridge. This canal opens aw^ater 
 communication between the centre of Der- 
 byshire and the Trent. The population 
 about 1115. 
 
 Cronach, See Cromach, 
 
 Cronborg, a fortress of Denmark, in the 
 island of Zealand, near Elsinore, which 
 guards the passage of the Sound. It is si- 
 tuated on the point of a peninsular promon- 
 tory opposite to Helsingbourgh, in Sweden, 
 about two miles distant. It was built by 
 Frederick II. of Denmark, in 1577, on 
 piles of oak, strengthened with stone. In 
 1658 it was taken by Charles Gustavus 
 king of Sweden, and retaken in 1660. In 
 this fortress is a palace, where the unfortu- 
 nate queen Matilda was imprisoned till she 
 ■was permitted to retire to Zell. About half 
 a mile distant from this is Hamlet garden, 
 said to be the spot where the murder of his 
 father was committed. 
 
 Cronslot, an island and fort in thp gulf 
 of Finland. It is a station for Russian ships 
 of war, &c. Lon. 30 15 e, lat. 60 20 n. 
 
 Cronstadt, or Kronschad, a sea-port and 
 fortress of Russia, on the island of Retutari, 
 in the gulf of Finland. The harbour is the 
 principal station of the Russian fleet. Here 
 are dock and yards for building ships, a 
 foundery for casting balls, an extensive 
 marine hospital, and great magazines of 
 caval stores. The man of wap^^ mole 
 
 c R o 
 
 is inclosed by a strong rampart, in the 
 sea, Peter’s canal is 1050 fathoms long, 
 60 fathoms broad at the bottom, and 
 100 at the top, and is 24 fathoms deep. 
 There are two pyramidal columns at 
 the end with inscriptions relative to this 
 great work. The houses are chiefly 
 built of wood. The town is seated on the 
 E part of the island, and the number of 
 inhabitants is about 60,000, It is 2% 
 miles w of Petersburgh. Lon. 29 26 e, 
 lat. 59 56 N. 
 
 Cronstadt, a town of Transylvania. See 
 Brassau, 
 
 Croom, a town of Ireland, in the county of 
 Limerick, on the river Maig, 13 miles ssw 
 of Limerick. 
 
 Cropani, a town of Naples in the province 
 of Calabria Ultra, nine miles ene of St, 
 Sevenna. 
 
 Crosne, a town of Poland in the Palati- 
 nate of Lemberg, 80 miles wsw of Lem- 
 berg. 
 
 CROSS ISLAND, an island in the At- 
 lantic ocean, near the coast of Main, at 
 the entrance into Machias bay. Lon. 67 
 15 w, lat. 44 30 k. 
 
 Cnross Island, one of the smaller Shetland 
 islands, 35 miles s of Lerwick. 
 
 Crossen, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 New Mark, formerly capital of a duchy of 
 the same name, with a strong castle, seated 
 on the frontiers of Silesia, near the conflux 
 of the Bober with the Oder, in a country 
 abounding with fruit and wine. It has 
 manufactures of cloth, and extensive 
 breweries, and is surrounded with old 
 walls, 23 miles se of Frankfort, and 6S 
 ESE of Berlin. Lon. 32 ’51 e, lat. 52 4 n. 
 
 Cross-Fell, a mountain in Cumberland, 
 12 miles e of Penrith, and 10 s of Aid- 
 stone. Its extreme altitude is 2901 feet. 
 At different elevations there are two 
 extensive plains ; and a third bn the 
 top contains several hundred across co- 
 vered with moss and other vegetable pro- 
 ductions. The view from the top of this 
 mountain comprehends part of six coun- 
 ties. On the NE side of it lead mines are 
 wrought, and was formerly called Fiend’s 
 Fell, from the opinion that it was haunted 
 by devils. 
 
 Crossmiehael, a parish in the stewarty of 
 Kircudbright. It extends in length about 
 five, and in breadth about four miles. A 
 large part of it is arable. Considerable 
 attention is paid to the rearing of black 
 cattle. There are two lakes in the parish. 
 The Urr has a small harbour. Population 
 about 1084, 
 
 Crotchey, a town of Hindoostan in Sin- 
 dy, on the e side of a creek that will ad- 
 mit boats, and about five miles w from the 
 place v/here vessels lie in the river Larry- 
 bunder. It has a considerable trade. It 
 is 90 miles w of Tatta. Lon. 66 10 E, 
 lat. 24 52 N. 
 
 Mm2 
 
C R O 
 
 Crotemyif a town of France in tbe de- 
 partment of Jura, and chief place of a can- 
 ton, six miles se of Poiigny. 
 
 Crotoiiy a river of Connecticut. It has 
 abridge i, 400 feet long, piercing through 
 a hill, and supported by 16 stone pillars. 
 
 It has several romantic falls from 60 to 
 100 feet perpendicular, 
 
 Crotona, a sea-port town of Naples,,in 
 Calabria Ultra, and a bishop^s see, with a 
 citadel. Its trade consists in grain, ^ oil, 
 cheese, and silk, and is 15 miles ssof Seve- 
 rino. Lon. 17 27 e, lat. 39 9 
 Cretorf, a town of Westphalia. 
 
 Crotoy, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Somme. It has a good harbour, 
 but is little frequented, 35 miles nw of 
 Amiens. 
 
 Crottendorf, or Krotendorf, a town in 
 Upper Saxony, and circle of Erzgeburg, 
 six miles e of Schwartenzburgh. 
 
 Crouch, a river in the county of Essex, 
 which rises near Horndean, and enters the 
 German ocean between Burnham and 
 Foalness islands. It is celebrated for its 
 oyster beds. 
 
 Crowland, or Cropland, a town of Eng- 
 land in Lincolnshire. Here was formerly 
 an abbey of great note, and some stately 
 ruins still remain. Market on Saturday. 
 It is situated on the fens ; and there is no 
 access to it but by narrow causeways, 
 which will not admit a cart. It has fonr 
 streets, separated from each other by water 
 courses, whose banks are supported by 
 piles, and set with willow trees. The 
 chief trade is in fish and wild fowls, which 
 are caught in the adjacent pools and 
 inarches, in great number by means of de- 
 coys. It is 1 1 miles w of Petersborough, 
 anil 93 n by w of London. 
 
 Crowle, a town of England in Lincoln- 
 shire, seated in the island of Axbolm, with 
 a weekly market on Monday, and fairs on 
 last Monday in May, and November 22. 
 
 Crown Island, an island on the eastern 
 sea, near the ne coast of New Guinea. 
 Lon. 146 50 e, Greenwich, lat. 5 18 s 
 Crown Point, a fort and settlement of 
 the United States, in New York. The 
 fort was erected by the French, in 1731 
 taken by the Americans in 1775, and re- 
 taken the next year by the English. 
 
 Cray, a parish in the counties of Nairn 
 and Inverness, united to that of Dalecross ; 
 extending i(5 miles in length from ne tosw. 
 The river Nairn which runs through it for 
 eight miles, alTords a considerable number 
 of salmon ; its banks are well cultivated, 
 or covered with wood. Population about 
 1601. 
 
 Croydon, a town of Englnnu m the 
 county of Surr}’', situated on the t ige of 
 Banstead Downs, near the MOurc<^ ot the 
 Wandle. The manor has ever since the 
 conquest ])elouged to the archbishops ol 
 Canterbury, who occasionally resided for 
 
 c u B 
 
 the space of 500 years in a venerable palace 
 here ; which is now occupied by a calico- 
 printer, a tanner, and a pelt monger, being 
 alienated from the see in 1780. It has an 
 hospital and free-school founded by arch- 
 bishop Vfhitgift. The town is surrounded 
 w'ith uills, well stocked with wood, from 
 which great quantities of charcoal are 
 made and sent to London. The town con- 
 tains about 5,743 inhabitants. It has a 
 weekly market and fairs .June 5th, and 
 Oct. 2d. It is 10 miles s of London. Lon, 
 
 0 6 w, lat. 51 22 n. 
 
 Crozeu, a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of Finistere, and a chief place of a 
 canton, 16 miles nw of Chatcauiin. 
 
 Cmachan Ben, a mountain of Scotland, 
 in the county of Argyle, 3,390 feet above 
 the level of the sea, 25 miles ssw of Fort 
 William. 
 
 Cruden, Cruor Danaoimim, ‘‘the blood 
 of the Danes, a parish, Aberdeenshire. It 
 extends about nine miles from n to s, and 
 about eight from e to w, and contains four 
 fishing villages. The Danes under Canute 
 were defeated here in the Uth century by 
 the Scots under Malcolm II. The soil and 
 climate are various. Husbandry is but 
 in its infancy. Population about 1934. 
 
 Cruniau, iiv Krwnlaw, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, ill the circle of Bechin, with a castle, 
 seated on the Muldaw, 12 miles s by w of 
 Budweis. 
 
 Cruz, St, or Agadur, a sea-port of Mo- 
 rocco, in the kingdom of Tus. The har- 
 bour is safe and commodious. Tt is seat- 
 ed on a bay of the Atlantic, 130 miles 
 wsw of Morocco. Lon. 9 30 w, lat. 30 
 28 N. 
 
 Cruiz, St, a sea port on the se side 
 of Teneriffe, and the general residence 
 of the governor of the island. It has a 
 good harbour, and is well defended by 
 forts and batteries. Lon. 16 16 w, lat. 
 28 27 N. 
 
 Cruz St, a town of Peru, capital of a 
 jurisdiction, in the audience of Charcas, 
 and a bishop^s see. The town is seated 
 near the river Guapaix, 160 miles ene of 
 Plata. Lon. 65 15 w, lat. 17 26 s. 
 
 Cruz, St, a town on the if side of Cuba, 
 50 miles e of Havaima. 
 
 Cruz, St, an island ; see Egmont, 
 
 St Crux de Mayo ; see Guitivis. 
 
 CUBA, the largest island of the W In- 
 dies, being 800 miles in length from e to 
 w, and 70 in its mean breadth from n to s. 
 It lies s of E Florida and the Bahama is- 
 lands, and was discovered by Columbus 
 in 1492. The Spaniards extirpated the 
 natives and have full possession of it ; bat 
 from their natural indolence only but a very 
 seail part of the island is cleared. A go- 
 vernor, or captain-general, commands in the 
 island, who decides all civil and military 
 affairs. An intendent is at the head of the 
 finances. The island is divided into 18 ju- 
 
cue 
 
 risdictions, with magistrates to caeh. The 
 mountains abound with copper mines ; and 
 small pieces of gold and silver are collected 
 in the sand of the rivers. Few countries 
 have better ports. The most consideral)le 
 are the Havannah and St Jago. The 
 months of. .July and August are rainy ; the 
 rest of the year is hot. The soil is equal 
 in fertility to any in America. Tobacco is 
 one of its principal productions, and is sup- 
 posed to be the best, or most agreeable, of 
 any produced in the new world. The in- 
 habitants have in some years raised 2<50,000 
 quintals of sugar. The quantity of coffee 
 is inconsiderable. It also produces ginger, 
 mustick, long pepper, cassia, wild cinna- 
 mon, tfec. Among the trees are the cotton, 
 ebony, and mahogany, &c. Bees are 
 numerous. Horned cattle fill the forests, 
 which are killed only for their skins. The 
 chief birds are paroquets, turtle doves, <fec. 
 Water-fowl are numerous. On the coast 
 are found a great number of turtles. The 
 principal fish are mullets and chads. Ha- 
 vannah is the capital. Loo. 73 deg. 50 m. 
 to 85 deg. 30 m. w, lat. 20 deg. to 23 
 deg. N. 
 
 Cuhaf a tow'll of Portugal in the pro- 
 vince of Alentejo, 36 miles se of Evora. 
 
 CubaguGy a small island of S America, 
 between tiiat of Afagaretta and Terra Fir- 
 ma, discovered by Columbus. The soil is 
 dry, barren and nitrous, without fresh 
 water. Lon. 64 10 w, lat. 10 53 n. 
 
 Cuban y a river of Russian Tartary, 
 which rises in mount Caucasus, divides 
 Circassia from part of Turica, and empties 
 itself by two mouths, one into the Black 
 sea, the other into the sea of Asoph. 
 
 CUBAN TARTARY, a country of A- 
 sia, in the Russian province of Taurica, 
 bounded on the n by the river Don, which 
 separates it from Europe, on the w by the 
 sea of Asoph ; on the e by the desert of 
 Astracan, and s by the river Culvan, which 
 divides it from Circassia. 
 
 Cubjacy a town in the department off the 
 Dordogne, Fra .nee. 
 
 Cublancy a town in the department of the 
 Dordogne, France. 
 
 Cvhleify in Derbyshire, six miles from 
 Ashburu, with a fair November 30. 
 
 Cumnuy a town in the country of Friuli, 
 Italy. 
 
 CticcGy a village in the district of Colog- 
 na Laly. 
 
 Cucohiaray a small island in the Adriatic, 
 near the coast of Naples, IS miles Kwfrom 
 Vieste. 
 
 Cnchecunna y a town in the country of 
 Candahar, Asia. 
 
 Cuckfieldy a town of England in the 
 county of Sussex. It has a w^eekly market, 
 and fairs Whitsun Tuesday, September 19. 
 and November 18. It is 39 miles s by w 
 of London. 
 
 Cucdalore, a towo of flindoostao on the 
 
 C U L 
 
 coast of Coromandel, in the Carnatic, near 
 the place where fort St. David once stood. 
 It was taken by the French in 1758, 
 and again in 1783. It is 20 miles ssw 
 of Pondicherry. Lon. 79 55 e, lat. II 
 41 N. 
 
 CuddapOy a town of Hindoostan, and 
 capital of a province to which it gives 
 name, ceded by Tippoo, in 1792, to the 
 nizam of the Decan. It is 133 miles 
 Nw of Madras. Lon. 78 57 e, lat. 14 23 n. 
 
 Cudrefiny a town and baliwick of Swit- 
 zerland, in the canton of Bern, on the sk 
 borders of Neufchatel, five miles se of 
 Neiifchatel, 21 w of Bern. 
 
 Cuencuy or Cuenza, a town and jurisdic- 
 tion of Peru, in the province of Quito. 
 The town is populous, and situated at the 
 foot of Cordillera Mountain, on one of 
 the sources of the Amabon, 170 miles s 
 by w of Quito. Lon. 78 30 w, lat. Z 
 56 s. 
 
 Cuenca, a city of Spain in New Castile, 
 anciently called Conca ; a bishop^s see, 
 seated on a hill, near the river Xucar, 90 
 miles E by sof Madrid. Lon. 2 12 e, lat, 
 40 10 N. 
 
 Cuera, or Zuera, a town in Arragon, 
 Spain. 
 
 Cuernabaccay or Cucrnavaccq, a town in 
 the province of Mexico, N America. 
 
 CUJAVIA, a province of Poland on the 
 left bank of the Vistula, including the two 
 palatinates of Wiadislaw and Brzeic. 
 Wladislaw is the capital. 
 
 Cuilly, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Bern, on the me of the lake of 
 Geneva, eight miles ese of Lausanne. 
 
 Culemhach, See Culmbach, 
 
 Culenburg, a towm of Holland, in Guel- 
 derland, on the river Leek, 12 miles ese of 
 Lausanne. Lon. 5 12 n, lat. 51 58 n. 
 
 CULIACAN, a province of New Spain 
 in the audience of Guadalajara ; bounded 
 on the NW by Cinaloa, w by the gulf of 
 California, about 200 miles long, and 90 
 broad. The soil is fertile, and the air healthy. 
 There are some silver mines. The principal 
 towns are Culiacan, Petarlan, and St Mi« 
 guel, 
 
 Culiacan, a town of New Spain, capital 
 of the above province, seated on the river 
 Culacan. Population about 10,800; 340 
 miles NW of Guadalajara, Lon. 106 42 w', 
 Ferro, lat. 24 56 n. 
 
 Cully a poor sea port town of Africa, in 
 the country of Algiers, with a tolerable port. 
 Lon. 6 40 E, Greenwich, lat. 37 40 n. 
 
 Cullen, a parish of Scotland, on the coast 
 of Banffshire, two miles long, and one 
 broad, enlarged by the addition of part of 
 Rathven parish, quoad sacra, three miles 
 in length, and tw'o in breadth. The soil 
 is of three kinds ; a strong rich clay, a 
 light loam upon a tilly bottom, and the 
 greater part a fine rich loam upon a soft clay 
 bottom. The climate is healthy and the 
 
C U L 
 
 people long lived. Earl of Findlater has 
 planted a great part of this parish with 
 trees. The bodies of IndalfuSj king of 
 Scotland, who was killed in a battle with 
 thC/ Danes, in 968 j and of Elizabeth, king 
 Robert Bruce’s second wife, are said to be 
 ‘buried in this parish. Population about 
 
 1,076. . , 
 
 Cullen, a royal burgh in the above pa- 
 rish, at the mouth of the Cullen, which 
 joins v.dth Banff, Kintore, Elgin, and In^ 
 verary, in electing a representative in par- 
 liament. It carries on considerable linen 
 and damask manufactures. Near it are 
 seen lofty rocks formed of flinty masses, 
 called the Three Kings of Cullen, It is 
 13 miles w of Bantf. 
 
 Cullen, a town of Ireland in the barony 
 of Coonagh, and county of Limerick, 18 
 miles SE of Limerick, and 18 miles w of 
 Cashel, 
 
 Cullera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 
 on the sea coast, at the mouth of Xucar, 
 
 21 miles s of Valencia. 
 
 Cnlles, a town in the department of the 
 Saonne and Loire, France. 
 
 Cullieudden, See KirkmichaeL 
 Cull Hill, in Queen’s county. 
 
 Ci/Wocfcw, about three miles e of Inverness. 
 Culloden MtiiV) a heath in Scotland, a 
 few miles s of the town of Inverness, m the 
 parish of Croy, celebrated for being the 
 scene of action where a complete victory 
 was obtained over the rebels by the duke of 
 Cumberland in 1746, which for ever de- 
 stroyed the hopes of the Stewart family. 
 
 Culloor, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 countrv of Golconda, celebrated for its dia- 
 mond mines, 1 1<5 miles e of Hydrabad. 
 Lon. 80 37 e, lat. 17 12 n. 
 
 Culm, a city of Poland, capital of a pa- 
 latinate of the same name, and a bishop’s 
 see, with a catholic university » It is large, 
 but thinly inhabited, seated on the Vistula, 
 60 miles s of Dantzic. Lon. 18 30 e, lat. j 
 S3 24 N. . j . 
 
 Culmbach,'ei town of Franconia, andfor- 
 tnerly the capital of a margravate of the 
 same name, near it stands the fortress of 
 Plassenburgh, where w^ere the archives of 
 the principality preserved, but they were re- 
 moved to Bayreuth in 1783. From its dis- 
 trict the whole margravate w^as called 
 Bandenburgh-Culmbach ; but in 1726, the 
 government devolved in another line, and 
 since that period it has been named Bran- 
 denburgb-Bayreuth. It is seated on the 
 Maine, 13 miles nnw of Bayreuth. Lon. 
 
 J I 36 E, lat. 50 7 N 
 
 Cnlmore, a town of Ireland, in the coun- 
 ty of Londonderry, with a fort at the w 
 point of Loch Foyle, five-miles n by e of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Culross, a royal borough and parish ol 
 Scotland, in Perthshire. It enjoys the ad- 
 vantage of a very sale harbour. The parish | 
 of Culross forms nearly a square of four j 
 
 CUM 
 
 [ miles ; the surface is mostly level. In th© 
 s, part of the soil is good, and a regular sys- 
 tem of agriculture is practised. Coal, free- 
 stone, and iron-stone, abound in the parish. 
 Here is a magnificent house, with 13 win- 
 dowsill the front, built about the year 1590, 
 by Edward lord Kinloss, better kndwn in 
 England by the name of lord Bruce, slain 
 in a noted duel between him and Sir Ed- 
 ward Sackville; It, along with Dumferline, 
 Stirling, Inverkeithing, and Queen’s Ferry, 
 send a member to. parliament. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants about 1,502. Culross is 
 situated on the Forth, about 23 miles nw of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Culsaimond, a parish of Scotland, in A- 
 berdeenshire, about three miles and a-half 
 in length, and three in breadth. The sur- 
 face is level, with the exception of. two 
 small hills about the middle of the parish, 
 which abound with fine blue slate. Th© 
 soil is fertile, especially on the banks of the 
 Urie. Several very thriving plantations 
 have been lately made out. Population 
 about 730. 
 
 Cutter, a parish of Scotland, in Lanark- 
 shire, about eight miles long, and lour 
 broad. It is greatly improved within these 
 13 years, by plantations. It is chiefly 
 adapted for feeding sheep. The population 
 is about 369. 
 
 Cults, a parish of Scotland, in the centre 
 of Fifeshire, about two miles and a-half 
 long, and one and a-half broad. Its general 
 surface is fiat, declining from the s where 
 there are a few hills. The soil is light, and 
 in some places gravelly, particularly on the 
 banks of the Eden, but towards the s it is a 
 strong clay. There are numerous excellent 
 freestone and limestone quarries, there is 
 also plenty of coal. Population about 
 699 . 
 
 CUMANA, a province in the ne of Terra 
 Firma, in the government of Caracas; 
 bounded on the n and e by the sea, w by 
 Caracas, and s by Paria. The chief pro- 
 duce are cocoa and tobacco, but it is gift- 
 ed with every variety of territorial produc- 
 tion. The interior is crowned by lofty 
 mountains, and the highest, Tumerequiri, is 
 5600 feet above the level of the sea. In 
 this mountain is the cavern of Guacharo, so 
 much famed among the Indians. 
 
 Cumana, the capital of a province of the 
 same name, with a fortress. It contains 
 about 30,000 inhabitants, noted for com- 
 mercial activity and enterprize, who carry 
 on a considerable trade in cocoa, and other 
 productions of the country. The road, 
 from its semicircular form, defends it from 
 the violence of the wdnds. It stands on the 
 Manzariaes, near the entrance of the gulf 
 of Caraco, 180 miles e of Leon de Caracas# 
 Lon. 64 24 w, lat. 10 12 n. 
 
 Cumana get a, a town of Terra Firma, in 
 the province of Cumana, at the mouth of th» 
 Nevery, 00 miles w by s of Cumana, 
 
CUM 
 
 CUMBANA, an island of th» E Indies, 
 between Lombock and Flores, 180 miles 
 long, and 20 to 40 broad. On the n side 
 is a town of the same name. Lon. 116 
 58 E, lat. 8 27 s. 
 
 Cumberlandy a county of England, 224 
 miles in circumference, 58 in length, and 
 rather above 30 in breadth ; bounded on 
 the N by Scotland, k by Northumberland, 
 Durham and Westmoreland, s by Lanca* 
 ghire, and w by the Irish sea and Solway 
 frith. Though this county enjoys an ex* 
 tout of 67 miles of sea-coast, few of its 
 many rivers are navigable ; the tide flow- 
 ing not more than two or three miles up 
 the greatest part of them. Cumberland 
 may be considered as forming two dif- 
 ferent districts, the mountainous, and that 
 which is capable of culture. Cross-fell, 
 Hartside-fell, Geltsdale-forest, and Spa- 
 deadam-waste, are the names of that por- 
 tion of the ridge which passes through this 
 country. These mountains are composed 
 of strata of different kinds of stone, and 
 are rich in coal, lime, copper, and lead-ore. 
 The other division of mountainous districts 
 are known by the names of Skiddaw, Sad- 
 dleback, Helvellin, Wreynose, Hardknot, 
 Scafell, &c. are in general composed of 
 itone which produces beautiful blue slate. 
 At the head of the dreary vale of Borrodale, 
 are the mines of wad or black lead, a mine- 
 ral almost peculiar to this county ; the 
 richness of these mines and the qualities of 
 the substance being unequalled by any in 
 the world. This county is celebrated for 
 its lakes, viz. Derwent- water, Bassenth- 
 waite-water, Buttermere, Cromack-water, 
 Lowes-water, Ulls-water, West-water, En- 
 iierdale-water, and Leathes- water. The 
 mountainous districts contain 342,000 acres, 
 improveable common, 150,000 ; old inclo- 
 sures, 470,000 ; lakes and waters, 8000 ; 
 total quantity of acres in the whole county, 
 970,000. It having been, for some time, 
 the northren extremity of the Roman empire 
 in Britain, affords a great number of anti- 
 quities, such as the Piets wall, built by 
 Adrian in 121, camps, towns, and remains 
 of Roman causeways, &c. The climate is 
 various ; the lower parts of the county are 
 mild and temperate ; on the mountains and 
 their vicinity, the air is cold and piercing; 
 but the whole is healthy, though subject to 
 great and frequent falls of rain, particularly 
 in the autumn, which makes their harvests 
 very precarious and expensive. The soil is 
 various. Dry loams are found in a greater 
 proportion than any other ; and peat-earth 
 is more prevalent on the mountainous dis- 
 tricts. Cumberland is divided into five 
 wards, and 90 parishes, and contains one city 
 and 17 towns, viz. Carlisle, Aldston, Alnces- 
 ter, Bootle Brampton, Cockermouth, Egre- 
 mont, Hesket-New-AIarket, Holm, Ireby, 
 Keswick, Kirkoswaid, Longtown, Penrith, 
 Eavenglass, Whitehaven; Wigtou; and 
 
 CUM 
 
 Workington. The number of inhabitants 
 in 181 f, 133,744. The principaPrivers are 
 the Eden and the Derwent. It sends six 
 members to parliament, viz. two for the 
 county, two for Carlisle, and two for 
 Cockermouth. Carlisle is the capital, whero 
 the assizes are held once a year. 
 
 Cumberland, a river of the United Stales, 
 which issues from the Cumberland moun- 
 tains on the borders of Virginia, and joins 
 the Ohio about 12 miles above the influx of 
 the Sinnessee. 
 
 Cumberland, a town and fort of New 
 Brunswick, in a county of the same name^ 
 The fort is situate at the head of the bay of 
 Fundy. Lon. 64 10 w, lat. 45 45 n. 
 
 Cumberland, a town of Maryland, chief, 
 of Allegany county ; situate on then branch 
 of the Potomac, 95 miles wnw of Washing- 
 ton. Lon 78 46 w, lat. 39 36 n. 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLAND, an island 
 about 20 miles in circumference, near 
 the coast of Georgia, the most southern 
 territory of the United States on the At- 
 lantic ocean. It is 15 miles long, and 
 two broad. Opposite its s extremity is 
 the island of Amelia, and between them 
 St Mary^s river enters. Lon. 81 40 w.iat. 
 31 Os. 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLAND, an island 
 in the S Pacific ocean. Lon. 140 36 w 
 lat. 19 18 N. 
 
 CUMBERLAND ISLANDS, a cluster 
 of islands, near the ne coast of New Hol- 
 land. Lon. 148 32 e, lat. 20 36 s. 
 
 Cumbernauld, a parish in Dunbarton- 
 shire, seven miles long, and four broad ; 
 beautifully variegated by hills, dales, and 
 water. Intersected by the Forth and Clyde 
 canals, and by the Roman wall called 
 Graham’s' dyke. It abounds with coal, 
 lime, and freestone. The soil yields con- 
 siderable encouragement to the skilful far- 
 mer. The population about 1,795. 
 
 Cumbernauld, a town in the above parish, 
 almost surrounded with the polices and 
 pleasure grounds of Cumbernauld-house, 
 the seat of Lord Elphinstone, 13 miles from 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Cumbray, Meikle, or Great, an island 
 of Scotland, about six miles in circum- 
 ference, at the mouth of the river Clyde 
 The surface contains about 2,400 acres, 
 one third of which is arable. On the 
 sw side near the village of Milnport, is 
 a safe anchorage, sheltered by a rooky 
 islet. Cumbray affords plenty of limestone, 
 and excellent freestone, and the ruins of a 
 cathedral dedicated to St Columbia. It 
 contains above 500 inhabitants. Lon. 4 
 47 w, lat. 55 45 N. 
 
 Cumbray, Litllej lies about half a mile s 
 from the above island, and is about a mile 
 in length, and half a mile in breadth. There 
 are several caves in ilie island, two of which 
 are very remarkable. A light-house ; is 
 erected ia the island, 
 
CUP 
 
 Cwniana, a town in the ci-devant prin- 
 cipality of Piedmont, Italy, 12 miles sw of 
 
 Turin. . u j 
 
 Cumieres, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Marne, celebrated for its 
 wines, three miles nw ot Epernay. 
 
 Cuml^y a town and foh of Hiiidoostan, in 
 Canara, seated between two rivers. On 
 the opposite side of the s river is the town 
 of Kangapura, to which it was formerly 
 joined by a bridge. It is 65 miles s by e 
 
 of Mangalore. , - j i 
 
 Cummashaws, a sea port of the e side ol 
 Washington island. Lon. 128 22 w, lat. 53 
 
 Cunimockj Old, a parish in Ayrshire, 
 about 10 miles in length, and two in 
 breadth. The hills exhibit frequent marks 
 of volcanic fire, many of them being com- 
 posed of basaltic columns, of irregular 
 crystallization. A vein ot lead ore also 
 runs through it, yielding 651b of lead per 
 cwt of ore. Free-stone abounds, and a 
 great part of the parish lies upon excellent 
 coal. The population about 1 ,798. 
 
 Cvmnock, in the above parish, situated 
 on the banks of the Lugar, well adapted 
 for biaimfactures. Here is a manufacture 
 of earthenw'are. It contains nearly 800 
 inhabitants, and gives title of baron to the 
 family of Dumfries. The famous Alex- 
 ander Paden was buried near this place. 
 
 It is 16 miles ese of Ayr, and 30 s of Glas- 
 gow. 
 
 - Cumnock, New, another parish m Ayr- 
 shire, 12 miles long and eight broad. The 
 general appearance is hilly, affording ex- 
 cellent pasture for sheep ; but having 
 many spots of arable land, with an ex- 
 cellent clay soil. Coal and lime abound ; 
 and a lead mine was lately opened on the 
 barony of Afton, which employs from 20 
 to 30 miners. Population 1,112. In it 
 stands a village of the same name, about 
 five miles se of Old Cumnock, near the 
 site of an old castle, which, for some cen- 
 turies, belonged to a branch of the family 
 of Dunbar. 
 
 CUNINGHAMj.a district in the county 
 of Ayr. It is a fine level plain, watered by 
 numerous streams, and contains several po- 
 lous towns and villages. 
 
 Cwpar, a parish in Fifeshire, measuring 
 about five miles every w^ay. The climate 
 is healthy. The soil in general is excel- 
 lent, and agriculture has been of late much 
 improved. The population is about 4,463. 
 
 Cupar, or Cupar of Fife, a royal burgh, 
 in the centre of the above parish, on the spot 
 where Eden joins the w^ater of St Mary. It 
 is governed by a provost, three bailies, a dean 
 of guild, and J 3 counsellors, w ith eight dea- 
 cons elected by the eight incorporations. In 
 conjunction with Penh, Dundee, St An- 
 drew’s, and Forfar, it sends a representative | 
 to parliament. Its population is about 3200. | 
 It is a w’ell built town; and the streets are | 
 
 ^ CUR 
 
 [ well paved. A considerable manufacture 
 of coarse linens is carried on in this town 
 and neighbourhood ;/ and there are also two 
 tan- works, a bleach field, and brick and 
 tile works. Here was a castle, now demo- 
 lisned, in which the earls of Fife long re- 
 sided, and a convent of Dominieians, or 
 Black Friars, wdio were connected with 
 the castle ; eight miles w of St Andrews, 
 and 26 N of Edinburgh. 
 
 Cupar, or Cupar of Angtis, a parish in 
 the valley of Stratlmiore, partly in Augus- 
 shire, and partly in Perthshire. It is about 
 five miles long, and not quite tw’o broad. 
 The lands are mostly enclosed, and agri- 
 culture much attended to. The population 
 about 2416. 
 
 Cupar of Angus, a town in the above 
 parish. It has been much improved of lat© 
 years ; the streets are well paved and 
 lighted. At the e end of the church are 
 many stone coffins, some of them contain- 
 ing human skeletons. An abbey of Cis- 
 terians was founded here by king Mal- 
 colm IV/. in 1104, in the centre of a Ro- 
 man camp. The chief manufacture is 
 coarse linen cloth. Here is also a consi- 
 derable tannery, and in the immediate 
 neighbourhood an extensive blecrebfield. It 
 has a market on Thurs. and fairs in April, 
 May, July, and Dec. It is situated in the 
 valley of Strathmore, partly in Perthshire, 
 and partly in Angus-shire. Population 
 about 2,400 ; about 13 miles ke from 
 Perth, and 1 2 nw of Dundee. 
 
 CupiNSHAY, or Copinshag, one of th© 
 Orkney islands, about a mile long, and 
 half a mile broad. It contains two or 
 three families. 
 
 CUR AGO A, an island in the Caribbean 
 sea, near the coast of Terra Firma. It is 
 35 miles long and 12 broad, but naturally 
 barren. Some French settled here in i 800, 
 and being at variance ^with the Dutch, the 
 latter surrendered the island to a British fri- 
 gate. It was restored to Holland by the 
 peace of 1802, and taken from them by a 
 British squadron in 1807. The principal 
 towui is St Peter’s, at the n extremity of th* 
 island. All kinds of labour is here per- 
 formed by engines ; some of them so well 
 contrived, that ships are at once lifted into 
 the dock. It produces a considerable quan- 
 tity both of tobacco and sugar, and there 
 are good salt-works. Lon. 69 15 w, Ferro, 
 lat. 12 22 N. 
 
 CURDISTAN, a country of Asia, inba- 
 hited by the Ciirdes, lying in Armenia, and 
 in Persia, along the left bank of the river 
 Tigris, and comprehending a great part of 
 ancient Assyria. The Curdes are supposed to 
 be descendants of the ancient Chaldeans, 
 They live chiefly on plunder, and are not 
 subject either to the Turks or Persians 
 Some reside in towns and villages, others 
 w'ander from place to place, living in tents, 
 and like the w ild Arabs subsist by robbery. 
 
c u s 
 
 *rk)ir religion is a mixture of Christianity^ 
 aud Mahomedanism. They feed great 
 numbers of cattle, and usually live in. tents. 
 There are several cities or towns in the 
 country. Altankupri is the capital. 
 
 CURIA MARIA, an island near tho se 
 coast of Arabia Felix, opposite the mouth 
 of the river Prim ; 40 miles long, and 16 
 broad. Lon. 65 25 e, Ferro, lat. 17 0 n. 
 
 Curisch Haff, or the Gulf of Courland,.a. 
 lake or gulf of Prussia, along-side of the 
 Baltic, *0 miles in length. The breadth is 
 very unequal being wide to the s, and nar- 
 row towards the n, where it ccmmuoicates 
 with the Baltic at Memel. 
 
 Cun'ahy a towm of Hindoostan, in the 
 country of Allahabad, on the right bank of 
 the Ganges, 36 miles nw of Allahabad. 
 
 CURRENT Island, a small island in 
 the Pacific ocean. Lon. 134 3 e, lat. 4 
 40 N. 
 
 Cmrie, a parish in Mid Lothian, about 
 six miles w from Edinburgh, including a 
 district of between five and six miles in 
 every direction. The population is about 
 1112. The soil'is chiefly a tough clay, 
 and requires much labour. Of 9000 acres 
 which the parish contains, two-thirds are 
 arable. Free*stone, iron-stone, ana lime- 
 stone are abundant. The only manufac- 
 ture carried on, is one of paper. The vil- 
 lage of CurriCy is about six miles w of 
 Edinburgh, and is believed to be the Koria 
 of Ptolemy. 
 
 CURRITUCK, a county of N Carolina, 
 in Edeuton district containing 4114 citizens, 
 and 1105 slaves. 
 
 Currucdeay a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Bengal, on the river Adji, 190 miles nw of 
 Calcutta. Lon. 86 20 e, l^t. 24 25 n. 
 
 Currucpoufy a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Bengal, 127 miles nw of Moorshedabad. 
 Lon. 86 42 e, lat. 25 8 n. 
 
 Cursayy or Cur^yy a town of France, 
 in the department of the Vienne, and chief 
 place of a canton, 12 miles sw of Poic- 
 tiers. 
 
 Curupay a town of Brazil, in the goverPx- 
 meut of Para, seated on the estuary of the 
 Amazon, 250 miles w of Para. Lon. 53 
 10 w, lat. 1 50 s. 
 
 Curzoloy a small island in the gulf of 
 Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia. It a- 
 bounds in wood, and produces good wiue. 
 It contains one city, 16 villages, and 7,100' 
 souls. It is 30 miles long, and eight 
 broad. At the e end is a fortified town of 
 the same name, with a good harbour. Lon. 
 17 10 E, lat. 43 6 N. 
 
 CuscOy a city of Peru, and a bishop’s 
 see. It is the most ancient, grand, and 
 magnificent city of the country, built by 
 the Incas, and formerly their capital. II 
 contains about 20,000 inhabitants; one- 
 sixth of whom are Spaniards. The town 
 is built in a square form, in the middle of 
 which is the best market in all America ; 
 
 9 
 
 CUT 
 
 four streets terminate in the square, which 
 are large and straight, li contains, besid«> 
 the cathedral, which is a noble structure, 
 nine churches. Contiguous to the n part 
 of the city are the ruins of a fort and pulac« 
 of the Incas, the stones of which are of 
 an enormous size- The houses are built 
 of stone, and covered with red riles ; the 
 apartments are welldistriiuited ; the mouldr 
 ings of the doors are gilt, and the fiunituro 
 not less magnificent. The government is 
 in the hands of a corregidor, who has a 
 council of regidors elected from among 
 the nobles of the town, and from these ar» 
 chosen the alcades. The bishop has an 
 income of about 4,0001. a year. The dio- 
 cese is divided into 14 jurisdictions, three 
 of which belong to the vice-royalty of 
 Buenos Ayres, and 11 to Peru, iu the au- 
 dience of Lima. The air is temperate, 
 but cold on the hills. It is fertile in grain 
 and fruit, and well watered by the rivers 
 Apurimak and Yukai. It is 350 miles e 
 by s of Lima. Lon, 71 47 w, Ferro, lat* 
 13 0 s. 
 
 CuShai, a river of N Carolina, which 
 runs into Albemarle Sound. 
 
 Cushiue and Leochcly two small pafisnes 
 in Aberdeenshire, united in 1798. But 
 Lochel is about five miles long and four 
 broad. The vallies and the sides of the hills 
 yield sufficient encouragement (or agricul- 
 ture. Freestone of an excellent quality a- 
 bounds in Cushine. The population about 
 668 . 
 
 V Ciissatiey a town of the United States of 
 America, in Georgia, 12 miles w from Ta- 
 geloo. 
 
 Cussely a town of France in the depart- 
 ment of the Allier, whiffii contains about 
 3000 inhabitants, 37 miles s by k of Mou- 
 lins, 
 
 Custine or Conde stir Moselle, a town 
 of France, in the department of the Meurte, 
 and chief place of a canton, situated on th^ 
 Moselle, six miles nnw of Nancy. 
 
 Custrin, or Kustrin, a fortified town of 
 Brandenburg, and capital of the New 
 Mark, at the conflux of the Warta with 
 the Oder. The environs are very marshy* 
 There are 36 bridges in the space of a 
 league. It is very strong both by art and 
 nature, and contains only 200 houses with- 
 in the waifs ; but the three suburbs are 
 more extensive and elegant than the town. 
 In 1760, it was bombarded by the RussiaUvS 
 and almost demolished. Lon. 32 27 e, 
 Ferro, lat. 52 36 n. 
 
 CutaiSyi\iQ chief town of Imeritia, seated 
 on the Riona. The remains of a cathedral 
 seem to shew that it has once been a con- 
 siderable place, 120 miles w by jy of 
 Tefflis. Lon. 43 0 e, lat. 13 25 n. 
 
 CUTCH, a country of Hindoostan, go- 
 "verned by a rajah. It is separat’d fro ni 
 Guzeret by the river Pudder, and Iron^ 
 Sinde by the % branch of tb*^ river Indns, 
 ^ Nn 
 
C Y R 
 
 It abounds with hills, woods, and sandy 
 wilds. The principal towns are Booge- 
 booge and Tahej. 
 
 Ciithberts^ St, or West Church, a parish 
 of Mid-Lothian, comprehending the New 
 Town of Edinburgh. 
 
 Cuxliaven, asea-portof Lower Saxony, 
 in the duchy of Bremen 3 *at the mouth of 
 the Elbe. This was lately the port for the 
 English packets to Hamburg; and'passen- 
 gers, while on shore were accommodated 
 at Reitzenbuttle, half a mile distant. Cux- 
 haven contains only a few hovels and a 
 windmill It is 60 miles nw of Ham- 
 burgh. 
 
 Cuyck, a town of Dutch Brabant, in a 
 small territory of the same name, six miles 
 ssE of Grave. 
 
 CYPRUS, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean sea near the coast of Syria. It is 160 
 miles , in length, and 79 in breadth, crossed 
 by a chain of mountains, the highest of 
 which are Olympus, St. Croix, and Buffa- 
 vent. The climate is exceedingly hot and 
 dry ; there are few rivers, the beds ol 
 which, even in winter, are not entirely 
 dry ; laut the soil is excellent and fertile. 
 It produces great quantities of excellent 
 grapes. The other chief productions of the 
 island are silk, cotton, wool, nutmegs, 
 opium, <fec. The most beautiful and delicate 
 herbs and flow’^ers grow here luxuriantly, 
 the very mountains being covered with 
 hyacinths, aninionies, cfe:c. It is much 
 infested with locusts. One kind of serpent 
 bites mortally. Waterfowl are in groat 
 abundance. Nicosia, in the midst of the 
 country is the present capital ; but the 
 principal harbour is at Famagosta, the an- 
 cient capital. The inhabitants amount to 
 about 40,000. There is one archbishop, 
 and three bishops. It was taken from the 
 Venetians in L5T0 by the Turks. Reli- 
 gious toleration is extended to all nations. 
 The Greek and Turkish languages equally 
 prevail. The Greek, however, in its words, 
 has preserved the purity of the ancient dia- 
 lect. Commercial people generally speak 
 the Italian language. The Cypriots, are 
 in general well made. They are tall, have 
 a noble and agreeable air. Their women 
 do not degenerate from their ancestors, as 
 devotees to Venus. In the side of a moun- 
 tain near Paphos, is a cavern which pro- 
 duces the most beautiful rock chrystal. 
 The hills nearest to Larne consist wholly 
 of talc. 
 
 Cijr. St, a village of France, two miles 
 from Versailles, and celebrated for an abbey, 
 founded by madame de Maintenon, who was 
 the abbess till her death in 1719. 
 
 Cyrus, St, or Ecclesgreig, a parish in 
 Kinca^ineshire five miles long, and three 
 broad. The soil is chiefly a deep clay. 
 It has salmon-fishing. A beautiful cascade* 
 in the parish falls about 63 feet perpendi- 
 cular : another 7«5 feet. The quarries of 
 
 DAB 
 
 lime-stone, free-stone, <feo. are inexhausti- 
 ble. The parish aboiu)ds with many rare 
 plants. Its agriculture is much improved. 
 The population is about 1 622. 
 
 Cyrus, St, in the centre of the above pa- 
 rish, contained 144 inhabitants in 1792. 
 
 Czaslau, or Tsehaslau, a town of Bohe- 
 mia, the capital of a circle to which it 
 gives name, seated on the Crudenka. It 
 has a church with the highest tower in 
 Bohemia, in it is the tomb of thecelebrated 
 2isca, the chief of the Hussites. Near this 
 place the king of Prussia gained a victory 
 over the Austrians. It lies 40 miles EiJE 
 of Prague. Lon. l«5 24 e, Ferro, lat. 49 
 
 49 N. 
 
 Czenstokow, or Czestocliow, a town in 
 the palatine of Cracow. It has a fortified 
 convent, and sustained a siege against the 
 Swedes in 1657. It is seated on the Warta^ 
 
 50 miles n by w of Cracow. 
 
 Czercassi, a town of Russia, in the Uk- 
 raine, seated near the Dnieper, with a cas- 
 tle, 85 miles se of Kiof. 
 
 Czernetz, or Tckerinek, a town of Euro- 
 pean Turkey in Wallachia, near the Da- 
 nujie, 110 miles w of Buchorest. Loh. 29 
 44 E, lat. 49 0 N. 
 
 Czernigoff, or Czernikon, a town of 
 Russia, capital of a duchy of the same 
 name, with a castle seated on the Dozna ; 
 70 miles n by e of Kiof. Lon. 31 53 e, 
 lat. 51 29 N. 
 
 Czersk, a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Masovia, seated on the Vistula, 30 
 miles ESE of Warsaw. 
 
 Czetwernia, a town of Poland in tha 
 palatinate of Volhynia, 16 miles n of 
 Lucko. 
 
 C&irnitz, or Czernick, a to\yn of Carnio- 
 la, remarkable for its lake,* which produ- 
 ces grass and corn every year. In dry sea- 
 sons it is from 20 to 25 miles in circumfe- 
 rence ; but when full it is 40 miles round, 
 and contains several small islands, on the 
 largest of which is a village. This lake is 
 surrounded by mountains. Buck-wheat is 
 sown on the dry parts when the water sub- 
 sides, which becomes ready for the sickle ia 
 six weeks. The town is seated on the nw 
 part of the lake, 20 miles s by w of Laubach. 
 
 Czengrodt, a town of Hungary, at the 
 conflux of the Seisse and Keres, 1 3 miles of 
 Segedin. 
 
 Czornow, a town of Lithunia, in the pa- 
 latinate of Brzesc, 1 8 miles ssw of Brzesc. 
 
 D 
 
 'TJAALHAUSEN, a town of Germany, 
 in thecircle of Westphalia, and bishop- 
 ric of Paderbuiii. It is nine miles nne of 
 Warburg. 
 
 Dahay, a small island of the Hebrides, in 
 the couuty of Inverness. It is about ope 
 
DAG 
 
 mile long, and half a mile broad ; fertile in 
 corn and grass. 
 
 Daher, a town of Russian Pomerania, 
 in a circle of its name, 16 miles nne of 
 Siargard. 
 
 Dabhuttsen, a town of Germany. There 
 are mines of copper near it. It is eight 
 mile Nw of Wetzlar. 
 
 Dabo, or Datehsperc, a town of France, 
 in the department of the Meurte, situated 
 on the mountains of Vosges, near the source 
 of the Sarre. It is seven miles ssw of Sa- 
 vern. 
 
 Dahra Shin, a town of Egypt. 
 
 Dabul, a town of India, on the coast of 
 Concan. The principal commerce is in 
 pepper and salt. It was taken and sacked 
 by the Portuguese, under the conduct of 
 Almedia, in the year 1509, but was retaken 
 by the natives. It is seated at the mouth of 
 a river, 75 miles s by e of Bombay. Lon. 
 72 53 E,lat. 17 52 n. 
 
 Dacca, a city of Hindoostan, Bengal, on 
 a branch of the Ganges, which communi- 
 cates with all the inland navigations. It is 
 capital of a district, and was once the ca- 
 pital of Bengal, and defended by a strong 
 fortress, the remains of which appear. The 
 country round it lies low, and is always 
 covered with verdure during the dry months. 
 It has a vast trade in fine muslins, and 
 manufactures those so much sought after 
 in Europe ; the cotton is produced with- 
 in the province. Lon. 90 30 E,lat. 23 43 N. 
 
 Dachau, a town of Bavaria, near the 
 Ammer, with a palace of the sovereign, and 
 fine gardens, 10 miles nnw of Munich. 
 
 Dachsbach, a town iu Franconia, and 
 principality of Bayreuth, 22 miles s of 
 Bamberg. 
 
 Dachstein, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Lower Rhine, with a pa- 
 lace that belonged to the see of Strasburgh ; 
 situated on the Breucli, eight miles w of 
 Strasburgh. 
 
 Daden, a town in Westphalia, and coun- 
 ty of .Sayii, near which there are some cop- 
 per mines, eight miles s of Seigen. 
 
 Dafar, Dofar, or Dclfar, a sea port town 
 of Arabia, in the country of Hydramaut,to 
 which it gives name. It is governed by a 
 £hieck, who is a sovereign prince. The 
 chief export is olibanum. It is situated on 
 a bay of the same name, on the se coast. , 
 Lon. 54 lO'te, lat. 58 44 N. 
 
 DAGESTON, a province of Asia, 
 bounded on the e by the Caspian sea, by 
 the mountains of Caucasus, n by Circas- 
 sia, and s by Schirvan. It is inhabited by 
 Tartars, who are subject to Russia. Tar- 
 ku is the capital. 
 
 Dagistan,OT Dahestan, the capital of the 
 above province, 240 niiies nw oi Mcsebid, 
 
 iJaglan, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of the Dordogne, eight miles s of 
 Sarlat. 
 
 Dagno, a town of E ur open n Turkey , a nd 
 
 D A H 
 
 the capital of the district of Davagni Alba** 
 nia, seated near the conflux of the Drino 
 and Nero, 13 miles se ofSuetan. 
 
 Dago, or Dagoe, an island iu the Baltic, 
 on the coast of Livonia, seven miles n of 
 the isle of Oesel, about 20 miles in circum- 
 ference, and has two castles, called Dager- 
 vvort and Paden. The capital is Dager- 
 Ort. Lon. 22 56 e, lat. 58 44 n. 
 
 Dagsburg, a town in Delaware, and 
 county of Sussex, United States, on a branch 
 of Indian river, which enters the ocean to 
 the s of Delaware bay. It is 59 miles s by 
 E of Dover. 
 
 Dahhi, a town of Arabia. 
 
 Dahulah, Dalaka, or Dalaca, an island 
 in the Red sea, near the coast of Abyssinia, 
 about 22 leagues in length, and four in 
 breadth, celebrated for its pearl-fishery. 
 The inhabitants are numerous. Lon. 39 
 20 e, lat. 15 40 N. 
 
 Dahl, the finest river of Sweden, which 
 runs through Dalecarlia, and enters the 
 gulf of Bothnia, to the e of Gistle. Near 
 Escarleby it forms a celebrated cataract, 
 
 Dahlen, a town in Upper Saxony. 
 
 Dahme, a town. Upper Saxony. 
 
 Dahmec, a town in the country of Caa- 
 dahar, Asia. 
 
 Dahn, a town in the department of the 
 Lower Rhine, France. 
 
 DAHOMY, or Dauma, a kingdom of 
 Guinea, to the n of Whidab, on the slave 
 coast, called also Foein. Dahomy is sup- 
 posed to reach from the sea coast about 189 
 miles inland. The country is fertile ; it 
 produce is various and abundant, such as 
 farinaceous vegetables, and tropical fruits, 
 indigo^ cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, palm 
 oil, and a variety of spices. The Daho- 
 mans, like the other inhabitants of tropi-* 
 eal climates, plant twice a year, viz. at 
 the vernal and autumnal equinoxes ; after 
 which the periodical rains prevail. The 
 language is that which the Portuguese 
 call Lingua GeraJ, or General Tongue, spo- 
 ken not only in Dahomey Proper, but in 
 Whydah, and the other dependent states, 
 and likewise in Mahee, and several neigh- 
 bouring places. The Daboman religion, 
 consists of a jumble of superstitious cere- 
 monies. The government is perhaps the 
 most perfect despotism upon earth, admit- 
 ting no intermediate degree of sulwrdina- 
 tion between the king and slave, at least 
 in the royal presence. The king main- 
 tains a considerable standing army, com- 
 manded by an agaow or general, entirely- 
 at the command of th<>^ sovereign. Tba 
 payment of these troops chiefly depends oa 
 their success. Within the walls of the royal 
 palaces in Dahomey are immured not less 
 ;han 3,000 women ; several hundreds of 
 'hese are trained to arms under a femala 
 general-. The dress of the men in Daho- 
 mey consists of a pair of cotton drawers, 
 'he manufacture of the country, over which 
 N n 2 
 
DAL 
 
 Ibey H^ear a large square cloth of the same 
 or of European manufacture. A piece of 
 silk or velvet, makes a cloth for a grandee. 
 The head is usually covered with a beaver ^ 
 of felt hat, according to the quality of the 
 wearer. The king, asw^ell as some of his 
 ministers, often wears a gold or silver laced 
 hat and feather. The arms and upper part 
 of the body remain naked, except when 
 the party travels, or performs certain pieces 
 of work. The feet are always bare, none 
 but the sovereign being permitted to wear 
 sandolsu The dress of the women, though 
 simple, consists of a greater number of 
 articles than that of the men. The gene- 
 ral character of the Dahomans is marked 
 by a mixture of ferocity and politeness. 
 The capital Ahomey is situated in Ion. 2 
 5 Ejlat. 8 5 N. ' 
 
 Dahra, a small island, in the Red sea, 
 near the coast of Arabia, three miles sw of 
 Loheia. 
 
 Dalirije, a town of Egypt, on the Nile, 13 
 miles ssw' of Damietta. 
 
 .Uailhj, a parish in Ayrshire, about six 
 miles long, and from four to six broad. It 
 consists of a vale through which the river 
 Oirvan flows, beautifully diversified with 
 fertile meadows and natural woods and 
 piantatatioiis ; both the sides of the hills 
 are bleak and barren. Coal and lime- 
 stone abound in the parish ; and the num* 
 ber of inhabitants is about 1621. The 
 village of Dailly is eight miles sss of 
 May bole. 
 
 Dairsie, a parish in Fifeshire, The 
 centre of the parish is elevated into two 
 hills arable to the top, the sloping sides of 
 ■which, about a mile and a half each way, 
 constitute the parish. The population is 
 "about 550. 
 
 Dalaborg, or Dalehurg, a town of Swe- 
 den, capital of the province of Dalia, situa- 
 ted on the sw side of lake Wenner, 60 miles 
 N by E of Gotheburg. Lon. 1 1 59 e, lat. 
 58 35 K. 
 
 DaJacca, See Dahatah* 
 
 Dalagotty a large bay on the coast of 
 Cafifraria, opposite the s point of Madagas- 
 <?ar, much frequented by w^halers. It 
 affords a commodious harbour, and plenty 
 of all sorts of refreshment. 
 
 , Dalarofisiey a parish in Inverness-shire, 
 united to that of Moy. See Moy and Vala- 
 rome. 
 
 Dafavichy a parish in Argyllshire, united 
 to that of Kilchrenan. See Kilchrenan md 
 Dalavich. 
 
 4 Dalbeattie, or Dalbeaty, a village in 
 * Kircudbright stewarty, on the e bank of 
 the river Urr, which is navigable so far 
 for small vessels ; and having a considera- 
 ble stream called Dalheaty burn, running 
 through it, well adapted for driving 
 machinery; 12 miles e by n of Kircud- 
 bright. 
 
 i DALECARLIA, a province of Sweden, 
 
 DAL 
 
 ! in the division of Sweden Proper, betweeig 
 j the mountains of Norway and Nordland;. 
 
 . It is 270 miles in length, and from 40 to 
 120 in breadth ; intersected by many rnoun- 
 I tains, which contain mines of silver, oorr- 
 j per, and iron, and some quarries of por- 
 phyry. The principal productions are 
 corn, wood, and hemp. The capital is 
 Fahlun. 
 
 Dalem, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 duchy of Limburg, capital of territory of 
 the same name, seated on the Bervine ; 55 ‘ 
 miles NNw of Juliers. 
 
 Dalem, or Dah'n, a town of France, in 
 the department of Roer, lately of Germany, 
 
 I in the duchy of Juliers. Its fortifications 
 I were destroyed by the French in 1672, and 
 ceded to the Dutch at the peace of Nime- 
 guen. It is 15 miles nnw of Juliers 
 Lon. 23 15 e, Ferro, lat. 50 45 n. 
 
 Dalyety, a parish in Fifeshire. It ex- 
 tends about four miles each way. The soil 
 is in general prc-ductive of fertile crops* 
 The valued rent amounts lo 53941. Scots. 
 There are coiisideFable coal and salt- 
 works. The port of St. David^s is in this 
 parish. Population about 89S. 
 
 DALIA, or DAAL,a province of Sweden, 
 in ¥7est Gothland, about 85 miles in 
 length, and 40 in breadth. It is full of 
 mountains and forests towards the n ; but 
 towards the s, it produces corn sufficient 
 for the inhabitants. It has a number of 
 mines. Daleburg is the capital. 
 
 Dallas, a town of Spain, in the province 
 of Grenada, 15 miles sw of Almeria. 
 
 Dalkeith, a parish of Scotland in the 
 county of Edinburgh ; not exceeding two 
 miles either in breadth or length ; N and S 
 Esk, unite about a mile below the town. 
 The soil is good, and there is a tannery, 
 soapwork, and manufactory of candles, in 
 the parish. Population about 3906. 
 
 Dalkeith, a town in the above parish. 
 It has a very handsome street, and one 
 of the greatest markets in Scotland, 
 every Thursday, for corn, oat-meal, Arc. 
 and a fair on the 3d Tuesday in October. 
 The palace of the duke of Buccleucb is the 
 principal ornament of the place. The 
 duke^s eldest son is earl of Dalkeith. 
 It is situated on the banks of the N 
 Esk, about six miles se of Edinburgh. 
 
 DALKEY, a small island, on the e 
 coast of Ireland, a little to the s of Dub- 
 lin bay. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 53 20 n, 
 
 Dallas, a parish in the county of Elgin, 
 extending 12 miles from e to w, and nine 
 from N to s. The soil is in general poor. 
 Population, 818. 
 
 DALMATIA, a country of Europe, 
 formerly a kingdom ; bounded on the 
 NE by Bosnia and Servia, se by ’’Al- 
 bania, sw by the gulf of Venice, and 
 Nw by Croatia. It is divided into 
 Venetian, Turkish, Ragusan, and Hun- 
 gariao Daliuatia j and tha capitals ase 
 
DAL 
 
 D A 11 
 
 are Spala..ro, Kerre^ovinoj Ragussa, and , 
 Segiia. The Dalmatians use the Selavo- 
 Riaii language and customs, and proless the 
 Roman Catholic religion. The rivers are 
 mosuy navigable. The mountains are 
 not uLiruitful, and they contain gold and 
 silver ore. It has many fertile plains. 
 The aiv is temperate and pure, Hungarian 
 DaliUcKa lies on the upper part of the 
 Adriatic sea, containing part of ancient 
 Liburnia, and is more generally called 
 Moriacliia. The inhabitants are about 
 25,000. Scs Haiducks, Morlachs, and 
 Uhlans, They are intfepid soldiers, and 
 excellent seamen. Several islands in the Ad- 
 riatic are considered as part of Dalmatia. 
 
 DALMATIA, Islands of. These pe- 
 culiarly so called, are Brazza, Lesina, and 
 CuTtola. 
 
 DalmelUngton, or Damdlington, or Da- 
 ine-Helens-town, a parish in Ayrshire, 
 eight miles long, and three broad. In this 
 parish are the remains of two old castles, a 
 beautiful moat, surrounded by a fosse and 
 some tumuli. Part ei Loch Doon, from 
 whence issues the river of that name, lies 
 in this parish. Excellent coal, freestone, 
 and iron stone abound ; and some veins of 
 lead ore have been discovered. The po- 
 pulation about 758. 
 
 DalmelUngton^ in the above parish, has 
 erected machinery for cotton and woollen 
 manufactures. The number of inhabitants 
 is 500. It is 18 miles ssa of Ayr. It has 
 seven fairs yearly, 
 
 Dalmeny, a parish in Linlithgowshire, 
 about four miles long, and three broad. 
 The soil is in general poor. Ironstone is 
 •found on the shore ; and excellent quarries 
 of free stone and limestone, marl pits and 
 coal pits. The parish church appears to 
 be a very ancient building, constructed in 
 a style between the Grecian and the Go- 
 thic. A convent of Carmelites was found- 
 ed here in 1330. ^ A Roman speculatorium 
 stood formerly in this parish. It is famous 
 for being the birth-place of Dr Wilkie, 
 author of the Epigoniad, Population 
 about 765. 
 
 DAL-RUAIDH, the ancient name of 
 that part of Scotland, now called Argyll, 
 Kintyre, and Lorn, which, according to 
 the Rev. Dr Smith of Campbelton, consti- 
 tuted the Cradle of the Scottish monar- 
 chy 
 
 Dalston, a village in Cumberland, on 
 the Caldevv. It has different branches of 
 the cotton manufacture ; six miles sw of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Dalton, a town in Lancashire, on a 
 peninsula, near the coast of the Irish sea. 
 ilere are the remains of an ancient castle, 
 and near it are the ruins of Furness abbey. 
 It has a market on Sat. and fairs, June 6, 
 and Oot. 23. It is six miles sw of Ulver- 
 liton, and 265 nkw of London, 
 
 Dairy, ^ parish in AyshirC;. about hine 
 
 miles br^/r'.d, and about the same lenath. 
 The soil is in general prod.iciive. The 
 annual rent is 63501* Population aboiit 
 2331. 
 
 Dairy, in the above parish, from which 
 it deriy’os its iUOUiC, contains about 830 in- 
 habTtants, mostly employed in the manu- 
 facture of siik la'id eotlon goods. Lime- 
 stone, Irohstoiie, and coal pits, abound in 
 its vicinity. 
 
 Dairy, another parish in the stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbright. Its length is about 15, 
 and breadth 10 miles. It is mostly hilly, 
 and fit only for pasture. The parochial 
 school is free, in consequence of a bequest 
 of Mr Johnston of iOOOl. In this parish 
 stands the elachan of Dalwry. Popula- 
 tion about 882. 
 
 Dahymple, a parish in the county of 
 Ayr, for six or seven miles in length, and 
 about three in breadth. Agriculture is in 
 a high state of improvement. There is 
 plenty of limestone, marl, and some free- 
 stone. Population about 514. 
 
 Dalserf, a parish in the county of La- 
 nark. It is of a fertile soil, and contains 
 several orchards. It abounds with coal, 
 lime, freestone, ironstone, and several mi- 
 neral springs. Dalserf, Millheugh, and 
 Larkhall, are villages in this parish. The 
 animal rent is about 30001. 'Sterling. Po- 
 pulation about ] iOO. 
 
 Dalzell, a parish in Lanarkshire, about 
 four miles long, and tw^o broad. The soil 
 is an excellent loam. There is salmon 
 fishing on the Clyde. Coal ^d freestone 
 abound. Population about 61 1. 
 
 Damala, a town of European Turkey, ra 
 the Morea, 40 miles se of Napoli di Ro- 
 mania. 
 
 Damanhour, or Demenhur, a town of 
 Egypt,' near the canal of Alexandria, 32 
 miles ESE of Alexandria, 
 
 Damascus, a celebrated city of S)Tia, 
 now the capital of a pabhalic, and called 
 by the Arabs El Shem, Its form is an ex- 
 act square, each side bring about one mile 
 and a half long. No city contains so many 
 canals and fountains ; every house and 
 garden is well supplied with water. Da- 
 mascus is one of the most agreeable cities 
 in Turkey, and it probably contains 80,000 
 inhabitants, among whom are great num* 
 bers of Christians and Jews, It had three 
 walls, now almost in ruins ; and of the 
 several suburbs which it formerly had, one 
 only remains, which extends about three 
 miles in length. Several streams flow 
 across the fertile plains in the neighbour- 
 hood of this city, which rpi're:>h the gar- 
 dens, and supply the city so fully, that wa- 
 ter is carried into every house. The hou- 
 ses are built of wood, and have their front 
 inward, and only walls to the street. The 
 caravanseras supported by marb' a pillars, 
 and surrounding a large court, are the metet 
 rem5trkabl<i gf their edifices. The mosques, 
 
DAM 
 
 about 200 in number, are oxtremel}^ 
 handsome. The most stately of these was 
 once a Christian church. Tlie castle is a 
 town of itself having its own streets. Here 
 was kept the famous Damascus steel in a 
 ‘ magazine Damascus is the rendezvous 
 for all the pilgrims who go to Mecca from 
 the K of Asia. Their number every year 
 amounts to from thirty to fifty thousand. 
 It is the centre of a very extensive com- 
 merce. Silk and cOtton stuffs are manu- 
 factured here in great quantities, and are 
 very well made. The pachalic of Damas- 
 cus comprehends nearly the whole eastern 
 pa rt of Syria. In this vast extent of coun- 
 try, the soil and its productions are very 
 various. It is seated on the Barada, 20 
 miles NNE of Jerusalem, and 150 s of Alep- 
 po. Lon. 36 40 e, lat, 33 30 n. 
 
 Domasensa, a tov/n in the country of Ja- 
 gra, on a river of that name, Africa. 
 
 Damaufiy a sea port town of Hindoostan, 
 in the country of the Pashwah, on the coast 
 of the Arabian sea. It was besieged by 
 Aurunzeble, about the middle of the 17th 
 century with nn army of 40,000 ; his camp 
 was guarded by 200 elephants, which were 
 so terrified by the fire-arms of his oppo- 
 nents, that they trampled to death the half 
 of his army. It is in the possession of the 
 Portuguese, since 1535 ; 00 miles s of IS'u- 
 rat. Lon. 72 48 e, lat. 20 18 n. 
 
 Dambea, the capital of Abyssinia, or 
 Ethiopia, in Africa, at the head of a lake 
 of the same name, 330 miles w of the Red 
 sea. Lon. 34 20 e, lat. 14 40 N. 
 
 Damgartiriy a town of Swedish Pome- 
 rania, has a castle seated on the Recknils, 
 18 miles w of Stralsund. Lon. 12 39 e, 
 lat. 54 34 N. 
 
 DamianOf St^ a town of Jloi^tserrat, 
 Piedmont, 18 miles w by n of Vercelli. 
 
 DamiettUy or Damiat, a town of Egypt, 
 at one of the eastern mouths of the Nile, 
 and called Thamiatis, under the govern- 
 ment of the Lower empire. It has pub- 
 lic baths faced with marble, several 
 squares and grand mosques, and contains 
 about 80,000 inhabitants. Multitudes of 
 boats and small vessels incessantly fill 
 the port of Damietta. The most disad- 
 vantageous circumstance to the trade of 
 Damietta is the road where the vessels lie 
 being totally exposed to the weather. The 
 rice mezelaoui, the finest of Egypt is cul- 
 tivated in the vicinity, and in common 
 yields 80 bushels for one, and other pro- 
 ducts are in the same proportion ; w^heat, 
 Indian stuffs, silks salammonaic, <fec. are 
 articles of commerce here, which is prin- 
 cipally carried on by the Christians of 
 Aleppo and Damascus ; the Turks being 
 indolent, and contenting themselves with 
 occasional extortion, 90 miles ane of 
 Cairo. Lon. 31 42 e, lat. 31 26 n. } 
 
 Damm, a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 duchy of Pomerania; stands on the Oder, 
 
 DAN 
 
 eight miles E5 e of Stettin. The inhabit 
 tants, are employed chiefly in manufac-*^ 
 luring steel. Lon. 32 25 e, Ferro, lat. 53 
 21 N. 
 
 Damriiey a town of Flanders, Nether- 
 lands, on the canal between Sluys and Bru* 
 ges, five miles n by e of Bruges,. 
 
 Damme, the capital of a country^called 
 Fivelingo, Holland, which comprehends 4'.^ ' 
 villages, seated on the Damster. Dammi> 
 has a communication with Groningen by 
 means of a canal, 14 miles ne of Gro* 
 niagen. 
 
 Dan, a river m Virginia, which falls 
 into the Roanoke, Lon. 78 50 w, lat. 30 
 34 Ni 
 
 Danaetz, or DonetZj a rivet which has 
 its source near Bielgerode, Russia, and di- 
 rects its course se to the Don, which it en- 
 ters 48 miles above TscherchaskCi, capital 
 of the Cossacs. The inhabitants are of opi- 
 nion that it leaves the Don again, and gives 
 the name of Danaetz to the most northerly 
 branch of the Don. 
 
 Danbury, a town in Connecticut, and 
 county of Fairfield, with two churches. 
 The town, which contaiiied, a large quan* 
 tify of military stores, was burnt by the 
 British in 1770, 20 miles nnw of Fairfield, 
 arid 65 nne of New York. 
 
 Danbury, m Essex, 16 miles w of the 
 sea. The spire of the church forms a good 
 sea-mark, as it stands on the highest 
 ground in the county. 
 
 Danby, a town in Vermont, containing 
 in 1799, 1206 citizens. 
 
 Dancali, a territory in the e part of 
 Abyssinia. The soil is poor and the priir- 
 cipal articles of trade are honey and fos- 
 sil'salt. It is subject to a prince who is 
 nominally tributary to the Emperor of 
 Abyssinia. Bailur is the capital. 
 
 Danes-Dike, built of dry stones, extends 
 across the eastern extremity of Tefe, and is 
 said to have been built by the Danes, as a 
 defence against the .Scots, who had defeat- 
 ed them at the river Leven, in 874. la 
 its vicinity is a cave, in which they put to 
 death Constantine, king of Scots, who had 
 fallen into their hands, in their retreat. 
 
 Dangla, Dangola, or Dancala, a town 
 of Africa, in Nubia, on the Nile. 
 
 DANGER, ISLANDS OF, three islands 
 in the Southern Pacific ocean, discovered 
 by Byron in 1765, on which owing to the 
 dangerous rocks and breakers he could 
 not land, supposed to be the same that were 
 seen by Quivos in the beginning of the 17th 
 centur}', called Solomon islands. Lon. 
 169 28 w, lat. 10 15 s. 
 
 Danger Point, a cape .on the e coast of 
 New Holland. Lon. 13 350 e, lat. 28 
 8 s. 
 
 DANGEROUS ARCHIPELAGO, a 
 cluster of islands in the South Sea, between 
 New Zealand and Otaheite. 
 
 Danicha, a town in the government of 
 
DAN 
 
 'Tobolsk, on the Chantaga, Ilussia, 360 
 miles NNE of Turuchansk. Lat. 70 45 n. 
 
 Daniely St, a village in Friuli, Italy, 
 famous for its extensive corn trade. 
 
 Dann, a town in the department of the 
 Meurte, celebrated forlts medicinal springs, 
 
 France. . ^ 
 
 DanyiaijfnJca, a town in the province of 
 CoimbetoVe, Hindoostan, has a large fort 
 and stands on the Bhawari, a little above 
 its confluence v/ith the Mayar, 33 miles n 
 of Coimbetore, and 42 w of Bhawari- 
 cudal. 
 
 Danneberg, the capital of a county of the 
 sime name, in the Duchy of Luneburg, 
 Lower Saxony, stands on the Jetze, near 
 tiie Elbe. Beer is the principal article of 
 commerce, 30 miles e by s of Luneburg. 
 Lon, il 18 E, lat. 53 10 n. 
 
 Dantziek, or Dantzig, a towm on the 
 Vistula, about four miles from the Baltic. 
 It is encompassed by a wall and extensive 
 fortifications, and was lately the capital of 
 W Prussia, and one of the richest cities of 
 Europe. The Radaune and the Motlau, 
 after passing through the city, unite and 
 fall into the Vistula. It properly consists 
 of two parts, the Old Town ana New Town, 
 with their suburbs. The houses are six or 
 seven stories, and the granaries and ware- 
 hou.“fs, to which the ships lie close and 
 take in their lading, have still more. The 
 Lutherans have 12 churches, the Calvinists 
 two, and the Roman catholics one. It has 
 a college with learned professors. The 
 New Town has a very good harbour. The 
 German is almost the only language spoken 
 here. The exports consist of corn, tallow, 
 leather, wool, wax, butter, skins, <fec. Ar- 
 ticles of importation are wine, spices, cloth, 
 silk, and w oollen stuffs, herrings, salt, iron, 
 lead, drugs, <fec. Here, in 1709, more than 
 24,000 persons died of the plague. It was 
 a free Hanseatic town, under the protection 
 of Poland previous to 1793, when its sove- 
 reignty was forcibly usurped by the king 
 of Prussia in a second partition of the Po- 
 lish dominions. In 1S07, afte/ a heroic 
 defence it fell into the hands of the French, 
 but by the treaty of Tilsit, it was restored 
 to its independence under the protection of 
 Prussia and Saxony, 85 miles w of Konigs- 
 berg, and 170 xw of Warsaw. Lon. 18 
 38 E, lat. 55 24 n. 
 
 Danube, a river of Germany, the largest 
 in Europe, except the Volga, which rises 
 in Suabia, becomes navigable at Ulm, and 
 ' after a course of about 1300 miles, falls 
 by five channels into the Black Sea, 35 
 miles E of Ismail. It receives 60 rivers in 
 its course, and ^runs near to, or washes 
 many cities and towms. The Danube is 
 so broad and deep betw^een Buda and Bel- 
 grade, that the Turks and Christians have 
 fleets upon it, yet it has cataracts both be- 
 low and above Buda, so as not to be na- 
 yigable either way. . 
 
 D A R 
 
 Dangers, a township in Massachusetts, 
 in Essex county, containing one town of 
 the same name, 2425 citizens, and several 
 flourishing settlements. 
 
 Danville, a town in Mercer county, 
 Kentucky, stands in a fertile plain, 35 ' 
 miles ssw of Lexington, and 70£E of Louis- 
 ville. Lon. 95 30 w, lat. 37 30 n. 
 
 Darabgerd, or Darab-guierd, a town in 
 the province of Farsistan, Persia, is said to 
 have been founded by Darius. It is large, 
 but not populous : near it salt is found of 
 various colours. A considerable manu- 
 facture of glass is carried on ; 100 miles 
 ESE of Shiras. Lon. 54 56 e, lat. 28 56 n. 
 
 DARAH, or Dras, a country of Africa^ 
 D takes its name from the river Darah, or 
 Dras, which passes through it, and enters 
 the Atlantic, on the s side of Cape Non. 
 The principal produce is indigo and dates. 
 The inhabitants are Arabians and Maho- 
 metans, and some of the districts of th® 
 country are dependent on Mopcco. 
 
 Darampoory, a town in the Mysore 
 country, Hindoostan. Lon. 78 30 e, lat. 1 2 
 
 11 N. 
 
 Daraporam, capital of the s part of 
 Coimbecore, Hindoostan, has an extensive 
 mud fort, and straight and spacious streets. 
 This town and its district belong to the 
 British East India company. Cotton, to- 
 bacco, and rice are cultivated in its neigh- 
 bourhood. It stands near the Amarawaii, 
 and lies 42 miles ese of Coimbetore, and 
 106 w of Tanjore. Lon. 77 40 e, lat, 10 
 42 N. 
 
 Darda, a towm and fortress of Lower 
 Hungary, built by the Turks in 1686, and 
 taken by the Austrians in the following 
 year. It stands at the end of the bridge of 
 Essek near the Drave, eight miles s of 
 Barany. Lon. 19 56 e, lat. 45 45 n. 
 
 Dardanelles, two castles, one on each 
 side of the strait of Gallipoli, between the 
 Archipelago, and the sea of Marmora, the 
 entrance to w'hieh is no^t,|pore than a league 
 wide. The one on the side of Europe was 
 anciently called Sestos, and the other, on 
 that of Asia, Abydos. They command the 
 sw entrance of this stfait. All ships from 
 Constantinople are searched at the latter. 
 Near this place the Venetians obtained a 
 signal victory over the Turkish fleet in 
 1571. Lon. 26 26 e, lat. 40 10 n. 
 
 Dar-el-hamara, a towm in the kingdom 
 of Fez, Africa, said to have been built by 
 the Romans. The trade is principally 
 in corn and oil. Lon. 9 e, Ferro, lat. 34 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Darempoury, a town of Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, 98 miles ese of Seringapatam. 
 Lon. 78 24 e, lat. 1 2 6 n. 
 
 Darent, a village in Kent, on a river from 
 whence it derives its name ; has a church of 
 Saxon architecture ; on the front of which, 
 I in eight compartments, is carved the history 
 ' of St Dunstan. The dean and chapter of 
 
D A R 
 
 are lords of the manor. Its 
 I)eaut5tul aud liojpid rivers rises at Wcs~ 
 ierhana, on tli:; borders of Surry, rurs 
 through the picturesque vale of Rivcrhead, 
 washes Dartiord on the e, unites with the 
 Oay, and falls into the Thames e of 
 lirith. 
 
 DARFOOR, a sovereignty of Africa, on 
 the borders of Negroland and Nubia. Its 
 chief, who claims the most extravagant ho- 
 nours, styles himself Sultan. The inhabi- 
 tants are of a deep black complexion, and 
 woolly hair, but have features ditferent 
 from those of Arabs and Negroes of various 
 tribes. Polygamy and the most indecent 
 commerce of the sexes obtain. The la- 
 bours of the field, and even the building of 
 the houses, which are constructed of mud 
 covered with thin boards, is left to the 
 women. Salt is the general, medium of 
 commerce. It has intercourse with Egypt 
 by means of caravcins. Lions, leopards, 
 hyaenas, wolves, and buffaloes, are among 
 its wild, and camels, goats, sheep, and 
 beeves, its domestic animals. Various 
 kinds of grain are reared in considerable 
 quantities ; the growth after the tropical 
 rainsare rapid and abundant. Cobbie is the 
 capital. 
 
 Diirgan, a town in the country of Cha- 
 rasm, on the Gihon, Asia. | 
 
 BargieSj a town in the department of the 1 
 Somme, five miles s of Pois, France, 
 
 Durien, a town in Georgia, Uniied States, 
 near the mouth of the Alatamaha, 47 miles 
 ssw of Savanna. Lon. 81 14 w, iat. 31 
 23 y. 
 
 Darien^ a river of Terra Firnia, forming 
 a large gulf of the same name, which di- 
 vides the provinces of Darien and Cartha- 
 gejia. Lat. 8 43 ir. 
 
 ' Darien, Isthmus of, sometimes called 
 Caledonia, a county of S America^ and the i 
 northern part of Terra Firma ; in length 
 about 120 leagues, and from 16 19 45 in 
 breadth. This isthmus, which unites the 
 continents of N and S America, is strength- 
 ened by a ridge of lofty mountains stretch- 
 ing through its whoie extent, covered with 
 inaccessible forests. Its vaHies are fre- 
 quently so much overilowed with water, 
 that, iii many places, the inhabitants erect 
 their houses upon trees, that they may be 
 renioved from the damp and the odious rep- 
 tiles that abound. The natives go naked. 
 The n^en clear, and the women cultivate 
 the ground. The girls pick and spin cot- 
 ton, and the women weave it. Each man 
 has several wives. The land is almost 
 every where of an unequal surface. The 
 valleys are supplied with rivers, brooks, and 
 sjuings. 7’he principal towns of Darien 
 Panama and Porto Bello. 
 
 Dundng, or Dorking, a towm in the coun- 
 ty of Surry, surrounded by hills, on the 
 '«>anks of the rivffr Mole. The streets are 
 broud^ and well {laved. The ciistcin 
 
 D A R 
 
 of burgh English prevails in tills manors 
 that is, the youngest son is heir to the copy- 
 hold-estate. It is noted for a great meal- 
 ing trade, the mills in the neighbourhood 
 being very numerous; and also for its 
 market on Thursday for poultry. It is M 
 miles E of Guildford, and 24 ssw of Lou- 
 don. 
 
 Darlington, a town of England in the ‘ 
 bishopric of Durham, on the Skerne. It 
 consists of several streets branching from a 
 large square where the market is held. At 
 the sw angle of the market-place, is a spa- 
 cious church, with a tower and spire rising 
 from the centre to the height of 180 feet. 
 
 The happy situation of this town, the abun- 
 dance and cheapness of provisions, render it 
 a sort of emporium for manufactures. Int' 
 the course of 13 miles adjacent, the river 
 Skerne turns 12 mills; seven for corn, two 
 for spinning linen yarn, one for woollen, one 
 fulliDg*mill, and one for grinding optical 
 glasses, the invention of a native of Darling- 
 ton, aivd the first of the kind constructed in 
 Britain. It gives title of pari to the noble 
 family of Vane. Has a market on Mon- 
 da}', and fairs Easter Monday, Whit. Mon- 
 day the Monday fortnight after it, and No- 
 vember 22d. - It^ is famous for the manu- 
 facture of table linen, called Uuckaback, 
 ten xiuarters wide, great quantities of 
 which go to London and Bristol markets. 
 
 Its plain linen is of superior quality and 
 colour. ^ ^ 
 
 Darmstadt, the capital of a principality, 
 belonging to a branch of the house of 
 Hesse, to which it gives name, Germany. 
 
 It was fortified with a wall in 1330. This 
 town contains a regency, a court of appeals, 
 a consistory, a criminal court, a good col- 
 lege, and a grammar-school. The prince 
 of Hesse Darmstadt generally resides in 
 the castle. It stands on a river of the 
 same name, 30 miles nnw” bf Heideiburg, 
 
 Lon. 8 38 e, lat. 49 32 n. 
 
 Darneg, a tow-n in the department of the 
 Vosges, France, 21 miles wsw of Epinal. 
 
 Daroea, a town in the province of Ar- 
 ragon, on the Xiloca, Spain. The town is 
 large, but not populous. Here are seven 
 parish churches, one of which is collegiate. 
 
 Lon. 13 20 E, Peak of Tenerifle, lat. 41 
 15 N. 
 
 Darore, a town in the country of Dowla- 
 tabad, Rindoostan, 80 miles aw of Beder, 
 and 98 e by s of Amednaqur. Lon. 76 43 
 E, lat. 18 44 N. 
 
 Darraway, a towm of the province of 
 Sat(a, Hindocstan, stands at the mouth of a 
 branch of ihe Indus of the same name, 74 
 miles wsw of Tatta. Lon. 16 31 e, lat, 
 
 24 32 N. 
 
 Dart, a river in Devonshire, which has 
 its source at the fool of the Dartmomh fcilis, 
 flows to Ashbm^OP. sud Totaess, where it- 
 is navigable, and empties itself - into the 
 English Ccamiei at Daiimouth. 
 
D A R 
 
 D A V 
 
 Vartford^ a town in the county of 
 Kent, on the river Darent. This river, 
 or Dartford Creek, as it is called, wiil 
 admit boats to bring up goods to the town. 
 The first paaer mill in England wa., 
 erected here by Sir John Spilman, to whom 
 king Charles I. granted a patent with 
 2001. a-year. On this river was also the 
 first mill for slitting irbh bars to make 
 wire. Here are the remains of a nunnery 
 founded by Edward Tlli in I35<5. On j 
 part of.its site a royal mansion was biHxt 
 by Henry VIII, called Dartford place. 
 Here commenced the insurrections of Wat 
 Taylor and Jack Straw, in the tmie of 
 , Richard II. Edward VI. founded an alms- 
 bouse in this town lor four lame men. It is 
 a great thoroughfare to Canterbury and 
 Dover, has fine inn^, and a market on 
 Saturday and a fair on August 2d. It is 15 
 miles E by s of London. 
 
 Dartmoory an extensive forest in the 
 county of Devon, 20 miles long, and 
 five to 15 broad. In all this space there 
 is only villages. Many sheep are 
 
 bred here ; but the chief riches of the in- 
 habitants are black cattle. It contains 
 80,000 acres. 
 
 Dartmouth, a town of England, at the 
 mouth of the Dart, which origiinlly con- 
 sisted of three villages, Clifton, Hardness, 
 and Darmouih. It is governed by a 
 mayor, and sends two- members to par* j 
 liament The harbour which is safe, is i 
 defended by a castle and strong battery, | 
 and may contain 500 .ships. The dock- 
 yards and quay project into the river, and 
 the rocks on each side are composed of 
 a purple coloured slate. By an act of 
 Richard II. as a reward for their services | 
 against the French, this Wcis the only | 
 harbour from which tin could be exported. 
 It has an extensive pilchard fishery, 
 and the harbour can be shut with a chain. 
 Besides three churches, it has a large 
 meeting-house, and three charity schools. 
 The ceiebraied Mr John Flavel was m ni- 
 ster here. Edward III. exempted its bur- 
 gesses from tolls. This town was twice 
 burnt by the French, and was saved from a 
 third attempt by the bravery of the women. 
 It gives the title of Earl to the noble 
 family of Legge. Many enterprising mer- 
 chants send out vessels to Newfoundland 
 for fish, which they dispose of in the 
 southern parts of Europe, loading back 
 with wine, fruit, oil, &o. Dartmouth is 
 esteemed a great nursery of seamen, the 
 fishery employing near 3000 men, a certain 
 number of w’hich, the owners are obliged 
 by act of parliament to select from lands- 
 men. It has a weekly market on Fri- 
 day, 30 miles ssw of Exeter, and 203 w 
 by s of London. Lon. 3 65 w, lat. 50 
 22 y. 
 
 Dartmouth, a town in New Hampshire. 
 Lou. 72 13 w, lat. 43 15 n. 
 
 DartM0vth,Si sea- port town of J'fassaobn- 
 10 
 
 setts, in Bristol county, on the Acur.hnet^ 
 containing 2.^99 citizens, TO miles s of aIcj- 
 tea. Lon. 70 52 w', lat. 41 37 y. 
 
 Daru, a town m the proving e of Kerman, 
 Per.sia. 
 
 Darwhr, a considerable fortress in the 
 country of Sanore, Hindoostan, and one 
 of the king of Mj^sore’s frontier towns, 
 45 miles wnw of Sauore. Lon. 75 9 e, 
 lat. 16 5 N. 
 
 Darwent Fells, a range of mountains in 
 the county of Cam her sand. 
 
 Darv:ent JVater. a lake in Cuniberlond, 
 which occupies - be southern part of iho 
 lebrated vale ox Keswick, 4 miles long, .i ;ti 
 about 2 broad ; through .t passes it e 
 river Darwent, wdiich, afterwards »ueeLs 
 in its course the take of Easseik iw.cte. 
 The company xvho resort to this deVighuul 
 vale are furnished wuth barges, sk-iful 
 row^ers, and inteliigeiit guides at Kesw 'rk 
 to enable them to make the tosver of the 
 lake. 
 
 Dassel, a tow^n in Low^er Saxony, belong- 
 ing to the biscopric of Hildcsheim, 15 miles 
 KNW of Golti.'igen. 
 
 Dassea^Eglandor, Isle of Deer, one of 
 the three small islands near the coa^t of 
 Africa. Rer? are sheep, v/hose tails weigh 
 iOlb. Lon. 17 2 e, iai. 33 26 s. 
 
 Dqssat, Burtoti, or Mngua, a town of 
 Warwickshfie, with a good market on Fri=» 
 
 I day, and fair at St Jame:^Mida. 
 j Datchet, in Buckinghamshire, a mile and 
 I a-half E of Windsor Datchet House, the 
 ! property of the duke of Nur-olk, had for- 
 I merfy gardens that svefe much famed, 
 j Davanagiri, a town of M^'sore Rindoos- 
 j tan, where, besides coarse cotton cloths are 
 I manufactured cismlies, a species of bla'^kets 
 I resembling English cambiets, which are held 
 in great repute. Trade is carried on here 
 to considerable extent by residing merchants, 
 36 miles nw of Chittledrocg. 
 
 Daventry, or Dairitry, a town in the 
 county of Northampton, goversxed by a 
 mayor : stands on the Roman highway cal** 
 led Watlingstreet, on the side of a bill, it 
 is noted for making whips ; and many of 
 the inhabitants are enudoyed in the silk ma- 
 nufacture. Ivlarket on Vfediiesaay. Fairs 
 Easter Monday, June 6, Aug. 3, Oct. 2, 
 and 27. dt is JO miles w of Northampton, 
 and 72 nw of London. 
 
 David Pointy a cape on the n coristofthe 
 island of Grenada. Lon. 61 26 w, lat, 12 
 29 N. 
 
 David, Fort, St. a towm with a settlement 
 belonging to the English East India Com- 
 :any, on the coa :t of Coromandel, Asia; 
 it was taken and destroyed by tue French in 
 17.58, and has not been relndlt. It is one' 
 mile K of Cuddalcre. J;on. 79 45 e, lat. 
 II 39 
 
 David's St, a town in Pembrokeshire, on 
 the llien, S \Yciles. The situation of the 
 town is unhealtbiul, and the adjacent coun- 
 try verv barren ; it has nothing to boa'd of 
 ’ ' ' ‘ O o 
 
D A U 
 
 )}ut its cathedral, which is 300 feet long, 
 and about 12T high, and is supposed to 
 he the highest in Britain. St David^s 
 is at present a bisLop^s see, yet only a 
 single street of miserable cottages. It 
 was once a p^ace of celebrity, and had 
 walls. The cathedral, which is only the 
 remains of its former splendor, contains 
 the tomb of the celebrated Giraldus Cam- 
 brensis. T'rom St David's Head, a cape 
 in its vicinity, is a view of Ireland. Here 
 are numerous druidical monuments ; 24 
 miles Nw of Pembroke, and 273 w by n of 
 London. 
 
 David, St, a village and sea -port, on a 
 creek in Inverkei thing bay, Fife, where! 
 are salt-works, and an extensive export of 
 coals. 
 
 Daviot, a parish in Aberdeenshire, about 
 five miles in length and four in breadth. 
 The soil yields abundant encouragement 
 to improvement ; but lime is 20 miles dis- 
 tant. The population is about 900, Here 
 are two druidical temples, one of which is 
 in the churchyard. It is 20 miles from 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 Duviot and Dmdichty, two united 
 parishes in Inverness-shire, about 23 miles 
 ill breadth, the greatest breadth not ex- 
 ceeding four. This district has a very 
 wild and romantic appearance, little of it 
 lit for cultivation, and that little in a very 
 backward state. In the low grounds are 
 large tracts of peat moss, and in the bills 
 several lakes abounding with trout. Near 
 the church of Daviot are several sandhills, 
 seemingly formed by the tide, some of 
 which are 300 feet in height, Daviot castle, 
 built by the earl of Crawford, in the be*- 
 ginning of the 15th century, once a strong 
 and spacious edifice, is now nearly demo- 
 lished. In this parish is an Episcopal cha- 
 pel. Many acres have lately been planted 
 with trees. Population 1818. 
 
 Davis\s Straits, an arm of the sea be* 
 Iween Greenland and N America, much 
 frequented by whale fishers. It is con- | 
 nected with Hudson^s Bay by the Straits 
 of that name. It had its name from Cap- 
 tain Davis who discovered it in 1585, in his 
 attempt to find a kw passage. 
 
 Davos^ the capital of a jurisdiction of 
 the same name, Sv/ifzerland. It contains 
 great numbers of cattle, two lakes, and 
 mines of copper, lead, and silver. It is 14 
 miles E of Coire. Lon. 27 21 e, Ferro, lat. 
 46 40 N. 
 
 DAUPHIN, an island in the n part of 
 the gulf of Mexico, about 5 leagues long, 
 but narrow. It is very barren. 
 
 DAUPHIN, a. county of Pennsylvania, 
 wiiicli contains mines of iron ore. Popula- 
 tion 18,} 77. Harisburg is the capital. 
 
 Davpltm Fort, a fort built by tlie French, 
 on the K coast of Madagascar, Lon. 45 10 £, 
 lat. 24 55 s, 
 
 DAUPlllNY, a country of France, 
 which extends 40 leagues from n to s, and 
 
 D E A 
 
 36 from e to w. From this province' tb& 
 heir apparent of the crown of France re- 
 ceives the title of Dauphin. This country, 
 of which nearly two-thirds are mountain- 
 ous and fit only for pasturage, has many 
 fertile spots, producing corn, wine, olives, 
 salt, copperas, silk, varnish, crystal^ 
 iron, copper, lead, and gold. The moun^ 
 tains abound with bears, chamois, eagles, 
 marmots, hawkes, <fec. The principal 
 rivers are the Rhone, Durance, Iscre, and 
 Drome. It now forms the departments of 
 the Isere, the Drome, and the Higher 
 Alps. 
 
 Dausenas, a town of the duchy of Cour- 
 land, 16 miles wsw of Seelburg. 
 
 Dax, or Dacqs, a town in the department 
 of the Landes, on the Adour, France. It 
 is surrounded with walls, and contains 5800 
 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its warm 
 baths, the spring of which discharges 543 
 cubic feet of water in 15 minutes. It 
 was a bishop’s see, and lies 24 miles ne of 
 Bayonne. Lon. I 3 w, lat. 43 42 n. 
 
 Daxenbach, or Tackenbach, a town of Ba- 
 varia, 39 miles e of Saltzburg. 
 
 Daymar, a town in the country of Oman, 
 Persia, 220 miles s of Mascat, 
 
 Dea, a town fin the province of Segasten, 
 Persia, 60 miles sw of Kin. 
 
 Dead Sea, or Lake Asphalsites, a la,ke or 
 inland sea of Palestiiie, 60 miles long and 
 15 broad, which contains neither animal nor 
 vegetable life ; owing to the excessive salt- 
 ness of its water. Mines of fossil salt are 
 found in the side of the mountains w^hich 
 extend along the shore. Fragments of sul- 
 phur and bitumen are also found. It re- 
 ceives the Jordan, but has no outlet. The 
 evaporation from its surface is more thaa 
 sufficient to carry offi the water supplied by 
 the rivers. It is supposed to have been th® 
 site of the ancient Sodom and Gomorrah. 
 
 DEADMAN’s ISLAND, one of the 
 Magdalen islands. Lon. 61 30 w, lat. 4T 
 22 N. 
 
 Deadman’s Head, or Deadmards Point, a 
 cape on the coast of Cornw^all, in the 
 English channel, betw'een St Maws and 
 Fow^ey. 
 
 Deal, a flourishing towm on the coast of 
 Kent, with a market on Thursday. It con- 
 sists chiefly of three long streets, and is go- 
 verned by a mayor, recorder, 12 jurats, <fec. 
 It has no harbour, but the sea between the 
 shore and the Goodwfin sands, called the 
 Downs, is generally a secure road for ships. 
 It is defended by a castle, or it rather re- 
 ceives the protection of several C2istles, which 
 were built to defend the coast between Do- 
 ver and the North Foreland. It is not 
 reckoned one of the Ginque ports, but is a 
 member of Sandwfich. No manufacture is 
 carried on here, but it is supported by the 
 resort of seamen. It is the birth-place of 
 the celebrated Elizabeth Carter. Accord- 
 ing to some, Caesar lauded here in his second 
 descent* Fairs April otil awd October lOtb 
 
DEC 
 
 The population, in 1811, 7351. It is seven 
 miles s by e of Sandwich, 9 nne of Dover, 
 and 74 e by s of London. Lon. 1 24 e, lat. 
 
 61 13 N. , . 1 . 
 
 Dean, a forest in Gloucestershire, between 
 the river Severn and the county ot 
 Monmouth. Within its bounds are tour 
 market towns and 23 parishes ; and, 
 though it still contains much fine timber, 
 it is fertile in pasture and tillage. The 
 hills abound in iron ore, and coal has 
 also been found in it. A few dear still run 
 wild in its recesses. This forest, and the 
 rich vale of its name, abound in orchards, 
 which yield abundance of excellent cider 
 and perry. 
 
 Dean, Great, or Michael Dean, a town 
 in the forest of Dean. It has a weekly 
 market on Monday, and manufactures of 
 cloth, nails, and pins, a handsome church, 
 and fairs on Easter Monday, and Oct. 10th ; 
 
 15 miles ne of Monmouth, and 120 wnw of 
 London. ... 
 
 Dehalponr, the capital of a district in 
 the country of Moultan, Hindoostan. Stands 
 on the great road from Delhi to Moultan, 
 near the Sellege, 80 miles se of Lahore, and 
 170 * by N of Moultan. Lon. 73 32 e, lat. 
 10 5 IT. 
 
 Deben, a river in the county of Suffolk, 
 which has its source near Debenham, and 
 on reaching Woodbridge, expands into a 
 long narrow arm of the German ocean, 
 
 5 miles ne of Harwich. 
 
 Debenham, a towm in the county of Suf- 
 folk, with a weekly market on Friday, 
 and a fair June. 24 ; stands on the side of 
 a hill, near the source of the Deben, 24 
 miles E of Bury St Edmund, mid 83 ne ot 
 London. 
 
 Debreczin, a large and populous town of 
 Hungary, capital of a district of the same 
 name ; it w^as taken by the Turks in 1684, 
 and retaken by the Austrians in the same 
 year, and lies 107 miles e of Buda. Lon. 
 21 38 E,lat. 47 34 n. 
 
 Debrota, an opulent burgh of Lower Dal- 
 matia, containing 1000 souls. 
 
 DECCAN : by this general term, which 
 signifies south, the Indian geographers in- 
 clude all the countries of India s of the 
 parallel of 21 or 22 degrees of n latitude. 
 But in its proper and more limited sense, 
 the Deccan is formed of the provinces of 
 Candeish, Dowlatabad, or Amedaagur, Vi- 
 siapour, Coleonda, and the western part of 
 Berar. All this extent of country was 
 once the southern province of the Monguls, 
 who did not pass the Kestna till a late 
 period. The capital of the Nizam ol the 
 Deccan is Hydrabad. The Mahrattas 
 are in possession of the greater part. Other 
 districts have from time to time been formed 
 into separate states ; and the constant re- 
 volutions of India ^ill make the boundaries 
 of each country uncertain. Each province 
 will be considered under its respective 
 bead. 
 
 DEE 
 
 Deception Bay, a bay on the w coast of 
 North America. Lon. 124 5 w, lat, 46 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Decize, a towm in the department of the 
 Nevers, on an irdaad at the confiux of tha 
 Airon and the Loire, France. Near it are 
 coal mines; aniimo -y is also found in the 
 vicinity ; 16 miles se )f Neveis. 
 
 Deckendorf, a town of Bavaria, near the 
 Danube, 27 mi s nw ol Passau. 
 
 Decturapou ^ one of the Laccadive isiands. 
 Lo' 2 . 72 0 E, lat. 12 8 n. 
 
 Deddington, a town in the county of 
 Oxford, governei by a baiiiif, lamed for 
 the excellence of its malt liquor . has 
 a weekly market on Saturday, an .■ 'irs 
 Aug. 10th Oct. 1. b, and Nov. 22. It is 
 16 miles n of Oxford, and 69 wkw of 
 Loudon. 
 
 Dedham, a town in the county of 
 seated on the Sto,'- , with a m Ti-ret op 'i ues- 
 day. and a manuiaet’\''3 of b. Here 
 is an ancient church x a curious steeple, 
 and a free grammar founded by 
 
 queen Elizyb'&tn,, It comaiiv--, ar?ou.t 4o0 
 lofty houses ; miles KttE oi Colchester, 
 and 58 NE of iiondon. 
 
 Dedham, a town in Massaohuse'bs, and 
 county of Norfolk, where is a manu- 
 facture, is seated on Charles river, ’ miles 
 sw of Boston. 
 
 Dee, a river of Wales, wBich issues from 
 the lake of Bala, in the county of Mer oneth 
 and falls into the sea about 1<> miles nw' of 
 Chester, where it forms a broad estuary, 
 which separa.tes Cheshire from Flintshire. 
 It is navigable from Ellesmere in Shrop- 
 shire, to Chester, where it is interrupted by 
 a ledge of rocks. The Dee was held in 
 great veneration by the ancient Britons, and 
 has been the theme of many a poet ever 
 since. 
 
 Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the mountains of Mar forest, and tails into 
 the German ocean at Braemar. It runs 
 for 60 yards between recks that approach 
 one another so near that man}’’ people step 
 from the one to the other. It abounds with 
 salmon and other fish. 
 
 Deeping, or Murket Deeping, an old built 
 town in the county of Lincoln, ith a week- 
 ly market, seated on the Welland, in a fen- 
 ny country, 6 miles e of Stamford, and 90 
 N of London. 
 
 Deer, a parish and village in Aberdeen- 
 shire, almost in the centre oi the district 
 of Buchan. The parish is about 10 
 miles in length from n to s, a d el it 5 
 and a-half in breadth. The soil iv va- 
 rious ; but there are several quarries oi ex- 
 cellent limestone. The village of Old 
 Deer contains nearly 9CJ i-.ha’ "'uts. 
 There are other two villages i . the i h, 
 Fetterangus and Stewartfield In mis 
 parish was an abbey, built in the 13th 
 century for Cistertians. Population 3552, 
 30 miles n of Aberdeen. 
 
 Deer, New, another parish in Aberdeen^ 
 Oo2 
 
DEL 
 
 sblrc^^ h'ing the w of the former. It is 
 14 rnijes long from n to s, and about seven 
 bread, in general well cuitiveted. Popula- 
 tion /d’84. 
 
 Deer, a river in the district of Buchan, 
 unites ivith the Stricheii, forming the Ugie, 
 aho-j, D mile.* from its influx into the ocean, 
 near Pete mead. 
 
 DEP.K , an idand near the coast of Main, 
 in the United fctates, about IS miles in cir* 
 cunference. 
 
 Decrfildy a tovv^n in Massachusetts, on 
 the river L’onneeticut, near ihe influx of the 
 river Degerfieid. 15 miles n of Northamp- 
 ton, aiio SO vv by n of Boston. 
 
 Dee- field, a town of New Hampshire, 
 contamiv'g about i,610 souls. 
 
 Der.rku'i.d, a. village in Gloucestershire, 
 frequeiitiy inundated- by ihe .Severn. Here 
 wa^ 0 celebrated mona^tefy, afterwards 
 made f.>' ceil to Tewkesbury abbev ; 3 miles 
 $ o Tewkesbury. The monastery was de- 
 stroyed by lA-e Banes and rebuilt by Ed- 
 war'I he Ccnfe.vsor. 
 
 l/tcr:ics&^ i) parish in Orknej', united 
 to x'iiiX c‘ Bt Andrtw’s. it is situated 
 on the eas tern exireinay ci Pomona island, 
 and c:< tends 10 miles in breadth. The 
 soil is ^tolerably productive; but much 
 lies Waste and uncultivated, Population 
 about 1,5 IT, 
 
 Deernessy a peninsuloted promontory on 
 the coast of the above parish. 
 
 Demse, or Degnse, a town in Flanders, 
 depaiumeirt of the ^mheldt, Netherlands ; on 
 the Lis, eight miles sw of Ghent. 
 
 DemiL or Dtrecie, a town of Egypt, situ- 
 atCvl in an island formed by the canal be* 
 tw-:eo Cairo and Roseita. 
 
 Deizaoady ti town in the province of 
 Irac, Agemi, Persia, 90 miles n of Ispa- 
 han, 
 
 Ddagoa. a bay at tie e end of the terri- 
 tory of NotaL E coast of Africa. It is fre- 
 quency visi5j,d by vessels emplojed in the 
 whale hshtry, as cattle and poultry can be 
 got heie for a tribe. Lon. 33 0 e, lat, 36 
 0 s. 
 
 Delawav, a town in King William’s 
 county, Virginia, sealed on the peninsula 
 at the oonfiuence of the Pamunky and 
 Matiapony, which when united take the 
 name of A'ork river. It is 30 miles n 
 by w ot Vrtjiiams-burg and 45 w of Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 DELAWARE, one of the United States, 
 about 92 miles long, and 24 broad. It is 
 divided into three counties, Newcastle, 
 Kent, and Sussex ; the population is about 
 64,373 inhanitants. In many parts it is 
 unhealthy, being situated in a peninsula, 
 where the land is generally low, and the 
 w'aters stagnant. The soil about 10 miles 
 along the Delaware river, is adapted to 
 agriculture. The wheat raised in this 
 state is preferred for its superior qualities. 
 This country affords rich pasture for cattle. 
 The principal rivers, Choptank, Nanticok, 
 
 DEL 
 
 and Pocomoke, are navigable for vessel* 
 of 50 or 60 tons, for 20 or 30 miles into 
 the country. The principal exports are 
 wdieat, corn,*, bay, and lumber. Dover is 
 the capital, 
 
 Dtlawore, a fine river of N America, 
 formed of two streams in the state of New 
 York. It separates Philadelphia irom 
 New York and New Jersey, and the latter 
 from the state of Delaw’are, till it enters 
 Delaware bay, a little below Salem. At 
 Philadelphia it is navigable by a 74 gun 
 ship from theuce to Trenton by sloops, and 
 for boats of eight or 10 tons, 40 miles above 
 the falls of Trenton. 
 
 Delaware Bay, a large bay, or arm 
 of the sea, between the states of Delaware 
 and New Jersey. It is about 60 miles 
 long, and in the centre about 10 leagues 
 across, and about seven at its mouth, 
 from Cape Kenlopee to Cape Alay ; on the 
 former is a light-house. Lon. 75 6 w, lat. 
 
 38 40 N. 
 
 DELAWARE, a county of Pennsylva- 
 nia, 21 miles long, and 15 broad, containing 
 9483 souls. 
 
 DELAWARE Indians, a nation of N 
 Americans, residing between Lake Erie 
 and the Ohio. They are ingenious, in- 
 teliigent, and courageous ; and are in 
 league with most of the neighbouring tribes. 
 
 DelehiOy a town of the Vaiteline, Swisscr- 
 land, on a branch of the Odda, five miles nw 
 of Alorbegno. 
 
 DelfinOy the capital of Lower Albania, 
 European Turkey, the residence of the pa- 
 chci, 50 miles ene of Larissa. Lon. 21 15 e, 
 lat. 40 4 N. 
 
 DELFT, a district comprehending the 
 southern part of South Holland. 
 
 Deljt, a town, the capital of the above 
 department, on a canal called the Schie. ^ 
 The country about it is agreeable, with 
 three dykes, to prevent its being flooded. 
 The town has canals in the streets, planted 
 on each side with trees. It holds a third 
 rank in the country, and has many band- 
 i some houses and grand buildings. Its 
 figure is a long square. The celebrated 
 Hugo Grotius was a native of this place. 
 
 In one of its churches is the tomb of Wil- 
 liam I. prince of Orange, who was assasi- 
 naied. It has a fine arsenal, and an ex- 
 tensive mamifaeture of earihen ware, and 
 is eight miles nw of Rotterdam. Lon. 21 
 47 E, Ferro, lat. 52 1 n. 
 
 Deljishavtiiy a sea port towi) of Holland, 
 on ilie N side of the Meuse, with a canal 
 out to join the Schie. It is strongly for- 
 tified, and well defended by dams. 
 
 Delfznyly a fortress in Groningen, in 
 the Omnielands, Holland. The harbour is 
 very convenient, and will contain a great 
 number of vessels. It is seated on the Dam- 
 ster, where it enters the mouth of the Ems; 
 
 12 miles w by s of Embden. Lon. 6 58 e, 
 lat. 53 19 H. 
 
 DELHI, a country of Hindoostan, about 
 
 I 
 
DEL 
 
 DEM 
 
 155 miles in length, and 140 in breadth. 
 
 It is divided into several provinces or eir- ■ 
 cars, and contains many cities and tow^ns. 
 Having been the seat of above 00 years 
 of constant warfare, it is greatly depopu- | 
 lated, and the people who remain are | 
 miserable, in a country possessing almost | 
 every advantage. Several parts of it po- j 
 duce wheat, rice, millet, sugar, indigo, 
 pulse, and fruits of various sorts. The 
 prineipal rivers are the Jummah and the 
 Ganges. The climate is more temperate 
 thai” than that of Agra. It constitutes, 
 perhaps, the whole of the dominions of the 
 Great Mogul. Delhi is the capital. 
 
 Dtlhiy a city of Asia, the nominal capital 
 of Hindoostan It contains three principal 
 streets, which are long and spacious. It 
 is composed of two towns, the Old and th« 
 New ; and is above nine miles in circum- 
 ference. The palace of the Mogul is a 
 magnificent building of red stoue, about 
 1009 ells in length, and 600 in breadth, and 
 cost 10,500,000 rupees. When Nadir 
 Shaw invaded Hindoostan in 1739, he 
 entered Delhi, when 100,000 of the inha- j 
 bitanis perished by the sword and famine, j 
 and 62,000,000 sterling, was said to be 
 collected. In 176i, on the invasion of 
 Abdaila, king of Candahar, similar cala- 
 mities were inflicted. In 18G3, the Mah- 
 rattas obtained possession of the place, but 
 being defeated by general I/ake, it was 
 restored to its aged monarch Shah Aulum. 
 Deini is now nearly in ruins. Here are 
 the remains of superb palaces with marble 
 bains, and a magnificent grand mosque 
 of marble and red freestone. It stands on 
 the Jumna, 350 miles w of Allahabad. 
 Lon. 77 40 e, lat. 28 37 n. 
 
 Delicfiiy a river of Albania, the Acheron 
 of the ancient poets. 
 
 DelitZy a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 territory of 1 e psic, has a considerable ma- 
 nufactory of w'orsted siockings ; 15 miles 
 K by E of Leipsic. 
 
 DelkenJieim, a town pi Germany, five 
 miles KKE of Mentz. ' " 
 
 Dellamcotittf a fortress in Bootan, which 
 commands the principal pass over the 
 mountains, Asia; 55 miles ssw of Tassa- 
 sudon, and 260 n of Mooshedahad. It was 
 taken by storm in 1773, by a detachment 
 under captain Jones. Lon. 86 46 e, lat. 
 27 2 k. 
 
 DellySf or Tedc/ehs, a sea port town, in 
 the eounti’y of Algiers, Alrica, 15 leagues 
 E of Algiers. 
 
 Dehaenhorsty the capital of a small 
 county on me river Delm, duchy of Olden- 
 burg, Westphalia, containing 1400 inhabi- 
 tants. It belongs to the kings of Den- 
 mark, as counts of Oldenburg ; eight miles 
 sw of Bremen. Lon. 8 39 e, lat. 53 2 k. 
 
 Delmont, or Delemonty or Talshergy 
 a town of Germany, near the conflux 
 of the Biers and the Some. It contains 
 about 800 inhabitants ; 16 miles ssw of Basle. 
 
 DELOS, or Dili, a small island of 
 Grecian Archipelago, formerly celebrated 
 for the temples of Diana and Apollo, whose 
 birthplace it is said to be. It is now co- 
 vered with ruins, and uninhabited. It is 
 not above six miles in circuit. Lon. 25 12 
 E,lat. 37 28 N. 
 
 Delphi, or Delphos, anciently a famous 
 city of Achaia, now Lividia, (a province 
 of Turkey in Europe,) on the declivity of 
 mount Parnassus, about 10 miles n of the 
 gulf of Lepanto, where Kastri, a mean 
 village stands. This place w^as once cele- 
 brated for the oracle of Apollo, which 
 was consulted by people from ail quarters ; 
 18 miles wsw of Livadia, 
 
 DEL REY, a province in the south- 
 most part of Brazil, between the mountains 
 of Paraguay and the AtUmtic, 800 miles 
 long, and from 90 to 120 broad. The 
 lake Merim, 160 miles in length, and 60 
 in breadth, with a fort at each end, is 
 situated in the s part, and between it and 
 the ocean is another lake very narrow, 
 and nearly half as long. The island of 
 St Catherine is the chief place on this ex- 
 tensive lake. 
 
 Delsherg, a town in the late bishopric of 
 Basil, Swisserland, stands on the Bits, 10 
 miles Nw of Soleure. 
 
 DELTA, a name given to the tract of 
 country inclosed between the branches of 
 the river Nile and the Mediterranean. It 
 is likewise applied to the mouths of the 
 Ganges, of the Ava, and some ether 
 rivers. It has its name from iis tovm whloh 
 resembles the Greek letter Delta, which is 
 triangular. 
 
 Belting, a parish in Scotland, on the N 
 coast of Mainland. The surface is hilly, 
 bleak, and barren; but some spou O' „o 
 coast are culfivated. The chief harboiirs 
 are St Magnus Bay, Altha Frith, Eushta 
 Voe. The principal i lands are Mickle 
 and little Rhoe, Br tiier Isie, Fisiiolm, aud 
 B'gga. Popuiation about 1449. 
 
 Dembea, a large lake in the western 
 part of Abvssinia, in a prounce of the 
 same name. It is suppo.t^d to be 450 
 miles in circumference, and eoniaias many 
 islands one ot which is a piace of confine- 
 ment for state pri.soners. 
 
 Demer, a river winch rises in the bishop- 
 ric of Liege, and runs into the Scheldt, 
 between Antwerp and Dendermund. 
 
 Demerara, a river in Dutch Guiana, S 
 America. It is two miles wide at its 
 mouth, and is nctvi^,able for mere ant 
 vessels 200 miles u: ihe country. Here 
 the Dutch had a very flourishing settlement. 
 The country produces the finest kinds of wood, 
 coffee, cotton, and sugar. It contains about 
 3000 whites, and 40.000 slaves. It was taken 
 by the English in 1706, restored in 1802, and 
 retaken in 1803. Demerara and Issequibo, 
 compose one government, of which the capi- 
 tal is Starbrock. Lon. 57 45 w, lat. 6 40 n. 
 
 DemetriowitZy a city of Russia, on the 
 
DEN 
 
 tjgra. Here, it is said, was tlie site of tbe 
 anciently celebrated Sirmia, the Illyrian 
 capital. Lon. 37 0 e, lat. 53 20 n. 
 
 Demianskcij a town in tbe government of 
 Tobolsk, Russia, on tbe Trtysb, at its junc- 
 tion with tbe Bernianka 100 miles nne 
 of Tobolsk. Lon. 87 8 e, Ferro, lat. 59 
 35 N. 
 
 Derai Quian, a lake and river in the 
 North-Western Territory, United States. 
 Tbe lake is six miles broad. The river is 
 navigable for J20 miles. 
 
 Demm, a town in the country of Yemen, 
 20 miles ssw of Chamir, Arabia. 
 
 Demmin, a town in Upper Saxony, on 
 the Peene, situated among morasses, 16 
 miles sw of Gripswold. Its commerce is 
 principally in grain. Lon. 30 43 e, Ferro, 
 lat. -53 53 N. 
 
 DEMONA, Valley of, a division of 
 the island of Sicily, in the ne part of the 
 island, about 100 miles long, and 20 broad. 
 
 Demona, a town and fort of Piedmont, 
 in a valley near the Sturia, on the Sture, 10 
 miles sw of Coni. 
 
 Demotica, or Dimotue, a town in the 
 province of Romania, European Turkey, 
 situated near tbe Maritsch, the residence 
 of a Greek Archbishop. Here Charles 
 the XII. of Sweden resided during the 
 last year of his captivity, 12 miles s of 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Denain, a town in tbe department of 
 Nord, France. Here marshal Villars de- 
 feated Prince Eugene in 1712. It is seat- 
 ed on the Scheldt, six miles sw of Va- 
 lenciennes. 
 
 Denbigh, tbe capital of Denbighshire, 
 stood formerly on the declivity of a rocky 
 hill, but in Queen Elizabeth’s time was 
 removed to the foot of the same hill. It 
 is seated on a branch of the river Clywd, 
 is pretty handsome, has an elegant market 
 house. Its castle in ruins, wdth its ex- 
 tensive enclosure on the top of the hill, is 
 a striking object. It was built by Lacy, 
 Earl of Lincoln, in 1280, was the residence, 
 for sometime, of Charles I., fell into 
 the hands of the parliament’s army, in 
 the time of the civil wars, and was demo- 
 lished soon after the restoration. It has 
 a considerable business in tanning leather, 
 and making gloves and shoes. It is an 
 earldom in the Fielding family, sends 
 one member to parliament. A market 
 is held on Wednesday and Saturday ; has 
 fairs on May third, July 15th, and Sep- 
 tember 24th. Population about 1500 : is 
 governed by a major, who, with a re- 
 corder, tw’o aldermen, two bailiffs, with 
 the power of sheriffs, 25 capital burgesses, 
 a town clerk, and two serjeants at mace 
 form its corporation, 27 miles w of Chester, 
 and 200 kw of London. Lon. 3 35 w^, lat. 
 53 1 1 N. 
 
 DENBIGHSHIRE, a county of North 
 Wales, about 48 miles long, and 18 or 20 
 
 DEN 
 
 where broadest ; divided into six hundreds^ 
 containing three market towns, 57 parishes, 
 and 60,352 inhabitants. The principal 
 towuis are Denbigh, Wrexham, Ruthin, 
 Llanrwst. The chief rivers are the Con- 
 way, the Clwyd, the Dee, and the Elwy. 
 The country is in general mountainous, 
 and some of the mountains always covered 
 with snov/ ; in some are mines of lead. 
 The air is very wholesome, but sharp. 
 The soil is various ; tor the famous vale 
 of the Clwyd, extending near 17 miles 
 from N to s, and about five from e to w, is 
 said to be equalled by few places in Europe, 
 in fertility and a profusion of noble seats. 
 The E side of the county is not very fer- 
 tile ; and the w is almost barren. The 
 products are chiefly corn, cheese, cattle, 
 lead and coal. It sends one member to 
 parliament. Denbigh is the capital, but the 
 sessions are held at Ruthin. 
 
 Bender, a river of Flanders, rises in 
 Hainauit, and flows into the Scheldt, at 
 Dendermond. 
 
 Dendera, a town of Egypt, on the w side 
 of the Nile, the seat of an Arabian prince, 
 who takes the title of Emir. Its ancient 
 name was Tentyra. Near the town are 
 extensive and magnificent ruins, supposed to 
 have been an ancient temple of Serapis. It 
 supplies most part of Egypt with charcoal, 
 and is 260 miles s by e of Cairo. Lon. 
 31 58 E, lat. 26 15 n. 
 
 Dendermond, a fortified town of Flan- 
 ders, Netherlands, with a strong citadel, 
 is situated at the union of the Dender 
 and Scheldt, in a very fertile country 
 surrounded by fine meadows, and marshes, 
 w'hich can be inundated. It was taken 
 by the allies in 1706, and was made 
 one of the barrier towns with a Dutch 
 garrison. The French took it in 1745, and 
 again in 1794, but they lost it in 1814, 
 16 miles w of Mechlin. Lon. 4 11 e, lat. 
 51 1 N. 
 
 Denia, anciently Artemisium, a sea port 
 in the province of Valencia, Spain, stands 
 at the foot of a mountain, 47 miles ne of 
 Alicaiit. . Its principal trade is in almonds, 
 corn, and raisins. The entrance into the 
 harbour is dangerous. Lou. 0 2 e, lat. 38 
 50 N. 
 
 Denino, a parish in Fifeshire, about 
 three miles in length, and one and a-half 
 in breadth. It lies between St. Andrew’s 
 and Anstruther. The soil is in general wet, 
 principally fitted for pasturage. It con- 
 tains several chalybeate springs. Popula- 
 tion 626, having decreased nearly one half 
 since 1755. 
 
 DENMARK, a northern kingdom of 
 Europe. Between the continent and the 
 large islands of Funen and Zealand, are 
 the famous straits called the Small and 
 Great Belts, and the Oeresund, which last 
 separates Denmark, from Sw^eden, being at 
 Helsengoer about 1321 fathoms, or half a 
 
DEN 
 
 mile in breadth, and is the usual passage f 
 out of the Baltic into the sea, over all 
 which the king of Denmark has the so- 
 vereignty, and all ships are obliged to pay 
 him a certain toll. The country is in ge- 
 neral flat and sandy ; and the air, from the 
 seas, surrounding it, and its numerous lakes, 
 thick and foggy. Denmark properly con- 
 sists of two large islands of Funeu and Zee- 
 land, the several smaller ones lying con- 
 tiguous, and the peninsula of Jutland, 
 The kingdom of Norway, since the decease 
 of Hagen VI. in 1313, has been united to 
 Denmark, but in 1813, it was by treaty 
 ceded to the king of Sweden, Vv^ho after a 
 slight resistance on the part of the Norwe- 
 gians, has obtained possession of this an- 
 cient kingdom. But the king of Denmark 
 continues sovereign of the islands of Faro, 
 Iceland, and half of the dutchy of Holstein, 
 the county of Oldenburg and Delmonhurst, 
 in Germany, and a small part of Green- 
 land, besides some small settlements in 
 Asia, Africa, and America. The crown 
 was elective and limited till IGOO, w'hen 
 by a voluntary surrender of their liberties 
 on the part of the people, into the hands 
 of the sovereign, it became hereditary and 
 absolute. The number of subjects is esti- 
 mated at 2,000,000. The military forc« 
 of Denmark, a few years since amounted 
 to 11,000 cavalry, and 64,000 infantry; 
 and the fleet, according to the official ga- 
 zette, Oct. 15, 1803, consisted of 19 ships 
 of the line, 15 frigates, eight brigs, and 13 
 gun boats. The king^s annual revenues are 
 reckoned at about 1,520,0001. In Norway, 
 now ceded the king had the tenth of all the 
 timber, tar, fish, oil, and mines. Com- 
 mercial companies are established in Den- 
 mark to the E Indies, W Indies, and Africa, 
 and trade, in general, seems to be making 
 rapid progress. The inhabitants are Pro- 
 testants since the year 1512, when they 
 embraced the confession of Augsburg, and 
 the clergy are subsisted by the state, but are 
 not permitted to meddle with state affairs. 
 The Protestants of France and Germany 
 have a church at Copenhagen ; the Jews 
 are tolerated, but Papists are not allow- 
 ed any place of worship. The orders of 
 Knighthood are two, that of Danebrag, 
 and that of the Elephant. The manners 
 and customs of the superior classes differ 
 little from those in the other parts of 
 Europe ; but the peasantry except those of 
 the crown, suffer all the disadvantages of 
 the dispiriting state of vassalage in which 
 they still are kept, Copenhagen is the 
 capital. 
 
 Detin, a tovrn in the country of Yemen, 
 Arabia. Lon. 44 43 Jt , lat. 14 15 n. 
 
 Denny, a parish and village in Stirling- 
 shire. The parish is about four miles in 
 length, and two and a-half in breadth. The 
 soil is w’ell cultivated. The village is plea- 
 santly situated on the banks of the Carron. 
 The read from Glasgow to Stirling, and the 
 
 D E P 
 
 canal between Forth and Clyde, intersect 
 the parish. Near the village are two 
 paper mills, and a printfield. Population 
 about 2033. 
 
 Denton, capital of Carolina county, 
 Maryland, stands on the Choptank, 3T 
 miles ssE of Chester. 
 
 Denys, St, a towm in the department 
 of the Seine, called Franciade, After the 
 abolition of royalty in 1793. The town 
 j had its rise from the abbey of the Benedic- 
 tines, which has the appearance of a palace. 
 In its ancient and magnificent church 
 were the tombs of many of the French 
 kings, which were all demolished in 1793. 
 In the treasury, among other curiosities, 
 were the swords of St. Le wis, and the maid 
 I of Orleans, and the sceptre of Charlemagne. 
 It stands on the Crould, near the Seine, 
 5 miles n of Paris. 
 
 Deogur, a town in the country of Berar, 
 Hindoostan, formerly the residence of a ra- 
 jah, 65 miles kkw of Nagpour. Lon. 79 
 12 E, lat. 21 54 N. 
 
 Deputy, a , rock near the south coast of 
 the island of Copland, k of Donaghadee, in 
 Down, Irish Channel. 
 
 Deptford, a town partly in the county of 
 Kent, and partly in Surry. It was gene- 
 rally known in ancient records by the 
 name of Deptford Strond, alias West Green- 
 wich, a name w'hich in latter times, be- 
 came solely appropriated to the low’er 
 parts of it, on the banks of the Thames. 
 Deptford is now a large and populous town, 
 though it has no niarketj and is divided 
 into Upper and Lo'wer Deptford. It con- 
 tains about 2000 houses, many of which 
 are neat and well built. The number 
 of inhabitants is about 17,543. Here 
 are two chiirches. The chief support of 
 the tov/n arises from its excellent docks. 
 The whole extent of the national yard is 
 31 acres. It has two wet docks, a double 
 and single one, and three slips, a bason 
 and mast pond, an anchor smithes shop, 
 and about 20 forges, with several ranges of 
 store-houses, besides houses for the officers. 
 Here are also several docks belonging to 
 shipbuilders for merchant vessels. In Says- 
 Court yard, Peter the Great completed his 
 knowledge in the practical part ot naval 
 architecture in 1728 ; and on that of the 
 store-houses formerly called the Red-house, 
 which had been often destroyed by fire, 
 stands a range of buildings of various de- 
 scriptions, for supplying the navy with 
 provisions. At Deptford is the society of 
 the Trinity house, which annually relieves 
 about 3099 poor seamen, their widows, and 
 orphans, at the expence of 60001. Tha 
 hospital of Trinity house, contains 2i 
 houses, and Trinity Hospital, a modern and 
 much finer structure, 38 ; both afford ac- 
 commodation for decayed masters of ships, 
 pilots, and their wddows, who receive a 
 handsome weekly allowance. It is foar 
 miles E of London. 
 
Verhef a town of Piedmont, in the duchy 
 of Aosta, 10 miles w of Aosta. 
 
 Derbent, or Derhens, a town in the 
 province of Schirvan, Persia, on the w 
 coast of the Caspian sea. It has a good 
 harbour, is said to have been built by Alex- 
 ander the Great, and is surrounded by high 
 brick walls. The inhabitants are a mix- 
 ture of Persians, Tartars, and Armenians. 
 The fortress surrendered to the Russians in 
 1722, in 17S0, and g^gain jn 1S06. It 
 stands at the foot of a mountain, 60 miles 
 N of Saniachie. Lon, »51 0 e, lat. 42 
 8 k. 
 
 Derby, a borough and the capital .of 
 the county to wdiich it gives name, is 
 seated on the Derv/ent, over which is a 
 stone bridge. A brook passes through the 
 town over which is several arches. Here 
 is also a canal to Trent. It is populous 
 and flourishing, contains five parishes, 
 and 10,852 inhabitants. The church of 
 All Saints is the chief of the five, celebrat- 
 ed for its beautiful Gothic tower, 173 feet 
 high, erected in Queen Mary^s reign, at 
 the expence of the maidens and batchelors 
 of the town. It is a corporation, governed 
 by a mayor, and sends two members to 
 parliament. It is an earldom in the noble 
 family of Stanley. By a grant of king 
 Henry III. no .Tew can live in the town. 
 Numerous manufactures are established 
 here. The.sn7f m/l/, as it is called, because 
 the first and largest of the kind ever erected 
 in England, stands upon an island in the 
 Derwent, facing the town. It is 1 10 feet 
 long, 39 broad, and 55 and a-half high ; 
 lighted by 468 window^s ; and contains 
 14,000 wheels moved by one water-wheel. 
 This mill was erected in 1734, by Sir 
 Thomas Lombe, according to a mode] 
 which he brought from Italy at the risk 
 of his life, for wdiich he bad a grant of 
 14,0061. by Parliament. Besides this, 
 there are seven or eight other smaller 
 machines of the same kind. From the 
 cotton spun in the Derby mills are made 
 figured waistcoat pieces, stockings and 
 many other articles. The fabric of Derby 
 porcelain, is equal, if not superior in 
 quality to any in tiie kingdom. OrnamCiUs 
 made of Derbyshire spars, crystals, and 
 marble, form likewise a considerarde 
 branch of trade^ Prince Charles entered 
 Derby on the 4th of December, 1745, but 
 abandoned it on the Otb. It has a market 
 on Friday, and fairs on Fei). 25, Em- ter 
 week, May-day, Whitsun. Monday, Miil- 
 summer day, July 25, St. James' day, and 
 Michaelu'.as day : is the seat of the as- 
 sizes and quarter sess.ons. It is 16 miles 
 w of Nottingham, 60 se of Manohesr.tr, and 
 126 NNW of London. Lon. I 25 w, iai. 
 52 58 N. 
 
 Derby, a town in Connecticut and Mew- 
 haven county, on the Haussatonia, v’hich is 
 im\ igabie from hence to the sea, 14 miles w 
 of Ncwhaver. 
 
 Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dai 3 «» 
 phin county, noted for a remarkable 
 cave in its vicinity, stands on the Swatera, 
 two miles above its junction with the Sus- 
 quehanna, and 10 miles se of Harrisburg. 
 
 Derbyshire, an inland county of England^ 
 about 58 miles in length, and 18 to 30 
 broad. It is divided into six hundreds, 
 which contain 136 parishes, and II market 
 towns, which are Derby, Chesterfield, 
 Wirksworth, Blakewell, Ashbourn, Boise- 
 ver, Alfreton, Chapel in the Frith, Dron- 
 field, Tidsw^all, and sends four members 
 to parliament. The principal rivers are 
 the Derwent, the Trent, the Wye, the Dove, 
 and the Rother. The mountainous parts 
 afford pasture for sheep; the level is very 
 capable of cultivatio:.-. In the mountains 
 are lead, iron, and copper ores, antimony, 
 alabaster, millstones. Barytes, or ponderous 
 earth, &c. lime.stone in many, but coals 
 in few places. The peak is generally reck- 
 oned one of the highest hiiis in England. 
 Population about 161,142. 
 
 Derekam, see Peak, a considerable town 
 in Norfolkshire. It has a well supplied 
 weekiy market. on Friday, and four an- 
 nual fairs. The church is a very ancient 
 edifice, has four chapels and a curious stone- 
 front, 16 miles w of Norwich, aud 101 nne 
 of London. 
 
 Derenhvrg, a town in the principality of 
 Ilalnerstadt, and capital of a lorddiip. 
 Lower Saxonj^, six miles wsw of Ilalber- 
 sladt. 
 
 Derg, a celebrated lake with a river of 
 the same name, in the county of Donegal. 
 In the lake is an island, in which is the 
 famous cell, called St Patrick's purgatory, 
 much frequented by superstitious piigrims. 
 
 Derig, a small island, near the w coast 
 of Ireland, and county of Sligo. 
 
 Derig, a lake of Ireland, in the county 
 of Longford, five miles ene of Edgew'orth- 
 town. 
 
 Derkus, a town of Romania, European 
 Turkey, on the Black Sea, 30 miles nnw 
 of Constantinople. 
 
 Dcrnbach, or Ternbach, a town of Ger- 
 many, 22 miies e.ve of Fulda. 
 
 Derna, tee ca);ilal of Barca, Barbary, and 
 the seat of a Saugiac, stands in a fertile 
 country, near the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 Africa. Lon. 22 15 e, lat. 32 45 n. 
 
 BevniSj or Dcrnisch, a town and fortress 
 of Dalmatia, near the river Kerda, 18 miies 
 N Oi Sebeuico. 
 
 Dcrct, a town of Egypt, with a magnifi- 
 cent tc.Tple. on an i.siand in the canal be- 
 tween Cairo and Rosestta, 50 miies nwv of 
 Cairo. 
 
 Derpt, Derpf, or Dorpal, a town in the 
 government of Riga, Ru>s!a, siands on the 
 IvmbcT, between the lakes Wosers and Pc- 
 and has an university, 60 miles s of 
 Nai’vo. Lon. 26 15 E,iat. .'38 30 k* 
 
 Dnry. See Londonderry. 
 
 Deary, the name of four townships 10 
 
D E S 
 
 t>ennsylvania iu Dauphin, MilHin, and 
 Westmoreland counties, and on the Sus- 
 quehannah. 
 
 Derso, a flourishing town of Italy, on the 
 E bank of the lake of Como. 
 
 Dercille, or Derval, a village in the parish 
 of Loudon, county of Ayr. It is prosperous, 
 and contains about 490 inhabitants. Here 
 is a meeting house belonging to the old dis- j 
 seiiters. I 
 
 Doveragh Loughy a lake in the county of 
 West Meath, Ireland. 
 
 Derwenty a river in the county of Cum- 
 berland, wiiich passes through the lakes of 
 Derwent Water and Bassenthwaite W^ater, 
 and running w by Cockermouth, falls into 
 the Irish sea near Workington. 
 
 Derwenty a river which has its source 
 in the N Riding of Yorkshire, passes by 
 Malton, and runs into the Ouse near How- 
 den. 
 
 Derwent y a river which for some space 
 divides the counties of Durham und Nor- 
 thumberland, and enters the Tyne three 
 miles above Newcastle. 
 
 Derwenty a river which rises in the 
 Peak of Derbyshire, passes s through the 
 middle of the county by Derby, and unites 
 with the Trent, on the borders of Leicester- 
 shire. 
 
 Derwent Fells. See Dor went Fells, 
 
 Derwent Water. See Darwent Water, 
 
 DesaguedorOy a river of Mexico. See 
 Iva7i St 
 
 DesaguaderOy a town on a lake of the 
 same name. Chili, 260 miles e of Valdivia. 
 Lon. 67 30 w lat. 40 5 s. 
 
 DESEADA, Desirada, or Desidera- 
 DA, one of the Caribbee islands. It is 
 10 miles long, and 5 broad, and generally 
 the first land that is seen on the voyage 
 to tile W Indies. The soil is in some 
 places unproductive, Lon. 61 20 w, lat. 16 
 40 N, 
 
 Deseaday or Cage Desire, the s western pro- 
 montory of the Straits of Magellen in S 
 America. Lon. 74 18 w, lat. 53 4 s. 
 
 Dezenzano, or Dissenzano, a town in the 
 Bressau, Italy. It is celebrated for its 
 wines ; and contains 3,400 citizens. Lon. 
 JO 33 E, lat. 45 30 n. 
 
 Deshfordy a parish in the county of Bantf, 
 about 5 miles long and 3 broad ; in some 
 parts fertile, in others moorish. Population 
 about 6i0. In this parish is a bleachfield, 
 and near the church an ancient edifice 
 oalied Deskford Tower. Adjoining to this 
 are the remains of a chapel dedicated to 
 St John. Here also in a delightful situa- 
 tion is the venerable castle of Skuth in 
 ruins. An ash in the orchard of Deskiord 
 tower measures 24 feet 5 inches round, and 
 a holly 8 feet 4 inches. From this parish 
 the earl of Finlater has the title of Lord 
 Deskford. 
 
 DESOLATION ISLAND. See Ker- 
 guelen’s Land. 
 
 Desauy the capital of the principality oi 
 
 10 
 
 DEV 
 
 I Anhalt Dessau, Upper Saxony, situated 
 on the Miildau, near its union with the 
 Elbe. It is divided into the old and new 
 towns ; has three suburbs ; with manufac- 
 tures of cloth, stockings, and hats ; 37 
 miles N of Leipsic. Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 51 
 52 N. 
 
 Destakubde, a Tartarian village of Sibe- 
 ria, 48 miles se of Yakutsk. 
 
 Detmcldy a town in Westphalia, and 
 county of Iiippe, Germany ; has a fortided 
 castle, and stands on the Wehera, 37 miles 
 NNw of Paderborn. Lon. 25 56 e, Ferro^ 
 lat. 52 IT. 
 
 Detroit, a town of the United States, ca- 
 pital of Michigan ; has a strong fort, and is 
 seated on the w side of the strait, or river, 
 which connects the lakes Erie and St Clair* 
 It has a considerable trade with the In- 
 dians in furs, deer skins, tallow, t%c. re- 
 ceived in barter for coarse European goods* 
 Lon. 83 0 w, lat ^2 40 n. 
 
 Dettelhachy a town in Franconia, on tho 
 Maine, 8 miles e of Wurtzburgb. 
 
 Deltington, a town of Franconia, and 
 I principality of Hohenlohe, 10 miles e of 
 I Ohringen. 
 
 j Dettingen, a village in the territory of 
 Hanau, Germany. Here the British troops 
 commanded by the celebrated earl of Stair, 
 under George II., who w^as on the field, 
 but did not assume the command, together 
 with some Hanoverian and Hessians were 
 attacked, on June 16, 1743, in their march 
 from Aschaffenburg to Hanau, by the best 
 troops of France, under marshal Noailly, 
 who thought himself so sure of victory that 
 he passed the Maine to give them battle. 
 But being repulsed with great slaughter, 
 he was obliged to make a precipitate re- 
 treat across the river. The division of the 
 British under that gallant officer Sir An- 
 drew Agnew of Lochnaw, was first en- 
 gaged, and contributed greatly to the honour 
 of that memorable day ; 12 miles from 
 Hanau. 
 
 Deva, a strong town in Transylvania, 
 Hunia county, surrounded with a high wall ; 
 near it is a castle on a high rock. It is 
 famous as a guard to the pass of the iron- 
 gate into the Turkish dominions, 10 miles 
 w of Millenbach, and 28 s of Wirtemburgh, 
 
 Dem, a sea port in the province of Gui- 
 puscoa, on the bay of Biscay, Spain ; 15 
 miles SE of Bilboa. Lon. 14 21 e, Peak of 
 Teneriffe, lat. 43 20 n. 
 
 DeveltOy or Zagoria, a town in Bulgaria, 
 on the Paniza, near the Black sea, 58 miles 
 NE of Adrianople, and 106 nnw of Constan- 
 tinople. Lon. 27 22 E,lat. 42 25 n. 
 
 Deventer, the capital of Overissel, HoD 
 land, is large and populous, surrounded by 
 a wall with six gates, flanked with a greew 
 number of towers, and defended with wide 
 and deep ditches ; seated on the Yssel, 50 
 miles e of Amsterdam. Lou. 6 10 e, lat. 
 52 IS N. 
 
 Deveron, a river in the shires of Abei’« 
 
DEV 
 
 i!een and BanfT, which, for mauy miles, se- I 
 parates these two counties. ' 
 
 Decicotta, a town in the Carnatic India. 
 Lon. 79 56 e, lat- 11 21 n. 
 
 Devil, Isle of, one of the smaller Moluc- 
 ca islands. 
 
 Devil’s Race, rocks on the s side of the 
 island of Jamaica, on the coast of Calabargh- 
 bay. 
 
 Devil’s Bridge, in Cardiganshire, S Wales, 
 12 miles e by n of Aberystwith, consists 
 of two arches, one of which was built in 
 the 11th century, the other about 50 years 
 ago, im.nediately over the former. It i 
 crosses the Rhydol, which is here about 
 99 feet below the uppermost arch. Near it 
 is a tremeivdcus cataract- where the same 
 river falls first IS feet, into a huge bason 
 24 feet in leurr*’ ; from which it falls 60 
 into another, hem whic:* it extricates it- 
 self to perform another fall of 20, from 
 which again it has only fiowed 22, till, in 
 forai of a sheet, it pours 1 10 from the brink 
 of a rook. j 
 
 Devizes, an ancient town near the centre 
 of Wiltshire, near the Avon, containing 
 3,598 houses, and 7,909 inhabitants. It is [j 
 a corporation and a borough town, return- j 
 ing two members to parliament. Here I 
 are considerable manufactures, particularly 
 of fine woollen waistcoat pieces, tobacco 
 and snuff ; and two large breweries. Its 
 weekly market is on Thursday, and is 
 reckoned one of the best in England. It 
 has six annual fairs, two of which, April 
 20 and Oct. 20, are much resorted to for 
 sheep, cattle, hops, cheese, <fec. It has 
 two ohurohes ; and on a hill wuthin the j 
 town are the ruins of a castle built by the 
 Romans, a number of v/hose coins and anti- 
 quities have been dug up in the neighbour- 
 hood. Here is a charity school for 70 
 hoys and 16 girls. In the market place 
 is erected a stone and inscription in memory 
 of Divine vengeance inflicted on a woman 
 who called God to witness a falsehood. 
 
 It is 24 miles nw of Salisbury, and 88 
 and a-half w of London. Lon. 2 1 w, lat. 
 51 18 N. 
 
 Devon, a river which has its source in 
 the Ochil bills, runs e for 8 or 10 miles, 
 passes through glen Devan, changes its 
 course westward, and enters the. Forth 
 three miles e of Stirling, about eight miles 
 from its source. In Perthshire it displays 
 the noted water-falls of Caldronliun, DeviPs 
 Mill, and Rumbling. bridge. 1 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, a county of England, j| 
 about 70 miles from n to s, and about 64 ji 
 from E to w. It is divided into 32 Imnd- I 
 reds, 398 parishes, contains one city, Exet- 
 er, 35 market towns, 1733 villages, 57,955 
 houses, and in 1811, 383,308 inhabitants, 
 Barnstaple, Plymouth, Tiverton, Dartt- 
 mouth, Tavistock, Oakhampton, Ashbur- 
 ton, Hoiiiton, Piniton, Totness, Bearaiston, 
 are burgh towns, and send each two 
 
 D I A 
 
 members to parliament ; which wu’th two 
 for the city of Exeter, and two for the 
 county, make in the whole 26 members^ 
 The air is ms Id in the valleys, and sharp, 
 though healthy, on the hills. ‘ The soil of 
 the western part is generally coarse and 
 moory, feeding a great number of oxen. 
 The northern parts are dry and healthy, 
 w’here the downs afford good pasture for 
 sheep, and the arable lands excellent crops 
 of corn ; yet these are not equal in fertility 
 to the east and middle pans. The s of 
 the country, however, is esteemed the most 
 fertile portion. That part called the 
 South Hams, near Torbay, is particularly 
 celebrated for the excellence and quantity 
 of its cyder. In the western parts game, 
 especially pheasants and woodcocks, a- 
 bounds. Here is a bird so very small that 
 it is reputed a humming bird, and like 
 that builds its nest on the extreme branches 
 of trees. Iron and copper mines have been 
 discovered, v.ith veins of loadstone, and 
 silver. It has fine quarries of stone and 
 slate, of which great quantities are export- 
 ed. In the sw parts there is so much 
 marble that even the roads are partly 
 formed of it. It was once so famous for 
 its mines that the Stannary laws in some 
 degree continue in force. The chief mam • 
 factures are serge, dnroys, druggets, <fee. 
 The principal rivers are the Ex, Tamar, 
 Tave, Lad, Oke, Tame, Touridge, Dart, 
 Ken, &c. The country gives the title of 
 Duke to the noble family of Cavendish. 
 Exeter is the capital. 
 
 Deuprag, a town in the country of Sinia- 
 gur, Thibet, at the junction of the Allaknan- 
 dura and the Ganges ; 23 miles s of Sirina- 
 guar. 
 
 DEUX FONTS, Duchy of, a late 
 duchy of Germany, in the palatinate of the 
 Rhine, chiefly included in the departments 
 of the Sarre, Moselle, and Mont Tonnerre, 
 France. It formerly belonged to the kings 
 of Sweden of the house of Zweybrucken, but 
 on that line becoming extinct in 1731, it 
 came into the possession of the count of 
 Birkenfeld in 1733. The soil is mountain- 
 ous, but its pastures and corn fields, afford 
 a sufficient supply to the inhabitants. In 
 the mountains are mines of quicksilver, iron, 
 copper, and coals. 
 
 Deux Fonts, in German, Zweylrucken, 
 a town in the department of Mont Tonnerre, 
 France, lately the capital of the duchy of 
 that name, stands on the Erbach. It has a 
 superb palace, and is 49 miles nnw of Stras- 
 burgh, and 56 sw of Mentz. Lon. 7 28 e, 
 lat. 49 16 N. 
 
 Diamond Point, a cape on the n of Suma- 
 tra. Lon. 97 52 e, lat. 5 20 n. 
 
 Diamper, or Udeamper, a town in the 
 country of Cochin, India, inhabited by 
 Christians of St Thomas. Lon. 76 21 Ej 
 lat. 9 57 N. 
 
 Dian, Raholl, a town of the island of 
 
D I E 
 
 D I G 
 
 Madagascar, 110 miles nne of Carem- 
 
 Ramly a town of the island of 
 Madagascar, 60 miles nkf 5 of Carembole. 
 
 Diar, a town in the province of Chorasan, 
 190 miles nke of Herat. 
 
 Diarhek, or Diarbekir^ the capital of a 
 province to which it gives name, formerly 
 called Amiday and by the Turks Kara- 
 Amid, or Karamid, It is one of the most 
 populous and commercial towns of Asiatic 
 Turkey. The inhabitants carry on a great 
 trade in red cloth, cotton, and Morocco 
 leather. It is surrounded with a double 
 wall. It is supposed there are about 
 20,000 Christians in this place ; they are 
 better treated by the Turks than in other 
 places. It is the residence of a pacha, | 
 and stands on the Tigris, IdO miles nee of i 
 Aleppo. Lon. 39 40 e, lat. 37 18 n. 
 
 DIARBEKIR, a province and govern- 
 ment of Asiatic Turkey, situated between 
 t^ie Tigris and the Euphrates, and an- 
 ciently called Mesojtotamia, The govern- 
 ment is divided into 19 sangiacals, and 
 five other districts, called Hukinmet, w^hicii 
 are free. The chief towns are Diarbek 
 and Mosul. 
 
 DIAVOLO, an island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago. Lon. 40 58 e, Ferro, lat. 27 
 27 N. 
 
 Dichmount, a hill in Lanarkshire, from 
 the top 14 counties are visible. 
 
 Dickvel, a town of the island of Ceylon, 
 102 miles s of Candy. 
 
 Dierich, or Dickrick, a town in the de- 
 partment of Forets, on the river Semoy, 
 France. Lon. 6 21 e, lat. 50 5 n. 
 
 Die, a town in the department of the 
 Drome, France, on the river Drome, 44 
 miles sE of Valence. Lon. 5 2 e, lat. 44 
 56 N. 
 
 Dieburg, or Diptcrg, a town in the terri- 
 tory of Mcntz, Germany, 10 sw of Aschaf- 
 feaburg. 
 
 Diego, St, capital of a jurisdiction of its 
 name, on the coast of New Albion, with a 
 port, which affords excellent anchorage. 
 The European olive flourishes in its vicinity. 
 Lon. 1 1 7 18 w, lat. 32 40 n. 
 
 DIEG SOUREZ, an island in the In- 
 dian sea. ^ Lon 56 10 e, lat. 11 50 s. 
 
 Diekireh, a town in the duchy of Luxem- 
 burg, Netherlands, stands on the Semby, 18 
 miles N of Luxemburg. 
 
 DIEPHOLTZ, a county of Westphalia, 
 about eight leagues in length, and four in 
 breadth, almost barren. The inhabi- 
 tants subsist chiefly by breeding cattle. 
 It contains four towns, and about 1900 
 houses. 
 
 Diepholtz, the capital of the above coun- 
 ty, with a castle. The inhabitants carry 
 on a considerable manufacture of coarse 
 woollen and linen cloth. It is seated on 
 the Hunte, near the lake Dumner, .30 
 miles Nw of Minden. Lon. 8 28 e, lat. 52 
 38 w. 
 
 Dieppe, a towm in the department of 
 the Lower Seine, France, with a good har- 
 bour, formed by the mouth of the river 
 Arques, an old castle, and two piers ; gene- 
 rally a station for privateers. Laces, ivory, 
 logs, and fish, form the chief articles of 
 its commerce. It was bombarded by the 
 British in 1694, and in the wars of queen 
 Anne, it met a similar fate, and has not 
 been rebuilt to advantage. During the 
 summer months, packets pass between this 
 and Brighthelmstone, It is 30 miles n of 
 of Rouen, and 132 nw of Paris. Lon. 1 4 e, 
 lat. 49 56 N. 
 
 Dieppenheim, a town in Overyssel, Hol- 
 land, 20 miles e of Deventer. 
 
 Dierdor f, a town in the county of V/ied 
 Ruiikel, Westphalia. <The inhabitants are 
 industrious, and employed in agriculture and 
 commerce. 
 
 Dkrdorf, capital of the upper county of 
 Wied, Westphalia, has a castle, and stands 
 on the Wiedbach, 10 miles nnw of Cob- 
 ^ lentz. 
 
 Diernstein, a town of Germany, in tho 
 archduchy of Austria. It has a castle, in 
 which Richard I. of England, was imprison- 
 ed. It is seated on the Danube, six miles 
 w of Crems, and 17 ne of Polten. 
 
 Deisen, a town o.f Bavaria, w side of the 
 lake Ammersee, 10 miles ne of Landsberg. 
 
 Deisenhofen, a town in Thurgaw, Swit^ 
 zeriand, on the Rhine, with a fine bridge 
 over that river, five miles s of Schauffj 
 hausen. 
 
 Deissenstein, a town and castle of Bavaria, 
 12 miles n of Passau. 
 
 Diest, a town of Brabant, seated on the 
 Domer, in the department of Byle. The 
 inhabitants carry on considerable manufac- 
 tures of cloth, stockings, <fec. It is 16 miles 
 NE of Louvain. The French took it in 
 1705, made the garrison prisoners, and de- 
 molished the fortifications. Lon. 5 6 e, lat. 
 50 58 N. 
 
 Dietz., the capital of a county to which it 
 gives name, in Westeriand, united to the 
 principality of Nassau, under the name of 
 Nassau Dietz ; on the Lhan, has a strong 
 castle, and is surrounded with walls. Hero 
 are three churches ; two for Calvinists, and 
 one for Lutherans ; 24 miles wsw of Wetz- 
 lar, and 25 n of Mentz. Lon. 7 53 e, laU 
 j 50 23 N. 
 
 DIED, Isle de, an island in the Atlantic, 
 
 I seven miles long, and two wide. Lon. 2 0 w, 
 
 I lat. 46 42 N. 
 
 Dies, St, a town in the department of 
 Vosges, France. It had formerly a cele- 
 brated chapter, wiiose canons were obliged 
 to produce proofs of nobility. It is situated 
 on the Meui lhe, 30 miles se of Lunevilie, 
 Lon. 7 4 E, lat. 43 20 N. 
 
 Digldon, a town in Massachusetts, near 
 Tauiiton river, Bristol county, seven miles 
 ssw of Taunton, and S3 miles s of Boston. 
 
 Dignac, a town in the department of th« 
 Charente, France. 
 
 1; P p 2 
 
D I N 
 
 Dignant, a -considerable town of Is- 
 iria, in a fertile district of the same 
 name, three miles from the gulf of Venice, 
 and 45 s of Trieste. Lon. |4 23 e, lat. 45 
 
 10 N. 
 
 DignCf the capital of the department of 
 the Lower Alps, and a bishop^s see. It con- 
 tains about 3000 inhabitants, and is cele- 
 brated for its mineral waters, France : 
 is seated on the Bleone, and is 30 miles ' 
 s by w of Enibrun. Lon. 6 16 e, lat. 44 
 
 10 N, 
 
 Dijon, the capital of the department of 
 Cote d^Or, on the Ouche, in a fertile and 
 tjharming plam, France, on the side ot 
 which the inhabitants cultivate vines, 
 of which they make excellent wine. Dijon 
 w-as formerly the capital of the Bijonnois, 
 and contained 25,000 souls. The public 
 structures, particularly the churches, are 
 very fine. It has four gates and three 
 suburbs, and is near a league in circumfe- 
 rence. The wails are handsome, but the 
 fortifications old. In front of the palace 
 royal, is the ancient palace of tne dukes 
 of Burgundy, and at the gates of Dijon is 
 a charterieuse, in the church of which | 
 some of the last of these dukes and families j 
 are buried. Its academy of sciences was 
 founded by Rector Bernard Pousin, first 
 president of the parliament of Dijon ; a 
 juridical college was also established here 
 in 1723. It is 48 miles ne of Autun, and 
 138 sE of Paris. Lou. <5 2 e, lat. 47 
 
 18 N. 
 
 Dilla, a high mountain on the coast of 
 Maicibar, 20 miles w by w of Tillichery. 
 Lon. 73 2 e, lat. 12 1 n. 
 
 Dillenbitrg, a town, the capital of 
 Nas au Diilenburg, W estphalia. Near it 
 is a furnace for the smeiiing of copper. 
 The sovereignty of this town was lately 
 added to the grand duke of Berg. It has a 
 fortress on a mountain, the residence of 
 the prince of Nassau Dillenburg, and stands 
 on the Diilen, 14 miles nnw of Wetzlar. 
 Lon. 8 27 e, lat. 50 42 n. 
 
 Dillengen, a town in Suabia, and bishop- 
 ric of Augsburg, Germany. Here is a ca«- 
 tholic university. It is seated on the Danube, 
 17 miles nw of Augsburg. Lon. lO 30 £, 
 lat. 48 38 N . 
 
 Dtmchurch, or Dinchtirch, in Kent, 
 near a strong dyke, called Dimehureh 
 Well. The wall was built to prevent the 
 encroachments of the sea, with a carriage 
 road on the top. 
 
 Dimotuc, a town in Romania, on a moun- 
 tain, European Turkey, surrounded by the 
 IHeviza, and is a Greek archbishop^s sea ; 1 2 
 miles sw oi Adrianople, Lon. 26 15 e, lat. 
 41 35 N. 
 
 Dinaburg, a towni in the government of 
 Poloisk,on the Dwina, Russia. Lon. 27 0 e, 
 lat. 56 5 N. 
 
 Dinageponr, a town in the country of Ben- 
 Hindoostaii, capital of a district, stands | 
 aear the w branch of the Teesta, 102 miles 
 
 D I N 
 
 N by E of Aloosbedabad. Lon. 88 45 E.lat, 
 25 36 X. ^ 
 
 Dinan, or Dinant, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the North Coasts, France. It is 
 in a healthy and fertile country ; and con-! 
 tains about 4000 inhabitants. The chief 
 manufactures are of linen and thread. Near 
 it is a chalybeate spring. It stands on a 
 .’ocky mountain, near the river Ranee, 20 
 miles s of St Malo. Lon. 2 12 w, lai. 48 
 i‘6 N, 
 
 Dinant, a town in the department of the 
 sambre and Meuse, territory of Liege, with 
 a castle and eight churches. It is Situated 
 near the Meuse, 15 miles sse of Namur, and 
 44 sw ol Liege. The chief trade is in lea- 
 ther. Near it are quarries of marble, and 
 some mines pf iron ore. Lon. 4 48 e. lat. 
 50 16 N. 
 
 Dinant, a bay on the w coast of the dept, 
 of Finisierre, France. Lon, 4 15 w, lat. 48 
 i3 N. 
 
 Dinasmawddwy, or Dinasmouthy, a town 
 of Merionethshire, ^¥dies, governed by a 
 mayor, w ith a market on Saturday ; seated 
 at the fool of a precipice, on the river Dysi ; 
 18 miles s by w of Bafa, and 196 xw of 
 London. 
 
 Dindigul, the capital of a district or circar, 
 in Hindoosiaii, to which it gives name; 80 
 miles long, and 40 broad, between Coimbe- 
 tore and Travancore, fertile in rice. The 
 town has a fortress on a rock, 40 miles xxw 
 of Madura, and 77 se of Coimbetore. Lon, 
 73 6 E, lat. iO 23 
 
 Dinestons, a town in Pennsylvania, 25 
 miles e of Pittsburg. 
 
 Dingelfing, a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Iser, 20 miles ene of Landschut, and 40 w 
 of Passau. 
 
 Dingelstadt, a towm of Germany, 33 miles 
 NW of Erfurt. 
 
 Dingle, a sea port town in the province of 
 Munster, and county of Kerry ; on the n 
 coast of a large bay, to which it gives name. 
 It has some trade m the exportation of but- 
 ter, beet, corn, and iinen ; 28 miles wsw of 
 Traiee, and 79 w of Limerick, Lo 10 38 
 w, lat. 5158 X. 
 
 Dingwall, Oi royal borough in Ross-shire, 
 in a iertile and highly cuLivated vale, (w'hieh 
 constitutes the greater part of the parish of 
 Dingw all, about tw o miles square^ at the w 
 end of the Frith of Cromarty. The Frith 
 being navigable for small vessels as iar as the 
 town ; the streets are neat and well paved ; 
 with about 800 inhabitants, Tue population 
 of the w^hole parish amounts to 1418. Ding- 
 w^ali unites with Kirkwall, Wick, Dornoch, 
 and Train, in sending a member to the Bri- 
 tish parliament. Dingwall is one ot the 
 towns in which the sberifl* of Ross holds his 
 courts. The council ot this town consists of 
 15, including a provost, two bailies, a dean 
 of guild, and treasurer. Near the church is 
 a remarkable artificial mound, and an obe- 
 lisk 57 feet high, and six feet square at the 
 base, erected as a sepulchral monument by 
 
D I U 
 
 George, earl of Cromarty, secretary of! 
 state in queen Anne’s reign ; i ^ miles n 
 of Inverness, and 175 nnv/ of Edinburgh. 
 
 Dinkelspil, or Dunkelspuhl, a town 
 in Suabia, Germany, seated on the Wer- 
 nitz. The in^Krtntants are partly Protes- 
 tants, and partly Roman Catholics ; the 
 magistracy is composed of one half each. 
 Here is a foundation of Teutonic knigiits, 
 and a trade in cloth, and reaping hooks ; 
 18 miles nnw of Nordlingen. Lon. 10 29 e, 
 lat. 49 20 N. 
 
 Dirscfimi, a fortified town in the palati- 
 nate of Culm, W Prussia, stands on the Vis- 
 tula, nine miles w of Marienburg. 
 
 DIRECTION, Islands of, four small 
 islands at the w entrance of the straits of 
 Magellan. Lon. T7 19 w, lat. 52 27 s. 
 
 Dirleton^ a parish and village in E Lothi- 
 an ; the parish is about six miles in length, 
 and six in breadth, in some places barren, 
 in others fertile, but generally improved. 
 The village stanch on a rising ground. The 
 population is about 1200. 
 
 ^ DISAPPOINTMENT, Islands of, two 
 islands in the S Pacific ocean. Lon. 141 
 5 to 12 vv, lat. 14 5 to 10 s. 
 
 DISENTIS, one of the eight jurisdic- 
 tions in the superior part of the Grison 
 league. It is 16 leagues long, mountainous 
 and fertile, and contains mines of copper 
 and silver. 
 
 Dlsentis, the capital of the above juris- 
 diction, with an abbey founded in the seventh 
 century, whose abbot has extensive juris- 
 diction, and the privilege of coining. It 
 stands near the sources of the Rhine, 10 miles 
 ssw of Kantz. 
 
 DisMe\i,Si village two miles n of Lough- 
 borough, Leioesiersbire, famous as he birth- 
 place and r^esidenoe of Robert Eakewell, 
 grazier and farmer, noted for his improve- 
 ments in live stock, ^vbo died 1795. 
 
 Dismal Swamp, a marshy tract on the 
 coast of N Carolina, 50 miles long, and 
 60 broad, wholly covered with trees and 
 brushwood. 
 
 Diss, a town in Norfolkshire. It is a 
 neat flourishing town, and it contains about 
 600 good houses. The chief manufactures 
 are stockings and coarse hempen cloth. It 
 has a V ell supplied market on Friday, and a 
 fair, October 28 ; 13 miles ssw of Norwich, 
 and 92 ne of London. 
 
 Dv'sen, or Tissen, a town in Westphalia, 
 principality of Osnaburg, with some salt 
 works, 16 miles se of Osnaburg. 
 
 DistingtG7i, a populous village of Cum- 
 berland, four miles n by E of Whitehaven, 
 and nine sw of Cockermouth. Here are ex^ 
 tensive lime works. West of the village 
 are the lemains of Hay Castle. 
 
 Diu, an island in the Indian sea, about 
 three miles long and one broad, forming the 
 s point of Guzerat, with a town of the same 
 name that has a good port, subject to the 
 Portuguese, The towm is built of freestone 
 apd marble, and has some fine churches 
 
 DOE 
 
 erected by the Portuguese, after they 
 got possession of it in 1515. Its one lu- 
 crative trade is now remove 1 to Surat, from 
 which it is distant w by s 180 miles, and 
 200 N w of Bombay. Lon. 70 5 e, lat. 20 
 45 N. 
 
 Divie, one of the most rapid rivers of 
 Scotland, in Morayshire. 
 
 Dixan, tae chief town on the side of Ta- 
 rante, Abyssinia, inhabited by Moors and 
 Christians, 34 miles s of Massuah. The 
 chief trade is selling children tor slaves. 
 Lon. 40 8 E, lat. 14 58 n. 
 
 Dixmude, a town in the department 
 of Lys, Flanders, Netherlands. The ma- 
 gistracy is composed of two burgomasters, 
 
 13 echevins, and a common council. It 
 is much celebrated for its excellent cheese 
 and butter. It is seated on the Yper, 13 
 miles N of Ypres. Lon. 20 26 E, Ferro, 
 lat. 51 2 N. 
 
 Dixahad, a towm in the province of Irak, 
 60 miles sse of Amadan, Persia. 
 
 Dizier, St, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Upper Marne, 15 miles sb of 
 Vitri le Francois. Lon. 4 54 e, lat. 48 
 35 N. 
 
 Dnieper, Dneper, Nieper, or Boristhenes, 
 a river of Russia, which rises in the govern- 
 ment of Smolensko, and taking a southerly 
 direction enters the Black sea, between 
 Cherson and Otehakov. It begins to b© 
 luivigable a litiie above Smolensko, \vhich 
 is only once interrupted in its whole course 
 of 800 miles, by a series of cataracts below 
 the junction of the Samara, but even these 
 may be passed in the spring by loaded 
 barks. 
 
 Dniester, or Niesier, a fine river of Poland, 
 which in its course to Chockrim, divides Po- 
 land from Moldavia, it next separates the 
 government oi Catharinenslaff from Bessa- 
 rabia, and watering Bender, fails into the 
 Black sea, at Ackerman. 
 
 Dohelin, a town ot Courland, 20 miles 
 sw of Mitta. 
 
 Dobrzin, or Dohezyn, a town of Cujavia, 
 in Great Poland, on a rock on the Vistula, 
 
 14 miles nw of Plozko. Lon. 29 1*2 e, lat, 
 53 10 N. 
 
 Doeharf, a lake and river of Perthshire. 
 The lake lies in the parish of Killan, and 
 is about three miles in length, and contains 
 a floating islet. The rivers Fikan runs into 
 the lake, Dochart issues out of it, and pours 
 its waters into Loch Tay, 
 
 Dockuni, a town in W Friesland, Hol- 
 land, on the river Ee, w’ith a good port. 
 The town is neat and pleasant, 10 miles 
 NE of Lewai 'en. Lon. 6 2 e, lat, 53 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Dodbrook, a town in Devonshire, remarks 
 able as the first place where white ale was 
 brewed. It has a weekly market, on Wed- 
 nesday, It is parted from Kingsbridge by 
 Selcomb, on which it standSj 208 miles wsw 
 of London. 
 
 Do^, a town of France, remarkable for 
 
D O L 
 
 its ancient palace, its fairs, and its hand- 
 some fountains. 
 
 Doel, a town of Flanders in the depart- 
 ment of the Meuse, Holland, Guelderland, 
 seven miles nw of Antwerp. 
 
 Doesburg, a town in the county of Zur- 
 phen, Holland. It is rich and populous, 
 and has been often taken. The reduction 
 of this place was the first atchievrnent of 
 the English forces in 15S6, sent by queen 
 Elisabeth, to the assistance of the Dutch. 
 It stands on the Yssel, 10 miles ssw of 
 Zutphen. Lon. 23 34 e, Ferro, lat. 62 
 4 is\ 
 
 Dofary a town on the w coast of the gulph 
 to which it gives name, Arabia. 
 
 Dog^s Heady a cape on the w coast of 
 Ireland, in the county of Galway. 
 
 Dog’Sy Isle ofy in the county of Middlesex, 
 opposite Greenwich. 
 
 DOGADO, that part of Italy, in which 
 Venice is situated. It was divided under 
 Austria, into 11 districts; comprehending 
 ]1 towns, 101 villages, and 130,000 souls: 
 exclusive of Venice. The lagunes, or islands 
 of the Dogado, contain 180 geogiapbicctl 
 square miles. 
 
 Dogger Banky an extensive sand bank 
 in the German Ocean, between England 
 and Germany, celebrated in history by a 
 severe naval battle betv/een the British 
 under admiral Sir Hyde Parker, and the 
 Dutch, in which the former obtained the 
 rictory. 
 
 Dol, a town in the department of the 
 I lie and Vilaine, in a marshy country, 
 France, lately an Episcopal see. The 
 air is unhealthy, and the town thinly in- 
 habited, It is five miles from the sea, 
 and 21 SE of St Male. Lon. 1 50 w, lat. 
 45 38 N. 
 
 DolcBy Aquoy the capital of a marquisate, 
 strongly fortified, in the country of Nice, 
 Piedmont. The land is very 'fertile, pro- 
 ducing excellent wines, figs, almonds, <fec. 
 It stands on the Nervia, five miles n of Vin- 
 tinuglia. 
 
 Dolcignoy a town of Albania, European 
 Turkey, a bishop^s see, has a good harbour 
 and a citadel, and stands on the Drino, 40 
 miles SE of Scutari. Lon. 19 34 e, lat. 
 42 12 N. 
 
 Dole, a town in the department of the 
 Jura, France, on the river Daubs, 25 miles 
 wswof Besancon; containing about 10,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Dolgellg, or Dolgethydi town in Merioneth- 
 shire, stands at the foot of Cader Idris. 
 The principal manufacture is coarse woollen 
 cloth for exportation. It has markets on 
 Tuesday and Friday, and six annual fairs. 
 I^t is the seat of the summer assizes for the 
 county. Here the famous Owen Gleii- 
 dower held a parliament in 1404, when he 
 entered into alliance with Charles king of 
 France. It contains above 2000 inhabitants 
 add is about 40 miles sw of Wrexham, and 
 
 DOM 
 
 212 NW of London. Lon, 4 16 w, lat. 53 
 14 N. 
 
 Dolgensee, a lake of Upper Saxony, a 
 little to the n of Templin. 
 
 Dolhiiiow, a town of Lithuania. 
 
 Dolin, an island of Italy, s of Arbe, thre® 
 miles long, and half a mile broad. 
 
 Dollar, a parish in Clackmannanshire, 
 equi-distant from Kinross^ Stirling, and 
 Dunfermline, 12 miles from each, about 
 four miles long and three broad, and lies 
 along the s side of the Ochil hills. It is 
 beautifully interspersed with small villages, 
 farm-houses and inclosures. On the banks 
 of the Do van is a fine bleachfield. In the 
 parish there are several extensive coal works. 
 Ironstone, freestone, lead, and silver 
 have also been found. Population is 693. 
 The village of Dollar is on the road be- 
 tween Stirling and Kinross, about mid-way 
 between these towns. 
 
 Dollar Burn,^ Oi hill in the parish of 
 Manor, 2849 feet above the level of the 
 svca. 
 
 Dollart Bay, a large bay or lake which 
 separates e Friesland from Groningen, 
 formed by an inundation of the sea in 
 1277, by which it is said, 53 villages were 
 destroyed* 
 
 Dolphington, a parish in Lanarkshire, 
 about three miles long, and two and a-half 
 broad. The soil is wet, and the harvests 
 are in general late. Population is, 331. 
 In this parish is a camp, or fortified place 
 covering about four acres, and a circle of 
 large stones, 50 or 60 paces in Circumfe- 
 rence. 
 
 DOLPHIN'S ISLANDS, an island in 
 the straits of Magellan. Lon. 73 41 w, lat. 
 52 59 E. 
 
 Doltabady a city of Hither India, be- 
 longing to the great Mogul, 264 miles 
 SR of Surat. Lon. 75 29 e. lat. 20 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Dolton, a village in Devonshire, with 
 two fairs on Wednesday, before March 25, 
 and November 20, six miles se of Torring- 
 ton. 
 
 Domazlize, a town of Bohemia, circle 
 of Pilsen, seated on the rivulet Cadbuza, 
 
 17 miles s of Pilsen. 
 
 Dombaca, a small island in the bay of 
 Bengal. Lon. 94 35 e, lat. 17 32 n. 
 
 DOMBES, a late principality, and small 
 country in Burgundy, France, about eight 
 leagues long, and seven broad, of which 
 Trevoux w'as the capital. It is now part of 
 the department of Ain. 
 
 Dombrowaz, a town of Poland, Palatinate 
 of Lemberg, 60 miles sw of Lemberg. 
 
 Domea, or Chavle, a great river of Tau- 
 quin in Asia, upon which the capital of 
 Keccio and most of the other towns are 
 situated. 
 
 Domfroniy a town in the department of 
 Orne, France, seated on a craggy mountain, 
 near the Varenne, containing about 1700 
 
DOM 
 
 inhabitants, 15 miles nw of Alenon. Lon. 
 17 1 E, Ferro, lat. 48 35 n. 
 
 DOMINGO, St, or Hispaniola, one of 
 the most extensive and richest islands of 
 the W ladies, it was discovered by Colum- 
 bus, in 149^, is 400 miles long:, and 120 
 broad. The natives call it Hayti, that is 
 hig:hland, a name derived from its appear- 
 ance on the N. It is surrounded by rocks 
 and shoals. For six months of the year the 
 heat would be insufferable, were it not 
 moderated by the easterly winds, and fre- 
 quent rains. In its vast plain innumerable 
 herds pasture in common. It has mines 
 of gold, talc, and crystal. The principal 
 rivers are the Artibonite, St Jago, Neyba, 
 Yana, Ozama, and Nisao. The Spaniards 
 had the entire sovereignty of the island 
 for 130 years. When they first landed 
 the natives amounted to about one million, 
 but in 15 years they were reduced to 60,000. 
 The French afterwards obtained possession 
 of the w part of the island, the Spaniards 
 retained the e, which is most fertile and 
 amounted to fully two-thirds of the whole,, 
 till 1795, when it was ceded to the French. 
 In 1791, there was an insurrection of the 
 Negroes with the design to recover their 
 liberty. In a short time not less than 
 100,000 of them were in arras, and besides 
 the torrents of blood that flowed, the 
 plantations and manufacture appeared in 
 one general conflagration. Toussaint, an 
 African by birth, was invested with the 
 command of the insurgents. In 1803, 
 the French sent an additional force, and 
 after several actions. Toussaint was 
 induced to accept of apparently favour- 
 able terms, but soon after he was perfi- 
 diously seized, and sent in irons to> France 
 where he perished in a dungeon. Chris- 
 tophe and Dessaiines, two other of their 
 chiefs, saved themselves by flight. The 
 blacks instantly flew to arms, and the troops 
 of France fell more by the climate than 
 by the sword. Dessaiines, who succeeded 
 Toussaint, was in 1804, proclaimed Emperor 
 of Hayti. In 1806, war broke out between 
 these chiefs, in which the emperor lost 
 his life. Christophe, who was elected to 
 succeed him, and Vviio was crowned king 
 of Hayti, in 1811, had been at war with 
 other chiefs, especially Pethion. In 1809 
 the French by the aid of the British v/ere 
 expelled from the e part of the island, 
 and the Spaniards regained their ancient 
 capital. St Domingo, is situated between 
 Jamacia on the w, and Porto Rico on 
 the s. 
 
 Domingo, St, the capital of the island of 
 Hispaniola, or St, Domingo. It is the 
 most ancient town built by Europeans 
 in the New V/orld. It is two miles and 
 a-half in circuit, with the e side to the 
 liver Ozama, and the s to the sea. Forts 
 and batteries have been erected for its 
 defence. The walls both of the city and 
 
 DOM 
 
 of the houses are of a red glutinous eartfi 
 mixed with lime equally Laid and durable 
 as stone. In the cathedral, which forms 
 the s side of the great square, is preserved 
 the first cross which Columbus planted in 
 the island. The remains of that celebrated 
 navigator, brought from Seville in a brass 
 coffiii, rested on the right of the high altar, 
 but were removed by the French to the 
 Havannah in 1796. The palace is a plain 
 building ; the convents and nunneries 
 spacious, and the barracks can contain 
 2000 men. There is a fine arsenal. The 
 houses are square with flat roofs. St 
 Domingo has a spacious harbour, and 
 a grand cathedral. Population about 
 26,000. Lon. 70 10 w, lat, i8 40 n, 
 
 DOMINICA, a British island of the 
 W Indies, between Guadaloupe and Mar- 
 tinique; about 20 miles in length, and 16 
 in breadth, divided into 10 parishes. It 
 contains several mountains, among whicli 
 are volcanoes. From some of these moun- 
 tains issue medicinal springs of hot water. 
 It contains upwards of 30 rivulets. A 
 great part of it is well adapted to the 
 cultivation of all the articles of W 
 Indian produce. Dominica has the finest 
 trees in the W Indies, in which a-re 
 innumerable swarms of bees. The prin- 
 cipal tov/ns are Portsmouth and Roseau, 
 or Charlotte’s Town. The whole exports 
 from January 5th, 1787, to January 1738, 
 according to the current prices in Lon- 
 don, amounted to L. 303,987 : I5s. Domi- 
 nica was taken by the British in 1761, 
 and confirmed to them in 1763. The 
 French took it in 1788, and restored it 
 at the peace in 1783. They attempted it 
 again in 1795, but W'ere unsuccessful. 
 It was greatly damaged by the tremen- 
 dous hurricane of 1806. Charlotte-town 
 is the capital. Lon. 61 23 w, lat. 15 
 12 N. 
 
 DOMINICA, or O-Heeva-Oa, one of 
 the Marquis of Mendoza islands, apparently 
 barren, about 16 leagues in circumference. 
 Lon. 139 8 w, lat. 9 41 s. 
 
 Dominica, La, a town of the island of 
 Cuba, 45 miles w of Plavanna. 
 
 DOMINO, ST, one of the Tremitti 
 islands, 15 miles from the coast of Naples. 
 
 Domitz, a town and fortress of Lower 
 Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg. 
 Schwerin, at the junction of the Elve and 
 Elbe, 35 miles s of Schwerin. 
 
 Dommel, a river of France and Holland, 
 which receives the A a below Bois le Due, 
 and then joins the Meuse at Crayeemur, and 
 forms with that river and the Waal, the 
 island of Bommel. 
 
 Domo D’Ossolo, or Dossola, a fortified 
 town in the valley of Ossola, Piedmont, 
 Italy, with a castle, on the Tosa, 20 
 miles N of Warallo. Lon. 8 31 e, lat. 
 46 N. 
 
 Dompaire^ a town in the department of 
 
DON 
 
 tiif 3 Vosg'es, France, 10 miles wnw of 
 EpinaL 
 
 Domremyfy a town in the department 
 of the Meuse, France, the birth-place : of 
 the celebrated Maid of Orleans, Jean d^ 
 Arc. Seated oil the Meuse, live miles n of 
 Neufchateau. 
 
 DomvillerSf a town in the department 
 of the Meuse, France, 14 miles n of Ver- 
 dun. 
 
 Doriy a large river that separates the 
 SB part of Europe from Asia, issues from 
 the lake St John, and after a course of 660 
 miles, remarkable for its winding, falls 
 into the sea of Asoph by several mouths. 
 Except in the spring, when, on the melt- 
 ing of the snow's, it rises 16 feet, and 
 inundates the adjacent plains, it is scarce- 
 ly navigable, even by flat-bottomed boats. 
 
 DoUy a river in Yorkshire, has its source 
 in Cheshire, runs by Penistone, Sheffield, 
 Rotheram, Doncaster, and Thorn, unites 
 with the Ouse near its termination in the 
 Humber. It is navigable within a few miles 
 of Sheffield. 
 
 Dofiy a river in Aberdeenshire, which 
 rises near the borders of Banffshire directs 
 its course due e to Monymusk, where it 
 turns N, till it receives the Water of Urie at 
 Inverury, from whence it flows se to Old 
 Aberdeen, where it enters the German 
 ocean. It abounds with salmon. It is 
 navigable a considerable way for small 
 vessels northw'ard. By its inundations it 
 injures some of the fine tract of country 
 through which it passes. 
 
 Donagliadee, a sea port of Ireland, in 
 the county of Dow n, w'here packets are 
 established for carrying the mails and 
 passengers to Port Patrick in Scotland. 
 It is 1«5 miles e by by n of Belfast. 
 5t is about seven leagues wsw of Port 
 Patrick in Scotland, betw'eeii which tw^o 
 places, as it is the great through-fare be- 
 tween Britain and Ireland, there is daily 
 communication by packets w^hich- con- 
 vey the mail and passengers, <fec. The 
 passage is rendered more safe by a light- 
 house at the entrance of the harbour, 
 which communicates with one at Port 
 Patrick. 
 
 Donaueschingerij or Doneschingen, a 
 town of Suabia, principality of Fursten- 
 burgh, here the prince has his chief residence 
 in the court-yard of his palace, there is a 
 reservoir about 30 feet square supplied by 
 some springs which has the honour of being 
 the head of the Danube, 13 miles nnw of 
 Scaffhausen. 
 
 Donaiverty a town of Upper Bavaria, on 
 the Danube, at the junction of the Wer- 
 netz, 25 miles n by w of Augsburg, and 
 36 KE of Ulm. All passengers up and 
 dow'n the Danube are obliged to pay a 
 toll to the town. Lou. H 8 e, lat. 48 
 39 N. 
 
 Doncaster, a tow^n in the West Riding 
 of the county of York, on the river Don, 
 
 D o o 
 
 governed by a mayor. It is large atid w'el^ 
 built, is the residence of many genteel 
 tamilies, and has a manufacture of stock- 
 ings, knit w aistcoats, and gloves. It has a 
 weekly market on Saturday, 37 miles s of 
 York, and 158 n by w of London. Lon< 
 1 12 w, lat. 53 33 N. 
 
 DonCherry, a fortified town in the depart* 
 meut of the Ardennes, on the Meuse, France, 
 10 miles w^ of Sedan. Here is a woollen 
 manufacture* 
 
 Dondanga, a tow'n of the duchy of 
 Courland, 24 miles ne of Piltyn. 
 
 Donegal, a tow n in the county of Done'* 
 gal, on The bay of Donegal, at the influx 
 of the Esk, 10 miles n by e of Ballyshannon, 
 and 28 sw of Lifford, Don. 7 47 w, lat. 54 
 36 N* 
 
 DONEGAL, a county of Ireland^ about 
 70 miles in length, and from 10 to 40 
 in breadth* It contains 42 parishes^ 
 23,531 houses, and 140,000 inhabiiants* 
 It is generally a champaign country, has 
 extensive linen manufactures, and a num* 
 her of commodious harbours. The prin- 
 cipal towns are Ballyshannon, Donegal 
 Killibegs, Lifford, and St Johnstown. 
 The principal rivers are the Erne, the 
 Foyle, Finn, the Dale, and the Guibarra, 
 The county sends tw'o members to the 
 British parliament. Lifford is the ca-» 
 pital. 
 
 Doneraile, a burgh town in the county 
 of Cork, Ireland. In its vicinity are quar- 
 I Ties of variegated marble. It is seated on 
 i the Awbey, 23 miles n by w of Cork^ 
 34 s oi imerick, and 113 sw of Dubfin. 
 
 Dongola, or Dungala, capital of a king 
 dora of the same name in Nubia, seated on 
 the Nile, contains 10,000 w^ooden houses. 
 It stands among mountains, 500 miles N 
 by w of Sennar. Lon. 32 5 e, lat. 19 
 25 N. ■ ’ ’ 
 
 Donjon, a town in the department of 
 Ailer, France 24 miles sEof Moulins. 
 
 Donnington, or Dunnigton, a lowui in the 
 county of Lincoln, with a good trade in 
 bemp and hemp-seed, which goods are con- 
 veyed to Boston and the Washes. Tiiis 
 town has been much improved of late, and a 
 good road made from hence through the 
 Fens to Semprinham. In tiic steeple of the 
 church is a very ancient inscription. It 
 has a weekly market on Saturday, and is 
 110 miles n of London. 
 
 Donnington, a castle in Berkshire, now 
 in ruins, on the brow of a hill, seat of the 
 celebrated Sir George Chaucer, father 
 of English Poetry ; a place is still pointed 
 out, where stood an oak, under the simde 
 of w’hich he used to set and compose 
 verses. 
 
 Donnoe, a small island in the n sea, near 
 the coast of Norway. 
 
 Donzy, a tow n in the department of Ni- 
 evre, France, 22 iiiilesNof Nevers. 
 
 DOOAB, DOAB, or Doabah, a fertile 
 district between the Ganges and Jumnah, 
 
Hindoostan, the greater part of it belongs to 
 the Nabob of Oude. 
 
 Doobount Lake, in New S Wales, 65 
 miles long, and "id broud. 
 
 Dcon, a river in Ayrshire, issues from a 
 Lake of the same name, near Dalmelling- 
 ton, seven miles long and half a mile broad. 
 In its course it passes by the ruinous church 
 of Alloway, where there is a bridge of one 
 lofty arch across the river amidst beautiful 
 scenery, near its entrance into the Frith ot 
 Clyde, two miles s of Ayr. The poet 
 Burns, who was a native of its banks, has 
 left a tribute to this river, in his admired 
 song of Bonny Boon, 
 
 Doran, a town in the country of Yemen, 
 28 miles s of Sana, Arabia, 
 
 Dorat, a town in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, France, on the Abran, 
 near its confluence with the Sevre, 2-5 miles 
 N of Limoges. Lon. 18 45 e, Ferro, lat. 
 46 13 N. 
 
 Dorchester, the capital of Dor-etshire, 
 pleasantly situated on an ascent above the 
 river Frome. It consists chiefly of three spa- 
 cious streets, and is celebrated for its strong 
 beer. It is a burgh town, sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament ; and has weekly markets 
 on Wednesday and Saturday. Population in 
 1811, 2546. A fine terrace walk, planted with 
 trees, almost surrounds the town. It is com- 
 puted that 45,000 sheep are fed on the 
 level meadows within six miles of Dor- 
 chester. Here are three churches, a charity 
 school, and three aims houses. A little to 
 the s stands a Homan amphitheatre, con- 
 structed of chalk and turf, supposed to be 
 the most complete in the kingdoVn. Maiden 
 castle, another work of th^- Romans is at 
 the distance of one mile to the sw, there 
 are three ramparts and ditches, nearly oval 
 which inclose an area of many acres, 10 
 miles Nw of Weymouth, 53 e of Exeter, 
 and 120 w by s of London. Lon. 2 26 
 lat. 50 43 N. 
 
 Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, was 
 a Roman station, and ruined in the wars 
 with the Danes. It had an abbey and five 
 churches, of which only one remains, and 
 was a bishop^s see till 1086, when it was 
 translated to Lincoln. The church exhibits 
 many antique curiosities. It has a fair on 
 Easter Tuesday. It is 10 miles se of Ox- 
 ford, and 42 wnw of London 
 
 Dorchester , a town in Grafton county, 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Dorchester, a town in Norfolk county, 
 Mas.>achusetts. The chief manufactures 
 are paper, chocolate, <fec. Population 1,722 
 tv/o miles s of Boston. 
 
 DOFtCHESTER, a county of Mary- 
 land, 33 miles long, and 27 broad. Its 
 produce is chiefly wheat, corn, and lumber. 
 Cambridge is the chief town. 
 
 Dordogne, a river of France. 
 
 ^ Dordogne, a department of France, which 
 includes the ci-devant province of Porigord, 
 
 has its name from a river, which has its 
 source in the mountains of Auvergne, and 
 unites with the Garonne, near Bourdeaux* 
 Perigneux is the eapiral. 
 
 Dordrecht, See Dort, 
 
 Dares, a parish in Inverness-shire ; on 
 the banks of Loch Ness, about 20 miles 
 iong, and four or five broad. The surface 
 is mountainous, and mostly adapted for 
 sheep pasture. To this have been united 
 the parishes of Boleskine and Abertarf, not 
 included in the above dimensions, and yet 
 the population was only 3,113. 
 
 I Dorking, See Dorking. 
 
 Dorn, a village in a detached part 
 of Worcestershire, three miles se of Cam- 
 den, in Gloucestershire. The Roman 
 causeway runs through it. Here have 
 been found many coins both Roman and 
 British. 
 
 Dornhurg, a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 principality of Weimar, with a castle 
 seated on a hill, by the river Saale, 14 miles 
 E of Weimar. 
 
 Dornoch, a royal borough in Sutherland- 
 shire, which gives name to a parish extend- 
 ing niEM3 miles along the coast of the 
 Dornoch Frith, and about 15 from nw 
 to s. Dornoch is on a bay of the Frith, 
 It is the county town, and the seat of the 
 sheriff substitute, and joins four boroughs 
 in sending a member to pariiament. 
 The parish is in general level, the soil 
 sandy, and improvements in agriculture, 
 but beginning. Here is the cathedral of 
 the bishops of Caithness, and part of it 
 makes the present church. Near it are 
 the ruins of the Episcopal castle. On this 
 bishopric, the lands belonging to the church 
 of Berwick w'ere bestowed, when that 
 town fell into the hands of the English, 
 At Dornoch was a monastery of " Red 
 Friars founded- ill ]27i. Population is> 
 2,362, SO miles n of Inverness, and 210 n 
 by w of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 4'8 w, lat. 
 57 52 N. • 
 
 Dornoch, Frith, sometimes called the 
 Frith of Tain, is that arm of the^sea which 
 divides the southern parts of Sutlioriand 
 from the county of Ross. The entrance 
 of this Frith is nearly 15 miles wide ; but 
 three miles w of Dornoch, its breadth is not 
 more thau two mile.s, where is Meikle Fei r}-, 
 NE of Dornoch, is the Little Ferry, on the 
 road to Caithness. 
 
 Dornoch, a parish and small village in 
 Dumfries-sh;re, on the coast of the So.- way 
 Frith. The parish is nearly a srpiare of 
 two miles and a-half, with a strong soil, 
 making large returns to the skilful faimer. 
 Its fishings are very productive. The 
 houses are mostly bmit of clay. The po- 
 pulation i.s 691. The church is two miles 
 E of Annan, 18 ese ol DimdrleS) rovd about 
 81 s of Edinburgh. 
 
 Dorpot, or Dorryt, a town in tiie govern- 
 ment of Riga, wi.h a universit), oa 
 
 Q<i 
 
D O R 
 
 the Ember, between the lakes Pepas and 
 Wosero. It was once a place of great 
 trade, but since it was taken and burnt 
 by the Russians in 1708, and the inhabi- 
 tants sent prisoners into Siberia, it has been 
 almost in ruins. Lon, 28 H e, lat. <58 
 
 20 N. 
 
 DORSETSHIRE, a county of England, 
 extending froii< e to w about 60 miles, 
 and from 15 to 35 'from n to s. The 
 air of the county, which has been often 
 styled the garden of England, is in gene- 
 ral exceeding healthy. On the bills, it is 
 somewhat sharp ; but mild and pleasant 
 in the vallies near the coast. The northern 
 part affords excellent pasture for black 
 cattle. The vallies are remarkably fruit- | 
 ful in corn, flax, and hemp, tbe last ; of 
 which is allowed to be the best produced in 
 the British dominions. The southern parts 
 feed an incredib e miraber of fine sheep. 
 In the neighbourhood of Bridport and 
 JBeaminster, are manufactures of hemp and 
 flax, from the finest thread to the cable, 
 which holds tbe first-rate man of war. 
 This county is also distinguished for its 
 woollen manufactures, and its superior 
 
 HD O V 
 
 Dortniouth, a town in WestpTiatIa, aiM 
 territory of Nassau, seated on the Emster, 
 15 miles sw of Hain^ Lon. T 28 e, lat. 
 51 55 Ni > 
 
 Dortj, a town in the palatinate of Wifna, 
 Lithuania, 68 mites e of Lida. 
 
 Dotekonif a town in Zutphen, Holland, 
 on the Yssel, celebrated for its Coundery of 
 bombs and cannon-balls, 10 iniles sb •'fif 
 Doesburg. " ^ 
 
 a town of Hungary.; ^ ■ I 
 
 Domdic, a town in the department of 
 the Indre, France. 
 
 Dovain, a town in the departmenEof Mont 
 Blanc, France. 
 
 DouameneZy a sea-port in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, France, on a bay 
 of the same name, at the entrance of 
 the English channel, eight miles nw of 
 Quimper. 
 
 Don ay y the capital of the department 
 of the North, France. It is large and 
 strong, situated on the Scarp,' which is 
 navigable for boats. It has a fine arsenEl, 
 oarron foundry, a military sebaoi, threo 
 famous colleges, and a citadel. It. /wh,s 
 taken by the duke of Marlborough in ITlfl, 
 
 ale and beer. The isle of Portland ii and retaken by the French, in 1712, 
 
 seems to be one entire mass of free-stone, 
 and the quarries of Purbeck, are well 
 known for their valuable produce. Dor- 
 setshire is divided into 34 hundreds, and 
 248 parishes, which contain 22 towns, and 
 22,262 bouses. Tbe towns are Dorchester, 
 Lyme, Shaftesbury, Pool, Bridport, Ware* 
 ham, Corf Castle, Weymouth, Melcomb, 
 Kegis, are borough tow'ns, and send each 
 two memibers to parliament, making, 
 with two for the county, 20 members 
 in the whole. Population in 1811, 124,693. 
 The principal rivers are the* Stour, the 
 Frome, and the Piddle. Dorchester 
 is the capital. See Portland and 
 Purbecky 
 
 Dorsteny a fortified town in the county 
 of Reeklingbausen on the Lippe, 15 miles 
 B by N of Wesel. 
 
 Dorty or Dordrecht y a city in the de- 
 partment of Delft, Holland. It is on a 
 small island, formed by the waters of tbe 
 Meuse, the Mar we, the Rhine, and the 
 Linge. By an irruption o the rivers 
 in 1421, 100,000 persons were drowmed, 
 and 72 villages destroyed. The town is 
 large, and well peopled. It has two 
 canals, means of which loaded vessels 
 may enter the city. It has a great trade 
 in corn, wine, and timber. It is so fortified 
 by nature that it has never been taken by 
 any enemy, but it surrenderee! to the French 
 in 1795. Here are several Calvinist and 
 Lutheran churches, an elegant council 
 house, an excellent academy, and tbe mint 
 of Holland. It will remain for ever cele- 
 brated for the famous Protestant Synod 
 held in 1618, which condemned the tenets 
 of Arminius ; 10 miles se of Rotterdam. 
 Lon. 4 45 51 51 n, 
 
 after the suspension of arms. A canal 
 runs from this place to the Duele, ^15 
 miles Nw of Combray. Lon. 3 5 e^ lat. 50 
 22 R. 
 
 DouUe Island a cape on the JfE 
 
 coast of New Holland. LoUiL 153 
 lat. 25 58 s. ' ^ 
 
 DouhSy a department w^hich comprehends 
 the oi-devant province of Franc be Com pfe, 
 France, named from a river which flows 
 into the Soane, below Verdon, Besanoon 
 is the capital. I 
 
 Done, a town in the depariment of the 
 Maine and Loire. It contains about 890 
 inhabitants, ebiefiy employed in the manu- 
 factures of druggets and tammies;: In Abe 
 vicinity is a vast Roman amplutheatre, cut ' 
 out of a solid rock, nine miles sw ^f 
 
 Sanmur. , , . V u 
 
 DovCy a river in Derbyshire, which has 
 its source in the Peak, near Buxton, 
 divides Derbyshire from Staffordshire, 
 and passing through a country highly pic- 
 turesque, unites with the Trent, four mites 
 below Burtb'-i 
 
 Dover, a sea-port town in the county of 
 Kent, romantically situated in a valley 
 formed by a semicircle of high hills. DoVct 
 is one of the original Ci que Ports, and is 
 governeu by a mayor, 13 jurats, a recorder, 
 town-clerk, and 35 common council men. 
 it contains about 3,570 houses, and 9,074 in- 
 habitants in 1 8 1 1 . On tbe C : iff Elrom ihe tovvn 
 is an ancient castle, with barra -ks tor 3C0Q 
 men, several batteries also defend 
 Formerly it was walied round and had lU 
 ffatPS,only three of which now remain. Its 
 seven churches are reduced to three, two 
 in the town and one in the eastle. Ihis 
 place was formerly deemed the lock and 
 
D O U 
 
 •key of Englatid. Tbis is the most con- 
 venierrt port to take passage for France, 
 being only seven leagues across the Chan- 
 nel to Calais ; and, with a fair wind, th<- 
 voyage: is generally performed in one tide , 
 large vessels can only sail in it at high wa- 
 ter. Dover sends two members to parlia- 
 ment, and has two' markets weekly, on 
 Wednesday and Saturday. It is. 14 miles 
 SE of Canterbury, and 71 ese of London. 
 Lon. 113 b, lat. <51 8 n. 
 
 Bover, Straits of, the narrow channel 
 between Dover and Calais, which sepa- 
 lates France from Great Britain. It is 
 only 21 miles wide at the narrowest part, 
 -but 24 between the piers of Calais and 
 Dover. 
 
 > Dover^a, town in Stafford county, New 
 .Hampshire, seated on the Cochees, four 
 miles above its conflux with the Pascasa, 14 
 miles ivw of Portsmouth. 
 
 Dover, a town in Kent county, the me- 
 tropolis of Delaware state, seated on Jones 
 , t?reek, four miles above its mouth in Dela- 
 ^ware bay. It contains about 100 brick 
 liouses. The town has a lively appear- 
 ance, and carries oh a considerable trade 
 with Philadelphia, chiefly in flour ; 66 
 
 miles ssw of Philadelphia. Lon, 7<5 34 w, 
 lat. 39 10 N. 
 
 Douero, See Duero. 
 
 Douglas, a river, parish, and town, in 
 1^0 ancient middle ward of Lanarkshire, 
 - ualied Douglasdale. The parish is about 
 12 miles long, and from four to seven 
 “■ broad. On the banks of the river, the soil 
 is good ; but the parish is in general un- 
 favourable to agriculture. It abounds 
 with Coal, lime, and free-stone. Lord 
 Douglas has covered about 1,200 acres 
 with plantations. The cotton manufac- 
 ture is carried on in the town, and a spin- 
 ning mill erected in its vicinity. The po- 
 pulation of the parish, is about 1730, of 
 which the town contained near 700. In the 
 vicinity of this town stands the castle of 
 Douglas, for centuries the residence of the 
 chief of that name. About the middle of 
 the 18th century, the old castle was acci- 
 dentally burnt, and the new one built by 
 the late Duke, forms only part of an exten- 
 sive plan which be did not live to execute, 
 37 miles sw of Edinburgh, 
 
 Douglass, a town of the isle of Man, 
 situated in a large bay to which it 
 gives name, with the largest and best 
 ’harbour in the island, nearly equi-dis 
 tant from the Scotch, English, and Irish 
 shores. It is very populous, and impreg- 
 nable by sea. Foreigners bring bay salt 
 hither, and buy wool, leather, and salt 
 beef. Near the mouth of the harbour 
 stand an ancient fort and a modern light- 
 house. From hence is a weekly packet 
 to Whitehaven. 
 
 Douglass Cape, on the w side of the 
 
 cutrauce into Cookes river. North America. 
 
 DOW 
 
 Its summits forms two very high mountains , 
 Lon. I S3 31 w, lat. <58 .56 n. 
 
 Doulaincourt, a town in the department 
 of the Upper Marne, France, 10 miles sw 
 of Joinvilie. 
 
 Doulens,^ or Dourlens, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Somme, France, has two 
 citadels, and is seated on Autee, 15 miles 
 N of Amiens, 
 
 Doune, a small town in the county 
 of Perth, and parish of Kilmadock, 
 sometimes called the parish of Doune. 
 The town is pleasantly situated on the 
 banks of the Teath, consists of three 
 streets, has an extensive cotton mill, 
 which employs about 700 persons. Doune 
 has been long celebrated for the manu- 
 facture of highland pistols. It contains 
 upw’ards of 1,630 inhabitants. It has 
 a weekly market and six annual fairs, 
 near this are the ruins of a huge square 
 castle, whose tower is yet full 80 fet 
 in height, eight miles n of Stirling, 
 32 sw of Perth, and 45 WNW of Edin- 
 burgh 
 
 Dourdan, a town in the department of 
 the Seine and Oise, France. It has a large 
 corn-market, and manufactures of worsted 
 and silk hose. It stands on the Orge, 25 
 miles sw of Paris. 
 
 Douro, a river of Spain, rises in the 
 mountains of Urbion, e borders of Old 
 Castile. After passing through Leon to 
 the NB point of Portugal, it turns s, dividing 
 Leon from Tralos Montes, and turning w, 
 crosses Portugal, and enters the Atlantic 
 at Oporto. 
 
 Dowally, a parish in Perthshire, united 
 to Dunkeld. See Dunkeld, 
 
 Dowalton, Loch, a lake in the county of 
 Wigton, and parish oi Sorbie about two 
 miles long, and one and a-half broad, in- 
 cluding a small island. - 
 
 DOWLATABAD, a province of Hin- 
 doostan. Aurungabad is the capital. Set 
 Amednagur. 
 
 Dowlatabad, a town and fortress in the 
 above province, built on a rock almost per- 
 pendicular on each side, which rises 420 
 feet above the surrounding plain, 10 miles 
 Nw of Aurungabad. 
 
 Down, or Down Patrick, a town in the 
 county of Down, seated on a branch of 
 Strangiord Lough, and a bishop's see 
 united with Connor. The Cathedral is a 
 new building. Though small it is the 
 county town, and sends a representative to 
 the British Parliament, 74 miles n by e of 
 Dublin. Lon. 8 42 W, lat. 54 29 n, 
 
 Down, a county of Ireland, about 40 
 miles in length, and about 25 in breadth. 
 The number of houses is computed at 
 36,636, and of inhabitants at 204,500. It 
 is partly mountainous ; but in most parts 
 fertile. The inhabitants are chiefly em- 
 liioyed in the linen manufacture, and jios- 
 sess largely the conveniences of lif^. 
 
 Q q 2 
 
D R A 
 
 This county derives equal advantages from 
 its maratime situation, and its inland 
 waters. This county sends two repre- 
 sentatives to the British parliament. Down- 
 patrick, the county-town, Bangor, flills- 
 borough, Killyleagh, .^iewton, and Newry, 
 are the places of principal note. The 
 chief rivers are the Lagan and New'ry. 
 The greater part of the inhabitants are 
 presbyterians. 
 
 Downe-hill ofRelugas, a hill in the coun- 
 ty of Moray, and parish of Edenkeillie, re- 
 markable as a very ancient fortress. 
 
 Downhamy or Downham Markety a towm 
 in Norfoikshire. It consists of three streets, 
 a bell-foundery, and a steam-engine for 
 the manufactare of mustard ; but it is 
 chiefly noted for its markets on Monday 
 and Saturday, on account of the quantify 
 of butter brought hither to be conveyed to 
 Loudon. It is 11 miles s of Lynn, and 86^ 
 jf by E of London. 
 
 Downiiigtoiiy a town in Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, east side of Bran- 
 dywine Creek, S3 miles w by jraf Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Downs, a famous road for shipping in the 
 English Channel, near the coast of Kent, 
 about two leagues in length. 
 
 Downton, an ancient burgh in the county 
 of Wilts, seated on the Avon, but has no 
 market. It sends two members to par- 
 liament. The principal trade is malting, 
 paper-making, tanning, and making lace, 
 six miles se of Salisbury, and 88 wsw of 
 London. 
 
 Draahnrg, or Qher Traahurg, a town in 
 the duchy of Sliria, Germany. Lon. 13 38 
 E, lat. 46 48 N. 
 
 Draaburg, or Unter Traahurg, a town in 
 the duuhy of Carinthia, Germany, 48 miles 
 www^ of Pettaw. 
 
 Drachenfels, the capital of a district 
 in the electorate of Cologn, with a 
 citadel, Germany, seyen miles WNW of 
 Lintz. 
 
 Dracut, a town in the county of Middle- 
 sex, Massachusetts, United States, stands on 
 the » bank of the Merrimao at Patucket 
 fails, 30 miles nnw of Boston. 
 
 Drage, a town in the duchy of Holstein, 
 four mites n of Itzehoa, Germany. 
 
 Dragemel, a town on the duchy of Caro- 
 lina, on the Save, Germany. 
 
 Dragoe, a town in the island of Amack, 
 six miles from Copenhagan, Denmark. 
 
 Dradhte, on the Red sea, Nubia, has a 
 good harbour, and wells of fine water in the 
 vicinity, 36 miles nnw ofSuakem. 
 
 Dragomeslro, a town in Livadia, 
 European Turkey, 54 miles w^sw of 
 Lepants. 
 
 Draguignan, a town in the department of 
 the Var, containing about 9000 inhabitants ; 
 10 miles sw of Prejus. Lon. 6 31 e, lat. 
 44 34 N. 
 
 Drainy, a parish in Elginshire, four miles 
 
 D RE 
 
 in length, and'lw^o in breadth, Jutting int© 
 the Murray Frith. The soil, where cuW 
 tivated, fertile ; but a groat part of the 
 parish is barren auoor. Near the fishing 
 viliaged Cansea, the shore is bold, con- 
 sisting of a mass of free-.stone. Popular . 
 tion about 1057. In this paii^ there is 
 neither Jew, gipsie, Englishman, Irishman, 
 foreigner, lawyer, W’^riter, physician, sur- 
 geon, nor apothecary. 
 
 Drake, a harbour in California. Lon. 
 HI 39 w^, lat. 28 15 N. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis, or Drake^s Bay, on 
 excellent bason in the middle of the Virgin 
 Isles, three or four leagues brocid, and sis 
 or seven long. 
 
 Dram burg, a town in Upper Saxony, si- 
 tuated on the Drage, 25 miles e by n of New 
 Stargard. 
 
 Dransjeld, a town of Germany, in Lower 
 I Saxony, and principality of Calenberg, 6 
 miles sw of Gottingen. 
 
 Drave, a large river in Germany, which 
 rises inSallzburg,and falls into the Danube 
 a little below Esseck. 
 
 Drayton, a town in Shropshire, situated 
 on the Tern, on the borders of Stafford-)- 
 shire ; a mile and a-half west is the vilA 
 lage of Little Drayton. It has a market 
 on Wednesday, and three annual fairs ; 17 
 miles NE of Shrewsbury, and 151 miles nw 
 of London. : 
 
 Dregliorn, a parish in Ayrshire, between 
 Kilmarnock and Irvine, nine miles in length, 
 and three in breadth. The wLole of the pa* 
 rish is arable, with the exception of a few 
 acres. The village of Dreghorn is finely 
 i situated for manufactures, on the Annock. 
 In the parish is a large colliery r Popular 
 tion about 762. uh 
 
 Drentelburg, or Trentelburgh, a town in 
 the principality of Hesse, Germany, 18 
 miles NNW of Cassel. Lon. 9 28 je, lat. 51 
 25 N. 
 
 Dresden, the capital of Saxony, situated 
 at the conflux of the Elbe and Weseritz, 
 surrounded with strong fortifications, with 
 an elegant bridge over the Elbe, a castle, an 
 academy, a superb Roman Catholic church, 
 and three Lutheran churches. It is divided 
 into three towns, New Dresden, or Dres- 
 den ; Old Dresden, Neustadf ; and Frcr 
 deriokstadt. In the New town the princ® 
 resides, in an ancient chateau, the apart- 
 ments of which are magnificent. The picr 
 ture gallery may vie with any in Italy. 
 In the suburbs is a plate-glas^ maimfactureu 
 In Old Dresden is a China manufacture. 
 All the houses are built of square free-stone, 
 and are almost ajl of the same height. It 
 is esteemed one of the handsomest cities in 
 Germany, and is supposed to contain 90,000 
 inhabitants. The manufactures are fine 
 cloths, serges, sijalloons,stockings, linen, car- 
 pets, gold and silver lace, jewellery, paper 
 hangings, and w ind instruments. In 1745 the 
 king of Prussia took Dresden, hut it was scon 
 
D R G 
 
 Tcstdred. He took it agaio in but it 
 
 was retaken in 1759. In J76(), after a 
 bombardment of nine days^ he was obliged 
 to raise the siege. It is SO miles nnw of 
 Prague, 90 s of Berlin. Loa. 13 50 e, lat. 
 51 On. 
 
 Dreux, a town in the department of the 
 Eure and Loire, France, has a considerable 
 manufactnre of cloth for the army. It 
 stands on the Blaize, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, 48 miles w by s of Paris. Lon. 1 
 21 E, lat. 48 45 N. , 
 
 Driesen, or DresnOy a town in Upper 
 Saxony, and New Mark, or Brandenburg, 
 on the Warta, 20 miles e of Landsberg, and 
 90 ENE of Berlin. 
 
 Driffield Great and Little, two villages 
 in the East Riding of the county of York, 
 separated by a canal which joins the river 
 HulL A weekly market is held on Thurs- 
 day. Alfred the Great chartered four 
 fairs, now held annually on Easter Monday, 
 \4^feitsun Monday, August 26th and Septern- 
 ber 19th. Here is a considerable trade in 
 corn by the canal to Hull, 28 miles e by n 
 of York, and 196 n of London. The 
 church is noted as the burial place of 
 Alfred the Great, who died in this towir of 
 the wounds he received in the battle of 
 Stamford. • . ^ 
 
 Drinaward, a town in Servia, on an is- 
 land in the Drino, Turkey, on the confines 
 of Bosnia. 
 
 t Drino, a town situated in a bay of the 
 Adriatic of the same name, Albania, Tur- 
 key, 80 miles ese of Ragusa. Loa. 20 
 IB E, lat. 42 48 N. 
 
 Drino Bianca, or While Drino, a river 
 of European Turkey, rises on the e fron- 
 tiers of Albania, and fails into tbe-bay of 
 Drino, gnlf of Venice. 
 
 Drhtra, or SiUstria, a towm in Bulgaria, 
 European Turkey, an Archbisliop^s see 
 seated on the Danube, At the confluence 
 Of the Messovo, with a citadel. In 1810, 
 it was taken by the Russians ; 155 miles 
 NNE of Adrianople. Lon. 27 6 e, lat. 44 
 17 N. - 
 
 Drive Bajj^ 'h hixy of the river St. Law- 
 rence. Lon. 68 20 w, lat. 48 52 n. 
 
 Drogheda, the capital of the country of 
 Louth. It is a county of itself, holding its 
 own assizes ; and sends a representative to 
 the British parliament. It is a well built 
 town on both sides of the river Boyne, over 
 which is a good bridge, and is daily inereas 
 ing in wealth, commerce, and the number 
 of its inhabitants. This town is surrounded 
 by an ancient wall, has four gates, and is 
 divitied by the river into two parishes. 
 The town contains upwards of 10,000 inha- 
 bitants. It made a vigorous deience in the 
 civil wars, in the time of Oliver Cromwell, 
 who, upon its surrendering, put 4000 of the 
 inhabitants to death. Near this town Yfil- 
 iiam III. obtained a complete victory over 
 the army of James VII. It stands three or 
 tear milei from the mouth of the river, has 
 
 DRO 
 
 a gobd'barbour^oand has a large trade itt 
 English coalsy in com, and strong sheeting ; 
 has a celebrated school well endowed; 
 seven miles sof Dundalk, and 26 x of Dub- 
 lin. Lon. 6 18 w, lat. 53 43 n. 
 
 Droitwich, a town in ihe county of Wor- 
 cester, seated on the Salw^ark, containing 
 about 400 bouses; with large salt works. 
 The brine pits are immense, and the brine 
 supposed to be the strongest in the world. 
 
 A canal has been made from hence to the 
 Severn, about three miles from Worcester. 
 
 It has a market on Friday ; ^nd sends two 
 members to parliament; seven miles nxk 
 of Worcester, and 1 (6 wnw of London. It 
 is governed by two bailiffs, a recorder, and 
 11 burgesses, styled the Corporation of 
 the Salt Springs of Droitwich, as none 
 but proprietors can be admitted into it> 
 The sole right of electing the members 
 to parli^imeot is vested in the corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 DROME, a department of France on 
 the E side of the Rhone. Valence is 
 the capital. , It has its name from a 
 river which crosses it, and falls into the 
 Rhone. 
 
 Dromo, a small island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago. Lon. 41 46 e> Ferro, lat. 39 
 
 28 N. 
 
 Dromore, a handsome town in the county 
 of Down, constituted the see of a bishop, in 
 the 6tb century. This diocese is the smal- 
 lest in Ireland. The cathedral is small, 
 but the palace ia handsome and convenient. 
 It is seated on the Laggan, 15 miles n of 
 Newry, 15 w of Downpatrick, and 65 n of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Drori, a parish in Perthshire, about 
 three miles in length, and three in breadth, 
 five miles s from Perth, near the Earn. 
 Such is the state of agriculture in this 
 parish, that on the very tops of craggy pre- 
 cipices, there are considerable patches of 
 corn land. The population is about 428> 
 Qn a hill near the church stands, in a slo[.- 
 ing direction, a stone 10 feet long and seven 
 broad, which, upon being touched in tb# 
 gentlest manner, moves perceptibly from 
 side to side in an arch of between one and 
 two inches. 
 
 Dronero, a town of Piedmont, at the foot 
 of the Alps, on the Pdaira, 14 miles ssw of 
 Saliizzo. 
 
 Bronfield, a town in Derbyshire, contain- 
 ing about 250 houses, and near 1,200 inha^ 
 bitants, had a market on Thursday, but it is 
 now disused from its vicinity to Chesterfield 
 and Sheffield. The ruins of Beauchieff 
 Abbey, are at the distance of two miles. 
 Here is a charity school, and a free gram- 
 mar school ; six m'ies n of Cheslerfiidd, and 
 156 NNW 01 Londov).. 
 
 Drontheim, a city of Norway, capital of 
 a goverameut of the same name, and a 
 hisUop^s see. Has a well Irequenled port, 
 ti is fortified, and contains about 8000 inha» 
 bitants. Here lesidod the aneieni kings of 
 
D R tr 
 
 Norway. Of the cathedral the choir alone 
 remains. It is almost surrounded by the 
 sea and the river Piddel. Near it are mines 
 of copper and silver. The principal exports 
 are wood, copper, iron, pitch, stock -fish,' 
 skins, potash, &c. In exchange, they re- 
 ceive and import spices, wine, salt, brandy, 
 corn, tobacco, cloth, <fec. The territory 
 extends nearly 500 miles along the coast 
 of the North Sea ; 270 miles nw of Bergen. 
 Lon. 10 22 E, lat. 63 26 N. 
 
 Drossendorf, a town of Austria, on the 
 Teyha, has an ancient castle, 10 miles n of 
 Horn. Lon 16 7 e, lat 48 45 N. 
 
 Drosseuy a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 New Mark of Brandenburgh, 14 miles se of 
 Custrin. 
 
 Drossenfieldy a town in Franconia, six 
 miles s of Culmbach. 
 
 Droyszig, a town in Thuringia, six miles 
 gE of Stossen, Upper Saxony. 
 
 Drumblade, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 near Huntly, six miles long and four broad, 
 containing 886 inhabitants. The soil is in 
 general well cultivated. 
 
 Drumlanrig, in Durafries-shire, a noble 
 seat of the duke of Queensbury, erected in 
 the 17tb century ; a square building, adorn- 
 ed on the top with 12 turrets, stands on 
 the s banks of the Nith. In this castle 
 is a mus’cal and astronomical clock, 
 of very curious workmanship, made by 
 the late Mr. ^Peter Rae, minister of Kil- 
 bride. Adjoining is a wood of oak, six 
 miles in length; 18 miles nw of Dum- 
 fries. 
 
 Drummelzier, a parish and village in 
 Peeble-shire. The parish is 12 miles long, 
 and about three broad, washed , by the 
 Tweed, containing 278 inhabitants. The 
 surface is beautifully diversified, and the 
 soil in some places fertile. The village 
 is pleasantly situated on the banks of the 
 Tweed, and contains one-third of the popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Drummmdy in Ross-shirc. It is increas- 
 ing rapidly, and has two fairs in June, and 
 December. Near it is an extensive bleach- 
 field and a distillery. 
 
 Drummond Castle, stands on a rock, in 
 the parish of Muthil, near Grief, Perthshire, 
 built in 1490 ; was the property of the 
 duke of Perth. 
 
 Drumoak, a parish^ part of it in Aber- 
 deenshire, and part of it in Kincardine- 
 shire, four miles long, and two broad, 
 containing 648 inhabitants. The sur- 
 face is chiefly adapted to sheep pasture. 
 Ill this parish is an old tower called 
 Drum. 
 
 Drumsturdy Muir, in Angus-shire, con- 
 taining about 140 inhabitants. 
 
 Drusenheim, a town in the department on 
 the Lower Rhine, France, stands on the 
 Motier, five miles se of Haguenau. 
 
 DRUSES, or Druzes, a nation in Pales- 
 tine, who inhabit the environs of Mount 
 iabanon. Their populatiou is estimated at , 
 
 DUB 
 
 120,000. They are hospitable <0 ait ex- 
 treme ; exercise what -religion they have in- 
 differently, in Turkish mosques, Or Chris- 
 tian Churches. Their lat^uage is the-Afa- 
 bic ; are great enemies to the Turks-* thfeir 
 princes are Called Etfiirs^^ir capftal fs 
 Balrout. , ' ' ^ 
 
 DrusUwyn^ in C^ermarthCrishfrej with two 
 fairs, on July 1, and Oct 5. ^ s 
 
 Dryharbour, a. bay on the N ^he 
 
 island of Jamaica. Lon. 77' 16 
 30 N. 
 
 beautifully situated on a iieiiiii- 
 snla formed by the Tweed, on the sw con- 
 fines of Berwickshire. Dryhurgh Abbey, 
 the seat of the earl of Buchan, lies near it 
 Hannah the astronomer, was born in it, in 
 1622; Chaucer, the English bard' passed 
 some time in it; and Thomson' our Scot- 
 tish poet, wrote hxs Winter 'm it. This 
 place is much admired by travellets, fCr 
 whose gratification, the noble proprietof'has 
 dug up a great many sculptural stones, and 
 placed them in a conspicuous station;' ^ ' 
 Dryfe, A small but rapid river in Dum- 
 fries-shire. It gives name to the vale 
 through which it runs, Dryfe'sdale, contract- 
 ed Drysdale. ^ 
 
 Drymen, a parish and village in Stirling- 
 shire. The parish is about 15 miles long, 
 and nine broad, ivatered by the Forth, the 
 Duchray, and the Enrick, containing 1667 
 inhabitants. In 1775, the number w'as 
 2789. This striking decrease is chiefly 
 owing to conjunction of farms. It is not re- 
 markable for its fertility. The village con- 
 tains about 215 souls, chiefly occupied by 
 the manufacturers of Glasgow. The cele- 
 brated Napier of Merebiston, was born in 
 the parish. * 
 
 Drysdale, or Dryfesdale, a parish in Dum- 
 fries-shire, seven miles long, and from on© 
 to six broad, containing 1600 inhabitants. 
 It lies on the N side of the Annan; and is 
 intersected by the Dryfe. Above half of 
 it is cultivated and fruitful ; three or four 
 small lakes afford abundance of excellent 
 marl ; limestone also abounds. The rivers- 
 afford salmon. The parish church, which 
 stood formerly on the banks of the river, 
 has been twice removed, and now stands 
 at the head of a fine street, in the populous 
 town of Lockerbie. In the parish are the 
 remains of several chapels and burying 
 grounds, and vestiges of five strong towers, 
 and eight Roman and British camps ; and 
 traces of a Roman highway. Here it is 
 said a bloody battle was fought by Julius 
 Agricola, and the Scots in the 1st cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Dsjohla, an ancient city in Yeamen, con- 
 taining 600 good houses, with paved streets. 
 Lon. 44 10 E,lat. 13 55 n, 
 
 DUBLIN, a county of Ireland, 25 miles 
 long, and from nine to 10 Iroad ; containing 
 about 142,050 acres, and 107 parishes, (20 
 of which are in the city of Dublin,) 25,510 
 houses, aud 208,000 inhabitants. It sends 
 
I>U B 
 
 r©pTeseDtativ€s to the British parlia- 
 imeiit, besides two by the city, and one by 
 the university. The soil is m general flat, 
 and . naturally rich.- The principal river 
 
 istheLiflfy. . , , t ^ j 
 
 DuUin City, the capital of Ireland, 
 at the mouth of the Liffy, which here ex- 
 .p^nds into a large and beautiful bay. To- 
 wards the s of the city, the country ascends 
 . to a considerable elevation, which rapidly 
 increases to the Wfcklow mountains, 
 where the pointed cone of the Sugar Loaj^, 
 
 ^ prcsents a beautiful bounda^-y to this lofty 
 - diversified region ; and towards tne n, the 
 .ascent is almost imperceptible, presenting 
 a wide prospect of ^cultivation and beauty, 
 /diversified by the rugged hills of Houthy 
 which form the extremity of the north- 
 ern bound* ry of Dublin bay. The river 
 is crossed by seven elegant bridges, and 
 is embanked from the one extremity of 
 ,lhe cify to the other by commodious 
 /quays. The most beautiful bridge is 
 Island Bridge, which forms one astonish- 
 ing arch of 366 feet in length, whose span 
 measures 104 feet, excelling by 12 the 
 . lamed Venetian Rialto. Stephen’s Green 
 is one mile in circumference, and said 
 , to oe the largest square in Europe. The 
 buildings are sumptuous and elegant. The 
 approach from the river to Rutland Square y 
 4)y Sackvilley one of the noblest streets 
 
 Europe, being 120 feet wide. Nume- 
 j'ous streets and squares have been added 
 Jed late years. The elegance and beauty 
 „of which, announce improved taste in 
 their erec tion, and their size and conveni- 
 ,^enQe ihe wealth of thei? inhabitants. Dublin 
 i-being the metropolis of a large and fruit- 
 ful country, the seat of government and 
 of literatnre, and the chief depot of inland 
 and foreiga trade, contains numerous pub- 
 lic establishments, not only the pride of 
 Ireland, but excelled by few cities in Eu- 
 rope. The caslle w-as built in 1205, but 
 would now with difficulty be recognized 
 by a stranger, who had read of its former 
 strength as a fortress. It w^as dismant- 
 led of its warlike garb by queen Eliza- 
 beth, wbo intended it for a royal residence. 
 The castle continues to be the seat of go- 
 vernment, a^d hath received several addi- 
 tional embellishments, and is now a very 
 commodious elegant residence. It con- 
 tain- the several offices of state, and a 
 well-supplied atsenaL The two eathe- 
 ^drais, Chr.st s and St Patrick’s, gro rich 
 Gothic buildings ; but, from their anti- 
 quity, on the brink of decay. In the lat- 
 ter, is the monument of the celebrated 
 Swift, who w*as dean of St Patrick’s. The 
 city forms an archbishopric, which was 
 established in 1 152. There are 18 parish 
 churches, eight chapels, 16 Roman catho- 
 lic chapels, four foreign churches, a sy- 
 nagogue, and a number of meeting-houses, 
 belonging to presbyierians of various deno- 
 minations, and other dissenters, which con- 
 
 DUB 
 
 tribute to ornament the city. The par- 
 liament house, which, in chaste and ele- 
 gant architecture, was supposed to stand 
 unrivalled, is now converted into a national 
 bank. The Trinity college is a suberb 
 erection. It has long diffused knowledge 
 through an extensive circle. The professors 
 give annual prelections to about 500 stu- 
 dents. The college is governed by a chan- 
 cellor, and vice-chancellor, a provost, and 
 vice-provost, and supports 22 fellow^s, and 
 70 scholars. The library is an elegant 
 room, formed to hold 90,000 volumes. 
 There are also a chapel, museum, and 
 printing-office, annexed to the university. 
 In the college green is an equestrian statue 
 of king William III. in commemoratioa 
 of the battle of the Boyne. Among the 
 numerous charitable institutions, the Royal 
 Kilmainham hospital, for invalids and su- 
 perannuate soldif^rs, the Royal Military 
 Infirmary, and the Hibernian, and Marine 
 Societies, the blue coat hospital, for edu- 
 cating the sons of decayed citizens, and 
 the lying-in-hospital, are the principal. 
 Among the public buildings, are the rf)yal 
 exchange,' he custom house, the four courts, 
 the linen hall, the barracks, the tollsell, or 
 town house, and two theatres. The city has 
 a number of markets, abundantly supplied 
 with all the nei^essaries and luxuries of life. 
 Dublin is well provided with water, from 
 a copious reservoir, and from the river Liffy. 
 Its circumference is now about 10 miles, 
 and its population 200,000, under the civil 
 government of a lord mayor, recorder, 
 tw'o sheriffs, 24 aldermen, and a common 
 council, formed of representatives from 
 the 25 corporations. The Pheenix park, 
 at the w end of the city, is a royal inclo- 
 sure, seven miles in circuit, and beside 
 the Hibernian school, contains the villa 
 of the lord lieutenant, the seat* of the prin- 
 cipal secretary, and some others, with a 
 salute battery of 22 pieces of cannon ; and 
 the ammunition magazine on a rock hill j 
 four miles nw of the city, is erected an 
 observatory. The royal college of phy- 
 sicians w^as established in 16T9, that of 
 surgeons, in 1795, the academy for science, 
 polite literature, and antiquities, in 1786. 
 The merchants extend their commerce ifi 
 every branch of trade to the most distant 
 climes. The entrance of the harbour is 
 much obstructed by sand banks, but one of 
 the greatest and most laudable undertakings 
 that this age can boast of, is the build- 
 ing of a stone wall about three miles in 
 length, as broad as a moderate street, and 
 proportionably high to confine the bay and 
 shelter the vessels. The object of the 
 grand canal is a communication between this 
 city and the Shannon, which is far advanced. 
 The docks are more than 2000 feet in 
 length, and 300 wide. Besiiles the grand 
 canal, another has been carried to the river' 
 Barrow, communicating with St. George’s 
 channel. The manufactures are extensive 
 
D U F 
 
 mid numerous. Under the immediate exer*- 
 tions of the Dublin Society, established for 
 the encourageirent of agriculture and the 
 arts, those of this county have risen to a 
 high scale of perfection. This society was 
 founded chiefly by the exertions of Dr. 
 Samuel Madden in 1731. The voluntary 
 contributions of the members, were at first 
 its sole support, but parliament soon granted 
 them 10,0001. per annum. Dublin is seven 
 miles from the open sea, 69 w of Holyhead, 
 in Wales, and 300 wnw of London. Lon. 
 6 L5 w, lat. 53 21 n. 
 
 Duck Creek, a town in the state of Dela- 
 ware, which carries on a considerable 
 trade with Philadelphia, 12 miles nw of 
 Dover. 
 
 Duck Island, d small island near the coast 
 of Main, in the Uuited^S tales. Lon. 67 43 w, 
 lat. 44 45 N. " 
 
 Duddingston, a parish in the county 
 of Edinburgh, about four miles long, 
 and nearly two broad. The soil is not 
 naturali}^ good, but being within two 
 miles of the metropolis, it is highly 
 cultivated. The village of Wester Dud- 
 dingston is washed on the w and s by the 
 lake of Duddingston. It contains about 
 200 inhabitants. A magnificent seat of 
 the marquis of Abercorn, adorns the vi- 
 cinity. Easter Duddingston contains about 
 SO inhabitants, mostly colliers. Population 
 of the parish is about 1003. The church 
 is old, and believed to be of Saxon archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Duderstadt, a towm in the territory of 
 Eichsleld, Germany, stands on the Whipper, 
 18 miles x of Gottingen.. The principal 
 trade is in beer and tobacco. Lon. 10 14 e, 
 lat. 51 29 N. 
 
 Dudley, a town in Worcestershire, sur- 
 rounded by Staffordshire, containing 2000 
 families, mostly employed in manufactur- 
 ing of nails. It has a weekly market 
 on Saturday, and annual fairs May 8, 
 Aug. 5, and Oct. 2. It has a church at 
 each end of the longest street, two charity 
 schools, and a free grammar-school. Its 
 venerable castle, part of it in ruins and 
 part of it in repair, stands on a hill. In 
 the vicinity are the ruins of a priory. In 
 1801, the number of inhabitants was 10,107, 
 and 13,925 in 1811. It is 10 miles w by iv 
 of Birmingham, and 126 nw of London. 
 
 npw of Germany, duchy of Auliers. It is 
 one of the handsomest and richest in the 
 duchy. It has a manufacture . of clolh, 12 
 miles s of Juliers. Lon. 7 0 e, lat. 50 
 52 IT. , . 1 
 
 Duero, Douero, or Douro, a river in I 
 Spain. I 
 
 Duerstede, a fortified town in Utrecht, j 
 Holland, stands on the I<eck, where it sepa- i 
 rates from the Rhine, 12 miles se of Utrecht. 
 Lon. 5 22 x, lat. 51 59 n. 
 
 Dujfus, a parish and village in Elginshire, 
 
 D Ui, 
 
 on the s coast of the Moray Frith. Th« 
 parish is five miles long, and from two 
 to three broad, and contains about 
 1339 inhabitants. It^ is almost wholly 
 arable ; but agriculture is neglected. 
 The village is regularly built, having four 
 streets w^hich are paved. The old castle 
 of Duflus, seated on an artificial pound, 
 on the NW bank of Loch Shynie, surround- 
 ed by a fosse, and drawbridge, is of great 
 antiquity. It stands in the midst of orchards 
 and forest trees. 
 
 Duina, Duna, or Dwina, See the 
 latter. 
 
 Duino, Duino, or Tybein, a sea-port town 
 in Carniola, Germany. 
 
 Duirinish, a parish in the isle of Sky, In- 
 verness-sliire, 17 miles long, and seven 
 broad, containing about 3327 inhabitants. 
 The whole parish afibrds excellent pasture, 
 and many fertile arable spots are on the coast. 
 
 Buishurg, a town in the duchy of Cleves, 
 Westphalia. Here are two churches, 
 two convents, and an academy, founded 
 for Protestants, in the year 1055. It 
 a staple for iron manufactures and cloth, 
 14 miles ir cf Dusseldorf, and 29 sx of 
 Cleves. 
 
 Duitz, or Duytz, a town of the Grand 
 duchy of Berg, on the Rhine, opposite Co- 
 logn, chiefly inhabited by Jews. 
 
 Duke’s County, in Massachusetts com- 
 prehends Martha^s vineyard island, Chaba- 
 quddick island, Norman^s island, and the 
 Elizabeth islands. It contains 3265 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Duke of Yorks^ Island, lying in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, n of the Friendly Islands, 
 was discovered by commodore Byron, in 
 1765. Lon. 172 30 w, lat. 7 56 s. 
 
 Duke of York Island, an island between 
 New Britain and New Ireland, Pacific 
 Ocean, was named by captain Cateret, in 
 1767. The men are well proportioned, 
 stout, of a copper colour and woolly hair, 
 their huts are chiefly of bamboo. The 
 plantain, banana, yam, sugar cane, betel- 
 nuts, mangoo, bread-fruit, and quavas, are 
 their principal plants. Dogs, hogs, and 
 poultry abound. Captain Humber, who 
 visited the island in 1791, saw the nutmeg. 
 ,Lon. 151 20 E, lat. 4 7 s. 
 
 Dulas, a village in the vale of Angle- 
 sea, stands on the Dulas, which falls into 
 a bay to which it gives name, on tha 
 Irish sea. It has great trade in corn, butter,' 
 fern ashes, and kelp ; 10 miles nw of 
 Beaumaris, 
 
 Dulcigno, a town in the province of AI-* 
 bania, European Turkey, containing about 
 7000 or 8000 souls ; has a good harbour on 
 the gulf of Venice, 15 miles sw of Scultari. 
 Lon. 13 56 1, lat. 42 23 n. 
 
 Dull, a parish in Perthshire, about 30 
 miles long and 12 broad, watered by thO' 
 rivers Tay and Tummei. The whole exhi- 
 bits a mountainous appearance, except one 
 district. Popalatioii about 4055. The so- 
 
D U M 
 
 ciety for propo^ating Chriibtian knowlerlge ; 
 iiave four schools, besides a parochial one 
 well, a; tended. 
 
 Duhek, a borough of Meath, Ireland, 
 once the see of a bishop, but now gone to 
 decay, nine miles nnw of Drogheda. 
 
 . Dulcertouy a town in Somersetshire, 
 on the river Earle, near its junction with 
 the Ex, with a weekly market on Satur 
 day, and fairs July 10th, and November 
 hth. The inlvibitants are eliielly employ- 
 ed in the manufacture oi coarse woollen 
 ofoth. In the vicinity are mines of excel- 
 lent lead : IS mi es w of Taunton, 18 n of 
 Exeter, 20 of Minehead, and lb<5 w by s 
 cf .London. 
 
 DulLcich, a village in Surry, with a 
 mineral spring, called Sydenham Wells, five 
 miles s of London. It is famous for a 
 college founded by Edward' Alleyn, a 
 Comedian, in the reign oi Queen Elizabelb, 
 called the college of God^s gift. It sup- 
 ports six poor men, six poor women, and 
 educvates 12 boys. Ilie building was 
 planned by Inigo Jones, has some elegant 
 rooms, and a good library. The master, 
 and the warden, who, (ex oiTicio) succeeds 
 him, must be batcheiors. The master is 
 Lord of an extensive manor, and lives in 
 alfiuence. 
 
 Duma, a town 240 miles w of Cafhem, 
 Arabia. 
 
 Dumaring, a town of the island of Bor- 
 neo, on the E coast. Lon. 117 30 e, lat. 2 
 10 N. 
 
 Dumharny, a pari.sh in Perthshire, about 
 four miles long and three broad, including 
 the most beautiful part of Stratherjie. Po- 
 pulation is about 1066 ; three miles s of 
 Perth. The soil is good and in high cul- 
 tivation. 
 
 DUMBARTON, or as it w^as ancient- 
 ly called, LENNOX, a county of Scotland. 
 The eastern part is fertile in corn. But 
 the principal riches arise from the fish- 
 eries in the lochs. Loch Lomond, Loch 
 Long, and Loch Garte, are the chief. 
 The principal town is Dumbarton. The 
 county sends one member to parliament. 
 It is divided into 12 parishes, which con- 
 tain about 20,710 inhabitants. The real 
 land rent is about 34,2391. Sterling. 
 From the top of the celebrated Ben Lo- 
 mond is seen much picturesque and bold 
 scenery. 
 
 Dumbarton, a town andScapital of Dum- j 
 bartonshire, at the mouth of the Leven. It { 
 is said to be the ancient Alciuid, the capital 
 of the Strafhclydenses. It is a considerable 
 place, and defended by a very ancient eas- , 
 tie, formerly deemed impregnable, and still 
 the residence of a garrison. There is a 
 considerable crown and bottle glass manu- j 
 facture ; many hands are employed in the ' 
 printfields on the Leven. . The town w^as 
 erected into a royal burgh by Alexander 11. 
 in 1221. It has a good harbour; about 
 10 
 
 DU M 
 
 2090 Ions of shipping belong to this p!ac®. 
 The number of inhabitants i.s about 3121. 
 The parish is nearly circular, ba ing a dia- 
 meter of about two miles and a-haif. The 
 surface is fiat, and the soil is fertile. The' 
 ^habitants pay no borough taxes, but the 
 trades impose nigh fines on tho^ewhom they 
 admit into their respective corporations. 
 It has five amiual lairs; 14 miles w of 
 Glasgow, and 58 w of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 
 38 w, lat. 55 59 n. 
 
 Dumhenan, a parish in Aberdsensbire. 
 See Ilautly. 
 
 Dumblane, a town in Perthshire, sealed 
 on the ALlir o, formerly a bishop^s see. The 
 parish of Du-mblane extends about nine 
 miles in length, and s x in ..fea/’ j. Scaroe- 
 iy one half is arabiS There are several 
 plantations of fir, and sever pits ot exoel- 
 ieiit marl, lime, f ud coal. Sheriff muir, 
 in fo,.s parish, is noteil as the scene oi a se- 
 vere but indecisive battle fought between 
 the Duke of Argy e -xt (he head of foe royal 
 troops, and the earl of 3Jar, wfoo command- 
 ed the forces of the Pretender in 1715. 
 Dr. I-eighton who fiiied this see before his 
 promo.ion to the archbishoprfo o' Glas- 
 gow, in 1699, bequeathed his library, for 
 the u e of the clergy of this diocese. It 
 has received many valuable additions since^ 
 The choir of the cathedral is now occupied 
 as the parish -church. The present stipend 
 is what wms formerly the Deanes living, 
 for which reason part of it is still paid by 
 districts in several other parishes. Dum- 
 blane is a Scottish peerage, by the title of 
 Viscount, in the person of the duke of Leeds. 
 Population is about 2619; six miles n of 
 Stirling, 28 sw of Perth, and 41 wnw of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Dumboo, a town in Bornou, Negrolaiid., 
 w of a salt lake of the same name ; 170 
 miles NNW of Bornou. Lon. 21 50 e, lat. 
 22 2 N. 
 
 Dumfries, a county of Scotland. Tha 
 surface is finely diversified, and it compre- 
 hends the districts of Annandale, Eskdale, 
 and Nithsdaie, which take their names 
 from the three principle rivers, Annan, Esk, 
 and Nith, which intersect the county. Cop- 
 per is wrought ; and in Westerkirk a va- 
 luable mine of antimony has been lately 
 discovered. It is about 60 miles long, and 
 from 10 to 30 broad, and it contains four 
 royal burghs, Dumfries, Sanquhar, Annan, 
 and Loclimaben, and the smtiler towns, 
 Langholm, Ecclefechan, Loc cerby, Moffat, 
 Thornhill, and Minehive, besides villages, 
 it is divided into 42 parochial districts 
 containing, in 1811, 62,960 inha , bunts. 
 It sends one member to parliament, besides 
 one lor the joint boroughs. Larg^ Ducts 
 of this county lying along the Solway Frith 
 and the rivers are well cultivated produc- 
 tive of good crops, and early. The inha- 
 bitants are ititeliigent and polite. Coals 
 are wrought io the parish of Camiebie oa 
 K r 
 
DUN 
 
 D U N 
 
 the 5E, atid at Sanquhar in the Nwextremity 
 of the county. Peat is the most coinmon 
 fuel. 
 
 DumfiieJiy a royal borousjh and capital 
 of the above county, on the river Nith, 
 about nine miles n by w of its mouth na- j 
 vigable by smail craft to the town, and | 
 by large vessels to Glen ca pel, four miles |i 
 below, with a market on Wednesrlay. On j| 
 the other side of the Nith is a large vil- | 
 lage called Bridge-end, connected with j 
 the tovrn by two bridges. It is governed | 
 by a provost, three bail lies, <fec. annually I 
 elected. The assizes for the county of 
 DuiXifricS and the stewarlry of Kirkcud- 
 bright arc held in the town twice a-year. 
 
 It is the seat of the sheriff and commissary 
 courts, of a synod and presbytery. Uas 
 two handsome churches, an elegant as- 
 sembly room, an infirmary, and house of 
 correction. The old bridge over the Nith 
 consisting of nine arches, is said to be 500 
 years old; the other, which is very -elegant, 
 is not above 20. Dumfries has been long 
 celebrated for its schools, and has been 
 the resort of the neighbouring youth for 
 elegant grammatical and mathematical 
 tuition. For this reasqn, as w^ell as its j 
 local situation, it has become remarkable jj 
 for information, elegance, and varied amuse- 
 ment. Here are vestiges of a Franciscan 
 priory, of two castles, and of a chapel. 
 The latter was erected by King Robert 
 Bruce on the spot where his father-in-law 
 Sir Christopher Seton was banged, by or- 
 der of King Edward I. of England. Peats 
 for luel are obtained from the Lochar 
 moss, which lies ne of the town, of which 
 tradition says, 
 
 First a wood, and then a sea, 
 
 Now a moss and e‘er wall be.’’ 
 
 Dumfries in 1811 contained 9262 inhabi- 
 tants. It has two annual fairs, in February, 
 and September. About eight or 10 coasting 
 vessels belong to the town, besides two or 
 three employed in the Baltic and wine 
 trades. Dumfries gives the title of earl to 
 the chief of the family of Crighton. In the 
 church yard are interred the remains of 
 the celebrated Ayrshire bard, Robert 
 Burns. It is 36 miles w by n of Carlisle, 
 and 74 sw of Edinburgh. The parish of 
 Dumfries is six miles in length, and from 
 two to three in breadth. Lon. 3 29 w,lat. 
 559 N. 
 
 leagues Kxw of Verdun, 15 miles s ,qf 
 Burgos. 
 
 Dun Le Roiy a town in the department 
 of the Cher, France, on the river Auron, 
 containing about 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 Dunald Mill Hole, a remarkable cave, 
 five miles from Lancaster, it receives a river 
 conducts it two miles under ground, and 
 dicharges it at Camford. 
 
 Dunamond , a town in the government 
 of Riga., Russia, formerly it belonged tn 
 Coiirland, but w’as taken by the Sweden. 
 In ItOO the Poles took it, and Charles XII. 
 Oi Sw'eden retook it next year. In 1710, 
 it was taken by Peter the Great. Stands at 
 the mouth o.f the Dwina, 15 miles nw of 
 Riga, and 20 n of Mittau. Lon. 23 4 e, 
 lat. 57 5 N. 
 
 Dunbar, a sea-port and royal burgh on 
 the NK coast of the county ol Haddington, 
 on the German ocean, with a good har- 
 bour, defended by a iDattery. The chief 
 trade of this place is the exportation of 
 corn, and the Greenland and herring fish- 
 ery. The town is governed by a provost, 
 three bailies, a treasurer, and 15 coun- 
 sellors. It is 27 miles e of Edinburgh. 
 The parish of Dunbar extends about nine 
 miles along the coast, and nearly two 
 miles in breadth. The face the country 
 is very pleasant, and the soil rich. Popu- 
 lation of the town and parish is about S9>]. 
 Lime is wrought in the parish. The 
 church, in form of a cross, w’as built iu 
 1392. Here in 1296, Earl Warrenne de- 
 feated John Baliol, and Oliver Cromwell 
 obtained a yictory over the Scots in 1650. 
 Its castle was demolished by the Regent 
 Murray, on the downfall of Bothwell, hus- 
 band to Queen Mary. Lon. 2 28 w, lat. 
 
 56 0 N. 
 
 Dunhog, a parish in the county of Fife, 
 above three miles long, and about two 
 broad. The ground is in general wet and 
 cold. Population is about 232. 
 
 Duncannon Fort, a fort and village of 
 Ireland, in the county of Wexford, defends 
 Waterford harbour, four miles w of Feath- 
 ard, and 15 s of New Ross. 
 
 Dundalk, a sea-port town in the county 
 of Lowth. Here are held the assizes for 
 the county. Muslin and linen are manu- 
 factured. It is a burgh town, and sends a 
 repre.sentative to the British parliament, J i 
 miles s of Newrv, 20 N of Drogheda, and 
 40 N of Dublin; Lon. 6 28 w, lat. 53 
 
 57 N. 
 
 Dumfries, a town of Virginia, on the 
 N side of Quantico Creek,' four miles 
 above its entrance into the Potomac, and 
 20 sw of Alexandria. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 
 38 30 N. 
 
 Du7i, a parish in Angus-shire, about 
 four miles .square, watered by the s Esk. 
 The soil is fertile. Population is about 
 651. 
 
 Dim, a town in the department of the 
 Meuse, France, on the Meu.se. It is five 
 
 Dundee, a large and flourishing sea-port 
 town in the county of Angus, situated on 
 the N side of the Frith of Tay. It is large 
 and well built, consisting of several streets. 
 The market-place or High street, is a spa- 
 cious square 360 feet long by 100 broad On 
 the s side of this square stands an elegant 
 Town-house. At the e end of the square, 
 the incorporated trades have a large and 
 beautiful hall. At a small distance w from 
 the great square, is the old church, with a 
 
D U N 
 
 DUN 
 
 large square Gothic tower or steeple, 156 
 feet high. On an eminence necir the Cow- i 
 gate, is St Andrew^s church, with a fine 
 spire 139 feet high. A large and elegant 
 infirmary has been lately erected. The 
 
 population is upwards of 24,000. Be- 
 
 sides the public grammar-school, and 
 the English schools, there is an academy. 
 The harbour is good, and capable or re- 
 ceiving vessels of 300 tons. Upwards of 
 120 vessels belong to the port. The Tay 
 is here full two miles broad, but from the 
 harbour there are ferry-boats to the coast 
 of Fife. The manufactures of Dundee 
 are numerous : those of coarse linen and 
 sail cloth, have encouraged the erection 
 of three spinning mills. Those of cordage, 
 thread, buckram, tanned leather ; shoes, 
 and hats, are also considerable. An iron 
 fOundery was lately erected ; and the 
 refining of sugar has been carried cn for 
 several years, and a manufacture of glass. 
 Besides the Dundee Banking Company, 
 anci a branch of the Bank of Scotland, the 
 trade of Dundee has encouraged others in 
 the banking business. 1’he town is govern- 
 ed by a provost, four bailies, a dean of 
 guild, treasurer, and 15 counseliors. The 
 parish of Dundee extends about six miles 
 from E to w', along the besnks of the 
 Tay. On the n side of the town is 
 the Law or hill of Dundee, rising in 
 a conical shape to the height of 525 
 feet above the level of the Tay. The 
 number of inhabitants in the town and 
 parish 29,616 in 1811. Dundee is 40 miles 
 N by E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 48 w, lat. 
 56 26 N. 
 
 Dcndelehackf Lochj a lake in the county 
 of Inverness and parish of Daviot, about 
 six miles long and one and a-half broad. 
 
 Diindonaldy a parish and village in Ayr- 
 shire. The parish extends from the harbour 
 of Irvine about eight miles along the sea 
 coast. The surface is various. The- 
 village is situated at the nw edge of 
 Claven hills. Coal abounds in every part 
 of the parish. Its old castle in which lived 
 and died king Robert II. of Scotland, gives 
 the title of earl to the family of Cochrane. 
 Population is about 1,240. 
 
 Dundroichf or Druid’s Hilly two miles 
 E of Peebles, 2,100 feet above the level of 
 the sea. 
 
 Dundruniy a village in the comity of 
 Down, Ireland, stands on a bay of its name, 
 seven miles sw of Downpatrick. 
 
 Dunfermline, a royal borough, in the 
 western district of Fileshire, about three 
 miles from tiie Frith of Forth, with a 
 market on Friday. The parish church and 
 s teeple are la* ge and ancient. The borough 
 was made royal by a charter from James 
 VI. 1588. It was long a royal residence, 
 many kings and queens are buried here, 
 Charles I. was born in this town. The 
 houses in the town are well built, and it is 
 
 rapidly increasing. It has a large suburb, 
 connected with the town by a badge 
 nearly 300 feet long. Dunfermline has 
 been long noted for its extensive linen 
 manufactures, especially table linen, which 
 is done here in great perfection. In the 
 chest of the corporation of weavers is pre- 
 served a mafias shirt, wrought in the loom 
 above 100 years ago, without a seam. 
 The bottom for the neck baffled his inge- 
 nuity. The town is governed by a provost, 
 two bailies, a dean of guild, and 22 coun- 
 sellors annually elected. It is 16 miles nw 
 of Edinburgh. The parish of Buoiermline 
 is of an irregular figure, about eight miles 
 from N to s, and about five broad, Th^ 
 surface slopes gradually to the sea ; the 
 soil is various. The parish abounds with 
 valuable mines and minerals. The total 
 population is 11,649. 
 
 Dungannon, ec tov:!!, capital of the coun- 
 ty of Tyrone, Ireland, but the assizes 
 are held at Omagh. Near it are exten- 
 sive coal-mines. It sends a representa- 
 tive to the British parliament. Has a 
 free school founded by Charles L, and 
 stands on a bill ; 14 miles nkw of 
 Armagh, and 72 from Dublin in the same 
 direction. 
 
 Dungarvan, a sea-port town in the 
 county of Waterford. It sends a repre- 
 sentative to the British pariiameni. It 
 is supplied with water by an aqueduct, 
 six miles in length, 20 miles sw of 
 Waterford, 32 ene of Cork, and 100 ssw 
 of Dublin. Lon. 7 55 w, lat. 51 57 n. 
 
 Dungenessy a cape on the s coast of Kent, 
 on which is a fort and a light-house, eight 
 miles s by w of New Romney, Lon. 0 51 e, 
 lat. 510 N. 
 
 Dimgeness Point, a cape in the e entrance 
 of the straits of Magellan. Lon. 68 28 w, 
 lat. 52 28 s. 
 
 Dungisbay^Head, said to be the Beruhiiim 
 of Ptolemy, in the county of Caithness, 
 and forms the ne corner of the island of 
 Great Britain. The Stalks of Dungisby, 
 as they are called, are two pyramidal pillars 
 , of uciked free-stone rock, frequented by in- 
 numberable sea-fowl. Here is the ruin of 
 John O^Groats-house. 
 
 Dunian, a hill in Roxburghshire, elevated 
 1,031 feet above the level of the seat 
 
 Dunipace and Lahert, an united parish 
 in the se of Stirlingshire, extending about 
 eight miles from e to w, and two from n 
 to s. The surface is level and productive. 
 In Dunipace^ there are a print field and 
 I extensive cotton spinning machinery. Near 
 j the village of Larbert, which contains about 
 1,000 inhabitants, are Carron iron works ; 
 and there is another village at the colliery 
 of Kinpaird. In this district lies the moor 
 on which falkirk tryst is held, and the 
 famous Tor wood, the retreat of Wallace. 
 On the banks of the Carron are two artificial 
 mounts about 60 feet in height, said 
 R r 2 
 
BUN 
 
 hAve been raised as memorials of peace be- 
 tween the Romans and Caledonians. The 
 population is about 4,2 IT. 
 
 Diinkeldf a town in Perthshire, situated 
 on the N bank of the Tay, over which there 
 is a fine bridge recently finished. It 
 ■was the capital of ancient Caledonia. 
 There still remain some majestic ruins 
 of its cathedral, part of which has been 
 repaired, and convert'd into a handsome 
 parish church. Dunkeld is at present a 
 flourishing little town, with considerable 
 linen and cotton manufactures, tan works, 
 It^ is the chief market town of the 
 Highlands, and, besides a v/eekiy market 
 on Saturday, has the privilege of holding 
 six annual fairs. The government is lodged 
 in a baron bailie, appointed by the duke 
 of Athol, v/ho is superior, and has a fine 
 seat here. It is said that Dunkeld was 
 the ecclesiastical metropolis of both Scots 
 and Piets, Here was a convent of Cul- 
 dees, founded in the 6th century, soon after 
 Iona had-^ been plundered by the Banes 
 and Norwegians. The convent was con- 
 verted into a cathedral in 1127. Part of 
 it is now used as the parish church. It 
 lies 12 miles nw of Perth, and 54 nw by 
 K of Edinburgh. It is the resort of much 
 genteel company in summer on account 
 of the saliibriety of the air and goaVs 
 whey. . 
 
 Dunkeld and Dowolly, are generally 
 considered as forming one parish ; the 
 former includes the town of Dunkeld 
 and its vicinity., Near the church stands 
 the mansion of the duke of Athol. Dowally 
 extends westward six miles along the n 
 bank of the Tay. The population of the 
 united parish is about 1857. 
 
 Dunkeld Little, is an extensive parish 
 of a triangular figure, the longest sides 
 being about 16 miles in length. The 
 soil is various, and contains several natural 
 plantations. It is watered by the I'ay 
 and the Bran. The society lor propagating 
 Christian knowledge have two schools 
 in this parish. On the hill of Birnam 
 are quarries of excellent blue slate, and 
 near Murthly is an inexhaustible quarry 
 ©f fine grey free-stone. The population is 
 about 29771 
 
 Dunkirk, or Dunkerque, a sea -port in 
 the department of the North, France. 
 It is the most important town and 
 harbour on the whole coast. By means 
 of a sluice 42 feet wide, the bason within 
 the town will hold 40 ships of the line 
 always floating. Dunkirk is divided into 
 the Old and New Town. It was taken 
 from the Spaniards by the English and 
 Frencii in IfldS, and sold to the French 
 by Charles II. in 1662. The number 
 of inha])ita.nts is estimated at 80,600 ; 22 
 miles sw of Oslend. Lon. 2 27 e, lat. 51 
 
 2 N. 
 
 Duuleer, a town in the county of Loulb. 
 li is a burgh town, which sent two members 
 
 uu N 
 
 to the Irish parliament ; eight miles knw of 
 Drogheda. 
 
 Dunlichty, See Daviot. 
 
 Dunlop, a parish of Scotland, in th» 
 county of Ayr, of an oblong figure, being 
 seven miles long, and two and a-ha)f 
 broad. The ground, though hilly, is well 
 adapted either for pasture or cultivation. 
 The farmers here, from their great atten- 
 tion to the dairy, have rendered Dunlop 
 famous for cheese. Population about 808. 
 The village of Dunlop is about eight miles 
 N of Irvine. 
 
 Dunmanaway, a town in the county of 
 Cork, on the Bandon, has a flourishing 
 manufacture of linen ; 32 miles wsw of 
 Cork. 
 
 Dunmannus Bay, a bay s of Bantry Bay, 
 in the county of Cork ; about 14 miles long, 
 and from one to three broad. 
 
 Dunmore, a town in Stirlingshire, and 
 parish of Airth. 
 
 Dunmore, a town in the county of Gal- 
 way, Ireland ; eight miles kke of Tuam,aiid 
 25 w of Rosscommon. 
 
 D cmiow, a corporate town in the county 
 of Essex; market on Saturday It has a 
 manufacture of baize ; 38 miles nne of 
 London. 
 
 Dunmoiv, Little, a village in Essex, 
 near Great Dunlow : had once a monas- 
 tery. This place is remarkable for ths 
 tenure of its manor ; namely, that what- 
 ever married couple will go to the priory, 
 and swear that they have not repented 
 of their marriage, within a year and a day 
 after it took place, shall receive a flitch of 
 bacon. 
 
 Dunnet, a town in Caithness-shire, situ- 
 ated on the E side of a bay to which it gives 
 name. The parish of Dunnet extends about 
 10 miles in length, and on an average, two 
 miles and a-balf in breadth. It is one of 
 the most northerly in Great Britain. Tho 
 soil is in general light, with little clay or 
 deep loam, the greater part is uncultivated. 
 Population about 1,366. Dunnet is five 
 miles E of Thurso. 
 
 Dunnet Head, a cape on the n coast of 
 the above, parish, is the nerthernmost point 
 of the mainland in Scotland. 
 
 Duiinichefi, a parish of Scotland, in 
 Forfarshire, about four miles long, and 
 from tv;o to three broad. It is mostly 
 arable. Population 1,049. In the village 
 is an annual fair on the 2d Wednesday of 
 March, o s ; has a manufactory of cotton ; 
 three miles and a-half sEof Foriar, and 15 n 
 of Dundee. 
 
 Dunning, a parish and village in Perth- 
 shire, lying at the northern extremity of the 
 Ochii bills, where they terminate iii Srra- 
 therne. The lower and cultivated paits 
 have strong soil. The village of Dunning, 
 about nine miles sw of Perth, is considerable 
 for size ; and in the immediate neighbour- 
 hood is the village of New Fiicairn or Dra- 
 I goiFs Den. The inhabituidii of Dunning. 
 
DUN 
 
 are chiefly employed in the cotton manu- 
 facture. The population is about 1,504. 
 
 Dunnose, a cape or promontory on the se 
 coast of the isle of Wight. Lon. 1 33 w, 
 lat. 50 34 N. 
 
 Dunnottar, a parish and village in Kin- 
 cardineshine, situated on the coast near 
 Stonehaven. The parish is of a triangular 
 figure, extending about four miles on each 
 side. The soil towards the coast is a kind 
 of clay loam ; but, as it recedes, it dege- 
 nerates into a wet gravelly moor. The 
 castle of Dunnottar exhibits one of the 
 most majestic ruins in Scotland. Here 
 were lodged the crown, sceptre, sword, and 
 other regalia of Scotland in the time of the 
 civil wars in the 17th century. This castle 
 was used as a prison for Presbyterians dur- 
 ing the prevalence of episcopacy, mciny 
 of whom died of the cruel treatment 
 they experienced. Population is about 
 1,978. 
 
 DunoGUy a parish and village in Argyll- 
 shire, on the w side of the Frith of Clyde. 
 The parish is about 24 miles in length, and 
 on an average two in breadth. The general 
 appearance of the country is fiat and 
 agreeable. The soil is sandy and fertile. 
 In the neighbourhood of the village is 
 the castle of Dunnoa. Population about 
 1,750. 
 
 Dunreggatiy a small village in Dumfries- 
 shire, united by a stone bridge, with the 
 village of Minniehive. They contain up- 
 wards of 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Dunrohin Castle, an ancient castle in 
 Sutherlandshire, the seat of the countess. 
 
 Dimrossness, a parish in Shetland, to 
 which the parishes of Sandv/ick and Cun- 
 ningsburgh are united. The soil is various. 
 On the Fair Isle in this parish, the flag ship 
 of the Spanish armada was wrecked. The 
 town is situated 28 miles s of Lerwick. 
 Population about 3,201. 
 
 Dunscore, a parish in the district of 
 Nithsdale, Dumfries-shire. Ii is nearly 12 
 miles in length ; its breadth varying from 
 half a mile to four miles. It is level along 
 the Nith, but being generaliy hilly and moun- 
 tainous, it is mostly in pasture. Population 
 is about 1,174. 
 
 Dunse, a town of Scotland, the largest 
 in Berwickshire, situated at the foot of a 
 beautiful hill called Dunse Law. The 
 town contains about 2,400 inhabitants. On 
 the w of the town is a bieachfield, a 
 brewery, and a snuff mill. Near it, on the 
 banks of the Whittadder, is an extensive 
 paper-mill. About a mile from the town 
 is the celebrated mineral spring, called 
 Dunse Spaw^_, similar to ihat of Tunbridge 
 in England, esteemed very eflioacious in 
 complaints of the stomach, and in ail 
 cases of debility. The parish of Dunse 
 is an oblong square of eight miles by five. 
 Oreat part of the parish is exocedinijly j 
 fertile, and in general inclosed. The learn- I 
 ©d and celebrated metaphysician and theo- 
 
 D u R 
 
 legist, Joannes Duns Scotus, was bom 
 i i Dunse, in 1274. Population abouSi 
 3,163; 15 miles w of Berwick, and 42 
 ESE of Edinburgh. On the top of Dunsa 
 Law is a camp, in which the army of the 
 covenanters lay for sometime, during 
 their struggle for civil and religious li- 
 berty. 
 
 DUNSKEPtRY, a small island on th® 
 N coast of Sutherland, four miles ese of 
 Far-out FJead, 
 
 Dunstable, a very ancient town in th® 
 county of Bedford. The chief support of 
 the towli is its situation, being a thorough- 
 fare to the N and nw counties. The church 
 is the remainder of a priory, near it is a 
 farm house which was once a royal palace. 
 Dunstable is celebrated for hats and baskets 
 made of straw. It is 33 miles nw of 
 London. 
 
 Dunstaffnage, an ancient castle and 
 palace of Argyllshire, one of ihe first 
 seats of Pictish and Scottish kings. 
 FI ere are still some of the ancient rega- 
 lia, a chapel in which are said to bt? 
 buried some of the kings of Scotland. Here 
 was long preserved a stone, used as the seat 
 of the Scottish monarchs, at their corona- 
 tion, removed to Scone by Kenith II. and by 
 Edward I. in 1296 to Westminster abbey. 
 It is seated, almost insulated at the entrance 
 of the Loch Eiive, 24 miles nw of Irt- 
 verary. 
 
 Dunster, a town in the county of So- 
 merset. It contains about 400 houses, 
 and has a manufacture of kerseys. A 
 weekly market on Friday. It has a cas- 
 tle supposed to have been built by Wil- 
 liam I. seated near the Bristol Channel, 
 20 miles nw of Taunton, and 161 w of 
 London. 
 
 Dimyegan, a bay and headland on th® 
 w coast of the isle of Skye, near which is a 
 smali village of the same name. 
 
 Dimwich, a town in the county of 
 Sul7olk> It has a market on Saturday; 
 and still returns two meipbersto parliament. 
 The remains of two churches and a castle 
 are the only marks of its former greatness. 
 It is 99 miles n of London. 
 
 DUQUELLA, a province of Africa, in 
 the empire O'f Morocco, about 25 leagues 
 long and 20 broad. It is exceedingly fer- 
 tile. 
 
 Durance, a river of France ; rises near 
 Brlancon, and passing by Embrun, Tallard, 
 Monosque, an'd Avignon, falls into th® 
 Rhone. 
 
 Durango, a town in the province of 
 New Biscay, N. America. The air rs heal- 
 thy ; and the land about it is fertile. Lon. 
 103 36 w, lat. 24 10 n. 
 
 Durarzo, a sea port town in Albania, an- 
 cieatiy named Epidamnus and Dyrrachium, 
 
 ; European Turkey. It is strong and popu- 
 lous ; with a good harbour ; is the see of a 
 Greek archbishop. Lon. 19 26 e, iat» Ii 
 42 N, 
 
D U R 
 
 Dnrbunga, a town in the country of Ba- 
 bar, Hindoostau, near the Evgary, 50 miles 
 of Patna. 
 
 Durhuyy a town in the department of 
 Ourte, capital of a county of the same 
 name, France, seated on the Ourte, 20 
 miles s by \7 of Liege. Lon. o 28 e, lat. 
 
 SO 18 N. 
 
 Dureuy a fortified town in the department 
 of the Roer, Germany, lately France, stands 
 en the Roer, 12 miles s of Juiiers. 
 
 DURHAM, a county of England, about 
 180 miles in circumference, and divided 
 into four wards, which contain one city, 
 nine towns, 28,366 houses, and about 
 177,625 inhabitants, in 1811. It is usuaily 
 called the Bishopric of Dm ham, or the Coun- 
 ty Palatinate of Durham. This county for 
 its size, is perhaps one of the most hilly in 
 the kingdom, covered however, with ver- 
 dure to the top, and many of them contain 
 lead and iron, ores, coal, limestone, free- 
 stone, &o. Near Wolsingham arc found 
 beautifal black spotted marble, and ihe 
 large grey mill stone for grinding t3orn. 
 There are also several quarries of firestone. 
 Near the river Tees, the land is rich, and is 
 generally fertile near the other rivers ; 
 other parts are not so good. The climate 
 is very uncertain, and the harvest hazardous. 
 The principal manufactures are tammies, 
 carpets, huckaback, cottons, sailcloths, 
 salts, steels, glass, ropes, pottery, iron 
 wmrks, iron founderics, copperas, paper, &e. 
 Durham is the capital. The towns are 
 Stockton, Sunderland, Barnard Castle, Dar- 
 lington, Stanhope, Hartlepool, Bishops 
 Auckland, Woisingham, aad Sedgefield. 
 The principal rivers are the Tees, the Tyne, 
 the Derwent, the Skern, and the Wear. 
 Four members are only rtiturned to parlia- 
 ment, viz. twm for the county, and two for I 
 the city. To this county belongs a detach- 
 ed part, wdiich lies n of Northumberland, !i 
 called Norhamshire, and Islandshire, or j| 
 Holy Island ; which includes Spittal and 
 Tweedmouth. | 
 
 Durham^ the capital of the above county, | 
 is a bishop^s see, with a market on Saturday. 
 It is situated on a hill, surrounded by others 
 more lofty. It is almost surrounded, and is 
 intersected in several places by the river 
 Wear, over which are three stone bridges. 
 It is the see of a bishop, suffragan of York, 
 who is lord paramount of the county, and 
 earl of Segberg. The diocese extends over 
 the counties of Durham and Northumber- 
 land. The cathedral, which is a grand Go- 
 thic building, and the castle, now the | 
 bishopfs palace, stand on the highest part of 
 the hill. The venerable Bede and St. 
 Cuthbert, are buried in the former. Be- 
 sides the cathedral there are in the cif>' and 
 suburbs, six parish churches, an hospital 
 endowed by bishop Cofin, and two schools 
 founded by bishop Langley. In a vale | 
 near the river are the remains of Finchal 
 abbey, and on the w, Nevil Cross, which 
 
 B u R 
 
 commemorates the victory obtained in 
 1346, by queen Philappa, over David 
 Bruce king of Scotland, who was taken 
 prisoner. This city was founded in 995 
 by the monks and bishop of Lindisfern, 
 who had been expelled from that island by 
 the Danes, in 883, and who resided 113 
 years at Chester le Speck, previous to their 
 removal to Durham. The city contains 
 1054 houses, and 6763 inhabitants, in 1811. 
 The government of the city is now vested in 
 cl mayor, recorder, 1 2 aldermen, town clerks, 
 and 24 common conn oil men; 14 miles » 
 of Newcastle, and 249 n by w of London. 
 Lou. I 15 w, lat. 54 44 x. 
 
 Durham^ a town in Stafford county, 
 New Hampshire, near it is a rock of 60 
 tons, so exactly poised on anofher rock, as 
 to bo easily moved with the linger. It 
 stands on Oyster river, near its confiiiX 
 with the Pascataqua ; 16 miles w of Ports- 
 mouth. Lon. 70 54 w, lat. 43 5 n. 
 
 Durham, a towm in Connecticut, United 
 States, seven miles sw^ of Middleton. 
 
 Durisdeer, a parish and village in Dum- 
 fries-sbire. The parish is eight miles iong^ 
 and five broad, divided by the river Nith. 
 The surface is level, and the soil tolerably 
 fertile. Population, about 1148. In the 
 north isle of the church is the burial place 
 of the family of Queensberry, decorated 
 with marble, carved and gilt in a very su- 
 perior style. The village is nine or ten 
 miles ESE of Sanquhar, and 20 nw of Dum- 
 fries. 
 
 Dtirkheiin, or Turkhebn, a tow n in the 
 department of Upper Rhine, France. Here 
 the French defeated the Austrians, in 1675 ; 
 four miles nw of Colmar. 
 
 Durkheim, a town in the department 
 of Mont Tonnere, Palatinate of the 
 Rhine, on the Ilardt ; 1 7 miles sw of 
 
 Worms. 
 
 DurlacJi, a town in Suabia, Germany. It 
 has manufactures of china ware, cloth, and 
 staffs. The environs are fertile, especially 
 in fruit and wine. It stands on the Gissien, 
 15 miles nne of Baden. Lon. 8 55 e, lat. 
 48 59 N. 
 
 Durness, a town in Sutberlandshire on 
 a river of the same name, at the bottom of 
 the bay of Kyle of Durness. The parish of 
 Durness is about 15 miles long and 13 
 broad. The scenery is wild and mountain- 
 ous, but towards the shore there are several 
 beautiful fields and rich pasture. A great 
 quantity of kelp is burnt and fish taken 
 on the shore. The whole parish rests on 
 a bed of limestone. Population about 
 1208. 
 
 Durour^s Island, aii island in the Eastern 
 Indian ocean. Lon. 143 21 e, lat. I 44 s. 
 
 Burrow, a town of Kilkenny, insulated 
 with its district in Queen s county, Ireland, 
 has the magnificent seat of Castle Durrow, 
 14 miles s by w of Maryborough, and 16 
 NNW of Kilkenny. 
 
 DurriSj di. parish in Kincardineshire about 
 
D W I 
 
 E A G 
 
 eig:ht miles long, and five and a-half broad, j- 
 The soil is poor ; the population 6-50. ( 
 
 Diirsey, an island near the sw coast of , 
 Ireland, about r.vo miles long, and half a j 
 mile broad. 
 
 Darsley, a town in the county of Glou- 
 cester, celebrr?cted for its manulactnre of 
 broad clot)}, and cards for clothiers. It has 
 the re iiains of a castle, and stands near the 
 Severn, 13 miles sw of Gloucester, and 107 
 w of London It has a weekly market on 
 Thursday. 
 
 Dartal, a towm in the department of 
 the Maine and Loire, France. Tanning 
 is the principal trade ; 16 miles ne of 
 Angers. 
 
 Dusky Bayy a bay on the sw coast of the 
 southermost island of Nev; Zealand, Pacific 
 Ocean. Its lofty hills along the coast are 
 covered with impenetrable forests. Here 
 are several coves and harbours, where 
 abundance of refreshments are found. Lon. 
 166 J8 E, lat. 45 47 s. 
 
 Dusseldorf, a city and capital of the 
 duchy of Berg, Westphalia, It is strong ana 
 well built, and contains about 10,000 souls. 
 Here is a celebrated gallery of paintings. 
 It stands on the Dussel, and was taken by 
 the French in 179<5 ; 25 miles s of Wesel. 
 Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 51 15 n. 
 
 Duthil and Rotkiemurcus, two united 
 parishes, partly in the county of Elgin, 
 and p-titiy in that of Inverness, about iiO 
 miles in length, and nearly 17 in breadth, 
 Fir, birch, and alder, grow on tdc skirts 
 of the hills. The soil on the banks of the 
 Spey and Dulnan is fertile, but the rest of 
 the district is thin and gravelly. Popu- 
 lation about 1,578. The village and its 
 very ancient church, about 25 miles ssw of 
 Elgin. 
 
 Dutlingen. See Tidlingen, 
 
 Duxhorough, a town of Massachusetts, 
 in Plynieuth county, with a harbour, 
 and a iight-house at the s extremity of the 
 beach, three miles s by e across .Plymouth 
 bay. 
 
 Duysburg, a fortified town in the duchy 
 of Cleves, SYestphaiia, stands on the iloer, 
 near the Rhine, trades with Holland, and 
 has a Calvinist university ; 12 miles s by e 
 of Wesel. 
 
 Duytz, a town in the duchy of Berg, 
 Westphalia, seated on the Rhine, opposite 
 Cologne, is principally inhabited by Jew's, 
 and has a Benedictine Abbey. 
 
 Duyreland, an island of Zealand, about 
 three leagues long by two broad. It is se- 
 parated from Schow^en on the w' by a very 
 narrow channel. 
 
 Dwin, a town and castle of Hungary, 14 
 miles E of Schemnitz. 
 
 Dwina,di river ofPtussia, which falls into 
 the Mliite sea at Archangel, and falls into 
 the Baltic below Riga, 
 
 Divina, or Dunuy a river of Poland rising 
 in Russia, divides Courland from Livonai, 
 and falls into the Baltic below Riga. 
 
 Dyce, a parish in Abevdeenshire, of con- 
 siderable extent. The low grounds, parti- 
 cularly on the banirs of the. Lon, nave a soil 
 well eu-Hivated. From a quarry in this pa- 
 rish arc expo: ted stones for paving t he streets 
 of London, Population about 347. 
 
 Dyke, and Mog, an united parish in 
 Morayshire. It up the ?Joray Frith, 
 six miles, and stretches southw'ard nearly 
 the same length. The greatest part of 
 I the parish is cultivated, and beautifuity di- 
 I versified by gentlemen’s seats, gardens, 
 i orchards, and woods. The sands on the 
 I coast have from time to time encroached 
 i much on the lands of this parish. Theexports 
 ! are corn, black cattle, salmon, linen yarn, 
 coarse linen. In digging for the founda- 
 tion of the new church, in 1781, were found 
 os many silver groats of William king of 
 Scotland, as sold for 461. in bullion. Popu- 
 I lation about 1,492. The village of Dyke 
 is six miles w of Fones and as many e of 
 Nairn. 
 
 Dyle, a department of France, has its 
 name from the river Dyle, which runs n 
 i through this district, and unites with the 
 j Scheldt a little above Rupelmonde. Brus- 
 ! sels is the capital. 
 
 j Dynapeur, a town and fort of Bahar,' 
 j Hindoosian, seated on the Ganges. In its 
 j vicinity is a diamond mine ; 10 miles w of 
 Patna. 
 
 Dynish, a small island near the w coast of 
 Ireland, and county of Galway. 
 
 Dyso.rl, a royal burgh in Fifeshire, with 
 a small harbour. It has an extensive 
 trade in coals and salt. In Dysart, 750 
 looms are employed in the manufacture of 
 cheeks. Ship-building is likewise carried 
 on here. PupulaLon is aboat 2,360. It 
 lies ^ 4 jr lies of Edinburgh. The parish of 
 Dysart is about four miles in length, and 
 there in breadth. The soil is generally 
 light, but near the coast fertile and well 
 cultivated. Freestone and limestone are 
 found in various places, but the chief mines 
 are of coal and iron-stone. The seams 
 now working employ about 100 luen. The 
 i iron-stone ts very rich. Besides the bo- 
 I rough, the parish contains the villages of 
 ! Fatu-head, Galaton, and Boriane. The 
 I church is collegiate ; a stone to the n of the 
 town is said to ma^-k the scene of a battle 
 betv/een the Scots and Danes. The Ron^ns 
 had a station at Dysart, where in loiter 
 times was a priory of black friars. Lon. 8 
 2w, lat. 56 8 N. 
 
 E 
 
 Xj^AGLESHAM, a parish and village in 
 P»,enfrewshire. The parish is about six 
 nii-es long and five broad, mostly pasturage. 
 The village of Eaglesham, is delightfully 
 situated. Here a considerable cotton work 
 
EAR 
 
 vas lat<*ly erected. It is nine miles n j 
 from Glasgow. Population of the parish 
 GHd, The tenements in the village are 
 held by leases of 900 years, at a modorate 
 fou duty. Here are two mineral springs. 
 The parish is celebrated lor butter and 
 cheese. 
 
 Eaglesliey, one of the smaller Shetland 
 isles. 
 
 EAHEINOMAUWE, the most northern 
 of the two large islands, of which New Zea- 
 land consists. 
 
 EALAN NAN ROANS, an island on 
 the N coast of Scotland, annexed to the 
 pari.sh of Tongue, in Suilierlandshire. li 
 is about two miles in cirL umferem e, mba- 
 bited by four or live families. It is entirely 
 composed of course puduing-stene, on the 
 suTiUce of which is a shaliow soil, chicily 
 produced by art, 
 
 Ealing, in Adiddlesex. One part of it 
 is called Great, and the other tittle Eal- j 
 ing. The viemity is adorned with beauti- 
 ful villas and seats. The* Sunday schools 
 and schools of industry have done much 
 to improve the morals and comfort of 
 the ■ poorer class of the inhabitants. The 
 church is neat and has eight musical 
 bells. 
 
 Eaoowe, Eooa, or Middlehnrgh, one of 
 the Friendly islands, in the s Pacific 
 ocean, which abounds with groves of 
 fruit and other trees. It" was discovered 
 by Tasman, in 1643. Lon. 174 30 w, lat. 
 21 24 s. 
 
 Earlsferry, an ancient small town in 
 the county of Fife and parish of Kilconqu- 
 har, with a small harbour. It is governed 
 by three bailies, (the oldest actmg as pro- 
 vost,) 15 counsellors, and a treasurer. Popu- 
 lation only about 3a9. 
 
 Eorlstoun, a parish and village in Ber- 
 wickshire. The parish is about six miles 
 long, and from three to four broad. The 
 soil is various. The village is situated on 
 the banks of the Leader. Weaving of 
 cotton employs a number of the inhabitants. 
 It is famous as the birth-place of Sir Thomas 
 Jjearmont, commonly called Thomas the 
 Rhymer. An oid circular building, called 
 Rhymer’s tower, is still standing. It was 
 the place of his residence in the 13th cen- 
 tury. It has a great fair for sheep and 
 black cattle, 29th of June ; another 30 
 Thursday of October. In the parish is 
 another village called Melle.'strain, the ele- 
 gant seat of the ancient family of Jervies- 
 wood. Population about 1,478. Aboui a 
 mile .s, on the siue of a hill, stands Cowden- 
 knows, an old building, and on some of 
 the adjacent fields the broom so renowned 
 in Scottish song ; 10 miles w of Kelso, and 
 31 SE by s of Edinburgh. 
 
 Elarn. See Erne. 
 
 Earne, a large lake in the county of Fer- 
 managh and province of Ulsttir, accounted 
 the second in the island for magnitude, and 
 is properly two lakes, which are joined by a 
 
 E A S 
 
 narrow channel at the town of Tnniskilllng, 
 The only outlet is through a short and 
 _ rapid river that runs to the sea by the 
 port of JMly.slia?)iion. The l ough abounds 
 wiih various species of frr-sh water fish, 
 Salmon emigrate a considerable length, 
 hut are usually caught at Kelicck village. 
 The beauties of this lake have long been 
 the boast of the country, and the admira- 
 tion of strangers. The islands are so 
 thickly clustered and interspersed, that 
 they are almost innumerable. They are 
 every where crown;"d with deep aspiring 
 woods and luxuriant pastures. They are 
 the habitations of the stag and the roe- 
 buck ; the rocky cliffs of the ospray and the 
 sea eagle. 
 
 Ensdale, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 SE of Mull, annexed to Argyllshire, cele- 
 brated for 'ts baviiig afforded the best and 
 greatest quanta y of slate (arde.na tegularis) 
 of any partoi equal extent in Great Britain. 
 i| The surface is now almost level with the 
 sea. 
 
 Easingiccld, a town in the North Riding 
 of Yorkshire, with a market on Friday. 
 The principal trade is in bacon a d butter ; 
 J3 miles NKW of York,, and 208 n by w of 
 London. 
 
 Eastbofirn, a town in Sussex, frequented 
 for sea bathing. In 1707, a tessellated 
 pavement and a Roman bath were discover- 
 ed. It lias fair- March 12, and Get. 10; 
 and is 6 1 miles sse of Lon on. 
 
 East Calder. See Kii r ru v ton. 
 
 East Cape, on the west side of Beering 
 strait, and the most eastern promontory of 
 Asia, opposite prmoe of Wales, cape on the 
 American continent. Lon. 16 30 w, lat. 
 60 0 N. 
 
 East Chester, a township in West Chester 
 county. New York, on Long island sound. 
 It contains 740 inhabitants. 
 
 EASTER ISLAND, an isle in the 
 Pacific ocean, i2 leagues in circuit. It 
 has a hilly and stony surface, with 
 several large tracts of cultivated soil, 
 producing plantains, sugar-canes, and 
 potatoes. Davis saw island in 
 
 1686. Roggervin in 1772, and Captain 
 Cook in 1774. Lon. 109 41 w, lat. 
 27 8 s. 
 
 East Greenvcich, the chief township in 
 Kent county, Rhode island. It contains 
 1,824 inhabitants. 
 
 Eastham, a township in Barnstaple coun- 
 ty, Massachussetts, about 10 miles long. It 
 contain 1,834 inhabitants. 
 
 East Hampton, a handsome town in 
 Sufiblk county. New York, on the sb 
 coast of Long island. It has one street, 
 and about 80 dwelling houses. The 
 township (to which Gardner’s island 
 is annexed) contains 1,497 inhabitants. 
 It is a half-shire town, and in it is 
 Clinton academy, 12 miles ene ol South- 
 ampton. 
 
 East Kilpatrick. See Kilpatrick New. 
 
E B E 
 
 East.lfleif, a town in Berkshire, situa- 
 ted in a fertile district. It has a market 
 on Wednesday, and a fair August 6j.h; 18 
 miles Nw of Reading, and di4 w by n of 
 London. 
 
 jfa.'it L'Ope. See LooC. 
 
 East Monkland. See MonUand New. 
 
 Eastoiif the capital of Northampton 
 county, Pennsylvania, pleasantly situated 
 at the mouth of the Lehigh, and on the w 
 side of Delaware river. It is <50 miles n 
 by w of Philadelphia. Lon. 7<5 27 w, 
 lat. 40 4J ^i. 
 
 Easton y the chief town of Talbot county, 
 Maryland, formerly called Talbot Court 
 House. It stands near the forks of the 
 Treadhaven, 24 miles nnw of Vienna, and 
 30 s of Chester. 
 
 East any or Eastowriy a to\vn of Bristol 
 county, Massachusetts, containing 1,469 
 inhabitants. The best mill saws in the 
 state are made here. The art of making 
 steel was introduced here in 1786. The 
 manufacture of iiutseed oil began in 1792 ; 
 10 miles nnw of Taunton, and 26 s of 
 Boston. 
 
 Eastonness, a cape, the most easterly on 
 the coast of Suffolk, on South wold bay. 
 
 Eastwood, a parish in Renfrewshirt*, four 
 mites long, and nearly three broad. The 
 general appearance presents a fine variety. 
 'Ihere are several considerable manufac- 
 tures. Population is about 3,379. See 
 PoU jcksliaws . 
 
 Eavze, a town in the department of 
 the Gers, and district of Condom, IT 
 miles sw of Condom. Lon. 0 28 e , lat. 
 43 92 N. 
 
 Ehelstot, or Ebelioj't, a town in Jut- 
 land, Denmark, on a bay of the Categate, 
 with a good harbour, 16 miles ne of Aar- I 
 bus. jj 
 
 Ehenczer, a post town, and the capital of [I 
 Effinghan county, Georgia, seated on the | 
 Savanna. It contains hut few houses, and 
 was settled in 1739, by a number of Pro- 
 testants driven from the electorate o-f Ba- 
 varia, by religious periecution ; 29 miles 
 ^Nw of Savanna. Lon. 81 10 w, lat. 32 
 19 N. 
 
 Ehenfartk, a town of Austria, on the 
 Leyta, built by the Knights Templar, 22 
 miles s of Vienna. 
 
 Ehcrhach, a town in the circle of Lower 
 Rhine, Germanj^ stands on the Neekar, 1 1 
 miles E by n of Heideiburg. Here is a 
 Cislerlien abbey. 
 
 Ebet^berg, a town in the department 
 of Mont Tonnere, Germany, palatinaic 
 of the Rhine, at the confluence of the 
 Alsen and Nake, eight miles sw of Cruefz- 
 nach. 
 
 Ebermanstadc, a town of Franconia, 
 principality of Bamberg, seated on the 
 Wissent, 13 miles sse of Bamberg. 
 
 Ebern, a town of Franconia, stands on 
 the Bannach, 12 miles nnw of Baniberg, 
 and 24 Eof Schweinfurth. 
 
 ii 
 
 E C I 
 
 BBERSTRTN, a county and principa- 
 lity in Suabia. The town and castie of 
 Eberstein are two miles w of Kuppenheim, 
 and eight se of Baden. 
 
 EberrAlle, a town in the department Oi 
 Puy de-Dome, Franee. has a Be.>ediciiiie 
 abbey, and stands on the Sciculc, eight 
 miles A’K of Riom. 
 
 Eblier, a town in the province of Irak, 
 Persia, containing about 2,900 houses, 
 besides mosques, caravanseras, tfeo. ou a 
 river of the same name, 40 miles w of 
 Cashbin. 
 
 Ebingen, or Ehingen, a town in Suabia, 
 duchy of Vt^irtcmberg, celebr-'Retl for its 
 cheese ; seven n'liles s of Hohenzollern. 
 
 Ebrenily or Ehremlley a town in the de- 
 partment of the Ailier, and chief place of 
 a canton, France, containing auout £000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Ebro, anciently Iherns, a river \Yhich 
 rises in the mountains of Scintiiiana, in tha 
 Nw parts of Old Ccistile, Spain. It is navi- 
 gable to Tortosa, and at last falls into tlio 
 Mediterranean. ■ Frc.m this river Spain 
 was anciently called Iberia. 
 
 Ebston, a town in the principality of 
 Lunebu rg, Lower Saxony, ceisbrated for 
 its honey, 13 miles s of Liiucburg. 
 
 Evcles, a paiish of Seotlmid, in Ber- 
 wickshire, N banks of the Tweed, eight 
 miles in length, 'and six in breadth, con- 
 taining ],6S2 inhabitants, and about 11,00(1 
 acres of ground, scarcely one acre of> 
 wdiieh is waste or useless. At the village 
 was a convent of Clsterlian mius. Near 
 this, on the farm of Beadriggs, the scene 
 of a desperate battle, is a stone that rises 
 nine feet above the surface, w’liioh marks 
 the grave of one of the Piercies who fell iu 
 the engagement. 
 
 Ecelefechan, a village in the county of 
 Dumlries, on the road from Glasgow to 
 London, by Carlisle, has a fair every niontii 
 for cattle, a number of handsome inns, and 
 a market for swine from January 1st to 
 Ma,y Ist ; five miles n of Annan, raid 19 B 
 of Dumfries. 
 
 Ecvlesfudl, a town in the county of Staf- 
 ford, with a weekly market on Friday, 
 stands on the river Sow. Here the bishop 
 of Litchfield and Coventry has a castle. 
 It is seven miles mw of Stafford, and 148 of 
 London. 
 
 Ecclesniachan, a parish in the county of 
 Linlithgow. It is a fine level corn county, 
 contains a good free-stone quarry, a mineral 
 spring similar to that of Morfai, and lead 
 mines. Population about 303. 
 
 Edit, a parish in Aberdeenshire, about 
 four miles and a-half long, and the same 
 broad, containing about 972 inhabitants. 
 Ills a hilly district, many of them are under 
 tillage. 
 
 Echternach, a town in Luxemburg, 
 Netherlands, on the Soo.r, surrounded .by 
 mountains, IS miles me of Luxemburg. 
 
 Ecija, or Exiga, a town in the kingdom 
 S s 
 
E D D 
 
 E D G 
 
 of Andalusia, Spain, containing: six pa- 
 rishes and about 9,000 souls. Wool and 
 hemp are the ehief riches of the place. 
 Fragiuents of marble pillars, statues, and 
 stones with inscriptions, are proofs of its 
 ancient splendour. It stands on the Xenil, 
 02 miles ene of Seville. Lon. 4 67 w, 
 lat. 37 33 N. 
 
 Eck Lochy a lake in the district of Co- 
 wall, in Argylshire, about six miles in 
 length, and half a mile in breadth. 
 
 Eckardsburg y a tow^n in the circle of 
 Thuringia, Upper Saxony, 10 miles wsw of 
 Naunihiu’g. 
 
 Eckeh'fohredey or Eckrenfcrde a town in 
 the duchy of Slesw'ick, Denmark, on a bay 
 of the Baltic, near a fresh w^ater lake which 
 is connected with the bay, 14 miles nw of 
 Kiel in Holstein. Lon. 10 1 e, lat. 54 
 53 N. 
 
 BckerOy a small island between the Bal- 
 tic and the gulf of Finland, Sweden. 
 
 Eekfordy a parish in Roxburghshire, six 
 miles long, and three and a-balf broad, 
 on the banks of the Tiviot. It has a light 
 loamy soil, and gentle eminences. Agricul- 
 ture is here in a high state id improvement. 
 Stone eofiins and urns containing human 
 bones and ashes have been here dug out of 
 tumuli. Near Cessford castle is an ash 
 measuring 27 feet eight inches at the base, 
 .supposed to contain 300 feet of wmod. 
 Sir y/ilfiam Bennet, who, it is said, assisted 
 Allan Ramsay in some of his poetical com- 
 positions, was a native of this parish. The 
 village is about half way between Kelso and 
 Jed nil rgh. Population about 037. 
 
 EDA, or Eday, one of the Orkney is- 
 lands, about seven miles long, and one and 
 a -half broad. It contains several villages, 
 and about 690 inhabitants, Lou. 0 33 e, 
 Eduibc.rgh, lat. 59. 2 K. 
 
 Edam, a town in the department of the 
 Amftel, Holland. It is built in a triangu- 
 lar form, and has a good port on the Eye, 
 near the Zuider Zee. It is 11 miles nne 
 of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 10 e, lat. 52 
 32 N. 
 
 the Tweed at Peeble.?, on which the fall of 
 Coweys Lenn is 35 feet. The surface of 
 this parish is generally mountainous, but 
 part of it is cultivated and fertile. Popu- 
 lation of the village about 200, and of the 
 w hole parish 6S0. 
 
 EddystonCy the name of some rocks, 
 in the English Channel, ssw from the mid- 
 dle of Plymouth sound, at the distance 
 of 14 miles. A light-house was erected 
 in 1759, by Mr. John Smeaton upon them. 
 Though nearly 80 feet high, it has not hi- 
 therto suffered the smallest injury from the 
 fury of the elements. Its ^i'-tance from 
 the Ram Head, the nearest point of land, 
 is 12 miles and a-half. Lon. 4 24 w, lat, 
 50 8^ N. 
 
 Eden, a river W'hich rises in Westmore- 
 land, and runs into the Solway Frith, about 
 seven miles below^ Carlisle. 
 
 EdeUy a river which runs inta the Tweed, 
 about three miles below Kelso. 
 
 EdeUy a river in Fifeshire, w^hioh falls 
 into the German ocean at the bay of St. 
 Aiidrew's. Near its -mouth is the guard 
 bridge, of considerable antiquity. 
 
 Edenhiirgy ox Soproiiy a town of Hun- 
 gary. It lies on the borders of Austria, fs 
 inhabited by Germans. Its chief manufac- 
 ture is cloth. It trades with Germany in 
 oxen and pigs ; 40 miles s by e of Vienna. 
 Lon. 16 42 E,lat. 47 38 n. 
 
 Edenderrgy a towT. in King^s county, 
 Ireland, formerly a strong place, siands 
 near the Boyne, nine miles e by n of 
 Philipstown. 
 
 Edenkeilley also called Brae-Mw'rar/y a' 
 parish in Morayshire, about 12 miles long, 
 and 30 broad, containing 1,290 inhabitants. 
 It is intersected by the Findhorn, in which 
 there is a valuable salmon fishery. Church 
 eight miles and a-half s of Forzes. 
 
 EDENTON, a district on the sea coast 
 of N, Carolina. It is subdivided into 
 nine counties, viz. Chowan, Pasquotank, 
 Perquiralns, Gates Hertford, Bertie, and 
 Tyrret; and contains 53,770 inhabitants, 
 of whom 19,198 arc siaves. Its chief town 
 
 Edderachylis, a parish in the county 
 of Sutherland, extending from Cape Wrath 
 southwards 20 miles, and eastw^ard about i 
 30. The face of the country is moun- 
 tainous and rocky, but affords rich pas- 
 ture for black cattle. Lord Reay is pro- 
 prietor of the whole parish. Population 
 about 1,253, j 
 
 Eddertoum, a parish in the eastern dis- 
 trict of RoS'-shire, near Tain. It is about i 
 10 miles long, and seven broad. The soil | 
 is in general ri(‘h and good, but the harvest j 
 late. Population is about 899, In this j 
 parish is a w'ateriall of lOd feet high, on the | 
 Grugart. 
 
 Lddlesiorty a parish in the county of 
 ^Peebles, i^cotland, n of Peebles, iO mjles 
 long, and seven broad, with a village on a 
 tiver of the same name, which unites with 
 
 is Edenton. 
 
 EdenUmy the capital of the district of 
 that name, is cx post town and port of entry. 
 Its exports in 1794, amounted to the value 
 of 50,646 dollars; liO miles e by N of 
 Ralegh. Lon. 77 11 w lat. 36 6 n. 
 
 Edessa, a town in the province of Mact> 
 donia, near the Vistricaa, once the residence 
 of the Macedonian kings, 44 miles wnw of 
 Salonica. Lon. 23 3 e, lat. 40 50 N. 
 
 Edgartoriy a port of entry and post-town 
 of ^fassachusetts, and the chief town of 
 Duke’s county. The fertile island of 
 Chahaquidicky is within this jurisdiction. 
 It was incorporated in 1671, and contains 
 1,352 inhabitants, It is seated on the e sida 
 of the island of Marina’s vineyard, 20 miles 
 sE of Falmouth, on the continent. Lon. 70 
 30 w, lat. 41 25 N. 
 
E D I 
 
 EDECOMB a county of Halifax dis- 
 trict, North Carolina. It contains 10,255 
 
 inhabitaats. . 
 
 EDGEFIELD COUNTY, m South 
 Carolina, is the southermost in the district 
 of Ninety-Six. This county is about 34 
 iiiiles long', and 24 broad j and contains 
 13,289 inhabitants. 
 
 Edgehill, in "Warwickshire, noted as Ue 
 scene of the first battle between Charles I, 
 and the Parliament, in 1642 ; 14 miles s of 
 Warwick, 
 
 Edyhir, a towm in the country of Golcon- 
 ^a, Hindoostan, stands near the cocfiuence 
 of the Beewah and the Kistnah, 95 miles 
 sw of Hydrabad, Lon. 77 45 e, lat. 16 
 55 N. 
 
 Edgware, a town in the county of Mid- 
 dlesex, with a weekly market on Thurs- 
 day, stands on the Roman road lead- 
 ing to St. Alban, eight miles nw of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Edgeworthtown, a town in the coun- 
 ty of Longford, Ireland, nine miles e 
 by s of Lonford, and 63 wnw of Dub- 
 lin. 
 
 Edinburyhy the metropolis of Scotland, 
 and the county town of Mid-Lothian, 
 was formerly the seat of the king and par- 
 liament. It is 339 miles n by w of Lon- 
 don. The situation of this city is elevated, 
 and stands on three hills. Hence the na- 
 tural divisions of the towm into the sou- 
 thern, the middle, and the nonhern. These 
 three divisions are united by the North 
 and South Bridge Street, composed of 
 two large arches, the one thrown over 
 the North Locb, and the ether over the 
 Cow'gate. Some of the areas in this street 
 coast 109,C001. per acre. At the sou 
 thi^ru extremity of the street, the magni- 
 ficient structure of the New College ap- 
 pears on the right, and the Royal In- 
 firmary, the new and elegant, Lady Yes- 
 ter^s Church, and the High School, are 
 seen on the left. The infirmary does ho- 
 nour to the humanity of the country. In 
 a line with the South Bridge Street, runs 
 a fine one called Nicolson’s Street, where 
 the houses are elegant, with several 
 squares upon each side. Among the 
 squares in this division, that of George’s 
 Square is particularly remarkable. Op- 
 posite to the NW ccruer of this square, 
 stands Watson’s Hospital, founded on 1738 
 by a merchant in Edinburgh of that name. 
 It is an elegant structure, where a consi- 
 derable number of decayed merchant’s Sons 
 are educated. A little n of this stands 
 Heriot’s Hospital, founded in 1628, by 
 George Heriot. Its annual revenue is be- 
 tween three and four thousand pounds, 
 and it supports and educates 120 boys be- 
 longing to the burgesses of the town. A 
 little E of this stands the Cimrity Work- 
 house, erected by voluntary contribution 
 and accommodating abent 200 of both 
 «exes. To the e of this are two female 
 
 E D I 
 
 hospitals : the Merchant’s Hospital^ for 
 the support and education of the daugh- 
 ters of decayed merchants ; and the 
 Trades Hospital, for the daughters of 
 decayed tradesmen. The Old and tho 
 New Grey friars Churches, and several 
 other chapels, belong ng to difterent 
 sects, adorn this quarter of the town. 
 At the w end of Bruntsfield Links is si- 
 tuated Gilespie’s Hospital, founded by Mr. 
 James Gilespie of Spylaw. Besides sup- 
 porting a considerable number of old per- 
 sons of both sexes, this institution educates 
 100 boys graus. The centrical divi- 
 sion comprehends the Old Town. The 
 High-street runs almost in a direct 
 line from Holyrood palace to the Castle/ 
 and is above a mile in length. Among 
 the numerous ancient and modern build- 
 ings in this middle division, the follow- 
 ing may be mentioned. The Castle, which 
 stands at the western extremity of the 
 High street, which is, in respect of stre gth 
 and elevation, <*vn object truly grand and 
 sublime. It contains barracks that can 
 accommotVdte 2000 men, and apartments 
 for 30.000 stand of arms. In a small room, 
 wfiiioh is still sbewm, was born king James 
 the VI. of Scotland, and I. of GrearBritain. 
 The regalia of Scotland were deposited 
 in the castle, in 1707, but are not 
 shewn. Descending from the castle, the 
 first object w'hich attracts attention is 
 Bank Street, at the extremity of which 
 stands the spacious and elegant structure, 
 the Bank of Scotland. The Parliament 
 house is a magnificent building, where 
 the supreme, civil, and criminal judi- 
 catures" of Scotland, now hold their courts ; 
 and in one room of which is the Advo- 
 cate’s Library, one of the most valuable 
 in Britain. St. Giles’s Church, the most 
 ancient in Edinburgh, is a venerable Go- 
 thic building. It is adorned with a lofty 
 square tower. It is now divided into four 
 churches, viz. The High, the Old, tlie 
 Toibooth, and Haddow’s Role. The ex- 
 change is a large and elegant set of build- 
 ings, with shops in. the front, and an area 
 of about 90 feet square. The Tron Church 
 is of considerable antiquity, but lately 
 modernized. At the northern termination 
 of the buildings in North Bridge-Street, 
 stands the General Post-Office for Scot- 
 land. The northern division, or the New 
 Town, contains the Kegisier-Office, an 
 elegant structure erected to preserve the 
 records of the nation. It is under the di- 
 rection of the Lord Register, and the 
 principal clerks ol session. At a small 
 distance stands the new ttuatre. South- 
 ward from the theatre is situated the Or- 
 phan Hospital, which was founded <;y Mr. 
 Andrew Gardiner, merchant in Edinburgh : 
 in it more than 100 childpea Rom uJ 
 parts of the island, are now u aintained 
 and educated. In ihis vicinity stands the 
 venerable structure of the College Church, 
 S s 2 
 
 
E D I 
 
 the Trinity Hospital, and also the elegant 
 ohapel erected by Lady Glenorchy. 
 Prince's Street extends about a mile \v, 
 in a line from the Register Office. The 
 houses being all regularly uniform, give | 
 the street an elegant appearance. About 
 the centre of this strcMJt is a great earthen 
 mound across the North Loch, which leads 
 to the Old Town. There is a spacious 
 square called Charlotte^s square, at the 
 w end of George’s Street. In the ne corn- 
 er of the New town is St. Andrew’s square, 
 W'hich is uniform and elegant, with the 
 exception of a beautiful structure erected 
 by Sir Lawrence Duudas, now occupied 
 as an Excise -Office. George’s Street ex- 
 tends from this square to the west, along 
 the centre of the New Town. Besides 
 the elegant proportion of the houses, 
 this street is adorned by St. Andrew’s 
 Church, with a lofty spire, on the north 
 side ; with the Physician’s Hall oppo- 
 site, and the New Assembly Rooms a lit- 
 tle farther west. , Queen’s Street fronts 
 the norih, and comtnands a delightful pros- 
 pect of the Forth. At the east end of this 
 street stands York Place. At the eastern 
 extremity of this division stands the Calton 
 Hill, where there is a beautiful and salu- 
 brious prospect of the Forth, and the adja- 
 cent country. On the summit is au Ob- 
 servaiOYVy and a signal post. On the 
 south side of the hill, in a level spot, stands 
 the Bridewell, for the reception of crimi- 
 nals. On part of this hill is a large bury- 
 ing ground where many elegant monu- 
 ment are erected, among which the tomb 
 of the celebrated historian Hume, is conspi- 
 cuoiiS. There is also a monument lately 
 erected to the memory of the gallant Nel- 
 son. Eduiburgh is the seat of the courts 
 of justice, and and other general depart- 
 ments in the administration of the British 
 government in Scotland. It possesses also 
 the principal banking houses which be- 
 long to North Britain: an university of 
 tiic most distinguished reputation ; excel- 
 lent public schools; a considerable trade ; 
 and a great mulitipiicity of manufactufes. 
 It Is the centre of correspondence and mu- 
 tual communication, for all Scotland. It 
 has been a royal burgh for at least six 
 centuries. It sends one member to par- 
 liament. Has one fair called hallow fair, 
 in th ?5 moiuli of November, which holds 
 .several days. Population in 1811 about 
 84,624 ; two miles from the port of Leith. 
 Lon. S 12 w, lat. *5.5 58 n. 
 
 EDINBURGHSBIUR, or Mid Lo- 
 THiAN, a county of Scotland. Its lorni is 
 n 'arly the segment of a circle, aboul 30 
 nulcs from e to w, arid 16 from n to s, but 
 in some places net above six. The soil is 
 fertile ; and prinluccs corn of all sorts, with 
 plenty of pasture. It containr, mines of 
 cual, copper, limestone, and black -marble. 
 The principal towns besides the city, are 
 
 E G E 
 
 Leith, Dalkeith, and Musselburgh ; the 
 principal rivers, the Esk, the Leith, the Al- 
 mond, and the Gala. It sends one member 
 to parliament. It contains 27 parishes 
 besides the capital, and 125,000 inhabitants, 
 
 Edmundshimj. See Bury. 
 
 Ednam, or EdenJiam, a parish and vil- 
 lage in Roxburghshire, lying on the banks 
 1 of the Eden near the Tweed. The parish 
 I is three miles and a-half long, and 
 three broad ; the surface beautifully diver- 
 sified, and the soil fertile. The village is 
 plea.santly situated on the n hank of the 
 Eden, two miles and a quarter n of Kelso. 
 It contains about 300 inhabitants, who 
 have a considerable manufacture of blank- 
 ets, and an extensive brewery. Thom- 
 son, the celebrated poet, w^as born at 
 Edenliam manse, in 1100 ; and his birth- 
 day is annually celebrated in the vil- 
 lage. The population of the parish is 
 about 600. 
 
 EDOM, or Idumea, part of Arabia 
 Petreea in Asia. 
 
 Edrcm, a parish in Berwickshire, about 
 six miles long, and three broad. It is 
 generally fertile. Has a lint mill, paper 
 mill, and a thread mill. Population about 
 1355. 
 
 Edward, a fort in Novo Scotia in the 
 township of \Yindsor, it is on Avon river, 
 w^hich is navigable thus far for vessels of 
 400 tons. 
 
 Edzell, a parish in Forfarshire, tw^o 
 miles and a-quavter long, and one and 
 a-half broad. The soil is shallow, but 
 in general fruitful. Edzell castle is a 
 magnificent ruin. The population is about 
 1012. 
 
 Eel Town, or Kenapacamaqna, a town 
 of North America, sw of lake Erie. Lon. 
 86 25 w', lat. 40 30 N. 
 
 E^erding, a town of Austria, oil the 
 Danube, has a castle, and is 1 2 miles w^ of 
 Lintz. Lon. 14 23 e, fat. 48 14 n. 
 
 Effingham, a village in Surry, wdfh a 
 fair on St. Laurence day. It is said once to 
 have had 16 cliarcees. It has evident 
 
 traces of its former greatness. Wells, 
 
 and cavities like cellars, have been fre- 
 quently discovered in the. fields and 
 wmods in the vicinity ot the present 
 
 town ; in the church are some ancient 
 
 monuments and stalls; four miles sw 
 of Leatherhead in Surrey, and 22 sw of 
 London. It is an earldom in the Howard 
 family. 
 
 EFFINGHAM County, in the lower 
 district of Georgia. It contains 2,424 
 iuhabitanls. Chief towns, Ebenezer, and 
 Elbertun. 
 
 KGEAN SEA, now the AncHiFELAGO, 
 winch see. 
 
 Ecjdn, a town in I-owcr Saxony and 
 duchy of iMaptlclmrgli, seated on the Bade 
 16 niih'S sw of Magdeburg. 
 
 Egenhiirg, or Eygenhurg, a towm of 
 
E G R 
 
 Austria, celebrated for its wines; 13 
 miles sw of Zuaiiri. Lon. 16 13 e, lat. 48 
 
 ^^EGERT, or iEGERI, one of the grand 
 coramunities of Switzerland, which with 
 the town of Zug, forms tiie canton of 
 
 one of the western islands, about 
 10 miles in circumierenoe, containing 
 400 inhabitants, four miles s of the is- 
 land of Skye, eoiiniy of Inverness. The 
 surface is variegated by hills and low' , 
 grounds, and has some basaltic pillars: | 
 the inhabitants subsist by corn, black cat- 
 tle, and fishing. 
 
 Eg ham, a town in the county ot Surry 
 on the Thames, adjoining to which is, 
 Runneyincde, where the Magna Charta 
 was signed. It has two alms houses, a 
 good school, and good inns. Fair Sep- 
 tember 19; near it is a hill noted for 
 the natural growtii of camoniile ; live 
 niile«5 ssE of Windsor, and 18 wsw of 
 London. 
 
 Egtlsha, one of the Orkney islands, 
 about six miles in circumference, a little 
 E ot Ronsa. The soil is good, and popula- 
 tion 210. 
 
 EGINA, or Engia, anciently Myrmi- 
 donia, an island of European Turkey, 
 near the e coast of the Mcrea. It gives 
 name to the gulf of the Mediterranean 
 in which it lies, which is 60 miles long 
 from Nw to SE. The island is about 10 
 leagues in circumference, but almost inac- 
 cessible by rocks. It has now only one 
 tovvn, containing about 300 houses, 22 
 miles ssw of Athens. Lou. 23 69 e, lat. 
 37 42 N. 
 
 Eglingen, a lordship in Suabia, Germany, 
 with a towm of the same name, sis miles n 
 of Dillingen. 
 
 Eglisau, a town and bailiwick, in the 
 canton of Zurich, Switzerland, with a cas- 
 tle, on the Rhine, 13 miles n of Zurich. 
 
 Egmont op den Eoef, a village, three 
 miles w by s of Alemeer, N Holland. It 
 was a place of note previous to its tlestrue- 
 tion by the Spaniards, in 1573, as appears 
 by its extensive and picturesque ruins. 
 Egmont op Zea stands on the sea coast, a 
 mile to the w, two miles to the s, is Egmont 
 Binnen, where was fought in 1799, a 
 desperate battle, between the Allied Eng- 
 lish, and Russians, eaid the French and 
 Dutch. 
 
 Egmont Bay, a bay on the sw of the 
 island of St. John, in the gulf of St. Law'- 
 rence, Lon. 64 0 w, lat. 19 20 n, 
 
 Egmont Island, in the south Pacific 
 ocean, six miles long, and four broad. The 
 land is low and full of trees. Lon. 138 30 v/, 
 let. 19 20 N. 
 
 Egra, or Eger, a fortified town in the 
 circle of Saaiz, Bohemia, with a castle 
 cind college, on the Egra. Near it are 
 feome celebrated medicinal springs. There 
 are manufactures of leather, bats, cloths, 
 
 E G Y 
 
 and stuffs. It was taken by the French iia 
 1742, but famine obliged them to abandon 
 it in 1743 ; 90 miles w by n of Prague. 
 Lon. 12 27 e, lat. 49 69 n. 
 
 Egremont, a town in the county of Cum* 
 berland, on the Ebeii near the Irish sea. 
 
 A market is held on Saturday. On the 
 Ware the remains of a castle, and an 
 artificial mount. In the vale of Culder, 
 three miles to the se are the ruins of 
 Calder abbey , five miles sse of White- 
 haven, and 289 nnw of London. Th® 
 name is Norman and signifies the mount 
 of sorrow. The vicinity seems to have 
 been the scene of many bloody con- 
 flicts. 
 
 Egton, in the n Riding of Yorkshire, 
 with fairs on Tuesday before February 
 15th, Tuesday before May 11th, Septem- 
 ber 4th, and Tuesday before Novem-' 
 her 22d, eight miles w by s of Whitby. 
 
 EGYPT, a country of Africa, in length 
 about 605 miles, breadth 250 where broad- 
 est. It is divided into Upper and Lower 
 Egypt. The former comprehended a long 
 and narrow valley from Syene to Grand 
 Cairo, consisting of sandy hills, the base of 
 which is a calcareous stone. Adjoining 
 to this district lies a long plain, whoso 
 greatest breadth is not more than nine lea- 
 gues. In this valley rolls the Nile. Lower 
 Egypt includes all the country between 
 Cairo and the Mediterranean on the n and 
 s, and Lybia, and the isthmus of Suez 
 to the E and w ; bounded by sandy deserts. 
 It contains slips of land on the borders of 
 the river and canals, which are fertile and 
 well cultivated; and in the centre, that 
 tract called Delta, formed by the branches 
 of the Nile. The fertility of Egypt, and 
 the excellence of its productions and fruits, 
 are greatly celebrated by ancient writers, 
 and by Aloses himself. It abounds in grain 
 of all sorts, but particularly rice. The 
 most plentiful part is the Delta, which 
 is now called A1 Fayoun. There ere 
 yet 80 canals, like rivers, several of 
 which are 20, 30, and 40 leagues in 
 length, that distribute the inundation over 
 the country. The vast lakes of Mceris, 
 Bahira, and Mareotsi, were reservoirs to 
 contain the superabundant waters, and 
 afterwards disperse them cimong the neigh- 
 bouring plains. For the same purpose., 
 all the towns at a little distance from 
 the Nile, are surrounded by spacious ponds. 
 The limits of cultivated Egypt yearly 
 decrease, and barren sands every where 
 accumulate. Population has equally suf- 
 lered. The ancient kings of Egypt were 
 succeeded by Cambyses, 525 years B. C, 
 anterior to which, all the stupendous works 
 were perfected which cannot, even at ibis 
 distance of time, be contemplated w'ilhout 
 astonishment. Cambyses demolished the 
 temples, and persecuted the priests. It was 
 I wrested Ironi the Persians by Alexander 
 I the great, when be subdued that people. 
 
E G Y 
 
 E G Y 
 
 He built Alexandria, and was sueceeded 
 by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 years 
 B. C. After the throne liad been fllied 
 by ten kings of that name, in the reign of 
 Cleopatra, sister of the last king of that 
 name, it became a Roman province. They 
 held it 700 years, and they were dispossess- 
 ed by Omar. After the Califfs the em- 
 pire of the Mamelukes was set up by 
 Saladin. Last of all, Selim, a Turkish em- 
 peror subdued this kingdom. Ancient 
 lilgypt supplied food to eight millions of 
 inhabitants, and to Italy and the neigh- 
 bouring provinces likewise. At present, 
 the estimate of produce and popuiation 
 does not exceed one half. Near Syene, 
 wheat and barley are sown in October, 
 aind reaped in January. About Girge, the 
 harvest month is February, and March 
 around Grand Cairo ; such is the gene- 
 ral progress of the harvest through the 
 Said. They sow and reap all the year in 
 Lower Egypt, w'herever they can obtain 
 the w^ater of the river. The land is never 
 fallow, and yields three harvests aimually. 
 The Egyptian art of raising bees is pecu- 
 liar to the country, and bespe^sks great 
 ingenuity. Upper Egypt preserving its 
 verdure only four or tive months, the flow- 
 ers and harvest being seen no longer, the 
 people of Lower Egypt profit by this cir- ' 
 cumstance, assembling on board large boats j 
 the bees of diflerent villages. Each pro- 
 prietor confides his hives, with his own 
 mark, to the boatraan, who, when loaded, 
 gently proceeds up the river, and stops at 
 every place where be finds verdure and 
 flow’ers. The bees swarm from their 
 eflls at break .of day, and collect their 
 nectar, returning several times loadeii 
 with booty, and, in the evening, re enter 
 their hives without mistaking their abode, 
 fn the Said, the heat is so excessive, that it | 
 occasions a burning fever ; w^hich is oured I 
 by temperance, drinking much water, and 
 bathing in the river; in other respects the 
 inhabitants arc strong" and healthy. In 
 Lower Eg 3 ’pt, the neighbourhood of the 
 sea, the iar£e lakes, and the abundance 
 of the waters, moderate the sun's heat, 
 and preserve a delight ful temperature. 
 BiUS(pie.toes and gnats torment the inhabi- 
 tanfs incessantly. Diseases of the ejes 
 are general, and there are no less than 
 8,000 blind maintain'^d in the great mosfpie 
 of Grand Cairo. The small pox is more 
 common in Egypt, but not so mortal as 
 in Europe. The plague is often importe!] i 
 in Turkish vessels. ’ This country was 
 formerly iutVsted with crocodiles and sea- 
 horses, hut ih y are now much destroyed. . 
 ndio Egyptian rat is remarkable for des- 
 t[ro 3 ’ii)g the crucodile's eggs. Their do- 
 mes tic animals are horses, asses, mules, 
 'and camels. They have wild antelopes, 
 iv»xe.c, hares, cows, sheep, deer, and tygers. 
 Many cameleons are found in the ncigli- 
 
 bourhood of Grand Cairo. The lizards 
 of Egypt are yellow. There are several 
 epeciesof vipers, one of which, the cerastus 
 of the ancients, has horns. Among the 
 plants w^hich the Egyptians cultivate, are 
 rice, w'heat, barlej^ lupins, lentils, turkey 
 corn, millet, sesame, flax, beans, melons, 
 sugar-canes, cartbamus, coloquintida, <fec. 
 Egypt cnee carried on a considerable trade 
 in East India commodities. The mer- 
 chants of Euicpe, however, visit the har- 
 bours in the Mediierrauean, and import 
 and export several sorts of merchandices; 
 and from other parts, the natives procure 
 elephants^ teem, ebony, gold-dust, musk, 
 civet, ambergris, and cotfee. The gold- 
 dust, is broiight from Negroland to Fez and 
 Morocco; and thence to Cairo, over im- 
 mense deserts. The pilncipal commodities 
 which the merchants pufouase, are coffee, 
 senna, cassia , rhubarb, sal-ammoniac, myrrh, 
 saffron, saltpetre, aloe.v, opium, indigo, sugar, 
 sandalwood, dates, cotton, cloth, &c. The 
 s;: lend id and magnificent ruins found every 
 where in Egypt, give evident proofs of 
 the enlightened understanding of the ancient 
 inhabitants of this country, but the history 
 is obscure, and mixed^ with fables. The 
 pyramids formerly accounted one of the 
 seven wmnders of the world, are built on 
 rocky and sandy plains ; the largest which 
 is near Gizeh, is 500 feet in perpendicular 
 height, the length of its base is 780 feet, 
 and it covers 1 1 acres of ground. The 
 labyrinth too, the immense grottos of the 
 Thebais ; the obelisks, temples, and pom- 
 pous palaces ; the lake Moeris, and the vast 
 canals w’hich served both for trade, and t« 
 render the land fruitful, are works beheld 
 with astonishment. Here also are caverns 
 eoiUaining mummies, or embalmed dead 
 bodies, in coffins, set upright in niches of 
 i the walls, and have continued in the same 
 j place for at least 4,900 years. The govern- 
 I ment is composed of a pacha, sent from 
 I Constantinople, and 24 beys, or sangiaks, 
 j w^ho, being at the head of. the provinces 
 I and the armies, in reality enjoy all the 
 power. The Copts, who are the onlj" de- 
 scendants of the ancient Egypuans, were 
 among the first who embraced thirislicinity, 
 have still churches, priests, bisiiops and a 
 patriarch, who resides at Constaniinople. 
 Num'':‘roiis superstitious practices are ming- 
 j led with their worship; but they are gen- 
 I lie, friend!)', and humane. Of the Arabs, 
 who coastiiute two-thirds of the present in- 
 I habitants of Egypt, those who inhabit the 
 banks ol the Nile ore generally thb’ves and 
 pirates; others governed by their sheiks, 
 who possess various prihcipiflitics in Upper 
 ]<:gypt, are good people, iueapablo of disguise 
 without falsehood or knavery, hauglUy , birt 
 generous and ho.spi table ; and another specious 
 are the wandering Bedouins, who h.sve no 
 fixed residence. The Mamalukes, long the 
 , only military force of the country, but now 
 
E I L 
 
 eonquered by the Turks, are the descend- 
 ants of Circassian and mingrelian slaves. 
 The l-rench, who under Bonaparte invaded 
 Egypt in 1798, obtained several victories 
 over the P>Iamalukes, but were expelled by 
 the aid of the British in 1801. In I8il, 
 800 of their chiefs, treacherously invited to 
 a solemn fete at Cairo, were assassinated, 
 the like number were afterwards put to 
 death in the neighbouring towns. The 
 Mograbians, or western Mahometans, are, 
 after the Cupts and Arabs, the most nu- 
 merous tribe of the inhabitants ; they ^ de- 
 vote themselves, some to arms, and others 
 to trade. There are but few Turks, ex- 
 clusive of tlie jamrisaries and Assabs. The 
 other inhabitants are Syrians, Greeks, Jevvs, 
 and European merchants; the amount of 
 the whole is about 4,000,000, others say 
 2,500,000. The principal cities are Cairo, 
 Alexandria, Damietta, and Syene. See 
 Pyramids, Nile, <^c, 
 
 Egyptejiy a town in the duchy of Cour- 
 land, Swabia, 100 miles se of Mittau. Lon. 
 ^8 40 E, lat. 56 2 N. 
 
 Ehingen, a town of Swabia, seated on 
 the Daoube, in the vicinity the Austrians 
 were defeated by the French, in 1305, 
 
 It is 12 miles sw of Ulm, also another 
 town of Swabia, on the Nscker, opposite 
 Rotenberg, six miles w by s of Tubin- 
 gen. 
 
 Ehrcnhreiistein, a celebrated fortress in 
 the Lower Electorate, Germany, stands on 
 a huge rock, not less than 800 feet above 
 the level of the Rhine, on which it is seated. 
 It includes three fortresses, Thal and Val- 
 LEND A R, and ti;e above mentioned. The 
 valley of Vallendar is likev ise foriilied. In 
 it is an old palace, which betongei to the 
 Elector of Treves. The i'<renglh oi Ehi- 
 renbreilstein is well knowm. it has a 
 communication with Coblentz by a sub- 
 terraneous passage, cut out of solid rock, 
 and has an abundant supply or water iroro 
 a well 280 feet deep. In the year 1799, 
 tire garrison was obliged, by famine, to 
 surrender to the French. 
 
 EhrenfeJs, or Ehriffels, a lordship 
 of Bavaria, in the principality of Neu- 
 burg ; it takes its name from a fortress 
 which it contains; 13 miles nw of Ptatis- 
 bon. 
 
 EICHFELD, or Ei.feld, a country 
 of Germany, surrounded by Brunswick, 
 Hesse, and Thuringia, and divided by moun- 
 tains into Upper and Lower ; the upper 
 is cold and mountainous, the lower 
 fiat, warm and fertile, bearing corn, 
 flax, and tobacco ; the inhabitants of the 
 upper part are principally engaged* in 
 manufactures. The principal towns are 
 Heiiigenstadt, Duderstadt, and te'iadtwor- 
 bis. 
 
 Eil, Loch, the north western arm of 
 Loch Lii.nhe, on the borders of Argyll and 
 InveriK^ss-shiro. 
 
 EUdou mils, three conical hills in Pvox- 
 
 E I s 
 
 I buTghshire, at the foot of which, on the n 
 stands the town of Melrose, two of wdiich 
 1 are 2,009 feet above the level of the sea ; 
 on two of their tops are evident vestiges of 
 Roman encampments, one of which ha* 
 been very strongly defended. 
 
 Eilmhurg, or Etdenhurg, a tow» 
 in Upner Saxony, and circle of Leip- 
 sick, on the Mulda, 12 miles ne of Leip- 
 sick. 
 
 EIMEO, or Emieo, one of the Society 
 island®, in the south Pacific ocean, almost 
 surrounded with rocks, 12 miles w of Ota- 
 heite. 9’he inhabitaiUs and productions of 
 the two islands are similar. The hills are 
 wooded to their summits. 
 
 Einheck, or Einibech, a fortified tow a 
 in Lower Saxony, and principality ot 
 Gryhenhagen, of which it is the capital^ 
 containing 830 iiouses. The inhabitants 
 manufacture cloth, and all kinds of stufi ; 
 in the neighbouring moantains are mines cf 
 silver iron and lead. It stands on the Ilme,^ 
 17 miles n of Gottingen. Lon. 10 2 
 iat. 51 45 N. 
 
 Euenaeh, a principality in Thuringia, 
 and Upper Saxony. It is mountainous, 
 and barJly preduces corn enough for the 
 inhabitants. It has some mines of cop- 
 per, iron, vitriol, and alum, with some 
 salt springs. It gives a vote to the 
 duke of Saxe-Weimar, in the diets and 
 assemblies of the circle. Eisenach is th» 
 capital. Here the duke resides in a 
 castle. Another castle called Warlberg, 
 stands on a mountain in the vicinity, in 
 which Luther found an assyiiun, for 
 some time, in 1521. It stand® on the 
 N esse, at its confluence with the Horsel; 
 16 miles w of Gotha. Lon. 10 21 w,. 
 Uit. 51 0 N. 
 
 Eisenberg, a town with a castle in th3 
 county of VVbaldeck, Germany, three miles 
 sw of Corbach. 
 
 Eisnortz, or Euenitz, a town in Stiria, 
 with rich iron mines in its vicinity, Ger- 
 many, 34 miles Nxwof Gretz. 
 
 Eisemiod^, a town of Hungary, with a 
 superb palace, five miles nw of Eaenhurgi 
 and 16 s oi Vienna. 
 
 Eislehen, a town of Saxony, in the coun- 
 ty of Mansfield, with a mouldering cas- 
 tle. It contains about 7(;Q houses. Blar- 
 tin Luther was bora and died in this 
 towm. The churches of St. Andrew and 
 St Ann, contain the superb tombs of 
 the counts of Mansfield. It derives 
 much profit from its breweries, and 
 iron mines in the vicinity ; 28 miles 
 NNw of Naumburg. Lon. H 47 e, 
 lat. 5i 52 N. 
 
 Eisdorjf, or Egszdorf, a town ia Upper 
 Saxony, four miles ese ot Lutzen. 
 
 E Uh ei7i. Heo Ythan, 
 
 Eissj'eld, a town of Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, seated on the Werra, has a castle, 
 and manufaclures of indigo and vitriol; 
 seven miles £ of Hildburghausen. 
 
E L B 
 
 Ekajtas^ a sea port town in the pro- 
 vince of Nyland, Sweden, seated on a bay 
 in the gulf of Finland, 50 miles se of Abo. | 
 
 ELBA, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 near the coast of Tuscany, about 10 miles 
 long, and three broad, in which are mines 
 of iron and load-stone, and quarries of fine 
 marble* From its mountainous nature it 
 affords but scanty room for cultivation. It 
 produces little more than half a yearns con- 
 sumption of corn for its inhabitants, which 
 are computed at 7 or 8000. The climate is 
 much milder than that of the adjacent coun- 
 try, as it produces many plants and fruits 
 that cannot endure the winter in Tuscany. 
 The soil is shallow, and a small part of it 
 level enough for corn. It produces good 
 wine ; the fruit of its standard trees exqui- 
 site, and orange and lemon trees thrive well, 
 it has two good harbours, Porto Ferajo and 
 Porto Langone, the former of which may- 
 be called the capital of the island, is a very 
 pretty town, the entrance of the bay wide 
 and easy. The streets and fortifications 
 rise one "above another, like rows of seats in 
 an ancient amphitheatre, and present a most 
 l3^iimtifui spectacle to those who approach it 
 by w^ater The harbour is defended by tv/o 
 citadels. All the upper range of works in 
 the town is cut out of the solid rock, into 
 vaults and intricate communications. In the 
 centre of the semicircle is a smaller port 
 for gallies, defended by a couple of bastions, 
 and shut every evening with a boom. A 
 commodious quay which commimicates wnth 
 all the streets by means of large flags or 
 steps; and wfliat is very singular, it is said 
 that the compass is of no use in steering a 
 ship within four leagues of it, as the needle 
 veers about with great irregularity. It w^as 
 subject to the prince of Piombiiio, more 
 lately to France, and for a short time consti- 
 tuted the entire dominion of the riiighty Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte, Ex-emperor of France, king 
 of Italy, &c. whom the sovereignty of the 
 w’orld could not have satisfied, from which 
 be eff*ected his escape, entered France, and j 
 again ascended the throne. Lon. 10 37 e, I 
 lat. 42 52 N. I 
 
 Elbeassano, a towm in Albania, European | 
 Turky, 45 miles e of Durazzo. Lon. 20 | 
 0 E, lat. 43 42 n. 
 
 Elbe, a viver of Germany, which rises 
 in the SE part of the principality of Jau- 
 er, in Silesia, runs by Koningsgratz 
 Leutmcritz, Dresden, Meissen, Wittemherg, 
 Magdeburg, Hamburg, Giuikstadt, and 
 falls into the German sea at Cuxiiaveii. 
 
 It is navigable higher than any other river 
 in Europe, ships of 300 or 400 tons coming 
 up to Hamburg, about 70 miles liom the sea. I 
 
 ELBERT, a new counly, in the upper 1 
 district of Georgia, on the tract of land 
 between Tuguloo and Broad river ; also 
 the seat of justice in the above county, 25 
 miles Nw’ of Petersburg. Lon, 82 35 w, 
 lat. 33 55 N, 
 
 ELF 
 
 Eiherton, a sea port town of EffingfiST^ts 
 county, Georgia, containing about 
 houses, on the Ageeoliee, 18 miles w of 
 Ebeneser. Lon. 80 30 w, lat. 32 IS 
 45 N. 
 
 Elbeitf, a town in the department of tlia 
 Lower Seine, with a manufacture of cloth, 
 France, on the Seine, 10 miles s of Rouen, 
 and 65 nw of Paris, 
 
 Elbing, or Elhlang, a large and populous 
 sea port town of W Prussia, situated on a 
 river of the same name It has a consirler- 
 abie trade in butter, cheese, and corn ; 30 
 miles ESE of Dantzic. Lon. 10 30 e, lat. 
 54 IS N. 
 
 Elhogen, a towm of Saatz, Bohemia, 
 stands on a mountain, near the Egra, has 
 a citadel, 16 miles ne of Egra. 
 
 Elburg, or Elburch, a iown in Giiel- 
 derland, and department of the Yssel, 
 Holland, e coast of the Zuider Zee, 10 
 miles NE of Ilarderwick. Over the river 
 are five bridges. Lon. 5 38 e, lat. 52 
 28 N. 
 
 Elche, a town in the province of Valen- 
 cia, in a forest of palm and olive-trees, 
 Spain, supposed to be the ancient liici, 
 from the extensive remains found in and 
 near it ; 10 miles sv7 of Alicant. 
 r Etching en, an ab]>eyin Suabia, the abbot 
 of which is a prince, Germany. Its terri- 
 tory includes about 15 villages near Ulm. 
 
 Elden Hole, an unfcithomabie cavern of 
 the Peak of Derby. 
 
 ELEPHANT A, an island on the w 
 coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan, in 
 which there is a subterraneous temple, 
 hewn out of a solid rock. It is 80 or 00 
 feet in height, and 40 in breadth. At the 
 further end of the temple are gigantic fi- 
 gures, which were mutilated b}’ the Portu- 
 guese, w'ben they were in possession of the 
 island. Near the landing place is the 
 figure of an elephant of the natural size, 
 coarsely cut in stone. Eleplianta is about 
 three miles in cireumference, and belongs to 
 Britain. 
 
 Eletz, a town of Orel, Russia, burnt in 
 1745, and since rebuilt. Besides a number 
 of forges, it has a trade in com, cattle, 
 leather, and honey. U is seated on a high 
 hiiU near a river of its name, 80 miles ese 
 of Orel. 
 
 FJ,EUTHES, a kingdom of Tartary, 
 NW of Cuinese Tar (ary, subjected to the 
 emr-eror of China, in 1759. See Kal- 
 mucks 
 
 El/eld. See Eichsfield. 
 
 Ei’Jsborg Gumla, or Old Elfshorg, a tow'n 
 in the province of West Gothland, with a 
 strong castle near the sea, Sweden, four 
 miles sw of Gothburg. 
 
 Elphorg Auw, a fortress in the province 
 of Golbland, on an island at the 
 
 moutn of the Moklal. 
 
 Eijsearlehy, a town in Upland, Sweden, 
 stands on the Dahl, which a lUtic above ex- 
 
 
E L I 
 
 hibUs a beautiful cataract ; 40 miles KW of, 
 Upsal. 
 
 Etfsdal, a town of Delacarlia, Sweden, 
 celebrated for its quarries of porphyry, of 
 which morturs, vases, and tables are loiin- 
 ed ; 70 miles nnw of Fahlun. 
 
 Elga, a river which separates the coun- 
 tries of Spain and Portugal during its 
 whole course of about 30 miles. 
 
 Elgin, a royal borough, the capital 
 of Morayshire, pleasantly sitimted on 
 the bcinks of the river Lossie, live miles 
 from its mouth, where there is a tolerable 
 harbour. It was anciently delended by 
 a castle, some vestiges of which still re- 
 main. It was the residence of the bishops 
 of Moray, and the ruins of the cathedral 
 evidence its ancient magnificence. It has 
 been a royal borough at.least ever since 
 )' 434 , has an annual revenue of 2001., and 
 joins with Banff, Cullen, Kintore, and 
 Inverary in sending a member to parlia- 
 ment. The church is collegiate ; it has 
 two well endowed schools, and several I 
 charitable iDstitiitions. It gives the title 
 of earl to a branch of the family of Bruce. 
 Its manufactures are chiefly linen yarn, 
 gloves, and soap, and has five annual 
 fairs. The number of inhabitants is about 
 3000. It is 30 miles e of Inverness, 38 nw 
 of Aberdeen, and 198 n of Edinburgh. 
 The parish of Elgin extends about 10 miles 
 in length, and six in breadth ; the surface 
 flat, and the soil, in general, exceedingly 
 fertile. The population of the and 
 
 parish is about 4,813. 
 
 Elham, a town in the county of Kent, 
 67 miles ese of London. 
 
 Elie, or Ely, an ancient town in Fife- 
 shire, well situated, with one of the best 
 harbours in. the Frith of Forth. The parish 
 of Ely is only a mile and a-half long, and 
 one broad; all enclosed. The population 
 is about 730. On the coast, in the face of 
 the rocks, is a cave, in which Macduff, 
 thane of Fife, hid himself to escape to Eng- 
 land, in the time of the usurpation of Mac- 
 beth. 
 
 Elie-ness a cape on the s coast of the 
 county of Fife. 
 
 EUnge, a village seated at the head of 
 Southampton bay, Hampshire, where are 
 docks for ship-building, and storehouses for 
 corn, in w^hich there is an extensive trade ; 
 five miles w of Southampton. 
 
 ELIZABETH CITY COUNTY, in 
 Virginia, lies between York and James 
 rivers. There are several small islands 
 on its sea coast, the chief of which are 
 Long and Egg islands. Point Comfort 
 is the SE extremity of the county. It con- 
 tains 3,430 inhabitants, of whom 1,870 are 
 slaves. 
 
 ELIZABETH ISLANDS, several 
 small islands on the se side of Buzzard’s- 
 bay, situated between 41 24 and 41 32 n 
 lai. and between 70 38 and 70 56 w ion. 
 II 
 
 ELL 
 
 They are about 16 in number ; the chief 
 of which are Newshawn, Pasqui, Nasha- 
 wenna, Pinequese, and CcUtahunk islands. 
 All these belong to Duke’s county. News- 
 hawn, the principal, abounds in cattle and 
 sheep, and is noted for its chee.se and wool. 
 
 It is tw’o miles from the continent, and the 
 N point six mile.s wsw of Falmouth. Lon. 
 70 38 w, lat. 41 34 N. 
 
 Elizabeth, a township in Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, containing about 30 
 houses, 18 miles kw by w of Lancaster. 
 
 ElizahethtGwn, a town in Essex county, 
 New Jersey, seated on a creek of Newark 
 bay. Here is an elegant presbyteriau 
 church, an epi-^copal ehureh, and an acade- 
 my. This is one of the oldest, towns in the 
 state ; 10 miles wsw of Newark, and 40 nb 
 of Trenton. 
 
 a town of Maryland, the 
 capital of Washington county, formerly cal” 
 led Hagarstown. In the vicinity is t a 
 finest OroDOoko tobacco. It stands in a 
 valley, 70 miles wnw of Baltimore, and SO 
 N N w of W ashing ton . 
 
 Elizabethtown, the capital of Bladam 
 county. North Carolina, 36 miles s by w of 
 Fayetteville, and 43 nw of Vnimington. 
 
 Elkridge, a small town in Ann Arundal 
 county, Maryland. Thi.s place is fameus for 
 the bright tobacco called kile\s foot, 
 
 Elkton, a town of considerable trade, at 
 the head of Chesapeak bay, in Maryland, 
 and the capital of Cecil county. It is 10 
 miles NS of Charlestown, and 47 sw of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Elleholm, a town of Blekir.gen, Sweden, 
 on the Baltic, 10 miles w of Carlescroon. 
 
 Ellerena, or Elerena, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Estremadiira, Spain. Lon. 10 
 48 E, Peak of Teneriffe, lat. 38 8 n. 
 
 Ellesdon, ox EUdon, a town of Nor- 
 thumberland, has a fair 20th August; 20 
 I miles WNW of Morpeth, and 28 nw of New'- 
 i castle. 
 
 Ellesmere, a town in the county of Salop, 
 near a lake famous for fish, with a weekly 
 market on Tuesday. It contains about 
 3,533 iuhabitanis, and has a coiisiderabi« 
 trade in malt. A new canal is cut to this 
 town, called the Ellesmere Canal, which 
 joins the Severn on the n side of Shrews- 
 bury, passing through a country abounding 
 with slate, lime, coal, and other minerals: 
 16 miles nnw of Shrewsbury, and 178 nw 
 of London. 
 
 I Ellichpour, the capital of a circar of the 
 I same name, in the county of Berar, .subject 
 to the Nizam of the Deccan, Uindoostan ; 
 44 miles ne of Aurungabad. Lon. 78 3 h, 
 lat. 21 12 N. 
 
 Elliock, a splendid mansion, buiU by the 
 late lord Elliock, one of the judges of the 
 court of- session, .stands on the side of the 
 Nith, two miles s of Sanquhar, Dumfries- 
 shire. Here one extensive arch crosses 
 the river. A very large library collected 
 > T t 
 
ELF 
 
 fey his lordship, is entailed alone: [ 
 
 the estate. In the old house of Elliock, 
 which occupied part of the site of the pre- 
 sent one, wast born the admirable Crighton, 
 .recording' to the decided opinion of Lord 
 Eiiiock. 
 
 Elliot^ a rivulet in Angus-shire, runs s 
 and enters the German ocean^ in the 
 parish of Arbilot ; noted for the superior 
 relish of its trouts. Salmon are taken at 
 its mouth, 
 
 Ellon, di parish and village in Aberdeen- 
 shire, and seat of a presbytery. The parish 
 is about nine miles long, and five broad, 
 watered l>y the Ythan. On the banks of 
 the river the soil is dry, but in the northern 
 parts, mossy. The viliage is on the w bank 
 pf the Ythan, which is navigable for large 
 boats, within half a mile of the village, 
 where it is crossed by a good bridge. Spin- I 
 ning flax and knitting stockings employ a 
 number of inhabitants in this village and 
 neighbourhood. It has four annual fairs. 
 The population of the parish is about | 
 2,022; 18 miles n of Aberdeen, and IdO 
 NNK of Edmburgh. 
 
 EUore, the capital of one of the northern 
 circars, on Uie bay of Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 32 miles K of Masulipatam^ Lon. 81 e, 
 iat. 16 43 n, 
 
 FAm, a town in the canton of Glaris, 
 six miles s of Glaris, Switzerland. 
 
 Elma, a town in the government of 
 Archangel, Russia, stands on a river of the 
 same name, near its junction wdth the , 
 Petehora, 210 miles e of Mezen. Lon. <52 j 
 3<5 E. lat. 50 n. 
 
 Elmesworth, in W Medina, in the isle 
 of Wight, with fairs on Easter Monday, and 
 July 18th. 
 
 Elmo Fort St, a fortress in the depart- i 
 ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, France, 
 seated on the Tet, w'as taken by the Spa- 
 niards in 1798,- but retaken next year ; five 
 miles N of Coiioure. 
 
 Elnhogeu, tlje capital of a circle, or 
 district, within the circle of Saatz^ called 
 the Circle of Elnhogeu or Loket, Bohe- 
 mia, has a castle on a rock, near the 
 Egra, 38 miles wsw of Saatz. Lon. 12 
 tSO E, lat. <50 10 N. 
 
 Elne, a town in the department of 
 the Eastern Pyrennees, France, formerly 
 the see of a bishop, was greatly reduced 
 in the civil wars, in the reign of Lewis 
 XI. It is eight miles s by e of Perpig- 
 nan. 
 
 Flora, a tow^i hr the country of Dowla- 
 tabad, Hindoostan, noted for its pagodas, 
 cut out of the solid rock ; 1<5 miles n of 
 Aurungabad. 
 
 ElphtUf a town in the county of Ros- 
 common, Ireland, a bishop’s see, said to 
 have been founded by St. Patrick, in the 
 Ath. century, the bishop is a suffragan of 
 the archbishop of Cashel. In this see are 
 ‘^3 churches and 29 benefices. The cathe- 
 
 E L V 
 
 dral is the parish church ; 17 miles n af 
 Rosscommon. 
 
 Elrich, a town in Upper Saxony, capital 
 of Hobenstein, on the Zorge. Here are 
 several manufactures; 12 miles nnw of 
 Nordhausen. Lon. 10 43 e, lat. 6] 38 n. 
 
 Et^, a tow'n in the circle ©f Brunn, 
 Moravia, 24 miles yxw of Brimn. 
 
 Elsgau, a part of the bishopric of Bale, 
 comprehending the town and bailiwick of 
 Porenturi, and 20 parishes. 
 
 Ekinear, or Ehinore, a town of the isla^ 
 of Zealand, Denmark, on the sound. Here 
 reside a number of foreign merchants and 
 the consuls of the different nations that- 
 trade to the Baltic. Cronborg, which- 
 guards the sound, stands a little to the e. 
 The Danish army is supplied with arms' 
 from a manufacture in the vicinity. At 
 Els-iimre, every ship that passes pays a toll 
 to the crown, for which lighthouses and 
 signals to mark the rocks and shoals, are 
 kept in repair. Here is a commotlious 
 road, but no harbour, 32 miles n of 
 Copenhagen. Lou. 13 29 e, lat. 56 0 n. 
 See Cronherg% 
 
 Elsteth, a town of Westphalia, at the 
 junction of the Hunt and Weser, 13 miles- 
 ENE of Oldeiiburgh. 
 
 EUt, Loch, a lake in Sutherlandshire, 
 about two miles long, which discharges it- 
 I self into the Frith of Tain by a rivulet of 
 the same name. 
 
 Elsterberg, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 15 miles sw of Zwicken. 
 
 Elsterwerda, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 and margraviate of Meissen, on the Elster, 
 has a castle, and is 24 miles n by \v of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Elstow, in Bedfordshire, near Bedford, 
 with fairs on May H, and November 25. 
 Here was a nunnery. 
 
 Ettham, a town in Kent, with a market 
 on Monday ; it is eight miles s from 
 London. Here was born John of Eithani, 
 son of Edward IT. who frequently resided 
 in a palace here, of which the remains aro^ 
 still visible. It is now converted into 
 farm house and barn. It gives the title 
 of earl to the prince of Wales. Here in a 
 valuable greenhouse, the famous botanist 
 Dr. Sherrad kept his exotics. On Shooter’s 
 hill, in this parish, is Severndroog castle, 
 erected in memory of the reduction of a 
 fort of that name, ou an island,, near Bom-, 
 bay, in 1756. 
 
 Eivas, a fortified city in the province of 
 Tra^los -Montes, Portugal, containing about 
 I 2,500 inhabitants. A very remarkabU 
 I aqueduct, three miles long, supplies it with 
 (j water. It was eon.strueted by the moors, 
 j and in some places, is supported by several 
 jj stories of arches. On the side of it is a 
 1 forest of olive trees, three miles long, 
 ornamented by fine walks and fountains. 
 It has a castle reckoned one of the strongest 
 fortresses in the kingdom. In 1706, Eivas 
 
E M D 
 
 was bombarded by the French ; an academy ’ 
 for young gentlemen was founded in 1733 ; | 
 38 miles ene of Evora,and 118 e of Lisbon. | 
 Lon. 6 56 e, lat. 38 44 n. j 
 
 Elwnngeriy a principality in Suabia, be- 
 longing to the duchy of Wurtemburg, Ger- 
 many. The prince has a regency, an 
 ecclesiastical council, and a chamber of 
 finances. 
 
 Elwangen, a town in the above princi- 
 pality, has a castle seated on a mountain, 
 and stands OH the Jaxt, 14 miles kw of Nord- 
 lingcn, and 32 n of Ulm. 
 
 EZy, a cfly in Cambridgeshire, in a 
 fenny country, called Js/e of Ely. 
 
 The bishop has all the rights of a county- 
 palatine, and is sovereign The number 
 of inhabitants is about 2,500. It has 
 but one good street. It is encompassed 
 with gardens. The market is on SatJir- 
 day. It is seated on the Cuze, which is 
 navigable hence to Lynn. Here are 
 held the spring assizes. It has a fine 
 cathedral, which is the chief ornament 
 of the town It is not represented in 
 parliament. It has a free-school, .and two 
 charity schools. It has been a bishop^s 
 see since 1109, has considerable trade and 
 manufactures of 'carthern ware, and white 
 bricks. Its gardens supply many towns to 
 the s ; 17 miles n of Cambridge, and 67 
 N by E of London. Lon. 0 9 E, lat. 52 i 
 24 N. 
 
 Ely, Isle of, that large tract of high 
 land encompassed with fens, that were 
 formerly overflowed with water, to the 
 whole of which, Ely, the principal place 
 gives name. The whole district extends 
 28 miles in length, and 25 in breadth. 
 It contains a number of considerable towns 
 and villages, as Wisbeach, Whittlesey, 
 Dodington, March, Leverington., Newton, 
 Chalteries, Pjotected by its mar- 
 
 shes, the district of Ely was the last that 
 submitted to William the conqueror, since 
 s which time its foreign and domestic as- 
 sailants have often met with obstinate 
 resistance. 
 
 Ely, See Elie, 
 
 Elze, a town in Lower Saxony, and 
 bishopric of Hildesheim, on the Seina, 10 
 miles sw of Hiddiesbeim. 
 
 Emboly, a ruinous town in the province 
 of Romania, Euro|)ean Turkey, and the 
 see of a Greek archbishop. It is the ancient 
 Amphibolis. It stands cn the Sromona, 
 and is 40 miles N-e of Sulonicu. Lon, 23 
 55 E, lat. 40 59 n. 
 
 Emhrun, a city in the department of the 
 Iligiier Alps, Frciuce, stands on a craggy 
 reck, near the Durance. It has a fortress 
 .built by Louis XIV ; 17 miles e of Gap. 
 Lon. 6 29 e, lat. 44 34 x. 
 
 Emden, the capital of the county of 
 East Frie.Iand, Westphalia. It is large, 
 stropg, and commercitil ; and divided 
 into Old and New Tow^n, with two sub- 
 
 E N c 
 
 Jews, 
 
 the greater 
 
 urbs. U has a safe road, and commodious 
 harbour, at the mouth of the Ems. Its 
 manufactures are cotton, stockings, lea- 
 ther, and soap. There are some 
 Papists, and Lutherans, but 
 part of the inhabitants are Calvinists. 
 Its territory includes several towns and 
 villages; 28 miles ene of Groningen, and 
 47 of Oldenburg. Lon. 7 8 e, lat. 
 53 22 N. 
 
 Emiy, a town of Tipperary, Ireland, 
 formerly the see of a. bishop, but in 1658, 
 was annexed to the archbishopric of Cash- 
 al. It has still a chapter, and the choir 
 of the caihedral is kept in repair. Heret 
 was once a celebrated school, attended by 
 a number of students. It stands in an ex- 
 tremely fertile district near St. Alban^s 
 well, which is the resort of a number of 
 pilgrims, 14 miles from Cashel, and 34 N 
 of Cork. 
 
 Emmaiis, a Moravian settlement, eight 
 miles from Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Emmeloort, a town in the n part of the 
 island of Shockland, in the Zuyder Zee, 
 Holland, 
 
 I Emmendingen, Xn Suabia, Mar- 
 
 quisate of Hoohberg, stands on he Ens, 
 
 I 10 miles n by w of Friburg, and J ssr of 
 ' Strasburg. 
 
 EmmerJeh, Emerick, or Emmerich a 
 towTi in Westphalia, and duchy of Cleves, 
 seated on the Rhine, has an extensive 
 trade with Holland, and ,is 20 miles ne of 
 Cleves, and 22 NwofWeseU The gover- 
 nor and magistrates are Calvinists. Here 
 the Jesuits had a college. Lon. 5 29 e, lat. 
 52 5 N. 
 
 EmmitshurghfOT Emmtshurgli, a flourish- 
 ing village in Frederick county, Maryland, 
 Uniteil States, between the w head waters of 
 Monococy,50 miles nw of Baltimore. 
 
 EMOUY, or Hia-men, an island near 
 the SE coast of China, in the province of 
 Forkien, about 15 miles in circumference, 
 with a port capable of containing any 
 number of ye.ssels, and its w’ater so deep that 
 the largest may come close to the shore. 
 Here formerly w'as great traffic with Europe, 
 hut ail the trade is now transferred to 
 Canton. The magnificence of its principal 
 Pagod, dedicateil to thair god Fo, gives 
 celebrity to this island. Lon. 116 27 k, 
 lat. 24 30 N. 
 
 Empoli, a town in Tuscany, Italy, on 
 the Arno, 17 miles sw of Fiorence. Lo«. 
 11 16 E, lat. 43 42 n. 
 
 Ems, a town in the Tyrol, Germany^ 
 near which are some baths of sulphurid 
 water, 10 miles s of Bregenz. 
 
 Ems, a river in Westphalia, which has 
 its source in Paderborn, and passing through 
 Munster and E Friesland, enters the Dwi- 
 laxt bay at Embden. 
 
 Enchuysen, a town in the department of 
 the Te.xel, Holland, on the Zuider Zee, 
 It has a eonsrderable trade, particularly ia 
 t 2 
 
ENG 
 
 salt-fish. The streets are dean, with a 
 great mimber of canals, the houses hand- 
 some, and the public buildings good. Ii 
 has now lost much of its consequence 
 by the obstruciion of its harbour by 
 sand banks. It was taken by the Eng- 
 lish in 1799. The steeple of its church 
 is of extraordinary height: 27 miles ne 
 of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 20 e, lat. 52 
 43 N. 
 
 Enckendrop, a town in Holstein, six miles 
 SE of Rendsburg, Germany. 
 
 Endeavour Straits, a narrow sea, sepa- 
 rating New Guinea from New Holland, 
 about 10 leagues in length, and five broad, 
 except at the NE entrance, where it is con- 
 tracted to two miles by the prince of 
 Wales’ islands. Captain Cook who visit- 
 ed these straits in 1770, gave them their 
 name. 
 
 Endian, a town in the province of Chu^ 
 sistaii; 150 miles sse of Susa, Persia. 
 
 Edingen, a town in Austricin Suabia, 
 near the Rhine, seven miles kw of Friburg, 
 and as many of Old Brisac. 
 
 Endrick, a river in Stirlingshire^ rush- 
 ing in a full stream over the Loup «f 
 Fintrg, forming a. cataract of 91 feet 
 in height. It falls into the se corner of 
 Loch Lomond, and abounds with pike, 
 perch, flounders, trout, and salmon. 
 
 Enfxld, a town in the county of Mid- 
 dlesex, has a market on Saturday. Here 
 formerly was an extensive royal chace, 
 which was disforested in 1779. There 
 are also some remains of an ancient 
 royal palace, in the garden of which is a 
 cedar of Lebanon, that some years since 
 measured 12 feet in girt: 10 miles n of 
 London. 
 
 Enfield, a town in Hartford county, Con- 
 recticut, on the e bank of that river, 16 
 miles N by b of Hartford. 
 
 ENGADIN, or Jugadin, or Junthal, 
 a district of the country of the Grisons, 
 divided into Upper and Lower. Upper 
 Engadin is divided into three communities, 
 and contains about 4000 inhabitants. Zut? 
 is esteemed the principal place. Lower 
 Engadin is divided into three communities ; 
 and has a fertile soil, Cernetz is the prin- 
 cipal place. 
 
 Engdhn'g, a valley in Hinderwalden, 
 Swisscr'aiid, 10 miles long, encompassed 
 by mountains, subject to an abbot of Bene- 
 dictine monasteiy of the same name, whose 
 revenue arises chiefly fiorn commerce in 
 cheese. It contains very extensive glaciers, 
 on the side' of the mountains ; fine black 
 marble, white unveined small crystals, calle<l 
 Swiss diamonds, silver, and vitriol. The 
 ^bbey is 12 miles sw of Altdorf. 
 
 Engdholmy a sea port town of Sweden, 
 on the E side of the Categat, with good 
 anchorage. Alter an obstauate defence, it 
 was taken by the Danes, in 1678. It is 44 j 
 miles N by w of Lund. Lon. 12 49 E, lat. ! 
 56 13 N. 
 
 ENG 
 
 Engen, a town in Suabia, and princi 
 pality of Furstenburg, Germany, 20 mile 
 ESK of Furstenburg. 
 
 Engenthal, a town in Franconia, 13 
 miles w of Nuremberg, Germany. 
 
 Engers, a town in the Westerw^ald, chief 
 of a county of its name, cn the Rhine, 20 
 miles wNw of Dietz. 
 
 Engliien, a town in HainauU, Nether- 
 lands. It gives title of duke to the 
 prince of Conde’s eldest son. Neitr it, 
 in 1692, was fought the battle of Stein- 
 kirk, in which the French, under mar- 
 shal Luxemburg, repulsed the army of 
 William III. and killed general Mackay, 
 who, in 1689, had gained the battle of 
 Cillicranky, in which I.ord Viscount 
 Dundee, who w^as at the head of the 
 highland clans, fell. Lon. 3 52 e, lat, 
 50 36 N. 
 
 Engia, See Egina, 
 
 ENGLAND, a country of Europe, 
 which forms a principal part of the king- 
 dom and island of Great Britain. It 
 is of a triangular form. From the 
 South Foreland in Kent, xvhieb may 
 be termed the e point of the triangle, 
 to Berwick-upon-Tweed, wbich is the 
 N, its length, in a straight line, is 345 
 miles ; from that point to the Land's 
 End, in Cornwall, which is the w, it is 
 425; and the breadth thence to the South 
 Foreland, is 340. Etd the breadth diim- 
 nishes, in general, as wc approach^ th® 
 N . The face of the country affords 
 all that beautiful variety w’hich can be 
 found in the most extensive tracts of 
 the globe. In some parts, verviant plains 
 extend as far as (ho eye can reach, water- 
 ed Vjy copious streams, and covered by 
 hmimierabie cattle. In others, the pleas- 
 ing vicissitudes of gentiy-rising bills and 
 bending vales, fertile in corn, waving with 
 wood, and interspersed with meadows, 
 offer the most delightful landscapes of 
 rural opiilesce and beauty. Some tracts 
 abound with prospects of a more roman- 
 tic kind ; lofty mountains, craggy rocks, 
 deep narrow dells, and tumbling torrents. 
 Nor are there wanting, as a contrast to 
 so many agreeable scenes, the gloomy 
 features of black barren moors, and 
 wide uncultivated heaths. On the whole, 
 however, few countries have a smaller 
 proportion of land absolutely sterile and 
 incapable of culture. The richest parts 
 are in gene'Val the midland and southern. 
 Toward the n, the land is inferior, 
 and the people behind in agricultural know- 
 ledge, except the county of Northum- 
 beriand, and the detached parts of Dur- 
 ham on the border, xvhere, and in the 
 contiguous counties in Scotland, agri- 
 culture is carried to a higher pitch of 
 improvement than in any other quarter 
 of the united empire. The e coast is 
 in many parts sandy ami marshy. A 
 range of rude and elevated land, some*" 
 
ENG 
 
 rising into lofty mountains, cxteudrs 
 from the borders of Scotland to the very 
 heart of England, rnnoing from n to s, 
 and forming a natural division between 
 the E and w sides of the kingdom. Corn- 
 wall is also a rough hilly tract ; and a 
 similar character prevails in part oi 
 the adjacent counties. These mountain- 
 ous t acts abound with various min^al 
 treasur.^s. The rivers are numerous.^ Ihe 
 most considerable are Thames, Severn, 
 Medwav, Trent, Ouse, Tyne, Tees, Eden, 
 Avon, Derwent, Dee, Mersey, &c. whicn, 
 with many others, are described under 
 their respective heads. The lakes are | 
 neither numtrous nor extensive. They | 
 are chiefly in the nw counties; those 
 of Westmoreland and Cumberland are 
 greatly celebrated for their romantic and 
 picturesque scenery. The climate is 
 healthy, though uncertain ; frequent changes 
 happen in the w^eatfaer, and those sud- 
 den and unexpected, which render the 
 harvests, especially in the northern coun* 
 ties precarious. The soil is various, and 
 difters in different counties. Vfheat, bar- 
 ley, oats, rye, French wheat, beans, 
 and pease, are the principal productions. 
 Many of the counties produce apples 
 and pears, from which cyder and perry 
 are made, by some thought equal to 
 the generality of German wines; plumbs, 
 cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, 
 flgs, grapes, and other truils, are, by 
 the care and skill of the English gar- 
 deners, raised in iho greatest plenty and 
 variety. The oak is a native of Eng- 
 land, as likewise the beach ; the ebn 
 most probably is an exotic ; and there 
 are few plants that flourish in any part 
 of the known world but are introduced 
 either into the plantation, the nursery, or 
 the green-house in England. Formerly 
 this county was infested wuth wolves, 
 bears, foxes, deer, and badgers, but the 
 two first have been totally destroyed. 
 Among the domestic animals are cattle, 
 horses, sheep, and bogs, and all these have 
 been reared to the highest degree of perfec- 
 tion. In the mountains of the different 
 parts cf the kingdom are mines of copper, 
 iron, lead, tin, and coals, with quarries of 
 marble, free-stone, lime stone, slate, &c. 
 The rivers and seas are stocked with a 
 great variety of fish. The fisheries are at 
 present an object of great attention. The 
 mauufachires are as perfect in their re- 
 spective branches, as they are various 
 and extensive; and England is unques- 
 tionably the first manufacturing com- 
 mercial country in the world. London 
 is the capital, and the metropolis also of 
 the whole British empire. The next towns 
 in point of commercial importance, are 
 Bri.siol and Liverpool. Canterliury and 
 York are archbishof/s sees. Oxford and 
 Cambridge are universities. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants is about 8,331,434. 
 
 ENG 
 
 The government of this country is a limit 
 ed monarchy; the legislative power re.sid- 
 ing in the King, the House of Lords, 
 and the House of Commons; the laws 
 originating wdth the latter, are agrccxl 
 to by the nobles, and confirmed by the 
 king, either of the latter having power 
 to reject. The executive power remains 
 with the king, and subordinate rulers. 
 The civil division of the country is iuto 
 six circuits, and 40 shires, or couiiLies; 
 these last are subdivided into w^apentakes, 
 or hundreds, and parishes. The circuits, 
 in each of which two judges generally 
 administer justice twice a-year, contain 
 38 counties. They are, 1. The Home 
 Circuity which contains the counties of 
 Es.sex, Herts, Kent, Surry, and Sussex. 
 2. The Norfolk Circuit, containing the 
 counties of Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon, 
 Cambridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk. 3. The 
 Oxford Circuit, containing the counties 
 of Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, Worcester, 
 Monmouth, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford. 
 4. The Midland Circuit, containing the 
 shires of Warwick, Leicester, Derby, Not- 
 tingham, Lincoln, Rutland, and Nor- 
 thampton. 5. The Northern Circuit, con- 
 taining the counties of York, Durham, 
 Northumberland, Lancester, Westmoreland, 
 and Cumberland. 6 . The Western Cir- 
 cuit, containing Hants, Wilts, Dorset, 
 Somerset, Devon, and Cornw^all. Mid- 
 dlesex being the seat of the supreme court 
 of justice, and Cheshire being a county 
 of palatinate, are not included in any 
 circuit. The established religion of the 
 country, as contained in the Thirty-Nino 
 articles of the church of England, is Calvi- 
 nism, but theie are interpreted by the 
 clergy in general according to the prin- 
 ciples of Arminius.— There are however 
 a number of exception:. All religions 
 are tolerated. The ecclesia-stical division 
 of England, is into two archbishoprics, 
 called the provinces of Canterbury and 
 York, and 26 bishoprics. That of Can- 
 terbury, (whose archbishop is metropo- 
 litan and primate of all England,) con- 
 tains the dioceses of Loudon, Winchester, 
 Bath, Bristol, and Wells, Chichester, Ely, 
 Exeter, Gloucester, Hereford, Litcnfleid, 
 and Coventry, Lincoln, Norwich, Oxford, 
 Petersborough, Rochester, Salisbury, and 
 Worcester, beside the four Welsh bisho- 
 prics of St. David, Bangor, Llan^.aff, 
 and St. Asaph. The province of York 
 contains the dioceses of Durham, Chester, 
 and Carlisle, and that of Sodar and 
 Man ; and all the prelates of the sees 
 enumerated have a seat in the uouse 
 of lords, except the see of Sodor and 
 Man. 
 
 ENGLAND, New, that part of the 
 United States of America, which lies to 
 tl>e E of New York, is known by the general 
 name of New England, formerly called 
 New England Colonies, anti now the States 
 
E N N 
 
 New EnjB^land, being divided into five 
 i^tates, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 tlhode Island, C onnecticut, and Vermont, 
 to which is now added a sixth, called 
 Main. New England is the most popu- 
 lous pari of the United States ; it contains 
 about l,?33,0n inhabitants. They are 
 mostly descended from the natives of 
 England, who were banisiied from their 
 ■ovi'ii country for conscience ^ke, wiien 
 persecution was hot against the Puritans. 
 They universally speak the English lan- 
 guage, and many of them talk yet of 
 England as their home, notwithstanding 
 the cruelty exercised against their proge- 
 nitors, Learning is here more generally 
 dififused among the peopde than in other 
 states; they are fond of learning the arts, 
 and cultivate (hem with success. One 
 great characteristic of the New England- 
 ers is their enthusiastic love of liberty : 
 for wdiich in the days of their fathers so 
 many bled and died, and which was com- 
 mitted to the succeeding race as a precious 
 deposit. They are generally tall and well 
 made, frugal, industrious, sober, and tem- 
 perate. A law, which is the same in all 
 the New England states, divides the posses- 
 sions of the father equally among the 
 children, with the exception only of a 
 double portion to the eldest. New Eng- 
 land may be called a nursery of men. 
 The state of Vermont has risen in a small 
 time, and thousands of the inhabitants 
 emigrate every year into every state and 
 considerable town of the Union. The 
 principal rivers are the Conuecticul, Mer- 
 rimack, Penobscot, Piscataqua, and Saco. 
 The productions and trade of New Eng- 
 land, are noticed under the names of the 
 states into which it is divided. See Connec- 
 ticutf (fee. 
 
 English Ha:, ^otir, one of the best har- 
 l)ours in the island of Antigua. Lon. 61 
 27 30 w, lat. 17 8 25 N. 
 
 English Point, a cape in the river St. 
 Lawrence, on the coast Canada. Lon. 61 
 45 \v, lat. 49 40 n. 
 
 English Road, a road in the island of 
 Eooa or Middleburg, in the Pacific ocean. 
 Lon. 174 34 w, lat. 21 20 s. 
 
 English Town, in New Jersey, a small 
 village in the nw part of Monmouth coun- 
 ty, 18 miles e of Prinoetowu. 
 
 EnJiioping, a town in the province of 
 Upland, Sweden, on a creek of the lake 
 Maeler, 21 miles sw of Uosal. Lon. 16 
 59 E, lat. 54 45 n. 
 
 Ennei Lough, a lake in the countv of 
 \V cst /death, Ireland, four or five miles 
 long, and two broad, and contains a 
 small island. It is a few miles s of Mul- 
 iingcir. 
 
 Ennerdale Water, a lake seven miles r 
 of Whitehaven, Cumberland, three miles 
 long, and less than one broad, encompassed, 
 except on the \v, by almost impa.ssai>le 
 mouiitaitis. It gives name to a district, 
 
 ENT 
 
 and affords a variety of mountain, sylvai, 
 and pastoral scenes. 
 
 Ennis, a large, populous, and trading 
 town, capital of the county of Clare, pro- 
 vince of Munster, on the Fergus, which is 
 navigable for large boats from the Shannon. 
 It is a burgh town, and sends a representa- 
 tive to the British parliament. The village 
 of Clare, once the capital of the county, 
 stands txvo miles sse. At Ennis are the 
 remains of a magnificent abbey, built 
 in 1550, 22 miles wnw of Limerick, and 
 ]I8 wsAv of Dublin. Lon. 9 22 w, lat. 
 5244 N. 
 
 Enniscorfhg, a town in the county of 
 .Wexford, seated on the Slaney, at the foot 
 of Vinegar Irill, with a cakle. There 
 are a manufacture- of coarse woollen cloth, 
 and some considerable iron-works: 19 
 miles ^ of Wexford, and 27 ne of Water- 
 ford. 
 
 Enniskillen, a burgh town, capital of the 
 county of Fermanagh, on an island in th© 
 strait, which connects the two branches of 
 loch Earn. It has a strong fort, as it is a 
 pass of importance between the n and s of 
 Ireland. Here, in 1595, the army of 
 queen Elizabeth, and in 1680, ' that of 
 .lames II. met with obstinate resistance. 
 Here is a spring esteemed as one of the best 
 cold baths, it is so copious that its stream 
 turns two mills within 150 yards of it 
 source. It gives title of earl to the family 
 of Colt, and name to the 6th regiment of 
 dragons. The linen manufacture flourishes 
 here. It sends a representative to (he Bri- 
 tish parliament, and is 80 miles nw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Eno, a town in the province of Romania, 
 European Turkey, and .the see of a Greek 
 archbishop stands near the Archipelago, at 
 the mouth of the Marissa, 90 miles s 
 by w of Adrianople. Lon. 26 15 e, lat. 40 
 46 N. 
 
 E71S, or Enns, a town of Austria, well 
 built, and strongly tonified, on a river of the 
 same name, at its junction with the Da- 
 nube, 12 miles ese of Lintz, and 78 w of 
 Vienna. Lon. 14 32 e, lat. 48 13 n. 
 
 ENSAY, one of the southern divisions 
 of the Harris isles, about two miles long,, 
 and one broad; with an excellent soil, well 
 cultivated. 
 
 Ensene, a town on the e side of the Nile, 
 120 mile.s s of Cairo, Egyj)t. Here are ih© 
 ruin.s of the ancient Antinoe. Lon. 30 54 e, 
 lat. 28 5 N. 
 
 Ensisheiiii, a town in the department of 
 the Upper Riiine, France, seated on the 111, 
 10 miles s of Coi mar. 
 
 Ensirken, a tov/n in the department of 
 the Roer, France, now of Germany, in the 
 fiuchy of .Tuliers, 15 iriles sw’ of Cologne. 
 Lon. 6 29 k, lat. 51 0 n. 
 
 Enstorf, a town in the Upper Palatinate, 
 Bavaria, 22 miles n of Hatisbon. 
 
 Entfihuch, o town in the canton of Lu- 
 cern, ^Switzerland, the principal place of a 
 
E P H 
 
 bailiwick, about nine leagues long, and six 
 broad; 14 miles wsw of Lucern. 
 
 ENTRE DUERO-E-MINHO, a pro- 
 vince of Portugal. It takes its name from 
 its situation between the rivers Duero and 
 Miiibo and is about 60 miles from n to s. 
 and 35 from e to w. The soil is fertile, 
 and the air healthy. It produces corn, 
 wine, oil, and fiax in abundance, with great 
 numbers of sheep, and plenty ol game 
 and fish. It is divided into six juris- 
 dictions, which contain 50*1,000 inha- 
 bitants ; it has several sea-ports on navi- 
 gable rivers, which render it very commer- 
 cial. The principal towns are Braga the 
 capital, Porto, Viane, Guimaraens, Ama- 
 ranle, Moneao, Pome <ie Lmia, and Entre 
 ambos os Rios ; the principal rivers are the 
 Minho, Lima, Cavado, Tamega, and Due- 
 lo. Agriculture is well conducted in ibis 
 province. 
 
 ENTRY ISLAND, one of the Magda- 
 len islands, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 Lon. 61 20 w, lat. 46 18 n. 
 
 Eutzei\stor/, a town of Austria, with a 
 castle surrounded with a wall and fosse, 
 seated on the left bank of the Danube, 10 
 miles ESE of Vienna, 
 
 Eorupie Point , or the Butt of Lewis, 
 the northern promontory of the island of 
 Lewis. 
 
 EORSA, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 between Mull and Icolmkill, in a bay cal- 
 led Lochrankeal. 
 
 Eons mil, an insulated rock, about half 
 a mile in circuit, on the w side gf North 
 Uist. It is noted for its seal-fishing. 
 
 EOY, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 lying between Barray and South Uist. 
 
 Eperies, the capital of the county of 
 Saros, celebrated for its mines of salt. 
 Hungary. It stands on the Tatza, 20 
 miles NE of Cassovia. Lon. 21 13 e, lat. 
 48 50 N. 
 
 Epernay, a tow'n in the department of 
 the Marne, France, celebrated for its wine, 
 and manufactures of cloth. It was taken, j 
 rn 1592, by Henry IV, when marshal 
 Biron vras kiileii, while the king’s hand 
 leaned on his shoulder; 17 miles nw of 
 Chalons. 
 
 Epernon, a town in the department of 
 the Eure and Loire, France, 15 miles ne 
 of Chartres. , 
 
 Ephesus, a famous city of Ionia, ami 
 once the capital of Asia Minor, celebramd I 
 for its temple of Diana, and many other I 
 magnificent edifices. It was once the j 
 greatest emporium in that part of the East. 
 The fortress whieii seems to have been 
 erected by the Greek emperor, is seated on 
 an eminence. Part of the aqueiluct, sup- 
 ported by pillars of fine marble, is ycL stand- 
 ing. The eastern gatCthas three Bi>:so- 
 relievos takdi from some ancient monu- 
 ments. It is not easy to trace the site of 
 the temple of Diana, formerly reckoned 
 •Hii of the seveK wonders of tli* world. 
 
 E P W 
 
 This temple was burnt by Ero Stranrs; 
 from a vain wish to perpetuate his name', 
 on that very night in which Alexander the 
 Great was born. The ruins are inhabitevl 
 by about 40 poor Greek families, who are 
 so illiterate that they cannot read the 
 epistle with which Paul the apostle ho- 
 noured their ancestors. Ephesus is seated 
 near the mouth of the Cayster, which is 
 now almost choked with sand ; 23 miles m 
 of Miletus, and 30 sse of Smyrna. Lon. 27 
 12- E, lat. 38 16 N. 
 
 Ephraia, or Tunher’s Town, a village in 
 Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, inhabited 
 by people of German extraction. It has 
 three places of worship, and is 22 miles n 
 of Lancaster, and; about 60 w of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Ephremov, a town in the government of 
 } Tula, 36 miles se oi Tula, Russia. , 
 
 Epidaurus, now pronounced Pidavro by 
 the natives, a village of the Morea, Euro- 
 psau Turkey. It was formerly a city 
 noted a£ the precinct of Esculapius and' 
 his sacred territory in the vicinity. It is 
 seated on a peninsula, 24 miles se of Co- 
 rinth, 
 
 Epiez, a town in the department of tli© 
 Loiret, France, 18 miles w by n of Or- 
 leans. 
 
 Epila, a town in the province of Arrago® 
 on the Xiloca, Spain,* 20 miles w by s of 
 Sarragossa. 
 
 Epinol, the capital of the department of 
 the Vosges, France, stands on the Moselle, 
 
 ) and is noted for its paper mills; 35 miles 
 I SE of Nancy. Lon. 6 34 e, lat. 48 8 n. 
 
 Epping, a town in the county of Essex, 
 with a market on Friday ; famous for ex- 
 cellent butter, stands at the n end of a 
 forest of the same name, where the citizens 
 of London are amused with a slag hunt 
 annually, on Easter Monday, IT miles nns 
 of London. 
 
 Epping, a township of Rockingham 
 comity. New Hampshire, containing i74(f 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Eppingen, a town of Germany, Palatinate 
 of the Rhine, on the Elsats, 18 mile« 
 SSE of Heidelberg, and 20 ene of Philips- 
 burg. 
 
 Epsom, a town in the county of Surry, 
 celebrated for a medical spring, and salts. 
 U has a daily market to supply the number 
 of wealthy people in the town and its vici- 
 nity, and annual horse races on the neigh- 
 bouring downs for their amusement. It 
 has an annual fair July 25th ; and is 18 
 miles SSE of London. 
 
 Epwarthy a town in the county of 
 Lincoln, on the Isle of Axholm, with a 
 market on Friday. Its principal trade is 
 a manufacture of sacking. It is the birth- 
 place of John Wesley, the founder of 
 the Armiriian sect of Methodists : 1 1 
 
 miles N of Gainsborough, and 160 nnw of 
 London. Here is a charity ighool, and a 
 fair, Sept. 0, 
 
E R I 
 
 Erhachy the capital of a county of the i 
 same name, in Franconia, has a castle, 22 
 miles w by s of Wertheim, and 3t5 sse of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 EK.BACH, County of, a principality in 
 Franconia, about seven leagues long, and 
 six wide ; the soil mountainous, but not 
 unfriiiiful. The population is estimat- 
 ed at 25,000. Here are mines of lead, sil- 
 %'er, iron, copper, and quicksilver. The 
 articles of export are spelt, oats, wheat, cat- 
 tle, wood, potash, honey, wax, iron, and 
 chcircoal. 
 
 Erekliy a town in the province of Ro- 
 mania, Asiatic Turkey, anciently called 
 Heraciea, famous for the ruins of an amphi- 
 theatre, built by the emperor Saverns. It 
 stands on the sea of Marmora, 48 miles w 
 of Constantinople. 
 
 EreSy or EriSy a town in the province of 
 Schirvan, Persia. It is 80 miles sw of Der- 
 bend, and 20 se of Teflis. 
 
 Erfurthy or Erfurty a fortified city of 
 Upper Saxony, commonly called the ca- 
 pital of Thuringia, seated on the Gera. 
 The municipility is composed of an equal 
 number of Catholics and Lutherans. It 
 has an university, and three fine libraries, 
 one of which belongs to the protestant 
 ministers, another to the university, and the 
 third to the papists. The town is large, 
 the buildings in general is in the Gothic 
 style. The population reckoned about 
 15,000. In Hod, 180 houses and several 
 churches, were consumed by fire. It was 
 taken by the French in 1806, and recover- 
 ed by the allies in 18 J 3. The great- 
 est part of the burgers are protestants. It 
 stands in a fertile country, 58 miles ese of 
 Leipsick, The territory of Erfurt is fer- 
 tile, but wants woods. It contains the ca- 
 pital, two towns, and T3 villages. Lon. 11 
 9 E, lat. 51 2 N. 
 
 Ericeyray a town in the province of 
 Estramadura, Portugal, on the sea coast, 
 21 miles nnw of Lisbon. 
 
 Ericlit Lochy an extensive lake in Perth- 
 shire, extending several miles into Inver- 
 ness-shire, 24 miles long and one broad, 
 lies between lofty and rugged mountains, 
 and its banks are covered with heath, 
 interspersed with straggling allers and 
 birches. The river Ericht, which issues 
 from its s extremity, fails into loch Ran- 
 nock. 
 
 EriCy a lake of the fourth magnitude, in 
 North America, and through which runs 
 the line between the United States and Up- 
 per Canada. It is situated between 41 and 
 43 N lat. and between 78 48 and 83 w Ion. 
 Its form is elliptical. Its length is about 
 280 miles, and its medium breadth 40. It 
 is navigable for ships of any burden. In 
 some places, particularly on the s s de, 
 there are rocks of several miles in length. 
 Near the mouth of Cayahaga, some of these 
 stand 40 or 50 feet above the water, and 
 
 E R N 
 
 project, over the lake so as to fill the bold- 
 est mind with terror ; even the Indians of- 
 fer a sacrifice of tobacco wdien they pass 
 them. The islands and banks towards itg 
 vv end are so infested with rattle-snake« 
 as to render it also dangerous to land. 
 On the leaves of tiie pond-lily, which co- 
 vers the surface of the water to a great 
 extent, lie myriads of the water snake, bask- 
 ing in the summer sun. At its nw end this 
 lake receives by the given defVoit, the wa- 
 ters of several large lakes, which are dis- 
 charged at its NE end by the Niagra, into 
 lake Ontario. 
 
 EriCy Forty a strong fortification in Up- 
 per Canada, on the e end of lake Erie, and 
 on the w bank of the Niagra, 27 miles s by 
 E of fort Niagara. Lon. 78 15 w, lat, 42 
 52 N. 
 
 ERISKAY, one of the Western islands. 
 
 It is about five miles in circumference, at 
 the s end of St. Uist, celebrated as the first 
 place which Charles Stewart landed in 
 1745, in his unsuccessful expedition to re- 
 gain the British crown. 
 
 ERIVAN, a province of Persian Arme- 
 nia, about 200 leagues in length, and 60 in 
 breadth. The country is mountainous, in- 
 tersected with fertile valleys ; the air is 
 healthy, and the wine excellent ; the winter 
 is long and rough. The principal towns 
 are Erivan and Nachivan. 
 
 ErivcOfiy the capital of the above province, 
 and the residence of an Armenian patriarch, 
 seated on the Tuengui, near lake Erivan, 
 which is 69 miles in circumference, and 
 very deep. It is large, dirty, and ill built, 
 and but indifferently peopled. The city is 
 defended by a castle and fortress, in which 
 the governor resides. In the Meidan, 
 which is 400 paces over, are beautiful 
 trees. The baths and caravansaries ara 
 worthy of notice, but the churches of the 
 Christians are small. The Armenians hava 
 shops there, but must not remain during the 
 night ; 105 miles nw cf Astrabad. Lon. 44 
 10 E, lat. 40 20 N. 
 
 Erkelensy a town in the department of th© 
 Roer, France, on the Roer, 10 miles nw 
 Juliers. Lon. 6 33 e, lat. 51 8 n. 
 
 Erlach y or Ceilier, a town in the can- 
 ton of Bern, Ssvitzerland, seated on the 
 lake Biel, with a castle, 10 miles sw of Biel. 
 
 ErlangeUy a town in Franconia, and prin- 
 cipality of Bayreuth, divideil into Old and 
 New ; the latter is one of the handsomest 
 towns in Germany. It has several chur- . 
 ches, an university, and a palace ; and its 
 principal manufactures are hats, gloves, 
 and stockings. It stands on the Requitz, 
 12 miles n of Nuremburg. Lon. 11 2 e, 
 lat. 49 34 N. 
 
 Erncy or EamCy a lake and river in 
 Perthshire, Scotland. The lake is about 
 eight miles long, and a-half broad. In 
 this lake are two artificial islands, and on 
 each the remains of a castle. Between this lak® 
 
E R Z 
 
 Esc 
 
 Coniirie, stai)ds Dunsira, an elegant 
 hunting seat of Viscount Melville. From 
 the E end of the lake, about six miles w 
 of the village of Comrie, Hows the river, 
 the winiling course of which, eastward 
 through the beautiful vale or strath, to 1 
 which it gives name, is much and justly | 
 admired, and falls into the Tay six or seven 
 miles below Perth, a little w of ^e port of 
 Neuburgh. . It is )]arigabl8 to the bridge 
 of Erne, a distance of about four miles from 
 the Tay. Loch Erne produces trout and 
 pike, besides which, the river abounds with 
 salmon. 
 
 Emee, a town in the department of the 
 , -Mayenne, on a river of the same name, 
 containing about 2,400 inliabitanis, France ; 
 1<5 miles nnw of Laval. 
 
 Errickf a river in Inverness-shire flows 
 through the valley of Slrathdearn, and falls 
 into loch Ness, near fort Augustus. 
 
 Erribol Loch, a safe harbour on the coast 
 of Sutheriandshire, capable of containing 
 the whole British navy. 
 
 Erroad, or ErodUy a town of Coimbe- 
 tore, Hindoostan, has an extensive mud 
 fort. Mere, and in the vicinity, is manu- 
 factured coarse cotton cloth. It stands ji 
 on a canal from Bhawari, and near the 
 river Cavery, eight miles s of Bhawanc- 
 kudal. 
 
 Erroly a parish and village in the Carse 
 of GoWrie, Perthshire. The pafish is 
 about five miles long, and three broad. 
 
 It contains some extensive and fruitful 
 orchards. The soil of this parish, like the 
 whole of the Carse, is uncommonly rich, 
 and produces most abundant crops. The 
 water is neither plentifui nor good. The 
 village is pleasantly situated on the n 
 banks of the Tay, opposite to the village 
 and harbour of Neuburg, and contains 
 about 1000 inhabitants; but, though con- 
 sideraljle for size, it is not regularly built.' 
 An extensive brewery was lately erected, 
 and the weaving of coarse linen employs 
 a number of the inhabitants. Population, 
 including the village eight miles e of Perth, 
 
 2, TOO. 
 
 ErromangOy one of the New Hebride 
 islands, 24 leagues in circumference. On 
 t’le w side is a promontory, called by Cap- 
 tain Cook, Traitor’s Head, from the treach- 
 erous behaviour of the inhabitants. Lon. 
 169 19 E, lat. 18 47 s. 
 
 Erskincy a parish in Renfrewshire, mea- 
 suring six miles long, and about four broad, 
 bounded on ihe n by the Clyde. The soil is 
 in general light and shallow, but well culti- 
 vated. Erskine House, the seat of Lord 
 Blantyre, is a fine building, in the midst of 
 extensive parks and plantations. The po- 
 * pulation is about 850. 
 
 Eruy, a town in the department of the 
 Aube, France; 17 miles s by W of Tro- 
 yes. 
 
 Erzeruniy or Arzerumy the capital of a . 
 pachalic of tbe same name, which is a part i 
 
 11 ^ 
 
 of Armenia, Asiatic Turkey. The town i« 
 fortified, the houses are mean. Of the in- 
 habitants they count IS 000 Turks of wlioni 
 two thirds are jannisr^aries 0000 Armenians^ 
 and 400 Greeks; The Greeks live in the 
 suburbs, and e.rc mostly employed in nianu- 
 facturing copper, brought irom some minesj 
 three days journey from the city. Here is 
 also a manufacture of the skin of a species 
 of martin. Erzerum is the staple of, tho 
 rnercTiandise of India, especially when the 
 Arabians infest the environs of Aleppo and 
 Bagdad. This merchandize consists of 
 silks from Persia, eoUon, painted linens^ 
 spices Arc. It is surrounded by double 
 wails, defended by .square tovrers, and 
 stands between the two .soarees of 
 the Euphrate.?, at the foot of a chain of 
 rnountaiGs, which are usually covered whli 
 fiiiQw till the latter end of spring, it is 
 both Armenian and Greek sees. The for- 
 mer have two churches, tbe latter but one; 
 104 miles SE of Trebisond, and 250 rexa 
 of Aleppo. Lon. 41 46 e, lat. 30 
 57 N. 
 
 ERZGEBIRG, or EEEGEBrnG,a coun- 
 try in Upper Saxony, It contains .several 
 I mines and manufaciures. The soU is bad; 
 and the air cold. This territory includes 
 64 towns and 700 villages. Friburg is 
 the capi tal. 
 
 Esau, a mountain in the country o| 
 Yemen, four miles x of Udden, Arabia. 
 
 Escaldy Lciy a town in tbe province of 
 Catalonia, Spain. Lon. 19 43 e. Peak of 
 TencrilTe, lat. 42 T x. 
 
 Esccdoua, a towm in Old Castile, Spain^ 
 14 miles nxe of Segovia. 
 
 Esciilanay a town in New- Castile, .situa- 
 ted in a fertile country, and surrounded 
 with walls, near the Albrcche, 20 miles xw 
 of Toledo, and 32 .sw of Madrid. 
 
 EscIiCy a town in the canton of Uri, eight 
 miles sw of Altorff, Switzerland,- 
 
 Eschdlesy a town in ihe deparfnaent of 
 Mont Blanc, France; Lon. 5 45 e, UU. 45 
 30 N. • ■ - 
 
 EschwegeUy a town and castle in the 
 principality of FTesse Cas.s3l, on the Werra^ 
 containing about 690 aouses, Germany, 25 
 miles ESE of Cassel. 
 
 Eschweilery a town in the department of 
 the Roer, France, in the duchy of Juliers^ 
 10 miles s of Juliers. 
 
 Esciirialy a village in New Castile, seat- 
 ed on the Guadara. It takes its name Iron) 
 a celebrated palace or convent founded by 
 Philip II. in 17a7, in memory of a signal 
 victory obtaineJ over the French near St; 
 Quentin, in the .same year : which consists 
 of a ro>al palace, a church) a nioiia.ary, a 
 college, a library, Hiops of diilerent ar: ,sts^ 
 apartments for a great number of people, 
 beautiful walk.S;<feCi It is built in the form 
 of a grid-iron, because 'St. Lay/rcnce, on 
 w’hose day the victory \va; gained, was 
 broiled to death on that uteii.sil. Thd 
 pantheon, an arched chapel, built in imi-. 
 U u 
 
E S K 
 
 tatlon of that edifice, contains a magnificent 
 sepulcbre, which is the burying place of 
 the kings and queens of Spain. The whole 
 edifice is superb in the highest degree ; 15 
 miles Nw of Madrid. 
 
 Esfarain, a town in the N of Persia, 90 
 miles E of Astrabad. Lon. 41 23 e, lat. 36 
 
 48 N. 
 
 Rsyueyra, or Esgnerra, a town in the 
 province of Beira, containing about 1690 
 inhabitants, Portugal, eight miles s oi 
 Aveiro. 
 
 Eshanessy a cape on the W coast of the 
 largest of the .Shetland islands. Lon. 1 
 7 E, Edinburgh, lat. 00 38 iv. 
 
 Esher, in Surry, famous fof a noble 
 Gothic mansion, in the style of an ancient 
 structure, built of brick by the late Mr. 
 Pelham, on a curve of the mole, which is 
 naturally romantic, and laid out in the 
 highest "style. It has been noticed both 
 by Thomson and Dodsly. It had been a 
 favourite resort of Cardinal Woolsey, and 
 was the place of his retirement after he 
 lost his power and influence at court. ^ In 
 the same parish was formerly an hospital 
 for Lazars. 
 
 Esk,n. river in the s Cumberland; rises 
 in a mountainous district n of the mountain 
 Hard Knot, which it separates from Scaf- 
 fel, gives name to Eskdale, a beautiful pic- 
 turesque vale, washes the stately mansion 
 of Muviscasier, at Raven glass receives the 
 Mite and the Irte, and flows into the Irish 
 sea. 
 
 Esk, a river which gives tlie name of 
 Eskdaie to the eastern dislrict of Dum- 
 frieshire, rises n«ar the bonndarioa: of 
 the counties of Dumfries and Peebles, 
 and consists of the Black and M hite 
 Esk, which unite at King’s Pool, receives 
 the Ewes and Wauchop at Langholm, 
 passes , liy Canobie, enters England at 
 the Scotch Dyke, runs by Longtown 
 where it is crossed by a stately bridge, 
 below which it falls' into the Solway 
 Frith. 
 
 Esk, North and South, two rivers 
 whicii take their rise in the Grampians, 
 in Forfarshire ; the former falls into the 
 ocean, two miles n of Montrose. The 
 latter falls into the bay on the w of 
 Montrose. 
 
 Esk, North and South, two rivers in 
 Mid-Lothian, which wash the town of 
 Dalkeith, one on the ic and the other on 
 the unite below the town, and after 
 a coursi? of four miles, enter the Frith 
 of Forth at Mussleburgh. Their banks 
 abound with delightful scenery : upon 
 the N Esk stand the mansion and town 
 of Pennycnik, tlie castle of Roslin, 
 and at their junction the town and pa- 
 lace of Dalkeith, Arniston, Dalhousie 
 i?astl( 5 , Nevv-battle abliey, adorn the s 
 Esk. 
 
 Eskdulcmuir, a parish in tha county ot 
 
 esq 
 
 Dumfries, about 11 miles and a-half i« 
 length, and eight in breadth. The surfac'a 
 is chiefly adapted for sheep pasture. Po- 
 pulation is about 537. At a place called 
 Coattn are two Druidical circles, and on 
 many of the heights vestiges of encamp- 
 ments. 
 
 Eskilstuna, a town of .Sudermania, 
 Sweden, founded by Cliarles X. and im- 
 proved bj' Giistavius III. whence it has 
 the name of Gustavadst. It is seated 
 between the lake Maeler and Hielmer. 
 The inhabitants are about 2000, and 
 are employed in the manufactures of 
 hardware, such as swords, sabres, scis- 
 sars, <fec. 
 
 Ejskimaux, See Esquimaux* 
 
 Eskishehr, a town in the province of 
 Natolia, Asiatic Turkey, on the Sacarkiy 
 SO miles ese of Bursa. Lon. ol 18 e, lat. 
 
 39 48 N. 
 
 Eslingcn, an imperial town in Suabia, 
 insulated in Wurtemberg, to which it was 
 ceded in 1802, and situated on an island 
 formed by the Neckar. The environs 
 produce excellent wine. Lon. 9 38 e, lat. 
 48 42 N. 
 
 Esne, or Esnay. See Asna, 
 
 Esopus. See Kingston. 
 
 Espalion, a town in the department of 
 the Aveiron, France, on the Lot, 14 miles 
 NNE of Rhodes. Lon. 20 36 e, Ferro, 
 lat. 44 32 N. 
 
 Esq)araguera, a town in the province 
 of Catalonia, Spain, on the Lobregat, 18 
 miles NW of Barcelona. 
 
 Espinhal, a town in the province of 
 Beira, Portugal, 21 miles se of Coim- 
 bra. 
 
 Espiritu Sa7ito, a bay on the w coast of 
 East Fiorida, in 27 8 n lat. It has a good 
 harbour and safe anchorage. 
 
 Espiritu Stinto, the largest and most 
 vresterly of the New Hebrides ishands, about 
 57 miles in length, and 30 in bv/eadtb. 
 
 Espiritu Santo, a town of tlie island of 
 Cuba, 55 miles sw of Bay a mo. 
 
 Esposenda, a town in the province of 
 Entre-Duero-e-Minho, with a liarbour for 
 small vessels, Portugal, seated at the mouth 
 of the Cavado, 22 miles n of Oporto. Lon. 
 8 21 w, lat. 41 32 n. 
 
 Esquerdes, a town in the department of 
 the Straits of Calais, France, three miles s 
 of St Omcr. 
 
 Esqfiimaux, a large bay on the Labrador 
 coast, into which a river of the same name 
 flows. It lies in the nw part of tlio 
 gulf of St. Lawrence, near the mouth of 
 the straits of Belle-Isle. Esquimaux islands 
 lie across its mouth. Lon. 57 50 w, lal. 
 51 50 N. 
 
 Esquimaux, a people chiefly inhabiting 
 Labrador. They have no fixed abode. 
 They are of a diflerent race from the other 
 native Americans, have thick and largtt 
 ] beards. They arc generally robust, of 
 
ESS 
 
 ESS 
 
 middling stature, and of a brown jcolour ; 
 have small eyes, large dirty teeth, and : 
 Jblack rugged hair ; their head is large, I 
 their face round and flat, thick lips, fiat j 
 nose, large shoulders, and uncoiiuiionly j 
 small feet. They are always welloiothed, ' 
 having a shirt made of the guts of fish, | 
 with a coat of bear or bird skins, they 
 have likewise breeches made of skins, with 
 the hair within, and covered with furs with- 
 out, also two pair of boots, one over ano- 
 ther, of the same sort of slvins; the dress 
 of the women is nearly the same as that of 
 the men. In summer, they have nothing 
 to cover them in the night ; and in winter 
 they lodge together promiscuously in 
 caves. They are very superstitious, and 
 have some kind of sacrifices. They ac- 
 knowledge two invisible essences ; the one, 
 as the origin of good ; the other, to whom 
 they pay the greatest homage, as the source 
 of every species of evil. Their chief em- 
 j)loyment is hunting and fishing. They are 
 extremely covetous. In other respects 
 they are the mildest tribe or nation, that 
 is to be found on the borders of Hud- 
 son’s bay. Murder is seldom heard of 
 among them. The women perform the 
 most laborious offices, the wives and daugh- 
 ters are never served with food till all the 
 males liave done eating. 
 
 Essay y and Kevay, two united parishes 
 in Forfarshire, containing about eight 
 square miles. The soil is fertile arid 
 well cultivated. Population, 638. It 
 is two miles w of Giammis. The soil is 
 generally arable, and pretty well cultiva- 
 ted. Near Esstiy church is a vast earth- 
 cru mound, encompassed by a deep ditch, 
 inclosing an area of 120 feet by 60, in 
 which have been found coins of Edward I. 
 of England. At lugleston, in the vici- 
 ^lity, are the remains of another encamp- 
 ment. 
 
 Esseck, a trading town of Sclavonia, 
 with a strong castle. It has a bridge 
 over the Drave and tlie marshes, 8,86.5 
 geometrical paces in length, and in 
 breadth, with towers at a quarter of a 
 mile distant from each other. It is a pass 
 of great importance, and therefore has 
 been the scene of many severe conflicts 
 between the Turks and Germans. Esseck 
 has remainetl under the dominion of Aus- 
 tria since i6S7, wiien they took it from 
 the Turks; 100 miles wnw of Belgrade, 
 and 136 s of Buda. Lon. 16 10 e, lat. 46 
 40 X. 
 
 Essen, a town of Westphalia, duchy of 
 Berg, lately governed by the abbess of 
 E>sen, who was a princess of the empire. 
 The inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans, but 
 there are several catholic churciies and 
 convents ; eight miles k of Duysburg. 
 
 Essenny. See Asna. 
 
 Essens, a town of E Friesland, Westpha- 
 lia, near the German ocean, 20 miles xne 
 of Embdcii. 
 
 Essenvez, a town in the department 
 of the Ourte, France, nine miles se of 
 Liege. 
 
 Essequibo, a flourishing settlement of 
 Dutch Guiana, in South America, on a 
 river of the same name, and near to that 
 of Demerara. The river js more than 300 
 I miles in length, and 20 wide at its mouth. 
 
 I Its productions are sugar, coffee, and 
 I cottou ; subject to the British. See Dc- 
 I merara. 
 
 I ESSEX, a county of England. From 
 E to w, it is rather more than 60 miles, 
 j and from s to n about 60. It is divided 
 J into 19 hundreds, in which are 27 market 
 towns, 4 1-3 parishes, about 39,398 houses, 
 
 1 and 232,473 inhabitants in ISii. .Except 
 ji toward the snv, the air is generaliy healthy; 
 j that part, called The Hundreds of Essex, 
 j is very unwholesome, but has luxuriant 
 I pastures. The soil, for the most part, 
 
 1 is fertile. Very large manufactures of 
 Ij serges, baixes, and other woollen goods, 
 
 I are established in several towns and villa- 
 i ges, particularly at Golchester. The 
 I principal productions are wheat, barley, 
 
 I oats, beans, pease, flax, hemp, (fee. To- 
 I wards the w, on the borders of Hertford 
 j and Middlesex, are the forests of Epping, 
 
 I and Hainanit, in which are large dairy 
 fcirms, celebrated for their excellent butter, 
 which is highly esteemed in London, and 
 lakes the name of Epping butter. Hence 
 are sent to London vast numbers of calves, 
 also wild fowls and oysters. On the 
 south side of the eounty, on the borders 
 , of the Thames, are extensive salt marshes. 
 
 Safiron is principally cultivated in the nw 
 I part of the county, particularly about 
 iSaffron Walden, whence its name. Coriand- 
 er ; wiiicli is sown with carraway and tea- 
 zle, and ripen each of them at different 
 periods, thus producing a triple crop. 
 There are three burghs in the county, which 
 send two members to parliament, besides 
 two for the county. The principal rivers 
 : are the Thames, the Stour, the Lea, the 
 Stort, the Chelmer, the Blackwater, the 
 Coin, the Crouch, and the Roding. It 
 gives title of earl to the family of Capel. 
 Chelms'ord is the eounty town. 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY, in Massaohuselts ; 
 in length about 38 miles, in breadth 23. 
 The chief islands on its coast belonging 
 to it, are Cape Anne, and Plumb islands. 
 It is subdivided into 22 townships, which 
 contain about 60,000 inhabitants. Sa- 
 lem is tbe capital of the county. Essex 
 j county pays about one-seventh part of 
 the state tax, elects six senators and couu- 
 sellers for the government of the common- 
 w'ealth, and one representative in the 
 congress. Merrimack river intersects 
 the north part of the county. Between it 
 and the New Hampshire line, are the 
 towns of Methuen, Haverhill, Almsburj', 
 and Sali'burv. 
 
 i ESSEX COUNTY, in Virginia, It is 
 il U u 2 
 
E S T 
 
 ^fcout 55 miles long, and 12 broad, and; 
 contains 9^i2‘4 inhabitants, of whom 5,440 
 are slaves. 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY, in New Jersey, is 
 about 25 miles in length, and 16 in breadth, 
 and has three townships, viz. Newark, 
 Elizabethtown, and Acjuackauak, which 
 contain near 20,000 inhabitants. The soil 
 is very fertile. 
 
 Esslwgcn, a town of the duchy of Wir- 
 teniburg, Siuibia, with three extensive 
 suburbs, seated on the Neekar. The in- 
 habitants are chiefiy Lutheran'!, but there 
 are severed convents. The vicinity produ- 
 ces good Keckar wine, eight miles se of 
 Stuigard. 
 
 Estaiiiy a town in the department of 
 llie Meuse, France, 2:2 miles ^nb of Ver- 
 dun. 
 
 Estakar, a town of Fersistan, Persia, 
 chief of a district of the same name. In 
 the vicinity a.re the magndicent rums of 
 ancient Persipoiis ; 50 miles ne of Shiras. 
 Lon. 53 40 e, lat. 30 5 n. 
 
 Ec:iampe$, or Etampes, a town in the 
 department of the Seine and Oise, France, 
 on the river Loet, or Etampes. It is 15 
 miles E of Chanres, and six and a-haU' posts 
 s of Paris, 
 
 Eatanzia del Ret, capital of the province 
 of Huilquilima, Chili, stands near the 
 Biobio, 35 miles e by s of Conception. 
 Lon. 71 50 w, lat. 3o 50 s. 
 
 Estaples^ See Etaples. 
 
 EstepOy a strong town in the province 
 of Meciioacan, New Spain. Lon. 103 5 w, 
 |at. 17 30 N. 
 
 EstapaijeVy a town and bailiwick in the 
 canton of Friburg, S^ itzerlaod, has a castle 
 and stands on the lake Neuchatei, IS miles 
 w of Friburg. Lon. 6 53 e, lat. 43 
 55 N. 
 
 Este, anciently called AtestCy a town in 
 the Paduan, Italy, on the river Bacchiglione, 
 containing several palaces, with 0,000 in- 
 habitants who have a considerable trade ; 
 15 miles sw of Padua. Lcn. 126 e, lat. 45 
 25 s, 
 
 EiitcUay a town in Naverre, defended by 
 a castle, Spain, seated oa the Ega, has an 
 university, 15 miles w of Pamplona. Lon. 
 % 2 w, lai. 42 40 k. 
 
 Estepciy a town in the province of Anda- 
 lusia, Spain, greatly ccicbralcd for its 
 olives and oil, with im ancient castle sea- 
 ted on a mountain ; 15 miles s of Ecija, 
 and 58 E of Seville. 
 
 Ein'rp J7iay a town in the province of Gra- 
 nada, chietly inhabited by iishers, Spain, 47 
 miles wsw of rdalaga. 
 
 Ksterabad. See Asternhad, 
 
 EsthodUy or IteteJ, n government of 
 Bus;i:i, on the Baitic and g^.ilf of Finland, 
 after iriasiy a. baitle between the Pv'les, 
 Russians, and Svreiies, it was coniiriued (o 
 t'le latter by the peace of Oliva, in 1650. 
 . lii 1710, It was conquered by Peter the 
 
 1 
 
 ETA 
 
 Great, and ceded to Russia, in 1721. Revel 
 is- the capital. See B.eveL 
 
 Esthwaite Watery a lake in Lancashire, 
 two miles and a-half long, and half a mile 
 broad, situated between the Windermere 
 water and Hawkshead. The villages, 
 houses, and scenery on its banks, are greatly 
 heightened by the rocky mountains in its 
 back ground. 
 
 Estienne, St. See Etienne, St. 
 
 ESTREMADUKA, a province of 
 Spain, about J75 miles in length, and 
 100 in bread ih. The cotintry is mountain- 
 ous, and the a.ir in summer exceedingly 
 hot. Spring water is scarce. The soil is 
 fertile in grain, grapes, and other fruits. 
 Cattle and fine wool constitute the principal 
 commerce. Great herds of black sw’in© 
 ea’e fed on the mountains, w'hich abound 
 with oaks. The inhabitants are in general 
 inclined to corpulency, but are humane, 
 affable, sincere, stout, and brave. Tiie 
 great heat of the climate makes it unheal-^ 
 ihy for foreigners, A part of this province 
 has been annexed to New' Castile, and a 
 part to Old Castile. The principal tow'ns 
 are Ikidaiox, Alerida, Truxillo, Xerez de 
 los Caballeros, Ellerena, Corea, and Pla- 
 centia. The principal rivers are the Gua- 
 diana, the Tagus, Alagon, and Tietar^ 
 The capital is Badajox. 
 
 ESTREMADURA, a province of Por- 
 tugal ; 150 miles in length, from n to s, 
 the breadth in some places 70, in others 
 hardly 25 miles. The soil is perhaps 
 the most fertile in Portugal, producing 
 corn, wine, olives, millet, oranges, and 
 other fruits, with legumes of every sort. 
 Here the oranges were first planted that 
 w'ere brought from China, and which 
 are on this account called China oran- 
 ges. The whole country is covered 
 with fiow'ers, and the bees produce a vast 
 quantity of honey. The manufactme 
 of salt produces one of the chief articies 
 of its commerce. The principal towns 
 are Lisbon, Leyria, Thomar, San tavern, 
 Abranies, .Setuval, Cciscaes, and Cinira, 
 The principal rivers are the Tagu', the 
 Sezere, and the Caldao. Lisbon is the 
 capital. 
 
 EstrenicZy in the province of Al(?nleja, 
 and one of the strongest towns in the king- 
 dom of Portugal, being surrounded by ten 
 bastions. It conlaius about 7,500 inhabi- 
 tants. A iuanufaciure of beaunful earthen 
 wars is established here ; and in tbs 
 n'dghbourhood are quarries of beautiful 
 marble; 18 miles w of Eivo.s, and 100 ,e of 
 Lisbon. Lon. 7 23 w, lat. 33 43 n. 
 
 Esweceny a town in Hesse Cassel, Ger- 
 many. Lon. 19 9 E, lat 51 11 n. 
 
 Eszfl:, or Eszea. See Kssek. 
 
 Eturives. See Ei^hnnpes. 
 
 I Etapiesy a towm in the department .of 
 i the Straits of Calais, with a harbour for 
 i small vessels, France, near the mouth of 
 
E T N 
 
 tlie Canche. The principal trat’e is fishing ; 
 13 miles s of Boulcnge. Lon. 1 56 e, lat. 
 50 46 N. 
 
 Etaya, a tov:n in the country of Agra, 
 Hindoostau, -on the ?;e side of the Jumna, 
 62 miles SE of Agra. Lon. 79 17 e, lat. 26 
 45 N. 
 
 ETHIOPIA, a name at present com- 
 prehending a great part of Airica, divid- 
 ed into Upper and Lower : the former 
 includes Nubia and Abyssinia; the latter 
 all the kingdoms s of the eqiiinoctial line, 
 as Congo, Lower Guinea, Catfraria, Mo- 
 nomotapa, 6zo. 
 
 Etienntj Sty a town in the department of 
 the Loire, France, famous for its large 
 manufactures of arms, cutlery, and hard- 
 wares ; weaving of ribbands forms a conA- 
 derabie brancli of trade ; coal and a soft 
 stone fit for grind-stones, are found in ine 
 vicinity ; 20 miles ss of MoiUbrisan, and 
 32 sw of Lyon. Lon. 4 24 e, lat. 45 
 25 N. 
 
 EtieyOV Etice Loch, a navigable inlet of 
 the sea, in Argylshire, near 20 miles long, 
 but of very unequal breadth. Its braiks are 
 pleasant, and it afibrds safe Cinchorage in 
 any wind. Its month being Barrow, the 
 tide ebbs and flows through it with dread- 
 ful impetuosity. About 12 miles be- 
 low is the ancient castle of Dunstafinage. 
 In glen Etie, a delightful valley, through 
 which a river, which gives it name, flows 
 into this loch, are several names of 
 places which pro\e it to have been the 
 residence of Usnoth and his Sons the 
 eldest of whom according to Osslan, stole 
 Darthuiy, the wife of an Irish king. 
 
 Etnay a volcano in Sicily, and mountain 
 the most celebrated in Europe, being 63 
 miles in circumlcrence at its base, and 
 10,954 feet above the level cf the sea. 
 Around its base tire towns, \ illages, con- 
 vents, corn fields, vineyards, and luxuriant 
 pastures, the middle region abourds Vvdth 
 forest.'- of oak, ash, chesnut, fir, and pine, 
 together with a vast profusion of aroma- 
 tic plants ; the higher region is doomed' 
 to perpetual sterility, covered with per- 
 petual snow and ice, with here and there 
 a layer of black ashes. The first eruption 
 of this volcano upon record is mention- 
 ed by Diodorus Siculus, but he does not 
 fix the date. The next, recorded by Thu- 
 cydides, was in the year 734 li. C. from 
 Mhicli period, to the year 1447 there 
 were iS eruptions, iifter a pause of about 
 90 years there w'as an eruption in 1530, 
 and succeeding ones in 1554, 1567, 1603, 
 1069, 1682, and 1693. The town of Ga- 
 la nca was demolished by an earthquake 
 which accompanied this last errupiion. 
 Many smaller erruptions have taken 
 place since. Sulphurious smoke issues 
 constantly from the great crater at the 
 top, but the lava now' generall}' bursts 
 out iatcrelly before it reach the lop. Here 
 
 E T T 
 
 is W'ood for fuel ; and the fruits W'hich Etna 
 produce, are the best in the island. Even, 
 the snow is of great profit to the inhabi- 
 tants, being in more request than ice. 
 The sale of this article in one .small dis- 
 trict, produces an annuni revenue of 25,090 
 livres to the bishop of Catania. Tho 
 mountain is 10 miles n or the town of 
 Catania. 
 
 Etoiley a tcwn in the department of the 
 Di’ome, France. 
 
 Eton, a town in the county of Bucks, se- 
 parated irom Windsor by the river Tiiarnes, 
 over which is a bridge of communication. 
 It is celebrated for a school and college, 
 icunded in the 19tii year of Henry VI, 
 No students are admitted fellows of King^s 
 college in Cambridge, but those who have 
 been educ-ated here. It has a good library. 
 The town depends principally on the col- 
 lege, as children of the best families attend 
 the school, and are boarded ^yith the town’s 
 people. Ker.e is a fair for horses and cattle 
 on Ash-Wednesday. Of late years Eton 
 has been much improved ; 22 miles w of 
 London. 
 
 Eionduy a town of Naraul, on the Hapti, 
 has a ecnsiderable traue^, and is 46 miles s of 
 Catmandu. 
 
 Etris, a town of Egypt, 13 miles nw of 
 Cairo. 
 
 Etruriay in Staffordshire, near Newca.stle. 
 It is the principal seat of the potteries in this 
 county. It w^as founded by Josiah V e-.lge- 
 wood, who gave it the name of Eiruria, 
 from the name of an ancient state in Italy, 
 celebrated for the exquisite fineness of its 
 pottery. Here he erected an elegant resi- 
 dence for himself. This branch of manu- 
 facture was much improved by this ingenu- 
 ous and pauiotic gentleman, who di<'d in 
 1795. This village stands near the banks of 
 the Staffordsiiire canal. 
 
 Eitenliciniy a town in the duchy of Baden, 
 Swabia, on the Albe; 15 miles n of Fri- 
 burg. 
 
 Etfericky a parish in the county of Sel- 
 kirk, about 10 miles in length, and tlio 
 ! same in breadth. It is mountainous, but 
 watered by the river Etterick, which ha? 
 its source in this parish, unite.? with the 
 Yarrow two miles ssw of Selkirk, and 
 joins the Tweed below that town. This 
 river, as well as its kindred stream, the 
 Yarrow, is much celebrated in Scottish 
 .‘'ong. On its banks are several rich val- 
 lies. Numerous flocks of sheep are reared 
 in the hills. The population is about 445. 
 It was once a for si, and still goes by that 
 name, which will continue upon record 
 while the beautiful song, The Flower.? of 
 the Fore.rt,” is sung. The famous Thomas 
 Boston, who is so well known as a theologi- 
 cal writer, w^as translated from .Simprin, 
 Berwickshire, to this parisii. 
 
 Etterick Penny a hill in this parish, which 
 ris3s 2,200 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
EVE 
 
 EttlingeUy a town in Suabia, and mar^ra- 
 vjnie of Baden, Germany, on the Albe ; 
 fo«ir miles s^w of Durlach. Lon. 8 -<10 e, 
 
 lat. 48 .59 N. , , . * f 
 
 Eu, a sea port town in the department ot 
 the Lower Seine, France, stands on the 
 Bvesle, near the English channel, has a cas- , 
 tie and a harbour at Treport. Its chiei j 
 trade is in serges and lace ; 15 miles ne oj 
 D ieppe. Lon. 1 7 e, lat. 50 
 
 Eu Lochf an arm of the sea in the parish 
 of Gairloch, Ross-shire. 
 
 Evamham, the capital of Wythe county 
 in Virginia, on Reedy creek; 110 miles 
 WjSw of Richmond. Lon. 81 W w, lat, 36 
 
 <56 N. ^ „ - 
 
 Evauxy a town in the department ot tne 
 Creuse, France, near it is a mineral spring 
 and baths ; t5 miles e of Gueret. 
 
 Euchar, a rivulet in Argyllshire, issues 
 from loch Scammadale, into the sound of 
 
 Mull, a distance of four miles. 
 
 Euchendorfy a town of Lower Bavaria, 
 14 miles w of Vilzhofen. 
 
 Ecerbodey a town in the department of 
 Dyle, France, live miles n of Diest. 
 
 Everding, See Efferding, 
 
 Eterjeldy a town in the duchy of Berg, 
 near the Wipper, Westphalia, 1ft mil«s e of 
 Dusseldorf. 
 
 Eversbergy a town in Westphalia, seven 
 miles w of Brklon, Germany, with a castle, 
 stan^^ on a mountain, near the Roer, 10 
 miles wsw of Brillon. , 
 
 Eversleyy in Hampshire, with fairs on 
 May 16, and October 18 ; 12 miles ne ot 
 
 Bassingstoke. . 
 
 Evershoty a town in Dorsetshire, 14 miles 
 KW of Dorchester, has a large old chapel 
 with a high tower, a free grammar and a 
 charity school. 
 
 Ever lolly a handsome village, a mile nb 
 of Liverpool, lately become a favourite 
 residence, on account of its tine houses and 
 delightful prospect. 
 
 EreAham, a town in the county ot >>or- 
 cester, near the river Avon, which is here 
 navigable for barges, in a ter tile valley 
 called The Vale of Eveshaniy or Ihe l ate 
 of Gloucester, It is governetl by a mayor, 
 aldermen, Arc. four of whom are justices 
 of the peace, and competent to try all 
 crimes within the borough, including 
 . the village of Bengworth, except treason. 
 It is a burgh by prescriptioo, and sends 
 two members to pariiament, and hci>- 
 a market on Monday, and a maiuitac- 
 ture of wopUeii stockings. It xias three 
 churches, a grammar school, and a pretty 
 well endowed charity school. It had 
 formerly an abbey, with a mitred abbot, 
 of which some remains are still to be 
 seen; in particular, an elegant scp.are 
 tower JIT feet high. Here, m I26/>, a 
 battle was fought between prince^ Ed- 
 ward, afterwards Edward 1, and Simon 
 de Moutlort, carl of Lfiicester; in vmeb i.'e 
 
 E U P 
 
 earl, and many of his adherents were slain : 
 
 14 miles se of Worcester, and 100 nw of 
 London. 
 
 Eciariy a town in the territory of Geneva, 
 much frequeiited for its mineral waters, 
 stands on the s side of the lake of Geneva, 
 
 22 miles NE of Geneva. 
 
 Eciey and Rendolly an united parish in 
 the mainland of Orkney, extending about 
 10 miles in length, and the inhabited part 
 about one and a-half in breadth. The soil 
 is tolerably fertile. Many of the inhabi- 
 tants are employed in the tisheries ; kelp is 
 also made. Formerly there was a church 
 in each of these parishes, but now there 
 is none. The two parochial schools are 
 ill conducted, but one erected by the 
 society for propagating Christian know-.^ 
 ledge is well attended. Population is about 
 1415. 
 
 Evfemiay Sty a town of Calabria, Naples, 
 on a gulf of the Mediterranean, of its name, 
 
 27 mUes s by e of Cosenza. Lon. 16 28 e, 
 lat. 39 16 N. 
 
 Euky a royal mine town, in the circle of 
 Kaurzim, Bohemia, 11 miles s by e of 
 Prague. 
 
 Eulenherg, a town in the circle of Olmutz, 
 Moravia, 14 miles n of Olmutz. 
 
 Eulenburgy a town of Germany, in Upper 
 Saxony, and territory of Leipsic. Beer is 
 almost the only article of commerce. It 
 stands on the Mulda. 
 
 Ecoliy a town in the province of Priii- 
 cipato Citra, Naples, 15 miles ese of 
 Salermo. 
 
 Evora, or ElvorOy the capital of tb® 
 province of Alentejo, Portugal. It is for- 
 tified, has an university, and contains 
 12,000 inhabitauis. It is the see of an 
 archbishop ; some vestiges of the ancient 
 Roman wall arc still visible, and part of 
 a temple of .Diana, of which seven entire 
 pillars remain, is converted into butchers 
 shambles. Evora, is still supplied with 
 a noble stream of water conveyed into the 
 cixy, by the famous aqueduc^ built by 
 Sertorius. It stands in a fruitful coun- 
 try surrounded by mountains, 65 miles 
 E of Lisbon. There is also a town of the 
 same name, in Portuguese Estramadnra, 
 with 900 inliabiuints, stands on a rock, 
 eio-ht mib's wsw of Estremoz, and 23 
 NN’E of Evora. Lon. 7 40 w, lat, 38 
 
 28 N. .0 
 
 Eu-ho, or Precious H/rer, a river of 
 China, in Pc-tche-li, runs xe into Pei-ho, 
 at Ticn-sing, of great importance for its 
 connection with ihc x extremity of the 
 grand canal, by it also grain is conveyed to 
 
 ErormnontCy a town in the province of 
 Alentejo, Portugal, containing about 800 
 Inhabitants. 
 
 Evoufsy a small island in the s Pacific 
 
 ocea’i. Lon. 67 36 w, lat. 55 oo s. 
 
 Euimtoriuy or Kodof, a town ia thf 
 
 i 
 
EUR 
 
 government of Taurida, Russia, near the 
 w side of a salt lake, and on the lllack 
 sea ; 08 miles s by w of Pfecop. Lon. 33 
 16 E,lat. 45 12 N. 
 
 Euphrates, a celebrated river ot Asia> 
 ^'liich rises in Mount Ararat, in two streams, 
 a few miles to the ne of Erzeruiu, on lii^’h 
 mountains covered With snow nearly the 
 Svhole year. These two streams, which 
 enclose the plain of Erzeium, when united, 
 are called the Euphrates, or the Trat. It 
 is first the boundary between Natolia and 
 Armenia, then of Eirarbeck and Sjria, then 
 passing through Irak Arabia, it receives 
 the Tii^rls, on the confines ol Kursistan, and 
 'flowing by Bassora, it falls into the Per- 
 sian gulf ; 35 miles below Bassora. It 
 likewise bounds the great desert of Ara- 
 bia on the HE, tiiso a river in the coun- 
 try of Whidah, on tlie Slave Coast, 
 Africa. 
 
 EURE, a department , of France, so 
 named from a river which has its source 
 in the forest of Logny, and crosses the 
 department of Eure and Loire, to its junc- 
 tion with the Seine above Pont Arche. It 
 includes the late province of Normandy. 
 Evreux is the capital. 
 
 EURE and LOIRE, ' a department of 
 France. It takes its name from the rivers 
 Loire and PAire, which water it, and con- 
 tains the late province of Bcciuce. Chartres 
 is the capital. 
 
 Erreux, ancient Alediolanum, the capi- 
 tal of the department of the Eure, France. 
 It is a bishop’s see, the cathedral is hand- 
 some, it has nine churches and several 
 convents. It manufactures cotton velvets, 
 and tick : its commerce consists in woollen 
 and linen cloth, lace, grain, wine, and 
 cyder. It stands on the] (on, 25 miles' of 
 Rouen, and 55 xw of Paris. Lon. 1 9 E, 
 lat. 49 2 X. 
 
 Eiiripus, a famous strait, between the 
 isle of XegTopont in the Archipelago, and 
 the continent of Greece, ia European Tur- 
 key. In the first eight days of the moon, 
 and also from the 'J4th, to the 20th in- 
 clusive the tide in this strait is regular, 
 but on all the other days of the moon 
 irregular, so much so, that within 24 or 25 
 hours, it has sometimes II, 12, 13, and 14 
 tides. Both ancient and moderns have in 
 vain attempted to account for this plieno- 
 menon. 
 
 Europa Point, n fort of Gibraltar, on the 
 most southerly point of Europe. 
 
 EUROPE, one of the four grand divi- 
 sions of tiie world. It is entirely within 
 the temp^^rate zone, except a small part 
 of Norway and Russia. The number 
 of inhabitants is calculated at 150 
 millions. Theses form different states; 
 each state speaks a diffiTcnt language. 
 I^urope may he divided into JO parts, 
 four to the N, "viz. the British islands, 
 iloamark, with Norway,, .Swe(k‘ti^ and 
 
 E u s 
 
 Russia; eight in the centre, viz. Francr?^ 
 Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Boiie- 
 mia, Hungary, Poland, and Prussia : and 
 four to the s, viz. Portugal, Spain, Italy;, 
 and European Turkey. Its length from 
 E tow', is reckoned above 1100 leagues, 
 and breadth from n to s, about 900. 
 Although Europe is the smallest quarter 
 of the World in number of square miles, 
 yet it may be considered as the principal 
 in every thing relating to man in society ; 
 mildness of air, fertility of soil, whence 
 are produced all the necessaries, ami 
 most of the luxuries of life ; for tire beauty, 
 strength, courage, and wisdom of its inha- 
 bitants; the excellence of its government, 
 laws, and religion. In arts and sciences, 
 the Europeans have long excelled; besides 
 the invention and improvement of num- 
 • berless useful ami ingenious arts, particu- 
 larly that of navigation, may be entirely 
 ascribed to their ingenuity and industry. 
 The principal islands of Europe are. Great 
 Britain, Ireland, the Orcades the Hebrides, 
 Iceland, the isles of Ferro ia the Atlantic, 
 Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Candy, the 
 Greek isles, Majorca, Manorca, and others 
 in the Miditerranean ; and in the Baltic 
 are Zealand, Funen, Rugen, Bornholm, 
 Gottland, Oesel, dre. The principal lakes 
 are those of Constance, Geneva, Lausanne, 
 Wenner, Ladoga, and Onega. The most 
 considerable rivers are the Pa and the 
 Tiber, in Italy ; the Rhine, the Danube, 
 the Elbe, and the Oder, in Germany ; tb« 
 Loire, the Seine, the Rhone, and the Ga- 
 ronne, in France ; the Tagus and th« 
 Duero, in Spain ; the Vistula, in Poland ; 
 the Dnieper, the Volga, and the Don, in 
 Russia; the Thames and the Severn, in 
 England ; the Tweed, Forth, Clyde, and 
 Tay, in Scotland ; the Shannon in Ire- 
 land ; the Scheldt and Meuse in the Nethevr 
 lands, Arc. The religion is the Christian, 
 divided into the Greek, the Romish, and 
 Protestant churches. Mahomedism is 
 the established religion of European Tur- 
 key. Jews are to be found in every 
 country. 
 
 EnvmUe, a town in the department o-f 
 the Upper Marne, France ; five miles se of 
 St. Dizier. 
 
 Euskirchen, a town in Westphalia, and 
 duchy of .Tuliers ; 23 miles se of Julifrs. 
 
 EUSTACE, an island about 20 miles in 
 circuit, which forms, with a long point o^f 
 land, the entrance to. the harbour of St. 
 Augustine, in E Florida. 
 
 EUSTATIUS, ST, or Eustatia, is the 
 chief i.sland belonging to the Dutch in the 
 West Indies, in the Caribbean sea. It is 
 only a mountain, in the form of a sugar 
 loaf with a lioilow fop, about 29 miles in 
 compass, yet for its size ii is the most valu- 
 able of all the Caribbees. It is fvaid to con- 
 tain .5000 whites, ajid 15,000 negroes. It 
 abounds with hog^, kids, rabbits, and all 
 
£ X E 
 
 kinds of poultry. Tobacco is cultivated 
 to its summit. The British, Vvdio took it 
 in 178], were dispossessed by the French. 
 It was restored to the Dutch at the 
 peace of 1783. The English took it 
 again in iSiO, and restored it in 1814. 
 The chief town is Eustatia, which has a 
 good fort. Lon. 03 5 w, lat. 17 29 
 
 Eusugagueny a strong town in the 
 kingdom of Morocco, and province of Hea. 
 The inhabitants are the most brutal of all 
 Barbary ; their trade consists in wax and 
 honey. 
 
 Eutam, a small island of the XYest Indies, 
 near the coast of Porto Pi,ico. Lon. 64 41 
 lat. 18 18 N. 
 
 Enihiy a town in Lower Saxony, and bi- 
 shopric of Lubeck, Germany, stands near a 
 lake, 20 miles NKwof Lubec. 
 
 Eiixine, See Black Sea, 
 
 Ejwelly a town in the county of Surry, 
 with a market on Thursday. Here w’as 
 once a magnificent royal palace, now 
 razed to the foundation. It has several 
 fine springs which unite and compose a 
 rivulet, which flows n into the Thames; 
 six miles w of Croydon, and 13 ssw of 
 Loiidon. 
 
 Ewes, a parish in the n extremity of 
 Dumfries-shire, n of Langholm, about eight 
 miles long, and five broad, intersected by 
 the Ewes which falls into the Esk at Lang- 
 holm, and by the great road from Carlisle 
 to Edinburgh by Hav/ick, where the travel- 
 ler meets with a pleasantly romantic dis- 
 trict. Only a small part is under cultiva- 
 tion, being a very pastoral country. Popu- 
 lation, r;58, 
 
 Euhurst, in the county of Surry, near 
 Okeley, with a fair on July 25th, and a 
 charity fschool. It has its name ftom the 
 great quaniity of yew trees which greW 
 here. 
 
 Ex, a river wduch rises in the forest of 
 Exmoor, county of Somerset, and runs by 
 Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham, into the 
 Hea at Exmouth. It is navigable from 
 Exeter. 
 
 Exhorn, in Devonshioe, on the river Oek, 
 With a fair on the third Monday in April. 
 
 Exeter, the capital of Devonshire, on the 
 te banks of the river Ex, on an eminence. 
 The cathedral is a magnificent pile of 
 building. The cit}' is governed by a maj^or, 
 24 aldermen, recorder, town-clerk, &c. 
 The guild hall, v/bich is a spacious and 
 convenient building, was built in 1339. The 
 trade of Exeter is extensive, particularly in 
 the exportation of coarse woollen goods, 
 manufactured in the counties of Devon, 
 Cornwall, and Somerset. Exeter likewise 
 imports wool, dyeing drugs, wines, and fruit, 
 linens, and hemp, iron, timber, and tallow. 
 It sends ships to the Newfoundland and 
 Greenland fisheries. It supplies the country 
 round with coals, both from the northern 
 collieries, aj^d from Wales ; and exports 
 grain, especially oats, to London. Two 
 markets are held here w-eekly, on Wednes- 
 
 E X M 
 
 days and Fridays ; the latter is the greatest 
 market in England, Leeds excepted, for 
 yarn and w’ooUen goods. E.xeter contained 
 18,896 inhabitants, in 1811, and sends two 
 members to parliament. It was formerly 
 the residence of the W Saxon kings, who 
 inhabited the castle Called Rougemanty 
 from the colour of the hi] I on which it is 
 built. The city was surrounded with walls, 
 and tVv'o of its four gates siiil remain. Be- 
 sides the cathedral, the city and suburbs 
 contain 19 churches. It was made a 
 mayorality by king John, and a younty of 
 itself by Henry VIII. It gives the title of 
 earl to the family of Cecil. The bishopV 
 throne is said to be the grandest, and the 
 organ to exceed every other in England, in 
 magnitude. Henrietta, daughter of Charles 
 I. and afterwards duchess of Orleans, 
 was born in Bedford house, in this city. 
 It stood on the site of the present circus 
 and theatre; 44 miles ne of Plymouth^ 
 78 sw of Bristol, and 172 w' by s of London, 
 Lon. 3 34 w, lat. 50 44 x 
 
 Exeter, a town in Rockingham county. 
 New Hampshire, with a good harbour, on 
 Exeter river, a branch of the Piscataqua ; 
 and next to Portsmouth, the most consider- 
 able sea port in the state. It is well situa-* 
 ted for a manufacturing towm, and has 
 a duck manufactory, six saw mills, a 
 fulling mill, slitting mill, paper mill, 
 snuff mill, two chocolate and 10 grist 
 mills, iron works, and two printing offices* 
 It has two congregational churches, a 
 celebrated academy, and a court-house. 
 This township is about four miles square } 
 15 miles sw of Portsmouth, and 54 
 N of Boston. Lon. 71 W, lat. 42 59 x. 
 
 Exeter, the north-w'estermCst to wnship iti 
 Washingtomcounty, Rhode Island state. It 
 contains 2195 inhabitants, of whom 37 are 
 slaves. 
 
 Exeter, a town in New Hanover county, 
 in Wilmington district, N Carolina, on the 
 NE branch of Cape Fear river ; 30 miles m 
 of Wilmington. 
 
 Exideuil, a town in the department of 
 the Dordogne, France ; 20 miles xe of Peri* 
 gueux, and 32 s of Limoges. 
 
 Exillcs, a town in Piedmont, With a 
 fortified castle, on the river Doria, Italy, 
 seated on a mountain, wh ch defends one 
 of the passes into the couatr)';; 17 miles 
 wxw of Turin. Lon. 7 14 e, lat. 45 
 
 21 N. 
 
 Exlunta, a town in the province of Leon, 
 five miles se of Leon, Spain. 
 
 Exmes, a toxvn in the department of Orne, 
 in the district of Argenton, France. 
 
 “ Exmoor, an extensive forest in the NW 
 part of Somersetshire, stretching thence 
 into Devonshire. It is comparatively a 
 barren region. In this district tire some 
 pretty high hills, on the top of one of 
 which is a plain, nearly a mile in diameter* 
 In the forest are circles of erect stones 
 and tumuli. Urns containing Roman 
 coins have beeti found berg* 
 
 i 
 
EYE 
 
 JExmoiithf a sea port town on the s coast 
 of Devonshire, stands on the e side of the 
 river Ex. The harbour is a good deal con- 
 tracted by rocks jutting into it, but it has 
 about 15 feet water at flood. This place 
 is much frequented by sea bathers ; 10 
 ntiles ssE of Exeter. 
 
 Exploits y Bay ofy a bay of the Atlantic 
 on the E coast of Newfoundland. Lon. 55 
 20 w, lat. 49 45 n. 
 
 'EybcnsohitZf a town in the circle of 
 Bechin, on the river Ollawa, Moravia; 12 
 sw of Brunn. 
 
 Eyder, a river and canal that separates 
 Germany from Denmark. The river rises 
 in Holstein, and flows w by Pt,ensburg, 
 Fredericstadt, and Tonningen, into the Ger- 
 man ocean at Eyder Haven. The canal 
 |)asses E from Rensburg, to Christian 
 Haven in the Baltic, a little n of 
 Kiel. By these there is a safe inland na- 
 vigation, between the Baltic and German 
 ocean. 
 
 EyOy a very ancient burgh in Suffolk, 
 sending two members to parliament, who 
 are elected by the inhabitants paying scot 
 and lot, in number about 200. It is a 
 corporation, and has a market on Satur- 
 day. It has a handsome church, and 
 the ruins of a castle and Benedictine 
 abbey. It belongs principally to earl 
 Cornwallis, who has the title of lord 
 Eye. The making of bone lace, and spin- 
 ning, chiefly employ the women ; 20 
 
 miles N of Ipswich, and 89 ne of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 EyOy LocJiy a lake in the parish of Fearn, 
 Ross-shire, about two miles long, and half 
 a mile broad. From it proceeds a rivulet 
 of the same name, which falls into the" 
 Moray Frith, near the small fishing village 
 ofBalintore. 
 
 Eye, a river which rises in the nw part 
 of Berwickshire, and directing its course 
 E to Ayton, turns n, and falls into the Ger- 
 man ocean at Eyemouth, The scenery on 
 its banks is pleasant. 
 
 Eyebergen, a town in the county of Zut- 
 phen, on the Berckel, Holland, five miles e 
 of Borckeloe. 
 
 Eyemouth, a parish and considerable 
 town on the coast of Berwickshire. The 
 parish is only about a mile square ; but 
 the soil is good, and in a high state of 
 cultivation. The town has an excellent 
 natural harbour formed by the river Eye ; 
 and a pier has been erected. The remains 
 of a regular fortification, erected by the 
 earl of Hartford, when he invaded Scot- 
 land in the reign of queen Mary are still 
 visible. The number of inhabitants is 
 about 1000, of whom a number are em- 
 ployed in fishing and trade by sea; four 
 miles E of St Abb’s Head, and eight n of 
 Berwick. 
 
 Eyerlandt, an island at the entrance into 
 the Zuyder Zee, from the Gernmn ocean ; 
 
 11 
 
 F A H 
 
 I half a mile widf?. It is joined to the island 
 I of Texel by a bank of sand. 
 
 I Eylau Deutsca, a town in the province of 
 Oberland, Prussia, seated at the s end of a 
 lake, 47 miles e by n of Culm, and 90 ssw 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 Elau Preusich, a small town of Prussia, 
 in the province of Natangen.^ Here, in 1 SOT, 
 the French obtained a victory over the Rus- 
 sians, in a bloody battle ; 24 miles s by e 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 Eyemoutiers, a town in the department 
 of the Upper Vienne, France. It hits a 
 consideraWe trade in skins .leather and 
 rags ; and contains about 2000 inhabitants. 
 It stands on the Vienne, 20 miles n of Li- 
 moges. 
 
 Eyndhovan, a tow'n of Dutch Bra- 
 bant, and department of the Dommel and 
 Scheldt, at the junction of the Dommel 
 with the Eynds, 13 miles se of Bois la 
 Due. 
 
 EyrecGurt, a town of Ireland in the coun- 
 ty of Galway, 34 miles ese of Galway, and 
 90 w of Dublin. 
 
 Eyicanowitz, a town in the oirole of Ol- 
 mutz, on the river Igiau, Moraviev, 23 miles 
 ssw of Olmutz. 
 
 EZEL, an island of Russia, in the Bal- 
 tic sea, eight miles in circumference* 
 Lon. 22 43 e, lat. 58 20 n. 
 
 Ezero, a town in Greece, on a small lake 
 of the same name, Thessaly. 
 
 F 
 
 tile country, IT mites s of Odeosee. Lon. 
 10 16 E, lat. 55 12 n. 
 
 Fabregas, a town in Catalonia, 1 3 miles 
 w of Gerona, Spain. 
 
 Fabriono, a town in the marquisate of 
 Ancona, Italy, celebrated for its excellent 
 paper ; 25 miles ne of Foligno. 
 
 Faden Hotun, a town in the kingdom of 
 Gorea,Asia. Lon. 143 30 e, Ferro, lat. 4 1 3 n. 
 
 Faeuza, or Fayence, a city in the ci de- 
 vant province of Romagna, Italy, and a bi- 
 shop’s see, seated on the Amana. Here is an 
 old fortress, and its cathedral, wdiich stands 
 in the great square, has a steeple five stories 
 high. It was taken from the pope by the 
 French, in 1796, but recovered the same 
 year. In the follov/ing year the pope’s 
 troops were defeated and expelled. It con- 
 tains above 20,000 citizens ; and is famous 
 for its fine earthen wares ; 20 miles wsw of 
 Ravenna. Lon. 13 40 k, iat. 44 34 n. 
 
 Fahlun, a town in the province of Dale- 
 .carlia, Sweden, situated between two large 
 lakes, Run and War| en, encircled with rocks 
 and hills, near some celebrated copper mints. 
 
F A I 
 
 deemed the most ancient in Europe, whence 
 the town is sometimes called Coppersberg. 
 It has a manufacliire of green and blue 
 vitriol. It contains 1200 houses, and 
 about 7000 inhabitants : 110 miles kw 
 of Stockholm. Lon. 15 50 e, lat. 60 
 40 N. 
 
 Faido, a town in the canton of Uri, on 
 the Tesino, Switzerland, 12 miles n of 
 Bell in zona. 
 
 Faijoy a town of Cochin-china, seated on 
 a river that runs into the l^ay of Turon. It 
 is a place of extensive trade ; 30 miles se 
 of Turon. 
 
 FAIRY, one of the Orkney islands, 
 about a mile long, and less than half a mile 
 broad. It affords excellent pasture ; near 
 it is a smaller island called Holm of 
 Fairy. 
 
 FAIRFAX COUNTY, in Virginia, is 
 about 25 miles long, and 18 broad. It 
 contains 12,320 inhabitants ^ of whom 
 4,574 are slaves. Chief town, Alexan- 
 dria. 
 
 Fairfield, a township- in Washington 
 county. New York 
 
 of 1796, 
 tors. 
 
 FAIRFIELD 
 
 By the state census 
 29 of its inhabitants are elec- 
 
 COUNTY, in Connecti- 
 
 cut, is the s westermost of the state ; bound- 
 ed on the w by the state of New York, on 
 the E by New Haven county, on the n by 
 Litchfield, and on the s by Long Island 
 sound. Its surface is rough, but the soil is 
 good. It is divided into 13 townships, of 
 which Fairfield and Danbury are the chief, 
 and contains 30,250 inhabitants. 
 
 Fairfield, the Unquoiva of the Indians, 
 a post town and port of entry of Connecti- 
 cut, and capital of the above county, si- 
 tuated on Mill Run, near its entrance into 
 Long Island sound. It was burnt by the 
 British in 1777. It contains about 200 
 bouses. About fout miles nw of the body 
 of the town, and in the township, is the 
 beautiful parish of Greenfield, in which is a 
 flourishing academy. Fairfield carries on 
 a considerable trade to the W Indies ; 46 
 miles NE of New York. Lon. 73 30 w, 
 lat. 41 12 N. 
 
 FAIRFIED COUNTY, in Camden 
 district, S Carolina. It contains 6,138 
 white inhabitants, and 1,485 slaves. Its 
 chief town is Winnsborough. 
 
 Fairfield, a neat village of Lancashire, 
 four nules E of Manchester, on the Man- 
 chester, Oldham, and Ashton canal. It is 
 a Moravian settlement, has a large cha- 
 pel, with an excellent organ ; a good inn. 
 Tlie inhabitants are employed in spinning 
 and weaving cotton, in tambouring and 
 fine needle work. 
 
 Fairford, a town in Glouoestershire, on 
 tlie Coin, cebrated for the painted glass 
 windows in its church, designed by the i 
 famous Albert Durer. The church was 
 lomided by John Tame, a London mer- 
 chant, in 1493, for the purpose of receiving 
 
 F A L 
 
 the glass of these windows which had beerf 
 taken by one of his ships on ^ts way to 
 Rome. A market is held on Thursday; 
 25 miles se of Gloucester, and 80 w by n 
 of London. 
 
 Fairliead, a cape on the n coast of thj» 
 county of Antrim, Ireland, ne of Bally- 
 castle. Lon. 6*2 w, lat. 55 14 n, 
 
 FAIR ISLE, and island lying in the 
 middle betwixt the clusters of Orkney and 
 Shetland,' from each' of which its high 
 rocks are seen. It is a little more than 
 three miles in length, and scarcely two in 
 breadth. It is every where inaccessible, 
 unless upon the se which affords a safe 
 station for small vessels. The soil is to- 
 lerably fertile, and the sheep pasture on 
 the hills is excellent, and noted for improv- 
 ing the wool. Fair Isle is annexed to the 
 parish of Dunrossness, Shetland, nearly 
 25 miles distant. It contains about 220 
 inhabitants. On the e side the duke of 
 Medina Sidonia, admiral of the Spa-^ 
 iiish Armada, was wTecked in 1588. 
 
 Fairley, a small sea port town in Ayr° 
 shire, containing about 130 inhabitants ; 12 
 miles NW of Irvine. 
 
 Fairley’ Road, a narrow strait in the Frith 
 of Clyde, between the islands of Canihray 
 and Ayrshire, so named from the above 
 town. 
 
 Fairntosh. See Ferrintosh, 
 
 Fair Weather, Cape, on the e coast of 
 Patagonia, in South America. Lon. 68 
 10 w, lat. 51 45 s. 
 
 Fair Weather Mountain, a mountain on 
 the w" coast of N America. Lon. 137 
 0 w, lat. 59 0 N. 
 
 Faisins, Isle of, Isle of Pheasants, or 
 Isle of Conference, a small island in tin? 
 river Bidassao, which divides France from 
 
 Spain. It has the latter name, because 
 Philip IV. and Louis XIV. here swore to 
 observe the peace of the Pyrenees, irt 
 1660, after 24 conferences between their 
 ministers. It is situated between Andage 
 and Fontarabia, and is considered as a neu- 
 tral place. 
 
 Faith’s, St, in the county of Norfolk, 
 noted for a fair on October 20 ; seven nules 
 N by w of Norwich. 
 
 Fakenham, a . town in the county cf 
 Norfolk, with a large market on Tlnirsday, 
 stands on the Yare, on a hill, has fairs Ash- 
 Wednesday, and November J 1 ; 20 miles 
 NW of Norwich, and 1 13 nne of London. 
 On a bill near it the county courts were 
 once held. 
 
 Fala, and Soutra, two united parishes 
 in the counties of Mid and East Lo- 
 thian. Fala is four miles in length, 
 and three in breadth, comprising some 
 of the most fertile of the Lothian 
 plains. Soutra is the westermost ridge 
 of the Lammermuir hills, commanding 
 
 a most 
 
 enchanting 
 
 prospect, and is more 
 adapted to j)asturage than tillage. Part 
 of the walls of Soatva church are yet 
 
F A L 
 
 F A L 
 
 landing, and the burying; ground is still ' 
 occupied. A small farm here granted 
 by king James of peripatetic and face- | 
 xious memory, for a night^s lodging, I 
 in one of his pedestrian excursions, to a | 
 family of the name of Pringle, is still 
 held by his descendants, and what is sin- | 
 gular they never, at any one time since, | 
 occupied more or less land. Population is | 
 344. 
 
 Faloise, a town in the department of the 
 Calvados, on the Ante France, has a cas- 
 tle, and one of the finest towers in France. 1 
 It has manufactures of serges, linen, and 
 lace : and is remarkable for being the birth- 
 place of Avlotte, mother to William the 
 Conqueror; 20 miles °se of Caen, and 
 115 w of Paris. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. 48 
 15 N. 
 
 FALCONARA, an island in the Gre- 
 cian Archipelago. Lon. 25 34 e, lat. 36 
 55 N. 
 
 Fale, a river in the county of Cornwall, 
 which directs its course, by Grampound and 
 Tregony -to Falmouth, where it forms a 
 iine haven in the English Channel. 
 
 Falkenau, or Falkenow, a towm in the 
 circle of Saatz, Bohemia, on the Egra, 
 where are manufactures of alum, sulphur, 
 .and vitriol ; 10 miles n of Egra. 
 
 Falkenberg, a town of Silesia, Germany, 
 principality of Oppein, has a castle, 14 
 s by E of Brieg. 
 
 Falkenbergy, a sea port town in the pro- 
 .vince of Halland, Sweden, seated at the 
 mouth of the Athras, on the Categat, 17 
 miles of Halmstadt. The chief trade 
 .of the inhabitants is fishing. Lon, 12 27 e, 
 lat. 56 54 N. 
 
 Falkenberg, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 and New Mark of Brandenburg, has a 
 .castle, and stands on the Drage, 32 miles 
 E by N of New Stargard. Lon. 16 28 e, 
 lat. 53 29 N. 
 
 Fatkemtein, a town of Austria, with a 
 castle, 10 miles xw’ of Zistersdorf. 
 
 Falkenstein, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Mont Tonnere, France, lately Ger- 
 many, county of Falkenstein, a little to 
 the w of Winweiler, 24 miles w by s of 
 Worms- 
 
 Faikirk, a considerable town in Stirling- 
 shire. It contains near 4009 inhabitants, 
 and has a market on Thursday, and nine 
 .annual fairs, chiefly for cattle ; those called 
 irgsbs, in August, September and Octo- 
 I>er, are much resorted to, particularly for 
 black cattle and sheep It is 24 w miles 
 
 ^Edinburgh, and 23 from Glasgow. The 
 pari.sh of Falkirk is near eight miles long, 
 and about four broad. The Carse of 
 Falkirk, once covered by the sea, is celebra- 
 for its fertility. The- great canal pas- 
 ses through the parish, and numerous vil- 
 lages iiave arisen in the neighbourhood. 
 .S<ie Car)ielo?i, <fec- TJie population of 
 the parish is about 8,838. Half a mile 
 N of the town, on the 22 of July 1298, the 
 
 Scottish forces under the renowned Vs al- 
 lace, were completely defeated by the 
 English, commanded by Edward I. in per- 
 son, when Sir John Graham and Sir John 
 Siew'art, two of Vf allace/s most intimate 
 and bravest companions, fell. Their graves 
 are yet pointed out in the cimrch-yard. 
 In the vicinity also the rebels in the year 
 1746, gained a victory over the royal 
 forces. 
 
 Falkland, an ancient town in Fifeshire, 
 with the remains of a magiiirieent palace, 
 for many years the residence ot the Scot- 
 tish mona^cbs. The town is neatly built, 
 anti is plentiMly supplied with fine water 
 by leaden pipes. It was made a burgh 
 by king James II. in 1458, and possessing 
 a ri^^ht of holding a weekly market and 
 seveiT annual fairs. The chief iDanuiacture 
 is coarse linen and -osnaburghs. The 
 parish of Falkland is of a square form, 
 containing about 10,000 acres. Tne 
 soil is various. In the parish is a lead 
 mine, plenty of lime stone, some marie, 
 and fullers earth. The parish contains 
 the villages of Ballinbrae, Newton, and 
 Freiichie. The population is about 
 2,300 ; 24 miles is-w by n of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 FALKLAND, Isles, lie about 50 miles 
 E from the straits of Magellan, at the ex- 
 tremity of South America, between 56 and 
 63 w Ion. and 52 and 54 s lat. The soil 
 of these islands is bad, and the shores ar© 
 beaten by perpetual storms. These islands 
 W’ere discovered by Davies, in 1592, were 
 visited by Sir Richard Hawkins in 1594, 
 and Commodore Byron made a ^settlement 
 here, in 1765, which w^as taken by the 
 Spaniards in 1770, and in 1774, the islands 
 were ceded to Spain. 
 
 Falkland's Sound, a strait or bay, se- 
 parating the two largest of the above is- 
 lands. 
 
 Falkoping, a town in the province of 
 W Gothland, Sweden, 68 miles e by n of 
 Gotheburgh. 
 
 Fall, a river which rises in the sw part 
 of Perthshire, >nd runs into Loch Lo- 
 mond. 
 
 FALLAFAJEEA, one of the Friendly 
 Islands, in the Southern Pacific ocean. 
 Lon. 185 16 e, lat. 20 30 s. 
 
 I Falmouth, a sea port town in the comity 
 I of Cornwall, at the mouth of the river Fale, 
 j with a good and well sheltered harbour, 
 ' defended at i<s entrance by the castles of 
 I Pendennis and St. Maw'es. Packets for 
 I Spain, Portvigal, and the West Indies, gene- 
 I rally sail from this port. It is a corpora- 
 i tion, governed by a mayor and aldermen, 
 
 ! and has a market on Timrsdaj', and fairs 
 
 I July 27ih,xand October 30tli. It gives th© 
 j title of viscount to the family of Boseaweu. 
 
 ! Here is the head custom house for most of 
 j the Cornish boroughs — It sends no member 
 
 to |>arliampnt, but is much more popa- 
 i lous, than many towns that are represented. 
 
 II X X 3 
 
F A M 
 
 The pilchard fishery, which is here carried 
 on to great extent, is a source of great 
 vrealih to the town : 10 miles s of Truro, 
 and 269 wsw of London. Lon. 6 2 w, lat. 
 
 50 3 N. 
 
 Falmouth^ a township in Hants county. 
 Nova- Scotia, 28 miles xwof Halifax. 
 
 Falmouth, a maritime town in Barnstable 
 coun;y, iUassachusetts, w'as burnt by the 
 Britisn, in 1775. It stands on the w side . 
 of a bay, 70 miles sse of Boston. Lon. 70 
 32 w, iat. 41 33 N. 
 
 Falmouth, a post town in Stafford county, 
 Virginia, opposite to Fredericsburg, on the 
 Kappabannue, 40 miles sw of Alexandria. 
 Ifcontains about 150 bouses. 
 
 F aim oath, cl town and harbour on 
 the s shore of the island of* Antigua, it 
 stands on the s side of the island, and has 
 a foi tided harbour. Lon. 62 0 w, lat. 16 
 55 N. 
 
 Falmouth, in the island of Jamaica, com- 
 moiiiy called the Point, including the 
 adjoining villages of Martha Brae and the 
 Bock, contains 220 houses. Lon. 77 33 w, 
 lat. iS 31 N. 
 
 False Bay, a bay near the Cape of Good 
 Hope, Africa, situated between the Cape 
 of Good Hope and Cape False, affords 
 shelter for shipping durisg the prevalence 
 of the Nw winds in May. Lon. 18 38 e, 
 lat. 34 10 s. 
 
 False Cape, a promontory e of tlie | 
 Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 e, lat. 
 34 16 X. 
 
 FALSTEJl, an island of Denmark, 
 
 S Zealand, from which it is separated i)y 
 a nanovv sea. It is about 60 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and exceedingly fertile; the 
 principal towns are Nyokieping and Stub- 
 bek loping. The former is the capital. 
 
 . Faisterbo, a sea port town in the pro- 
 vince of .Schonan, Sweden, chiefly known 
 for a light'hoQse and its herring fishery ; 
 22 miles ssw of Lund. Lon. 12 48 e, lat, 
 55 22 N. 
 
 FALUGA, a small island near, the vf 
 coast of Sardinia, in the Mediterranean- 
 
 Faluga, a tov-ui in the Arabian Irak, 25 
 miles sE of Bagdad. I 
 
 Famagosta, or Famagusta, a town on 
 the E coast of the island of Cyprus, with 
 a good harbour, defended by two forts. It 
 is the see of a Greek bishop, suffragan of 
 Nicosia. In 1570, it was laken by the I 
 Tuiks, after a long siege, when they mur- ! 
 dered the inhabdbinis afler they surrendeied, j 
 and flayed the Venetian governor alive ; j 
 62 rniics NE of Nicosia. Lon. 35 55 e, || 
 lat. 35 10 N. 1 
 
 Famars, a town in the department of the j 
 Norib, France. In the yicmiiy, the French 1 
 wrif! d flea ted by the aiUos, in 1793- It is j 
 three udics sol Vaiencienne*-. j 
 
 . Faaiily t^oke, a lake of North America. 
 Ion. 03 20 w, lai. 52 35 n. i 
 
 FAMINE, op Fameke, a small country, 
 
 FAQ 
 
 of the Netherlands, and included in th# 
 department of Forrets, France. The prin- 
 cipal towns are Marche and Roche. 
 
 Famine Port, a bay at the extremity 
 of the Straits of Magellan, on the coast 
 of Patagonia. Lon. 71 26 w, lat. 53 
 
 43 N. 
 
 Fanano, a town of the Modenese, Italy, 
 25 miles s of Modena. Lon. 1 24 e, lat. 
 
 44 20 N. 
 
 Fangeaux, or Fanjeaux, a towm in the 
 department of the Aude, France, 14 miles 
 w of Carcosonne. Lon. 2 25 e, lat. 43 
 
 11 N. 
 
 Fauna, a town in the county of Friuli, 
 seven miles nne of Aviano, Italy ; also a 
 conspicuous mountain, Roxburgsbire, in the 
 parish of Hobkirk. 
 
 Fannich Loch, a lake in Ross-shire, 
 parish of Contln, about nine miles long, 
 and one and a- half broad. Out of its se 
 extremity issues the river Grudie. 
 
 Fano, a town in the pi-ovinee of Abruzzo, 
 Ultra, Naples. 
 
 Fano, anciently Fanum Fortune, a sea 
 port town of Italy, on the Adriatic, and a 
 bishop’s see. Here are the remains of a 
 beautiful triumphal arch, erected in honour 
 of Augustus, w'ho sent hither a colony^ 
 This arch was injured by a camion bullet, 
 in a siege of the town in 1458. The vici- 
 nity is extremely delightful. In the town 
 are suberb palaces and elegant chnrches. 
 Near this place, Asdrubal, the brother of 
 Hannibal, and 50,060 of his oountrymen, 
 were slain ; 18 miles e of Urbino. Lon. 14 
 20 E, lat. 43 52 y. 
 
 FANOE, a small island near the coast of 
 Sieswick, Denmark, about fiveAeagues in 
 oireuraferenoe, chiefly inhabitctl by fisher- 
 men. Lon. 8 25 e, lat. 55 23 n. 
 
 FANTIN, a country on the Gold Coast, 
 Africa, which extends about 10 leagues 
 along the shore of the Atlantic. The soil 
 is fertile. The inhabitants are bold, cun- 
 ning, and deceitful. Their government 
 is aristocratic. The small towns are 
 very numerous, and they reckon about 
 4,000 fishermen on the coast. The capital 
 is of the same name, about four leagut\s 
 up the country. Here the English and 
 Dutch have forts, the English fort called 
 Anemabo, is at the mouth of a river. The 
 palm wine here is so much superior to that 
 on Qther parts of the coast. Lon. 0 10 
 lat. 5 5 N» 
 
 Funzara, a town in the kingdo.m of Fez, 
 15 miles sw of Salee, Africa. 
 
 I Faova,. OT Foac, a town of Egypt, on the 
 w branch of ihe Nile, 25 miles se of Reset- 
 to, and 70 nnw of Cairo. 
 
 Faouet, Le, a town in the department of 
 Morbihan, France, 21 miles n by \v of 
 Orient. Lou. 2 27 w^, lat. 48 2 n. 
 
 FAQUIER COUNTY, in Virginia, 
 about 55 miles long, and 20 broad, contain- 
 ing 17,892 inhabitants. 
 
FAR 
 
 Fara, one of the smaller Orkney islands, ' 
 betvrcen Ed a and Westra. 
 
 F'tray or Farray, one of fbe smaller Ork- 
 ney islands, oiiftinile e of Hoy, 
 
 Faradeese, a town in the country of Tu- 
 nis, 32 miles s of Tunis, Africa. 
 
 Farekom, a town iti Hants, at the n\v 
 coiTiEr of Portsmocih harbour, with a 
 ijuay, at which vessels ol 200 tons can un- 
 load. It has considerable trade in coals, 
 corn, d'c. manufactures of sacks and 
 corda<;'e, and bricks and tiles. It has 
 a market on Wednesday. It has a well 
 endowed charity-school, and a fair June 
 29th ; live miles nnw^ of Gosport, and 
 12 SE of Southampton, and 73 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 FareweU, Cape, the s of V/est Greenland, 
 at the entrance of Davis Straits. Lon. 42 | 
 42 \v, lat. o9 37 N. j 
 
 FareweUy Cape a promontory of the is- 
 land of New Zealand. Lon. J72 4i e, 
 lat. 40 37 s. 
 
 Farg, a river of Perthshire, rises in the 
 Oehil hills, and falls into the Erne. 
 
 Fargeaii, St, a town in the department 
 of Yoiine, with a strong fort, France, 19 
 miles SE of Auxere. Lcn. 3 8 e, iat. 40 
 47 N. 
 
 Fariah, a town and province of Indepen- 
 dent Tartary, borders oi Persia. 
 
 a'town in the province of Irak, 
 Agemi, Persia, 73 miles sw^ of Amadan. 
 
 Farim, a town and country of Africa, to 
 the s of the river Gamibia. The town stands 
 on the river St. Bomingo. Lon 14 30 w, 
 Lit. 12 10 N. 
 
 FARIM A, or Baksiit, a province of 
 'Japan, in vrhioh the inhabitants have manu- 
 factures of silk, cloth, paper, <fec. ^ | 
 
 Farinola, a town in the province of 
 A.bruzzo, Ultra, Naples, 11 miles sse of 
 Z+u'amo. 
 
 Farmington, a large and wealthy town 
 in Hartford county, Connecticut, seated on 
 the Farniingion, which below the town 
 unites with the Cambridge, where they 
 both lose their names in the Windsor. 
 Here is a large congregational church ; 10 
 n.iles wsw of Hartford, and 22 e of Litch- 
 field. 
 
 Farn Islmids, three small islands, be- 
 sides a n timber of rocks, near the coast of 
 Nonbii.ubcrlund, opposite Bamborough 
 CO Ale. They have all particular names, 
 en.d prodiice kelp, sea-fowls, &c. Some 
 of them bear a little grass. The principal, 
 vvhicn is called Farn, is about a mile in 
 coiiipass, and has a light-house, formed out 
 of part of a Benedictine monastery, founded 
 ^ about 080, by St. Cuthbert, vvlio held a 
 ^council in it, and whose coffin is said to 
 b'* here preserved. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 58 
 
 Fornlwm, a town in Surrey, on the river 
 Wye, with a castle, on an eminence, be- 
 lorging to the bishop of Winchester, It 
 
 FAR 
 
 has a great corn trade, and is celobra-eil 
 for its plantations of hops, cultivated in the 
 neighbourhood, particularly at Grondal, a 
 village three miles to the kw. It has a 
 large market on Thursd,>y f(,r corn, and 
 Welch hose, and is 12 niiies w' cf Gilford^ 
 and 38 wsw of London. 
 
 FARO ISLANDS. See Faroer. 
 
 FARO, an island of Sw^eden, about SO 
 miles in circuiuterence. it is populojis 
 and fertile. Tne principal »own has fhs 
 same name, and is seated on the e coast, 
 Lon. 19 7 E, lat. 57 50 N. 
 
 Faro, a sea port on the gulf of Cadiz, in 
 the province of Algarva, of which it is the 
 capital, and a bisliop^s see, Portugal. It 
 was burnt by the English in 1596. It has 
 the greater part of the commerce- of ths 
 province ; 103 miles s by w of Evora. 
 Lon. 8 0 w, lat. 37 2 n. 
 
 Faro of Messina, a strait between Sicily 
 and Calabria, seven miles across. Hera 
 the tide ebbs and flows every six hours. 
 It has its name from the Faro or light- 
 house on Cape Faro, and its vicinity to 
 Messina. 
 
 FARCER ISLANDS, islands in tho 
 North Sea, belonging to Denmark. They 
 are 25 4n number, though only about 
 17 are inhabited ; and extend about TO 
 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, be- 
 tween five and eight degrees w lou. and 
 81 83 N lat. Some of them are deeply in- 
 dented with fins harbours, and most of 
 them faced with tremendous rocks and 
 precipices. They produce agate, jasper, 
 and beautiful zeolites. No trees above 
 the size of a juniper, or stunted willow, 
 giow^ here. To the s of these islands is a 
 w’hiripool. The greatest length of the day 
 is nearly 20 hours, and the shortest day 
 little more than four. The summers 
 and winters are very moderate. The 
 dampness of the air, however, subjects the 
 inhabitants to many disease.*?, as coughs, 
 the scurvy, tfec. The soil is shallow’, yet 
 so fertile as to yield 20 for one. The pas- 
 tures are excellent, especially for sheep, in 
 which the wealth of the inbabitanAs chiefly 
 consists. There is great plenty both of 
 land and wa-ter fowl, and ilsb. The com- 
 modities vended here to toreigners, aro 
 salted mutton, goose cuiih’, featbers, and 
 cyder down ; knit W'Ooilcn w’aistooat?, cap.s, 
 i and slooking.s, tallow, -tec. There are se- 
 ! ven parishes and 39 cln.ViCbes, which are 
 under the diocese cf Zealand. Tnese is- 
 lands, together wuth Iceland, are under one 
 governor ; but they have their rc.^(eotiv 0 
 iangmaji, or provincial judge, their land 
 vogt, their inferior j idge, aiKi king’s con- 
 sul, who superintends i.be trade ctirrieii en 
 between the Faroer isiands and (,‘openhci- 
 gan. Th^^se islands x''ero dbcovered in the 
 resgn of Harold Hoarfager, kirg of Nor- 
 way, and Griener Co.mban was the first 
 person who built a hou!>e upon them, 
 
 1 
 
FAU 
 
 Faron, a mountain in the department 
 M Var, near Toulon, France, with a 
 fort and redoubt on its top, which is 1,718' 
 feet above the level of the sea, and almost 
 inaccessible. 
 
 Far-Out -Heady a cape on the s coast 
 of Sutherlandshire, 10 miles jb of Cape 
 Wrath. 
 
 Farry a parish and small sea port town in 
 Sutherlandshire. The parish is about 45 
 miles long, and from three to 20 broad, with 
 1 6 miles of rocky sea coast, in which are | 
 many extensive caves, the resort of great i 
 numbers of seals. The town is situated on a ! 
 bay and near a promontory to which it gives 
 name, and has a good salmon fishery, i 
 There are several other promontories, bays, [ 
 and villages on the coast; see Armdale, 
 Stratliyy <fec. The surface is chiefly moun- ! 
 tainous, and except on the banks of the i 
 rivers Naver and Borgie, is barren. The i 
 population is about 2,408. This parish does 
 not produce corn sufficient for the subsist- 
 ence of the inhabitants. Here are the re- 
 mains oi six Pictish castles ; 52 miles n by i 
 w of Dornoch. 
 
 Farringdon, a town in Berks, with a 
 market on Tuesday ; stands on an emi- 
 nence, 15 miles w of Abington, and 68 w 
 by N of London. 
 
 Farsa, anciently Pharsalia, a town in 
 Thessaly, 14 miles s of Larissa. 
 
 PAKISTAN, or Pars, a province about 
 420 miles long from n to s, and 360 from 
 E to w. Towards the s the air is very hot, 
 and the land so sandy, that it produces little 
 else than palm-trees. Northward, it is full i 
 of mountains. The principal productions 
 are rice and fruit ; the centre is the most 
 fertile. In the forest is a tree from which 
 the inhabitants gather mastic ; emeralds are 
 common. Shiras is the capital. 
 
 Fartachy Fartacky or Fartaquey a sea port 
 in the province of Hadramaut, Arabia Felix, 
 at the foot of a cape of its name, 150 miles i 
 E of Sliibam, | 
 
 Fartreijy a river which runs into the Irish 
 sea, nine miles n from Wicklow. 
 
 Fastnel Rocky a rock five miles ssw of 
 cape Clear, Ireland. 
 
 Fattipoury a town in the province of | 
 Agra, Hindoostan. Here was a palace of 
 the emperors of Hindoostan ; on a hill is a 
 celebrated mostiue, erected by the emperor 
 Achbar ; 22 miles w by s of Agra. 
 
 FAVAGNANA, or Favognana, a 
 fertile island in the Mediterranean, about 
 seven miles in circumference, near the w 
 coast of Sicily. Its fisheries afford a 
 great revenue annually. Lon. 12 25 e, 
 lat. 38 16 N. 
 
 Faucignyy a town and castle of Savoy, in 
 a district of its name, in me Frciich de- | 
 partment of Mont Blanc, on the Arve; 14 j 
 miles SE of Geneva. The principal towns I 
 ol Upper Faiicigny, are Salanclic, Samoens, 
 or Samoiiig, Taninge, and Flurnet ; the 
 
 FAY 
 
 ! principal towns of Lower Faucigny, ar# 
 j Cluse, Bonne, and Bonne Yille. 
 j Faverney a toyvn in the department of 
 the Upper Saone, France ; eight miles n of 
 Vesoul. 
 
 Fauquemoniy or Valkenberg, a town in 
 Limburg, Netherlands, lately department 
 of the Moselle, department of the Lower 
 Meuse, France, and capital of a district to 
 which it gives name. It was taken by the 
 French, in 1672, who razed its fortifications. 
 It stands on the Guile, eight miles e by n of 
 Maestri ch^ 
 
 FAYAL, or Fyal, the most western 
 of the Azore islands, is about nine leagues 
 long, and eight wide. It is well cultivated, 
 and produces bearded wheat, Indian com, 
 barley, flax, oranges, &e. It abounds 
 with sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, &c. The 
 principal town is Villa de Horta ; the na- 
 tives are fairer than those of Madeira. A 
 Portuguese garrison is maintained on the 
 island. It sulfered greatly|{by an earth- 
 qualce in 1764. Lon. JO 45 w, Ferro, lat. 
 38 32 N. 
 
 Fayenccy a town in the department of th© 
 Var, France, stands near the Biason, and is 
 celebrated for its earthen ware, 10 miles w 
 of Grasse. 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY, in Pennsylva- 
 nia. It is 39 miles in length, and 29 in 
 breadth, and divided into ii townships, of 
 which Union is the chief. Populatioi> 
 about 14,009. 
 
 FAYETTE, a district of North Caroli- 
 na, comprehending six counties, viz. Moore, 
 Cumberland, Sampson, Richmond, Robe- 
 son, and Anson. It is 120 miles in lengthy 
 and 50 in breadth, and contains above 
 34,000 inhabitants, 
 
 Fayettemlley so called in honour of 
 the mar<iuis La Fayette, a flourishing 
 post town of North Carolina, capital of 
 Cumberland county, on the west side of 
 the north west branch of cape Fear ri- 
 ver. On the bank of the river stands a 
 few buildiijgs and the tobacco warehou- 
 ses. The compact part of the tow'u is 
 situated about a mile from the river, on 
 Cross Creek. On both sides the creek 
 are about 400 houses, twm handsome edi- 
 fices for the supreme, district, and county 
 courts. The town is regularly laid out, 
 and its principal streets are 100 feet 
 wide. There are three mills, tw’o consider- 
 able distilleries and breweries, and several 
 extensive tan-yards. It has a trade princi- 
 pally with Wilmington, in tobacco, wheat, 
 fioiir, beef, pork, fiax-seed, hemp, cotton, 
 butter, lumber, staves, naval stores, &c. ; 
 and receives in return European and Indian 
 goods. The situation of the town is agree- 
 able and healthy, and well adapted for es- 
 tablishing manufactories. The town stands 
 j in a settlement of Scotch Highlanders, and . 
 is 55 miles nw of Campden, and 90 from 
 WiliMingtou. 
 
F E C 
 
 |!’AYOUM, or Fium, a province of 
 Egypt, situated oa the w side of the Nile, 
 extending from the river to the Briket-el- 
 Kerun. Fayouni, formerly one of the weal- 
 thiest and most fertile provinces of Egypt, 
 is much declined in its fertility, through the 
 oppression of the Turks. Birket-el-Kerun, 
 \those ancient name was Mceris, is reduced 
 to two-thirds of its former extent. The 
 Copts still cultivate the olives and the vines 
 which their forefathers planted ; the whole 
 country is covered with wheat, barley, 
 and Doiirra. The tall flax, the sugar- 
 cane, and vegetables of all kinds sprout 
 up almost without culture ; cucumbers, 
 and near 20 species of melons, adorn the 
 banks of the rivulets. The canals and 
 lakes swarm with fish, which are caught 
 in prodigious quantities. When the frost 
 and snow of winter is felt in the northern 
 countries, innumerable flocks of birds re- 
 sort to the lake Mceris, and the canals of 
 Fayoum. 
 
 Fayouni, capital of the province so called, 
 is only half a league in circumference, 
 and stands on the eastern shore of a canal 
 which communicates with the Nile. It 
 has some manufactures of mats, coarse 
 carpets, and the distillation of rose water. 
 The town is governed by a catchef, under 
 one of the bays of Grand Caito. It is 49 
 miles ssw of Cairo. Lon. 30 39 e, lat. 29 
 27 N. 
 
 Feal, a river of Ireland, which rises 
 near Coolnakenny, the s branch of the 
 Cashin. 
 
 Fear Point, a cape at the mouth of Cape 
 Fear river, in North Carolina. Here is a 
 shoal called the Frying Pan, from its shape, 
 at the entrance of the river, which is form- 
 ed of two branches which unite above 
 Wilmington, and flows into the Atlantic 
 below Brunswick. Lon. 77 45 w, lat. 33 
 40 N. 
 
 Fearn, a parish and village of Scotland, 
 in Ross- shire. The parish is abouf two 
 miles square. The surface is generally fiat, 
 and the soil, for the most part, rich. The 
 village of Fearn stands near the site of the 
 old abbey. The abbey was founded in the 
 reign of Alexander IT. by Farquhar, first 
 earl of Ross, who with many of his illus- 
 trious descendants lie interred in it, and 
 among others, the late gallant sir John 
 Lockart Ross. It is the burying place of 
 all the Rosses in the north. Anoiber re- 
 markable building is the castle of Lochlin, 
 w^hich has stood for 500 years. The cele- 
 brated lawyer, sir George Mackensie, king’s 
 advocate in the reign of Charles II. it is 
 said, was born in this castle. The popula- 
 tion is about 1600. 
 
 Feat hard, a borough in the county of 
 Wexford, Ireland, w side of Bannow bay, 
 22 miles sw of W’exford. 
 
 Fecamp, an ancient sea port town in the 
 department of the Low er Seine, France. It 
 contains about 1000 houses. The principal 
 
 F E I 
 
 commerce is in linen, serges, lace, leather^^ 
 and hats ; 24 miles ne of Havre de Grace. 
 Lon. 0 46 E, lat. 49 46 n. 
 
 Feckenham, in W^orcestershire, with a 
 neat church, and a well endowed charity 
 school ; fairs on March 26th, and September 
 30th ; and is seven miles sse of Brooras- 
 grove. 
 
 Fe, St, a <town of Granada, Spain, built 
 by Ferdinand, during the seige Of Granada, 
 stands in a fertile plain, near the Xenil. It 
 was greatly damaged by an earthquake, 
 in 1800, and is six miles w by w of Gra- 
 nada. 
 
 Fe H’ Antiochia, Santa, the most nor- 
 thern towm of Popayan, a district of Terra 
 Firma, South America. It is the capital of 
 the audience of Santa Fe. Lon. 180 35 w^ 
 lat. 35 32 N. 
 
 Fe de Bagota, Santa, the capital of New 
 Granada, South America, situated on the 
 banks of the little river Pati. Near this ci^y 
 are gold mines; 450 miles ke of Quito* 
 Lon. 74 5 w, lat. 4 10 s. 
 
 Fe, or Foy, Santa, a towm in the middle 
 of Veragua, a province in the audience of 
 Guatimala, in N America. 
 
 Fe Santa, the capital of New Mexico, is 
 N America. It is said to be a rich and re- 
 gularly built city. It is also called Sai^j^ 
 Fe de Granada ; by others, Nev^ Mexico. 
 In the centre is a public square, on the e 
 side of which is the governor’s palace, guard 
 house, tfec. The houses are of one story with 
 flat roofs, some of them elegantly furnished. 
 Manufactures cotton, coarse woollen cloth, 
 blankets, copper vessels, pottery, leather, and 
 tobacco; 510 miles n of Chihuahua. Lon. 
 104 53 w, lat. 36 12 N. 
 
 Fe Santa, a city of Paraguay, province 
 of Buenos Ayres, South America. The 
 vicinity abounds with silk, corn, wine, fruit, 
 and cattle. The inhabitants are chiefly em- 
 ployed in husbandry, &c. It stands on tb« 
 Parana, at its junction with the Salado ; 
 240 miles nw of Buenos Ayres, Lon. 61 
 10 w, lat. 31 30 s. 
 
 Feder See, a lake in Suabia, Germany, 
 about 12 nfTTe&in circumference. 
 
 Felienbach, a town in Suabia, Germany, 
 16 miles e of Friburg. 
 
 FehrnbelUn, a towm in Upper Saxony, 
 and Middle Mark of Brandenburg, H 
 miles NW of Berlin. 
 
 FEJEES, or FEJEE ISLANDS, a cluster 
 of reefs and islands in the s Pacific ocean, 
 120 leagues nw of the Friendly islands, 
 high and fruitful, abounding with hogs, 
 fowls, and fruits. The n part of this group, 
 discovered, in ,1643, by Tasman, who called 
 them prince William’s islands, in lat. 
 15 33 s. In 1789, captain Bligh fell ia 
 with the Easternmost of the Fejees in Ion. 
 178 V/, and in 1792, doubled the Southmost 
 island in Ion. 178 k, lat. 19 15 s. H® 
 did not land on any of them, and out- 
 sailed the natives w4o followed him ia 
 their canoes, seemingly wdth hostile d®- 
 
F E L 
 
 FEN 
 
 sigM, In 1 <04, captain Barber, discovered 
 the w part of the group: and saw six of 
 the islands, the most extensive in ion. 17.5 
 15 E, lat. 17 30 s. When he anchored 
 on the w side, some of the natives came 
 oil in a canoe, but seeiued reluctant to 
 board, and were unaccustomed to traffic. 
 Next day a jiumber of canoes attacked 
 the ship, vrounded two of the erew' with 
 their arrows, but they were repulsed by 
 the swivels aud small arms from the ship. 
 The navigation is intricate, and hazardous. 
 The natives seem to be a different race 
 from those of the Friendly islands, speak 
 a different language and seem, by their 
 being' often at wnir with one another, to 
 be under different chiefs. Clubs, spears, 
 bows, and arrows, are their weapons of 
 war. — They are of good stature, com- 
 plexion dark, and their hair approaching to 
 ■wool. They eat the flesh of the enemies 
 whom they kill, and even murder their 
 prisoners lor that purpose. The natives of 
 Tongataboo deem the Fejeans superior to 
 themselves, as they are more warlike, and 
 are more ingenious mechanics. Intercourse 
 beUveen these islanders is becoming more 
 frequent. 
 
 Feira, a town in the province of Beira, 
 Portugal, 10 miles se of Oporto, and 30 n 
 by w of Aveiro. 
 
 Feketpatakf a town of Transylvania, 25 
 miles sw of Colosvar. 
 
 Fekete-pator, a towm of Hungary, 18 
 miles ssE of Gros Wardein. 
 
 Feldbachf a town in Stiria, 14 miles n 
 of Rakelsburg, Germany. 
 
 Feldkirck, the capital of a county of the 
 same name, Germany, is well built, situated 
 ©a the Hi, near the Rhine. The inhabitants 
 enjoy some considerable privileges; 12 
 miles s of Bregeiia. Lon. 9 43 e, lat. 47 
 10 N. 
 
 Feldshiirgy a town and castle of Austria, 
 seated on the Teya, with a fine palace, 28 
 miles NNE of Vienne. 
 
 Feld See, a lake in Carinthia. 
 
 Felenbrunn, Oher, a town of Austria, 
 three miles nw of Sonneberg. 
 
 Felenhrunn, Unter, a town of Austria, 
 eight miles n of Korn Neuburg. 
 
 Feletino, a town eight miles n of Alatri, 
 Italy. 
 
 Felicuda, one of the Li pari islands in the 
 Mediterranean, 28 miles w of Lipari. Lon. 
 15 4 R, lat. 39 32 n. 
 
 Felipe, Y Sant- Yago, a large bay, n side 
 of the island of Espiritu Santo. See Terra 
 del Espiritu Sanio, 
 
 Felix, St, an island in the Pacific ocean, 
 NEW of Juan Fernandez. Lon. 86 w, lat. 
 26 s. 
 
 Felizan, a town in the Alexandrin, eight 
 miles w of Alexandriii, Italy. 
 
 Fellen, a town in Livonia, ceded to 
 Russia in 1731, Lou< 34 5 e, lat. 58 
 23 K. 
 
 j[ Fellenherg, a tovvn of the Tyrolese, fouf 
 !i miles wsw of Innspruck. 
 
 FeUetin, a town in the department of 
 the Creuse, France, the chief trade is in 
 cattle, has a manufacture of tapestry ; 20 
 miles ssw of Evaux, and 21 sse of Gueret. 
 Lon. 2 35 e, lat. 45 53 n. 
 
 Fellin, a town in the province of Terra 
 di I<avora, Naples. 
 
 Fellin, a town of Livonia, Russia, seated 
 on the Pernau, 63 miles se of Revel. 
 
 Felling, the name of three towns in 
 Austria, 1, three miles sse of Zisterzdorf, 
 2, 10 miles wkw of Crems; 3, 11 miles s 
 of Vienna. 
 
 Felsberg, a town in the territory of 
 Hesse-Cassel, Germany, has an ancient 
 castle on a rock ; 12 miles s of Cassel. 
 
 Feltri, the capital of the Feitrin, Italy, 
 and a bishop^s see. It is fortified, and 
 stands^; on the Asona. It contains 5,100 
 inhabitants and has a splendid towm-hoiise 
 and broad well paved streets. The princi- 
 pal trade is in iron ; 30 miles nw of Treviso, 
 Lon. 1 1 55 e, lat. 46 3 n. 
 
 FELTRIN, a small country of Italy, 
 situated at the foot of the Alps, 28 miles 
 long, and 10 broad. It is watered by the 
 Piave, and produces corn, fruits, wine, 
 wood, &c. and abounds in black cattle, 
 sheep, and game. It contains the town of 
 Feltri, the only place of note, 20 parishes, 
 120 villages, and 47,300 souls. Its moun- 
 tains abound v.dth iron. 
 
 Feltrino, a river in the province of Abruz- 
 zo, Citra, Italy, which flows into the Adria- 
 tic, four miles se of Ortona. 
 
 FEMERN, a fertile island of Den- 
 mark, in the Baltic, about nine leagues 
 in circumference, a narrow sound of 
 the same name, divides it from Hol- 
 stein, It contains the town of Borg, 
 and a few villages. Lon. 1 1 5 e, lat. 54 
 30 N. 
 
 Femoe, a small island of Denmark. Lon. 
 11 3^lR,li\U 55 In. 
 
 Femsio, a town in the province of 
 Smaland, 50 miles w from Wexico, 
 Syveden. 
 
 Fenelles Castle, an ancient and extensive 
 structure, a mile w of Fettercairn, coun- 
 ty of Kincardine, of which the founda- 
 tion is still visible. Here, in 994, Mal- 
 colm III. was murdered by a lady 
 named Fenella, which was no sooner 
 discovered than the castle w'as reduced to 
 ashes. 
 
 Fenestrange, a town in the department 
 of the Meurte, France, on the Saarte, 40 
 miles Eby N of Nancy. 
 
 Fenestrelle, a strong town of Savoy, in a 
 valley on the river Cluson, 18 miles w of 
 Turin. Lon. 7 25 e, lat 45 10 n. 
 
 Feng-Hoa, a town is the kingdom of 
 Corea, 26 miles wsw of Ping-hai. 
 
 Fenki, a town in th© kingdom of Corea. 
 36 miles nnw of Longkouaug. 
 
F E R 
 
 F E R 
 
 JFENIT, an island in the bay of Tralee, 
 ■seven miles w of Tralee, Ireland. 
 
 Fenwick, a parish and village of Ayr- 
 shire, about nine miles long, and six broad, 
 containing r^80 inhabitants. The soil 
 which is various, is tolerably fruitful. 
 This parish, was separated from that of 
 Kilmarnock of which it formed a part, 
 in 1642, and th^ famous William Guthrie, 
 afterwards ejected, appointed minister. 
 The cheese and veal of tliis district are ex- 
 cellent. Lime stone is abundant, and 
 contains petrified sea shells. The vil- 
 lage, which is four miles and a-half 
 ^’E of Kilmarnock on the road to Glas- 
 gow, contains about 200 inhabitants, 
 many of whom are weavers. Here is a 
 bleachfieid. 
 
 Ferahad, or Ferabat, a town in the 
 province of Mezcinderan, Persia. It con- 
 tains aboiit 16,000 inhabitants, who are 
 descendants of Armenians and Georgians, 
 are active, and industrious. The environs 
 produce sugar, cotton, and silk. Its stands 
 among mountains, 12 miles s of the Caspian 
 sea, and 280 n of Ispahan. Lon. 53 21 e, 
 lat. 35 54 N. 
 
 Ferchenstain, a town in Stiria, three 
 miles s of Windisch, Gratz. 
 
 Fercala, or Forcula, a town in the coun- 
 try of Biledulgerid, Africa, and chief of a 
 district ; 50 miles w of Sugulmessa. Lon. 
 4 30 w, lat 31 40 N. 
 
 FERDINAND NARONKA, an island 
 on the N coast of Brazil, S America. Lon. 
 32 43 w, lat. 3 56 s. 
 
 Ferdinando, St, a chief town of the pro- 
 vince of Caihagua, Chili, seated in a beauti- 
 ful country, was built in 1T42; 90 miles 
 s by w of St. Jago. Lon. 70 26 w, lat. 
 40 s. 
 
 Fere, a town in the department of 
 the Aisne, France. It is famous for its 
 powder mill and school of artillery. In 
 the castle of St. Gobin, in the vicinity, 
 is a manufacture of fine plate glass. 
 Fere stands at the junction of the Serre 
 and Oise, 20 miles n of .Soisons, and 
 76 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 25 e, lat. 49 
 29 N. 
 
 Farentino, or Fiorento, a town of Italy, 
 in the Campana di Roma, three miles n of 
 Alatri. 
 
 Feret, a town in the province of Romania, 
 36 miles nnw of Gallipoli. 
 
 Ferette, a town uj the department of the 
 tipper Rhine, France, on the 111, near its 
 source, 40 miles s of Colmar. { 
 
 Ftrganah, or Farganah, a town in j 
 the kingdom of Samarcand, Asia, in a 
 mountainous country, which abounds in 
 mines of coal, gold, silver, copper, and { 
 iron. It is situated near the Sihon or i 
 laxartes, in a province to which it gives I 
 name. 1 
 
 Fergus, a broad river in the county 1 
 of Clare, Ireland, runs s through the 
 county of Clare, frequently disappearing I 
 
 [I under ground, and again emerging, wash*^ 
 
 1 1 ing Ennis, and Clare, enters the Shan- 
 jj non, forming at its mouth a large 
 j estuary, studded with a number of is- 
 I lands. 
 
 I Fergus, St, a parish in the county of 
 j Banff. The soil is -abundantly fertile, 
 j The village of Inverugie is in this parish* 
 
 I Population is about 1279. 
 
 I FERMANAGH, a county in the pro- 
 j vince of Ulster, about 35 miles long, and 
 27 in its greatest breadth ; is divided into 
 two parts by Lough Erne, besides which 
 there are two other lakes Lough Melvin, 
 and Macnean. • It contains 19 parishes ; 
 the houses are about 12..000 the inhabitants 
 72,000. The surface is in some parts 
 mountainous. The linen manufacture, and 
 the raising of cattle and hemp, are tilts 
 chief employment of the inhabitants. It 
 .sends two representatives to the British 
 parliament, and Enniskillen the principal 
 sends one ; w of Loch Erne, are quarries 
 of beautifully variegated brown and white 
 marble. 
 
 Fermoy, a town on the county of Cork^ 
 Ireland, on the Black-water, 20 miles nne 
 of Cork. 
 
 Fermo, a (own m the marquisate of 
 Ancona, Italy, is an arehbishop^s see, with a' 
 harbour on the gulf of Venice.- It is IT 
 miles sE of Macerate, 26 sse of Ancona, 
 and 93 nke of Rome. Lon. 13 50 e, laU 
 43 6 N. 
 
 Fern, a parish and village in Forfar- 
 shire. The parish is about five miles 
 long, and two broad, at the foot of th@ 
 Grampian hills, with a light loamy and 
 fertile soil, and climate salubrious. 
 It contains pretty extensive plantations 
 of fir and other timber. The village is six 
 miles w of Brechin. Population is about 
 448. 
 
 FERNAMBUCO, a province or juris* 
 diciimi m the eastern part of Brazil, lying 
 between Famariea on the n, and Sergippy 
 on the s. The principal articles of trade 
 are cotton, sugar, cattle, hides, and Brazil 
 wood. 
 
 Fernambneo, a town in the above pro- 
 vince, and a bishop’s see. It was taken 
 by the Dutch, in 1630, who gave it the 
 name of Olinda; but it was afterv/ards re- 
 taken by the Portuguese. Its harbour is 
 small and incommodious. Lon. 35 20 w, 
 lat. 8 13 s. 
 
 Fernandes, a town in the province of, 
 Tra-los-monte.s, Portugal. 
 
 FERNANDEZ, or Juan Fernandez, 
 an island about 1 10 leagues w of the 
 coast of Chili, about four leagues long, 
 and hardly two wide, at a distance it 
 has the appearance of a naked roeh. But 
 there are intersecting vallies, and num- 
 bers of goats on the hills. It is mucii 
 frequented by European ships going to 
 the S seas j but the only safe ancho- 
 rage place on the island is on the 
 
FE R 
 
 K coast, 'n CumberlaDd bay. The pimee- 
 to and cabbage triee grow here, and there 
 are great quantities of water cresses and 
 purslane, with excellent wild sorrel, 
 and a vast profusion of turnips and Sicil- 
 lian redishes. On this island, captain 
 Woods Rogers found one Alexander Sel- 
 kirk, a native of Frfesbire in Scotland, who 
 had lived there alone four years and four 
 months, having been left by his ship, till he 
 w^as discovered in 1709, and from hence 
 Daniel Defoe is thought to have taken the 
 first hint of his novel, entitled the adven- 
 tures of Robinson Crusoe. In 1766, the 
 Spaniards made a scttlem(*nt, on the n and 
 highest part of the id and , at Cumberland 
 hay, which is protected by batteries. The 
 tOW^D stands in a fertile valley, between 
 two high hills. Lon. 79 w, lat. 33 
 40 s. 
 
 Fernan Nunnez, a town of Andalusia, 
 Spain, 15 miles sse of Cordova. 
 
 FERNANDO DE NORONHA, or Na- 
 noNKO, a Portuguese island in the At- 
 lantic, full of verdant mountains. It is 
 not above a league in length, is defended 
 with many forts. The inhabitants are 
 supported with turtle five months, and 
 the rest of the year wdth provisions from S 
 America. Sometimes no rain falls lor 
 .several years together. Lon. 32 33 w, lat. 
 
 3 55 s. 
 
 FERNANDO-PO, or FERNArcD-PAo, 
 an island of Africa., near the coast of Benin, 
 about 20 leagues in circumference. The 
 soil is fertile in manioc, sugar canes, &c. 
 hut the inhabitants are uncivilized. Lon. 
 3 E, lat. 3 6 N. 
 
 Fernell, a parish in Forfarshire, three 
 miles s of Brechin, about three miles long 
 and two broad. In it stands the ancient 
 and extensive building of Kinnaird castle ; 
 around which the pleasure grounds and 
 plantations are an ornament to the coun- 
 try, The soil is in general rich and 
 well cultivated, and produces excellent 
 crops of all kinds of grain. Population 
 620. 
 
 Ferness, a cape and bay on the 'w coast 
 of Eda, Orkney. 
 
 . Ferns, a town in the county of Wexford, 
 the see of a bishop, annexed to Leighliti in 
 1600. The cathedral is small, and serves 
 for the parish church. The towm is seated 
 on the Bann, near its junction vhth the 
 i^laney ; 18 miles n of Wexford, and 33 ssw’ 
 of Wickiov/. 
 
 Ferce Islands. See Fnroer. 
 
 Ferol, a sea port and good harbciir of 
 Peru. Loo. 77 57 w, lat. 9 s. 
 
 Ferozabad, a city of Farsistan, Fer^a, 
 coii':iins a number of fine bmldijvgs, tombs 
 and gardens, and stands inafcriile country, 
 60 miles s by w of Shiras. Lou. 0 e, 
 lat. 28 50 N, 
 
 Fernrra, »a v’^ell fortified, large, hand- 
 some, and celebrated city of Ital}’’, on a 
 branch of the Fm It is about lour miles 
 
 F E R 
 
 in circumference. The streets are hand* 
 some ; there are many magnificent palaces 
 and a cathedral remarkable for its anti- 
 quity, with about 30,000 citizens. Ferrara 
 was taken by the French, in 1796, re- 
 taken by the Austrians, in 1799, but a lit- 
 tle after surrendered to the French ; 25 
 miles E of Bologna. Lon. 1 1 36 e, lat. 
 
 44 51 N. 
 
 FERRAPvA, or the Ferrapesc, a oidc- 
 vant duchy and province of Italy, on the 
 gulf of Venice. The whole country is 
 fertile, but low' and marshy. It contains 
 but few towns, and is badly cultivated, 
 and thinly inbabiied. The inhabitants 
 amount to about 150,000. The principal 
 places are Farrara and Comachio. It 
 had its own dukes till 1597, when it 
 was united by Clement VIII. to the 
 apostolic chamber, seized by the French 
 in 1797, and now forms part of the 
 kingdom of Italy. Ferrara is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Ferre-Anah, a town in the coiiDtry of 
 Tunis; with considerable ruins, supposed to 
 be the ancient Thala. 
 
 Ferreira, a town iu Granada, six miles 
 sE of Guadix, Spain. 
 
 Ferreira, a town in the province of 
 Alentejo, 13 miles w of Beja, Portugal. 
 
 Ferrendina, a towm of Basilicala, Naples, 
 near the river Basianto, 25 miles sw of 
 Matera. 
 
 Ferret Island, a small island near the E 
 coast of Labrador. Lon. 55 40 w, lat. 53 
 40 N. 
 
 Ferrintosh, in the parish of Urguhart, 
 Ross-shire, long famed for excellent whisky, 
 owing to an exemption from the duty of 
 excise, on that manufacture, granted by 
 act of parliament to Duncan Forbes E.sqr. 
 in 1690, on conditions of paying L22 : 4: 3 
 or 400 merks Scots yearly. In 1786, thi.s 
 exemption was abolished, and about L20,000 
 granted to the proprietor, as a compensa- 
 tion. 
 
 Ferriter'S Cove, a bay on the w coast 
 of Ireland, between Sybil Head and Smer- 
 wiek harbour. 
 
 FERRO, orHiERO, the most westerly of 
 the Canary islands. It is about six leagues 
 in circumference, and contains no springs 
 of fresh water, making use of w'hat is col- 
 lected in cisterns and reservoirs during 
 the rainy seasons. Voyagers speak of a 
 fountain tree in the middle oi the isUtnd, 
 from w'hose leaves much water distils in 
 the night. It is not very fertile, but the 
 inhabitants raise corn, sugar, <fee. Some 
 geographers take their first meridian from 
 the \v extremity of this island. Lon. 17 
 26 xv, lat. 27-47 N. 
 
 Ferrogan-Bdn. a mountain in Perthshire, 
 eight miles s of Rlair-Athol. 
 
 Ferrol,fi strong town of ^Spain, in Galicia' 
 in the bay of Coroima, with one of the best 
 harbours in Europe. Here the Spani^ 
 fleets rendezvous in the lime of war. The 
 
F ET 
 
 town is encompassed on three sides by the 
 sea, and has strong fortifications on the 
 other. In 1800, the English failed in their 
 attempt on this place ; in 1809 it surrendered 
 to the French. It is 20 miles k of Corunna, 
 and 6S w of Rivados, Lou. 6 4 w, lat. 43 
 
 28 N. 
 
 Fr.rryj a town jn Forfarshire, on the Frith 
 of Tay, about three miles e of Dundee. It 
 contains nearly 500 inhabitants, and has 
 several good houses. 
 
 Fern'ijbridge, a large and pleasant village, 
 W Riding of YorksMre, on the n bank of 
 the Aire, has a noble bridge over that river, 
 and is a noted stage on the London road ; 
 22 miles s by w of York, and 174 n of 
 London. 
 
 Ferry, North and South, See Queens- 
 ferry, 
 
 Ferryden, in Forfarshire, in the parish of 
 Craig. It has a good harbour, and a safe 
 roadstead, and contains about 300 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Ferryland Harbour, a bay on the e coast 
 of Newfoundland. Lon. 52 25 w, lat. 47 
 
 8 N. 
 
 Fen^y~port-on-Craig, a parish in the ne 
 extremity of Fifeshire, which contains 2026 
 acres of good soil; and 920 inhabitants. 
 At the village of the same name, which con- 
 tains 700 inhabitants, there is a convenient 
 ferry over the Tay, to Braughly castle, 
 which is here about two miles broad ; 40 
 miles N by e of Edinburgh. 
 
 Ferrytown, See Creetown, 
 
 Ferte-Aleps, or La Fcrte Alaise, a town 
 in the department of the Seine and Oise, 
 France, 23 miles s of Paris. Lon. 2 35 e, 
 lat. 48 29 N. 
 
 , Fertre-sur- Aube, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Upper Marne, and chief 
 place of a canton, France, stands on the 
 Aube, 22 miles w by s of Chaumont, 
 and 33 ese of Troyes. Lon. 4 59 e, lat. 
 48 6 N. 
 
 Ferte Barnard, La, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Sarte, France, on the Huisne, 
 surrounded with w^alls, and containing three 
 suburbs; 23 miles ne of Mans. Lon. 0 
 54 E, lat. 48 12 N. 
 
 Fessie, a small river in the district of 
 Badeuoch, in Inverness-shire, runs n into 
 the Spey, in the parish of Alvie. 
 
 Featenberg, a town in the principality 
 of Oels, Silesia; 14 miles nw of Warten- 
 burg.' 
 
 Fethard, a borough in the county of Tip- 
 perary, Ireland. Here are the ruins of a 
 convent -of Augustines. The town is much 
 On the decline. Before the union it sent 
 two members to the Irish parliament ; nine 
 miles ESE of Cashel, and 11 nne of Clon- 
 mel. 
 
 Feilar, one of the Shetland islands, three 
 Smiles s of Yell ; about four miles in length, 
 and three and a-half in breadth, containing 
 About 800 inhabitants. The soil is a sandy 
 loam, prodaoing barley, oats, iko, abun- 
 
 FEU 
 
 dantly. It contains bog iron ore, some vein« 
 of copper ore ; and it is supposed plumbago 
 or black lead. Its principal exports kxm 
 fish, butter, and oil, and the inhabitants 
 trade with Leith, London, Holland, Hanr- 
 burgh, Bergen, and the Mediterranean. 
 Lon, 1 30 w, lat. 61 0 n. 
 
 Fetterangus, a village in the county of 
 Aberdeen, and parish of Old Deer. It car- 
 ries on a small trade in the making of lii^eu, 
 checks, <fec. It contains about 200 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Fettercairn, a parish and village in the 
 southern part of Kincardineshire. The 
 parish contains 14,359 English acres, al- 
 most all enclosed. The village of Feter- 
 cairn is seven miles n of Brechin,, contain- 
 ing about 250 inhabitants; has a small 
 manufacture of brown linen, and fairs the 
 last Tuesdays of April and November O. S. 
 The population of the parish is near 1,800, 
 
 Fetteresso, a parish in Kincardineshire, 
 about 10 miles long and six broad, con- 
 taining 8,000 square acres of arable land, 
 and nearly 17,000 of moor or moss, now 
 covered with thriving trees. The new sub- 
 urbs of Stonehaven^ is in this parish. Tfia 
 House of Fetteresso was the residence of 
 the earls of Marischal, whose estates were 
 confiscated in 1715. The population is 
 about 8687. 
 
 FETU, or Affetu, a small country on 
 the Gold Coast, Africa, to the e of Com- 
 mendp. Grain, cattle, palm-wine, and pit, 
 constitute its principal riches. It is about 
 160 miles in length. 
 
 Feversham, or Faversham, a town in the 
 county of Kent, on a creek of the Medway, 
 navigable for vessels of 130 tons. It is a 
 branch of the port of Dover, and contains 
 about 600 houses, and 5000 inhabitauts. 
 Here is a stately church in the form of u 
 cross, the remains of an abbey, founded by 
 Stephen, who with Maud his queen Eastace, 
 and son, was buried in it, and a free gram- 
 mar school founded by queen Elizabeth. 
 Here James II. embarked for France, after 
 the first success of the prince of Orange, but 
 the vessel was detained by the people, and 
 the king conveyed back to London. The 
 chief manufacture is that of giin-powdor. 
 Some vessels trade to Prussia, Norway, and 
 Sweden, for fir timber and iron ; and many 
 others are employed in the coasting trade. 
 The oyster fishery is also considerable. It 
 is famous for apples and cherries. It is a 
 corporation town, governed by a ma3 or, 
 11 jurats, and 24 common council men, and 
 has markets on Wednesday and Saturday, 
 for fish and other provisions ; nine miles w 
 of Canterbury, and 47 e by s of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 FeugeroUes, a town in the department of 
 the Rhone and Loire, five miles s of St. Ku- 
 enne, France. 
 
 Feurs, a town in the department of the 
 Rhone and Loire, Fr,auce, stands on the 
 Loire, 13 miles ene of Monibrison. 
 
 Y y 2 
 
¥ t Z 
 
 F E Z 
 
 Feijsiriz^ a town in Stiria, Germanyj with ’ 
 a castie, seated on a river oi its name, 17 | 
 miles NNE 0 i Cillay. | 
 
 FEZ, a country of Africa, formerly a | 
 kingdom of great extent. It is divided 
 into nine provinces, or districts, and the 
 whole united to the empire of Morocco. 
 The soil is fertile, producing, in the greatest 
 abundance, corn, fruit, fiax, salt, gurn, wax, 
 <fec. The Moors, however, are but bad 
 farmers ; two-thirds of the country lie 
 waste.. A considerable tract to the w of i 
 Old Fez, being full of marshes, render the i 
 air unwholesome. The oounti^ to the w | 
 and s is full of mountains, particularly j 
 where mount Atlas lies. The mountains i 
 abound with game, and the forests with wild [ 
 beasts. The" lions are the most daring and | 
 savage in all Africa ; horses, camels, kine, { 
 sheep, goats, and hares, are very numerous. 
 The principal exports are hides and leather 
 of all sorts, particularly that siyled Moroc- 
 co, skins, furs, wool, dates, almonds, figs, 
 raisins, olives, honey, wax, milk, cotton, 
 flax, horses, ostrich feathers, gold dust, c%c. 
 The imports chiefiy consist in spicery, co- 
 chineal, Vermillion, iron, brass, arms, am- 
 munition, drugs, watches, small looking- 
 glasses, quicksilver, tartar, opium, alum, ^ 
 linen and woollen cloths, muslins, gold-wire, 
 velvets, toys, Guinea cowries, combs, paper, 
 and a great variety of earthenware. The 
 emperor is absolute, and the crown is said 
 to be hereditary. The religion is the 
 Mahometan. 
 
 Fez, the capital of the above kingdom, 
 and one of the largest cities in Africa. It 
 consists of two towns, Old and New Fez, 
 of which the former is the principal, the 
 latter inhabited chiefiy by Jews, who trade 
 with the Moors. The inhabitants are es- 
 timated at 380,000, and the different trades 
 live in a separate part of the city. Here ! 
 is a magnificent mosque, called Carubin, one j 
 of the finest edifices in the empire, and per- | 
 iiaps in Africa. This city was once famous | 
 for learning, wealth and elegance. Some | 
 love of learning is still preserved at Fez ; ^ 
 the Arabic is better spoken than in the j 
 other parts of the empire. The imperial j 
 palace is an immense pile, surrounded by i 
 a strong wall and deep ditch ; and there j 
 are 700 mosques, 50 of which are adorned 
 with marble pillars and other ornaments. 
 The bouses are built of brick or stone, 
 and adorned with Mosaic work. Every 
 house has a court, in w’hich is a square | 
 marble basin. The roofs are flat, and the j 
 inhabitants sle<?p on them in the summer. 1 
 The hospitals and public baths are nume- 
 rous, many of wiiieh are stately structures. 
 The exchange, full of all sorts of merchan- 
 dise, is as large as a small town. Here are 
 two< colleges for stinlcnts, elegantly l)uilt 
 of marble, and ernamented with paintings. 
 The city contains some tolerably convenient , 
 ilms, but the streets are ill puvod and nar- 
 
 row. The inhabitants are vain, superSlM^ 
 ous, and intolerant, Jews and Christians 
 cannot obtain admission without an or#fer 
 from the emperor. The Arabic is more 
 generally spoken here than in other parts 
 of the empire, as the rich Moors send 
 their children to the schools at Fez, where 
 they are Well taught. Fez is seated at 
 the* bottom of a val4<^y, and surrounded 
 by hill's in the form of a funnel, flattened 
 at the narrow end. The upper part 
 the valley is divided into gardens, and 
 planted with* high trees, orange-groves, and 
 orchards. The river Seboo winds along 
 the valley, turning by its declivity a num- 
 ber of mills, and supplying w^ater in abun- 
 dance to all the gardens, and most of 
 the houses. Fez is the centre of the 
 trade of the empire, and thence caravans^^ 
 goto Mecca, carry mg ready-made garments, 
 leather, indigo, cochineal, and ostrich fea- 
 thers, for which they bring in ireturn siiksj, 
 muslins, and drugs. Other caravans go tv? 
 Tombactoo, and the river Niger, one of 
 which consists of 20,000 men. Their com^ 
 modities are salt, cow’ries, British cloth, and 
 the woollen manufactures of Barbary ; 240 
 miles E of Morocco.^ Lon. 5 25 w, lat. 35 
 40 N. 
 
 FEZZAN, a kingdom of Africa, lying 
 between Tripoli on the n, and Cassina 
 on the s : surrounded by mountains, except 
 on the w, which is supposed to be the 
 reason why there is little or no rain ; bi^t 
 the springs are abundant. Every field 
 and garden is supplied with a well, 10 or 
 15 feet deep, from w^hich the fruits ara 
 w'atered. Mourzouk is the capital. The 
 cultivated part of the kingdom of Fezzaa 
 is about 300 English miles in length, 
 from X to s, and 200 from e to w' ; but the 
 mountainous region of Harutsch to the e, 
 and other districts to the s and w are reck- 
 oned within its territory. The climate is 
 at no season temperate or agreeable. It 
 rains but seldom, and in small quantity ; but 
 violent winds are frequent. Dates may be 
 considered as the natural and staple produce 
 of the country ; some senna is also grown in 
 the w^estern parts ; and the climate and soil 
 suit wheat and barley ; arts of agriculture 
 are unknown, or neglected. There are but 
 few horses or cattle in Fezzan j the domestic 
 animals are the cqw', sheep, camel, ass, and 
 gotit ; and a species of the domestic fowl of 
 Europe. Camels are scarce. The wild ani- 
 mals are the ostrich, and antelopes of diffe- 
 rent kinds. The country is infested with 
 reptiles of various sorts, tlie air filled with 
 musqaettoes,and people of every rank swarm 
 with vermin. The heat in summer w'hile 
 il>e s winds prevail is scarcely supportable by 
 the natives themselves. A piercing wind 
 prevails in winter. Mr. Horneman estimates 
 the population of the country at 70,000 oir 
 75,000 souls, and says it contains 101 towus 
 and villages; the names of the priuoipal of 
 
regular. 
 
 made of a coarse linen 
 
 ::i 
 
 F I A 
 
 Which, next in order to Monrzouk, the 
 capital and imperial residence, are Sockna, 
 Sibba, Hun, and Wadon, to the n ; Qatron 
 to the s; Yerma to the w; and Zuila to 
 the E. The complexion of the Fezzaners 
 is a deep brown, their Imir is black and 
 short ; their form of face such as may 
 be termed 
 of a shirt or frock 
 or cotton, and coarse woollen cloth. The 
 middling classes wear frocks of dyed blue 
 cloth. The richer people and the Mame- 
 iuks of the sultan, are clothed in the Tripo- 
 litan habit. The ornamental distinctions 
 of dress are chiefly cotifined to the bead 
 dress, and to rings on the arms and legs. 
 The men are much addicted to drunken- 
 ness. Their beverage is the freth juice of 
 the date tree, called Ivtgibi, or a drink cal- 
 led husay which is prepared from dates, 
 and is very intoxicating. In their com- 
 mon intercourse ail distinctions of rank 
 seem to be forgotten. All ranks converse, 
 and eat and drink together, and they 
 are so hospitable, that, however numerous 
 unexepected visitants may be, they must 
 all take a share, as far as the provisions 
 may go. The commerce of Fczsau is 
 considerable, but consists merely of foreign 
 •merchandize. From October to February, 
 Mourzouk is the great market and place 
 of resort for various caravans from Cairo, 
 Tripoli, Soudan, and companies of Tildroe 
 and Arab traders. The caravans from 
 the s and w, bring to .Mourzouk slaves of 
 both sexes, ostrich feathcis, tiger skins, 
 gold, partly in dust, and partly in native 
 grains, (9 be manufactured into rings and 
 other ornaments, for the people of Interior 
 Africa. Gold dust is the chief medium 
 of commerce, and its value is always ex- 
 pressed by weight.. From Bornou, copper 
 is imported in great quantities ; from 
 Cairo, silks and woollen cloths ; and from 
 Tripoli, fire arms, sabres, knives, Fee. 
 Fezzan is governed by a sultan, descend- 
 ed from the family of shereefs. His 
 power over his dominions is unlimited, j 
 
 F I F 
 
 Fkinonay a sea port town of Veneliai 
 Istria, with a good harbour, 17 miles n oi' 
 Pola. 
 
 Fiasconey or Monte Fiasco ncy a town of 
 Italy, in the patrimony of St Peter, on a 
 mountain, near lake Bolsena, 12 miiea 
 ^ Nw of Vilerlm. It is noted for its fin« 
 heir dress consists li muscadine wine, Lon. .1^ 12 e, lat. 42 
 
 N. 
 
 Ficariy a town of Corsica, on a river so 
 named, 22 miles w of Bonifacio. 
 
 FieheruolOy or Ficliarulolo , a town of 
 i Italy, stands on the Po, 12 miles w of 
 Ferrara. Lon. 12 31 e, lat. 4<5 ti n, 
 
 Fiehtelherg, a mountain in Franconia. 
 It is one of the bigest. mountains in Ger» 
 many, its ridge extending from Beruth to 
 Eger in Bohemia, a distance of iO miles. 
 It is covered by a great number of pines, 
 oaks, beech,, elm, t&c. 
 
 Fida, a small island, two miles and a-hali 
 NW of North Berwick, 
 
 Fidavy a . river of European Turkey, 
 entering the seuj eight miles n of Patras. , 
 
 Fiddicky OT Feddiehy a considerable river 
 in Banffshire, that fails into the Spey, not 
 far from Aberloiir, 10 miles s of Fochabers 
 Its banks, on which the duke of Gordon, 
 in a very romantic situation, has a hunting 
 seat, are very pleasant, and exceedmgly 
 fertilfi. 
 
 Fiddriey or Fida, a small island in th« 
 mouth of the Frith of Forth, opposite to 
 the village of Dirlcloii, two miles and a-half 
 NW of N Berwick. 
 
 FidleFs ElbaiVy a bend of Wood creek at 
 the N end of Lalrc Champlain. The mouth 
 of Wood creek lies in Ion. 73 15 w, lat. 43 
 33 N. 
 
 FIELEWIEH, an island of Norway,^ 
 near the w coast, 22 miles iorsg, and lour 
 wide, with a town' of the same name, 48 
 miles wNw of Drontheim. Lon. 10 40 e, 
 lai, 63.44 .N. 
 
 Fieranziioloy a town of Parma, Italy, 
 10 miles SE of Piacenza. Lon. 10 46 e, lat. 
 44A6 n. ; 
 
 Fiezoliy a town raid bishopric of Tuscany, 
 
 but he holds them tributary to the pasha 'i in the Floreutins, live miles ne of Florence. 
 
 of Tripoli. The throne is hereditary. 
 The sultaiFs palace or house, is situat- 
 ed within the castle or fortress of Mour- 
 zouk. His harem, consisting of a sultana 
 and about 40 slaves, is contiguous. The 
 most remarkable part of the sultan’s dress, 
 is that of his turban, which from the fore 
 to the hinder part, extends a full yard, and 
 is not less than two-thirds of a yard in 
 lireadth. His revenues .are produced from 
 a tax on cultivated lands, duties on foreign 
 trade, from royal domains, aud predatoi-y. 
 expeditions, 
 is the Mahommedan.^ Justice is admini- 
 stered, as iu other Mabommedan coun- 
 tries, but so mildly that the people are ur 
 dently attached to their sovereign. 
 
 Fiomoy a town of itiily, on the Tiber, pa-' 
 trimopy of>St Peter; 15 mik» n of Home. 
 
 Lon. 12 20 E., lat. 43 36 n. 
 
 FlFESHIliE, a county of Scotland, 
 about 40 miles in length, and in sorn« 
 j places 20 in breadib. Tov/ards the w it 
 rises into hills, from \fhence an elevated 
 I ridge runs almost to its extremity on the 
 j Ry occupying the central district. The 
 I highest of these are the Lomond hills, s and 
 j sw of Falkland and Sergo I/aw. The 
 
 j middle is most proper for pasture, and 
 I the N and s parts are plain and fertile. 
 |, The whole abounds with coal, iron, and 
 The relioion of the Fezzaners ij limestone. The v'-j-. hxir of t -wns is un- 
 paralleled; for the wloie snore fvem Crail 
 
 - jj to Cul oss, aboni oO -riles, is one 
 
 - |i cmilinued chain of vo.'.'us and villages, 
 
 j it h well watered r. ■, n c" .. -y lakes and 
 I rh.crs, the obM cl v.loch are the 
 
 j Lciveu and Cdea, Ikth ' Wbcundiug with 
 
FIL 
 
 salmon^ and the surrounding seas afford 
 great quantities of fish. The counly sends 
 one member to parliament, and gives the 
 tiiie of earl to the Duffs of Braco, the 
 descendants of the ancient Thanes of File. 
 
 It has a great share of borough representa- 
 ticii, it has no less than 13 royal boroughs. 
 Besides the corn find cattle which are 
 produced in great abundance and per- 
 teciion in this country, nianufciotures em- 
 ploy many of the inhabitants. Fishing 
 and foreign trade are fruitful sources of 
 emolument. Fife abounds with elegant 
 seats belonging to noblemen and gentlemen, 
 and ornamented with numerous and va- 
 luable plantations. It is divided into 
 fid parochial districts, and contains 93,743 
 iahabitants, being nearly 196 to the square j 
 miie, The real land rent is estimated j 
 at 174,0001. sterling. Cupar is the county | 
 town. j 
 
 Fifeness, a cape on the e coast of Fife, 
 liine miles se of St Andrews. Lon. 2 28 w, [ 
 lat. 56 15 N, 
 
 Figarif a town of Corsica, seated at the 
 mouth of a river of its name, 22 miles wi^w 
 of Bonefacio. 
 
 Figariiolo, an island near the coast of 
 Venetian Istria, in the Adriatic. Lon. 13 
 47 E, lat. 45 18 n. 
 
 FigeaCf a town in the department of 
 the Lot, on the Selle, France, contain- 
 ing about 3,300 inhabitants. Here is 
 a Benisdictine Abbey, 22 miles e of 
 Cahors. 
 
 Fighigy a town on the s side of the Atlas, 
 ill the country of Biledulgerid, Africa. | 
 The women manufacture woollen cloth of 
 exquisite fineness. The inhabitants carry 
 on a great trade w'ith Morocco and Fez, 
 240 miles ese of Mequinez. Lon. 1 5 w, j 
 lat. 32 20 N. 
 
 Fig-Tree-Batjy on the sv/ side of the 
 island of St Christopher’s, in the W Indies, 
 secured by a fort on each side. 
 
 Fig- Tree- Bay y a bay on the ne coast of 
 the island of Jamaica. Lon. 76 29 w, lat. 
 
 18 18 N. 
 
 Fignero-dos-vinkos, a town in the .pro- 
 vince of Estramadura, Portugal, near the 
 Fizere, celebrated lor its wine, 22 miles n 
 of Thoinar. 
 
 Figuera, FigiieraSy or St. Fernando de 
 FigueraSy a strong town in Catalonia, 
 Spain, with a citadel on an eminence, in 
 the vicinity. In 1791, it surrendered to the 
 French, without making the smallest re- 
 sistance. In 1811, the French were driven 
 out of it by the Spaniards, but after a 
 severe blockade, were obliged to yield 
 it again to the French, but in 1813 they 
 were obliged to abandon it ; 14 miles w of 
 Roses. 
 
 FilaccianOy a town of Italy, nine miles s 
 of Citta Castelland. 
 
 Fillany a river rising in Perthshire, 
 on the borders of Argylshire, passing 
 through a valley to which it gives the 
 
 F IN 
 
 name of Strathfillan, and failing into Lock 
 Dochart. 
 
 Filleky a tov/n in the country of Novi^ 
 grad, Hungary, stands on the Ipoi, 20 mile* 
 WNW of Agria. 
 
 FilcqvAay a town in the province of' Lw 
 Wcidia, 46 miles nnvv of Lepanto. 
 
 Filar inoy a town in the province of Ma» 
 cedonia, 28 miles n of Edessa, 
 
 Fmtty a river v/hich rises in the N part 
 of Monaghan, and rims into Lough Erne, 
 about three miles n of Belturhet. 
 
 Finaley a town of Italy, on an inland, 
 formed by the Panaro, 22 miles nk of 
 Modena. 
 
 Finale, a sea port of Genoa, the capital of 
 a marquisate, annexe;! to the duchy of Mi- 
 lan, in 1602, but purchased by the Genoese 
 in 1713, taken h> the king of Sardinia in 
 1746, and restored in 1748. It is 30 
 miles sw of Genoa. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 44 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Finauy St, a small and beautiful island^ 
 in Loch Shiel. 
 
 Finally or Finnin, a river in Inverness.- 
 shire, which gives name to Glenfinnin. 
 
 Fineastley the capital of Botetourt coun- 
 ty, Virginia, 36 miles sw of Lexington, and 
 140 w of Richmond. 
 
 Finhaveriy a hill in the parish of Oath- 
 law, Forfarshire, 15 miles nnw of Forfar, 
 
 011 its summit are the ruins of a castle, 414 
 feet long, and 1 1 1 broad, at the base of th« 
 mountain on the s, is the appearance of th« 
 crater of a volcano, surrounded with matter 
 resembling lava. 
 
 Findhorny a river which rises from a 
 fissure in a rock, in the parish of Moy 
 and Dalrossie, in Inverness-shire, and 
 traversing a rugged and mountainous 
 country, in a n easterly direction, tor 
 about 50 miles, falls into the Morray 
 Frith, about four miles below Forres, at 
 a small bay and village to which it gives 
 name. This river having few bridges, 
 and running with great rapidity, many 
 lives are lost in it. At its mouth salmoa 
 and Spaldings are taken in considerable 
 quantity. 
 
 Findochtiey a fishing village in the parish 
 of Rathven, Banffshire, w of Cullen, con- 
 taining about 170 inhabitants. 
 
 FincMolarOy a small island near the nb 
 coast of the island of Corsica. Lon. 9 59 k, 
 lat. 42 58 N. 
 
 Fine, Fort, 185 miles wsw of Winnipeg 
 lake. Lon. 102 w, lat. 49 42 n. 
 
 Finiana, or Finana, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Grenada, Spain, seven miles s of 
 Baca. 
 
 Finisterruy a town in the province of 
 Galicia, near the Cape Finisterre. 
 
 FINISTERRE, a department of France, 
 1 about 50 miles from n to s, and 40 to 45 
 from E to w. It includes part of the lata 
 province of Bretagne, is the most westerly 
 part of France, and is bounded on three 
 sides by the sea, Quimper is the capital , 
 
FIN 
 
 the 0ther principal to\’tTis are Brest. Qiiim - , 
 perle, Morlaix, Chaicaulin, Lesnevin, Lan- 
 derneau, Carhaix, Pontcroix, and Donar- 
 menez. The principal rivers are the Aulne 
 and the Oder. 
 
 Finisterre, Capcj the most western cape, 
 not only of Spain, but of Europe. The 
 ancients, supposing that there was no coun- 
 ty beyond it, gave it a name in which in 
 Ehiglish, corresponds to the Landes End. 
 Lon. 9 i7 w, lat. 42 54 iV. 
 
 Finke7isteiii,ix town in Carinthia, 16 miles 
 sw of Clagenfurt, Germany. 
 
 Finiagon, Loch, a lake in the centre 
 of the island of Isla, about three miles 
 in circumference. On an island v;iih- 
 in the lake, are the ruins of an ancient 
 castle. 
 
 FINLAND, or Finnland, a country 
 of Europe. The land is fertile, but badly 
 cultivated, and thinly inhabited. The 
 pastures are good, but the cattle are 
 small. The forests of firs furnish the 
 principal articles of commerce, in wood, 
 ch'iTcoal, timber, and planks. Game of 
 various kinds in abundant. The lakes 
 and rivers abound in variety of fish, and 
 pearls are found on the Coasts. At the 
 bottom of the morasses earth is dug, from 
 which iron is extracted. There are also 
 some mines of lead. Along the coasts 
 lie a great number of small rocky islands. 
 The inhabitants are in general brave and 
 warlike. Finland is divided into seven 
 provinces, Finland Proper, Aland, East 
 Bothnia, Tavastia, or Tavastland, Nylaud, 
 Savolax. and Kymmenegards Lehn. In 
 1808, this division was invaded and after 
 various battles conquered by Russia, and 
 by a conveuiion given up to them by the 
 Swedes. Next year 180.9, the whole of 
 this country^, with the sea of Aland, and 
 all islands at an equal distance from Aland 
 and Finland w^ere, by a treaty of peace 
 ceded to Russia, in lieu of which Norway 
 was ceded to Sweden by convention, in 
 1813 by Denmark. The final arrange- 
 mtmts respecting these countries, will be 
 settled in the general congress of European 
 sovereigns and plenipotentiaries, just now 
 sitting at Vienna. 
 
 FINLAND PROPER, a province of 
 Sweden, on the sw part of Finland, having 
 the gulf of Finland on the s, and the gulf 
 of Bothnia on the w. It is about 160 miles 
 in length, and 100 in breadth. The soil is 
 fertile It has several fine lakes and rivers, 
 v'bich abound in fish and on a part of the 
 coast is a rich pearl fishery. The inhabi- 
 tants subsist by agriculture, grazing, fishing, 
 and making wooden v/ave. The principal 
 commerce is in grain, meal, cattle, butter, 
 talc, linen, yarn, stockings, cfcc. Abo is 
 the capital. 
 
 ■ FINLAND, RnssiAx. See Wrurnorr. 
 
 FINMARK, a province of Norway, 
 
 0 F "Danish Lapland, in the government of 
 
 F I o 
 
 Wardhus. There are neither towns noT 
 villages in the country, though the coast is 
 pretty w'ell inhabited. The inhabitants 
 subsist chiefly by fishing. In summer the 
 sun continues some weeks above the hori- 
 zon. Finmark has a particular governor, 
 register, and judge. It is divided into West 
 and East Finmark. 
 
 Finn, a river which rises from a lake of 
 the same name in the county of Donegal, 
 and runs into the lake Foyle. On the w 
 banks of Loch Finn stands a village called 
 Fintown. 
 
 Finnis, Bag, a bay on the e coast of the 
 island of Harris. One of the Hebrides. 
 Lon. 6 42 w, lat. 57 30 n. 
 
 Finniestown, a pleasant village of La- 
 narkshire, on the Clyde, near Clasgow^, has 
 an extensive manufacture of crystal glass, 
 and is noted for the elegance and variety of 
 its goods. 
 
 Fino, a small island in the Baltic. Lon. 
 16 42 E, lat. 58 9 n. 
 
 Finow, a tovrn in Upper Saxony, and 
 Ucker Mark of Brandenburg. Here is^ a 
 canal that unites the Oder and Havel, and 
 lies 28 miles nw of Custrin. 
 
 Finspang, a town in East Gothland, 15 
 miles Kw of Nordkioping. 
 
 Finsterwalda, a towm in Upper Saxony^ 
 two miles se of Lauenstein. 
 
 Ftntray, a parish in Aberdeenshire, near- 
 ly five miles in length, and from three to 
 four in breadth, separated by the Don 
 from Kintore. The surface is hilly, on 
 the banks of the Don, the soil is fertile. 
 The number of inhabitants in 1801, was, 
 886 ; but they are now on the decrease. 
 Part of their employment is the manufac- 
 ture of stockings. A great part of this 
 parish is well improved and ornamented 
 with wood. 
 
 Finirag, a parish in Stirlingshire, five 
 miles long and four broad, which con- 
 tains 956 inhabitants. The general ap- 
 pearance is hilly, covered with verdure, 
 and is more adapted to pasturage than 
 tillage. The cultivated parts are chiefly 
 on the banks of the Carron and Endrick, 
 both which take their rise in the pa- 
 rish. There is a large cotton work, with 
 a handsome village in this parish. Here 
 too the Endrick precipitates itself over 
 a rook 91 feet in height, which forms 
 a magnificent cataract. Near the village 
 of Fintry is a bill called Dun, which ex- 
 hibits a striking colonnade of about 79 
 gigantic basaltic pillars in front ; about 12 
 miles w of Stirling. 
 
 Fiavarra Point, a cape in the county of 
 Clare, in Galway bay, one mile and a*ha!f 
 E of Blackhead. 
 
 FIOLAY, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 on the coast of Argyllshire. 
 
 Fionda, an ancient and decayed town in 
 Natolia, a bishop's see, seated on the gulf of 
 Satalia ; 28 miles s of Satalia, 
 
 H 
 
F IS 
 
 ' a river of Italy, wliich runs iot© 
 
 Fea, below Monialto. 
 
 Fiorc'sizo* . 8ee Fcrentino. 
 
 Fioren?:o , a sea- port of Corsica, seven 
 miles w of Bastia, defended by walls and o 
 lower. The English and Corsicans took it 
 from the French, in 179d. 
 
 Fiorlita, a small island at the entrance 
 ©f the gulf of Tarento, near the coast ol 
 Naples. 
 
 . Firmoathy a mountain in the forest ol 
 Cloitanar, parish of Aboyne, Aberdeen- 
 shire, near Kincardine, elevated about 
 2,500 feet abore the level of the sea. 
 
 FirosepoiiTy a town in Moultan, Hin- 
 dooftnn, cn the Sotlege, at its junction 
 with the Beyah, 20 miles w of Debalpour, 
 and 350 e by n of fAoultan. 
 
 Firthy and Stenness, two united parishes 
 ©I the Mainland of Orkney, indented on 
 the w by the bay of Frith, in which are two 
 small islands, Da may, 
 
 parish, 
 
 and Grimbister, be- 
 exteut of the 
 
 longing to this 
 coast of these parishes is 10 miles. The 
 surface consists of moors and hilly ridges. 
 The shores are lov/, the soil is various. 
 Marl is found in this parish, but is little 
 used as a manure. Here are excellent 
 oysters. In the parish are tour annual fairs. 
 Population is about 1,272. 
 
 Fuchavsen, a town on the Friseh-hafF, 
 Prussia, with a royal castle, 21 miles w of 
 Ivontgsfcerg. 
 
 Fisgurdy Flihgardy or Fiscard, a sea^port 
 town in Fembrokeshire, Wales, on a bay ot 
 St. Gecrffe’fi chaiineB to which it gives 
 
 nauia. 
 
 'to' 
 
 It 
 
 pier, 
 
 and 
 
 nien, 
 
 }>i(3Cc? 
 
 Steep clilf overhangii.g the hnrboar, ai 
 e mouth of the Gwayn, 30 miles of 
 
 has a fort, a gocu 
 
 every facility for ship building. The in- 
 habitants carry on a good trade in beiriag, 
 butter, and corn; market on Thursday. A 
 gat«-way of a castle, cnoe the residence of 
 Rb} s-ap-GrylTyth, princ® of S *fVaies still 
 remains. In the vicinlij, on February 22, 
 1797, seme Frenoa lauded about 1,200 
 but Irei g prov with ficid 
 
 . -th'’v v/'^re boon obitgud to surreauer 
 themselves pi;h^one^> of war. stands on 
 a 
 
 fh , . 
 
 St. Davids, 20 n of Pembroke, and 25V 
 w by N of London. Lon. 4 5S w, lat. oi 
 55 N. 
 
 Fish. Fiver, Great y a mver which separates 
 CafTraria fv vm the couinry or the Hottentots, 
 has its source in the unexplored regions of 
 AiVioa, and falls into the Indian ocea.n, in 
 Ion. 2S 22 E, lat. 3H 24 s. 
 
 ' FFherrow , a svibnrb of the town oi AIus- 
 selbuvgli, whlh winch it is connected by a 
 byidgo (>ver the Ksk. It bas a pretty cxieii- 
 fiveirade with the Baltic, and with the coast, 
 also in fish, salt, dee. The town and its de- 
 pendencies contain about 1800 inhauitants; 
 five miles e oi Edinburgh. 
 
 FISHER'S ISLAND, in Long Eland 
 sound, is about 10 miles long and two 
 bread, having a lig’ut soil, and producL\> 
 
 FLA 
 
 wboat and other grain. It is seated 
 site Stoningtoa harbour, in Connecticut. 
 
 Fishing Bagy in Maryland, lies on the e 
 side of Cfaesapeak bay. The entrance int® 
 this large bay lies betw^een Gofdsborougk, 
 and DeviPs islands. 
 
 Fishkilly a post town in Duchess county, 
 New York. The township oontains 5,941 
 inhabitants, of whom GO I are slaves. It, has 
 a church for Episcopalians, and one Low 
 Dutch. It stands on a creek. of the sara® 
 came, 06 miles n of New York- 
 
 Fishlitiy one of the smaller Shetland, 
 islands, five miles s of the island of Yell. 
 
 ~ Fissato, a sea-port town in the county of 
 Tripoli, 90 miles kv/ of Tripoli. Lon. 12. 
 10 B, lat, 33 50 N. ' » 
 
 Fistellay or Fefzay a fortified town Ja 
 Morocco, whose inhabitants are rich, cour-^ 
 teous, and warlike, and have a great trad® 
 in fine garments; 125 miles ne of 
 rocco. 
 
 Fishery a town in the diocese of Bergen^ 
 Norway, 15 miles nb of Stavenger. 
 
 Fitjil Head, a cape near the s extremity 
 of Mainland, one of the Shetland islands. 
 Lon. 2 31 w, lat. 59 50 n. 
 
 Fitzwilliam, a township im Chester coun-r 
 ty. New Hampshire, containing 1038 in 
 \ habitants. , 
 
 Five Island Harhour, a bay on the w' 
 coast of the island of Antigua. Lo.n. 61 
 35 w, lat. 17 18 n. 
 
 Fively a river of the United Provinces, 
 giving name to a small country on its banks, 
 which contains 25 small towns aud villages.. 
 It falls into the Emsnear DoUzyl. 
 
 Fimi. See Fayouriu 
 
 Fiume, or St Veit, a sea-port town of Is- 
 trie has a castle and a number of handsome 
 churches and convents ; is celebrated for iU 
 wine. fi^s, and other fruits, and has a mimu. 
 factuve of wax. The harbour is formed by 
 the Fiumara, which runs into the bay of, 
 Eaniero, 37 miles e of Cape Istria. 
 Lo„. 14 12 E, Int. 45 18 n. - 
 
 FiumettOy a village of Italy, near which 
 duo" with reddish oil, similar to 
 and CasUllo di Mon- 
 
 wells aye 
 
 those Oi Barnzonc, 
 
 Fladahuna, a small island seven miles 
 N of the isle of Sky. Lon. 6 12 w, lat. 5T 
 
 Fladda, a small island, near the ne coast 
 
 of the isle of Sky. . . • i a 
 
 FladdOy one of the Freshanmsb islands, w. 
 
 of the island of BJull. ♦ 
 
 Fladdah Isles, three small islands, about 
 a mile w of the island of Sar.deia. 
 
 Fladdayyii Lnrge fiat island in the district 
 of Harris, ^lear the isle of Scarp. 
 
 Fladstrandy a .sea-port town in North 
 Jiitland, on the b coast, with a harbour de.. 
 fended by three forts, Denmark ; 
 
 NKE of AlbuTg. Lon. 10 19 e, 
 
 30 miles 
 lat. 5T 
 
 '^'"Fiamanvm, a sea port town in the dept. 
 
FLA 
 
 of the Channel, with a good harbour, France, 
 10 miles sw of Cherhurg. 
 
 Fiamboroughy a factory on the sw side 
 of Hudson's bay, on Hayes river, 70 
 miles from its mouth. Lon. 90 <5 w, lat. 
 50 8 N. 
 
 Fkimborough Head, a loity cape or 
 promontory on the e coast of Yorkshire, 
 formed of high white cliffs which are 
 seen far out at sea, and are a retreat for 
 immense multitudes of sea fowls. In the 
 lower parts are vast caverns, and on the 
 top is a Well known light-house, sw of 
 which is the village of Flam borough ; five 
 miles ENE of Bridlington, 45 nk of York, 
 and 21 J N of London. Lon. 0 11 e, lat. 54 
 
 8 N. 
 
 Flamstead, a village in Hertfordshire, 
 king Edward VI. was, when an infant, 
 brought hitherto to nurse. At the manor 
 house, a curious bedstead is still preserved, 
 
 • said to be that on which he lay ; six miles 
 NW of Salbans* 
 
 FLANDERS, a country of the Nether- 
 lands. Its greatest length is about 60 
 miles, and its breadth about 50. It con- 
 tained at one time, 30 cities or Walled 
 towns, a great number of market^towns, 
 and 1,154 villages. Flanders has gene- 
 rally been divded into three parts: Flemish 
 Flanders, where they speak the language 
 of the country ; French Flasiders, where 
 they speak the Walloon language ; and 
 Imperial or Austrian Flanders, on account 
 of the county of Alost, being for a long 
 time dependent on the empire. At pre- 
 sent the whole has been conquered by 
 the armies of Franco, included in the de- 
 partment of the North, the Scheldt, and 
 the Lys, except Dutch Flanders, includ- 
 ed in the kingdom of Holland. By lat r 
 arrangements, it is said to be ail annex - 
 ^ to Holland. The climate of Flanders 
 is temperate and wholesome; the soil, 
 in general, is fertile. Flax is a great 
 source of riches to the country. The 
 most beautiful table linen is manufactured i 
 in this country, and the lace is superior, 
 perhaps to all others. The principal 
 rivers are the Scheldt, the Lys, and the 
 Dender. 
 
 FLANNAN ISLANDS, or Seven Hun- 
 ters, a group of small uninhabited islands, 
 about 17 miles nw of the island of Lewis. 
 They are the Moiila Sacrae of Buchanan, 
 and are celebrated for the fatness and fecun- 
 dity of the sheep pastured on them. Lon. 
 
 7 30 w, lat. 58 30 n. 
 
 FL ASSET, an island near the w coast 
 of Norway, 88 miles sw of Drontbeim. 
 
 Flatbmh, the chief town of King's coun- 
 ty. Loii^ Island, New York, It is a 
 pleasant and healthy town. The houses 
 are mostly in one street, and many of them 
 are elegant. It contains 94 1 • inhabitants, ; 
 of whom 107 are qualified electors, and 378 ^ 
 are slaves. The productions are various 
 kinds of fruits, vegetables, grain, tfec. The I 
 
 n I 
 
 F L E 
 
 land lies low ; and hi summer the whole 
 township appears like an extensive garden. 
 Here in 1776, the British defeated the 
 Americans. 
 
 Flat-Head, a cape on the s coast of Ire- 
 land, seven miles e of Kinsale. 
 
 FLATA ISLANDS, a cluster of small 
 islands near the se of North Uist. 
 
 Flatlands, a small township in King's 
 county. Long Island, containing 423 inhabi- 
 tants, of whom 44 are qualified lo be electors, 
 and 137 are slaves. 
 
 Flattery Cape, on the w coast of 
 N America, discovered by Cook, in 1778() 
 so named because he could not find a 
 hirbour, lies in lat. 48 25 n, Ion. 124 
 
 57 w. 
 
 Flavigny, a town in the department of 
 the Cote d' Or, Fracne. stands on a moun- 
 tain, near the river Ozerain, has a bene- 
 dictine abbey, and is 27 miles wxw 
 Oijcn. 
 
 Fleche, a town and chief place of a 
 district in the department of the Sarte, 
 containing about 6,000 seals. Franco, 
 seated on the Loire. A noble college, 
 built by Henry IV., is now converted, 
 part of it into a town house, and part of 
 it into a seminary for youth ; 22 miles 
 ssw of Mans. Lon. 6 3 w, lot. 47 
 39 N. 
 
 Fleckeren, or Fleckeroe, an island, near 
 the s coast of Norway, with two ports, 
 defended by a fortress. Lon. 8 18 e, laL 
 
 58 4 tJ. 
 
 Fleet, a river in the Sieuartry of Kircud- 
 bright, one branch of which issues Fom a. 
 lake in the parish of Girthon, cailft«i Loefi 
 Fleet, 14 miles x of Gate-house, the other 
 rises near Cairnsmuir, in the parish of Kirk- 
 mabrech, after they unite, the ^ leet directs 
 its course s through beautiful scenery, arid 
 falls into Wigton bay, 10 miles w of Kirk- 
 cudbright. It is navigable for small craft 
 to Gate-house. On its w side, are the re- 
 mains of a camp, a vitrified fort, and a 
 druidieal circle. 
 
 Flemington, a. small post town in Hunter- 
 don county. New Jersey, also a village of 
 iscotland, five miles se of Glasgow, where 
 mere is a cotton manufacture. 
 
 Flensburg, a sea port town of Den n .ark, 
 o»- the eastern coast of the duchy of Sies- 
 wick, in a gulf of the Baltio, eaiied 
 Flenshorgervcieck, which extends ./.out 
 six leagues inland, and forms a good ftar- 
 bour, with a strong citadel. It is cn© 
 of the handsomest and most commercial 
 towns in the duchy. Lon. 9 47 e, lat. 5,4 
 53 N. 
 
 Fleurance, a town in the department of 
 the Gers, France, on the Gers, 13 miles 
 N of Auche. Lon. 18 19 e, Ferro, lat. 43 
 51 N. 
 
 Fleurmont, on Florimant, a town iu the 
 department of ih^* Upper Rhine, seven miles 
 E of Befort, France. 
 
 Fleurs, Fleurus, Flerus, a village io 
 
 Z z 
 
F L I 
 
 the department ol’ the Sambre and Meuse, 
 Netherlands, six miies \e of Charieroy. 
 Here the aiiies were defeated by the French, 
 in Jio90, and in 1704, Hlie Austrians were 
 disconifileil in a general attack of the 
 French polls. 
 
 F/u'f or Fite, a river, or channel, which 
 runs into the German ocean, between the 
 islands ot Scbo.iing and Viielandt, also an 
 isian l at the middle ol the entrance of the 
 iZnider Zee. 
 
 Flinty the capital of Flintshire, N Wales. 
 United with several other places, it returns 
 on*^ member to parliament. Here is the 
 coiimy jdii which stands in the church- 
 yard, but the assizes sit at Mold. Here 
 are the ri.ins of a castle, in which Rich- 
 ard 11. took refuge in 1339, on arriving 
 fioin Ireland, but on bis leaving it, he 
 fell into the bands of his rival, after 
 Henry IV., who made it his prison. It 
 was dismantled by the parliament in the 
 civil WcFs. The Major is governor. It 
 stands on a rock close to the ea, and 
 seems to have been a place of great 
 sircngth, Flint, is .-eated on the w side of 
 the estuary 6t the I)ee ; 13 iles w by n of 
 Chester, and 193 nw of London. Lon. 3 
 2 w, lat. 53 16 N. 
 
 Ainty a small riser in the Genessee 
 country, New York. 
 
 FLINT INLAND, an island in the gulf 
 of St Lawrence, near the e coast of the 
 island of Cape Breion. 
 
 Flimt Fiver, sl river of Georgia, has its 
 source in the territory of Creek Indians, 
 directs iis course sw, and uniting with the 
 Catahouehee, on the borders of E Florida 
 forms the Apala. hicola. 
 
 . FLINTSHIRE, a country of North 
 Wales, 29 miles long, and 12 where 
 broade.st, a detached part lies e of the 
 Dee, between < heshire and Shropshire. 
 It is divided into five hundreds, a.:d 28 
 parishes. Mining and smelting employ 
 a great many hands. It is famous tor 
 Imtier, cheese, aud honey, of which last 
 the inhabitants make excellent metheg- 
 lin The country is mountainous, inter- 
 mixed w^ith valleys : The hills are gene- 
 rally barren on the surface, but abound 
 with lead ore, calamine, lime-stone, and 
 coals: the valleys are fertile, and produce 
 both corn u^id hay. It sends two members 
 to parliamem. The principal towns are 
 Flint, Mold, Holyw'eli, and St. Asaph. 
 The number of homes are 7779, and in- 
 habitants 39,622. The chief rivers are 
 the Clywd, Dee, El way, Sevion, Wheeler, 
 and Aileni 
 
 Flisk, a parish in Fifeshire, extending 
 about three miles along tpe s bank of the 
 Tay. The surface is generally level; the 
 soil is fertile. Population is about 300. 
 
 Flisningve, a fortress or small island, a 
 little to the w of Am hoy no. 
 
 FHiJCy a town in Catalonia, Spain, strong 
 
 F L d 
 
 both by nature and art, stands on a penin- 
 sula of the Ebro, is defended by a castle 
 and covered by mountains ; 22 miles js of 
 Tortosa. 
 
 Flodden, or Flowden, a village in the 
 county of Northumberlad, on the banks 
 of the Titt, live miles n of Wooler, famous 
 for a battle, .September 9th 1513> between 
 the Scots and English, in which .James IV-^ 
 many of his nobility and 10,000 of his 
 men were slain, lamented by the Scottish 
 bard in that beautifully piaimive ballad, 
 “ the flowers of the forest.^' 
 
 Flohau, a town in the circle of Saatz, 
 eight miles s of Saatz, Bohemia. 
 
 Florae, a town in the department of 
 Lozere, France, 1 3 miles s ol Mende, and 
 23 Nw of Alais. Lon. 0 38 b, lat. 44 
 19 N. 
 
 Florence, the capital of Tuscany, Italy, 
 at the foot of the Appenines, an aTch-!- 
 bishop^s see, with a citadel, and an iiniver-^ 
 sity. The environs are beautiful, rich, 
 and populous, containing, as it is said, 
 6 000 country-houses. The circuraterence 
 of the city is about two leagues : the 
 fortifications consist only of a wall and 
 a ditch, with two or three forts. This 
 city is next to Rome, the most beautiful 
 in Italy. The buildings are magnificent, 
 most of the streets are clean and paved 
 with squiire stones. The city is divided 
 into two unequal parts by the river Amc, 
 over which are four handsome bridges. 
 The population is supposed to be above 
 80,000. The metropolitan church was 
 built in the 13th century, in the Gothic 
 style of Architecture; the cupola of the 
 metropolitan church has the form of an 
 octago , and the design is so bold, that 
 Michael Angelo judged it inimitable ; it 
 is 140 feet from one angle to the other, 
 and 270 in height. In the Palazzo 
 Pitti, which was the residence of the 
 Grand Duke, is a library, containing 
 about 35,000 volumes, with a great nun> 
 her of pictures by Raphael, Rubens, 
 Titian, Andrea-del-Sarto, Tintoret, Guer- 
 cino, <fec. The Palazzo Vecehio, or old 
 palace, contains a room, 172 feet long, 
 and 70 wide, for public entertainments. 
 The celebrated Venus of Medici, the 
 standard of taste in female beauty and pro» 
 portion, stood in a room called the Tri- 
 bunal ; It is of white marble, but w ith other 
 master-pieces of art, has been carried away 
 to Paris, when the French riffled it in 1800. 
 Besides this there are the cabinet of arts, 
 of natural history, of astronomy, of medals, 
 antiquities, portraits, aud porcelain. The 
 medicean library begun by Julius de Medici, 
 was' greatly augmented by duke Cosmo I. 
 There are also the Benedictine and Car- 
 melite libraries. The Florentine acadenijr 
 and the academia, della Crusca, were in- 
 stituted to enrich the literature and im- 
 prove the language of the country. The 
 
FLO 
 
 cathedral, churches, and other public 
 buildiDgs, are adorned with paintings and 
 sculptures by the first masters in Italy 
 The chapel of Lorenzo is perhaps the 
 most superb burying-place that ever was 
 constructed, being inorusted with preci- 
 ous sione'^, and adorned with the most 
 exquisite sculptu e. The Florentines, how- 
 ever, are remarkable for speaking the 
 language ill, and with a guttural accent, 
 tbougb they write it with the utmost 
 elegance, which gave rise to the proverb. 
 Lingua Toscana in Bacca Romana The 
 maimtactures of Florence are chiefly 
 silks and sattins, of excellent fabric. At 
 Docoia, three leagues from the city, is u 
 manufacture of porcela n The Floreiy 
 Mnes haye been long famous for their 
 Mosaic work ; it is made of the finer 
 marbles, agates, jasj^rs, and other naiurai 
 bard. stones, sawn thin, and inlaid in form 
 of birds) flowers, <fec. The wine of the 
 Bcighbourhood is excellent, and they have a 
 coBsidt^rable trade for it both in Italy and 
 other countries. The French, who entered 
 this place in 1799, were driven out by the 
 iuhahitani's, but in October 1800, they re- 
 gained possession, not only of the capital, 
 but of ail Tu cany ; 45 miles s of Bologna, 
 and nw of Rome. Lon. 11 3 e, iat. 
 '43 4.7 N. . 
 
 3 Florent, St, a town in the department ot 
 Mayeune and Loire, France, has an abbey, 
 and stands on the Loire, 20 miles w^sw of 
 Angers, 
 
 : ' Florentine, St, a town in the department 
 of the Yonne, France, stands at the junction 
 -t)f the Armanee and Armacoh, 15 miles 
 KE of Auxere, and 80 se of Paris. Lon. 3 
 50 E, lat. 47 48 N. 
 
 ■ FLORENTINO, one of the most fertile 
 .provinces in Iiaiy. Florence was the capi- 
 tal. It is well w'atered and fruitful. 
 
 FLORES, an island of the E.«st Indies, 
 to the B of that of Cumbava, 180 miles 
 -in length, and 45 in breadth, with a town 
 named Larantuca. Lon. 121 6 e, lat. 8 
 -20 s. 
 
 " FLORES, one of the Azore islands, 
 about 10 leagues long^ and thrfee broad. 
 It contains two towns and some hamlets. 
 Santa Cruz is the capital ; but Lagens 
 is the most populous. Population of the 
 island about 1300. Lon. 31 0 w, lat. 39 
 34 N. 
 
 Y Fldresztij a town in Moldavia. 
 
 . FLORIDA, a country of North Ame- 
 ' ripa. The form of East Florida is triangu- 
 lar, the base towards the n being 160 miles 
 ;in breadth from e to w \ near the southern 
 extreuiity about 40 ; and about 350 trom 
 ,N to s. West Florida is about 320 miles 
 - from E to w, and rorn 40 to 80 in breadth, 
 from N to s. Augusta is the capital of 
 JEast, and Pensaco a that of West Florida. 
 The air in this country is exceed ugly hot 
 m summer; yet in many places pure and 
 
 FLU 
 
 wholest 3 me ; and the winters generally 
 temperate. East Florida, t ear the sea, 
 and 40 miles back, is fiat and sandy ; but 
 the worst in the province is far from 
 being unfruitful; it produces two crops 
 ol Indian corn a-yeur ; and the gyrdeu 
 vegetables are in great perlection ^ - he 
 
 interior coiint'*y, whicu is high anu piea- 
 .sant, abounds with wood of elmosi t^yeiy 
 kind. Tiie cabbage tree, rice, indigo, 
 and cocbine.l: cotton, flax, and heap, 
 grow in ■ lenty. In various places are 
 found iron ore, copper, quicksilver and 
 pit coal; and amber is found^ along the 
 southern coa.a In the western parts are 
 . uiuerous herds of cattle and sheep ; liogs 
 abound in every part, whose flesh is 
 supposed to obtain a peculiar excellence 
 of flavour from their tood, which consists 
 chiefly of acorns and ciiesnuts. In the 
 iorests and deserts are found seyeral spe- 
 cies of wild beasts. Birds are in variety^ 
 and are numerous. The rivers abound in 
 fish, but are at the same time infested with 
 voracious aligaiofs. The co ists furnish el 
 prodigious number of oysters. Florida 
 was discovered in 1497, by Sebastian Ca- 
 bot, was alternately under the dominion of 
 the French and Spaniards, and ceded by 
 the latter to the English, who retained it 
 till 1780, when it was taken by the Spa- 
 niards, and ceded to them at the peace ol 
 1783. 
 
 Flota, a small island, in a bay on the 
 coast of the island of Lewis. 
 
 Flota, one of the .small Orkney islands, 
 between S Ronaldsba and Hoy. 
 
 Flotz, a town in the prihcipalitj^ of An- 
 halt Zerhst, Upper Saxony, six miles nw of 
 Z(0rl3st 
 
 Flotz, a tovv n of Wallachia, on the Genes^ 
 sa, near its junction with the Danube. 
 
 Flour, St, a city, capital of the department 
 ofCantal, France, stands on a mountain, and 
 is a bishop’s .«ee. Good knives are made 
 here, and it has aconsideraide trade in corn, 
 58 miles s of Clermont. Lon. 311 K,.lat. 45 
 •2 N. 
 
 Flushing, or Vlesengen, or Flcssingue, ^. 
 sea port town of Hollands In is situated in 
 the isle of Walcheren, on the n side of the w 
 arm of the Scheldt. It defends the passage 
 not of that river only, but of ail the islafids 
 of Zealand, of which it is one of the most 
 important keys. The port lies between two 
 moles that break the waves of the sea .w'hicb 
 enters the town by two canals, forming tw'O 
 basons, so that loaded vessels may sail into 
 the town, to the great convenience o> the 
 merchants. The stadthouse, buiit after the 
 model of that at Amsterdam, is a superb 
 edifice. Flushing w'as taken by the Frenca 
 in 1795, and by tbs English, who destrox^ 
 ;be fort in 1809 It was soom abandon^ 
 by the English and came again under the 
 influence of France, but has neW returned 
 in 1814, to its former sovereign; four m»l«» 
 
F a G 
 
 ssw; of iMiddleburg. ' 3 34 e, lat. 61 
 
 26 N. 
 
 . Flushing, a town of N6W York, in 
 Queen’s county, Long Island, stands on 
 the s side of Hellgate, seven miles b by jc 
 of New Yorko 
 
 Fochabers, a toW'P and burgh of barony, 
 in the county of Banff, on the £ bank of 
 the river Spey, in the parish of Beliie, four 
 miles from the sea. There is an elegant 
 bridge over the river. It contains about 
 1000 inhabitants; eight miles e of Elgin 
 and 50 nw of Aberdeen* This town was 
 moved some years ago from Gordon castle, 
 and built on a neat and regular plan, hav- 
 ing a square in the centre, and streets en- 
 tering it at right angles. Its manufactures 
 are linens, stockings <fec. It has three 
 annual lairs. 
 
 Fo-rChan, a village or town in the pro- 
 vince of Quang-tong, Chioa, reckoned to be 
 nine miles in circumference, and to contain 
 1^00,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Fochia, a sea port town in the province 
 (af^ Natoiia^ Asiatic Turkey, has a castle, 
 and stands at the influx of the Herraus into 
 the gulf of Smyrna, Here, in 1650, the 
 Venetians discomfited the Turkish fleet, 28 
 miles NW of Smyrna. Lon. 26 39 e, fat, 
 38 44-N. 
 
 Fodicar, a town of Hungary, on the Da- 
 2 iwbe, opposite Calocaa. Lon. 19 16 e, lat. 
 38 44 N. 
 
 ; , Fodertyj dn extensive parish in Ross-shire. 
 The soil is; tolerable; bnt improvements in 
 agri^mlture want encouragement. The po- 
 pulation is about 950, the greater part of 
 whom reside in a valley named Strathpssar. 
 In this parish are several antiscorbutic mi- 
 neral springs. 
 
 ~ Foguras, a towm and castle of Transylva- 
 nia, the see of; a Greek bishop. Lon. 25 
 25 E, lat. 46 30 n. 
 
 Mpggia, ov Fodgia, a town in the pro- 
 viaoe of Capitiana, Naples, seated on th® 
 C^orberp. This town is the staple for all 
 the w^ol in the country. It has also a 
 trade in corn, and is 20 miles sw of Manfre- 
 doniaw 
 
 Foggy Island, an island near the w coast 
 of America, about nine leagues in circum- 
 ferenoe. Lon. 102 45 e, lat. 56 10 n. > 
 
 Foglia-; a river of Italy, which has its 
 source on- the borders of Tuscany, and pass- 
 ing through the duchy of Urbino, falls into 
 the gulf of Venice at Pesaro. 
 
 Foglisso, a town ot Piedmont, five miles 
 NW of Chivas, and 13 w of Cresceutino. 
 
 Fogo, a small island near the coast of 
 Newfoundland. Lon. 54 10^ w, lat. 50 
 2 N. 
 
 Fogo. See Fuego. 
 
 Fogo, a fertile paiisb ili Beiwickshire, 
 (Sixtcnding six miles in length, and between 
 three and tour miles in breadth. The 
 whole land is arable, except a few acres of 
 awampy ground. In this parish is a small 
 wjUageof the same name* Population of 
 
 FOL 
 
 the parish about 507. The Black addey 
 intersects part of this parish, and at Chesters, 
 on the western extremity, are the vestiges 
 of a Roman camp. The monopoly of 
 farms has greatly diminished the popula- 
 lation. The village is about four miles ssw 
 of Dunse. i 
 
 FOHR, or Fora, an island of Denmark, 
 near the coast of Sleswick, about 12 miles 
 in circumference, with a small sea port, 
 and a safe road for ships ; the soil is fertile. 
 Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 54 44 n. 
 
 Foissy, a town in the department of tho 
 Yonne, three leagues E of Sens, France. 
 
 FOJX, a late province of France, bor- 
 dering on the Pyrenes, which, with Couse-* 
 rans, form.s the department of the Arriege. 
 The soil in general is fertile in corn, fruit, 
 and wine. It contains mines of iron, silver, 
 copper, and lead, quarries of marble, jas- 
 per, &c. and many medicinal springs. The 
 principal towns are Foix, Tarascon, Ax, 
 Pamiers, Segerdiin, Lezar, Mas d’ Azil, and 
 Montaut. 
 
 Foix, capital of the department of Ar^ 
 riege, seated on the Arriege, containing 
 about 3,500 inhabitants, and defended by a 
 castle. It has copper mills, and a manu- 
 facture of coarse woollen cloths; 42 miles 
 s by E of Toulouse. Lon. 1 35 b, lat. 
 43 On. 
 
 FO-KIEN, is one of the least and yet 
 one of the richest provinces of the empire of 
 China ; its situation is commodious for na- 
 vigation and commerce ; the climate is hot, 
 but the air is very pure and healthy. It pro- 
 duces musk, iron, quicksilver, and precious 
 stone, also gold and silver, but the latter are- 
 not permitted to be dug. Great quantities 
 of fish are caught, which are dried and .salt- 
 ed in order to be carried into the midland 
 provinces of the empire. It contains nine 
 fou, or cities of the first rank, and 60 heim, 
 or cities of the third rank. It has fruitful 
 plains, and industry fertilizes the mountains, 
 which are cut into terraces, one above 
 another. The springs in the valleys, and 
 streams from the mountains, are conducted 
 with great care to v. aler the rice. Here by* 
 means of bamboo pipes, water is raised even 
 to the tops of the mountains, and conducted 
 from place to place. It abounds witfi every 
 thing that grows in most other provinces of 
 the empire; the commerce which the inha- 
 bitants have with Japan, the Philippine 
 islands, Formosa, Java, Caniboya, Siam 
 &c. renders it extremely rich. Every city 
 has its particular dialect. The language of 
 the Mandarins is that which is most general, 
 but few uDderstaud it fully in this pro- 
 vince. Here ave, however, a great num- 
 ber of learned men. Fou-tcheouis the capital. 
 
 Foldereid, a town in the diocese of Dron- 
 theim, Norway; 114 miles nne of Dron- 
 tlieim. 
 
 an episcopal town of Italy , duchy 
 of Umbria, celebrated for its confectionary, 
 paper-mills, and silk manufactures j 69 miles- 
 
F O N 
 
 K of Rome. Lon. 12 24 e, lat. 42 
 48 N, 
 
 Folkestone, a town in the county of Kent, 
 a member of the cinque port of ttover. It 
 is a corporation, governed by a mayor, 12 
 jurats, and 24 commoners. The town is 
 populous, and many of the inhabitants are 
 engaged in fishing, paticulariy mackeral for 
 the London market. There is a good an- 
 chorage before the town. Here were five 
 churches, four of which has been destroyed 
 by the encroachments of the sea. This 
 place, in 1583, had the honour of the birth 
 of Dr. William Harvey, who discovered the 
 circulation of the blood. It gives the title of 
 viscount to the family of Bonverie , has a 
 charity school ; a market on Thursday, and 
 pn annual fair June 28th* Sandgate castle, 
 built by Henry VIII. stands a little to the 
 west. The town stands on the English chan- 
 nel, eight miles sw of Dover, and 72 e by s 
 of Loudon. Lon. I 4 e, lat. 51 5 n. 
 
 Folkingham, a town in I incolnshire, 
 with a w’eekly market on Thursday, seated 
 on a rising ground, on which are plenty of 
 fine springs. It has the remains of an 
 ancient castle, and seven annuM fairs; 18 
 miles wsw of Boston, 25 s by e of Lincoln, 
 and 106 N of London. 
 
 Foam-Honm-Touka, a town of Chinese 
 Tartary, near a mountain of the same name, 
 seven miles nw of Tam-san. 
 
 Fondis a town in the province of Lavora, 
 department of Gariglians, Naples, near a 
 jake to which it gives name. It stands in a 
 fertile plain, 42 miles nw of Capua, and 50 
 SE of Rome. 
 
 Fong Tsaing, a city in the province of 
 Chen-si China. Its district contains eight 
 cities, of the 2d and 3d class ; 560 miles 
 sw of Pekin. Lon. 106 57 e, lat. 34 
 36 N. 
 
 Fong-Yang, a city in the province of 
 Kiang-naa, China. It encloses within Hn 
 walls .'‘Cveral fertile little hills, and its juris- 
 diction comprehends five cities of the 
 second, and 13 of the third class. It 
 stands on a mountain, which impends 
 •uver the yellow river ; 70 miles ne 
 
 of Nan-king. Lon. J16 58 e, lat. 32 
 52 N. 
 
 Fans, a town in the department of the 
 Lot, and chief place of a canton, France, 
 five miles xw of Figiac. 
 
 Fontainbleau, a town in the department 
 on. the Seine and Marne, France. It is 
 celebrated for its magnificent pr.lace of 
 elegant architecture, adorned with exquisite 
 paintings, by the greatest masters ; the gene- 
 ral autumnal residence of the kings of 
 France. The forest of Fountain bleau, 
 anciently called the Forrest oj Bierre, is 
 said to contain 26,480 acres ; the figure is 
 round, and the town and chateau are. in 
 the centre. This town consists of , one 
 principal street of considerable length. The 
 uuraber of inhabitants is about 3,000, It 
 
 FOR 
 
 is 35 miles sse of Paris. Lon. 2 4T 
 la. 48 36 N. 
 
 Fontaine V Evegue, a town in the coun- 
 ty of Liege, Netherlands, six rraks w .»f 
 Cbarleroy. 
 
 Fontana, a town in the canton of Uri, 
 Switzerland, 18 miles n of Altdcrf. 
 
 Fontanamora, a town of Piedmont, 1§ 
 miles ESE of Aosta. 
 
 Fontanetfo, a town of Piedmont, seven 
 miles E of Crescentino. 
 
 Fontarabia, a city and sea-port in the 
 province of Biscay, Spain, on tlic fron- 
 tiers of France, from which it is divided 
 by the Bidossoa ; 22 miles sw of Bayonne, 
 and 62 E by N of Bilhca. It is very 
 strong both by nature and art, seated on 
 a peninsula at the foot of the Pyrenees, 
 and is reckoned the key of Spaio^ on that 
 side. In 1794 it opened its gates to 
 the French. Lon. 1 56 w, lat. 43 
 
 23 N. 
 
 Fgntello, a towm in the province of Beiia, 
 Portugal, six miles NEof Lamego, 
 
 Fontenay Le Com te, the capital of the (Je*- 
 partmenl of La Vend e, France, and coniai'tti. 
 ing about 7,000 inhabilants. Its- 
 trade is in cloth, woollen stuffs, and cat- 
 tie, 25 miles ne of Rochelle, and 55 w 
 s of Poictiers. Lou. 0 54 w, lat. 46 
 30 N. 
 
 Fontenoy, a village of the Hairault, Neil 
 therlands, noted for a battle fought May, 1, 
 7745, between the French under marshal 
 Saxe, and the allies commanded by the duke 
 of Cumberland, iu Which- the latter were 
 worsted, four miles se of Tournay. Lon. 3 
 
 24 E,l«t. 50 37 N. 
 
 Fontevrai’d, a town in the department of 
 the Mayenne and Loire, France, with a fa» 
 mous abbey, in which are interred several 
 kings and queens of France ; seven miles sE 
 of Saumer. 
 
 Fora, an island on the w coast of S Jut- 
 land, 20 miles in circumference, lying be- 
 tween those of Nordstrand and Sylt. The 
 chief place is Utersen. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 55 
 48 n. 
 
 Footdee, or Footie, a considerable village 
 near New Aberdeen. 
 
 Forbes and Kearn, two united parishes in 
 Aber:leenshire, about six miles and a- 
 half in length, and two in breadth, lying 
 betv/een Bogie and the Don. The grea- 
 ter part is moor and uncultivated. Po- 
 pulation about 413, many of whom are em- 
 ployed in spinning flax, and knitting 
 stockings. About 22 miles w of Abei^ 
 deen. 
 
 Forcalquier, a town in the depart n^ent of 
 the Lower Alps, France, stands on a hill 
 by the river Laye, 30 miles ne of Aix. Lon. 
 6 12 E, lat. 43 57 n. 
 
 Force, a town in the department of the 
 Dordogne, France. The principal trade of 
 ihe inhabitants consists in cattle, grain and 
 wine ; six miles w of Bergerac. 
 
F O 11 
 
 at strong town ' Ftaneom^, 
 and bishopric of Bamberg, has a fine arse- 
 aah The French became masters of it 
 m 1T96, but the Austrians soon after re- 
 covered it. Seated at the junction of the 
 Kednitz and Wesaent f 16 miles sse of 
 Bamberg. Lon. 1 1 19 jb, iat. 49 41 n. 
 
 Ford, in Mid- Lothian, and parish of 
 BorthW'iok, 10 miles 6E of Edinburgh, on 
 the London road, situated in a pleaisant dell, 
 and has a bleaohieid and a manofaolure of 
 ploughs, ifec. improved by the celebrated 
 Mr. Small. : 
 
 Fordice, a parish and village on the sea- 
 coast of Banffshire. ■ The parish is of a 
 triangular figure, each side feeing about 
 seven and a-haif miles in length. Sea weed 
 
 Forelaiidy South, a cape which fofin§'tfc0 
 s£ coast of Kent. It is called South in re^ 
 sped to its bearing from the other Foreland^ 
 which is 13 miles to the n. The famous 
 road called -the Down dies between these 
 two promontories. Lorn 1 18 E, lat dil 
 1:2 N. • ' ^ 
 
 Foreland, South, u on the w coast of 
 N America^ in Cookes riiver* ; Lon. 451? 
 29 w, lat. 60 50 N . - ai 
 
 Forest, Black, or Sehwartzwald., a largf? 
 forest of Suabia, right side of the Bhittei: 
 The name is principally; confined to- tha4> 
 part which is situated between the Khin^^ 
 Switzeriand, and the territory of Wurtem-t 
 hurg. f' , ; 
 
 Forest Towns, a name given to foul 
 
 is the pirincipal manure. The village-b-^nowns in the Black Forest, on, the froatiere^^ 
 
 about -a mife from the sea, is a botough of 
 barony, has a weekly market, annual 
 fair on All Hallows. The population of 
 the parish is about 2,T4T. The sod is well 
 cultivated arid productive. A variety of 
 ii#h, corals, and spunges are found on the 
 coasL:: lu; the parish are severed villages. 
 See Portsdy and Sandend. 
 
 Fordmgbridye,.3i town in Hants, with a 
 we^ly market on Saturday, and a fair Sep- 
 tember 9th. The chief manufacture is 
 ticking. It is seated on the Avon, 10 
 miles s Of Salisbury, and 88 v/ by s of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Fowdon, a parish in Kincardineshire, 
 about ten miles long, and seven broad. The [ 
 surface and soil are various. It contains 
 three villages F^rdpun, noted as the birth- 
 place of Johannes de Fourden, author of 
 the Scotiehrqnieon ; Auchineblae, and Kin- 
 cardine ; with 2,223 inhabitants. The late 
 celebrated lord Monboddo^was born in this 
 parish. This place is famous for. having 
 been the temporary residence, and (as is 
 believed) the burial place ot Pailadius, 
 whom Pope Celestine sent into Scotland,' 
 in the 5th century, to oppose the Pelagian 
 heresy. There are vestiges of a Roman 
 camp, near which an urn, containing ashes, 
 was found inclosed within five fiat 
 stones. The town of Fordown has a small 
 linen manufacture, and is 14 miles w of 
 Stonehaven. 
 
 Fordsand, a small island near the coast of 
 Sieswick. Lon. 8 35 e, lat. 55 I n. 
 
 Fordwich, a smali town m Kent, a mem- 
 ber of the cinque port of SaudWiCh, seated 
 on the Stour, governed by a mayor and 
 jurats, and is noted for excellent trout, 20 
 mites NE of Canterbury. 
 
 Fore, a borough in w Meath, Ireland, is 
 now a poor place, 12 miles n of JMullenz- 
 gar. 
 
 Foreland, North, a promoiriory on the 
 NE extremity of the lake pf Thanet in Kent, 
 on which a sea mark, near 80 feet high, con- 
 structed of brick, has been erected by the 
 corporation of the Trinity House. Jt is two 
 miles and a-haii\sE .of Margate, Lon. 1 
 29 E, lat. 51 28 Ng 
 
 of Switzerland, viz, Rheinfeld, Seehiugeo^j; 
 Laufenburg, and Waldshut. They ^re: 
 ancient domains of the House -01 : Ausrv 
 tria. i. 
 
 FORETS, a department of France^ con-.' 
 taining the duchy of Luxemburg. iLuxem^i 
 burg is the chief city. - p 
 
 FOREZ, a province oi France:, which 
 now forms with the Lyonnois, the depart-^, 
 mentof the Loire The principal towns 
 were Montbrison and Roanne. It is a large*^ 
 and fertile vatley, and it produces corn,, 
 hemp, excellent wine, chesnuis, and other 
 fruits. It is watered by the Loire and other 
 streams. • In several places are mines of 
 coal and iron, and medicinal springs.' 
 
 Forfar, an ancient royal borough which:, 
 gives name to a county, someiimes also 
 called Angus-shire. It is governed by 
 provost, two bailies, and 19 counseUorsy 
 annually elected, who have the manage- 
 ment of a yearly revenue of about 400Lj 
 The church is. elegant and • commodious., 
 The town-house shewy, but the prisom 
 rooms are wretched. The streeis are 
 irregular, but many- of the houses are neat ; 
 and well hiiiit. The town contains about 
 4,000 inhabitants, who have a considera- 
 ble manufacture o osiiaburg', coarse linens, 
 and shoes. Forfar joins with Penh Dun« 
 dee, St. Andrews, and Cupar-Fife, in .send- 
 ing a men ber to parliament. Here was 
 tormerly a casile, the occasional resid nee. 
 of royalty, and in which a parliariient^ 
 met in 1052. The market is on Satur^. 
 day, and it has six annual fairs. The man-i 
 tiers of the town are greatly improved: 
 during the last 30 years ; 17 miles n by^ 
 R oi Dundee, and 57 from Edinburgh in 
 the same direction. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. ^ 
 37 N. The parish vf Fortar is about six-, 
 miles in length : and five in breadih. Tlie 
 surface is in geiieral level ; the .soil va-: 
 ricus but productive. Be.sides the lake oi. 
 Forfar near the town, there are other two 
 lakes in the parish, (Restenet and Fithie,} 
 which have been aln ost d.ained Jor the ^ 
 moss and marl they contain. The popup 
 lation of the parish was 5622c bj the last 
 census. On Forfar moor adjommg the 
 
F cnii 
 
 Iftfce, at© reitiaiiis of a eamp and a nnm- 
 ber of sepvilcbral ston^^. It the scene 
 of a battle between the Piets and Scots 
 in 830. 
 
 Forfarshire^ or Angws^ a. county of Scot- 
 land, extending ^46 miles from N to s, and 
 its greatest breadth from e to w is nearly 
 42 nriles Part of the Grampian moun- 
 tains run through this comity, by which it 
 is agreeably diversified with hill and dale. 
 1^1. some of the western districts the Gaelic 
 language is spoken. The low part of the 
 eountry is well cultivated, produces abun- 
 dant crops of grain ; flax is a considerable 
 article, but vast quantities of that article, 
 and more of hemp, is imported to supply 
 the manufactures, which all over this coun- 
 ty’ are carried on with much spirit, and to a 
 great extent. The women are very great 
 proficients at the two banded wheel. The 
 cotton manufacture has found its way also 
 into this county. Limestone is abundant, 
 but no coals have been found. It contains 
 lead and iron in abundance, together with 
 quarries of freestone and slate. The heaths 
 and woods abound with hart, hind, roebuck, 
 and moor-game ; the streams are stocked 
 with trout and salmon ; the hills are cover- 
 ed with flocks of sheep ; and the fields af- 
 ford plentiful harvests of wheat and all 
 sorts of grain. This county includes <53 
 parishes, among which, besides the county 
 town, are four royal boroughs; viz Dun- 
 dee, Montrose, Aberbrothiok, which are 
 sea ports, and Brechin, besid.^s the towns of 
 Glammis. and Kir-iemuir. The population 
 about 97,127. The real land rent is esti- 
 mated at 124 0001. sterling. The principal 
 rivers are the Tay and the N and S Esk, 
 the lesser ones the Isla, the Digfaty, the 
 Elliot, all abounding with salmon end 
 trout. 
 
 Forgan, a parish in Fifeshire, on the s 
 bank of the Tay, about four miles long, 
 and two broad. The soil is in general a 
 light loam. At Nev/port and Woodhaven 
 are regular ferry-boats to Dundee. Popula- 
 tion above 990. 
 
 Forgan, Lang. See Longforgan, 
 
 Forgondennyy a parish in Perthshire, 
 lying chiefly in the fertile vale of Statherne. 
 It is about five miles long, and two 
 broad. The village of Forgan is about 
 half a mile s of the Erne and four s of 
 Perth, containing 240 inhabitants, is near- 
 ly built. It has two annual fairs. On 
 the summit of a conic *1 hill, a mile s of 
 the village, are the remains of a Danish 
 fortification, surrounded with a wail <500 
 feet in circumference. It is called Castle 
 Law, and commands an extensive pro- 
 spect. Here is a tower erected by the 
 late lord Ruthven. There are othir three 
 villages in the parish, viz. Ardargie, New- 
 ton, and Path of Condie. Population 
 about 1,000. 
 
 Forges, a town in the department of the 
 
 F O R 
 
 Lower Sebie/ France, noted for its mineral 
 waters, 24 mrl^ jiit of Rdver. 
 
 For glen, a f'arish of Banffshire^ about 
 three miles and a-half in length, and two 
 and a-half in brekdtb, washed on the e by 
 the Deveron, to which it has a gentle slope4 
 The soil is light and fertile, and the greater 
 part is under cultivation. Salmon are 
 cheap and plenty. In the middle of a wood 
 is a druidioal temple. Here too is the 
 Forglen House, the seat of lord Banfl^ 
 beautifully situated on the banks of tho 
 Deveron, seven miles s of Banff* The po- 
 licy is laid out with great taste. Popula- 
 tion about 600. 
 
 Forgue, a parish in Aberdeenshire^ about 
 nine miles long and six broad, watered by 
 a rivulet of the same name. The soil 
 is generally a deep rich loam, and con- 
 siderable plantation^ have been made upon 
 the heathy tract towards the sv It con- 
 tains 1,768 inhabitants. The hill of For- 
 gue rises about 1000 feet above the 
 Deveron. In the parish are several 
 druidical circles and vestiges of Roman 
 w’orks. 
 
 Forked Head, a cape on the s coast of 
 the island of Cape Breton. Lon. 76 4 
 lat. 45 42 k. 
 
 Forlazzo, a town in the province of Bari;, 
 11 miles sE of Teramo, Naples. 
 
 Forli, an episcopal city of Romagna, 
 Italy, seated in a fertile country, hear 
 Rones. It is situated near the site of the 
 ancient Foeom Livii, whence it- had its 
 name and first inhabitants. It has a Castle, 
 10 churches, and many colitenfs ; 11 rniles 
 ssw of Ravenna, Lon. 11 4 E, Tat. 44 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Forlimpopuli, anciently Forum, PompiHi, 
 an episcopal town of Italy. It is four 
 miles E of Forli. 
 
 FORMARTIN, a diTrict Tb Aberdeen- 
 shire, which is comprehended in the GarioCb, 
 and part of Buchan, between the rivers Don 
 and Yihan. 
 
 FORMOSA, an island in the Chinese 
 sea. The island is about 280 miles in 
 length, from n to s ; and 60 from e lo w, 
 in its broadest part, but greatly contracted 
 at eacti extremity ; discovered by the Chi- 
 nese so late as 1430. In 1634, the Dutch 
 built the fort of Zealand, in ihe w part, 
 but were driven out n 1661. In 1682, 
 the whole island became subjf-ct to me 
 emperor of China. A long chain of moun- 
 tains from K to s, divide it into fvo 
 parts. That pari only which is situat- 
 ed to the w of the mountains belongs to 
 China: the eastern part is but little known. 
 The coasts are rocky and high ; there 
 is but one bay at the mouth of a river, and 
 and this is so narrow, and so well defend- 
 ed by forts and high rocks on each side, 
 that there is no entering it by surprise, 
 though, when the ships are once got in, they 
 are safe. Formosa presefUts extensive and 
 
F O R 
 
 FOR 
 
 feftiire plains, watered by a great tjumber 
 of rivuieis, but its water is not good, and 
 particularly hurtiul to strangers. Its air 
 is pure and wholesome, and the earth prq- 
 cucrs in abundance, coris, ri^e, and the 
 greater part of other grains. Most of the 
 Indian fruits are found here, and part oi 
 fhose in Europe. Tobacco, sugar, pepper, 
 camphor, and cinnamon, are also com- 
 mon. Domestic poultry are very plenti 
 fill ; and monkeys and stags wanJer through 
 the country in large flocks. The inhabi- 
 tants of Forirosa rear a great number of 
 oxen, which they use for riding, for want 
 of horses and mules ; there oxen ar> fur- 
 nished with a bridle, sadtUe, and crupper. 
 The IndiuKs are united into 45 villages, 36 
 of which lie to the n, and nine towards the 
 s. The iiorlbern viilc^ges are very popu- | 
 Ions, and the houses are built almost alter 
 " the Chinese m< mier. The habitations of 
 the southern islanders are only heaps of 
 huts, or cottages of earth. Their favourite 
 arms are lances, which they dart to the 
 distance of 66 or 80 feet. The e part of 
 the island is mountainous, and inhabited by j 
 a people courteous and honest, never giving 
 o^ence, and ne-’er forgiving an injury. 
 They subsifi on cattle and fish. Their 
 mountains are stud to conttdn mines ot gold 
 and silver. The capital of Formosa is | 
 Tai-ouang, a name which the Chinese give 
 to the w^hole island. Between Formossa 
 and the continent, are a great number of 
 small islands called Pongkou by the C hi- 
 nese, and Pi^cadores'y by the Europeans j 
 tb^y form a small circhipelago* In I7b2, 
 this fine island was overwhelmed, and al- 
 most totally destroyed, by a furious hurri- 
 cane, and dreadful inundation of the sea. 
 Lon. from 1 16 to 122 e, lai. from 22 6 to 
 25 20N. 
 
 Formosay an island near the coast of 
 Africa, about two leagues long, and one 
 wide. The soil is fertile, and well cover-: 
 ed wdth trees, Lon. 14 20 w’, lat. 11 
 29 N. 
 
 Fornelloy a town in the province of Mo- 
 lise, iT miles w of Molise, Naples. 
 
 Foriiovoy a town in Parma, Italy, in 
 the vicinity of which, in 1495, Charles 
 VIII. of Fra ce, gained a victory over 
 the Italian princes ; eight miles wsw ol 
 Parma. 
 
 Fcroriy le ComptCy a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Lower Meuse, six miles from 
 Maestricht, France. 
 
 , Forresy a royal borough in Morayshire, 
 near the bay of Findhorn, the mouth of 
 which is its port. It is neatly built, and 
 is governed by a provost, two bailie.^, and 
 dean of guild, annually elected. It joins 
 with Fortrose Nairn, and Inverness, in 
 sending a member to parliament. It has 
 a grammar, an English, and a boarding 
 school, all pretty well endowed ; a weekly 
 market, and six annual fairs. In the vici^ 
 nity, is a pillar, called Sweno^s Stone, 25 
 
 feet in beigbt> covered with antique «ouIp« 
 tore, supposed to commemorate a victory 
 gained over the Danes by Malcolm II, iu 
 1008 In a moor near this, Shakespeare 
 has laid the scene of Macbeth’s conversa- 
 tion wiiii the witches. The parish is about 
 four miles long, and two and a-hult broad, 
 mostly arable and fertile. By the lat© 
 census, the whole inhabitants were 3U4, 
 The town is 14 miles w of Elgin, and 210 
 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 57 
 35 N. 
 
 Forsay a small island of Argyllshire, ad- 
 jacent to the island of Easdale. It abounds 
 with slate. 
 
 Fersey a river in Caithness, which run* 
 into the sea, six miles w of Thurso. 
 
 Forstay a town of Lusatia. and a little 
 island ir. the river Neisa. The chief trad© 
 is the manufacuire, of fine woollen afid 
 linen cioibs and carpets. It has a castle, 
 and is 15 miles ssw of Guben. 
 
 Forsteiiovey a town in Westphalia, and 
 bishopric of Osnabruck ; 15 miles frdrtf Os- 
 nabruck. 
 
 Forster’s Harbour , a bay in Hudson’s 
 strait, Hudson’s bay. Lon 73 30 w, lat, 
 62ISn. 
 
 Fort Augustus, See Augustus Fort, 
 Fort des AntelSy a fort in the department 
 of the Channel. France, three-lourtbs of a 
 league, nw of Cliei buig. 
 
 Fort Badenstehiy a fort belonging to th® 
 Dutch, on ihe Gold Coast. 
 
 Fort Charlotte, See Charlotte Fort, 
 
 Fort Culonge, a lort of Lower Canada, 
 57 leagues w of Montreal. 
 
 Fort Jjaifpiiiny a town of St. Domingo, 
 with a spacious harbour. Lon. 71 48 w, 
 lat. J9 41V. 
 
 Fort Edward, a fort of the state of New 
 York, 33 miles n of Albany, 
 j Fort Erie, a fort at the ne extremity of 
 ! Lake Erie, N America. 
 
 Fort hranklin, a iort in the v part ot 
 Pennsylvania, on the Allegany river, 46 
 miles K of Pittsburgh. 
 
 Fort William, See Maryburgh, and 
 William^ Fort, 
 
 Fortesene Bay, a bay of South America, 
 I in the Straits of Magellan. Lon. 73 22 w. 
 
 lat. 53 39 s. 
 
 FORTEVENTURA, or Fuerte Vek- 
 TURA, one of the Canary islands, about 65 
 miles in length, and from 8 to 24 broad, 
 cotisisting of two peninsulas, joined by an 
 isthmus, 12 miles broad, ar»d beautifulljr 
 diversified wiih hills and vallies. 
 island produces, besides the other fruits 
 common to the Canaries, a prodigious abun- 
 dance of dates, mastic, and olives, with 
 orchel for dyeing, and a species oi fig tree 
 that yields a medicinal balm as white as 
 milk. It contains an incred ble number 
 of goats. Three towns are on the eastern 
 coast, Langala, Tarafato, and Po^o 
 The w point is in Ion* 14 o2 w. 
 
 lat. 28 4 N, 
 
F OR 
 
 ' Porter)My n parish in Peithshire^ abowt 
 miles lon^ aad two bFoad, stretching 
 across the beautiful vale of Stratherne. 
 kv*ersected by the Erne and May, and 
 bK'ludinp* sorr-e of tbe highest of the Ochil 
 hii'is. It includes the parish of Muckarsie 
 annexed to it, the church of which is still 
 standinw-. This parish is said, in ancient 
 to have been the residence of many 
 pictish, and afterwards of Scottish kings. 
 Here died king Kenneth, who finally anni- 
 hilated the Pictish monarchy ; and the 
 daU'^hter of the miller of Forteviot mill, 
 which still exists, who was mother to Mal- 
 colm Canmore Hungus, king of the Piets, 
 founded the church. Here are several rude 
 stone pillars, arid tumuli: at Dronareby, 
 is a stone cross, with heiroglyphic engrav- 
 ings on it ; and lome remains of a chapel 
 rit the Kirktown of Mailer. In this parish 
 is a bridge over the Erne. Population 
 about 786. 
 
 Forth, the ancient Bodotria, a large and 
 important rivet of Scotland, which rises 
 on the. N side of Ben Lomond, and enters 
 the carse cf Stirling about six or eight 
 miles above that town The windings of 
 this river between Craigforth, a little above 
 Stirling and Alloa^ occupy a space of 
 26 miles,, tbpugh it is only seven in a 
 direct Ifoe. For 20 miles above Craigforth, 
 4t runs very, slow, having only about one 
 foot of fall, it is said, in a mile. It is navi- 
 gable for vessels of 80 tons as far as Stirling 
 bridge, and for ships of any burden as far 
 as Grangemouth. Alter, a course of near 
 40 miles, it ipeets the sea near Ailoa, where 
 it forms a noble estuary, called the Frith 
 of Forth. The direction of this Frith is 
 iiearly irona .a to w, and its length from 
 the inland of May, situated at ius mouth, 
 to AUo%j is about 50 miles. It divides 
 Fife and Clackmannan on the n, from 
 dhCf Loihians and Stirlingshire on the s. 
 Its breadth is unequal; at Leith it is nine 
 miles at Queensferry two, but farther 
 nlaud at Borrowslonaess, it is four. In 
 the ASstuary are several islands, and 
 many good harbours and road steads. A 
 communication between this Frith and 
 the Clyde, by the Great Canal, was 
 happily acoompiished on the 28th of 
 July, 1790. See Bowling Bay, and 
 Canal, 
 
 Fortingal, a. parish in the itfw part of 
 Perthshire, including that of Kilchoan, an- 
 nexed to it, about 37 miles long,, and . 17 
 broad. It comprehends three districts, 
 viz. Fortingal, a fertile valley, contain- 
 ing a number of villages, Glen- L} on, and 
 Rannoch. Its lakes are Loch Kannooh, 
 Loch Eroch, Loch Lyon, and a number of 
 smaller lochs ; the crops, owing to the 
 climate are precarious. A great quantity 
 "Of fiax is raised and spun. Veins of lead 
 ore appear- ia the parish. Prior to 1748, 
 the inhabitants subsisted in a great mea- 
 12 
 
 iF 0 6 
 
 sure by ^pluuder, since that period they 
 are much improved in their morals, cir- 
 cumstances, and dress. There aye four 
 places of public worship in which the 
 minister officiates alternately. There are 
 four schools, established by the society 
 for propagating Christian knowledge. In 
 the church-yard is a yew that measures 
 52 feet in girth, many vestiges of circular 
 forts and a Roman camp inclosing about 
 80 acres. Population 3875. 
 
 Fertrose, a royal burgh iu Ross-shire, 
 near the n side ol the frith of Moray, 
 opposite Fort George. It is composed of 
 two towuis, Chanonry and which 
 
 were united by a charter i-i J444, undei 
 the common name of For-^ose, It unite* 
 with Forres, Naun, and Inverness, in 
 ing a member to parliament. It has several 
 annual fairs, and an ticaden<y estaol shed 
 by several public spiritea ^^eutlemeii, for 
 the instruction of youth, in trie languages, 
 and principles of science. Cbanonry which, 
 was the residence of the bishop of Ross 
 is the seat of a presbytery. Two small 
 parts of the cathedral remain, one used, .as 
 a burying-place, the other as a court-house 
 and prisou ; eight miles enb of Inverness, 
 nine ssw of Cromarty, and 167 nnw of 
 Edinburgh. It contains about 740 inhabit 
 
 tants. ^ , 1 . ^ 
 
 Foriroyal, capital of the island of Gratia* 
 
 da. See George, St, r • • 
 
 Fortroyal, the capital of Martinico, 
 stands on the w side of the islanu, and has 
 one of the best harbours in the W Indies, 
 protected by a strong citadel. Lon. 61 9 w, 
 
 lat. 14 36 n. r, ^ 
 
 Fortune Island, or Good Fortune Island, 
 a small island near the sw of Sumatra. 
 Lon. 90 25 e, lat. 1 36 s. 
 
 Forza de Agro, a town of Sicily, 20 miles 
 s of Messina. 
 
 Fossano, a town of Piedmont, with a 
 citadel, on theSture, 10 miles ne of Com, 
 containing about 9,000 inhabitants. Lon. 
 
 ‘ 7 56 E, lat. 44 45 N. ' r .u.,, 
 
 Fossat, a town in the department ot tno 
 
 Arriege, France. ., , 
 
 Fossaway, and Tulliehole, two united 
 parishes; the former belonging to the coun- 
 ty of Perth, and the latter to that ot Kin- 
 ross. They occupy a considerable extent 
 of the Ochil hills and the valley at their 
 foot. The hills are generally green to the 
 top, and great part of the lands are ino os 
 Population is about 1,312. 
 
 Fosse, a town in Namur, 
 stands between the Sambre and ^ 
 seven miles sw of Namur. Lon. ^ 
 
 lat. 50 22 N» , c*iii 
 
 Fosse, a noted Roman high-way, ^till 
 
 visible in many places, beginning at o 
 ness, runs ne by Exeter, passes Sheptou- 
 MaUet,and Bath, intersects Gloucestershire, 
 Warwickshire, LeicestershirCj and Li^oin- 
 shire, terminates at Barton on the Hunv'’ 
 3 A 
 
F OU 
 
 bet, extending about 280' miles from se 
 to NW. 
 
 Fossomhrone, a town of Urbino, Italy, 
 with a castle on a mountain by the Metro, 
 10 miles se of Urbiuo. Lon. 12 48 e, lat. 
 43 40 N. 
 
 Possum, a town 23 miles w of Christiana, 
 Norway, noted for rich mines of Cobhalt ; 
 35 miles w of Christiana. 
 
 Fosta,,8Ltown in the province of Smaland, 
 21 miles e of Upsal, Sweden. 
 
 Fotheringay, a town in Northampton- 
 shire. Here are the ruins of a castle noted 
 as the birth-place of king Richard III. and 
 wherein Mary Queen of Scots was behead* 
 cd in 1586. In the church are buried 
 two dukes of York ; Edward killed at 
 Agincourt, in France, and Richard slain at 
 Wakefield. 
 
 Foue. See Faotia, 
 
 Foveran, a parish on the sea coast of 
 Aberdeenshire, on the s side of the Ythan, 
 about four miles long, and two broad. The 
 soil is rich and wholly arable. Population 
 about 1,391. 
 
 Fougeres, a town in the department of 
 the Hie and Vilaine, France, with an old 
 castle, containing about 4,000 inhabi- 
 tants, whose principal trade is in leather, 
 it was taken by John king of England, 
 in 1202, and stands on the Coesnom, 25 
 miles NE of Rennes, ai«l 150 w by s of 
 Paris. Lon. 1 1 w, lat. 48 22 n. 
 
 Foula, or Fowla. See Fula. 
 
 Foul Sound, a strait of the Atlantic, be- 
 tween the islands of Inishere and Inismam, 
 on the w coast of Ireland. 
 
 Foulden, a parish and village in Ber- 
 wickshire, N side of the Whitadder which 
 is here confined by very steep banks. 
 The parish contains about six square miles 
 of well cultivated land. The village is 
 a borough of barony, and has two annual 
 fairs, now very inconsiderable. Foulden 
 castle is in ruins. Population is about 
 393. 
 
 FOITLI, Fcly, or Pkoley, a country 
 of Africa, on the side of the river Sene- 
 gal, extending 500 miles from e to w'. 
 The country is popiiioiis, the soil fertile, 
 and capable of furnishing an advanta- 
 geous commerce, if the inhabitants were 
 industrious. They are in general of a 
 taw’ny complexion. They are diligent 
 as farmers and graziers. As their chief 
 wealth is in their cattle, some of them 
 lead a wandering life, with large flocks 
 of cows, sheep, goats, and horses. This 
 hard laborious life is greatly increased 
 by the continual necessity they are under 
 of defending themselves and their cattle, 
 against the depradations of those fierce 
 aftimals with which the country abounds ; 
 lions, tygers, and elephants assaulting 
 them from the land, and crocodiles from 
 the rivers. The king of this country is 
 called Siratick, and though he seldom 
 
 F O 0 
 
 appears with i\ie badges of raa^tyj yet he 
 is a prince of great ahtbority over his 
 subjects, and much respected by his neigh- 
 bours. The crown is heriditary. The 
 people of Fouli are oelebrated by travellers 
 as an extremely hospitable nation ; not 
 is their humanity in any other particular 
 less commendable: for as soon as any^^ 
 of them has the misfortune to fall into 
 slavery, all the rest join «tock to redeem" 
 him. Their arms are composed of bowa 
 and arrows, lances, swords, daggers> 
 and oecasionaliy a kind of small fuseey 
 all of hi eh they use with dexterity 
 and address, superior to most jiegro na- 
 tions. 
 
 Fonlis, Easter, a parish in Perthshire, 
 lately united to Lundie. See Lnndie and 
 Fonlis. 
 
 Foalis Wester, a parish and village in 
 Perthshife, between Perth and Crieff. Tbo 
 parish is about eight miles long and six 
 broad, w^atered by the Almond. The 
 greater part is under pasture. The vil- 
 lage contains about 140 inhabitants. Po- 
 pulation of the parish is about 1,600. 
 The' village has three annual fairs ; is 
 10 miles w of Perth. Near the church 
 is still seen the site of an ancient castle, 
 the residence of. the earls of Stratherne, 
 in the 12th, 13tb, and 14th centuries. 
 
 FOULNESS, an island, with a chureh 
 and village, named Cotesebd-, -^porated 
 by a narrow channel, from the ^ se part 
 of the county of Essex. It is about 12 
 miles in circumference, eight miles e by 
 s of Rochford. This island is much im^ 
 proved by draining in tbeDutc^h style. It 
 has a fair July lOth. 
 
 Fouhham, a town in the county of 
 Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday' j 
 16 miles nw of Norwich, and III ne cf 
 London. 
 
 Four Cantons, Lake of* See Waldsdar^ 
 ter See. 
 
 Fourche, a chain of mountains, in Swit- 
 zerland, in which the Rhone rises. 
 
 Fourmile Water, a village and river to 
 the county of Waterford, Ireland. The 
 village is five miles sw of Clonmell, and 22 
 w of Waterford. 
 
 Fourneaux, an isle in the South Sea. 
 Lon. 14.3 2 w, lat. !T II s. 
 
 Fourno, a town in the proviuce of Ca- 
 raraania, Asiatic Turkey, 10 miles wsw of 
 Satalia. 
 
 Fou Tcheou, a city of the first rank, in 
 the province of Fo-kien, China, and one 
 of the most considerable in the province, 
 on account of its trade, the number of 
 its literati, and the convenience of its 
 rivers and harbour. It is the residence 
 of a viceroy, and has under its jurisdic- 
 tion nine cities of the third class ; 
 360 miles ne of Canton, and 870 s 
 of Peking. Lon. 119 4 lat. 26 
 4 N, 
 
POX 
 
 ( FotirTchecUy a city of the first rank, I 
 ii) the province of Kiang-si, China, and 
 hefure it was ruined by the Tartars, one 
 vl the most beautiful in China, 735 
 miles s of Peking, Xtom 115 56 e, lat. 
 
 %7 55 N. 
 
 Fowcyy Faweyy or Foy^ a sea port town 
 Ip the county of Cornwall, at the mouth 
 of a river of the same name, with a com- 
 modious and safe harbour, and a market 
 on Saturday, and annual fairs on May- 
 day and September 10th. The town is 
 populous and flourishing; besides the pil- 
 chard . fishery, the inhabitants carry on 
 some foreign trade. It is a corporation 
 and burgh town, governed by a mayor, 
 aldermen, recorder, &o. sends two merri- 
 bers to parliament, elected by the inhabi- 
 tants, paying scot and lot, and is one of 
 the feudal teimres of the duke of Cornwall, 
 and is one pf the coinage towms in which 
 tin is stamped. Formerly this town rank- 
 ed high among the sea ports of England. 
 Th^ harbour is defended by St Catharine 
 fort, on the summit of a steep pile of 
 rocks, and an adjoining battery. The 
 streets are so narrow, and have such sud- 
 deuf ' turnings, that they do not admit wheel 
 carriages. It stands at the mouth of the 
 Sowey, 32 miles sw of Lawnceston, and 
 ^39 w by s of London. Lon. 4 37 w, laU 
 50 19n. 
 
 FOWLA, or Fule, one of the northern 
 isles of Scotland, supposed to be the Ulti~ 
 ma Thule, of the ancients. It is about 
 three miles long, and one and a-half broad, 
 nearly' 30 miljes distant westward, of the 
 clusters of Orkney and Shetland, to which 
 last it is politically annexed. It affords 
 excellent pasturage for sheep, and is inha- 
 bited by 26 or 27 families, 
 
 FOX ISLAXD an- island on the w 
 coast of Ireland, seven miles e of Sly me 
 Head. 
 
 FOX ISLANDS, a group of islands, 
 in the Northern Archipelago, betw’een the 
 coast of Kamtschatka, and the w coast of 
 America, between 52 and 55 n lat. and are 
 16 in number, f This is their general name, 
 on account of the great number of black, 
 grey, and red foxes with which they abound. 
 The inhabitants feed on the productions 
 of the sea, and generally eat it raw. 
 Their dress is a cap^ and a coat of fur 
 which reaches down, to the knees. Their 
 arms are bows, arro\vs, darts, and a 
 wooden shield. They have no superiors, 
 no chiefs, neither lav/s nor punishments, 
 and live on a footing of the most perfect 
 equality. They live in families, and so- 
 cieties of families termed a race, and unite 
 together for mutual defence. They seem 
 to have a good share of understanding, are 
 slow in action, and appear cold and phleg- 
 matic, but when roused become furious 
 and revengeful. The, Russians called these 
 islanders the Ljssie Ostravo. 
 
 j 
 
 FRA 
 
 Foxford, a town in the county o| 
 Mayoh, on the river Moy, eight miles n 
 of Castlebar. 
 
 Foy, St, a town in the department of the 
 Lot and Garonne, France, on the Dordagne, 
 
 38 miles e of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 5 E, lat. 
 
 44 49 N. 
 
 Foyers. See Fyers. 
 
 Foyle, a river of Ireland which passes by 
 Londonderry, and four miles below, ex- 
 pands into a large bay, called Lough Foyle, 
 
 14 miles long, and eight broad, which 
 communicates with the ocean by a short 
 and narrow strait, over this rivei at Lon- 
 donderry, a wooden bridge, 1068 feet in 
 length, of singular and excellent structure 
 was thrown in 1791, by an ingenious Ame- 
 rican of the name of Cosee. 
 
 FOYN'S ISLAND, an island in thp 
 Shannon, 21 miles below Limerick. 
 
 Foz, a town in the province of Alentejo, 
 Portugal, eight leagues ne of Lisbon. 
 
 Foz, a town in the department of the Var, 
 France, four miles ne of Barjols. 
 
 Fraga, a town in Arragon, on the fron^ 
 tiers of Catalonia, Spain, strongly situated 
 on a sharp rock near the Cinca, whose high 
 banks are difficult of access. In its 
 is a hill that cannot be easily approacheu 
 with cannon. Here in 1 134, Alphonzo VII. 
 king of Arragon was killed by the moors, 
 when he laid siege to the town ; -63 miles 
 ESE of Saragossa. Lon. 0 24 e, lat. 41 28 n. 
 
 Fragnino, a town in the province of 
 Principato Ultra, Naples, eight miles n of 
 Eenevento. 
 
 Fragoas, a town in the province of Es- 
 tremadura, Portugal, seven miles nw of 
 Santareu. ; v ; 
 
 Frails, rocks on the s coast of the county 
 of Wexford, in Ireland. 
 
 Frariilingham, a town in the county 
 of Suffolk. It has a spacious market 
 place, and a large stately church, built 
 entirelj' of black flint, with a steeply 
 100 feet high. Market on Saturday ; it 
 has a good alms house, and a free school. 
 This was the retreat of the princess Mar^, 
 when lady Jane Grej”^ was proclaimed 
 queen, and ^ here she found that suppopt 
 which in a short time seated her on the 
 throne ; 30 miles e of Bury, and 87 ne of 
 London. 
 
 Frampton, or Frometou, a town in the 
 county of Dorset, on the Frome, five miles 
 NW of Dorchester. 
 
 Francaise Fort, a bay on the coast of 
 Brasil, in South America. Lou. 34 26 w, 
 lat. 7 0s. . 
 
 Fraucavilla, a town of Italy, in the 
 kingdom of Naples, in Terra de Otranto, 
 has^ a trade in cotton, stockings, oil, and 
 snuff; 15 miles ene of Tarento. 
 
 Francavilla, a town in Basilicata^ 
 Naples, on the Siho, 20 miles wsw of 
 “ irsi. , 
 
 FRANCE, a country of Europe. * This 
 3 A 2 
 
FRA 
 
 extensive country, previous to ihe over^ 
 throw of the Roman empire, was nailed 
 Gallia or Gaul ; but a turbulent and 
 enterprising nation of Germany, named 
 Franks or Freemen, conquered the Gauls, 
 and seized their territory ; and from this 
 people it received its present name. This, 
 country is situated between 42 deg. 
 and 51 deg. n lat. and between 8 deg. e 
 and 5 deg. w Ion. from Paris. Its length 
 from north to south is 540 geographi- 
 cal miles ; the breadth from east to 
 west 530 ; and the superficial contents 
 48,840 square miles. From the reign 
 of Cloves, in 480, to the death of 
 Louis XVI., in n93, France was an abso- 
 lute monarchy governed by kings ; and 
 was divided into provinces, or military 
 governments ; namely Alsace, Angouraois, 
 Anjou, Armagnac, Artois, A unis, Au- 
 vergne, Barrois, Basques, Bearn, Eeny, 
 Bigorre, Blasois, Boulonnois, Bourbon- 
 Bois, Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cara- 
 bresis. Champagne, Couferans, Daiiphiny, 
 Forez, Foix, Franche Gompte, French 
 Flanders, Gascony, Gevaudan, Guienne, 
 French Hainault, Isle of France, Lan- 
 guedoc, Limosin, Lorrain, Lyonois,- Marche, 
 Maine, Marsan, Navarre, Niverilois, Nor- 
 mandy, Orleanois, Perche,Perigord, Picardy, 
 Poitou, ^Provence, Quercy, Rouergue, Rou- 
 sillon, Saintonge, Soissonnois, Touraine, 
 Velay, and Vermandois. The religion was 
 the Roman Catholic, and the country was 
 divided into 18 archbishoprics, and 113 
 episcopal sees, besides Avignon, Carpentras, 
 Caivaiilon, and Vaison which belonged to 
 the Pope. In iT89, a revolution took 
 place which astonished the world. The 
 ancient division into provinces, or govern- 
 ments, was, by a solemn decree of the 
 nation, changed into that of 83 departments, 
 of which the island of Corsica made one. 
 The names of these departments are Ain, 
 Aisne, Allier,, Alps Upper, Alps Lower, 
 Ardecbe, Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, 
 Aveiron, Calvados, Cantai, Charente, Cha- 
 rente Lower, Cher, Coneze, Cote d^Or, 
 Cotes du Nord, Crcuse, Dordogne, Doubs, 
 Drome, Eure, Eure and Loire,. Finisterre, 
 Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde, 
 Hcrault, Indre, Indre and Loire, Isere, 
 iUe and Vilaine, .lura, Landes Loire and 
 Cher, Loire, Loire Upper, Loire , Lower, 
 Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozeie, 
 Mayenue, Mayenne and Loire, Manche, 
 Marne Upper, Meurte, Meuse, Morbihan, 
 Moselle, Nord, Nievere, Oise, Orne, Paris, 
 Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Pyrennees 
 Upper, Pyrennees Lower, Pyrennees 
 Eastern, Rhine Upper, Rhine Lower, 
 Rhone, Rhone (Mouths of the), Soane 
 Upper, Soane and Loire, Sarte, Seine and 
 Oise, Seine Loire, Seine and Marne, 
 Sevres (Two) Semme, Tarn, Var, Vendee, 
 Vienne, Vicnue Upper, Vosges and Yonne. 
 These constitute the original territory of 
 Firauce, and the population WJts-.^estimated 
 
 F R A 
 
 1 27,900,000. The countries that wer® 
 added, during . the late successful eareer 
 of the government were Corsica, Savoy, 
 Piedmont, the w part of the~ Milanese, 
 the duchy of Parma, the bishopric of Basil, 
 the countries of Avignon and Geneva, 
 the countries of Venaissiu and Niece, 
 the Netherlands, and all the German ter- 
 ritory w oi the Rhine, which countries 
 formed 26 departments, namely Alps, 
 Maritime, Dyle, Forets, Goto, Jeraappe, 
 Ivrea, Leman, Liam^jiie Lis, Marengo, 
 Meuse Lower, Mont Blanc, Mont Terrible, 
 Mont Tonnere, Ncthes, (Two) Ourthe, 
 Po, Rhine and Moselle, JEloer, Sambre and 
 Meuse, Sarre, Scheldt, Sesia, Stura, Ta- 
 naro, and Vaucluse. This acquisition of 
 territory made an addition of 7,000,000 
 inhabitants to France. Besides the whole 
 kingdom of Holland which was united'/to 
 it, in 1810. The late sue cesses r:; of the^ 
 allies, however, and the peace of 1SJ4 
 signed at Paris, and ratified by the dif- 
 ferent powers, has reduced France to her 
 ancient limits ; besides many of the frontier 
 towT.s are to remain in their possession, and 
 a large armed force belonging to the allies 
 to be kept in France for a certain 
 period, for the protection and security of 
 Louis XVIII. and liis government. The 
 •French nation after suffering the greatest 
 calamities, and shedding rivers of blood 
 for the amelioration of their govern- 
 ment, have now the old dynasty on the 
 throne, and some time must elapse before 
 it be known whether the return of the 
 Capets shall be a blessing to France, and 
 to the v/orid. In 1792, after the massacre 
 at the Thuilleries on the lOtb of Augu;?t, 
 the national assembly decreed the sus- 
 
 ' pension of royalty, and the convocation 
 of a national convention, which met on 
 the 2 1st of September, and instantly decreed 
 the formation of a republic. Louis XVI. 
 was tried, condemned, and beheaded on 
 the 2 1st of January 1793, in the Place de 
 la Revolution, The queen shared the same 
 fate in the same place, in October foU 
 lowing, and the king^s sister was behead- 
 ed in the same place, in May 1794. Tho 
 Dauphiue of disease in June 1795. Now 
 one faction and now another obtained tiro 
 a?oeudency, the prisons were crow'ded 
 and the scaffolds streamed with blood, 
 in every part of the lepublic. . They 
 formed the year into decades, in open 
 violation of the divine law, W in the 
 end of 1794, a more moderate system pre- 
 vailed, and the convention found it ne- 
 ces.sary to declare publicly their belief in 
 a supreme being, and the immortality of 
 the soul, and to permit again the exercise 
 of religious worship. Before the conclusion 
 of 1795, the French were in possession of 
 Savoy, and the Netherlands, made peace 
 with Prussia and formed an alliance with 
 Holland ; in L796, under general Bona- 
 parte, they subdued Lombardy, look Man- 
 
FRA 
 
 tua, penetrated the Tyrol, and menaced 
 Vienne, when the emperor commenced 
 a negotiation for peace. They oveitiirned 
 .the government of Venice, and ai the 
 peace of Campo Formio, in the year 1797, 
 ceded the city and great part of the ter- 
 ritory to Austria. In 1798, general 
 Bonaparte, with a formidable army, was 
 sent into Egypt. Their armies on the 
 Rhine met such severe reverses iu 1799, 
 they were nearly driven out, both of Italy, 
 and Svvisserland. The tide w^as again 
 turned by Masseua^s victory over the Aus- 
 tro-Russian army at Zurich. Bonaparte 
 returned from Egypt, dismissed the direc- 
 tory, and formed the consular govern- 
 ment, he recovered the affairs of France. 
 In 1801. the treaty of Luneville was con- 
 cluded, and the peace of Amiens signed 
 •with Britain, in 1802. Bonaparte was 
 appointed consul for life, on the 20th of 
 May .1804 he assumed the title of emperor, 
 and was crowned by the pope.- The war 
 again bioke out in Germany in 1805, 
 which in the same year is.sued in the peace 
 of Presburg. In 1806 w^as formed the 
 confederation of the Rhine; in 1807 Prus- 
 sia w^as conquered, and the peace of Tilsit 
 signed ; the fatal expedition to Moscow 
 and subsequent disasters, after a series of 
 the most desperate and bloody battles, 
 led to the resignation of the crown of 
 France, by Bonaparte, now in exile at St. 
 Helena, and the restoration of the Bour- 
 bons. By conquest, &e. ths S3 depart” 
 ments have been since increased to 108- 
 But it is impossible to state correctly the 
 extent of several divisions of France; be- 
 cause, ambition, and almost uninterrupted 
 success, were daily bringing the addition 
 of new territory. There is no country of 
 Europe more beautiful than that was, be- 
 fore the revolution, mor« agreeable to 
 live in, than France ; the air in, general, 
 is pure and wholesome, and the change 
 of seasons is less inconvenient than in 
 almost any other. In the southern parts, 
 the winters are indeed sharp, but of short 
 duration. The seasons are more regular 
 than in England. The French are more 
 diminutive and slender than the inhabi- 
 tants of this country ; but they have 
 acted a respectable part, in every depart- 
 ment, which required bodily strength. 
 The most striking features of their nati- 
 onal character, are politeness, vivacity, 
 gaiety, affability, and ease. Their late 
 government, namely that of the emperor 
 Napoleon, is confessedly despotic ; the 
 executive power was lodged entirely in 
 the will of the emperor, w'ho had the 
 powder of choosing a successor. The- 
 code of civil laws recently digested, was 
 remarkable for its elegance and perspi- 
 cuity. An astonishing degree o/ activity 
 pervmled every department of government, 
 literature was patronized, and the internal 
 improvement of the country w^as promoted. 
 Popery was established by law ; but the 
 
 FRA 
 
 Galician church, is strictly speaking, 
 independant of the pope. The Protestant 
 church had the same liberty as the Catho- 
 lic, and where the people were unable to 
 support their mini.sters, government engaged 
 to do it ; but lately they have experienced 
 a cruel persecution at Nimes and othe? 
 places. The soil, diversified by moun- 
 tains and plains, is watered by a great 
 number of large and small rivers, which 
 serve at once to fertilize the country, 
 and convey merchandize from one extre- 
 mity of the nation to the other. The in- 
 dustry of the inhabitants, joined to its 
 natural advantages, render it one of the 
 most fertile countries in Europe. It 
 abounds in corn, legumes, fruit w ines, oil, 
 pasture, hemp, and fiax, sufficient for its 
 own inhabitants, eind much to spare. Here 
 are mines of iron, lead, and copper ; there 
 are likewise some of silver and gold, but 
 the last are not rich enough to defray the 
 expence of working. The chief produc- 
 tions of France are wines, as Champagne, 
 Burgundy, claret, &c. brandy, vinegar, 
 fruit, such as prunes and prunelloes, dried 
 grapes, pears, apples, oranges, and olives; 
 corn, salt, hemp, flax, silk, resin, oil, soap, 
 cork, kid-skins, perfumes, drugs, <fec. The 
 manufactures, are silks, such as lustrings, 
 modes, brocades, velvets, d^c. woollen cloth, 
 linen, coarse and fine lace, paper, china of 
 exquisite beauty and fineness, soap, 
 
 The French have for some years past ob- 
 tained the secret fi-om Spain of making 
 Castile soap, as it is called, and have very 
 large manufactures, both at Marseilles and 
 Toulon. The principal ri vers are the Seine, 
 the Loire, the Garonne, and Rhone. France 
 
 said to contain, exclusive of the late ac- 
 cessions, 400 cities or walled towns, and 
 43,000 small towns or villages. Paris is 
 the capital, which was taken by the allies 
 March 3ist, 1814, 
 
 FRANCE, ISLE OF, bounded by tiie 
 rivers Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Our- 
 que. It is divided into the departments of 
 the Oisey Seine and Oise, Seine and Marne, 
 and Paris. 
 
 FRANCE, ISLE OF, or Mauritius, an 
 island in the Indian ocean, 400 miles e of 
 Madagascar, discovered by the Portuguese, 
 but first settled by tfie Dutch, in 1598, who 
 gave it the name of Mauritius, in honour of ' 
 their stadtholder, prince Maurice. When 
 they got the Cape of Good Hope, it was de- 
 serted, till the French landed in 1720, and 
 gave it the name of one of their richest pro- 
 vinces in France. It is 150 miles in cir- 
 I cumference, the soil not very fertile, but has 
 I a healthy climate. Some of its numerous 
 moutitaiirS are so high, that their tops are 
 covered with snow, but they produce the best 
 ebony in the world. The vallies are well 
 watered. The chief produce is indigo. 
 The town and harbour, called Fort Louis, 
 are strongly lortified. In the hurricane 
 months, the harbour cannot shelter rpore than 
 eight vessels. Here are large storehouses, 
 
inner 
 
 are 
 
 FRA 
 
 and ample material for tjfe equipment of 
 fleets. The island was taken by the British 
 in 1810. Lon. of Fort Louis 5T 33 e, lat. 
 20 10 s* 
 
 F)'anc€scnsy a tow^n in the department of 
 the Lot and Garonne, France. Loii* 0 30 e, 
 lat* 44 3 N, 
 
 Franqfort on the Maine, a fortified 
 city of Watteravia, Gernaany, on the 
 borders of Franconia, situated in a plea- 
 sant, fertile, and healthy coimtry, on 
 •the river Maine, by which it is divided 
 into tw'o parts ; that on the north is pro- 
 perly called Francforf ; the other on the 
 south side of the Maine is called Saxen- 
 hausen; the whole divided into J4 wards, 
 tw'o only of which are situated in Sax- 
 enhausen. Frankfort is about a league 
 and a-half in circumference. The 
 wall is lined with towers ; beyond 
 ^itciies filled with w^ater, ramparts, bas- 
 tions, &c. Here are several palaces and 
 courts. The principal edifice is the town- 
 house, in which is preserved the golden ) 
 bull, the origin of the fundamental laws 
 Of the empire. The principal church be- 
 longs to the Romau Catholics, but Luthe- 
 ranism is the established faith, and all 
 religions are tolerated. The jew^s are se- 
 fbrated from the other citizens, and live in 
 a. long narrow street, fenced by a high 
 wall. Here the king of the Romans is 
 elected.^nd crowned. The principal streets 
 are handsome. Frankfort was one of 
 ?he most commercial places in Europe, 
 v/hich was greatly assisted by two celebra- 
 ted annual fairs. The territory of Frank- 
 lorjt contains a great number of country j 
 bonnes, and several villages. Frankfort j 
 was taken by the French in 1T92, but 
 soon after surrendered by them to Ihe 
 Prussians^ It is 20 miles e of Mentz, 
 and 350 wnw of Vienna. Lou. 8 32 e, 
 lat. 50 7 N. 
 
 Franofort on the OdeVy a town in tJpper 
 Saxony and Middle Mark of Brandenburg, 
 with an university, a noble academy, a so- 
 ciety for the promoting of arts and sciences, 
 two colleges, two fauxbourgs, and several 
 churcbes. It has three great fairs, and the 
 exclusive right of navigating the Oder up 
 to Breslau. It is 45 miles e by s of Ber- 
 lin, and 72 s of Stettin. Lon. 14 39 e, lat. 
 52 23 N. 
 
 FRANCHE COMPTE, a district of 
 France, anciently a part of the kingdom of 
 Burgundy, 125 miles long and 80 broad.. 
 Almost one half of the country is level, 
 abounding in grain, wine, pasture, hemp, <fec. 
 The rest is mountainous, but breeds excel- 
 lent cattle. There are mines of copper, 
 iron, lead, and silver, mineral springs, and 
 quarries of alabaster and marble. The 
 principal rivers are the Saone, the Ougnon, 
 and the Doubs. It is divided into three de- 
 pariinents of Mount Jura, the Doubs, and 
 Upper Saone, 
 
 Franchemofit, a town in tho terntory 
 
 F R A 
 
 of Leige, Netherlands. It is 12 miles se oi 
 Leige. 
 
 Francis, St, a large river of Brazil, which 
 enters the Atlantic in lat. 11 20 s* It has a 
 number of settlements and towns, chiefly on 
 its head waters. 
 
 Frandkenmarky Or Fr^ankemark, a town of 
 Austria, eight sw of ttoglabruck. . , 
 Francoise, La, a town im tW departmenr 
 of the Lot, France. Lon. 18 54 Ferro, 
 lat. 44 7 N. , ^ . 
 
 FranciscoySt, el town, capital of a. 
 tory of its name, on the coast.of New AlJflbn,. 
 has a citadel and a fine harbour^ a pd i|. the 
 most northern settlement of the Spahiaids 
 on this continent, Lon. 122 37 w> hil,’ 37 
 48 N. ' . , .. .. _ „ 
 
 Francois, Cape, a city and sea pori lb 
 w part of Hispaniola. It coutaine^_8by!|. 
 inhabitants, but w’as greatly depppule^efl 
 1793, w'hen the negroes and ratilatlEies.JA^Sr; 
 sacred all the white people. Jt stands on 
 the N side of the island, 150 miles isw of- 
 St. Domingo. Lon. 72 18 w, lat. 1940 
 FRANCONIA, situated near the centre, 
 of Germany, the form inclining to. a circle 
 whose diameter is about 50 leagues. : Xu. th^, 
 centre the land is fertile in corn, wine, ; 
 &c. ; but the frontiers are full of forests and 
 mountains, and little cultivated. 'J’he prin- 
 cipal river is the Maine. The inhabitants oC 
 many of the towns are Roman Catholics^ 
 though the principal part are Lutherans, 
 The Calvinists have several churches ; ajid . 
 there are some synagogues for Jews. 
 
 Franks w'ho subdued Franoe, came frp^nt lljis 
 province, and called their 
 France, after their own name. Frjipconia 
 was overrun by the French, in XTyfi> apd 
 again in 1800. > i _ > 
 
 Franchonville, El town 10 milCf PA- 
 ris, France. ^ ^ 
 
 Franeker, a town in Friesland, 
 
 It is wintered by two canals, navigable for 
 barges, and has a castle. , It has alsp 
 university of considerable celebrity.- 
 one of the neatest towns in Friesland, ahd, 
 the ordinary residence of the noblesse pf 
 country ; nine miles w’^ of Lewardin, 
 
 5 38 E,lat. 53 U N. . . * 
 
 Frankenau, di tow n in the prinoij^Iily oI 
 Upper Hesse, Germany, 26 miles sw pi 
 
 '^Frtmkenhurp, ^ tov!u in Upper Saxony 
 and territory of Misnia, has a manufacture 
 of woollen stuffs; seven miles nne of 
 Chemnitz. , . y 
 
 Frankcnhaly a town in the department oi 
 Mont Tonnere, France, formerly of Ger- 
 many, situated in a fertile plain, on a navi- 
 gable canal which communicates with tne 
 Rliine. The inhabitants are engaged in. 
 manufactnres of porcelain, cloth serges, silk, 
 stuffs,stockings,soap, &c. Itwas taken »iy 
 the French, in 1793, and retaken by tiie 
 allies in the follow ing year, and stands two 
 miles w of the Rhine, and seven s of Worms. 
 Hcrpthe emperor piiarles V . caused, a con- 
 
FRA 
 
 ference to be held with the Anabaptists at 
 feis own expence, vhich conference was 
 printed. Lon. 8 29 e, lat. 49 25 n. 
 
 Frankenhamen, a tov/h in Upper Saxony, 
 and principality of Schwartzburg, Rudol- 
 stadt, seated on a branch of the Wipper, 26 
 miles N of Erfurt. It has rich salt works. 
 Lon. 11 IT E, lat. 51 16 n. 
 
 Frankenstein^SiXovfwm the principality of 
 Munsterberg, Silesia, on the river Bautze, 
 
 12 miles wsw of Munsterberg. 
 
 Frankenstein^ a town of Germany, in 
 
 the palatinate of the Rhine, nine miles se 
 of KaysersTautern. 
 
 . Frankenstein, a town in the department 
 of the Sarte and Moselle, France. Lon. 97 
 55 E, lat. 49 18 n. 
 
 Frankfort, capital of Kentucky, on 
 the jigiit bank of Kentucky river, 60 miles 
 from its junction with the Ohio, in Frank- 
 lin county. It is a flourishing town, regu- 
 larly laid out, and has a number of hand- 
 some houses, 82 miles ssw of Circintiati, and 
 430 vv by s of Washington. Lon. 85 12 w, 
 lat. 38 10 N. 
 
 Frankfort, the capital of Pendleton coun- 
 ty, Virginia, on the s branch of the Poto- 
 mac, 140 miles nw of Richmond. 
 
 F^KANKLAND ISLANDS, a cluster of 
 islands on the ne coast of New Holland, 
 Pacific Ocean. Lon. 146 0 e, lat. 17 
 
 13 s. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a county of Pennsylvania, 
 also a county of Georgia, in the United 
 States. 
 
 Franklin, Fort, in Allegany county, 
 Perjiisylvania, on the Allegany, at its junc- 
 tion with French Creek. It was built in 
 1787; to miles N of Pittsburg. Lon. 80 
 40 w, lat. 41 25 N. 
 
 Franklinmlle, a town in Kentucky, 77 
 miles ssE of Frankfort. 
 
 Frankstown, a town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Huntingdon county, on a branch of the 
 Juiiiatta, 20 miles w by s of Huntingdon. 
 
 Franqitemont, a town of Switzerland, on 
 the Doubs, in the bishopric of Basel, 16 
 miles X of Neuchatel, and 23 w of Soleure. 
 
 Franzhnrg, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 Hither Pomerania, 14 miles s of Straisund. 
 It was founded in 1587, on the site of a 
 rich abbey, 100 noblemen engaged to build 
 it only for arts and manufactures, but 
 it has not succeeded. Lon. 13 10 e, lat. 
 54 9 N. 
 
 Frascati, an episcopal town in the Com- 
 pagna di Roma, Italy, stands on the side of 
 a' mountain, is a bishop’s see, alw^ays pos- 
 sessed by one of the six eldest cardinals. 
 Its neighbourhood is celebrated for a num- 
 ber of magnificent palaces and country seats. 
 Frascati, with Frivoli and Albano, is the 
 favourite abode of the landscape painters 
 who travel into Italy for improvement. 
 Nothing can surpass the admirable assem- 
 blage of hills, meadows, lakes, cascades, 
 gardens, cfec. which here charm the eye. 
 Frascati was the ancient Tusculum. Here 
 
 FRA 
 
 in the II lb century some Greek monki 
 buili a covent on the ruins of Cicero-J 
 Villa. It is 12 miles se of Rome. 
 
 Frasla, a towm in the duchy of Stiria, 
 10 miles w of Cilly, Germany. 
 
 Fratelli, tw'o small islands, 25 miles vr 
 from the island of Scarpanto, Mediterranean. 
 
 Fraubrunneh, or Frauenbrun, a town 
 and seat of a bailiwick, in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland^ w^hich takes its name 
 from a famous monastery, seven miles n 
 of Bern. 
 
 Frauenburg, a town in the circle of Pil- 
 sen, five miles sw of Hayd, Bohemia. 
 
 F)‘auenburg, a town in the province of 
 Ermeland, on the Frisch-Haff, Prussia. 
 Copernicus, the celebrated astronomer, died 
 here in 1543, 14 miles exe of Elbing, and 
 38 sw of Konigsburg. 
 
 Frauenkurg, a town of the duchy of 
 Courland, 20 miles sse of Goldingen. 
 
 Frauenfeld, the capital of the Thurgau, 
 Switzerland, has a good castle, and stands 
 on an eminence, by the Murg. The pro- 
 testants and Roman catholics have each a 
 church ; and the magistracy is composed of 
 the professors of both religions; 19 miles 
 of Zurich. Lon. 8 52 e, lat. 47 33 n. 
 
 Frauenmarck, a towm of Hungary, si^ 
 miles NE of Levens. 
 
 Frauenstein, a city in Carniola, five miles 
 N of Ciranberg, Germany. 
 
 Frauenstein, a town in Upper Saxony^ 
 in Misnia, on the Roberisoh, 20 miles ssw 
 of Dresden. 
 
 FrauenthaL d^ io^VL in Stiria, 10 miles s 
 of Voitsburg, Germany. 
 
 Frauheim, a town in Stiria, four miles N 
 of Windisch Weistritz, Germany. 
 
 Frauhoffen, a town of Lower Bavaria, 
 three miles s of Landsbut. 
 
 Fimmberg, a town in Stiria, seven miles 
 ESE of Oberw^oltz, Germany. 
 
 Fraustadt, a towm in the palatinate of 
 Posen, Poland, built and inhabited by Ger- 
 mans. The chief commerce is in cattle 
 and wool. In 1706, the Swedes obtained 
 a signal victory over the Saxons, in this 
 vicinity. It stands on •the froiltiers of Si- 
 lesia, 20 miles nw of Glogau, and 55 ssw of 
 Posen. 
 
 Frazerburghy a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 about eight miles in length, and three in 
 breadth. The whole surface, with the ex- 
 ception of the hill of Mormond, is level, and 
 the soil in general good. It has about four 
 miles of sea coast, and commands some 
 valuable fisheries. Population above 2200, 
 Limestone, ironstone, and granite are found 
 in this parish. 
 
 FrQzerhurgJi, a town the above parish, 
 seated on the German ocean, a little s of 
 the point of Kinuara’s Head. The houses' 
 are neatly built, and the streets spacious. 
 The harbour is small but excellent. Frazer- 
 burgh is a burgh cf regality, governed by a 
 provost, two bailies, a dean of ^uild, and 
 couacil. It is 49 miles n of Aberdeen, and 
 
F R E 
 
 F R E 
 
 164 »NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 14Tw; lat.[ 
 57 28 N. / , 
 
 Fredehurg, a town of Westphalia, Ger- 
 many, on the Wenne, 23 miles sse of 
 Arens berg. t 
 
 Ifedeland, a. town of Prussian Pomera- 
 rania, 60 miles ssw of Dantsic. 
 
 Fredenv alde, a town in Upper Saxony, 1 1 
 miles s of Prenslow. 
 
 Frederica, a town in Georgia, United 
 States, in Glynn county, and on the w side 
 of St. Simonas island, with a safe and com- 
 modious harbour, 64 miles sw of Savanna. 
 Lon. 80 56 w, lat. 34 6 n. 
 
 Fredericia^ a strong sea port in North 
 Jutland, and diocese of Ripen. It is si- 
 tuated on the Little Belt, and has a custom 
 house, wliere all vessels pay a toll. The 
 circumference is extensive ; but not well 
 filled with bouses or people. A considera- 
 ble quantity of tobacco is planted both 
 within and without the walls, Lon, 9 44 e, 
 lat. 55 37 N. 
 
 Frcderick’^Town, a capital of New Bruns- 
 wick, in N America, on the river St. John, 
 navigable thus far for small vessels, 90 miles 
 above the city of St. John. Lon. 66 45 
 lat. 46 3 N. 
 
 Frederick- Town, the capital of a county 
 of the same name, Maryland, seated near 
 the Monooacy, and has a trade with the back 
 country; 47 miles v; by n of Baltimore. 
 Lon. 77 36 w, lat. 39 26 N. 
 
 Frederick's Burgh, the capital of Spot- 
 sylvania county, Virginia, and a place of ex- 
 tensive trade j stands on the s side of the 
 Rappahanue, 50 miles ssw of Alexandria. 
 Lon. 77 40 w,lat. 38 12 n. 
 
 Frederickenburg, a towm in Upper Sax- 
 ony, one mile sw of Zerbst. 
 
 Fredericksburg , a town 1a Pomerania, 
 formerly called Quarckenburg, 23 miles n 
 of Statgard, and 33 sv/ of Colberg. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a castle and palace of 
 Denmark, in the isle of Zefctland, 15 miles 
 Nw of Copenhagen. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a Danish fort on the 
 Gold coast of Guinea, near Cape Three 
 Points, 62 miles wsw of Cape Coast Castle. 
 Lon. I 5 w, lat. 4 30 n. 
 
 Frederick shald, a sea port of Norway, on 
 the frontiers of Sweden, seated at the mouth 
 of ithe TiSte, in Swine Sound Bay, province 
 of Aggerh\ 35 *s. The town contains about 
 3000 inhabitants. On the summit of a 
 rock near the totvn, is the fortress of Oever 
 Bierget, or Frederickstein, hitherto con- 
 sidered impregnable, at the siege of which 
 in 1718. the heroic Charles XII. lost his 
 life. The principal commerce ol this town 
 is in timber. The harbour is safe and co»p- 
 naodious, but is frequently incommoded with 
 saw-dust brought down from the difterent 
 saw-mills, 31 miles se of Christiania. Lon, 
 10 55 E, lat. 59 12 n. 
 
 Fredericksham,€iio^\\m Carelia, Russia. 
 It is neatly built, and the streets diverge 
 
 like Radri from the centre. It is seated 
 near the gulf of Finland, 68 miles w'sw of 
 Wiburg. Here in 1783, an interview took 
 place between the empress of Russia and 
 the king of Sweden. Lon. 28 18 e, lat. 
 60 36 N. 
 
 Frederickholm, a fortress of Norway, three 
 miles s of Christiansand. 
 
 Frederiesade, a town and fortress of Rip- 
 en, Denmark, in the Little Belt, opposite 
 to Funen, on the Baltic. It was taken 
 and burnt by the .Swedes in 1657 ; 
 miles w of Odensee. Lon. 10 12 e, lat. 
 55 23 N. 
 
 Frederick stadt, a fortress and seaport 
 town of Norway, on the river Glomme. 
 The inhabitants, near 1,000 in number, 
 carry on some trade in planks, masts, and 
 timber, 26 miles w of Frederickshall.* Lon. 
 11 1 B, lat. 59 2 N. 
 
 Frederickstadt, a towm in the duchy of 
 Sleswick, Denmark, at the confluence of 
 the Tren and the Eyder. The inhabitants 
 are principally employed in silk and woollen 
 manufactures, and in navigation and com- 
 merce, 17 miles sw of Sleswick. Lon, 9 
 10 b, lat. 54 26 n. 
 
 Frederickstein, See Frederickshall, 
 
 Frederickswerk, a sea port town on a 
 bay on the n coast of Zealand, Denmark, 
 i where there is a cannon-foundery and mauu- 
 ! fac lures of military articles, established in 
 IT56. 
 
 Frederics-sundy a sea port towm of Zea- 
 land, Denmark. The chief trade is in corn. 
 Lon. 12 13 E, lat.5550 n. 
 
 Freehold, or Monmouth, a town in the 
 state of Jersey, and capital of Mon-* 
 mouth Cf>UDty, United States. Here, in 
 1778, Sir Henry Clinton, on bis retreat 
 from Philadelphia, w’as attacked by gene- 
 ral Washington, and lost 300 men; 20 
 miles s by E of Brunswick, and 30 e of 
 Trenton. 
 
 Freeport, a town in the district of Main, 
 Cumberland county, at the head of Casco 
 bay, 10 miles n e of Portland. 
 
 Freetown, a sea port of Guinea, capital 
 of the colony of Sierra Leone, has a bar- 
 hour with three wharfs, protected by a bat- 
 tery ; seated near the mouth of the Sierra 
 Leone. Lon. 12 56 w^, lat. 8 30 n. Also, 
 a town in Massachusetts, 35 miles s of 
 Boston. ' 
 
 FreewilPs Island, or Joseph Fveewuls 
 Island, an island in %be Eastern Indian 
 ocean. Lon. 137 52 E, lat. 050 n. 
 
 Freezland Peak, a cape on Sandwich 
 Land, in the South Pacific ocean. Lon. 
 
 27 w, lat. 59 2 s. r i.t u 
 
 Fre/ic/, a cape in the department of Aorta 
 Coasts, 18 miles w of St. Male, France, 
 Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 48 41 N. 
 
 Frejiis, or Frejuls, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Var, France, formerly a sea port 
 town on the Alediterranean, but now two 
 miles from the sea. In the time of Julius 
 
% 
 
 F R E 
 
 Caesar, was called Forum Julii\ Many mo- 
 miments of its antiquity still remain ; such 
 as an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, statues, 
 inscriptions, (fee. It is celebrated as the 
 birth-place of that great philosopher and Ro- 
 man general. Agricola ; and stand:* on the 
 Argeos, in a morass, 40 miles ne of Toulon. 
 Lon. 6 44 e, lat 43 26 N. 
 
 Frenay-le^Vicomte, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Sarte, France, nine miles 
 sw of Alencon. Lon. 0 15 e, lat. 4S 
 IT N. 
 
 - Frenchman’s Bay, a bay in the district of 
 Main, United States. Lon. 68 1 w, lat. 44 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Frenchman’s Rock, 3, rock on the coast of 
 the parish of Bergue, near Kirkcudbright, 
 stewarfry of Galloway, on which a band of 
 French pirates were wrecked, sdhne centuries 
 ago,- after having put to sea with the booty 
 they had collected. 
 
 • Frescati. See Frascati. 
 
 Fresclone, a town in the province of Mo- 
 lise, two miles sw of Molise, Naples. 
 
 Freshwater, on the sw end of the isle of 
 Wight, SE of the Needles, at the bottom of ! 
 a bay to which it gives name, and celebrated 
 as the birth-place of Dr. Robert Hooke, the 
 ingenious inventor of the pendulum spring 
 for watches. 
 
 Freshwater-gafe, a small creek in the 
 centre of Freshwater bay. 
 
 Freshwater Bay, a bay in the straits of 
 Magellan. Lon. 72 13 w,lat S 3 27 n. 
 
 Freshwater Bay, a bay on the e coast 
 of Newfoundland. Lon. 53 30 w, let. 49 
 
 10 N, 
 
 Fresnillo, a town in the province of 
 Zacatecas, Mexico ; 32 miles nnw of 
 
 Zacatecas. 
 
 Fresnoy, a town in the department of the 
 Oise, France, seven miles swef Coiiipeigne. 
 Fresta, a town in the province of Upland, 
 
 21 miles se of Upsal, Sweden. 
 
 Fret herd, a parish in a curve of the Se- 
 vern, eight miles sw of Gloucester, contain- 
 ing a large house, in which was born Fair 
 Rosamond, mistress to Henry IL 
 
 Freuchie, a village in Fifeshire, parish of 
 Falkland, containing about 480 inhabitants, 
 and has a manufucture of coarse cloth. 
 
 • Freudenherg, a tovvn of Westphalia, in 
 the county of Hoya, and principality of 
 Nassau Siegen, Germany, 13 miles s byw 
 of Bremen. 
 
 Freudenherg, a town of Franconia, in the 
 county of Wertheim, on the Maine, three 
 miles s of Wertheim. < 
 
 Freudenstadt, a iortified town in Suabia, 
 and territory of Wurtemberg, built to defend 
 the passage into the Black Forest, was taken 
 by the French in 1798 ; 23 miles sse of 
 Baden. Lon. 8 54 e, lat. 48 33 n. 
 
 Freudentkal, a, town in the principality of 
 Troppau, Silesia, celebrated for its breed of 
 horses, and manufacture of fine linen. It 
 stands near the Mobra, 24 miles w of Trop- 
 paa, 
 
 12 , 
 
 F R E 
 
 Freudenthal, or Bistra, a village of Car- 
 niola, five miles n of Circuitz. 
 
 Freyherg, or Friedberg, a town in Upper 
 Saxony, and margraviate of Meissen, with h 
 castle, seated on a branch of the Muidau. 
 It contains six churches, and about 2000 
 houses. In the environs are valuable mines 
 of copper, tin, lead, and silver. The soil, 
 tliough mountainous, is fertile. Here is the 
 general sepulchre of the princes of tne house 
 of Saxony ; 15 miles sw of Dresden. Lon. 
 13 22 E, lat. 59 53 n. 
 
 Freyb€}\g,' a town in the circle of Olmutz, 
 Moravia, 16 miles sw of Tesciien, and 48 e 
 ot Olmutz. 
 
 Freyherg, a tov/u in the principaiity oi 
 Schweidnitz, Silessia, situated near the 
 river Polnitz. It is seven miles kw of- 
 Schweidnitz. 
 
 FREYE AEMTER, a country of Swit- 
 zerland, anciently called the county of Rori, 
 or Waggenthal. The inhabitants are Ro- 
 man Catholics ; their chief employment is 
 the cultivation of their fields and vineyards; 
 Tiio country is about seven or eight leagues 
 long, and three or four broad. Population 
 is about 20,000. 
 
 Freyenstein, a town in Erandenburgh, 
 in the mark of Pregnitz, on the frontiers ot‘^ 
 Mecklenburgb. It is 22 miles ne of Perle- 
 berg. 
 
 Freyenthurn, a town in Middle Carniola^ 
 on the Kiilp, Germany, seven ifiiles s of 
 Rudolfs worth. ' ; . 
 
 Freyenwalde, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 and Middle Mark of Brandenburg, Tha; • 
 inhabitants carry on a considerable trade iir 
 fish, corn, beer linen, medicinal waters, ajul 
 alum. It is seated on the Oder, and is 36 
 miles XE of. Berlin. 
 
 Freyheil, a town in the circle of Konigiii- 
 gratz, Bohemia. Hi the. neighbourhood are 
 some warm baths ; six miles nw of Trate-^ 
 nau. . 
 
 FREZSINGEN, or. Fheisixgen, or 
 FsisiNGEN, Bishopsic QF,aQ ecclesiastioal 
 principality of Bavaria. The territories in-i 
 giudedhe town of Freysingen, the county of 
 Ismahiug, the lordship of Buckrain, and th© 
 county of Werdenfels. 
 
 Freysingen, the capital of the above prin-* 
 elpality, seated on a mountain, by the Iser. 
 The cathedral and episcopal paiace are beau- 
 tiful edifices ; 20 miles kne of Munich. 
 Lon, 11 50 E, lat. 48 20 n. 
 
 Freystadi, a town of Hungary, with &, 
 castle, opposite Leopoidstadt. 
 
 Freystadi, a town in the principality of 
 Glogau, Silesia, with an ancient castle. The 
 inhaj^tants carry on a manufacture of good 
 cloth; 14 miles NE of Lagan. 
 
 Frexstadt, a town in the principality' 
 of Teschen, seated on the river Elsa, Mo- 
 ravia, with a castle, eight miles nnw o£ 
 Teschen. 
 
 Freystatt, or Freustudt, a town of Aus-» 
 
 : tria, 1 7 miles n of Ens, and 82 w of Vieuiia^ 
 It has a great trade in wqr^ted, 
 
 ill 3 B ■ 
 
 
F R I 
 
 FreystatH, a town and castle in the county 
 of Noitra, Hungary. 
 
 Freystadty a town in the county of 
 Catzeneienbogen, Germany, near the 
 Rhine. It is about 16 miles wnw of 
 Darmstadt. 
 
 Friar^s Islandy an island in the Atlantic, 
 near the w coast of Ireland. 
 
 Friasy a town in Old Castile, Spain, on a 
 bill by the Ebro, 33 miles enb of Burgos. 
 Lon. 3 46 w,lat. 42 52 N. 
 
 Fryburg, or Freyhurg the capital of the 
 Austrian Brisgaw, Suabia. The streets are 
 broad and well paved. The principal church 
 is a superb edifice, and its steeple the finest 
 ill Germany. Here is an university, several 
 convents, and a college, formerly belonging 
 to the Jesuits. It is generally provided 
 with an Austrian garrison. The pricipal 
 business carried on is the polishing of cry- 
 stals and precious stones. It is seated on 
 the Triser, and is 34 miles sse of Strasburg, 
 and 53 s by w of Baden. Lon. 7 58 e, lat,. 
 48 3 N. 
 
 Friburgy or Freyhurg y called Friburg in 
 IJcMandy to distinguish it from Friburg in 
 Brisgaw, the capital of a canton to 
 W'hich it gives name, Switzerland. The 
 length of the whole canton is about 40 
 miles, and the breadth about 20v The 
 3 VW part produces abundance of corn 
 and fruit ; the other parts arc mountain- 
 ous, but contain good pastures. The 
 cheese made in this canton, particularly 
 in the bailiwick of Gruyeres, is the best 
 produced in Switzerland. In some places 
 they cultivate vineyards and make wine. 
 There are several medicinal springs. The 
 principal rivers are the Sanen, the Sen- 
 sen, and the Broye, or Bruw\ The in- 
 habitants are Roman Catholics, under the 
 bishop of Lausanne, in number 12,800, who 
 are divided into seven towns, and J03 
 parishes. The language spoken in the 
 town of Friburg is* principally German ; 
 in the rest of the canton partly German 
 and partly Patois, which is a mixture of 
 German and French. The houses of the 
 town are well built, and some of them hand- 
 some, particularly the cathedral. Here 
 ihe bishop of Lausanne resides. The town 
 was taken by the French in 1198. It is 18 
 miles sw of Bern, and 30 ne of Lausanne. 
 Friburg. is surrounded with walls, tow» 
 ers, and sharp rocks. Lon. 1 15 e, lat. 46 
 50 N. 
 
 Friburg, or Freyhurg, a town belonging 
 to Saxony, in Thuringia, with a castle on a 
 mountain, seated on the Unstrut, five miles 
 2 wa:v; of Naumburg. 
 
 Friburg, an ancient hermitage in Swit- 
 zerland, three miles from Friburg in Uch- 
 lacd. It is cut out of a rock, and contains 
 a church and steeple, a vestry, kitchen, 
 large hall, two rooms on each side, .two pair 
 of stairs, and a cellar. It cost the hermit 
 and his servant 25 years labour. 
 
 F R I 
 
 Fricenti, a town in the province of Prm- 
 cipato Ultra, Naples, near the Tripaltro, 20 
 miles SE of Benevento, 
 
 FridaUy a town in Stiria, Germany, on 
 the Drave, 23 miles esb of Marchburg, 
 Lon. 16 31 e, lat. 46 30 n. 
 
 Fridecky a town in the territory of Culm, 
 12 miles e of Culm, Prussia. 
 
 Frideek, a town in the principality of 
 Teschen, Moravia, on the Oder, 12 miles s 
 by w of Teschen. 
 
 Fridingen, a town of Austria, Suabia, 
 situated on the Danube, 20 miles sw of 
 Ulm. 
 
 Friedberg, a town in Watteravia, stands 
 on a mountain, by the river Usbach, 15 
 miles N by E of Frankfort. 
 
 Friedberg, a frontier tow’n of Bavaria, 
 has a castle, seated on the Lechfeld, six 
 miles E of Augsburg, and 30 nw of 
 Munich. 
 
 Friedberg, a town in the principality 
 of Schweidnitz, Silesia, a little n of the 
 town the king of Prussia defeated the 
 Austrians, in '1145; seven miles nw of 
 Schw'eidnitz. 
 
 Friedberg, a town of Stiria, Germany, 
 on the borders of Hungary, seated on the 
 Pink, 33 miles ne of Gratz. 
 
 Friedberg, a town in Westphalia, and 
 county of East Friesland, has a castle, 25 
 miles e of Embden. Lon. 1 42 e, lat. 58 
 30 N. 
 
 FriedericksteeedydiXovew on the west coast 
 of the island of Santa Cruz. Lon. 93 25 w, 
 
 lat. 11 48 N. 
 
 Friedland, a town in the principality of 
 Oppelen, Silesia, on the Steina, 12 miles e 
 of Neisse. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Prussia, where the 
 Russians, in 1807, were defeated, in a me- 
 morable battle, by the French under Bo- 
 naparte. It stands on the Alla, 28 miles se 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 Friedland, a town of Lusatia, on a canal 
 which communicates with the Spree, eight 
 miles N of Leiberose. 
 
 Friedland, a town in the circle of Boles- 
 
 lau, Bohemia, on the borders of Lusatia, 
 seven miles ese of Zittau. 
 
 Friedland, a town in Lower Saxony, and 
 duchy of Mecklenburg, situated in a 
 swampy country, on the borders of Pome- 
 rania, 16 miles ssw of Anclam. 
 
 Friedlingen, or Fridlingen, a town and 
 fort of Suabia, near the Rhine, between 
 Huningue and Bale. 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLANDS, a large clus- 
 ter of islands in the South Pacific ocean, 
 consisting of more than 20, the principal 
 of which are Tongataboo, or Amsterdam ; 
 Eaoowe, or Middleburg ; Aunamooka, or 
 Rotterdam ; Hapaee, and Lefooga. The 
 first which is the largest, li6s in 74 46 w Ion. 
 and 21 9 s lat. Tasman, a Dutch captain, 
 first touched here in 1643. Captain Cook 
 sited the whole group, and found them to 
 
F R I 
 
 consist of more than 20 islands. Captain 
 Cook gave them their names from the 
 friendship which subsisted among the na- 
 tives, and their hospitality to strangers. 
 The general appearance of these islands 
 conveys an idea of the most exiiberans 
 fertility. They are almost wholly laid out 
 in plantations, which contain some of the 
 richest productions of nature, such as 
 bread fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, 
 yams, sugar-canes, and fruit like a necta- 
 rine. The climate is healthy. The native 
 stock of quadrupeds is scanty, but captain 
 Cook supplied them with some valuable 
 additions to the animal kingdom. Tbeir 
 domestic fowls are large and good ; par- 
 rots and paroquetts are found of various 
 kinds; pigeons with plenty of wild ducks 
 and other water-fowd. The inhabitants are 
 hospitable and kind; their number is sup- 
 posed to be about 200,000. They are 
 active and industrious, and acquainted with 
 neither riches, want, nor oppression. Agri- 
 culture, architecture, boat-building, and 
 fishing, are the employments of the men; 
 to the women is confined the manufacture 
 *of cloth. The sea coasts abound with fish, 
 in catching which they are exceedingly 
 expert, and on their coasts are found great 
 numbers and varieties of shell-fish. Lon. 
 184 46, to 185 45 E, lat. 19 40,^0 21 
 30 s. 
 
 Friera, a town in the province of Tra- 
 los- Montes, Portugal. 
 
 Frier^s-Head, a cape on the e coast of 
 the island of Antigua. Lon. 62 21 w, lat. 
 17 11 N. 
 
 Friesachf a town of Carinthia, Germany, 
 has a strong castle on a mountain, and 
 stands on the Metnitz, 17 miles nne of 
 Clagenfurt, 
 
 FRIESLAND, one of the states of 
 the ci-devant United Netherlands, now 
 included in Holland. Friesland in its 
 air and soil resembles the rest of Hol- 
 land, especially in the nw parts, which 
 lie lower than the sea, and are particu- 
 * lariy remarkable for fine pastures, in 
 which, besides excellent oxen, cows, and 
 .-beep, a great number of large horses are 
 bred. In the more elevated parts there 
 IS good corn land, and the wheat is par- 
 ticularly esteemed. Peat forms one of 
 the principal articles of fuel ; towards 
 the s and se there are extensive heaths 
 and woods. The inhabitants are under 
 the necessity of securing themselves from 
 ihe sea by means of dykes. Friesland is 
 in all parts intersected with canals, which 
 lijc of great convenience. Jn the whole 
 province are 11 towns, and 336 villages, 
 with a population of about 140,000. This 
 country is famous for its woollen stuffs, 
 hut more especially for its linen, which is 
 the finest in Europe. Lewarden is the 
 capital. 
 
 FRIESLAND, EAST, a principality of 
 Westphalia, Germany, so oalled ^rom Vs * 
 
 F RI 
 
 situation with respect to the Dutch 
 province of Friesland, about 45 miles 
 from N to s, and 42 from e to w. The 
 air is moist and thick, but much purified 
 by sea-breezes ; the spring and harvests ' 
 are late ; the laud is flat, and defended by 
 strong and lofty dykes against the waves 
 of the sea. The land along the coasts is 
 rich and fertile. In the centre of the 
 country, the soil is for the most part sandy, 
 interspersed with fens and moors. Fowl 
 and game are plentiful. One-third of th© 
 principality is uncultivated. The prin- 
 cipal river is the Ems, by means of which 
 the trade and navigation of the country 
 is very considerable. ^ The exportation 
 principally consists in large horses, horned 
 cattle, cheese, butter, oats, beans, rape- 
 seed, and fine linen. The inhabitants are 
 partly Lutherans and partly Calvinists. 
 High German and Dutch are pretty equally 
 spoken. The principal towns are Auricb, 
 Norden, and Emden. On the death of 
 prince Edward, in 1744, it came into the 
 possession of the king of Prussia, but 
 by the treaty of Tilsit, it was ceded and 
 annexed to Holland. Embden is the 
 capital. 
 
 Friesland, West, another name for that 
 part of Holland, called N Holland. 
 
 Friesnitz, a town in Upper Saxony, two 
 miles E of Neustadt. 
 
 Frigate Bay, a bay on the s coast of th® 
 island of St. Christopher. 
 
 Frigido, a river of Italy, which falls into 
 the gulf of Genoa, near Massa. 
 
 Friken, a lake in the province of War- 
 meland, Sweden, 40 miles in length, but 
 narrow. 
 
 Frinwalt, a town of Brandenburg, on 
 the Oder, 30 miles ne of Berlin. 
 
 Frio, Cape, a promontory in the province 
 of Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Lon. 41 31 w, lat. 
 22 54 s. 
 
 Frisch Raff, a lake, or arm of the sea, 
 on the coast of Prussian Pomerania, from 
 three to nine miles broad, and 70 long. It 
 communicates with the Baltic, by a narrow 
 straight at Pillau. 
 
 Frisch Nerung, a narrow slip of land, in 
 Prussia, which lies between the Baltic and 
 the Frisch Haff, 26 miles in length, and 
 hardly two wide. 
 
 Fritzlar, a town in the principality of 
 Lower Hesse, Germany, is seated on th« 
 Eder, and has two colleges and Convents ; 
 20 miles sw of Cassel. Lon. 8 15 e, lat* 
 50 N. 
 
 FRJULI, a province of Italy, about 55 
 miles long, 65 broad, and 263 in ciroum» 
 ference ; compreheudiog four cities, 20 
 towns and burghs, and 600 villages. Its 
 population, in 1795, 365,512 souls. Silk 
 is cultivated to the extent of 1,000 cwt. 
 annually. The country is fertile in tim- 
 ber, cattle, wine and fruits. Udina4s th® 
 capital. ^ , 
 
 Frivli, or Cividcul di Friuli, a town of 
 3 B 2 
 
FRO 
 
 FUE 
 
 Friuli, Italy, stands at the foot of the 
 mountains that divide Friuli from Carniola, 
 on the Natisone. Here is a collegiate 
 church and five convents ; IS miles ne of 
 Udifia. 
 
 Frobisher^s Straits^ or Forhisher^s Straits^ 
 a narrow sea on the w of Davis^ Straits. 
 Lon. 65 to 70 w, lat. 01 50 to 63 20 n. 
 
 Frodlingham, a town in E Yorkshire, 
 with a market on Thursday, 36 miles e of 
 York, and 194 n of London. 
 
 Frodshaniy a town of Cheshire, with a 
 market on Wednesday. It is seated on the 
 Weever, near its infiux into the estuary 
 of the Mersey. Here is a graving dock 
 and yard for building and repairing ves- 
 sels. The principal trade is in salt, and 
 exportation of cheeses to Liverpool. A 
 cotton manufacture has lately been esta- 
 blished. The cinirch, school-house, and 
 observatory, stand on an eminence near 
 the village of Overton. The castle of 
 Frocisham, formerly allotted by king Ed- 
 w^ard I. to David> brother to Llewelin, 
 prince vof Wales. Here on the I3tb of 
 March 1592, w^as buried Thomas Hough, 
 aged 141, and next day Randle Wall, aged 
 103. It has fairs May 10th and August 
 !^lst; 11 miles ne of Chester and 192 nnw | 
 of London. I 
 
 Frogy a tovvn in Georgia, six miles w of j 
 Tugieoo, United States. | 
 
 ' Frog Lake, a lake of N America. Lon. | 
 91 50 w, lat. 53 15 n. 
 
 Frohnsdorfy a town in Upper Saxony, 
 seven miles se of Weisensee. 
 
 - Fronspurgy a town of Austria, one mile 
 s of Hardegg* 
 
 Frome, a river which rises in Dorsetshire, 
 near Wershot, washes Tranton, and War- 
 chara, and discharges itself into the w creek 
 of Poole harbour. 
 
 Frame, a town in Somersetshire, long 
 celebrated for its manufactures of wool- 
 len cloth and cassinieres. It is also 
 noted for an extensive manufacture of 
 wool-cards, and for its fine beer. The 
 number of inhabitants in the parish is 
 about 8,748. It has a market on Wed- 
 nesday. Part of its ancient moiiastry 
 is inhabited by poor families. It stands 
 on a river of the same name, which 
 falls into the Avon above Bath; 12 
 miles s of Bath, and 130 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Fromista, a town in the province of Leon, 
 18 miles N of Valencia, Spain. 
 
 Fronsac, a town in the department 
 of tbe Gironde, on the Ille, France, 
 on the Dordogne, 22 miles nb of Bour- 
 deaux. 
 
 Frontana, a town in Catalonia, 25 miles 
 SE of Urgel, Spain. 
 
 Fronteiray a town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 1.7 miles ne of Estremos. 
 
 Frontenkausen, a town of Lower Bava- 
 ria, 14 miles e of Landshut. 
 
 FrontiguGn, a town in the department of 
 
 the Herault, France, celebrated for its 
 excellent muscadine wine, generally call- 
 ed Frontigniac, and stands on the lake 
 Maguleone; 12 miles ssw of Montpel- 
 lier. 
 
 Fronzella, one of the 17 passes through 
 tbe mountains of Vicenza, in Italy, com- 
 mencing in the valley of Brenta. 
 
 Froogarde, a towm of -Norway, 60 miles 
 ssE of Drontheim. 
 
 Frossascoy a town of Piedmont, 13 miles 
 sw of Turin, 
 
 Frouquie, a small island about one 
 mile from the w coast of the island of 
 Jersey. 
 
 Froyen, an island near the coast of Nor- 
 way, about 35 miles in circumference, Lon, 
 
 9 0 E, lat. 63 46 n. 
 
 Frozesy a town in the department of 
 the Vienne, five miles w of Poitiers^ 
 France. 
 
 Frutingen, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 which gives name to a bailiwick esteemed 
 one of the most beautiful places in Swit- 
 zerland, 30 miles se of Friburg. 
 
 Fudia, a small mountainous island, two 
 miles and a-half n of Barra, Scotland. 
 
 FUEGO, or Tbrea del Fitego, a large 
 I island, separated from the southern extremity 
 I of America, by the Straits of Magellan, so 
 ) called from the volcanos observed on it, 
 i The aspect of the country is represented as 
 ! dreary and uncomfortable, consisting of a 
 chain of stupendous rooks, continually 
 covered with snow'. Along the coast are 
 numerous inlets or harbours for the largest 
 ships. On the lower grounds are found 
 plants and trees, and various kinds of birds. 
 The inhabitants are said to be naturally of 
 an olive brown, with a gloss resembling 
 copper, but many make use of red paint. 
 Their stature does not exceed five feel five 
 inches, with a large head, broad faces, fiat 
 I noses, and prominent cheek bones. Their 
 hair is black- and lank, their eyes brow’o 
 and small, without expression, and a few 
 scattered hairs on their chin instead of a 
 beard. Their food is seaPs flesh, the fat 
 • oily part of which they prefer. Their arms 
 are bows and arrow^s. Those on the s side 
 1 are vsaid to be uncivilized and treacherous ; 
 i while those on the opposite side are simple, 
 
 ! affable, and perfectly harmless. The skins 
 I of seals fastened round the neck, and hanging 
 doivn the middle of the body, serve them 
 , for clothing ; and their tents are made of 
 poles disposed in a conical form covered 
 t with skins, or the bark, or leaves of trees. 
 , j Inaotivitj, indifterence, and stupidity strong- 
 
 - 1 ly mark their character. Lon. 68 46, to 75 
 I 26 w . lat. 52 30 to 55 35 s. 
 
 s I FUEGO, or Fogo, or St. Philip, one of 
 1 the Cape Verd islands, belonging to Portu- 
 , I gal, 300 miles w of Cape Verd. The 
 ! former name is received frofn a volcano, 
 
 - j which continually issues from a lofty moun- 
 
 tain. The island at a distance has the ap- 
 f ! pcarance of a single mountain, bat on the 
 
F U L 
 
 FUN 
 
 sides are deep vallies, and is without rivers; < 
 almost without fresh water ; nevertheless it 
 is fertile in maize, gourds, water-melons, 
 wild figs, oranges, and apples. A great 
 number of goats run wild upon the moun- 
 tains. The inhabitants also export the skins 
 of cattle, horses, asses, and hogs. The 
 island is about five leagues in length. The 
 greater part of the inhabitants are blacks, of 
 the Romish religion. Lon. 24 20 w, lat. 
 14 55 N. 
 
 Fueloe, one of the Faroe islands. 
 
 Fuensalida, a town in New Castile, 18 
 miles NNw of Toledo. 
 
 Fuen- Tcheou, a city of the first rank in 
 the province of Chan-si, China, seated on 
 the river Fuen, celebrated for its hot 
 baths. Its district contains one city of the 
 second, and seven of the third class ; 280 
 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. Ill 20 e, lat. 37 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Fuente-Dnennay a town in New Cas- 
 tile, Spain , seated on the Tajo, 35 mile, se 
 of Madrid 
 
 Fuente Ginaldo, a town in the province 
 of Estremadura, Spain. It was taken and | 
 plundered by the Portuguese in 1734, and 
 is 16 miles Nwof Coria. 
 
 Fuente-Ooejuna, a town in the province 
 pt Andalusia, Spain, near the rise of the 
 river Guadiato. It is 34 miles sw of Cor- 
 dova. 
 
 Fuente de la Piedra, a village in the pro- 
 vince of Granada, Spain, where there is a 
 medicinal spring, whose virtues were known 
 to the ancients, celebrated for curing the 
 gravel, six miles from Antequere. 
 
 Fuerasrunuy a town of Austria, two miles 
 miles NE of Haderstorf. 
 
 Fuerte a town in Cinaloa, New Spain, 
 stands on the Fuerte, 70 miles n by \f of 
 Cinaloa. 
 
 Fuessen, a town in Suabia, and bishopric 
 of Augsburg, hiis a castle, and a Benedic- 
 tine abbey, seated on the river Lech, and 
 commands the pass into Bavaria and the 
 Tyrol. It is 50 miles s of Augsburg. Lon. 
 iO 45 E, lat. 47 34 n. 
 
 Fula, Fculo, or Fule the most western 
 of the Shetland islands, 18 or 20 miles w 
 of the main land, three miles long, and 
 has as much in breadth. The shores are 
 bold, and Ham, on the e side is the only 
 harbour. In summer it is crowded with 
 fishing boats. The island affords good 
 pasturage for sheep, and contains about 140 
 inhabitants, who are expert fishers. Lon. 1 
 37 w, lat. 60 42 n. 
 
 FULDA, a bishopric and principality of 
 iiermany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 
 about 40 miles in length, and from seven 
 to 25 in breadth. The country is moun- 
 tainous and woody, with some rich arable 
 lands ; and some salt and medicinal 
 springs. 
 
 ^ i'w/rfa, the capital of the above bishopric. 
 1 here are many fine buildings, particularly 
 a palace, three churches, a college^ a uni- 
 
 versity, and an excellent library. It stands 
 on the Fuldau, 55 miles s of Cassel, and 
 63 ENE of Mentz. Lon. 9 48 e, lat- 50 
 
 22 X. 
 
 Futhaniy in the county of Middlesex, 
 seated on the Thames opposite Putney, w ith 
 which it has communication by a woodea 
 bridge, where all passengers pay toil. It 
 has been the demesne of the bishops of 
 London ever since the conquest ; here they 
 have a palace, and in the church-yard are. 
 the tombs of several of these prelates. It 
 is four miles w by s of London. Here are 
 botanic gardens erected by bi.^hop Grindall,. 
 and improved by bishop Compton, who in- 
 troduced many exotics, partcularly from 
 America. The church is both a rectory 
 and a vicarage. In the vicinity are many 
 handsome villas. 
 
 Fullerton Pointy a cape on the w coast of 
 the island of Antigua. Lou. 61 35 lat- 
 17I3 n. 
 
 FULLAN, a country in the interior part 
 of Africa, w of the kingdom of Cashna. 
 Its boundaries are unknown, as the country- 
 has not been explored. The dress of the- 
 natives resembles the plaid of the Scottish 
 Highlanders. 
 
 Ftdneky a town and castle in the circle of 
 Brerau, Moravia, on the frontiers of Silesia, 
 26 miles eke of Prerau. 
 
 Funehaly or Funckialy the capital of the 
 island of Madeira, stands round a bay on 
 the gentle ascent of some hills, in forni of 
 an amphitheatre. The harbour is defended 
 by several batteries and an old castle, 
 which stands on the top of a black steep 
 rock, called Lao Rock, surrounded by 
 the sea at high w'ater. The English and 
 French Roman Catholics who live in the 
 Portuguese manner, are supposed to exceed 
 the others in number and wealth ; besides 
 these, there are a vast number of muiatto 
 and negro freemen. The streets of Fun- 
 chal are drawn by a liite, but are narrow 
 i and dirty, though streams of w^ater run 
 through them ; all the houses neat, and the 
 windows sashed with leth-work ; only a 
 few of them have glass windows. The 
 beams and roof of the cathedral are cedar. 
 A chamber in the Franciscan convent has its 
 walls and ceiling covered with human 
 skulls and thigh bones, saiJ to be the relics 
 of holy men who have died on the island. 
 The principal trade of the inhabitants con- 
 sists in wine and sweet-meais. Population 
 of the town about 11,000. Lon. 17 16 w, 
 lat. 32 38 N. 
 
 Fundyy Bay ofy a large bay of N America, 
 between New England and Novo Scotia, 
 remarkable for its tides, which rise from 
 the height of 30 to 60 feet, and flow with 
 great rapidity. This bay stretches about 
 200 miles in a se direction, and forms an 
 isthmus v/ith Verlbay, which takes its di- 
 j rection sw from Northu mberland strait, 
 I which joins Nova Scotia to New Brunswick- 
 I The isthmus is only 12 nd.les over. 
 
FUR 
 
 FUNEN, or Fyen, an island of Den- 
 mark, at tbe entrance of the Baltic, extend- 
 from N to s about 35 miles; e to w 
 about 30, separated from Jutland by a strait 
 named the Little Belt, and by the Great 
 Belt, from Zealand. It is fertile and plea- 
 sant. Most of the Danish nobility have 
 seats here. The inhabitants keep a great 
 number of bees, the honey of which forms 
 a considerable article of trade. There are 
 several lakes and rivers which abound in 
 fish. Great quantities of cod, herrings, <fec. 
 arc caught along the coast. Barley^ oats, 
 lye, and peas are exported to Np^way. 
 Odensee is the capital. Lon. 9 40, to 10 
 50 K, lat. 55 7, to 55 4,2 N. 
 
 FU/iJkirchen, Five ChurcheSy an epis- 
 copal town in a fertile soil, Hungary, 
 between tbe Danube and the Drave, 85 
 miiles ssw of Buda. Lon. 18 13 e, lat, 46 
 
 12 N. 
 
 ' FUNGENO, or Fungakdo, a kingdom 
 situated between the rivers Zaire and Co- 
 anza. It is subject to Anziko, Africa. 
 
 Funk Island y a small island near the ne 
 coast of Newfoundland. Lon 52 15 w, lat. 
 46 12 N. 
 
 Fuorliy a town in the province of Abruzzo 
 Citra, Naples, 21 miles ese of Solm'ona. 
 
 Furkenhergy a town in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg, Lower Saxony, 36 miles n of 
 Spandau. 
 
 FurneauXy an island in the Southern Pa- 
 cific ocean. It is Iqw, and surrounded by a 
 coral bank. Lon. 143 7 w, lat. 17 1 1 n. 
 
 Fumes, a town in ihe department of the 
 Lys, Flcinders, situated on the canal made 
 from Bruges to Dunkirk, about a league 
 from the sea. It was one of the frontier 
 towns, but the emperor Joseph II. in 1781, 
 expelled the Dutch garrison. In 1793, it 
 was taken by ihe French. It is 12 miles n 
 cf Dunkirk, and 15 sw of Ostend. 
 
 FURNESS, the northernmost district of 
 Lancashire, detached from the body of 
 tbe county by a corner of Westmoreland, 
 25 miles long, and 13 broad, of which 
 consists the greater part of the hundred 
 of Lonsdale, Near Dalton, in Low Fur- 
 ness, are the ruins of a magnificent abbey, 
 founded in 1127. Here, in the reign of 
 Henry VIT. Lambert Simnel landed from 
 Ireland, Several other monasteries depend- 
 ed upon it, among which was Rushen in the 
 Isle of Man. 
 
 Furruckabad, a town in the circar of 
 Rohilcund, Hindoostan, capital of a small 
 district belonging to a prihee of the Patan, 
 Rohilla tribe, about 30 miles in length 
 along the bank of the Ganges. It is seated 
 on the Ganges, 70 miles r of Agra, and 76 
 Nw of Lucknow. Lon. 79 30 e, iat. 27 
 
 28 N, 
 
 Fursepy a small town near Pool harbour, 
 Dorsetshire, 
 
 Fustenauy dL town in Westphalia, princi- 
 pality of Osnaburg, 13 miles sw of Quaken- 
 burg. 
 
 F YN 
 
 Furstenhergy a town in Suabia, and prin* 
 cipality of Furstenberg, Germany, with an 
 ancient castle, seated on a mountain, near 
 the Danube. It is 14 miles nnw of Schatf- 
 hausen, and 17 s by w of Rothwell. Lon. 
 8 35 E, lat. 47 53 n. 
 
 FURSTENBERG, a late principality 
 of Germany, in Suabia, which has been par- 
 titioned among different powers by the late 
 treaty of confederation between the 
 states of the Rhine ; situated between the 
 Black Forest and the principality of Con- 
 stance. The Danube has its source in this 
 state. 
 
 Furstenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Lusatia, on tho Oder. It is 11 miles s by b 
 of Franc fort on the Oder. 
 
 Furstenberg, a town in the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg Strelitz, Lower Saxony, on 
 the Havel, 10 miles s of Strelitz. 
 
 Fursteneck, a town and castle in the cir- 
 cle of tbe Upper Rhine, and bishopric of 
 Fulda, 13 miles n of Fulda. 
 
 Furstenfeld, a town in Stiria, Germany, 
 on the river Auftuitz, with a castle, 30 miles 
 s of Gratz. 
 
 Furstemcald, a town in the Middle 
 Mark, Brandenburg, on tbe Spree, 32 miles 
 ESE of Berlin. 
 
 Furstenwerder, a town in tbe Ucker 
 Mark, Brandenburg, 12 miles nw of 
 Prenzlo. 
 
 Furth, a town of Lower Bavaria, seated 
 on the Cham, Germany; 10 miles ne of 
 Cham. 
 
 Furth, a town in Franconia, principality 
 of Anspach, on the Rednitz, It is large 
 and well inhabited; five miles nw of Nu- 
 remburg. 
 
 Furusund, an island in the Baltic, Swe- 
 den. Lon. 18 45 E, lat. 59 46 n. 
 
 Futtipour, a town in Allahabad, Hiu- 
 doostan. It is 34 miles ese of Corah, and 
 66 NW of Allahabad. Lon. 77 45 e, lat. 
 27 0 N. 
 
 FYAL, or Fayal, one of the Azores 
 iOr Western islands, of which the most con- 
 siderable place is Villa de Horta. It is 
 well cultivated, and abounds with myrtle?, 
 aspens, chesiiuts, and beeches. The houses 
 of the common people are constructed of 
 clay, thatched with straw; are small, 
 but cool and clean. Lon. 28 36 w, lat. 
 38 32 N. 
 
 Fyers, a river in the county of Inver- 
 ness, which has its source a few miles e 
 of Fort Augustus, and flows into Loch 
 Ness. It is celebrated for a water fall, 
 being 212 feet in height, called the Fall 
 of Fogers, one of the highest in the 
 world. This cataract, with the contigious 
 objects, exhibit a prospect astonishingly 
 grand. 
 
 Fyne, Loch, in Scotland, an inlet of the 
 Atlantic jn Argyllshire, nearly 40 miles in 
 length. It is indented with hays, and at 
 certain, sieasons. its waters are filled with her- 
 rings. It receives and returns a tide on 
 
G A D 
 
 each side of the isle of Arran, which is op- 
 posite its month. It is laraous for the su- 
 pt^rior quality of its herrings. 
 
 . Fyviey a parish in Aberdeenshire, about 
 13 mile's long, and eight broad, intersect- 
 ed by the river Ythan, and the road lead- 
 ing from Aberdeen to Banff. Near the 
 church are the remains of a priory, found- 
 ed in 1179, by Fergus, earl of Buchan, 
 and bestowed by Margaret his daughter, 
 on the abbey of Arbroath. At Lesses, in 
 this parish, is a post office, and an annual 
 fair on Shrove Tuesday, O. S. The sur- 
 face is uneven, and the soil various, 
 but in general fertile. Population about 
 2,400. 
 
 Fyzabadf a town in the province, and 
 once the capital of Oude, on the Gogra, 
 Hindoostan. The city is very popu- 
 lous, but since the removal of Oude to 
 Lucknow, the people are of the lowest 
 class. Here are the ruins of a vast edifice, 
 once the place of the nabobs ; 76 miles 
 E of Lucknow. Lon. 82 24 e, lat, 26 
 45 N. 
 
 G 
 
 /r^ABARET, a town in the department 
 of Gers, France, on the ’Gelisse, 16 
 miles w of Condom. 
 
 Gaharoiis Bay, a bay on the e coast of 
 the island of Cape Breton. Lon. 60 0 w, 
 lat. 45 50 N. 
 
 Gabel, a town in the circle of Boleslaw, 
 Bohemia. It commands the pass into Lii' 
 satia, eight miles s of Zittau. 
 
 Gabes ^ or Gabs, See Cabes, 
 
 GabiaUy a village in the department of 
 HerauTt, France^ From a rock in the vici- 
 n ty there issues petroleum, or native tar ; 
 seven miles nw of Pazenas, and nine nw of 
 Beziers. 
 
 Gahin, a town in the palatinate of Rava, 
 40 miles nw of Warsaw, Poland. Lon. 19 
 45 w, lat. 52 26 n. 
 
 Gable end foreland, a cape in the S Pa- 
 cific ocean. Lat. 38 J5 s. 
 
 GABON, a territory of Guinea, Africa, 
 between Majombo on the n, and Loango on 
 the s, has a river of its name which falls 
 • into the Atlantic a little to the n of the 
 equinoctial line. The capital is Sette. 
 
 Gabriel, a mountain in the county of 
 Cork, on the e banks of DunmaiPs bay, 12 
 miles s of Bantray. 
 
 GABRIEL, St, an island in the great 
 river La Plata, S America, discovered by 
 Sebastian Cabot, in 1526. 
 
 Gadebusch, a town in Lower Saxony, 
 and duchy of Mecklenburg. In its vici- 
 nity, in 1712, the Danes and Saxons were 
 defeated by the Swedes; 16 miles nnw of 
 Schwerin, ^ 
 
 G A I 
 
 GADEMIS, or Gademir, a country of 
 Africa, w of Fezzan, said to contain 92 
 villages ; the capital bears the same name, 
 and is 170 miles sw of Tripoli. Lon. 10 
 40 E, lat. 30 40 n. 
 
 Gaden, a town, 10 miles sw of Vienna. 
 
 Gadeshill, t'wo miles nw of Rochester, 
 Kent, on the London road, described by 
 Shakespeare, as the scene of the frolics 
 of Henry, prince of Wales, afterwards 
 Henry V. Here, one side of the sign of an 
 inn represents the prince, and the other Fal~ 
 staff and his companions. 
 
 Gadie, a small river in Aberdeenshire, 
 wdfich unites with the Urie, two or three 
 miles N of InVerury. 
 
 Gaesheck, a town in the department of 
 Dyle, France, seven miles sw of Brussels. 
 
 Gaeta, anciently Caieta, a sea port tow'a 
 in the country of Lavoro, Naples, seated 
 at the foot of a mountain, oa the gulf of 
 Gaeta. The harbour is defended by a 
 strong citadel. In 1707, it was taken by 
 the Austrians in 1734, by the Spaniards, 
 and by the French in 1806. It is 30 
 miles NW of Capua. Lon. 13 47 e, lat. 41 
 16 N. 
 
 Gagnef, a town in the province of Dale- 
 carlia, Sweden, 15 miles sw of Fahlun. 
 
 GAGO, a kingdom of Africa, c^^.tal of 
 the same name, in Negroiand, It is fertile, 
 and abounds in corn, rice, raiues of gold, 
 cfec. The capital is 300 miles sse of Tom- 
 buctoo. Lon. 3 20 e, lat. 11 jO'N. 
 
 Gaidronisa, a small island in the Aledi- 
 terranean, near the s coast of Caudia. Lon 
 60 57 e, lat. 34 48 N. 
 
 Gaildorf, a town in the Lordship of Lim- 
 burg, Franconia, stands near the Kocher, 
 and has a castle, 13 miles w of Elwan- 
 gen. 
 
 Gaillac, a town in the department of 
 Tarn, France, seated on the Tarn, which is 
 here navigable, and noted for its winds. It 
 has a considerable trade. Lon. 2 5 e, lat. 
 43|$4 N. 
 
 Gaillon, a tow'u in the department of 
 Euri& and district of Louviers, France. 
 Here the archbishop of Rouen has a su- 
 perb palace, 11 miles ne of Evruex, and 
 22 SSE of Rouen. 
 
 Gainford, a village on the n banks of the 
 Tees, Durham, an ancient manor, which 
 constituted part of the jointure of Agues de 
 Valencia, niece of king Henry III., wife 'of 
 Hugh Baliol, ancestor of John, who was, for 
 a short time, king of Scotland. 
 
 Gainsborough, a town in the county of 
 Lincoln, situated on the e bank of the 
 Trent, over which is a handsome stone 
 bridge. The tide brings tolerable sized 
 vessels up to the town, about 40 miles 
 fron) the Humber. It has a weekly market 
 on Tue^rday, and is a place of considerable 
 trade, several ships trading hence to Hull, 
 Newcastle, London, ana other places. 
 Sweno, a Danish king, was murdefed here, 
 but the perpetrator was never discovered, 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 It is 17 nw of Lincoln, and 145 
 
 N by w of London. Lon. 0 36 E, lat. 53 
 
 28 N. 
 
 Gmr, Loch, a branch of the Frith of 
 Clyde, extending in a northerly direction, 
 about 12 miles in Dumbartonshire. 
 
 Gcdricy a rivulet in Angus-shire, rises 
 two miles w of Kirrieumuir, and after 
 a beautifully winding course, unites with 
 4he Dean, a little to the e of - Glammis 
 castle. 
 
 Gairliestown^ a small town, built in the 
 form of a crescent, on a bay of the same 
 name, on the s side of Wigton bay, and 
 shire of Gallqyi'ay. It contains about 450 
 inhabitants, and is well situated for trade 
 by sea. In the immediate vicinity, to the 
 s, is the elegant mansion and policy of the 
 earl of Galloway, whose library is valuable 
 and extensive. 
 
 Gairloch, a parish ou the w coast of 
 Ross-shire, about 32 miles long, and 18 
 broad, in which is an island, also called 
 Gairloch. Loch Mary likewise lies in this 
 parish. The country .is hilly, and.ohiefiy 
 occupied in pasturing sheep. It is indented 
 by the sea, and affords good harbours. 
 .Cod and herrings are caught herb in great 
 abundance. Be.sides the church, the parish 
 luinister officiates in three chapels; and 
 two catechists labour partly in this parish. 
 iPopulation above 1430. 
 
 Gairsuy one of the smaller Orkney 
 islands. 
 
 Gamerrtf a towm in Germany. 
 Gula^?,,QidaiSy or GaMZy a town in Bul- 
 garia, in European Turkey. 
 
 . Galam, a fort built by the French, on the 
 Senegal, Africa. 
 
 Galan, or Gallan, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Higher Pyrenees, France. 
 
 Galared, a town in the province of Ble- 
 kingen, Sweden. 
 
 GalarquCy a town in the department of 
 Gard, France. ' 
 
 GalarSy a lowm of Transylvania. f 
 Galashiels yd, flourishing towm in the 
 county of Selkirk, wdtb a consideT^bfc 
 manuiacture of woollen cloth. It is seat- 
 ed , on the -Gala, A riv»*r w'hich rises in 
 PJid-Lothian, and taking a southern di- ! 
 rectiou,' falls into the Tweed, a little 
 below the town. Part of the town is on 
 the other side of the river, in the parish 
 of Melrose. Here is a tannery, a skiu- 
 very, a manvifuciure of implements of 
 husbaiidry, and a branch of a bank. 
 This town is noted for variety of religious 
 opinions, w’bich took their rise in part 
 from, iheir noted pastor Mr Davidson, who 
 was incumbent there before the middle of 
 last centuTW’, and who, though he_ held bis 
 charge in the establishment till his death, 
 veired towards the independents in senti- 
 ment: 30 miles se of b^dinburgh, 35 sw 
 by w' of Berwick, and five M 2 of Sel- 
 kirk. The parish of Galshiels, is divid- 
 by. the Tweed, between the counties 
 
 of Roxburgh and Selkirk. It is of an ir- 
 regular triangular form, and not of great 
 extent. The surface i^ mountainous, and 
 forms excellent pasture. Population about 
 850. 
 
 Galaso, a river of Naples, w^hich has its 
 source near Oria,. and falls into the gulf of 
 Tarento. 
 
 Galata, one of the Fauxbourgs of Con* 
 stantinople. See Constantinople, 
 
 Galata, a small island in the Mediterra- 
 nean. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 38 15 n. 
 
 Galatola, a town in the province of 
 Otranto, Naples, four miles ese of Nardo. 
 
 Galatouy a village in the parish of Dysart, 
 Fifeshire, containing about 430 inhabitants, 
 who are chiefly nailers. 
 
 Gulbally, a town in the county of 
 Limerick, Ireland. Here are the ruins of 
 a monastery ; 10 miles ssw of Tipperary, 
 and 27 se of Limerick. 
 
 Galera, a town in the province of Grana- 
 da, Spain, five miles sse of Huesca. 
 
 Galera^ a.towga.ia the province of Catalo- 
 nia, Spain, five miles ssw of Tortosa. 
 
 Galicana, a towrrin the territory of Lucca, 
 Italy, 13 miles n of Lucca. 
 
 GALICIA, a maritime province of 
 Spain. The soil m^'general is unequal 
 and mountainous. There are some excel- 
 lent pons, though little commerce. The 
 air in general is miost. The inhabitants 
 sow little wheat, but pl'arft rrfemy vineyards 
 and fruit trees, and cultivate rj^ and flax. 
 The sea coasts abound with fish. The 
 forests supply good ship timber. In the 
 mountains are found mines of gold, copper, 
 iron, lead, and vermillioa. It contains 64 
 cities and towns, but few of these are con- 
 siderable ; 3?42 parishes, 242,264 families, 
 11 cathedrals,- 34 hospitals, 14 colleges, 
 79 convents of men, and 24 of women. The 
 principal towns are Corunna, Compostella, 
 or St. -Jaques de Coniposteila the capital. 
 The principal rivers are the Ulla, Tambra> 
 Maedeo, and Lours. 
 
 GALICIA and' Lodomehi, a country 
 of Europe, composed of the dismembered 
 provinces of Poland, so called when it 
 was forcibly seized in 1772, and in 179.5', 
 it: was incorporated into the Austrian do- 
 ! minions. It is about 320 miles in lengthy 
 I and 290 in breadth. It is divided into 
 1 E and W Galicia. East Galicia is divid- 
 I ed into 18 circles, aud West Galicia 
 j into 12: .fiemberg or Leopol is- the capi- 
 ' lal of the former, and Cracow that of 
 the latter. The population of East Gali- 
 cia is estimated at 2,797,119, and that 
 of West Galicia, at 1,106,178. It is in 
 general a level country, except towards 
 the s, where t}ie Carpathian mountains 
 separate it from Hungary. The moun- 
 tainous parts produce fine pasture, tbe 
 plains are mostly sandy, but abound irf 
 forests, and are fertile in corn. The princi- 
 pal articles of traffic are cattle, hides, w^x, 
 and honey; and these countries contaia 
 
G A r. 
 
 mmes of copper, leatl, iron, anJ salt, the 
 latter of which arc the most valuable. It is 
 \^'af.or“d by the Dniester, the San, and . 
 several other rivers. See Poland, 
 
 Galicia NciVy an audience in Old IMexico, 
 
 Giiadalaxara is the capital city. See Gua^ 
 dalajara. 
 
 Galina FoipJ, a cape on the n coast of 
 Jamaica. Lqu. 76 41 \v, lat. 18 26 n. 
 
 Galipagos Isles, the i.ame of several iin- 
 irihabited islands in the South sea, belong- 
 ing to Spain. They lie between Jat. 3 n 
 and .5 s, and between Ion. S3 40 and 89 
 50 w. TiiCy abound vvidi birds and excel- 
 lent tortoises, and affoid fresh water to ships 
 on their voyage Iron America to Asia, 
 The centre i-Iand is in Ion. 85 50 w. 
 
 Galislio, a town in Estsamadura, Spain, 
 10 miles nw of Placentia. 
 
 Galttscli, a town in the government of 
 Kostrama, Russia, on the s side of a lake of 
 its name, 50 miles in circumference, 56 ene 
 of Kostroma. Lon. 22 54 e, lat. 57 56 n. 
 
 Gall^ Stf or St, Gallia, a flourishing town 
 in Upper Thurguu, Swilzciland, capital of 
 a new canton of Switzerland bordering on 
 the lake of Constance, betwTon the cantons 
 of Timrgau and Appe-czel. It has a cele- 
 brated abbey, wdiose abliot formerly posses- i 
 sed the sovereignty of the town, with a fine 
 library. The town is wholly prclestant ; 
 the subjects of the abbot, whose tenitory is 
 distinx’t, are mostly catholics. The citizens 
 are very industrious, and manufacture 
 linens, muslins, &c. It has extensive 
 bleachfields, and stands in a narrow valley 
 between two streams. In the library are 
 many curious manuscripts; 55 miles e of 
 Zurich. Lon. 9 18 e, lat. 47 21 n. 
 
 Gallam, a town of Africa, in Negroland, 
 and capital of a kingdom of the same name, 
 on the Senegal. Here the French built a 
 fort which was ceded to the British in 1765, 
 during the war with America it was taken 
 by the French, but restored in 1785. 
 Lon. 10 0 w, lat. 14 55 n. 
 
 Gallan, St, a small island on the coast 
 cf Peru, in lat. 14 s. 
 
 Gallardon, a town in the department of 
 the Eure and Loire, and district of Chartres, 
 France, 12 miles ne of Chartres. 
 
 Galle, or Pont Galle, a sea port town 
 and jfort of the island of Ceylon, situated 
 on the sw coast about hedf a league in cir- 
 cumference within the walls. It ranks 
 next to Colombo in population and riches. 
 Its principal article of commerce, is the 
 exportation of fish to the Continent. It 
 also supplies Enrppe with many articles 
 The fortress is on a tongue of land, Tlie 
 air is iiealtfiy ; and the. heat of the climate 
 moderated by the land and sea brecze.s. It 
 is 85 miles s by e of Colunibo, and 98 s of 
 Candy. Lon. 80 10 e, lat. 6 0 n, 
 
 7 
 
 GAL 
 
 G-Jlegos, a town in the province of Leom 
 Spain, 24 miles s of Salamanca. 
 
 Gallcmberg, a town in Curniola, Ger- 
 many, 50 miles e cf Laubach. 
 
 Gallbiara, a small island in the Medl- 
 terraiieaii. Lon. 8 24 e, lat. 41 2 n. 
 
 Gallipclis, a post town of Olno, United 
 St. les, bitnateo on the O.oio. ncaidv opf osito 
 the junction of the Great Kanhavvc.y,* 150 
 miles e cf Greiomui, 280 w of Wash- 
 ington. Lon. 85 9 w, lat. 59 2 k. 
 
 Gallipoli, a se.a port towm hi the prcvince 
 of Romania, Eureperm Turkey, the see cf 
 a Greek archbishop, and the residence of 
 a Pacha. Its only defence is a mean squ^ro 
 castle.- It conlains about 10,000 Turks, 
 5,500 Greeks, besides a great number of 
 Jews. It is situated on a strait cf the- 
 same name. It is 80 miles s of Adrianople, 
 and ICO sw of Constantinople. Lon. 26 
 59 E, lat. 40 24 n. 
 
 Gallipcllj a sea port town in the province cf 
 Otranto, Kaples, sUuated a rock sur- 
 rounded by the sea, and attached to the 
 land by a bridge, and protected by a fort. 
 It has a manufacture of musIinG, and is a 
 great market for oitve oii. It is the see of 
 a bishop. It is 25 miles w of Otranto. 
 Lon IS 5 E, lat,. 40 18 n. 
 
 Gallipoli, a strait between European and 
 A Jatic Turkey, which forms the cominui'i- 
 cation between the Archipelago and the sea 
 of Marmora. It is defended at the sw en- 
 trance by the 33ardanelles. It is here two 
 miles over, and 55 miles long. It w^as an- 
 ciently called the Flellespont. See Dar- 
 danelles. 
 
 GALLO, an island in the Pacific ocean, 
 near the coast of Peru, It rises into hills, 
 and abounds with wood and vvater ; it was 
 liie first place of which ther Spaniards 
 possessed themselves, when they attempted 
 the conquest of Peru, and affords commo- 
 dious harbours for refitting and clearing 
 vessels. Lon. 80 0 w, lat. 2 28 n. 
 
 Galle, de Capo, anciently Acritas, a pro- 
 montory ot Italy, between Methcne to the 
 w, and Corone to tlie e. 
 
 Galloway, an ancient province, being 
 the most southerly ol Scotland, which com- 
 piehends the shire or stewartry of Kirkcud- 
 bright, and the county of JPigton. It is 
 said to have long remained a separate king- 
 dom or principality, independent of the 
 Scottish crown, and is about 90 miles long, 
 and 40 whore broadest. The county is 
 divided into Upper and Lower Gakoway, or 
 into the Rinns and IMahars. lite former 
 lies on the sw, and the latter on the ne of 
 the line of division. It was famous for its 
 breed of small liorses, to v/hidi it gave n^me^ 
 and is still celebrated for iis breed of black 
 cattle, without horns where pure, wh’ch have 
 a piefevence in every market. Xo cov.ls, 
 v«ry little Recitonc, have beeu foiuid L lias 
 3 C 
 
GAL 
 
 The inbubitants speak the language [f 
 of their country superior to most places in || 
 Scotland ; and. in their manners, are sober, j 
 polite, and hospitable. Improvements in i 
 agriculture have of late made rapid pro- 
 gri'ss. 
 
 ' Gdllou'cy Mull of, a rocky promontory on 
 the • oulliern point of the Rinns of Galloway, 
 from wl er’ce. in a clear day, is a distinct 
 view of Ei’.giand, Ireland, and the Isle of 
 Man. Near it are the ruins of the ancient 
 church of Kirkmaiden. It was formerly 
 noted as a smuggling station, and is the most 
 southern land in Scotland, Lon, 4 45 w, 
 lat. 54 44 N. 
 
 Galloway, Newy a royal burgh in the 
 county of Kirkcudbright, near the Ken, in 
 the parish of Kells, 1 5 miles n of Kirkcud- 
 bright. The houses are nest and regular ; 
 but its chief consequence seems to be derived 
 from its post office, and its central situation 
 as a market for the different products of the 
 neighbouring parishes. It has four annual 
 fairs, one of which is on tbs first Wednesday 
 of April, O. S. It is governed by a provost, 
 two bailies, and 14 common council-men ; 
 and belongs to the Wigtou district cf Bo- 
 ^'ougbs ; 25 miles wnw of Dunrifries, and 78 
 sw by s of Edinburgh. It contains about 
 480 inhabitants, 
 
 Gallstadt, a town in the province of We.5t 
 Gothland, Sweden, 50 miles e of Golten- 
 burgh. 
 
 Gallyhead, a cape in the county of Cork, 
 between Ross bay and tliat of Clonkilty. 
 Loti. 8 54 w, ]at. 51 52 n. 
 
 Gahnier, St, a town in the department of 
 Loire, France, has a medicinal spring of a 
 vinous taste, 18 miles e of Montbrison. 
 
 Gulston, a parish of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 
 about 13 mrles in length, and from 4 to 5 in 
 breadth. It is in general arable. A beau- 
 tiful church has lately been erected. In the 
 parish are three flax mills and a paper mill ; 
 coal, .lime, and iron ore are abundant. Good 
 pebbles are found in Burn AyinCi Patie’s 
 Mill claims the honour of having given ori- 
 gin to the beautiful song of that name. The 
 village of Galslon contains about 530 inha- 
 bitants, many of w'hom are silk weavers. 
 There are two well frequented fairs in the 
 year, one in July and the other in December. 
 Eight miles ese of Kilmarnock, and 61 wsw 
 of Edinburgh. Population about 2140. 
 
 Galtees, mountains between the counties 
 of Limerick, Tipperary, and Cork. They 
 vise almost perpendicularly to an immense 
 b i.flht, and exhibit much grand and roman- 
 tic' scenery. 
 
 GALWAY, a county of Ireland, in the 
 province of Connaught, next to Cork the 
 iDvist considerable in point of size iti the 
 kingdom, but the least populous. It is 
 jbout 76 miles from k to w*; and 40 from n 
 to s; and contains 116 parishes, and 28 
 
 GAM 
 
 churches. The number of houses is 28,2 1 2, 
 and of inhabitants, about 1 42 000. The soil 
 is wa rn and fertile, with a limestone bottom. 
 Some parts are mountainous, with quarries 
 of black and white marble. Great quantities 
 of kelp are made along the coast, and sea- 
 w^eed gathered for manure On the sea coast 
 is a large bay, sheltered by the three southern 
 islands of Arran. The souna between these 
 islands is a safe road. There are several 
 other well sheltered harbours on the coast 
 of Gahvay. The principal towns are Gal- 
 way, Tuam, Balllnasloe, and Lcughrea. Its 
 SF. frontier is washed by the Shannon, which 
 forms a lake several miles in length. Great 
 numbers of black cattle are reared in this 
 county ; in it are a greater number of old 
 oastles Psanin any other county in the king- 
 dom, This county sends two members to 
 the parliament. 
 
 Galway, the capital of the above county; 
 seated on a bay of the same name, in tlie 
 Atlantic ocean. It is surrounded with an- 
 cient v/alls. The houses are well built, in 
 number about 950, and containing about 
 12,000 inhabitants. Here is a considerable 
 trade in kelp, and a linen manufactory. The 
 salmon and herring fisheries are carried on 
 also to considerable extent. It has a consi- 
 derable trade. The port is very commodious 
 and safe, and is defended by a fort. It is 
 governed by a mayor, recorder, and sheriffs ; 
 and is a borough town, and sends one mem- 
 ber to parliament. The parish church, which 
 is collegiate, is a venerable pile. The bulk 
 of the inhabitants, being Roman catholics, 
 worship in mass-houses without the city. 
 Here are large barracks, frequently contain- 
 ing two or three regiments of soldiers. This 
 was once the most commercial town in Ire- 
 land, but its trade is now much decayed ; 
 47 miles nnw of Limerick, and 120 w of 
 Dublin. Lon. 9 30 w, lat. 55 12 n. 
 
 Gantbare, a district in the Dogado, w of 
 Venice, Italy. The soil is very fertile ; but 
 the climate is unhealthy. 
 
 GAMBIA, a country of Africa, ceded ta 
 the English by the peace of 1785. 
 
 Gambia, a great river of Africa, supposed 
 to have its source in the mountains on the 
 Nw frontiers of Guinea, and running nw and 
 w, falls into the Atlantic ocean, at cape St 
 Blary. It is navigable for sloops 600 miles 
 up the country. It annually overflows its 
 banks like the Nile. 
 
 Gamble's Station, a fort about 1 2 miles 
 from Knoxville, in Tennessee. 
 
 Gambron, Gombron, or Gomron, a sea port 
 towm, in the province of Laristan, Persia, 
 stands on a bay of the Strait of Ormus, and 
 is called by the natives Bender Abassi. The 
 common people dwell in huts constructed of 
 the boughs of palm-trees, and covered with 
 leaves ; but the best houses are built of brick, 
 flat on the top, with a square Uiiict. .For- 
 
GAN 
 
 merly it was much frequented by people of 
 many nations. The soil is barren, but they 
 are plentifully supplied with provisions from 
 other countries ; 160 miles e of Lar, Lon. 
 ^6 10 E, lat. 27 20 n. 
 
 Gamps, a town which belongs partly to 
 Ihe canton of Schweitz, and partly to Gians, 
 With a bailiwick, Switzerland. Here is a 
 sulphureous spring, five miles s of Apperzel. 
 
 Gauiric, a parish in BaniFshire, stretching 
 9 miles and a-haif along a coast of stupen- 
 dous rocks, and extending from 3 to 4 niiles 
 zn breadth. Fopulationabout 5052, includ- 
 ing the town of Macduff, and the village of 
 Gardensione, The cape, called Gamrie 
 Head, is six miles e of Banff. The church 
 w'hich overlooks the sea, has on its steeple 
 the figures 1004, by way of date, and many 
 human skulls sre built into the wail, said to 
 he those of the Danes who fel^ in battle with 
 the Scots, in the beginning of the 1 ith cen- 
 tury, on an adjoining hill, on which are ves- 
 tiges of encampments. 
 
 Gan, the metropolis of tlie province of 
 Se-tchuen, China. 
 
 G ANAR A, a country of Africa, with a 
 town of the same name. The country is 
 populous and fertile. The articles of com- 
 merce are gold and senna. Lon. 16 0 e, iat. 
 J2 20 N. 
 
 Ganatt, a town of the empire of Cassinia, 
 280 miles e of Agades, Lon. 14 SO e, lat. 
 24 40 N. 
 
 Gandia, a .sea port town in the province 
 of Valencia, Spain, has a small university, 
 and stands on the Aierg, near its influx into 
 the gulf of Valencia, 32 miles s by e of Va- 
 lencia, and 48 n by e of Alicant. 
 
 Gandicotta, a town and fortress of Hin- 
 ^oostan, on the top of a lofty mountain, near 
 the Pennar, in the cii car of Cuddapa. Be- 
 low is a Binall plain, well watered, in which 
 the inhabitants cultivate rice and millet. 
 Near it is a diamond mine ; 33 miles wnw' 
 of Cuddapa. 
 
 Getndina, a well built and populous town, 
 zn the ci-devant province of Bergamasco, 
 Italy, It has a good trade in cloth and silk. 
 It is situated in a fertile valley, which 
 abounds in flocks and pastures, and contains 
 12 parishes, and 12,000 citizens, 10 miles 
 yE of Bergamo. 
 
 GANET Islands, a cluster of small 
 islands near the e coast of Labrador. Lon. 
 36 10 vv, lat. 54 9 n. 
 
 Gangapatnam, a town of ihe Carnatic, 
 llindoostan, seated at the mouth of the Pen- 
 nar, 94 miles n of Madras. Lon. 80 12 e, 
 lat. 1 4 24 N. 
 
 Gfingea, or Canja, a town of Erivan, Per- 
 sia, 105 miles s by e of Tefllis, Lun, 45 
 50 e, lat. 41 iO N. 
 
 Gangelt, a town in Westphalia, late de- 
 partment of the Roer, France, in the duchy 
 of Juiiers, 16 miles xw of Juiiers. 
 
 GAN 
 
 j Ganges, a river of Asia, which rises by 
 two branches from the mountains of Keii- 
 I taisse, in the country of Thibet, which after 
 i a course of 300 miles in a w direction, v/heii 
 meeting the ridge of Iliinmalck, they turn s, 
 and unite their w'aters, and form what is 
 properly termed the river Ganges, from the 
 Hindoo word Ganga, which denotes a river. 
 This great body of water now forces a passage 
 through the ricige of Himmalek, at the dis- 
 tance of 400 miles from the place of its flrst 
 approach, and rushing through a cavern,, pvt;- 
 cipitates itself into a vast basin at the hither 
 foot of the mountain. To incurious specta- 
 tors, the Ganges seems to have its rise in this 
 ridge of mountains. The mouth of the ca- 
 vern is called Gangotri,.or the cov/s mouth, 
 an animal held in great veneration by the 
 Hindoos. Hence it directs its course through 
 the country- of Sirinagur. At Hurd war, it 
 leaves this mountainous tract in which it has 
 flowed 800 miles. From Hurdwar, where 
 it gushes through an opening in the moim-- 
 tains, and enters Hindoostan, it flows 1 200 
 miles with a smooth navigable stream, through 
 enchanting plains to the bay of Bengal, w hich 
 it enters in lat. 21 40, to 22 n. Before it 
 I reaches the bay, it again divides into a mul- 
 j tiiude of branches, called The Mouths of ike 
 Ganges. In its progress through these plains 
 it is augmented by 11 rivers, several of thtrm 
 greater but none of them smaller than the 
 Thames, besides many lesser streams The 
 Ganges rises on an average to 32 feet, and 
 annually overflows its banks to the distance 
 of 50 miles on each side ; thus diffusing 
 plenty and fertility tiuough the country and 
 affording an easy conveyance for its produce. 
 It is no wonder, then, that the ignorant 
 Hindoos esteem it as a kind of deity, and 
 make pilgrimages to its waters from the 
 remotest parts of Hindoostan. They have 
 i given it the name of Ganges, or The PavEE, 
 
 : by way of pre-eminence ; and justly call it 
 j the “.King of Rivers.” 
 
 Ganges Islands, or North Nalunsis, two 
 small islands between the island of Borneo 
 and the gulf of Siam. 'Lon. 106‘ 45 E, lat. 
 4 45 N, 
 
 Gangolri, a town in the country of Sirina- 
 gur, on the Ganges, where it rushes through 
 a cavern in the Hammelek mountains, 170 
 miles NNW of Sirinagur. Lon. 76 35 E, lat. 
 38 8 N. 
 
 Gnngpour, a town in the country of Oris- 
 sa, Hindoostan, capital of a circar of the 
 same name, 50 miles nne ol Sirnbulpour, 
 and 160 nw' of Catlfxk. Lon. 84 10 e, lat, 
 22 2 N. 
 
 ' Ga/yam, a town of the peninsula of Hin- 
 do. stau, in the circar of Cicacole, at the 
 mouth of a river winch enters the bay of 
 Bengal, which is seldom navigahic, 1 10 miles 
 NE oi Cicacole, It is sul j-cr to the English, 
 i Lon. 20 E, lat. 19 22 
 S t . 2 
 
GAR 
 
 ^ Gannat, a town in the department of Al- ! 
 3ier, France. Populatioxi 5,000. It is 50 
 rniies s of Moulins. 
 
 GmaeloTf a, small island in the gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, 121 lat. 48 0 n. 
 
 Gannet Island, a small island near the 
 if coast of New Zealand. 
 
 Gap,-i\\c cap'-tal of the department of the 
 Higher Alps, France, and ci-devant capital 
 of a county called Gapeiicois, about 27 
 miles long, and 18 broad. Gap stands on 
 the river Bene at the foot of a mountain, 
 and has a fort named Puymore. Here are 
 some mineral waters; 47 miles sse of 
 Grenoble. Lon. 6 5 e, iat. 44 54 n. 
 
 Gapsalf a town in the government of 
 Pevei, Russia, on a gulf of the Baltic, 36 
 miles wsw of Revel. 
 
 Garabusa, a small island near the w coast 
 of the island of Candio. 
 
 GaraCf a town in tbs detiartment of 
 Chareiite, France, four miles, ese of An- 
 gouleme. 
 
 Gamlougk, a lake in the se extremity of 
 Mayo, three or four miles long, 20 miles s 
 of Sligo. 
 
 Gai'ack* See Uaharen. 
 
 Garan, a small island near the n coast 
 of Scotland, three miles ese of Cape Wrath. 
 
 Garcia, a town in the province of Cata- 
 lonia, .18 miles N of Tortosa, Spain, 
 t GARD, a department of France, of 
 which Nismes is the capital. It includes 
 part of the late province of Languedoc. 
 
 ' It has its name from a rapid river, which 
 has its source in the department of the 
 Los&rre, runs se and falls into the Rhone, 
 above Beaucaire. 
 
 Card, Font dn, a Roman aqueduct in 
 France, nine miles ne of Nismes, erected, 
 St is supposed by Agrippa in the time of 
 Augustus. It was built in order to convey 
 to Nisrnes the \v:;ter of the spring of Eure, 
 which rises near Uzes. 
 
 Garda, a lake of Italy, betw^een the Ve- 
 ronese and the Bressan, about 50 miles 
 long, and from two to seven broad. Its 
 banks on the w are well cultivated. Its fish 
 itire famous for their delicious fiivour. A 
 Iowa of the same name stands on its e shore, 
 
 3 7 miles nw of Verona. 
 
 Garde La, a town in the department of 
 the Var, two leagues w of Hieres, Fruncc. 
 
 Gardciak. the capital of Beni Mezzub, 
 Africa. Lon. 2 50 f, bt. 52 15 n. 
 
 Gard:kbc')i, or CrardeLgen, a town in 
 Upper Saxony, has a manufacture of cloth, 
 and is celebrated for its beer. It stands on 
 tiie Beisse, 1 5 miles w of Stendal. 
 
 Crard‘^:n Bap, a 'bay on the e coast of 
 Nen tbundhmei. Lon. 54 50 sv, lat. 49 
 42 V. 
 
 ■G’lrd nutou'n, on the n coast of Banffshire, 
 ‘on the esiiite of the late Lead Gardenstown, 
 licar 'iVou^ heiid, si;: inilcs s t?f Baiih', It 
 
 GAR 
 
 contains about 500 inhabitants, and has * 
 tolerable harbour. 
 
 Gargunnock, a parish and village in 
 Stirlingshire. The parish is about six miles 
 long and three broad. The ground is in ge- 
 neral well cultivated. The village is neat 
 and clean, and lies about six miles w of 
 Stirling. Near it stood the fort or peel of 
 Gargownnock, wdiich Wallace took by 
 stratagem from an English garrison. Po- 
 pulation is about 954. 
 
 GarigUano, a river of Naples, has its 
 source near the lake of Celano, and takiiip* 
 Its direction by Sora and Aquino, falls into 
 the gulf of Gaeta. 
 
 GAillOCH, a district of Aberdeenshire, 
 comprehending 15 parishes, and about 
 12,000 inhabitants. The sur.^aCe is moun- 
 tainous and the district very healtiiy. 
 
 Gar/uouth, or Garmach, in the county of 
 Moray, at the mouth cf the Spey, which 
 here forms a good harbour. The houses 
 are mean,- being mostly constructed of mud,‘ 
 and the inhabitants amount to about 700, 
 It is a burgh of barony, has iin annual 
 fair ; and a considerable trade in the ex- 
 portation of salmon and wood, the wood is 
 fioaied down tlie Spey, from Badenoch and 
 Strathspey, cut into mast spars and planks, 
 by a company which employs two saw mills, 
 which drive upwards of 70 saws. The sal- 
 mon is exported to London; 12 miles ke 
 of Elgin. 
 
 Garn, a town in the province of Upland, 
 12 miles ke from Upsal, Sweden. 
 
 Garonne, a river wdiich rises in the Py« 
 renecs, and joining with the Dordogne, 
 about 12 miles below Bourdeaux, changes 
 its name to Gironde. 
 
 GARONNE, Upper, a department of 
 France, containiifg part of the province of 
 Lanquedor. It takes its name from the Ga- 
 ronne, Avhich passes through it. Toulouse 
 is the capital. 
 
 GARRET DENNIS, an island in the 
 E Pacific ocean, about 14 leagues in cir- 
 cumference, inhabited by blacks. ^Lou. 151 
 25 e, Rt2 50s. 
 
 Garrison, a town in Fermanagh, near 
 Lough Melvin, four miles Nwof Enniscilien. 
 and 102 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Garrp, a lake of considerable extent, 
 discharging itself by a river of the same 
 name ; ^me of the most tinbulent and rapid 
 rivers in IVrthslure, it falls into the Tuy near 
 Lozierajt, 
 
 Garrj/, a lake and river in Tnverness- 
 sbire, whic'u gives name to tlie distiirt of 
 Glengarry. 
 
 Gaisis, a walled town of the kingdom 
 of Fez, and the bouses luiilt of black stone, 
 sijmds on the JMula in a ftolile country, 56 
 miles SE of Me'iiba. 
 
 {)(trslar{g, a t 'wn in Lancashire, large 
 anU populous, but meanly built, scaled -ou 
 
GAT 
 
 tlic V/yze ; with a market on Thursday, and j 
 tinee annual fairs. It has a sUitely Gothic | 
 church, and is 10 miles e by s of L(anc;ister, 
 and 2S9 nnw of London. 
 
 Gartly, a parish in BanlFd'ire, 12 miles 
 long and six broad, intersected by the Bogie 
 It is in general fertile. Topulati n is 
 about 938. 
 
 Gartfi.orn Dam, an artificial lake in 
 Claclnnanansliire, which when full covers j 
 128 acres, orighially made for the use «d' | 
 the coal works. The water drives seven, j 
 mills within the parish of Alloa, besides I 
 cleaning the haruoar. j 
 
 Gart^i a tuvva of Pomerania, in the island 
 of Rngea, 
 
 Ganz, a tovrn of Prussian Pomerania. 
 Lon. 17 19 E, iat. 55' 15 n. 
 
 Garvald, and B.irro, two united parishes 
 *in Haddiiigtoiishire, partly of a rich clay, 
 and partly of a light gravelly soil. They 
 txrend from e to w about eight or nine 
 in ] jg ar.d abotit iciir or fivelroru n to s, and 
 contain besides the village of Garvald, the 
 beauthui house of Hopes. Population is 
 about: M9 
 
 Gurccliich, a small island in Argyllshire, 
 eight mi;es se of die Isle of Mull, 
 
 Garvk, a considerable river in Ross- 
 sbire, rises near Loch Broom, and running 
 ESS Llis into the n side of the Beauly, 
 V/ of U. ray. 
 
 Grrvis, a small is' and in the frith of 
 FomIu fi ve miles s of jDunferailine. 
 
 Girvock, a parish in Kincardineshire, 
 about eight miles long, and four broad ; 
 about 3r,600 a«i’es are arable. Their is an 
 annual fair, crdled St. James’ Fa;?, hela on 
 the 25 July, O. S. Population 4C3. Gar- 
 vock was lormer'iy a deer park, and part of 
 the walls are still visible. 
 
 GAbCOKT, a ci-devant province of 
 Frante, which, with Arinagnac, now forms 
 the department of Gers. Ttie inhabitants 
 who are of a lively disposition, are noted 
 fov boasting of their exploits, ijeiice the 
 name of Gasconade is given to ail exag- 
 geiat^d :5toiiei5. 
 
 Gask, a parish in Perthshire, nearly of 
 a square form, each side of which is two 
 miles, bounded en the s by the Earn, is in- 
 tersected fi orn E to w by a, Roman highway, 
 and contains vestiges of Roman camps It 
 is fertile towards tiie s, and towards the n 
 covered with thriving plantations. Free- 
 stone, slate, and marie are found in the 
 jrarish. Population about GOO. 
 
 G'j.skicrj a small island of the Hebrides, 
 frequented by vast flocks of geese. 
 
 Gasiei'/t, a town in the aichbishcprie cf 
 Baiizburg, Bavari r, celebrated fhr its warm 
 .Lraths, and mines of lead, iron, and gold ; 
 45 miles s of Salzburg. 
 
 . Gala, Caps, a promontory on the coast 
 of Gianaua, Spain. It .consisls tf an in;- 
 
 GAT 
 
 mense rock of a singular nature and ap- 
 pearance, being 24 miles in circumference, 
 L<^n. c 22 w', lat. 5G 43 n. 
 
 G'ita, a town in Estramadura, cn a river 
 of tiic same name, Spain, 15 miles nnw^ of 
 Corea. 
 
 Galchouse of rlecL usually called Gate* 
 house, a tov> i» iu'Kirk-udbrightshhe- in the , 
 parish of Glrtnon ..kbightrully r.huated on 
 the £ banks of the Fleet, ivd tar from its 
 mouih, navigable to the town oy vessels of 
 GO tons burden. It is em'oesomed by hills' 
 and mountains in form of a vast amphi- 
 theatre, which expands with a. wide opening 
 to the s, presenting a full view cf a fine 
 bay In a vcfiley a to the n stands the 
 remains cf diC ancient castie of Rir -v'', and 
 a mde s i.y e of 'the town is the c egant' 
 mansion ci Cauiy scat or the lamily of 
 Murray cf Broughton: on the w side, in 
 a fine exposure, stand the villas or Ardvveil 
 and Cardoneso Tbe la idscape here unites 
 the sublime and beaiiiiful in no common 
 degree. The town is laid out on a regular 
 plan, the streets run in straight lines and 
 cross at right angles. At an early period 
 of tiiG impiovements in tue cotton manufuC- 
 ture, an extensive ■'.voik was here set on 
 foot, greetly enlarged, embellished and en- 
 riched the town, which in less than half a 
 century rose from a single Inn to a popu- 
 lation of about 2000. In 1794, it was 
 erected into a borough of barony, is gaverri- 
 ed by a provost, two bailies, and four coiui- 
 sellers. Iii the immediate vicinity is an 
 elegant academy, in whica are taught the 
 lingmages and sciences, and also an episco- 
 pal chapel, the, minister of w’hich superin- 
 tends the academy. Fiere too are several 
 friendly societies with extensive funds, It ha:.i 
 four annuai ians, and a cattle market every 
 Saturday ; 20 miles ssw cf Dumfries, and 
 50 ESE of Portpatrick. 
 
 GATES COUNTY, in Edenton eastern 
 district, Nonh Carolina. It contains 5,392 
 inhabiLinifi, including 2,219 slaves. Hert- 
 ford is the chief town. 
 
 Gateshead, a town in the county of Dur- 
 ham, on the s s'de of the Tyne. It is a 
 borough by presciipiion. The town has 
 been much improved of late. The number 
 of iniiabitaiits by the l ist census was 8,782. 
 It has manufactures of cast and wrought 
 iron, whiting, &c. ; and from the quarries 
 in Gateshead Fell, are got the lamous 
 •c; rind- stones, whicli, under the name cf 
 Newcastle, are exported to all parts cf the 
 wmrld; 15 miles n of Durham, and 2G9 u 
 by w of London. 
 
 Gation, an ancient burgh in Surry, once 
 a large place, but now greatly reduced, 
 
 ! though it still sends two members to par- 
 liament, elected by the householders, -and 
 returned by the constable annually appoint- 
 ed by the maiicr court j two miles 
 
of Ryegale, and 19 s fiy w cf Lon- 
 don. 
 
 GnudenSj St, a populous town m the de- 
 piUUueiit of Upper Garonne, Prance, seated 
 on ilie Gaionnc, 15 miles of St, Ber» 
 tv^nd. 
 
 Gcivdkovon, a town of Lower Bavaria, 20 
 miles SE of I.aiidbhut. 
 
 Guvererii or IVavcren, a town of Flanders, 
 in the depaitrnent of Escaut, on the Scheldt, 
 tight miles sse of Ghent. Lon. 3 41 e, iat. 
 50 4 9 N. 
 
 Giivi, 3 town in the territory of Genoa, 
 em the Lerno, 19 miles kw of Genoa, for- 
 merly an important frontier on the side 
 Moniferrat and tiie Milanese, 
 
 Gavintoivrii a village in Berwickshire, 
 about half a mile from the site of the an- 
 cient village of Ijongtou, vras fewed by the 
 late proprietor of the estate of Langton 
 and called after his own name, when he 
 ^ demolished the village of Langton. To 
 this Village the church was lately removed, 
 font the ancient burying ground is still 
 occupied; one mile and a-half ssw of 
 Dun sc. 
 
 Gaukarnn^ a town of Canara, Kindoos- 
 <an, of great celebrity among the Bramins, 
 for .an image of Siva, and antique inscrip- 
 tions on stone. It is seated near the 
 mouth of a river; has trade, and the vicinity 
 is fertile, 72 miles nnw of Kundapura. 
 
 Gatzr, or Zoitf, a city of Ushbee Tartary, 
 chief of the province of Gaur. It stands 
 
 the river Zouh'and is 120 miles s by w of 
 Balk. Lon. 64 e, iat. 35 5 n, 
 
 Ga?iraf a town in the jurisdiction cf 
 €'}aucay, Peru, in a fertile country, wa- 
 tered by a river of the same name; its 
 chief commerce consists in salt and salt 
 beef. 
 
 Gaids, stupendous moiintaios, stretching 
 along the e and w coasts of the peiiiosula 
 of Hindoostan. The vv ridge reaches 
 from Cape Camorin to the river Tapty, 
 except an interruption of about 16 miles 
 occupied by a forest. They rise abruptly, 
 and support in the form of a terrace, an 
 immense extent of fertile and populous 
 plains, in vrhich, owing to their elevation, 
 the air is cool and refreshing. The name 
 which originally signifies a pass through 
 mountains, has been transferred to the 
 mountains themselves. Tiieir height is 
 supposed to be between 5,000 and 4,000 
 i*eet. Rams fall on the windward side of 
 thcje rnounlftius during the monsoons, 
 while it IS Ih'r wea !ier on the leeward. 
 iSee Piilegnte ZTountains. 
 
 Ga?/~IL:ad, a peninsula on ihe island of 
 :V:ar(ha's Vineyard, between tliree and four ! 
 miles in length, and tvim in breadth, and I 
 aiaiost separated from tl'.e other part of the • 
 is .Old by a large pond. Tiie marks ol i 
 Ivor or five cratois of volcanoes are I 
 
 plainly seen, Lon. 70 50 w, Iat. 4^ 
 
 20 N, 
 
 Gat.a, a town in Palestine, Syria, fwo miles 
 from the Mediterranean, with a harbour and 
 castle, but much reduced from its ancient 
 grandeur, and hardly contains 2,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The environs arc exceedingly fer- 
 tile, and produce, without art, pomegranates, 
 oranges, dates, and dowers. There is, a con- 
 siderable manufacture of cotton in the town 
 and neighbourhood, and a manufacture of 
 soap. It is much enriched by the caravans 
 lietween Syria and Egypt. It is the resi- 
 dence of a Turkish pacha ; and is 50 miles 
 3w of Jerusalem. Lon. 34 45 e, Iat. .31 rr. 
 
 Gazypouvy a town of Allahabad, Hindo- 
 stan, seated on the left bank of the Ganges, 
 42 miles ene of Benaris. 
 
 G€arun„ or Jar&on, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Farsistan, Persia, celebrated for its 
 excellent fruits, particularly dates, 80 miles 
 s by E of Shiras. Lon. 51 17 e, lat. 28 
 15 N. 
 
 GeemsJeerskoi NoSf a cape on the e coast 
 of Nova Zembla. Lon. 95 e, Ferro, lat. 
 77 10 N. 
 
 Gefiej or Giawle, a sea-port town in the 
 province, and capital of, Gestricia, Swedeny 
 on an inlet of the gulf of Bothnia, which 
 divides the town and forms two islands. 
 The town is ancient and commercial. The 
 exports are planks, iron, pitch, and tar. 
 The population is estimated at 5500. It is 
 I 90 miles KNw of Stockholm. Lon. 17 20 
 I E, lat. 60 40 N. 
 
 Gegenback, a free imperial city in Su-* 
 abia. Lon. 8 2 e, Iat. 48 24 n. 
 
 Gshcl, a town of Chinese Tartary, with 
 a large palace and superb temple of Budha. 
 Here, in 1793, the emperor of China re- 
 ceived the British ambassador, 136 miles n 
 of Peking. 
 
 Geilcsikircken, a town in the department of 
 Roer, France, formerly of Germany, duchy 
 of Juliers, stands on the Worm, 10 miles 
 wNw of Juliers. 
 
 Geidingen, an imperial town of Suabia, 
 on the Robrach , 12 miles w cf Ulm. 
 
 Geismar, a village in the principality of 
 Hesse Cassel, celebrated foriis bone manu- 
 factures. Rothel Bath in the vicinity is 
 much frequented, 14 miles n of Cassel. 
 
 Gdsmar, a town in the principality of 
 Hesse, 22 miles w of Ggyittingon. 
 
 ' G^^^sSf a town of Germany in the bi- 
 shopric of Fulda, 16 miles ks of Fulda. 
 
 GcHliayUi a town in Upper Saxony 20 
 miles ssE of Leipzig. 
 
 GeldtiriamL See Guclderland, 
 
 Geldres. Sec Guetdrjs. 
 
 Geliy CairHi a mountain in Perthshire, 
 eight miles k of CrielT. 
 
 Gelithausen^ a town of Germany, with a 
 castle, on the Ktiitzig, 18 miles ke of 
 HantiU. 
 
GEN 
 
 CJt'Hy & rivGir in Cumberltind, wh)cb hsgs 
 ill Knag’s forest or Gellsdale, on the br.^rder.j 
 of NortJ^m-iberiand, flows nw and falls into 
 the Irthing, two miles w of Brampton. On 
 the face of a rock, near its junaion with the 
 Irthing, is a Roman inscription. Here, as 
 is supposed, stones were procured by the 
 Romans for the Bicts wall. 
 
 Gemangidid, or Delgumutu, a town m 
 the empire of Morocco. ^ 
 
 Gemblours, or Giblou, a town in the de- 
 partment of Dyle of Brabant, Netherlands, 
 situated on the river Orneao, which runs 
 into the Sambre. It is 10 miles Nw of Na- 
 mur, and 22 se of Brussels. 
 
 Gennngen, a town in the palatinate of the 
 Rhine, Germany, in the departmen^ of 
 Rhine and Moselle, and stands on the Sim- 
 mern, 54 miles s of Coblentz. 
 
 Geminiano, St, a town of Tuscany, situ- 
 ated on a mountain, in which is a mine of 
 vitriol, 25 miles sw of Florence. 
 
 Geimma, an old, but opulent burgh in 
 the district of Friuli, 12 miles nnw of B- 
 dina, and 20 wis’w of Friuli. 
 
 Gemund, or Gmund, an imperial town of 
 Suabia, noted for a manufacture of silver 
 toys, on the Roer, 24 miles sw of Cologne. 
 Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 48 45 N. 
 
 Gemu7id, or Gemunde.n, a town in Fran- 
 conia, and bishopric of Wuizburg, on the 
 Maine, 22 miles n of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Gewtind, a town in . Carinthia, noted for 
 mar.ufactures of iron and steel, 16 miles ww 
 of Villach. 
 
 Gemuncl, or Gemunden, a towm of Austria, 
 celebrated for its salt works, stands at the n 
 end of a lake of the same name on the Fram, 
 w’liich issues from the lake, 20 miles ssw of 
 
 Gew-unden, a town famous for its fairs, 
 three miles e of Westerburg, Germany. 
 
 Genap, or Geneppe, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Byle, in Brabant, Netherlands, 
 seated on the Dyle, has an ancient castle, 
 and is 15 miles se of Brussels. 
 
 Genesee, a large tract of flat land, in the 
 state of New York, about 20 miles long, 
 and four broad. The soil is remarkably rich, 
 and clear of trees. 
 
 Genessee, a river in the slate of New York, 
 which has its source on the n border of Pen- 
 sylvania, flows nne through the state of New 
 York, and fails into the lake Ontario. 
 
 Geneva, an ancient, large, and populous 
 city, capital of a republic of the same name, 
 long in alliance with the Swiss, but forcibly 
 annexed to France in 2798, It fiourisbed 
 under the successors of Cfesar, It has a 
 good arsenal, and an university founded in 
 1368. The houses are lofty. The citizens 
 of both sexes are remarkably w'cll instructed, 
 and, before their annexation to France, they 
 carried on great trade. The celebrated John 
 Calvin arriving accidently at Geneva, to- 
 
 GEN 
 
 wnvds the clcsse cf the year 1556, was in- 
 duced to remain and complete the ivork of 
 the reformation that was begun. Geneva 
 was then regarded as the centre and assyluin 
 of the reformed religion, both by the French 
 and Italians ; and by the retreat of the per- 
 secuted Protestants, the arts and commerce 
 became daily more flourishing, and popula- 
 tion increased. In 1559, an academy was 
 founded, under the direction of Theodore 
 Beza. The population of Geneva (says a 
 traveller on the spot, in 1802,) is about 
 24,000. The territory of Geneva is com- 
 prehended in the Department of Lemmty 
 which department contains about 16 square 
 leagues of land; its population is estimated 
 at 609,000 persons. It is divided into three 
 cantons or hundreds, the largest cf whicia 
 has Geneva for its capital, and contains 
 about 75,000 souls, of which 10,000 are 
 Genevans, 20,000 French, and the remain- 
 der Savoyards.” Geneva lies 40 miles e of 
 Chamberg, and 135 nw of Turin. Lon. 
 
 6 0 E, lat. 46 i 1 N. 
 
 Geneva, lake of, a large Jake between 
 Sv/itzerland and Savoy, in a valley which 
 separates the Alps and mount Jura. The 
 length along the coast is 13 leagues and a 
 quarter, (25 to a degree,) cn the side of 
 Savoy 15 leagues; the greatest breadth is 
 three leagues and a quarter. From GcMieva 
 I to the environs' of Lausanne, the country 
 rises for a considerable w ay from the mar- 
 gin of the lake, and is enriched with all the 
 rarities that nature can bestow. The long 
 ridge of the Jura, fertile in pasturage, and 
 varied with woods, backs this beautiful tract. 
 Near Lausanne, the banks rise considerably, 
 forming a charming terrace. Near Geneva 
 it is shallow ; but in some part exceedingly 
 deep, by some said to be unfathomable, it 
 abounds in fish, remarkable as well for their 
 excellence as size. The river Rhone passes 
 through it from e to w. 
 
 Geneva, New, an elegant built village In 
 the county of Watej'ford, Ireland, seated 
 near Passage, w banks cf Waterford har- 
 bour, erected by government in 1782, for 
 the reception of those Genevese whom the 
 revolution had expelled from Geneva, but 
 they gave up the design of settling in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Geneva, a post town in Onondago county, 
 in the state of New York, stands on the nw 
 corner of Seneca Lake, 24 miles sse of 
 Canandaqua, and 106 w of Coeperstown. ^ 
 
 Genevieve, St, or Missive^ a village in Loui- 
 siana, cn the w bank of the Missisipp:. 
 
 Genevois, or Dnekp of Geneva, a ci-de- 
 vant province of France. Geneva and its 
 territory formerly made a part ot it. It is 
 now included in the department of Mont 
 Blanc. 
 
 Gengaiix, Gengovx, St, ci-devant, le Rcynl, 
 a town in the deparUnent of Saone and Iioirc, 
 
G E N 
 
 France, famous for its wirws, stands at the ■ 
 tc<ci of a mouniaiii, 17 miles svv of Chalous. i 
 Xion. 4 4o E, Jaf -G 57 x 
 
 Gengenhachy a odevaiit imperial town in 
 Su/ibia, ceC^d lo B .hen in seated on 
 
 a rivulet oi' the same name, 20 miles n of 
 Ffiburg. 
 
 Genies f Si, or St., Geneiz, a town in the 
 department of Aveiron, Fi-'mce. !■ was the 
 birth-place of Abbe Kaynal, 24 miles ne of 
 IlhacViz. Lon. 5 O e, Lit. 44 55 
 
 Gsnlis, a toven i« the department of toe 
 Aisne, and district of Chaimy, France, 12 
 miles s of St. Quentin. 
 
 Genn^p, a town in the department of 
 Roer, GeA'mcny, in the duchy of Cleves, 
 on the Niers. iiine miles ssw of Cleves. 
 
 Genoa, or Liguria, an ancient republican 
 state of Italy, about ISO miiss long, but 
 scarcely in any par: more than 12 in breadih. 
 It extends along that part af the Mediter- 
 lanean called tlie gulf of Genoa, and bor- 
 ders from wlo E on Piedmont, Milan, Par- 
 ma, and Tuscany. The country is moun- 
 tainous, anti part of it covered with barren 
 rocks, which serve for its defence. Some of 
 t!ie mouiitalns are covered with wood, others 
 yield good pasture. There is but a small 
 quantity of arable land, and the corn does 
 not supply t!ie inhabitants. However, they 
 carefully cultivate every place thc-y can, and 
 throughout rhe year are supplied with excel- 
 lent vegetallcs for l!;e table. They make a 
 considerable quantity of wine ; and have 
 abundance of excel Sent fruit, especially ci- 
 trons, pomegranates, cranges, almonds, and 
 ligs. A great number of mulberry trees 
 are raised to feed siik-%vorrriS ; and olives 1 
 grow' in great plenty, especially round the 
 gulf of Spezzla. S?.it is produced. There 
 are quarries of marble and other stone. The 
 inhaoitunts are mes'ly Homan Catholics. 
 Tlio manufactures are not so liourishing as 
 they formerly were. The most considerable 
 ale velvet, plush, damask, different kinds of 
 silk, gold and silver stuffs, lace, gloves, 
 stockings, ribbons, soap, paper to imitate 
 the Indian, &c. Other articles of com- 
 merce are oil, fruit, mac.arcni, confectionary, 
 Parmesan cheese, anchovies, fee. The 
 banking business in Genoa is very consider- 
 able, and the bankers were est.ernied tlic 
 richest, in' Europe. The govern-nent of the 
 'republic was aristocratic from tr;e year 1520 
 till 1798, when the mod'd of the. French 
 government w.as imitat^'d, er rc'ker en- 
 forced. The city of Genoa wojs formerly the 
 capital of the ancient Ligurin, as it was of 
 t’ae. modern republic of tllat liUTne. The 
 whole state w'ns in 1798 named the L/gn- 
 rlan Rcpuhlic ; and b.?Ing under the c::n- 
 iroul of tlie rulers of France, it has from ' 
 that time shared in the warrm e of tUrt cou.n- 
 tjy. It has been annexed to ihe doininions 
 ol the king of Italy. The city h ncile^ 
 
 G E O 
 
 in circumrereuce, built like an amphitheatre, 
 and dcfendeil towards the land by a double 
 wall. The streets are in general narrow'', 
 but clean and paved; two, called tiie 
 Strada Niiova, and Strad.a Balbi, are fi'led 
 with rnagnifjcent palaces, fronted with mar- 
 ble. Ti is the see of an archbishop. The 
 cathedi'^d L’ built in the Gothic style, and 
 paved Nvith black and white marble. Owing 
 to its superb marble palaces and churches, it 
 has the name of Genoa the Proud. Besides 
 the catiiedral, it contains 52 parish churches, 
 many of which are ;nagnificent, and adorned 
 with sculptures and pictures by the best mas- 
 ters. The number of inhabitants in the city 
 is estimated at 80,000, and in the republic 
 at 180,000, On one of the two . forts by 
 which the harbour is protected is a top of 
 strong glass, illuminated at night by 55 large 
 lamps. The harbour is also furnished with 
 R mole 560 paces long, 15 broad, and 25 
 feet above the level of the water. In i74G, 
 Genoa was taken by the Austrians, who 
 oppressed the inhabitants so much, that they 
 suddenly rose and expelled their conquerors, 
 w'ho besieged the city next year, but were 
 obliged to relinquish their attempt. In 1 793, 
 it fell into the hands of the French ; in 
 1 800, it w'as besieged by an Austrian array 
 and British fleet, when it was obliged from 
 famine to capitulate; but on the victory at 
 Marengo, it again was delivered to the 
 French. It is 65 miles s of Milan, G2 se 
 of Turin, and 120 wnw of Florence. Lon. 
 
 8 4i E. lat. 44 25 n. 
 
 Gentiah, a towm in the country of Assam, 
 Asia, 570 miles e of Patna. Lcn. 92 10 e, 
 iat. 25 10 N. 
 
 Genlillp, a town in the department of 
 Vienne, France, three miles s of Paris. 
 Here was the residence of the kings of 
 France, of the fi.»'st and second race. 
 
 Gentlin, ' 2 l town in Lower Saxony, and 
 duchy of Magdeburg, 30 miles ne of Mag- 
 deburg. 
 
 George- Del- Minda, St, a fort on the Gold 
 Coast, Guinea. Lon. 0 22 w, lat. 5 0 n. 
 
 George, Fort, a fort in New York, at the 
 s end of Lake George, 42 miles n of Albany. 
 
 George, Fort, a fortress of Scotland, In- 
 verness- shire, stands on Lhe point of a penin- 
 sula which runs into tlie Murray Frith, and 
 has the complete command of the entrance 
 into the harboui' of Inverness, PIcre are 
 several handsome streets of barracks. It is 
 generally gaj’rlsoned by three companies of 
 invalids, and a marc’ning regiment ; and has 
 lately been rendered a great depot of arms : 
 
 9 miics xe o? Inverness, and 164 nnvv of 
 
 Ediu'vjrgh. An adjoining village, to which 
 the fort gave rise, contains about 500 inha- 
 bitants. ft 
 
 Fort St. See Madras. 
 
 Grorge, Lake, in East Florida, is a dila- 
 tation of the river St Juau, or St John, 
 
GEO GEO 
 
 and called also Great lake. It is about 15 [( George Tovm^ a small vl or rathci', 
 miles broad. j military baria‘''ks; in r'ertiishirc. 
 
 Georg -;. Lake, in the state of New Yo/.-v, i Georgeio-vn, the chief town cf St :,.-.ex 
 
 lies to ttje sw o** Lake Champlain, and is 35 
 miles long, but narrow. The adjacent coun- 
 try is mountainous, with tolerably fertf’e val- 
 ues. At tlje s end of tlie lake ave the re- 
 mains of Fort George, and at the n end, at 
 its outlet into Lake Champlain, that of the 
 fort of Ticonderago. 
 
 Geo7'ge, St, the capital of the island of 
 Grenada, in the West Indies, formeriy called 
 ln--t Royal, which name the fort still retahis. 
 It is situated on n cious bay, on the w, or 
 lee- side of the is! . , and has one of the 
 safest and most coc.. dious harbours in the 
 Biiu>h West Indies. Lon. 61 45 lat. 
 1 1 50 N. 
 
 Georget St, a cape and several islands 
 nearly opposite the liver Apalachicola, on 
 the coast of East Florida. The cape lies six 
 leagues to the eastw'aid of Cape Biaize. 
 Lon. S4 50 w', lat. 29 38 n. 
 
 George, St, an Eland and division of the 
 Bermuda isles, in the Vvest Indies. The 
 island, which is in the form of a hook, is 
 about 40 miles long, and seldom iwo broad. 
 It contains the town of St George, which is 
 the capital of all the islands. The toivn is 
 built of freestone, and contains about 500 
 houses. Loii. 63 55 w', ht, 32 45 N. See 
 Bermudas. 
 
 Geo7'ge, St, one'.of the Azores, is fertile in 
 wheat. Htre, in 1808, the town of Ursu- 
 lina, several iarm-bouses, &c. were demo- 
 lished by a volcano. Vellas is the capital, 
 Lon. 28 0 w, lat. 38 39 n. 
 
 George, St, an island of the United States 
 in the Strait of St Mary, which unites Lake 
 Superior and Lake Huron. 
 
 George Bel Mina. St, a fort on the Gold 
 Coast, Guinea, and the principal settlement 
 of the D utch in those parts. Tne town under 
 it, called bykhe natives Oddena, is very lon^, 
 and pretty broad. The houses are buii'j of 
 stone; in other places on this coast they are 
 constructed of clay and wood ; 10 mnes wsw 
 of Cape Coast Castle. Lon. 0 8 w, lat. 4 
 
 56 N. 
 
 George, St, a small island in the Gulf of 
 Venice, to the s of Venice, to which it is 
 subject. Its, Benedictine monastry, has c^ne 
 of the finest churches in Italy, 
 
 George s Bank, St, a fishmg bgiik in the 
 Atlantic ocean, Massachusetts^ extending 
 from N to.s, between lat. 41 H/y 42 22 
 and between Ion. 67 50 and 68 10 w. 
 
 George s Kiy, St, a small island in the bay 
 cf Honduras, on the £ coast of Jucatan. It 
 is likewise called Cassina, or Cayo Casigo, 
 By a treaty in 1786, the English logwood 
 cutters were permitted, under certain rrstric- 
 trons, to occupy the island. Lon. 55 w. 
 Ht. i7 40 N. 
 
 county, Dc>aware, 16 miles ws.v ol ^ owes, 
 and 103 s by vf of Pnilaoe/* hr’a. 
 
 Georgetozun, a post in Kent 
 
 Maryland, stands on the Sassairas, 5 m-lcs 
 ftom iis entrance into Chesapcuk h- y, and 
 65 sw of Phiiadelphia. 
 
 Georgetown, a post tovvii fjnd port, cf ciitry, 
 in Montgomery county, Maryland 
 
 GEORGETOWN, thedis'crictof P^Xaine, 
 Lincoln county, situated on boni sides of 
 Kennebeck river. It is the place wli. ae u q 
 English in 1607, first ?4ttem|jtod to colonize 
 New England. It was inecrpc^'e.led in { 7 .i 6, 
 and contains 1333 inhabitants; 15 miies s 
 by w of Wiscasset, 
 
 Georgetown, a post town In the county of 
 Oglethorpe, Georgia, standsonthe Ogeeche, 
 24 miles nnw of Louisville, 
 
 Georgetoion-. a town in the tenitury of 
 Goiumbia, United States, stands ■ n tEe Po- 
 tomac, and on the vr side of Rock Creek, 
 which separates it from Waahingten flere 
 is a college, founded by the Roman catholics, 
 for tiie advancement of general literature ; 
 four miles wnw of the capital, and 46 sw' of 
 Baltimore, 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a large maritime 
 district, in the Lower country ot South Ca-^ 
 roiioa, situated in the s ]2 corner ©f the state. 
 It is about 112 miles from n to s, and 63 
 from E to w, and is divided in^o f *ur cousl- 
 ties, VIZ, Vf'inyab,, Williamsburgh, Kingston, 
 and Liberty. It contains about 22,120 in- 
 habitants. It sends to the Sttu.e Legiskture, 
 
 J O representotives and 3 senators. 
 
 • Georgetown, si post town, port of entry, 
 and eapitai of the above d.Etri.(l:, is seated 
 .near the ccniiuencc o.f a numher of rivers, 
 which here form, Wingaw b.^:y. The puhro 
 bu tidings are three cliurches, a court In.usCj, 
 and an academy; 12 rni*e,s from the sea, 
 and 55 n Py e of Charleston. Lon. 79 30 
 vv% lat. 33 20 N. 
 
 GEORGIA, a country of Ask, caOed by 
 the Persians Gurgk.tan, and by the I’urks 
 Gurtshi, situated between the Caspian and 
 the Eiack seas; but particula.“ly, CiLphed to. 
 a ccufitry between the Caspian seaauf* .-." lin- 
 grelia, anciently knev/n by tiae name of Ibe- 
 ria. It i« one of the seven Caucas’O' nat’ens) 
 in the eoiintnoii botweer: the BiiiU. ::,ea mal 
 the C''< 'piari, ii i.^ divided into 
 vhices Of these, live ib;.na tor at ie c, un- 
 mo idy called the u’agdoTn of tte and 
 
 four tlie kh’gunm or principal;.'- c' Imu-kfa. 
 Tiie climate »■’. dry, very wairr m su?n-iT’'o*, 
 and very crlu -u vdr . a T-'^ bif: are co- 
 vered vvitl: -'I o; V,, asn, ii, cr'--:- 
 
 nuts, w.i< nUs, an? c rr;s. C\ --.ws 
 sponUmcojs’y, a- -' r;]' j- arc;- aa 
 
 Triilt Uccij, ieut >/c;, 'dioo. i. 
 
 i 
 
GEO 
 
 ir*emp, and flax, are raised on the plains. 
 Thevailies aftbrd the finest p^^stipge ; the 
 rivers are full of ash ; the mountains abound 
 in minerals; and the climate is healthy. 
 The rivers of Georgia are always either too' 
 rapid or too shallow for the purposes of na- 
 vigation. The trade by land is gre&Uy ob- 
 strocted by tbe high mountains of Capasus, 
 and by the predatory nations which inhabit 
 those mountains. Tiie Georgians are Ghris- 
 tians, partly of the Armenian and partly ot 
 the G. eek coipmunion. Their dress neajly 
 resembles that of the Cossacs, but men of 
 rank frequently wear the habit of Persia. 
 They usually die their hair, beards, and nads, 
 with red. The women employ the same 
 coloue- to stain tue palms of their hands. 
 On their head thev wear a cap or fiUet; 
 their eye-browt. are painted wuh black, and 
 the face is perfectly c«>ated with wiiite and 
 red. Their native beauty is, however suffi- 
 ciently celebrated ; they are very handsome, 
 but their &ir and manners are extremely vo- 
 luptuous ; they are all taught to read and 
 write. Girls are betrothed as soon as possi- 
 ble, often at three or four years of age. In 
 the street, the women of raiik are always 
 veiled. The Georgians are famed for their 
 skill in the use of tbe bow, and are excellent 
 soldiers, but courage is their only virtue : 
 Fathers sell their children, and even their 
 wives; they are addicted to drunkenness, 
 mid fond of brandy in particular. Ail over 
 Georgia are to be found a mixture of Tar- 
 tars, Ossi, and Armenians, who among them- 
 selves speak their own languages, but all ol 
 them understand and speak the Georgian. 
 The Jews who live in Georgia never mingie 
 with the Ossi. There are only four conade- 
 rable towns, Tcffils the capital, Gori, Suram, 
 
 and Ali. Sec jMcnmA. 
 
 GEORGIA, one of the United States ot 
 
 Aniciica, is situated between Ion. 80 8 and 
 9 i s w and lat. 30 57 and 35 0 n ; being 
 SOO miles in length, and on an a^fage 
 I's.) in breadth. It w.as formerly divided 
 into parishes, afterwards into three districts, 
 but lately into two ; viz. Upper and Lower, 
 which are subdivided into 24 counties, as 
 follow : In the Lower district are Camden, 
 Cdvnn, Liberty, Cliatiiam, Bryan, Mdntosh, 
 
 j:;iiiigham, Scriven, and Burke. Thecoun- 
 
 ties in the Upper district are, Montgomery, 
 V/nsliin<^ton, Hancock, Greene, Fiaii-yin, 
 
 0 detborpe. Elbert, Wilkies Lincoln, War- 
 ren, Jefleison, Jackson, Bullock, Columbia, 
 and Ilichmond. The principal towns are 
 
 Augusta, formerly the scat ot gove-nnmnt, 
 
 Bivaunth, tiie lormer capital of th- sute, 
 Sunbfvy, Brunswick, Frederica, Vvasmiig- 
 ton, and Louisville, which is tlie present me- 
 tropolis. The prinfcipal rivers a^ savannah, 
 Ogeechee river, Alataraaha, Turtle river, 
 
 1 m'eKtilla, Great Sitilla, Crooked Liver, 
 
 Mwy, aud Atadadticola, Tiie C^iet lake 
 
 G E R 
 
 I or marsh is Ekanfanoka, by some calledl 
 Ouaquaphenogaw, which is 300 miles iu 
 circumference. In the eastern part of . the 
 state, is a tract of country more than 120 
 miles from n to s, and from 50 to 80 e and 
 w, completely level, which is very rich and 
 fertile. It produces rice., tobacco, indigo, 
 cotton, sago, maize, potatoes, oranges, figs, 
 pomegranates, &c Rice is the staple com- 
 modity The winters are mild, snow is sel- 
 dom seen. The whole coast is bordered 
 with islands, the princ'pal of v/hich are Skid- 
 away, WasBaw, Ossab iw, St Catherine s, 
 Sapelo, Frederica, Jekyh Cumberland, &c.> 
 The number ofinbabita .ts in i8lO, amount- 
 ed to 252,433. The different religious sects 
 are Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists^ 
 and Methodists. 
 
 GEORGIA. We-st; under this name is 
 included all that part ot the state of Georgia 
 which lies west of the head waters of those 
 rivers which fall into the Atlantic ocean. 
 This extensive tract of country embraces 
 some of the finest land in the United States^ 
 and is inhabited by three rations of Indians, 
 viz. the Muskoguige or Creek, the Chactaws, 
 and the Chicasaws. 
 
 GEORGIA, or South Georgia, an 
 island in the Pacific ocean, visited by Capt, 
 Cook, in 1775, 64 miles long, and 30 where 
 broadest. Its bays and harbours are, ciuring 
 the greatest part of the year, inaccessible by 
 ice. On the n end are two rocky islands^ 
 one named Wallis Island, after the name of 
 the person who discovered it, the other Bird 
 Island, from the vast quantity of birds seeix 
 upon it. Plere, as in Spitzbergen, are per- 
 pendicular ice cliffs. The valleys are covered 
 with snow ; not a stream of fresh water was 
 seen, and scarcely any vegetation. A pro- 
 montory on its SE end was named Queen 
 Charlotte Cape. Lon. 36 11 w, lat." 54 
 35 s. 
 
 Georgia, Gulf of, a gulf situated between 
 the continent cf N America, and Quadra 
 and Vancouver island, in the N Pacific ocean. 
 It is about 120 miles long, and from 6 to 20 
 broad. It contains several clusters of small 
 islands, and divides into a number of canals 
 Gera, a town in Upper Saxony, and coun- 
 ty of Reus, the Elster.^ About a mile 
 from the town in a wood, is a castle called 
 Osterstein. " The inhabitants carry on a con- 
 siderable manufacture of fine stufls. Its 
 extensive trade and elegant houses, has pro- 
 cured it the name of Little Leipsic ; 52 
 miles ssw of Leipsic. Lon. 12 7 e, lat. 50 
 55 N. 
 
 GERAU, a small country, situated near 
 the conflux of the Maine and the Paime. 
 
 Darmstadt is tlie capital. . • v.*, 
 
 G-erau Gross, a town m the principality 
 of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, 10 miles 
 
 WNW of Darmstadt. - 
 
 ft towa ia the department «« 
 
 
G E R 
 
 G E R 
 
 OlsCr and district of Beauvais, France; 12 || 
 miles Nw of Beauvois. ! 
 
 Gerhevillevy a town in the department of ij 
 Meurthe, and district of Luneville, France, 
 seated on the Agen, five miles s of Lune- 
 ville, 
 
 GerhU an island on the coast of Tripoli, 
 Mediterranean. It produces barley, figs, 
 olives, and grapes, in great abundance. Lon. 
 11 20 E, lat. oo 56 N. 
 
 Gerbsiadtf a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 county of Mansfield, seven . miles of 
 Mansfield. 
 
 Gerdaven, a town in the province of Na- 
 tangen, Prussia, has two castles, and stands 
 on the Omet ; in its vicinity is an extensive 
 lake ; 50 miles se of Konigsberg. 
 
 Germaiiiy St, a town in the department of 
 the Loire, France, celebrated for its excel- 
 lent wine, 18 miles s of Boanne. 
 
 Germain, St, a town in the department of 
 the Seine and Oise, France. Here, in a 
 magnificent palace, was born Louis XFV. 
 This was the retreat of James II. when he 
 fled to France, It stands on the Seine, and 
 has, in its vicinity, a fine forest ; 10 miles 
 W of Paris. 
 
 Germains, St, an ancient borough In Corn- 
 wall. is governed by a mayor, once the largest 
 town in the county, and a bishop’s see. It 
 now consists of fishermen’s cottages. The 
 parish church is part of the ancient cathe- 
 dral, in the vicinity of v/hicb is a priory. It 
 has a free school, and market on Fridey. 
 In the parish, which is the largest in Corn- 
 wail, are 17 villages, and more gentlemen’s 
 seats than in any parish in England ,! Has 
 fairs May 1, and August 28 : 10 miles wof 
 Plymouth, 18 s of Launceston, and 228 w 
 by s of London. 
 
 German Flats, the chief township of Her- 
 kemer county, taken from that of Montgo- 
 mery, in Nev/ Yoric, situated on the s side 
 of Mohawk river It contains about 4190 
 inhal itants, of whom -684 are electors ; 24 
 miles E of Whitestown, and 60 w of Sche- 
 nectady. 
 
 Gennano. St, a town at the foot of Mount 
 Cassano, Naples, in Terra di Lavora, 17 
 miles ssE ol Sora. 
 
 Germano, St, a town of Piedmont, on the 
 river Ndviglio, 9 miles w of Vercelli. 
 
 Gtrrnanton, 3Tew, a town in Hunterdon j 
 county. New Jersey, 28 miles nw of Bruns- | 
 wick. 
 
 Germantown, in Columljia county, in the 
 State of New York, contains about 600 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Germantown, in Philadelphia Ccuntj', 
 Pennsylvania, sifuated seven miles Nof Phi- i 
 ladeiphia city,- is a corporation, consisting | 
 cliiefly of High and Low Dutch; and con- i 
 tains about 250 houses. Here is t!)e prin- jj 
 cipai congregation of the Mennonists. Knit ji 
 stockings, of cotton, thread, and wovited; arc i 
 
 manufactured here to a great extent. Tith 
 jd.ice, in 17 <7, was the scene of a battle be- 
 tween the British and Americans, in which, 
 allbough the latter w^ere compelled to retreat, 
 the former suffered severe loss. 
 
 Germantown, the capital of the Stokes 
 county. North Carolina, stands near a branch, 
 of tlie Dan, 70 miles \v by n of Hillsborough, 
 Its public buildings are a court-house and 
 jail. 
 
 Germaninm, the chief town cf Hyde 
 county. North Carolina, 
 
 GERMANY, a country of Europe, 600 
 miles in length, and 500 in breadth, in an-^ 
 cient times inhabited by various nations, who 
 derived their origin from the Celts and Scla*- 
 vonians, or Vandals, differing in language 
 and in manners. In 1275, after great trou- 
 bles and disputes, Slodolph, Count of Haps- 
 burgh, from whom the illustrious House of 
 Austria is descended, ivas chosen emperor. 
 In this family the imperial dignity continued 
 down to Franck, now emperor of Austria, 
 Among the numerous changes which the 
 Revolution in France, had produced in Eu« 
 rope, the world beheld with wonder the old 
 constitution of the Germanic body complete- 
 ly dissolved, and the first prince of Europse 
 forced to abdicate his throne. (See Austria, 
 and Framce.) Upon the commencement of 
 the war with the republicans, at the dav^m of 
 the revolution, Germany comprehended all 
 those countries between the duchy of Sler* 
 wick and the Baltic on the n ; Prussia, Po- 
 ianch Hungary, Sclavonia, and Croatia, oa 
 the E ; the gulf of Venice, Italy, and Swifc^ 
 Zetland, on the s ; and France, as under th» 
 monarchy, the United Provinces, and the 
 German ocean, on the w. The emjiuir 
 was composed of a great number of small 
 states, some were free, others not so : 
 those which submitted to llie sovereighii 
 included their vassals and villains. Ger- 
 many w'as divided into 10 circles; which 
 had no determinate rank, but custom 
 placed them in the following order, viz, 
 Austria,. Burgundy, Lower Rhine, Fran- 
 conia, Bavaria, Suabia, Upper Rhine, 
 Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and Lower 
 Saxony. The two first are Catholics, the 
 two last Protestants, the other six a mixture 
 of both, Bohemia, Moravia, Lusatia, 
 Silesia, and some other countries, w'crc not 
 comprised in the 10 circles. At -ts origin 
 the empire was elective. Before Cuurles V. 
 the title was that of Rf man emperor, and 
 they were crowned at Rome. The emperor 
 beiore he was crovv^ned, sent (.j assure the 
 -pope of hi.s filial reverence. The emperor 
 was also king of Lombardy, and possessed 
 a number of fiefs, as the duchies of Mantua, 
 Milan, Montferrat, G. nzao''. Mirandobi 
 tkc. in Italy, which were ceded to the late 
 At.alinn republic, and now u.aning part of 
 the kini-dcjn of J^cly; be^idw 
 
G E R 
 
 G E Ri 
 
 "'Tusirar.y, Genoa, &:c, WLen the emperor 
 disci, 'ivas a minor, or absent, be had for his sub- 
 stitute the elector Fuletine and the elector 
 of Saxony, who were called imperial vicars. 
 The preroaadves of the emperor were to 
 rank as the first prince of Europe, to. be 
 crdled the Advocate and Temporal Chief 
 of Cimsiendom. ilis power in Germany 
 was.restrained by the laws and by his oath. 
 He had a rigbJ to create nobles, raise 
 countries to a mere eminent rank, grant 
 tides, arms, and privileges, In foreign 
 wars he might act upon die defensive. He 
 permitted poviers to eriiol themselves in 
 the empire, vvith the consent of the territorial 
 lords. To make wai, peace, alliances, 
 alienations, engagements; to recover lands 
 belongir:g to the empire, to convoke the 
 diets, he must act with the electors ; their 
 consent was necessary. The consent of 
 all the states had to be obtained when any 
 of its members were put under the ban 
 of the, empire. The states of the empire 
 were formed of three colieges,' the college 
 of electcis, the college of princes, and the 
 college of imperial towns. The right of 
 voice, and seat at the diet of the empire 
 was attached to domain, and not to pcr.son. 
 The number of electors was nine, three of 
 which were ecclesiastics, viz. archbishops of 
 ]VIen.tz, Treves, and Cologn, The -secular 
 electors were, the king of Bohemia, the 
 electors of Bavaria, Saxony, Brandenburg, 
 JPalaiine, and Brunswick: Luneburg, or 
 Hanover. Next to the electors were the 
 princes of the empire, who w'ere partly 
 ecclesiastical and partly secular, of an 
 ancient house, or a new creation. The 
 cities of the empire were such as were 
 governed by magistrates of their own, stood 
 irnniediately under the emperor and the 
 empire, and had a seat and voice at the 
 diet, at w'liich they constituted the third 
 and last college. The free and imperial 
 cities wl’ch composed this college were 
 Hubec, Hamburgh, Bremen, Wetzlaer, 
 Frankfort, Nuremburg, Augsburg, and 
 Ilatisbon. The diet of the empire was an 
 assembly of the emperor, and of all the 
 states, or of ail their -envoys and plenipo- 
 t.cntiyries, in erder to consult about, and 
 ceme to resolutions, in matters which con- 
 cerned the whole German empire. This 
 diet was summoned by the empercr, -who, 
 after consuUitipn wdth the’ electors, ap- 
 pointed the time and place for it, which 
 latter behoved 'to be within the German 
 domiidons. The b,.d the power of 
 
 making peace or wcr. and tex *s and ’n':][,>osts 
 of t'le empire cm f t caJy IK. . liil on V iih 
 the adviVc, pr.v ly, end content, of ibc 
 electors eod states, at general diets, 
 
 b'.it rh ’ th'c; .'i-.rs 1. 4 the tV.rce of law, 
 
 ti!i UK* c h:s ccuiienl, When a 
 
 obliged to conbibute his quota of men and 
 money, as valued in the matriculation roll ; 
 though as an elector or prince he might 
 espouse a different side from that of the 
 diet Aithoug'i all the. sovereigns of Ger- 
 many were ab-olute in their own dominions, 
 and determiliv 1 all civil causes definitively, 
 yet an appeal u s^ me cases might be made 
 to the impenal chamber, at Wefzhr, and 
 the Auiic council at Vienna. Tlie princi- 
 pal rivers of GGnnany are the Danube, 
 Rhine, Maine, Elbe, Oder, and Weser. 
 i All its parts do not enjoy the same mild* 
 ness of climate, nor the same fertility of 
 soil; but, in general, the air is wholesome, 
 and the inhabitants live as long, or perhaps 
 longer, than in the neighbouring countries, 
 Gerniariy was formerly covered with wood, 
 and still contains seme large f jrests, though 
 several districts are in want of w'ood, and 
 burn turf, peat, and coals. The white 
 mulberry-tree is very common, olives grow 
 in several places, and chesnuts, oaks, beech, 
 hrs, and fruit-trees, such as apples, pears, 
 cherries, plums, peachs, almonds, walnuts, 
 hlberls, Ac. It yields all kinds of grain, 
 such as wheat, rye, maize, barley, oats, 
 pease, bc£ms, tares, cScc. Tlie inhabitants' 
 cukivate hemp, flax, hops, anise, cummin, 
 tobaicco, madder, w'oad, saffron, carthamus, 
 or bastard safiiror, Ac. The country pro- 
 duces wines, which in the opinion of many, 
 surpass the French and Hungarian. The 
 number of horses, oxen, cows, sheep, goats, 
 and swine, are incredibly great. The nu- 
 merous rives, brooks, lakes, and ponds in 
 Germany, abound in various fine sorts of 
 fish, such as sturgeon, shad, salmon, pike 
 carp, trout, lamprey, perch, roach, barbel, 
 or red beard, jack, eel, and many other 
 species. Germany contains mines of gold, 
 
 ' silver, lead, tin, iron, copper, loadstone, 
 ochre, cinnabar, quicksilver, coals, Ac. with 
 quarries of marhle, alabaster, and other 
 stone ; in many places are found agates, 
 cornelians, and even the more valuable 
 precious stones, as diamonds, rubies, eme- 
 ralds, amethysts, Ac. with vitriol, saltpetre, 
 alum, sulphur, and salt springs in abundance. 
 The number of medicinal springs and ba^hs, 
 beth warm and cold, is very great, This 
 country, which had anciently nothing but 
 scattered huts thatched with straw, now 
 contains more ihan 20,500 towns, and about 
 80,000 villages. The umber of inhabi- 
 tants is reckoned about 50.000 000. For* 
 tifications . existed before towns; and frem 
 the 'warlike character of the ancit nt inhabi- 
 tants, all the eminences in this country are 
 arlorr.ed with cast'es ; ever, convents were 
 lonincc. There are difibrent ki guages in 
 I Gennany, .which prove Ihaf the people are 
 : not all of one origin, but. the principal i.s a 
 jj dialect of the Zoulouie, which succeeded 
 
 WAV GCvtiikiiicd pruije v.aswUat the Ccliic, .The Roman calholic, 
 
G E R 
 
 lihe Lutheran, and Calvinistic are the three i 
 principal religions, but all kinds are 
 tolerated ; and there are multitudes of Jews 
 in all the towns. Vienna is the capital. 
 
 Germersheim, a town in the dopartinent 
 of Mont Tonnerre, France, situated at the 
 confluence of the Quiech and the Rhine. 
 
 It is seven miles ssw of Spires. 
 
 GermSf a town of Austria, near Zweil, 
 2^ miles wsw of Horn. 
 
 Gernrode, an abbey of Germany, in Up- 
 per Saxony, founded in 960, and richly 
 endowed by Gero, IVIargrave of Lusatia, 
 but bv the treaty of Westphalia secularised 
 in favour of the- house of Anhalt; 22 miles 
 %v of Bern burg, and 30 w of Dessau. 
 
 Gerns'ieun, or Gerrensheim^ a town si- 
 tuated on the E bank of the Rhine, late 
 palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle, 10 
 miles sw of Darmstadt. 
 
 Geroldstein, a town in the department 
 of Saare, lately of France, now reverted to 
 Germany, in the electorate of Treves; 
 stands on the Kill, 24 miles n of Treves. 
 
 Geron Pointy a cape of Ireland, on the 
 \v coast of the county of Antrim, s of Red 
 Bay. Lon. £ i 5 w, lat. 55 2 k. 
 
 Geronaj a city of Catalonia, Spain. It is 
 seated on the side of hills, defended to- 
 wards the east by some redoubts. It is a 
 bishop’s see, and its cathedral, one of the 
 finest monuments of Gothic architecture, is 
 the only structure that stands on a height. 
 It stands on the Ter, 20 miles from its 
 influx into the IMediterrar.ean, and 56 ne 
 of Barcelona, after a ieng and severe siege, 
 in 1 809, it submitted to the French. It is 
 44 miles s of Perpignan. Lun. 2 40 e, lat. 
 42 5 N. 
 
 GERS, a department v/hich includes 
 the late provinces of Armagnac and Gas- 
 cony^ France. It is about 55 miles long, 
 and from 22 to 45 broad. The river Gers, 
 which crosses it from s to N, gives it name. 
 Auche is the capital. 
 
 Gersaiif a town of Switzerland, and 
 capital of a small republic, in the canton 
 and on the lake of Schweitz, at the foot of 
 Rig?. The vvnole territory is only about 
 two leagues long, and one wide, and the 
 population about 1000 souls. The town 
 is composed of scattered houses and cottages, 
 and the inhabitants carry on an extensive 
 silk market. It is 12 miles sw of Schweitz. 
 
 CerlTudenburgy or St Gertru^denhurg, a 
 town in the department of the Dommel 
 and Scheldt, Holland. It has a good har- 
 bour formed by the Merwe, and a salmon 
 fishery, on a large lake, called Bies Bosch. 
 It is built in the form oi a crescent, with 
 regular fortifications, good bastions, and 
 some forts ; there are also sluices, by means 
 ^f which the adjacent country can be laid 
 under water. It was taken by the French 
 1795. It lies 10 irJUs se of and' 
 
 
 G E Z 
 
 eight N by e of Breda. Lon. 4 52 e, ht. 
 51 44 N. 
 
 Gcrumenha, a town in Alentejo, Portu- 
 gal, with a strong fort, and stands on a 
 hill, near the Guadiaiia, 18 miles below 
 Badajoz. 
 
 Gcsiike, a town in the late circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, and duchy of Westphalia, 
 Germany, stand.s on tiie Weyck, 11 miles 
 wsw of Paderborn. 
 
 Ges series/. See Sanen 
 
 Gessigo Point, a cape in the county of 
 Sligo, Ireland, w of Sligo bay. Lon. 8 
 32 w. lat. 54 22 ir. 
 
 Gesso, a town in Abruzzo Citra, Naples, 
 15 miles ke of Civita Boreila. 
 
 GESTRICIA, or Gestrike, a province 
 of Sweden, between tlie gulf of Bothnia on 
 the E, and Deiecarii on the w. It is lOO 
 miles long, and 60 wide. The nunes, 
 forges, forests, lakes, and rivers with which 
 it h diversified, furnish the principal riches 
 and support of the inhabitants. Gefie is the 
 capital. 
 
 Gethphurg, a small towm in York county, 
 Penns vivaiiia, seated at the iiead of Rock 
 Creek, one of the sources of the Monocacy, 
 30 miles w by s ef York. 
 
 GEVAUDAN, a inoiiDtaiiious country 
 of France, in Laiiquedoc. Blende was thf* 
 capital. It now forms the department of 
 Loz^re. 
 
 Gear, a town in the depirrtmerc of Ain, 
 France. It stands at the foot of Mount 
 St Cloude, between Swisserland, the L-ke 
 of Geneva, and the Rhone. It is celebrated 
 for its cheese ; 10 miles, kw of Geneva. 
 
 Geyer, a towr* in Upper Saxony. The 
 inhabitants have large manufactures of 
 vitriol, sulphur, alum, and Arsenic; six 
 miles w’sw of Wolkenstein. 
 
 G-y SS, S- town in the late circle of the 
 Upper Rhine, in the princ'paliry of Fulda, 
 Germany, is seated on the Ulster, 17 rnile^ 
 NE of Fulda. ■ - 
 
 Gezari; or Dsjezun, a sea port of Ambia 
 Felix, wdiich carries on a considcrubie 
 trade in senna and coffee; situated on the 
 Red sea, 90 miles nw of Locheia. jLob* 
 42 15 E, lat. 16 25 N. 
 
 Gezira, a town in ilie province of Diarbe- 
 kir, Asiatic Turkey, capital of a Pachalic, 
 is seated on an island formed by the Tigris. 
 A1 Gezira is also the name of the whole 
 province of Diarbek. The town is 70 miles 
 NW of Mosul. Lon. 40 50 e, lat. 36 
 36 N. 
 
 GEZULA, or Gazula, the most southern 
 province of the empire of Morocco. The 
 iiih.abkants are consirh'r the most ancient 
 pc;oph of Africa. The country produces a 
 great deal of barley, and plentirul j.'asLure, 
 There .are mines of iron and copper, the,^ 
 tl'icy exchange fev cloth, spices, ho.‘'3:'s, &c. 
 If Straojers are h(;i>pltubly received, and every 
 
 4 
 
y^sx there is a good fair for two months. 
 The people are free, being rather the allies 
 than the subjects of Morocco. They are nu- 
 merous, but have no towns, generally living 
 in tents. 
 
 GHANA, or Cano, capital of a country 
 of the same name in Negroland, seated at 
 the outlet of an extensive lake, which di- 
 vides it into two parts, and a little below 
 falls into the Niger, which here has the 
 name Neel il Obeed, or Nile of the Negroes?, 
 It is governed by a Sultan, and is 150 miles 
 E by s of Cassina. Lon. 18 25 e, lat. 
 13 40 N. 
 
 Ghana, or Ghanara, a strong town, capi- 
 tal of the kingdom of Wangara, Africa, 
 stands on a branch of the Niger, has a 
 trade in gold, senna, and slaves ; 280 miles 
 SE of Cassina. Lon. 15 40 e, lat. 15 40 n. 
 
 Ghede, a well built town of Italy, which 
 gave name to a republican district, contain- 
 ing five parishes, and 5,000 souls, in the de- 
 partment of the Mela. The town contains 
 about 5,200 citizens. 
 
 Ghent,, a city in department of the 
 Scheldt, lately the capital of Austrian Flan- 
 ders, France, situated on the conflux of tlie 
 rivers Scheldt, Lis, Moere, and Liege, 
 wrliich, with a great number of canals, in- 
 tersect it in every direction, dividing it into 
 26 small islands, which are united by about 
 500 bridges. Odoacer, Grand Forrester of 
 Flanders, surrounded it with w'alls; since 
 which it has been frequently enlarged, par- 
 ticularly in 1397, under Philip the Bold, 
 the 35th compte of Flanders. Ghent was 
 erected into a bishopric in 1559, by Pope j 
 Paul I V. The cathedral of St Buvon, and 
 the abbey of St Peter are superb structures^ 
 adorned with some paintings by the best 
 masters. Besides the cathedral it has six 
 parish churches, and a great many religious 
 houses. The streets are large, and the mar- 
 ket places spacious. It has a considerable 
 trade in corn ; with cloth, linen, and silk 
 manufactures ; the trade is greatly assisted 
 by two navigable canals, one to Sas de Ghent, 
 the other to Bruges, Ostend, &c. John, the 
 tiiird son of Edward III, King of England, 
 vras born in this city, and thence called John 
 of Ghent, Charles V. was a native of this 
 city, and the citadel which he built to over- 
 awe the citizens, whom he frequently op- 
 pressed with heavy exactions, preserving in 
 the memory of the inhabitants the tyranny ' 
 of' his reign, Ghent has been often the 
 scene of hostilities ; it was taken by the 
 French in 1794, and retained liy them till 
 the overthrow of Bonaparte.in 1814. It is 
 famous for what is styled the pacification of 
 Ghent, concluded, in 1576, the first com- 
 mencement of the separation of seven pro- 
 vinces from the 17, which then formed the 
 Netherlands. Here are met commissioners 
 from America and Britaioi to negociatc a 
 
 GIA 
 
 treaty of peace between the two countn€«„ 
 Preliminaries of which have been signed. 
 It is 26 miles nw of Brussels, and 50 miles 
 sw^ of Antw^erp. Lon. 5 44 e, lat 515 k. 
 
 GJiergoyig, the capital of the country of 
 Assam, seated on the Degoo, near it? junc- 
 tion wdih the Burampooier. Here the rajah 
 has an elegant palace surrounded with a 
 ditch full of water. The city is walled with 
 Bamboos and has four gates built with stone 
 and earth ; 400 miles e of Calcutta. Lon. 
 95 56 E, lat. 26 25 n. 
 
 Gheriah, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in 
 Concan, once the capital of Angria, a noted 
 piratical prince, whose fort was taken, and 
 his fleet destroyed by the British and Mah- 
 rattas in 1756 ; 165 miles s by e of Bom- 
 bay. Lon. 75 8 E, lat. 16 45 n. 
 
 Gheza, See Gizeh, 
 
 Ghiddore, a town of Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 on the borders of Bahar, 84 miles se of Patna. 
 
 GHILAN, or Kilan, a province of 
 Persia, about 200 miles from e to w, and 
 150 from n to s, supposed to be ancient 
 Hyrcania. It is one of the most beautiful 
 and fertile provinces in Persia, producing 
 silk, olives, rice, tobacco, and most excellent 
 fruits of all kinds. Whole forests are seen 
 of mulberry, box, and w alnut trees. Every 
 peasant has a garden to his cottage, filled 
 with orange-trees, citrons, figs, and vines* 
 On the tops of the highest mountains are 
 tigers, leopards, wolves, bears, and deer* 
 The inhabitants are- Mahometans, brave, 
 haughty, and industrious. The women are' 
 extremely handsome. This province was 
 ceded to Russia in 1724, but not possessed 
 till 1780. Resht is the capital. 
 
 Ghilan, St, a town in the department of 
 the North, France, stands on the Haina, and 
 is five miles w of Mons. 
 
 Ghinnla, or Giiinala, a town and king- 
 dom of Africa, on the river Grande. Lon. 
 12 20 w, lat. 10 20 N. 
 
 Ghivira, a tovrn of Italy, 50 miles nw of 
 Milan. 
 
 Ghizni, or Gazna, a town in the country 
 of Cabul, Asia, called second Medina, 
 from the number of persons of distinction 
 buried hers. It was formerly the capital of 
 a powerful empire of its name. It is 54 
 miles sof Cabul, and 150 e of Candahar. 
 
 Gkoer, a town in Overyssel, Holland, iO 
 miles NNE of Bo; keloe. 
 
 Ghoumcl, or Gomel, a towm in the king- 
 dom of Fouli, Africa, on the Joto. The re- 
 sidence of the king. Lon. 11 15 w, lat. 16 
 
 12 N. 
 
 Ghourbond, a town in the country of 
 Cabul, 42 miles nw of Cabul. Lon. 67 
 52 E, lat. 34 55 N. 
 
 Giant's Causeway. See Causeway, 
 
 GianCs Head, a cape on the e coast of 
 the island of St Christopher, a little to tlit? 
 s of Ragged Point* 
 
Xxiavennay a town of Piedmont, at the 
 foot of the Cottiaii Alps, near Sdiigon. The 
 air is and the sitnat’on agree^-Ade, 
 
 It iii surrounded with aa ancient wall, wnb 
 four gates, 10 miles s£ of Susa, and 14 w of 
 Turin. , 
 
 GibcUo, a town in the Pallayicjn, on the 
 Po. iciy, tVk'o miles and a-half ke ot Busseto, 
 and 16 Nw of Parma. 
 
 Gibrahon, a town in the country of Se- 
 vilic; vitha harbour, Sv>aH, seated on the 
 rive.'’ Odiei. it contains aooat 1 50 houses, 53 
 miles w oi Seville. Ton. 2 19 lat. 37 29 n. 
 
 Gibraltar, a town in Andalusia, Spain, I 
 belonging to Great Britam. V^festwavd is a 
 large bay, to which it gives name Behind 
 it, to the E is a high rocky mountam, called 
 by the ancients Calpe, and with Abayia, on 
 the opposite shore, in their mythological 
 language, *7ie of the Pillars of Hercules^ 
 On this mountain a leaver is built, in which 
 a guard is kept to give notice of vessels pas- 
 sing the straits. The town is not large but 
 strongly fortified : The garrison consists of 
 SVOOO or 4,000 men, with upvrards of 300 
 pieces of cannon. The bay h two leagues 
 across from e to w, and three from n to s. 
 The number of English, besides the garri- 
 son, is about 2,000, and of various nations 
 about as many. A fortided line is drawn 
 by the Spaniards, from sea to sea, to cut off 
 the communication of the garrison with the 
 rest of Spain. In 1462, Gibraltar was 
 taken from the Moors, in 1704 it came into 
 the possession of the English. In the fol- 
 lowing year, and again in 1727 the Spani- 
 ards attempted to retake it, but without suc- 
 cess. It was again besieged from J ulj^ 1779 
 to 1803, but in September 1802, it may be 
 considered as terminated, w'hen the floating 
 batteries of Spain, were destroyed by red-hot 
 •hot, from the garrison. From the num- 
 ber and strength of its works, it is deemed 
 impregnable. The Strait of Gibraltar is 24 
 miles long, and 15 broad; a strong current 
 always runs through it from. the Atlantic to 
 the Mediterranean, 60 miles se of Cadiz. 
 Lon. 4 53 w, lati 36 13 N. 
 
 Gibraltar, a fortified towm in Terra Fir- 
 ma, and province of Venezuella, seated on 
 the SE coast of the lake Maracaybo. The 
 environs rear the best cocoa of the province, , 
 and an excellent kind of tobacco. The air j 
 is very unwholesome in the rainy season, 
 when the pl.'inters and merchants usually re- 
 tire to Maracaybo, from which it is distant 
 120 miles sse. Lon. 70 45 w, lat, 8 45 n. 
 
 Gienj a town in the dapartment of Loirct, 
 France, on the Loire, containing about 
 4,200 inhabitants, 54 miles ese of Orleans. | 
 Lon. 7 31 E, iat. 17 41 k. i 
 
 I Giengen, a town ia Suabla, sslted on the 
 Brei^z, ceded to the prince of Wirtemberg 
 «ti 1802, 18 miles of Ulm. 
 
 Istt, 4o 1^7 It* ■?r\ ■ 
 
 Giensor, a town of Barbary, in Tripoli,' 
 
 10 miles s of Tripoli. 
 
 Gir\ a river of France* 
 
 Gidrace, a town in the province of Cala- 
 b»-i^ Ultra, Naples, stands on a mounuiu 
 pc-'^ the sea. Near it are some sulphureous 
 bir.t!*s. 3S miles ene of Eeggio. Lon. 16 
 40 E- lat. oH 13 If. 
 
 Gidronny , a town of Lithuania, 20 inilea 
 NE of Lida. 
 
 Giessen, a fortified town in Upper Hes^, 
 and situated in a fertile country on the Latin. 
 
 It is subfect to the House of Darmstadt, id 
 the seat of the regency of Upper Hesse, has 
 a citadel and university. It w'as taken by 
 the French, in 1759, and again in 1796, but; 
 was soon recovered by the Austiians; 15 
 miles wsw of Marburg. Lon. 8 45 *, lat* 
 
 -0 .-nr 
 
 Gifford, a handsome village in E Lo- 
 thian, containing about 400 inhabitants. 
 It is the property of the Marquis of Tweed- 
 dale, to whose eldest son it gives the title 
 of earl. The seat of the marquis is in the 
 vicinity ; 17 miles e by s of Edinburgh. 
 
 Giga, or Gigha, an island of Scotland, 
 about seven miles long, and two and a-half 
 broad ; the whole is arable, and the soil is 
 fertile, vegetation quick, and the air salu- 
 brious. The shores afford shells for ma- 
 nure, and a fine sand for the manufacture 
 of glass. It is 11 miles ESE of Isla. It 
 1 forms with the isle of Cara, one parochi^ 
 district, which contains about 620 inhabi- 
 tants, of whom a majority are males. 
 
 Gisgleswick, a village in Yorkshire, one 
 mile Trom Settle. The neighbourhood a- 
 bounds with natural curiosities, particularly 
 a well on the side of the public road, which 
 ebbs and flows, frequently thrice in an hour, 
 and subsides considerably every ebb tide, 
 though 30 miles from the sea. In the vil- 
 lage is a free grammar school. 
 
 Giglio, a small island in the Mediterrap* 
 iiean, coast of Tuscany, belonging to Sienna,, 
 has a castle, 15 miles , wsw of Oxbittello. 
 Lon. 0 52 w, let. 42 23 N. 
 
 Gignac, a town in the department of the 
 HerauU, France, on the Herault, 14 miles 
 w of Montpellier. 
 
 Giguluin, a small island pf the Hebrides, 
 lying between Gigha and Cara. 
 
 Gihon, See Amu. 
 
 Gijon, a sea- port town in the province of 
 Asturia, Spain, has an ancient castle, and is 
 seated on the bay of Biscay, 24 miles ne of 
 Dviedo. Lon. 5 56 w, lat, 43 32 N. 
 
 Gilbert's Island, an island near the sw 
 coast of Terra del Fuego. Lon. 71 7 w, 
 
 lat. 55 15 s. , 
 
 Gilberts town, a town m Virginia, 5Q 
 miles N of Charlottesville. 
 
 Gmrd, a to'vn ia the county of Dnvni, 
 Ireland, on th* Batw, 15 miles,, froi^ 
 Neury* 
 
Gr I N 
 
 0i,nem's Boy^ a bay on the s coast of 
 the island of 6t Christopher, one mile and 
 a-half w of Basseterre. 
 
 - Gilles Stf a town in the department of 
 Vendee, France, on the Vie, near its mouth, 
 16 miles nnw of Sables d’Olonnc. 
 
 Gillies Hilit a hill near St Ninian’s, 
 Stirlingshire, believed to have been the 
 retired residence of Gill Morris, celebrated 
 in an old tragical ballad of that name, G?U 
 and Morrison are names common in Uiat 
 neighbourhood at this day. . 
 
 Giilingkamf^ a village in Dorsetshire, 
 which gives name to a forest about four 
 miles long and one broad, and to a pari;sh 
 40 miles in circuit. Here is a large ancient 
 church, a free school, two bridges over the 
 Stour, and fairs, on Trinity, and Septem- 
 ber ist. In the forest, the Danes \Yere 
 vanquished by Edmund Iroiisme; in 101 6. 
 Near the church are vestiges of an extensive 
 palace, which had been strongly fortihed : 
 live miles nvv of Shaftsbury. . j 
 
 QUlsay^ a small island of Scotland, be- j 
 tween Lewis and North Uist; . . 
 
 Giliy Loiighi a lake in the county of Sli- 
 go, two miles w from Sligo. It contains 
 {several large verdant islands, is surrounded 
 by bold hills, w^eoded lawns, and variety 
 of charming scenery. 
 
 Gitmerto?i, a. village in Mid- Lothian, in 
 the parish of Lihbmon, containing 800 
 inhabitants. 
 
 GILOLO, one of the Molucca islands, 
 in tlie E Indian ocean, about 70 leagues 
 long, and 2.50 in circumference, hut little 
 known. The equinoctial line runs through 
 the s part of it. The Sultans of Ternate 
 and Tumre share this island between them. 
 The, inhabitants are industrious, particularly 
 in weaving.. Tatany, one of its chief towns, 
 w hich stands on a promontary on the e side, 
 is accessible only by ladders. Lon. 129 0 e, 
 lat. 0 24 N. 
 
 Gilpf Lock, a small arm of the sea in 
 .ArgylislMre, ■ only, remarkable as being the 
 point from which the Crinan canal goes 
 ofi' to join the Atlantic at the bay of 
 Ciinan. . . . , , 
 
 Gimkont, a citadel in Westphalia, which 
 gives name to a lordship, united With 
 Neustadt, has a voice in the circle, and is 
 eight miles ssE of Wippcifiut. . i 
 
 Gimont, a town in the department of the 
 Gers, and district of Audi, France, 12 miles 
 £ of Audi. « 
 
 Gi'Hgee, a tmvn and A>r.tress in tlie Car- 
 i»atic» Hindoostcin, dcfoi.dcd by three castles, 
 situated on ‘the three tops of an elevated 
 mountain. It W'as t-ikea by tl e French, 
 in 1750,. and ifeSS miles sw of Pondicherry, 
 Lon. 79 ^6 E, lat. 12 16 n. 
 
 Ginger, a small island in the W Indies, 
 10 miles ssw' of Virgin iii.Gorda. , 
 
 GINGiPvA, a kingdom ot Africa, lying:. 
 
 G I R 
 
 f to the s of Abyssinia, and w of Machidas. 
 j Lon 30 E, lat. 5 n. 
 
 j Gioddah, or Geddah, a sea port on the e 
 I coast of the Red Sea. Being the port of 
 Mecca, it carries on a great trade. Lon. 59 
 27 E, lat. 21 30 N. 
 
 Giorgiev, a loWn of Walachia, on the n 
 side of the Danube. Here, in 1771, the 
 Russians obtained a signal victory over the 
 Turks; 46 miles w of Bueborest. 
 
 Gio7'gio, Si, in Alga, an island w of Ve- 
 nice, inhabhed by Carmelite monks. 
 
 GIORGIO, St, Maggicee, a beauti- 
 ful island on the coaso of Venice, inhabited 
 by noble Benedictine monks. Its catial 
 passes by Chioggio into Italy. 
 
 Giovenazzo, a town in the province of 
 Bari, Naples. It has high walls and high 
 liouses built of polished stone, with fiat roofs, 
 10 miles nvv of Bari. Lon. 15 50 e, lat. 
 27 30 N. 
 
 , Giraglia, a small island near the n coast 
 of Corsica 23 miles n of Bastia. 
 
 Girdleness, a cape on the e coast of Scot- 
 land, two miles E of Aberdeen. 
 
 Girt’sS, a large towm in Kerraan, Persia. 
 Its trade consists in wlieat and dates ; 100 
 miles E by n of Gombren. Lon 57 55 e, 
 lat. 27 50 N. 
 
 Girge, the capital of the Said, and resi- 
 dence of the bey of Upper Egypt. It is 
 about a league in circumference, and con- 
 tains several mosques, basars, and squares ; 
 is seated near the left bank of the Nile, 
 130 miles nnw of Esne, and 240 s of 
 Cairo. Lon. 31 52 e, lat. 26 30 n. 
 
 Gzrgenti, or Agrigenti, a town of Sicily, 
 founded near the ruins of the ancient Argri- 
 gentum, seated on a hill, near the river 
 St Blaise, 62 miles s of Palermo. Here 
 are numerous vestiges of temples and 
 other structures. Lon. 13 42 e, lat. 37 
 
 20 N. 
 
 GIRONDE, a department of France. 
 It takes it name from the river Gironde, 
 and contains part of the late province of 
 Guieiir^e. It lies on . both sides of the 
 Garonne, Bourdeaux is the capital. 
 
 Giro7ide, a river of France, formed by the 
 union of the Garonne and Dordogne, 12 
 miles N of Bourdeaiix ; after a course of 
 45 iniks, it falls into the bay of Biscay. At 
 its month is Cardouan, a celebrated tower 
 and light-house, seated on a rock in the sea, 
 60 miles nnw of Bourdeaux. Lon. 1 9 w, 
 lat. 45 o6 N. 
 
 Girona, a city in Catalonia, Spain. Lon. 
 2 52 E, lat- 42 0 N, 
 
 Gironns, Si. a town in the department 
 ('f Arriege, France, stands on the Satat, 
 four miles s by e of St Liz’er, 
 
 Girtho-h, a parish in the county of Kirk- 
 cudbright, 'about 15 miles long, and fretn 
 three to five brosd. T.be n and e parts are 
 bletiky and hil.y, interspersed with sever?A 
 
G I Z 
 
 fakes, particularly Loch Fleet, from whence 
 the river issues. On its banks is the thriv- 
 ing village of Gatehouse. Population above 
 1,700. 
 
 Girvariy an ancient toivn in Ayrshire, 
 seated on the s side of the Girvan, at its 
 mouth, which at high water adniits vessels 
 drawing nine cr ten feet The river issues 
 from several small lakes in the parish of 
 Dailly. On its banks are several gentle- 
 inen*s seats, amid the most charming scenery. 
 At its mouth is a considerable salmon 
 fishery. Tlie town of Girvan contains above 
 1000 inhabitants, and has 100 looms em- 
 ployed in the cotton manufacture. It is a 
 borough of regalilyi governed b}' tv/o bailies 
 and ten counsellors. The parish of Girvan 
 extends about nine miles along the sea 
 coast, wi(h a breadth of from two to six 
 miles. It is fertile along the coast and on 
 the banks of the river; more inland it is 
 mountainous and best employed in pasture. 
 In the parish arc five circular c.amps. Gir- 
 van is 21 miles ssw of Ayr, and 96 sw by 
 w of Edinburgh. Population 2,260. 
 
 Gisborough, a town in the N Riding of 
 Yorkshire, It has a market on Monday, 
 and six annual fairs. The alum mines in 
 its neighoourhood are the first whicli were 
 wrought in England. Formerly it was ce- 
 lebrated for its fine abbey, 22 miles w nw of 
 Wiitby, and 247 n by w of London. 
 
 Gisors, a town in the department of the 
 Eure, France, stands on the Ept, 28 miles 
 SE of Rouen. 
 
 Gitschin, a town of Bohemia. It suffer- 
 ed severely during the long war of the 
 Swedes in Germany, 22 miles nw of Ko- 
 ningsgratz. 
 
 Givetf a fortified town in the department 
 of the Ardennes, France. The Meuse di- 
 vides it into Givet Saint Hilaire and Givet 
 Notre Dame. The former stands at the 
 foot of a mountain near Charlemont, 20 
 miles NE of Rocroy. 
 
 Giula, a strong town of Upper Hung.ary, 
 situated on the river Keresblan, and frontiers 
 of Transylvania, SO miles svv of Great Wara- 
 din. Lon. 20 40 e, lab 46 40 n. 
 
 Giulia JSTuova, a town in the province of 
 Abruzzo Ultra, Naples, 13 miles n of Atri. 
 
 Giulianaj a town in Val di Mazara, seat- 
 ed on a rock, 12 miles nne of Zacca. 
 
 Giustendel, a town of Macedonia, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, seated near lake Orchridn, 
 60 miles an of Diirazzo, is the see of a 
 Greek arbishop. Lon. 20 36 e, lat. 4 1 40 n. 
 
 Gizeht or Gk.eza^ a fortified tow n of Egypf, 
 sealed cn the left bank of the. Nile, nearly 
 oppc.^.te to Cairo, Here are a palace, 
 several mosques, a cannon foundery, and 
 a manufactory of tiles and earthen pots 
 -toe largest pyramids in Egypt stand six 
 mdes to the sc. This town was taken by 
 the British from the French in 1801, 
 
 7 
 
 G L A 
 
 Glaciers, a name given to some very 
 tensive fields of ice among the Alps of 
 Switzerland. These glaciers may be divided 
 into two sorts : the first occupying the d ^ep 
 valleys situated in the bosom of the Alps, 
 is termed by the natives vallies of ico. T ic 
 second, w'hich clothe the summits and hides 
 of the mountains, are called the Upner Gla- 
 ciers. The Low'er Glaciers are by far the 
 most considerable in extent and dep'h. 
 
 Gladbeck, or Giadbach, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Roer, France, now of Ger- 
 niany, in the duchy of Juiiers, siands on the 
 river Ners, has a Benedictine abbey, and 
 manufactures of fine iinen, 16 miles n cT 
 Juliers. 
 
 Gladenhachy a town in Upper Ilcsse, 
 Germany, 12 miles Nof Guiessen. 
 
 Gladsmuir, a parish in E Lothian con- 
 taining about 5000 acres of ei^ccllent land, 
 and 1470 inhabitants. Coal abounds in the 
 parisln It centams D viOegeSj with S 9 houses 
 in each. George I-iGrrhat, the feunder of 
 the famous HcspTal in which 
 
 bears his name, was a native of tb a parish. 
 The celebrated Dr Rebec tson his 
 
 History of Scotland during iJs incumbeacy 
 in this parish. 
 
 Glarnford Briggs, corrupt’y Glar.dfird 
 Bridge, a town in the county of Lincoln, 
 with a cor.piderable trade in corn, ccala, end 
 timber, ai d a large mroufacture of ' akiris ; 
 has a market cd Tbursday, and stands on 
 the Auchlcm, niivigable for sloops to tha 
 Humber, 25 miles n of Lincoln, and 15 S 
 N by w of London. 
 
 Giamrais, a parish and town in Forfar- 
 shire. The p.arish is about 12 miles long, 
 and from one to five broad, watered by the 
 river Dean. The town of Glainmis is 
 about four miles sw of Forfar, and ccn'ains 
 about 650 inhabitants. The principal manu- 
 facture is yarn and linen cloth. The pv pu- 
 lation of the parish is about 1 1 93. Near d’e 
 church is an obelisk with some rude sculp- 
 ture, said to have been erected in niemery 
 of Malcolm II. who was assassinated here 
 in 1034. Near the town, on the banks of 
 the Dean, stands the castle of Glammis, 
 the seat of the earls of Strathmore, Ir 
 1372, this castle was bestowed by Robert 
 II, on John Lyon, ancestor of the ebove 
 mentioned earls. In the parish also are 
 vestiges of Denovan castle, a very ancient 
 and extensive fortification. 
 
 Glamorganshire, a county of S Wales, 
 being about 48 miles from e to w and 27 
 from N to s. On the k -'’ud ke si<!es if. is 
 very mountainous, the soil of bills ex- 
 tremely varied. Whai corn grc.\7s in the 
 county is principally between the Gouth 
 cf the mountain and the sea, in a spacicus 
 Vale, or plain, open to the latter. Cattht- 
 abound In all parts. I lie air on the north 
 parts ^ sharp, but on the sgudi side miid and 
 3 E 
 
G L A 
 
 G L A 
 
 temperate. Such is the profusion of coal i 
 iod lime-stone, in this county, that lime j 
 is the general manure of it. The plenty of 
 coal and the conveniency of exportation, 
 have brought a large copper work to Swan- 
 sea; iron and lead are iikeivise found in 
 this county. Glamorganshire contains one 
 city, Landaff, and several towns, as Cardiff, 
 Caerphilly, Neath, Brigsnd, Swansea, Llan- 
 trisant, Matthyr-Tyclvi), and Cowbricge. 
 The assizes are held at Cowbridge. — ^Carditi 
 is the largest town, Swansea the most com- 
 rr'icrcial. The principal rivers arc the Tiive, 
 the Neath, the Taw, the Osmore, and the 
 Bumney Glamorganshire is divided into 
 10 hundreds, and 118 parishes, which con- 
 tain about 71,525 iiihabilants. Two mem- 
 bers are returned to parliament, viz. one for 
 the county, and one for the town of Cardiff. 
 
 Gland^iaghj or Glandaloughj a village in 
 the county of Wexford, Ireland, seated on 
 the Ovacn, surrounded by gloomy moun- 
 tains. it was once a city, and is still ceie- 
 braled for its seven churches, and other mo- 
 nastic remains; 11 miles w of Wexford 
 and about 20 s of Dublin. On tlie 3d of 
 June, the anniversary festival of its founder 
 Keivaii, who lived in the 6th century, it 
 is still visited by great numbers of Koman 
 i aiholics. 
 
 Glanu'orthy a village in tlje county cf 
 Cork, I'/eland, situated on the Funcheon, 12 
 miles N of Mallow, and 23 n by e of Cork. 
 
 GLARIS, or Glab.u.s, a canton of 
 fSwitserland, and the eighth in the order of 
 the league, surrounded with lofty mountains 
 (an all sides, except towards the north. 
 These mountains are alw’ays covered with 
 guovv. In the lower parts fruit-trees 
 iiOurish very well. The inhabitants cult> 
 vare but little grain ; their principal riches 
 arising from thejr meadows and pastures. 
 It is supposed that 10,000 head of cattle, 
 and 40CO sheep, may be fed during the 
 summer season on tne mountains of this 
 canton. The population is estimated 'at 
 2' *^,000, who are partly protestaiits and 
 •partly catholics; but live together in great 
 harmony. The govenmient is purely de- 
 mocratic; every person who is 16 years of 
 age has a vote in the general aoaembly, 
 which is held yearly in the mouth of May. 
 This general assembly has a right to make 
 new laws, levy contributions, make al- 
 liances, and treat of war or peace. The 
 executive power is a council of regency, 
 composed of <iS Pr.otestants and 15 Catho- 
 lics. Kvery man, from the age of 16 to 
 60 is obliged to regi.ster liirvisclf in the na- 
 tional militia. The conlriludion cf thi.s canton 
 dor the ar’'’:y cf the crniVderacy ib 400 men. 
 
 Gl.AKI-S, the onpital of the above can- 
 ion, seated on the ritcr Linth, and sur- 
 rounded by mountains, is large and popu- 
 Iciis, Iw is the scat of jusuccj and the 
 
 assemblies of the people are held here in the 
 open air. It has manufactures of cloth, 
 and a trade in horses, cattle, cheese, wooden 
 ware, and slates. Here in 1799, Suwar- 
 row defeated the French, but retired into 
 the Orisons, in consequence of the victory 
 obtained over general Hoize, near Zurich. 
 
 GLASGOW, a large and populous city, 
 situated in the Nether "Ward of Lanark- 
 shire, on the banks cf the river Clyde, 
 which b navigable for vessels drawing 7 or 
 8 feet water. From its extent, beauty, re- 
 gularity, and modern improvements, It is 
 certainly the second, if not the first city in 
 North Britain. It is one of the most an- 
 cient in the kingdom. The principal part 
 of the city occupies a plain on the north 
 side of the river Clyde, andijpnsbts of many 
 !j streets, laid out in a regular and elegant 
 I plan, the houses of which have a neat and 
 ! bandsoiae appearance. The main street 
 runs in a direction s. and w, the lengthjjT 
 the town ; and at particular placea're^^es 
 diiTerent names. This great street is again 
 intersected at right angles by a number of 
 others, which run either southward to the 
 river, or in the opposite direction. The 
 high church, thd most magnificent Oothie 
 structure in Scotland, St. Andrew’s church, 
 St. Enoch’s church, the Tron church, St. 
 Geo"ge’s church, the College, the InfiriTiary, 
 tliG Tonline, the Theatre, Trades Hall, and 
 New Jail, are some of the principal buildings 
 of Glasgow. The university, instituted in 
 1451, is constantly increasing in repiUaiioiik. 
 At present it coudblsof a chancellor, rector, 
 dean of faculty, a p^rincipal, and 16 profes- 
 sors, of which one is for law, 4 for theology, 
 5 for the study of medicine and subjects 
 connected therewith, and the others for the 
 faculty of arts. Its library is a large and 
 valuable collection. Its observatory is fur- 
 nislied with the most improved instruments. 
 The Grammar School is under the superin- 
 tendence' four teachers cf distinguished 
 abilihes. The nutnhe? of y-uiils usually 
 about 400,. Besides the .malomical pre- 
 parfil'cr^?, tha msiseum, for which' an ele- 
 gan"^ b'-oiding has been erect od, contains 
 tlie ccTrCtion cf sdi Jls, ccral.s, iusccis, and 
 I fossil V made by die ]>- Fcihergi;!, and 
 a cabiiiet of and co'iis, ancieut npd 
 
 modem, the c.:n'piC*-e cf the kml in 
 
 FaiTOpe. Ibia last artlde cioc'e coat D\\ 
 Hunter of J^onuon 2v,b- .hjl. Or charuahle 
 insdtutiojis aie many in Glasgow, of 
 which cduv'' aic roe Tev.u’s Hospital, 
 or Poor's il.iUsc, with an ai nual income 
 of about 2, !60l • f Iiucbcv'O'. ’s Ilosplial, ‘or 
 •' the support an*: euc.jaiiun ct 4o poor boys; 
 
 I IVilsoa's iIo*pitai. vreU f.ducd; Mer- 
 I chant’s ilospiul, with :i rfv<?nuc of above 
 jl lOCCl. perar.sn-m, mr ti:e • ; lief of decayed 
 j, mtinncrs, tludr wivlows and descendiuus; 
 I' the Trades Ilcspiial, fur ihfi same purpose 
 
G L A 
 
 ^ith rather smaller funds ; and Miller’s 
 Hospital, for females. In 1172, Glasgow 
 was erected into a borough of barony by 
 king William the lycn ; and into a regality 
 in favour of the bishop in 1450. In 1611, 
 the eity received a royal chaiter froin 
 James VI,, and in liyoG, another from 
 King Charles I. woh consIdeniLle power 
 and privileges ; which charters were con- 
 firmed by a5^s of parliament in 1661 and 
 2690. Glasgow is said to have become a 
 bishop’s see in 1650, and an archbishopric 
 in 1484. Its cathedral was dedicated to 
 St Mungo or Kentigern. The, principal 
 trade cf Glasgow, formerly, v/as the curing 
 and exporting of salmon and herrings. In 
 1707, the merchants of Glasgow entered 
 into the American trade; and, in 1775, 
 they imported upwards of 57,000 hogsheads 
 of tobacco, 5,000 of sugar, upwards of 1 10 
 puncheons of rum, and 500 bags of cottono 
 They also began the linen manufacture 
 in 1725, w'hich vras long the staple trade 
 of Glasgow. In consequence of the in- 
 crease of commerce and manufactures, in 
 1785, a society called The Chamber of 
 Coinvierce and Manufactures, was instituted, 
 for the purpose of uniting the influence of 
 the merchants and manufactiuers; and by 
 establishing a public fund, to give strength 
 and efficacy to such measures might tend 
 to the public good. They obtained a rcyai 
 charter, incorporating them into a body 
 politic, managed by 30 directors. Of late 
 y years the manufacture of linen has given 
 place to that of cotton, the value of which 
 for 1791, v/as estimated at 1,500,0001. 
 At present there is as much business done 
 in Glasgow, as in all North Britain besides. 
 Tne printing types cast here have long 
 been distinguished for their, neatnt^ss ; and 
 the glass manufacture has been very success- 
 ful. . Fcttery wares to great extent, and 
 perfection are made, particularly at tire 
 Cuedonian potter}^, lately erected in the 
 vici-iity, on the great canal. Tanning of 
 leather, and refining of sugar, &c. are car- 
 ried on with nmch spirit. There are also 
 sever piintnelds and extensive bieachfjc-lds 
 Uis district. The villages within 
 the ‘. arony are named Calton and Bridge- 
 town, Grahamston, AnderstvOn, Fiunicston, 
 Clayslap, Northwoodslde, Concaddins, Park- 
 house, Camlachie, Parkhead, West Muir, 
 fehettleston, Lightburn, &c. The popula- 
 tion of Glasgow, with its suburbs and de- 
 pendencies, amounted, in 1801, to 77,385; 
 but at present It is said to be i 10 008. Their 
 public spirit was recently manifested, in the 
 ercCion cf a monument, i 45 feet high, to 
 the memory of the gaiiant Nelson. Glas- 
 gow was origina'ly cue parish, but is iipw, 
 for the benefii of the poor, and case of mini- 
 sters, diviiled intp eight, willi ns many 
 dipixlies, besides liirae chapth ui cise. The 
 
 G L A 
 
 municipal government of the town L vetted 
 ill a provost, formerly three, now five, > 
 a dean of guild, a deacon, a convener, and a 
 treasurer, assisted hy a common council cf 
 25 mercliants and tradesmen. The le- 
 venue of tiie city amounting to upwards 
 of 8,0001. arises from the rentis of lands and 
 of church seats ; iwo' pennies Scotch on 
 every pint, or to quarts, of ale brewed or 
 sold in the city, the village of Gorbals and 
 Port Glasgow, from a tax on all meal and 
 grain brought into the city, and from era- 
 niige at the quaj’’, S!.c^ This flourishing 
 chv enjoys all the advantages of on inland 
 and sea pert town. By the Clyde it has 
 ready communication with tlie Western 
 Seas, with Paisley .by a canal, and wifiv 
 the Eastern by the great canal and the 
 Forth. Market on Wednesday, and six an- 
 nual fairs. It is 44 miles w by s of Edin- 
 burgh. Lon. 4 15 w', lat. 55 52 n, 
 
 Glasgow Port, or Neiu Pori- Glasgoiv, a 
 town and parish of Scotland, in Uenfrevv- 
 shire, lying on tlie s side of the Clydo- 
 about four miles above Greenock. dbt' 
 parish is about an English mile gquP.rc, 
 and \vas formerly a small barony ea!h;d 
 Newark, but the magistrates of Gla-gov/ 
 having, in 1668, fued a piece cf ground 
 for forming a harbour for their shipping, 
 got it erected into a separate parish in 169:% 
 and w^as erected into a borough of barony, 
 ill 1.775, v/ilh 13 persons as trustees fer 
 regulating the police of the town ; and 
 from them tw'o bailies are elected, one 
 tbs towm council cf Glasgow, and the other 
 by themselves, for administering justice, 8cc, 
 The harbour is excellent; and the Glasgow 
 merchants have extensive warehouses on the 
 quay. It is a port of the custom-house; 
 and, in 1791, had 125 vessels, measuring 
 12,760 tons, belonging to it, The popuN-" 
 lation was 3865, in 180i, and in 1811, 
 5116. It is 20 miles w by s of Glasgow, 
 and 62 from Edinburgh in the same direc- 
 tion. Lon. 4 47 w, lat 55 51 n. 
 
 GLASGOW, a new counly in New- 
 bern district, N Carolina, taken from L>cbb=f 
 county. 
 
 Glass, a parish lying partly in A’ver- 
 deen, and partly in BanOAure, about five 
 miles long, and nearly the sau)c hi breahth, 
 
 1 intersected by the Deveron. 4'he surhice 
 is v.aried. Population about 800. 
 
 Glass Loch, a lake in the jiarish of 
 Kiitrcan, iloss-shire, about five rniiijii long, 
 and one broad. 
 
 Glassarp, a parisli in Argyllshire, about 
 22 miles long, and 12 broad, w side of 
 Lochfine, the surface is rugged, the cliinale 
 moist, and soil various. There are two 
 nlaces in the parish, besides the church, 
 where the minister occ'^sionally officiates. 
 There are six burial pbiccs, and three forts. 
 Population a!.-vul ihiCO. 
 
 3E2 
 
G L A 
 
 G L E 
 
 (Reassert ofit a parish in the county of 
 Vvh^ton, about seven miles and a-balf long, 
 and from one to two and a* half broad. The 
 naiuriil aspect of the country is rugged, 
 unequal and hilly, but well cultivated and 
 prodnedve* Populationj860. 
 
 Glassfordf a parish in the county of 
 Lfiiiark, about cighc miles long, and two 
 broad. The surface is generally preduc- 
 tive, and this parish, like that of Evandale, 
 h famous for its veal. The cotton manu- 
 facture is prosecuted. Population about 
 950, 
 
 Glastonbury i a town in the county of 
 Somerset, with the ruins of a celebrated 
 abbey, said to owe its foundation to Joseph 
 cf Arimathea, who planted his staffs that is, 
 t(<ok up his abode kere^ and built an ora- 
 tory in honour of the Virgin Mary, 
 liichord Whitting, the last abbot, obstinately 
 refusing to surrender his abbey to Hen- 
 ry VIII., was tried in a summary and 
 arbitrary manner, condemned, and executed 
 as a traitor on Tourhill, in the vicinity. 
 Here were interred Edgar and some other 
 Saxon kings, also the celebrated king 
 Arthur. On the top of this hill is a tower, 
 which serves as a sea mark. It has two 
 churches, and a manufacture of worsted 
 stockings. The George Inn was formerly 
 an hospital for pilgrims who came to the 
 abbey, and to see the Glastonbury thorn, 
 which it was pretended was planted by 
 Joseph of Arimathea, and blossomed on 
 Christmas Eve. It is seated on the Brue, 
 &Ix miles sw of Wells, and 124 w by s of 
 Eoiidon. 
 
 GLATZ, a principality, lying between 
 Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia, surrounded 
 cn all sides by mountains, 40 miles long, 
 and 25 broad. It is extremely mountain- 
 ous. The country forms only one circle, 
 divided into six districts. It has fine springs 
 
 mineral waters, mines of copper, iron, 
 a::d coal, and quarries of marble and stone, 
 la 1742, it was ceded by the Queen of 
 Hungary to the King of Prussia’, and now 
 tbrms a part of Silesia. 
 
 Glaiz, capital of a principality of the 
 s'imc liamC, Silesia, seated on a hill by the 
 Neisse, has on ancient castle and a new 
 citadJ. In i?42, it submitted to the 
 Prussians, was stormed by the Austrians in 
 in 1760, but restored in 1765. It is a 
 place of considerable trade ; and is 25 miles 
 w of Neicse, 48 sss of Breslau, and 82 
 jiNY, of Prague. 'Lon. 16 52 e, lat. 50 
 13 K. 
 
 Oiauchait, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 t.Vi’ids on the Muldau. The inhabitants 
 rv 0 evigaged in the manufacture of stuiTsj 
 
 I 
 
 mil. '5 N of Zv/ickau. 
 
 Glfiuchc, a town in Lower Saxony. Here 
 schoois, or seminaries,' in which 
 i;:c Lngu. gcsj theohagy, inalhcinatics^ music, 
 
 &c, arc taught by 120 preceptors. It is St 
 fauxbu rg of Halle. 
 
 GleiwitZf or Gliwice^ a town of Silesia, 
 noted for hops and cloth; 34 miles se of 
 Oppelen. 
 
 Glen Almondf a highly picturesque vale 
 and hill in Perthshire, eight miles n of 
 Crieff. Here are several caves, particularly 
 one called the eagle’s nest, inaccessible ex- 
 cept by one narrow path, ' yet it is capable 
 of containing 60 men in arms. 
 
 GlenanUt a town in the county of Antrim, 
 Ireland, at the mouth of a river, and on a 
 bay of its name, w'ith a castle ; 20 miles 
 NNw of Carrickfergus. 
 
 Glenhervy^ a parish of Scotland in Kin- 
 cardineshire, near Fordin, six miles and 
 a-half long, and five broad, containing 1200 
 inhabitants. In the church are an erect 
 stone and a stone chest, on both of which 
 are ancient funeral inscriptions in Latin. 
 The celebrated lord Monboddo, who was a 
 proprietor in. this parish, let his lands on 
 leases of a lifcy \9 years, and a life. The 
 soil is in general fertile and well cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 Glenhucket, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 about four miles long and one broad. The 
 soil is generally a light fertile loam. Po- 
 pulation about 420, and the males at the 
 time of the last census, most numerous by 
 nine. Badenyon, which gives title to an 
 Old Long, is situated in Glenbuckot. 
 
 Glencairn, a parish in Dumfries- shire, 
 about 1 1 miles long, and from three to five 
 broad. The soil is various, but generally 
 fertile; and the population above 1,-300. 
 Near the church is a large oblong mound, 
 with a turret at each end. The family of 
 Cunningham, to which this parish gave 
 title of earl, now dormant, have had no 
 land in the parish for ages, except a little 
 hill or knowe near Maxwelton. 
 
 Glencoe, a vabc in Argyllshire, near Loch 
 Leven, parish of Appin, noted for the cruel 
 massacre in 1691, by a party of king 
 William’s troops, contrar^’^ to the faith of 
 a royal proclamation. At Larrock in this 
 valley is a slate quarry that employs 74 
 families; 50 miles n of Inverary. 
 
 Glencross, a parish in Mid- Lothian, 
 about seven miles sw of Edinburgh. It 
 forms a square of about three miles, com- 
 prehending part of the Pentland hills, and 
 is chiefly adapted to pasture. Population 
 near 400. It is believed to be the scene 
 which Allan Ramsay had in his eye, when 
 be composed the Gentle Shepherd. House 
 of Muir in this parish is, during summer, 
 a famous mart for sheep and lambs. 
 
 Giendovan, a parish in Perihshire, lying 
 near the centre of the Ochil hills. It is 
 about six miles long, .and four and a-half 
 broad, wiih a hilly surface, aflurding excel- 
 lent pasture, Population about 150. 
 
G L E 
 
 Gleneigt a parish on the w coast of In- 
 verness-shire, which comprehends three 
 districts, viz. Gleneig, Kncwdart, and North 
 Mcrrar, separated from each other by these 
 arms of the sea called Lochurn and Loch- 
 iieavis, extending altogether about 20 miles 
 every way. I'opnlation is about 2;8t54 ^ a 
 great proportion of whein are Homan Ca- 
 tholics. A piotestant missionary, and a 
 society school- master are stationed in Know- 
 dart. At Bernera, in this parish, is a small 
 garrison coi.sisting of a sergeant, and a few 
 private soidieis, 
 
 Glenholni, a parish in Peebleshirc, between 
 three and four miles long, and near two 
 broao, ir.tersected by the Ttveed and the 
 road leading from Dumfries to Edinburgh. 
 The surface being bili^ , is mostly devoted to 
 pasture. Populaition about 240 ; about 12 
 miles w of Peebles. 
 
 Glenislay a parish in Forfarshire, about 
 18 miles long VAid two broad. The soil in 
 some places is light and stony, in others a 
 strongj:loam. Population about 1,000. 
 
 Gienluce, a handsome small town and 
 parish in Wigtonshire, stands abcut a mile 
 from the bottom of the bay of I.uice and 
 near a river of the same name, at the mouth 
 of winch is a good salmon fishery. The 
 great post road from Portpatrick to London, 
 which intersects the parish passes through 
 the town; 10 miles ne of Stranraer, 16 
 from Pertpatrick in the same direction, 
 and 114 swof Edinburgh. The parish of 
 Gienluce or Old Luce as it is sometimes 
 called, is about 10 miles long, and eight or 
 nine broad. The soil in this parish along 
 the bay of Luce is light, fit for turnip 
 husbandry, and yields early crops. The 
 northern part of the parish is more adapted 
 to pasturage. In the s corner of the parish 
 rabbits abound among sand hills on the 
 bay ; and spout hsh are taken in the sands 
 near low water. On the n banks of the 
 river Luce, about a mile vv from the town, 
 are the ruins of a nionastry called Gienluce 
 abbey, founded in 1190, for monks of the 
 Cisterlian order. At the abbey is the 
 minister’s manse and a large glebe of excel- 
 lent land. 
 
 Gienluce Baij. or the Bay of Luce, an 
 extensive bay of Scotland on the se coast 
 of Wigtonshire, bounded on the ne by 
 Whithorn, on the s, by Kirkmaiden, and 
 on the w by the paiishes of Stone} kirk aiid 
 Gienluce. It stretches 12 or 14 miles 
 inland. The tide ebbs and flows on its w 
 shore about a mile. This bay docs not 
 afford good anchorage for large ships.. 
 
 GLenmuik, Tulloc.h, and Glcngttirn, three 
 united parishes in Aberdeen:,). oe, cjitending 
 about 18 miles in length, ana lo in breadth. 
 The low grounds are wei! cultivated, and 
 many of the hills are covered with wood 
 to the very summit. Population about 
 
 G L O 
 
 1,900;^ a considerable number are Rcmatt 
 Catholics. 
 
 Glmorchy and Inishail, two united 
 parishes in Argyllshire, about 24 miles in 
 length, but of unequal breadth. The whola 
 district is mountainous excepting the vale 
 of Glenorchy. Ti e hills and moors affoi d 
 pasturage to numerous flocks of sheep. Po- 
 puladon about 1,850. 
 
 Gle.isliae, (Spitted of, J a stage on the 
 military read to Port George. 22 miles k of 
 Cupar- Angus. 
 
 Glensheill, a parish in Ross-shire, 16 
 mi-es long, and from one and a- half to four 
 broad, containing 710 Inhabitants. 
 
 Glenirathon, or Lintralhon, a parish in 
 Forfai.dolre, about eight miles in length', 
 and fcjr in breadth It is composed of 
 lu untains, hills, and vallies, watered by 
 .he. Isla. It is mostly laid out in pasturage.. 
 Population 9i9. 
 
 Glims Holm, one of the small Orkney 
 islands, one mile and a-half s of Pomona. 
 
 Giltness, one of the smalier Shetiaz.d 
 islands, 1 1 miles n of Lerwick. 
 
 GLOGAU, a principality of Silesia. It 
 produces corn and wine in abundance, it h 
 divided into six circles. Great Glogau is 
 the capital. * 
 
 Glogau, Great, a towm of Silesia, and 
 capital of the principality of Glogau. It b 
 well fortified, and once stood upon the Oder, 
 which, by altering its course, now' -Sows 
 about a mile from it. In 1741, it wai. 
 taken by the king of Prussia. It ‘is toe 
 seat of the governor of Silesia, and in it 
 held the supreme court of justice. It con- 
 tains tw^o Catholic churches, three convents^ 
 a Lutheran church, and a chapei for Calvi- 
 nists; .50 miles kw of Breslau. Lon. 16 
 14 E, iat 5? 58 IV. 
 
 Glogau, Little, a town in the principality 
 of 0] p)es, Silesia, bes a collegiate church 
 and Minorite convent; 23 miles s of 
 Oppelen. 
 
 Glomme, a river of Norway, in the pro- 
 vince. of Aggerhuys. It receives the river 
 Wornie, which has its source in the lake 
 Mios. Its navigation is in many places 
 completely interrupted by frequent shoals, 
 and cataracts. About 50,000 trees are 
 annually floated by this river to Fredc- 
 ricstadt. 
 
 Gloucester, " a capital of the county 
 which it gives name, and a county of itsoH’, 
 situated on the e side of the Severn. lu 
 1541, Gloucester was erected into a bisho- 
 pric, by Henry VIII, and the abbey church 
 became a .cathedral. Gloucester now con- 
 tains five churches and a catn-dral, but 
 formerly contained II, and several dissent'uog 
 meeting houses. In the cathedral is a hirgc 
 cloister, a whispering gallery, ar:d the to i. Vi >3 
 of Robert duke of Nonnanay mnl r,,!- 
 •ward II, It has five hcspivr.lo two iVsc- 
 
G L O 
 
 pxboolff, and a large county gaol. Its for- 
 tifications were demolished by Charles 11. 
 after the restoration, on account of its ob- 
 stinate resistance to Charles I. in the civil 
 wars. The city is composed of four princi- 
 pal streets, besides several smaller, well 
 paved, and in general well built. It con- 
 tains, with the suburbs, near 9,000 inhabi- 
 tants. It was erected into a burgh by 
 king John, and a charter of corporation 
 granted by Ileniy III. The trade is con- 
 rdderable on account of its vicinity to the 
 Severn, by which ships come up to the 
 bridge, but the navigation being circuitous 
 and dilTerent, a canal is mads hencs to 
 Berkeley, at the head of which is a basin 
 fit for the reception of 100 vessels. The 
 chief manufacture is making of pins. Two 
 markets are held weekly, Wednesday, and 
 Saturday; and it. has four annual fairs. 
 The town sends two members to parliament. 
 The corporation consists cf .a mayor, high- 
 steward, recorder, 12 aldermen, town-clerk, 
 and two sheriffs, &,c, Gloucester ilea 34 
 miles of Bristol, and 104 w by n of 
 London. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 51 50 it. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, a county of England. 
 It is divided into 23 hundreds, which con- 
 tain two cities, 25 market- towns,. 2S0 
 parishes, 46,457 houses, and 250,809 in- 
 habitants. The lengdi from us to sw is 
 about 65 miles, and the breadth from 20 
 to 30. The soil and cullivation of this 
 county arc various. The farms in general 
 are large. Vfhat is called the V&Ie of 
 Berkelc^^ is an extensive and fertile plain, 
 lying on both sides of the Severn, in the 
 cw part of 'the county, which is celebrated 
 for iv3 line pasturage, and excellent cheese. 
 The w'ooilsa manufacture is carried on to 
 a great extent in this county, panicuiarly 
 at Dorsley, Stroud, Wotton-Underege, 
 Painsvyick, Mhichia-HuinpcGn, and their 
 neighbourhood. Mines of coal abound in 
 Kingsweed, and tiio neighbourhood of 
 Bristol, and mines cf iixu in the forest of 
 'Oean. Great quantiues o’ cyder arc m ule 
 in the villages on the banks of tlie Severn. 
 Besides the city of Gloucester, the prliici- 
 pai towns are . Cirencester, Tewkesbury, 
 Borkeicy, C.^mden, Kewnham, Darsley, 
 iMcrshdeld, Doan, Fainswicb, Tetbnry, 
 Ghcltouham, Hampton, or Minching- 
 IIcmptCD, Fairford, Sddbur 3 % Wotton- 
 'tJndere';L’j Lcchiade, Wickware, Wincii- 
 C')mbe, Streud, Coiibrd, Newent, Stow* on 
 Kic \\ I'id, Mortan, Northlcacb, Thornbury, 
 and n.ii.-y. K'ght members are returned 
 ‘o p.'okLincnt, v.x for the county, Glouces- 
 Ur. (>’iCuoc''!cr, and Tewkesbury, two cneh.. 
 The priiicjyal ? Ivors are, the Severn, \v ar- 
 xviek h.ire. Avon, Lower Avon, Wye, 
 Tl....'’.-C:r:, Cvd.n, aiivi Lech. 
 
 63 'S'cc-.iXv, or C'pc Aun^ a h-wnsliip in , 
 LUiiUiy, Maisucbusctis. 'ike harbour ■] 
 
 G L Y 
 
 18 accessible for large ships, and defended 
 by a battery and citadel. It is one of the 
 most considerable fishing towns in the 
 United States. It contains 5517 inhabi- 
 tants, and is divided into five parishes : 16 
 miles NE of Salem. Lon. 70 40 w, lat. 42 
 56 N. 
 
 Gloucester^ the most western and the 
 largest tov^^nship in the North cf Providence 
 county, Rhode island, contains 4025 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 GLOUCESTER COUNTY, in New 
 Jersey. Its length on the Delaware is 
 about SO miles, and on the sea, the line is 
 about 22 miles. It is divided into 10 
 townships, via. Woodbury, Waterford, New- 
 ton, Gloucester township, Gloucester town, 
 Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Egghar- 
 bcur, and Galloway. The chief town is 
 V/oodbury. 
 
 Gloucester^ a post town in Virginia, in the 
 county of its own name, stands on a point 
 of land, on the n side of the mouth of York 
 river, 17 miles ns of York town, and 70 m. 
 by s of Richmond. 
 
 Gloucester County-^ in Virginia, is fertile 
 and well cultivated. It is about 55 miles in 
 length, and 30 in breadth, and contains 
 13,498 inhabitants, including 7065 slaves. 
 
 Gloucester Houses in the territory of Hud- 
 son’s bay Company. Lon. 86 59 w, lat. 
 51 24 N. 
 
 Gloucester House, belonging to the Hud- 
 son’s bay Company, is situated in New S. 
 V/ales. Lon. 87 30 xv, lat, 54 0 k. 
 
 GloucssteA s Island, Duke of, in the South 
 Pacific ocean, about 6 miles long, and one 
 broad, surrounded with rocks. It is inha- 
 bited. Lon. 140 4 w, lat. 19 15 s. 
 
 Gloucester two islands in the 
 
 South Pacific ocean. One is in Ion. 116 
 0 w, Lit. 20 33 s. The other in Ion. 146 
 15 w, lat. 20 34 s. 
 
 Gloucester, New, a town in Cumberland 
 county, district of Maine, 27 miles jr of 
 Portland. 
 
 Gliicksburg, a town with a fortress, in 
 the duchy of Sleswick, Demnaik, 9 miles s 
 of Flensburg. 
 
 Gliukstadt, a sea-port in Lower Ssxonr, 
 and ducl.>y of Holstein, belonging to Den- 
 mark, stands on the Elbe, near its mouth, 
 has a strong castle, aud an extensive foreign 
 trade, a chief branch of which is the whale 
 fishery. It is regular and well built. The 
 town is the seat of th« king’s regency; 2’8 
 miles KW of Hamburg. Lon. 9 28 e, lat. 
 55 54 N. 
 
 Glurcntz, or Clarens, a town in the 
 county of 'rjiol, Germany, on the Adige, 
 24 rniies w by n of Meran. 
 
 Giymi County, in the Lower district of 
 Gnoigia. It contains 413 inhabitams, in- 
 cluding 215. slaves. Chief town, Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
Gvesen, cr Oncsnce, a to^'n of Poland, 
 and capHal of Grtat Poland, whose arch- 
 bishop was priimate of Poland. The cathe- 
 dral contains costly vessels nnd vestments 
 to O’ vast amount; and its gates, of Corin- 
 thian brass curiously wrought, pertained 
 formerly to a Greek monastry in Taiirica 
 Chersonesus* This was the first town 
 built in the kingdom, and once more con- 
 siderahle than at present, 90 miles iS by k cf 
 Breslau, mid 125 w by k of Vvarsavv. Lon. 
 17 40 E, and let 52 2S N. 
 
 GOA, an island near the coast cC ITIn- 
 doost.an, at the mouth of a river coded Men- 
 (leva. It is about eight leagues in circum- 
 ference; the soil is ftrtde, ei,pcc?i’liy ni the 
 ▼alleys; the trees are ever- green, and abun- 
 dance of springs issue from the moiictarns, 
 
 Go«, the capital of the Portuguese settle- 
 in^^nts in India. The port of Goa is repre- 
 Srcnted as one of the best in the Indies. The 
 channel runs many miles up the country, 
 dividing it into several fruitful islands and 
 peninsulas, from which the city cf Goa, S 
 miles from its mouth, is plentifully furnished 
 with necessaries. At the s entrance into the 
 channel, a little beyond the forts on the right 
 hand, are seen the remains of old Goa, and 
 from thence to the new city there is a com- 
 modious road, finely shaded with fruit trees. 
 The houses are large, and make a fine ap- 
 pearance, but are poorly furnished. The 
 market place takes up an acre cf ground ; 
 and in the shops which surrouiid it, moy be 
 bad the produce cf Europe, China, Bengal, 
 and other countries. The viceroy’s palace 
 is an elegant edifice, eA. a small distance from 
 the river. A run:,' er of handsome churches 
 and convents, -v 'h. an hi spital, adorn the 
 city. Their religion is the Roman catholic, 
 the clergy are numerous and illiterate ; only 
 one cf the d' arches is furnished v;ith glass 
 wii-dows. For the'r windows the inhabitants j 
 make use of clear oyster shells instead of i 
 glass. The numher of inhabitants is said to I 
 be only about 20, COO. It isgenerally agreed, 
 that the men are for the most part preud, 
 indolent, jealous, revengeful, and indigr/mt; 
 the women lasy, and designingly wicked ; 
 fruits, greens, and roots, w'ir.h bread, rice, and 
 fi-sh, form their diet, though they have hogs 
 and fowls in abundance. Their principal 
 trade is in arrack, distilled from the sap of 
 the cocoa nut tree. It is 250 mules s by e 
 of Bombay. Lon. 75 50 e, lat 15 51 n. 
 
 . Goafpara, a town of Bengal, Ilindoostan. 
 Here European factors carry on a great 
 trade with Assam, Boctan, Tibet, &c. It 
 stands on the left bank of the Burrampooter, 
 S8 miles e of Rangamatty. 
 
 Goa?', St, or St Oever, a town of Germany, 
 lately in the department of the Rhine and 
 Moselle, capital of the lower county of Cat- 
 xenellenbogen. It stands on the Rhine, 
 under the stunenducus rpek and casile of 
 
 liheinfcls. It surrendered to the French? 
 in J7S4. It has a conbiderahle trade id 
 wine, hides, and fruits; 17 miles sx of Cob- 
 lents. Lon. 7 32 e, lat. 50 10 n. 
 
 Gaoj-'shausen, a town of Germany, two 
 ml’es E of St Goar,- in tlic circle of Upper 
 VJ'Aiie, and lower county of Caf.'zenelienho- 
 gen, on the Rhine, opposite llheinfels, 10 
 u'dks sw cf Kassaii. In its vicinity, on a 
 mounUiin, stands ihe strong castle of Catze, 
 
 Goat hland, a small islet in the state of 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Goat's Island, the southermost of th® 
 Eashee i;d.ands. Lon. 121 0 i, lat. 20 6 k. 
 
 Goavs, Grand, a town cf Hispaniola, 10 
 miles ssw of Leogaiie. Cotton, indigo, sugar, 
 and cefTee, grow in the adjacent country. 
 
 Goave, Petit, a town of Hispaniola, with 
 an excellent harbour. The environs contain 
 plantations cf sugar, coffee, indigo, and cot- 
 ton. To this port the traders in Grand 
 Gcave, and other places, send their commo- 
 dities. Lon. 53 3 w, Ferro, lat. 18 50 n. 
 
 GOBBI, a country of Africa', on the coast 
 cf the Atlantic. The chief town is situated 
 about a day’s journey from the sea. Tht; 
 principal trade consists in elephants and 
 ivory. 
 
 Gobin. See Mere. 
 
 Goch, a town in the dUchy of Cleves, 
 Gennany, on the Niers. It is eight iniies 
 s of Cleves, 
 
 Gochsheun, or Gocken, a town of Suabia, 
 duchy of Wirtemberg, ceded to Bavaria ht 
 1 802 ; 16 miles s of Heidelberg. 
 
 Cocinno, a towxi and county cf Sardinia, 
 has a castle, and stands on the Thurso ; 25 
 miles E of Aigeri... 
 
 Godaiming, cr Godalmin, a town in the 
 c:-urP-'f c.f Surry. It has considerable niiuui- 
 I cf stockings, fleecy hos’ery, blankets, 
 
 j 8cc. with a weekly market on Saturday; It 
 stands cn the Wey, where it separates into 
 several streams ; four miles sv/ of Guilthfcrd, ■ 
 and 54 of London. In 1759, above 500 
 persons died of the small- pox, being fully 
 I one-third cf the inhabitents, 
 
 Godavtvy, Gnnga, or Godur?j, a river of 
 Hindoostan. This river is esteeired s.acred 
 by the Hindlcos, who coil it Gonga, a general 
 term, for a river. It has its source in the 
 Sukhien mountains, 70 miles he of Bombay, 
 After a course from w to e through Uowla- 
 tabad and Gclconda, it turns se, receives the 
 Bain, 90 miles from the sea, and divides 
 into two channels at R^jnmandry, whnh 
 again subdivide and form several iiarbours in 
 the bay of Bengal, after a course of 700 
 miles. Teak timber grows in abundance on 
 its banks. 
 
 GoderviUe, a towm in the department of 
 the Lower Seine, France, nine riL)ile3 he of 
 Mcntevilliers. 
 
 Godheab, or Good Hope, a settlement of 
 j West Greenland, Lon; 50 10 w, lat. 64'2jrif, 
 
GOG 
 
 • Coding, a to’«vn of Moravia, on a branch 
 of the iMarcIio, has a castle, 58 miles se of 
 Uraiin. 
 
 Godmanchester, a corporate town in the 
 couniy of Huntingdon, parted from Hun- 
 tingdon hy the river Ouse, situated in a fer- 
 tile soil, which produces ab'undance of corn. 
 When Janies I, passed through it from Scot- 
 land, the inhabitants met him with 70 new 
 ploughs, drawn by ns many teams of horses, 
 for which novel sight he granted them a 
 charter. Here is a school called the Free 
 grammar school of Queen Elizabeth. It 
 has a fair on Easter Tuesday; 59 miles n 
 by of London. 
 
 Godolpkin^ a hill in Cornwall, e of Mount’s 
 Bay, famous for its mines. 
 
 GocirOf the capital of a circar of the same 
 name, in the county of Guzerat, Hindoostan, 
 55 miles e of Amedabad. Lon. 75 40 e 
 iut. 22 50 N. 
 
 Goeds Mercif, Islands of, tliree or four 
 small islands, at the nw extremity of Hud- 
 son’s strmts. 
 
 Godstou\ a village on an island of the Isis, 
 If of OxL'id, has a considerable hsherv. It 
 is noted for the ruins of the nunnery from 
 which Fair Rosamond w^as allured by Henry 
 II She v/as buried near the altar of the 
 church, but was afterwards removed. The 
 wall of the chapel s'dll bears an inscription 
 relating to her. 
 
 Godwin s Sands, sand banks off the coast 
 of Kent, beiv/een the n and s Foreland. 
 They run paraiici with the coast for three 
 leagues, about tw^o leagues and a- half distant 
 from it, adding greatly to the security of the 
 spacious roads, the Downs. The space oc- 
 cupied by these sands was formerly a tract 
 cf dry land, belonging to Godwin, earl of 
 Kent, and father of king Harold. After- 
 wards they were bestowed en the monastery 
 of St Agustin, al Canterbury, and the wall 
 that defended them not being repaired, the 
 whole w'as covered by the sea in ihe year 
 1100. 
 
 Goes, or Ter- Goes, a strong town in Zea- 
 land, Holland, capital of the island of S 
 Bevel and. It carries on a considerable trade, 
 particularly in salt a 2 ?d grain. In 1648, its 
 great church was burnt and another built, 
 which is an elegant, structure. By a canal 
 it coiumunicates wltli the Scheldt. It is 10 
 nii’es E of Flushing, and 20 e of Middie- 
 burg. Lon. 5 50 E, hit, 5 ] 55 k. 
 
 Gogard, a tow-n of Sw*. d.'^n, E Gothland, 
 25 mUes NNwef Li rk’ oping. 
 
 Gotland, a small isiana in the gulf of 
 F:r.; lud, 80 miier w cf Petersburg, 
 
 G''go, a tow'n in the country of Guzerat, 
 Hh: loos* an, stands at the mouth of a river, 
 in the ga.lf of Cam'-.ay, has a good harbour, 
 and is 100 mile.? s w of Aincclabad, Lon. 
 71 55 e, la:. 21 ' it ?v- 
 
 Gogra. See j 
 
 G O L 
 
 Goliud, the capital of the circar of the 
 .same name, in the country of Agra, Hindoo- 
 stan, 65 miles sse of Agra. Lon. 78 44 e, 
 lat. 26 24 N. 
 
 GOJAM, a country in Abyssinia, about 
 25 leagues long and i4 broad. It is gene- 
 rally fiat and in pasture. It is almost sur- 
 rounded by the Nile, 
 
 Goilo, a town of Italy, betw^een the lakes 
 of Mantua and Garda, stands on the Miiicio, 
 15 mUei NW of Mantua. 
 
 GOLCONDA, a country pf Hindoostan, 
 in the Deccan, having the lov er parts of the 
 rivers Kistna and Godavery on one side, and 
 the principal part of Dow latabad on the ether. 
 Its former name was Teilingana or Tilling, 
 The kings had vast revenues, uri dng from 
 the properties of lands, customs of merchan- 
 dises and provisions, but cliiefiy from the 
 diamond mines ; for Golconda may be called 
 the country of diamonds. Winter begins 
 here in June with rain and thunder. The 
 thunder is of short continuance ; but the 
 rains pour down with furiou? storms of wind, 
 till the middle of July, with some intervals 
 of fine weather. These rains render the land 
 exceedingly fertile, especially in fruits. Vines 
 are in great plenty. They have yearly two 
 crops of rice, and several other kinds of 
 grain. Mines of salt, curious calicoes, 
 chintzes, and fine iron, add to the vrealth of 
 this country. Hydrabad is the capital. 
 
 Golconda, a fortress, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the kings of Golconda. This for- 
 tress for extent might be called a city. It 
 stands on the summit of a conical hill, and 
 is deemed impregnable. In 1687, it fell 
 into tha hands of Aurungzebe by treachery, 
 after he had conquered the kingdom. It is 
 six miles wnw of Hydrabad, and communi- 
 cates vvith that city by a wail. 
 
 GOLD COAST, a name given to a 
 country of Africa, near the Atlantic, about 
 1 20 leagues in length from e to w, between 
 the rivers Ancobar and Volta. It received 
 its name from the immense quantity of gold 
 which it produces. Several of the European 
 nations have settlements here. The climate 
 is exceedingly hot from October to March ; 
 the rest of the months are tolerable. The 
 domestic animals are bulls, cow% sheep, and 
 goats. The principal wild animals are ele- 
 phants, tygers, buffaloes, jackalls, wild boars, 
 &c. Among the birds are pheasants, parrots, 
 maccaws, turtle doves, &c. The reptiles are 
 numerous, as snakes, serpents, vipers, &c» 
 The coasts, lakes, and rivers, abound with 
 fi.sh, and likew ise with alligators, and guanas, 
 an amphibious animal, which resembles the 
 crocodile, but only four feet in length. 
 Among the trees are the palm, the cccoa 
 nut, the papay, and the banana. Most of 
 the inhabitants go naked, and those who are 
 lUiircss, have only some y^irds of stuff wrap- 
 ed about their middle. The inhabitants ex- 
 
G O L 
 
 fihange rice, which grows here in immense .) 
 quantities, for maize, palm oil, yams, and 
 potatoes. The principal rivers on the Gold 
 Coast are Ancobar, Axem, Anta, Commen- 
 da, Fetu, Sabo, Adorn, Agouna, Acra, 
 Acambou, Labadde, Fantin, Incassan, Nin- 
 go, Sabu, and Soko. 
 
 Goldappf a towm of Prussian Lithuania, 
 
 08 miles ese of Koiiigsberg. 
 
 Goldberg, a towm of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Ligniiz, seated on the Katzbach, 
 
 1 1 miles sw of Lignitz. It receives its 
 name from a gold mine near it. The in- 
 habitants are engaged in the woollen and 
 linen manufactures. 
 
 GOLDEN ISLAND, an island at the 
 mouth of the river or gulf of Darien. Flere, 
 in 1698, the Scots attempted to form a set- 
 .tiemeht. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 9 0 n. 
 
 Goldivgen, a town of the duchy of 
 Courland ; stands on the Windau, has a 
 cestle, and was formerly the residence of 
 the dukes ; 60 miles w of Mattau. Lon. 
 
 21 E, lat. 56 4S n. 
 
 Goldsborough, a post-town in Hancock 
 county, district of Maine, stands on an arm 
 of the sea, 47 miles e of Castine, Lon, 68 
 20 w,lat. 44 28 n. 
 
 Golez, a town of Poland. 
 
 GolefiOf an island at the entrance of the 
 bay of Tunis, Africa ; and a fortress, on a 
 narrow channel,’ between the lake af Tunis 
 and the sea. In 1536, it v^as taken by 
 Charles V, and retained by the Spaniards 
 till 1574, when it was taken from them by 
 Selim II ; 25 miles n of Tunis, 
 
 Golling, a town in the duchy of Salzburg, 
 Germany; 14 miles sse of Salzburg. 
 
 Golnow, a town of Hithei*, Pomerania, on 
 the Ilna, 11 miles ke of Stettin. 
 
 GOLD, a new dept, of France, including 
 the K part of Corsica. It takes its name 
 from a river which rises in the centre of 
 the iVrand, and falls into the sea, 12 miles 
 s' of the chief town, which is Bastia. 
 
 Gologrizzo, a town of Istria, 6 miles s of 
 Ped ena, 
 
 Golphington, the chief town of Washing- 
 ton county, Georgia. Seated near the head 
 of the Ogeechee, 37 miles wsw of Augusta, 
 and 50 nnw of Louisville. 
 
 Golsp^, a parish, river, and village, on the 
 SE coast of the county of Sutherland. The 
 parish extends along the coast about 10 
 miles, with a breadth of nearly 2, divided by 
 the river, at the mouth of which the village 
 is situated, containing nearly 300 inhabitants. 
 
 A great part of the parish is billy; the re- 
 maining part is tolerably fertile ; and the 
 shores abound with fish. Near Dunrobin 
 are the vestiges of a Pictish castle. In 
 1746, the Sutherland militia defeated a party 
 of the rebels near the village, which is 6 | 
 mil^s KE of Dunioch. Population about [ 
 1600 , ' ‘ ^ I 
 
 G O N 
 
 Gohih, a town and castlo of W PrtlSsi^ 
 in the district of Culm, on the Dribenz, 
 miles NE of Thorn. 
 
 Gombron. See Gamhron. 
 
 GOMERA, or Gomara, one of the 
 Canary islands, about 20 miles long, and 
 10 wide, with a capital of the same name. 
 
 It is well cultivated and fertile, has corn for 
 the support of the inhabitants, abundance ot 
 fruits and wine, and a sugar work. The 
 town of the same name, is cn the e coast, 
 and has a good harbour. Here the Spanish 
 ships are often supplied with fresh pro- 
 visions, It is six leagues sw of Tenerifie, 
 Lon. 16 35 w, lat. 28 8 et. 
 
 Gometra, a small basaltic island, between 
 Mull and Staffa, Argyleshire. 
 
 Gommern, a town and castle, in Upper 
 Saxony, near the river Elbe, eight miles ss 
 of Magdeburg. 
 
 GomSi a town of Switzerland, in the 
 Valais, 33 miles e of Sion, 
 
 Gonaives, a town of Ilispanicia, with an 
 excellent harbour, ^cn a bay of the saine 
 name. It has a medicinal spring, with 
 baths for the accommodation of those who 
 frequent it. SO miles se of St. .Nicholas. 
 Lon. 72 26 w, lat. 19 36 k. 
 
 GONAVE, an island in the bay of 
 Leogane, in the W'estern part of Hispaniola. 
 
 It is fourteen leagues and three quarters 
 long, and about three bread. At Us se cor- 
 ner, separated by a channel three miles 
 wide, is Little Gonave, an isle about two 
 miles each way. Lon. 72 45 w, lat. 18 14 n. 
 
 GONDAR, the capital of Abyssima, 
 stands on a hill. The king’s palace, flanked 
 with towers, is at the w end. It is said to 
 contain about 10,000 families, and 40,000 
 inhabitants. The houses are chiefly of clay, 
 the roofs thatched in the form of cones, 
 w’hich is alw'ays the construction within th« 
 tropical rains. Their goods are exposed to 
 sale in a large square; gold and rock-salt avp 
 the only medium of exchange ; each bar of 
 salt is 12 inches long, and they cut off as 
 much as is equivalent to the purchase made. 
 Here are about 100 churches, and the 
 patriarch is subordinate to that of Alexandria, 
 lao miles se of Sennar. Lon. 37 58 e, 
 lat. 12 34 N. 
 
 Gondegama, or Gondlacomma, a river of 
 Flindoostan, has its sourse near Gomban, is 
 the northern boundary hf the carnatic, and 
 falls into the-bay of Bengal at MootapiUy. 
 
 Gondrecourt, a town in the department of 
 the Meuse, France, on the Orney, 20 miles 
 s of St Michael. 
 
 Gondreville, a town in the department of 
 the McnrJhe, France, seated cn a hill by the.' 
 Moselle, with a castle, and superb hospital. 
 
 , Goncssc, a town in the depnrini' nt of 
 Seine and Pise, France, on the Crculd, 
 miles EE of Paris. 
 
 Qonfooda, See Gunfud^., 
 
 5 if 
 
n town of Romania, Em*cp:#an 
 5^': i 1 k f y , stands ik'h r tli e se a o f M Ai m ora 
 $7 m’fics KE cf Gaillpolc. Lon. 37 31 e, 
 40 53 y. 
 
 GO^^JAH, a klns^dom of Africa, be- 
 the coGst of Guinea on the s, anu 
 'iVinbuctho on the y. It has a capital of 
 the same name, STCnViksw by s of Cassina. 
 Lon 6 10 iat. 13 20 n. 
 
 GarizagOf a market town and fine castle 
 of Italy, ’6 males s of Mar-tna. 
 
 GOOCHLAND, a county in Virginia, 
 It is about 40 miles long, and 14 broad, and 
 contains 9Cd3 ini cbif ants, 
 
 GOOD FORT LINE, or PoaA, an 
 island in the Eastern sea, w coast of 
 Simiatra, 54 miles long, and from nine 
 to 12 broGd. Lon. 98 30 e, lat. 1 iO s. 
 
 GOOD HOPE, Cape of, the southern 
 extremity of Africa, discovered by ; the 
 Fortu,-;ueie ravigatcr, Barihoioniew Diaz, 
 in 1493, an l bic^me a Dutch settlement 
 111 16^60. The Portuguese, however, made 
 no se-tlernerit on the coast, ucarer than llio 
 Infante, nov/ ' Great Fish Iliver^ This 
 serdVment includes an extent cf about 
 550 mUes in iengtli from Cape Towm Ea&t- 
 'u'avd, ai.’d about 315 miks fi'om s to n, 
 between thirty and thirty-four degrees and 
 a- half s lat, and eighteen and 'twenty- 
 elghr degrees E Ion.; and is divided into 
 ■ r d isti-i cts : Cape di-strict, that of Sk den- 
 Tc ^chancl Drakenstecn, that of ZwHkndam, 
 and that of Grauf RcyiTft. Two chains of 
 moiuilains, called the Zvmrte JBcrg, or Black 
 IMountain, and the 2\^euveldf Gcbeigte, in- 
 close together the great Karroo, or dry 
 desart, extending nearly 300 miles in length, 
 and 30 in breadth, without a hur-ian inhabi- 
 tant. Behind Cape Town are the moun- 
 tains called Table Mountain, Devil’s Moun- 
 &oin, the Fionas .Hc^.d, and Lion’s Back, 
 ^hese mountains descend several 
 Vviiich fall into the Table Bay, False 
 'fey, &o. ; hut th.e principal livers of the 
 Ciiiilony arc the Berg or Mountain river,' the 
 ,Oreede or Broad river, called also the 
 Orange nver, the Sunday river, and the 
 'Gve.u Fish-Lver, which is the boundary of 
 ir e cc-kny to rhe c -it. The clirncite of the 
 .Cape oj’cc-irs a he in general free from 
 the ex‘"cn!cs or jicrt ‘.’r coid. The two most 
 puwcriul vvinc.s are the ne' and sw. , The 
 kind of earn goi'icrdly cultivated in this 
 country is v;he*at, ’barley aad 136. “The 
 3i3>'::r;ii -product ions of tl.e Cape are perhaps 
 g;iore i.Lmcvci.s, varied, and e^igriCt, than 
 cn any oO.cr srot cf equal csteut in the 
 v.hoie ct ot'.’ 1. . I'.fyct cf ti.e European, and 
 sL/eie: of the tr . { :cal frijits have. bt\n io- 
 ti'ovmec] (o;'o the cb!o?iy, and cultiv'’atcd 
 vrnb Si jrtss. On some farms a.e -.o'o- 
 yardo also of C ja-Jden ble extent; *jrj;uucij)g, 
 ;hc .suppiy of the inu.k'ct wiih grveii 
 vi^ J and prepyr^'d r^ikias, about 
 
 7^0 Isaguers or pipes of wine a year, eack 
 containing 154 gallons. The principal 
 w'iid animals to be met with near the Cape, 
 are wolves, hyaenas, and various kinds of 
 antelopes, among which are those called by 
 the Dutch the ipringboke, the gemsbeke, 
 an(f the griesbeke. Mere inland, are lions, 
 tyger.s, buffaloes, elephants, and in tlie rivers 
 hippopotami, called by the Dutch sea-cow 3> 
 The heavy draught work of the colony is 
 dnefly performed by oxen. The larger 
 kind cf birds which hover reiind Table 
 mountain, are eagles, vultures, kites, and 
 crovvs. Cape Town, the capital of this 
 celony, and/ indeed, the only town in it, 
 is pleasantly sitiiaved at the head of Table- 
 bay. The town consisting of about 1,1 CO 
 houses, built wdth regularity, and kept in 
 nfeat order, is disposed into straight and 
 parallel streets, intersecting each other at 
 right angles. Many of the streets are opea 
 and airj’-, with canals of water running 
 through tliem ; others are narrow and ili- 
 paved : three or four squares give an open- 
 ness to. the towm. Tlie castle fiffords 
 barracks, for 1.000 men, and lodgings for 
 all the officers of one regiment; magazines 
 for artillery, stores and ammunition ; and 
 most of the public offices of government 
 are within its walls. The other public 
 buildings are a Calvirist and a Lutheran, 
 church, a guard-house, in which the 
 'burgher- senate, or the council of burghers, 
 meet for transacting business. The pppula- 
 latioii of the -town is estimated at about 
 
 6.000 whftes, inclusive of the military,' and 
 12jOCp slaves ; besides which, the popula- 
 tion of the colony is , estimated at onl'y 
 
 15.000 w'bites. The government Of the 
 Cape is administered by a Dutch governor 
 and lieutenant governor, assisted by a coun- 
 cil. The general character of the Dutch, 
 at the Cape is a phlegmatic dullness, and 
 an eager desire of gain. The raincls of 
 every class seem to be wholly set on trade* 
 There are no beggars in the whole colony, 
 and but a few are the objects of public 
 charity. The ladies of the Cape, are pretty, 
 lively, good humoured, and given to hospi- 
 tality. Most of the work is performed by 
 oxen, w'hich are remarkable for their do- 
 
 I ciiit5% they draw the covered waggons gene- 
 rally used for travelling ; some have coaches 
 j drawn by horses. Some vineyards to the 
 SE of Cape Town, yield the famous wine 
 called Constantia. The slr.ves, a few Hot- 
 tentots excepted, were all originally brought 
 from the E Indies, and chiefiy from Ma- 
 lacca. The Cape of Good Hope surrender- 
 ed to the Brithsh, in 1795, was restored at 
 the peace of Amiens, in 1802, and again 
 came info the possession cf the Bridsb, 
 in 1806. Cape- Town w side of Table ba}> 
 is in icii. 18 25 e, Iftt. 53 5ti s, See 
 
ROOD HOPE, a Danish colony in W 
 
 Greenland. Lat. 64 N. ^ 
 
 Gitc.mty, a river of Hindoostan, has its 
 source in the Roiiilia country, run^ se by 
 XiUcknow and Joinpour, and unites by the 
 Ganges, a little below Benares. 
 
 Gooracpour, a town in the coiratiy of 
 Oude, Hii.doastan, 6^ miles s of Fezzabad, 
 Lon. 83 25 e, lat. t’: 45 N. 
 
 Gooseberry Islands, small islands eight 
 leagues k\v of C:^pe Bonavisia. 
 
 Gooty, or Gitlli, a town and strong for- 
 tress in the peninsula of FLndoostan, on 
 the N side of ihe Pennar, and capital of a 
 district of tiie same name. It was ur der 
 the jn.ris.hct!on of the regent cf iviysore, 
 till 17;, t when it was ceded to the Nizam 
 «f the miles ssvv of Canoul. 
 
 Lon. 77 lat. 15 15 n. 
 
 Gopplr.^cn, a tov^n in the duchy of Wir- 
 tcmbci g, Suahia, with a castle, on the ri- 
 vulet Vi!s. Here are considerable woollen 
 raanufac.ures, and a famous mineral springs 
 22 miles se of Stutgard. 
 
 Gcragot, a town of Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 94 miles ne of Moreshedabad. Lon. 89 
 22 E, lat. 25 14 N. 
 
 Gbrbals, of Glasgow, a village and parish 
 of Scotland, lying on the s bank of the 
 Ciyde, opposite to Glasgow, connected with 
 it by two elegant bridges. It is a barony, 
 of which the magisirates of Glasgow are 
 superiors; it has the same manufactures as 
 tliosel of that city. It has several collieries ; 
 SE of the bridge is a place called the Lepers 
 church-yard, where stood a house built by a 
 lady of the name of Campbell, in 155G, for 
 the accommcdation of Lepers. 
 
 Gorcum, a town in the department of 
 Delft, S Holland, it was anciently callad 
 Gorichem, It stands on tire Linghe, at its 
 confluence with ttte Wahal, has a trade in 
 corn, butter, and cheese. It is 12 miles r 
 of Don, and 58 s of Amsterdam. 
 
 Gordon, a parLh .of tlcctland, in Berwick^ 
 shire, about seven miles in length, and from 
 two to four broad. The surface is irregu- 
 lar; partly moor and moss. The arable 
 land yields eiicellcnt crops, is in a high state 
 of cultivation, and produces turnip equal to 
 any in the^ county. The farms are large, 
 and the farmers intelligent, active, and 
 wealthy. At castles, where are svill seme 
 ruins, resided as is believed, the ancestors of 
 the present dul;e of Gordon and Hunily- 
 wood, the name of a farm in the pant-ui 
 seems to claim the honour of having given 
 title to his eldest son. It is watered by the 
 Ed':n. Population above 800, The village 
 of W Gordon contains about 500 inhabi- 
 tants ; and is 25 miles sw of Berwick, and 
 53 SE of Edinburgh, the great road, from 
 ypbich to Kelso, passes tnrough this village. 
 
 Gordon Castle, the superb mansion of the 
 duke of Gordon, me?.&uri.ns 568 feet in 
 
 front, Is seated on the Spey, four m3le‘i N“ 
 from the sea, and one n of Fochabers, lu 
 Elginshire. The landscape here present -.I 
 to the eye, is seldom to be equalled. 
 
 GORE, a barren and uninhabited islapd^ 
 in the sea of Kanisciiatka, discovered au.i 
 thus named by Captain Cook, in 1778, it 
 is 50 miles long. Cape 
 tremity is in Ion. 172 50 vv, lat. GO 50 n. 
 
 GO REE, or Goeree, an islaul in the 
 German ocean, near the southern mouth ci 
 the Meuse, about 10 miles h\ circuni{er«2.co. 
 
 It has a town cf tlie same name, at the 
 southern mouth of the Meuse, 12 rrhics ssw 
 0 / Briel. Lon. 4 20 e, lat 51 41 K. 
 
 GOIIEE, a small island of Africa, about 
 two miles in circumference, near Cape ths 
 Verd. It is defended by two forts, and is 
 of great importance on account of its trade* 
 The British took it, in 1 800 ; the I rcnch 
 retook it, in 1804, but were soon forced to 
 surrender it again. Lon. 17 25 w, iat. 14 
 40 N. 
 
 ‘r 
 
 Gorey. See Newhorough, 
 
 GORGON A, a small island of Italy, 
 in the Mediterranean, celebrated for the 
 anchovy fishery on its coasts; 16 miles from 
 the coast of Tu-scany. Lcn. iO 0 e, lat, 
 45 22 1V. ' ^ 
 
 GORGONA, an island in the Pacific 
 ocean, 18 miles from the coast of Popay.aii. 
 Its land is high and covered with wood, (C> 
 miles in circumference. Lon. 77 52 w, 
 lat 5 6 N. 
 
 GORGORA, an island of Abys$ipiu» 
 
 It is 15 miles nw of Gondar. 
 
 Gorham, a lowmship in Cumberland 
 county, United States. It wus incorpo- 
 rated in i7u4, and contains about 2,3 gO 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Goritz, or Gorilla, a town of Carn3oh\^ 
 and circle of Austria, Geiiitviny, capital ot 
 a county of the same rui.ne, with a castle. 
 It is divided into Upper ard i ov.er Town, 
 Besides the old metropolitan church, it has 
 seven convents, nine cliapels, an.d a college. 
 The adjacent country produces corn, wjoe, 
 fruit, and silk, it has manufactures of leather, 
 and stands on the Lisanso, on the borders 
 of Friuli ; it was taken by the Frenrb, in 
 1797 : and lies i 2 miles ne of Palma, ami 
 40 w of Laubach. Lon. 13 38 e, iat. 4G 
 5 >r. 
 
 ■Gorilz, a town in the New Mark, Bran- 
 denburg, on the Oder, eight miles s of 
 Ciistrin. 
 
 Gorkah, a town of Asia, in a country of 
 the same name, to the w of Napaul, an^ t* 
 of Oude, stands on the Durru aiilee, 55 miles 
 w'NW' of Calmandu, and 160 ne of lyzabauj 
 Lon. 84 56 e, lat. 28 25 n. 
 
 Gorlilz, a town of Upper Lusatla, seated 
 on the Ncissa, with a tainous academy. It 
 j contains six churches : the inhabitants 
 ! amount to about 12,000. The' priucip d 
 
i: 
 
 * 
 
 V ||‘‘ 
 
 |!''4 
 
 i:*': 
 
 m 
 
 5®' 
 
 if' 
 
 ilf 
 
 Mi;' 
 
 G a s 
 
 trade is brewing, with manufactures 
 woollen and linen cloth ;. 58 miles e by n 
 of Dresden. Lon. 11 5S e, lat. 51 9 n. 
 
 Gorontano, or Gorontello, a town on the 
 island of Celebes, and a Dutch settlement, 
 in the bay of Tammine in the ke part of 
 the island, with a fortress, and three batteries 
 at the mouth of the harbour. The Dutch 
 vested this settlement in the Sultan, who 
 surrendered it to the British, in 1810. 
 
 Gort, a town in the county of Galway, 
 Ireland. Near this town are a number of 
 sw'allows, or caverns, by %vhich almost 
 every river and stream is ingulfed and re- 
 tained a considerable v/ay under ground ; 
 20 miles sse of Galway, 56 wsw of Cion- 
 fert, and 90 in the same direction, from 
 Dublin. 
 
 Gorta, SL Maria Lq^ a small island in 
 the Pacidc ocean. Lon. 1 55 w, lat. 26 55 n. 
 
 Gorze^ a town in the department of the 
 Moselle, France, on a hiii, eight miles sw 
 of Metz. 
 
 Gorzkef a towm in Lower Saxony, duchy 
 of Magdeburg, 24 miles e by n of Magde- 
 burg. 
 
 GoschutZy a town and castle of Silesia, 
 14 miles n of Oels. 
 
 Gos/ieuy a town in Litchfield county, Con- 
 necticut, United States, celebrated for ex- 
 cellent cheese ; seven miles nnw of Lich- 
 field. 
 
 Gosheiiy the most considerable town in 
 Oraiige county, New York. The township 
 contains 2,448 inhabitants, of whom 516 
 are electors j 56 miles n of the city of 
 New" York. 
 
 Gosporty a fortified tow-n of Hampshire, 
 situated on the w side of the entrance into 
 Portsmouth harbour, over which is a ferry. 
 The town is large, and a place of great 
 trade ; market on. Saturday, and fairs May 
 4th, and October 10th. There are several 
 docks for repairing merchants ships, arsd a 
 little to the s of the town is the noble 
 hospital of Haslar, for the reception of sick 
 and wounded seamen in the service of the 
 r*av 3 % It has an extensive iron foundery, 
 several brev/eries, and a free-school. it 
 is one mile from Portsmouth. Population 
 is about t],2S5 ; 15 mdes se of Scuthamp- 
 lon, and 75 sw of Lor.daii. 
 
 G: s!ary a free and late imperial toxvn in 
 lA>w"er Saxony, seated on the river Gosc, 
 i- t the foot of a mountain, c.tlled Kammel- 
 bc g. There are four parish churches, two 
 ci.apters, and two Lulhtran convents. The 
 pihici^.al commerce arises fruni the mines 
 rf ito.i ar.d iecd in the MJighbmnhocvd. 
 
 'i 'ijre are also maiuifactures of copper, and 
 1 -• .;e brtwericc. Here it is said the art of 
 in^iEing f.'iiLipowder was discovered by a 
 it was ceded to Prussia, in 1802; 
 
 roiles s of Bruii&vvlck. Lon 10 51 e. 
 
 k‘t, ,j\ i ij 'v. 
 
 G O T 
 
 Gosstvsinsteiny or Gossmanstein, a towji fas 
 Franconia, principality of Bamberg, seated 
 on the Putlach, 20 miles ese of Bamberg. / 
 Gostyn'eny or Gostaviriy a town in 
 palatine of Kara, Poland, has a castle on 
 a rock, and is 56 miles ne of Rava. Lon. 
 20 40e, lat. 51 54 N. 
 
 GOTHA, a principality in Upper 
 Saxony; the country abounds in grain 
 and fruit. The whole duchy contains 12 
 towns, and more than 200 churches. The 
 state consists of three classes, that is, of the 
 counts, the nobility, and some towns which 
 are convoked by the prince. The duke 
 maintains a guard of 160 men. The 
 principal rivers are the Leine and the 
 Niesse. 
 
 Gothay capital of the principality of the 
 same name, seated on a rising ground near 
 the Leine. It is one of the handsomest 
 towns in Thuringia. Here resides the 
 duke of Saxe- Gotha, in wdiose palace is a 
 valuable library, and a rich cabinet of coins. 
 In the vicinity is the ducal observatory of 
 Seeberge, tlie most elegant and useful in 
 Germany. The inhabitants derive not their 
 subsistence from the residence of the court, 
 but carry on a considerable trade in the 
 porcelain and woollen manufactures, as 
 also in wood and beer. Gotha suffered 
 greatly by fire, in 1207, 1545, 16i2, 1646, 
 1665 ; but the houses destroyed here in the 
 last of these years have been all rebuilt of 
 stone, and of the same height; 16 miles 
 w by s of Erfurt. Lon. 10 48 e, lat. 50 
 51 N. 
 
 Gtthay a river in W Gothland, Sweden, 
 which has its source in the sw extremity of 
 Lake Wenner, and directing its course by 
 Irolhatta, and Bahus, enters the Categat, 
 at Gotheburg. 
 
 Gothardy St, a mountain of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Uri. It is 9,075 high, 
 and 22 miles s of Altorf. It is reckoned 
 the principal summit of the Helvetian Alps. 
 FIcre the Tessino, Aar, Reuss, and Rhine 
 have their sources, and flow hence in various 
 directions. 
 
 Gotheburg, or Gothenburg, a town in the 
 province of West Gothland, situated near 
 tlie sea, at the nrouth of the Gotha. It is 
 about three miles in circumference, and 
 regularly fortified. The harbour is between 
 two chains of rocks, about two furlongs 
 wide. Besides an extensive herring fishery, 
 it has a great trade in fir planks and salt. 
 The Swedsih E India ships take their depar- 
 ture from this port. The interior of the towo, 
 like those of Holland, has canals with rows 
 of trees. In 1802, nearly a fourth part of it 
 was destroyed by fire, its environs are one 
 conliiiued scene of raked rock. I’opulatior: 
 estimated at 25,000. Jt, is <10 miles s of 
 Uddevalla, and ISO sw of Orebro. Lon. 
 
 11 59 I'y Ut. 57,42 N, 
 
 
GOT 
 
 t50THLAND, one of the five general i 
 divisions of Sweden, it is a pleasant and fer- | 
 tile country, consisting of good arable and i 
 pasture land. It abounds in lakes and j 
 yivers i and contains 48 towns. It is divid- j 
 ed into East, West, and South Gothland. 
 This country is inhabited by a nation which 
 had its origin from tne Getae, or Tartars of 
 the Crimea, and had kings of their own, till 
 1132, when they were united to Sweden. 
 It includes nine provinces, and the islands 
 of Gothland and Oeland. 
 
 GOTHLAND, East, a province of 
 Sweden, between the Bailie on the e, and 
 Lake Wetter on the w, about 80 miles in 
 length, and 70 in breadth. It produces 
 wheat, rye, barley, oats, pease, &c. in abun- 
 dance, It has also many fine orchards, rich 
 meadows and pastures, lakes and rivers 
 abounding with fish, extensive forests, pro- 
 fitable iron mines and founderies, quarries 
 of stone and alium, and marble fiauing 
 mills, and other machines for the improve- 
 ment of manufactures. The principal towns 
 are Nordkiopping, Soderkioping, Linkiep- 
 ing, and Wudstena. 
 
 GOTHLAND, South, a country of 
 Sweden, divided into three provinces, Scho- 
 uen, Haliand, and Bleiking. The soil and 
 produce is similar to East Gothland. 
 
 GOTHLAND, West, a province of 
 Sweden, between the Lake Wetter and Wen- 
 ner, about 130 miles in length, and 25 to 70 
 in breadtii. The soil produces corn, vegeta- 
 bles, li uits and excellent pastures. The rivers, 
 lakes, and sea* coast, abound wdth fish. Iron 
 works, alum works, and paper mills, are 
 erected in several places. The chief towns 
 are Gotheburg, Wennesburg, Lidkioping, 
 and Falkiopping. 
 
 GOTHLAND, or Gottland, an island 
 of Sweden, in the Baltic, about 70 miles 
 in length, and 25 in its greatest breadth. 
 From its convenient situation it has justly 
 acquired the name of The Eye of the Baltic* 
 The soil is fertile; and there are woods of 
 oaks and pines, good pastures, and profit- 
 able fisheries ; as well as large quarries of 
 s':one, particularly the famous Gottland 
 stone. Limestones, tar, deal-boards, beamis, 
 turnips, and an excellent breed of sheep, 
 are the usual exports from this island. The 
 inhabitants subsist by agriculture, grazing, 
 fishing, mining, navigation, and manufac- 
 tuies. W’^hisby is the capital. Lon. 18 6, 
 to 1 9 6 K, lat. 56 54, to 57 56 n. 
 
 Gottelshrunn, a town of Austria, three 
 miles N of Brugg. 
 
 Gnttern, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 
 GoUesburg, a town of Silesia. Near it 
 is a mine of gold, and another of coals ; 
 great quantities of worsted stockings are 
 knit by the inhabitants; 16 miles sw of 
 Schweidnit*. 
 
 Gitiingen, or Goettingen) St town of 
 
 GOV 
 
 Lower Saxony. It contains about l,0Cai 
 houses, and 8,000 souls; the streets arc 
 large and convenient, and paved on each 
 side. The town is governed by a provost 
 named by the sovereign, burgomasters, and 
 a syndic chosen by the regency, assisted by 
 a council. The principal ornament and 
 advantage of Gottingen is the university; 
 founded in 1734, by George II king of 
 England. The library, if considered with 
 regard to the number, excellence, and value 
 of its books, is one of ihe first in Europe* 
 There are also many other library institiv 
 tions, and a coramandery of the Teutonic 
 order. The territory belonging to the town 
 is very considerable; but its inhabitants 
 principally subsist by the woollen manufac- 
 tures; 58 miles s of Hanover. Lon. 9 
 53 E, lat. 51 24 N. 
 
 Gotiingeny NeiVy a tow n of the state of 
 Georgia, in Burke county, w bank of the 
 Savanna, 18 miles e of W'aynesborcugh. 
 
 Gotlleube, a towm in Upper Saxony, and 
 margraviate of Pdeissen, stands on a river of 
 the same name, 1 8 miles sse of Dresden. 
 
 . Gottliebeny a town of Switzerland, w’herc 
 John Huss was confined, in 1415; three 
 miles from Constance. 
 
 GottolengOy a town and district of 
 Italy, containing some sea ports and 2,50p 
 citizens. 
 
 Goitorp, a town in the duchy of Sles- 
 wick, Denmark, stands at the extremity of 
 an arm of the sea, named the Sley. Her« 
 is an old palace, formerly the ducal resi- 
 dence, two miles W'sw of Sleswick, to wFic-k 
 it is united by a row of trees. 
 
 Gotlsckeey a town in Middle Carniola, 
 Germany, with a castle, 17 miles nne cf 
 Fill me. 
 
 Gotzendorffy a town of Austria, five mile* 
 s of Aigen. 
 
 GOVARDO, a districtof Italy, ‘contain- 
 ing 8,000 souls ; 2,000 of whom inhabk 
 the town of Govardo, Lon. 10 9 e, lat. 45 
 40 N. 
 
 Gouda, or Tergouw, a strong town of 
 S Holland, seated on the Issel at tlie 
 junction of the Gour, celebrated for its su- 
 perb church w ith painted window^s, supposed 
 to be the finest in Europe. The situaiion 
 of the place is very advantageous, on ac- 
 count of the sluices and canals, which arc 
 running streams ; it has also a convenient 
 port on the Issel, and five gates. Its prin- 
 cipal trade consists in cordage, cheese, and 
 tobacco pipes. It is 10 miles ne of Rotter- 
 dam, and 22 s of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 
 57 E, lat. 52 1 N. 
 
 Goudhurst, a town in the county of Kent, 
 with a w’cekly market, and a fair August 
 26th; 12 miles s of Maidstone, and 44 ss 
 of London. 
 
 Givernolo* the arciciit Ambiiletum, a 
 town of in the Mantuan, on the 
 

 G O Z 
 
 Mncfo, 12 miles se of Pi^Tantua, Lon. 10 
 56 E, I at*. 51 8 N. 
 
 Gouldie, a village in the parish of 
 Monilvie, Forfarshire. Population 170. 
 
 Gouhisboroughf Harbour, a harbour of 
 the United States. Lon. 67 55 w, lat. 44 
 tiio N. 
 
 Goran, a parish about five miles Ion.<?, 
 and between three luui four broad, iying on 
 the borders of Lanark and Jienfrcwsiiires, 
 and divided nearly into two equal parts by 
 the river Clyde, which is here navigc?/ole for 
 vessels. Bleaching of cottons employs many 
 of the inhabitants. The village of Govan 
 stands on the s side cf the river, 2 miles w 
 of Glasgow ; and is inhabited by about 250 
 families and more than 1000 inhabitants. 
 Population of the parish, about 2500. The 
 soil is in a high state of cultivation, and 
 very productive, and ornamented wuth hand- 
 same villas and plantations. Here is a 
 eonicai tminsnee, i 50 feet diameter at the 
 base, 102 at the top, and 17 feethigli, called 
 Hoamsterbiii. 
 
 Goura, or Gura, a town of Poland, the 
 palatinate of Massovia, seated on the Vistula, 
 14 miles se of Warsaw. 
 
 GoitraincQurt, a town in the department 
 of the Meuse, France, 15 miles ke of Ver- 
 dun. 
 
 Goormj, a cape on the e coast of the island 
 of Jersey, 4 miles e from St. Helier, 
 
 ■ Gouvdoru a town in the dent, of the Lot, 
 Fra uce, 25 miles n of Cahors. j 
 
 - Gourjiay, a £own cf the Lower Seine, 
 France, oa the Lpie, 24 miles e of Rouen. 
 
 Gourock, a town in the county of Ren- 
 frew, in the parish of Innerskip, on the s 
 banks of the Clyde, two miles and a half \v 
 of Greenock. It is seated on a fine bay, and 
 is much frequented by soa bathers. Few 
 places are better adapted to this purpose, or 
 a greater variety of pleasing objects ; 
 in parlicular the busy commerce of the 
 Clyde, near which is a copper mine 
 
 Goioran, town in the county of Kilken- 
 rry. it is governed by a Portreve, record- 
 er, and town Clerk, and sent two members, 
 fothe Irisii parliament, in the.v'cinity are 
 toe ruins of Baiiinabola Castle, 9 miles s 
 by s of Kilkenny. 
 
 Goivrie, a district in Perthshire, extend- 
 ing from Forth along the n bank of the 
 Tuy to Invergowrie, That part of it called 
 the Carse of Gowrie, lying between the s 
 side of the hijis and the river, from two to 
 fvmr miles in breadth, is almost one con- 
 tinued pi-iiii of the richest and best cultivated 
 land in Sc.;tiand. 
 
 Gouuve, a own on the w coast of Gre- 
 nada. ihon. 61 51 w, liit. 12 15. n. 
 
 GOZi. or Gozes an island in the Medi- 
 tcranean, die Ari.:.ent C'diida, of which 
 Paul m ikes laentioii in Ids voyage to Rome, { 
 itisdistuiit iroiii the sw coast of Cundia^ j 
 
 G R A 
 
 24 miles. Here vessels arc often supplki 
 with water and provisions Lon, 25 46 e/ 
 lat. 34 50 N, 7 
 
 GOZO, the ancient island of Gali/pso^ 
 celebrated by Homer, is separated from 
 ta by a channel four miles and a half broad, 
 and belonging to tlie Knights of Malta. Ifc 
 is 24 miles in circumferei.ce, and surround- 
 ed with high rocks, yet it is very fertile in 
 the middle, five miles nw of Malta. 
 
 Qraboiv, a town and castle in Lower 
 Saxony, Duchy of Mecklenburg situated on 
 the Elaa, 24 miles s by e of Schwerin, 
 
 Gracias a Bios, a town belonging to the 
 province of Honduras, Mexico, 100 miles 
 w by s of Valladolid, Lon 88 40 w, lat. 14 
 50 N. 
 
 Graciasa, one of the Azores, 10 miles in 
 length and eight in breadth, produces corn, 
 wine butter, and Cheese. The capital is 
 Plata, Lon. 27 58 w, lat. 59 2 n. 
 
 Gradhca or Gradis a town of Sdavonia, 
 seated on the Save. It Kthe Scivilium of the 
 Romans, well peopled and fortified. A regi- 
 ment of infantry, appointed to defend the 
 frontiers, takes its name, 152 milefw of Bel- 
 grade, and 170 s of Vienna. Lon. 18 12 e, 
 lat. 45 56 N. 
 
 Gradisca, a strong town of Friuli, on the 
 borders of Carinthia, capital of a county 
 united with Gorits, seated on the Li.sowzo, 
 a bibiicps seo 6 miles sw of Goritz. Lon, 15 
 14 E, lat. 46 6 X. 
 
 Grado, a smalHsland in the gulf of Venice, 
 on the coast of Friuli, with a strong town of 
 the same name name, containing 5000 souls ; 
 50 miles e by n of Venice, Lon. 15 iO e, 
 lat .45 44 N. 
 
 Grcenisap, one of the Orkney islands, one 
 mile and a-half long, and one broad, con- 
 taining about 180 inhabitants. It is mostly 
 arable, and the coasts afford great quantities 
 of kelp. 
 
 Grafton, in Northamptonshire, gives the 
 title of Duke to the family o: Fitzroy of royal 
 extraction, five miles ne of the E tiering. 
 
 Grafton county, in New Hampshire. It 
 is divided into 50 townships, and 17 loca- 
 tions, and coiUains 15,472 inhabirants, of 
 whonfi 21 are slaves. Plymouth is the chief 
 town. 
 
 GR.A.FTON ISLAND, the most nor- 
 therly of the Bashe islands. Lon. 159 w, 
 lat. 2 i 4 N. 
 
 GraharCs Dyke, the name given by the 
 people in iis neighhourliood to Antoninus’s 
 Wall, the ancient boundery of the Roman 
 territories in Nc.itli Britain, of which relics, 
 are still visible. It reached from Carriden 
 on the Frith of Forth, to Old Kilpatrick on 
 the Clyde. 
 
 ‘Grahanis Moor, three milcA e of Falkirk, 
 SUiiingshiie, the place where the valikut 
 Sir Wiiiiani Wallace fought "hK 
 through the Eiiglisii in 1298. 
 
 
G R A 
 
 . CrcihaTiUtony Accounted a suburb of 
 Glasgow, being connected to it by several 
 streets. 
 
 GRAIN COAST, Malaguetta, or Pep- 
 TER Coast, a country of Guinea, extending 
 along tbe At]antic about 500 miles, between 
 Ivory Coast on tbe e, and the Sierra Leone 
 country on the w. The climate is said to 
 be unwhcLsorne, especially to Europeans. 
 The pred iciior.s are lemons, oranges, &c. 
 and a kind cf nut with a very thick shell and 
 most delicious fiuit, for which neither Euro- 
 peans nor natives have a name, ilhe prdm 
 wine and daces are in the greatest esteem. 
 Cows, hogs, sheep, and gaats, are also in 
 great plenty; but that which constitutes the 
 chief wealth of the Grain Coast is the abun- 
 dance of Guinea pepper, or grains of para- 
 dise, which it produces, called Malaguetta, 
 by the Pertuguese. The natives are very 
 moderate in tlieir living. Their kirxg exerts 
 an arbitrary po'wer and despotic authority 
 ever his subjects. They believe in a future 
 state, but are much attached to Paganism. 
 The sole employment of many of the negroes 
 is fishing. Formerly the Portuguese . had 
 the whole commerce on this coast, but it has 
 been long in the Imnds of the Dutch and 
 English. - 
 
 Graiiney^^ parish in Dumfries- shire, ex- 
 tending about six miles along tbs Solway, 
 which separates it from Cumberland on the 
 s, as tbe Sark does on the e, I'he surface 
 is in general level, and well cultivated. It 
 has several harbours on Solway Frith, parti- 
 cularly at the small village of Sarkfoot, 
 Hiedkirkpoint, Brewse, &c. Black cattle, 
 calves, swine, butter, cheese,, potatoes, corn, 
 and hay, are exported to a great amount an- 
 nually. At Graitney Mains are the vestiges 
 of a Druidical temple, and in the parish a 
 number of square tow’ers. Tiic population 
 is about 1800. 
 
 Graitney, or Gretna- Green, a village in 
 the above parish, tbe first stage on the road | 
 from England to Portpairick, by Dummies, 
 and by Meffat, to Edinburgh. It has been 
 long famous fer the clandestine marriages of 
 fugitive lovers from England ; nine miles ! 
 E of Annan, and three v/ of Longtown. 
 
 Graitz, or Greitz, a town cf Upper Sax- 
 ony, in Voigtiand, with two castles, stands j 
 on the Elster, between mountains and woods. 
 It has manufactures cf stuffs, and is 10 miles 
 y of Plauen. 
 
 Gramat, a town in t]’<e department of tbe 
 Lot,' France, 22 miles ^ of Calio. s. 
 
 Grdmatciy a ^3<.v?r of European Turkey, j 
 24 miles s of Va'sona. 
 
 Gnimmen, a town of France, five miles 
 nw of Dei use. 
 
 ^ Grammonl, or- Geershergke. a town in tbe 
 d^j^grtrnent of the Scheldt, Flanders, stands 
 on both sides of the Dender, 18 miles of 
 Tournay, Lot, 5 59 lat, *0 17 
 
 G R A 
 
 Crcimpian Hills, mountains which exteii^, 
 from the banks of Loch Lomond in Dun- 
 bartonshire, through the counties of Pertlr^, 
 Angus, Mearns, and Aberdeen, and tljcnce 
 in a Nw direction, through the counties of 
 Aberdeen, Banff, and Murray to the borders 
 of Inverness. They take their name from 
 a single hill, the Mans Grampius of Tacitus, 
 where Galgacus waited the approach of 
 Agricola, and where the battle was foughfc 
 so fatal to the brave Caledonians. Tha 
 height of the Grampian mountains varies 
 flora 1400 to 3500 feet above the level of 
 the sea, and several of them are elevated still 
 higher. The minerals ,of which these moun- 
 tains arc composed, arc too various for eiiu-. 
 meration. 
 
 Grampound, a borough in Cornwall, v/i\h . 
 a weekly market on Saturday, seated on the 
 Fal, supposed to be the Voluba of the an- 
 cients ; containing about £*'0 families. J% 
 is governed by a mayor, eight hlierrnen,. a 
 recorder, and a town clerk; and sends two 
 members to parliaraen’. It w.^s made m 
 bmoiigh by king Edwrrd III, who enabled 
 it to hold a market and. fairs, and exempted- 
 its burgesses from paying 40118 through tbs 
 county ; privileges still erjoyed, tn\d held of 
 tbe ducliy of Cornwall for the yearly rent of 
 12 guineas; four miles sw of Laur.cesicn, 
 and 244 w by s of London. 
 
 Gran, the capital of a county of the same 
 name, Lov/er Hungary, seated near the 
 junction of tbe Gran and Danube^ is an 
 archbishop’s see, 50 miles ese of Presburg, 
 Lon. IS 16 E, iat. 47 46 N. 
 
 Gran, a sea port in the province cf Bahrin, 
 Arabia, on the frontiers of Irac Arabi, and 
 NW end of the gulf of Persia ; 40 miles s of 
 Bassora. Lon. 47 45 e, lat. 29 56 w. 
 
 Granada. See Grenada. 
 
 Granadillas, or Granudines, a knot of 
 dangerous islands and rocks near the Lee- 
 ward islands, dependent on Granada, and 
 lying between that island and St Vincent. 
 The most of them i'ertile, and capable of 
 yielding cotton, indigo, sugar, and ccfxbe. 
 They are above 20 in number; and 
 largest is Carinaccu. 
 
 Granal, a town in the province of 
 23 miles se of Leon, Spain. 
 
 Granard, a borough in the county of 
 Longford, Ireland. It sent two members. 
 to the Irish parliament, and gives title cf 
 earl to the family of Forbes, On an anifi- 
 cial mound adjoining the town, is a Danish, 
 fort, from which there is an extensive pru-‘ 
 spect. Here annual prizes are given to the 
 best performers on the Irish harp ; 16 miics 
 ene of Longford, and upwards of 50 kw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Granatan, a town of Upper Saxony, 12 
 miles NE of Freybir. g. 
 
 Granby i a small town in S Carolina, pp-' 
 pewits to ?>ealpd oii the 
 
G R A 
 
 €>Ter which is a bridge, whose centre arch is 
 100 feei wide, for the passage of rafts and 
 large trees which are floated down the river. 
 
 6Von^y, a village in Nottinghamshire, 
 whose market is long since discontinued, 
 but has 3 fair Nov. 1st; and gives title of 
 Marquis, to Manners, duke of Rutland ; 
 tliree miles s of Bingham, and 12 e of Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 Granby Bay, a bay on the k coast of Do- 
 minica. Lon. 61 25 w, lat. 15 42 n. 
 
 Grand Island, at the mouth of Lake On- 
 tario, is wdthin the British territories. It is 
 20 miles long, and 4 broad. 
 
 Grand Island, in Niagara river, N Ame- 
 Fica, about six miks long and three broad. 
 
 Grand Isles, two large islands in Lake 
 Champlain, N America, and forming a town- 
 skip belonging to Vermont, 
 
 Grand Lake, in the province of New 
 Brunswick. It is 50 miles in length, 8 or 
 10 in breadth. 
 
 Grand Manan Island, lies six miles s by 
 ss of Campo- Bello island. 
 
 Grandcourt, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 iSwitzerland, in the vicinity of the lake Neu- 
 chatel, seven miles nw of Friburg. 
 
 Grandment, a town in the department of 
 the Upper Vienne, France. Its celebrated 
 abbey was suppressed in 1769, after the de- 
 cease of the then professed members; 15 
 miles NNE cf Limoges. 
 
 Grandpre, a town in the department of 
 the Ardennes, France, stands on the Ayre, 
 52 miles e of Rheims. 
 
 GrandvUle, or Granville, h sea port town 
 in the department of the Channel, France, 
 stands partly on a rock, and partly on a plain. 
 The harbour is small ; the town contains 
 about 2500 inhabitants ; 15 miles s by w of 
 Coutances. Lon. 1 52 w, lat. 48 50 n. 
 
 Grange, a parish in Banffshire, about six 
 miles long, and about Rve broad. It was 
 once a forest, and formerly belonged to the 
 abbey of Kinross, the abbot of which had a 
 castle in it, and erected a chapel to the Vir- 
 gin Mary : the district having been a part 
 of the parish of Keith, till 1618. The 
 church is 4 miles e of Keith, and 16 sw of 
 Banlf. The surface is very unequal. The 
 low grounds are in general well cultivated, 
 and fertile. There are vast quantities of 
 limestone, linen yarn, and coarse linens, ma- 
 nufactured to considerable extent. Popula- 
 tion above 1500. 
 
 Grange, a town in the province of Dale- 
 carlia, Sweden, surrounded by great and 
 curious mines, 40 miles sw of F.ihlun. 
 
 Gra7igemouth, a village in Stirlingshire, 
 erected at the junction of the gi*cat canal 
 with the river Carron, a few miles from the 
 Forth. Grangemouth contains about 500 
 inhabitants. Buildings began here only in 
 1777. Here 40,000 tons, belonging either 
 to th« foreign or coastipg tml«, arc annually 1 
 
 G R A 
 
 entered ; three miles nnk of Falkirk, and 24 
 WNW of Edinburgh. 
 
 Gran hull, a town in Smaland, Sweden,' 
 35 miles nvv of Cal mar. 
 
 Granic, or Granicus, a small river of Na - 
 tolia. On its banks were fought the cele- 
 brated battle ’of Arbela, in which Alexan- 
 der the Great, with 30,000 Macedonians, 
 defeated Darius and 600,000 Persians* 
 
 Gransee, a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, 30 miles wnw of Berlin. 
 
 Granson, a town in the county of Neiif- 
 chatel, Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic* 
 of the same name, seated on the lake of 
 Neuchatel, with a castle, 16 miles wsw of 
 Neuchatel 
 
 Grantham, a borough in Linconlshirc 
 situated on the river Witham, on the road 
 from London to York, wuth a market oil 
 Saturday. It sends two members to par- 
 liament, and contains about 7,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The steeple of the church is 300 
 feet high, A navigable canal was lately 
 opened from this town to the Trent at 
 Nottingham. It is governed by an aider- 
 man, 12 justices of the peace, &c. has two 
 charity schools, and a free school. Here 
 the great Sir Isaac Newton received the first 
 rudiments of his education ; 20 miles s by 
 w of Lincoln, and 110 n by w of Londbrii 
 Lon. 0 36 w, lat. 52 59 n. 
 
 Grantoivn, a village in the county of 
 Moray, and parish of Cromdale ; 20 miles 
 s of Inverness, w as founded on a rugged 
 barren heath about the year 1770 ; but 
 now under the auspices of the family of 
 Grant, contains about 400 inhabitants; haS 
 two well endowed schools, a well supplied 
 market, a handsome town house, and a good 
 brewery, 
 
 Granville, See GrandvUle, 
 GRANVILLE COUNTY, in Hills- 
 borough district, North Carolina. It con- 
 tains 10,982 inhabitants. Williamsburg is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Graslitz, a town in the circle of Saas, 
 Bohemia, famous for its manufactures of 
 brass ; 15 miles nw of Elbogen. 
 
 Grasmese Water, a small lake Westmore- 
 land, w of Ambleside, surrounded by moun- 
 tains, some of them beautifully verdant, 
 some of them rugged, which half conceal 
 and vary the figure of the lake. A low 
 pYomontory projects far into the water, and 
 on it stands a w'hite village, three miles 
 from Ambleside, and 148 from Keswick, 
 on the road to Kendal. The celebrated 
 tourist, Hutchison, calls the vale surround- 
 ing this lake, “ The Vale of Peace!** 
 
 GRASON, an island in the gulf of 
 Bothnia, coast of Sweden, 15 miles long,' 
 and two wide. Low. 18 20 e, lat. 60 
 
 12 N. 
 
 G?'asse, a town and principal place of 
 a distrret m the department df the Yar, 
 
GRA 
 
 'France, Th« principal trade of tlic inliabi- 
 tants is in dry fruit, olives, oil, perfumes, 
 and tanned leather; 14 miles wsw of An- 
 tibes, and 21 w by s of Nice. 
 
 Grasse, a town in the department of the 
 Aude, France, at the foot of a mountain 
 on the Othieu, 18 miles ss of Carcassc 'oe. 
 
 Grassena, a town in the duchy of Aosta, 
 Piedmont, and late republican department 
 of Sesia, 18 miles e of Aosta. 
 
 GliATIOSA, one of the Azores islands, 
 about 10 miles long, and eight broad. It 
 is well peopled ; and has a number of vil- 
 lages. The principal place is La Plata. 
 Lon. 26 10 w, lat. S9 6 n. 
 
 Gratz, or Gra%, the capital of Lower 
 Stiria, Germany, seated on the w side of 
 the Muer, over which is a bridge to an ex- 
 tensive suburb. It contains several churches 
 and convents, an arsenal, a strong castle, 
 and an university. The population is 
 estimated at 35,000. It was taken by the 
 French, in 1797. It is 88 miles ssw of 
 Vienna. Lon. 15 26 e, lat. 47 4 n. 
 
 Graudenz, a town in the territoiy of 
 Culm, W Prussia, with a citadel, on the 
 Vistula, 15 miles n by s of Culm. 
 
 Grave, a strong town !n the department 
 of the Domnel and Scheldt, Holland, on 
 the left bank of the Maese, it has been often 
 taken, the last time by the French, in 1794. 
 It is eight miles ssw of Nlmigueii, and 
 20 E of Bois-le-Duc. 
 
 Grave Creek, on the Ohio. 
 
 Gravedena, a town of Italy, in the Mi- 
 lanese, on the Nw side of the lake Como, 
 42 miles n of Milan, 
 
 Gravelines, a sea port town in the de- 
 partment of the North, France, stands on 
 the month of the Aa. It is not large, but 
 well fortified, v/Ith bastions, half moons, and 
 horn- work. It is nine miles wsw of Dun- 
 kirk, and 12 a of Calais. Lan. 2 3 s, iat. 
 50 59 H. 
 
 Gravenau, a town of Lower Bavaria, 
 priiicipality of Passau, on the Sag, 16 miles 
 jf of Passau. 
 
 Gravenkorst, a town in Westphalia, Ger- 
 many, four miles ne of Rheme. 
 
 Gravenmacheren, or Grevenmackeren, a 
 town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg, 
 on the Moselie, in a country producing ex- 
 cellent wine, It is 14 miles ene of Luxem* 
 burg. 
 
 Gravenwert, a town of Lower Bavaria, 
 Upper Palatinate, 17 miles n of Amberg. 
 
 Gravesande, a town of S Holland, four 
 miles from the sea, and six w by s of 
 Delft. 
 
 Gravesend, a town in the county of 
 Kent, on the s side of the Themes, and is 
 the common landing place for seamen and 
 strangers in their passage to London, to 
 which the fare is nine-pence each passenger, 
 ihie'bo'^its are large aj.d cornmodibus, 
 
 G R E 
 
 are obliged to depart on the ringing of a 
 bell within a quarter of an hour. They go 
 to London with every flood, and return 
 from Billingsgate on the like signal, with 
 every ebb. Henry VIII. raised a platform 
 of guns to the e of the town, and erected k 
 fort directly opposite at Tilbury, on the 
 Essex shore, which is S regular fcrtiflcatioii, 
 has a battery commanding the river, and 
 mounted with above 100 pieces of cannon, 
 Gravesend is a corporation town, and to- 
 gether with Milton, governed by a mayor, 
 jurats, and common- council men. There 
 are two weekly markets, on Wednesday, 
 and Saturday, and a fish market every Sun- 
 day morming. All outward bounded ships 
 are obliged to cast anchor before the town, 
 till they have been examined by, and obtain- - 
 ed proper clearances from, searchers frond 
 the custom-house, appointed for that pur- 
 pose. A centinel is also stationed at the 
 block-house, below the town, to give notice, 
 by the firing of a musket, when ships ar® 
 coming up the river, w'ho are obliged to 
 receive on board officers from the customs, 
 Richard II. granted these towns the ex- 
 clusive privilege of conveying passengers 
 to London in boats. They held their char- 
 ter of incorporation from queen Elisabeth. 
 Spinning of hemp for ropes and nets gives 
 employment to a nunlber of the inhabitants. 
 Gravesend is celebrated for asparagus, Ifc 
 is 22 miles and a-ha!f ese of London, 
 
 Gravesend, a small village in King's 
 county, Long- Island, New York. 
 
 Gravina, a town in the province of Bari, 
 Naples, 32 miles sw of Bari. 
 
 Graulxet, a town in the department of 
 Tarn, France, 12 miles Nw of Castres. 
 
 Gra^f a town in the department of the 
 Upper Saoile, France, situated on the Saone, 
 and has a trade in iron, 25 miles ne of 
 Dijon. 
 
 Gray, a post town in Cumberland county. 
 It contains about 600 inhabitants ; 15 miles 
 If by w of Portland. 
 
 Grays Thurrock, a town in the county 
 of Essex, stands on the Thames; with » 
 weekly market on Thursday, It is 24 miles 
 E of London. 
 
 Great Famine, a river in New York. 
 
 GREAT ISLAND, an island situated 
 in the rirer Lee, in Cork harbour, Ireland,, 
 five, miles long, and from one to three 
 broad, shout six miles e of the city ; on it is 
 the village of Cove. 
 
 Great Maris Ba,y, a bay of Ireland, six 
 miles N from the South Arran islands. It 
 separates the islands of Garornna and 
 Littermore from the continert On ei’ch 
 side of the bay are dangerous rocks. The 
 entrance is in Lon. 9 35 lat. 53 10 n. 
 
 Grtbenstein, a town in the ]3rincipality of 
 Lower He^se, seated on the iO milds 
 
 II of C'.i^:sel. 
 
 5 Q 
 
G RE 
 
 Vi llLEGE, an ancient country of Eu- 
 y:.j;e, now subject to the Turks, and in- 
 cluded under the appellation of European 
 Turkey. It contains Macedonia, Albania, 
 
 J Jvadia, the Morea, the Archipelago, and 
 Candia, — which see. 
 
 Greeny a pe st town in Lincoln county, 
 district of IM^rinc, on the Androscoggin, 39 
 ¥1 of Portland. 
 
 Green, a river of Kentucky, has its 
 source in Mercer county, and flow’s w and 
 x into the Ohio. It is navigable 150 miles 
 and near it are a number of salt springs, 
 and three poiinjds Uf bitumen. In the cave on 
 its banks are found great quantities of 
 nitre, which enables the settlers to manufac- 
 ture guupow'der. 
 
 GREEN BRIAR, a large and fertile 
 county of Virginia. It is about 10 miles 
 long, and 45 broad ; aiid together with 
 Kanhaw’ay county, which was forasierly a 
 part of it, contains 6,015 inhabitants, 
 
 GREENE, a county in the Upper dis- 
 trict of Georgia, containing about 5500. 
 inhabitants. Chief town, Greenaborougb. 
 
 GreejiJield Abbey, an ancient morsastery 
 in Flintshire, sealed on the Dee near Holy° 
 well, founded in the 12 century; one or 
 more of its Abbots sat in pariiamsnt. • Its 
 remains shew it to have been a stately edi- 
 fice, the fable of St. Winefred was invented 
 fey its Monks. 
 
 Greenjield, a handsome flourishing tow n 
 in Hampshire county, Massaebusets. Popu- 
 lation about 1500 ; 4 miles N of Deerfield, 
 and 1 H w by of Boston. 
 
 Greenhohn, one of the smaller Orkney 
 islands, one mile and a Iplf sw of Eda. 
 
 Greenhohn, one of the smaller Shetland 
 islands, 10 miles NNEof Lerwick. 
 
 GRF.ENLAND, a country situated 
 between (he straits of Davis and Frobi- 
 sher. On the sw it terminates in the point 
 called Cape Farewei l. It is said to be 
 inhabited as far as 76 n. It is divided into 
 East and West Greenland. East or Old 
 Greenland, was first discovered in the 9th 
 ceniiiry by seme Icelanders who planted a 
 colony on th.e eastern coast. The last 
 bishop sent thither from Norway w^as'one 
 Andress, wim sailed for Greenland in 1406 ; 
 and from that time till the beginning of the 
 18th century ai: knowledge of Greenland 
 seems in a great degree to have been lost. 
 About the year 1721, how’ever, Hans Ege- 
 ‘ e, minister of Vingen in Norway, conceiv- 
 ed the idea cf going in search of the ancient 
 
 G R E 
 
 about the same, time a pension of 20061 
 rixdollars a-year to the missionaries. AbouU 
 1760, the Moravians began vtbeir settlement 
 in sw part of the country ; and from Mr 
 Crantx, the A^oravian missionary. We 
 have the latest and best accounts of Green- 
 land. The climate is extremely severe, 
 the greater part cf the country being 
 almost continually covered with ice and 
 snow ; yet in the longest summer days it 
 is so hot, .from the long continuance of 
 the sun’s rays, that the inhabitants some- 
 times throw off their summer garments. 
 Among the vegetables of this cold country 
 are sorrel, angelica, wild tansey, and scurvey 
 grass. A species of dogs resembling wolves 
 are the only tame animals ; the wildar 
 white hares, foxes, rein-deer, and white 
 bears, which are fierce and mischievous. 
 The settled inhabitants, it is said do not 
 amount to above 960, but Mr. Cranta 
 thinks the roving southlanders of Green- 
 land, may amount to about 7000. In 
 their aspect, manners, and dress, there 
 is a great resemblance to the Esquimaux 
 Americans, with whom they have son^e 
 intercourse, and from whom they naturally 
 differ but little, notwithstanding the zeal 
 of inlssionarie.9 to convert and civilize 
 them. They elk low of stature, feW’ 
 exceeding five feet in height, and the 
 generality are not so tall. They are 
 not very lively in their tempers, but they 
 are good humoured and friendly. Their 
 most agreeable food is the flesh of 
 the rein deer ; but that being now scarce 
 among them, their best provisions are 
 fish, seals, and sea fowl. The men hunt 
 and fish, in which they are very dexterous, 
 particularly in catching and killing seals ; 
 but when they have towed their booty 
 to land, they trouble themselves no farther 
 about it. The women are the butchers 
 and cooks, and also the curriers to dreSs 
 the pelts and make clothes, shoes, and 
 boots, out of them. They likewise build 
 and repair the houses and tents. There 
 is very little difference in the dress of the 
 two sexes. They have two sorts of habi- 
 tations, one of which serves for the winter, 
 and the other .fi r the summer season. 
 They have no traffic among one another, 
 and the commerce with foreigners is very 
 ineonsiderable. Thciir chief commodities 
 are blubber and wh.alcbone, the sea uni- 
 i| corn’s horn, the skins of deer, foxes, and 
 the dog'Shh, winch they exchange for 
 necessaries in clothing, and all kinds of 
 ordinary domestic utensils. The Green- 
 land trade i s carried cn by the Copenhagen 
 
 company, 
 
 w])o send hither o or 4 ships 
 
 colony, if ary existed ; he went to Green- 
 land where be continued about 15 years, 
 prcachixig the gospel to th.e natives, and 
 making many converts. His example was 
 follow’cd hy several missionaries ; and in 
 1733, about 3 years before Mr. Egede re- 
 turned to Norway, (he Greenland trade was 
 :;intvvcd w ith great vigour, the king granting, I! a great number cf vessels are also sent 
 
 j every ^'ar; but the whale fi::bery cn the 
 I coasts to be the principal object 
 
 i| worth attending to ; for which purpose 
 
G R E 
 
 iut every year, from the ports of Great 
 Britain, and other European states. Cape 
 Farewell is in Lon. 42 42 w, lat. 59 38 n. 
 
 GREENLAW, the capital of Berv/ick- 
 shire, Scotland seated on the Blackadder, 
 on the great road from London to Edin- 
 burgh, by Coldstream. It is a borough, of 
 barony, contains about 670 inhabitants, 
 and has 2 annual fairs May 22d and last 
 Thursday of October. After Berwick was 
 taken by the English, the sheriff and county 
 Courts were held first at Old Greenlaw, one 
 miletothes, where there now remain no vesti- 
 ges of a town. These courts w ere removed to 
 Greenlaw^ where they have been held ever 
 since, except for a short time during the 
 turbulent reign of Charles I. when they 
 sat at Dunse. The goal and court-house 
 are in the churchyard. 'Weaving employs 
 a number of the inhabitants. Cabinet w'ork 
 is executed in an elegant and suostantial 
 manner. A carding machine attached to 
 the waulk-miil is well employed. Mill- 
 wrights, who have attached to their work 
 a brass foundery, on a small scale, are much 
 and deservedly employed. The parish is 
 about seven or eight miles long, and from 
 two to five bread. In the parish were tw'o 
 religious houses, w'hich belonged to the 
 priory of Kelso. The soil is in general 
 adapted to the turnip husbandry, and is well 
 cultivated and productive. The nw part 
 of the parish, which is partly muirs, affords 
 - sound sheep walks. On the farm of Green- 
 landean is a camp in a strong position. 
 Tn this parish, N of the town is still visible 
 part of Harit’s Dike, which according^ 
 tradition, reached from Berwick westward 
 as far as Boonbill, in the parish of Leger- 
 wood. The town is seven miles and a- half 
 ^ of Diiiise, nine and a-half N of Kelso, JO 
 w ,of Coldstream, and 36 se of Edinburgh. 
 Population of the parish including the 
 town, in 1801, 1270, in 1811, in the town 
 661 ; towm and parish 1260. 
 
 Greenock^ a sea port town in Renfrew- 
 shire, at the mouth of the river Clyde. It 
 is considerably large, and the houses in 
 general well built, but the streets are not 
 very regular. It is a borough of barony, 
 erected in 1757, and is governed by a 
 council of nine feuers, two of whom are 
 annually elected bailies. The merchants of 
 Greenock are the principal shipholders, and 
 carry on an extensive trade, not only with 
 the towns on the eastern coast of the king- 
 dom, through the great canal, but wdlh Ame- 
 rica, and ail Europe. The fisheries, of 
 herring in particular, have been long pro- 
 secuted by the inhabitants of Greenock. 
 The Newfoundland and Nova Scotia 
 fisheries are also carried on to such extent, 
 that upwards of 45,000 barrels have been 
 cured in one season. Ship -building ir, 
 much . attended to. There is also a sugar 
 
 G R E 
 
 hnuse, a rope, and sail manufactory^ TLs 
 harbour is very commodious. Within two 
 semicircular quays are inclosed upwards of 
 10 acres, wdjere merchant vessels of the 
 greatest burden have sufTicient deptli of 
 water. Adjoining to it are several dry 
 docks. The village of Crawford’s Dyke which 
 now joins Greenock, is a borough of bniony, 
 and a much older jurisdiction than the 
 latter ; together they extend along the shore 
 more than a mile, In 1755, the united 
 population wns only 3,858, but by the 
 census in 1811, amounted to 19,052. 
 Greenock has a fair on the first Thursday 
 of July. It is 22 miles w of Glasgow, 
 and 66 from Edinburgh in the sam/s? 
 direction. Lon. 4 47 w, lat. 55 54 k. 
 
 Greenocky Old and New parishes of.- 
 The old parish of Greenock extends about 
 four miles and a-half along the s side of the 
 I frith of Clyde, and includes the ah 7ve town, 
 which, with the adjoining village of Craw- 
 ford’s Dyke, was erected into a new parish 
 about 1745 ; since which the neighbouring 
 country has been' called the old parish Tlio 
 surface is rugged and hilly, but affords ex- 
 tensive and variegated prospects. 
 
 Greensboroughy a post town and chief 
 town of Greene county, Georgia ; 60 miles 
 NNw of Louisville. Lon, 82 35 w, lat. 33 
 15 N. 
 
 Greenshiirgy a post town, and the capital 
 of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, 
 seated on a hill, and has a trade in Hour, 
 30 miles s by s of Pittsby rg. Lon. 79 
 45 w, lat. 40 8 n. 
 
 Greenstedy a village in Essex, one mile w 
 of Ongar, remarkable for its ancient church, 
 built before the conquest ; the w’alls of 
 which are formed of the solid trunks of 
 trees. 
 
 GREENSVILLE, a county of Virginia. 
 It is about 24 miles long, and 20 broad, 
 and contains 6362 inhabitants. 
 
 GREENVILLE, a county in Washing- 
 ton dibtr.’ct, S Carolina. It contains about 
 7000 inhabitants, 
 
 Greemilley a post towm of South Carolina, 
 in Darlington county, capital of the district 
 of Cheraw, stands on the w side of great 
 Pedee river, and 85 miles ke of Columbia. 
 Lon, 79 55 w,Tat. 34 50 N. 
 
 Greenvilley a post town, and chief of Pitt 
 county, N Carolina, seated on the Tar, and 
 i !*as a seminary called Pitt academy; 25 
 i miles SE of Tarborough, and 75 e by s of 
 Ralegh. 
 
 Greenvilley a small post town in Greene 
 county, Tennesse#., stands on the Nola- 
 chucky, five miles s by w is Greenville 
 college, 65 miles e of Knoxville. 
 
 GreenvillCy a fert and settlement of the 
 state of Ohio. The fort will accommo- 
 date 2000 and was built in 1793, by 
 
 Genefal W<Jvne, who here concluded a 
 3 G 2 
 
G R E 
 
 fifeajty of peace with the Indian nations, in 
 i ‘I95. It stands on the v\v branch of the 
 great Miami ; 70 miles n by w of Cincinnati. 
 Lon. 85 5 w, lat. 39 38 n. 
 
 Greenwicht a town in the county of Kent, 
 siitua^ed on the banks of the Thames, ancient- 
 ly called East Green'vvich, Greenwich is 
 made the meridian of longitude by most 
 Encjlish navigators. Here is a celebrated 
 liospitai, supposed to be the first edrhee of 
 the kind in the world. The first vring of 
 which was erected by king Charles II. 
 William III. erected another wing, who 
 adopted the plan of applying it to the use 
 of English seamen, incapable of service 
 cither through age or infirmity ; but the 
 whole was not finished till the reign of 
 George II. Besides the seamen who are 
 provided for, 140 boys, the sons of seamen, 
 are instructed in navigation, and bred up for 
 the service of the royal navy. Each of the 
 mariners has a weekly allowance of seven 
 loaves, weighing 16 ounces each; three 
 pounds of beef, txvo of mutton, one pint of 
 peas, one and a- quarter pounds of cheese, 
 two ounces of butter, 14 quarts of beer, 
 and one shilling a-week tobacco money; 
 besides which, each common pensioner 
 receives once in two years a suit of blue 
 clothes, a hat, three pair of stockings, two 
 pair of shoes, five neckcloths, three shirts, 
 
 . ^nd two night-caps. Towards the support 
 6f which, every seamen pays six-pence per 
 month, both in the royal navy and mer- 
 chant’s service ; and are admitted when 
 disabled and unfit for service. On Flam- 
 stead. hill, go called after the celebrated 
 astronomer of that name,, Charles II. built 
 an observatory for thq benefit of Fiamstcad, 
 who w’as the first astronomer royal. In a 
 royal palace which once stood here, died 
 Edward VI., and queen Mary and queen 
 Elisabeth were bern. Here, in the duke of 
 Korfoik's college, are maintained 20 decayed 
 housekeepers. There is another called queen 
 Elisabeth’s college ; also a royal naval 
 ytylum for 1000 children. In 1779, 
 Greenwich hospital suffered greatly by fire, 
 hut w'ss soon rebuilt, Greenwich is said 
 to contain 1 3 “0 houses, and in 1811, 16,9‘18 
 inhahita Us. x'he Thames is here very 
 b'X'ud, and the channel deep. Greenwich 
 has two mrrrkcts weekly, on Wedncfday 
 tnd Sat-aiJay ; and is five miles S£ of Lon- 
 don. Lon. O, lat. 51 29 N. 
 
 Gi'eenivich, a town in Cumberland coun- 
 ty, Kew Jerrry, stands on the kw bank of 
 C han.y Creek, three miles from its inliiix 
 f uo Dt. ware bay, and 15 ss of Snlem. 
 
 Greenwich, a sea port of Lhode Island, 
 the cliief town in Kent county, stands on 
 t ic Kw pra t cf Narraganset bay, trades with 
 the W indies, is engaged in the fisheries, 
 i -ul is famous for hs cider ; 16 miles s of 
 ’ hoviu'cnce. Lcn. 71 20 w, lat. 4J 35 N, « 
 
 G RE. 
 
 Gteiffen, a town on a small lake cf 
 name, Swisserland, nine miles ese . of 
 Zurich. 
 
 Grsiffenberg, a town in the principality 
 of Jauer, Silesia, celebrated for its linen 
 manufactures, stands on the Queis, has a 
 fortress on a mountain ; 28 miles wsw of 
 Lignitz. 
 
 Greiffmherg, a town of Brandenburgs 
 Upper Sixony, on the Sernifz, 13 miles ese 
 ©f Prenzlo, and 48 nne of Berlin. 
 
 Gre?ffenberg, a town of Further Pome- 
 rania, Upper Saxony, seated on the Rega, 
 16 miles e of Camiii. 
 
 Grtiff^nhagen, a town of Further Po- 
 merarya, Upper Saxony, on the Oder, 12 
 miles s of Stettin. 
 
 Greiffensiein, a town in the late circle of 
 the Upper Rhine, 34 miles n of Mentz. 
 
 Greifswalde, or Grijrswald, a sea port 
 in Upper Saxony, and Swedish Pomerania, 
 wdth an university, and a good harbour, 
 seated on the Rik, which is navigable to 
 the Baltic. It is 14 miles w of Wolgast, 
 and 15 se of Stralsund. Lon. 13 38 e, lat, 
 54 4 N. 
 
 Grein, a tcv/n on the n side of tha 
 Danube, Austria, 28 miles e of Lintx. 
 
 Greitz. See G^'aitz, 
 
 GRENADA, or Gxanaba, sometimes 
 called Upper Andalusia, a province of 
 Spain, about 175 miles in length, and from 
 20 to 90 in breadth. The province is one 
 of the most healthy and temperate in Spain, 
 and very fertile. It produces corn, wine, 
 oil, sugar, flax, and hemp. The mountains 
 and the plains produce great variety of ex- 
 cellent fruit, as pomegranates, citrons, 
 oranges, oUvts, capers, figs, and almonds; 
 mulberry-trees grow in abundance, so that 
 great quantities of silk are produced. The 
 f^orests produce oaks, palm-trees, and gall- 
 nuts. Honey and wax are abundant. In 
 the mountains near Antequera, a great 
 deal of excellent salt is made. In several 
 places there are quariies of excellent stone 
 lor bitiiaing, and in some places hyacinths, 
 and other precious stones are fouud. The 
 inhabitants of the country are the most 
 kboricus in the southern parts of Spain, 
 They are fond of commerce and agriculture. 
 The principal rivers are the Xenil and the 
 Giiacelentin. 
 
 Crenada, or Granada, capital of the above 
 province, is situated at the foot cf the Sierra 
 Nevada, or Snowy Moantains, on two hills, 
 and stands on both sides of tlie Darro, at 
 the influx of the Xenii. It is divided into 
 four quarters, of v'hich the principal beais 
 the name of Grenada, .and is inhabited by 
 the nobility, clergy,, and tlie, richest of the 
 citizens, and contains many public buildings, 
 In the cathedral are interred Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, who, in 1492, took this place from 
 the Moors, The second quarter is that of. 
 
G RE 
 
 G R 1 
 
 is about SO leagues 
 length 
 
 IS 
 
 AHiambra, which is inhabited by descend- 
 ants from the ancient Moors. Here is an 
 ancient palace of the Moorish kings, and 
 one built by Charles V. The third quarter 
 is called Albaycin, in which is the univer- 
 sity. All the public edifices are superb. 
 The fourth is called Antequeruela, chiefly 
 inhabited by people from Autequera, who 
 are almost wholly employed in the different 
 manufactures of silk, which constitutes the 
 principal commerce of the place. The 
 streets of GrenpAB, are narrow, irregular, 
 and badly paved. It is the see of an arch- 
 bishop, and contains 24 parish churches, 
 13 hospitals, an university and amphithea- 
 tre, a tribunal of inquisition, and about 
 80,000 souls, and the half of them are law- 
 yers, ecclesiastics, and mendicants. Gre- 
 nada had formerly 20 gates, 12 of which 
 only now remain. It is 183 miles s of 
 Madrid, and 70 miles sse of Cordova. 
 Lon. 3 38 w, lat. 37 17 n. 
 
 GREI^ADA, or GaANAnA, the most 
 southerly of the Caribbee islands, in the 
 West Indies, situated between Lon. 61 20 
 and 6 1 35 vr, and between lat. 11 58 
 and 12 60 w. It 
 Kw, of Tab.^go. Its extreme 
 about 28 miles, and its breadth 13. It 
 contains about 80.000 acres of land. The 
 island is divided into 6 parishes, Sc. 
 George, St. David, St. Andrew^ St. Patrick, 
 St. Mark, and St, John ; its chief depen- 
 dency, Caricou island, forms a 7th parish. 
 The air is good, and the soil fruitful. It 
 was taken from the French in 1762, con- 
 firmed to the British in 1763, taken by the 
 French in 1770, and restored to the British 
 in 1783. In 1795, the French landed 
 some troops, end caused an insurrection, 
 which was net finally suppressed till June 
 1796. The capital is St George. 
 
 Grenada, a city of Nicaragua, and audi- 
 ence of GuatimaJa, in South America. It 
 is situated 70 miles from the sea, on the 
 lake of Nicaragua, by means of which the 
 inhabitants carry on a great trade ; 60 
 
 miles ss of Leon de Nicaragua. Lon. 86 
 36 w, lat. 1 2 5 N. 
 
 GRENADA, NEW, an extensive 
 country of Terra Firma, South America; 
 called by the Spaniards the New Kingdom 
 of Grenada. It was conquered by them 
 in 1586. Owing to its elevation above the 
 level of the sea, the cUmi4e is remarka- 
 bly temperate, and the soil fertile. The 
 h gher grounds contain mines of gold, cop- 
 per, and iron. Its towns are populous and 
 flourishing, Santa Fe de Bagota is the 
 capital. 
 
 Grenade, a town in the department of 
 the Upper Garonne France. 17 miles 
 of Toulouse, 
 
 Q^renoble, capital of the department of 
 the Isere, France, has a fonifisd castle, and 
 
 [ xs a bishop’s see. The leather and 
 made in this city are in high estimation- 
 It is situated on the Isere, over which ars 
 two bridges, connecting it with a large 
 street on the side orthe river, called Per- 
 riere, 27 miles s of Chamberry, and 13 
 posts and a- half se of Lyons. Lon, 5 44 
 iat. 45. 12 N. 
 
 Grejypin, a towm of Upper Saxony, 2 
 miles KNw of Bitterfeld. 
 
 I GRES HOLM, a small island of Den- 
 mark, 4 miles ne of Lessee 
 
 Gresten, town 9 miles ne of Bavarian 
 Waidl ofen, Austria. 
 
 Gretrim. See Graitncy, 
 
 GrevenbrGich, a toxvn in the department 
 of the Roer, Germany Duchy of Juliers, 
 on the Erst, 10 miles ene of Juliers. 
 
 Grevenmacheren* ^See Gravenmacheren* 
 
 Greussen, a towm in the county of 
 > Schwartzburg, Upper Saxony, on the Kei- 
 be, 15 miles n of Erfurt. 
 
 Grimaiid, a towm in the department of 
 the Var, France, 12 miles sw of Fregus. 
 
 Grimbergen, a town of Brabant, Nether- 
 lands, has a castle and an abbey, 6 miles n 
 of Brussels. 
 
 GRIMBUSTERHOLM, one of the 
 smaller Orkney islands, near the coast of 
 Pomona, or Mainland. 
 
 Grimma, a town in Upper Saxony, seated 
 on the Mulda. Its chief trade is in wood> 
 Kuen, ti'read, beer, and flannels; 14 miles 
 £E of Leipsic, 
 
 Grimmen, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Anterior Pomerania, 14 miles s of Streku, nd. 
 
 Grimperg, a towm in the Electorate of 
 Treves, Germany, 17 miles se of Treves. 
 
 GRIM SAY, one of the smaller Western 
 islands, situatedbetween n Uist and Benbe- 
 cala. 
 
 Grimsby, a town in Lin coin. shire, on 
 the Humber, with a large church, and a 
 market on Wednesday. The road before it 
 is considered as a good station for ships that 
 wait for wind. It is a very ancient corpora- 
 tion, and a burgh town, sending 2 members 
 to parliament. The principal trade is in 
 coals and salt ; 35 miles miles me of Lin- 
 coln, and 168 n of London 
 
 Grinaw, a town in the canton cf Claris- 
 Swisseriand, stands at fbe entrance of tho 
 Linth into the lake Zurich, 14 miles NNtr 
 of Giaris. 
 
 GRINADIL, one of ihe smaller Wes- 
 tern islands, near the e coast of Benbecula. 
 
 Grind, a town, 20 miles nnw of Coblentz, 
 Fran i;e. 
 
 Chindemvald, a town in the canton of 
 Bern, Switxpiland, stands among mountains^, 
 25 miles se of Thun. 
 
 Grindon Rigg, in Northumberland, 9 
 miles N of Woolicr, cciebraied for a victory 
 over the Scots, by the English under the 
 ! Earl of NorthuaibLiiand, iu 1558. Four 
 
G R O 
 
 c^ne pillars stand near the field of battle, 
 and serve as funeral monuments of some of 
 tile heroes who were slain. 
 
 Grinsiedi East^ a town in Sussex, with a 
 weekly market on Thursday. It is a burgh 
 fcy prescription, governed by a baililf, and 
 sends 2 inembexs to parliament. Here in 
 1616’, the Duke of Dorset erected a large 
 building, called Sackvilie college, for the 
 support of 24 aged persons of both sexes. 
 20 miles n of Lewis, and 29 s of London. 
 
 Gvip^holm, a strong sea-port town, in the 
 province of Suderrnanland, Sweden. Here 
 Is an ancient royal castle, ornamented 
 with numerous portraits of emperors, kings, 
 at.nd sovereign princes. In the vicinity is 
 a cannon foundery, and a brandy destillery. 
 It stands near the lake Biaeler, 28 miles w 
 by s of Stockholm. 
 
 Gripswald'. See Greifswalde* 
 
 GRiSON, one of the smaller Granadillas, 
 between Diamond and Cariacou. 
 
 GRISQNS, a people in alliance with the 
 Swiss. Their whole country was known to 
 the ancients by the name of Rhcelia. On 
 tile iOlh of April, 1799, the Grisons were 
 united to the Helvetic republic. The coun- 
 t^.y is in general very elevated and moun- 
 tainous. It, however, contains several val- 
 leys. The inhabitants cultivate some grain 
 ia Oie valley s,Rnd the less steep hills; their 
 obj-.ct, as farmers, is the care of 
 jb 'T - v'p and cattle, from which they ob- 
 
 f io excekeut butter and cheese. The prin- 
 c’pui part of thg niountaais abound in me- 
 tals., niheVals,* fosdb, and. mineral springs. 
 § At. i'H obtained from Tyrol. Bloat of the 
 GAson peasants wear woollen and linen 
 cloths cf their own m^iniiracture. Thenum- 
 ber of inhabitants is estimated at 25,0000 
 souls, partly Cr.lvinists and partly Catholics, 
 but the for ncr are most numerous. The 
 pcasan s speak a corrupt Italian, but the 
 German language is chiefly made use of in 
 the towns, and public acts. The 
 
 capital is Coirc. 
 
 Grita, a town in the province of Vene- 
 iuela, Terra Firma, 50 miles ssw of Bieri- 
 da. 
 
 G ROIX, a small island mar the w coast 
 af France, about 4 miles long, and one and 
 2 -half wide. 
 
 Great's JLmse, John 0\ a place at the 
 noi theni extremity of Scotland, near Dungis- 
 b^y^head. The buildiiig named from the 
 original p. opiictors, John o’ Groat’s House, 
 is eutiiciy demoliblfcd except the Lunda- 
 
 >n.s. d:>hn was one of eight of the name 
 Ck? De Gro t , descended from three brothers 
 who came Torii the Netherlands, anil set- 
 tl-jd in Caithness, in the reign of James IV. 
 
 (yrobbendone::, a town of France, 10 
 iit'Ts t: of Aiitvverp. 
 
 Grodno, a town in the palatinate of VVih 
 
 G R O 
 
 na, Lithuatna. It is now subject to Russia; 
 The houses are for the most part little bet- 
 ter than cottages. A few habitations are in 
 good repair. It exhibits several remains of 
 its ancient splendor. In the new palace 
 built by Augustus III. The diets were 
 sometimes held, the last of which, in 1793 , 
 was compelicd to assent to the second parti- 
 tion of Poland. In the same place, in 1 795, 
 Stanislaus III. resigned his crowm. Here 
 is a college and physic garden. The num- 
 ber of inhal itants is estimated ?it 7000, 
 many of whom are employed in manufac- 
 tures of linen, woollen, cotton, and silk. 
 The town stands partly on a mountain and 
 partly in a plain, on the Niemen, 125 miles 
 NE of Warsaw, Lon. 24 15 e, iat. 53 28 ir, 
 
 Groeiidakt a town of France, 6 miles ss 
 of Brussels. 
 
 Gi'ohndc, a town in Lower Saxony, 
 Duchy of Brunswick. A stone monument 
 erected in the vicinity, commemorates a bat- 
 tle fought here in 1421. It stands on th€ 
 Weser, 9 miles s of Hamelin. 
 
 Groll, a town of Holland, 23 miles e by s 
 of Zutphen, and 19 ssw of Oidcnseel. AR 
 mercLandise passing through this town for 
 Germany pays duty. It stands on the 
 Sienglia. 
 
 GRONINGEN, one of the states of 
 Holland; is divided into Groningen and 
 Amciands. A number of fine horses are fed 
 in its rich pastures. 
 
 Groningen, the capital of the above state; 
 seated on the rivers Aa and Hunes ; is large, 
 rich, stro::g, well peopled, and adorned with 
 many excellent buijdings. Its port is very 
 commodious, into which ships enter with 
 great ease by means of a canal, about 3 
 leagues from the sea. An university was 
 established hero in 1614. Ubbo Einmius, 
 the celebrated historiographer of Friesland, 
 was the first rector. Population about 
 20,000, 90 miles ne of Amsterdam. Lon. 
 6 55 E, lat. 53 12 N. 
 
 GROSS A an island in the Adriatic, 25 
 miles long, and 2 broad. Lon. 15 7 E, Jat. 
 44 1 8 X. 
 
 Grosseljingen, a town of Suabia, 7 miles 
 E of Hohen Zollern. 
 
 I Grosseto, a town in the Siannesa, Tus- 
 j cany, seated near the sea, with a castle, 
 30 miles s'.v of Sienna. 
 
 Grosshapn, or Hapn, a town of Upper 
 Saxon)% seated on the Roder. It has manu- 
 factures of cotton and woollen cloths, 8 miles 
 N of Bieissen. 
 
 Groton, a township of New London coun- 
 ty, Co'ineclicut. O£)posite tlie cit^ on the 
 banks of the Thames, Stands fort Gresw ald, 
 stormed by Benedict Arnold, in 1781, after 
 he had over to the British. Tiie town 
 
 , reduced to asiies at the same time. 
 
 ; 3 miles w of New London citv. 
 
G U A" G IT'A 
 
 Ctrotiaiu, a town of Servfa. Here, in 
 1739, (he Germans were defeated by the 
 Turks ; 15 miles s of Belgrade. 
 
 Grotta St. Loruiy a town of Naples, 12 
 miles w of Manfredonia. 
 
 Grotgau, the capital of a circle of its 
 name, in the principality of Neisse, Selesia 
 The forests around this town are the com- 
 mon property of the inhabitants; 19 miles 
 KNW of Neisse. Lon. 17 28 e, lat 50 38 n. 
 
 GROUPE ISLANDS, two clusters of 
 islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, extend- 
 ing for the space of nine leagues. The in- 
 habitants are well-proportioned. Lon. 
 142 45 to 142 54 w, lat. 17 58 to 18 s. 
 
 Grubenhagerii a town and castle of Lower 
 Saxony, in a principality of the same name, 
 in the duchy of Brunswick. The castle is 
 now in ruins; 7 miles ssw of Einbeck, the 
 capita!. 
 
 Grullenherg a town of Upper Saxony, 
 four miles s of Sangershausen. 
 
 Grunbergf a town in the principality of 
 Upper Hesse, Germany. Here was held 
 the court of the Merovirgian race ; 10 miles 
 s of Giessen. 
 
 Grunbergf a town of Selesia, surrounded 
 vith vineyards. It has a manufacture of 
 cloth, and a great trade in vinegar and dried 
 fruits ; SO miles nvv of Glogau. 
 
 Grundcy a town of Lower Saxony, duchy 
 of Brunswick, amid the Karts mountains; 
 four miles w of Glausthal, 
 
 Griinhayuy a town of Mionia, Upper 
 Saxony, has a trade in lead and .cor ner ; 
 16 miles s by w of Chemnitz, and 46 wsw 
 of Dresden. 
 
 Gruningertf a town and bailiwic of Swit- 
 zerland, in the caiitcn of Zurich, has a cas- 
 tle on a lofty reck ; 10 miles se of Zurich. 
 
 Grunin gen, a town in the principality of 
 Halberstadt, Lower Saxony, on the Bade ; 
 75 miles e>.e of Halberstadt. 
 
 Grunstadt, a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, lately of France, now of 
 Germany, circle of the Upper Rhine, 22 
 miles UNw of Spire, and 28 sof Ments. 
 
 Grutlin, a plain of Switzerland, remarkable 
 for being the place w'here the three first esn- 
 tono made a league for the defence of their 
 liberty, in 1307. 
 
 Gruyiers, a town in the* canton of Fri- 
 bing, Switzerland, with a castle on a hill; 
 15 miles sw of Friburg. 
 
 Gryfe, a river of Scotland, which has its 
 source in the sw angle of Renfrewshire ; 
 after a precipitous course into the low 
 country, it unites with the Black and 
 V/hite Cart, and falls into the Clyde, a mile 
 below Renfrew 
 
 Grysingarde, a town of Norway, 76 miles 
 SE of Drontheim. 
 
 Guadalajara, a. town in New Castile, 
 Spain, seated on the Henares. Contain- 
 ing about 3000 inhabitstats, and has a royal 
 
 manufacture of woollen stuffs, particularly 
 superfine cloth ; SO miles ne of Madrid, 
 
 Guadalajara, or JVew Galicia, one of tl ® 
 three audiences of Mexico. The audience 
 extends 800 miles in length, and 500 i^t 
 breadth, divided into various provinces, one 
 of which is of the same name. It is celebra^ 
 ted for its fertility and the richness of ?<«; 
 silver mines. The great lake Chapala, 
 from which issues the river St. Jago, lies 
 towards the s. The northern pails are 
 mountainous. The capital has its iiam® 
 from the Audience, is archbisliop"^s see, 
 contains eight squares, two colleges, some 
 convents, and 19,500 inhabitants, is seated 
 on the left bank of the St. Jago ; 220 
 miles WNW of Mexico. Lon. 103 3 w, 
 lat. 21 9 N. 
 
 Guadalaviar/ a river of Spain, has iti 3 
 source on the borders of Aragon, passes 
 through Valencia, below which it falls into 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 Guadalcanal, a town in Estremadura^ 
 Spain, on the borders of Andalusia, and 
 foot of the Morena mountains, 10 miles ss 
 of Lerena. 
 
 Guadelete, a river of Spain, which has its 
 source in the frontiers of Granada, and 
 after flowing by Arcot through Andalusia, 
 falls by two mouths, into the bay of Cadis, 
 one at Port St, Mary, and the other to ths 
 N of Porto Real, 
 
 GUADALOUFE, one of the Carribbee 
 islands, in the Vf Indies, situated between.. 
 Dominica and Antigua, is divided by a 
 strait called Salt River. It is 45 miles long 
 and 38 bread. The soil is fertile, and well 
 watered by rivulets which descend from th« 
 mountains. Here is a burning mountain, 
 which abounds with sulphur, on the e side 
 are tw^o mouths, by which the negroes de-» 
 scend into a pit from whiclrtbey fetch sul- 
 phur for sale. The, French settled on this 
 island in 1752. The British took it iu 
 1759, 1794, and 1801. Basseterre is the 
 capital. 
 
 Guadaloupe, a town in Estramadura, 
 Spain, situated in a rich valley, and stands 
 on a rivulet of its name, and is noted for its 
 convent; 34 miles e by n of Truxillo. 
 
 Guadalquiver,' a river of Spain, which 
 takes its rise in Afancha, and passing An- 
 dujar, Cordova and Seville, fails into th® 
 bay of Cadiz. 
 
 Guadarama, a town in Castile, Spain, 
 celebrated for its cheese, on the Guadarama, 
 25 miles nw of Madrid. 
 
 Guadiana. a river of Spain, which issues 
 from some lakes of Mancha n of Alcarez, 
 
 I sinks under ground, and re-issues by several 
 ij openings called the eyes of Guciiana; it 
 j runs \v by Calatrava, Merida, and Badajcz, 
 
 I into Portugal, where it turns e, and divid- 
 I irig AlgTu ve from Andalusia, falls into the 
 ' bay of Gad.’J, 
 
G U A 
 
 Cuadvc, a town in the province of Gre- 
 nada, Spain, is a bishop’s see, contains th'r^e 
 parishes and six convents, stands on a river 
 of its name, in a fertile countr 5 % ^6 miles 
 SNE of Granada. Lon. Z 0 lat 57 28 kT. 
 
 Guadramiro, a town of Spain, in Leon, 
 33 miles wsw of Salamanca, 
 
 Gualdo, a town of Ancona, Italy, wrhich 
 tvas nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 
 1751 ; eight miles nw of Nocara. 
 
 - chief ot‘ t!ie province of Pucba- 
 
 cay, Chili, stands on the n bank of the 
 Biobis, 12 miles s 2 of Conception, Lon. 
 72 5 vv, lat. 56 50 s. 
 
 GuaUeirii or Gualteroy a town of Italy, 
 13 miles n of Reggio. 
 
 Gwajjt, the chief of the Ladrone islands 
 in the E Indian sea, about 50 leagues in 
 circumference. It is fertile, with several 
 good harbours, and a great number of small 
 fresh w'ater rivers. The number of inhabi- 
 tants is estimated at 30,000, chiefly natives. 
 The capital is Umata. Lon. 143 15 e, lat. 
 13 10 N. 
 
 Guamanga, a city of Peru, capital of a 
 small province of the same name, is a bi- 
 shop’s see, and has an university. The air 
 is wholesome and temperate. It has mines 
 of gold, silver, iron, lead> copper, and sul- 
 phur; 180 miles ese of Lima. Lon. 74 5 w, 
 lat. 15 20 s. 
 
 Guanahami, or Cat Islandy oue of the 
 Bahama islands : the first land in America 
 discovered by Columbus, in H9I, to which 
 he gave the name of St Salvador. Lon. 75 
 5 w. lat. 24 20 n. 
 
 Gaanaxuto, a city of Mechoachan, capital 
 of the most fertile and populous territory in 
 New Spain. It rose to the rank of a city 
 in 1741 ; is next to Mexico; population 
 70,000 ; has many superb buildings, and 
 rich mines in its neighbourhood ; 280 miles 
 Kw of Mexico. Lon. 100 55 w, lat. 21 0 n. 
 
 Guanarey a town in Venezuela, Terra 
 Firma, 40 miles se of Truxillo. 
 
 Guanufo, the capital of its jurisdiction in 
 Peru, here are made several kinds of jellies 
 and sw'eatmeatp, for the supply of other pro- 
 vinces; 172 miles NNE of Lima, ^ Lcn. 75 
 25 w, lat. 9 55 s, 
 
 Guanxai/eUcay a town in the audience of 
 Lima. Its vicinity abounds in mines of 
 quicksilver ; 36 miles uw of Guamanga, and 
 150 ESE of Lima. 
 
 Guar a,, a town in Peni, near which are 
 many remains of the edifices of the Incas; 
 stands near the Guara, 100 miles nnw cf 
 Lima. Lon. 77 0 w, lat, 10 53 s. 
 
 Guarcho, See Cagnefe. 
 
 Guarda, a city of Portugal, in Beira, It 
 Is a bishop’s see, and contains 2r00 inhabi- 
 tants. It has a magnificent cathedral, and 
 is strongly defended both by nature and art; 
 
 1 83 miles nic of Lisbon. Lou, 6 37 w, lat. 
 40 22 jjr. . 
 
 G U A 
 
 f Cuardafui, a cape of Africa, at the 
 I trance of the Strait of Babel Mandel. LoU. 
 52 5 E, lat. 1 1 46 N. 
 
 Giiardamafy a sea port town of Valencia, 
 Spain, stands at the mouth of the Seguare. 
 Salt made in the vicinity constitutes its chief 
 trade ; 21 miles ssw of Alicant. Lon. 0 3S 
 w, iat. 38 7 y. 
 
 Guardiay La, a town in Biscay, 16 mils^ 
 SSE of Vittoria, Spain. 
 
 Guardia Aiferes, a town of Naples, in the 
 Molise, 22 miles ne of Molise. 
 
 Guardia Girando, a town of Naples, 22 
 miles NW of Molise. 
 
 Guard iaghele, a town of Naples, 10 miles 
 SSE of Civita di Chieto. 
 
 Guarmoy'y a maritime town of Peru, 1 70 
 miles NNw of Lima. Lon. 77 4S w, lat. l6 
 15 3 . 
 
 Guastallg,y a fortified town of Italy, with 
 an ancient castle, chief of a small duchy in- 
 cluded in that of Parma, on the Po ; 14 mileis 
 i;e of Parma. 
 
 Guasteca, See Fanuco» 
 
 GuastOy or VastOy a town of Naples, on 
 the gulf of Venice, 15 miles se of Lanciano, 
 
 GUATIMALA, Audience, and Pro- 
 vince OP, ill New Spain, is about 750 miles 
 in length, and 450 in breadth. It abounds 
 in chocolate. It has six provinces under if, 
 viz. Guatimala Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, 
 Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Veragua. It fs 
 w^ell inhabited, and carries on a' great trader. 
 The indigo of this country, cultivated to 
 great extent, is superior to any in America; 
 
 Gnatimalay the capital of tlie above pro- 
 vince, has an university, is a bishop’s sc^, 
 and is seated near the place where stood St 
 Jago de Guatimala, the ancient capital, m 
 which perished 80,000 persons, when, in 
 1773, it was destroyed by an eartiiquakep 
 600 miles sw of Mexico. Lon. 92 22 w, 
 lut. 13 40 N. 
 
 GUAXACA, a province in the audience 
 of Mexico, in New Spain, N America, ft 
 extends nearly 95 leagues along the S sea, 
 50 along the bay of Mexico, and, some say, 
 near 120 along the confines of TIasca-a, but 
 not above 50 on those of Chiapa. It con- 
 tains mines of gold, silver, and cbryctal, av d 
 abounds in wneat, maize, cochineal, and 
 cassia. 
 
 Gud'saca, the capital of the above pro vince. 
 It lies 230 miles s of the city of Mexico. ’ 
 According to some, the proper name' of 
 Guasaca is Antiqiiera : but this last, others 
 make a separate town about 80 miles to dih 
 ss. It is seated on the leb bank of the Ki6 
 i Verde, trades in chocoli%te, wood, and per- 
 fumes; has a magnificent cathedral, irnd se- 
 veral rich cunveius ; 90 miles iVoni the Pa- 
 cific ocean, and 156 sse of Puebla. Lui: . 
 97 12 w, lat. 16 52 n. , 
 
 Gua^tarnas, a town in Sonora, New Sprufi. 
 loathe gulf of California, at the mouth oV 
 
CUE 
 
 G U I 
 
 'fee Sonora, 260 miles sw of Arispe, Lon. 
 li l 44 w, lat. 27 42 N, 
 
 Giuii/ana, a town in the province of Paria, 
 in Terra Finna, S America, about 175 miles 
 BE by E of C^labeza. 
 
 Guayaquil, a city, bay, harbour, snd river 
 in Peru, S America, capital of a territory of | 
 the same name, in the audience of Quito. I 
 Tiie former is situated near the mouth of [ 
 pile river of its name, about 1 40 miles ssw of | 
 Quito, ill Ion. 79 17 w, lat. 2 0 s. It is | 
 about two miles in extent, and is defended 
 by three forts. It contains about 20,000 
 yibabitants. The Turbine, a shell- hsh about 
 the size of a nut, which produces a purple, 
 said to be superior to all others in the world, 
 
 26 found here, 
 
 Gaoyra^ a sea-port town of S America, 
 
 In Terra Firma, at the port of Leon de Ca- 
 racas. It has a considerable trade, though 
 the harbour be not very secure, 12 miles k { 
 of Leon de Caracas. Lon. 65 7 lat. 10 
 23 N. 
 
 Gubi, a town of Mysore, Hindoostan. 
 
 It fci>grosses the trade of the country for 
 i30 miles and is an intermediate 
 
 market for the goods passing through the 
 f-eninsula, 38 miles sse of Sera, and 40 w | 
 by. N cf jBangalore, , j 
 
 GuhiOf or Eugxiblmi and anciently Ingu- | 
 tTvium, II town of the Duchy of Urbino, Italy. || 
 It is 32 miles s of Urbino. ' j 
 
 Guben^ a town of Lusatia, capital of a | 
 circle of its name, which abounds in red | 
 vyine of exceljent quality, and stands on the j 
 Lubbe, near its junction with the Neissa. j 
 It is 22 miles s of Frauefort on the Oder, J 
 and 24 ne of Cotbus. Lon. 14 52 e, iat. 
 51 8 N, ' 
 
 Gudsnsberg, a tov/n of Goimany, in the 
 priucipality of Kesse Cassei; 10 miles sw 
 vf Cascel. 
 
 Guelder land. See GeJderland.- - I 
 
 Giieldres, See Gelders* 
 
 Giierande, a town in the department of 
 the Lovver Loire, France, has a trade in 
 suit, and is three miles from the Atlantic, 
 and 36 w by n of Nantes. • 
 
 Guerche^ a town in the department of 
 the liie and Vilaine, France, 10 miles and 
 a-half s of Vitre, and 20 ese of Rennes. 
 
 Giierchet a town in the department of 
 the Cher, France, seven miles n of San- 
 cohrs. 
 
 Gueret, . capital of the department of the 
 Creuse, France. It is situated near the 
 source of the Gartempe, and contains about 
 15,000 inhabitants ; 35 miles 2 ,s of Limoges, 
 and 17Q s of Paris. Lon. 1 56 e, lat. 46 
 
 20 IT. - * 
 
 Quergela, a town in the country of Bile- 
 dulgend, Africa, 100 miles ssw of Tuggiirt 
 Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 31 15 N. 
 
 GUERNSEY, an island in the English 1 
 ^i/annel, about 30 mile# in circuraferehce. !’ 
 
 subject to the English. The French lan^ 
 guige is almost universally made use oi; 
 The air is pure, and the soil fertile ; cattle 
 are bred in great quantities. The island is 
 defended by a ridge of rocks, rugged and 
 steep. Coals are imported from England, 
 It is divided into 10 parishes, with only 
 eight churches. The island was formerly 
 a part of Normandy, and is still goveri.ed 
 by Norman la vs. The j-taple manufacture 
 is knit Stockings. Population a;;out 15.000. 
 Fort St. Pierre is the chief town, included 
 in the diocese of Winchester. Lou. 2 56 \y, 
 lat. 40 30 N. 
 
 Guetaf or Huetay a town in New Castile, 
 Spain, containing 10 parishes. It is 52 
 miles K by s of Madrid. Lon. 2 54 w, iat, 
 40 20 N. 
 
 Gu^lingen, a town in Wirtemberg, Swabia 
 cn the Zaber, 18 miles n of Stutgard, and 
 22 SSE of Hiedieberg. 
 
 Guhr, a town in the principality of Oels, 
 Silesia, five miles ne of Militsqh 
 
 GUIANA, a very extensive country of 
 S America. It is 1100 miles in leiigth 
 from E to vv, and from 300 to 600 iu 
 breadth, from n to s. It is divid-d inta 
 Dutch, French, Spanish, and IVatuguese, 
 Guiana. Dutch Guiana contains the set- 
 tlements of Surinam, Berhice. Essequibo, 
 and Demerary. French Guiana is called 
 Cayenne, from the island of that name, 
 Portuguese Guiana is united tu the govern- 
 ment of the Brasils. The greaierst beat is 
 from October to March, from March till 
 June incessant rain, followed by suhty heat 
 till July, which is again succeeded by un- 
 interrupted rain to October. During the 
 rains Dutch Guiana is covered usually with 
 water two feet deep, which leaves a slratuxn 
 of the richest manure about a foot deep. 
 The inland part of Guiana is but littls 
 known. So fertile is some parts of this 
 country, tliat on the banks of the Tssequibo, 
 30 crops of rattan canes have been raised 
 successively , Tiie interior part^ of the coun- 
 try are inhabited by negroes who have dif- 
 ferent languages i^nd customs, and who 
 sometimes build their houses on trees, to 
 secure them from the inundation of the 
 rivers. 
 
 GUIENNE, a late province of France, 
 about 160 miles in length, and S5 iu 
 breadth, of whicii BourdeaiiX was the capital. 
 It now forms the twm departments of Gi- 
 ronde, and Lot and Garoniie. 
 
 GuddJord\he county town of Surry, situ- 
 ated on the side of a hill near .tlie river 
 Wye, wdiich is navigable fc r barges tj) ll.e 
 Thames; and had a palace and castle, now 
 in ruins.’ It is a corporation, governed 
 by , a mayor and aldiomen, and .sends tw-a 
 members to pariiaineht; nud ihe town is 
 Well built, contains two churches, a pufeli j 
 ; grammar school, and an hospilCil for i'un 
 3 rl 
 
GUI, 
 
 of aged single men and ;[ 
 
 The summcfi jissTses are held alternately at 
 
 _ _ G U ■ 
 
 de^^^ur stfalts. is Bext in size to Kcw 
 Holland, extendiog se frpm the equator^ 
 to 12 s lat, and from 131 to 153 b lon^ 
 
 Gnilford and Croydon, but the election of 
 members for the conn<y is ahrsys held here. 
 ‘There is a weekly market 911 Saturday, and 
 a cpnsidcrabJe trade in corn and limber. 
 It gives title of earl to the family of North. 
 This town is ,23 miles wsw of Croydon, and 
 29 sw of loiidon. Lon. 0 S29 \v, lat. 5J 
 
 15 N. ' ' . 
 
 GuUdfo'i'd, a town in Newhaven county, 
 Connecticut, neated on a hay in Long Island 
 Sound, 15 miles e by s of Newhaven. 
 
 Guilloiii, St, a tov/n in tlie department of 
 Gemappps. France, six miles from Mons. 
 
 GuUlesire, a towm and castle in the de- 
 par tmep4 of the Higher Alps, France, nine 
 miles NE of Emhrun, 
 
 GuitTitaraens, a towm in the province of 
 Entre-Duerc-9-IV'j[i.nho, Portugal, divided 
 into the Old and New Town. The New 
 Town contains six churches, four hospitals, 
 and six convents. The public edifices are 
 magniftepnt, and the collegiate church is 
 said to have been erected an the ruins of 
 a temple of Ceres, Guimaraens contains 
 Is squares, .57 streets, eight gates, four 
 bridges, and 6,000 inhabitants, There is a 
 manufacture of linen in high estimation. It 
 -is 10 miles sa of Braga. Lon. S 27 w, lat 
 41 25 N. ' ’ 
 
 GUINEA, an extensive tract of country, 
 lying on the W coast of Africa, divided 
 into .Upper and Lower Guinea, Upper 
 Guinea ex lends from 12 deg. w to 8 deg. e 
 I on., nearly in the parallel of 6 deg. k lat., 
 and corcpre!) ends the Grain Coast, the Ivory ! 
 Coast, the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, j 
 (which includes Wliidal) and Abdrah, now j 
 subject to Dahomy,) apd Benin. Benin j 
 extends Irom 9 deg. n to 1 deg. slat. Low'er 
 Guinea,, or Coi^go, as it is Acquendy called, 
 from the southern boundaries of 
 T^euiu to 18 deg, s laU and includes the 
 kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola, and 
 Benguela. The chief commodities pur- j 
 chased hoie by Europeans are grain upon j 
 the Grain Coast ; elephants’ teeth upon the j 
 Ivory Coast; the greatest quantity of gold 
 upon the Gold Coast ; and most of them 
 furnish slaves. A tradic begun in 1517, 
 but abandoned by the English, in 1807. 
 The petty states are often at war, and the 
 prisoners taken on hotii sides, are sold for 
 slaves ; nor is it uncommon for the nearest 
 relatives to sell each other. The greater 
 |*avt of the natives go almost naked, re- 
 bgjon and honesty aie rsire among them. 
 The climate is very unhealthy for Eu- 
 ropeaus. The English,. Dutch,.. French, 
 Danes, and other nations, have factories j 
 upc,n the coast. 
 
 GUINEA, NEW, an island in Uie Pa- 
 riSc cccau, situated on the N of New Hol- 
 land, f.cin which .it is separated by ’En-! 
 
 upwards of 1200 miles in length, and 300, 
 at a medium, in breadih. It wvas discovered 
 by the Spaniard?,' in 1528, when they were 
 in quest of the Spice islands, The coasis 
 are in general bold, and, in the inferior, 
 mountain over- tops rnounfain, but the 
 luxuriance of herbage and wood is incon- 
 ceivable. The bread fruit, plantane, (ppcoii 
 and sage trees abound ; and the country, ia 
 every respect, is extremely fertile. Here, i’ii 
 the w^et monsoon, the birds of paradiob 
 breed, and, in the dry, migrate to Aroo, and 
 other small islands on the w. The in- 
 habitants make much the same appearance 
 as those of New Holland ; the women seeAi 
 most industridu55, while the men are in- 
 dolent, or engage in the chase. On this ex- 
 tensive territory there is no European settle- 
 ment ; their principal commerce is with tha 
 Chinese, who receive ambergris, toHoise 
 shell, pearls, birds of paradise, ^c. for in- 
 struments and various utensils, i5ibme slav^£ 
 too are exported, ’ ' 
 
 Gumgamp, a town in the department of 
 the North Coasts, France, on the TrieU| 
 13 miles s of Trigiiier. 
 
 GUIOMEKE, a kingobm or canntry 
 of Africa, on the Ivory Coast, It is popu- 
 lous, rich, and celebrated for its cpxnmerce 
 in gold, ivory, and slaves. 
 
 GUIPUSCOA, a province of JSpain^ 
 It is 25 niiles long from k to s, and frata 
 15 to 20 broad from e to w. The couiitry 
 is rnountainous and woody. Tbs phtef 
 towns are Tolosa,, St. Sebastian, and Fon- 
 tarabia. 
 
 Gmse^ a town in the department of t^e 
 Aisne, France, stands on the Oise, and has 
 a castH 20 miiles n of Laon, 23 E of 
 St. Quinten, and 95 of i^ea'is. 
 
 Gidslahif Sit a town of Ilainault, Nether- 
 lands^ surrounded vyith marshes on^ the 
 Haine, six miles w* of Mohs. 
 
 Ouitives, or Si Cruz de ‘ MayOt a town, of 
 Sonora, New J^pain, gulf of California, at 
 the influx of the MayO, 90 miles ke of 
 Loretto, ’90 nw of Cinaloa, and 270 ssw of 
 Arispe.. Lon. 110 34 w, lat. 26 8 y. 
 
 Gujunat, a town of Lahore, Hindoostan;, 
 60 miles n by w of Lahore. 
 
 Guivetlan, See Soconusco* ' 
 
 Gulpaigmit a town of Irak, A^emi, Per- 
 sia, 45 miles w by s of Cachan. 
 
 Gumbinnen a. town of Prussia, capital of 
 Lithuania, seated on the Pissa, and has clgtli 
 ruanufacturcs, containing 300 inhabitants* 
 It is 75 miles e by s of Konigsberg. I4)n. 
 *42 40 E, lat. 54 34 'k. 
 
 Giindeijingen, a town in the principality 
 ofNeiiburg, Bavaria, near t^ie Danube,^! 7 
 miles wsw of Donawert, and 19 ne of Unn. 
 
 CunfudU} cr. oS^oodit) » sea port on ih^ 
 
Jiz.', ?e2, Arabia. .Here anchor all vessels 
 4 'aviying cobee to *Tudda) and paj a. duty j 
 J50 niilss s by s cf Mecca. Hon. -40 50 je, „ 
 19 7 N. 
 
 Gi^'Ucysberg, a town of Upper Saxony. 52 
 miios v/^^w of Dessau. 
 
 O^i:ito0n a circaiv of Hindoostan, extend- 
 along the coast of the. bay of Bengal, 
 a;irut 40 miles. It was lately ceded to the 
 Tvitish; It is called also the circar cf 
 Condavir, and Id'ojit zanag^r. The sea 
 coast is Hat, but there are several fcf tresses 
 and strong towns in the interior part. It is 
 subject to the /Nizam of the Deccan, and 
 has its name ii'om a strong fortreis, 13> miles 
 'i; of Condayir, the capital. 
 
 (^unfZi or jLessfg, a town of Hungary. It 
 Is* 40 miles s of Vienna, 
 
 ^ Qiinizelstorfj a town of Austria, five miles 
 SE of feaden. 
 
 ] r .GtintzkircIieUy & town of Austria, four 
 miles w of Wells. 
 
 GunzbMrgi a town in .SuaMa, ivith a castle, 
 capital of the Margravate oi Eurgau, seated 
 oji the river Gunlz, near its junction with 
 the Danube. It is six miles w of Burgau, 
 iind 14 E of Uirn, Lon. 18 14 e, lat. 48 
 B4n. 
 
 Giinzenhmsen, a town of Franconia 
 priueipality of Anspach, on the river Altmiii. 
 It is 10 miles ssE of Anspach. 
 
 CuruUra town in the principality of Glo- 
 g;.\u, Silesia, wdth good cloth manufactures, 
 and a great trade in cci n. It stands on an 
 eminence near the Bartch, was burnt by the 
 B-ussIans, in 1759, and is 19 miles e of 
 Qlogau. 
 
 , Gurckf a town in Carinthia, Germany, 
 lately a bishop’s see, situated on the river 
 Gurck, 20 miles k by w of Ciagenfurt, and 
 
 120 sw of Vienna. 
 
 Gurdjeldy a town in Lower Carniola, 
 Gsrmar y, stands on a hill, has a castle, on 
 
 the Save, 10 . miles se of Ciiley. 
 
 Gurgistan. See Georgia, 
 
 Giirief, a town in the government of 
 
 Astracan, Ilassia, stands betw’een the mouths 
 of the Ural, near the Caspian sea, has a 
 safe harbour, and is 2i0 miles e by k of 
 Astracan. Lon. 51 56 k, lat, 47 S7 n. 
 
 Gurktum, a towm of the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doostan, seated on both sides the Carmun- 
 dala, which falls into the Paliar. Four 
 miles to the w is Stagbadam, cr the seven 
 castles, where the Nabob has an extensive 
 garden, cclel rated for the best oranges in 
 the Carnatic ; S3 miles w by n of rcot. 
 
 : Ozr/ uriJt, a town of Prussicn Lithuania, 
 four miles s of Gumbinnen. 
 
 .Gurevkaf a town in the government cf 
 Ebaterinoslav, Russia, 7b miles wsw cf 
 EjCftterinoslay. 
 
 jaurrahy capital of a circar called Gurrah 
 jiunUellai Hindoostan, situated on both 
 sid^s cf the .Nexbiidda river. It h 153 
 
 
 miles ssw of Allahabad. Lon. 80 23 e, lut. 
 23 9 F, ■ 
 
 GURRAH MUNDELLA, a district, 
 or circar of Hindoosxan, 170 miles in 
 length, and ffoni ^JO to 80 in breadth, be- 
 tween the countribs of Allahabad and Be- 
 re?, Tire prindpul towns are Gurrah and 
 MUndel'a. 
 
 Gurra'fricovda, a town in the Mysore 
 couUtrv, HinciooStan^ allotted to the Nizam 
 of the Dcccaii; after the conquest of Tippoo, 
 
 1799. It lies 73 miles inE of Bungalore, 
 and 112 nfW of Madras. Lon. 78 36 e, 
 lat. 13 .47 F- 
 
 Gurschdorf^ a town in the principality cf 
 Nisse, Silesia, two miles and a-haif fw of 
 Ziegenhals. 
 
 Gustow, a town in Anterior- Pomerania, 
 12 miles sw of Bergen. 
 
 Gustrow, a town in Lew'er Saxony, duchy 
 of Mecklenburg Schwu rin, with an elegant 
 ducal palace. Here are held the ciiieC 
 courts of judicature fur the duchy, it is 
 seated on \he Kebel, and is iG miles s of 
 Rostock, and 35 efe of Schwerin. Lon* 
 12 13 e, laf. 53 47 N. 
 
 Gusum, h. town in E Gothland, Sw’cdeni 
 22 miles sse of Nordkinping. • 
 
 Guta, or Gutta, a town of Hungary, seal- 
 ed on the Danube, in the island of Sobut, 
 10 rnilesnof Comoi n, and 25 n of Pres- 
 burg. 
 
 GulerMi a town in the valley of Mazara, 
 Sicily, 20 miles n of Girgenti. ^ 
 
 GiUhrie^ a parish in Forfarshire, contaui- 
 ing about 2700 acres. It is complete'^ 
 intersected ‘’by the paf'bhes of DuniuchcD. 
 Eerkidem^'and Roscoble, Iii the Northern 
 division, which is the most populous, mu 
 the church and school. In the s part are 
 vestiges of an extensive Roman camp* 
 Guthrie Castle, which is yet entire, and 
 whose walls are CO feet high, and 10 feet 
 thick, W'as built by Sir Alexander Guthrie, 
 who fell at Floddeu, in 151^, and is still 
 the property of his descendants, Populatiou 
 about 500. 
 
 Guttstadt, a ttwn in tlie provir.ee of 
 Ermeland, Prussia, 44 miles s of Konigr. ^ 
 berg. 
 
 Giitzkow, a town in Anterior- Pomeranij,, 
 in a county of the same name, standee dw, 
 the Peene, nine miles ssw of Gripswald, 24 
 miles s of Stralsund. 
 
 I Gufs Cliffy a large rock, n of Warwick, 
 w banks of the Avon, the retreat, as is said 
 of the celebrated Guy earl of Warw'jck, 
 after the bustle of public life. Here he 
 enjoyed the company of a hermit, who 
 resided in a hermitage built by the Saxons, 
 j and which existed till the reign ot Hemy- Vi. 
 in the vicinily are medicinal springs. ■ This 
 elih eornmends an extensive view 
 
 GUZEKAT, a country of Hindooslatr, 
 in form of a peninsula, Ivtw'cen The 
 5 li 2 
 
Afohhn and the gnlfs of Cutdi and 
 Cambay, about 200 miles in length, and 
 140 in breadth. This is one of the richest 
 provinces in the Mogul empire, abounding 
 in rice, cotton, corn, sugar, and fruits of 
 various kinds, with plenty of cattle and 
 game, rtie province contains a great num- 
 ber of considerable towns, with flourishing 
 ijaanufrictures. It is chiefly possessed by 
 the Poonab Mahrattas, The inhabitants 
 are Hindoos, Moguls, Arabians, Persians, 
 Armenians, and Europeans. Amedabad is 
 the capital. 
 
 Gwalior, a strong forti*€SS of Hindoo- 
 stan, in the circar of Gohud^ situated on a 
 vast rock, the height from the plain below is 
 200 or 300 feet almost perpendicular. The 
 area within is full of noble buildings, re- 
 servoirs of water, wells, and cultivated 
 land ; so that it is a little district within it- 
 self This fortress is considered as the 
 Oibmltar of tlie east. But major Popbam, 
 in 1780, took it by an unexpected escalade 
 an the night. The towm is situ^lted at the 
 foot of the mountain, large and well built 
 It IS 80 miles s of Agra. Lon. 78 28 e, 
 lat.26 15N. 
 
 G-yf/ioni, a town of Lower Saxony, 
 duchy of Luneberg, stands at the confluence 
 cf the Isser and Aller, 12 miles n of Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 Gyarmath, a town of Hungary, 20 miles 
 2«’i: of Levens. 
 
 See Gijon, 
 
 Cyssens, a tpwn of the island of Borneo. 
 
 117 O E, lat. 1 o N, 
 
 - Gut/wtv, or Jel/iow, a small island, be- 
 the island cf Guernsey.-^ and the 
 Greater Sark, 
 
 JJAA a small island in the N sea, ei^Iit 
 miles and a-half se of Far-out- Head. 
 ^ang, capital of a county of the same 
 name, Bavaria, Stands on a hill, 25 miles e 
 by K of Munich. Lon. 12 15 z, lat. 48 
 7 N. 
 
 Habdschwerd, a town in the county of 
 Glaiz, Silesia, formerly called Bystrice 
 stands on tlie Neisse, nine miles s of Glatz. ^ 
 ^ Ilacha, a sea port town on the n coast of 
 -lerra lirma, South America, on the pre- 
 »jnce of Venezuela, situated at the mouth of 
 a river of the same name. It is ICO miles 
 of St. Martha, and 210 ENEof Cartha^^'ena 
 Lon. 72 54 w, iat. 1 1 30 n. ' ’ j 
 
 ^ Ilachenburg, a town in the county of 
 /-ayn, Westphalia, with a castle, 18 miles I 
 «>j CcbleiUz. I! 
 
 ^ llavkiinbo, a town in the province of Up- I 
 .d ' Sweden, 28 miles n of Upsal. I 
 
 town i'H the coiirJy cf \ 
 
 HAD 
 
 CarW, in the , vicinity stands the ruiacui* 
 castje of Cianmore, surrounded by trees, \G 
 miles E of Carlow, and 30 ssw of Dublin. 
 
 ^ Hac/cetsiown, a town in Susses county- 
 New Jersey, on the Musconecunk, 2,2 miles 
 w by N of Morristown. 
 
 HacMnsac, the capital of ^Bergen county. 
 New Jersey, stands on a river of the same 
 name, has a Dutch, and -an Episcopal 
 church ; 20 miles nw of Ifew York. 
 
 a considerable village of Middle-^ 
 
 sex, nearlyjoined to London, toyvards the 
 ne, contains many elegant villas. It has aii 
 ancient Gothic, and a fine modern church, 
 a free school, a charity school, and a n^mbe£‘ 
 of boarding schools. Here formerly stood 
 many stately mansions of the nobility and 
 gentry. One belonged tp Sir Koberj; Vi- 
 
 nor, ths intimate companion of Cliari^s IL 
 
 The coaches first let for hire in London 
 being frequently required for jaunts to 
 Hackney, soon get the appellation of 
 Hackney coaches, an epithet that has been 
 applied to all coaches, horses, and chairs, 
 let for short journies in all Britain ^nd 
 Ireland. 
 
 Iledagia, a town in the kingdom of Fe^s, 
 Africa, 70 miles ssw of Mellila. 
 
 Badamary a town in Watteravia, Ger- 
 many, near the EIss. It is 22 miles nw of 
 Mentz. 
 
 Haddam, a town of Connecticut, in 
 Midulesex county, seated on the w. side of 
 the Connecticut, 18 niUcs n by e of .^ay-, 
 brock. 
 
 Haddington^ capital of a county to which 
 it gives name, situated on the river Tyne^ 
 It is a burgh of great antiquity, and is 
 governed by a provost, merchant bailies, 
 dean of guild, &q. ond has an annual re- 
 venue of about 4001. It unites with Jed-, 
 bui’gh, Lauder, l^orth Berwick, and Dun- 
 bar, in sending a member to parliament. 
 The town consists of four streets, intersect- 
 ing each ether nearly at right angles. The 
 only public buildings of any. consequence, 
 are the town house, shambles, and school 
 house. There is a weekly market on Fri- 
 day, reckoned the greatest in Scotland for 
 all kinds of grain, and two annual fairs, 
 July 2d Tuesday, and October 2d Thurs- 
 day. A considerable quantity of coarse 
 j vveoilen cloth is manufactured in this town 
 I and suburbs. The number of inliabitant^ 
 including ths suburbs of and 
 
 Niingate, is about 3COO. ' It is the seat of a . ; 
 Presbytery, and gives title of earl to the. , 
 family of Hamilton. John Knox, the ; 
 famous reformer, w^as a native of < 
 
 and the house in w’hich he was, born, is said,: 
 to be still standing, in GilTordgatc.. Here»^ 
 in i 173, Ada, mother of Williaru the Lyon, 
 king of Scotland, fopuded a Franciscan 
 monastery, the remains of which are still 
 vLiblc. lu this abbey, in 1518, parhameai 
 
I-IAD 
 
 gave' eonsent to C^ueeri Mary’s 
 
 marriage v^ith ‘the Daliphm I' tv mpora.- 
 iities,' were b'estoxv od ail Jdl 0 M Jtiaj»d 
 inastci* of Lauderdale, ;it the it'iWjnr tiou. 
 Isi- the church, which t)eioTigcd ip ;ii^ con 
 vent, several of that tamiiy are bioied, pav 
 ticuISriy John Maitland Laron Thhiaione, 
 chancellor of Scotland, iri- ihe j-el^n 'or 
 JatneS' VL That prince eoinpnsed an 
 epitapil for his mofrument- It is 37 mues 
 jiw Ot' B er vvi ck, and 1 6 E of E ti n = i r > , 
 The’ parish of Haddin^oa is aooui six nii;t\s 
 long iVorn n to s, and neariy the s-iioe 
 brodd ; witti a smJi excepdou, is 
 
 all arabie, inclosed, and well culdvssted. 
 Pdpnfation altogether is about 4570 
 IHADDINGTON^SHIRE, or Ea.t 
 Lothia’n', is bounded on the w by Eaui 
 bui^4^shire, on the N by the frith of bVth, 
 onr the E by the German ocean, and bn the s 
 by Berwickshire. I t is about 25 inJks lo 
 leUgtli, and 20 in breadth ; and is one of lue 
 mbst fruitfr.i counties in Scotland. Tne 
 county also abounds in excellent coal mines. 
 Tlk‘ southern part is TTiOuntainous, compre- 
 hending the K side of Lammeimnir hids, 
 which feed ' innumerable flocks of sheep 
 The county sends one member to parliament. 
 Tire chief towns ijre Dunbar, Haddington, 
 and North Beirw'fck. liie principal rivet is 
 the Tyne- Toe whole county is divided in- 
 
 H A I 
 
 This province contains several largo, townt 
 j tt.id .sea p^iFts* Sbihbam IS tlie capital. 
 
 JUcemus^^ a chain »?f rnountains in Einv- 
 jj oean turkey- funning between Setvia and 
 j! and' are in some pans r,o ioftv, 
 
 (j dial jt IS said the AdtitUicand tlie Black sea 
 m y oe s. et) a\ i iit* -ume time, > 
 ll or Hu'dmiy i- large, rich, and 
 
 p>.pu .^ux.cny of iiotiand, sitimted about a 
 |, ifdgue tii4.n the se?, on the river Spai'en. 
 ij It IS memo^^Ue i\>r the severe &iegb it sus- 
 ; tir.ned in 1572, against Frederick, son of the 
 !j Duke of 4 foi ten m niths before k capi- 
 «,ut,.ted i lie church of St Bevo'n k one of 
 [. the largest in the Theovgijn is cue of 
 
 I iusi fiuco in Europe, it contdn-, SOOO pip^ 
 
 I -ai 68 sti/ps, ot M’inch vox Imnldka is 
 ij muen eckbreted. ^le stad^-house grrmd 
 (j r^unaiiig,, situated at one end of the market- 
 jj pl ’cr-. Xne number of iuhabirants is^tbout 
 I 40,000. I'fiere are 4 Dutch churches, I 
 i c.«.ncu, J Lutheran, 1 Anmaian, and 4 
 Anax .ipiist, besides chapels for Ifoihah Ca- 
 thui<c3. Its iiioaoHarits carry on edhsidef- 
 ubla manufactuies, in velvets, linen, damask^ 
 riubons, tapes. Sec. It is j 2 miles w ©f Am® 
 sterdam. Lon. 4 57 e , iat- 52 22 n. 
 
 Hu^enj a town in Westphalia, it hassomflt 
 manuLctures of cioth. It standjr dn VoL ' 
 me.. 6* Diues nw of Altena, and 13 s of 
 Dortmutid. , , ■ 
 
 to 24 parochial districts, containing about I 
 29f^8G inhabitants. The real rent is eati- ■ 
 mated at about 66,9601. Slerling. { 
 
 Haderslebeiii a sea-port town, situated on I 
 a sirmll xslaud, in a bay of the Baltic* in ihe I 
 duchy of Skswick, Denmark. It is 25 I 
 miles E of Ripen. I 
 
 ffadttf or JETadidCf a town of Syria, on the j 
 Euphrates^ 150 miles w of Bagdad. j 
 
 Hadley, a town in Massachussets, Ilamp- * 
 6bire county, e side of the Connecticut, 97 
 miles w of Boston. 
 
 Hidley, a town id Suffolk, situated on the 
 Brelj with a market on Monday. It con- 
 tains about 3000 inhabitants, governed by a 
 mayor. Large quantitie*s of yarn are spun i| 
 here for the Norwich manufacturers, . It is i| 
 20 rndessE^'of bBury, and 64 of Loudon, il 
 ^ Hadley, k vilUge in Essex, near the n 
 ohore of the 'Hiames, 5 miles' sw of Roch- 
 5ord; Here, on the brow^ of a hill command- 
 ing an extensive view, are the guns of an an | 
 cient castle, of an oval form, with wails 9 [ 
 leet thick; The village has a fair, June; 
 24th, . 
 
 a town of Lower Saxony, 
 20 miles sW of Magdeburg 
 
 II ADRAMAUT, a province of Arabia 
 FeliXj on the coast between Yemen on the 
 ■w, and Oman on the e. Some parts are diy j 
 and d¥sert ; others extremely fertile, and in- : 
 tersected with well watered valleys. The ! 
 principal ptoductions are frankincense, gum- ! 
 arabicj^ dragons-bicod, myrrh and akes. ! 
 
 Hugenau, a tmvn in Low’er Sax6ny,25f ' 
 miK s of Schw'erin. 
 
 , Hu^enhack, -A tov/n in the dept, of tha 
 L wer Rhine, France, 1 2 miles sse of Lan- 
 
 tC:U. 
 
 Hagenburgy^A towm of. Westphalia, Coun»- 
 ly ui Schauenburg, 15 miles vv by if of Ha* ' 
 nover. 
 
 Hagia, a town of Arabia, Deserta, 8f 
 inilcs N f iVIed ira. Lon;59'25 e, lat 25 30 ir. 
 
 Hague, a town of S llolland, supposed to 
 contain 56,000 inhabitants. It may be com- 
 pared with the handsomest cities in Europe* 
 p lor the beauties of it.„palaees, it4 streets, the ' 
 pleasantness of its situation, and politeness 
 ol its inhabitants. It stand-s 2 miles from 
 toe sea, and has a paved road over the sand 
 oiils to Scheveimg on the sea sho/e. Here 
 the ancient Counts of Holland resided, and 
 held their court. In 1795, the Kj/ojo wxis 
 j taken by the French, and was abandoned by ' - 
 I them in 1814. It is 10 mile-s sw of Rotter- 
 diOTi, anti 30 sw of Amsterdam, Lon, 4 17 e* ' 
 lat. 52 4 N. - 
 
 Jlag^ cnau, a foitificd town in the dept. ‘ 
 of the Lovver Rhine, France. -Stands on die • 
 
 M ?tter, has a citadel, and is 15 miles K of 
 Stiasbuig. , 
 
 Hailsham, a town in Sussex, with a wfG:- 
 ly market on Wednesday, 12 miles e of ■ 
 Lewis, a.-itl 59 s by e of London. ’ 
 
 Haimburg, a town of Austria, has a c2St1e 
 on a mountain, star ds near the Da^iUbe, and- ' 
 is 27 miles e by s el Vkams, 
 
H A I* 
 
 Euiitn. alown of D^mulgOr seated on 
 ^ l iver and bay of the iime name. On the i: 
 tide -of bay is^ a forf-^ and iand crabf of 
 iars^e. si^e abound, 12; miles sw of St D#- 
 
 H AIN AN, an island beloitging tp Ciii- 
 about 12 miles s of the province of 
 Q.udngf.qii. , It is 4 <jO miles in cj.rcntnfer- 
 cnce. The natives are very deforrhed, of a 
 email stature,' and <;;appteveoloui', and of sa- 
 :vage disixr'.ition and niajaners. The}’ paint ! 
 their faces like other savages, and are clpthad j 
 only from tlie; waist, downwards. Besides ! 
 rich mines of gold and lapis* lazuli, it pro- | 
 duces various kinck of curious and valuable | 
 wood. The fruits are the samp as in China, | 
 besides sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. } 
 Two crops' of rice are produced in the ye&r. 
 The capital is Kiuntcheou. 
 
 H AINAULT, a province of the Nether- | 
 Iraids, annexed to .France, It was formerly | 
 divided into Austrian and French Hainauit. 
 The latter was included in the department of 
 the Nord, the former constituted that of Je- 
 .mappe. The air is good,, the soli fertile. It I 
 contains mines of coal andiron. 
 
 Hcdna^itf a forest in the sw of Essex, 
 about 12 miles se of London, celebrated for 
 an oak of very grelt antiquity, 36 feet in 
 circumference round the stem, and brsnch- 
 ing in^o il vast arms. Under its shade, a 
 wcli f'eq*:cntcd fair is held, July 2d. 1,110 
 
 Hr hiault foresters also rendesyoiiz here. 
 
 Bcdnbur^y a town of Bavaria, 20 miles 
 wsw of Amberg. 
 
 Hatigc-iiy a town in Suabia, seated on the 
 siyulet Lautcr, 12 miles n of Buchan. 
 
 ■HL'tjj/p.ouTt a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, 
 eppcsiie Fatra, seated on the left bank of the 
 Ganges. 
 
 , ' ' Hakctsaify one of the smaller Hebrides, 
 
 . belweyen. Barry and South Uist. 
 
 Halbei'stadty the capital of a principality of 
 thd same name, formerly a bishop’s see. Be- 
 sides a superb Cathedral, here are three regu- 
 lar abbies/ and two nunneries. The other 
 buildings are old fashioned and irregular. 
 
 . The Jews are tolerated and engage exten- 
 sively ill trade. Famous beer is brew^ed 
 litre. The inhabitants do not much exceed 
 1,300. It stands on the Otheim, 32 miles 
 $£ of Brunswick. Lon. 11 17 n, lat. 51 56 N. 
 
 Ilaldjmleheni a tow n in Lower Saxony, 
 duchy cf Magdeburg, on the Ochra, 12 
 miles N of Magdoburg. 
 
 HaLltnitei/iy town of the Grkons, Swis- 
 scrland, near the Khine, \ miles if of Goirc, 
 
 Halerif a town in the dept, of Dyle, Ne 
 flicrhmds, in Brabant, on the Gcet, 17 inik’S 
 
 H All 
 
 l^fileUwenpsL town In Shropshire* j with t 
 manufacture of nails, and a weekly market,. 
 The poor Sheustoiie was born and buried 
 here, and riear it is the admired seat ofLea^ 
 sotyes, in the decoration of wdiich he speu$ 
 his whole fortune, 10 miles ne of Kidder^ 
 misister, and 124 nw of London. ^ 
 
 Mgles'portJiy a town of Suffolk, with a mar-f 
 ket on Tuesday^ stands near the Blythe, and 
 has a canal to SouthwolA It has a consi- 
 oerahle manufacture of linen yarn and ^ail 
 cloth, and an iron foundery, 28 miles ne of 
 Ipswich, and 101 of London. On JViill 
 hill near the town, is a spring used for dis- 
 orders of the eyes. 
 
 Half~Gruner Island^ one of the small 
 Sheiland Islands, one mile and a-lialf s of 
 the island of Unst 
 
 IIALiBUT ISLAND, near the cx>asl 
 of Nortii America. It is 7 leagues in cir- 
 cumfeyerce, and very low and barren. Capr 
 tairi Cook gave it this name on account of 
 the great number of fish of that name taken 
 there. Lon. 164 15 w, lat. 54 48 x. 
 
 Ilalfifar, a town in Vf Yorkshire, seated 
 in a hilly country near the Calder, has, a 
 market on Saturday, The principal manu- 
 factures are shalloons, temmies, caiUniancoes, 
 everlastings, sey, narrow and broad cloths, 
 &c. The parish is esteemed the largest in 
 England, containi ng 12 chapels of ease. The 
 church which contains many ancient monu- 
 ments, is a venerable building. It has a 
 market house called, the Piece Hall, where 
 the shalloons and other stufrs are exhibitedun- 
 finisbed every Saturday betvveen thekoar3.-of 
 IG and 12 forenoon. Halifax gave birth 
 to John of Halifax, or de sacra bascoy tfie 
 chief malhematiciau. of bis age ; to the late 
 archbishop Tillotson, and to Dr. David 
 Hartley, author of the celebrated work, en- 
 titled “ Observations cn Man.” Near Har- 
 ley Green, about a mile nk of the town, is 
 one of the strongest chalybeate springs th§it 
 is known. The population of the parish is 
 said to amount to 60,000, of whom the 
 contains about 9,159, 40 miles ws^y of 
 York, and 177 n by vy of London, Lon. 
 
 1 45 w, lat. 53 45 N. 
 
 Halifax t the capital of Npva Scotia, on 
 the w side of Chebueto bay. It was found- 
 ed ill 1747, and gives name to a, county. 
 The harbour is large and safe. At the K 
 extremity is the kings yard, su;)p’iicd, vyith 
 stores of every kuid for th^ royal navy. The 
 town is defended Uy an cnticuchment, and 
 suiiic ferts of timber. Populaiiop said ^ 
 amount to 55,000. It is 780 .miles ne of 
 New Yolk;' Lon. 62 SO , w, lat 44 
 
 * Louvain. 
 
 Ilnhs, a village in Gloucestershire, fn- 
 mous for the rerniiins of its abbey, which 
 once was very iT:.gniriccnt, and had great 
 privileges. Nothing of it -uoiiv remains but 
 iu» clcuiCr, 2 iuiles i^E of Winchtciui?, 
 
 45 N. • 
 
 Halifax^ a town and chief of a county; cf 
 its name in Virginia ; 25 miles w of Mtck; 
 lenbutg. Lon. 79 17 'v, lat. 56 43 n. 
 
 H ALI F4?C» an inland district in ^ Ga- 
 ,i rwliua, compreheiidijog the counties of 
 
HAE HAM 
 
 ^^ortlianipton, Hnlifa?:, Martin, ' 
 
 Warren, Fratil^lui, and Nash. 
 
 ' Halifax, a town, the capital of the dis- 
 trict of the sanie narne, N CarcHna. Stands 
 on the RiTanoke, in a rich country, 70 miles 
 ys of Ralegh. 
 
 Halit::, a town in the palatinate of Lcm- 
 |:?erg, Poland, has a castle seated on the 
 Dniester, 60 miles sss of Lemberg. Lon. j 
 25 1 9 n, lat. 49 20 n. 
 
 Hdlkets, a town in New Jersey, IS miles 
 w of Morristown. 
 
 Halkin, a village in Flintshire, Wales. 
 Here, on the top of a hill, is a strong fortress, 
 surrounded by a great foss and dyke, 4 miles 
 ISE of Holywell. 
 
 Hatkitk, a village and parish in Caithf ess- 
 shire, The parish extends 24 miles in length, 
 ■and the breadth from 7 to 12. The soil is 
 in i^neral good. Population about 2540, 
 of whom the majority are males ! This dis- 
 trict contains 24 lakes, frequented by water- 
 fowl, and abounding with trout, <kx. In the 
 parish are IQ chapels, and a buryi/ig- ground 
 adjoining to each. Both GceKc and Eog- . 
 lish are spoken, but whli a mixir.?e o>f Norse 
 •r Danish ; from the latter most of the names 
 of places are derived. 
 
 Hal^, or Halk, a town in Soabia, sur- 
 rounded with mountMus, w^hich abound in 
 salt springs, it is lioted for the celebrated 
 pretestani league, concluded here in 1610. 
 It stands on the Koch er, 1^7 niiles w£ cf 
 Stutga^'d. 
 
 ■ HA'LLAND, a province of Sweden, on 
 the w coast- of GothLr ^d, It 'extends along 
 the coast, about 60 miles, but is not above 
 16 in bread :Ii. It Is meuntamous; and has 
 extensive woods of ofJu and birch. The 
 country is in general mountainous. The 
 irdisbitants are ch'ciiy employed In grazing 
 f.nd Ashing, Halmstadt is the capital. 
 
 Hallatmi, a toV'ii in Leicestershire, has 
 » market en Thursday, a charity school, and 
 fairs: 12 miles ese of Leicester, aii^ 91 N 
 by E of London. 
 
 Hulh, a town in the Tyrol, Germany, 
 seated oit the Inn, and famous for its salt 
 mine, six miles enz of Inspriick. 
 
 Halle, a town in Lower Saxony, seeded 
 on the Saale It has a celebrated university, 
 consecrated in 1694, It has large salt works, 
 "and manufactures of cloth. &c. ; 18 miles 
 UNW of Leipsic, and, 46 sse of Magdeburg. 
 "Lon. 12 15 E, lah 51 32 n. 
 
 Halle, a town of Hainault, Netherlands, 
 ie^ted on the river Senne, eight miles ssw 
 of Brussels. 
 
 Hallein, a town of Bavaria, celebi'ated 
 for salt springs, in the adjacent mountains, 
 seated on the Salaa, eight miles s by e of 
 Balzburg. 
 
 Hallerspring, a town of Lower Saxony, 
 ^ th? prindpallty of Caleubcrg, seated at 
 
 the sonfce #f the Haller, 1 4 niilcs ssir cT 
 Hanover. 
 
 JIalmstadt, a sea port, and capitnl of Hal- 
 land, Sweden, seated at the mouth of the 
 Nissa, on a bay of the Categat. Tlie inh:i- 
 bitants have very Nourishing woollen marvi- 
 factures, and a rich salmon tisbery ; ."0 milc% 
 ESE of Gothburg. Lon. 12 48 ic, lat, 5'J 
 59 
 
 Mai steady ix town of Essex, with a niarkefe 
 on Friday, and a manufacture of haise au-4 
 stays. ItTtahds on the side of a hill, ont 
 the banks of the Colne, has a collegia 
 church, and fairs, May G, a ud October 29; 
 16 miles h of ‘CiieLmsford, and 4'6 ne of 
 London. ' 
 
 IlaUeren, a town In Westphalia, princlp 
 lity of Munster, on the Liope, 25 miles ;i\f 
 of Monster, 
 
 Halton-, a town of Cheshi-re, on a navig.^- 
 ble canal, in the vicinity of the Mersey, whh 
 a market on Saturday. Of its ancient cas- 
 tle, which once had an extensive jurisdictioi> 
 round it, called Halton Fee, all that now 
 I remains is a prison ; 15 miles ne of Chesiesa 
 I and 195 nnw of London, . ^ 
 
 Haltvjhistle, a town of North umbcrlaudi, 
 near the Tyne, wldi a manufacture of 
 aed a: market on Thursday. It is. seated on 
 a h'll, on the road between Carlisle and 
 Newcastle, has fairs, Alay 14, and Nov. 22'^; 
 
 : 22 inHes E of Carlisle, 55 w of Nswc:isth> 
 and: 285 N by w of London, 
 
 Halva ^ R town in. the kiogdem of Fsz; ora 
 the Cliebu, 8 miles s of Fez. 
 
 Hnm^ a strong town In the department cf 
 Somme, France, with a castle, seated on the 
 Somme, 48 miles k of Fans. Lon, 8 6 
 I lat. 49 45 IT. 
 
 Ham, the capital cf the county of Mark, 
 Westphalia, has extensive bierching giroUnds, 
 and a good trade. In its vicinity, in 1761, 
 the troops of Brunswick defeated the French, 
 j It stands on the Lippe, 20 miles w of Lip* 
 stadt. Lon. 7 57 e, lat. 51 40 n. 
 
 Hamah, a town in Syria. It is the resi- 
 dence of the scheik, who has the title of 
 Emir. It stands among hills. The castle, 
 mosques, and best houses, are constructed of 
 black .and white stones. The river Assi, 
 anciently the Orontes, washes the walls of the 
 castle, arid Nils its ditches, v/hich are cut deep 
 into the solid rock. The geographer AbuL 
 feda, was prince of Hamah, from the year 
 1542 to 1545. The inhabitants trade in 
 linen of their own manufacture; 78 miles 
 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 54 55 s, lat. 56 15 
 
 Haraamei, a town of Tunis, stands on «, 
 gulf of its name, ,37 miles ^ cf Tunis. Lon. 
 40 15 E, lat. 56 15 n. 
 
 Humors^ a town in the department of Cal- 
 vadoes, France, 13 miles ssw of Caen. 
 
 llambach, a town in tlie department of 
 the Roer, France^ now remted to Gtrmimy, 
 
H A M 
 
 tlie duchy of Juliers, stands on the Rtir, 
 
 Lon. 6 4] E, lat. 
 
 fveiiiiles se of Juliers, 
 oO 57 N. 
 
 Uamhiedon, a town in the co unty of Hants, 
 vlth a weekly market on Monday . It stands 
 s^n the edge oi' JCas: Be e h re: t, and has 
 fairs, Feb. first Tuesday in May, and 
 Oct, 2; 15 miles se of Winchester, and 64 
 WS’w of Lnadon. 
 
 Hamburgh, a city of Lower Saxony, si- 
 tuated in Kols'.ein, conaisting of the Old 
 end New Town, seated on the ETe and 
 Alster; the latter, before it enters th; rown 
 by sluices, forms' a fine basin, ‘j’he Ei re, 
 xvhich, including the little hibrds, is not less 
 than a Germ .n mi-e in breadth at the cit}^ 
 besides forming two spacious riarbvours, ruos 
 through ra jst parts of ihe cit> in canai;, 
 tvhich, 'being generally pretty broad and 
 deep, are of great convenience to the mer- 
 chants. These can-is are crossed by 84 , 
 bridges many or them paved like the streets, * 
 with wliidh they are generally on a level, j 
 The nuhiher of itd^a.hitantp, exclusive of ’ 
 Jews, is estimatpd at 100,000. Hemburgh I 
 is strongly and on its ramparts are j 
 
 elegant walks, p^^nted with rpws oftrees, to j 
 which all the inhabitants have access. Here ( 
 is a .celcbralfid c ^lege, a hank an exchange, I 
 a librar\h^ ,a Geriiichi theatre, a foundling I 
 ahu an ?n*senal. The city has four 
 capital gates, two smaller, and two water ■ 
 gates, caiLcd the Upper and Lower Baum, j. 
 Through the latter passes all ships g^>*ng to, ij 
 cr coming from sea. The magistracy oi L 
 ^iamhurgh is comp/>sed of four burgher- - 
 ' inestcrs, four syndics, 24 aldemien, and four 
 I'eerctarics. Lutlieranism is the efi^abihlied 
 religion, r’td no other is tolerated, except 
 i;v3 I ngl'jli, who have divine service per- 
 formed in a chapel of their own. At Alto- 
 
 ", adjoiningthe harbour, other 
 
 rdfgions are tolerated, except the Jews, v.’ho 
 Ivive no synagogue. . There are five princi- 
 pal churches, and 1 1 smaller ones. The ca- 
 thedral of our lady is a tine edifice. On the 
 tower of the church of St Michael, Mditcii is 
 r^O feet high, many astroiiomical and phy- 
 .sjcal exporufients have been made. From 
 , its Siln?ii:ion, liamburgh lias every possible 
 ,‘!d\Ar.:iage both for foreign and domestic 
 ;cjde, particularly from its commimication 
 l>y the Elbe witl^ some of the principai na* 
 vigaitle rivers of Goimany. If consequently 
 hecame cue of the chief commercial cities in 
 the N of Europe. To judge of the extent of 
 its commercial concerns, it is oiJy necessary 
 to look at the slate of its imports in 1798 
 In the article of colFee alone, tiiere were ik 
 L js tlian 46.000,0001'). and in that of seum* 
 i.'5;000,000. The numl)er of vessels wliicb 
 t •.ilered (he port of ILiml>i;.*-gh wa.s 2Ti8 
 1..0 m.'inuhicUucs of the city were also in 
 mast Nourishing condition But a com sc 
 oi cviaU.i Were rapidly a'vovir.pilshiug which 
 
 # • 
 
 H A M 
 
 were to overturn this flourisliing state 
 things, and to reduce die city to ruin and 
 d spair. Bormparte w;>s aware, diat throug?^ 
 tms channel. British m.erdiandise had W 
 omaniea a most ext? jJve circulation on the 
 continent, fie accordingly proceeded in the 
 j nrst ola^e vioUe tbe'^ neutrality of the 
 [ City t)y fidiiig It with hm troop.s ; the inhabi- 
 I tarns were not only forced to furnish him 
 I with loans, nut an order was ksued o i the 
 ii5rh December 1806, for the seizure of all 
 .Brivsh merchandise in ihecity, which form- 
 ed me greniest part of th ?>*r stores, and for 
 i‘5 immed?.;ie transmission to France. Se- ' 
 ver-il of the me.f rcspe u>d,le houses were 
 reduced to bankruptcy ; and so^fiiiTngwaa 
 me rotate of the eify ‘that a deputation was 
 sent to remenstrat? wifh };r>ri3paf^e on the 
 mea.su e : but it was in vain, he was iac'm** 
 
 ^ rab.e , and they left him firm in his resolu- 
 \ nun, which has been iully csiTred into effect 
 j so that all intetcours^i with England 
 j Suspended, and the whole coTiinvelce of ihe 
 City almost at a staud. Jn J 814; this city 
 was, like the rest of Germany, liberated from 
 
 bis cruel dyrahny. - The ^n>ura ohservctl 
 here is the same with that of Lubeck. It is 
 55 males ke of Bremen, and 53 of the 
 mouth of the Elbe, in the German oceiiHa 
 Lrn. 10 ! E, lat.',55 40 n. 
 
 I{a)iihurgky a town in Burke county, 
 Pennsyiviu.bi, oft tire e side of the Sebu^i- 
 kill, To 'iT:ik'.s nnw” qf Philadelphia. ' 
 
 JIamburjf a to»vn in Sussex county. New 
 Jersey, 20 miles NE of Newtown, and 60 ^'vr 
 of Newa k: 
 
 Hamden, a town in Connecticut, lYmilea 
 sw of Middleton. 
 
 B'avnslburg, a town in the principality cj 
 I Fulo.a, seated on the Saale, 15 miles w'NW 
 I of, Schweinfurt; ‘ ' ' 
 
 ! Hnmeiin, c fortified town of Germany, iii 
 I* Lt)wei' Saxony, and capital of a quarter ia 
 I the principality of Calenberg, to which i£ 
 gives name, 5jit'.jc<ied on the Weser, In the 
 town there are about 600 houses of mer- 
 chants and tradesmen, with 50 er^esiastical 
 and other splendid buildings. 'iSe magis-' 
 trates are possessed of the civil and criminal 
 jurisdiction. It has manufactures of sitks, 
 stufiV., and stockings. In' 1806, the fortress 
 surrendered to the French, but they wera 
 ♦ixpeiled in 1814. It is 25 miles sw cf 
 Flanover. Lon. 9 28 e, lat. 52 JO if. 
 
 HA MI. a country of Chine; e Tirtary, 
 which contains only one city, and a few vil- 
 lages, situated in tlie desert of Cobi. It is 
 accounted one of the most delighlful coun- ' 
 ti'ics in tile world. Its melons, dried raisins, 
 rice, and fruits, are in high esteem in China, 
 to which it is tributary. The capital is of 
 the same name. The inhabitants are Maho- 
 metan. s ; J040 miles w by n of Peking. 
 Lon. 95 44 e, lat. 42 55 s. 
 liamiUQHt a town in the county of jUa» 
 
HAM 
 
 HJirV, 11 ipu(^ SE of Glasgow, 13^ NKW^of 
 jLanark, and 58 vvsw'of Edinburgh. Tiie 
 town is. bandsoiijs, though, irregul.^rly built, 
 and cjutained in ]81i, 6i55 inhahiiants ; 
 many of v^liom are weavers. It has also 
 iria..afactures, of leather, saddles, shoes, la,ce, 
 thread, and cdoinet-work, which last is, e^e* 
 Cu'jed in a .very masterly manner. The town 
 is a borough of regality, dependent on the 
 duke of Ha.au’lkni, whose elegant residence 
 is a tj. -ring to it. Its elegant church, which 
 is colkgiaw, stands on a fisitig ground above 
 the town. The surrounding scenery is en- 
 chanting. The town is the seat ot a presby- 
 tery. The parish of Hamilton is oheut s'x 
 miles long, and nearly the same brpacl wa- 
 tered by the Clyde and Avon. The lands 
 are all arable, and highly cultivated. In the 
 parisri are found coal, limestone, potter’s and 
 fuller’s earth, and yellow ochre. 
 
 IIA?.IILTON, a district of Tennesse, 
 Comprehending the counties of Hawkins, 
 Knox, Jefferson, Sevier, and Eloiint. The 
 chief town is Knoxville, the capital of the 
 state. 
 
 Hamiilony a town in Albany county, New 
 York, w ith a manufacture of glass, 10 mlies 
 WNw of Albany. 
 
 Hamilton, a town in a county of 
 name, in the state of Ohio, seated oh i-he 
 Great Miami, has a good trade wltli the set- 
 tlors of the back country ; 30 miles n of 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Haniin, a town of Arabia Felix, 140 miles 
 KdE of Kassek. 
 
 Hamma, a tovrn in the kingdom of Tunis, 
 Africa, . famous for its baths, 12 miles of 
 Cahfes. 
 
 Hammam, a to'wn in the kingdom of Tu- 
 nis, Africa, stands near a mountain rich 'in 
 lead ore, has a celebrated hot bath, and is 16 
 miles s of Tunis. 
 
 Hammer, a town of Norway, government 
 of Aggcrhuysl 60 miles kne of Christiania: 
 
 Havimev Island, a an^aii island in the Bal- 
 tic, Sweden, four mile^ e of Carlscron. 
 
 Hammersmith, a ikrge village in Midlle- 
 eex, on the Thames four miles w of Lon 
 don. Here is a boon3ing tcnool for catholic 
 young ■ ladie% which being in part under 
 inonasiic government, is calked the Nun 
 uery. One maii-Mn, npv/ occupied as an ! 
 
 smy, v; us for some yea^s the- residence 
 of queer. Cf.tberinLS, ividuw of Charles II. 
 Jt iv adonied wl h, many clegsmt * se?.is and 
 Villa?,. 
 
 Hahiafifstmi, o fortress in tlio electorate 
 of German^, on the Bkine> o|>por.ite 
 
 CpblerUz, 
 
 Ilan.oazg, a creek in the English chan- 
 nel, connteting the Ta-nar wish. Plymouth 
 £cur.-u. It is capable of containing siear 100 
 la deep w'f* tor. 
 
 hi Jencrtrac’:'. rfthe Lower. 
 
 '7 ... 
 
 H A M 
 
 Meuse, Netlterlands, 15 milc^ w by n' o£ 
 Riiremond, and 06 N of Liege. 
 
 KAMPSFITRE. otherwise called The 
 Hants shire, and SoLithamptou shire. Thir. 
 is one of the n^ost populous and rj^hest 
 CQunSies in Epgimid Tiv^ air is 'jcutr’uy, 
 and the s{»d In geaeval fertile, but various% 
 The principal productions are.corn, tiiubev, 
 and vvock The airinhcr <-l’ sijeep in the 
 county is estimated at 350,000. The riant- 
 ing of hops has of lute years g- e. tiy in- 
 creased. Tjie principal rivers are the fr von, 
 Test, Itchen,, and Stour. Tbv c ojuty is 
 60 miles- in Isogth, 30 lii hfeudih, .-. W I v^O 
 in circumference, divided iofo 59 h .drej.s, 
 and 253 parishes, which couiaiu one city., 
 Winchester, 20 market tpwos. 1062 v llages, 
 38,345 houses, and 219,656 iiibubitanh:.. 
 The towms are Southamp^>r:, Parts non tb,. 
 Andover, Christchurch, Smckbiidge, Lyr 
 mington, Pelc-rsfield, Whilchurcli, Gespoit, 
 Basingstoke, Alresfovd. Alton, Fa/ehmii, 
 Plavant, Kingsclere, Odiham, Wi^liham* 
 Foi’dingbridge, Roinsey, and Rliigwopd* 
 without reckoning those of th^J isle o€ 
 Wight; the first eight, with Winebester, 
 send members to parliament, to whick 
 adding the three burghs iu the isle of Wight;, 
 and two for the qouniy, 26 menihs:.’'s are re- 
 turned to parliarnenU Sain.IjAvam -n is 
 deemed the,ccuoiy .own, out the ass'ses 
 are held at Vv io.rhercer.. See . Forest and 
 
 night ^ 
 
 ■HAAtFSHIRE, - NEW, one of the 
 United Sutes; being about .168 miles ill 
 lengih from n to s, and from 10 to 90 ill 
 bieadth. The legislative . pevver is vested 
 in a senate and house of vepies&ntstiveST^ 
 and the supreme executive authority reside^) 
 in a govenor, and-council of five mwaibers. 
 The laud near the sea is gt ercvl ly dar, buS 
 inland niljly. The air is heal hy <nd serene- 
 The soil. is vaiious. The uncultivated lands 
 arc covered, wiib extensive /ore.sts of oaks, 
 wahiuts, cedar, pine, firs, Slc The chief 
 commodities which constitute the trade of 
 New Hauipshive are timber, masts, yardv, 
 spars, dumber, provisions, fish, cattle, pot and 
 pearl ashes, and flax seed. Ships are bufit 
 in. viU the tav/ns situalcd on the river iks- 
 caiaquit* 'The, bank of New HLimpshM^ 
 was established in^ 1792, withAa capital: 
 <'<f 60,000 dollars. Eew , Hampshire "fs • 
 divided into five count'es, Cheshire, Orditc^^ 
 Hillbborct.gn, Rockingham, and Staflur*?# 
 The irnmber of inhabitants amount to about 
 183.858. The cliiei .towns are Portsnu>utii 
 the capital, Exeter, Concord, Dover, Du^ ^ 
 Aiam, Keen, Charlestown, Amherst, Ilavef- 
 hail, 'Hid Plymouth^ T'i>e river Cornce-. 
 ticut foiuns the fine of separation bela^evu 
 -bis state and that of Yer:<!ont. 
 
 J{arizpste{F., a i...'ge and p'-.pulous vi].'6|^ 
 
 , in M:ddl 28 €:sq fcL-r miles, Niiw cf • 
 
 ' I.,- . 
 
 * '' 
 
HAN 
 
 . ‘.nrjJs on the side of a hill, on tvhose top is 
 a line heath, conimanding a delightful pros- 
 pect. In the vicinity are many charming 
 vdias. It was once celebrated for its medi- 
 cin^rl waters. 
 
 Hampsteadf a town of New Y^rk, in 
 Q,aeen*s county, Long Island, stands in a 
 large plain, 25? miles s by s of New York, 
 
 Hampton, a village in Biiddlesex, famous 
 for the palace called Hampton Court, origi- 
 nally built in great magnificence b}^ cardinal 
 Wolsey, who gave it to Henry Vi 1 1. The 
 princigai part cf the old palace was taken 
 down in 1690, and the present one built by 
 William III. The buildings, gardens, and 
 parks, are four miles in circumference. 
 
 I/aifpion, or Minching Ilamplon, a town 
 in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tues- 
 day, and extensive cloth manufactures, near 
 the Stroud Canal ; 1 4 miles s of Gloucester, 
 and 99 w of London. 
 
 Hampton, a sea port town of Virginia, in 
 "Elisabetb. county, near the mouth of James 
 nver, 24 miles se of Williamsburg. Lon. 
 76 58 w, lat. 57 5 N. 
 
 Hampton, a sea port of New Hampshire, 
 on a river of its own name, in Rockingham 
 county, stands near the sea, and has a canal 
 to Merrimac, at Salisbury, 14 miles s by w 
 of Portsmouth. Lon. *79 45 w, lat. 42 55 n. 
 
 Hanau, a strong town in Watteravia, a 
 fertile country in Germany, 45 miles in 
 length, and 15 wide. It is divided into the 
 Old and New Town, and is seated on the 
 Kentzig, near its junction with the Maine. 
 There are extensive manufactures cf silk, 
 wopllerjj cotton, porcelain, &c. but the great- 
 est article of trade consists in timber brought 
 down the Maine, rough and cast iron, meal 
 and corn, ^kvery person has free liberty to 
 trade as he pleases • 16 miles ne of Darm- 
 ‘Stadt. Lcn. 8 58 z, lat. 50 10 n. 
 
 Ilancoch, a town in Washington county, 
 Maryland, on the Potomac, 90 miles NNvy 
 Washington. 
 
 llanda, a small inhpdnted island on the w 
 coast of the county of Sutherland, sqjarafed 
 from the mainland by a narrow sound. It 
 is a mile square, aifording excellent pasture 
 for a few sheep. Tiie surface aiccuds gra- 
 dually tow.nrds the x, w’here a perj)endtcular 
 rock of Bo or ICO Rthoms, presents its face 
 to the sea. It is famous for the immense 
 number and great variety of sea-fowl that 
 frernient it in summer., 
 
 Hang' l^cJu'ou, the capital of tlie province 
 of Tche-kiaog, one of tim richest and largest 
 cities of China, called by the Cldm .e. the 
 TcrreslriaL Faradise, and said to cc e. 
 ird-Ilion o»’ souls. It siands b.ciiveen a Icige 
 basin, that forms the s excremity of the giarji;i 
 canal, and a small lake, culled See-ima ; I.;.s 
 extensive shops and wa. ebou-ses, aiul an ex- 
 it us- vo trade in silks, died cottons, nankeens, 
 i-'ce, ern-d ctLci^ g:■au^^ it is. the gtueul em- 
 
 H A N 
 
 nomim of all the articles that lie betweesa 
 the northern and southern provinces; 700 
 miles s by E of Peking. Lon. 220 20 z, 
 lat. 50 20 N. 
 
 Ha?ig Tchong, a city of the first rank in 
 the province of Chen-si, China, on the river 
 Han, in a fertile country, surrounced by 
 mountains and forests Honey, w'ax, musk, 
 and cinnabar, form tfie chief articles of trade; 
 625 miles sw of Peking. Lon. 106 35 e, 
 lat. 32 58 N, 
 
 Hanover, a fortified city in Lower Saxony, 
 capital of the electorate of its name. The 
 palace and elegant gardens of Plerenhausen 
 are in its vicinity. It contains about 1200 
 houses, among which are several very large 
 and handsome buildings. The inbabitanti 
 are estimated at upwards of 15,000, and ma- 
 nufacture lace, studs, stockings, ribbons, (Sec, 
 Tne French took it in 1757, but w'ere soon 
 expelled. They took it again, in 1803, and 
 retained it till the overthrow of Bonaparte^l 
 in 1814. It stands on both sides of the 
 Leine, 38 miles w by n of Brunswick. Lon, 
 9 48 E, lat. 52 22 n. 
 
 HANOVER, an electorate of Germany, 
 coritaining the duchies of Zell, Saxe-Lai>en- 
 I burg, Bremen, Luneburg, the principalities 
 of Calenbe/g, Verden, Grubenhagen, Diep- 
 holz, Hoya, and Obervval. George I. cf 
 Great Britain, was the first who obtained 
 possession of all these states w'hich lie mostly 
 between the rivers Weser and Elbe, and ex- 
 tend 200 miles in length, the breadth is va- 
 rious, being in some places 150, and in 
 others but 50 miles. The chief produce of 
 the country is timber, cattle, hogs, mum, 
 beer, and bacon, a iieile silver, copper, lead, 
 iren, vitriol, limestonei quicksilver, and cop- 
 peras. All these territories fell into the 
 hands of the French in 1 SC3, but at the 
 peace of Paris, in 1814, reverted to king 
 George III. cf Great Britain. 
 
 Hanover, a town in York county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 14 miles sw of York, and 106 w by 
 s of Philadelphia. 
 
 . Hanover, a town and county in Virginia, 
 on the Pamiink)', the s branch of York river, 
 22 miles hke of Richmond. 
 
 Hanover, a town of New Hampshire, ii| 
 Grattan county, E.bank of tlie Connecticut 
 Dartmouth cc.Iege, one of the* most cele- 
 brated seminaries in tlie United Slates, stands 
 three miles to the s; 32 miles n of Charles- 
 town, and ICO kw cf Portsmoalh. Lon. 
 72 25 w, lat. 43 46 n. 
 
 HANOVER, New, a large island in the 
 PaciiV ocean, oppo'iic to the kw extremity 
 of New Irelacd. Thedand is elevated, and 
 covered with fine plantations. 
 
 Hansnn. See Turon, 
 
 Hansbacli, a town of Bohemia, in 
 circle of Leiiraeritz, with maniifaciurcs of 
 coitoij, thivad, aud paper; iS.wiiefi w cl* 
 Kumnitz. 
 
H A R 
 
 TTansfildeUf a town ki Stiria, Germany, 
 eight miles nnw of Judanburg. 
 
 Hanuyc, a town of Erabact, Netherlands, 
 on the borders of Leige and Namur, 25 
 miles NNE of the latter. 
 
 Han- Yang, a city of the first rank, In the 
 province of Hoii-qiiang, China, stands at the 
 'Junction of the Xian and XCianku, 587 miles 
 w of I’ekin. Eon. 44 e, lat. oO 36 n. 
 
 HAPAEE, four of the Friendly islands, 
 in the S l^acrfic ocean. They are of similar 
 height and appearance, fertile and well cul- 
 liva"ted, and the inhabitants hospitable. These 
 islands extend from N to s about 19 miles. 
 
 HapsaU a town in the government of Re- 
 vel, Russia, on the Baltic, opposite Dago, 
 five miles sw of Revel. 
 
 Hapshurg^ an ancient castle, seated on a 
 lofty eminence, near Schintznach, Swisser- 
 land. This castle was the residence of the 
 ancestors of the house of Austria. In the 
 beginning of the 13th century, Rodolph 
 count of ITapsburg, was elevated to the em- 
 pire of Germany, and archduchy of Austria. 
 The remains of this castle now accommodate 
 the family ^if a peasant. 
 
 Harany or Charany a town in Diarbeck, 
 Asiatic Turkey, the ancient Laban of scrip- 
 ture. Thither Crassus retired after his de- 
 feat by the Parthians, and not far from it he 
 was killed ,* 25 miles it: by s of Orfa. 
 
 HarhoUley a castle now in ruins, seated on 
 a manor of its name, Northumberland, once 
 a strong fortress, and for a time, the residence 
 of queen Margaret, dov/ager of James V. of 
 Scotland 
 
 Harboroughy a town of Leicestershire, 
 with a weekly' market on Tuesday, seated 
 on the Welland. The inhabitants manufac- 
 ture tammies and lastings. It gives title of 
 earl to the family of Sherard. Ils fairs are 
 April 20th, and Octr. 19th, and have been 
 long famous for excellent horses and colts. 
 It has a heat market-house, a chapel, and a 
 free-schocl. It is 15 miles s of Leicester, 
 •nd 83 N by w of London. 
 
 Harburgy a town of Lower Sr.zony, duchy 
 of Luneburg, has a strong castle, and manu- 
 factures of silks, stockings, wax, and tobac- 
 co, also an extensive trade in timber with 
 Holland, In 1757, it was taken by the 
 French, but retaken the same year by the 
 Hanoverians. It stands on the Seeve at its 
 influx into the Elbe, opposite Hamburg, 37 
 miles Nw of Luneburg. Lon. 10 2 e, lat, 
 53. 28 N. 
 
 Harcourty a town in the departmer^t of 
 Calvados, France, 12 miles s by w' of Caen. 
 
 Harcourty a town in the department of 
 Eure, France, 15 miles wnw' of Evreux. 
 
 Hardbergy a town in Stiria, Germany, 12 
 nliies ssw of Friedburg. 
 
 Hardegseiiy a town in Lower Saxony, 
 'ftdth a 'considerable manufacture of 9 
 iO milss Kw of GoilIng?ni 
 
 H A R 
 
 I Hai^dehauseuy a town in IVcstphalia, five 
 miles NVf of Warburg. 
 
 Hardenbergy a town of Westphalia, duchy 
 of Berg, 13 miles ene of Dusseldorp. 
 
 Hardenhurgy a town in Overissel, Hol- 
 land, on the Vecht, IG miles sw of Covoer- 
 den. 
 
 Harderiiiyck, a fortified town in Guelder- 
 land, Holland, has an university, and a trade 
 in wcod and corn ; stands on the Zuydec 
 Zee, 24 miles kne of Arnheim. Lon. S 
 39 E, lat. 52 22 n. 
 
 Harduleheny a town in Upper Saxony, two 
 miles N of Buttstadt. 
 
 Hardwick, a town in Georgia, United 
 States, near the mouth of the Ogeeche, 18 
 miles ssw of Savanna. 
 
 Hare, an island near the coast of Norw^ay, 
 20 miles in circumference. Lon. 6 33 1 ^/ 
 lat. 62 20 N. 
 
 Harewoody a handsome village in W York- 
 shire, seated on the wharf, over which it 
 a costly stone bridge of 1 1 arches, five milcfS 
 w of Wetherby, and eight n of Leeds. Hera 
 are the remains of an ancient castle, and in 
 the church is the monument of lord chief 
 justice Gascoign, wdio in the reign of Henry 
 IV. committed Henry prince of Wales to 
 prison for striking him on the bench, while 
 he sat administering justice. Near it is 
 Hare wood House, the elegant seat of lord 
 Harewood. 
 
 Harfleur, a town in the department of the 
 Lower Seine, France, seated on a small river 
 near the mouih of the Seine. Its harbour 
 is nearly choked up, and its fortifications 
 have been long demolished. It is 36 miles 
 Nvv ohRoue.0, Lon. 0 19 e, lat. 49 32 n. 
 
 Harford, a town of Maryland, in a county 
 of the same name, on Bush river, 25 miles 
 ENE of Baltimore. 
 
 Harihara, a town of Mysore, Hindoostr.n, 
 seated on the e side dP'the-: Tonga- bhadroj 
 which is hero the boundary betiyeeh Mysore 
 and the Mahrattas. In the f»rt is a cele- 
 brated temple. Cotton thread is manufac- 
 factured in the vicinity ; 64 miles ne of NaJ 
 gara 
 
 HARJEDALEN, a province of Sweden, 
 100 miles in length, and fr;>m 40 to 50 ia 
 breadth. It abounds in mines and woods. 
 Its pastures are excellent. Its rivers and 
 lakes abound with fish. 
 
 HarlebecJc, a town of Flanders, on the 
 Lis, three miles ne of Courtray. 
 
 Harlech, or Harleich, a town in Merion- 
 ethshire, Wales, w’ith a market on S^turdriy. , 
 Its castle, built by Edward 1. on a rock pro- 
 jecthig into St George’s channel, is almost 
 entire. In 1647, this castie held out for the' 
 king after every other place in Wales had 
 submitted. The town is governed by a mayor, 
 &c. 26 miles se of Carnarvon, avA 231 
 of London. I. on. 4 6 w, lat. 52 y4 N, 
 
 ' v-v* Haerle?ny 
 
 I 2 
 
 . 
 
H AU 
 
 H A R 
 
 ITarleston, a town in Norfolk, with a 
 Iharket -i Wednesday, stands, on the Wave- 
 itay,. >‘6 vaiies s of Norwich, and 99 ne of 
 XiOndv.^- ' • 
 
 ■ liarling. a town- in Norfolk, with a 
 ttiai. -ton Tacvday, chiefiy for linen, and 
 linen yarn ; 1^4 miles sw of Norwich, end 
 8^9 NE of X^ondon. 
 
 ‘ Harlingen, a iorti*ieS sea port town in 
 Boilar.d, next to Lewarden in 
 cjxUnt and p.>pula<iori. The chief trade 
 consists in making sails, m irapdrting and 
 c^xpoitiag cbyn,. pitch, tar. fir trees, tind 
 deals; and a mtni f efure of paper. It 
 stands oil ‘ th6 Zuidt^f 2ee, and is Id miles 
 \v of I^ewardeii. Lon. 5 23 e, iat, 53 
 11 N> 
 
 Harlow^ a town in Essex. On a com- 
 mon, tw:, miles from the tewm, a famous 
 anii.iaV edr is bpld on the 9th of Septeriirie;- 
 called Bci/low' Bush Fair, much frequented 
 by viQ neighbouring <i,cmry ; seven miles 
 Ifw Gi Or gar, and 23 Nj? of London. 
 
 Harmony^ a foWn of Pennsylvania, Unit- 
 ed States, Lucerne comity, stands on the n 
 side ef StaruCca Creek, a water of the e 
 braiich of the Susqnehenna ; 150 miles 
 'jkw of New York, and 140 n by w of Phi- 
 ladelphia. 
 
 Haroy a town in Old Castile, Spain, on 
 the Ebio, in a fertile country ; 23 miles ne 
 of Burges. 
 
 Harper Hjieldy a town of New York, in 
 Olseg: county ; 32 miles ne of Coopers- 
 town, and 62 w of Hudson. 
 
 ' Harponellp, the capital of a district of | 
 the iunie name, in the Mysore country, 
 allolted to thn Mahrattas, upon the con- 
 quest of Tippoo Suib in 1799 It is 76 
 ihiies nne of Nagara. Lon. 75 28 e, lat. 
 34 40 N. * 
 
 ’’ H o rnp, a parish of Poipona, in Orkney, 
 united to the parish r.f Blrsay, containing .i 
 *^out 90 squi.e rhiles. The soil is various. 
 See Hirst ip I 
 
 * H^rringfon, a village Imd*' sea port of i 
 Cum.-erland, on a creek of the Irish sea, > 
 vessels of 120 tons burden can coihc up ta ;j 
 the houses. Coal lime.' iron-stone, and fire ■! 
 day, are exported to Srdtland and Ireland ; 
 dx (i i?» N of V/bio iviven, and eight wsw i 
 Cif C- keriiiruth. 
 
 Harrington, a totrn of the district of 
 M.:i( e,- in Linco-n county, on t ■ e \v s'de of jj 
 Ko' "'t; ec liver, which Wiii here admit ' 
 V ease’s .jf iOO tons The- coi ..y couiLs i 
 rre held 'altematciy i.ere, and at V/iocasscl. ! 
 It uinics on a foisk trade with the back j! 
 cou'"h-y, and is 30 miles n by w or vYis- i 
 itsset. j 
 
 H rrwrponr, a toW n fn Orissa, Hindoos- j 
 t’.ii, capital of Molmrbunge, 108 miles nne | 
 Catux’;, and 120 wsw' of Calcutta. Lon. j 
 G6 46 E, IrtL'y*! n. • j 
 
 IiarnorpQur^ a town of Napairi, • in n' 
 
 tomtory of Mocaumpeur, on the Bogmutty^ 
 27 mdes ese of Mccaumpour. 
 
 Harris^ c r HarHes, a peninsula of Scot- 
 land, joined to the island of Lewis by a 
 narrow isthmus, Ixs extreme length is 
 about 25 or* 26 miles, is extremely various; 
 the country being intersected by severe 
 arras of -the sea, but it generally extends 
 frem six to eight mile& The country is 
 wild, and in general uncultivated. The in- 
 hab»tanls with difficulty cultivate a few oats, 
 barley, and potatoes. The two fc rmer they 
 grind in hand mills or querns. The horses, 
 black cattle, sheep, ana goats aio small. 
 There is plenty of game, and the lochs and 
 bays on tbe^cr-ast abound with fish, Tho 
 vail es contain tolerable pasturage. Tiiii 
 pe.rittsula gives name to a district of the 
 Hebrides, comprehending the southern part 
 ot Lewis, and ihe small islands which sur- 
 round it, of wj?ich Bernersay, Calligray, 
 Ensay, Pabbay, Taransay, Scalpay, and 
 Scarp, only are inhabited, besides a vast 
 number of pasture and keep isles, holms, 
 and high rocks, which are also distinguished 
 by particular names. There are seven 
 places of v^orship in occasional use, a paro- 
 chial. and a society school. The language 
 is Gaelic wdtbout any mixture of Danish. 
 Fopiilation of Harris and its islands is 
 about 2996 
 
 Harris Sound, a mavigable channel, be- 
 tween the islands of Harriis and North Uist; 
 nine miles in length, and as many in 
 brcadih. It is ihe only passage for vessels 
 of burden passing from tlie e to the w sicie 
 of that long cluster of' islands called the 
 Long Island. 
 
 Harrisioten, a borough of Ireland, seated 
 in a district of King’s county, insiilated by 
 that of Kildare. Though it now consists 
 of one solitary house, beh^re ibe late union, 
 it sent two members to the Irish parliament ; 
 12 miles E by s of Kildare. 
 
 ^Hc.rrishurgh, the capital of Dsuphin 
 
 ■Cvun^y, Pennsylvania^ st.'^mds on the e bank, 
 o'f the Susquoh-iniia, 86 miles w by n of 
 Poiladeh Ida. Lon. 76 55 w, lat. 40 15 N. 
 
 Harr(KlsbHrgJi, a town ir^ Kentucky, 
 Mercer county, iicad of Salt river, SO miles 
 s by w of Frankfort. 
 
 Harrow, a fine village in Middleseex, 
 buiil on the highest bill in the county. 
 Ileie IS a celebraied free school, founded in 
 
 the reign ofqueerr Eiisal.t'th, by John Lyon, 
 of this paiisi). The scholars shoot for £> 
 silver arrow annually on the fourth of 
 Ar.gust. 'The hill is adorned with elegant 
 villas and seats. One mansion is said to 
 have’ been in possession of the family cf 
 Pflire, since 1544. It is 10 miles wnw of 
 Londf-'U. ' 
 
 Horroingate, a village in West Yorkshire, 
 disut.guislitd Into High and Low, and ce- 
 lebrated for . its medicinal springe, one of 
 
H A R 
 
 which h the strongest sulphur wate^ in 
 Great Britain. Here are several extensive 
 buiidings, and a theatre, &c. for the erccm' 
 inodaiion and amusement of those who re- 
 sort to thii. pkce for the benefit of the 
 water ; two miles w of Naresborough, and 
 Sll N by w of London. 
 
 Ilarso, a small island in the Baltic. Lon. 
 17 16 E lat. 58 44 n. 
 
 Harten stein, a town in Upper Sax cry. 
 end lordship of Schonbnrg, Germany, with 
 s castle, six miles ss of Zwickau. 
 
 Harijeh a mountain in the parish of 
 Moffat, on the top of which is a spacious 
 plain, 2,532 feet above the level of the sea, 
 and noted for the mineral spring called 
 Hartfel Spaw, which is a sovereign lemedy 
 in complaints of the stomach to d bor/els, 
 in diseases peculiar to the fair sex, and for 
 ulcers and cutaneous eruptions. 
 
 Harifordf in Connecticut, the chief town 
 of a county of the same name, seated on the 
 w side of the Connecticut, 50 miles from 
 the sea. Here is held the halt yearly as- 
 sembly in May. The iiihaLritavits eagerly 
 engage iHrnifKnufactr, res. 
 
 Hartjbrd, East, is on the e side of the 
 Connecticut, opposite to the preceding town. 
 It has some considerable iron and glass 
 works. The city is divided by a small 
 stream, v/ith sleep banks, over which is a 
 bridge, and the streets cross each otlier at 
 right angles; SO ihiles nne of Newhaven. 
 Lon. 72 55 w, lat. 41 50 n. 
 
 Hartford,- New, a town in Lichfield coun- 
 Connecticut, J4 miles, me of Lichfield. 
 
 Hartland, a town in Devonshire. It 
 gives name to the hundred, and has a 
 market on Saturday ; stands near the 
 Biistoi Channel, and a promontory called 
 Hartland Point, in the vicinity is Hart- 
 land abt';ey. Hartland is 14 miles w of 
 Liddeford, 2S wsvr of Barnstaple, and 214 
 \v by s (it London. , 
 
 EartHpool, a town on the k coast of Dur- 
 ham, with a good harbour. It is situated 
 en a promontory almost surrounde.! by the 
 Overman ocean. It is a. considerable fishing 
 tovvu. Coal and lime are the principal ex- 
 ports. It is a corporation town, governed 
 by a iuaycr and aldermen. It has a weekly 
 niark<::t on Suturday, It is 12 miles mne of 
 Blcclaon, ] 6 lii of Durham, and 258 k by 
 w of London. Lon. 0 54 w. lat. 54 41 n. 
 
 Hartley, a sea port on the' e coksI of 
 Northumberlard, a little mw of Tynemouth. 
 A canal is cut through a solid rock to the 
 harbour; abundance of coal is exported, 
 and here are large salt, coperas, and glass 
 works. It is 12 miles me of Newcastle 
 upon Tybe. 
 
 Hartz^etode, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 «hd principality of Anhalt Bernburg, situ- 
 • ated near the Hartz mountains, which coU- 
 lasia iidi ntiae* of aiiver, capper, lead, {Kid • 
 
 HAS 
 
 ] iron. , It has a castle and a mine office 5 
 I 25 miles sw of Bernberg. Lon. 11 22 e, 
 lat 51 46 N. 
 
 I HARVEY’S ISLAND, atvisland in the 
 S Pacific ocean, comixised of three or four 
 j small islands, the whole about 20 miles in 
 circumference. Lon. 158 48 w, lat. 19 18 s, 
 
 Harwich, a sea port and borough in 
 Essex, situated ?it the confiux of the Stour 
 and Orwell. It is nor i.^; ge, but populous ; 
 and beirg the clnef port for packets to 
 i I-]ol];o:d, is a piace of co nsiderable trade. 
 
 ! many vessejs are employed in the N sea 
 !j fisbeiy The harbour, independent of the 
 I bay, is safe and •'oi;veiiie>' t and is defended 
 by Languard fert and biutery. There is 
 very good deck- yard tor huiloing shifi^s. ft 
 sends two members to parliament; and is 
 I governed by a mayor and aldermen. Thm. 
 
 1 are two markets weekly, on Tuesday and 
 i Friday. It is 4 -: miles e by n of Cheims- 
 I lord, and 72 ene of London. Lon 1 18 
 I lat. 52 1 1 N. 
 
 Harwich, a town of Massachusetts, Barn- 
 staple county, on the m side of the peninsula 
 of Cape Code The fishery is the principal 
 ina^'itime trade; 12 miles me of Barnstaple, 
 
 Haruington, a town of Connecticut, 
 Lichfield county, eight miles e of Lich- 
 field. 
 
 Has, a town in the province of Yemeni 
 Arabia Felix, 40 miles m of Mocha, 
 
 Haseloe, a small island of Denmark, ia 
 the Cattegate. Lon. 1 i 45 e, lat 56 11 M. 
 
 Hasina, a fert and towm in Mysore, 
 j Hindoostan, with a central battery ; 47 
 1 miles MW of Senngapatam. 
 
 I ' Ha si emere, a small but ancieht towm in 
 ! Surrey. It is a burgh, and sends two 
 members to parliament. It has a weekly 
 market on Tuesday, and twm annual fairs 
 May 12th, and September 25tb. It in said 
 once to have had seven churches, aitjiougli 
 it has no\v only one. It lies 12 nriiles sw 
 of Guildford, and 42 of London; 
 j HasUngden, a town in Lancashire, with a 
 I market on Wednesday. It has 400 inha- 
 bitants, who have some manufactures of 
 woollen and cotton. The town is 16 miles 
 N by w of Manchester, ajid 204 mmw' of 
 London. 
 
 j JIaiselt, a town in the dipa?tment of 
 I Ourte, in the territory of Liege, Ncther- 
 ! Ismds, st.'inds on the Demsr. it .*3 1 4 mika 
 MW of Moestneht. 
 
 Ilaeseli, a fortified tpwm in the late re- 
 publican depanmentj'of Yces^:, Ilolla.nd, o» 
 •the Veebt, six miles n of a. id iO e of 
 
 Campen. 
 
 Hassfurt, a town of Fiunccida, in the 
 bishopric of Wurfzhurgh, on the river 
 Maine, 8 miles e of ochweltifus 'V 
 
 Ilasslach, a town of Suabia, in the BrL- ' 
 gaii, cri the iivCr KUyLxig, i 4 iniitis SSE iof 
 j Gerxgenback, - 
 
HAT 
 
 j^aslenhecf:, a town in Loir^ir Saxony," 
 Duchy of Eruapwici:. Here, in 1757, the 
 duke of Cumberland was defeated by the 
 FrvencU. It is 5 miles se of Hamel n. 
 
 Hastings, a town of Sussex, and the first 
 of those called the Cinque Forts. Stands 
 between a high c-'lr towards the sea. and a 
 high hill on the laud side, with a castle in 
 I'uins. The harbour, formerly of consider- 
 able cchsequence, is now an indifibrent road 
 for small vesae’s. H -swings contains 2 pa» 
 ndies, but only two churches. The numbe:; 
 of inhabitants, is about ;400O. This part re- 
 cjeived charters from Edward the Ccafcsuor, 
 William L Ci-.arles II. and several other of 
 cur kings, and has sCr.t members to parlia- 
 ment ever since the reign of Edward III. 
 There is a considerable fishery carried on 
 here. Hastings is much resorted to for eea- 
 balijing, and it has markets ^rcekly, on khed- 
 resday and Saturday. It is /.yoverned by a 
 mayor, and 1 2 jurats, %vba v/idi the freemen 
 resident, eEct 2 Tnembers of parl'ament. 
 Ha'siii'i’gs is fhmous as the scene of a bloody 
 laaul.e fought, in I0G6, herween William 
 Duke pf Normandy, and Harold II. of Eog- 
 land, ill whidi the latter after GO'OOO of his 
 troops had fallen, lost b's hfe, when all Seg- 
 iand 'submitted to Vfihiam, vrho had ever 
 aVtcrwards the name of the Conqueror, was 
 GOon after crowned king of England, and 
 introduced a new era into the annals of the 
 country. It is 24 miles e of Lewis, 40 e of 
 JBrightlfGlnistone, and 64 se of London. 
 
 Hatfield, Or Bishop's Hatfield, a town in 
 the county of Herts. It. takes the latter 
 liame from having once belonged to the bi- 
 thops of Ely, v/ho had a palace here, which, 
 with the manor, became alienated to the 
 crowm in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, wIjo 
 occasionally resided here, and w'as conducted 
 hence to be crowned at London. Hatfield 
 house, built by Sir Robert Cecil, afterw^ards 
 Earl of Salisbury, still belongs to that fa- 
 mily. A v/eeldy mmket is held on Thurs- 
 day. It is situated on the liver Lea, 20 
 miles NNvv of London. 
 
 Hatfield, a town in Massachussets, Hamp- 
 shire caun-}', w side of ihe Connecticut, be- 
 tween V. hitit and Hadley tliere is a ferry, 4 
 miles s X) to livid, and 5 x of N.,nh.ampton. 
 
 HafirUl Broad OB:, or King's Ha field, a 
 town in E*' sex, has a niavket oa SaUirday, 
 and a fair, August 5th. It is 29 miUs kne 
 oi Lon.l ;ii 
 
 Hatherkj, .. cerporato tbw'n ia P vensHre, 
 seated near che riv-.r Oko, with a consider 
 able w^i.okcu manuiacta.a'. it has - markets 
 weekly, on Ta.. ;A:ay and Eriday. It is 26 
 iniles Nav of Excicr, and 201 w by s ol' Lou- 
 don. 
 
 Hailcm, a f.owv', fn tjie l.nie ropubliv’aii 
 department, of V >1, \ 'l '. Lad. It is situ- 
 ated on f.he > ew cf Ew'cll and 
 
 15 N of Ecveiitwr. 
 
 H A t 
 
 &t£ems, a cape on the coast of h Ams* 
 rica. It extends far into the oceatq from 
 the coast of n Carolina, in lat 35 15 n. 
 
 Hatiingen, a town in Westphalia, in the 
 county of Mark, seated on the Rocr, 17 
 railes ENE of Dusseldorp. 
 
 Hatvan, a town and fort of Upper Hun- 
 gary, on a mountain, 20 miles ene of Bada, 
 
 Hv.tfieUl, a town and castle in theprinci- 
 paltry of Upper Hesse, Germany, capital of 
 a county of its name, situated on the Eder, 
 17 miles, enw of Marburg, and 56 swof 
 Cass el 0 
 
 licwannak, a city and sea-port of the H- 
 land of Cuba, 2 miles in circumference, and 
 capital o? the island., silu.ated on the n coast, 
 at the mouth of the river Lagidu. Ti.e har- 
 bour is capable cf conianiing, commodmusly^ 
 iOGO ships, 'ihe entrance into a.'c h.ivbour 
 IS, how’ever, extremely narrow, ?iT.id difficult 
 of access; it is fortified stron gry wuh plat- 
 forin?.. v'orks, anr? artillery, and 2 funs called^ 
 the ivloro and fefie FunUiL In the harbour 
 of tiie llavannah, the Spanish galleons and 
 ilma, contaia.sng ail rbeir American trsa-- 
 sure?,, acevanble, and saillram thence to Eu» 
 rope. Tlie Havannah ceiitcins i I churches-' 
 and monasteries: 'Tha juvisdiction of the 
 town cxiends to half the^ island; the other 
 half beloiigs to St Jago T/iis city was taken- 
 by the Eugiisb in 1762, and restored- to the 
 Spaniards next year’'* In 181 0, it suffered 
 severely by a huiTicane succeeded by an 
 earthquake. Lon. S2 18 w, lat 23 12 n. 
 
 Havant, a to’wii in Kants, containing 
 about 500 houses, market on Saturday. Ik 
 13 7 miles ne of Portsmouth, and 66 w by s 
 of London. 
 
 Havelberg-, a town in Upper Saxony, and 
 Mark of Fregnitz, situated on the Havel, 
 wiiich sLirrcimds and forms i: into an island. 
 Many vessels for the navigation of the Elbe 
 are built here, and great quantities, of wood 
 are sent from hence to Hamburgh. It is 1 Q 
 miles KNB of Stendal, and 57 ^«w of Bran- 
 denburg. 
 
 Havenslein, a towm in Suabia, capital of Q 
 country to which it gives name. The coun- 
 try contains rich mines of iron, and is di- ■ 
 vided into 8 communities. The town is si- 
 tuated near the Rhine, 13 milt's nw of Bol- 
 den. 
 
 Haverford, VA'sf, a burgh of S Wales, " 
 in Pornbr: keshire situaled on the rive^ 
 Dc.Ujr^letiy, which soon after rn-ers a creek ^ 
 of Mcifoi dhaven. It is a county of itself, ' 
 and is governed by a niaym*, common coun- 
 cil, sheriff, dc. and scirds one member to 
 pcrliairicpt. It lies on toe side of a hill, and 
 consists of 29 streets. Toe houses are allof 
 s'ojue, and the inhabitants are computed at ^ 
 about 5500. It has 5 parish churches, and 
 cons derabic trade. The county gaol and 
 as izw'S' are kept here. Its ancient wall and . 
 castle are now demolished, Xhewer is 
 
>igable for ships of burden ; and there is a | 
 ccinmodious quay for landing goods, and a ; 
 custom-house ; two markets weekly, on 
 Tuesday and Saturday, are well supplied 
 with provisions, it is 15 miles ese of St 
 David. 52 w of Caermarthaii, and 255 w by 
 N of London. Lou. 5 0 w, lat. 51 5p n. 
 
 Haverhflly a pest town in Bqw rlamp- 
 sbire, and capital of Grafton county, situated 
 on the E side of Connecticut river. It is 32 
 miles N by e of Hanover, and iiO wnw of 
 Portland. 
 
 a handsome post- town in Essex 
 county, Massach assets, situated on |;he k side 
 of Hfcirimack river, across which is an ele- 
 gant bridge, connecting this town v;iih Brcd- 
 ferd. Some vessels are built here, and It has 
 a inanufaciuie of Canvass. It is about 12 
 miles from Newbury Port, and 52 ww of 
 Boston. 
 
 Ilaverili a town situated partly In Suf- 
 folk, aud partly in Essex, with, a rnaiket on 
 Wednesday, aud a maivuracture of checks, 
 coUons, and fustisns. it is 16 iHles sv/ of 
 Buiy, and 59 ne of London. 
 
 Jlaversa-^r a small island near the vr coast 
 of tlie island of Skye. 
 
 Hdvra ds Grace^: a sea-port in tlie depart- 
 ment cf the Lower Seine, France, with a 
 strong citadel, a good arsenal, end store- 
 houses. It is situated at tlie mouth of the 
 Seine. The barboiir has peculiar advan- 
 tages over all the rest on the coast ; the wa- 
 ter does not begin to ebb here tills hours 
 after the full tide. It co.ntaib's 2 churclies, 
 an hospital, and tewn-heuse. It is defended 
 by lofty walls, and large ditches filled with 
 water. The town was bombarded by the 
 English in 1691, and 1759. It is 45 miles 
 w of Roven, and i 12 kw of Paris. Lon. 
 0 16 s, lat. 49 29 N. 
 
 Havre de Grace, a post- town and' port cf 
 entry in Hartford county, Maryland, on the 
 w side of Susqiiehannah river, at its mouth 
 in Chesapeak bay, 37 miles ke of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Housen, a lordship and town in Suabia, 
 belonging to the princes of Forstcrlv erg, i i 
 SchwartEwaide, on the Ku.tzig, 16 irhies ke 
 of Friburg. 
 
 Haute liivf, a town in the department 
 .Garonne, France, on the Ariicge, 10 miles 
 s of Toulouse. 
 
 Hauiviiliersy a town in the departmerd: of 
 il^Hrne, France, stands on the OO-irne, has 
 a rich abbey, and is 16 Riilcs s i;y e of 
 Rhehns. 
 
 Hawarden, a town in Flintshi e, Wiles ; 
 market on Saturday. It has a consider, lac 
 manufacture of earthen v.are, und foundeiy 
 of cannon. On an epijinecce tovvaid'^ .tic; 
 Dee, are the ruins t-f .-ui o.;d c? she, 10 miles 
 
 of Flint, aud 196 nw oi London. 
 
 Hawes, a, town in L.c N Riding of Yoik- 
 
 and fail’s on Whitsunday Tuesday and SepL 
 '28tb. It lies about 8 miles w of Askrig. 
 
 Haivick, a considerable to'wn in iiox- 
 burghshire, on the river Tiviot, miles sw 
 of Berwick, and 47 se by s of EJiniurgh, 
 It is a free burgh' of barony, the burgesses- 
 elect their magistrates annushy; 2 balJes,, 
 and 2 representatives of each 01 the 7 iricor- 
 porations, which with 15 standing counsel-; 
 lors, elected for life, manage the tiFairs of 
 the town. A considerable trade is cari ltd oix 
 in the manufacture of woollen cloth, carpets, 
 inkles, and stockings. There is a weekly 
 raarket, and 4 annual fairs. Tiie parish of" 
 Hawick is about 16 miks long, and 4 and a- 
 half broad. The surface is irregular, ' but 
 affords excellent pasture. Near the town iii 
 an extensive nursery of plants, ^shrubs, arxd 
 flowers, both iiidegenous and cxodc. In the 
 parish are a number of encampments., parti- 
 cularly at Catraii, and w of the t-owm. an artN 
 ficial mound or moat, Gauvin Douglassp, 
 afterwards, bishop of Donkeld, was inducted 
 rector of Hawick, in 1496. Population is 
 about 3,68S. 
 
 Hawke Island, a small island, near the .k 
 coast of Labrador. Lon.- 55 30 w, iat. 55- 
 iO w. 
 
 Ilawleshimj, a town of New S Wales, 
 witli a chapel and a free sebooJ, stands on a 
 river of the same name, which annually in- 
 undates the adjacent country, 30 miles wNvr 
 of Sydney. 
 
 IlawkesheMd, a town in Lancashire, w 
 banks of Winandermere lake. It has an ex- 
 cellent free school, and a market on Mon- 
 day, with 4 annual fairs. It is 24 miles 
 irNw of Lancaster, and 273 jtnw of London* 
 
 . Ilaivthornden, a venerable mansion on a 
 romantic site, on the banks of the N Esk, 
 6 miles se cf Edinburgh, celebrated us having; 
 been the residence of Whiliam Drummond^, 
 the poet and historian. 
 
 Haw's Water, a lake of Westmoreland S 
 of Penrith, 8 miles long, and half a mile over 
 in some places; it is almost divided in the 
 middie i)y a promontory, so that it consists 
 of two sheets cf water, 
 
 JF/ay, a town of South Wales, in Breck- 
 nockrfdre, wiih aUi'^rke? on Saturday. About 
 _ u.i.is below the vowo .?re the ruins of the 
 once famous C:.ift'o/d Gaslle, where fair Rc- 
 sainond w ;s born. Day appears to have 
 been weil known to the Rom an .s. It is si- 
 tuated between the Wye and Dul is, 15 
 miros NE of Brecknock, and 156 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 lixiydon, a Allege of Northumberland, 
 iviih a bridge of 5 arc her, over the Tyne. 
 Heiearethe verierabie remains of a castle, 
 seared on thebrii k of a rorinidable precipice, 
 ?-nd appears to leave been of great magni- 
 tude and st.-engih. . 
 
 a town In (he department 01 .^, 
 Ir;:.u5 and Loux-, France, . seated 
 
H E B 
 
 
 Creusd, flife birth-place of Des Cartes^ 25 
 miles s of Tours, 
 
 “ Hnyn^ See Gro^ishayn. 
 
 Hayti. See Domingo^ St» j 
 
 • Hazebroucky a town in the department of j 
 the North, France, 1 8 miles w of Lillie, and j 
 19 s of Dunkirk.- 
 
 Head ford, a town in Galway county, Ire- 
 land, 12 miles N of Galway. 
 
 Headon, or Hey don, a small pleasant well 
 built town of Yorkshire, with a market on | 
 Thursday, and four annual fairs It is a | 
 burgh, and sei'ids 2 members to parliament, | 
 who are elected by about 1 40 freemen. It ! 
 rs 6 miles E of Hull, and ! 82 nw of London, 
 
 Hean, a town in the kingdom of Toii- 
 quin, Asia, on the Hoti, 20 miles se of Co- 
 chao, and GO nw of the gulf of Tonquin. 
 
 HEBRIDES, or Western Islat^ds, a 
 jiame given to about 500 islands, great and | 
 small, inhabited and uninhabited on the ‘W’ j 
 coast of S-j Jtiartd, extendmg‘from the north- 
 ern extrerr^ity of Lewis, in lat. 58 55 to the 
 island of S mda, on the be cOast of Cantyre, 
 in lat. 55 18 Tliey form 25 large parishes, 
 Containing about 55,000 inhabitants, a great j 
 part of whom are Roman CutheU 'Si, Gselic ] 
 is the prevailing language. Druidical cir- 
 cles, Danish forts, and old churciies or cha- 
 pels abound almost everywhere The prin- 
 cipal of them arc Skye, St Kilda, Lewis, 
 Tirce Barra Harris, North and Sotit i Uist, 
 Staffi, Cannay, Mull, Islay, Juray Seuhe- j 
 b'ula, &c T^y were long possessed by the 
 jMacdonaldr, ir?dependent of the kings of [ 
 Scotland. l^ieir chiel' residence was the j 
 castls of Dunivcg, upon the site of which 
 now stands one of the churches of Campbel- 
 ton, 
 
 HEBRIDES, New, a cluster of islands 
 in the S Pacific ocean, first discovered by . 
 'Quiros. in 1606, wdio supposed tlrem to have 
 been the S continent, and called them Tie^'m 
 'Australia del Espirito Santo. M. Bougain- 
 ville landed on ore of them in 1768 ; but ' 
 they were not discovered to bo a group of i 
 islands till Captain Cook explored them in 
 1774. Tiie principal islands are Tierra del 
 Espiritu Santo, snq Mailicollo, besides seve- 
 ral of less note, some of which arc from 1 3 
 to 25 leagues in circuit. They are in ge- 
 neral mimntainons. and abound with wmed 
 and water. Their princip'd productions are 
 bread-fruit, cocoa-nut.^, piaTitains* yams, and 
 sugar-canes The inhabitants have not all 
 the s ime appearance in theditFerent islnnd.s; 
 most of them have a slender make} swarthy 
 colour, and frizzled hair, Apfeat civil and 
 hospiuhle, but have .'carceiy ^finy ^nmufac- 
 d.uros. even for clothing, except for arni'^ur. 
 They are hospitable, and good r.aturei. cX' 
 tept when rendered jealous by the Ens^i- 
 peans. Lon. 166^ 40, to 170 2i e, lat J 4 
 50, to 20 5 s. ' " ^ ' 
 
 Hib-ron, » in Syii.i, 
 
 Tlie Ghflstiass have n church here, 
 they say contain-s the tombs of Abraham and 
 Sarah, to which the Mahometans, as well as 
 Christians, come on pilgrimage* Constan- 
 tine built a church bore, the walls of xvhich 
 are still standing. It is 25 miles sw of 
 Jerusalem. , . . 
 
 Hechingen, a town in^Suabia, which is 
 the residence of tlie prince, has a castJe. anfi 
 gives^ name to a branch of the family of 
 HohaRsoliern. .1 1 situated »n the Stary el. 
 four miles n of Kohenzollern, and 52 esz of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Hechosoa, a town of Sonora, Nev/. Spain, 
 stands on the Hiaqui, 25 miles from its 
 mouth in the gulf of Califorai?, a,:d 41 nw 
 of Guitivis. 
 
 Hecla, Mount. See Iceland. 
 
 HsdemoTMy 9 comaierci?*.! tovvn in Dalecar« 
 lia, Sweden. It has a large inanafacture- 
 of gun powder, and is situated ©n the Dahl. 
 It is 50 miles sse of Fahlun, and 55 nw ai 
 Upsal. 
 
 HE Die, a small island in the .Atlantic, 
 about 15 miles from the roast cf F/^ce, 
 cMefy mhabited by fishermm. Lon., 2 
 38 w, lat. 47 25 N. 
 
 ■Hedon. See Headon. 
 
 HesremeAn., a town of Friesland, Hoi* 
 larbi, 17 miles s hy e of Lewarden. 
 
 Hdddbergy a town of Ger ms ny, in, th- 
 circle of the Lower Rhine, and capital of 
 the Palatinate, ceded to Baden, ia 180y?. 
 It is situated on the s side of the N^kar, 
 4ind surrounded vyith walls. At present, ic 
 is small, though v/ell built. It l>as an uni- 
 versity, founded in 1386> composed of 20 
 profie'jBors. It has three churches, upwards 
 of 20 fountains, and six gates. It .is much 
 celebrated for a nGuignlficent cask, called the 
 tun of Heidelkergy which holds 800 iK*gs- 
 heads Of good Rhenish wine,, The inhabi- 
 tants manufacture wotllen stuffs, silk stock- 
 ings, carpets, velvets, and soap. In 1695, 
 the protestmife electorate Jipuae becametex- 
 tinct, and a destructive war ensued, in .which 
 the oasde was ruined, and the Elisctor re- 
 moved to Manheim. It xvas taken by the 
 French, in 1 800. .. Heidelberg : 44 miles 
 siE of Menu, and 528 of Frankfort. X*on. 
 8 58 latv ^O 2i if. 
 
 Heidelberg, a bandsome town in Dauphins 
 county, Fonnsyivania, with two German 
 churches ; 74 miles wnw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Heica, fi, town of Prussian Potnerelia, 
 at lihe m©ulh of the Vistula, c.o n headland 
 that, projects into the Baltic, 26 miles ^ne of 
 •D ntaic.' * > ^ 
 
 Heitbron, a town in Saabia, . ceded to 
 the Prince of Wirtemberg in d.^02. It is 
 '.vtll built, ar.d contauis kbree churches, a 
 ;j 3 minary, and public baths. . It is seated in 
 ’ coinit'y yielding g<. od wine, stands on the 
 Neckar, 25 miles.N of StuUg'su'd, and 26 sk 
 . of Htidolberg. Loa. 9 26^, M AS, 40 
 
lieillqenleH, a town of t!ia province of 
 Natail^en, seated on a sinaVl river vvhicb 
 so in after falls into the Fristh-IIiiff. aOcUs ^ 
 celebrated for white bread and line beer, 
 iijiles sw of Konigsbtjrg, 
 
 ildlf^enbc 7 % a Suabb., prinejpa- 
 
 ilty of Farstenburg, a»id capital of a coliiity, 
 
 1 miles NNZ of Const'ir.ce. 
 
 jlcW^nhofen, a sea port town in lioK 
 Mem, on the' Baltic, epposbe the island of 
 Fcmeren. It is do miles n of Lubcc. 
 
 liaifgcnstadt, the capital of the tcrritosy 
 of Eidisfeld, Germany, slands ut the jane 
 t:or of the Geisiand, and Leina, has * ^ - 
 lego and a castle ; and is 17 miles se of 
 Gottmgen. Lon. 10 10 e, lat. 51 id n. 
 
 IL vsbci'g. a town of Prussia, in the pro* 
 viitc of ErineliUid, Here, in 1 /05, 
 CHiailes XTl of Sweden, hxed his iicad 
 qipiMcrs. It stands on the Alla, d5 iiiiscs 
 i\ of Kouigsberg. Lon. 20 30 e, lai. 54 
 4 ir. 
 
 Holder, a town of Holland, with a strong 
 fort which deferids the entrance of tlie rcKCi. 
 The foit was taken by the Brhirih, in 1799, 
 and the jwboVe Dutch ileet lyh'.g in ihe 
 T»n:ci liurrendered to them, for ceutOt cl 
 the p‘iriCe of Orange. They soon a.tciWcrft | 
 rclrnqiiished the fort, v;hic='. st inns opposite 
 the w end of Texel island, 24 cf 
 
 Alemac^. Lon. 4 34 e, lat. 53 O n. 
 
 HEIiENA, St, an is! -.nd in the Atlantic 
 ocean, belonging io too English East iinha 
 Company.' It lies bctwocd the continents 
 of S America and Africa, about 1 2 nules w 
 of the iattei- and ]-€00 e of the L rmer, in 
 Ion. 5 49 w, lat. 15 55 s. Its circumference 
 is -about 27 miles. It is in general rocky 
 and mountainous, but generally piea^ant and 
 fertile. Populati.on, 2,000. nie t jwn called 
 Jamestown, situated at the bottom oi a bay, 
 on the s side of the island, between two 
 steep mountains, is small, but well defended; 
 t' o bididings are plain, but neat. Although 
 H e ibiand be subject to want of rain, the 
 Idl’s and*vallics are covered with verdure, 
 j-.mi interspci. (d with plantations, gardens, 
 fc'vd orcli&rds, and the pastures are covered 
 v/iih cattle, sheep and goats. Poultry is 
 abr.ridsnt. 
 
 Helen, St, a village in Hampshire, e end 
 of the Isle of Wight, it has a hay an i road 
 of conridei^abie note. Here, outward boutid 
 slops, that are detained by tvesterly w inds, 
 u: uaily rendezvous, two rniles ne of'BradIng, 
 and filu.ut seven s of Portsraoulh. • Lon. 1 
 J w, lat. 50 44 N. 
 
 Helens^ St, a village in Lancuohirc, three 
 niiics of Pjescot. Not long since tiiis 
 v% a sjY»fvU village, but isTiOw an elegant, 
 ia'go .and populous market and manufac- 
 ttiiing town, .Here is the- British plate* 
 oLss m/niufactory, the buildings of w'hicli 
 cover .50 acies, and the work employs about 
 men. A st’iam online er'-^cb-'i 
 
 15 years ago, perfirms die tverk of 
 men. in grindi.rg and pc' dring the platasa,. 
 Gere is also a copper >vk H^re the 
 Sankey canal, which by .* circ^cteip course 
 j T=:c Mersey, Ldew Werringten, takes 
 
 a vi-lage in the paidfi of 
 Uo'w, f-e-v i .y sc.eed on -he n hr.nk vftbe 
 tlydr, hi Don -.anon, hui, mecU frequ'-nted 
 by siu (eahtit’s. 
 
 ilefflrd, A s.eudl fishing fowm of Carnvvall, 
 three Miles sw of Fhmouth. 
 
 Hdier, St. the cc, IvA (.d. Jersey, c- iiic 
 bay of St. AuLie. w;hi a ’:arh:.^ur and etrong 
 pid? Pi^yulatieo 2.000. It has- reanu- 
 ihetares of wculien gteebings ana cape. \ At 
 Old top of the market niace is a- suh-ur of 
 George II., raid ir; the caiyc’-, 
 
 ; ers a"e read altern&te-y m pieu'-o i^nd 
 Enghs'r, is a monumcit o.u me ■ c-'. '’y cd 
 M 2 ij.-r Pkrson, who 0 5 here in ihi moment 
 pef victviy. L n, 2 ’O w. lat 49 e. 
 
 liditr, St, a simdl isiatnl fiF-av fh: -ov-ii 
 of ihe same iiiujc in t^/e hay cf Ss, \iain, 
 on me s ‘^ice of Jersey. It had its Aamo 
 from iGcilus, -i* U litov, a icbpiqus man 
 who ih’Ci xij HiiO wii s> -i by 
 
 the Noriaius In meu,my cC !iim ja c..-ble 
 abbey was uumclrd, 5..n the si^e o v^oicli 
 Ersabeth Casiic, t.m renfei-cer i^he n 
 and g.iyyjson, of Jersey noiv . i;ds. A^ -ow 
 water there is a pss- age to ‘lie U vva ot 
 St. Hclipr. ' 
 
 HELIGOLAND, an Hand in the 
 North sea, nearh^ oppoide the niOUtos o£ 
 the Eyder, Elbe> and '^eser, belonging to 
 Denmark, seized by the Brit»s|i, ui L o/. 
 It is' about nine miles in c.rou.'iaCTencG, 
 with a light* house. Ecu. 8 25 e, lut, 54 
 
 £2 N. 
 
 ' Heliopolis, a town of Egypt. 
 the Village of Materca, colelrated for a 
 spring of fiCah water, said to be ibo only 
 one in Egypt, and accovFng to trauitiov^, 
 the holy Emily carhe here, v' lien tn 2 y 5 I 
 from Herod, and hdh^d the chh : Jems in 
 this fount:iin, i:i IcOO, t* e i ieucn 
 
 gained a decisive vLlory over dig huiks. 
 
 Hell's CkugJh a hiu of Srvtbud, iu the 
 paridi of Kir':<iiid, in Pcehlss- shire, 2,IuS 
 feet above the level of the seu. 
 
 HJl Gate, a celebrated, st- dt ne .r the v/ , 
 .end of Ldng Isbpud sound, cry ■'die fa 
 HaerleiTi, in Fork i 'laird, ar i al:- * t <-ignt 
 miles E of Now York- 
 
 Ilell's Skerries, a cmsisr of smed e hulls, 
 10 miles w cf il-um-rsiand. 
 
 HcUhh, a of A vi ^ic Yuik. y, r-« ‘he 
 Arabian Irak, ..a the Eiv ic s ,..- ' v-ed 
 to stand Oil .he site ol 'iie avu-u r-t > a. 
 The b jrroiwah :g . , ,rdens . hlied wi ' -uh 
 
 tree ’..'.rii't; i- ' • lUv' a>'i, ..cvo i..-- r' -''T** 
 
 I aiico H a 7 . nrues sir oi 17 
 
 Ij Lon. 5 E, U t N. 
 
 d :{de'^‘r.e:^i 2 isrh ‘far < in 'h- -g-.F; d •/ 
 5 K 
 
iiessc-r C^ssei German^^, on the Dlemer, 
 ir/ile^ w ot Goftingcn. 
 
 Hahnstadt, a town in Lower Saxony, and 
 pnncipaixty of Wolfenbuttel, has an. uni- 
 versity, and is 22 miles ne of Brunswick. 
 
 Melmonti a town or Dutch Brabant, on 
 the n.n, has. a strong eastlcy and is 17 miles 
 EE of Eois-ie- Due. 
 
 Helm sd ale y a river of Scotland, which 
 descends from the mountains bordering on 
 Caithness' shire, and roiling over its rocky 
 bottom toward the Ord of Caithness. At 
 Its mqiitli, in- the German ocean, is a PXicd 
 sairnou fishery, 
 
 Helmsle^, a, town in the N Riding of 
 Yorkshire. It has a considerable manu- 
 facture of cotton and linen ; market on 
 Saturday ; seated on the Rye, 20 miles k of 
 York, and 2 J 8 N by w of London, 
 
 .. Helsingburgy a sea port in the province of 
 ^hoiicn, Sweden, on the sound, opposite 
 Llsinore. It has manufactures of ribbands, 
 ha.iS, and boots. There is a ferry hence 
 across the Sound to Denmark, five miles 
 of Elsinore. Lon. 12 40 e, lat. 56 
 
 ^ X. 
 
 Hel&ingJhrSt a fortified town and chief 
 m the province of Nyland, Sweden. The 
 i^rbour which is large ami commodious, 
 is in the guif of Finland. Here is the im- 
 litense fortress of Svveaborg, built on seven 
 small islands, three ot which communicate 
 by bridges ; 1 1 0 miles KSE of Abo. Lon. 
 25 d E, hit. 60 10 sr. 
 
 ^ iiELSINGL AND, a province in Nord- 
 tand, ^w'eden, about 210 miles in length, 
 find from 50 to 80 in breadth ; with large 
 mtQsts and a number of iron mines, situated 
 between Deleparlia and the gulf of Bothnia. 
 ^Ihc pi*oporiion, of arable land is small, but 
 icrtije. 1 he chief articles of commerce are 
 Tvon, linen, tallow,, butfer, tar, deals, 
 
 timber, &c. Ihe principal towii is Hud•^ 
 dick^walk. 
 
 Heisingocr, a town of Denmark, on the 
 coast of iJcalimd, near the Bound. It is 
 the richest and most beautiful town of the 
 island, except Copenhagen. All merchant 
 jwessels passing through the Sound, pay a 
 duty at this place ; on vrhich account every 
 nation that trades to the Baltic has its consul I 
 bsre. It is 20 miles n of Copenhagen,, 
 X»on. 12 57 E, lat. 56 2 n. 
 
 iiTg/silon, a borough in Corn vvall, governed 
 
 by a mayor, With a market on Monday, 
 seated on the Lee', near its entrance into 
 mount bay. It is one of the Sunnaries or ( 
 towns in which tin is stamped. It has a 
 large market house and guild halL Ihe 
 sUr‘ple and spire of the church ate 90 feet 
 high, it is large and populous, and, lias a 
 >roovI trade. It sends two membwsto pa.- 
 1 icr.t. A lil le Ic-Jovv is a harbpur, I I 
 sw 1.1 l-7'l wvby s vf 
 
 LcCt 5 id Tf, L/i, £;.■ b ju. , 
 
 LIELYiETf^e REir<jBJ.ic, one of the 
 modern democratic states of Europe formed 
 j by the French- out of the ei.devant cantons 
 , of Swii3erland.,ir.Soe Switz^rlaki). The 
 j country of the Orisons,- ^^eiccepting the Val- 
 teline, ClVi&veimas and was united 
 
 to dlls republic oiv the lOth April, 1 799, 
 
 Helvoetsluys, a strong sea port town on 
 the island of :Voom, S Holland. It is the 
 wdmary port for English packets fxom 
 Harwich. Here some of the Dutch men 
 ot war are laid up in ordinary, it was 
 taken by the French, in 1795; and is seven 
 miles w by s of Briel. Lon 4 0$, lat. 5i 
 
 h&mmendorfy a town in Lower Saxon% 
 and principality of Calenberg, situated on 
 the Saale, 12 miles e of Hameln. 
 
 Hempstead; or Hemel- He^npstead, a cor- 
 porate town in Hertfordshire, stands among 
 liilis on the Gade, with a large corn marked, 
 on Thursday. It is 18 miles w of Hert- 
 ford, and 25 nw of London. i 
 
 Hems, a city of Syria, surrounded by 
 walls three miles in circuit, but at present 
 only about a fourth part of the area Tn the 
 N quarter is inhabited. On a high round 
 mount, to the s of the town, v is a castle 
 ill Jiiins faced with slate. It stands on . d 
 sm.rfi river, which falls into the Orantiii 
 and is 95 miles of S Aleppo. Lon. ©T 
 20 E, lat. 54 25 N. , . , 
 
 Heng- Teheoii, a city of the lii*st ranks, . in 
 I the province of Houquang, China, seatedorl 
 the Heng; the principal manufacture , vk 
 paper; 840 miles ssw of Peking. . Lorn, ill 
 40 .R, lat. 26 56 N. 
 
 Henley, a town in Oxfordshire, ;govemed 
 by a mayor, seated on the Thames, oi*er 
 which is a stone bridge. There is a lai^ 
 weekly market on AVednesday, Friday, and 
 Saturday. The church is ancient, but . the 
 houses are modern, and the streets spacious^ 
 
 1 he chief trade is in beach- wood, . corn, 
 flour, and malt. . It has four annual fairs; 
 24 miles se of Oxford, and 55 w of Xoa- 
 dou. 
 
 Hi^nley In Arden, a town lof WtH wick* 
 sbire, witir a market on Tuesday^ stands oa 
 the , Alne, 15 miles s by E.of Birmingham^ 
 and 101 w'lfw of Loudon. 
 
 HENNEJBERG, a county and princtr 
 pality ill Franconia. It is about 24 miles 
 from N ,to s, and 22 ilrom e to w. It con-j 
 tains some .extensive forests and mouutaihs 
 with mines pf copper, silver, iroii, ami steeU 
 several medicinal springs and salt-works:. 
 
 It has 15 towns. Capital is of the same 
 Hjamc. In it are still seen some vestiges of 
 the castle of its ancient counts, four miles 
 ssw of Meinungem , , . . i , 
 
 Ilcnvebfin,, in the department jpf 
 
 rjarbihau,. Francei on the Biavetj 
 
 22 miles, inv of-Vaunet. It contaks abmu 
 
tshle {rede in coni, iron, honey, Lon. 5 
 
 3 w, iat. 4T 4S N. . o 
 
 Mtmisrsdorf, a town in Upper Saxony, 
 formally, in the Middie Mark orBrauden-. 
 two miles se of Teltow, 
 
 Mdiiricbevimitj a town in the department 
 of Cher, Brance, stands on the Saudre, 15 
 miieo NNE of Boorges. 
 
 Henry, Cape, the S Cape of Virginia, at 
 iha entrance of the Chesapeak bay. Lon. 7 6 
 5 w, lat. SQ 56 k. 
 
 HepiKuheimy a town in the circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, Germany, 12 miles e of 
 Heidelberg. 
 
 Heppinlieim, a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnerro, France, four miles sw of 
 Worms. 
 
 Herahlu See Erekli* 
 
 ; Heraty a city, formerly the capital of 
 {IJhorasan, Persia. The vicinity abounds 
 with excellent fruit, and roses are so nu- 
 merous that it is called The City of Roses, 
 ifa their language Surgultzar. It stands on 
 ai fiver of the same name, 160 miles ss of 
 Mesched* Lon. 61 30 s, lat. 54 50 n. 
 
 HER AULT, a department of France, 
 which bus its name from a river which falls 
 into-the gulf of Lyon, it includes part of 
 Languedoc. It is one of the richest conn- 
 tries in France, producing corn, v,ine, oil, 
 fine wool, and silk, i IT great abundance. 
 Montpellier is the capital. 
 
 Herbemont, a town in the department of 
 Forests, Netherlands, sltuMed on a moun- 
 tain near the Semoy, 20 miles w of Arion. 
 
 M&rbarn, a town in Westphalia, and prin- 
 cipality of Nassau Dillenburg, seated on the 
 Pilie, has a famous Calvinistic academy. 
 The chief trade is forging and manufac- 
 turing iron ; eight miles sse of Dillenburgh, 
 Lon. 8 54 E, lat. 50 34 n. 
 
 Hi^rculaneunty an ancient city of Naples, 
 totally overwhelmed by an eruption of 
 Mount Vesuvius, in the beginning of the 
 reign of the emperor Titus. Something of 
 this city was discovered, in 1689, and 1711. 
 In the researches that have been frequently 
 made by digging among the ruins, since 
 1718, a great number ot statues, busts, 
 paintings, manuscripts, &c. have been found. 
 The village of Fortiei now stands on its 
 seat. 
 
 Hei'dickey or Marten Herdicke, a town 
 in Westphalia, situated on the Ruhr, con- 
 taining three churches for different religions, 
 and a noble secular abbey, for both Roman 
 catholic and protestant ladies. It is lour 
 miles sw of Schwerte. 
 
 Hereford, a city, situated on the V/ye, 
 near the Centre of the county, of which it is 
 tlic capital, and to which it gives name. It 
 contains about 6,828 inhabitants, and is a 
 bishop’s see. The government is rested in 
 a mayor and aldermen, i-*art cf the 
 
 three of the six gate% 
 
 with the castle, sre demolished. Besiues 
 the cathedral, it has four churches, several 
 dissenting meeting houses, and a free school 
 witli several exhibitions at each of the tmi- 
 vejsities. There are three markets weekly, 
 on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. Its 
 principal manufacture is gloves. Hhe as- 
 sizes for the county and the quarter sessions 
 for the county are held here. This city has 
 suffered much by the hostile armies, from 
 the time of the Saxons and Britons down to 
 the civil wars, in the reign of Charles 1. 
 Devereux, Viscount Hereford is the Fromier 
 Viscount in Eagiand; 24 miles wsw of 
 Worcester, and 155 wnw of London. Lon. 
 
 2 55 w, lat. 52 4 N. 
 
 HEREFORDSHIRE, a county of 
 England. The mean length is about 57 
 miles, and the breadth 58. It is divided 
 into 1 1 hundreds, which centain one city, 
 Hereford, six market towns, 221 parishes, 
 about 17,000 houses, and 89,1 91 inltabitants. 
 j The market towns are Leominster, Weobf*)’, 
 Ledbury, Kington, Ross, and Bromyard 5 
 the two first, the city of- Hereford, and ih‘* 
 county, return each two members to par- 
 liament. The principal rivers’are the Wye, 
 and the Munnow, or Myoow. ThecMmate 
 is mild, and the land generally fertile, 
 ducing excellent corn, hops, and fruit, as is 
 evident from the Leominster bread, ^'/eobly 
 j ale, and Herefordshire cider. Apples of which 
 the latter is made are more abundant, and 
 of better quality here, dianfn any othe2’ coun- 
 ty in England; they are foimd in plenty in 
 the hedge row's* llie (kco cf the coimtiry 
 is rich, beautirm, and picturesque. une 
 sheep of this country are generally smrtlU 
 but afford a fleece little inferior to tbo 
 Spanish w'ook The cattle are deemed the 
 best in England. 
 
 Hcrencia, a town of New Castile, Spain, 
 48 miles SE of Toledo* 
 
 Herenlhals, a town in the department of 
 the two Nelbes, in Brabant, on the Ncthe, 
 20 miles >’E of Louvain. Lon. 4 54 e, lat. 
 51 13 N. 
 
 Herford, or Herverdeuy a town in West- 
 phalia, in the county of Ravensberg, on the 
 Vferra and Aa, which divide it inta three 
 parts. It conUins about 800 houses, and a 
 nunnery belonging to the protestants of the 
 Augsburg confession. The town has som^ 
 trade in ale and linen ; is 10 miles ne Oi 
 Ravensburg, and 20 sw of Minden. 
 
 TIergrundst, a town of Hungary, lamous 
 for its rich mines of copper. The miners 
 have built a subtenaiujous town, xvi.ich is 
 very populous ; 71 luiles N of Buna. Lon* 
 19 56 E, ittt. 48 56 N. 
 
 HEFvI, an idand in the Indian occa*^ 
 not more Ilian two miles in cucuit, 
 fertile snd populous; two miles k>'vv of 
 |i T’ornate. 
 
 ‘ a n cf France- iu the 
 
 S K 2 
 
HE R 
 
 HER 
 
 3 1 "f 
 
 .Lure 
 
 hE^47^;lK„ 
 
 a psrj Kuinbupglir/tare, about 
 ur ’c'tJgth, and ; six .iu brjeadth, 
 
 ^ getif^al appearance 'Js Jiiilv, but it 
 Pp^'ii'c. ;.jPopiilatipfi is about 
 of I^riot is, about 16 i 
 a. ^lnearj 
 
 th's y;..:gc is a tircre of stones 70 or 6.0 
 :f'^ ond 0^;^% a stone. on | 
 
 w.itdi A ^c>‘Uan, ipaiued.; ^Glbb was! 
 
 burnt ior w I .engraft. / . ' . . ' i 
 
 the canloiiorAppen- (, 
 
 z. 
 
 a, .t;iwn. in , the cjepaftmenfc of 
 biijhopric of Giege, 
 \Vi li 1 cpsrae, situated pii the Maese, three 
 Liege. ■ . 
 
 e of . the, uVIyscre, Hin- 
 
 s,taxids oa^.tUe Veda wall, 26 miles 
 ocra* 
 
 ,, A town in the territory of Liegy^ 
 
 cl river of the same name, 
 ;K-.r «„ j.,nrLum will. Ti^e Demer, 20 rmles 
 
 iX ?V' .-1/7’ r.'.n-. town f.'f a cxjur.ty of the 
 Y:-ih. N sMeo" .i\iohawk. 
 
 W!: »»; ciSU'lV'n . ilS'Ci 60 
 
 , i ■' . < s' I 
 
 f ■ i , .:>cvv Y: 
 
 K\ !■ f-^V.r;/;;!:.; OE.. of 
 >> O:. u'i: ' ■ -'f. 
 
 Ii-ii>‘',h‘itiStiidL capit.-e yi iraiisyjvxiD/:; 
 
 tl.at s,cet, from wlaid. they vrere ili nominated 
 
 rlerniiutr.ers. 
 
 HeMnick a town in Franconia, Gcr- 
 inasiy, , in. tile, terri(n>-y ,of : Nurambera, 
 seated <» the Piegniiafis colsb,ated iorho^ 
 and olrong^ beer ; je miWat <,f .JJu^fetber^ 
 
 MertJ§rd, a borougn and the capital ojf 
 the (;punty to whiplv it giv^s- name, cn th^ 
 iver Lea,, which is navigable for baruKS; 
 ile^e, m S79, the Banes e*:ec^ted two iTxi^ 
 lor security pf their ship^pg,/ Mtt 
 
 .^flTed, turning the course of^he river, ieft 
 their vessels on dry ground. A castle. bulb; 
 here oy .c^dward, Alfred’s eldest son,- has 
 oUep been a royal residence. Once there 
 were five, but now only two churches, it 
 ha^ a superb spire hall, a large county gaoh 
 and ar4 eiegunt hospital belonging to 
 Cnrists nospital. in London. Chad well 
 basi.^, the liead of the New river, is about 
 10 miles to the e. The ni-igistracy is vested 
 m a mayor and aldermen, burgesses, Xcc 
 It contains about, 3,300 inhabitants. There 
 are t\vo markets weekly, pn Thursday and 
 Saturday ; the chi.T commo^iitias arc wheat, 
 malt, and wool. It returns two mernbera 
 to parliament It is 21 miles n of Londoni 
 Lou. 0 / E, lat. 5i 50 N. 
 
 ^ Ileryiird, a post-town in Ecknton dist.dcty 
 JN Catulina, and capibat <-i Gates count. yj, 
 
 conuj 
 
 It 
 
 .nd 
 
 ..,.,^0 .i'ecl f,be Gc/;cn. Tlie 
 i'',.ar.,e e. one gre;f square is in 
 ug 4,..my.y good paiiit- 
 e is a l.'Tge cUi.uch built hv 
 
 w Si .e of Pc-qaimons, a waiter ol AfbeT 
 ' npiric Sound, 18 mdes NKEjof Edeiiton, and 
 
 / 
 
 IS 
 
 ilQj] 
 
 .£3 E>iE of I 
 
 L'-‘-g'7idc, and IJO-j se of "Vienna. Lon. 24 
 56 £. .ott 46 15 N. 
 
 ^yerrnkach, a town in the depari men t of 
 Jvoyr, Gciiuuiiy. duchy of Juliers, 17 miles 
 s.oi" Juli^rsi . 
 
 , Her)'\stf:dt, 
 
 ^iuc. r „ V 4 
 
 town of, Silesia, in tl 
 
 , . :ie 
 
 Wplaii, Gil the Bartch, 10 
 ■jniiv.' N'-‘* c: Tt'nchen.^jcrg. 
 
 .. /XfmosfiHd a sea port town cf Anger- 
 ipauia, S' c-.. eu, on an island br the gulf o.f 
 Bbthuiii, which is joined to foe coiKurcnt by 
 a britige, auci h a b;.t.vup’s see. The har- , 
 boar, is, good. It has a oonsldci-abie tr..de, {i 
 
 ^pecLIly in nmeu ; 240 n>i:es by w of ll anmciai one cu.eu me j\ew litviy%. 'lYu, 
 J.y 5..: .k, f;^ 62 38 x. [, ceunly is the principal: fieat of the manuf»«- 
 
 , a ...-vn m E/sneoui.!,. fo |; ture^of drc. fi’om straw, 
 the tcrri..(}i / r; Nm^-mbcig, seven nilTs 
 
 of 
 
 Zu ;hv/,.7i. a town /of Franacnia, in. tlie^ 
 
 :8 ESE o-"' Wvii oru 
 
 HLit 1 1' O UOSiII RE, or Berts ^ 
 'coauty oi En^hmd, measuring 27 ijiiles froni 
 to. s, ,3n 1 36 1 om e !o w. It isdivided into 
 S^tiiuiare-J;>, vviuch pmmla 19 ^iaiket town^ 
 i /O panshes, mid 97577 inhabitants. The air 
 i - t icipci vie, the land,, thougn not natU'^ 
 rally fci tile, produces great quantities of 
 porn, /ispcciuiiy wheat and bancy.. The 
 tovvos.-n e Ifoaford, St Alban’s Ware, Roys* 
 ton, |i '-rl ol whicih is in Gambridgeshirc, 
 Barnet, part of which is in Middlesex, Hit- 
 ch >, Biblicps Stortford, Hemmdhenistcd, 
 S:-uidon, B.y-kham^teaci, Boldock, HaffieJd, 
 
 liukinanswortlr, 
 L "ng, WaHo.d, Siui HsdJjefoci?. Six nieia- 
 bt.’s are retunied lo ih^ British parliament, 
 vb. for dm county, a..nd the towns of .Hcrt- 
 4 0 «<.i, auCt cjc Ah £-cs, 2 each. The ehief jN 
 Lea, Slcrt, and. Coin, and the 
 artificial ouo c v-Ied the New River,. 
 
 lush ^,iic o.', Aicnstcdi, s tua.cdx.u toe Ait- 
 liio.-i, h Vv; .mdc-s su' v>r A,..sparh. 
 
 ii.rYHhuth, -ir 2L:r:di.it!i, a 
 L.r..itia, fuuudf-.d i.i i7 j;.', f.: 
 
 v‘ . . uUoc^'uHc., tfer«; i i Lnfis 
 
 tow 
 ■’ ' '*6:: 
 
 to Cy 
 
 
 \r hti 
 
 .u hCr'iV,y.'dA) be- 
 
 y 
 
 j: tUiC/of nais, 
 
 . c tovv'n qf.S.^xony, stands on 
 
 tuc li,i: <;er* with a trade in. saltpetre, w’’col,, 
 a?i€» c,o>th. Jt is 1 4, miles kxe ofToiqm, - 
 a:ui b J SE of AVirtenherg.. 
 
 a forge town in theci ofiiy ofLiim^ 
 
 ; iy, iNcLiicriaud*, 9 mtics wxw. of Lini-? 
 
 O > . 4 ■’ 
 
 a town in Lower SaxesLy, Ger-< 
 n'iw;^y, stands -ncwU* tna Karu naiiuistah^ 
 
SEX 
 
 fn-IficlpaHty of Grubenhag<?n, with manuTac- ] 
 iur €3 of arais ami iron tools. It is 17 ^niies i 
 ssw of Gnshir. 
 
 H. r^igovina, a fortified town of Turkish 
 Daliuaihi, which gives name to a dueh^ of 
 which it is the cajhial, and fhe-te^Iderice Of 
 a Turkish governor, 80 miies ssw of Boi 
 grade. 
 
 Bgsdzit, a town and seat of a tribunal, in 
 the depaiUnent of the Straits of Calais, 
 Brance, stands on the Garche, miles se of 
 3iontreuiL Bon, 2 16 e lat. 50 22 n. 
 
 Hesse,- a |)riucipality of Germany, in the 
 cb'cle of the upper Rhine. The landgraviate 
 of Heisse, considered in itself, is rather more 
 than 80 miles in length ; the breadth is very 
 unequal. The air is wholesome ; the land 
 B^oo^iitmucns and woody, interspersed with 
 fileasant vaheys and plainsj which are fertile 
 in corn and riastiire, which feed multitudes 
 of cattle ; the sides of the hills are covered 
 with vines. 77iere is plenty of honey, and 
 all 'sorts of fruit. V/ine is made from the 
 sap of birch trees, Hops too. are cultivated. 
 Near Frankenhcrg is a gold mine. It pro- 
 duces alto, silver, copper, lead, and iron, 
 coal-, &C, pipe- day, marble and alabaster, 
 v,iJi sevemL salt springs, mineral waters, and 
 medicinr.l baths. JTesse is divided into up- 
 .pcr and lower. Tire latter or the northern 
 part, which is subject to Hesse- Cassel, lies 
 mi the Wetra, Fulda, Sehwalni, Diemei, and 
 hVtier, The former lies on the Lahn. and 
 belongs to Hesse- Darmstadt. The princi- 
 pal town of Lower Hesse is Cassel ; TyLir- 
 burg is the capital of Upper Hesse. 
 
 Ihukelnm^ or Iloekelun, a town of S Hol- 
 land, sbands on the Linghe, 5 miles ke of 
 Gorcuno. ^ 
 
 Ilcusden, a fisriilled town of Holland, 
 with a ci 5 lie. It is built in the nrhdst of 
 xiiarG;>ses, and nearly fiiirrounded by a ‘branch 
 of tlie Meuse. In 1795, it was taken by 
 the French, and abandoned ir* 1811. It is 
 8 raiics Kw of Boiole Due. Lon. 5 5 e, 
 l2tt. 51 4S h:, 
 
 atov/n of Norlhiunber’aiH, silu- 
 a'ed near toe junction of the S and N Tyne, 
 and IS gore; i.ed by a bailiff chosen annually. 
 It DOW gives name to a large tract of coun- 
 try, called Hi'xItOryarJiire, which is annexed to 
 Northumbei'bnd, and subjected to the same 
 judicature ; hut in ecciesiastIcrJ juri.sdictfon, 
 
 it beiong.s to the archbishop of 
 
 .crk. 
 
 The 
 
 town is tolerably well b.ailt. The market- 
 piacj, which is a large handsome square, 
 stands in the middle, with a market- house, 
 built on piazzas, on the s side. On the w side 
 of the market place are the remains of the 
 much famed Priory church, or old cathe- 
 dral, said to have exceeded every other 
 building in E.Jgland in elegance- and beauty. 
 Two markets are held weekly, on Tuesday 
 and Saturday, and fairs, August 5lh, and 
 Nofcmbcr Stb. Tltc number of inhabitantJi 
 
 H I G 
 
 i^ abMit 2000. The chief luaYiuractiJ/^s me 
 tanned leather, shoes, and ghves. The vi- 
 ciauu of Hexham adbids I'. jch scope ibr tha 
 antiquum n. It is 27 miles w of Nevvcastif*, 
 and 2S5 nnw of London. In ld6 5, in the 
 vicinity, a battle was fought bei.vren tl s 
 houses" of York and luaneastcrj in which the 
 latter was defeated, when a great number of 
 nobi :i|y 'who had escaped the sword, fell by 
 the oxe. 
 
 Heydenheimj a town cf tl:c dueby of Wir- 
 temberg, Swabia, has a cr.sfhe stands on 
 the Brewz, 16 miles nne of Ulm, 
 
 Rtydingsfielcl, a town m Franconia, situ-* 
 ated on the Main, 3 miles s of Vv^urzburg. 
 
 Heyniersten, a town in the department of 
 the Rhine, and Mossele, Germany, in the 
 Electorate of Cologne, situated on the Erst, 
 5 miles w cf Bonn, and 1 1 s of Cologne. 
 
 Hcyteshurij. a borough town in Wiltshire, 
 sealed on the Wilts, and sends two members 
 to parliament, is a borough by prescription, 
 and governed by a bailiff and burgesses. It 
 gives title of Earl^ and Baron, to the family 
 of Blastings. It is in an impro%dng state, 
 having a large woollen manufacture. It is 20 
 miles wNW of Salicbury, and 92 w by s cf 
 London. 
 
 Jliamen, See JEmotnj. 
 
 H IBRAHIM, or St Mart, an island 
 near Madagascar, 50 inlies long, and 14 
 broad. . 
 
 KID ISLAND, is situated in the kw 
 territoiy, in Piein river, the riortlvern head 
 w'atcr of the Illinois, 
 
 Hidelsheim, a town in the elrctoratc cf 
 Treves, Germany, seated on the EiHel, w'Uh 
 a forti^ed caslls and convent, 38 miles n of 
 Treves. 
 
 Hiehnar, a lake of Siindermanland, Swe- 
 den, 30 miles lovig, 'and from 2 to 7 broad, 
 60 miles w of Stookholm. 
 
 Hm'eSr a town in the department of Vrr, 
 France. Ifc was formerly a sea- port on ihs 
 Mediterranean, but the sea has now rctirvd 
 to a considerable distan^'c frcin the town. 
 Near it are large salt-works. It is 12 miles 
 E of Toulon. 
 
 Hiercs Islands, a cluster of stnall island.*; 
 near the coast cf Fmnce, oppcr ;'<e tho tor n 
 of Hi«res, in the Mechlsrrsneaii, ‘ Tl;e four 
 principal ones are called, Forquerohe.^, Por- 
 leros, Bagiie:-ii, and Titan, which last tb'ft' 
 largest Between these and the c-mtieent-, 
 lies the crpaeious and cxceiient road cf 
 Hieres, defendecl by tnyoe ferfs. 
 
 Hicro. See Ferr^), 
 
 Jliesmes, a town in the dey^rimenf. of 
 Orne, France, stauds c*?, a baircn mountain, 
 1 0 miles from Seez, raid SO w of Paris. 
 
 Hkham Ferrars, a town in Norfhampr 
 toriTiire, seated on an ascent on the Nen^ 
 irives the title of Eeri Ferrars, to a family of 
 the name of T hi, ley who formerly resided m 
 
 its v-Me, no#i t rciiiiS. It is governed by 
 
f.nd aldermei1> V7hd sen4 6he raeni- 
 b^r to parliament. It hos a mj^kel bn Sa- 
 tterdvly, and 7 annuai feifs, and it is S5 miles 
 s^Kw of Lfdndon. r.j 
 
 • p^ipiilous of Middle- 
 
 »#y, staif^da Qi\ n bill 4 milt%N by \t cf J^h- 
 cion. Idfek^ in a scboof 
 
 tw/' Cirolinordeirj wivicb 
 
 an-d'57e, t^as' c\ddrgGd’ by Sandysf bi&bop'bf- 
 liOndon, ■ ■' ■■ - - - > . ;( , 
 
 - H'IQ-H-TiAN’I>Si':on€ of die gU 
 
 visions oi' (>r c tkiid, applied to tbe ntioim^ain- 
 oiis part of tbe coiintry to the v a?!# mv in 
 
 conU'SL^fii^isiCtion to the 'licwlands* nvhich I 
 
 ooocipy thi tt'aiKlsE distri-t. Trie Highlands | 
 a’^e* gisneraliy' sufedivided into parts ; . the1 
 West Highkuds and the Kanh H'ghkBds ; 
 ?.be former of which contains the di ires of 
 Divm!?£?ton, Bute, p^rfc of Ferth, €iid A?> 
 gyii, tvith ’th©' islaiBiis belonging to theiu^ 
 ui-iid the latter cotepfehending die counties of 
 Inverness, Ross, Sutherland, the districts of 
 Athol, -Ritnncch, and the isles of Sky, Le- 
 and others, belonging to InverneGsand 
 H^ss; BrMdalbin, -Marr, 'and Monteith, 
 forming third or central division. Thees- 
 t^nt oftbis great district, from Dymbartoii 
 to "the borders of Caithness, is upwards of 
 200 miles, and its breadth varies from 80 to 
 
 hait thaay si^erstitfohv wfiidij 
 I ever, are fast Wearing aw£^ Witli their an“ 
 cient rnanhei^. Tl>e cottages are generally 
 miserable habitations.' Tlieir food is as** 
 simple as therir manners, lihing . chiefly^ oat^ 
 meal, milk, &c; tvdtii a sheep; or a quantity 
 of beef for a mart at Cliristmas, which the ■ 
 poorest 'Tdtta^r always endeavours to pro- 
 cure. Cattle is the siaple eomrfjodky of the 
 country ; but it produces gltTh su^ciehV 
 for the inhabitants, eveii idid wing for >^16 
 immense quantity lisedpia the mdWafeture' 
 
 of widsky, of t^hicli spii4t they are raitber too 
 fond. The generd char? cter «f the Highw* 
 laiiders is etcelifenti l^;cy are generally of 
 the rhiadle site, nuis^ubr, and w^ell madi 
 
 100 . The general appearance of the dk 
 trict iswildyrirgged, and mountaincus in the 
 highest degree. Here the principal ri vers of 
 eiie country have their rise, descending to the 
 eusean wnth great rapid ' v. Uniil the be- 
 gtiining of the last century, no regular roads 
 aiid bridges had been made in the High- 
 lands. The Highlanders, or as they are 
 termed by tiidr ancient authors, the Caledo- 
 nians, were always a brave, warlike, and 
 liavdy race of people, and, in the remotest 
 times, eeem to have possessed a degree of 
 refinement in sentiments and manners, then 
 vnltnown to the surrounding nationsi Jus- 
 tice, hosprlality, generosity, benevolence, and 
 rViendship are no where more cultivated than 
 zn the Highlar^ds of Scotland. The Cale- 
 donians have always been addicted to poetry 
 and music ; and the poems of Ossian are a 
 strong proof of their proficiency in the poeti- 
 t ai art. The genius and characler of the 
 Caclic poetry is weli 5-niow'n ; tendeiv beauti- 
 fol, sublinfie, and wild as the scenes which it 
 c.’»Icbrat?d. The language cf the Highland 
 ders h still the Gaelic. The dress of the 
 :Hi.ghknd.'.u*s brirs a great res mbinnee. lo 
 tbut cf the anc'LOr.t Rom&ns. Their ancient 
 aBtus were the broad sword and target, 
 .Loib:d:cr nx;-s, (now only used by the town- 
 ^'Zuiird of Edhit iirgh.) and a dirk, (short 
 dagger,) to whi Ji, tHfore the act of parlia- 
 imuat for disa.mii.g ti'e Kighianders, in 
 W4S, the pistol stuck into the girdle has 
 been added. Tiie amuoanient of 
 • inuers me of & maiuy nalitre, evei^ 
 
 g:d:.e J ly ^ats c: orstr^i^gth, 
 
 The Highianders are only begin uing to 
 avail thetuselves of their mines, their woodd; 
 tber.’ vvcol, and their fisheries. ^ 
 
 ^ Ilighworth, a'town in Wiltshire, governed 
 by a mayor and an alderman, seated on » 
 hill, which stands in a rich plain. It has^a 
 market on W’^ednesday, and fairs Aug. 12, 
 and Oct 10. It is 56 miles n of Salisbury, 
 and 77 w of London. 
 
 Biguey, a city in the be part of Hispan^j^ 
 la, celebrated for the fertility of the adjaedhe^ 
 territory. It has a rich churchj ^CT teles * 
 by N of St Demingo. ■ r 
 
 ^ Bilhui^ghaiisen, the capital of a pri 2 icr|mif' 
 h'ty, called Sase-Hilfeurghausen, Upper Sax^' 
 cny, seated on the WTrra, with a palace be- 
 longing to the duke of Ssse-Hilburghausen« 
 It is 32 miles s of Erfurt, and 28 n cf Bain- 
 berg. ■ 
 
 HILDESHEIM, a bishopne 
 
 of Germany ; its utmost extent from e to w- 
 is about 40' miles, and 52 from n to s. The 
 greatest part consists of good land. The a- 
 part is hilly, but for the most part covered 
 with timber, cak^ beech> ash, and birch, and 
 some of the mountains contain mines of iron 
 ore. In ihis part there are also some salt^ 
 works. The diocese-contains 12 towns hnd 
 248 villages. The principal towns are Hil- 
 desheim and Pcina. . < 
 
 MJd^sheim, a city in I.ower Sajronyv hn.d 
 
 capital of a bishopric die same name, 
 winch contains 12 mwns and 2-in vilhvges-; 
 situated no -.rthe IrnescO* -Iris p/etty large, 
 hut irregular : ^t consists -of Hhe Old and 
 New Town.* It is 17 miles s.-je i'iaooverj 
 and 72 w of M^debin g. Lou. 50 3 e, lab 
 52 9 N. 
 
 Hthberonghy a town in tiie ccimty of 
 Down. It h:;s an elsga.nt church, n ihiu- 
 rishing manufacture of mustier., atid sent 
 two members to the Irislf parliament ;-isi 
 famous for an eiege.ut scat of the marquia- 
 of Dowi Ghire, to whom, it gives tho title of* 
 eurl. It is 12 miles s of Belfast, 34 NNE'of 
 Nexvf 3 -, and 74 n of Dubun. 
 
 IiilsBd'f'unrhf a snSull island near the b- 
 cerrt of Labrador. 
 
 BiliboTGiTif » toTO-'in Orang®^ edUfety-T 
 
 
K Caroluia, capital of a district of its najai^rlf 
 situated GO' tUs side of the which | 
 
 unites with the Little and Flat river, and !! 
 forms the Neus below the. to, ^yn 5 55 pules |j 
 Nw of Ralegh. Loo. 79>1G w, lat, oG: ? 
 
 mUon, a parish in Berwickshire, united j 
 to Whitsom. I 
 
 HtUown, ia Rpss-sliir.e,. in the parish of 
 Foam. It is a good fishing station, and 
 contains upwards of 100 inhabitants. 
 
 mountains of Asia, which se- 
 parate the countries of Cashmere and Cash- 
 from Thibet. These mountains were 
 known to the ancients under the name of 
 J^mus, or Himaus, and the Indian Caucasus^ 
 and arc at present called by the natives Ilin- 
 dooko, i. e. tiie Indian mountains, as well as 
 Himmaleh, i. e. snowy, its summit being 
 covered with snow. 
 
 , MincJianhrook Hand, one of the New 
 IJebrides in the Pacific ocean, a little to the 
 H •! Sandwich, about six miles in circumfe- 
 TAHce, Lon. 168.58 u, lat. 17 ,25 s. 
 
 Mlndcle^, a town of Leicestershire, go- 
 verned by a mayor, seated on an eminence, 
 with a good market on Monday, and a con- 
 siderable stocking manufacture. It formerly 
 ]^d vyads and a castle, some traces of which 
 are still visible. Its large church has a lofty 
 ^re. It is no"ed for fine ale ; 12 miles -sw 
 of Leicester, and 99 nnw’ of London, 
 
 , Muidelopeni a sea-port town in Friesland, 
 Holland, seated ObD theZnidsrZee, 21 miles 
 S|>w of I^uwardcn. 
 
 Hinditty the capital of a district of the 
 same ,^Qam^, in the Candcish, Pecc.m of 
 plindcostan, Stands on the Kerbudda, 90 
 mile's KK3 of Burhanpour, Lo». 77 10 e, 
 lat. 22 55 
 
 IZmdent a town of Wiltshhe, with 
 a market cn’Xhursday, and fairs, Monday 
 before Whit, Spnday, and October 29* It 
 is a burgh, end sends two members to par- 
 iiament ; 20 miles v/ of Salisbury, and 97 
 w by s cf London, 
 
 Ilindoeko, See Himniateh. 
 
 PIINDOOSTAN, or India, a country 
 of Asia. The extent of Hinfioostan Proper, 
 in the opinion of Major Ecnnel, is a’pout 
 equal to France, Germr.ny, Bohemia, Hun- 
 gary, Switzerland, Italy, and the Nether- 
 lands, collectively ; while the Deccan and 
 the peninsula are about equal to the British 
 islands, Spain, and European Turkey. Hir.- 
 doostan is inhabited by people cf fiifTerent 
 kinds, as the Hindocs, the ov A/g- 
 
 ha^ the Baluchis, tl:e Parnl?, r.ud the, Mo- 
 guls or Tartars, besides farclgnerr-, 
 l^rly Jey.'s and Christians. . The Hindocs 
 are the ancient occupants, and d:;(}.,:gh sn'a- 
 ject to. tbe Moguls, sidl nre erv .' the i ipe- 
 riority in number. Tiic ITtv ai-e tbc>(h:s~ 
 cqndanta of the ancient vvho wor- 
 
 sliipped the fire. The wr-:- '' thf.- o 
 
 The BaltJchi are another 
 are spread over, all the large province of 
 Meeran and the neighbouring pms. They 
 are a barbarous people, addicted, to rapine. 
 The Moguls or Jagatays, are the descendants 
 .of the army of Timur Beg, .wdio have held 
 chief rule in India since 1593. The inha- 
 bitanis of Hindoostan are computed at about 
 10,000,000 Mahometans, and i00>000,00(;» 
 Hindoos. The British are in the po.ssessioa 
 of Bengal,, the greater part of Balur, with 
 part of Allahabad, and part of Orissa, tlis 
 iicrthern circars, tbs whole civil and militarf 
 government of tlie Carnatic, Barameliab 
 i>in<^igul, some considerable coiiiuries to tho 
 N and s of Calicut, on the coast of Malabar, 
 the island and tervitciy of Bombay, the My- 
 sore provinces of Canarit, Coimbetore, and 
 Baraporam, with all the teriitory betweeu 
 the Carnatic, and their possessions in Blala- 
 bar, tbs forts and ports forming the head of 
 the several p.i>sses of ihe Ghaut mountain.^ 
 on the Table and the fort and city of 
 
 Seringapatam. Oude is governed by a na- 
 bob, in alliance with Grest Britain, as like- 
 wise the eastern part of Delhi. Ailahabad, 
 Malwa, Dowlatabad, part of Guzenat, Orissa , 
 Berar, Agra, Agimere, and Visiapour, are 
 governed by Mahratta princes, in smaller 
 states, chiefly under the name of rajahs .; 
 Golconda, Aurungabad, Beder, part of Be- 
 rar, &c. are subject to the soubab of the 
 Deccan. Lahore, MouUan, and the westersa 
 parts of Delhi, are subject to the Seiks.. 
 The sales of the British Company, according 
 to some of the latest estimates, amounts to , 
 7,600,0001. besides those of private indivi- 
 duals, which amount to 2,3S2jOOQ mere. 
 There is also a eonriderabie /oreign trade 
 which is not included in either. No foreigr? 
 manufactures, however, are exchanged iu*? 
 the BriUsh possessions ; the only medium of 
 trafiic is silver* The natural bistqrvv and 
 commercial pfeductions of thisf fertile region 
 will be found under its Aiiferent provinces^ 
 cities, towns, mountains, rivers, &c. specified 
 in the course of this, work. See Inbia. 
 
 Urnghtitn, ^. town of Noi^olk, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and fairs on March 
 Whit. Tuesday, and Oct. 2. 12 miles sw of 
 Norwich, and 99 n.e of London. 
 
 Hingham, a toyvn in Sulfblk county, Mas-’- 
 s£chnsetts, seated on. 'a small bay, with two 
 church .;r, 19. mile.", r.:: of B.'.>stoin 
 
 Iling-Mon, a city of fha fisfst rark, in tb* 
 pi'ovinco of.Fc-kIcn„ Coma, slandsca arbay,. 
 cpposlte ilm N part of the inland of Formessw 
 TtiOv coun^i'y forjila es abjndaiice of neev 
 ilcbi, yicd sf’*'. It h 460 yii/.es s of Nau- 
 hii g, and 99 f s of Fi kM. Loa. 119 50 k, 
 513 ■:<. . ■ . 
 
 e h'wTofLeon, Sp«in, 52 mile*- 
 \v by s , -if Salamarici?,, ;-7, , * . 
 
 . Il’n-ynay a town in And§ly>ia; 
 
 of CordowiH ko.- ; ^ ■■ 
 
m 
 
 !* 
 
 I-;.' 
 
 i i 
 
 H I T ' 
 
 a town of Estremadura, Spain, 
 3 2 xnnei s ly f of MerMa, 
 
 Hintnv'^frsdQrff a town h^ M>T5sina, Upper 
 S-i^'ony, eight i-niies e of Fieyburg. • 
 Minziian, See Joanna. 
 
 I-Ih, a tow'n in W OrcblaRd, Sweden, 
 stands on the lake Wetter, M5 miles sw of 
 iStO 'kholna. Lon. 14 0 e, lat. 57 .55 n. 
 
 liioiTingt S. tow’n of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland, 27 rniles nnw of Aalborg. 
 
 ^ Ilirschberg, a town of Boliemia, in the 
 circle of Balesiau, 12 miles kw of Juii^ 
 Bimtzel. 
 
 Ilirschberg, a fOM'n of Silesia, in the piin- 
 Cipriiity of Jaaer, and next to Breslau, the 
 most considerable trading town in Silesia 
 
 HOC 
 
 famous for its mineral baths, is sealed on 
 the Bober. In its vicinity are extensive 
 bleaching grounds. It is 20 miles sw of 
 Jaaer, and 22 sse of Bmitzlau. Lon. 15 
 14 E, lat 50 48 5 t 
 
 Hirschjeld, a town in Low’er Hesse, capi- 
 tel ot a principality of the same name, de- 
 pendipg on a famous abbey, w-hich was se- 
 cularized in favour cf the iiouse of Hesse 
 Casscl. It Is situated on the Fulda, 55 
 miles s by e of Cassel. Lon. 0 42 e, lat. 
 50 50 N. 
 
 Ilirschorn, a town in the circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, seated on the Neckar, has a 
 castle, eight miles e of Heidelberg. 
 
 Hirschwlm, a towm of Denmark, in the 
 island of Zealand, with a castle, 1 2 miles n 
 of Copenhagen. 
 
 Hirzholmen. or Hertxhtlm^ three small 
 islands of Denmark, lying in the Categate, 
 inhabited by fishermen, four miles nne cf 
 FI aadstrand.^ 
 
 ^ Ilisingeji, a small island in the North sea, 
 situated near the coast of Sw^eden, about 16 
 indes long, and 6 broad; containing sevkn 
 parishes. The towm of Gotheberg w-as first 
 built on this isLnid. Lon. 1 1 48 e, lat. 57 
 45 K, 
 
 HISPANIOLA. See Domingo, St. 
 
 IliSSitry the capital of a dist.ict in Hiii- 
 doostah, to which it gives name in the coun- 
 try of Delhi, stands near the Surscory, 1 1 2 
 miies v.Nw 01 Delhi. Lcn. 75 40 e, lab 
 .29 5 N. 
 
 F/iV, a town of Syria, seated on a river of 
 tb.a v.ame iiame, which a little l>eiuw u utes 
 •wi‘h the Euphrates. I ? x' is a 
 
 cf Bitumen and N • ? 
 whFs of BflgdaJ. 
 
 iliiif ICO miies 
 
 popu’ IT-? and w’ell built town 
 ii wrtrcrdshire. Mah-making is the } t m- 
 busine ss. It is governed by a 
 
 
 
 ■ViT cmistables. Las a fre.: -.cbv,»ob and 
 ^ V • houses. The town i.' div hleJ .nto 
 , 0 V t. rr.;. It has a market on l'uc; d. V, 
 i on Easter- Taes. ar.d Whh-Tv.uo. 
 ir J 5 r;.tles lov oi Ilcrtfoid, and 54 nvv 
 
 it -.'IS, cr town in Kcnh which 
 
 
 IS cue of the Cinque ports; is govenved by 
 a mayt'r, with a market on Saturday. It 
 formiily coxisioicd of four parislxes, but ia 
 now one. I'he harbour is now ne'^riy click- 
 ed up, and has iittie trade. Hero are two 
 hospitals, and a charity school. In the vi* 
 cinity sre the remains of' Saltwood castle, 
 now convex ted into a farm-house, barns, 
 
 It sends two membe. s to'parliamont ; nnd is 
 10 miles w'sw of Dover, and 68 se of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Honi Jang, a towm of the first rank in (he 
 [irovince of Honon, China ; 520 miles ssw 
 of Pekiq. Lon. 1 1 2 54 e, lat 55 6 n. 
 
 HitaUngan, a city of the first rank in the 
 pioviiice of Kiaug-nan, China, in a marshy 
 I soil, and inclosed with a triple wall, Tiie 
 I suburbs extend to tlie distance of a Icrarua 
 j on each side of an adjacent canal, and foVhi 
 at ibeir extremity, a kind of port cn the 
 I Hoangho. It is 415 miles s>e of rekia. 
 Lon. 118 47 E, Idt. 55 50 n. ‘ 
 
 llocuigho, or Yellow invert a river .which 
 has its source in two lakes, situate in Ko- 
 konor, l^riary, in nearly 55 n lit., runs ine 
 to about 42 n lat., and after ruirning due c, 
 it suddenly turns s and then e, lili it fiuia 
 into the Eastern sea, 100 miles k of tho . 
 mouth r f Kianku. Its course is sa'd to be 
 2,000 miles. It is broad and rapid, but n? t 
 deep. It often overflows its braiks, so that 
 it has been found necessary to raise djkcs 
 in many places on its banks, and even 
 round many towns in the province of 
 Ho'iian. 
 
 Hoang- Tclieou, a city of the first rank, 
 in the province of Homquang, China, on 
 the Kian-ku, 585 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 
 114 27 Ej lat. 58 50 n. 
 
 HobJeirk^ a parish in Roxburghshire, about 
 12 miles in length, and three in breadth. 
 The surface and soil is various. It is 
 watered by the river Rule, the banks cf 
 wliich are righ and'^fertiio. Freestone and 
 lim otone abound. PopulatioiT, 760. The 
 Icte gallant lord Heath field was a native* of 
 ibh parish. 
 
 Ixochbrrgy an ancient csstle ir^ Brisgair, 
 
 S /vabia, g ves iiama to a margrisate, aiinei- 
 ed to Bj.de Durlach, and stands on a 
 mountain, two miles ne of Emmendingcn, 
 IIoQlisty a town in the electorate of Mentz, 
 Germany, on the Maine, six miles iv of 
 Frankfort, and 14 e of IvIeiUz. 
 
 Ilochstat, a town in the principality cf 
 Neuburg, Bavaria, on the Dar.i.be. Nc/ir. 
 it was Rughi tlic celebrated' hauh? of Bleu., 
 u im; culled by the English, from a 
 
 Vjlj.igc thr^ 
 
 It 
 
 of 
 
 thive mijen sw of ih.s place. 
 
 I i } - 9 r.illcii Nw of Arigsburg, and 25 w 
 NcU!)urg. ■ ■ * 
 
 JlochsUit; a town and castle of Frtineonia, 
 in too pnneipaJiiy of Bainoorg, oi> the 
 Aisch, 11 miles k\v of Erk-mg, aca hi. -^ 0 - 
 vf Bum berg. 
 
 
H O H 
 
 H O L 
 
 Hoddam,eL parish io Dumfries-sliire, about 
 fiv ‘ miles long, and two and a-half broad, 
 watered by several rivers. It is composed 
 of the united parishes of Hoddam, Line, and 
 Eoclesfechan ; and is generally fertile and 
 well cnltivated ; wheat, barley, oatmeal, 
 and pork. <feo are annually exported to a 
 considerable amount. The village of 
 Hoddam is 10 miles e of Dumfries; 
 and that of Ecclesfocban is noted for j 
 its well attendred fairs. Population about 
 
 Hoddesdon, a town in Hertfordshire, with 
 a weekly market on Thursday, stands near 
 the sea. It is four miles s of Hertford, and 
 IT \ by E of London. 
 
 Hodtida^ a sea-port town of Arabia, in | 
 Yemen, on the Red sea, has a port for small ! 
 vessels, 90 miles nnw of Mocha. Lon. 43 ; 
 30 E, lat. 14 10 N. I 
 
 Hocdic, a small French island, about nine ' 
 miles E from Eelleisle, and 12 se from the ; 
 peninsula of Quib'rou. ‘It has a town or I 
 vi.lage of the same name, and a fort. I 
 
 I loti Tchecu, a city of the first rank, in ! 
 the province of Kiaiig nan, China. This is 
 one of the richest and most commercial 
 cities in the province. The air is mild and i 
 healthy. There are some mines of gold, 
 silver, and copper, in the neighbouring ! 
 mountains: the best tea grows in the envi- 
 rons ; and the japanned work of this town 
 is reckoned equal, or superior to any other. 
 It is 625 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 118 5 e, 
 lat. 29 5T X. 
 
 Hoeit-ChcoUj a city of the first rank, in 
 the province of Quang-tong, China, 1,010 I 
 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 113 58 e, lat. 23 ! 
 
 i X. 
 
 Hoekelun. See Heukelmn. 
 
 Hoff, a town in the principality of Bay- | 
 reuth, Franconia, on the Saale, which di- | 
 vides it into Old and New Town In the I 
 environs are found quarries of marble, and | 
 it has manufactures of linen, cotton, and | 
 fine paper. It is 32 miles nxe of Bayreuth, | 
 and 46 xe of Bamberg. I 
 
 Hoff, a town, in the circle of Olmutz | 
 Moravia, has extensive commerce in wool, i 
 and is 28 miles xe of Oimutz. | 
 
 Hogue, Cape La, a cape and a town in i 
 the department of the Channel, five miles 
 s ol B-trfieur, France, near w'hich thir- 
 teen French men of War were burnt by 
 Admiral Rcoke, in 1692. Lou. I 53 w, 
 lat. 49 45 X. 
 
 HOHENBRRG, a county and princi- 
 pality in Suabia, situated between Wur- 
 temberg and the Austrian Krtsgaw. It 
 is divided into Upper and Lower. The 
 principal towns are Rotenburg, Ehingen, 
 Hord, and Schramberg. It has an an- 
 cient cattle of its name, seated near the 
 source of the Nechar, 10 miles se of 
 BothvieU. 
 
 Hohenlinden, a towm of Bavaria, in the ) 
 vicinity of which the French obtained a sig- ; 
 
 I nal victory over the Austrians, in 1800. It 
 is 22 miles e of Munich. 
 
 HOHENLOHE, or Holach, a county 
 and principality in Franconia, w of the 
 margravate of Aas|;ach, about 26 miles 
 from X to s, and 23 from E to w. The 
 country is agreably diversified with moun- 
 tains, valleys, and plains, and abounds in 
 corn, cattle, wine, and wood. Close by the 
 village of Holach, near Uffenheim, stood 
 the ancient castle of its courts. The inha- 
 bitants are chiefly Lutherans; there are 
 some Roman Catholics. The chief town is 
 Ohringen. 
 
 Ihhenmaut, a towui of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Chrudim ; with a small territory 
 annexed on the river Meyta. It is 13 miles 
 E of Clirudim. 
 
 HOHENZOLLERN, a principality of 
 Siiabia, divided into two branches, Hohen- 
 zollern Heckingen, and Hohenzollern 
 Sigma ringen. A town of the same 
 name, situated on a branch of the Neckar, 
 the seat of its ancient courts ; 16 miles s 
 by w of Tubingen. Lon. 9 8 e, lat. 48 
 
 28 N. 
 
 HOHENSTEIN, a county in Thuringia. 
 The castle which gives name to the county, 
 is situated on a mountain, at the foot of 
 which is the village of Neustadt, five miles 
 xxE of Nordhciusen. 
 
 Ilohentaeil, a fortress of Suabia, seated 
 on a mountain. In 1800, its fortifications 
 were demolished by the Fr.ench, nine miles 
 EXE of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Hohnsteia, a tovsm of Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony, on the Mulda, 1 1 miles ne of 
 Zwikau. 
 
 Ho Kien, a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Pe-tche-li, China, stands be- 
 tW'Cen tw^o rivers, 85 miles s of Pekin. 
 Lon. 1 16 23 e, lat. 38 40. 
 
 Hold, a town of Iceland, seated at the 
 mouth of a river, on the x coast. Lon. 19 
 20 w, lat. 65 40 N. 
 
 Holbeach, a town in the se part of Lin- 
 colnshire, with a market on Thursday, and 
 tw'o annual fairs. Here is a noble Gothic 
 church, with a lofty tower and spire. It 
 is eight miles exe of Spalding, and 109 N 
 of London. 
 
 Holbeck, a town of Zealand, Denmark, 
 situated on the gulf of Isefiord, W’ith a good 
 harbour, from which great quantities of 
 corn ^.re exported. It is 30 miles w of 
 Copenhagen. Lon. 1 1 44 w', lat. 55 42 x. 
 
 HOLDERNESS, a district of E York- 
 shire, forming a promontory betw’een the 
 Humber and the German ocean. It is a 
 strong rich soil, and famous for its large 
 breeds of horses and neat cattle. 
 
 Holdsworthy, a town in Devonshire, 
 stands between two branches of the Ta- 
 mar. It contains above 1,000 inhabitant^, 
 and has a market on Saturday. It is 4,3 
 miles w by x of Exeter, and 2t4 W’ by s ui 
 London. 
 
 3 L 
 
H O L 
 
 HOLLfiND, or Dutch NfiTKisitii^Krs, i 
 a celebrated state of Europe, extending 1 50 
 miles from n to s, and 100 from w to b. 
 It consists of seven provinces, namely Hol- 
 land, Guelderland, Zealand, Utrecht, Fries- 
 land, Overyssel, and Croningen, and what 
 was styled the land of generality, or Dutch 
 Brabant. It is generally called Hoi- , 
 land from the name of the principal pro- 
 vince, which signifies a low country. The 
 principal rivers are the Rhine, Meuse, Dom- 
 mel, Weal, Yssel, Scheldt, and Vecht. 
 This wonderful seat of industry and wealth 
 was formed into the Batavian Republic, 
 under the influence of the French, in 1795, 
 and into the Kingdom of Holland, for 
 Louis Bonaparte, under the influence of his 
 brother, emperor of the French, in 1806, 
 who on the third of July 1810, abdicated 
 his crown , and on the 9th by a decree of 
 Napoleon it became a department of France, 
 and in 1814, reverted to its former sovereign 
 the Stadtholder, now styled sovereign 
 prince of the Netherlands. In 1299, the 
 county of Holland devolved to the counts 
 of Hainault ; and, in 1436, it fell to Philip 
 the Good, duke of Burgundy ; and after- 
 wards to the emperor Maxinulian, whose 
 descendant, Philip II, of Spain, was the last 
 count of Holland. His tyranny had so 
 exasperated the Hollanders, as well as the 
 inhabitants of other provinces in the Nether- 
 lands, that an extensive insurrectioa took 
 place, which, after a long struggle, ter- 
 minated in their establishment as a free 
 and independent state, homologated by the 
 acknowledgment of Spain itself, and all the 
 other courts of Europe. • In Holland, we 
 behold a striking proof, that unwearied 
 and preserving industry is capable of con- 
 quering almost every disadvantage of cli- 
 mate and situation. Its air and water 
 are equally bad ; the soil produces naturally 
 scarce any thing but turf ; and the pos- 
 session of this very soil is disputed by the 
 ocean, which rising considerably above 
 the level of the land, is prevented from 
 overflowing it only by strong and expen- 
 sive dykes. Yet the labours of the patient 
 Dutchman have rendered this small and 
 seemingly insignificant territory one of 
 the richest spots in Europe, with respect 
 to population and property. It was long 
 the general depot of the merchandise of 
 every quarter of the globe. These have, 
 however, experienced a woeful decline 
 since the late connection of this country 
 with . France, involved as it has been in 
 its quarrel and its commercial ruin. Among 
 the most, valuable natural productions, 
 may be reckoned tbeir excellent cattle ; 
 and the large quantities of madder which 
 are exported. The most considerable re- 
 venue arose from the fisheries ; but these 
 are not so considerable as formerly. The 
 uuniber of manufactures established in the 
 United Provinces is astonishing ; the chief of 
 
 H o L 
 
 which are linen, pottery, painted tiles, tobac- 
 co pipes, refined salt, snuff, leather, wax, oil, 
 sugar, starch, paper, and some silk, wool- 
 len, and cotton. Saardam, a village in 
 North Holland contains, for instance, about 
 900 wind mills, partly corn mills, partly 
 saw and paper mills and mills for making 
 white lead, &c. But the Dutch trade is no 
 longer in its ancient flourishing state ; 
 their ancient freedom, however being now 
 restored, their commercial spirit which 
 was depressed by tyranny, may again re- 
 vive. The Calvinistic religion is the most 
 prevalent, but all others are tolerated. 
 The capital of all Holland is Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 HOLLAND, one of the principal of the 
 United Provinces, is divided in North and 
 South. North Holland, called also w 
 Friesland, to distinguish it from Friesland 
 on the E side of the Zuider Zee, includes all 
 to the N of Amsterdam. South Holland 
 extends from the state of Zealand and 
 Brabant to the river Ye. The length of 
 the whole, including the island of Texel, 
 and the islands in the Meuse, is about 
 90 miles; the breadth is various, from 15 
 to 48. It contains 29 walled towns, with 
 many others that enjoy municipal pri- 
 vileges, and above 400 villages. The 
 number of inhabitants is estimated at 
 800,000. The soil of the country is so 
 soft and marshy, that were it not for the 
 constant care in forming ditches and 
 canals, it wbuld be hardly capable of cul- 
 tivation ; some part of it lies even lower 
 than the sea, from which it is secured by 
 dykes or dams. The meadow grounds are 
 rich ; and great numbers of milk cows are 
 kept by the farmers, the making of butter 
 and cheese being one of their principal oc- 
 cupations. The rivers abound with fish. 
 There are numerous docks for building 
 and repairing ships : and considerable linen 
 and woollen manufactures. The Hollanders 
 are affable, industrious, laborious, absorbed 
 in trade, are excellent sailors, and good 
 politicians. A free exercise of religion was 
 allowed to all persuasions, but Calvinism is 
 the most prevailing. The French, in 1795, 
 by the aid of a severe frost, accomplished 
 the entire conquest of this province : but, in 
 1814, were driven out of it. Amsterdam is 
 the capital. 
 
 HOLLAND, a district of England si- 
 tuated in the se part of the county of Lin- 
 coln, divided into Upper and Lower,, both 
 of which consist of fens, bogs, and marshes, 
 drained and intersected in various ways by 
 ditches and canals. The air is unwhole- 
 some, but considerably ameliorated in parts 
 which are well drained ; the water is uni- 
 versally brakish, so that in most places rain 
 water is preserved in reservoirs for family 
 use. The land, after being drained, forms 
 good pasture and meadow land, and, if cul- 
 tivated, produces good crops of corn. Large 
 
 
H O L 
 
 ftooks of geese are bred and form a const- i 
 durable article of commerce ; there are also 
 many large decoys for wild ducks, widgeons, 
 &c. This district gives the title of earl to 
 a branch of the family of Fox. The prin- 
 cipal towns are Boston, Spalding, Crowiand, 
 and Hoi beach, 
 
 Holland, a fortified town of Prussia, in 
 the province of Oberlaud, stands near the 
 Weeske. It is 14 miles ssb of Elbing, and 
 «52 sw of Konigsberg. 
 
 HOLLAND, NEW, the largest island 
 in the world. It lies in the Indian ocean, 
 between 10 degrees 30 min. and 39 degrees 
 s lat. and 1 10 degrees 153 degrees 30 min. 
 
 E Ion.; equalling in dimensions the whole 
 habitable part of Europe, the eastern 
 coast running not less than 2730 miles 
 from w to E, and 196 from n to s. Dif- 
 ferent parts of the country have received 
 diflferent names from their respective dis- 
 coverers. Van Diemen Land, supposed 
 the s extremity by Tasman, who dicovered 
 it in 1642, was found in 1798 to be an 
 island, separated from New Holland by a 
 channel 40 leagues wide. The eastern 
 coast was first discovered by Captain 
 Cook, in 1770, who called it Nev^ South 
 Wales. It now forms a part of the Bri- 
 tish dominions, a colony having been es- 
 tablished there chiefly composed of cou- 
 victs sentenced to transportation. The 
 principal settlement and seat of the gover- 
 nor is called Sydney Cove, formerly Port 
 Jackson. See these articles. The cli- 
 mate at Sydney Cove is considered, on 
 the whole, as equal to the finest in Eu- 
 rope. The soil is full as good as is usually 
 found so uear the sea side. The sea coast, 
 however, of the country in general, on 
 which alone auy inhabitants have been 
 discovered, appears to be sandy and bar- 
 ren ; and as for the inland parts, which 
 might be reasonably supposed more fertile, 
 they are now thought to be wholly inun- 
 habited. See Wales, New South, and 
 Bass Strait, 
 
 Hollodale, a river which rises in the 
 mountains on the borders of Caithness, runs 
 K into a bay of the N sea, between Suther- 
 land and Caithness, five miles ss from 
 Strathy Head. 
 
 Holm, or Ahhey Holm, from an abbey 
 that stood theve, a town of Cumberland, 
 with a market on Saturday, seated near the 
 mouth of the Waver, 12 miles n of Cocker- 
 mouth, 27 Nw of Penrith, and 310 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 Holme, a parish in Orkney, on the e skle 
 of Pomona, about nine miles in length and 
 from tW 0 to eight in breadth, containing 
 871 inhabitants. The soil produces tole- 
 rable good crops of oats and barley, turnips, 
 cabbages and flax ; a good deal of the latter 
 is made into cloth in the parish. Kelp is 
 manufactured on the coast. 
 
 Holme Sound, a beautiful frith in the 
 
 H o L 
 
 Orkneys, lying opposite to the parish of 
 Htflme, leading from the German ocean to 
 Stromness, It affords tolerable anchorage ; 
 and on the Nw coast there is a small 
 pier. 
 
 Holms, two small contiguous islands in 
 the Bristol channel, about midway between 
 Glamorganshire and Somersetshire. One 
 of them, called Flat Holm, is about 16 
 leagues sw of the mouth of the Avon. Lon. 
 2 15 w, lat, 51 22 n. Steep Holm is about 
 a league to the southward. 
 
 Holstebroe, a town in North Jutland, 
 Denmark, stands on a shallow river which 
 runs into the North sea. The principal 
 trade of the inhabitants is in corn, oxen, and 
 horses. It is 68 miles n of Ripen, and 24 
 w of Wiborg. 
 
 HOLSTEIN, DtTCHY of, a country in 
 Lower Saxony, including the lordship of 
 Pinneberg, subject to the &ug of Denmark. 
 It is about 100 miles in length from e to w, 
 and 50 in breadth from n to s. The coun- 
 try, in general, is exceedingly fertile, and 
 well situated for trade. The duchy is 
 divided into four provinces, namely Hol- 
 stein Proper, Stormar, Ditmarsen, and 
 Wagria. The three first of these were 
 formerly called Nordalbiagia, or Saxony 
 beyond the Elbe. The principal trading 
 towns are Altona, Gluckstadt, and Kiel.- 
 The harbours of greatest note are Ham- 
 burg, Lubec, and Kiel. The exports of 
 Holstein are wheat, barley, malt, starch, 
 buck wheat, peas, beans, rape-seed, horned 
 cattle, sheep, rams, swine, horses, poultry, 
 butter, cheese, venison, and fish. From 
 the port of Kiel there is a canal to the El- 
 der, at Rensburg, by which there is a free 
 navigation from the Baltic to the German 
 ocean. The religion of the whole country 
 is Lutheran. 
 
 Hohton, a river of N America, the lar- 
 gest branch of the Tenesse river, has 
 its source in the Allegany mountains, 
 in Virenna, flows ssw into the state of 
 Tennessee, where, taking a more westerly 
 course, it passes by Knoxville, and 35 
 miles below that town, it unites with the 
 Clinch, and both take the name of Tenne- 
 see. Its course is about 200 miles, and 
 is navigable for boats of 25 tons, upwards 
 of 100 miles. On its banks are iron-works, 
 and in the adjacent country some lead 
 mines. 
 
 Holt, a town in Norfolk, situated on an 
 eminence, in a fine healthy country, which 
 abounds in rich picturesque scenery, and 
 which may be considered as the garden of 
 Norfolk. It contains about 1024 inhabi- 
 tants ; has an excellent free school, founded 
 by Sir John Gresham, with a market on Sa- 
 turday, and fairs April 25, and Nov. 25. It 
 is two miles wnw of Norwich, and 119 ne 
 of London. 
 
 Holt, a town in Denbighshire, Wales, 
 goverwed by a mayor and aldermen. Its 
 3'L 2 
 
H O L 
 
 bridge of 10 arches, over the Dee, was built 
 in 1345. The castle, which stood on a rock, 
 defended on three sides by a foss 40 or 50 
 yards wide, is said to have been an out-post 
 to the Roman station Deva. It was demo- 
 lished during the civil wars in 1645; six 
 miles EXE of Wrexham, and eight se of 
 Chester. 
 
 Holten, a town in the duchy of Cleve, 
 Westphalia, 1.1 miles ssr of Wesel. 
 
 Hol^ Cross i a small town in the county of 
 Tipperary, Ireland, stands on the Suir. I 
 Here are the extensive ruins of an abbey, | 
 
 1 1 miles N of Cashel. | 
 
 Holyhead j a sea port town of North i 
 Wales, situated on the w extremity of An- j 
 glesey, whence packets with the mail to 
 Dublin, about W leagues distant, sail 
 regularly every day, except Tuesday, the 
 passage is generally performed in about 12 i 
 hours. On Salt island, which forms one 
 side of the harbour, is a light-house, and on 
 the isle of Sherries, nine miles to the n, 
 is another. The church is built on the 
 site of a very ancient monastery, within 
 a quadrangular Roman fortification. In 
 the viciriiy is a large vein of yellow 
 fuller’s earth, and another of white. A 
 weekly market is held here on Saturday. 
 
 It is 88 miles w by n of Chester and 276 
 Nw ‘of London. Lon. 4 40 w, lat. 53 
 23 N. 
 
 Holy Island, an island near the e coast 
 of England, in the detached part of Dur- 
 ham, called Islandshire, about 10 miles 
 SE from Berwick-upon-Tweed ; eight 
 miles in circumference. On the IS coast 
 is a conveniei t bay ; on one .side of it is 
 ii small town, Keylo, defended by a fort,) 
 and on the opposite side there is a castle, j 
 accessible only by a narrow passage on i 
 its s side. Holy island has its name from i 
 an ancient extensive monastery, now in | 
 ruins, called Lindersfern, of w’hich the ce- | 
 lebrated St Cuthbert was prior 12 years. 
 
 It was a bishop’s see, removed with the ! 
 body of St Cuthbert, first to Chester-le- 
 Btreet, and afterwards to Durham. On I 
 this island is an eminence called Bible hill, j 
 ao called because, as is said, the holy scrip- j 
 tures were landed here on their first arrival ) 
 in Britain. I 
 
 Holywell, a town in the county of Flint. ! 
 The town, from its vicinity to the mines, I 
 has increased rapidly of late years ; it con- i 
 tains about 2000 inhabitants, and is well j 
 built. It takes its name from the cele- ( 
 brated well of St Winifred, which is a cu- j 
 pious stream, bursting out of the ground | 
 with great impetuosity, at the fool of a j 
 bill. At its head is one of the finest and i| 
 most elegant cold baths in the kingdom. ; 
 In its course to the Dee it turns a number | 
 of mills employed in various works. A j 
 ■weekly market is held on Friday. It is 52 
 miles NNE of Shrewsbury, and 212 xw of 
 London, 
 
 HON 
 
 Holywood, a parish in Dumfries-shire, 
 about 10 miles long and one and a-half 
 in breadth. It bad its name from a grove 
 of oaks that grew near a monastery now in 
 ruins, on the .-ite of the pre ent church. It 
 is situated on the sw side of the Nitb, a few 
 miles NW of Dumfries. It is mostly 
 arable and fertile. The population is above 
 800. 
 
 Holzapfcl, the capital of a county of 
 the same name, Wesiphaiia, on the lake, at 
 the foot of a mountain, on which is the 
 tower of a castle, the original seat of the 
 princes of Nassau. It is four miles ne of 
 Nassau. 
 
 Holzmunden, a town of Lower Saxony, 
 in the duchy ol Wollenhultle, at the junction 
 of the Hoiz and Weser, 28 miles xw of 
 Gottingen. 
 
 Homburg, a town in Franconia, three 
 miles N of Carolstadt, and 16 nnw ol Wonz- 
 burg. 
 
 Homburg, a town of Westphalia, 24 miles 
 SE of Cologn. 
 
 Homburg, a town in the principality of 
 Hesse Cassel, Germany. It contains an 
 iron forge, and a glass manufacture, and is 
 20 miles s of Cassel. 
 
 Hamburg, a town in the duchy of Deux 
 Fonts, Germany, lately in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, stands on a mountain, five 
 miles N of Deux Fonts. 
 
 Homerton, a village in the county of 
 Middlesex. Here is an academy lor Pro- 
 testant dissenters, chiefly those of the Cal- 
 viuistic persuasion. 
 
 Ilona aera, or Oncre, a town of Canara, 
 Hindoostan,on a salt lake containing many 
 islands. It was demolished by Tippoo after 
 the treaty of Mangalore. It has still a cus- 
 tom house and a few shops. Its trade con- 
 sists principally in rice, pepper, cocoa, and 
 betel nut, 50 miles n by w of Kundapura, 
 and 84 sse of Goa. 
 
 KO-NAN, a province in China. The 
 Chinese call it Tong-hoa, which signifies 
 the middle flower, being situated in the cen- 
 tre of China. It contains eight cities of the 
 1st rank, and 102 of the 2d and 3d. The 
 whole province is plain, except towards the 
 w, where it is mountainous. The air is tem- 
 perate and healthy. It proJuces corn, rice, 
 and fruit, in great abundance. Cai-long is 
 the capital. 
 
 Ho-nan, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of the same name. It is 
 360 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. 112 9 E, lat, 
 34 44 N. 
 
 Ilondtschoote, a tovvn in the department 
 of the North, France, and district of Ber- 
 gues, seven miles and u-hab se of Dunkirk, 
 and 15 NW of Ypres. 
 
 HONDURAS, a province of Mexico, 
 in North America. It is 490 miles Iroui 
 E to w, and 50 from n to s. The country 
 consists of mountains, valleys, and plains, 
 watered by a great number of rivers. It 'vas 
 
H O O 
 
 formerly one of the most populous countries j| 
 of America ; at present, though exceedingly 
 fertile, almost a desert. The soil in many 
 parts bears Indian corn three times a-year. 
 Other productions are wheat, pease, cotton, 
 and wool, with excellent pastures, honey, 
 wax, and provisions of all kinds. Among 
 other vegetables are large gourds, which 
 the Indians call hibueras ; the vineyards 
 bear thrice a-year. This province, how- 
 ever, dues not derive its value from the 
 fertility of the soil; but from producing, in 
 greater abundance than any part of Ame- 
 rica, the logwood tree, which has become 
 an article in commerce of great value. 
 For a long period the Spaniards were in 
 quiet possession of this province, but by 
 a definitive treaty in 1783, the British 
 obtained a toleration under certain restric- 
 tions to cut logwood ; and in 1786 to oc- 
 cupy the small island of Casina, or St 
 George's Quay, where it is supposed 
 there are 1500 logwood cutters, besides ser- 
 vants, and also a liberty to cut all kinds of 
 wood. The bay is situated w^ of the Carrib- 
 beau sea, between Cape Catoche and Cape 
 Honduras.^ There are several small islands. 
 The principal towns are Valladolid, the 
 capital, Trnxilio, Gracias a-dios, and St 
 Jago. 
 
 Honjleury a town in the department of the 
 Calvados, France, with a spacious harbour 
 at the mouth of^ the Seine, eight miles n of 
 Pont PEveque, and IIOkwoI Paris. Lon. 
 
 0 15 E, lat. 49 24 n. Its principal trade is 
 in lace. 
 
 Honitoriy a town in Devonshire, situated 
 in a delightful vale, on the s side of the 
 river Otter. It is an ancient borough, con- 
 sisting chiefly of one broad street running 
 from E to w, and another crossing it at right ! 
 angles. The church stands about half a 
 mile from the town, and there is a chapel 
 within it. It has considerable manufactures 
 of broad lace and edgings. It sends two 
 members to parliament, and has a market 
 on Saturday, and a fair first Wednesday 
 after July 19. In 1747 about three-fourths 
 of the tow’n was consumed by fire, and in 
 1765, another fire destroyed about 180 
 houses. Population about 2377. It is 16 
 miles E of Exeter, and 15 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Hooglijy an ancient city of Hindoostan, 
 in the country of Bengal, on the w side of a 
 river of the same name. It was the great 
 mart of the export trade of Bengal to Eu- 
 rope in the beginning of the 18th century, 
 but now nearly in nuns. It lies 25 miles n 
 of Calcutta. 
 
 Hooglyy a river formed by the two 
 westernmost branches of the Ganges, called 
 the Cossimbazer and Jellinghy, which join 
 at Nuddea. After passing by Hoogly, 
 Chiusura, Chaudernagore, and Calcutta, it 
 falls into the bay of Bengal, and is the 
 only branch of the Ganges commonly navi- 
 gated by ships. 
 
 H O R 
 
 Hoogstratariy a town in Brabant, Nether- 
 lands, lately department of Dyle. It is 15 
 miles N of Herentals. 
 
 HoorUydi sea port town of Holland, with 
 a good harbour, situated on the Ziiyder Zee. 
 
 It holds the second rank among the cities of 
 North Holland, and its deputies hold the 
 seventh p4aee among the small cities at the 
 assembly of the states. The town is for- 
 tified, has five gates, and some handsome 
 buildings, churches, and hospitals. The 
 land adjacent is exceedingly rich, and fattens 
 great numbers of cattle ; has a trade in 
 cattle, butter, and cheese. Here are built 
 ships of war and merchant vessels. In 1799, 
 it w^as, for a short time, in possession of the 
 tlnglish. It is 11 miles e of Alcmaer, and 
 ZO NNE of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 
 52 38 N. 
 
 Hoppenlieim, a bailiwick of Germany, in 
 the electorate of Mentz, ceded to Hesse 
 Darmstadt, in 1802. 
 
 Horaidan, a towui in the province of 
 Farsistau, Persia. It is 76 miles nw of 
 Shiras. 
 
 Horby a town of Suabia, Germany, situ- 
 ated on the river Neckar. It has a consi- 
 derable trade in woollen goods, and is 10 
 miles sw of Rottenburg, and 21 wsw of 
 Tubingen. 
 
 Hereby a mountain of Arabia Petrea, 
 westward of Mount Sinai, or rather, anothetf 
 eminence belonging to the same mountain 
 On this mount God appeared to Moses in 
 j the burning bush, and at its foot Moses 
 I struck the rock to afford drink to the people. 
 
 ^ There are two or three fine springs, and 
 abundance of fruit trees on the top of Horeb, 
 but none in Sinai. At the footoi the moun- 
 tain is a monastery, where a bishop of the 
 Greek church resides. 
 
 Horn Capey the most southern extremity 
 of Terra-del- Fuego, S America, it forms 
 part of Hermite Island. Lon. 66 0 w, lat, 
 55 42 s. 
 
 Horny or Hooreny a town of Austria, ce- 
 lebrated for its beer, made of oats. It is si- 
 tuated near the TitTer, 48 miles wnw of 
 Vienna. 
 
 HorUy a town in the territory of Liege^ 
 Netherlands, three miles wnw of Rure^ 
 monde. 
 
 HomachoSyEitown in Estremadiira, Spain, 
 near the Malachel, 20 miles n of Llerena, 
 and 30 ssE of Merida. 
 
 Hornbachy a town in the duchy of Deux 
 Pouts, Germany, on the river Horn, five 
 miles s of Deux Pouts. 
 
 Hornbtrg, a town in the Black Forest, 
 Suabia, situated on the Guiash, with a 
 fortress on a mountain, 12 miles nw of 
 Rotlr-^eil, and 17 ne of Frey burg. 
 
 Hornbi'rg, a tow’u in Lower Saxony, 
 Germany, in the principality of Halber- 
 stadt, on the Isle. It is 10 miles ne of 
 Goslar. 
 
 Hornshjy a town in Lancashire, situated 
 on the river Loyne, on the borders of West- 
 
H O R 
 
 moreland. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 employed in the cotton manufacture, and it 
 has a market for cattle every alternate 
 Tuesday. It is 10 miles me of Lancaster. 
 
 Horncastle, a town iu Lincolnshire, situ- 
 ated on the river Bane. The town is well 
 built, and has a considerable trade in the 
 manufacturing of hides. It has a market 
 on Saturday, and fairs June 22, August 1st, 
 and October 29, which have been famed 
 for horses. It is 20 miles e of Lincoln, and 
 130 N of Loudon. 
 
 Horndon on the Hill, a town in Essex, 
 with a market on Saturday. It is 16 
 miles s by w of Chelmsford, and 19 £ of 
 Londou. 
 
 Hornsea, or Hornsey, a town in the East 
 Riding of Yorkshire, almost surrounded by 
 an arm of the sea. On the sw side of the 
 town is a pool of fresh water, called Hornsey 
 Aleer, well stored with pikes, eels, and perch. 
 ITornse has a market on Monday, and fairs 
 August 12, and December 17. It is 15 
 miles Nof Hull, 40 E of York, and 190 n of 
 London. 
 
 Horse Island, a small island near the sw 
 coast of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, 
 three miles |§of Hog’s Head, 
 
 Horsem, a sea port town, situated on the 
 Baltic, in N Jutland, in the diocese of 
 Athuus, Denmark, seated on a bay which 
 opens into the Categat. It is a place of 
 considerable trade, has manufactures of 
 flannel and other woollen stuffs, and con- 
 tains two churches. It is 19 miles ssw of 
 Arhusen. Lon. 9 40 e, lat. 55 57 n. 
 
 Horsham, a town in l^ssex, seated on the 
 Arun. The spring assizes are held here, 
 and it has a good gaol for the use of the 
 county. For trade and population, it is one 
 of the most considerable towns in the county. 
 It is governed by a steward, two bailiffs, <fec. 
 and sends two members to parliament. It 
 has a weekly market on Saturday, which 
 supplies the London market with great 
 quantities of poultry, and a monthly market 
 on the last Tuesday for cattle. It is govern- 
 ed by two bailiffs annually chosen. It lies 
 SG miles s by w of London. Lon. 0 12 w, 
 iat. 51 8 N. 
 
 Horstmar, a town of Germany, in West- 
 phalia, and bishopric of Munster, with a 
 castle, and collegiate church, and is seated 
 on an eminence. It is 15 miles kw of 
 Munster. 
 
 Horszczyk, a town of Poland, in the pa- 
 latinate of Volhynia, 48 miles n of Zyto- 
 miers. 
 
 Morta, a town of Portugal, in the pro- 
 vince of Eeira, four miles and a-haif s of 
 Si Joan da Fesquiera. 
 
 Hortes, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Marne, nine miles e of 
 Langres. 
 
 Hortobagy, a town of Hungary, on a 
 Tiver of the same name, 17 miles ssw of 
 Nanas. 
 
 HOT 
 
 Hostimuri,3itown in Sonora, New Spain. 
 In the vicinity are considerable mines ; 130 
 miles s by w of Arispe. 
 
 HOTTENTOTS, Country op the, 
 a large territory in the S extremity of 
 Africa, extending n by w from the Cape 
 of Good Hope, beyond the mouth of 
 Orange river, and from that cape in an 
 ENE directiou, to the mouth of the great 
 Fish River, which parts it from Caffraria. 
 It lies between the tropic of Capricorn, 
 and 35 s lat., and is bounded on the w, s, 
 and E by the Atlantic, Southern, and In- 
 dian oceans, and on the n by regions 
 very little, if at ail explored. The coast 
 is mountainous, and abounds in bays and 
 capes. There are no considerable king- 
 doms throughout this large extent of coun - 
 try, the whole being inhabited by different 
 nations, or tribes of Hottentots governed 
 by different honquers, or chiefs, who have 
 no fixed residence, living like the Arabs, 
 in huts or portable houses, and removing 
 their kraals, or villages, when the pasture 
 becomes too bare for the subsistance of 
 their cattle, and upon the natural or vio- 
 lent death of an inhabitant. The known 
 nations are the Kochaquan, Suffaquan, 
 Odiquan, Chirigriquan. Greater and Les. 
 ser Namaquan, Attaquau, Hessaquan, Sou- 
 quan, Dunquan, Damaquan, Guaros, or 
 Gouriquan Houteniquan, Chamtover, and 
 Heikon. They no longer compose, as 
 formerly, one nation uniform in their man- 
 ners, customs, and pursuits. Among the 
 different tribes of Hottentots, the women 
 wear two or three coverings formed of 
 skins, and fastened about their bodies 
 like an apron. The garment usually 
 worn is a sheep skin, w'ith the wool out- 
 ward in summer, and inward during win- 
 ter. The garments used by the w'omen 
 differ from those used by the men in only 
 one respect, namely, that the women have 
 a peak to their karosses. The men, in 
 general, wear no peculiar covering on 
 their heads. The women frequently go 
 bareheaded ; when they cover their heads, 
 it is with a cap in the form of a short 
 truncated cone, without any seam, made 
 of some auimal^s stomach, and is as black 
 as soot mixed up with fat can make it. 
 The necks of the men are bare ; but those 
 of the women are decorated with a strip 
 of undressed leather, upon which are strung 
 eight or 10 shells. Another ornament in 
 use with both sexes, is rings on their arms 
 and legs. They seldom wear any shoes. 
 The Hottentots who live within the boun- 
 daries of the Dutch colonies, seldom make 
 use of any weapons. Their habitations 
 are as simple as their dress, and equally 
 adapted to the wandering pastoral life 
 they lead. Every hut is of a circular form, 
 resembling a round behive or vault. The 
 ground plot is from 18 to 24 feet in dia- 
 meter. The highest of them are so low 
 
HOT 
 
 that a middle sized man can scarcely stand i 
 upright. From the fire-place being in | 
 the centre, the Hottentots have this ad- 
 vantage, that when they sit or lie in a 
 circle round the fire, the whole company 
 equally enjoy the benefit of its warmth ; 
 but the door is the only place that lets 
 in the day -light ; and the only outlet for 
 the smoke. The aperture which is left 
 for the door, is closed, whenever there 
 is occasion for it, with a skin fitted to 
 it, or a piece of matting. The order of 
 these huts is usually in the form of a 
 circle, with the doors inward, so that a 
 kind of court is thus formed, where the 
 cattle are kept at night. There is some- 
 thing peculiar in the features of the Hot- 
 tentot, which, in a certain degree separates 
 him from the generality of mankind. The 
 characteristic mark of the Hottentot is, 
 the smallness of his hands and feet com- 
 pared with other parts of his body. His 
 cheek-bones are exceedingly prominent, 
 so that his face, being very broad in 
 that part, and the jaw-bones, on the con- 
 trary, extremely narrow, his visage con- 
 tinues still decreasing even to the point of 
 the chin ; his lips are not so thick as 
 those of the Caffres, the Mosambiques, 
 and Negroes. His flat nose rise scarcely 
 half an inch at its highest elevation, and 
 his nostrils, which are excessively wide, 
 often exceed in height the ridge of his 
 nose. His mouth is large, and furnished 
 with small teeth, well enamelled, and 
 perfectly white: his eyes, very beautiful 
 and open, incline a little towards the nose, 
 like those of the Chinese, and to the sight ' 
 and touch his hair has. the resemblance | 
 of wool ; it is very short, curls naturally, 
 and in colour is as black as ebony. Though 
 he has no beard but upon the upper lip, 
 below the nose, and at the extremity of 
 the chin, he never fails to pluck it out 
 as soon as it appears ; the colour of his 
 skin is a yellowish brown, resembling a 
 European who has the jaundice in a high 
 degree. With regard to proportion of body, 
 a Hottentot is as perfect as if cast in a 
 mould. His gait is graceful and agile ; 
 and all his motions, which are easy, seem 
 very different from those of the American 
 savages. The women, with more delica- 
 cy of features, exhibit the same character- 
 istic marks in their figure ; they are 
 equally well made. A profound indiffer- 
 ence to the affairs of life, inclines them 
 very much to inactivity and indolence: i 
 the keeping of their flocks, and the care 1 
 of procuring subsistence, are the only sub- 
 jects that occupy their thoughts. They 
 are, however, the best, the kindest, and 
 the most hospitable of people. Before 
 the arrival of the Europeans at the Cape, 
 the Hottentots were not acquainted with 
 commerce, and, perhaps, they had no idea, 
 even of barter; but, on the appearance of 
 
 HO u 
 
 tobacco and toys, they were soon initiated 
 into a part of the mercantile mysterias. 
 The Hottentots are generally represented 
 as a poor and miserable nation. A Hot- 
 tentot is neither poor nor miserable. He 
 is not poor, because his desires never 
 exceeding his knowledge, which is very 
 limited, he never feels the spur of necessi- 
 ty. With respect to religion, none of 
 them seem to have any, nor do they appear 
 willing to receive instruction. All of 
 them, hov^ver, have the firmest opinion 
 of the power of magic, whence it might 
 be inferred, that they believe in an evil 
 being, but they pay no religious worship 
 to him, though from this source they 
 derive all the evils that happen, and among 
 these they reckon cold, rain, and thunder. 
 They seem to have some notion of a 
 future state, as they reproach their friends, 
 for leaving them so soon, and admonish 
 them to behave henceforth more proper- 
 ly. The language, notwithstanding its 
 singularity, and the difficulty of pro- 
 nouncing it, may be acquired by an Eu- 
 ropean. There is a species of Hottentots, 
 who have got the name of Bosjesmans, 
 from dwelling in woody or mountainous 
 places. They subsist by hunting and plun- 
 der, and never keep any animal alive for 
 the space of. one night. The animals of 
 this country are nearly similar to those in 
 other parts of Africa. Among the quad- 
 rupeds are the lion, elephant, hippopota- 
 mus, buffalo, double-homed rhinoceros, 
 panther, giraffe, or Camelopardalis, elk, 
 antelope, springbok, and gazel. Among 
 the birds are vultures, ostriches, whose 
 eggs are excellent food, and the loxia, 
 a specious of gregarious bird. Among 
 the insects are termites or white ants, 
 which do no injury to the wood as in the 
 E Indies, but, by raising a number of 
 hills, they impede the progress of vege- 
 tation. The black, or rock scorpion, 
 is nearly as venemous here as any of the 
 serpent tribe, of which there are numerous 
 kinds. Lon. 32 to 48 e, Ferro, lat. 24 to 
 3(5 s. 
 
 Hou, or How, a town in the left bank of 
 the Nile, Egypt, situated on an eminence. 
 It is said to have been built by the patriarch 
 Joseph. It is 28 miles s of Girge. Lon, 41^ 
 13 E, Ferro, lat. 20 2 n. 
 
 HOUAT, an island in the English 
 Channel, near the coast of Morbihan, 
 France, defended by a fort, about 10 
 miles in circumference. It is seven miie-> 
 NE of Belleisle. Lon. 3 IQ w, lat. 47 
 26 N. 
 
 HOTJAL, or Ouaeo, a kingdom of 
 Africa, situated on the banks of the rive: 
 Senegal, and on the coast of the Atlantic, 
 90 miles from e to w, and 18 from n 
 to s. The soil is rich and fertile, pro- 
 ducing in the greatest abundance rnaizo, 
 rice, legumes, indigo, tobacco, ■ and coi^ 
 
HOW 
 
 H O U 
 
 ton ; the meadows feed great numbers of 
 large and small cattle ; game and other 
 birds abound in the greatest variety and 
 plenty ; and the forests are stocked with 
 palm-trees. The king of Houal takes the 
 title of brak, or emperor. At certain 
 periods he assembles bis courtiers, travels 
 with them through the villages of his king- 
 flom, eats what provisions he finds, drives 
 away the cattle, and exposes the owners to 
 public sale. 
 
 Houangt-Cheou, sl city of the first rank, 
 in the province of Tche-kiang, China, 150 
 miles ssE of Peking, Lon. 187 0 e, lat. 30 
 SZ N. 
 
 Houdan, a town in the department of 
 the Seine and Oise, France, 21 miles w of 
 Versailles, 
 
 Houdain, a town in the department of 
 Calais, France, six miles s of Bethune. 
 
 Hounay a cape on the x’ coast of Caith- 
 ness, Scotland, two miles w of Dungis- 
 bay Head. Lon. 0 25 e, Edinburgh, lat. 
 58 33 N. 
 
 Hounamy a parish of Scotland, in Rox- 
 burghshire, about nin^ miles and a-half in 
 length, and six in breadth ; s of .Jedburgh, 
 on the borders of Northumberland, and 
 intersected by a Roman Highway, called 
 Wattling-Street. The surface is moun- 
 tainous, and chiefly under sheep walks. 
 The farms are large. Population 372. On 
 the top of several mountains are encamp- 
 ments. 
 
 HounslotVy a town in Middlesex, on the 
 great Western road, with a weekly market 
 on Thursday, and fairs Trinity Monday, and 
 Monday after September 29th ; 10 miles w 
 by s of London. Barrack's for 400 men 
 were erected on the n side of this heath, in 
 1793; sw of the town is an extensive heath 
 celebrated for its powder mills, horse races, 
 and robberies. 
 
 Houndowy a small village in the parish 
 of Westrutfaer, Berwickshire, 30 miles se 
 by N of Edinburgh. It contains about 80 | 
 inhabitants. 
 
 HOU-QUANG, a province of China, | 
 which occupies nearly the centre of the 
 empire, and is divided into two parts, 
 
 N and s by the river Kian-ku. It extetids 
 about 480 miles from n to s, and 350 
 from R to w, comprehending 15 cities 
 of the first rank, and 114 of the second 
 and third. The greatest part of it is a 
 flat open country, watered every where 
 by brooks, lakes, and rivers ; the flocks 
 of cattle and wild fowd are innumerable. 
 The land produces all sorts of grain and 
 fruit, especially oranges and citrous ; the 
 mountains abound in medicinal plants, 
 and mines of iron, tin, toutenague, <fec ; 
 and gold is found in the sands of the 
 rivers and brooks which descend from the 
 mountains; in the fields are great numbers 
 of insects, which yield wax, as well as 
 bees whicli produce honey. In a word, 
 
 I there is such a plenty of all sorts of com- 
 modities, that it is commonly called the 
 I Magazine of the Empire. Vou-tchang is 
 the capital. 
 
 Hourn, or Urn Lochy an extensive arm of 
 the sea, on the western coast of Scotland, 
 extending 20 miles inland from the Sound 
 of Sky, Inverness-shire. 
 
 HOUSE, one of the Shetland islands, 
 about three miles long, and one broad, 
 united by a bridge to Barra. It contains 
 about 150 inhabitants. Lou. 1 37 e, Edin- 
 burgh, lat. 00 5 N. 
 
 Housstty a town and capital of a territory 
 of the same name, in Negroland, stretching 
 along the n side of the Nigar, 200 miles 
 E of Tomhuctoo. Lon. 4 20 e, lat. 10 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Honstany and' KiUalinny two iminxi 
 parishes in Renfrewshire, \w of Paisley, 
 about six miles long, and three broad. The 
 surface is^ considerably broken with rochy 
 eminences, but the low grounds, a moss 
 of some hundred acres in the wesiren disini t 
 excepted, are in general fertile. Liniesicne 
 abounds, and there are some quarries of 
 excellent freestone. There is a considerable 
 extent of oak wood, both natural and plant- 
 ed. In the aisle of the church are many 
 elegant sejailchral monuments to the memo- 
 ry Os individuals of the family ot Houston, 
 In the vicinity of the house of Barochaii, 
 stands an ancient stone cross of neat work- 
 manship. Besides the castle of Hous- 
 ton, an ancient fortification, there tire 
 many remains of antiquity. Nrw-Hocs- 
 TON', or Neus’ston, is a neat modern vil- 
 lage, built near the site of the old village 
 of that name. It contains about 300 in-, 
 habitants, chiefly employed in the cotton 
 manulaciure ; and in its neighbourhood is 
 an extensive bleach-field. Population is 
 about 1900. 
 
 Hon-tcheoUy a city of the first rank, in 
 the province of Tchekiang, China, situated 
 i near a large lake called Tai. This is the 
 chief place in China for making writing 
 pencils ; the silk manufacture is also car- 
 ried on to a vast extent. It is liO miles sk 
 of Nanking, and 587 sse of Pekin.' Lon. 
 120 15 E, lat. 30 32 x. 
 
 Honton Holms, a small pasture island of 
 the Orkneys, about two miles s of Pomona 
 island. 
 
 HOW ISLAND, an island in the S 
 Pacific ocean. It is composed of several 
 smaller islands. Lon. J54 7 w, lat. 1,5 
 46 s. 
 
 HOW’S ISLAND, or Lord Howe’s 
 Island, In the S Pacific ocean. Lon. 139 
 4 w, lat. 3J 36 s. 
 
 liowan Sound, a strait of the sea betw een 
 the islands of Egilsha and Rowsa, two of 
 the Orkney islands, 
 
 Howden, a tow'u in the E Riding of 
 Yorkshire. It gives name to a small dis- 
 trict called Howdensbire. The bishops of 
 
HOY HUD 
 
 liuTham had formerly a palace here, the re- 
 mains of which is uow occupied as a farm 
 house, situated about one mile from the N 
 bank of the Ouse, where, at Howdenuyke, 
 there is a small harbour for boats, and a 
 ferry over the river. The market place is 
 a large building called Moot Hall, where 
 courts are held at Lady day and Michael- 
 mas, tfec. It has a market on Saturday, and 
 four annual fairs. It is 20 miles sse of 
 York, and 179 N by w of London. 
 
 Howe Cape, a promontory at the sr end 
 of New Holland. Lon. 130 2 e, lat. 37 
 32 s. 
 
 Howe, The, a small island near the Nw 
 coast of the island of Guernsey. 
 
 //a/efcA’, a village of Northumberland, has 
 an ancient Tower still kept in good re- 
 pair, the seat of the family of Grey, the re- 
 presentative of which, in 1801, was created 
 Peer of the realm, by the title of Baron 
 Grey de Howie. It is three miles ne of 
 Alnwick, 
 
 Hoivth, a village in the county of Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, seated on a peninsula, which 
 forms the n point of Dublin bay ; on a pro- 
 montory here is a light-house. It is nine 
 miles E by N of Dublin. 
 
 Hoxter, a town of Westphalia, belonging 
 to the abbey of Corvey. It is situated on 
 the Weser, three miles nw of Corvey, and 
 23 E by N of Paderborn. 
 
 Hoxton, a large village in Middlesex ad- 
 joining Moorfields, London, has an alms 
 House and Charitj' School. 
 
 Hoy and Grtemsay, a parish of Scotland, 
 in Orkney, comprehending the island so 
 named, and containing about 400 inhabi- 
 tants. The surface is rocky and moan- 
 tanous, with some very romantic valleys. 
 In this parish is a stone called, the Dwarf 
 Stone, 32 feet long, 16 and a-half broad, 
 and near six high, hollow in the middle, 
 and divided into three compartments : one 
 is a chimney cut in a stone, another seems 
 to have been a bed. There are neither 
 parochial nor society schools in this parish. 
 
 HOY, one of the largest Orkney islands, 
 about iO miles long, and rather more than 
 three broad, separated from Pomona by a 
 channel about a mile and a-half wide. A 
 very rich ore of lead was discovered here 
 some time ago. The principal places are 
 Hoy and Southwalls. The number of in- 
 habitants is about 250. Round the coast 
 are several bays, and good fishing. Here 
 is a stupendous rock, called the Beary. 
 A Cape on its w coast is called Hoy head, 
 which is a sea mark. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 56 
 51 N. 
 
 Hoya, a county and principality of Ger- 
 many, in Westphalia. It is about 32 miles 
 in length, and 29 in breadth. The soil 
 is mostly sandy ; but there are some good 
 arable lands, producing rye, wheat, barley, 
 oats, flax, and buck-wheat. The principal 
 rivers are the Weser and the Aller. The in- 
 ikwbitants apply partly to agriculture, and 
 15 
 
 ! partly fo the linen and woollen manufac-* 
 tures. The whole county contains 54 
 parishes, all professing the doctrines of Lu- 
 ther. Besides Hoya, it contains 17 small 
 towns. 
 
 Hoya, the capital of the above county, is 
 situated on the Weser. It is 24 miles sss 
 of Bremen, and 37 nw of Hanover. Lon. 
 9 20 E, lat. 52 47 n. 
 
 Hoyer, a town in the duchy of Sleswick, 
 Denmark, with a harbour for small vessels, 
 celebrated for its Oyster fishery. It is four 
 miles w of Touderen. 
 
 Hoyerswerda, a town of Lusatia, on the 
 river Elster, two miles n of Whitoheiiau, 
 and 17 nnw^ of Bautzen. 
 
 Hoyerswerda, a castle in Lusatia, seated 
 on the river Elster, 17 miles nnw of Baut- 
 zen. ^ 
 
 Hoym, a town and castle in the principal 
 lity of Anhalt, in Upper Saxony, stands on 
 the Godel at its conflux with the Seike, 16 
 miles w of Bernburgb. 
 
 Hradiseli, a town of Moravia, and capi- 
 tal of a circle of the same name, situated 
 on an island in the river Moraw. It js a 
 frontier fortress towards Hungary ; and 
 lies 30 miles se of Olmutz, Lon, 19 30 
 lat. 49 17 N. 
 
 HUAHETNE, one of the islands, 
 
 in the Southern Pacific ocean, 30 ;> - ..'■es 
 from Otaheite and eight leagues in circum- 
 ference. The harbour of Owharre, ou the 
 I w coa-f, has good anchorage. Lon. 151 
 j 8 w, lat. 16 44 s, 
 
 I ihiberf, St, a town of Luxemburgh, Ne- 
 I theriands, stands on the rivulet Homme, in 
 the forest of Ardennes, with a celebrated 
 abbey, 14 miles w of Bastogne, and 20 ns 
 of Bouillon. 
 
 Hubertsberg, a town of Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony. Here is a suburb hunting-seat, 
 built by the electoral prince, Augustus III. 
 A peace w^as negociated here between the 
 kings of Poland and Prussia, and the em- 
 press queen. It is three miles ne of Mut- 
 chen, and 22 e of Leipsic. 
 
 Huddersfield, a town in the W Riding of 
 Yorkshire, seated on the Colne, with a 
 canal to the river Calder, about three miles 
 I distant. It is celebrated for its mnnu'acture 
 of narrow and broad cloths, serges, kersey- 
 meres, &c. wdiich are weekly exposed to 
 sale, in a large circular hall erected for tha 
 purpose. The only magistrates are a con- 
 stable and his deputy, chosen at the court 
 leet of the lord of the manor. Most of the 
 property in the town is held of Sir John 
 Ramsdeh, by short but renewable leases, 
 and of late years has greatly improved in 
 buildings, population, and trade. Tha 
 number of inhabitants in 1811, 9671. The 
 market day is Tuesday ; and it has three 
 annual fairs. It is 25 miles nk of Man- 
 chester, 42 sw of York, and 189 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 iLaf/iricA;5ii-flW,a flourishing sra port town, 
 the capital of the province of HeUingUiid, 
 3 M 
 
Sweden, with a good harbour on the gulf of I 
 Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on an ad- 
 vantagcou'ii trade in timber, wooden-chairs, 
 fiax, linen, butter, fish, &c. Ttis 185 miles y 
 by w of Stockholm. Lon. 17 46 e, iat. 6‘4 6. 
 
 Hud. son f a towm in Columbia county, 
 Now York. This town was only begin: 
 in 1783, and is now become a flourishing 
 place. It is laid out in squares, formed 
 by spacious streets, crossing each other at 
 right angles. The houses are supplied with 
 water brought in pipes from a spring two 
 miles distant. The trade of the city is con- 
 siderable, and vessels of the largest size can 
 unload, and vessels of considerable size are , 
 built here. It is situated on the e side of 
 Hudson river, on an eminence, 30 miles 
 s of Albany, and 120 miles n of New York. 
 Lon. 73 56 w, lat. 42 10 n. 
 
 Hudson’s Bay, a large bay of N Ame- 
 rica, N of Canada, discovered by captain 
 Henry Hudson, in 1610. It reaches in 
 its whole extent from Ion. 78 to 95 w, and 
 from lat. 51 to 69 n, in which are included 
 different gulls and bays, such as James bay, 
 Welcome sea, &c. The entrance of this 
 bay from the ocean is between Resolution 
 Isles, on the n and Button^ isles, on the 
 Labrador coast to the s, forming the e ex- 
 tremity of the strait, distinguished by the 
 name of its great discoverer. This bay 
 communicates on the n by two straits with 
 BafFin^s bay. In 1670, a charter was 
 granted to a company which does not con- 
 sist of above 10 persons, for the exclusive 
 trade to this bay. This company is in the 
 possession of three forts on the s coast of 
 James bay, by which the S termination of 
 Hudson^ bay is distinguished ; these facto- 
 ries are called Rupert, Moose, and Albany. 
 On the w side of Hiidson^s bay, up Hayes 
 river, is a factory called Flamborough, and 
 to the N of this is York fort, and prince of 
 Wales fort. In December 1770, Mr. 
 Hearne, in the service of the Hudson^s bay 
 Company, set oat from Prince of Wales 
 fort, to explore a river which the Esqui- 
 maux, who came to the Company’s factories 
 to trade, had brought to their knowledge ; 
 and which, on account of much copper 
 being found near it, had obtained the name 
 of Copper-mine river. Under the convoy 
 of these Indians, he arrived at this river 
 in June 1771, and traced it till he came 
 in sight of the Pacific ocean, finding it en- 
 cumbered w ith shoals and falls to its mouth, 
 which is in lat. 72 n, and Ion. 119 w\ 
 In 1789, Mr Mackenzie, another officer 
 of the company, explored the country still 
 more to the westward; aud, entering a 
 river, now^ called after his name, w^hich is 
 the outlet of the Slave lake, he traced it 
 to its mouth in the Artie ocean, where it 
 forms a wide estuary, in Ion. 135 w, lat. 
 71 N. Its course is 780 miles nnw from 
 the lake, in' which receives many large 
 rivers. No discoveries w of this river have 
 been made by laud. 
 
 Hudson’s Straits, ox ForbisJier’s Mistake^ 
 Strait, the narrow sea, between the At- 
 lantic ocean and Hudson’s bay n of La- 
 brador. 
 
 Hudson’s River, one of the finest rivers 
 of the United States, which rises in a moun- 
 tainous country, between the lakes Ontario 
 and Champlain ; ne part of the slate of 
 New York, and taking a se course passes 
 within seven miles of lake George ; then 
 flowing s by Lausenburg, Albany, and 
 Hudson, after a course of 250 miles, falls 
 into the sea, 10 miles s of New York. It 
 is navigable for ships to Hudson, and for 
 sloops of 70 or 80 tons to Albany. 
 
 Hue, or Huefo, the capital of Cochin- 
 China, has a royal palace, is seated in a 
 beautiful plain, and divided into two parts 
 by a large river, 30 miles from its mouth 
 in the Chinese sea. The inhabitants 
 blacken their teeth, thinking it a shame 
 to have them white, like dogs. Lon. 107 
 25 E, lat. 16 25 n. 
 
 Huelva, a town in the province of An- 
 dalusia, Spain, situated on the coast ©f the 
 Atlantic, between the mouths of the Odiel 
 and Tinto, three miles w of Moguer, and 53 
 w of Seville. 
 
 HUEN, an island in the Baltic, three 
 miles from the Swedish coast, and nine ssb 
 of Elsinore. In 1G58, it was ceded by the 
 Danes to the Swedes. It is six miles in 
 circumference, and has one scattered vil- 
 lage, where was the Observatory of the 
 famous Tycho Brahe, See Vranihurg, 
 
 Huesca, a town in the province of Arra- 
 gon, Spain, on the Isuela. It contains four 
 parishes, is a bishop’s see, with an universi- 
 ty ^ and is 35 miles ne of Saragossa. Lon. 
 
 8 25 w, lat. 42 8 n. 
 
 Huescar, a town of Granada, Spain, has 
 a castle, and is 42 miles ne of Guadix. 
 
 Huessen, a town of Guelderland, Holland, 
 stands on the Rhine, seven- miles ne of Ni- 
 miguen. 
 
 Hueta, See Guefa, 
 
 Huetinhurg, a town of Cariuthia, Ger- 
 many, 20 miles nne of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Hvffingen, a town in Suabia, belonging 
 to the prince of Furstenburg, four miles 
 NNW of Furstenburg. 
 
 Hughesburg, See Cataivessy. 
 
 HUIDINGS, a small island in the n 
 sea, near the w coast of Norway, 10 miles 
 w of Stavanger. 
 
 HUILQUILEMU, an inland province 
 of Chili, between Puchacay and the Andes, 
 produces an excellent muscadel wine, and 
 is rich in gold dust. Estanzia del Rei is 
 the capital. 
 
 Hultschin, a town of Silesia, near the 
 Oppa, 13 miles e of Troppau. 
 
 Hull, a river of Yorkshire, which runs 
 into the Humber at Hull. 
 
 Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a borough 
 and' sea- port town of E Yorkshire, situated 
 on the N ^ide of the river Humber, at the 
 mouth of the river Hull, from whiah it takes^ 
 
its name. It was built by Edward I. who 
 called it Kinpton, and was formerly de- 
 fended by a strong wall, ditches, ramparts, 
 and half-moons, which have of late gone to 
 decay. It is a county of itself, governed by 
 a mayor, a sheritf, a recorder, and 12 aider- 
 men. It was the first town that shut its 
 gates against Charles I. Hull is situated 
 low, and w as formerly subject to great inun- 
 dations. Its commerce has for some time 
 increased so rsiuch, that it is now deemed 
 the fourth port for business in the king- 
 dom. Its situation is extremly advanta- 
 geous. Besides its communication with 
 the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it has 
 access, by means of the Humber to the 
 Trent, and all its branches and communi- 
 cations. It has the import and export trade 
 of the Northern and midland counties. The 
 foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but 
 it has also regular traffic with the southern 
 parts of Eufcpe, and with America. More 
 ships are sent from hence to Greenland than 
 any other port, except London. The coast- 
 ing trade forf coals, corn, wool, manulac- 
 tnred goods, &o, is also very extensive. 
 A new dock has lately been constructed, 
 in which 80 ships may ride safely. The 
 principal public buildings are two churches, 
 an exchange, infirmary, and a trinity-house. 
 The bridge over the Hull is deemed one of 
 the most elegant in the kingdom. The 
 town is defended by. three forts, garrisoned 
 by soldiers. It is the seat of a governor, 
 lieutnant-governor, and other^fficers. The 
 mayor has a sword borne before him, a 
 cap of maintenance and a lignum vilde oar ; 
 the latter is expressive of his jurisdiction as 
 Admiral, within the limits of the Humber, 
 the legal, pecuniar allowance, to members 
 of parliameut, was paid by Hull later than 
 by any other town in England, to that in- 
 corruptible patriot Andrew Marvel, in the 
 latter part of the 16th Century. It sends 
 two members to parliament, has markets on 
 Tuesday and Saturday. The number of 
 inhabitants was about 27,616, in 1811, 
 29,944, including the suburb of Sc'ulcoates. 
 It is 97 nules e of Manchester, and 170 
 N of London. Lon. 0 18 w, lat. S3 SO n. 
 
 Hulmayy a small island of Scotland, on 
 the w coast of Lewis. 
 
 Hulmitrayy one of the smaller Hebrides, 
 near Harris. 
 
 Hulledypuray a town of Canara, Hindoo- 
 stan, situated in a plain of rice ground, e of 
 a considerable Creek, which runs n from 
 the entrance into Honawera lake, S4 miles 
 K by w of-Kundapura. 
 
 Hulperiy a town of Brabant, Netherlands, 
 10 miles sb of Brussels. 
 
 Hills, a town of Germany in the ci-devaat 
 archbishopric of Cologne, now annexed to 
 France. It is two miles sb of Kempen, 
 and 3S nw of Cologne. 
 
 Ilulst, a town of Holland, in the late 
 Dutch Flanders, situated on a canal, which 
 eommuaicates with the Scheldt. It is 
 
 small but ancient and very strong, by its 
 situation among marshes, and its fortifica- 
 tions. It wa& shameftilly surrendered to the 
 French, in 1747, and taken by them in 
 1794, It is 15 miles wnw of Antwerp, and 
 16 NNB of Ghent. Lon. 4 8 e, lat. 51 15 
 
 Humar, a small island of Arabia, in the 
 Red sea, one league kw' of Loheia. 
 
 Humber, a river of England formed by 
 the union of the Ouse and the Trent, which 
 divides the counties of Lincoln and York, 
 and runs into the German sea, at Spurn 
 Head, in Lon. 0 24 e, lat. 53 55 n. 
 
 Humble, a parish in the county of Had- 
 dington, sw of the town of that name which 
 presents nearly the form of a square six 
 miles though intersected by the parishes of 
 Fala and Soutra. It is mostly under pas- 
 turage. In this parish is an extensive tract 
 of wood : has an antiscorbutic spring, ap- 
 pearance of iron ore, and an excellent breed 
 of sheep. Here are vestiges of a circular 
 camp, containing an acre of land, formerly 
 surrounded by three walls 16 feet thick, 
 and 15 asunder, in the area of which Roman 
 antiquities have been found. Population 
 about 785. 
 
 Hume, a village in the united parishes of 
 Stitchel and Hume, in the county of Ber- 
 wick. In it is the ancient castle of Hume, 
 or Home once a place of great strength and 
 ; defence in the border wars, and frequently 
 besieged by the English. The castle is 
 seated on a rock, and is of such elevation as 
 to command one of the richest and mo.st 
 extensive prospects on the s of Scotland is a 
 sea mark for mariners on the passage from 
 London to the Frith of forth, and was one 
 of the signal stations in the late war. It 
 was long the property and residence of the 
 Earls of Home, whose buriaT place is in 
 the church yard here, but now belongs to 
 the proprietor of the estate of Marchmont. 
 The town of Hume, it is said, could once 
 muster between three and 400 men, who 
 could bear arms ; but is now reduced to 
 a small village. The casile was taken 
 and partly demolished by Oliver Cromwell, 
 The inhabitants were not well affected to 
 MTllie Wastel who had the command of 
 it at that time : the answer which he re- 
 turned to the summons to surrender, was :-^- 
 
 ‘a, Willie Wastel, 
 
 Stand firm in my castle ; 
 
 And all the dogs of our town, 
 
 Canno,t bring Willie Wa.stel down.^' 
 
 Population of parish and village, is about 
 408 ; about three miles ssw of Greenlaw, and 
 36 sE of Edinburgh. 
 
 Hummdstown, a town in Daupliin coun- 
 ty Pensyivania, stands on tljc s side of tie 
 Swetera, which falls into the Sustiarhaiia, 
 10 miles e by n of Harrisburg, and 76 wnw 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Hummet, The, a small island in the 
 English channel, near tbr. ns, coast of the 
 ! island of Guernsey. 
 
HUN 
 
 Hutnfnoch, a small island in the Eastern 
 Indian sea, five leagues s of Mindanao, 
 about six miles long. Here is a rajah, sup- 
 ported in his authority by the Dutch East 
 Indian company. The island is exceed- 
 ingly fertile, and produces most of the 
 trophical fruits, but the principal articles of 
 trade with the Dutch are bees wax and 
 honey. It lies in Lon. 125 12 E, lat. 5 
 37 N, 
 
 Hunary, two small islands, near the w 
 coast of Hiiidoostan, 15 miles s of Bombay. 
 Lou. 72 38 B,lat. 18 47 n. 
 
 Hunsmarcky a town in Stiria, on the 
 Muehr, 17 miles w by s of Judenburg, and 
 18 ENE of Muhrau. 
 
 HUNSRUCK, or Hunds-Ruck, a dis- 
 trict in the late circle of the Upper Rhine. 
 Great part of it is now annexed to France, 
 and included in the departments of the Rhine, 
 and the Sarre. 
 
 Hunefeldy a town in the late circle of the 
 Upper Rhine, and bi.shoprio of Fulda, 10 
 miles N of Fulda, and 26 sw of Eisenach. 
 
 HUNGARY, a kingdom of Europe, di- 
 vided into Lower and Upper. To these 
 may be added the Bannat of Temeswar. 
 incorporated into this kingdom in 1778. 
 Hungary formerly included Transylvania, 
 Sclavonia, Dalmatia, Servia, and Walachia. 
 The country, towards the north, is moun- 
 tainous and barren ; the air is cold, but 
 healthy. Near the Danube the soil is level 
 and sandy, the climate temperate, but moist. 
 Farther to the s are extensive plains, exceed- 
 ingly fertile; the climate hot, and the air 
 moist, and very unwholesome. The level 
 country, however, produces corn of every 
 kind, excellent fruit, wines celebrated for 
 their strength and goodness, especially that 
 called Tocay, legumes, hemp, asparagus, 
 melons, saffron, tobacco, <fec. The forests 
 are beautiful and the meadows feed nume- 
 rous herds of cattle, of which the inhabi- 
 tants yearly export more than 100,000 head,. 
 Horses, buffaloes, asses, mules, sheep, goats, 
 and swine are bred, and form objects of 
 commerce ; chamois and deer are found in 
 the forests and mountains, and in some 
 ]places bears. The rivers and ponds are 
 well supplied with fish, and the woods with 
 game. The mountains contain gold, silver, 
 iron, lead, quicksilver, antimony, orpiment, 
 sulphur, vitriol, marcasite, saltpetre, load- 
 stone, different kinds of marble, alabaster 
 and preciotis, stones, and opal, a metal, 
 found at Czevweniza, called by the natives, 
 Zinnopel, which gem is peculiar to this 
 country. No country in world is bet- 
 ter siipplied with mineral vvaters and baths, 
 and those of Biida, wlitm the Turks were in 
 posses.vion of it, weie reckoned the finest 
 in Europe. The principal mountains are 
 the Carpathian and Crapack. The chiel 
 rivers are the Daini' e, .Save, Waag, Graaii; 
 Tresse, Teiue.'^. Drave, ilaab, and Leitlia. 
 This kingd(u:i, lon-e; wasleil by war, js be- 
 gmniug tc be nopuknas k u has icsv 1 . 'g' 
 
 HUN 
 
 town?, all ate ill built, and filled with rulns^ 
 The inhabitants are of various origin, Jazi- 
 gians, Bohemians, Croats, Rascians, Rus- 
 sians, Walachians, fVandals, Greeks, Jews^ 
 and Turks. Hungarians and Sclavonians, 
 are considered as the only native inhabi- 
 tants. The nobility are numerous, well in- 
 formed, and warlike. Hungary is govern- 
 ed by the king who is of the bouse of Aus- 
 I tria, and states, which are divided into four 
 classes ; viz 1 . prelates ; 2. great barons, 
 wayw^odes, bans, or viceroys; 3, gentry; 
 and 4. the royal free cities. The kingdom 
 of Hungary can easily raise an army of 
 100,000 men, of which 50,000 are in pay, 
 and a like number is alike furnished by the 
 provinces. The infantry are called hey- 
 ducks, and the cavalry hussars, almost all 
 the towns^of Hungary have two names, the 
 one German and the other Hungarian ; and 
 the language is a dialect of the Sclawoniau. 
 The established religion is popery, though 
 there are a great number of protest ants. 
 The number of inhabitants, including Tran- 
 sylvania, estimated at 8,000,000. Pres burg, 
 is the capital of Upper, and Buda of Lower 
 Hungary. 
 
 Hungeuy a town in Wateravia, and county 
 of Solms Braunfels, Germany, 19 miles ese 
 of Brunfels, and 14 se of Weizlar. 
 
 Hungerfordy a town of Berkshire, on the 
 river Kennet, which separates it from Wilt- 
 shire, with a weekly market on W’^ednesday, 
 a fair August 10th and a good trade by its 
 canal navigation, John of Gaunt, duke of 
 Lancanster granted it a charter by the gift 
 of a brass bugle horn, which is blown an- 
 nually for the inhabitants to elect the Consta- 
 ble who is the chief officer, nine miles w 
 of Newbury, 22 ssw of Abington, and 64 w 
 of London. Ion. 1 26 w, lat. 51 26 n. 
 
 Hunninguen, a town in the department of 
 the Upper Rhine, France, si mated on the 
 Rhine, and regularly fortified, two miles n 
 of Bale, and 14 e of Altkirch. 
 
 Hanmanbyy a town of England, in the E 
 Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on 
 Tuesday, 11 miles s of Scarborough, 34 nb 
 of York, and 209 Nof London. 
 
 Hunslety a town in W Yorkshire, in the 
 liberty of Leeds, in 1811 the inhabitants 
 were 6393. 
 
 HUNTERDON, a county of New Jer- 
 sey, in the United States. It is about 40 
 miles long, and 32 broad, is divided into 
 10 townships, and contains 20,253 inhabi- 
 tants, including 1301 slaves. Trenton is 
 the ciiief town. 
 
 HUNTING ISLANDS, a cluster of 
 small islands in the Atlantic ocean, near 
 Port Royal, in South Carolina. 
 
 IhmtingdoTif capital oi the country to 
 which it gives name, situated on a rising 
 ground, on the river Ouse, over which a 
 .^^one bridge at Goodmanchester. It is said 
 tormerly to have had 15 churches, all which 
 were destrox'^ed in Speed time, except three. 
 Here Oliver Cromwell was born. Tiiert 
 
HUN 
 
 air^i iiow only two churches, and the cemc- 
 trios or other two parishes, in one of which 
 is an ancient steeple. Near the town, on 
 an eminence, is a castle built by Edward 
 the Elder. It was first incorporated by 
 king John ; but the magistrates, w^ho con- 
 sist of a mayor, alderman, recorder, <fec. 
 act under the charter of Charles I, Hun- 
 tingdon is a burgh, and sends two members 
 to parliament. The assizes for the county 
 are held here. The market is on Satur- 
 day, and it has a great trade in corn ; the 
 annual fair is on Ladyday. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1811, was 2397. It is 10 
 miles WNW of Cambridge, and 39 n by w of 
 London. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, an extensive and 
 mountainous county of the United States, 
 in Pennsylvania. It is about 73 miles long 
 and 39 broad, and contains 1,432,960 acres 
 of land, divided into seven townships which 
 contain 7363 inhabitants. Limestone, 
 iron ore, and lead are found here. A fur- 
 nace and two forges manufacture consider- 
 able (Quantities of pig and bar iron ; there is 
 also a manufacture of lead. It has a capital 
 of the same name, seated on the Juniatta, 
 at the influx of Standing-stone creek, 23 
 miles wsw of Lewistown. Lon. 7.8 15 w, 
 lat. 40 22 N. 
 
 Huntingdon^ a post town situated on the 
 N side of Long-Island, Suftblk county. New 
 York, 23 miles e by n of New York city. 
 
 It contains 3260 inhabitants. 
 
 Huntingdon, a small island near the e 
 coast of Labrador. Lon. 37 13 w, lat. 
 54 N. 
 
 HUNTINGDONSHIRE, a connty of 
 England, bounded on the n and w by 
 Northamptonshire, on the e by Cambridge- 
 shire, and on the s by Cambridgeshire, and 
 Bedfordshire. The form is an irregular j 
 sciuare, about 25 miles from n to s, and 20 | 
 from E to w. It is divided into four hun- j 
 dreds, w'hich contain six market towns, 186 
 parishes, and according to a late enumeration 
 8220 houses, and in 1811 42,203 inhabi- 
 tants. In the NE part is a lake called Whit- 
 tlesey-Meer, six miles long and three broad; 
 the water is clear, but in the calmest weather 
 agitated as if by a tempest. Huntingdon- 
 shire returns four members to parliament, 
 viz. two for the county, and two for Hun- 
 tingdon, Great part of the e and ne part of 
 the county consists of moors and fens ; but 
 these are drained so as to aff ord rich pastur- 
 age, and even large crops of corn. As 
 Cambridgeshire and Ely are under the ) 
 same administration with it the sherilT is 
 chosen alternately out of these several places. 
 The principal rivers are theNcui and the Ouse. 
 The SE part consists of beautiful meadows. 
 The middle and western parts are fertile in 
 corn, and adorned with woods ; the upland 
 part was anciently a forest, peculiarly adapt- 
 ed for hunting. The principal commodities 
 are corn, malt, and cheese, and it fattens 
 abundance of cattle. 
 
 H u R 
 
 Hunting-tower, an ancient edifice w of 
 Perth, formerly the residence of xhe P»,uth- 
 vens, earls of Gowrie, whose catastrophe iu 
 the reign of James VI. was so singular, and 
 mysterious. After the forfeiture of that 
 very ancient family, the castle and manor 
 were bestowed on the Murrays ; the build- 
 ing has latterly been occupied by calico 
 printers. 
 
 Huntly, a flourishing town and parish 
 in Abercieenshire. The town- is pleasant- 
 ly situated on a point of land formed by 
 the confluence of the Bogie with the De- 
 veron, over each of which is a handsome 
 bridge. It consists of two well built 
 streets, which cross each other at right 
 angles, and form a spacious square or mar- 
 ket place. It is the seat of a presbytery, 
 
 I and a post town. In buildings and trade 
 it has increased much of late years, chiefly 
 owing to the introduction of the linen 
 manufacturei Near the bridge over the 
 Deveroo stands the venerable remains of 
 Huntly Castle, which yet exhibits many 
 marks of -its former magnificence. The 
 parish is about six miles long and four 
 broad, formed by the union of the parishes 
 of Dumbenan and Kinore. The surface is 
 very unequal. Near the town stands Hunt- 
 ly Lodge, the elegant seat of the heroio 
 Marquis of Huntly, whose title is said to 
 have been originally derived from Huntly, 
 in the parish of West Gordon, Berwickshire, 
 (as the duke had his tide from Gordon,) and 
 was out of compliment to the marquis, 
 bestowed on this town, and the united 
 parishes, whose ancient names are lost in 
 that of Huntly. Huntly is about 33 miles 
 Nw of Aberdeen, and 139 n by e of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Hwntspil, a village in Somersetshire, at 
 the mouth of the Parret, in Bridgewater 
 bay, has a fair June 29th. It is seven 
 miles N of Bridgewater, and 148 w by s of 
 London, 
 
 Huntsville, a post town of North Carolina, 
 on Yadkin river, 30 miles n of Salisbury, 
 and 90 w of Hillsborough. 
 
 Hurdwar, a town in the province of Del- 
 hi, Hindoostan, where the Ganges first enters 
 the country. It is ICO miles n by e of Del- 
 hi. Loo. 78 23 E, lat. 29 53 n. 
 
 Huron Lake, a vast lake of Canada, in 
 N America, situated between ion. 80 10 and 
 84 30 w, and between lat. 42 and 46 10 n. 
 Its shape is nearly triangular, and its cir- 
 cumference about 1000 miles. On the n 
 side is a chain of islands 109 miles long, 
 called Manitow^lin, by the Indians, who 
 J consider them as sacred ; on the sw side is 
 j Saguina bay, running 43 miles into the ter- 
 1 ritory of thtt Uiiited States. This lakecom- 
 I municates with lake Michigan to the w by 
 } the strait of Mlchilimakinac ; with lake 
 j Superior to the nw by the strait of St Mary, 
 and with lake Erie to the s, by the strait of 
 Detroit. At the entrance of the strait of .Si 
 Mary is the island of St Joseph, 73 railet? 
 
HUT 
 
 H Y T 
 
 in circuit, on the s extremity of which is a 
 handsome fort belonging to the British 
 government, and on the sw side is a Thun- 
 der bay, so called from the frequent 
 thunder that is heard there. The Chippenay 
 Indians live scattered around this lake, 
 and on its banks are found great quanti- 
 ties of sand cherries. Its abounds in fish, 
 the principal of which ate trout and stur- 
 geon. 
 
 Hurst Castley a castle of England, in 
 Hampshire, four miles s of Lymington, on 
 a neck of land, two miles from the Isle of 
 Wight. Here king Charles I. was impri- 
 soned previous to his trial. In this castle 
 is always a garrison. It has a governor. 
 Lon. i 33 w, lat. 50 42 n. 
 
 Hus, or Hussu, a tow^n in Moldavia, Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, the see of a Greek bishop. 
 Here Pet^T the Great made peace with the 
 Turks. It IS siiuated on the Pruth, 70 
 miles sw of Bender. Lon. 28 34 e, lat.* 46 
 35 N . 
 
 Hussingahad, a town in the province of } 
 Malwa, but on the s side of the ^Nerbudda, I 
 and the frontiers of Nagpour, the eastern i 
 division of the Mahratta empire, Hindoostan. i 
 It is 120 miles ke of Burhampour, and j 
 140 Kw of Nagpour. Lon. 77 54 e, lat. |! 
 22 42 n. 
 
 Husiim, a sea port on the w coast of the 
 duchy of gieswick, Denmark, opposite to the i 
 island of Nordstrand, has a strong citadel, 
 seated on the river Ow, near the German | 
 Ocean. The trade chiefly consists in beer, | 
 cattle, and horses. There are also some 
 manufactures of cotton, linen, and leather. ! 
 It is 20 miles w of Sleswick. Lon. 9 20 e, ! 
 lat. 54 36 X. 
 
 Hutcheson’s Toum, a suburb of Glasgow, 
 s of the Clyde, in the parish of Gorbals, 
 adjoining to the other suburb of that name 
 eastward. i By an elegant new wooden 
 bridge, the walk from the centre of Glasgow 
 to this village, is rendered both short and 
 commodious. 
 
 Ruttanyy a town in the country of Visia- 
 pour, Hindoostan, 30 miles ssw of Visiapour. 
 Lon. 75 6 k, lat. 17 5 x. 
 
 Hutton, a parish in Berwickshire, about 
 four miles long, and three broad, lying on 
 the N bank of the Tw’eed, and s bank of the 
 Whittader, and containing about 5200 acres 
 of land. The late Mr Philip Redpath, 
 translater of Boethius, w^as minister of this 
 parish. In 1791, the schoolmaster at the 
 age of 25 years, had attained in height seven 
 feet four inches. The village of Hutton in 
 this parish is six miles w of Lerwick. Po- 
 pulation is about 1030. 
 
 Huiton, 'dwd. Conk, two united parishes 
 in Diimiries-shire, about 12 miles in length, 
 and of unequal breadth, chiefly uuder pastu- 
 rage, and containing 640 inhabitants. It is 
 watered by the Milk, the Dryfe, and the 
 Corrie. In this parish are the remains of 
 several camps, and of tlie tower of Gillespie, 
 to which place a president of the Court of 
 
 Session, soon after the erection of that 
 court, was conveyed blindfold, and confined 
 same time to obstruct the course or justice ; 
 a strong proof of the lawlessness of that 
 period. 
 
 Huttwiely a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland, on the frontier of Lucerne. It 
 is 16 miles ne of Bern. 
 
 Huy, a town in the Netherlands, terri- 
 tory of Liege, situated on the Meuse, w^hich 
 divides it into two parts. There are 
 many paper mills, and iron founderies. In 
 1706, it was reduced by the confederates, 
 and the Dutch retained it till 1718, 
 when they demolished the fortifications, 
 and surrendered it to the bishop. It is 12 
 miles wsw of Liege. Lon. 5 30 e, lat. 50 
 32 N. 
 
 Hydra, a small island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago, 15 miles long and three 
 broad, situated berween the gulf of Napoli 
 and the island of Thermia. Though moun- 
 tainous, and without a stream of water, 
 is occupied by a numerous colony of Greeks, 
 under the government of one of their 
 own number, who pay a fixed annual tri- 
 bute to the Porte. Their trade extends 
 from Odessa, on the Black sea to every 
 part of the Mediterranean and even America, 
 by means of which they are more polished 
 than their neighbours. The chief town, of 
 the same name, is one of the most consi- 
 derable in the Archipelago. It has a good 
 harbour on the nw coast. Lon 23 55 e, 
 lat 37 21 N. 
 
 Hydrahad, a city of Hindoostan, the 
 capital of Golconda, and metropolis of the 
 Deccan. It is very large, surrounded 
 with walls, and defended with tow ers, and 
 is supposed to contain upw^ards of 100,000 
 inhabitants. It is situated in a plain, on 
 a river that falls into the Kisna. Its 
 extensive suburbs are occupied by merchants 
 and tradesmen, 690 miles s of Delhi, and 
 310 XNw of Madras. Lon. 78 52 e, lat. 17 
 17 N. 
 
 Hydrahad, a city of Hindoostan, capital 
 of the province of Sindy. It is situated on 
 Fulolee branch of the Indus, and surround- 
 ed by a high brick wall, flanked with round 
 tow'ers. On the x side is a ditch, hewn out 
 of the rock, over which is a bridge opposite 
 the gate. At this place is the suburb, which 
 together with the city, contain about 15,000 
 inhabitants, among, whom are numerous 
 and skilful artizans, particularly the ar- 
 mourers, 100 miles xe of Tata, and 340 ssw 
 of Moulten. Lon, 68 46 e, lat. 25 29 x. 
 
 Hypolite, St, a town of France, in the 
 department of Douhs,OH the Doubs, 40 miles 
 E by N of Besancon. 
 
 Hypolite, St, a town of France, in the 
 department of Gard, stands on the Vidourle, 
 near its source. It is is 12 miles s of 
 Alais. 
 
 Hys, a town in the Arabian Irak, Asiatic 
 Turkey, 120 miles s of Bagdad. 
 
 Hythe, See Hithe, 
 
J A F 
 
 I J. 
 
 J ABLUNKAU, a town of Moravia, in 
 the principality of Tescben, with a 
 fort near it, w^hich defends a defile towards 
 Hungary, stands on the Elsa, between 
 high mountains. It is 12 miles sse of 
 Teschea, and 16 and a-half ese of Erie- 
 deck. 
 
 JACATRA, a country in the w part of 
 Java, formerly a kingdom, with a town 
 and fortress of the same name, near to Ba- 
 tavia, which is now the capital ; it was 
 formerly called Jacatra. The produce is 
 principally sugar, cotTee, pepper, and rice ; 
 likewise indigo, cotton yarn, arrack, tur- 
 meric, and cadjang or lentiles, from which 
 last oil is pressed. 
 
 Jacca, an ancient city in Arragon, Spain, 
 situated at the foot of the Pyrenees, has a 
 fort, and is a bishop^s see, It stands on a 
 river of the same name, among the moun- 
 tains of Jaca. It is 5Z miles n of Saragos- 
 sa, and 85 e of Sanguesa. Lon. 5 34 lat. 
 42 28 N. 
 
 a town on the e coast of Sicily, 
 in Val di Demona, formerly called Acis 
 Aquileia, and known from the story of 
 Acis and Galatia. Hence are exported I 
 large quantities of wine and fruit. It is 
 seated near the raouth .of the Freddo, 13 
 miles NNE of Catania, and 14 ssw of 
 Taormina. 
 
 Jacksonsborough, a town of S Carolina, e 
 side of the Edisto, 32 miles w of Charles- 
 ton. 
 
 Jaeriy a city of Spain, in Andalusia, and 
 a bishop’s see, seated in a country abounding 
 with excellent fruit, and which produces 
 very fine silk, at the foot of a mountain, on 
 the river Guadalbulloa. It is surrounded 
 with walls, and defended by some ramparts, 
 towers, and a castle. It is 36 miles n of 
 Grenada, and 60 e by s of Cordova. Lon. 
 
 3 37 w, lat. 37 38 M. 
 
 Jaffa, a town in Palestine, Syria, near 
 the coast of the Mediterranean, seated on an 
 eminence in the form of a sugar loaf, on 
 the summit of which is a small citadel. 
 It is surrounded by gardens which produce 
 lemons, oranges, melons, and- citrons of a 
 prodigious size. It was formerly a celebrat- 
 ed city, called in the scriptures Joppa. The 
 bouses are small and surrounded with the 
 ruins of the ancient w'alls and towers. The 
 road is protected by a castle built on a 
 rock ; the harbour is, however, not good. 
 The principal commerce is in grain, par- 
 ticularly in rice from Egypt. It was taken 
 by the French under general Bonai)arte, in 
 1799, with some difficulty and a great loss 
 of lives, but he kept possession only forty 
 days. According to Sir Richard Wilson, 
 
 JAG 
 
 ! the conquest was followed by the massacre 
 I of 3,800 prisoners, and that 580 French 
 soldiers sick in the hospital, were poisoned 
 with opium by the command of their gene- 
 ral. It is 21 miles nw of Gaza, 33 w of 
 Jerusalem, and 35 ssw of AcrC. Lon. 35 
 10 E, lat. 32 5 N. 
 
 Jaffierahad, a town in the country of 
 Berar, Hindoostan, 40 miles nnb of Aurun- 
 gabad, and 60 s of Bur ham pour. 
 
 Jaffrabad, a town of Guzserat, Hindoo- 
 tan, stands near the mouth of a river, cele- 
 brated for large oysters ; 37 miles eke of 
 Diu. 
 
 Jaffnapatam, a fortified and sea port 
 town of Ceylon. It was anciently the ca- 
 pital of an independent kingdom. The land 
 is low, the soil fertile, and planted with 
 beautiful trees; the country is so populous 
 that they reckon 160 towns in a district of 
 12 leagues in length, and eight in breadth. 
 Hence are exported great quantities of 
 tobacco, and some elephants, and reckoned 
 the most docile in the world. In 1658, tb© 
 Dutch took it from the Portuguese, who 
 were supplanted by the British in 1795. It 
 is seated at the n end of the island, 100 
 miles N of Candy. Lon. 80 12 e, lat. 9 
 45 N. 
 
 Jagarnaut, a town in the province of 
 Orissa, Hindoostan, seated on the bay of 
 Bengal. Here is a famous Pagoda, one of 
 the first objects of Hindoo veneration. It 
 i forms an excellent sea mark/fpr vessels sail- 
 ing in the bay of Bengal. It is situated a 
 few miles to the e of Chilka lake, 27 miles 
 E of Rajaraiindry, and 48 s of Cattack. 
 Lon. 86 6 e, lat. 19 50 n. 
 
 Jagerndorf, a town and castle of Silesia, 
 the capital of a province of the same name, 
 stands on the Oppa, 13 miles nw of Troppau, 
 and 20 w of Ratibor. Lon. 17 44 e, lat* 
 50 0 N. 
 
 Jagcrsburg, a town in the principality of 
 I Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, 13 miles ssw of 
 Darmstadt. 
 
 Jaghire, of the Carnatic, a tract of land 
 . in Hindoostan, subject to the English E 
 India ^ Company. It comprehends 2,440 
 square miles, extending 108 miles along 
 the coast from Alemparve on the s,to lake 
 Pullicate on the North, and is 47 miles 
 inland where broadest. Its revenue is 
 about 150,000 per annum. Madras is the 
 I chief place. 
 
 1 Jago de Cuba, a town on the southern 
 I coast of Cuba, with a good harbour, at the 
 bottom of a bay, on the river cf the same 
 name ; and is a bishop’s see. It was near- 
 ly swallowed up by an earthquake, in 1810. 
 It is 12 or 13 leagues w of Cumberland 
 harbour, and 41 ssw of the e end Jamaica. 
 Lon. 76 3 w, lat. 20 1 n. 
 
 Jago de la Vega or Spanish Town, the 
 capital of Jamaica. It is situated in Mid- 
 dlesex county, on the banks of the river 
 Cobre, about' six miles from the sea, and 
 contains between 500 and 6G0 houses, and 
 
JAG 
 
 about 5,000 inhabitants, inclu^^ing people 
 of colour. It is the residence of the gover- 
 nor or commander in chief, who is accom- 
 modated with a superb palace, 16 miles 
 WNW of Kingston. Lou. 76 49 w, lat. 
 
 18 6 N. 
 
 Jago de Nexapa^ St, a town in Guaxaca, 
 Kew Spain, seated in the valley of Nexapa, 
 65 miles ese of Guaxaca. 
 
 Jago de Compestella, See St ComposteUa, 
 
 Jago de los Cavalleros, St, a city of St Do- 
 mingo, next in extent to the capital, con- 
 taining 20,000 inhabitants, seated in a fer- 
 tile soil, on the river of its name, 70 miles I 
 from its mouth, and 90 nnw of St Domin- ! 
 go. Lon. 70 38 w, lat. 19 22 n. 
 
 Jago de los Valles, St, a. town in the pro- 
 vince of Panuco, New Spain, on the river 
 Panuco, 170 miles n by e of Mexico. Loh. 
 99 56 w. lat. 22 30 N. 
 
 Jago del Estero, St, a town of S America, 
 one of the most considerable of Tucuman, 
 situated on the Dolce, which is here navi- 
 gable for vessels of burden, is a bishop’s see. 
 In the vicinity are produced plenty of 
 W’heat, rice, barley, fruit of all sorts, par- 
 ticula.rly figs and raisins. It is 120 miles 
 sw of St Michael. Lon. 63 40 w, iat. 
 28 0 s. I 
 
 JAGO, St, the largest and most fertile | 
 of the Cape de Verd islands, 13 miles "W of 
 the isle ©f May, 10 miles long, and five 
 broad. It abounds with high barren moun- 
 tains, and the air in the rainy season is un- 
 wholesome to strangers. It contains many 
 animals, fowls and birds of almost all sons, 
 and abundance of fruit trees. There are 
 also som.e cedar trees and plenty of cotton. 
 Rihlieira Grande is the capital, but the 
 governor resides at Porto Praya. 
 
 Jago, St, the capital of Chili, S America, 
 W’ith a good harbour, a bishop’s see, and a | 
 royal audience. It is situated on a large, 
 beautiful plain, at the foot of the Cordilleras, 
 on the s side of the Topocalma, over which 
 is a bridge that connects the city with the 
 suburbs. Besides the cathedral, here are 
 four parish churches, .10 monasteries, and 
 seven nunneries. The streets are 36 feet 
 wide, and cross at right angles. The great 
 square is 450 feet on each side. The palace 
 of the president and the tribunal of audience 
 occupy the n front ; on the w are the ca- ^ 
 thedral and the bishop’s palace ; and in the 
 middle is a magnificient fountain. The in- 
 habitants are native Americans and Spa- 
 niards ; they amout to 46,000, and carry 
 on a considerable trade with Buenos Ayres, 
 by land, 354 leagues distant. There are 
 several canals in the city, by means of which 
 they water the gardens and cool the streets. 
 Lon. 71 5 w', lat. 33 26 s. 
 
 Jago, St, capital of Veragua, New Spain, 
 with an elegant hospital, stands in a fertile 
 country abounding with cattle, and produces 
 maize, plantains, <fec. ; 130 miles sw of 
 Porto Bello. Lon. 81 24 \v, lat. 8 28 n. 
 
 Jago St, a river of Guadalaxura, New 
 
 JAM 
 
 Spain, which flows from the ne part of lake 
 Chapala, washes the city of Guadalaxara, 
 and falls into the Pacific ocean at St Bias. 
 
 Jago St, a river of St Domingo, which 
 Colimtbus called the gold river, has its 
 source near the centre of the island, and 
 after passing through extensive plains, falls 
 into the sea on the borders of Monte Christo. 
 
 Jagodina, a town of Servia, European 
 Turkey, stands on the Moravia, 70 miles 
 ssE of Belgrade. 
 
 Jaieca, a town in Bosnia, European 
 Turkey, 26 miles s of Banjaluka, and 50 ne 
 of Serai, has a strong citadel, and stands on 
 the Plena. 
 
 Jakutskoi. See Yakutsk, 
 
 Jalalabad, a town of Cabul, Hindoo.stan, 
 on the river Kameh, 60 miles ese of Cabul. 
 
 Jallindar, the capital of a district of tha 
 same name, in the country of Lahore, 
 Hindoostan, 80 miles e by s of Lahore, 
 and 224 nnw of Delhi. Lon. 74 10 e, lat. 
 30 50 N. 
 
 Jalonitza, a town in Walachia, European 
 Turkey, on a river of the same name, 95 
 miles sw of Ismail, and 240 n of Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 Jalour, a town in the country of Agimere, 
 Hindoostan, seated on a steep mountain, 85 
 miles w^NY/ of Cheitore. 
 
 Jamagorod, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of St Petersburgh, with a strong 
 fort, .seated on the Jama, 12 miles ne of 
 Narva. Lon. 28 3 e, lat. 59 25 n. 
 
 Jamaica, a chief town of Queen’s county. 
 New York, in the w part of Long island. 
 It is 12 miles e by s of New York city. 
 Here are three churches, and an academy. 
 The whole township contains 1,675 inhabi- 
 tants of whoipi 237 are electors, and 222 
 slaves. 
 
 JAMAICA, an island situated in the 
 Atlantic ocean, about 4,000 miles sw of 
 Great Britain, and forming one of the 
 most valuable appendages to that crown. 
 It wuis discovered in 1494, by Columbus, 
 lies 30 leagues w of Hispaniola, nearly the 
 same s of Cuba, and is of an oval figure. 
 The centre of Jamaica lies in about 18 or 12 
 N lat. and about 76 45 w Ion. It is 170 
 miles in length, and on a medium about 60 
 miles in breadth. This island is intersected 
 w ith a ridge of steep^ rocks, from w hich issue 
 a vast number of small rivers of pure whole- 
 some w-ater. Black river is the deepest, and 
 is navigable for flat bottom boats and ca- 
 noes 30 nules. Sugar is the greatest and 
 most valuable production of this island. It 
 produces also cocoa, ginger, pimento, or Ja- 
 maica pepper, wild cinnamon, the machi- 
 neel, <fec. The year is distinguished into 
 tw'o seasons, the wet and dry, but the rains 
 are not so frequent as formerly, owing it 
 is supposed to the cutting down of the w'oods. 
 About nine in the morning it is intolerably 
 hot, but an easterly breeze soon arises to cool 
 the air. The months of July, August, Sep- 
 tember, are called the iiurricaue months, b©- 
 
JAM 
 
 cause tJien they are the most frequent, and 
 there is lightning almost every night. 
 The best houses are generally built low, on 
 account of the hurricanes and earthquakes. 
 The common drink is Madeira wine, or 
 rum punch. The common bread, or that 
 which serves for it, is plantains, yams, and 
 cassava roots. In the year 1793, a great 
 cumber of the bread fruit trees were brought 
 to this island from Otaheite, and introduced 
 into the ditfereat plantations. Hogs and 
 sheep are plentiful, bat the servants generally 
 feed upon Irish salt beef, and the negroes 
 have herrings and salt fish. Jamaica is di- 
 vided into three counties, Middlesex, Surry, 
 and Cornwall ; and is subdivided into 20 
 parishes. Presentations to livings are made 
 by the commander-in-chief. The number 
 of white inhabitants, in 1787, was 30,000 ; 
 freed negroes, 10,000; maroons, 1,400; 
 and slaves, 250,000 ; in all 304,000. The, 
 value of tMs island, as British property, is 
 estimated at 39 millions. The government 
 of the island is one of the richest places, 
 next to that of Ireland, in the disposal of 
 the crown. The salary is 25001. and 
 the assembly commonly vote as much 
 more to the governor, which, with other 
 perquisites, make it amount to nearly 
 10,0001. per annum. In June 1785, the 
 maroons, or original natives, who inhabit 
 the mountains, rose against the English, 
 and were not quelled till March 1796, 
 partly by means of Spanish blood hounds 
 brought from Cuba. St Jago de la Vega 
 is the seat of government, but Kingston is 
 the capital. 
 
 Jamalabad, a town of Canara, Hindoos- 
 fan, has a fort on the top of an immense 
 rock, to which there is access by only one 
 narrow path. The town is seated on the 
 bank of a river. It is 30 miles ene of 
 Mangalore. 
 
 Jumamay or Imaniy a town of Arabia Fe- 
 lix, in tbe province of Nedsjed, capital of a 
 district of the same name, lying w of the 
 province of Bahrin, on the river Astan, 330 
 miles ssw of Bassora, and 420 ene of Mecca, 
 ton. 46 8 E, lat. 25 5 n. 
 
 Jamhiy ihQ capital of a kingdom of the 
 same name, on the b coast of the island of 
 Sumatra, noted for its excellent pepper. 
 The town is large, and situated inland on a 
 river navigable for boats. The Dutch have 
 a fort here, but the air is unwholesome. It 
 is 160 miles n by e of Bencoolen. Lon. 
 102 45 E, lat, I 22 s. 
 
 JambOy a town of Arabia Deserta, in the 
 province of Hedjas, with a good harbour, on 
 the Red sea, 85 miles ssw of Medina. Lon. 
 37 20 E, lat. 24 5 n. 
 
 JamdrOy or PaltOy a lake of Asia, in Thi- 
 bet. Its circumference is 150 British miles. 
 In the middle of it there is a large island, in 
 which is the seat of the Hamissu Tarcepamo, 
 or the Great RegeneratCy in whom the Thi- 
 betians think that a divine spirit is regeue- 
 12 
 
 JAM 
 
 rated, as in the Great Lama. It is 150 
 miles NNE of Tassasudon, and 24 s of 
 Lassa. 
 
 Jamesy a river of Virginia, has its source 
 on the w side of the blue ridge of the 
 Allegany mountains, where it is formed 
 by the junction of the Carpenter and the 
 Jackson rivers, then directing its course 
 E through the state, it falls into Chesa- 
 peak bay, near Hampton. 
 
 James^ Bay, the eastern part of the south 
 division of that great body of water called 
 Hudson^s bay, about 150 miles across. Lon. 
 58 30 to 82 45 w, lat. 51 10 to 55 10 N. See 
 Hudson\s Bay, 
 
 JAMES CITY, a county of Virginia, 
 30 miles long and 12 broad, lying be- 
 tween Chickahominy, and James' rivers. 
 It contains 4,070 inhabitants, including 
 2405 slaves. 
 
 JAMES ISLAND, an island of Africa, 
 about 30 miles up the river Gambia, and 
 three from its nearest shore, where the Eng- 
 lish have a fort and factory. Lon. 16 0 w, 
 lat. 13 15 N. 
 
 JAMES ISLAND, lies on the s side of 
 Charleston harbour, in South Carolina, op- 
 posite to Charleston. 
 
 JameSy Sty a town of South Carolina, 
 seated on the s side of the Santee, 24 
 miles from its mouth, and 44 nne of Char- 
 leston. 
 
 James Tovmy formerly the metropolis of 
 Virginia, and county town of James city 
 county, stands on a peninsula, on the n side 
 of James river. It is the oldest town in 
 the settlements formed by the English in 
 North America, eight miles ssw of Willi 
 amsburgh. 
 
 James Towny a borough in the county of 
 Leitrim, Ireland, seated on the Shannon, 
 five miles s by b of Carrick, and 84 wnw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 James’ Towny in the parish of Wester- 
 kirk, Dumiries-shire ; principally inhabited 
 by miners. 
 
 JametSy a town in the department of 
 the Meuse, Fiance. It is 12 miles s of 
 Steney. 
 
 JamsiOy a town of Sweden, in Blekingen^ 
 32 miles w of Carlscrona. 
 
 JAMTLAND, a province of Sweden, 
 bordering on Norway, about 70 miles in 
 length, arid 60 in breadth. It is in general 
 mountainous. The eastern part is a cham- 
 paign country, watered with several lakes 
 and rivers, which abound with fish. The 
 country produces excellent oats, and abounds 
 in good turnips. Many of the inhabitants 
 are employed in extracting iron from small 
 ferruginous stones, which are collected in 
 fenny places. There are also allum quar- 
 ries, the lapis ollarius, fine rock chrysials, 
 lead ore, tv/o new-built copper-works, and 
 a place where salt petre is refined. The 
 province is but thinly peopled. It does 
 not contain so much as one town. Ev^y 
 3 N 
 
JAP 
 
 peasant is obliged to contribute towards tbe ! 
 subsistence of tbe soldiery. 
 
 Janeiro. See Rio Janeiro. 
 
 JannOy or Jannina, a town of European 
 Turkey, capital of Albania, with a castle, 
 and is a bishop\s see, seated in a billy coun- 
 try, sw side of the lake Acherusia. Tbe 
 province, by tbe Turks, is called Janna, 
 from this town. On a peninsula which 
 stretches fnto the lake, is tbe seraglio, or 
 palace of tbe Pacha, which is fortified 
 and detached from the town. Many rich 
 Greek merchants of extensive commerce are 
 among the inhabitants, who are computed at 
 40,000. Spun cotton, from tbe adjoining 
 province of Thessaly, is the chief of their 
 exports. It is 40 miles w of Larisa, and 
 340 E of Constantinople. 
 
 Junowitz, a town of Bohemia, in tbe 
 circle of Pilsen, seated on the Bradawke. 
 It is 28 miles ssw of Pilsen, and 48 se of 
 Prague. 
 
 Janmlle, a town in the department of the 
 Eure and Loire, France, 20 miles se of 
 Chartres. 
 
 Jao-Tcheouy a city in the province of Ki- 
 ang-si, China, on tbe river Po, near its en- 
 trance into the lake Poyang, 40 miles ke of 
 Nau-cbang. 
 
 JAPAN, a large and powerful empire of 
 Asia, called by the natives Nipbon, and Hi- 
 phon, from the largest of tbe islands of which 
 it is composed. It extends from longitude 
 131 to 142 E, and from lat. 30 to 41 n. It 
 is situated on the eastern verge of Asia, 
 consisting of three large and a number of 
 smaller islands, which, together, are compu- 
 ted to be about 600 leagues in compass, or 
 .200 in length, and of proportionable breadth, 
 exclusive of their various windings, and of 
 sundry remote islands which are subject to 
 that empire. The w'hole empire is divided 
 into seven principal districts, which are sub- 
 divided into 70 provinces, and the population 
 in proportion to its extent, is deemed equal 
 to that of China. All the coasts of this 
 empire are composed of craggy, high, and 
 inaccessible mountains, and surrounded 
 by shallow boisterous seas, and their 
 creeks and bays are fpr the most part 
 choaked up with rocks, shelves, sands, 
 and whirlpools. Tbe country is no less 
 pleasant and inviting within, than its ave- 
 nues are discouraging and frightful. Its 
 situation is such, that it would be many 
 degrees hotter than England, were not the 
 air refreshed by the winds which continually 
 blow' Irom thp sea, and to which those is- 
 landers are much exposed by the height of 
 their situation. It nuist, however, be own- 
 ed, that this situation makes their winters 
 excessively cold. The surface is naturally 
 niountainous, and the ancient relations de- 
 scribe it as very barren ; nevertheless the 
 industry of the inhabitants have made it 
 sufficiently fertile to supply their own 
 wanes, aiid eyep to furnish other countries 
 
 JAP 
 
 with tbe finest and whitest of rice and cor», 
 w'hich are exported by the natives and 
 Dutch in vast quantities They have five 
 different sorts of grain ; besides Indian 
 wheat, millet, <fec. in great abundance. The 
 rocks and most barren places produce a 
 variety of fruits, plants, and roots. Their 
 seas, as well as lakes and rivers, furnish 
 them with plenty and variety of fish. The 
 country abounds with rivers, lakes, and 
 yjrings of various kinds, as w^ell as medici- 
 I nal waters. The forests abound with all 
 i sorts of wild beasts, of tbe furs of which 
 they make considerable traffic, as well as 
 of elephants teeth. Their seas, besides fish, 
 furnish them with great quantities of amber- 
 i grease and w^hite coral, and some pearls of 
 ; great price, besides a variety of sea plants 
 j and shells. But the great riches of this 
 I empire consists in the variety and fineness 
 I of its metals and minerals. Mines of gold, 
 i as well as gold dust, are to be found in many 
 i of their provinces, particularly in the great 
 I island of Niphon. Silver rnines although 
 j not so numerous, are some of them very 
 rich ; but the most plentiful of all metals is 
 j their cojyper, of which they have great va- 
 riety; some kinds exquisitely tine, and 
 I others ver)^ coarse and cheap. All agree 
 I in observing the five following precepts : 
 not to* kill or to eat any thing that is killed ; 
 
 I not to steal ; not to defile another man’s 
 j bed; not to lie; and not to drink wine, 
 i The government of Japan is, and has been 
 I for many centuries, altogether despotic. 
 
 1 The emperors originally bad the title of 
 j dairos; their persons and dignity w’ere 
 I held so sacred, that not only every rebellion 
 I against them, hut even every contravention 
 of their decrees, whether in civil or religious 
 matters, was detested as a crime against 
 heaven itself. His army consists of 100,000 
 foot, and 20,000 horse, including his garri- 
 sons, all w^ell disciplined, and, in general 
 I stout men, but as they inhabit islands, are 
 seldom at W’.ar with their neighbours. Their 
 arms are muskets, bows, aud arrows, the 
 scymitar, and dagger; all of the best metal. 
 The Japanese are generally very acute, aud 
 : of a quick apprehension, good understanding, 
 modest, patient, and courteous, and excel- 
 I ling all the orientals in docility. They are 
 j so just in their dealings, that one may wbso- 
 * lutely depend on their word ; and contrary 
 I to the Chinese, disdain to take advantage of 
 1 those they deal with. They are commonly 
 j very ingenious at handicraft trad'‘s,^nd excel 
 even the Chinese in several of their manu- 
 factures, particularly in the beauty, goodness, 
 and variety of silks, cotton, and other stuffs, 
 aud in their japan and porcelain works, on 
 w'bich account they are esteemed all over 
 the east, as well as in Europe. They wOiild 
 have a much greater demand for all their 
 merchandise, notwithsianding their high 
 price, if the emperors did not restrain their 
 subjects so much from trading into foreiga 
 
JAP 
 
 countries. They are allowed to trade with 
 none but the Chinese, Coreans, the coun- 
 try of Jedso, and with the Dutch, and 
 with them only at the port of Nangtisaki. 
 The commodities exported from thence 
 are rice, silk and cotton wrought, fine 
 porcelain and japan works ; gold and 
 silver, copper, iron, steel, and other base 
 and artificial metals; variety of rich furs, 
 tea of all sorts, a great variety of medicinal 
 herbs, roots, woods, and gums; to these 
 we may add diamonds, and other precious 
 stones, pearls of exquisite beauty, coral, 
 great quantities and variety of fine sea 
 shells, and ambergrise, &c, <fec. The 
 Japanese are as fabulous as the Chinese 
 in the antiquity of their empire; but the 
 certain period begins with the hereditary 
 succession of the ecclesiastical emperors, 
 from the year 660 before the Christian era. 
 In the minority of one of their emperors, in 
 3150, when they had civil wars, one of the 
 competitors for the crown, assumed the 
 ecclesiastical government, retaining the 
 title of dairo, whiite the other who ruled in 
 civil affairs, was styled Cubo. From that 
 time the dairo had only been at the head of 
 religious matters, while the Cubo, or 
 secular emperor, bears an absolute domi- 
 nion over all civil and military affairs. 
 The former still lives in great state and 
 grandeur at Miaco; and the latter pays 
 him a kind of homage, as if he acted 
 only as his deputy or viceroy; but in 
 reality, the Cubo U now the real monarch 
 of Japan, and the dairo only his high priest. 
 The religion of the country is paganism, 
 but there are two different sects. All the j 
 Christians were extirpated by the perse- i 
 cutioQS which arose in 1638. The Japa- 
 nese are of a yellowish complexion, 
 their heads large, their necks short, their 
 hair black, ej^es small, and their noses 
 though not flat, are thick and short. 
 Their houses are of wood coloured white, 
 and never exceed two stories in height; 
 their partitions are moveable in sliding 
 grooves, and can be shifted at pleasure. 
 They have neither tables, beds, nor chairs ; 
 but sit and lie on carpets and mats, the 
 meal being served apart to each in a 
 basin of porcelain, or on a square salver 
 of Japanned wood. Their language is 
 peculiar as it is understood by no nation 
 but themselves. The sciences are highly 
 esteemed among them, and they have 
 several seminaries, in different places, in 
 which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric, 
 poetry, history, and astronomy. Tht^y 
 treat the women with severity, and punish 
 adultery with death; yet a man may take 
 as many wives as he picases. The capital 
 of the empire is Jedo. 
 
 Japaru, a sea port town of the island 
 of Java, situated on a peninsula on the 
 N coast. The ' harbour is formed by a 
 river of the same name, and is capable 
 of receiving a number of ships. 
 
 j A V 
 
 It was the capital of a kingdom till 
 the Dutch made themselves masters of 
 it. The inhabitants are Mahometans, 
 and detest the Dutch. It is Z6S miles 
 fi by s of Batavia, Lon. 110 45 e, lat. 
 
 6 20 s. 
 
 Jaguemetf a town on the s coast ©f St. 
 Domingo, on a bay of its name, 32 miles 
 ssw of Port-au-Prince. 
 
 JargeaUf a town in the department of 
 Loiret ori the Loire, France, containing 
 about 1300 inhabitants. It was taken by 
 the English in 1438, and retaken by Joan 
 of Arc the year following ; 10 miles ese of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Jarisberg, the capital of a district, 
 abounding in mines, in the diocese of 
 Aggerhuys, Norway, five miles N of Tons- 
 burg. 
 
 JarnaCy a town in the department of 
 Charente, France, stands on the Charente. 
 Population is about 1400. In the vi- 
 cinity, the duke of Anjou, afterward 
 Henry III., in the year 1569, obtained 
 a victory over the Huguenots. It is six 
 miles £. of Cognac, and 20 w of Angon- 
 lesme. 
 
 JaTomitz, a towm in the circle of Koni- 
 gingratz, Bohemia, seated on the Elbe, nine 
 miles N of Konigingratz, and 61 miles enr 
 of Prague. 
 
 Jarouy a town of Farsistan, Persia, fa- 
 mous for its palm trees, and their excellent 
 fruit, 95 miles s by £ of Shims. Lon. 53 
 10 E, lat. 28 15 N. 
 
 Jaroslaul, or Voroslov, a town of Russia, 
 and capital of a government to which it 
 gives name. It is large and commercial, 
 with numerous manufactures, seated on the 
 Wolga. It is 145 miles nne of Moscow^ 
 Lon. 39 50 E,lat. 57 35 n. 
 
 Jaroslawy a town of Poland, in Red Rus- 
 sia, seated on the Saine, In 1656, the 
 Swedes, after a severe battle, took the town,. 
 It has, from the year 1773, belonged to the 
 emperor, and is included in the New king- 
 dom of Galicia. It is 55 miles wnw of 
 Lemburg. 
 
 JasenitZy a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 on the w side of the Oder, eight miles n of 
 Settin. 
 
 JasquBy a town on the gulf of Ormus, in 
 the province of Mercan Persia, which gives 
 name to a cape in the gulf of Ormus. Lon. 
 57 4 E,lat. 25 40 N. 
 
 Jassify capital of Moldavia, European 
 Turkey, seated on the Pruih; it has a cita- 
 del and some fortifications. The inhabi- 
 tants are chiefly Greeks, and it is the see of 
 an archbishop: in 1758, it was destroyed 
 by Are. It has been several limes taken 
 and retaken in the wars between the TurUs 
 and the Russians or Austrians. It is 170 
 miles NNE of Buchorest, 200 E of Otohakoy, 
 and 370 E of Constantinople. Lon. 27 30 E# 
 lat. 47 ION. 
 
 JAVA, a large island in the Easieru 
 Indian sea, separated fryn Humana by ft 
 N 2 
 
narrow sea, called the Straits of Sunda, 580 
 miles long from e to w and 100 in breadth 
 from N to s extending from 105 to 114 e 
 Lon. and 6 to 8 s lat. It is sometimes 
 called Great Java, to distinguish it ^m 
 Bali, by some named Little Java. The 
 centre of the island is mountainous, but on 
 the coasts it is low and marshy, which 
 renders the air exceedingly unhealthy in 
 these places, especially to new comers. 
 Along the coast there are a great many com- 
 modious creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, 
 with several little islands near the shore. 
 Little of the internal country is known. In 
 former times Java had as many kings as it 
 had large towns, but now only five states or 
 kingdoms ; these are Bantam, Jacatra, 
 Cheribon, the Empire of the Soesoehoenan, 
 and that of the Sultan, which in all contain 
 123 provinces or governments. The Java- 
 nese live in mean huts of bamboo, plastered 
 with clay and covered with leaves, and their 
 food consists of boiled rice, fruits, vegetables, 
 and water. The men have two or three 
 wives or .concubines, according to their cir- 
 cumstances. The climate in general is as 
 temperate and healthy as in any part of the 
 E Indies. Java has a river which rises in 
 the mountains, and dividing itself into many 
 branches, waters the circumjacent country ; 
 these afterwards reunite and pass through 
 Batavia, dividing it into two parts. The 
 serene season is from May till November, 
 and then the rains begin, which inundate 
 the low grounds, destroy the insects, and 
 continue till May. In March they begin 
 to sow, and in July the rice and sugar be- 
 gin to ripen, but September and October are 
 the best months for all sorts of fruits. The 
 productions are various, and valuable for 
 commerce. Pepper grows in such quanti- 1 
 ties, that it is said the kingdom of Bantam 
 alone can annually furnish 10,000 tons. 
 There are also mines of gold, silver, and 
 precious stones. The principal quadrupeds 
 are the rhinoceros, elephant, tiger, wild 
 boar, horse, cow, deer, ape, buffaloe, sheep, 
 civet-cat, <fec. with several animals unknown 
 in Europe; among the birds are pigeons, 
 beautiful paroquets, peafowls of an extraor- 
 dinary size, Bantam fowls, cfec. In the ve- 
 getable world are a great number of fiower- 
 ing trees and shrubs, remarkable for the 
 •legance and perfumery of their flowers; 
 fruit trees and timber trees, cassia, myrobo- 
 lans, galangal, red saunders wood,, gum, 
 benzoin, tamarinds, cocoa-nuts, coffee, and 
 rice, are among the other productions of 
 Java. No Europeans have formed any 
 establishments here except the Dutch, who 
 Lave several on the coasts, the principal of 
 which are Batavia and Bantam. In 1740, 
 the Dutch pretended that the Chinese were 
 going to make an insurrection, and upon' 
 that account disarmed them, and in this de- 
 fenceless state massacred 20,000 men, wo- 
 men, and children, and seized their elTects. 
 Th« natives are said lo be descended from 
 
 the Chinese. They are of a dark comples- 
 ion, with flat faces, thin short black hair, 
 large eye-brows and cheeks, and black teeth. 
 The men are stout made, and are clothed 
 with calico, wrapped round them two or 
 three times, as the women are likewise from 
 the knees to the arm-pits. They are repre- 
 sented as a barbarious, proud, and fierce peo- 
 ple. Near the coast they are Mahometans, 
 in the interior parts Pagans, abstaining 
 from flesh of all kinds. In 1811, a British 
 force effected a landing in this island, w ith- 
 in 16 miles of Batavia, which surrendered 
 on the approach of the army, and the garri- 
 son, who were French retired to a neigh- 
 bouring fort, which was immediately taken 
 by storm, but the French general, with the 
 greater part of tbe cavalry escaped ; but 
 having been pursued and defeated in a bat- 
 tle near Jattacalle, the French general ac- 
 cepted of terms, and delivered up all the 
 Dutch possessions to tbe British. The Ca- 
 pital is Batavia. 
 
 Javat, a town of Schirvan, Persia stands 
 on the river Kur, opposite its junction with 
 the Aras. It is 45 miles s of the Schama- 
 chie. 
 
 JAUER, a principality of Silesia. The 
 whole principality is mountainous, and co- 
 vered with wood. It yields pit-coal and 
 mill-stones. The mountains contain va- 
 rious ores, with numerous mines of iron and 
 copper, which are worked. There are 12 
 towns in this principality and some villages 
 four miles in length. Some of these con- 
 tain about 200 families. The princi- 
 pal towns are Jauer, Hirschberg, Lowen- 
 berg, and Bonzlaw, all of which gave name 
 to districts. 
 
 Jaur, the capital of the above princi- 
 pality, with a citadel and large square sur- 
 rounded with piazzas. In the vicinity of 
 this place the allies, in I8J 3, obtained a sig- 
 nal victory over the French. It stands in a 
 fine country on tbe rivulet Jauer, 12 miles 
 N of Frey burg, and 35 w by s of Breslaw. 
 Lon. 16 23 e, lat. 5 2 n. 
 
 JaulnaiSy a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Vienne, six miles n of Poi- 
 tiers. 
 
 Jaxthergy a town and castle of Franconia, 
 in the bishopric of Wursburg, on the river 
 Jaxt, 31 miles s of Wurzburg, and six se of 
 Mejgentheini. 
 
 Jayna, a canton, parish and river, on the 
 s side of Hispaniola. The rivers Nigua 
 and Jayna are about four leagues a- part ; 
 and between them lies an extensive and fer- 
 tile plain, which was originally an abundant 
 source of riches to ,tbe colonists. The 
 quantity of pure gold that was dug from its 
 cavities, its sugar, cocoa, indigo, and other 
 plantations, paid duties to a greater amount 
 than those now paid by all the Spanish 
 part of tbe island put togetjier. The settle- 
 ments of Gamboa, Guayabal, Bonavenlura, 
 and Caguabola, which last was formerly 
 called the Whale, are very inconsideiuble, 
 
ICE 
 
 I C E 
 
 Indigo grows wild here. The river Jayna 
 is not fordable ; it is crossed in canoes and 
 skins at 260 fathoms from its mouth. To- 
 wards the source of this river were the cele- 
 brated gold mines of St Christopher^s, near 
 which Columbus erected the fort of that 
 liame. There are also rich silver mines on 
 this river. The parish contains 2000 per- 
 sons, for the most part people of colour, free, 
 and slaves. 
 
 Ibila, a town of Albania, European 
 Turkey, on the Drino. It is 65 miles e of 
 Scutari. 
 
 Iburg, a town in the bishopric of Osna- 
 bruck, Westphalia, 13 miles s by b of Osna- 
 bruck. 
 
 ICA PISCO and NASCA, a province 
 in the audience of Lima, Peru, so called 
 from the three principal towns. It com- 
 prehends about 1 40 miles along the coast 
 of the Pacific ocean, intersected with sandy 
 deserts. Olives and vines are cultivated ; 
 and both the soil and the wine are esteemed 
 excellent. The inhabitants near the coast 
 are chiefly employed in catching fish. Its 
 commerce consists in wine brandy, glass, 
 <fec. 
 
 ICELAND, an island in the North sea, 
 about 260 miles in length, and 180 in 
 breadth, lying between Ion. 16 deg. and 25 
 deg. w, and between lat. 63 deg. and 67 
 deg. N. Naddoc> a noted pirate, who was 
 driven here by a tempest, in 861, while 
 pursuing his voyage to the Feroe islands, 
 was the earliest discoverer of Iceland 
 on record. The first settler was Ingulf, 
 a wealthy Norwegian, who dreading the 
 tyranny of his king, emigrated in 874. 
 His example was followed by such num- 
 bers, that in the course of sixty years, 
 the whole coast, and most of the habita* 
 ble parts, are said to have been occupied. 
 The chiefs of the different colonies, not- 
 withstanding intestine broils, continued 
 as a republic till 1260, when they became 
 subjects of Norway, and subsequently of 
 Denmark in 1387, to the present time. 
 From its situation, and the quantities of 
 ice that come from the polar seas, its 
 climate is cold and inhospitable. For two 
 months together the sun never sets, and 
 in winter it never rises for the same space, 
 at least not entirely. It consists of a pro- 
 digious range of mountains running from 
 E to w ; on the declivities of which, and 
 in the vallies lying between tbem, the 
 inhabitants live. The highest mountains, 
 covered with perpetual slow, are called 
 Yokuls ; and of the Snaefell, a promon- 
 tory on the w coast, is the highest, being 
 computed at 4500 feet. Mount Hecla, the 
 noted volcano, 18 miles from the s coast, 
 about 4000 feet in height. Near the coast, 
 there are plains, covered with verdure, of 
 several miles in extent, which produce fine 
 grass. Though Iceland is for the most 
 “part, a mountainous country, yet there are 
 
 roads for horses in every part of the is* 
 land. Earthquakes are frequent in Ice- 
 land, especially in the s parts ; and the 
 eruptions of its volcanoes, particularly of 
 Kecla, contribute more to render it an 
 uncomfortable habitation for man, than 
 even its climate. Here, in 1783, the most 
 tremendous eruption on record took place. 
 On Scaptaa Yokul, 40 miles ne of Hecla, 
 three fire spouts broke out in the nw 
 part, which, after rising to a considerable 
 height in the air, united into a torrent of 
 lava, which flowed for six weeks, and 
 ran a distance of 60 miles to the sea, and 
 in breadth about 12 miles. By this cala- 
 mity 12 rivers w^ere dried up, 21 village 
 overwhelmed by fire or water, and 34 ma- 
 terially injured : of the inhabitants, 220 
 perished by fire, 21 by water, 8700 by fa- 
 mine; all vegetation, the support of their 
 cattle, being destroyed, and the fish driven 
 from the coast. Springs naturally Avarm, 
 and even hot, are frequently met with. 
 About Mount Hecla are several small basons 
 of warm water. Near these are found tw'o 
 kinds of agate, which when lighted burn 
 like a candle. Salt springs are not known 
 here ; salt has, how^ever, been found at 
 the foot of the volcanoes. Hera and there 
 a coppice, or small wood, is to be seen. 
 A great quantity of shrubs, on which 
 grow/ all sorts of berries, are burnt every 
 year for charcoal. The common fuel 
 is turf. Very good grass grows in the 
 valleys betwixt the mountains, and some*- 
 times even on the summits of the latter. 
 The finest pastures are in the northern 
 parts of the island. There is also a va- 
 riety of medicinal herbs, w itb a kind of 
 odoriferous moss, called Berg Gra^s, 
 which is very nourishing. Bread is but 
 little know'u here among the commona- 
 lity ; the price being adapted only to the 
 more wealthy. Tne horses are small, 
 but strong and full of metal. There are 
 great numbers of sheep. There are plenty 
 of swans, wild geese, and ducks, snipes, 
 W'Oodcocks, <fec. The birds of prey are 
 the eagle, hawk, raven, and falcon. The 
 rivers, lakes, and bays, with the other parts 
 of the sea, supply the Icelanders with vast 
 quantities of various kinds of fish. The 
 Icelanders are naturally of a robust and 
 vigorous constitution, but are soon worn 
 out by the continual fatigues and hardships 
 they undergo at sea in their fisheries ; few 
 arriving at an advanced age. The usual 
 food of the inhabitants is fresh and dried 
 fish, milk, oatmeal, and flesh ; but they 
 chiefly live on dried fish dressed with but- 
 ter. They eat ail their provisions without 
 salt. The exports are chiefly dried fish, 
 salted mutton ; a good deal of beef, butter, 
 and train oil ; a great quantity of tallow ; 
 coarse and fine jackets of wadmal, woollen 
 stockings and gloves, red wool, sheepskins, 
 fox tails of several colours, leathers, aivd 
 
I c o 
 
 JE A 
 
 ijuills. The imports are chiefly iron, horse, 
 shoes, timber, meal, bread, brandy, wine, j 
 tobacco, coarse linen, a few silk stuffs, and 
 domestic utensils. The Iceland dialect iS' 
 the same with the old Norwegian or 
 Teutonic language. The island once a- 
 bounded iu learning and science, at a time 
 when great part of Europe was involved 
 iu darkness. The religion of the first 
 inhabitants was Pagan, in 1794 the Roman 
 Catholic was introduced, and in 1540 the 
 Lutheran, which in a few years became 
 the established religion. The number of 
 inhabitants in Iceland is, according to an 
 authentic computation, about 60,000. 
 There are no towns properly so called, 
 except Reikiavik ; the houses of the Ice- 
 land company at the 22 ports, and of which 
 there are three or four at each harbour, 
 are, however, dignified with the appellation 
 of towns, though they are only trading 
 places. Iceland consists of four quarters, 
 or commercial districts, Reikiavik, Eskefi- 
 ord, Eyafiord, and Isafiord, so named from 
 the chief ports. Reikiavik, which consists 
 of about 70 wooden houses, with straggling 
 huts in the outskirts, is the residence of 
 the governor and bishop. Here is a church 
 built of stone, and covered with tiles. 
 It is the principal place of traffic, anff is 
 seated on a bay of its name, in the sw part 
 of the island. The n quarter constitutes 
 the diocese of Hoolum, which contains 
 140 churches. The e, s, and w quarters 
 are included iu the diocese of Skaaiboit, to 
 which belong 163 churches. Lon. 21 52 w, 
 lat. 64 8 N. 
 
 IchterhausuTif a town in the principality, 
 of Gotha, Upper Saxony, 12 miles ese of 
 Gotha. 
 
 ICOLMKILL, or Jona, an island near 
 the w coast of Scotland, one of the He- 
 brides, about three miles long and one 
 broad. The land is flat and level towards 
 the E ; towards the v/, rough and rocky ; the 
 soil is generally fertile. It contains the 
 ruins of a celebrated abbey and cathedral 
 church, founded by St Columba, about the 
 year 735, where 61 kings of Scotla^id, Ire- 
 land, Norway, and Man, were interred. 
 Previous to the foundation of its monastery, 
 it had a settlement of Culdees, and before 
 the Christian era, it had beeu celebrated as 
 a place of Druidical worship, as the names 
 of some places in the island yet testify. In 
 a small chapel dedicated to St Oran, are 
 many marble tomb stones ot the great 
 Lords of the Isles. It w'as “once the lu- 
 minary of the Caledonian regions,’^ as 
 Dr Johnson expresses it, whence savage 
 clans and barbarians iTerived the benefits ol 
 knowledge, and the blessings ol religion. 
 During the Gothic ignorance which per 
 vaded Europe after the overthrow of the 
 Koiuau empire, it was the seminary from - 
 whi’noe issued those pious monks and lay- 
 men, who again revived learning, and pro- 
 
 jf pagated Christianity through mUny king* 
 I doms of Europe. The population of this 
 small island is about 336. It is about two 
 miles w from the s end of the island of 
 Mull. This place once so celebrated for 
 religion, has now divine service performed 
 in it only four times in the year 1 Sodor 
 is the only village. Lon. 6 20 w, lat. 50 
 23 N, 
 
 Jdtty a lofty and pointed mountain in the 
 middle of the island of Candia, 16 miles w 
 of Candia, famous in ancient fable, as 
 i being the place on which Jupiter was 
 I brought up, and where there was a temple 
 j dedicated to Cybele. 
 
 Ida, a mountain of Natolia, Asiatic Tur- 
 j key, celebrated in antiquity for the judg- 
 ment of Paris, and for being the resort of 
 the gods during the Trojan war ; 140 miles 
 to the w of Olympus. 
 
 Jdanha, a Neuva, a town in the province 
 of Beira, Portugal, four miles sw of Idanha 
 a Vella. 
 
 Idanha a Vella, a town in the province 
 of Beira, Portugal, near Spanish Estre- 
 raadura. In 1704, the French took it by 
 assault. It stands on the Ponsul, and is 25 
 miles E of Castel Branco. Lon. 6 14 e, 
 lat. 39 50 N. 
 
 Idria, a town iu the country of Goritz, 
 Germany, stands amid mountains, on the 
 river Idria, celebrated for its mines of quick- 
 silver. It is 20 miles ene of Goritz. 
 
 Idstein, a town in Wetteravia, and princi- 
 pality of Nassau, Weiburg, Germany, with 
 a castle, the residence of a branch of the 
 house of Nassau, 12 miles n of Mentz, and 
 22ssw of Weizlar. 
 
 Jean, St, a town in the department of 
 Moselle, France, on the Sare, 12 miles w of 
 Deux Fonts. 
 
 Jean d^Angely, St, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Lower Cbaraute, France, has 
 a fine Benedictine abbey. It was taken from 
 the Hugonots in 1621, by Louis XIII., 
 who demolished the fortifications. It is 
 famed for brandy, and has two powder mills 
 on the Bontonne, 15 miles ne of Sanies, 
 and 32 SE of Rochelle. Lon. 0 20 w, lat. 
 45 59 N. 
 
 Jean de Losne, St, a towm iu the depart- 
 ment oi Cote d'Or, France, seated ou 
 the river Saone. It is about 15 miles se of 
 Dijon. 
 
 Jean de Ltiz, St, a tow'D iu the depart- 
 ment of Lower Pyrenees, France, the Iasi 
 next Spain, with a harbour, seated ou a 
 small river near the bay of Biscay, aud 
 owes its wealth to the cod and whale fishery, 
 12 miles sw of Bayonne. Lon. 1 40 w, 
 43 25 N. 
 
 Jean de Maurienne,St, a town of Savoy, 
 capital of the county of Maurienne, seated 
 ou the Arc, is a bishop^s see, 2 1 miles se of 
 Chamberry, and 25 ene ot Grenoble. Lon. 
 6 20 E,lat. 45 17 n. 
 
 Jean Pitd de Port, St, a town in the 
 
JED 
 
 department of the Lower Pyrenees, France, 
 situated on the river Nive on the borders ot 
 Spain, wiia a fort on a rock, 20 miles sse 
 of Bayonne, It stands at the entrance of 
 those defiles, or passes, in the Pyrenees, 
 V’hich here are called ports. 
 
 Jean Rabely a town on the x coast of the 
 X peninsula of St Domingo, with a fort, 10 
 miles NE of St Nicholas. 
 
 Jedy a river of Scotland, which rises in 
 the parish of Solithdean, n side of Carter^s 
 Fell, on the borders of EngUind, and after a 
 course of near 30 miles, in which its banks 
 exhibit much romantic scenery, and several 
 caverns which were the hiding places of 
 ancient Border warriors. The Jed is fa- 
 mous for an uncommonly delicate red trout. 
 It joins the Teviot, two miles n of Jed- 
 burgh . 
 
 Jedburg, a royal borough, capital of Rox- 
 burghshire, pleasantly situated on a decli- 
 vity on the banks of the Jed, and completely 
 surrounded with hills. It is a very ancient 
 borough, and seems to have been a place of 
 note before the erection of the abbey and 
 monastery of Jedburg, by William the Lion, 
 king of Scotland, in IJ65, from whom it 
 then obtained a charter. The ruins of the 
 monastery are still pretty entire, and part 
 of it is used as the parish church. Here is 
 the parent congregation of the church of re* 
 lief, in which Mr Boston, son of the cele- 
 brated Thomas Boston of Ettrick, was first 
 incumbent. It is connected with Lauder, 
 Haddington, N Berwick, and Dunbar, in 
 electing a member of Parliament. It is 
 the county town, the seat of the circuit courts, 
 and of a presbytery. It has a good weekly 
 market for corn and cattle, and several fairs 
 much resorted to. The magistrates of Jed- 
 burgh ride officially through St James’s fair, 
 which is held annually bn the 5th of August, 
 on the s banks of the Tweed opposite to 
 Kelso, near the site of Roxburgh castle, and 
 the ancient town of that name which gave 
 name to the county, and was the capital, be- 
 fore it was burnt by the English. They 
 also draw the custom of the fair. There is 
 not now one house on the spot. Those who 
 attend the fair are accomodated in tents 
 erected by publicans from all the circumja- 
 cent towns. The parish is about 13 miles 
 long and seven broad. The neighbourhood 
 of the town is noted for fruitful orchards; 
 but the greater part of the parish being 
 billy, is appropriated to sheep pasture. It 
 has a w’oollen manufactory. Population 
 of the town and parish in 1811, 4454. 
 Jedburgh is 4 3 miles se of Edinburgh, and 
 32 ssw’ of Berwick upon Tweed, and 10 
 from Kelso in the same direction. Lon. 2 
 25 w’, lat. 55 30 x. 
 
 JedOy the capital of the empire of Japan, 
 situate on the sk side of Niphon, the largest 
 of the Japanese islands. It is open on all 
 sides, having neither walls nor ramparts : 
 and the houses are built of earth, and board- 
 ed on the outside, to prevent the rain from 
 
 J EM 
 
 destroying the walls. In every street there 
 is an iron gate, which is shut up during the 
 night, and a kind of custom-house, or ma- 
 gazine for merchandise. It is nine miles io 
 length, six in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 
 inhabitants. The imperial palace is in the 
 middle of tl^e tow^n, and is defended by 
 ditches, walls, towers, and bastions form- 
 ing of itself a considerable town in the mid- 
 dle of the city. Where the emperor resides 
 are three towers, nine stories high, each 
 covered with plates of gold ; and the hall 
 of aiidiance is supported by pillars of massy 
 gold. The empress has a palace of her 
 own, and there are 20 small ones for the 
 concubines. Besides, all the vassal kings 
 have each a palace in the city, with hand- 
 some gardens, and stables for 2000 horses. 
 The houses of the common class have no- 
 thing but a ground floor, and the rooms are 
 parted by folding screens : so that they can 
 be made larger or smaller at pleasure, a 
 fire happened here, in 1658, which, in the 
 space of 48 hours, burnt down, the emperor’s 
 palace and 100,000 houses, but the whole 
 have since been rebuilt. Jedo is situated 
 in a plain at the bottom of a fine bay ; and 
 the river which crosses it, is divided into 
 several canals. Len. 130 30 e, lat. 36 
 10 X. 
 
 JeguHy a town in the department of Gers, 
 France, eight miles xxw of Auch, and 13 s 
 of Condom, 
 
 Jehud, or Joudy mountains in the xw part 
 of Hindoostan, stretching eastward from 
 Attocfa to Behnbur ; they are pari of the 
 territory of the mountainers called Gichers, 
 Gehkers, or Kakares. 
 
 Jekyly a small island of the Atlantic, near 
 the coast of Georgia, at the mouth of the 
 Alatamaha, s of the island of St. Simen. 
 Lon. 31 40 w,lat. 31 7 n. 
 
 Jellesorey a town of Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 on the Subanrecha, 42 miles s by w of Mid- 
 napour. 
 
 Jellinghgy a towui of Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 on the right bank of the Ganges, where a 
 branch separates from the main stream, and 
 is called'the Jellinghy river ; 25 miles e by 
 s of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Jemappee, a new department of France, 
 including Austrian Hainault and a small 
 part of Flanders. It has its name from a 
 village, three miles w by s of Mons, where 
 the French under Dumourier, in 1792, ob- 
 tained a complete victory over the Aus- 
 strians. Mons is the capital. 
 
 Jemptiay or Jemptlandy an inland pro- 
 vince in Nordland, Sweden, 120 miles 
 long and 75 broad. The w part, on the 
 frontiers of Norway, is mountainous and 
 rocky ; but the e part is a level country, 
 watered by lakes and rivers. It contains 
 1 1 parishes, but not one town. Agricul- 
 'tore, grasing, hunting and fishing, are the 
 principal sources of subsistance for the in^ 
 habitants. They likewise supply the Nor^ 
 wegians with iron ware, steel and leather, 
 
J E R 
 
 of the latter they make jackets, boots, and 
 shotjs, that are water-proof. 
 
 Jena, a town in Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Eisenach, near the Saale, 
 10 miles ssE of Weimar, and 49 « of Eise- 
 nach. It has an university, founded in 
 1583. Near this place, in 1806, the French 
 obtained a signal victory over the Prussians, 
 who sustained an immense loss. Lon. 1 1 
 34 E,lat. 50 55 K. 
 
 Jenisa. See Yenesei. 
 
 JenUkoi. See Yeniseisk. 
 
 JenitZy a town in the principality of An- 
 halt, Dessau, Upper Saxony, on the Mulda, 
 two miles of Dessau. 
 
 Jenitza, a town of Macedonia, European 
 Turkey, on a lake which has communica- 
 tion by a canal with Salonichiy 24 miles 
 WKw of Salonichi. 
 
 JenOy or Geno, a town of Upper Hungary, 
 20 miles s of Great Vfaradin. 
 
 Jcremi€y a town and cape on the ^ side 
 of the island of Hispaniola, situated on an 
 eminence, in a pure and fertile soil, particu- 
 larly for the cultivation of coffee: live 
 miles w of St. Domingo, and 130 w of Por- 
 tau Prima. 
 
 Jericho, a town of Lower Saxony, in a 
 district of its name in the duchy of Magde- 
 burg, situated on the Elbe, 32 miles mne of 
 Magdeberg. 
 
 Jericho y an anciept town of Asia, in Pa- 
 lestine, formerly celebrated for the number 
 of palm trees growing near it, and on that j 
 account called The City of Palms ; the 
 town is now only a square tower, surrounded 
 with some wretched huts or tents, of the 
 Arabians, about five miles w of the river 
 Jordan, and 20 e by n of Jerusalem, It' 
 is called Heruhi by the Arabs. 
 
 Jerim^ a town in the province of Yemen, 
 Arabia, the seat of a Dola, containing about 
 2000 houses, 80 miles ne of Mocha. Lon. 
 44 22 E, lat. 14 17 N. 
 
 Jermahy a town in Fezzan, Africa, re 
 markable for its majestic ruins and ancient 
 inscriptions, but now consists only of clay- 
 built cottages around which numerous flocks 
 of sheep and goats feed ; 60 miles se of 
 Mourzook. Lon. 17 17 f, lat. 27 5 n. 
 
 JERSEY, an island in the English chan- 
 pel, about 18 miles from the French coast, 
 and 84 s of Portland in Dorsetshire, 12 
 miles long, and six broad. It has eight 
 churches. The air is healthy, and the soil 
 fertile, and the vallies watered by brooks 
 and' abounding with cattle and sheep; 
 though the cultivation of apple trees for cy- 
 der has occasioned a deficiency of arable 
 land. It produces excellent butter, and 
 honey. The coasts abound with excellent 
 fish. The number of inhabitants is com- 
 puted at rather less than 20,000, of whom 
 3000 are able to bear'arms, and are formed 
 into tw’o regiments. Though subjects of 
 England, they are still governed by the 
 Norman laws, and their language is French. 
 The civil govcrumeut is entrusted to a bailiff, 
 
 J E R 
 
 I and 12 ,-jurats, under a governor appointed 
 by the crown. The island is surrounded 
 with rocks, which render the navigation 
 dangerous in stormy weather, but round it 
 are good roads, with anchorage all along 
 “the N side, in 10 and 11 fathoms water. 
 Pvound towers, with embrasures on the top 
 lor small cannon, and loopholes on their 
 sides for small arms, have been built on 
 this island, at all the accessible places on 
 the coast, since J78I, when it was surprised 
 by a body of French under the baronde 
 Rullecourt, who made the lieutenant gover- 
 nor prisoner, and compelled him to sign a 
 capitulation, but major Pierson the com- 
 mander of the English troops refusing to 
 abide by this forced capitulation attacked 
 the French and compelled them to surrender 
 prisoners of war ; but he was killed in the 
 moment of victory. The entrance {to these 
 towers is by a door, so high up in the wall 
 as to be out of the reach of man, and has 
 to be ascended by a ladder, to be drawn up 
 when the defendants are got safely within 
 the buildings. In many places are pieces 
 of large cannon mounted, with store- houses 
 near them for powder and ball. It has a 
 fort called the tower, and, on a lofty hill, 
 the building of a citadel is now far advan- 
 ced. The poor people, from the scarcity 
 of fuel, burn sea-weed. The principal 
 places are St Helier and St Aubin. 
 latter stands at the w end of the bay, of St. 
 Aubin and is inhabited principally by mer- 
 chants and mariners, but it is not half the 
 size of that of St. Helier, which is also seat- 
 ed on the same bay, See Helier, SU Lon; 
 
 2 1 1 w, lat. 49 7 n. 
 
 JERSEY, NEW, one of the United 
 States in North America. It is about 160 
 miles in length, from n to s, and 60 in 
 breadth from e to w. It is divided into two 
 districts. East to West ; the former subdi- 
 vided into five counties, viz. Middlesex 
 Monmouth, Essex, Somerset, and Bergan ; 
 and the latter into eight counties, viz. Bur- 
 lington, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland, 
 Cape May, Hunterdon, Morris, and Sussex. 
 The chief towns in the former are, Perth 
 Amboy, New Brunswick, and Elizabeth 
 Town ; and those on the latter are Burling- 
 ton and Trenton. Trenton is the Metropo- 
 lis of the state ; where the legislature sta- 
 tedly meet, and the snpreme courts are held. 
 The government is vested in a governor, le- 
 gislative council, and general assembly. 
 The population of this state, in 1801, was 
 211,149, and in 1810, 245,562. The 
 principal rivers besides the Delaware, Ma- 
 hakkamac, and Hudson, w’hich bound this 
 Slate, are the Hackinsao Passaic, and Rari- 
 ton. The climate is temperate ; the soil va- 
 rious. It produces wheat, barley, rye, In- 
 dian corn, <fec. with plenty of all kinds of 
 fruit suited to the climate. The chief ma- 
 nufactures are those of iron and leather. 
 Although this state has several good ports 
 of its own, its trade is principally carried 
 
J E R 
 
 ^ through the two great commercial cities, 
 New York on the one side, and Philadel 
 phia on the other. The most unlimite. 
 religious toleration is allowed by the pr^ 
 sent constitution of this province, Trenton" 
 is the capital. 
 
 Jervenland, a small canton of Livonia, 
 subject to the Russians. The castle of Wit- 
 tenstein, and the town of Oberbalen, are 
 the principal places. 
 
 Jerusalem f an ancient and famous town 
 of Asia, formerly capital of Judea, after Da- 
 vid had conquered the Jebusites. It was 
 taken by Nebuchadnezzar in the 11th year 
 of Zedekiah, when the Jew’s were led cap- 
 tive to Babylon. It w^as afterwards taken 
 by the Romans, and destroyed together with 
 the temple, 70 years after the birth of 
 Christ, after sustaining one of the most re- 
 markable sieges iu history. The emperor 
 Adrian built a new city near its ruins. It 
 was taken by the Persians in 614, and by 
 the Saracens iu 636. In 1099, it w^as 
 retaken by the Crusaders, who founded a 
 new kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under 
 nine kings. Saladin, king of Egypt and 
 Syria, got possession of it in 1187. The 
 Turks, who drove away the Saracens in' 1 2 1 7 
 have kept possession of it ever since, and 
 call it Heleods, that is, the Holy City. It 
 is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jew^s, 
 and Christians. It stands on a high rock, 
 with steep ascents on every side except to 
 the N. It is almost surrounded w’itb valleys 
 encompassed with mountains, so that it 
 seems to stand in the middle of an amphi- 
 theatre. It is about three miles in circum- 
 ference, and includes Mount Calvary, which 
 was formerly without the walls. On this 
 hill is erected a large structure, with a round 
 nave, which has not light, but what comes 
 through the top, like the pantheon at Rome. 
 This is called, the church of the- sepulchre ; 
 the chapel is cut out of the rock, and 
 lamps are kept constantly burning in it. 
 The whole of this building was destroyed by 
 fire in 1810. The mosque of Omar built 
 in the seventh century, is the most superb 
 piece of architecture in the Turkish em- 
 pire. Considerable funds are appropriated 
 lor the support of pilgrims by the monastery 
 of St Salvador, and the Armenian monas- 
 try, the largest in the city, is supported w'ith 
 a degree of oriental splendour. The Chris- 
 tian pilgrims flock here fiom various parts, 
 and the inhabitants accommodate them with 
 lodging and provisions, which is their chief 
 business ; and a bashaw, with a guard ot 
 Janisaries alw’ciys reside here, to protect 
 them from the insults of the Arabs. In the 
 middle of the Holy Sepulchr®, which is 
 placed in a small chapel, at the entrance of 
 which OH the right hand is that place where 
 the body of onr Saviour was laid : in the 
 foof are three holes to emit the smoke of 
 the lamps. Jerusalem was taken by the ! 
 French, under Bonoparte, in Fehruarv 1799. i 
 iS ' ' " 
 
 J ID 
 
 It is 112 miles sw of Damascus, 175 ne of 
 Suez, and 45 from the Mediterranean sea. 
 Lon. 3,5 20 e, lat. 31 50 n, 
 
 Jessdrnerey a town of Hindoostan in the 
 province of Agiraere, and circar of Bicka- 
 neer, 70 miles w by n of Bickaneer, and 95 
 .VNW of .Tooapour. 
 
 JE30, Jedso, or Yedso, a group of is- 
 I lands lying between those of Japan and the 
 1 Kuriles. The southerniost called Matmai, 
 ties N of Niphon. It is governed by a tri- 
 butary prince, dependant on the empire of 
 Japan, and fortified on the side toward the 
 continent. It is full of w oods, and the in- 
 iiabitants, who live by fishing and hunting, 
 are strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, 
 when compared to the Japanese. The tAvo 
 islands to the ne of Matmasi, Kuna-hir, 
 and Zellany, and likewise the, three stUl . 
 farther to the ne, called the Three Sisters, 
 are perfectly independant, ffhe .Japanese 
 give the name of Jeso to the whole chain 
 of islands between Japan and Kamtschatka. 
 Th6 SE point of Jeso is in Ion. 142 30 £, 
 lat. 40 50 N, See Kuriles. 
 
 Jesi, a town of Italy, in Ancona, seaied 
 on a mountain, near the river Fiiimesius. 
 It contains three churches and 10 convents, 
 and lies 23 miles ne of Loretta, and 16 wsw 
 of Ancona. 
 
 JESUS ISLAND, an island in the ri- 
 ver St LawTence, near the island of Mon- 
 treal, about 24 miles long, and six wide. 
 
 J Esus, Isle De, a small island lying eight 
 deg. due n of the New Hebrides islands, 
 inhabited by a copper coloured race of men. 
 Lon. 165 E Paris, lat. 6 50 s. 
 
 Jems of Coulema, the chief of the pro- 
 vince of Itata, in Chili, stands near the 
 mouth of the river Itata, and is famous for 
 excellent wine. It is 50 miles x of Con- 
 ception. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 36 2 s. 
 
 Jever, a town of Westphalia, in e Fries- 
 land, the capital of Jeverland, 28 miles ne 
 of Emden. 
 
 If, a small island in the Mediterranean, 
 near the coast of France, the most easterly 
 > of three, at the entrance of the port of Mar- 
 seilles, well fortified, and furnished with a 
 garrison. 
 
 Iglau, a town of Moravia, and capital of 
 a circle of the same name, which contains 
 21 towns, 284 villages, and 6433 houses 
 seated ou the Igla, The town is well buiit, 
 fortified, and populous. It contains li96 
 houses, tw’o convents and a college. Some 
 good cloth is manufactured in the tow’n j 
 the eonmierce in corn and hemp is also con- 
 siderable. It is 62 miles se of Prague, and 
 122 SE of Dresden. Lon. 15 32 e, lat. 49 
 
 28 N. 
 
 Iglesias, a town in the s part of the island 
 of Sardinia, a Bishopfs see, 37 miles wsw 
 of Cagliari. Lon. 8 39 e, lat, 39 18 N. 
 
 Jhcr. See Yohore. 
 
 Jidda, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, on the 
 Red sea, in the sheriffate of Mecca, It is 
 30 
 
I L A 
 
 I L H 
 
 situated in a barren, sandy district, and is 
 without water. The Turkish sultan sends 
 a pacha to this city, but he is not absolute 
 sovereign. The supreme authority is shared 
 between the sheriff and the Turkish gover- 
 nor. The revenue arising from the customs, 
 is shcired beiween the sultan and the she- 
 riff*. The dues are about 12 or 15 per 
 cent. The British however, pay only eight 
 per cent, and are suffered to discharge 
 in goods, whereas all others must produce 
 money. The ships from Suez seldom pro- 
 ceed farther than this port; and those from 
 India are not suffered to advance to Suez, 
 The circumjacent country affords nothing 
 but Taif almonds for an object of traffic. 
 Balm of Mecca is also brought hither from 
 the neighbourhood of Medina, as an article 
 of exportation. Large quantities of corn, 
 rice, lentiles, sugar, oil, &c. are imported 
 from Egypt. It is 34 miles wsw of Mecca, ! 
 and 170 s of Medina. Lon. 39 22 e, lat. 
 21 29 N, 
 
 Jinhalay a town and capital of an island 
 of its name, Negroland, formed by two 
 branches of the Niger, which seperate at 
 leaving the lake Dibbie, and unite again 
 about 15 miles from Tombuctoo. It is a 
 proper resting place for travellers between 
 the latter place and the Western Territory. 
 It is seated on the w branch of the Niger, 
 80 miles sw of Tombuctoo. Lon. 0 160 e, 
 lat. 16 4 N, 
 
 JIONPOUR,a city of Hindoostan, ca- 
 pital of a circar of the same name, in Alla- 
 habad, seated on the Goomiy, 48 miles x w, 
 of Benares. This place was, at one time, 
 the seat of an empire ; and sultan Shirk! 
 built the great Mausoleum which is still 
 remaining. The stone bridge over the 
 Goomty consists of 16 pointed arches ; and 
 on the top of it are many little shops on 
 both sides. It was built in 1567 and had 
 hitherto resisted the stream. The inunda- 
 tions have frequently been known to rise 
 over the bridge, in so much, that in 1774, 
 a brigade of the British army passed over 
 it in boats. Lon. 82 55 e, lat. 25 46 n. 
 
 Ikery, a town of Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 once capital of a principality. Lest Tippoo 
 . should compel him to become a Mooselmin, 
 the last rajah fled, in 1789, and soon after 
 engaged a friendly Nair to shoot him dead. 
 Tnis place was very extensive, encircled 
 by there concentric walls, but it w’as forsa- 
 ken by the inhabitants, when the court le- 
 moved to Nagara. A large temple in good 
 repair and ruins are all that remain ; 24 
 miles N of Nagara. 
 
 Ilaantrtrachy a small island, near the 
 w coast of Scotland, a little to the e, of 
 Oronsay. 
 
 Ilaanraany a small island near the w 
 coast of Scotland, a little to the s of Oron- 
 say. 
 
 Ilaky or Jaluky a town in Nubia, Africa, 
 on the Nile, .supposed to be the ancient 
 Mcroe. Lon. 34 4p e, lat. 18 46 
 
 JlanmoYe, a small island in Clew bay, oa 
 the w coast of Ireland. 
 
 Jla ; see Isla. 
 
 Ilamnore, a small island of Scotlauff, 
 about half a mile x of the Isle of Coll. 
 
 IlanZy a town of the Grisons, Swisser-* 
 land and capital of the Grey league, situa- 
 ted near the Rhine, and partly surrounded 
 by w^alls, 23^ miles sw of Coire. 
 
 Ilchester, or Ivelcheatery a town in Somer- 
 setshire, .seated on the Ivel. The town 
 is of great antiquity, and had once 16 chur- 
 ches, but now^ only one, at the w end of 
 which is an Octagonal tow^er, supposed to 
 be built v/ith Roman materials, othe’r relics 
 of monastic antiquity are still to be seen. 
 On the bridge over the Ivel two antique 
 towers still remain. It is governed by a 
 bailiff and 12 capital burgesses, and sends 
 two members to pariiament. Here is the 
 county goal and the election of the county 
 members. It is the birth-place of the (’eie- 
 brated Roger Bacon, and gives the title cf 
 Earl to a branch of the family of Fcx. A-t 
 present the town consists of four streets. It 
 has a manufacture of thread, lace and silk ; 
 a market o.n Wednesday, and fairs April 
 18, and September 16. It is 16 miles s by 
 w of Wells, and 123 w by s of London* 
 Lon. 237 w, lat. 50 56 n. 
 
 Ildefomo, a. town in New Castile, Spain, 
 famous for a magnificent palace built by 
 Philip V, and for an extensive maiiufacfure 
 of glass belonging to the Crown; It is 
 seated on the Cogolludo, five miles x of 
 Uzeda. 
 
 IldefonsOy Sty a town of New Spain, ia 
 the province of Guaxaca, stands on a moun- 
 I tain ; 70 miles e.ne of Guazaca, Lon. 97 
 30 Wy lat. 17 5 N. 
 
 I Ilderfony a village of England, in Nor- 
 I thurnberland, four miles s of Wooler, near 
 I which is a semi-circular encampment de- 
 I fended by two high ramparts of earth, and 
 I a deep fosse, with an inner circle of stones, 
 
 1 which appear uncemented, containing many 
 i remains of buildings ; the area is nearly 100 
 yards diameter. 
 
 Ufracombey a sea-port of Devonshire, 
 governed by a mayor, and has a market on 
 Saturday ; wuth a spacious bason, formed 
 by a good pier projecting into the Bristol 
 I channel. This port employs a number of 
 brigs and sloops, chiefly in taking ore from 
 Cornwall, coal from Wales, and corn from 
 Bristol ; also a number of skiffs, which take 
 turbots, soles, A’C. for the Bristol market. 
 It is almost opposite to Swansea, in Gla- 
 morganshire ; and is 49 miles xn\v of Exe- 
 ter, and 202 w of Loudon. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 
 51 14 N. 
 
 ILHEOS, a province of the hay of 
 All Saints, in the middle division of Bre- 
 zil. The chief town of the same name, 
 stands about 30 leagues ne of Porto Sega- 
 ra, and as far sw’ of the bay of All Saints. 
 It is watered by a river of the same name, 
 and contains about 200 families, 1 30 miles 
 
I L M 
 
 S 5 W of St Salvador. Lon. 40 15 w, lat. 14 
 ^5 s. 
 
 ILKUCH, a town in the palatinate ot 
 Cracow, Poland, temarkable for its silver 
 and lead mines, stands in a barren oouniry, 
 at the foot of several mountains. It is 15 
 miles NW of Cracow. Lon, 19 40 E,lat. 50 
 
 20 N. r 1. T. 
 
 TUe, a town in the department of the Eas- 
 tern Pyrenees, France, 10 miles se of Per- 
 pignan. 
 
 ILLE and VILAINE, a department of 
 France, containing part of the ci-devant 
 province of Bretagne. It has its name 
 from two rivers which meet at Rennes the 
 capital. 
 
 Illescasy a town in New Castile, Spam, 
 between Madrid and Toledo, 15 miles from 
 each. 
 
 liter, a river of Germany, which has its 
 source in the Tyrol, flows n through Swa- 
 bia, by Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirch- 
 berg, and unites with the Danube near 
 TJlrn. ^ ^ 
 
 Illiuois, a large navigable river of the 
 United States, in the nw territory, formed by 
 the confluence of the rivers Chicago and 
 Theakiki near the s end of lake Michigan, 
 in lat. 41 48 N, and in Ion. 88 42 w. This 
 noble branch of the Mississippi, after run- 
 ning a serpentine sw course, through an ex- 
 tensive country of rich fertile land, and re- 
 ceiving a vast number of rivers from 20 to 
 1 00 yards wide, which are navigable for 
 boats from 15 to 180 miles, approaches 
 within five miles of the Mississippi j from. 
 thence running eastv/ard about 12 miles, it 
 pays its tribute by a mouth 400 yards wide 
 in lat. 38 49 n, and Ion. 92 12 vv. The Illi- 
 nois furnishes a communication with lake 
 Michigan, by the Chicago. 
 
 Illinois, a large territory, of the United 
 States, N America, bounded on the n by 
 Upper Canada, on the s by Indiana, on the 
 E by the territory of Michigan, and on the 
 w by Louisania. It is but little known, and 
 the white population small. In 1810 it was 
 12,282. 
 
 lllock, a strong town of Sclavonia, on the 
 Danube, 15 miles w of Peterwaradin, and 
 55 xw of Belgrade. 
 
 Ilm, a town of Upper Saxony, upper 
 county of Schwartzburg, on the Ilm, 14 i 
 miles s by E of Elftirt. Lou. 12 20 e, lat. 
 50 37 N. 
 
 Ilmen, a lake of Novogorod, in Russia, 
 48 miles long and from 12 to 18 broad, com- j 
 municating by the river Voltehof, v/ith that 
 of Ladoga, and to the s by the Msta, the 
 Woloczok canal, and the Teverza, it com- 
 municates with the Volga. 
 
 Ilmeuau, a town iu Upper Saxony, coun- 
 ty of Heuneburg ; near it is a copper and 
 silver mine, also a mineral spring, seated 
 near the source of the Ilm, IT miles ese of 
 Schmalkalden. 
 
 Jlminster, a town of Somersetshire, situat- 
 
 I M E 
 
 ed near the rive? Hie, among hills. Here is 
 a handsome church, with a gicized tower, and 
 a free-school founded by Edward VI. In 
 the church is the monument of the founder 
 ot Wadijam college, Oxford. It consists of 
 about 300 houses. The inhabitants, about 
 1400 in number, have some manufactures, 
 particularly of narrow cloth. The market 
 is on Saturday. It is 26 miles sw of Vv^eils, 
 and 137 w by s of London. 
 
 I Itsey, a towm in Berkshire, in a pleasant 
 valley, with a market on Wednesday. It 
 is 14 miles nw of Reading, and 53 w of 
 London. 
 
 list, a town in West Friesland, Holland, 
 seated on the Weymar, 12 miles ne of Sta- 
 veren, and 12 s of Le warden. 
 
 Ilstrop, a. town in West Gothland, Swe- 
 jt den, 27 miles sse of Gotheborg. Lon. 1 1 
 ! 57 e,'uu.5T 23 N. 
 
 Ilten, a town iu the principality of 
 Luneburg, Lower Saxony, 16 miles ssw of 
 Zell. 
 
 Iltzhofen, a town in the territory of 
 Halle, Suabia. It is eight miles ne of 
 Halle. 
 
 IMBRO, an island in the Grecian 
 Archipelago, about 20 miles in circum- 
 ference. It is mountainous and woody, 
 with plenty of game. Lon. 25 44 e, lat. 40 
 10 N. 
 
 IMERITIA, or Imerethi, a country of 
 Asia, between the Black sea and the 
 Caspian, which wuth Mingrelia, compre- 
 hends the ancient Colchis. The late so- 
 vereign, the Czar Solomon, having forbid- 
 den the scandalous traffic of the noblemen 
 in their peasants, oflended the Turks so 
 much, that he was driven from his throne, 
 and compelled to live like a w'ild man, for 
 1 6 years, in the woods and caverns of the 
 mountains, till the Russians reinstated him 
 in his dominions. The revenues arise from 
 a contribution of the peasants in wine, 
 grain, and cattle, and from the tribute of 
 the neighbourii^ princes, and among the 
 extraordinary sources of revenue confisca- 
 tions have a considerable share. The court 
 of Imeritia is not remarkable for splen- 
 dour, nor is the prince’s table sumptaoasly 
 served. He is distinguished from Ins sub- 
 jects by riding upon an ass, perhap ' ihe only 
 one in Imeritia, and by wearing boots. 
 His civil ordinances are issued on the 
 weekly market day, by one of his servants, 
 who ascends a tree, and with a loud voice 
 proclaims the edict. The inhabitants, es#* 
 mated at 20,000 families, are not col- 
 lected into towns or villages, but scattered 
 over the country into small hamlets. They 
 are less mixed with foreigners, and are ac- 
 counted handsomer than the other Georgians. 
 They are likewise more industrious ; but 
 they are without maiiufaeiures, very poor 
 and miserable, and cruelly oppressed by 
 their landlords. The Imeritians are of the 
 Greek religion. Their churches ttre di«- 
 30 2 
 
I N C 
 
 tiDguished from common cotiagc.^, by a 
 pr )-»*r cross over the principal door, and some 
 pi intings of the virgin and the saints. 
 Cut US is the capital of the present prince, 
 the czar David. 
 
 In>menhausetiy a town of Hesse Cassei, 
 Germany. It is about eight miles xnw of 
 Cassei. 
 
 Immenstadt, a town in the county of 
 Konigsftgg, Suabia, stand on a small river, 
 which soon after falls into the Her, Vi miles 
 s of Kempten. 
 
 Jmolay a populous town of Romagna, 
 in Italy, with a strong citadel. It is sur- 
 rounded with walls, towers, and ditches, 
 contains 16 churches and 17 convents, and 
 is situated on the river Santerno. It is 4S 
 miles NNE of Florence. Lon. 11 45 e, lat. 
 44 28 N. 
 
 hnperialy a city of Chili, in S America, 
 six leagues from the South sea, hpving the 
 river Cauten to the s, and another river to 
 the w’, both navigable. It was formerly a 
 fine city, but w^as destroyed by the Indians ; 
 60 miles n of Valdivia. 
 
 Ineay a town of Majorca, seated amidst 
 almond trees and vineyards, 21 miles ne of 
 Palma. 
 
 Inch^ a parish in Inverness-shire, united to 
 ^at of Kingussie, which see. 
 
 Inch, a parish in the county of Wigton, 
 occupying a great part of the isthmus, form- 
 ed by the aporoximation of the bays of 
 Luce and Ryan, about 10 miles long and 
 nearly as much in breadth where broadest, 
 The surface and soil are various. More 
 than half of this parish is level and arable. 
 On the M it is mountainous, and more 
 adapted for stock. Culhorn, the seat of 
 the earl of Stair, is in this parish, and the 
 charming pleasure ground of Castleken- 
 nedy visited and admired by all travellers. 
 On ihe s of the great road from London 
 to Portpatrick, which passes through the 
 parish, is a beautiful deer park stocked 
 with deer, some sheep, and black cattle. 
 The late patriotic earl of Stair, introduced 
 and carried on with spirit, modern agricul- 
 tural improvements on this parish. In 
 this parish are no fewer than IS lakes 
 stored with fish, and some medicinal 
 springs. It is watered by the river Luce, 
 its boundary on the n, and Piltanton on 
 the SE. Locb-r>an adds greatly to the 
 beauty of the scenery, otherwise highly 
 picturesque. The Cairn w^liere there is 
 ^fe mooring for ships of any size at all 
 seasons, is the only village in this parish. 
 In the N part of the parish are many 
 druidicul or sepulchral heaps of stones. 
 The church once stood on a small island, in 
 one of the lakes adjoining its present site. 
 There is a burying ground at Saultseat, 
 about a mile nnd a-haif s of the church. 
 Here is the manse, nearly surrounded by a 
 large lake. The pasture lands are exteri- 
 fiive, and is estimated that upwards of 2500 
 
 I N C 
 
 I black cattle, and 5000 sheep, are rearet? 
 i in the parish. The population is about 
 1577. 
 
 Inch-Abevy a small island in Loch Lo- 
 mond, Dumbartonshire, situated at the 
 mouth of the river Endrick. 
 
 Inch-Affrey, or hich-Effrey, an abbey 
 of Scotland, e of Crieff, on an eminence 
 which appears to have been once an 
 island in the river Fow', founded in j 200, 
 by Gilbert earl of Strathern, and bis coun- 
 tess Matilda. The earl of Kinnoul as pro- 
 prietor of its ruins, is patron of 1 2 churches, 
 which w^ere formerly in the gift of the 
 abbey. 
 
 Inch-Brayocky a small island at the 
 mouth of the South Esk, in Forfarshire, 
 near Montrose. It is lately become of im- 
 portance from its two bridges ; one of stone, 
 communicating with the s shore, and the 
 other a draw bridge, which connects the 
 island with Montrose. It has also a large 
 and convenient dry dock. 
 
 Incheolniy or Cohintbay a small island in 
 the Frith of Forth> about a mile from the 
 village of Aberdour, in Fife, on w'hich are 
 the remains of a famous monastery, founded 
 in 1123 by Alexander I., who w^as driven 
 hither by a tempest, and hospitably treated 
 by a hermit. Here is a small fort for the 
 protection of the Frjth.\ 
 
 Inch GarviCy a small island in the Frith 
 of Forth, nearly in the middle of the pas- 
 sage over the Forth at Queens ferry. In 
 1799, four 24 pounders were mounted on 
 its fortifications. 
 
 Inch-Innan, a parish in Renfrewshire, 
 about three miles in length, and one and 
 a-half in breadth. The road from Glasgow 
 to Greenock passes through the parish, and 
 I crosses the united streams of the Gryfe and 
 Cart by a handsome bridge of 10 arches. 
 The population is about 462. The church, 
 which is about 700 years old, belonged to 
 the knights templars. The family of Len- 
 nox had formerly a seat in this parish, called 
 the palace of Inch-Innan, of which no ves- 
 tiges now remain. 
 
 InchrKeithy a small rocky island in the 
 Frith of Forth, half way betw’cen Leith and 
 Kinghorn, on which a light-house was 
 erected of late years for the security of 
 vessels sailing up the Frith. 
 
 Inch Kenneth, a small island of the He- 
 brides, lying betw'een the islands of Mull 
 and Icolmkill. 
 
 INCH MAR NOCK, a beautiful littlo 
 island iu the Frith of Clyde, a few miles 
 sw of Rute. The ruins of a chapel dedi- 
 cated 10 St Marnoc are still visible, and 
 a burying ground continues to be used by 
 I the Highlanders, who bring their dead 
 i from great distauces by w^ater to ihis 
 I place. On the w side are vast strata of 
 I coral and .slndls. 
 
 Inch Alurtin, and Inch Michncl, two 
 villages in the Carse of, Gowrie, Pcnh^iiie. 
 
1 N D 
 
 TncK Ture^ or IiichToivcr-y a parish and 
 village in the Carse of Gowrie, Perrlishire. 
 The parish, to which that of Kossie was 
 united in 1670, extends about four miles 
 from the bank of the Tay northward, with 
 a breadth of about three miles. It contains 
 about 3000 acres of exceeding rich and well 
 cultivated land. The village of Iiichture is 
 situated on the turnpike road from Perth to 
 Dunilee, about nine miles distant from the 
 latter. It contains nearly 400 inhabitants. 
 There are five other villages in the parish, 
 at one of which, Polgavie, their is a pier 
 and harbour on the Tay. The population 
 of the parish is about 949. 
 
 Inchtiithelj a mound on the n banks of 
 the Tay, 10 miles n of Perth, on the road 
 leading from Coupar Angus to Dunkeld. 
 This mound stands abovit 60 feet above 
 the level of the plain of Stormont, on which 
 it is situated. Its surface is flat and mea- 
 sures about 160 acres, on which the Piets 
 bad a fortified town, which they deserted 
 and burnt on the approach of the Romans, 
 under Agricola. To the nr the Romans 
 formed a camp 500 yards square, inclos- 
 ed by a wall nine feet thick. Inchtu- 
 tbel is supposed to have been bestowed 
 on the family of Hay, by Kenneth III. 
 for their bravery at the battle of Lun- 
 carty. 
 
 IncJiyra, a village of Perthshire in the 
 parish of St Madois, about seven miles from 
 Perth. It has a good harbour. 
 
 Indal, a town in Medelpadia, Sweden, 
 seated on a river of the same name, near its 
 entrance into the gulf of Bothnia, 23 miles 
 N by w of Sundswald. 
 
 Inden, Hotun, capital of the Mantchen 
 Tartars, Chinese Tartary, where they began 
 to establish their empire over China, 420 
 miles ENE of Peking. Lon. 124 36 e, lat. 
 41 46 N, 
 
 INDIA, an extensive region in Asia, 
 which lies between 66 and 93 degrees e 
 Ion., and 7 and 35 n lat. Under this 
 name, Europeans have understood all the 
 countries which lie s of Tartary, and ex- 
 tend from the eastern frontiers of Persia, 
 to the eastern coasts of China, includ- 
 ing likewise, the islands of Japan, with 
 ail the islands in the Eastern and Indian 
 oceans, as far s as New Holland, But 
 the name of India is properly applied to 
 that country only, which is distinguished 
 iu Asia, as well as in Europe, by the 
 name ot Hindoostan. The countries to 
 the E of the river Burrarapooter, (name- 
 ly, Aracan, Assam, Birmah, Cambodia, 
 Cochin-China, Laos, Malacca, Pegu, Siam, 
 and Tonquin) which geographers have 
 hitherto distinguished by the name of 
 the Peninsula beyond the Ganges, are 
 no more to be considered as belonging ' 
 ?o India, than the bordering countries of 
 China, Thibet, Tartary, or Persia. See 
 Hindoostan. 
 
 I N D 
 
 INDIANA, a territory in Virginia, ly. 
 ing between Ohio river and the Laurel 
 mountain, eontaining three millions and a 
 half of acres. It is nearly of a triangular 
 form, and extends in length from the 
 Pennsylvania line to the waters of the 
 Little Kanhaway. It was granted to 
 Samuel Wharton, William Trent, and 
 George Morgan, Esqrs., and a few other 
 persons, in 1768, by the Shawanese, De- 
 laware, and Huron tribes of Indians, as a 
 compensation for losses to the amount of 
 85,9161. lOs. 8d. currency, v/hich these 
 persons had sustained by the depradations 
 of the Indians in 1763. It is a valuable 
 tract of land ; but the title of the proprietors, 
 though pronounced good by a committee 
 of congress, in 1782, is at present embar- 
 rassed in consequence of the revolution. 
 The land is fine; but the infaabitaits does 
 not exceed 24,520. Vificennes is the 
 capital, 
 
 Indian Old Town, a town in Lincoln 
 county, district of Maine, United States, 
 situated on an island in Penobscot river. 
 There are about 100 Roman Catholic 
 families, the remains of the Penobscot 
 tribe, and the only Indians who reside 
 in the district of Maine, They live to- 
 gether in a regular society, and are in- 
 creasing in number. In their town is a 
 decent church with a bell ; and a priest 
 resides among them to administer the ordi- 
 nances of worship. 
 
 INDIANS of North and South Ame- 
 rica, the original natives of these two vast 
 continents. Of the manners of the North 
 American Indians, the reader may have 
 a general idea, by an account of those 
 who inhabit the countries to the e of the 
 Missippi. These consist of 28 different 
 nations ; the principal of which are the 
 Cherokees, the Chieasaws, the Choctaws, 
 the Creeks, the Delawares, the Six Nations, 
 the Shawanese, the Hurons, the Illinois, 
 &e. Allowing about 700 to a nation 
 or tribe, they will contain in all 20,000 
 people. These Indians take a great deal 
 of pains to darken their complexion, 
 by anointing themselves with greese, and 
 lying in the sun. They also paint their 
 faces, breasts, and shoulders, of various 
 colours, but generally red ; and their 
 features are neat, especially those of tha 
 women. They are of a middle stature, 
 their limbs clean and straight, and scarcely 
 any crooked or deformed person is to be 
 found among them. In many parts of their 
 bodies they tatoo themselves or prick in 
 gunpowder in very pretty figures. Some 
 shave, or pluck the hair off their heads, 
 except a patch about the crown, and ex- 
 cept the head and eye-brows, they pluck 
 the hair with great diligence, from all parts 
 of the body. Their ears are paired and 
 stretched in a thong down to the shoulders,', 
 A bit of cloth about the middle a shirt of 
 
I N D 
 
 tlis English make, a sort of cloth hoot 
 and mockasons, which are shoes of a 
 iTjake peculiar to the Indians, with a 
 blanket or watch* coat thrown over all, 
 complete their dress at home ; but when 
 they go on expeditions, they leave their 
 trinkets behind and mere necessaries serve 
 them. There is little dilTerence between 
 the dress of the men and women. They 
 are such expert marksmen, that they wiU 
 kill birds flying, fishes swiming, and wild 
 beasts running. They are very intelligent, 
 quick of apprehension, sudden in execution, 
 subtle jn business, exquisite in invention, 
 and industrious in action. They are ot 
 a very gentle and amiable disposition to 
 those they think their friends, but as impla- 
 cable towards enemies. They are very 
 iardy, bearing heat, cold, hunger and 
 thirst, in a surprising manner; and yet 
 no people are more addicted to excess 
 in eating and drinking, when it is in their 
 powder. Among the Indians all men are 
 equal, personal qualities being most 
 esteemed. There is, thus, more delicacy 
 of sentiment in the Indians than among 
 us, and abundantly more probity, with far 
 less ceremony, or equivocal compliments. 
 Their public conferences shew them to 
 be men of genius ; and they have in a 
 high degree the talent of natural or un- 
 studied eloquence. They live dispersed in 
 small villages, either in the woods, or 
 on the banks of rivers where they have 
 little plantations of Indian corn and roots, 
 not enough to supply their families half a 
 year ; but they subsist the remainder of 
 it by hunting, fishing, and fov/ling, and 
 the fruits of the earth, which grow spon- 
 taneously, and in great plenty.- Their 
 huts are generally built of small logs, 
 and coAcred with bark, each one having a 
 cbimuej', and a door, on w^hich they place a 
 padlock. One of their towns, called Old 
 Chelicothe, is built in form of a Kentucky 
 station, that is, a parallelogram, or tong 
 square; and some of theid houses are shing- 
 led. A long council-house extends iue 
 whole length of the town, where the chiefs 
 of the nation frequently meet and ccnsult 
 of all matters of importance. Some huts 
 are built by setting up a frame on forks, 
 and placing bark against it; others of 
 teeds, and surrounded with clay. The fire 
 is in I he middle of the .wdgwam, and the 
 smoke passes through a little hole. They 
 join reeds together, by cords run through 
 them, which serve them lor tables and beds. 
 They mostly he upon skins of wild beasts, 
 and sit on the ground. They have brass 
 kettles and pots to boil their food. Gourds 
 or calabashes, cut asunder, serve them tor 
 . pails, caps, and dishes. The accounts of 
 travellers, concerning their religion, are va- 
 rious, All agree that they acknowledge 
 one Supreme God. They adore the great 
 Spirit, and believe that his care is extended 
 
 I N D 
 
 1 over them : and, that he puts good into 
 their hearts." They also believe in a fu- 
 ture state ; that after death they shall be 
 removed to their friends, who have gone 
 before them to paradise. The Wyan- 
 dotts, near Detroit, and some others, have 
 embraced the Romish faith, introduced 
 among them by missionaries. The Sha^ 
 wanese, Cherokees, Chikasaws, and some 
 others, are little concerned about religi- 
 on. They have their festivals, and other 
 rejoicing days, on w^hich they sing and 
 dance in a ring ; and after enjoying this 
 diversion for a while, they retire to the 
 place where they have prepared a feast of 
 fish, flesh, fowls, and fruits ; to which all 
 are invited, and entertained with their 
 country songs. They believe that there 
 is great virtue in feasts for the sick. For 
 this purpose a young buck must be killed 
 and boiled, the friends and near neighbours 
 of the patient invited; and having first 
 thrown tobacco on the fire, and covered 
 it close up, they all sit down in a ring, and 
 raise a lamentable cry. They then uncover 
 the fire, and kindle it up ; and the head of 
 the buck is first sent about, every one taking 
 a bit, and giving a loud croak, in imitation 
 of crows. They afterwards proceed to eat 
 } alt the buck, making a harmonious, me- 
 i lanchoiy song. As they approach their 
 i towns, when some of their people are lost 
 1 in war, they make great lamentations for 
 their dead ; and their cries of woe are an- 
 swered bv those within. They bear their 
 I deceased “ friepds long in remembranoe, 
 
 I ten visit their graves, and even deck out 
 i their putrid remains with their best skins 
 and other finery. Some nations abhor 
 adultery, do not approve of a plurality of 
 wives, and are not guilty of theft; but 
 there are other tribes that are not so 
 scrupulous. Among the Chicasaws, a hus- 
 band may cut off the nose of bis wife, if 
 guilty of adultery ; but men are allowed 
 ' greater liberty. This nation despises a 
 thief. Among the Cherokees they cut off 
 the nose and ears of an adultress; after- 
 v/ard her husband gives her a discharge, 
 
 ' Their form of marriage is short; the man, 
 before witnesses, gives the bride a deer's 
 foot, and she, in return, presents him with 
 an ear of corn, as emblems of their seve- 
 ral duties. The w’omen are very slaves, 
 i in many instances, to the men ; in others 
 they are upon an equal footiug, deliberat- 
 ing in the public assemblies, and, in pri- 
 vate life, enjoying the privilege of de- 
 claring their aftection, or paying their ad- 
 dresses to those they love. They are ebargi 
 ed with being revengeful ; but this revenge 
 is seldom executed, but in cases of murder 
 and adultery; and, indeed, the murderer is 
 generally delivered up to the friends of the 
 deceased to do as tliey please. When ona 
 kills another, the deceased’s friends kill him, 
 
 and so they continue avenging one another’s 
 
I N D 
 
 iJeath until much blood is sbed ; and at 
 last the quarrel is ended by mutual pre- 
 sents. Sometimes a chief, when oUended, 
 breaks oif with a party, settles at some 
 distance, and then commences hostilities 
 against his own people. Wnen they take 
 captives in war, they are exceedingly cruel, 
 treating the unhappy prisoners in such a 
 manner, that death would be prelerable to 
 life. They afterwards give them plenty 
 of food, load them with burdens, and when 
 they arrive at their towns they must run 
 the gauntlet. In this, they exercise so 
 much cruelty, that one would think it im- 
 possible they should survive their suffer- 
 ings. Many are killed ; but if one out- 
 lives this trial, he is adopted into a family 
 as a sou, and treated witn paternal kind- 
 ness; and if he avoids their suspicion of 
 going away, he is allowed the same pri- 
 vileges as their own people. But some- 
 times their prisoners are destined to be 
 tortured to death, in order to satiate the 
 revenge of their conquerors. While their 
 lot is in suspence, the prisoners themselves 
 appear altogether - unconcerned about what 
 may befal them. They talk, they eat, 
 they sleep, as if there were no danger 
 impending : when the fatal sentence is in- 
 timated to them, they receive it with an 
 unaltered countenance, raise their death 
 song, and prepare to suffer like men. The 
 victors assemble as to a solemn festival, 
 resolved to put the fortitude of the captives 
 to the utmost proof. A scene ensues, the 
 bare description of which is enough to chill 
 the heart with horror. The prisoners are 
 tied to a stake, but so as to be at liberty 
 to move round it. All present, men, wo- 
 men, and children, fall upon them with 
 Jknives and other instruments: and such 
 is tbeir cruel ingenuity in torturing, that 
 by avoiding to touch the vital part, they 
 prolong the scene of anguish for several 
 days. In spile of ail their sufferings, the 
 victims continue to chant their death song 
 with a firm voice, they boast of their own 
 exploits, they insult their tormentors for 
 their want of skill to avenge the death of 
 their friends and relations, they warn 
 them of the vengeance that awaits them 
 on account of what they are now doing, 
 and excite their ferocity by the most pro- 
 voking reproaches and threats. To dis- 
 play undaunted fortitude in such dreadiul 
 situations, is the noblest triumph of a war- 
 rior; to avoid the trial by a voluntary 
 death, or to shrink under it, is deemed 
 cowardly and infamous. If any one betray 
 symptoms of timidity, his tormentors often 
 dispatch him at once, with contempt, as 
 unworthy of being treated like a man. 
 Animated by those ideas, they endure, 
 without a groan, v/bat it seems almost 
 impossible that human nature should sus- 
 tain. W^eary at length wuth contending 
 with men whose constancy they cannot 
 
 I N D 
 
 vanquish, some chief puts a period to thei? 
 sufferings, by dispatching them with his 
 dagger or Lis club. The people of 
 South America gratify their revenge in a 
 manner somewhat different, but with the 
 same unrelenting rancour. Their priso- 
 ners, after meeting at their first entrance 
 with the same rough reception as among 
 the North Americans, are not only ex- 
 empt from injury, but treated with the 
 greatest appa.rent kindness, feasted, and 
 caressed. But, by a refinement of cruel- 
 ty, while they seem studious to attach 
 their captives to life, their doo-m is irrevo- 
 cably fixed. On an appointed day the 
 victorious trib© assembles, the prisoner is 
 brought forth with great solemnity, he 
 meets his lot witii undaunted firmness, and 
 is dispatched by a single blow. The^ mo- 
 ment he fails the women seize the body, 
 and dress it for the feast. They besmear 
 their children with the blood, in order to 
 kindle in their bosoms a hatred of their 
 enemies, and all join in feeding upon the 
 flesh with amazing greediness and exulta- 
 tion. Wherever this practice prevails, 
 captives never escape death; but they are 
 not tortured wuth the same cruelty as 
 among tribes which are less accustomed 
 to such horrid feasts. The Indians of South 
 America immediately under the Spanish 
 government, although the most depressed 
 order of men in the country which belong- 
 ed to their ancestors, are now far from 
 being treated with that rigour and cruelty 
 which was laid to the charge of the first 
 conquerors of that continent. They are 
 no longer considered as slaves ; on the con- 
 trary, they are reputed as freemen, and en- 
 titled to the privileges of subjects. A 
 certain tax or tribute, is indeed imposed 
 upon them, and certain services required, 
 but these are all under the due regulation 
 of policy and humanity. The Indians who 
 live in the principal jtowns, are entirely 
 subject to the Spanish laws and magis 
 trates ; but in their own villages they ar« 
 governed by caciques, some of whom are 
 the descendants of their ancient lords, others 
 are named by the Spanish viceroys. These 
 regulate the petty affairs of the people under 
 them, according to maxims of justice trans- 
 mitted to them by tradition from their an- 
 cestors. To the Indians, this jurisdiction 
 lodged in Such friendly ‘^ands, affords some 
 consolation • and so little formidable is this 
 dignity to their new masters, that they often 
 aUo7/ it to descend by heriditary right. For 
 the farther relief of men so much exposed 
 to oppression, the Spanish court has appoint- 
 ed an officer in every district, with the tile of 
 protector of the Indians. It is his duty to 
 assert the rights of the Indians, to appear 
 as their defender in the courts of justice, and 
 to set bounds to the encroachments and ex- 
 actions of his countrymen. A portion of the 
 annual tiibute is desiiued for the salaries of 
 
 \ 
 
I N D 
 
 the caciques and protectors ; another "part is 
 appropriated to the payment of their tribute 
 in years of famine, or when a particular dis- 
 trict is afflicted by any extraordinary local 
 calamity. Provision too is made by various 
 laws, that hospitals should be founded in 
 every new settlement, for the reception of 
 Indians. Such hospitals have accordingly 
 been erected, both for the indigent and in- 
 firm, in Lima, Cuzco, and Mexico, where 
 the Indians are treated with tenderness and 
 humanity. Major-general Anthony Wyne 
 nut an end to the destructive war with the 
 North American Indians, by a treaty of 
 peace and friendship concluded at Green- 
 ville, August 3, 1725 ; which was ratified 
 by the president of the United States, De- 
 cember 22, 1795. The Indian tribes signed 
 thetreaty in the following order : Wyaendotes, 
 Delaware, Shawanoes, Otiawas, Chipawas, 
 Ottawa, Patawatames of Huron, Miamies, 
 Miamis and Eel river, Eel river tribe, 
 Miamis, Kickapoos, and Kaskaskias, Dela- 
 wares of Sandusky, and some of the Six 
 Nations living at Sandusky. These Indians 
 ceded to the United States various tracts of 
 land from two to 12 miles square, near the 
 different posts in the nw territory. The 
 United States delivered to the Indian tribes 
 above named in goods to the value of 
 20,000 dollars ; and agreed to deliver in 
 goods to the value of 9,500 dollars annually, 
 lor ever. Little is yet known of the Indians 
 in the interior parts of North America. See 
 Esquimaux ; Indies w ; Patagonia. 
 
 INDIES, WEST, the name given to a 
 great number of Islands in the Atlantic 
 ocean, which extend across the entrance of 
 the gulf of Mexico, from the nw extremity 
 of the Bahama islands, off the coast of Flori- 
 da, in lat. 27 45 N, in a south-easterly direc- 
 tion to the island of Tobaga, which is 120 
 miles from the coast of Terra Firma, in lat. 
 11 30 N. They lie between Ion. 59 and 86 
 W ; Cuba being the most western, and Bar- 
 badoes the most eastern, of all these islands. 
 When Christopher Columbus discovered 
 them in 1492, he considered them as part of 
 those vast regions in Asia, comprehended 
 under the general name of India ; to reach 
 which, by a course d’le w across the Atlan- 
 tic ocean, had been the grand object of his 
 voyage ; and this opinion was so general, 
 that Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen 
 ■of Castile, in the Ratification ot their agree- 
 ment granted to Columbus upon his return, 
 gave them the name of Indies. Even alter 
 the error which gave rise to this opinion was 
 detected, and the true position of the new 
 world was ascertained, the name has re- 
 mained, and the appellation of the West In- 
 dies is still given to these islands, and that 
 of Indians to the inhabitants, not only of 
 the islands, but of the two continents of 
 America. They are likewise the Caribhee 
 islands, from the Aborigines of the country ; 
 and the sea in which they lie, is sometimes 
 called by modern geographers, the Archi- I 
 
 IND 
 
 pelago of the Caril jees. By the French 
 they are called, the Antilles ; and nautical 
 men distinguish them from the different 
 courses taken by ships, into the Leeward 
 and Windward islands. The name of the 
 Caribbees should properly be confined to the 
 smaller islands which ifes between Porto 
 Rico and Tobago, These were inhabited 
 by the Carribbees a hardy race of men, no 
 wise resembling their feeble and timid 
 neighbours in the larger islands. Even iu 
 later times, they mad^e a stout resistance 
 in defence of the last territory (the island of 
 St Vincent,) which the rapacity of their in- 
 vaders had left in their possession. Before 
 the late war, the following was the dispo- 
 sition of the islands of the West Indies, and 
 it is not yet much altered. The British 
 islands were, Jamaica, Barbadoes, St Chris- 
 topher, Antigua, Anegada, Nevis, Montser- 
 rat, Barbuda, Anguilla, Dominica, St Vin- 
 cent, Granada, the Bahama islands, and 
 part of the Virgin islands. Cuba, Porto 
 Rico, Trinadad, and Margarita, belonged 
 to the Spaniards. To the French belonged 
 Martinico, Tobago, Gaudaloupe, St Lucia, 
 Marigalante, Deseada, and the whole of 
 Hispaniola. The Dutch had St Eustatia, 
 Curacao, Saba, and St Martin ; the Danes, 
 St Thomas, St Croix, and part of the Vir- 
 gin islands ; and the Swedes, St Bartho- 
 lomew'. 
 
 INDIES EAST, the name given by 
 Europeans, to a vast extent of country in 
 Asia, on the s of Tartary, betw een Persia 
 and China, as well as to a great number of 
 islands in the Indian ocean, reaching from 
 the peninsula of Hindoostaii, as far e as 
 New Guinea, and from the bay of Bengal 
 and the China sea, as far s as New Hol- 
 land. The most eastern of the islands are 
 the Moluccas, the most western is the Mal- 
 dives, betwen which are several very exten- 
 sive ones as Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Cele- 
 bes, Borneo, besides many others of con- 
 siderable importance as to riches, though 
 much inferior in extent. See Hindoo - 
 Stan. 
 
 Indore, a modern city of Hiudoostan 
 Proper, in the province of Malwa ; subject 
 to one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs, stands 
 on a river that unites with the Nerhudda. 
 It is 30 miles sse of Ougein. Lou. 76 1 1 
 E, lat. 22 56 N. 
 
 Inctrapor, a Dutch settlement and capi- 
 tal of a kingilom of the same name, on the 
 west coast of Sumatra, for the purchase of 
 pepper, 160 miles \w of Bencoolen. Lou. 
 100 45 E, lat. 1 56 s. 
 
 INDRE, cl department of France, so 
 named from a river which rises in the de- 
 partment and running into that of Indre, 
 and Loire, falls into the Loire between 
 Chiuon and Saumur. It includes the late 
 province of Berry. Chateauroux is the 
 
 I capital. 
 
 j IXDRE and LOIRE, a d^'pertment of 
 
 I' France, 50 miles long from n to s and 45 
 
IN G 
 
 tjroad ; containing the late province of Tou- 
 iraine. Tours is the capital. 
 
 InduSy or Sinde, a great river of Hin- 
 doostan Proper, called by the natives Sinde, 
 or Sindeh. It is formed of about 10 prin- 
 cipal streams which descend from the Per- 
 sian and Tartarian mountains; but accord- 
 ing to Major Rennel, the sources of these 
 streams must be far more remote than the 
 sides of these mountains. From the city of 
 Attock, in about lat. 32 27 downward to 
 Moultan, to the conflux of the Jenau, or 
 Chunaub, it is commonly named the river , 
 Attock. Below the ciiy of Moultan, it pro- 
 ceeds in a sw direction, through the province 
 of that name, and that of Sindy, and enters 
 the Arabian sea by several mouths, nw of 
 the gulf of Catch. See’Tatta ; on the e of 
 the Indus is a vast desart of sand, near 500 
 miles ill length, and from 60 to 150 in 
 breadth. ' 
 
 Ineada, a town of Romania, European 
 Turkey, has a harbour on the Black sea, 60 
 miles E by n of Adriaaople. Lon, 27 40 e, 
 lat. 41 52 N. 
 
 Infanto, a town of Mancha, Spain, 
 near the Jabalou, 42 miles ese of Cuidad 
 Real. 
 
 Ingafesfone, a town in Essex, w^hich con- 
 sists of one street, with a market particular- 
 ly for cattle on Wednesday, and a fair 
 December 1st. Here is the seat of lord 
 Petre and an hospital for the support of poor 
 Roman Catholic families. Six miles sw of 
 Chelms-ford, and 23 ne of London, 
 
 Ingelfingen, a tov/n of Franconia, stands 
 on the Kocher, eight miles n of Ohrenburg, 
 and 20 ssw of Mergentbeim. 
 
 Ingelheim, the name of two towns of 
 Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, 
 now annexed to France, and included in the 
 department of the Rhine and Nahe: viz. 
 Nether, one mile nw of Upper, on the Salz, 
 10 miles wsw of Meniz. 
 
 Ingel Munster, a village and fort in the 
 department of the Scheldt, France, near the 
 Mandel, five miles n of Court ray. It 
 has a castle which was often made a gar- 
 rison, in the religious wars of the 16th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Inglehorough, a mountain in Yorkshire, 
 236 1 feet above the level of the sea. The 
 top is a circular plain, near a mile in cir- 
 cumference, containing the ruins of an old 
 wall, from which some imagine it has been 
 a Roman station. On its sides, which are 
 steep and rocky, are many pits and chasms ; 
 its limestone base, extending near to 
 Whermside and Pennygant, is perforated in 
 every direction by long caverns ; eight miles 
 to the NNw of Settle. 
 
 Ingleton, a town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, 10 miles wnw of Settle. It is 
 seated at the basis of Whernside and Ingle- 
 borough, amid the natural curiosities of 
 those mountains. Has a fair November 
 ITtb. 
 
 Ingling, a town in the department of 
 16 
 
 I N G 
 
 the Moselle, France, six miles e of Thion^ 
 ville. 
 
 Ingoldstadt, a handsome town of Bavaria, 
 situated on the Danube, with a fine church 
 and celebrated university, is surrounded with 
 a morass, and is one of the strongest towns 
 in Germany. The streets are large and the 
 houses built of stone. In 1742 it was taken 
 by the Austrians and bomiiarded by tho 
 French in 1796, five miles ne of Newberg, 
 and 45 n by w of Munich. Lon. 11 22 E, 
 iat. 48 46 N. 
 
 Ingraham, Port, on the w side of Wash- 
 ington island, on the nw coast of North 
 America, is a fine harbour for wintering in. 
 Lon. 133 18 W, lat. 53 37 n. 
 
 INGRAHAM ISLES, in the South Paci- 
 fic ocean, lie nnw of the Marquesas islands, 
 from 35 to 50 leagues distant, and are seven 
 in number, viz. Washington, Adams, Lin- 
 coln, Fedral, Franklin, Hancock, and 
 Knox. Captain Joseph Ingraham, of Bos- 
 ton, in Massachusetts, commander of tli »3 
 brigantine Hope of Boston, discovered them 
 on the 19th of April 1791, lying between 
 Ion. 140 19 and 141 18 w; and between 
 lat. 8 3 and 9 24 s. They are mostly inha- 
 bited, and appear to be generally variegated 
 with hills and valleys, abounding with tim- 
 ber, and very pleasant. The people resemble 
 those of the Marquesas islands. Cotton of a 
 superior quality grow here. The natives 
 were friendly. Federal is the principal 
 one, 70 miles in circumference and very 
 mountainous, v/ith fertile vallies and many 
 safe harbours on its coasts. Port Anna 
 Maria, so named by lieutenant Hergist ia 
 1792, lies on the s coast. Lon. 139 40 w", 
 lat. 8 56 s. 
 
 Ingrande, a town in the department of 
 Maine and Loire, France, 15 miles wsw of 
 Angers. 
 
 INGRIA, a province of the Russian 
 empire, which now forms the government of 
 St Petersburgh. It is about 130 miles long, 
 and 50 broad. The Czar Peter the Great 
 WTested it from the Swedes, and it was con- 
 firmed to him by ihe treaty of Nystadt in 
 1721. At this time the inhabitants of the 
 flat countries were ^ Finnish people, but 
 different from the Finns of Carelia as to 
 their language and manners They were 
 called Ischorki, and Ischortzi, from the river 
 Ischora, which runs into the Neva. Ingria 
 did not retain its ancient Swedish privileges; 
 on the contrary, Peter made a present of 
 one part of the Ischortzi to certain Russiaii 
 nobles; who, on their side, were obliged to 
 people the less cultivated cantons of ingria, 
 with colonies of Russians from their estates ; 
 and thence it is, that we often see a village 
 of Russians surrounded by villages of Finns. 
 These Ischortzi have long followed agricul- 
 ture. They assemble in sniall villages of 
 five or 10 farms in each, and live miserably 
 in small dirty huts Their inclination to 
 idleness and drinking, ietids them ofc-m to 
 sell their stock, and even ihc corn they have 
 3 ? 
 
I N N 
 
 baved for sowing the fields. Some of them 
 however, imitate the Russian villagers, who 
 are better managers, being more at their 
 ease, and in better circumstances. The 
 Ingrians are described as a stupid, sus- 
 picious, thievish race ; they are vagabonds 
 like the gypsies, and like them calculate | 
 nativities, and tell fortunes. The Ingrian j 
 women adorn their aprons with glass beads j 
 and little shells, they wear beads about ‘ 
 their necks, and have heavy ear rings. The 
 married women conceal their hair^ the 
 girls wear it loose and uncovered. When 
 they dress to go to town, they commonly 
 put on the Russ cap, which is ornamented 
 with a peak in front, is lined with fur, 
 and laced, round the edges; with this 
 they wear a long gown, made of coarse 
 stnfi'. Olid fastened down the breast with 
 biUfons. Before the Russians conquered 
 this connirv, the Ingrians had Lutheran 
 preachers for every canton ; but numbers 
 of them have since conformeu to the Greek 
 faith. The dead are buried by the priest 
 of the profession to which they belong; 
 end these superstitious people return to the 
 grave under cover of night, and having 
 taken up the sod, deposit eatables for their 
 depcirted friend, which they renew during 
 a fortnight or three weeks. Their general 
 opinion is, that they continue to live in 
 the subterranean W’orld in the same manner 
 that they did on the surface of the earth, 
 and that the grave is little more than a 
 change of habitation ; for which reason 
 they bury their money, that they may have 
 it to use in the other world. The country 
 abounds with various wild animals, parlicu- 
 larly rein deer. 
 
 Ingv silly or Kisti, See Kisti. 
 
 hiliallowy a small island of Orkney, about 
 three miles and a-half from Kirkwall, the 
 countv town. 
 
 INIS CONNEL, INIS FROACH, 
 INIS HAIL, INIS-ERAITH, islands in 
 Loch Ow, Arayllshire, Scotland. 
 
 INISDRISNA, an isle on the sw’ coast 
 of Cork, Ireland ; sw of it is a range of 
 smaller islands called the Calves. It is 
 about two leagues n of Clare Island, 
 which see. 
 
 INISFREE, an island and hay of Ire- 
 land, on the w coast of Donegal. 
 
 Ir.ishonaiiy a town in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland, on the Bandon, has a considerable 
 linen manufacture, seven miles Nw of Kin- 
 sale, and 13 ssw of Cork. 
 
 INISKEA, N and S, two isles on the w 
 coast of Alayo, Ireland. 
 
 luisUogfyOT Ennislcagey’A borough in the 
 couniy of Kilkenny, Ireland, on the Noire, 
 sent two members to the Irish parliament, 
 16 miles ssK of Kilkenny. 
 
 huiy a river of Germany, which has its 
 source iu the country of the Grisons, and 
 falls into the Danube between Passau and 
 Jnstadt. 
 
 Jnnaconda, a fortress of the Deccau of 
 
 Hindoostan, in the Guntoor circar, subject 
 to the Nizam of the Deccan, seated on a 
 hill 46 miles nw of Ongole. 
 
 Innerkip, a parish in Renfrewshire, lying 
 I on the shore of the Frith of Clyde, at the 
 mouth of the small rivulet Kip. It is 
 about seven miles in length, from e to Wp 
 and about six in breadth. The surface 
 rise.s with a gradual but irregular ascent 
 from the shore. The soil varies from a 
 light sand to a wet gravelly moss. Not 
 above one half is afable, but that is gene- 
 rally inclosed and well cultivated. Besides 
 the Kirktown of Innerkip, there are iwo 
 considerable villages in the parish, Clogh' 
 and Gourock, each containing about 400' 
 inhabitants. The population of the whole 
 parish is about 1,367. 
 
 Innerleithen^ a parish and village in 
 Peebleskire, lying on the n bank of the 
 Tweed. The parish forms a kind of trian- 
 gle, each side of which is about nine miles 
 and a-half, with the river Leithen running, 
 through the middle of it to the Tweed. 
 
 1 Throughout the w’hole parish there is not 
 I above 1,000 acres of arable soil ; but 
 j it affords excellent pasture for sheep. In 
 ii the village of Innerleithen, pleasantly situat- 
 ed at the mouth of the Leithen, the woollea 
 manufacture is prosecuted to a considerable 
 extent, which has greatly increased the 
 prosperity of the place. Near it is a 
 sulphureous mineral spring similar to 
 Harrowgafe, in England, and daily rising 
 into celebrity. There are many ruins of 
 fortified towers in the parish, and in the 
 vicinity of the village are distinct vestiges 
 of a Roman encampment. Population is 
 about 591. 
 
 Innerpeffray, See Inchaffrey, 
 
 Innerwick) a parish in HaddingtonshirCj 
 lying on the sea coast eastward of Dun- 
 bar, and extending about 12 miles in 
 length and from two to six in breadth. 
 The coast is rocky ; but the surface for a 
 considerable way westward is in general 
 level, and the soil fertile and well culti- 
 vated. Besides the seaware used for ma- 
 nure, about 20 tons of kelp is annually 
 made on the coast. Lime-stone is found 
 in several places, and excellent free- 
 stone abounds. The population is about 
 846. 
 
 Innichen^ a town of the Tyrol, Germany, 
 stands amid mountains at the source of th« 
 Drave, 29 miles e of Brixen. 
 
 INNISBOFIN, an island on the w coast 
 of the county of Galw'ay, three miles 
 long and two broad, three leagues from the 
 main laud. This island is a parish in the 
 bishopric of Tiiam, but its church is in ruins. 
 Lon. 10 25 w, lat. 53 36 n. 
 
 INNISCLOGHARN, an island in Lough 
 Rep, in the river Shannon, Ireland. 
 
 INNISFALLEN, a rich and fertile is- 
 land, in the lake of Killarney, Ireland, 
 containing about 22 acres, agreeably 
 wooded. 
 
I N V 
 
 I N V 
 
 Innisliilling , See Ennisldlien, 
 
 Jnnishannon, a town in Munster, Cork, 
 The linen manufacture is carried on here. 
 It is six miles, from ^insale, and 134 from 
 Dublin. 
 
 INNISHIRKAN, an island between 
 Cape Clear island, and Baltimore bay, in 
 Cork, Munster. 
 
 INNISTORY, that is, The High Island, 
 eight miles from the nw coast of Donegal, 
 Ulster, 
 
 INNTHAL, a district of Tyrol, watered 
 by the Inn. Inspruck is the capital, 
 
 fnowloczaw, a town in the palatinate of 
 Wladislaw, Poland, 24 miles w by n of 
 Wladislaw. 
 
 Inowsladislow, a considerable town of 
 Poland, capital of Cujavia. 
 
 Inseh, a parish in that part of Aberdeen- 
 shire, called Garioch, about 30 miles wnw 
 of Aberdeen, naturally pretty fertile, but 
 not much improven. The women knit j 
 stockings for the manufactures of Aberdeen, I 
 At the village of Insch is a weekly market, 
 und some annual fairs. Population is 
 about 800. 
 
 Insprucky the qapital of Tyrol, with a 
 strong castle, formerly the residence of the 
 archdukes of Austria. Here, in 1672, the 
 Emperor Leopold I. founded a university, 
 which, in I7S2, was changed into a Lyceum. 
 Gloves, silk, and woollen stuffs, and all 
 kinds of glass wares are manufactured here. 
 It was entered by the French in 1805. It 
 stands in a pleasant valley, on the Inii, is 
 very populous ; 27 miles nw of Brixen, 
 and 60 s of Munich. Lon. H 32 e, lat. 47 
 17 N. 
 
 Insterhurg, a town of Prussian, Lithuania, 
 stands on the Pregel, opposite the influx of 
 the Inster, containing 3,000 souls ; and has 
 a trade in cojn and beer ; miles e by s 
 of Koningsberg. 
 
 Interlacken, a town in Bern, Switzerland, | 
 capital of a bailiwick of the same name, i 
 stands between the lakes Brients and Thun, 
 28 mi'les ssw of Lucerne, and 32 se of 
 Bern. 
 
 Invar, or Inver, a village in Perthshire, 
 in the parish of Little Duokeld, having a 
 good inu, and a ferry over the Tay to the 
 town of DunkeM. It is famous for be- 
 ing the birth-place and residence of the 
 justly celebrated musician Neil Gow, 
 
 InverarUg, a parish in Forfarshire, ex- 
 tending about three miles each way. The 
 surface is uneven, and a considerable part 
 of the soil nioory and unimproveable. Po- 
 pulation is about 820. 
 
 Inverary, a royal borough, connty town 
 of 'Argyllshire, situated on a small bay at 
 the head of Loch Fyiie, and at the mouth 
 of the Aray. It is a small town consisting 
 chiefly ol one row of well built houses 
 facing the lake. It was erected into a royal 
 borough by a charter from Charles I. in i 
 1648 ; and is governed by a provost, two j 
 
 I 
 
 ; I 
 
 j bailies, and a council nominated by the 
 duke of Argyllshire. Its chief support 
 arises from the herring fishery in Loch 
 Fyne ; but the inhabitants have manufac- 
 tures of linen, woollen, <fec. and in the 
 neighbourhood is an extensive iron work. 
 The town joins with Ayr, Irvine, and 
 Campbelltown, in sending a member to 
 parliament. The parish extends somewhat 
 in the form of a crescent, about 18 miles in 
 length, with an average breadth of three 
 miles. The general appearance is hilly, 
 and even mountainous ; but there are se- 
 veral tracts of flat ground, with a rich 
 deep soil, all arable. The castle of Inver- 
 ary, in the vicinity of the town, is a nobl© 
 mansion, and the principal seat of the Ar- 
 gyll family. It has an elegant modern 
 church erected in the Gothic style, is a col- 
 legiate charge, one of its ministers preaches 
 in Gaelic, and another in English, in sepe- 
 rate apartments of the same edifice. The 
 population of the town and parish is about 
 2051, of which about 1000 are in the town, 
 which lies 103 miles w by n of Edinburgh. 
 The town was not many years ago, removed 
 from the n to the s end of a fine bay, thus 
 it is new, and has a fine monument in the 
 middle of it, to a number of persons, who, 
 in 1685, were put to death for their religion. 
 This place is much resorted to by travel- 
 lers and tourists, on acoount of its Roman- 
 tic scenery. It has a good grammar school, 
 an English school, and a female academy. 
 
 Inveravmy a parish on the borders of 
 Banff and Elgin shires near the confluence 
 of the Avon and Spey. It is about 18 
 miles long, and five broad with an irregu- 
 lar, but not a mountainous surface. In the 
 lower grounds the soil is wet and mossy ; 
 but on the higher it is light, dry, and 
 moory. Ballindalloch, the seat of general 
 Grant, is an elegant and beautiful mansion. 
 The population is about 2107, more than 
 one-third of whom are Roman Catholics. 
 The village of Inveravan is 14 miles s of 
 Elgin. 
 
 Inverchaolan, a parish in the district of 
 Cowal, Argylshire, intersected for eight 
 miles by Loch Streven, an arm of the sea 
 The surface is in general rugged. The 
 natural wood in the parish is an important 
 article to the proprietors. In I SOI, the 
 population was 626, being much diminished 
 in the last fifty years, in consequence of 
 the extension of farms. At Arden, in tha 
 se extremity of the parish, near an artificial 
 mound, are a great number of Tumuli, 
 covering graves, believed to be these of the 
 troops of Oldve, king of the isles, who were 
 driven on this coast, and perished in 1226, 
 after taking the castle of Rothsay in Bute. 
 On Eallanheirrig, an island on the coast are 
 the remains of a castle of the same name 
 which Archibald, earl of Argyle, fortified, 
 garrisoned, and employed as the depot of 
 his arms and ammunition, in his ioeffoclaul 
 3 P 2 
 
I N V 
 
 attempt at a revolution in 1685, in favour 
 of the duke of Monmouth. 
 
 Inverbervie. See Bervie, 
 
 Inveresk, a parish and village of Scot- 
 land, in Edinburghshire, lying on ‘a bay of 
 the Frith of Forth, at the month of the river 
 Esk. The parish contains 3,571 acres, 
 the soil of which varies according to the 
 distance from the coast; but it is in gene- 
 ral good and fertile, and a considerable 
 'j»>rtion of it laid out in gardens. From 
 the coins, medals, an altar inscribed Apo- 
 Uni GraniOy and a Roman bath of two 
 rooms, this appears to have been a Roman 
 station. Roman bricks are seen in the 
 walls of the church, which is of great an* 
 ti^iuity. This church was used as a stable 
 by Oliver Cromwell ; adjoining the church- 
 yard, are twm mounts called Oliver^s 
 mounts, which had been erected to protect 
 bis magciziue in the village of tnveresk. 
 The village is situated on a hill almost sur- 
 rounded by the Esk. The population of 
 the parish including the town of Mos- 
 gELBORGH, and the village of Fisherrow, 
 is about 6604. 
 
 InvergGr4on^ a village in Ross-sbire, 
 situated on the n side of the Frith of 
 Cromarty, between Dingwall and Tain, 
 with a good harbour, where vessels of 100 
 tons burden may load and unload on a dr}* 
 beach. Linen yarn is spun here, and round 
 the villa of the same name are extensive 
 plantations of fir. 
 
 [nvergourie, a village in the Carse of 
 Cowrie, on the borders of Perthshire, for- 
 merly a parish now united with Liff. The 
 vralls of the church, said to have been built 
 in the seventh century by a Legate of Rome, 
 are yet standing on the banks of the Tay, 
 pear Dundee. 
 
 InvcrkeiloV) a parish in Forfarshire, about 
 |;ix miles long, and two and a-half broad, 
 watered by the river Lunan. On the n 
 bank of the Lunan, the surface rises to a 
 considerable height, but with this exception 
 the general appearance is level and the 
 whole is arable : the soil which varies from 
 a clayey to a shndy loam, is in general 
 fertile. At the mouth of the Keiior, there 
 is a fishing village called Ethiehaven, Po- 
 pulation is about irOO. In the parish 
 are vestiges of several Danish camps, and 
 two old ciiapels ; one of the latter is cal- 
 led St Murdoch's ; one of the former Den- 
 mark. 
 
 Inverkeithing, a royal borough in Fife- 
 gbire, situ ‘led on the n coast o! the hrith of 
 Forth, at the head of a bay to w’hich it gives 
 name, it is a very ancie t berough, having 
 received its charter from NVilliam the Lion ; 
 but it is not large, consisting chielly of one 
 Jong street. It contains upwards of 1300 
 inhabitants, and is governed by a provost, 
 two bailies, dean of guild, and 20 counsel- 
 lors, from among whom the magistrates are 
 chosen. These counsellors remain during 
 life and residence^ have the management of 
 
 I N V 
 
 an annual revenue of £.200 sterling, and ia 
 conjunction with' Culross, Dunfermline^ 
 Queenslerry, and Stirling, re^rn a member 
 to the united parliament. It has five an* 
 nual fairs. The harbour is commodious, 
 with good quays for the conveuiency of the 
 shipping. The exportation of coals and salt 
 is, however the chief support of the town. 
 The principal manufactures are a brevvery, 
 an iron foundery, a distillery, and salt works* 
 It lies about 12 miles wkw of Edinburgh, 
 The parish, which extends about three 
 miles w, and three and a-balf n of the 
 town in two branches, each about a mile 
 in breadth, is, with the exception of the hills 
 at the back of the North Ferry, either fiat 
 or gently rising ground, of a rich clayey 
 soil, and well cultivated. Population of 
 the town and parish is about 2228.^ Oq 
 a hill called Lethem is a druidical circle, 
 and in the n end of the parish is an erect 
 stone 10 feet high, on which are several 
 rude figures. 
 
 Inverkiethny, a parish in Banffshire, ly-* 
 ing on the s bank of the Deveron, where 
 the rivulet of Keitbny joins that river, about 
 12 miles s of Banff. It extends about five 
 miles length, and four in breadth, with a 
 tolerably good soil, producing considera- 
 ble crops of grain. Population was about 
 500. 
 
 Invorlochy, an ancient town in Inverness*? 
 shire, parish of Kilmanivaig of which al- 
 most no vestiges now remain. Near the 
 site of the town stands the castle of Inver- 
 lochy,nQt far from Fort William, formerly 
 called the fort and garrison of Inverlochy. 
 The castle is a quadrangular building with 
 round towers at the angles, and surrounded 
 by a ditch from 30 to 40 feet broad. Th© 
 rampart, which is nine feet thick at the bot- 
 tom, and eight at the top, is between 25 and 
 30 feet high ; the towers near 50. Thi& 
 castle is said to have been anciently a royal 
 residence. 
 
 InverpesSf capital of the county and a 
 royal borough, governed by a provost, four 
 bailies, a dean of guild, and 14 counsellors, 
 pleasantly situated on the mouth of the river 
 Ness, and overlooking the irith of Murraj . 
 It is a large and well built town, extending 
 on both sides or the river Ness, over which 
 there is a handsome stone bridge of seven 
 arches, uniting the n with the s and most 
 populovis side. Has been mostly rebuilt 
 since 1746; one of the churches is 92 feet 
 long, 4.5 wide, and is an elegant structure. 
 Nearly in the centre of the high street, 
 .stands the court-hotise, connected with the 
 toibooth, two handsome modern buildings, 
 with a fine lower terminated by an elegant 
 spire. The academy, ereeted in 1790, is 
 also an elegant building, in which are taught 
 many branehe.s of cieganr science, by able 
 masters; b. sides which th<u'e are several, 
 { good schools in the town. Both the Gae- 
 I fie and English languages are spoken in the 
 town, the latter in great perieciion. It has q 
 
IN V 
 
 safe and convenient harbour, and a good 
 deal of shipping. The trade is very consi- 
 derable, and the town is rapidly improving, 
 feeing the chief maiket to a wide tract of 
 surrounding country, and the general resort 
 of the gentry for polite society and amuse- 
 ments, and for the Education of their youth. 
 Here are held the assizes for the counties of 
 Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Inver- 
 ness, Nairn, Cromarty and Elgin. Besides 
 extensive manufactories of hemp and flax, 
 the cotton and woollen also occupy a num- 
 ber of hands. The produce of the salmon 
 fishery of the Ness, makes a considerable 
 part of the cargoes of the ships for London. 
 
 A monastery of black friars, founded by 
 Alexander 11. in 1223, was nearly demo- 
 lished by Oliver Cromwell, who built a fort 
 with the materials at the mouth of the ri- 
 ver. On a hill, near the town stood a cas- 
 tle demolished by the rebels in 1715, built 
 by Malcolm Canmore, who demolished 
 Macbeth^s castle which stood on the same 
 feill. Inverness, Fortrose, Nairn, and For- 
 tes unite in the election of a commissoner 
 to parliament. Near this town, on Cullo- 
 lienheath, the duke of Cumberland obtained 
 a decisive victory over the rebels, in 1746. 
 The parish of Inverness is 10 miles in 
 length, and two and a-half in breadth, with 
 a very varied surface, flat, hilly, rocky, 
 and mountainous, divided into two parts by 
 the lake and river Ness. The arable land is 
 well cultivated and fertile. The population 
 ©f the town and parish in 1811 was about 
 10,757. Inverness is 50 miles ne of 
 Fort William and 156 nnw of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 INVERNE.SS, the most extensive coun- 
 ty of Scotland, bounded on the n by Ross- 
 shire ; on the e by the counties of Nairne, 
 Murray, and Aberdeen ; and on the s by 
 those of Perth and Arg>dl. Its extent 
 from N to s is above 50 miles ; and from e 
 tow about 80, and is divided into 31 pa- 
 rishes. The northern part is very moun- 
 tainous and barren. This county has se- 
 veral considerable lakes ; being divided into 
 parts by Loch Ness, Loch Oich, Loch Lo- 
 chy, and Loch Eil, which will soon be uni- 
 ted by the Caledonian canal, to form a 
 communication between the two seas. The 
 southern part of the shire is also very moun- 
 tainous, and is supposed to be the most ele- 
 vated ground in Scotland. The extensive 
 plains which surround the lakes, are, in ge- 
 neral, fertile ; and the high grounds feed 
 many sheep and black cattle, the mountains 
 and forests abound with immense numbers 
 of red and roe deer, the alpine tind com- 
 mon hare and other game are also abun- | 
 dant. Lime-stone, iron-ore, and other j 
 minerals, are found in this county with j 
 beautiful rock crystals of various tints. | 
 The principal rivers are the Spey and | 
 Beauly;^ but theie are many of inferior! 
 Bote, as the Ness, Fyers, Glass, Loehy, drc. j 
 
 J O A 
 
 The people in the high parts of the eotinlry', 
 and on the western shore, speak 0»lic, but 
 the pet' pie o' fashion in Inverness, and iU 
 ueigubeurhooii-, use the English language, 
 and proneanc '- it with great propriety. la* 
 veriiess-sh re, with the islands included in it, 
 contained in J811, about 78,336 iimabitants. 
 The real rent is estimated at 70,6001. Ster- 
 ling. One member represents this couniy m 
 parliament. 
 
 Inverness y New, a town on the river Ala- 
 tamaha, in Georgia. It was built by a 
 company of emigrants from the Highlands 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Inversnaiel, a village and fort on the Ese- 
 deof, and two m.les from Loeniomoud, Scot- 
 land, in which a few soldiers are geueraiijr 
 stationed. 
 
 Inverugie, a village in Banffshire, situa- 
 ted cit the mouth of the Ugie, on the e coast 
 of Aberdeenshire, iwo miles nw’ of Peter- 
 head, has a brewery and extensive bleach- 
 field. Near it are the remains of Inveru- 
 gie castle. 
 
 Inverury, an ancient but small town is 
 Aberdeenshire, a royal borough, and go- 
 verned by a provost, three bailies, dean of 
 guild, &c. It is seated on the river Ury, 
 just above its conflux with the Don, over 
 w^hich a statel)'' bridge was erected a few 
 years ago, on the road from Aberdeen to 
 Inverness. It has about 400 inhabitants 
 and is united with Banff, <fec. in returning a 
 member to parliament. The parish of In- 
 verury contains about 4000 acres, of which 
 near 2000 are arable. Population is about 
 800. The town is 15 miles nw of Aber- 
 deen. 
 
 Joachims- Thai ydi towm and valley of Bo- 
 hemia, in the circle of Saatz, with a silver 
 mine, and a manufacture of Lace ; 15 miles 
 N by E of Fibogen. 
 
 Joachims- Thai, a town of Upper Saxony", 
 in Brandenburg. It is 17 miles s of Pren- 
 slow, and 31 nne of Berlin. 
 
 JOANNA, or HiNzUi^N, one of the Co- 
 mora islands, lying between Madagascar and 
 the coast of Africa, of which Sir William 
 Jones and major Rooke have given the most 
 superb and picturesque descriptions, Th« 
 climate is excellent, the soil hardly requires 
 culture, producing spontaneously oranges, 
 lemons, limes, bananas, pine apples, cocoa 
 nuts, yams, purslaiu, &c. It is inhabited 
 by two distinct races of people, Arabs, w^ho 
 settled in it 200 years ago, and Aborigines 
 w ho are generally^ at war with the xlrabs* 
 Their religion permits a plurality of wOves 
 and concubines, of whom they are so jealous 
 that they never permit any niaa (o see them. 
 The men are abstemious, and attend the 
 mosque three or four times a day. Theft 
 is punished by the amputation of both 
 hands. The town of Joanna is on the Ese- 
 de, at the ioot of a very high hill close to 
 tho sea, containing about 20G houses and is 
 the lesidenee of the king» The beater sort 
 
J O H 
 
 ©f people have houses built of stone, within 
 a court yard, with a portico to defeud them 
 from the sun, and one loug lofty room to 
 accomodate their guests, The other apart- 
 ments being sacred to the women. Though 
 not the largest, it is the principal of the Co- 
 nora islands, as it exacts tribute of all the 
 vest. Here are buffaloes, sheep, and hogs. 
 The Aborigines, are about 7000. The 
 Arabs are about 3000 in number who inha- 
 bit the coast ; are Mahometans, and speak 
 English intelligibly. They are courteous, 
 and honest in their dealings. Joanna is 30 
 miles long, and 15 broad. Lon. 44 48 £, 
 lat. 12 14 s. 
 
 Jock grim, a town in the department of 
 the Lower Rhjne, on an eminence, near 
 the Rhine, France. It is nine miles se of 
 Landau, and seven and a half ne of Lau- 
 terburg. 
 
 Jolian, Geargenstadt, a town in Upper 
 Saxony, in AJisnla. Its mines afford silver, 
 tin, copper and emery, it is also famous for 
 lace. It is seven miles s of Schwars^enburg, 
 ^sd 18 ssE of Zwickau. 
 
 Joannesberg, a town in the department of 
 the Rhine and Nahe, France, 16 miles w of 
 Mentz. 
 
 Johannesburg, a town with a citadel, on 
 the Pych, near the lake Spirding, E Prussia, 
 !?5 miles se of Konigsberg. Lon. 22 39 e, 
 lat. 53 16 N. 
 
 John o’ GroaVs House* See Gvoats’s 
 House, John o\ 
 
 JOHN’S ISLAND, ST. or Prince 
 EDWARD Island an island in the s part of 
 the gulf of St. Lawrence, near the n coast 
 of Nova Scotia. It is about 117 miles in 
 length from ne to sw but the breadth is 
 very unequel, in some places 40 miles in 
 others less than two, betwixt the salt wa- 
 ter. The surface is in general level ; the 
 soil of this isleind is light and dry, with 
 very few stones, producing excellent grain 
 without much labour. The fruits and vege- 
 tables common in England, thrive equally 
 well here, and wild fruits grow in abun- 
 dance. The timber is chiefly pine, and 
 various kinds of fir ; but amoijg these grow 
 maple, black, birch, oak, ash, elm, beech, 
 juniper, cedar, drc. The summers are w ar- 
 mer and the winters colder, than in most 
 pans of Great' Britain ; but the air is re- 
 markably pure and healthful insomuch, 
 that, among upwards of 8000 inhabitants, 
 which the island contains, a sick person is 
 very rare. The principal bays on the n 
 are Richmond bay, Holland bay, London 
 harbour, Grenville, Grand Kasiied, and 
 St. Peter’s ; on ibe s Egmont, Bcdeque, 
 Hillsborough, and Halilax ; on the e 
 Three Rivers bay, Murray liaiboiir, and 
 Charlotte Town. It lias several fine rivers, 
 which afford salmon, vfec. and the surround- 
 ing sea and ba)s abound with cod, herring, 
 shell-fish, &c. It is divided into three coun- 
 ties, viz. King’s, Queen’s, and Prince’s 
 
 JOH 
 
 counties ; which are subdivided into 14 
 parishes, of 27 townships each, making in 
 all 1,363,400 acres. Within t|iese few years 
 more than 3000 settlers have gone from 
 Britain to this island. The chief tow^ns aro 
 Charlotte Town, the seat of government^ 
 which is rapidly improving in building, &c. 
 George Town, and Prince’s Town. Tho 
 island is governed, under his majesty, by a 
 governor, council, and house of representa- 
 tives. In 1745, it surrendered, with Cape 
 Breton, to the English. It lies between 
 lat. 45 46 and 47 10 n, Ion. 44 22 and 46 
 32 w. 
 
 John^s St, an island in Asia, one of th« 
 Philippines e of Mindanao. Lon. 126 32 e» 
 lat. 9 30 N. ^ 
 
 Johny St, the name of six English villa- 
 ges, viz. of two in Cornwall, three in 
 Cumberland, and one in Kent, Suffolk, 
 and Dorchester. It also makes the 
 chief part of the names of other 
 seven English, and two Irish villa- 
 ges. 
 
 John, Bayouk of, Si, a little creek wbic|i 
 furnishes a very easy communication fron> 
 New Orleans to West Florida. 
 
 John^s St, a chief town of Newfoundr 
 Innd, on the e coast. It is six miles nw of 
 Cape Spear, and 18 se of Cape St. Fran- 
 cis. Its harbour is one of the best in the 
 island, defended by several forts, in one of 
 which the governor resides. Lon. 52 29 w, 
 lat. 47 32 N. 
 
 John’s River, hiHle St, in West Florida, 
 is about 200 yards broad, and about 15 
 or 20 feet deep, at the town of Talahaso- 
 chete. 
 
 John’s St, a city of New Brunswick, 
 seated on the bay of Funday, at the mouth 
 of the river St. John. Lon. 65 15 w, lat. 
 45 12 N. 
 
 John’s St, is the largest river in the 
 British province of New Brunswick, in 
 Nova Scotia, From its mouth on the n 
 side of the bay of Fundy, to its main source, 
 in the district of Maiu, is computed to be 
 350 miles. The tide flows SO or 90 mile?^ 
 up this river. It is navigable for sloops of 
 50 tons 60 miles, and likewise for boats of 
 about 200, It IS the common route to Que- 
 bec. 
 
 Jolm’s St, one of the Virgin islands, 
 in the West Indies, belonging to the Danes. 
 It has a town and spacious harbour, about 
 36 miles e of Porto Rico. It is about five 
 miles long, and one broad, and nearly six s 
 of St. Thomas. Lou. 65 10 w, lat. 18 
 10 N. 
 
 John’s St, a town and fort in Lower 
 Canada, on the \v bank of the river Sorel. 
 It is 20 miles fiom the n end of lake Cham- 
 j plain, and 24 se of jMontreal, and 100 Jtf 
 of Crownpoint, In 1706 it was made the 
 sole port of entry for all goods from the 
 IJniif d Stales to Canada. Lon. 72 18 w, 
 lat. 45 9 N. 
 
J O 1 
 
 Sohii^s Stf a lake in Lower Canada, it 
 is about 34 rniles long, and 25 broad, and 
 teceives rivers from every direction. Its 
 outlet is by the river Saguenay, which runs 
 R and unites with the St Lawrence at Ta- 
 dousac. 
 
 John^s Sty one of the Virgin islands, in 
 the West Indies, belonging to Denmark. 
 
 It is 12 miles in circumference, and has a 
 town and spacious harbour. Lon. 65 10 w, 
 lat. 18 iO N. 
 
 John’s Sty the capital of the island of 
 Antigua, with a harbour. This town is the 
 residence of the governor-general of the 
 Leeward Caribbee islands, and where the 
 assembly is held, and the port where the 
 greatest trade is carried on. It is one ot 
 the most regular towns in the West Indies, | 
 and w'ell fortified. In IT69 it was nearly 
 destroyed by fire, and in 1772 suffered 
 severely by a hurricane. Lon. 62 9 w, lat. 
 17 4 N. 
 
 John d’AcrCy St, See Acre, 
 
 JohnskaveHy a fishing town on the e coast 
 of Kincardineshire, four miles of Bervie, 
 has an extensive manufacture of canvas, and 
 a trade in importing coals and exporting 
 corn. 
 
 JohnstoHy a parish in the eastern district 
 of Dumfries-shire, called Annandale, about 
 four miles in length, and three in breadth. | 
 Population about 740. This parish is in a 
 great measure inhabited by people of the 
 name of Johnston. Here is Loehwood 
 castle, the ancient but now ruinous seat of 
 Johnston, Marquis of Annandale. This 
 parish gave birth to Doctor Rogerson and 
 Doctor Haliday, physicians to the late em- 
 press of Russia. 
 
 JohnstowHy or Bridge of Johnstown, a 
 neat and regular built manufacturing vil- 
 lage in Renfrewshire, about three miles 
 w of Paisley, containing about 1400 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Johnstown, capital of Montgomery coun- 
 ty, New York, situated on the n bank of 
 Mohawk river, and on the opposite side 
 between the Shopary and the Mohawk is 
 fort Hunter, 14 miles wxw of Schenectady. 
 It has two churches. Caghnawaga is a 
 parish or district of Johnstown, 26 miles 1 
 above Schenectady on the river. | 
 
 Johnstown, St, a borough of Ireland, in ( 
 Donegal, on the Foyle, five miles ssw of j 
 Londonderry. | 
 
 Johor, ox.Jor, a town of the peninsula of 
 Malacca, capital of a kingdom of the same i 
 name. In 1603, it was destroyed by the I 
 Portuguese, but has been rebuilt. It stands j 
 near the s coast, 150 miles se of Malacca. | 
 Lon. 193 30 e, lat. 135 x. ! 
 
 Joigny, a town in the department of | 
 Yonne, France, stand^ on the Yonue, and is i 
 encompassed with thick wails, 17 miles sse 
 of Sens. 
 
 Joinville, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Marne, France, with a mag- 
 
 J o U 
 
 nificent castle, and stands on the Marne, 
 miles sw of Bar-le-duc. 
 
 Iona, See Icolmkill. 
 
 Joneshoroughy a post town and chief 
 town of Washington district, in Tennesee, 
 the seat of the district and county courts, 
 stands near the iron mountains. It is 26 
 miles from Greenville, and 86 e by n of 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Jonkiopiog, capital of the province of 
 Smaland, Sweden, and seat of the superior 
 court of justice for Gothland, with a citadel, 
 and a manufacture of arms, seated at the s 
 end of the lake Wetter. la 1790 the towu 
 was burnt, but has since been rebuilt. It is 
 50 miles nw of Calmar, and 64 w of Lin- 
 kioping. Lon. 14 46 e, lat. 57 12 n, 
 
 Jood Pour, capital of a circat of th® 
 same name, in Agirnere, Hindoostan, 
 stands near a branch of the Pudda, 100 
 miles wsw of Agirnere. Lon. 73 48 B, 
 lat. 26 7 N. 
 
 Joostlandy St, a small island of Holland, 
 near Walcbereu. It lias but one village. 
 
 Jordan, a river of Palestine, which rises 
 in Mount Libanus, and runs through the 
 lake of Tiberias, to the Dead sea. 
 
 Jorjau, or Corcan, a towm in the province 
 of Chorosan, Persia, capital of a district of 
 its name, on the borders of the Caspian sea, 
 and Asterabad. It is deemed one of the 
 strongest fortresses in the kingdom, 50 
 miles NE of Astrabat, and 120 wsw of Mes- 
 cbad. Lon. 56 45 e, lat. 37 0 n. 
 
 Jorisima, an island of Japan. 
 
 Jorkau, a town of Bohemia, in the bird® 
 of Saatz. Near it are celebrated alum 
 works ; large quantities of beer are brewed. 
 On a mountain in the vicinity is the magni- 
 ficent castle of Rothenhaus. It is five miles 
 N of Comotau. 
 
 Joseph, Sty capital of the island of Trini- 
 dad, has a church and a Franciscan convent, 
 and stands on a mountain near a river six 
 miles from its mouth in the gulf of Paria. 
 Lon. 64 30 w, lat. 10 0 n. 
 
 Joseph, Sty a fort and river of the Unitel 
 States, on the s border of Michigan territory^ 
 The river has its source about 30 miles 
 from the w end of lake Erie, to which thera 
 is a portage, and it directs its course wxw 
 into the se part of lake Michigau. The fort 
 is 30 miles above the mouth of the river, 
 and 130 w by s of Detroit. Lon. 85 8 w, 
 lat. 42 2 N. 
 
 Josselin, a town in the department of lha 
 Morbihan, France, 25 miles nne of Van- 
 nes. 
 
 Jouare, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, 10 rniles se of 
 Meux, and 35 e of Paris. 
 
 Joud. See Jehad. 
 
 Jouxy Mount. See J^ira, Mount. 
 
 Joura, an island in the Grecian Archipe- 
 lago, 10 miles in circuit, and 12 sw of An- 
 dros. 
 
 Joug, a town of France, in the depart- 
 
IPS 
 
 meat of the Seine and Oise, three miles s of 
 Versailles. 
 
 Jouy le Chatelf a town of France, in the 
 department of the Seine and Marne, 10 
 miles Nw of Provins, and nine s of Courlo- 
 toiers. . , 
 
 Jotty Sur Morin, a of France, in 
 
 the department of the and Marne, 
 
 miles SE of Meaitx. ‘ ' 
 
 loaiva, a river of Lousiaua, which runs 
 fiE into the Mississippi, iti lat. 41 5 n; 
 61 miles above the Iowa rapids; where 
 on the E side of the river is the Lower 
 Iowa tov,-n, which, 20 years ago, could 
 furnish 300 warriors. The Upper Iowa 
 town is about 15 miles below the mouth 
 of the river, also on the e side of the 
 Mississippi, and could formerly furnish 400 
 warriors. 
 
 Joyetfse, a small town in the department 
 »f Ardeche, France, seated on the Bauue, 
 27 miles sw of Privas. 
 
 Iphofen, a town in the principality of 
 Wurizburg*, Franconia, 15 miles ese of 
 Wurtzburg. 
 
 Ips, a town near the conflux of the Ips 
 and Danube, Austria. It is 22 miles w of 
 St Polten. 
 
 Tpsala, a town of Romania, a Greek 
 archbishopric. In the vicinity are mines 
 of aLum, and has a trade in red wine; it 
 stands oa the Marissa, and is 130 miles w 
 of Constantinople. Lon. 26 10 e, lat, 40 
 57 N. 
 
 - Ipsera, and Anti-Ipsera, two small 
 islands in the Archipelago, 15 miles nw 
 • of Scio. 
 
 Ipsheim, a town of the principality of 
 Bayreuth, Franconia, 17 miles nnw of 
 Anspacb. 
 
 Ipstones, a village in Staffordshire. 
 
 Ipswich, an ancient, but irregularly built 
 town in Suffolk, situated on the river Or- 
 well, w^here it becomes an estuary, governed 
 by a mayor, has a market on Wednesday, 
 ‘Friday, and Saturday. Some traces of its 
 walls are yet visible. It has 12 churches. 
 There are several public buildings, and a 
 custom house, with a good quay. Its pre- 
 sent commerce chiefly depends upon much 
 tnalt and corn sent to London, and timber 
 to the different dock yards. It has a share 
 in the Greenland fishery, and a considerable 
 coasting trade. Vessels of large burden 
 cannot come quite up to the towm. Here 
 is a palace of the bishops of Norwich, a 
 valuable library, and a fund for the relief 
 of the poor widow's and orphans of clergy- 
 men. It is the birth place of Cardinal 
 Woolsey, and has fairs May 4th, July 25th, 
 September 25th. It contained in ISII, 
 13,670 inhabitants. It is 20 miles ne of 
 Colchester, 26 se of Bury St Edmund, 
 and 69 ne of London. Lon. 1 16 e, lat. 
 52 8 N. 
 
 Ipswich, the Agawam of the Indians, a 
 towi]^ in Essex county, Massachusetts, 
 
 IRE 
 
 12 miles s of Newbury-port, and 10 nr o? 
 Beverly. The township is divided into five 
 parishes, and contains 5000 inhabitants. 
 There is an excellent stone bridge across 
 Ipswich river, composed of two arches, with 
 one solid pier in the bed of the river, which 
 connects the two parts of the town. The 
 supreme judicial court, the courts of common 
 pleas and sessions, are held here once a-year» 
 Silk and thread lace, of an elegant texture, 
 are manufactured here. Ipswdch township 
 was incorporated in 1634, and is 25 miles 
 NNE of Boston, and 378 NEof Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 70 50 w, lat. 42 43 N. 
 
 IRAC, or Irac arabi, or Babyloniaa 
 Irac, (the ancient Chaldea,) is a fertile 
 county, and watered by the rivers Tigris 
 and Euphrates. It is mostly under the 
 dominion of the Turks. Bagdad is the 
 capital. 
 
 IRAC, or Irac Agemi, or Persian’ 
 Trac, lies between Ghilao Tabristan, the 
 territory of Heri Sablestan, Farsistan, 
 Laureston, and Turcomanra ; and is under 
 the dominion of the Persians. It includes 
 the greatest part of the ancient Media, 
 is an extensive mountainous country, with 
 vallies that seldom exceed 12 miles in 
 breadth, and where cultivated are very 
 productive, but the mountains are barren 
 and destitute of timber, Ispahan is the 
 capital. 
 
 Ireby, a tow'n in Cumberland, stands in a 
 valley at the source of the Ellen, has a mar- 
 ket on Thursday, 12 miles n of Keswick, 
 and 303 nnw of London. 
 
 IRELAND, one of the British islands, 
 lying to the w' of Great Britain ; hounded 
 on the E by St George’s channel and the 
 Irish sea, which separate it from England 
 and Wales ; on the ne by a channel about 
 20 miles broad, which separates it from 
 Scotland ; and on every other side by the 
 ocean. It contains about 19,436,000acres, 
 and the population is upwards of 5,000,000. 
 It lies between 6 0 and 10 40 w Ion. and 
 betw'een 51 15 and 51 13 n lat. being about 
 287 miles in length, and 155 in breadth. 
 It is divided into four provinces, viz. Ulster 
 on the N, Munster on the s, Leinster on the 
 E, and Connaught on the w. These are 
 subdivided into 32 counties. Ulster con- 
 tains the counties of Down, Armagh, Mo- 
 naghan, Cavan, Antrim, Londonderry, Ty- 
 rone, Fermanagh, and Donegal ; Leinster 
 those of Dublin, Lowth, Wicklow, Wexford, 
 Longford, East Meath, West Meath, King’s 
 County, Queen’s County, Kilkenny, Kil- 
 dare, and Carlow ; Munster includes Clare, 
 Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and 
 Waterford ; Connaught has Leitrim, Ros- 
 common, Mayo, Sligo, and Galway. The 
 air is mild and temperate, being cooler in 
 summer, and warmer in winter, than in 
 England. In general, it is fruitful, well 
 watered with lakes and rivers ; and the 
 soil, in most parts, is very good and fertile. 
 
IRE 
 
 It produces coru, bemp, and fiaXf in ^reat 
 plenty ; and there are so many cattle, that 
 their beef and butter are exported into 
 foreign parts. The principal riches and 
 commodities of Ireland, are cattle, hides, 
 wool, tallow> suet, butter, cheese, wood, 
 salt, honey, wax, furs, hemp, and more 
 especially fine linen cloth, which they 
 have brought to great perfection, and 
 their trade in it is vastly increased. This 
 country is remarkably well situated tor 
 foreign trade, on account of their many 
 secure and commodious harbours, espe- 
 cially on the west coast. There are 
 some considerable mountains in Ireland, 
 the chief of which are the Knock-Patrick, 
 Sliew-Bloomy, and Curlieu Hills ; and 
 of all its bogs, that called the Bog oj 
 Allen is the most considerable. The chiet 
 lakes are Lough Lean, Lough Erne, Lough 
 Keagh, and Lough Korrib ; and its prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Shannon, Boyne, Bar- 
 row, Blackwater, Erne, Bann, Foyle, 
 Liffey, Nore, and Suir. This kingdom is 
 said to have been formerly full of woods, 
 
 , but the case is now so different, that it 
 has been found necessary to raise new 
 plantations. The mineral productions of 
 this country have been little known till 
 of late years, the natives in general 
 having given themselves (at least for some 
 centuries past) little trouble about them. 
 Nevertheless, copper, lead, iron, and even 
 silver ores, have been found in the Irish 
 mines. There are likewise quarries of 
 marble, slate, and freestone, and the earth 
 produces in various places, coal and turf 
 for firing. The laws of Ireland differ 
 but little from those of England, and the 
 established religion is the same ; but 
 the majority of the people are Roman 
 Catholics, and yet retain their nominal 
 bishoprics and dignitaries ; the ecclesiasti- 
 cal districts are four archbishoprics, and 18 
 bishoprics. The former are Armagh, Dub- 
 lin, Cashel and Tuam ; the latter Meath, 
 Kildare, Derry, Raphee, Limerick, Ardiert, 
 and Aghatloe, Dromore, Elphin, Down and 
 Connor, Waterford and Lismore, Leighlin 
 and Ferns, Cloyne, Cork and Ross, Killa- 
 loe and Kilfenora, Kilmore and Ardagh, 
 Clogher, Ossory, Killala and Achonry, and 
 Clonfert and Kilmacduagh. Formerly this 
 kingdom bad a parliament, which was en- 
 tirely subordinate to that of Great Britain. 
 But, in 1800, it was deemed expedient for 
 the welfare of Ireland that it should be 
 united to Great Britain, and both become 
 one kingdom. Accordingly the two par- 
 liaments passed acts for that purpose, by 
 which the two kingdoms, at the commence- 
 , ment of the year ISO I, were to be styled, 
 the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland ; and that 28 peers, four bishops, 
 and 100 commoners of Ireland, were to be 
 elected to represent that country in the 
 Imperial parliament, to be assembled in 
 16 
 
 I R K 
 
 England at Westminster. The lord-liee* 
 tenant of Ireland, as well as the council, 
 are appointed from time to time, by the 
 king. The country people in Irelai'd, 
 uncorrnpted by commerce, are remark- 
 ably hospitable, and very warm in aU 
 their affections. The stranger, who has 
 dwelt in a commercial city, and been 
 long inured to tliat general neglect of 
 the pious offices of humanity, wdiich the 
 incessant pursuit of gain produces, ojx 
 passing through their country, is surprised 
 at the earnestness they manilest in serv- 
 ing him, or in helping him on his way. It 
 is a most grievous circumstance, that 
 this amiable people should sometimes ba 
 provoked to rise upon those who are over 
 them, when, unhappily giving a loose to 
 their revenge, they sometimes commit 
 such violent acts, as to induce those, who 
 do not know their provocations, to think 
 they are wantonly barbarous, instead of 
 barbarously avengeful. The condition of 
 many of the common people has been always 
 very wretched : they are so poor, and it is so 
 hard for thenSTto get a livelihood, that they 
 frequently go into other countries to seek 
 their fortunes ; and great numbers go over 
 to the plantations in America, to England, 
 
 : and Scotland. Their diet consists chiefly of 
 I coarse bread, potatoes, and butter milk ; the 
 i favourite liquor is w’hisky ; and the rural 
 I cottage is frequently of mud or turf. The 
 i farmers, in proportion to the extent of their 
 I farms, and also people in trade, rival the 
 I Scotch and English in wealth, in accomo- 
 dations of every kind, in dress, in intelli- 
 gence, and surpass them in politeness. 
 Dublin is the capital. 
 
 Ireland's Eye, a small island at the 
 entrance into Dublin luirbour, about a 
 league n of the light-house, on the hill of 
 Hoath. 
 
 IRELAND, New, a long narrow island 
 in the Pacific ocean, n of New Britain, 
 extending from the nw to sE about 2Tt) 
 miles, and in general very narrow ; between 
 3 and 5 s lat. and 146 30 and L5I k Ion. 
 from Paris. The inhabitants are negroes. 
 See Britain New. 
 
 Irjaby a town in the country of Cabul, 
 Hindoostan, seated near a western branch of 
 the Indus, 110 miles ssw of CabuL Lon. 
 68 26 E, lat. 33 20 n. 
 
 Irish Town. See Kilkenny. 
 
 Irken, or Irkien. See Yarkan. 
 
 Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of 
 Irkutsk, near lake Baikal, and a bishop^s 
 see. It is the seat of the supreme juri.sdic- 
 tion over eastern Siberia, and the caravans 
 which trade-to China pass through it. The 
 wooden houses are large and convenient ; 
 several churches and other buildings are of 
 stone : population about 12,000. It is 
 840 miles esr of Kolivun, and 000 kse of 
 Tobolsk. Lon. 104 58 E, loi. 46 4. N. 
 IRKUTSK, or ihu Ui.vest, 
 
 3 0 , 
 
t R 
 
 but Iftast peopled g^overnment of Russia, 
 comprising all the eastern part of Siberia, 
 from the Northern ocean to the frontiers 
 Cf Chinese Tartary, and from the boundaries 
 of thegovernn-.entof Tobolsk to the Eastern 
 ocean. This large territory was gradually 
 ’conquered and appro priated by the Rus 
 ^ans, in their desultor}- excursions from 
 Tobolsk, and is now divided into four pro- 
 vinces of Irkutsk, Nertsbinsk, Yakutsk, 
 ■&nd Okotsk. 
 
 Ifongray, See Kirkpatrick. 
 
 Iroquois. See Laurence. St. 
 
 Irrawaddy, or Irahatty, a river which 
 bas Its source in Tibet, pt'sses throu,!:lj 
 the kingdoms of Birmah and Pegu, and 
 falls by several mouths into the bay 
 fts banks are covered with 
 the finest teak timber, so much esieem* 
 in ship building, which is carried to 
 snarket to Rangoon, at the mouth of this 
 river. 
 
 IRROMANGO, a considerable island of 
 the Hebrides, in the South sea, lying in Ion. 
 169 20 E,lat 18 48 s. 
 
 Irtysh, a large river of Siberia, vthicb 
 has Its source in the lake Saisan, in 
 Chinese Tartary, flows xw between the 
 two countries above 300 miles, then run- 
 Ding by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, 
 301ns the Obej. 
 
 Irvan, or Irtvan. See Erivan. 
 
 Irvine, a sea port and royal borough of 
 Scotland, in Ayrshire, in the district oi 
 Cunningham, .seated on a rising ground on 
 the X banks, and near the mouth of the 
 river Irvine, on the Frith of Cljde. Over 
 the river is a handsome bridge of four 
 arches. It has one broad street running- j 
 from sE to Nw the whole length of the 
 toviu'j, nearly in the centre ot which is 
 the town- house, besides smaller ones. The I 
 harbour which Ires half a mile to (be sw. 
 
 IS commodious, has about 3,t00 tons of ! 
 shipping belonging to it, and the trade, j 
 parii- ularly in the exportation of coals to 1 
 Ireland, is considerable. From thence I 
 corn, hides, dec. and from the Baliio, 
 iron, hemp, and w'ood, are imported. Va- 
 rious branches of manufactures are car- 
 ried on in the town, as carpets, muslins, 
 &o. Ship building, rope making, 
 and tanning, employ a great number of ' 
 hands. ^ The church, which stands s of the 
 town, is an elegant structure, of 80 feet 
 by 60, and is adorned by a handsome 
 steeple. That part of the propeny, of a 
 convent of white Friars, founded here in the 
 I3th century, which lie.s within the tov/n, 
 M'as by an act of the reign rf James VI.’, 
 vested in the magistrcites tor the purpose ol 
 endowing a sch9ol. The annual lair tor 
 linen, wool, horses, <£rc. commences on 
 the third Monday of August, and continues 
 till the. end of the week. Irvine joins 
 With Ayr, Campbeltown, Iiiverarj', and 
 Roth^y, in sending a member to parliii- 
 
 tnent. It contains near 4,000 inhabitanf^; 
 ? nd lies 15 rriles e of the Isle of Arran, 
 24 miles ssw of Glasgow, and 69 wsw 
 of Edinburgh. The parish * of Irvine is 
 about five miles long, and two broad. 
 The sod is various, but in general fer- 
 tile. The population of the tow'n and parish 
 IS a) out 5,750. 
 
 Irrane a river of Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 has its source on the borders of Lanarkshire^ 
 runs westward, and after passing Newmills, 
 Galnton, and Kilmarnock, enters the Frith 
 of Clvde, near the above town, about 20 
 miles from its source. 
 
 Irxiell, ix river in Lancashire, takes its 
 rise above Bolton, thence runs sE to Man- 
 Chester, (ben sw to the Mer^ey, seven miles 
 above W.-^rr ngton. 
 
 ISABEL, St, one of the islands of Solo, 
 mon. 200 miles in circumference, in the 
 Pacific ocean, lat. 7 30 s, about 160 leagues 
 w of Lima. It was discovered by Menda- 
 
 na, in 1507. Its inhabitants are represented 
 as caiuibals, worshipping serpents, toads, 
 and other aniniids. Their complexion is 
 bronze, their hair woollj’, and they wear no 
 covering but round the W’aist. 
 
 Isabella, a niinou'^ town on the n coast 
 of St Domingo, celebrated for being the first 
 settlement of the immortal Columbus, in 
 1492. Lon. 71 2 w, lat. IP 55 n. 
 
 ISCHIA, an island of E7ap}es, about 16 
 miles in circuit, lying on the coast of La- 
 vora, from which it is three mile.s distant. 
 It is full of agreeable valleys, w^hich pro- 
 duce excellent fruits. It almunds in mine- 
 ral, sulphur, fruit, and excellent wine, and 
 is the resort of invalids on account of its 
 ! hot baths. 
 
 Ischia, an episcopal city of Naple-s, and 
 capital of the island, with a strong fort. It 
 stands upon a rock,'W'hich is joined to tho 
 island by a strong bridge. At the end of 
 the bridge are iron gates, w'^bich open into a 
 subterraneous pa ssage;’ through w'hich they 
 en'or the ciiy. Lon. 14 2 R, lat. 40 41 n. 
 
 Isenburg, a town o, Germany, in the 
 circle of lower Rhine, gives name to a 
 ^•ounty ; is situated on the Iser, eight miles 
 from Cobleiitz, and 48 yw of Frankfort. 
 
 Isenhvrg. New, a town in the circle of 
 the Upper Rhine, Germany, stands near the 
 Aiciine, and county of Isenburg, three miles 
 s by E of Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 ! Iseo, a populous town of Italy, situated 
 on the SE side of a lake of the same name, 
 and surrounded with walls, 10 miles nw of 
 Brescia. 
 
 Iser, a pretty large river of Germany, 
 which rises on the confines of Tyrol and 
 Bavaria, after passing Munich and Lands- 
 chiit, falls into the Danube between Strau- 
 bing and Passau. 
 
 ISEBE, a department of France, so 
 named from a river which ri.ses on the con- 
 fines of the department of Mont Blanc, and 
 directing its course across this dcparlm^Tj 
 
I S L 
 
 I S M 
 
 by Grenoble, Moirans, and St Marcellin, 
 falls into the Rhooe above Valence. It 
 was formed out ot the laie province of Dau- 
 phiny, and is about 8d miles long, and 
 from 25 lo 35 broad. Grenobie is the prin- 
 cipal town. 
 
 Issrlohuy a town in the comity of Mark, 
 Westphalia. Its manufactures are consi- 
 derable in iron, tin, ribbons, velvets, siiks, 
 stuffs, <fec. It is 32 miles nb ot Coiogn, 
 and 40 K by n of DusseUlorf. 
 
 Isernia, a town in the county of Molise, 
 Naples, stands at the foot of the Appenines. 
 In 1805, upwards of 1500 persons peris.ied 
 by an earthquake, by which it was visited. 
 It is 12 miles w of Molise. 
 
 IsiSy a river which has its source in Glou- 
 cestershire, at tae foot of feappertonmil, near 
 the viilap,e of Korleton, five miles sw of Ci- 
 rencester. On entering Wiltshire, it is join- 
 ed by the Churn, Irom Cirenee^er, two 
 miles w of Crick lade, w'bero their junction 
 forms the Thames. 
 
 [sjutif a town in the government of Khar- 
 ko , Russia, has lour ciiurohes, one of which 
 by order oi Peter tue Great, was built of 
 stone. It is seated on both sides the Do- 
 
 iietz, and has a trade cnieliy in Greek and 
 
 Turkisu commodities, 68 miles esk of 
 Cbarkow. 
 
 isi^nyy a town in the department of Cal- 
 vados, France, 15 miles w by N of Bayeux, 
 Vvdth a siaail harbour, well known on ac- 
 count of its salt-works, &c. 
 
 Islay a river of Scotland,, in Forfarshire, 
 which rises in the Grampian mountains, and 
 falls into the Tay at Kinclaven, about 40 
 miles from its source, including its windings. 
 It exhibits some grand waterfalls, as Reeky 
 Linn, and abounds with salmon. 
 
 hla, a small but rapid river of Scotland, 
 ID Banffshire, falls into the Doverau, six 
 ruiles n of Hunily. 
 
 ISLAY, or I LA, an island of Scotland, 
 cue of the Hebrides, to the sw of Jura; its 
 greatest leij.gth is 28 miles, and its breadth 
 "1.5 ; divided into tour parishes, Kilchovvau, 
 Kiidahon, Killarrow, and Kilraeny. The 
 tw o last are now united. Two annual fairs 
 are held in the island. In the centre is Loch 
 FinL.gau, about three miles in circuit, with 
 an islet in the middle, of the same name, 
 OD which stood Finiagan castle, for several 
 f.ges the residence of Donald chief lord 
 ol che Isles. The principal village is Bow- 
 more, which is in a uianner a new town, 
 and has a convenient harbour. Lou. 5 58 
 w, lat, 55 45 n. The face of the country 
 is hilly. Several mines are wrought to 
 great advantage ; and the lead ore is very 
 nob and productive. Here likewise are 
 copper, emery, Dative quicksilver, and black 
 lead ; with immense stores of limestone, 
 marl, coral, and shell scind for manure. 
 Bluch corn and flax is raised, and a great 
 number of cattle exported. Population 
 S400, 
 
 Islamahadf a town of Bengal, Hindoos- 
 tan, and capital of the territory of Chitti- 
 gong, seated on the river Currumfuliy, near 
 its entrance into the bay oi Bengal. It is 
 20 nule> E of Calcutta. Lon. 91 55 e, lat. 
 
 22 22 N. 
 
 Inlands, Bay of, a bay of the n extremity 
 of the most northern of the two islands 
 known by the name of New Zealand. Here 
 in 1772, M. Dufresne Marion, with 28 of 
 his crew, who put into this bay were raur-* 
 dered by the natives. 
 
 Isle- Adam, a town in the department of 
 Seine and O.se, France, 20 miles n by w of 
 Paris. 
 
 iSLE OF BEEVES, an island of North 
 America, in the gulf of Mexico, about 17 
 miles long, and eight broad, it is fertile^ 
 and abounds in cattio and fruit. 
 
 Isle Bouchard. See Bo ushart. 
 
 Isle Bieu, a small island of France. Xis 
 1795, it was taken by the English, but 
 soon afterwards evacuated ; 14 miles from 
 the coast of Poitou. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 46 
 45 N. 
 
 Isle Jourdain, a town in the department 
 of Gers, France, in an island in the river 
 Save, eight miles N of Lombez, Loa. 1 2 
 lat. 43 40 N. 
 
 Is'e of Prance. Sec France, his of. 
 
 hie Royal, on the nw side of Lake Su» 
 perior, is about iUO miles long, and in many 
 places about 40 broad. 
 
 Ilesworth, a village in Middlesex, seated 
 oil the Thames, nine miles w of London, 
 It is adorned with many elegant villas, and 
 near it is Sion-Kouse, the superb seat of 
 the duke of Northumberland. The tower 
 of the ebiirch is veuerabiy ancient, and co- 
 vered with ivy, 
 
 Islington, a large and populous village^ 
 N of kondon, to which it is now contiguous. 
 On the w is the new village of Pentonville, 
 to which it is likewise united. The New 
 P.,iver, which is a great ornament to this 
 place, is received at the sw end of it into 
 a large reservoir, called the New Rivep 
 Head, wlience its water is conveyed in pipe?; 
 to all parts of the metropolis. Near the 
 New River Head, is a noted spring of cha- 
 lybeate water, called New Tunbridge Weils. 
 To the E of the town is a manufacture of 
 white lead. 
 
 Islip, a village in Oxfordshire, five miles 
 N of Oxford, seated on the Cherweil, has 
 the remains of a royal Saxon palace, a cha- 
 rity school, and a sheep market. It is famous 
 as the j.'irth place of Edward the confessor, 
 whose father had a palace here, 
 
 Ismail, a town in Bessarbia, European 
 Turkey, situated on the n si.fe of the Da- 
 nube. In 1790, the Russians took it by 
 storm, at the expence of 20,000 men. The 
 brave garrison merited the highe.st honours-, 
 blit they were inhumanly massacred by the 
 Russians, and the town was given \\p to tho 
 fury of the txutal soldiery ; HO 3® lies s bj 
 S Q 2 
 
ISP 
 
 w of Bender. Lou. 29 30 e, lat. 46 
 II N. 
 
 htnaningy a town and county of Bava- 
 ria, situated on the river Iser. It is eij)ht 
 miles NNE of Munich, and nine ssw of Frei> 
 singen. 
 
 Ismidj or Is-Nikmid, a town of Asiatic 
 Turkey, supposed to have been the ancient 
 Kicomedia, capital of Bothnia. Here the 
 Armenians and Greeks have each a cbiirch 
 and an archbishop. It is seated on a moun- 
 tain, near a gull of the sea of Marmora. It 
 is 45 miles f.se of Constantinople. Lon. 29 
 42 E, lat. 40 S7 N. 
 
 Ismidy a town of Caramania, Asiatic 
 Turkey, 24 miles ese of Cogni. 
 
 IsniCy a town in Natolia, Asiatic Turkey, 
 a Greek archbishop^s see, seated in a country 
 jenile in corn and wine. It is the ancient 
 Kice, famous for the first general council 
 held here in 325. The Jews inhabit the 
 greater part ol it. Silk is the staple article 
 of trade. There is no trace of its ancient 
 splendor, but an aqueduct. It is 60 miles 
 SE of Constantinople. Lon. 29 40 e, lat. 
 4Q23n. 
 
 Jsnyy a town of Suakia, has an abbey, 
 called St George, whose abbot was a stale 
 of'the empire. It stands on the Isney, IS 
 miles NE of Lindau. 
 
 Isolay a sea port in Calabria Ulteriore, 
 Naples. It is J8 miles se of St Seve- 
 riuo. 
 
 Ispahan, the capital of Persia, situated in 
 the province of Irac Agemi, and thought by 
 some to be the finest city in the East. It 
 stands in the middle of a plain, surrounded 
 on all sides by mountains at eight miles 
 distance, which rise gradually in the form of 
 an amphitheatre. Tnere is no river except 
 a small one called Sauderut, which supplies 
 almost all the houses with water, and over 
 which are several fine bridges. The streets 
 are always clean, though not paved, as it 
 seldom rains, and many of them have a ca- 
 nal planted on each side with trees. The 
 king^s palace is magnificent, and surrounded 
 vviih a wall two miles in circuit, and though 
 be seldom resides bare it is always ready lor 
 bis reception. It is nearly of an oval form, 
 and is 12 miles in circuruierence, with well 
 built houses and flat roofs. The inhabi- 
 tants were computed at above 60,1)00 ; 
 but the imesiitiC broils and civil wars, with 
 which the kingdom has been almost lorn to 
 pieces, have greatly depopulated the princi- 
 pal towns, and, in 1803, the actual po; ula- 
 tion did not exceed 400,000 souls. There 
 are three large suburbs, called Julfa, Hasen- 
 bath, and Kebrabath. 'I’he principal mami- 
 jactures are fine cloths and gold brocades, 
 though it is at a dbiatice from the sea, it 
 carries on a great trade. It is 230 miles 
 a by E cl Taheran, tl;e noriljeni capital, 2b0 
 ^E of Ba»orah, 300 s of the Caspian sea, 
 and 1400 sK of Constautiuopie. Lon. 61 
 b% E, lat. 32 33 N. 
 
 I T A 
 
 Jsp rlicky a town of Servia, European 
 Turkey, 24 miles nne of Nissa. 
 
 Issel. See Yssel. 
 
 IssengeauXy a town in the department o? 
 Upper Loire, France. It is 17 miles ne of 
 Puff. 
 
 Issequiho. See Esscqneho. 
 
 Issigeac, a town in the department of 
 the Dordogne, France, 12 nules ssw of 
 Bergerac. 
 
 Issoire, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of the Puy de Dome, France, on the 
 Couze, near the Allier, 15 miles sse of 
 Clermont. 
 
 fssoudun, a handsome town in the de- 
 partment of Iiidrc, France, with a castle, 
 seated on the Theols. Its trade is in wood, 
 cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings. It is 17 
 miles w of Bourges, and 135 s of Paris. 
 
 Is sitr Title, a town in the department of 
 Cote d’Or, France, on the Tille, 12 miles n 
 of Dijon. 
 
 Istapa, a town in the province of Culia- 
 can, New Spain, 40 miles e by s of Cuiia- 
 can. 
 
 ISTRIA, a part of ancient Illyria, 
 a peninsula, of Italy, between the bay of 
 Triest and the Quarnaro isles, bounded by 
 Friuli on the w and Carniola on the n, be- 
 ing 200 miles in circumference. The air 
 is unwholesome, especially near the coast ; 
 but the soil produces plenty of wine, oil, 
 and pastures. There are also quarries of 
 fine marble. But the chief riches of the 
 country consists in its vast and vainaale fo- 
 rests. Part of Istria belonged to Venice, 
 and part of Austria. The Venetian Istria 
 contains IS towns, 200 villages, and 100,000 
 iuiiabitants, chiefly occupied in agriculture, 
 rearing bees, fishing and the manufacture 
 of silk, leather, tallow, and salt. By the 
 treaty of Campo Formic, the whole was 
 given to Austria ; by that of Presburg ii 
 was ceded to Italy. In 1809 this district 
 was transferred to France. Capo ilTatria 
 is (he capital. 
 
 ITALIAN BAILIWICKS, four districts 
 formerly belonged lo tlie Swiss, but of late 
 incorporated with the Italian republic, and 
 included in the New kingdom of Italy, 
 Their names, and (hose of their capitals, are 
 Bellinzcna, Lucano, Lucarno, anil Mendri* 
 sio. They contain 160 square miles, and 
 89,000 inhabitants. 
 
 ITALY, one of the finest and most 
 celebrated countries of Europe, lying be- 
 tween 7 deg. and 19 deg. ion. and 38 deg. 
 and 47 deg. n lat. bounded on the Nxwand 
 NK by France, Switzerland, the country of 
 tile Gri.'Ot s, and Germany ; on the e by the 
 gulf ol Venice; ami on the s and w by the 
 Mediterranean ; its figure hearing some re- 
 ! semblance to that ol a boot. Its length 
 from Aosta, at the foot of the Alps, in 
 Mount Bianc, to the utn ost verge oi Cala- 
 bria, ii> Naples, is about 670 miles ; but its 
 breadth is very unequal, in some piacffs 
 
I T A 
 
 aear 4000 miles,, iu others not above 25 or 
 30. It was iormerly the seat olthe Rumau 
 empire, ao-l, al'terwards, of that more 
 asiouishing usurpation, the dominion 
 the nope, for tins ecclesiastical monarch, 
 whose power is now greatly abridged, 
 under the modest title of minuter mimsto- 
 rum, ‘‘servant of servants, used to dis- 
 pose not only of the aftairs of people who 
 acknowledged his supremacy, but also oi 
 the lands of the heathen to the ends oi che 
 earth ; bestowing them, as an liiheriiance, 
 on the royal supporters of bis church. 
 Italy was formerly divided into a great 
 number of states, which differed much in 
 c.vtent and importance. Between the 
 
 .. -r-t _ - C«-«f % t r>n 
 
 ooufines of France and Switzerland, on 
 the w and n were the coutiuentai dominions 
 of the king of Sardinia, namely Piedmont, 
 and Montserrat, which were converted 
 into the late Piedmontese republic. lo 
 the NE were the territories of Venice, a tier- 
 wards ceded to the emperor; w and sw 
 from which lay the late Italian republic, 
 consisting of the oi-devant duchies of 
 Milan, Mantua, Modena, Ferrara, Boiogno, 
 B,eggio, and part of the late Venetian terri- 
 tories. West of these were the duchies of 
 Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla. South 
 of Parma lay the ci-devant republic of 
 Genoa, now called Liguria; and se ol 
 this, that of Lucca. Hence extends, along 
 the coast of the Mediterranean, the grand 
 duchy of Tuscany. The Roman republic 
 comprehended all that remained of the ter- 
 ritory of the pope, and lay principally to 
 the E and ne of Tuscany, between the 
 gulf of Venice and the Mediterranean ; the 
 remainder of Italy wnich occupies the 
 whole southern extremity, is the kingdom 
 of Naples, with its dependent islaiuls, ol 
 vrhieh Sicily is the priHcipal. But the 
 whole of this extensive country was over- 
 run by the French under Bonaparte in 
 1996, and of its present unsettled state, the 
 following brief account is given. Savoy, 
 Nice, and Piedmont have been annexed to 
 France. By the treaty of Campo Formio 
 in 1796, the Venetian territories, to the 
 E and N of the Adige, were ceded to 
 Austria, and the remainder of the Veoe- 
 liau States, with the duchies of Modena, 
 Milan, and Mantua, the principality of 
 Massa, and the three legations of Ferrara, 
 Bologna, and Romagna, were erected into 
 a governme.it by the French, and called 
 the Chsaipine Republic. This Republic 
 was overturned in 1799, but restored alter 
 the battle of Marengo, in 1800; and in 
 1602 it received a new constitution, under 
 the name of the Italian Republic, of which, 
 Bonaparte, then first consul of France, 
 was chosen presideut. In 1805, the Ita- 
 lian Republic was erected into a kitig- 
 dora, and the emperor of France assumed 
 the tide of king of IfHy. Then the 
 Austrian part of the Venetian States was 
 a^ded to its territories by the treaty of Pres- 
 
 I T A 
 
 burg ; and afterwards, the Valteline and 
 the countries of Chiavenne, and BoTinis, 
 ironi the country of the Gnsons, were 
 annexed. The kingdom of Italy is divid- 
 ed into departments, and the city of 
 Milan is the capital. See Tuscany, Ec- 
 clesiastical State, and Naples, for lurther 
 changes iu this country, the whole of 
 vvliich seems to be under the control of 
 France; tor although Bonaparte abdicated 
 the throne of France and Italy in 1814, 
 he has again resumed the reins of govern- 
 ment; but was defeated and exiled to St. 
 Helena, where he is a state prisoner. The 
 air of Italy is very dihexent, according to 
 I the did'ereiu situations of the countries it con- 
 I tains, in summer the heat is very great in 
 the kingdom of Naples, and would be almost 
 intolerable, if it were not alleviated by 
 i the sea breezes. The principal rivers' 
 are the Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, and Yar ; 
 and there are several fine lakes, as the 
 Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Peru-. 
 '>ia, Bracciano, and Celano. The soil in 
 general is very fertile. It produces' a 
 great variety of v/ines, and the best wine 
 iu Europe ; excellent silk in abundance ; 
 corn of .all sorts, orange.?, lemons, citrons, 
 pom^^granates, almonds, raisins, sugar, 
 innumerable mulberry trees, ligs, peaches, 
 
 I nectarines, apricots, pears, apples, fii- 
 j berts, cbesnuts, &c. Italy also yields 
 good pasture, and abounds with cattle, 
 
 I sheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, 
 and horses. The lore.^ts are stored with 
 game; 
 
 , and the mountains abound with 
 iron, alum, sulphur, marble, alabaster, jas* 
 per, porphyry, gold, and silver ; w'ith a 
 great varieiy of aromatic herbs, trees, 
 shrubs, and evergreens, as thyme, lavender, 
 laurel, wild olive trees, tamarinds, junipers, 
 oak.s, and pines. ’ W ine, oil, perfumes, 
 fruits, and silks, are the principal articles 
 of exportation ; and great sums of money 
 .are expended by travellers in the purchase 
 of pictures, curiosities, relies, antiquities, 
 &c. The Italians have been the most cele- 
 brated of all the moderns for genius and 
 taste in architecture, painting, carving, and 
 music ; and several of them have also bfeen 
 eminent as writers. The Italians cannot 
 boast of their complexion, but are generally 
 I well proportioned. They are affable, 
 
 ! ready-witted, sober, courteous, and inge- 
 i nious ; but extremely jealous, superstitious, 
 
 , ceremonious, lascivious, and vindsetive. 
 
 I They are neither .so gay and volatile as 
 i the French, nor so grave and solemn as 
 j the Spaniards. Tuey are fond of vegetables 
 I of all kinds, and can be luxurious at a small 
 ; expence. The ladies use paint both for 
 I their hands and iace, and like the anciei.t 
 I Roman ladies and courtezaus, aflv'ci yellow 
 hair. Masquerades, horse-racing without 
 riders, and conversations or assemblies coii- 
 .stitute the principal amusemei.'ts of the Ifa- 
 liams. In their religious exhibitions they 
 are pompous beyond all other nations. The 
 
XU A 
 
 established religion is the Roman Catholic ; 
 but it is . aid, otiier seels live unmolested, 
 proaded no insult is offered to tiieir wor- 
 ship. The Italian" language is a corrup- 
 tion of Latin, and is .‘■aid to be spoken 
 best at Florence. Furtner partieuiars 
 of thi couiiiry will be found under the 
 nariiOs of iis particular divisions, as Na- 
 ples, &c. 
 
 JTATA, a province of Chili, watered by 
 a river of its name. Much gold is found 
 in the rivers ana moiiiitah.s. The best, 
 wine in l.hiii is obtained here, and has the 
 name of Conceptioii, from the lands on 
 which it i.s produced. Jcsus of Couiemn is 
 the capiiai. 
 
 Itchtn, cr J/re, a river which rises near 
 Alresioid, Hampshire, passes by Winchester, 
 and tails into the bay of Southampton, at 
 the town of that name. 
 
 Itzehoe, a to\Mi of Holstein, Lower Sax- 
 ony , has a fortress. Flere all the ships com- 
 ing up the Stocr pay duty, 12 miles nne of 
 Giucksiadt, and hd ^'w of Hamburgh. 
 
 Juan Bauiuta, Sty a town in the pro- 
 vince of Venezuela, Terra 1 irma, has an 
 extensive trade iii horses, beeves, mules, and 
 cheese; stands on the w side of the Fas, 105 
 miles sw of Leon. Lon. 08 21 w, lat. 9 
 32 N. 
 
 ^ Juan^ St, or Desaguadero, a river of 
 New Spam, which flows from these corner 
 of the lake Nicaragua, in a i easterly direc- 
 tion, betw-een the pro' ince of Cosm Rica and 
 Nil ardgua, into the C.Aribean sea. 
 
 Jua7i, St, a (own of Nicaragua, New 
 Spain, seated at the head of the river St. 
 Juan, i iO miles e of Nicaragua. Lon. 81 
 45 w’, iat. 1 1 15 N. 
 
 JLAN FERNANDEZ, an island in 
 the Faeiflc ocea 38 leagues eastward of 
 the isiaiiii Massafuero, and 390 w of the 
 continent. It is supposed to have been in- 
 habited by a Spaniard, whose name it re- 
 tains ; but is more remarkable iur havino- 
 been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a 
 Scotchman, whose life and adventures fur- 
 nished De-Foe with the grouua-work of 
 that admirable novel, Robinson Crusoe. 
 Alexander Selkirk was left in tins solitude 
 by his captain, and lived five 3 ears on the 
 island, till he v/as discovered in 1709. The 
 island at a distance appears like a naked 
 rock but it is iiuerseciea by vailies covered 
 with w^ood. The harbour iie.s in Cumber- 
 land bay, on (lie x side of the i.siand. In 
 1760, me Spaniards made a seiiiemeut at 
 the above ba}'. The town is sealed m a flue 
 vaile} , and the hqu.ses have gardens, with 
 arbours shaded with vines. Lon. 79 30 w, 
 iai. 33 40 s. 
 
 Jaan de Fueu, Strait of, a gulf of (he 
 Pacilic ocean, wr coast of N America ; its 
 entrance is in Ion. iz5 3 w^,ia'.. 48 25 n. 
 
 Juaude La Frontera, St, a town of Chili, 
 stands near the lake Cuanucho, on the k 
 side of the Andes. In its. neighbourhood 
 two gold mines, and almonds of a delicate 
 
 I VE 
 
 taste; 150 miles jj of Mendoza. Los, 70 
 15 w, lai. 32 5 s. 
 
 Juan de Mayuanu, St, a town of SU 
 Domingo, seated on tne Ke^ba, 4S miles kw 
 01 Ocoa. 
 
 JLAN DE PDEKTO RICO, St, sb' 
 islaaj of tbe West Indies, 'oO miles u of 
 Hispaniola. By tbe English it is called 
 PoFto Rico. It is 100 miles in length, and 
 50 m breadth. It belongs to tbe Spaniards, 
 and is luU of very high mountains, and fer* 
 tile valleys, and produces sugar, rum 
 ginger, corn, and fruits. There are so many 
 caule that they olien kill them for the sake 
 
 hLltb7 
 
 Juan de Puerto Rico, the capital of the 
 above island, v/ith a good harbour, is situat- 
 ea on the n coast of the island, and more po- 
 pulous man must of the Spuaish town.«i. It 
 was taken by Sir Francis Drake, and after- 
 wards by the earl of Cumberland, but aban- 
 doned on account of the sickness of his men 
 The Dutch took it in 1315, but could not 
 retain it. Lon. 96 12 w, lat, 18 20 x. 
 
 Juan del Rio, St, a town in New Biscay, 
 New Spain, with a population of upwards 
 ol 10,000 ; 65 mlle^ n by e of Durango. 
 
 Juan de D/aa, an i land iu the gulf 
 of Mexico. See Vara Cruz, Lon. 97 - 
 
 -at. 19 12 N. . ' ^ 
 
 Icangorod, a towm of Russia, on tha 
 Pliusa, 52 miles w of Petersburg. Sea 
 Narva, 
 
 Ivanitz, a town of Croatia, on the Lonia, 
 42 miles xe of Carlsiadt. 
 
 JUBO, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast 
 of Ajan, subject to the Portuguese, with 
 a capiiai of its name. Lon. 43 20 e. lat 
 0 50 N. ’ ' 
 
 JLCATAN, or Ytcatan, a peninsula 
 and province of New' fe'pain, in the audience 
 of Mexico; situated between the bays of 
 Campeaehy and Honduras. It projects 
 from tiie continent 360 miL s, and is 150 in 
 breadth. The s part has mountains, rivers 
 and lakes, and abounds in mahogany and 
 logwood, sugar, cassia, and muize. The n 
 part is level, without a river or slream. 
 The inhabitants dig for w'ater, and find it in 
 abundance. Merida is the capital. 
 
 Judenburg, a handsome and considerable 
 town of Austria, the capital cf Upper Stfria. 
 The pubiie buildings, with the square are 
 uiHgaiiicenf. It has a castle, end two con- 
 vents,. Ii was; taken by the French in 1797. 
 
 It is seated on the Muer. It lies 84 
 miles sw of Vienna. Lon. 14 24 e, lat. 47 
 
 10 X. 
 
 Judigone, a town in Brabant Neiherlandsj 
 stands on the river Gete. in the vicinity 
 are the remains of aii ancient castle, 13 miles 
 ssE of Louvain. . 
 
 Iveldtester, See llcJieiier. 
 
 Ives, St, SL sea port in Cornw'all, on a bay 
 of the;same name, governed by a mayor, is 
 only frequented . by fishermen. The towm is 
 a borough, aud sends two members to • 
 
JUL 
 
 liament, who are elected by the householders 
 paying and lot. Here is a gramiinar 
 school founded by Charles I. The mar- 
 ket is on Wednesday and Sat\!rday. A cus- 
 tom of this place is, that every one dying 
 worth 101. pays. 10 shillings to the vietir. 
 It is eight miles ne ot Penzance, and 277 
 w by s of. London. 
 
 • Ices, St, a town in Huntingdonshire, 
 with, the largest market in Engl .nd for 
 cattle, except that ol Snnthfield. It is an 
 ancient, large, and handsome place, on the 
 river Ouse, over, which is a fine stone, 
 bridge. It has a great trade in the making 
 and sale of malt. The weekly market is on 
 Monday, fairs on ¥7b;tsun Monday an 1 
 October iOth. Here Oliver Cromwell 
 rented a farm previous to his entering into 
 public life ; six miles ke of Huntingdon, and 
 69 N by w of London. 
 
 iVICA, or Eviza, an island in the Medi- 
 terranean, 65 miles sw of Majorca, and 
 about 60 miles in circumference. It is 
 mountainous, but fertile in corn, wine, and 
 fruits; and most remarkable for the great 
 quantity of salt mode in it. 
 
 imea, the capital of the same name, on 
 the s side of the island, is little more than 
 a fortress, with a good harbour, Lon, i 
 26 E, lat. 38 52 n. 
 
 ivingho, a town in Euckinghamsbiro, 
 with a small market on Friday, and a 
 manufacture of bone-lace ; six miles sw of 
 Dunstable, and 33 nw of London. 
 
 Jugon, a town in the department of the 
 North Coasts, France, on the river Ar- 
 queon, 12 miles from the English channel, 
 and i9ssEof St. Brieuc. 
 
 Julamerik, or Gulamerik, a towm in Kur- 
 distan, Asiatic Turkey, seated on the Ha- 
 kiar, has a stone fort, and is governed by 
 a bey, 40 miles ssE of Beilis. 
 
 Juifar, a town of Oman, Arabia, stands 
 ou a bay of the Persian gulf, IGO miles nw 
 of Oman. Lon. 56 14 E,lat. 25 66 n. 
 
 Julien, tSt, a town in the department of 
 Jura. France, 18 miles s by w of Lons le 
 Saunier. 
 
 Julien de Sault, St, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, France, stands near the 
 Yonne, between two mountains covered with 
 Tines ; six miles NW of Joigny. 
 
 Juliers, a late duchy of Westphalia, Ger- 
 many, now united to Frcince, and included 
 in the department of the Roer. The chief 
 towns are Juliers, Duren, and Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. It is about 68 miles in length, 
 and 30 in breadth, and is remarkable for 
 the great cuantity of wood it produces. 
 
 Juliers, a fortihed city, in the depart- 
 ment cf Roer, France, lately of Germany, 
 capital of a duchy cf its name, seated on 
 the Roer, taken by the French in 1794. 
 It is 22 miles w of Cologne, Lon. 6 24 e, 
 iat. 50 55 N. 
 
 Juliushurg, a (own in the principality of 
 Oels, Silesia, with a castle, fenr miles n cl 
 
 Oels. 
 
 JU E 
 
 Jumella, a town in the province of Mur- 
 cia, Spain, 22 miles sw of viurcia. 
 
 Jnmiege, a town in the department of (ho 
 Lower sVine, France, ba.s a Benedictino 
 abbey ; stands on the Seine, and i.s 12 
 miles sw ol Fi-oiien. 
 
 Jummoo, or Jumbo, a town of Lahore^ 
 Hindoostan, seated on the Kewee, atid has 
 a considerable trade; 80 miles ne of La- 
 hore, L(m. 73 40 E, lat. 3i 52 n. 
 
 Jumna, a h rge riv<>r of Hindoostan Pro- 
 per, which rises in the mountains of Sirina- 
 g\ir, NW of Delhi, waters that capital, as 
 well as the city of Agra, and joins the Gan- 
 ges, at Allahabad ; about joo miles beiov/ 
 Benares. 
 
 JiinaguT, a towm and fort of Hindoostan, 
 in Guzerat, 170 miles sw ol Aciedabad, 
 Lon. 09 53 r, lat. 21 48 n. 
 
 JungnaUy A towm and lordship of Suabia, 
 belonging to the prince of Fuistenberg, 
 
 14 miles w of Euchau, and 40 s of Siutt- 
 gart. 
 
 Junien. St, a town in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, France, on the Vienne, 15 
 miles w of Tameges. 
 
 JUNKSEILAN, an island near the sw 
 coast of Siam, 60 miles long, and from nine 
 to 21 wide. Its capital, of the same name, 
 
 15 in the n port of the island, with a har- 
 bour ; the road has good anchorage. Near 
 it is a mine of loadstone ; and has a trade 
 in ivory and tin. The island is fertile ia 
 rice, fruit, &c. The town is in Ion. 98 6 s, 
 lat. 8 10 N. 
 
 Ivoix, See Carignan* 
 
 IVORY Coast, a country of Africa'^ 
 on the Atlantic, between Cape Apoilonia 
 and Cape Palmas, containing several towns, 
 at the mouths of rivers. The inteiior coun- 
 try is little known. The chief commodities 
 are gold, ivory, and slaves, the former is in 
 the greatest plenty. 
 
 JURA, one of the western isles of 
 Scotland, ne of the island of Islay, on 
 the coa.st of Argyllshire, .separated from 
 May, by a narrow channel, called the 
 Sound of Islay. Ifis 25 miles long, and 
 seven broad. It is indented on the w by a 
 capacious bay, called Loch Tarhet. Some 
 parts are fertile; and there are only three 
 mountains on the whole island. The.se are 
 of a conic form, the most elevated 2470 feet 
 above the level of the sea, and are called tho 
 Paps of Jura. They are without vegeta- 
 tion. On the SR side, it is pretty level; 
 but o.s cultivation is not far advanced, the 
 crops are scanty. The live stock consists 
 of small hor.^es, black cattle and sheep, of 
 which last the flesh is delicate, and the 
 wool valuable. A few wild roes are still 
 seen here. This island produces iron-ore, 
 manganese, and slate, and on the r.w shore is 
 ahiindance of fine .sand, which is employed 
 ill the manufacture of glass. It has a vil- 
 lage of tae .same name, seated on Ih.e E 
 coast, with a good harbour, Loa, 6 44 w, 
 lat. 56 8 N. 
 
a parish in Argyllshire, which (Tom- 
 prehends the Islands of Jura. Colonsay, 
 Oronsay, Scarba, Lunga, and Balnabuaigh. 
 Inclnding sea, the parish is 60 miles lo!ig, 
 and 30 broad, containing about Z,000 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 JURA, a department of France, includ- 
 ing part of the late province of Franche 
 Compte, It contains mines of iron of a 
 superior quality, mines of copper and lead, 
 and many quarries ot black marble, of jas- 
 per of different colours, and of alabaster. 
 It takes its name from Mount Jura. Lons 
 le Saunierisihe capital. 
 
 Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains 
 which begin in the canton of Zurich, in 
 Switaeriand, extends along the Rhine into 
 the canton of Soleureand the principality of 
 Neufchatel, branches out towards the Pays 
 de Vaucl, separates that country from 
 France, and continues beyond the frontiers 
 of the Genevois, as far as the Rhone. In 
 Pays de Vauds, this chain contains many 
 'elevated valleys ; particularly one on the 
 top of Mount Joux, in which are two pic- 
 turesque lakes, the largest called Joux, 
 the other Brenet. 
 
 Irrea, a city of Piedmont, and a bisbop^s 
 see. Besides the cathedral, w'hich is said 
 to have been anciently a temple of Apollo, 
 there are four other churches and several 
 religious houses. • It stands on the Doria, 
 .between two hills, belongs to France, and 
 is the capital of the department of Doria. 
 It has 6,000 inhabitants, and lies 20 miles 
 Tc of Turin, and 32 e by n of Susa. Lon. 
 .7 48 E, rat. 45 20 n- 
 
 , Ivry, a towui in the department of Eure, 
 France, seated on the Eure, has a Bene- 
 dictine abbey ; 10 miles n by w of 
 Dreux. 
 
 Jussey, a town in the department of Upper 
 Saone, France, on the Amance, 22 miles 
 EofLangres. 
 
 Jufiiingen, a town and capital of a lord- 
 ship of Suabia. It lies 16 miles nne of 
 Bucham 
 
 Juterhock, a town in the principtility of 
 ..Quenurt, Saxony Proper, seated on the 
 Angerbach. Here, in September 1813, 
 the . crown prince of Sweden obtained a 
 victory over tbe French under marshal Ney. 
 It is 12 miles ne of Wittenberg. 
 
 Juthia. Siam, * 
 
 Jutland, a large peninsula, which makfis 
 the principal part of the kingdom of Den- 
 mark. It is 210 miles in length, and from 
 30 to 80 in, breadth, bounded on the s 
 the duchy of Holstein, and by the German 
 ocean, and the Baltic on the other sides. 
 Tbe air is very cold but wholesome, arwi 
 the soil is fertile in corn and pastures. 
 This was anciently called Cimbrica, Cher- 
 sonesus ; and is supposed to be tbe country 
 whence the Anglo-.Saxons came that con- 
 quered England. It is divided info two 
 parts ended . N and S Jutland: tlie latter 
 being the duchy of Sleswuck. The former 
 is subdivided into the dioceses of Alburg, 
 Wiburg, Arbusen, and Ripen, so nam^ 
 from the chief tow'ns. Wiburg is the capi- 
 tal of the province. .S Jutland is not hall 
 the extent of the other, and is called Sies- 
 wick, from the name of its capital. 
 
 Iry Bridge, a village and noted inn, in 
 Devonshire, remarkable for its rural aii^ 
 picturesque scenery, seated on the river 
 Arme, on the road between Exeter ai^ 
 Plymoulh. It is 1 1 miles ne of Plymouth. 
 
 Ixworth, cl small but neat market town in 
 Suffolk, with a market on Friday, and two 
 annual fairs ; seven miles from Bury 3t 
 Edmund, and T7 nne of London. 
 
 Jyepour, tbe capital of the territory of 
 Jj^enagur, Hindoostan Proper, in the eas- 
 tern quarter of Agimere, is subject to ona 
 of tbe Rajpoot princes. Being the staple 
 for goods brought from the adjoining pro- 
 vinces, it is a place of great w^ealth ; J2t> 
 miles w by s of Agra. Lon. 76 34 e, lat. 
 26 56 X. 
 
 Heron, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of the Rhone and Loire, 10 miles sw 
 of Lyon. 
 
 HiginsJe, a towm in the province of 
 Okotsk, Siberia, fortified by lofty palisades, 
 and wooden bastions furnished with cannqu 
 and military stores. It stands on the 
 Izigin, 16 miles from its mouth, and 520 
 NE of Okotsk. Lon. 160 10 e, lat. 63 
 40 N. 
 
 Izqiiintinango, a rich and handsome town 
 of Chiapa, Mexico. The country about it 
 prcHiiices cotton, and a great cumber of pa- 
 nanas, or pine-apples ; 100 miles se of 
 Chiapa. Lon. 93 45 w, lat. 16 10 x. 
 
•THE 
 
 GENERAL GAZETTEER. 
 
 « * jjrQrch .that tonelimes begin with K, and are not found under that letter^ may he 
 sought for under the letter C. 
 
 K A K 
 
 K ABARDA, a town in the province of . 
 
 Caucasia, Russia, seated at the skirts of 
 Mount Caucausus, has a court of justice and 
 is 36 miles s of Cathrinograd. 
 
 Kahis, or Knbbees, a town in Kerman, 
 Persia, situated in the midst of the desert, 
 130 miles NEof Kerman. 
 
 Kcidhema, a sea port in the province of 
 Bahrin, Arabia, seated on a bay of the gulf 
 of Persia. The pearl fishery employs the 
 inhabitants; 170 miles n by w of Lachsar. 
 Lon. 47 36 b, lat. 28 40 n. 
 
 Kahl, a town in the late electorate of 
 Mehtz, on a river of the same name, four 
 miles s of Hanau. 
 
 Kahla, a town of Thuringia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, has a castle, and stands on the Saal, 30 
 miles sw of Naumburg. 
 
 Kaim^ a village in Elginshire, near which 
 stands aii obelisk, said to have been erected 
 to commemorate a Victory obtained by Mal- 
 Golrri II. over the Danes, under the com- 
 mand of a leader of the name of Camus, 
 seven miles nw of Elgin. 
 
 Kain. See Kin. 
 
 Kairvan, a city of Tunis, the second in 
 the kirgdom for population and trade, has 
 the most superb mosque in Barbary ; 60 
 miles ssE of Tunis. Lon. 10 25 e, lat. 35 
 40 y. 
 
 Kaisarieh^ or Kaisarijahy a populous town 
 in Caramania, capital of a sangiacat. It is 
 five miles in circuit, defended by walls and a 
 castle; and is divided into 180 quarters, in 
 each of which is a mosque or chapel* The 
 chief trade is -in Morocco leather. It was 
 anciently called Mazaca, and afterwards 
 Cesarea of Cappadocia. It is seated at the 
 foot of a mountain always capped with snow, 
 and lies 150 miles ene of Cogni, and 250 
 EsE of Constantinople. Lon. 35 15 e^ lat. 
 38 40 N. 
 
 Kakety a town of Georgia, in a province 
 of its name, comprehending a part of the 
 ancient Iberia, stands near mount Caucasus, 
 16 
 
 K A L 
 
 45 miles ne of Telfiis, and 120 nnw of Der- 
 bend. 
 
 KalaUy a town of Lusatia, which has a 
 great traibc in wool, 1 1 miles se of ' uckau. 
 
 Kaihat, a town in the province of Oman, 
 Arabia, on a river of its name, where it falls 
 into the gulf of Ormus, SO miles se of Mas- 
 cat. 
 
 Kalis j a town of Newmark, Brandenburg, 
 near the borders of Poland, 37 miles e of 
 Stargard. 
 
 Kalischy a palatinate of Poland. Its ca- 
 pital, on the river Prosna, is of the same 
 name. It stands amid morasses, and is sur- 
 rounded with walls, 40 miles s of Gnesen. 
 Lon. 18 5 e, lat. 52 0 n. 
 
 Kalkul, a town in Aderbeitzan, Persia, 
 surrounded by mountains, and has mines df 
 copper, lead, and saltpetre, 60 miles ese of 
 Tabriz. 
 
 Kalkasy a tribe of the Mongul Tartars, in 
 Chinese Tartary, who inhabit the country n 
 of the Mongui Tartars, properly so called, 
 which stretches as far as the kingdom of the 
 Eluths ; nearly to the extent of 900 miles 
 from B to w. They dwell in tents on the 
 banks of their rivers, the chief of which is 
 called Kalka Pirn. They worship a lama of 
 the second order, who is held in such venera- 
 tion, that bonzes from China, Hindooslan, 
 Pegu, come to pay their devotions at his 
 residence in Iben Pira. 
 
 KaUidburgy a sea port in the isle of Zea- 
 land, Denmark, stands on an inlet of the 
 great Belt. Its harbour is the best on the 
 island, that of Copenhagen excepted, 55 miles 
 W’ by N of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 1 1 e, lat. 
 55 47y. 
 
 Katmaliay a town in the territory of Man- 
 dengo, Negroland. The inhabitants, are 
 partly Alahomedans, and partly Pagans. 
 Their manufactures are iron, cotton, and 
 leather, 210 miles wxw of Kong. Lou. 6 0 
 w, lat. 12 10 N. 
 
 KALMUCS, a natioa of 'fartars^ that 
 
 A* 
 
K A L 
 
 iBaabit that part of the Rassiaa gcvcrasncnt 
 of Caucasus, between the river Volga and 
 the river Yaik, (now Ural,) toward the Cas- 
 pian sea. They live in tents, and remove 
 from one place to another in quest of pas- 
 turage for their large herds of horses, ca- 
 mels, cows, and sheep. Their food is fiesh, 
 (especially that of horses,) fish, wild fowl, 
 and venison ; and they have great plenty of 
 milk, butter, and cheese ; but mare's milk is 
 the most esteemed among them, and from it 
 they make a strong spirit, of which they are 
 vei'y fond, and which is clear as water. 
 They are divided into a number of hordes, 
 or clans, each under their own particular 
 khan, and all acknowledging the authority 
 of one principal khan, who is called orchi- 
 curtikhan, or the king of kings, and who de- 
 rives his pedigree from Tamerlane. All of 
 them, hov/ever, have submitted to the go- 
 vernment of Russia, or live under its pro- 
 tection. They are Fagans. In person they 
 .Are of a low stature, and bow legged, occa- 
 sioned by their being so continually on 
 horseback, or silting with their legs below 
 .them. Their faces are broad and flat, with 
 a fiat nose, and little black eyes, distant from 
 each other, like the Chinese. They are of 
 an olive colour, and their faces full cf 
 wrinkles, with very little or no beards; 
 they shave their heads, leaving only a tuft 
 of hair on the crowm. They wear coats of 
 or silk, above which they wear a large, 
 wide, fur coat of sheep skins, and a cap "^of 
 the same. Their cattle are large, and their 
 sheep are of the largest kind, having great 
 fat tails, weighing from to 30 lb. "their 
 ears hanging down like our dogs', and, in- 
 stead of wool, they have soft curled hair. 
 They neither sow corn nor make hay, go 
 that they have no bread for themselves, 
 nor winter provender for their cattle. Ini 
 winter they are obliged to cross the river, 
 and live on the bare plains of Astracan. 
 where their only fuel is* dried dung of cat- 
 tle. Their former habitation, on the e side 
 of the river, is overflowed With vvater for 
 about a month in the spring, by the melting 
 of the scow; when this subsides, they re- 
 cross the river. Their horses are small, 
 but swift, hardy, and strong. When they 
 go upon an expidition, every one takes a 
 sheep with him for his provision, and three 
 horses, which he rides alternately ; and 
 vvhen any of them fail, they kill it, and di- 
 vide the flesh, putting pieces of it under 
 their saddles, and, after riding some time 
 upon it, eat it without further prepara- 
 ration. Their only arms were the'eimetar, 
 lance, bow, and arrow; bnt they now use 
 fire-arms. Their tents are both warm and 
 large, having a fire in the middle, and a hole 
 at the (op to let out the smoke. The small 
 pox is as nriuch dreaded among the Kalmucs 
 as the pestilence among us. When any of 
 them are siezed with it, they immediately 
 br^ak tip their camp and flee y leaving the 
 
 K A M 
 
 a 
 
 kjlled sheep, part of which is roasted, and 
 part raw, and a jar of water, and some wood 
 or fire. 
 
 Kalmunz^ a town in the principality of 
 Bavaria, seated at the confluence 
 of the ^ab and Vilz, 12 miles nkw of Ra- 
 tisbon. 
 
 KalnicJc, a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Braclaw, 16 miles ene of Braclaw. 
 Lon. 29 18 E, lat. 48 61 n. 
 
 Halo, a town of Upper Hungary, seated 
 on a lake. It is about 22 miles se of 
 Took ay. 
 
 KALUGA, a government of the Rus- 
 sian empire, formerly a province in the go« 
 verament of Moscow^ It contains 12 dis- 
 tricts, and its principal town of the same 
 name, is seated on the river Occa. This 
 town is a place of considerable trade. It 
 was entered by some of the French from 
 Moscow-, in 1812, but W'as soon abandoned, 
 110 miles ssw of Moscow. Lon. T1 34 e, 
 lat. <54 28 N. 
 
 KAMAKURA, a famous island of Japan, 
 about three miles in circumference, on the 
 s coast of Niphon, w’here they confine their 
 great men, when they have committed any 
 fault. The coast is so steep, that the people 
 are generally lifted up by cranes. 
 
 Kambaltty a chain of mountains in Tibet, 
 situated between the Burrampooter, and the 
 lake Palte. 
 
 KamenitZy a town in the circle of Be- 
 cliin, Bohemia. It is 27 miles e by n of 
 Bechin. 
 
 Kamemkaiay a town of Veronetz, Russia, 
 on the river Danaetz, 60 miles ese of Lu- 
 gan. 
 
 Kaminieck, the capital of Podolia, Poland, 
 and a bishop's see, with a castle. In 1793, 
 when the Russians seized part of Polandj 
 this fortress made long resistance. The cas- 
 tle stands on a craggy rock, 85 miles w of 
 Braclaw, and 100 se of Lemberg. 
 
 KamnitZy a town in the circle Cf Leit* 
 meritz, Bohemia ; has a manufacture of 
 stockings. It is 2i miles nnb of Leitme- 
 ritz. 
 
 Kamtschaikay a peninsula on the eastern 
 coast of Asia, extending from 52 deg. to 61 
 deg. N latitude, the longitude of its extremity 
 to the s being 156 45 e. Its greatest 
 breadth is 236 computed miles, being from 
 the mouth of the river Tigril to that of the 
 river Kamtschatka ; and towards each ex* 
 tremity it gradually becomes narrower. A 
 chain of high mountains from n to s extends 
 the whole length of the peninsula, and al- 
 most equally divides it ; whence several 
 rivers rise, and take their course into the Pa- 
 cific ocean, and the sea of Okotsk. In the 
 s part is a volcano, and near it are the hot 
 baths of Natchikin, where the hot water falls 
 in a rapid cascade, 300 feet. The face of 
 the w'hoie country resembles New'foundland 
 in a most striking degree. The severity of 
 
KAN 
 
 K A R 
 
 the climate, is in proportion to the sterility , 
 of the soil ; the year is dreary ail winter, 
 except four months. They have great 
 quantities of wholesome vegetables in a 
 wild 'state, such as chervil, garlic, onions, 
 angelica, and wild celery, with some excel- 
 lent turnips, and turnip radishes, upon a 
 few spots of ground in the valleys. They 
 have a variety of wild berries, which are 
 preserved by mashing them into a thick jam. 
 Dried fish is the eiiief article of food. They, 
 however, obtain some animals from their 
 forests, particularly the bear. The people 
 of Kamtschaika, may be said to consist oi 
 three sorts, the K amtschadales, the Russians, 
 and Cossacks, and a mixture produced by 
 their intermarriages. The habitations of 
 the natives consist of three different kinds,, 
 v.'hich they call jourts, balagans, and log- 
 houses. They inhabit the first in winter, 
 and the second in summer ; in the third, 
 introduced by the Russians, only the wealthy 
 people reside. The external appearance 
 of a jourt resembles a round, squat hil- 
 lock ; a hole serving for a chimney, win- 
 dow, and door, js left in the centre, and 
 the inhabitants go in and out by the as- 
 sistance of ^ long pole, having notches 
 deep enough to afford a little security 
 for the toe. The upper garment of the 
 Kamtschadales resembles a waggoner^s 
 frock ; if for summer wear, it is made 
 of nankeen ; if for winter, it is made of 
 a skin, having one side tanned, and the 
 hair preserved on the other which is worn 
 innermost; a close jacket of nankeen, or 
 other cotton stuff’, is tlie next under this ; 
 and, beneath that, a shirt made of thin Per- 
 *ian silk, of any colour. They wear long 
 breeches, and boots, made of skins, with the 
 hair innermost. They have also a fur cap, 
 v;ith two flaps, that are usually tied up close 
 to the head, but are let to fall round the 
 shoulders in rough weather. Polygamy, it 
 is said, obtains among them, and there is no 
 less sensuality in their jourts, than in the 
 harems of the east. They are subject to 
 the Prussians, and their trade consists in fur 
 and skins. 
 
 Kamtsehatshoi, Niznei^ or Lower, a town 
 of Siberia, capital of Kamtschaika, stands 
 on the N side of the river Kamtschaika, 20 
 miles from its mouth. It has a citadel, 
 arsenal, and barracks. Lon. 161 50 e, lut. 
 56 30 N. 
 
 Kamtsehatkoiy Verelinei^ or Upper, a 
 town in Kamtschaika, on the river Kamts- 
 chatka, 120 miles sw of Niznei Kamts- 
 chatkoi. Lon. 157 0 e, lat. 53 50 n. 
 
 KANAVfA, or Kanhawa, a mountain- 
 ous county on the western line of Virginia, 
 having the Ohio river cn the nw, and Ken- 
 tucky on the w. The population of this 
 county is 6,015, including 319 slaves. 
 About seven miles from the mouth of Elk 
 river, in this county is a burning spring, ca- 
 pacious enough to hold 40 gallons. 
 
 i^andegheri, a town of the Carnatic, Hie- 
 doostan. Previous to 1640, it was the ca.- 
 pilal of the kingdom of Narsinga, and resi- 
 dence of a Hindoo king, whose dominions 
 comprehended Tanjore and Madura, but a 
 descendant of that prince, who reigned hero 
 permitted the English, at the above period, 
 to form a settlement at Madras. It is 70 
 miles KW of Madras, Lon. 79 24 E, lat. 13 
 40 N. 
 
 Kanem, the capital of an extensive and 
 fertile province of the same name, in Eor? 
 nou, Africa, seated on the Gazel. The 
 inhabitants, raise multitudes of cattle and 
 horses,- It is 150 miles of Bor- 
 
 nou. 
 
 Kanliaway, Great, a river of Virginia, of 
 considerable note for leading towards the 
 head waters of James’ river, 
 
 Kanhaway , Little, a small navigable rwer 
 of Virginia, navigable for 10 miles only, 
 
 Kaniow, a city in the Ukraine, and pals- 
 tinate of Kiof, Poland, stands near tbs 
 Bniepher, 62 miles s by E of Kiof, and 
 109 NE of Braclaw. 
 
 Konisaa, a strong town, capital cf tha 
 county of Saiawar, Lower Hungary, s-^ied 
 on the Drave, 100 miles s by e of Vienna. 
 Lon. 17 40 E, lat, 48 55 n. 
 
 Kan-tcheou, a city and river in the pro- 
 vince of Kiong-si, China, In its district are 
 12 cities of the third class, and the soil pro- 
 duces trees, from whi ch the finest varnish in 
 China distils. It stands on the Kang-kiang, 
 840 miles s of Pekin; Lon. 115 2 e, lat, 
 25 52 N. 
 
 Kao-tcheou, a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Quang-tong China, on a navi» 
 gable river, 36 miles from the sea, and 1,130 
 ssw of Pekin. Here is found a kind of 
 marble, variegated, naturally, with land- 
 scapes, trees, rivers, and mountains: It is 
 cut into leaves, and made into tables. Lon, 
 145 36 E, lat. 21 40 n. 
 
 Kaposwar, a fort of Lower Hungary, 
 whose walls are washed by the Kapos, 55 
 miles w of Tolna. Lon, 18 15 E, lat. 46 
 31 N. 
 
 KAPPAS, a tribe of Illinois Indians, 
 in Louisiana, a little above the Southouis. 
 The country they inhabit, has excellent 
 pasturage. 
 
 Karahissar, See ApJiiom. 
 
 Karasuhazar, a town of Crimea, has a 
 manufacture of leather of the skins of Taarie 
 goats, and trades in candies, soap, hardware, 
 and pottery, seated in a -delightful valley, oh 
 the Ivarasu,-i34 miles W of Caffa. 
 
 KARKCKvrtrr Gauak, in island in the 
 Persian gulf/ nearly in the middle of it, and 
 about 30 leagues from Bussora river, where 
 all the ships bound for that port miust call 
 for pilots. It is about five miles long, and 
 tv/o broad, and subject to tlie shieck of Bun- 
 daiie. Lon. 50 26 e, lat. 29 15 K, 
 
 Karham, See Car ham. 
 
 Karikal, See CaricaL 
 A 2 
 
 
K A T 
 
 Kartcby, Camla, a sea port in E Bothnia, ' 
 owec en, has a trade in siiip building, salt, 
 and hemp ; stands near the mouth of Kar- 
 leby river, on the gulf of Bothnia ; 90 miles 
 
 N by E of Christinestadt. Lon. 22 20 e 
 lat. 63 56 N, ^ 
 
 Karlehy, Ny, a town in E Bothnia, Swe- 
 den, on the Lappojock, six miles from its 
 mouth, and 20 s of Gamla Karleby. 
 
 Mars, a strong town of Turkish Arme- 
 nia, capital of a district, and governed by 
 a pacha ; contains 30,000 inhabitants, and 
 uas the finest castle in Armenia. Is seated 
 on the Arpotcheri, 90 miles w by n of Eri- 
 yan, and 100 ene of Erzerum. Lon. 42 
 c56 E, lat. 40 15 n, 
 
 ^ country, forming the 
 
 three Russian governments of Kassan, Sim- 
 mrsk, and Fenza ; situated on both sides of 
 the Volga, formerly an independent king- 
 dom, belonging to the i^almuos, to whom 
 the dukes qf Moscow, as well as other 
 petty principalities of Russia, were tributary. 
 But in 155^, Ivan Bassiiowitz II. subdued 
 
 lVciS3.p, . 
 
 ^ Masrm capital of a government of Rus- 
 sia, of the same name, and an archbishop-s 
 see, with a strong stone fort, several 
 phurcnes built of stone, and 11 convents, 
 line ot Its suburbs is inhabited by Tar- 
 tars ; it has a manufacture of cloth for 
 the army ; and stands on the rivulet Ka- 
 sanka, at its influx into' the Volga 420 
 miles of Moscow. Lon. 49 8 p, lat.'55 
 
 /Cf7.ynum, a town of the Don Cqssacks, 
 and the first in their territory on the en- 
 trance from Russia. In the centre of its 
 neat wooden houses is a large church with 
 several domes ; caravans are constantly 
 crossing the river, and its shops contain 
 various articles of luxury; 180 miles sse 
 yoronetz, and 190 ?jnw of Tscherkask. 
 Lon. 41 20 E, lat. 49 44 N. , 
 
 KySCHGUR, or Little bukharia, a 
 p untry of Lspec Tartary, commencing on 
 the N and ne of Cashmere, Hindoostan, 
 from which it is separated by the Himmaieh 
 mountains, it extends to 40 n lat. Part 
 ot It is fertile and populous, part of it a 
 sand)' desert, its gold and silver ' mines 
 are ygipcted by the natives, who are solely 
 employed m pasturage. It prodiices' dia- 
 monds and other precious stones. Here 
 are also found the musk animals. Ireken 
 IS now the capital. See Cashyar, which 
 was once the capital. It lies 530 miles ne 
 of Cashmere. 
 
 KASRASKIAS, an Indian nation near 
 rjver of that name, ip the nw Territory.! 
 Three miles northerly of Kaskaskias, is a 
 jiilage of lilmois Indians, of the Kaskaskias 
 tribe. At the lafe peace, the United States 
 granted tiipm a sum of money in hand, and 
 became bound to pay them 500 dollars a- 
 year for ever. ' 
 
 Hataha, a town in Yemen, Arabia, on a 
 
 KE A \ 
 
 in'®I Aden, stands 
 
 T /f o 75 miles n of Aden 
 
 Lon. 44 39 E, lat. i 4 54 K. ‘^aen 
 
 /fatty, a town of the province of Bahrin. 
 Arabia, built of rock salt, seated on the gulf 
 
 I'On:48 
 
 38 E, lat. 27 40 n. 
 
 Kajheuren, a town of Suabia, territory 
 of Kempton,on the Wuttach, 30 miles ssw 
 of Augsburg, and 62 ^ne of Constance. 
 
 Kauga, the capital of a kingdom, of the 
 empire of Borpou, of the same name, stands 
 on an extensive lake, 280 miles s by e of 
 Bornop. Lon. 23 30 e, lat. 15 5Q n. 
 
 Kaukehan, a tovyn of Yemen, Arabia, 
 stonds on an almost inaccessible mountain, 
 20 miles w of Sana. 
 
 Kaunitz, a town and castle of Moravia, 
 seated on a mountain, on the Igla, 11 miles 
 ssw ot Brinn. 
 
 Kaurzim, a circle of Bohemia, and its 
 capital, on a river that runs into the Elbe, 
 n abounds with timber ; 26 miles ese of 
 Prague. 
 
 Kauzaroon, a town of Farsistan, Persia 2 
 m its vicinity are groves of oxanges trees, 
 from ^vhich the bees collect a celebrated 
 honey ; 14 miles to the nw are the ruins of 
 the city of Shapour. Kauzaroon is 60 miles 
 w of Shiras. 
 
 KAYE Island, an island near the w 
 coast pf N America, discovered by Captain 
 Cqok in 1778, 30 miles long and four broad. 
 The NE extremity is a^ elevated naked rock ; 
 the other parts have numerous valiies, filled 
 With pine trees pf moderate size. Lon. 144 
 48 w, lat. 50 56 N, 
 
 Kayser^hery, a town in the department of 
 the Rhine and Mpselle, France, in the elec- 
 torate of Treves, 12 miles ^ of Cobleiitz, 
 and 36 ne of Treves. 
 
 Kaysersechy a town in the department of 
 the Upper Rhine, France, five miles nw of 
 Colmar, and nw of Basil, 
 
 Mayserslautern, a town of Franca, in the 
 department of Mont Tpnnere, palatinate of 
 the Rhine, lately of Germany. It was 
 taken by the French, in 1793; but in the 
 following year they were surprised in the 
 entrenchments, and defeated by the Aus^ 
 trians. It stands on the Luiiter, 28 miles 
 sw of Worms. Lon. 7 50 e, lat. 49 
 27 N, 
 
 KaysersUthl, a town in the countv of Ba- 
 den, Svyisserland, has a castle, and stands on 
 the P..hine, eight miles se of Zurzach. 
 
 Kayserswert, a town in the electorate of 
 Cologne, German)', stands on the Rhine, 
 seven miles nnw of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Kazimiers, a town in the palatinate of 
 Lublin, Poland, has a castle, seateii on a hill, 
 near the Vistula, 30 miles wsw of Lublin. 
 Kazroon, a town in Farsistan, Persia, of 
 
 I con.sifierpble extent, its walls partly in ruins 
 I 70 miles wsw of ^^hiras. 
 
 I ^ Keaduy a town in the county of Armagh 
 ^ Ulster, Ireland, five miles ssw of Armagh. ' 
 
K E I 
 
 Kelhan, a town of Diarbek, Asiatic 
 Turkey, seated at the confluence of the 
 two branches of the Euphrates, has yaliia- 
 ble mines of silver and copper. It is 100 
 milus x\y of Diaibekir. Lon. 38 40 Ey lat. 
 38 45 N. 
 
 Kecho, See Caehao. 
 
 Keddlestoney a village of Derbyshire, fa- 
 mous for its medicinal spring, much fre- 
 quented in summer, and for the elegant seat 
 of the earl of Scarfsdale, three miles wnw of 
 Derby. 
 
 Keene, a post town in New Kampshire. 
 
 It coataius about 1314 inhabitants. It is 14 
 miles from Walpole, 2>5 s by e of Charles- 
 ton, and 95 w by s of Portsmouth. 
 
 Keff, or KeftSy a town in the kingdom of 
 Tunis, seated on a hill, with a citadel, and 
 a plentiful supply of water, 70 miles wsw of 
 
 Tunis. , 
 
 Kef/y a village in Irak, Asiatic TurKey, 
 celebrated for the tomb of the prophet 
 Ezekiel, which is annually visited by a 
 number of Jews. It is 14 miles s of 
 Heileh. 
 
 Kek/y a strong fortress of Suabia, on the 
 Rhine, over which is a bridge at Strasburg, 
 to which city, when imperial, it belonged. 
 It is an important pass between France and 
 Germany. It was taken by the French, in 
 June, 1796; retaken by the Austrians on 
 the 18th of September following, but the 
 French retook it the same day. In 1808, it 
 was ceded to France. 
 
 Kef. See Kidge. 
 
 Keig, a parish in Aberdeenshire, from three 
 to four miles in diameter. It is watered by 
 the river Don, Population about 380 ; 25 
 mifes wxw of Aberdeen. 
 
 Keighleg, a town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, stands near the river Aire, with a 
 market on Wednesday, and manufactures of 
 woollen cloths, cottons, and lindseys ; 12 
 miles x fo Halifax, and 206 w by x of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Keir, a parish in Dumfries-shire, about 
 eight-miles long and three broad. Nearly 
 one-half of the surface is hUly, which is good 
 pasture ; and the arable land makes good re- 
 turns to the skilful farmer. In the parish are 
 several tracts of natural wood, particularly 
 at Barjarg, where is an oak 14 and an-hall 
 feet in circumference at the root, and nearly 
 as much at the height of 30 feet. Near the 
 church, which is' about half way between 
 Dumfries and Sanquhar, is a small village. 
 Foniiiation about 770. 
 
 keithy a parish in Banffshire, which forms 
 nearly a circle of six miles diameter, lying 
 in the district of Strathisla, and contains a 
 large tract of fertile arable land. The Old 
 town of Keith is now much decayed, and 
 contains scarcely 200 inhabitants ; but the 
 New town is a neat flourishing manufac- 
 turing town, with aw^eekly market, and w^ell 
 attended faifs ; and contains above 1000 in- 
 habitants. The chief manuractures are flax- 
 
 K E L 
 
 dressing, spinning, and weaving. The 
 lation of the parish is about 3280. The ce- 
 lebrated astronomer, Jaimes Ferguson, was a. 
 native of this parish. Here are several dra- 
 idical circles. The school is well endowed. 
 
 In the town of Keith are four annual fairs, 
 15 miles sw of Banff. 
 
 Keith-Hall, and Kinkelly an united parish 
 ! in Aberdeenshire, about sis miles long, and 
 live broad, watered by the rivers Don, and 
 Ury. It lies in the district of Gariocli, and 
 is in general hilly and moiintainpus. Po~ 
 pulatioii about 850. Eighteen thousand 
 pairs of stockings are said to be knit here 
 annually. Johnston, the celebrated Latm 
 poet, was born in the parish of Keith-hall X 
 and in the church of Kink ell, is a Latin in« 
 scription on the monument of Scrirngeour, 
 high constable of Dundee, who with many 
 more, fell at the battle of Karlaw, and wa» 
 buried here, 
 
 kelhray a town of Thuringia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, near the river Helm, It is 10 miles s of 
 Stolberg. 
 
 Kelheim, a town and castle of Bavaria, 
 with a Franciscan convent, extensive maga- 
 zines of salt, and a brewery, seated at the 
 junction of the Altmuhl, and Danube 10 
 miles ssw of Ratisbon. 
 
 KellingtoUy a village in Yorkshire. 
 Kellingtony or Callingtony a town in Corn- 
 wall. It has a market on Wednesday, and 
 three annual fairs, and lies 12 miles s of 
 Launceston, 
 
 Kells y a town in the county of West 
 Meath, Leinster, stands on the river Black- 
 water. This was, in ancient times, one of 
 the most noted cities in Ireland, surrounded 
 with walls, and fortified with towers ; had a 
 monastery of regular cannons, and for many 
 ages the see of a bishop. It gives the tstl® 
 of viscount to the family of ColmondiUy, and 
 sent two members to the Irish parliament ; 
 12 miles x by \v of Trim, and 31 xw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Kellsy a parish in the stev."arty of Kirk- 
 cudbriglit. Along the banks of the rivers 
 are many fertile fields ; but the surface is in 
 general hilly and rocky. In the parish sr® 
 seven lakes, abounding with pike. The 
 pulation, including the royal borough of Ne w 
 Galloway, situated in the parish, is about 
 TSO. 
 
 Kelso, a neat and populous town in Rox- 
 burghshire, with a good market on Friday 
 : for corn, and an elegant bridge of six arches 
 over the Tweed, near its confluence With the 
 Tiviot, lately biiilt a little below the site of 
 the former. The abbey, the magnificent 
 ruins of which still remain, was founded by 
 David I. in 1128, for monks of the order 
 called Tyronenses, who enjoyed extensive 
 property and privileges ; the al-bot was mi- 
 tered. The church is an elegant octagonal 
 building.' The environs of this town are 
 highly picturesque and beautiful. The mar- 
 ket place is a handsome oblong ' s(iuare. 
 
K E L 
 
 KEN 
 
 Kelso is governed by a baron-baillie, and 15 
 stentmasters. Besides two annual fairs, 
 July 10, and Oct. 2d. It has nine high or 
 hiring markets. It has a grammar, and an 
 English school, both tolerably endowed ; 
 two subscription libraries, a public dispen- 
 sary, a number of skinners, a tannery, and 
 two printing offices, each of w^hich publish a 
 newspaper, the one twice, the other once a- 
 week. During the border wars, this town 
 was several times burnt by the English. 
 Near it is Fleurs, the noble palace of the 
 duke of Roxburgh ; and on an eminence, on 
 the other side of the Tweed, the ruins of 
 Roxburgh castle. The parish is about four 
 and a-half miles from to s, and nearly as 
 much from e to w. The soil is good, and 
 in a high state of cultivation. Much wheat 
 is raised in this neighbourhood, and the 
 fieeces of the sheep are remarkably fine. 
 Kelso is 23 miles sw of Berwick, and 41 se 
 by s of Edinburgh. Population of the town 
 and parish, in 1811, was 4408. 
 
 Kelton, a parish in the stewartry of 
 Kirkcudbright, about six miles long, and 
 on an average, three in breadth, containing 
 about 0500 acres. The surface is uneven, 
 but mostly arable ; and the soil, though va- 
 rious, is in general fertile. On the road in 
 this parish, from Dumfries to Port-patrick, 
 are the villages of Douglas and Rhonhouse, 
 or Kelton-hill. At the village of Kelton- 
 hili, which is 20 miles w of Dumfries, and 
 seven n of Kirkcudbright, one of the great- 
 est horse fairs in Scotland is held annually, 
 on the 28th of June. The population is 
 above 1900. I'his parish comprehends what 
 formerly constituted those of Kelton, Gels- 
 ton, and Kirkcormock. In the ne end of it 
 is a druidical temple, in another quarter are 
 two circular encampments, and in another 
 place the ruins of a castle, once the property 
 of the earls of Kirkcudbright, An in- 
 scription on a grave stone in Kirkcor- 
 mock church imports, that McLellan, 
 lord Kirkcudbright, W'ho was put to death 
 by Douglas, in contempt of an order from 
 king J ames IV . to release him, was buried 
 there. 
 
 Kdhfy a village in Kinross-shire, in the 
 parish of Cieish, on the road from Edinburgh 
 to Perth, s of Kinross. 
 
 Keiviriy a river which has its rise in the 
 parish of Kilsyth, in Stirlingshire, and after 
 a circuitous ooitrse, fails into the Clyde at 
 the village of Govaii. In passing through 
 the parish of East Kilpatrick, it tl ows un- 
 der the aqueduct bridge of the great canal, 
 which is 350 feet in length, 57 feet broad, 
 and 57 feet from the top of the parapet to 
 the surface of the water of the river. It I 
 stands upon four arches, each 50 feet wide, I 
 and 37 high. 
 
 AWreduu, a town in Essex, three miles from ! 
 Wit ham, and 13 swof Colchester. Some call j 
 it Kildane, and assert that the famous 
 slaughter of the Danes commenced liere. j 
 
 Kelts all, or Kelat, a town in Meckran 
 , Persia, the chief place of the Baiouches sur- 
 rounded by a mud wall, seated on the Nehink. 
 The khan’s palace stands on a high hill • 
 the bazar is well supplied, and the trade 
 considerable, 350 miles ke of Ridire. Ton 
 65 57 E, lat. 29 6 n. 
 
 Kemhack, a parish in Fifeshire, extend- 
 jng m length about four miles, its greatest 
 breadth from n to s being about one mile 
 It contains 1850 acres. Coal, limestone, 
 and freestone, abound in the parish. Popu- 
 lation above 620. ^ 
 
 Kem i, or Kiemi, See Kimu 
 
 Kemrnoo, capital of a territory in Ne- 
 groland, lying to the w of Bambara, 340 
 miles w of Sego. Lon. 7 46 w, lat. 14 
 15 N. 
 
 Kemnat, a town of the palatinate of Ba- 
 vana, 15 miles ese of Bayreuth, and 26 n 
 of Amberg. 
 
 Kemncuj, a parish in Aberdeenshire, four 
 miles and a-haii long, and three broad, wa- 
 tered by the river Don, on the banks of which 
 are several haughs of a line rich loam* Po- 
 pulation is 583. 
 
 Kempten, a town of Suabia, seated on 
 the river Iller, with a late magnificent ab- 
 bey of the Benedictines, has an extensive 
 trade in linen. It is 45 miles w by s of 
 Augsburg. 
 
 Ken, or Kan, a river in Westmoreland, 
 which washes Kendal, and enters More- 
 cambe bay. A cataract near its mouth 
 obstructs its navigation. 
 
 Ken, a river, which descending from the 
 mountains in the n of Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 flows in a southerly direction to the town 
 of New Galloway, below which it expands 
 into a fine lake, about four miles long and 
 one broad, and then unites with the river 
 Dee. 
 
 Kendrick^s Island, an island of N Ame- 
 rica, which forms the w side of Nootka 
 Sound. 
 
 Kendal, or Kirbyin Kemdale, a large 
 handsome town in Westmoreland, seated on 
 the Ken, over which are two stone bridges, 
 and one of wood leading to the casile, which 
 is now in ruins. It is governed by a mayor, 
 has a splendid church, and a free school en- 
 dowed with some exhibitions to -Queen's 
 college in Oxford. East of the river are 
 the remains of a castle, in which Catherine 
 Parr, sixth wife of Henry VIII. was born. 
 In the manor of Kentmire was born tiie 
 celebrated Bernard Gilpin. It has been 
 long noted for its woollen manufactories ; 
 particularly knit stockings, a thick stuff 
 called cottons, and linsey-woolsey. There 
 is also a consider;»ble tannery, and mills for 
 scouring, fulling, and frizing cloth ; and for 
 cutting and rasping dying-wcx)d ; has manu- 
 factures of fish hooks, wool, cards, and gun- 
 powder, and seven trading companies, who 
 Ikjv' e ich a hall. From this town a cancfl 
 proceeds to Lancaster. It has a large 
 
KE 51 
 
 market on Saturday, and three aiinu^ ' 
 tair**. The population in 1801, v^as 689 c, j 
 and' in 1811, T505. It is 4(i miles s of , 
 Carlisle, aud 262 nnw of London. Lon. 2 | 
 6% w, lat. 54 15 N. 
 
 Kene, or Caana, a town ox Egj’pt, seated 
 on the Nile, has a manufacture of hlack 
 earthen ware. Here the caravans assemble 
 their journey to Coseir, 280 miles s oi 
 
 in 
 
 Cairo. Lon. 32 2 E, iat. 23 2 N. 
 
 Kengis, a village of W Bothnia, Sweden, 
 celebra edfor its^iron forge, whmh is the 
 last to the n. It stands on the lornea, a 
 little above its junction with the Muonis, 
 90 miles n by \v of Tornea. ^ 
 
 Kenilworth, corruptly called lulhng- 
 tcorth, a town in Warwickshire, sitnmed on 
 the sw side of Coventry ; With a maiicet on 
 Wednesday. It is. 95 miles NW of London. 
 Here \Ya5 a famous castle, the ruins ol 
 which form one of the most picturesque ob- 
 jects in the kingdom. 
 
 Kenmare, a river and town cf Ireland, 
 in Kerry, Munster. It is 28 miles sse of 
 Tralee, and 46 w oi Cork, and 155 sw ol 
 Dublin. 
 
 Kenmore, a prurish and village in Perth- 
 shire. The parish, which lies on both sides 
 of Loch Tay, is eight miles in length, and 
 .'sCven in breadth. The surface is rnoun- 
 taiijons; and on the banks of the lake it is 
 a rich deep loam. The village of Ken- 
 more is neatly built, and pleasantly situated 
 on a headland, which {rejects into the e 
 end of loch Tay, s side of the river Tay, 
 of its efflux from the lake ; here is a hand- 
 some bridge of five arches over the Tay, 
 and in the vicinity three large conc{3ntr{c 
 druidical circles. Taymouih about two 
 miles from the village is the elegant seat of 
 the earl of Brearialbane, celebrated by 
 Burns the poet. The population is about 
 3346, 40 miles Kw of Perth. 
 
 Kenmore, a venerable castle near New 
 Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire, .seated at 
 the influx of the Ken, into the lake of that 
 name. This structure is said to have been 
 the re.sidence of the Gela si Reguli, or go- 
 vernors of Galloway, and afterwards of the 
 Baliols. It is the seat of the family of Gor- 
 don of Kenmore, formerly Viscounts by 
 that title. 
 
 Kenneheck, a river of the United States, 
 in the district cf Maine, wdiich fails imo the 
 Atlantic ocean, between the bays of Ca.sco 
 aud Penobscot. The head of its navigable 
 waters i.s a bason fit for the anchoring of 
 vessels, 46 miles from the sea. 
 
 Kennet, a river of England, which min- 
 gles with the Thames at Heading. From 
 this river, at Newbury, is a canal to the 
 Avon, at Bath. 
 
 Kennethmont, a pari.sh in Aberdeenshire, 
 about six miles long and three broad, con- 
 taining 6500 Scots acres. Population is 
 about 800. In this parish are found mar- 
 ble, freestone, marl, and limestone. Many 
 ol the inhabitants are employed in spinning 
 
 KEN 
 
 and knitting. At Kirkhiil, is an annual 
 fair in October for cattle, timber, cfec. and 
 on a green, that surrounds the ruins of an 
 old church, called Christ’s Kirk, one was 
 annually held on a certain night in May, 
 till about the middle o.f the 1 8th century. 
 This singular fair is, with probability, con- 
 jeciured to have given birth to the fa- 
 mous ballad called Christ’s Kirk on the 
 green » 
 
 Kennet-Pans, a village in the county and 
 parish of Clackmannan, on the banks of 
 the Forth, wdiere are an extensive distillery 
 and a coal work, about two miles below 
 Alloa. 
 
 Kenningion, a village in Surry, one of 
 ■ the precincts of Lambeth, had formerly a 
 I royal palace. Kenningion common is the 
 I usM.al place of execution for the ccimtyc of 
 Surry. 
 
 Kennoway, a town and parish in Fife- 
 shire. The parish is three miles long and 
 three broad. The soil which is all arable, 
 is generally good and fertile. The popu- 
 lation is about 1466, of whom the town 
 contained above 600, mo.si of whom are em- 
 ployed in the linen manufacture. 
 
 Kensington, a village of Middlesex, two 
 miles w of London. Here i.s a royal palace, 
 formerly a seat of the lord chancellor Finch, 
 and purchased of that nobleman, by Wil- 
 liam HI. and extensive gardens, to which 
 have been added upwards of 350 acres taken 
 from Hyde Park. These gardens are now 
 a fashionable promenade. This has not 
 been a royal residence daring the present 
 reign. 
 
 KENT, a county of England, bounded 
 on the w by Surry ; on the n by the 
 Thames ; on the e and se by the German 
 ocean and the straits of Dover ; and on the 
 s by Sussex and the English channel. From 
 E to w, it is about 58 miles, and from n to 
 s about 36. It is divided into live lathes, 62 
 hundreds. It contains two cities, 28 mar- 
 ; ket towns, 405 parishes, and in 1801, 
 j 51,885 houses, and 307,624 inhabitants, and 
 I in 1811, 373,095. In the soil and face of 
 ! the country, there is great diversity. The 
 I banks of the Thames are marshy, but back- 
 ed by a range of chalky eminences, some- 
 times rising to a moderate height. The 
 chalky soil extends to the ne extremity of 
 the county, and thence round to Dover^ 
 where it ri es into the lofty white cliffs, 
 wdiich produce that striking appearance at 
 sea, which give it the name of Albion.* 
 
 ; The s part of Kent, called the Weald, is a 
 ! flat, woody tract of a clayey soil. The 
 j mid-land and western districts are a happy 
 I mixture of hill and vale, arable and pasture, 
 
 I This county produces, besides the u' ual ob- 
 { jeets of agriculture, large ■ qua.ntitif s of 
 hops ; fruit of various kinds, especially cher- 
 ries and apples; madder for dying ; timber, 
 <fec. The conn'ry inland from Dover, con- 
 sisting chiefly of open downs, is excellent 
 for the feeding 91 sheep and many are rear* 
 
KEN 
 
 K E R 
 
 05 i\ of an extraordinary size in Romney 
 inarsb. The principal rivers, besides the 
 Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, 
 Cray, and Rother. The cities of Kent are 
 Canterbury and Rochester, l)ut Maidstone 
 is the county town. It sends 18 m(3nihers 
 to parliament. This county vtas a king- 
 dom in the time of the Saxon heptarchy ; 
 it obtained favourable terms from William 
 
 of Normandy, even after he had won the 
 battle of Hastings, and has some peculiar 
 custom ; one of the most remarkable is 
 gavel^kind, by which a personas landed pro- 
 perty descends equally to each of his sons. 
 It gives the title of duke to his majesty^s 
 fourth son, Prince Edward. 
 
 Kentaiffe^ Mounts a ridge of mountains 
 In the s of Thibet, bordering on Hindoo- 
 stan Proper, on the w side of this ri'%e rise 
 the two heads of the Ganges, and the Bur- 
 rampooter issues from its e side. 
 
 Kentish Toimi, in Middlesex, near Hamp- 
 stead, three miles n of London. 
 
 KENTUCKY, one of the United States 
 of N America, lying betxveen 81 and 89 w 
 Ion. and 31 39 n lat. which formerly made 
 a part of Virginia, but was erected into an 
 Independant state in 1T82. It is about 2-50 
 miles in length, and from 30 to 190 in 
 breadth; divided into H counues as fol- 
 lows .’‘—-Jeuerson, Fayette, Bourbon, Mer- 
 eer, Nelson, Maddison, Lincoln, Wood- 
 ford, Mason, Washington, Clarke, Scott, 
 Logan, and Franklin. The legislative 
 powder, according to the constitiitiou formed 
 and adopted in 1792, is vested in a general 
 assembly, consisting of a senate and house 
 of representatives ; the supreme e?:ecutive 
 In a governor; the judiciary in the supreme 
 court of appeals and such inferior courts as 
 the legislature may establish. In 1802, the 
 aomber of inhabitants was estimated at j 
 250,000, including slaves, and in 1810, j 
 406,511. The principal rivers are the Ohio, | 
 the Kentucky, the Licking river, the Red j 
 liver, the Elkhorn, Dick^s river. Green I 
 river, Cumberland river, and the Great | 
 Kanhaway, or New river. These fiOW into j 
 the Ohio, and are all naviagable for boats ! 
 almost to their sources. The country is | 
 generally level, and abounding with lime- | 
 stone. In the centre the soil is amazingly | 
 fertile, to the e and w it is mountainous j 
 and the s is principally composed of the bar- 
 rens, a sterile country destitute oi winter. 
 This country is more temperate and heal- 
 thy than the other settled parts ol America. 
 The country, in general, may be considered 
 as well timbered.' Those which are pecu- j 
 liar to Kentucky are the sugar-tree, the cof | 
 fee- tree, the papwa-tree, tne cucumber- j 
 tree, the black n ml berry-tree, the wild cher- j 
 ry-tree, the buck eye-tree, the honey -locust ; i 
 and several other kinds of trees not com- , 
 mon elsewhere. There is great plenty of jj 
 fine cane, on which the cattiC feed, and i 
 grow fat. Where no cane grows, tluTe i> . 
 abundance of wild rye, clover, and buffalo 
 
 grass, eovcriag vast tracts of the oountrj? 
 ana afibrding excellent food for cattle. 
 Iron-ore and lead are found in abundance. 
 The wesiern waters produce plenty of fisb 
 and fovvl. The fish, common to the Ohio, 
 are the buffitlo-fish, of a large size, and cat- 
 fish, sometimes exceeding lOOibs weight, 
 Trout have been taken in Kentucky, weigh- 
 ing301bs. weight. The mullet, rock, perch, 
 garfish, and eel, are found in plenty. 
 Suckers, sun-lisb, and o'thers, are abundant. 
 There is a variety of fowls, among w^bom is 
 the great owl, paroquet, ckc. Serpents 
 not numerous. Among the native animals 
 is the buffalo, which sometimes weighs 
 lOOOlbs weight, supplying the inhabitants 
 ill many parts with beef, and whose hide 
 makes good leather. There are still to be 
 found many deer, elks, bears, panthers, wild 
 cats, and wolves. Most of the species of 
 the domestic quadrupeds have been intro- 
 duced since the settlement, such as horses, 
 cows, sheep, and hogs. Many large caves 
 are foufid in this country, in some of which 
 one may travel several milos under a fine 
 lime-stone rock, supfiorted by curious arches 
 and pillars; in most of them runs a stream 
 of water. Frankfort is the capital. 
 
 Kenhieki/, a river of North America^ 
 which rises with three heads in the Laurel 
 mountains, and after a xw course of 200 
 miles falls into the Ohio, in lat. 38 20 x. 
 It is navigable 150 miles. Its banks may 
 rather be called precipices, for almost every 
 where, they consist of three of 40*0 feet of a 
 vsolid perpeudicular lime-stone rock ; ia 
 some part s of a white marble, curiously arch- 
 ed, and pillared, or blocked into tine bail- 
 ing stones. 
 
 Kenizingen, a town of the Brisgaw, Swa- 
 bia, on the ELz, 13 miles xxw of Fri- 
 burg. 
 
 kerhela* See Mesclied Hossein. 
 
 Kerera^ or Kerrera^ an island in the Sound 
 of Mull, about one mile from the mainland 
 of Argylshire, and included in the parish of 
 Kilbride. It is four miles long, and two 
 broad, and possesses two good harbours 
 King Alexander II. when on an expedition 
 against (he Danes, was taken ill and died 
 on this island, July 8lh, 1249. 
 
 Kerguelen’s Land, an island in the Sou- 
 thern ocean, visited by Captain Cook, in 
 1776, which, from its sterility, has been cal- 
 led the Island of Desolation; hut^ Captain 
 Cook was unwilling to rob Mr. Kerguelen 
 of the honour of its bearing his name. On 
 the XE coast is Christmas Harbour, in which 
 is sate anchorage, Lon. 69 4 E, lat. 48 
 41 s. 
 
 Kerkem. See Qiierquini, 
 
 Kerkisia, a town of Diarbeki, Asiatic 
 Turkey , seated at the junction of the Kahour 
 with the Euphrates; 90 miles se of Raca, 
 105 xw of Anak. 
 
 KERKOLANG, an island of Asia, in 
 the Indian ocean, between 80 and 100 miles 
 in circumference, and in general, of very 
 
^ood height. The face of the country isi 
 composed of steep hills and extensive valleys. 
 
 The houses stand on posts, and appear to be 
 well built, and neatly thatched. The inha- 
 bitants are Malays. Their clothing, in ge- 
 neral, is made of a coarse kind of calico. 
 
 They are a mild and quiet people ; and put 
 coiiiidence ki strangers. Lon. 4 28 n, lat. 
 
 126 31 E. 
 
 Kprkouk, the capital of a territory, and 
 residence of a pacha, in Kurdistan ; seated 
 on an eminence, which is nearly perpendi- 
 £!ular on all sides, with an extensive suburb, 
 and mud wall. The surface rises into hills, 
 and on the n, in a pass through a range of 
 
 r. ocky mountains, are a number of springs, 
 which yield an inexhaustible supply of naph- 
 tha, 135 miles sse of Betlis.' Lon. 44 58 E, 
 lat. 35 29 N. 
 
 KERMAN, a province on the gulf of 
 Persia. The inhabitants trade mostly in 
 wool. On the n it is barren, but toward the 
 
 s, the land is fertile. It has a capital of the 
 same name, ^ut sometimes called Sirgan. 
 
 In the civil wars, in 1T94, it was plundered 
 and destroyed. The ancient city is in a 
 ruinous state. It stands on the w side of an 
 extensive ^lain, and is celebrated for the 
 beauty of its carpets, shawls, and stuffs ; 180 Dresden 
 
 extreme 
 
 of the numerous antiquities in its vicinity, 
 its ruins are still interesting. The church 
 was erected in T57. It is 12 miles nw of 
 Taman. 
 
 Keschinij a sea port in Hadramaut, Arabia 
 Felix, 80 miles e of Shibam. Lon. 50 50 e, 
 lat. 15 23 N. 
 
 Kesh, or SehZy a town of Bokaria, Usbeo 
 Tartary, formerly the summer residence of 
 Timur; who, in 13T9, built a new palace, 
 and walled the town, 35 miles s by xv of 
 Samarcand. 
 
 Kesroan, a chain of mountains on the 
 coast of Syria, w^hich make a part of mount 
 Libanus. It is one of the most pleasant 
 countries in the east, as well on account of 
 the goodness of the air, as the excellence Of 
 the corn, fruits, and all the necessaries of 
 life. 
 
 Kessel, a town in the late Prussian Guel* 
 deriand, Netherlands, stands on the Maese, 
 with a handsome castle, seven miles n of 
 Ruremande. Lat. 51 16 n. Ion. 5 49 e. 
 
 Kesseldorf, a village of Upper Saxony, 
 where the king of Prussia obtained a victory 
 over the Saxons in 1745, seven miles w of 
 
 miles NNE of Gombron. Lon. 56 45 e, lat. 
 29 30 N. 
 
 Kerpen, a town in the department of the 
 Roer, France, lately of Germany, in the du- 1 
 chy of .Tuliers, seated on the Erft, with a 
 -coilegiate church, 14 miles sse of Juliers. 
 Lon. 6 56 e, lat. 50 5 n. 
 
 KEPiRY, a county in the province of 
 Munster, bounded on the w by the Atlantic 
 ocean, on the n by the Shannon, which 
 separates it from Clare, on the e by the 
 counties of Limerick and Cork, and on the 
 s by a part of Cork and the ocean. It is 57 
 miles long, and 45 broad, being, as to ex- 
 tent, the second in the province ; but rjfot- 
 witbstanding its fme harbours, it is, in respect 
 zo number of inhabitants and culture, infe- 
 rior to many smaller counties. In the s it 
 ;s. plain and fertile, but in the n it is full 
 of high mountains. Iron ore is to be had 
 in most of the southern baronies, and here 
 are several spas or medicinal springs. The 
 principal rivers are the Blackwater, Feal, 
 Gale and Brick, Cashin Mang, Lea, Fiesk, 
 Laune, Carrin, Fartbin, Finny, and Roughty, 
 and the principal lake is the celebrated 
 one of Killarney. Kerry contains 84 pa- 
 rishes, and about 107,000 inhabitants ; and 
 sends four members to parliament. Graz- 
 ing and the dairy are the principal objects 
 of rural attention. Kerry cyder is highly 
 prized. The- county town is Ardfert, 
 but a more considerable one is Dingle, on 
 a bay of the same name. Tralee is the 
 capital. 
 
 KertchySi sien. port on the site of the anci- 
 ent Pantienpeum, on the strait of Taman, in 
 ihe Crimea. It was once of great iinpor 
 
 IG 
 
 Kesteven, one of the three divisions of 
 Lincolnshire, containing the western part of 
 the county, from the middle to the south- 
 ern extremity. It possesses variety of soil ; 
 but, on the whole, is a fertile country. Part 
 of the fens of Lincoinsliire are in this dis~ 
 triet, 
 
 Keswick, a small, neod, and well built 
 town in Cumberland, pleasantly situated in 
 a beautiful and extensive vale, intersected 
 by the Derwent, which here spreads' into t'tie 
 two spacious lakes of Keswick and Basing- 
 thwaite. This vale, which is one of tl.'e 
 most romantic and charming in Britain, at- 
 tracts the attention of the admirers of natur 
 w’ho find excellent accommodation at Kes- 
 wick. Keswick is surrounded with moun- 
 tains that ^are full of mines and minerals ; 
 on the N is the lofty Skiddaw^, one of the 
 most distinguished miountains in England. 
 Keswick has a manufacture of duffels, flan- 
 nels, efee. It lies near the rapid little river 
 Greeta, and has a market on Saturday ; 25 
 miles Nw of Kendal, ami 291 nnw of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Kettering, a market town in Northami> 
 tonshire. Near 2000 hands are said to be 
 employed here in the manufactories of shal- 
 loons, tammies, serges, jmd lace. Here 
 are a soesioh iiouse, an hospital, and a cha- 
 rity school for 20 girls, v/iio ai-e caipioyed 
 in spinning. It hris a market on Satur- 
 day, and three a-nnual fairs, and is 12 
 miles MK of Nor;hamptoii, and 75 nw of 
 London. 
 
 Ketteriii Lock, or Loch Ketterin, a lake m 
 the sw’ part of Perthshire, the SE extremity 
 of w’hich is about 12 miles w of Cailendar; 
 
 B 
 
 lb 
 
S H I 
 
 K I A 
 
 about eight miles long, and one broad, si- 
 tuated amidst rugged and romantic scenery, 
 and abounding with excellent fish. 
 
 KettinSf a parish in Forfarshire, about 
 four miles in length, and three in breadth, 
 lying on the n eide of the Sidiaw hills, 14 
 miles Nw from Dundee. In the parish are 
 the ruins of six chapehs; and in the district 
 are seven villages. Coarse linen is manu- 
 factured by the inhabitants. Population 
 about 1200. 
 
 Kettle^ox King^s Kettle y a parish and vil- 
 lage in Fifeshire, lying nearly in the 
 centre of the county. The parish com- 
 prehends a surface of rather more than 
 nine square miles. It is watered by the 
 Eden, the banks of which are of an excel- 
 lent carse soil. The village of Kettle 
 stands on the s banks of the Eden, and con- 
 tains <5, or 600 inhabitants, is a thriving 
 place, and from its situation, wdtk a com- 
 mand of coal, lime, and iron stone, is well 
 adapted for manufactures. Population near 
 1900, 
 
 Keuschherg, or Kiade^ a town of Mis- 
 Bia, Upper Saxony, six miles sb of Mers- 
 burg. i 
 
 Kem, a village of Surry, on the Thames, | 
 opposite Old Brentford. Here the late Mr. I 
 Morlmeux, secretary to the late king, when , 
 prince ol^ Wales, had a fine seat on the 
 green ; this afterwards became the residence | 
 of the late prince and princess of VvVies, j 
 who greatly improved the house and gardens, | 
 and is now occupied by his present majesty, j 
 who has enlarged the gardens, and forined a 
 jiinclioo with them and Richmond gardens. 
 In 1758, across the Thames to Kew green, 
 a bridge was built of IJ arches. The cen- 
 tre CcFcb is 5Q feet wide, and the road over 
 the bridge 30. 
 
 Rexholmy a fortified town of Russia, : 
 in the government of Wiburg, province of i 
 the same name, in conquered Carelia, situat- } 
 ed on two islands, nnd defended by a casde, i 
 near which the river Woxen falls into the I 
 Ladoga lake. The houses are of wood. | 
 It js subject to Rii.ssia, and lies 60 miles kb 
 of Wiburg, and 67 n of Petersburgh. Lon. 
 
 30 25 K, iat. 61 3 N. : 
 
 KEXHOLM, a province of Finland Ca- ■ 
 xelia in Sweden, the e pan of which is sub- ; 
 ject to Russia, and the w to Sweden. See 
 Wiburg. 
 
 Keynshain. a town in Somersetshire, seat- . I 
 ed on the Chew, at its junction with the ! 
 Avon, is a great thorough (are in the lower i 
 road between Bath and Bristol. It has a I 
 trade in malt, a large ohurcii, a charity | 
 school, a bridge of 15 arches over the Avon, j 
 a market on Thursday, and fairs March 24, 1 
 and August J5; five miles se of Bristol, 
 and 114 w of London. 
 
 ^ KHARKOF, a government of the Rus- 
 sian empire. Its capitcil of the same name 
 is situated on the river Uda. 
 
 Khiva J capit<^l of the country of Charasni , 
 
 surrounded by a strong wall of earth, vtitb 
 ‘urrets at a small distance, three gates, and 
 a ditch full of water ; stands amidst fertile 
 plains, on a rising ground ; the houses are 
 built v/ith mud, and have fiat roofs ; 21Q 
 miles NW of Bokhara. Lon. 59 20 e, lat* 
 40 50 N. 
 
 Khoiy a town in Aderbijan, Per.sia, with 
 towers on its walls wh'ch present a triangu- 
 lar front, seated in a r.ob and beautiful 
 I plain, pn the Otour ; has 20 mosques, and 
 , about 50,000 inhabitants, mostly Armenians ; 
 1 85 miles wnw of Tabriz. Lon. 45 12 e, 
 lat 38 30 N. 
 
 I Khonsavy a town in Irak, Persia, in a fer- 
 I ’''■‘illey, between two ranges of rocky 
 hills, SO miles nw of Ispahan. 
 
 Khcrremabad^ See Kcrumabad, 
 
 Ehowavy a town in Irak, Persia, in a pass 
 of the Albores mouniains, called the strait 
 of Khowar ; 60 miles se of Teheran, 
 j Khum, See Kom. 
 
 Kia-kingy a city of the first rank, in thev 
 province ol Tehe kiang, China; the streets 
 are furnished with beautiful piciZzas ; both 
 . in the city and suburbs are many triumphal 
 arches, and several marble towers on tbe> 
 sides of a canal, to the w of the city. 
 There is scarcely a hou.se that does not 
 breed silk worms ; 590 miles sse of Peking* 
 Lon. 120 J4 E, lat. 3») 50 n. 
 
 Kiakla, a town in the govrrnment of Ir- 
 kutsk on tho frontiers of Chinese Tartary, 
 Siberia, has a trade in fur, and is the mart 
 of the Chinese aud Russian commerce. It 
 is seated on a small river, near its junc- 
 tion with the Soleiiga ; 75 miles ssw of 
 Selenginsk. Lon. 106 30 e, lat. 50 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Kiangariy a town in Natolia, Asiatic 
 Turkey, chief place of a sangiacat, has a 
 castle on a rock, 130 miles e of Bursa. 
 Lon. 34 17 e, lat. 39 56 N. 
 
 KTANG-NAN, a province of China. It 
 is of vast extent, and contains 14 cities of 
 the first rank, and 93 of the second and 
 third, whieh are very populous, and of the 
 gr>e.atest note for trade in the empire. 
 It is full of lake.', rivers, and canals; and 
 their .silks, japanned goods, ink, and paper, 
 are in high esteem. In the city of Chau- 
 glii alone, there are 200,000 weavers of 
 plain cottons aud muslins. Nan-king is 
 the c‘)pital. 
 
 Kiang-7iiii. See Nan-king, 
 
 KIANG-SI, a province of China. The 
 mountains to the s are almost inaccessible, 
 but there are fine valleys among (hem, wiihcli 
 are well cultivated. The K part contains the 
 great Po yang lake, and some extensive mo- 
 rass.'s. It contains 13 cities of the first 
 rank, and 78 of the second and third. It is 
 watered by brooks, lakes, and rivers, which 
 abound with fish; and there are mines of 
 gold, silver, lead, iron, and tin. The arrack 
 here is excellent, but it is more particularly 
 noted for its fine porcelain, which is made 
 
 I 
 
K I E 
 
 K I L 
 
 at ICiang-Teohiug. Nan-Tchatig is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 Kian-ku, the largest river of Asia ; has 
 its source on the borders of Thibet, runs 
 E to the confines of Tartary, then takes its 
 course through Lower Thibet into China, 
 entering the province of Yuonaa, where it 
 turns to the e, and crossing the provinces oi 
 Se-tchuen, Hou^quang, and Kiarj^-nan falls 
 into the eastern ocean, opposite the island of 
 Tsong^ining, after having run about ‘^200 
 miles. Near its source, the Eleuths call it 
 Porticho, or Petchow. At the place where 
 it bends to the s, it is on the opposite side oi 
 the mountains, in which the Ho;in-lio takes 
 it rises. Afterwards these two great rivers 
 part to the distance of 1000 iniies ; yet 
 where they discharge themselves into the 
 sea they are only about iOO miles distant 
 from each other. 
 
 Kihurg, a town of Switzerland, in the can- 
 ton of Zurich, with a castle, on the Keoff. 
 14 miles ens of Zurich, and 15 se of Schaff- 
 hausen. 
 
 Kidderminster, a towm in Worcestershire. 
 
 Holstein, and greatly benefited by the cydet 
 canal to Rendsburg. Here are a castle and 
 university ; 3T miles nw of Lubeck, and 46 
 N by E of Hamburgh. Lon. lO 16 e, lat. 
 54 21 N. 
 
 Kien-tchang, a city of the first rank in the 
 province of Kiang-si, China, stands in a 
 fertile country, 340 miles ssw of Nan-king. 
 Lon. 1 16 35 E, lat. 27 35 N. 
 
 Kien-ning, a city of the first rank in the 
 province of Fo-kien, China. When China 
 was subdued by the Tartars, it sustained two 
 sieges, in the last of which it was taken, and 
 all the inhabitants were put to the sword. 
 It was afterw'ard re-established, by the Tar- 
 tars. It is seated cn the Minbu, and is a 
 place of considerable trade. It is 780 miles 
 s of Peking Lou. 117 2 e, lat. 27 5 n. 
 
 Kieou»kiang, a city of the first rank in the 
 province of Kiang-si, China, situated on the 
 Kiaiik'u, immediately above the influx of 
 the Poyaiig-hou. It is the rendezvous of 
 all the vessels that trade in this, and the 
 neighbouring provinces 250 miles sw of 
 Nan-king. Lon. 116 0 E, lat. 29 54 
 
 It consists of about 1200 houses, pretty com- 
 pactly built, with &038 inhabuants in 1811. 
 The streets are well paved, and the pri icipal 
 sewers are carried under ground. It has 
 been long noted for its various manufac- 
 tures, broad cloth, linsey woolsey, wool'en 
 worsied tammies crapes, jbombazeens, and 
 poplins ; and particularly for carpets, being 
 accounted the first market in England .or 
 pile or plush carpets. It has a market on 
 Thursday, and four annual fairs. The Staf- 
 fordshire and Worcestershire canal passes 
 through this place. It is seated on the 
 Stour. The celebrated Mr Richard Baxter 
 was many years minister here. It has a 
 charity school, and two good tree-schools, 
 and a town-hall. It is governed by a bai- j 
 Viff, 12 capital burgesses, and 24 common i 
 council-men; 14 miles se of Bridgenorth, 
 and |26 nw of London. 
 
 Kidgey or Kej, the capital of the province 
 of Meoran, Persia, with a fort on a preci- 
 pice, on the right bank of the Nehink. In 
 the vicinity, the country is flat, and produ- 
 ces a great quantity of dates. It is about 
 320 miles se of Kerman. Lon. 60 55 e, 
 lat. 26 25 N. 
 
 Kidwehjy a town in Casrmarthenshire, on 
 a creek of the Bristol channel, governed by 
 a mayor, with a market on Tuesday. It 
 has a canal to its coallieries, also an iron 
 founder}', and a tin mill ; on the opposite 
 bank of the creek, where the old town once 
 stood, is the ruin of a castle. It is eigbi 
 miles s of Caermartheu, a.id 226 w by n of 
 London. 
 
 Kief, See Kiof, 
 
 Kiel, a city of Holstein, the residence of 
 the duke of Holstein Gottorp, to whom this 
 city, and one half of Holstein belongs. It 
 is situated oii a bay of the Baltic, and has {'; 
 good harbour for ships ot the largest size 
 and is one of nhe most commercial places in 
 
 N. 
 
 KilhogiCy a village in the parish of Clack- 
 raaiiiian, possessing a harbour on the Frith 
 of Forth. Here is an extensive distillery, 
 which, previous to 1788, consumed annually, 
 60,000 boils of corn, distilled 3000 tons of 
 spirits, fattened 7000 black cattle, and 2000 
 swine, and employed 300 hands. 
 
 liilbarohaU: a parish and village in Ren- 
 frewshire. I'he length of the parish is about 
 nine miles, the breadth from three to five. 
 The surface and soil toward the e, are fiat 
 and loamy, in the middle a deep rich clay^, 
 and towards the w, rocky, A moss, from 
 seven to nine feet deep, covers about 500 
 acres. Great attention is paid to agricul^ 
 
 ! ture. The village is regularly built of iree- 
 I stone, on the nw side of Loch Winnoch, 
 about four miles w of Paisley, and contcdns 
 about 2000 inhabitants, who are chiefly 
 w'eavers, manufacturers and bleachers. 
 
 Kilbeggan, a borough of West Meath, Ire- 
 land, on ttie Bosna, 14 miles E of Athlohe, 
 and 42 w of Dublin. 
 
 Kilbirwjy a parish and village in Ayrshire. 
 Of the land, about iwo-thirds is a rich and 
 fertile soil. The village is chiefly inhabi- 
 ted by silk manufacturers, about eight 
 miles N of Irvine. Population near about 
 960. Kilbirny castle, the property of the 
 earl of C:awtord, surrounded by ■fine gar- 
 dens, parks, and policies, is fast going to 
 decay. In the pafish is a lake, two mile^ 
 
 , long, and near one broad. 
 
 Kilbrandon, a pc.rish in Argylshire, which 
 with that of Kilchattan united, comprehends 
 1 part of the mainland of Lorn, opposite the 
 1 Sound of Mull, and the five islands of Lu- 
 ing, Sell, Shun, Forse, and Easdale, and 
 extendi* altogether about 10 miles m length, 
 and six in breanih, including the Sounds be* 
 twixt the islands. Population about 2300 ; 
 which has increased greatly during the last 
 i B % 
 
. K I L 
 
 et!»tury, by'meaus of the valuable Easdale 
 slate quarries. 
 
 Kilbride, a parish in the county of Bute, 
 and E side of the isle of Arran, about 14 
 miles long and nine broad. The surface is 
 uneven, and the soil, though tolerable, is in 
 general hard and' stony. Poculation near 
 2200. 
 
 Kilbride, in Argylshire. See Kilmore. 
 
 Kilbride, East, a parish in Lanarkshire, to 
 which that of Torrance is united, and which 
 together, extend about 10 miles in length 
 from N to s, and troau two to five in breadth. 
 The arable soil, about four fifths of the 
 whole, is chie% a cold wet clay ; but pro- 
 duces tolerable crops of oats. Lime, iron- 
 stone, and coal abound. The village of 
 Kilbride is noted for its cotton ma- 
 nufactures. Many petrifactions are found 
 in this parish. The celebrated Dr. William 
 Hunter, of London, was a native of it. Po- 
 pulation above 2300. The village is seven 
 miles ssE of Glasgow. 
 
 Kilbride, West, a parish in Ayrshire, six 
 suiles long, and cibont three broad, compre- 
 hending the island of Lesser Cambray, which 
 is one mile long, and one-balf broad, and 
 about three miles from the shore. It con- 
 tains a few houses, and an old Gothic castle. 
 The soil of the cultivated land is in general 
 poor and thin, but the higher grounds afford 
 excellent sheep pasture; in which is an in- 
 exhastible quarry of coarse granite, in much 
 request for millstones. Population near 
 800. The small village of W Kilbride, is 
 four miles n of Saltcoats. 
 
 Kilbucho, a parish in Peebles-shire, four 
 and a-half miles long from e to w, and three 
 broad from n to s. It consists of two ridges 
 of hills, with the vallies on the n of each. 
 The soil in general is capable of much im- 
 provement. On Corscrine hill, in this pa- 
 rish, the English encanaped before the battle 
 of Biggar. Population near 350. 
 
 Kilcalmonell, a parish in Argyllshire, to 
 which that of Kilbeiry is united, lying at 
 the northern extremity of the peninsula of 
 Cantire. The united parish extends about 
 16 miles along the coast of the Atlantic, 
 with a breadth of about four miles ; in which 
 there is a great variety of surface and of 
 soil. Limestone and shell sand abound in 
 the parish. The soil yields pretty good 
 crop$. Here are several fishing villages, 
 some old castles. Population near 3000, 
 
 IT miles N of Campbeiton, 
 
 Kilchalumkill, a village seated on the n 
 side of Loch Brora, Sutherlandshire, 12 
 miles'^ of Dornock. Here a cementery 
 contaming large human bones, was lately 
 discovered. A stone cross was dug up 
 near the village and erected on the spot. 
 
 Kilchoman, a parish in Argyllshire, in 
 the island of Isla, is about 20 miles in length, 
 and six in breadth, intersected by two arms 
 of the river Loehgrunat and Lochindale. 
 The soil is various, but on the coast it pro 
 
 K I L 
 
 duces good crops. Linen yarn, horses, and 
 black cattle, are annually exported. In the 
 bottom of a lake covering about 100 acres, 
 and abounding with trout, are a number of 
 large oak trees, though hardly any trees 
 grow in the island at present. In the lake 
 is an island strongly fortified. The inhabi- 
 tants wear the lowland dress, and speak 
 gaelic. In the parish are six old chapels, 
 partly standing. Population 2060. 
 
 Kilchrenan, a parish in Argyllshire, 
 which, with that of Dalavich united to it, 
 extends 18 miles in length, and eight in 
 breadth, on both sides of Loch Qw. On 
 the shores the arable land is excellent ; and 
 the hills afford good pasture. Population 
 near 1100. In this extensive parish, are 
 four schools with small salaries. 
 
 Kilcock, a town in the county of Kildare, 
 Ireland, on the Black water, 17 miles w by 
 N of Dublin. 
 
 Kilconquhar, a parish and village in 
 Fifeshire, seated on the coast of the Frith 
 of Forth. The parish is eight miles long, 
 and iw'o broad ; the surface rising, and the 
 soil varying from sand to clay, gradually 
 from the coast. Besides many beautiful 
 seats, there are four villages in the pa- 
 rish. Barnyards, containing about 200 
 inhabitants ; Golinsburgh, 360 ; Earlsferry, 
 3^0; and Kilconquhar, 260. Coals and 
 limestone abound. Population is above 
 2000. Od the shore is an extensive rabbit 
 warren. A great variety of fish are taken 
 on the coast, and in the parish their are 
 a number of elegant mansions. 
 
 Kileool, a town in the county of Wicklow, 
 Ireland, in the vicinity of which is the cele- 
 brated salt marsh of Cooldrass. .It stands^ 
 near the sea, 18 miles sse of Dublin. 
 
 Kilcullen, a town it Kildare, Leinster, 
 on the Liffey. A mile to the s is the vil- 
 lage of Kilcullen, once a walled town, with 
 seven gates, one of which still remains, 
 with some other antiquities; 26 miles sw 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Kilda, St, a small island, one of the He- 
 brides, about 28 miles w of North Uist. 
 
 A great number of people in this island 
 live chiefly by fishing and catching wild 
 fowls. St. Kilda is the most westerly is- 
 land of Great Britain. Lon. 8 23 w, lat. 
 
 57 43n. ' 
 
 Kildalton, a parish in Argyllshire, on the 
 SE end of the island of Islay, about 15 miles 
 long, and six broad ; of w hich near two 
 square miles are covered w ith natural wood. 
 The soil is tolerably good. There are seve- 
 ral harbours on the coast, near one of w'hich, 
 called Loch Knock, stands the village of 
 Kildalton. In the parish are several old 
 churches, chapels, and burying grounds. 
 Population near 2000. 
 
 Kildare, capital of the county of its name, 
 and a bishop^s see. The nave of the cathe- 
 dral has been long in ruins. The tow n is 
 chiefly supported by frequent horse races on 
 
Ihfe curragli, a fine lofty plain, contain- 
 ing near 5000 acres, wiiich feeds a great 
 number of sheep. It was anciently the 
 seat of druidical superstition. It is 3^ | 
 miles wsw of Dublin. Lon. 6 54 w, lat. 
 53 9 N. 
 
 KILDARE, a county in the province 
 of Leinster, Ireland. It is 37 miles in 
 length, and 24 in breadth. It contains 100 
 parishes, and about 56,000 inhabitants, and 
 sends two members to parliament. The 
 principal rivers are the Liffey, Barrow, and 
 Bogne. It is a fine arable country. Kil- 
 dare is the capital, but tlie assizes are held al- 
 ternately at A thy and Noas. 
 
 Kildonan, a parish in Sutherlandshire, 20 
 miles long, and at one end eight broad, but 
 the other is only about half a mile. The ge- 
 neral appearance is mountainous, but upon 
 the banks of the Helmsdale, the soil is light 
 and fertile. In the parish are the ruins ot 
 many Pictish towers, and several lakes. Po- 
 pulation is about 1440. 
 
 Kildrummij y a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 lying in a valley from two to three miles 
 square, intersected by the river Don, The 
 soil is a deep rich loam, abundantly fertile. 
 On the banks of the Don is, a considerable 
 extent of naTufal wood. On an eminence 
 in this parish, appear the venerable ruins of 
 the once royal castle of Kildrummy. The 
 church, which stands on a small green 
 mount, is built of moor stone. Population 
 about 430. 
 
 KilfenOra, a town in the county of Kil- 
 dare, Ireland, and a bishop^s see, united to 
 Kill aloe. The cathedral is a very ancient 
 edifice ; 14 miles nw of Ennis. 
 
 Kiljinan, a parish in the district of Cowal, 
 Argyllshire, lying along the e side of Loch- 
 fine, is 20 miles long, and from three to 
 six broad. The coast and surface are 
 very rugged. In some places are abund- 
 ance of oysters, and other shell fish. Hus- 
 bandry, and the herring fishery are the 
 chief employments : Limestone, shells, and 
 sea weed are found here. Population 
 about 1430. 
 
 Kiljinichen, and Kilviceiierif an united 
 parish in the island of Mull, Argyllshire, 
 sometimes called the parish of Rossy irom a 
 large district of it so named. The islands 
 of Inch-Kenneth, Erosa, and Icolm-kill, 
 belong to this parish, the extent of which is 
 22 miles in length, and in some places 12 
 jn breadth. The surface is mountainous, 
 and the general appearance barren. Coals 
 appear in different parts, and several quar- 
 ries of excellent marble. In the parish are 
 13 burying grounds, and along the shores 
 several ancient watch towers. Population 
 about 3000. 
 
 Kilgaron, a town in Pembrokeshire, on 
 the river Tivy, with the ruins of a castle on 
 a high rock, and a market on V/ednesday. 
 Here are large works for fabriciating tin 
 plates. It is governed by portreve and 
 bailiffs, and many of the inhabitants subsist 
 
 by fishing. It is 30 miles n of Pembroke, 
 and 228 wnw of London. 
 
 Kilkam, a town in the E Riding of York- 
 shire, with a market on Saturday, 31 miles'- 
 NE of York, and 200 N of London, 
 
 KiUay a town in the province of Bessara- 
 bia, at the mouth of the Danube, in an island 
 formed by it. It was taken by the Rus- 
 sians in 1790, but restored at the peace. It 
 is 86 miles sw of Bielogorod, and 290 ne of 
 Constantinople. Lon. 28 46 e, lat. 45 
 22 N. 
 
 Kilkennyy the capital of the county of the 
 same name, Ireland, seated on the No^re, 
 over w’hich are two bridges. It is one of 
 the neatest towns in the kingdom, and con- 
 tains about 20,000 inhabitants ; to it is 
 joined Irishtown on the e side of the river « 
 It once had a bishop, and the cathedral 
 which stands in Irishtown, beioags to the 
 bishop of Ossory. In its vicinity are quar- 
 ries of black and wiiite marble. It sends a 
 member to parliament. The manufactures 
 are chiefly W'oolien cloths, blankets of ex- 
 traordinary fine quality, and considerable 
 I quantities of starcL It is 30 miles n of 
 Waterford, and 57 sw of Dublin. Lon. 7 
 32 w, lat. 52 36 n. 
 
 KILKENNY, a county in the province 
 of Leinster, 38 miles in length, and 18 in 
 breadth. It contains 127 parisin^s ; and 
 about 100,000 inhabitants. The soil is rich 
 j and fertile. It produces plenty of corn, 
 
 I wool, marble, and coal, which like ch ‘.rcoal, 
 
 1 burns without smoke. The country a 'ouads 
 ! with fine plantations, and is, from the purity 
 of the air, esteemed extremely healthiul. It 
 sends two members to parliament. Its 
 principal rivers are the Barrow, Suia, and 
 Nore. 
 
 Kilkhamptony a town in Cornwall, three 
 miles N of Stratton, and 16 nw of Launces-. 
 ton, with a venerable church, being that 
 which Mr. Hervey had in his view, as the 
 scene of his celebrated meditations among 
 the tombs. 
 
 Killalay a sea port in Alayo, Ireland, and. 
 a bishop^s see, united with Achonry. The 
 cathedral is the parish ohurch. it is seated 
 on a fine bay of the Atlantic, of the same 
 name; 24 miles n of Castlebar, and 127 
 NW of Dublin. Lon. 9 42 w, lat. 54 
 
 8 N. 
 
 Killaloey a city in the county of Clare, 
 Munster, on the Shannon, over which there 
 is a bridge of 19 arches, and a bishop^s see 
 united with Kilfenora. The cathedral is 
 the only church. It is 12 miles ne of Li- 
 merick, and 86 from Dublin, 
 
 Killany Bay, a bay on the coast of 
 the island of Alianmore, Ireland, in the 
 county of Galw'ay. Lon. 9 36 W’, lat. 52 
 44 N. 
 
 Killarney, a town of Kerry in Munster, 
 stands near the celebrated lake of the same 
 name, with an extensive liueir manufacture, 
 14 miles se of Tralee, and 4-5 w by N of 
 Cork. 
 
K I L 
 
 fCillsrnetf, a beautiful lake ©f Ivcrry, In 
 Munster, otherwise called Lough Lean, 
 from its being surrounded by high moun- 
 tains. It is properly divided into three 
 parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Upper 
 lake. The northern, or lower lake, is 
 six miles in length, and from three to four 
 in breadth. In the several raouniains 
 adjacent to the lakes, vestiges of ancient 
 mines of iron, lead, and copper, are still 
 to be seen. From these mountains de- 
 scend a great variety of grand tremen- 
 dous water-falls, from various heights and 
 dififerent directions, into the lake which 
 is remarkable for the strength and variety 
 of its echoes, particularly at the eaglets nest. 
 The numerous islands afford a great variety 
 of picturesque scenery. The centre lake is 
 indented with bays, surrounded by dark 
 groves of trees. The e boundary is formed 
 by the base of P^Iangerton, down the steep 
 side ol which descends a cascade, visible for 
 150 yards ; this fall of water is supplied by 
 a lake, near the summit of the mountain, 
 called the DemVs Punch Bowl^ This lake 
 contains many islands, on vrhich are the re- 
 marns of hermitages, and religious houses. 
 Innis fallen the largest, is said to fatten cattle 
 sooner than almost any other spot in the 
 World, and contains the ruins of an extensive 
 monastery. 
 
 Killarrcu), a parish in the island of Islay, 
 Argyllshire, to which that of Kiltneny, is 
 tinited, and which together are 26 miles long, 
 and 12 broad. The surface and soil are va- 
 lious. The parish is someiimes called Bow~ 
 more^ from the principal village in it. Here 
 is a river of its name ; its exports are bla^k i 
 cattle, linen, yarn, and some oatmeal. Po- I 
 puUition above 2700. j 
 
 Killean^ and Kilchenzie, an united parish I 
 of S'*otiand, in the district of Kintyre, Ar- j 
 gyilshire, about 18 miles long, and lour 
 broad. Along the coast, the. soil is sandy 
 and sharp, but inland it becomes mossy. 
 Population above 2520. In this parish, are 
 some rude obelisks, some Danish towers, 
 and a vitrified fort. 
 
 KillearUy a parish in Stirlingshire, and 
 western extremity of Strathblane, about 
 12 miles long, and two and a- half broad, 
 with varied soil, but generally fertile. 
 The village of Killearn is situated on 
 the Eudrick, and contains about 230 in- 
 habitants. At this village, stands a su- 
 perb monument, 19 feet square at the 
 base, and 103 high, elected in 1788, to 
 the memory of the celebrated poet and 
 historian, George Buchanan, who was 
 born in a about two miles from the 
 
 village. Some stones at Blaressen-Spont- 
 headj are supposed to mark the scene ol a 
 bloody butile between th Romans and Ca- 
 ledonians. In the parish are limestone 
 mil Slones, jaspers, a print-field, and some 
 woollen manufactures. Population near 
 1100 . 
 
 Killearmn^ a parish of Scotland, in Ros- 
 
 K I I. 
 
 shire, about ffve miles long, and two bToaJ„ 
 with a variety of soil. The lands are unin- 
 closed, and let from year to year. Popula- 
 tion ai)ove 1130. 
 
 Killeskandray a town in Cavan, Ulster, 
 Dublin, seven miles sw of Cavan. 
 
 Killevaiij a town in rvlonaghan, Ulster,, 
 eight miles sw of Monaghan. 
 
 KillicranPAe, a noted pass of Scotland,; 
 in Perthshire, near the junction of the 
 Tummel with the Garry. Killicrankie 
 is the grand entrance into the High- 
 lands in those parts. Here Is some su- 
 blime scenery, on the barks of the Gar- 
 ry, This place is famous for a battle, 
 that was fought in 1689, between king 
 William's troops, under general Mackay, 
 and a party in the interest of king James, 
 commanded by Graham Viscount Dun* 
 dee, w'ho fell, and with him, the hojx^s 
 of the house of Stewart in Scotland, at that 
 time. 
 
 Killileagh, a town in Down, Ulster, 
 situated on an arm of Strangford Loch. 
 It has a linen and thread manufactory, 
 and a good fishery. It gave birth to 
 the celebrated Sir Hans Sloane, seven 
 miles N by E of Downpatrick, and 80 nnb 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Killin, a parish 'and village of Scotland, 
 in Braidalbine, Perthshire. The parish, 
 which lies along the s bank of Loch Tay, 
 is 28 miles in length, and from six to 
 eight in breadth. The village cf Killin, 
 containing about 150 inhabitants, is situat- 
 ed at the w end of Loch Tay, 20 miles n\v 
 of Crieff'. Fairs, 2lst January, 12th May, 
 first Wednesday of August, second Tuesday 
 of November, o s. Population above 
 2000. 
 
 Killinaule, a town in Tipperary, Munster, 
 Ireland, 10 miles ene of Cashel, and 16 n 
 of Clommel, 
 
 Killingley, a town in Windham county, 
 Connecticut, on the Quinabaug, 18 miles 
 NE of Windham. 
 
 Killingworth, a post town in Middle^ 
 sex county, Connecticut, situated on the 
 Hammonasset, on Long Island Sound, 
 nine miles e of Guilford, and 24 b of 
 New Haven. 
 
 Killony, a town of Sligo, Ireland, six 
 miles s of Sligo. 
 
 Killough, or Port St Anne, a town in 
 Down, U.ster, 76 miles n by e of Dublin. 
 It lies N of St John’s point, and has an ex- 
 cellent quay and bason W'hich affords safe 
 and commodious anchorage. A rock stands 
 at the entrance of its harbour, covered at 
 half fioed. They have good fishing in th© 
 ay ; but the principal trade of the place 
 consists in the exportation of grain. A 
 manufacture of salt is also carried on with 
 great advantage ; six miles ssjs of Down- 
 patrick. 
 
 KHlyhegs, a town in Donegal, Ulster, 
 with a spacious harbour, on tfce N side of 
 Donegal bay. It -sent niembcrs to tfa^ 
 
fek I 
 
 Irish parliament. It is miles kw of 
 Ballysbannon, and 123 kw of Duhhn. 
 Lou. 8 6 w, lat 54 40 N. 
 
 Kilmacdaughy a village in the county of 
 Galway, Ireland, but a bishop’s see, united 
 to Clonfert. The ruins of its cathedral, 
 monastery, <fec. indicate its former ecclesi- 
 astical importance, though it be now a 
 wretched hamlet. It has not even a parish 
 church : three miles sw of Gort, and 15 n 
 cf Ennis. 
 
 Kilmac Thomas, a town in the county ot 
 Waterford, Munster, Ireland, on the Mahon, 
 ’4 miles wsw of Waterford. 
 
 Kilmadan, a parish in Argyllshire, about 
 12 miles long, raKl half a mile broad, lying 
 in a carrov/ glen, formerly called Gienduisk 
 and Gienderrual, suirouaded by high bills. 
 The soil is deep and fertile. In the parish 
 is limestone and clay, fit for making tobacco 
 pipes. The celebrated Colin M'Laurin, 
 late professor of mathematics in Edinburgh, 
 was a native of this parish. Population 
 500. 
 
 Kilmadock, a parish in Perthshire, some- 
 times called Doune, from the town in 
 which the church is situated. It is of an 
 irregular figure, with an area of about 64 
 square miles, watered by the Forth, the 
 Tenth, and other streams. The soil varies 
 from the richest clay to the poorest moor. 
 The church once stood on the site of a 
 monastery, dedicated to St Madoe, but was 
 long ago removed to Doune. Population 
 above 3000. 
 
 Kilmahog, a village in Perthshire, within 
 a mile of the town of Callender. It con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Kilmainham, a decayed town, situated on 
 the w extremity of Dublin. Manufactures 
 of iron goods, especially of the heavy kind, 
 have been established here. The quarter 
 sessions, and the election for the knights of 
 the shire, are still held here, it having been 
 once the seat of the Irish government. On 
 an eminence, on one side of it, stands the 
 royal hospital for invalids, which i- an ele- 
 gant structure, and on the opposite side 
 the Foundling hospital. It has also a ses- 
 sion house and a gaol. 
 
 Kilmalcolm, a parish in Renfrewshire, 
 about six miles square. The surface is un- 
 equal and rocky, and the soil shallow and 
 moorish, except on the banks oi the rivers. 
 The village of Kilmalcolm in this parish, 
 contains about 130 inhabitants. In the 
 parish are three mounds, called Laws, such 
 as were formerly in use for the dispensation 
 of justice. The four cups used in the 
 church at the dispensation of the Lord’s 
 supper, appear to have been candlesticks, 
 and are those used by Knox, when he first 
 dispensed that ordinance in Scotlund. Po- 
 pulation above 1 190. 
 
 Kilmalie, a parish in Argyll and In- 
 verness-shires, in some places 69 miles in 
 length, and 80 in breadth, intersected by 
 
 K I L 
 
 the three r.Tms of the sea, and watered hy 
 the Nevis and Lochy. Among the high 
 mountains of which it is chiefly composed, 
 is the noted Ben-nevis. The mountains 
 are frequented by eagles, hawks, kites, and 
 Polecats, and exhibit many beautiful cas- 
 cades. The Gaelic is spoken with tolerable 
 purity. The whole district is laid out in 93 
 farms, lime-stone, granite, and marble 
 abound. There are two good churches, and 
 several chapels, supplied by missionaries. 
 John Innis, author of a treatise on the mus- 
 cles and other works, was a native of this 
 parish.* Cameron is the prevailing sirname 
 in this parish and the population is above 
 4500. 
 
 Kilmollock, a once celebrated town of 
 Limerick, Munster, Ireland. .The ruins 
 of churches, monasteries, <fec. indicate 
 its former splendour. It is said once to 
 have been the best constructed inland 
 town in the island, and from its ruins 
 has been styled the Bulbec of Ireland, 
 Here is an ancient round tower. It is 
 20 miles s of Limerick, and 107 .sw of Dun- 
 lin. 
 
 Kibnani Vaig, a parish in Inverness- 
 shire, about 60 miles in length, and near 
 20 in breadth, consisting of ranges of lot- 
 ty mountains, intersected by extensive 
 glens. The pasturing of sheep and black 
 cattle is chiefly attended to in this exten- 
 sive district. Here are some parallel roads 
 said to have been formed by Fingal’s he- 
 roes ; many of whose names the neighbouring 
 mountains bear, and these roads are called 
 the Fingallian roads. Population is above 
 2550. 
 
 Kilmany, a parish in Fifesbire, about six 
 miles in length, and four in breadth, situated 
 north of Coupar, in a fine valley. The 
 small village in Kilmany, pleasantly situa- 
 ted, is three miles and a- half from the har- 
 bour of Balmenie, on the Tay. The tithes 
 and patronage of this parish belong to the 
 university of St. Andrews. On the face of 
 a mountain, a mile n of the village, is a 
 romantic cave called Goule's Den. Popu- 
 lation is about 787, 
 
 Kilmarnock, a populous town in Ayrshire, 
 noted for its manufacture of gloves, carpets, 
 night-caps, bonnets, and other woollen goods. 
 It is a bovougli of Earony, governed by two 
 bailies, and a council of 17, who elect them- 
 seives. Besides the church, which is colle- 
 giate, there was a large chapel of Ease, which 
 has recently been made a parisa also. 'Iho 
 inhabitants are remarkable for sobriety and 
 industry. A great proportion of them livo 
 in comfortable houses, their own properties. 
 Near it are the remains ol Dean castlt', iho 
 seat of the < arls of Kilmarnock, in the 
 desolate condition to which it was reduced 
 by fire in 1735. It has four annual fairs 
 for horses, &:c. much frequented. It is 13 
 miles NNE of Ayr, 21 sw of Glasgow, and 
 65 wsw of Edinburgh. The parishes, ex- 
 
K I L 
 
 tend about nine miles in length, and four 
 in breadth, along the banks of the Irvin ; 
 having a deep, ’strong, and fertile soil, witn 
 a gentle declivity towards the s. In 1801. 
 the population, including the town was 
 S0T9, and in 1811,10,148. 
 
 Kilmaronock, a parish in Dumbarton- 
 shire, about five miles in length, and from 
 two to four in breadth, situated near the s 
 end of Loch Lomond, watered by the river 
 Endrlck, through a beautiful plain of 3000 
 acres, with the house and pleasure grounds 
 of Biichannan on its banks. Tbe ruins of 
 ihe castles of Kilmaronock and Batturret, 
 bespeak their ancient magnificence. At 
 Catter, where the duke of Lennox formerly 
 bad a seat, is a large artificial mound. Po- 
 pulation near 909. 
 
 Kilmartiny a parish situated on the w 
 coast of Argyllshire, 12 miles in length, 
 and about three in breadth. The surface 
 and soil are various. The village of Kil- 
 martin is situated in one of the most beauti- 
 ful vallies in the Highlands of Scotland. 
 Loch Crinan in this parish, is the principal 
 Barbour on the w coast of Argyllshire, and 
 tbe Crinan Canal now connects it with 
 Loch Fyne. The pulpit in the church is| 
 built of stone and lime. It has a parochial 
 and society's school, a good inn, and tin-ee 
 annual fairs for horses, cattle, and coarse 
 cjolh. The population of this p;irish is 
 about 1500. 
 
 Kilmaurs, a town and parish in Ayrshire. 
 7’iie tov/n is a borough of barony, and con- 
 sists of one handsome street. It is pleasantly 
 situated about two miles nw of Kilmarnock. 
 The parish is about six miles in length, and 
 three in breadth, all arable, of a good soil, 
 and well cultivated. Here are several coal 
 pits. In the church is a tomb belonging to 
 the earl of Glencairn, and near the town 
 some remains of tbe residence of the earls 
 of that name. The town is a borough of 
 bnrony, governed by two bailiies annually 
 chosen, and contains about 500 inhabitants. 
 It was formerly famous fer its -cutlery. Po- 
 pulation near 1300. 
 
 Kilniichaely a parish now annexed to 
 Glassary, Argyllshire. Tlie church is 15 
 miles s of Inverary. In the church yard is 
 the tomb of Aidan, a descendant from one ■ 
 of the Scottish kings, and who himself was 
 ■crowned the 40tb king of the Scots about 
 the year 574, some of whose descendants 
 ore yet in this parish. 
 
 Kihneadan, a village of Ireland, situated 
 on the river Siiir, six miles w of Water- ' 
 ford, v'here is a famous spa, of a chalybeate 
 qiiality. 
 
 Kilrnorack, a parish in Inverness-shire, 
 extending about 60 miles in length, from e 
 tow, and from 10 to 30 in breadth, lying 
 on the Beauly, and exhibiting every variety 
 <^f sm face and scenery. Population is about 
 .2366, of whom 700 are Roman Catholics. 
 h has two chapels and a society's school. 
 
 K I L 
 
 , Kilmorey a parish in Argyllshire, united 
 with Kilbridge lying in the district of Lorn, 
 tind incluuing the island of Kerera. Its 
 coast is generally high and rocky, but there 
 ■ re two good har bours, one at the village of 
 Dnan, and another at Dunstaffnage ; be- 
 sides two in the island of Kerera. The 
 surface rises into hills, which afford good 
 oasture. The cotton manufacture bcis been 
 introduced into the parish. Population 
 about 1850. 
 
 Kilmorey a, town of Ireland, in the couuty 
 of Cavan, which, with Armagh, forms the 
 •see of a bishop, who has a palace here, but 
 no cathedral nor chapter, though a dean and 
 archdeacon belong to it, three miles sw of 
 Cavan. 
 
 Kilmorg, a parish in the county of Bute, 
 and isle of Arran, extending 30 miles in 
 length. The coast is rugged and bold, and 
 the surface irregular and hilly. It has two 
 churches, a chapel, and two parochial 
 schools. Population near 2300. 
 
 Kilmuiry a parish in Inverness-shire, 
 lying at the northern extremity of the Isle 
 of Sky, and extending 16 miles in length, 
 and eight in breadth. Here are some 
 Danish forts, and the ruins of the castle of 
 Duntulm, the ancient residence of the 
 amily of M’Donald. Population about 
 2500. 
 
 Kihnuir Easter, a parish situated on the 
 Frith of Cromarty, and including part of 
 the county of Ross. It is about 10 miles 
 long, and four and a-half broad. The land 
 near tbe coast is fertile. Population about 
 1700. 
 
 Kilmuir Wester and Siiddy, called also 
 Knockhain, a maritime and fertile parish 
 near Fortrose, about six miles in length, and 
 five in breadth, has good roads and 
 bridges. Abounds with free stone, and 
 exports corn, meal, black cattle, and 
 sheep. In the parish are several tumuli 
 camps, and a druidical temple. It is inter- 
 sected by Munlachy bay. Population about 
 190,0. 
 
 Kilniniany a parish in Argyllshire, com- 
 prehending the NW extremity of Mull, and 
 the adjacent islands of Ulva, Gometra, 
 Little- Colonsay, and Staffa, exclusive of 
 these islands, it is about 12 miles long, and 
 12 broadr The ruins of seven or eight 
 chapels are still visible ; has two churches, 
 a chapel, and two schools. Population 
 about 3600 
 
 Kilninvavy a parish in the district of 
 Lorn, Argyllshire, united to the parish of 
 Kilnielfort, forming together a square of 
 near 12 miles. The surface and soil are 
 various, large tracts are covered with na- 
 tural and planted wood. It has two 
 churches, and besides the parochial, two 
 society 's schools. Population near 1200. 
 
 Ktlpatricky New or East, a parish, situated 
 partly in Stitliugsbire, and partly in Dunv 
 barloiisliire. In 1619, this parish was dis- 
 
HIT 
 
 joined from Old Kilpatrick. The river Kel- j 
 \i!i runs through ihe piuisb, in which arc | 
 six bleachfields^ tour corn mills, one tor snuff, 
 and one tor paper. Lime, coal, end iron- 
 stone are wrought. There is one village cal- 
 led Milngavie, and several schools. Popu- 
 lation above 2100. 
 
 Kilpatrick Old, or JVei,t, Wes in Dumbar- 
 tonshire, 10 miles below Glasgow. It ex- 
 tends about eight miles in length, and from 
 three to lour in breadili ; and from its local 
 situation, and a great command ot water, 
 considerable tracts are occupied as bleach- 
 fields, printffelds, cfec. Kilpatrick claims the 
 honour’ot being the birih-place ot the tute- 
 lary saint of Ireland. Vestiges ot the Ro- 
 man wall, ])uiit by Anloninus, extend from 
 the Frith of Clyde at this place, to the Frith 
 of Forth. Near the termination of the wall, 
 at Bowling bay, in this parish, the canal 
 from the Forth joins the Clyde. Population 
 near 3000. 
 
 Kilrea, a town in the county of London- 
 derry, Ireland, on the Baim, 28 miles e of 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Kilrenny, an ancient royal borough in 
 Fifeshire, on the Frith of Forth, now re- 
 duced to a small village. It joins with An- 
 struther Easter, A nstruiher Wester, Pitten- 
 weern, and Crail, in electing a member of 
 parliament. It had its charter from James 
 VI. The parish is about two miles in dia- 
 meter* Population about 1040. It is two 
 miles sw of Crail. 
 
 Kilrush, a town in the province of 
 Munster, and county of Clare, Ireland, 
 .seated near the mouth of the Shannon. It 
 is about 25 miles sw of Ennis, and 142 from 
 Dublin. 
 
 Kilspiadie, a parish in Perthshire, lying 
 partly in the Cark^ of Gowric, and partly in 
 the Sidlaw hills, about seven miles e of Perth, 
 oii the road leading to Dundee, five miles 
 long, and three and a-half broad. Popula- 
 tion about 766. 
 
 KiUyth, a parish and village in Stirling- 
 shire. The parish is about seven miles in 
 length, and near four in breadth, watered by 
 the Curron and Kelvin. It is intersected by 
 the Forth and Clyde canal, by GrabanFs 
 dyke, and the road from Glasgow to Stirling. 
 In the parish are limestone, freestone, iron- 
 stone, agates, and jaspers. A number of 
 Roman antiquities have been found, particu- 
 larly on the spot where was fought the bat- 
 tle of Kilsyth ; and two Roman, and two 
 Pictish camps. The general appearance is 
 bleak and rugged ; but the soil of the cuiti- 
 %’ated laud is tolerably fertile. The village 
 IS now a considerable manufacturing place. 
 It is a borough of barony, entitled to bold a 
 weekly market and four annual fairs ; and 
 lies 12 miles n by e of Glasgow and Falkirk. 
 Population near 1800. 
 
 KtYfar/f/y, a parish in Inverness-shire, to 
 which that of Conveth is united. It contains 
 about 91,638 Scots acies, of which 3000 are 
 No. IT— 6d, 
 
 K I M 
 
 arable, 3000 under meadow grass, and the 
 remainder under wood and heath. On the 
 streams which form the Beauley, in this pa- 
 rish, various kinds of machinery are erected. 
 In the remote parts of the parish, one of the 
 society’s missionaries is employed. Here 
 are numerous lakes stored with trout. Two 
 miles Nw of the church, on the banks of the 
 Beauley, is a vitrified building, called Fin- 
 gaPs Fort, 60 yards in circumference. Po- 
 pulation about 2600. 
 
 Kiltearriy a parish in Ross-shife, extend- 
 ing about six miles along the n side of the 
 Frith of Cromarty, with a breadth of about 
 two miles of arable land, generally well 
 cultivated; besides a considerable 11 ighl and 
 district, for the most part wild and unculti- 
 vated. About five-sixths of the pari h be- 
 longs to the family of Monro of Fowlis, 
 long noted for the military characters it 
 has produced ; and lineally descended from 
 Donald Monro, on whom king Malcolm 
 II. bestovred the country of Fcrindonald, 
 called the barony of Fowlis, and now 29 
 or 30 generations distant. Population aboVQ 
 1590. 
 
 Kilwinning, a considerable town aiid pa- 
 rish in Ayrshire. The town is situated five 
 ! miles NNW of Irvine, and contains about 
 1260 inhabitants. The church is partly 
 built in the Gothic style. Fart of the tall 
 steeple, by which this town was distinguish- 
 ed, which was almost all that remained of 
 a monastery founded here in the 12th cen- 
 tury, lately fell. This monastery was de- 
 dicated to St Winning, and first peopled with 
 monks from Kelso. In 1603, the temporal- 
 ities were bestowed on the earl of Egling- 
 ton. Fairs, February 1st, called Winning’s 
 I day, and first Wednesday after October 
 ! 29th. It is noted for being the seat of the 
 j first mason lodge in Scotland. The parish 
 I is nine miles in length, and in many places 
 I of the same breadth. The soil is generally 
 I inclosed and well cultivated. Populatiuii 
 about 2700. 
 
 Kilworth, a thriving town in Cork, Ire- 
 land, on the Funcheau, 25 miles nks of 
 Cork, and 108 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Kimberworth, a village in W Yorkshire, 
 famous for its linen and woollen manufac- 
 tures, two rhiles w of Rotheram. 
 
 Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdonshire, 
 with a market on Friday ; noted for an an- 
 j cient castle, which was the retirement of 
 queen Catherine, after her divorce from 
 Henry VIII. and lately repaired in a sump- 
 tuous style. It is the seat ol the duke of 
 Manchester. Fair, Dec. ilth. It is eight 
 miles NW of St Neot, and 64 n by w of 
 London. 
 
 Kimi, or Kiemi, the capital of the pro- 
 vince of Kimi, in Lapland ; situated on a ri- 
 ver Of the same name, near its enlrunce 
 into the gulf of Bothnia! 10 miles e of 
 Tornea. 
 
 Kimlassa. a town of Molwa, Hlndoortan. 
 
 ' ' C 
 
K I N 
 
 40 miles s of Chandaree, aad 185 enb of 
 Ougein. 
 
 Kimpolnng, a town of Moldavia, Europe- 
 an Turkey, on the Maldava, 92 miles ne of 
 Coloswar. 
 
 Killy or Kain, a town of Chorosan, Persia^ 
 stands at the loot of a mountain, 60 miles 
 ssw of Herat. 
 
 Kinhurn, a fort of Russia, on the s side of 
 the estuary of the Dnieper. It has been 
 frequently attacked by the Turks, both by 
 land and water, but v/ithout success; 18 
 miles ssE of Oczakcf. Lon. 30 34 e, lat. 
 46 N. 
 
 Kincardine, a small sea port on the n side 
 of the Frith of Forth, four miles e from Al- 
 loa, containing 900 inhabitants. It has a 
 post-office, two weekly markets, and several 
 well attended fairs. 
 
 KINCARDINE, or Mearnshire, a 
 county of Scotland, 35 miles long, and 
 25 broad. It is a level country, fertile in 
 corn and pasturage, producing also a great 
 quantity of fir wood. The sea coasts 
 abound with excellent harbours, and at 
 Stonehaven, the capital, is a considerable 
 salmon fishery. The county is divided into 
 19 parochial districts, which, by the returns 
 made in 1811, contained 27,439 inhabitants ; 
 and the real land rent is estimated at 
 £, 38,500 Sterling. The village of Kincar- 
 dine, nine miles sw of Stonehaven, was for- 
 merly the capital, but Stonehaven is now 
 the county tcwm. 
 
 Kincardine^ a parish in Perthshire, situat- 
 ed on the Strath of Monteitb, sw of Doune. 
 It is of a triangular figure, of which one side 
 is 12 miles, another 10, and the third about 
 seven. It contains above 6000 acres, 4000 
 of which are carse land. Population of the 
 parish above 2270. 
 
 Kincardine, a parish in the counties of 
 Ross and Cromarty, about 30 miles in 
 length from E to w, and about 20 in 
 breadth at the western extremity, but 
 narrowing toward the e ; 14 miles w of 
 
 Tain, stands the village of Kincardine. 
 Population abovit 1860. In the remote 
 parts of this parish is a missionary esta- 
 blished by the late lady Glenorchy. On 
 Cairr.ehuaig are found stones similar to 
 those of Cairngorm. Kuoekirmy abounds 
 with marble, ami on the top of Sciulm-a- 
 Charra, are found beds of marine shells. 
 The inhabitants are mostly of the name of 
 Ross. 
 
 Kincardine-0- Neil, a parish in Aberdeen- 
 shire, which gives name to a presbytery; 
 seven miles long and five broad ; containing 
 5560 acres of arable ground. The village 
 is finely situated on the n banks of the Dee, 
 23 miles w of Aberdeen. Spinning and 
 knitting employ a number of the inhabitants, 
 who amount to 1710, but are on the decrease 
 since 1791. 
 
 Kinclaven, a parish in Perthshire, lying on 
 the s and w bau^s of the Tay, about eight 
 
 K I N 
 
 miles N from Perth. The surface is diversi- 
 fied, and the soil gravelly and ihin. Popu- 
 lation above 1000. On the banks of the 
 Tay are the ruins of the ancient castle of 
 Kinclaven. 
 
 Kinderjiook, a post town of New York,ia 
 Columbia county, e side of Hudson river ; 
 13 miles n of Hudson city. The township 
 contains 4661 inhabitants, of whom 411 are 
 electors, and 638 slaves. 
 
 Kineton, See Kington, 
 
 Kinfauns, a parish in Perthshire, lying 
 at the western extremity of the Carse of 
 Gowrie. It contains about 8780 Scots 
 a<?res, 2520 of which are arable, and the re- 
 mainder is mostly planted. The castle of 
 Kiniauns, the seat of lord Gray, stands 
 about eight miles e from Perth. Popu- 
 lation about 650. In the castle of Kin- 
 fauns is a sword five feet six inches long, 
 and two inches and a half broad, said to 
 have belonged to Sir Thomas Charteris, 
 otherwise called Sir Thomas de Longuiviile, 
 on whom king Robert Bruce bestowed the 
 lands of Kinfauns. 
 
 Kin-gan, a city of the first rank in the pro- 
 vince of Kiang-si, China, on the Kan-kiang, 
 800 miles s of Peking. Lon. 115 10 e, lat. 
 27 16 N. 
 
 KING COUNTY, a county in the pro- 
 vince of Leinster, Ireland. It is divided 
 into 52 parishes, contaiiii r.g about 74500 
 inhabitants, and sends two members to par- 
 liament. The soil is tolerably fertile, but 
 not so well cultivated as some of the other 
 counties. The chief rivers are the Shannon, 
 Brosna, Boyne, and Barrow. Philipstown 
 is the capital. 
 
 King George Sound, a bay on the w coast 
 of America, on an island, called by the na- 
 tives Nootka, the name by which it is known 
 among the English, to whom it was ceded 
 by the Spaniards in 1790, and was formally 
 taken posession of in 1795. The natives 
 are of low stature, but plump, with little dis- 
 tinction between the sexes. They are good 
 natured, docile, and courteous, but resentful. 
 Their houses are built of plank, but their 
 furniture is not regular, nor their houses 
 clean. 
 
 King George the Third Sound, a safe har- 
 bour discovered by Vancouver, in 1691, on 
 the SW' coast of New Holland. Lon. 118 IT 
 E, lat, 35* 5 s. 
 
 Kingarth, a parish on the s end of the 
 island of Bute, seven miles long and two 
 broad. The soil is good, and mostly inclos- 
 ed. Limestore abounds. In the parish are 
 the remains of a vitrified fort. Population 
 about 870. 
 
 King Edward, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 extending 12 miles in length, and varying 
 from t w’o to five in breadth. Of 1 4,000 Scots 
 acres which it contains, 6482 are under cul- 
 ture. Near the village of New Byth, is a 
 societ3'’s chapel of ea^e. In the parish are 
 the ruins of u castle of the same name, tb© 
 
k I N 
 
 aucieat residence of the earls of Biicban. 
 Population about 1720. 
 
 Kingham, a village in Oxfordshiie, Gear 
 Chipping Norton, noted for the best sconr- 
 iiig sand. 
 
 Kinghorn, a town in Fifesbire, neariy op- 
 posite Leith. David I. gramed it the pri- 
 vileges of a royal borough. It consists ol 
 one main street intersected by lanes ; and it 
 contains about 1200 inhabitants. It unites 
 with Dysart, Kirkcaldy, and Burntisland, in 
 sending a member to parliament. The pa- 
 rish is about four mites long, and three and 
 a-half broad, with a very pleasing variety of 
 surface. At Petty cur, a little to the sw, is 
 a harbour for the conveniency ot the passage 
 boats to Leith- Population of town and 
 parish about 2300. 
 
 Kinglassie. a parish in Fifesbire, four miles 
 in length, and two in breadth. The whole 
 is arable. The village of Kinglassie is situ- 
 ated on the shank of the Leven. Population 
 about 900. 
 
 Kingoldrum, dLi^dinsh in Forfarshire, seven 
 miles in length, and two and a-half in breadth. 
 There are about 3T00 acres of arable land. 
 The church was originally a parsonage be- 
 longing tCL the abbey of Arbroath, on the 
 lands formerly belonging to which, the mi- 
 nister's stipend is assessed to this day. Po- 
 pulation near 600. 
 
 Kingoodiey a village in Perthshire, parish 
 of Longforgan ; built to accomodate the 
 labourers in the quarry of Kingoodie. The 
 stone of this quarry is of a grey colour, of 
 the kind of freestone termed grainstone by 
 mineralogists ; it is difficult to work, but is 
 hard and durable to an uncommon degree ; 
 so much so, that the steeple, or old tow^er of 
 Dundee, built of this stone in 1189, scarcely 
 shew’s any appearances of decay ; and the 
 bouse of Castle Huntly, built in I4t52. It 
 has a quarry of the best stone for building in 
 Scotland. The number of workmen is about 
 50 or 60, and with their families amount to 
 about 120. 
 
 Kingroad, in the British or Bristol chan- 
 r.cl, whence the Bristol ships take their de- 
 parture. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 5i 54 N. 
 
 King sale ^ a town in Sussex. 
 
 King's Barns, a parish and village in Fife- 
 shire. The parish is about four miles square^ 
 with a generally fertile soil. The village 
 lies six miles se of St Andrews, and con- 
 tains near 500 inhabitants, mostly employed 
 in weaving, <fec. This village is built on the 
 site of an old castle, which is said to have 
 been a royal residence. The whole popula- 
 tion of the parish is about 840. 
 
 King’s Langley, a village on the river 
 Gade, Hertfordshire. Here are still visible 
 the ruins of a palace, built by Henry III. 
 In its monastery was buried Richard II. 
 whose remains were removed by Hen- 
 ry V. to Westminster : five miles sw of St 
 Alan. 
 
 Kingshridge, a neat town in the $ of De- 
 
 K I N 
 
 vonshire, seated at the head of a small inlet 
 of the English channel, called Salcomb 
 r^■er, over w^hich there is a bridge to Dcd • 
 brook, and has a market on Saturday. 
 
 It consists of about 150 houses, and is 
 34 miles s by w of Exeter, and 208 wsw of 
 
 London. ^ ^ ^ „ 
 
 Kingshridge, a post town of the state ot 
 New York, on the w side of the Hudson, 
 over which is a bridge connecting New 
 York island with the mainland, 15 miles n 
 of New York city. . 
 
 Kingsclere, a pleasant town in Hampshire, 
 has a market on Tuesday, and a great trade 
 in malt. It was anciently the residence of 
 some of the Saxon kings, nine miles sw of 
 Bassingstoke, and 54 w by s of London. 
 
 Kingscairn, a large tnmulus, near Cullen, 
 Banffshire, on the spot where Indulfus king 
 of Scotland, was killed in an engagement 
 with the Danes. 
 
 Kingseliff, a town in Northamptonshire, 
 with a market on Tuesday, and a fair, Ocvi*. 
 29 ; 12 miles w of Peterborough, and 86 n 
 by w of London. 
 
 King’s, or Pearl Island, in the bay ot Pa- 
 nama, subject to Spain. Lon. 8 1 45 w, lat. 
 
 7 10 N. 
 
 Kingstein, a fortress of Norway. Sec 
 Fredericstadt, 
 
 “ Kingston, a corporate town in Surry, seat- 
 ed on the Thames, w^ith a market on Satur- 
 day. Egbert, the first king of England, and 
 his son Athelw'olf, were present at a council 
 held here in the year 838, and several Saxon 
 kings were crowned here. It sent members 
 to parliament iu the reign of Edward II. and 
 in. but on petition of the inhabitants wa^ 
 disfranchised. The , spring assises are hold 
 here. Queen Elisabeth founded a free 
 school at this place. The corporation have 
 a revenue for the support of a wooden bridge 
 over the river. In 18 i I, the population was 
 4i44. It is 10 miles sw of London. Lon. 
 0 12 w, lat. 51 27 N. 
 
 Kingston, or Esopus, a post town in New 
 York, situated in Ulster county, on Es. pus 
 creek, near its influx into Hudson river. In 
 1777, it was demolished by an English fleet, 
 but has been rebuilt on a regular plan ; 
 16 miles w of Rhinebeck, and 86 k of New 
 York. 
 
 i^ingston-upon^HuU. See Hull. 
 Kingston, the chief towm of Lenoir county, 
 North Carolina, on the n side of the Neus. 
 It is 40 miles w by n of Newbern, and 50 
 SE of Ralegh. 
 
 Kingston, a county and town in George- 
 town district, S Carolina, w side ol Wakka- 
 maw river, 30 miles nnk of Georgetown, 
 and 103 nnk of Charleston. 
 
 Kingston, formerly called Frontinac, situ- 
 ated on the northern part of lake Ontario, 
 at its outlet into the river St Lawrence, 150 
 miles sw of Montreal. Here the king^s 
 stores are kept under guard. Ves^els from 
 Lower Canada go no farther than this place, 
 C 2 
 
K I N 
 
 aoii hence to York, Niagara, &e. scores 
 and merchandise are conre\’ed in boats. 
 It is 150 miles sw of MontreaL Lon. 75 40 
 w, lat. 44 8 N. 
 
 Kingston, the capital of the island of St 
 Vincents, West Indies. It is situated at 
 the head of a bay of the same name, on the 
 5w shore of the island. Lon. 01 IS \y. lat 
 13 5 N. 
 
 Kingston, the capital of the island of Ja- 
 maica, in the West Indies, is situated on the 
 Ji side of a beautiful harbour, having Port 
 Royal on the ne, and Spanish Town on the 
 sw. It was built after the great earthquake, 
 which destroyed Port Royal iri 16S2. The 
 houses are of one story, and many of them 
 have porticos, and was incorporated into a 
 city in 1803. In 1788, the white inhabi- 
 tants amounted to 0539 : free people of co- 
 lour, 3280 j and slaves, 10,659 j in ail 
 26,478. It is a place of great trade and 
 opulence, deemed as healthy as any in Eu- 
 rope. Many of the houses in the upper part 
 of the town are magnificent, having every 
 conveniency for a comfortable habitation in 
 this climate. Upon an average of 20 
 years, the ships that go annually from this 
 port amount to 400. Lon. 76 43 w, lat. 18 
 
 0 N. 
 
 King-tcheov , a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Houquang, Chind. It is divided 
 by a single wall into two parts, one of which 
 belongs to the Chinese, and the other to the 
 Tartars, of whom the garrison consists. It 
 has a great trade, and is seated on the Kian- 
 ku. It is 620 miles ssw of Peking;. Lon. 
 11/37 E, lat. 41 6 N. 
 
 King-te-ching, a town in the province of 
 Kiang-si, China. It is famous for its beau- 
 tiful porcelain. It is computed to contain 
 above a million of inhabitants, and extends 
 a league and a-half along the banks of a 
 river, which here forms a kind of harbour, 
 about a league in circumference. It is 635 
 miles s of Peking. Lon. 116 54 e, lat. 29 
 25 N. 
 
 Kington, or Kineton, a town in Warwick- 
 shire. Here king John erected a castle, in 
 w’hioh he kept his court. It has a market 
 on Tuosda}^ and is 10 miles sse of War- 
 wick, and 83 Nw of London. 
 
 Kington, or Kgneton, a large town in 
 ITeretordsiiire, with a good trade in narrow 
 cloth, seated on the Arrow, at the foot of 
 Ilradnor nuuiiUain, wi^h a market on Wed- 
 r^'vday. It is 15 miles nw of Hereford, and 
 155 of Loudorr. 
 
 Kingrjssie, awd Inch, an united parish of 
 5?cot]at;d, in Inverness-shire, and diso-icr of 
 Badenoeh, ai;out 20 mites long, and 17 j 
 brorid, watered by the Spey. I'he climate is i 
 cold rood damp. Ii is mostly allotted to the | 
 f-Hs(nrc of sh, ep and black cattle. Popu.a- 
 ti(\M a hove 13 l;9. 
 
 Kiu-hco. a city of the first rank in Tclie- 
 kiang, Ciuoa, sMjds on the batiks of a Ihic 
 c’ e.v, is for iti. rice, wine, and while 
 
 K I N 
 
 candles. The latter made of a substance ob- 
 tained from little shrubs with a white flower, 
 similar to jessamine. It has a trade in hams 
 and plums; 190 miles s by e of Nanking. 
 Lon. 120 10 E, lat. 29 16 n. 
 
 KING WILLIAM, a county of Virginia. 
 It is 47 miles long, and 15 broad, and con- 
 tains 8128 inhabitants. 
 
 Kimloeh, a parish in Perthshire, nine miles 
 long and near two broad, w ol Blairgow'rie, 
 with a fine southern exposure, interspersed 
 with beautiful lakes, some of which abound 
 with marie. In the parish are a number ot 
 tumuli, called the Heer Cairns, said to be 
 commemorativeof a battle between Agricola 
 and Galgacus. Population 367. 
 
 Kinloss, a parish in Elginshire. It is 
 about three miles and a-half square, lias a 
 very level surface, and a generally fertile 
 §oil ; in it is the village of Findhorn. Po- 
 pulation above 900. 
 
 Kinnaird, a parish in the Carse of Gow- 
 rie, Perthshire, comprehending part of the 
 Sidlaw hills, about half way between Perth 
 and Dundee. It is about three miles long 
 from N to s, and tw o broad from e to w. 
 Population about 460, 
 
 Kiitnaird^s Head, a promontory on the 
 NE coast of Scotland, about a mile from the 
 town of Frazer.burgb, Aberdeenshire, on the 
 top of which is a castie four stories high, n 
 light house, containing 20 lamps, with re- 
 flectors, was some years ago erected on the 
 top of this castle, from which the light is 
 seen at a great distance. Lon. 1 46 w, lat. 
 57 39 N. 
 
 Kinneff, a parish in Kincardineshire, ex- 
 tending from the mouth of the river Bervie, 
 five miles northward along the coast, of 
 which tw^o-thiids are arable, with a fine rich 
 loamy soil. Near the church, which is two 
 miles NE of Inverbervie, are the ruins of 
 Kinneff castle, and some other ancient struc- 
 tures. Population about 940. 
 
 KinneU,Si parish in Forfarshire, about six, 
 miles trom Aberbrothwick, watered by the 
 Lunan. Its soil is good, and highly im- 
 proved. In 1790, a number of silver pen- 
 nies of Edward I. of England, w^ere found 
 under a slate. In the church, hangs a spur 
 I eight inches long, four and a-half broad. 
 
 I with a rower as large as a crown piece, said 
 to have belonged to a man of large stature, 
 who was killed near this place, iu a batTle 
 between the Lindsays and Ogilvies, iu 1443. 
 Population near 800. 
 
 Kennellar, a parish in Aberdeeiirdiire, with 
 an irregular surface, but generally a fertile 
 and well cultivated soil. Population 300, 
 Kinnettles, a parish in Forfarshire, three 
 miles sw cf Forfar, about four miles square, 
 wit!) a good soil. Population near 600. 
 
 Kinnoul, a parish and village of Scotland, 
 lying on tlie e bank of the^Tay, opposite 
 tiiC town of Penh. The surface of ihe pa- 
 rish is unequal, and its form irregular. The 
 village of Kiiincui, commonly called Briiige- 
 
K I N 
 
 K I O 
 
 end, from its local situation at the e end of 
 the bridge of Perth, is a borough of barony, 
 entitled to hold a weekly market, and four 
 annual fairs. The population is above 
 2000. On the hill of Kinnoul, which is 
 elevated 632 feet above the river Tay, and 
 is covered with wood, are tound agates, 
 onyx, and cornelians. Near the top is an 
 echo that repeats nine times, and a cave 
 formerly much resorted to for superstitious 
 purposes. 
 
 KINROSS, a county surrounded by the 
 shires of Perth and Fife. It is about 30 
 miles in circuit, its length and breadth being 
 nearly equal. The face of the country has 
 a rich and beautiful appearance. It is di- 
 vided into four parishes, the population of 
 Vv'hich is about 7246. Kinross-shire alter- 
 nately divides with Clackmannanshire the 
 right of sending a member to parliament. In 
 the different districts are abundance of lime- 
 stone and coal. 
 
 Kinross, the capital of the above county, 
 is pleasantl}" situated on a plain at the w end 
 of Loch Leven, on the road from QueeiPs 
 ferry to Perth, about \5 miles distant from | 
 each. It is a small straggling town, with 
 very little tr^jde. Coarse linen and some 
 branches of the cotton manufacture are car- 
 ried on. It has four annual fairs much fre- 
 quented by catile dealers. In (he vicinity is 
 Kinross house, a large elegant structure, built j 
 near the site of an old one, which was for a 
 long time the re.udenee of the earls of Morton. | 
 The parish is three miles and a-half long, j 
 and nearly the same broad with a flat sur- 
 face, and in general a fertile soil. Popula- 
 tion about 2100. I 
 
 Kinsale, a burgh of Cork, Munster, Ire- | 
 land, with a maritime arsenal, and defended ! 
 by a fort at the mouth of the Bandon. It ; 
 is a trading place, and has a deep, commo- | 
 dious, and secure harbour, 14 miles s of I 
 Cork. It sent tv.'o members to the Irish j 
 parliament, and is represented by ona in the ; 
 imperial parliament. It contains at least ! 
 10,000 inhabitants. Lon. 8 28 w, iat. 51 j 
 42 N. I 
 
 Kintail, a parish in Ross shire, 13 miles j' 
 in length, and six in breadth, intersected by j 
 the arms of the sea called Loch Long, and i 
 I.ocb Duich. The surface is rugged and | 
 mountainous, and ehiedy appropriated to pas- j 
 »ure. Population about 1040, who are almost , 
 all MX’raes, Here is a handsome breed of 
 black cattle. 
 
 Kin-tctdng, capital of the island of Lieou- 
 ki ou in the China sea, and of all the islands 
 under that apjjeilation. Kin-tching is situ- 
 fuated in Cheouli, the s part of the island. 
 The king^s palace, reckoned to be 12 miles 
 in circumference, stands on a neighbouring 
 mountain, and is built alter the Japanese 
 manner. Here are manufactures of silk, 
 cotton, paper, arms, cfee. Lon. 127 30 e, 
 Laf, 26 2 N. 
 
 Kin-iong, a city of the first rank in the 
 
 province of Yun-nan, China. The cormtty 
 is mountainous, but the vallies yield abun- 
 dance of rice. I' stands on the Papian, 750 
 miles w by n of Canton. Lon. 100 40 e, 
 lat. 24 30 N. 
 
 Kiiftore, a royal burgh in Aberdeenshire, 
 15 mib s w of Aberdeen, containing 230 in- 
 habitants. It is governed by a provost, two 
 baillies, a treasurer, and a counsel of eight 
 other burgesses. The office bearers are not 
 obliged to be changed ; consequently the 
 earls of Kintore nave beeu provosts for a 
 century. It unites with Banff, Cullen, El- 
 gin, and Inverury, in sending a member to 
 parliament. The parish is nearly six miles 
 in length, and three in breadth. Populaiioxi 
 about 850. 
 
 KINTYRE, or Cantyre, a peninsula, 
 forming the s part of Argyllshire. It is 50 
 miles in length, from n to s, and from 
 five to eight in breadth. On the mull of 
 Caiityre is a light house of great elevation- 
 Lon. 5 40 w, lat. 55 21 n. The soil is fer- 
 tile. The only town of note is Campbel- 
 ton, which covers the site of M'^Donald’iS 
 castlf^ of Duniveg. 
 
 Kintzingen, a town in the principality of 
 Wurtzburg, Franconia, seated on the Maine, 
 with a Benedictine abbey, 10 miles ese of 
 Wurtzburg. 
 
 Kin-^jong, a city of the first rank in Chen- 
 si, China, in a iruitiul coautry. It basal- 
 ways been deemed a barrier against the in- 
 cursions of t.he Tartars, and is strongly 
 fortified, 560 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. iOT 
 30 E, sat. 36 6 n. 
 
 Km~yuen, a city of the first rank in 
 Quang si, on a fine river, amid craggy moun- 
 tains, inhabited by a people almost savage, 
 310 miles w by k of Canton. Lon. 108 15 e, 
 lat. 24 28 N. 
 
 Klof, or Kief, a considerable town of Po- 
 land, in a palatinate of the same name. It 
 is the capital of the Russian government 
 Kiof, and carries on a considerable trade- 
 Here are catacombs, dug through a moss of 
 hardened clay. It stands on the w side of 
 the Dnieper. It is situated 180 miles nr of 
 Kaminieck, and 335 se of Warsaw. 
 
 KIOF, a government of the Russian em- 
 pire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little 
 Russia. Ii contains 11 districts, and its 
 principal rivers are the Dnieper, Desna, Os- 
 ier, Udai, Sula, P«ol, and Trubosh. It was 
 once a duchy, the property of the great dukes 
 of Prussia ; was conquered by the Tartars, 
 but was overrun, and possessed by the Cos- 
 sacks under the protection of Poland. In 
 1664, the natives discomented v/idi .Tobn 
 Cassimir, king of Poland, submitted to Pais- 
 sia, to which empire they have ever since 
 been subject. 
 
 KIOF, a palatinate cf Poland, in that 
 part of ihe Ukraine, which lies on the wside 
 of the Dnieper. It contains only two dis- 
 tricts, and several towris. Its capital, Kiof. 
 being subject to Russia- 
 
K I R 
 
 Kio-feouy a city in the province of ChaD|if- 
 tong, aijc disti.'Ci of Yen-teheou, Cbiua. ii 
 
 ceiebratcd a«; the birth pUice of Confucius, 
 several monuments to whose memory ar^ 
 still to be seen nere. 
 
 Kiogey or KogCy a sea port in the isle of 
 Zealand, De mark. Here, in 1807, the 
 English defeated the Danes, and took the 
 town. »s 18 miles sw of Copenhagen. 
 Eon. 12 iS a, lut. SS 30 w 
 
 Kiopiugy a town in Westmania, Sweden, 
 sealed on a river, which, at a little dis- 
 tance, enters the lake Maelar. It is about 
 
 10 rmies w of Stromsholm, and 28 wsw of 
 \Veste;as 
 
 Kippeuy a parish and village lying on the 
 s b-nk of the Frith of Forth. The parish is 
 oiKht miles long, and from two to four broad, 
 partly in Perthshire, and partly in 
 Stirlingshire. The village of Kippen con- 
 tains nearly 80 families, has a weekly mar- 
 ket, and five annual fairs. The village of 
 Bucklyvie, containing above 400 inhabi- 
 tants, and has five annual fairs of consi- 
 derable resort, is also in this parish. The 
 population is 1720. Kippen has three 
 annual fairs, and a market on Vfednesday 
 during the month of December, 10 miles w s 
 of Stirling. 
 
 Kirchbachy a town of Stiria, Germany, 14 ! 
 mile.' SE of Gratz. j 
 
 . Kirthbergy a town in the department of 
 the Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of 
 Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, 
 28 miles ssw of Coblentz, and 41 w of 
 Mc'.itz. 
 
 Kirchbergy capital of a burgravate of its f 
 name, Sv/abia, stands on the Isser, nine miles 
 s of Ulm. 
 
 Kirchbergy a town in the principality of j 
 Hohenioe, Franconia, has a castle on a hill, j 
 on the Jaxt, 12 miles ssw of Rotenburg. 
 
 Kirchayn, a town of Lusatia, on the Bo- 
 ber, 18 miles s of Luckau. 
 
 Kirchayn y a town of Upper Hesse, Ger- 
 many, on the Wokra, six miles e of Mar- 
 burg. 
 
 Kircliewiy a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Mont Tonnere, lately of Germany, 
 in the circle of the Upper Rhine, 15 miles w 
 of Worms. 
 
 Kircheuiiy a town in the duchy of \^^!rtem- 
 berg, Swabia, on the Lauter, 16 miles se of 
 StiHgard. 
 
 Kircheim Poland, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Mont Tonnere, France, lately of 
 Germany, circle of the Upper Rhine, 16 
 miles w of Worms. 
 
 Kirdofy a town in Upper Hesse, Germany, 
 
 1 1 miles E of Marburg. 
 
 KIRIN, one of the three provinces of eas- 
 tern Tartary, on the w of the sea of Japan. 
 It is exiremely cold, from the forests by 
 which it IS covered, and thinly inhabited. 
 The plant gin.seng grows here, aud hither are 
 banished cnniinals from China. 
 
 KiriUy a city of eastern Tartary, capital of 
 the province of its name, and the residence 
 
 K I R 
 
 of a Mandshiir general. It stand.s on the 
 'ongari, here called Kirin, 540 miles ene of 
 Peking. Lon. 127 10 e, lat. 43 20 n. 
 
 Kirkbean, a parish in the stewartry of 
 Kircudbright; about six miles long and three 
 broad. The soil is good, and highly culti- 
 vated. Population about 700. The village 
 of Kirkbean stands near the church, at the 
 foot of the mountain Crowfell or Crififell, 
 1 1 miles ssw of Dumfries. It has two well 
 endowed parish schools. Admiral Campbell 
 and Paul Jones were natives of this parish. 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale, a town in Westmoreland, 
 situated in a dale or valley on the river Log- 
 ne. The town is neatly built. The chief 
 manufactures in the town are carpetingvS, 
 worsted quilts, and coarse linens.” It has a 
 market on Thursday, and fairs May 9th, 
 and 30th, for cattle, and December 21st, for 
 cloths. It is 10 miles se of Kendal, and 
 252 Nw of London. 
 
 Kirkby Moorside, a town in the N Riding 
 of Yorkshire, has a market on Wednesday, 
 situated on the borders of the Moors, near 
 the Dow, 28 miles n of York, and 224 n by 
 w of London. 
 
 Kirkby Stephen, a town in Westmoreland, 
 seated on the Eden, with a market on Mon- 
 day. It has a manufacture of stockings and 
 contains about 1 109 inhabitants. It lies nine 
 miles s of Appleby, and 266 nnw of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, a royal borough and sea port 
 on the coast of the Frith of Forth, in Fife- 
 shire. It consists chiefly of one street about 
 two miles in length. The town is in a 
 flourishing state, having a considerable share 
 of trade. The harbour is safe. The town 
 is governed by a provost, two baillles, a dean 
 of guild, <fec. It lies about 12 miles n of 
 Edinburgh. It has manufactures of cheks, 
 stripes, and ticks ; has a salt-work, a tannery, 
 aud a number of pretty large vessels are 
 built here. It is connected with Kinghora, 
 Burntisland, aud Dysart, in electing a mem- 
 ber of parliament. It gave birth to Michael 
 Scott, the Friar Bacon of Scotland, in the 
 13th century, and to the celebrated Dr. 
 Adam Smith, Robert Douglass, and George 
 Gillespie, two of the commissioners from 
 the church of Scotland to the Westminster 
 Assembly, in 1643, were ministers of this 
 parish. Lon. 3 3 w, lat. 56 8 n. The pa- 
 rish of Kirkcaldy is of an oblong figure, be- 
 tween iwo and three miles in length, and 
 about one in breadth. Population near 
 4000. 
 
 Kirkcolm, a parish in Wigtonshire, occu- 
 pying a sort of peninsula, formed by the bay 
 of Loebryan and the Irish sea. It is about 
 six miles long, and four broad. The church 
 was dedicated to St Columbus, near it is a 
 small village, and on a scar that runs into 
 Loebryan are delicate oysters. The sur- 
 face of the parish is agreeably variegated. 
 It is well improved and generally fertile. 
 Population near 1200. 
 
 Kirkcorinel,^ a parish in Dumfrieshire?, com- 
 
K I R 
 
 pTehsndiag the nw extremity of the county, 
 intersected by the Nith, trom 10 to 14 
 miles in length, and from seven to eight in 
 breadth. The surface is very irregular and 
 mountainous, and is chiefly occupied in the 
 pasturing of sheep and black cattle. Popu- 
 latiou about 1,100. In the parish are two 
 mineral springs, a manufacture of spades, 
 and abundance of coal. During the intru- 
 sion of Episcopacy, in the reign of Char- 
 les II, this parish was not supplied with an 
 incumbent, and the church fell into ruins, 
 near it is a village containing 400 inhabi- 
 tants ; four miles sw of Langubarf and 28 
 SE of Ayr. 
 
 Kirkcudbright, an ancient borough, capi- 
 tal of the county or stewarfry o1 that name. 
 
 It is situated at the mouth of the river Dee, 
 has a fine harbour, but a very inconsiderable 
 trade. The to^ ii consists of two Streets, 
 which forms a right rtngle. It is 60 miles 
 w of Carlisle, and 102 sw of Edinburgh. 
 Here is a lucrative salmon fishery at the i 
 mouth of the Dee. It has an f legant court 
 house, and good school under three masters. 
 The church sta/.ds on the site of a monas- 
 tery. It joins with Annan, Dumfries, Loch- 
 maben, and Languhar in sending a member 
 to parliament. The parish of Kirkcudbright 
 is mostly arable. Population of the town 
 and parish is about 2763. Loii. 4 5 w, lat. 
 64 54 N. 
 
 KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE, is often 
 called the stewartry of Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 comprehends the eastern district of the 
 ancient province of Gallow'ay. It extends 
 from Nw to SE about 45 miles in length, and 
 30 in breadth. The face of the country 
 in the northern parts exhibits the appearance 
 of one continued heath, producing only 
 pasture for sheep, and small black cattle ; 
 but in the southern parts it is in general 
 fertile, and a great part of it W'ell cultivated. 
 It is divided into 28 parishes ; sends a 
 member to parliament. Population is about 
 33 700. The real rent may be estimated 
 at 96,7301. Sterilng. The principal rivers 
 are the Dee, the Fleet, the Ken, and the 
 Urr. The handsome and populous villages 
 of C ret town, the Gatehouse of Fleet, and 
 Castle Douglas have arisen within th. last 
 50 years. A great number of black cattle 
 and sheep, much corn, meal, and potatoes 
 are exported. 
 
 Eirkden, a parish in Forfarshire, fhe 
 miles long, and about two broad, W'atered 
 by the Lunan. The soil is various, but 
 tolerably fertile, Populati* n near 700. 
 In the parish is a large obelisk with some 
 rude engravings. 
 
 Kirkgunzeon, a parish in the E of Kirk- 
 cudbrightshire, about five miles loLg, and 
 three broad. The surface is irregular, and 
 , the soil various. Population about 550. 
 Here are three old structures, Barciosn, 
 Coryah, and Duncultrum, a Druidical tem- 
 ple, and three Roman camps. 
 
 Kir^ham, a town in Lancashire, seated 
 
 K I R 
 
 near the mouth of the Ribble. It has a con- 
 siderable manufacture of sail-cloth, is 18 
 miles s of Lancaster, and 225 nnw of Lon- 
 don. Besides the church there are no fewer 
 than seven chapels in the parish ; and an- 
 nual fairs June 24tb, and October 18th. 
 
 Kirkhill, a parish in Inverness-shire, com- 
 posed of those of Wardlaw and Farnua, and 
 extending about eight miles in length along 
 the s sides of the Beaiily, and from one to 
 three in breadth. It consists of a fine plain 
 of rich clay loam, four miles in extent. 
 Besides the parochial, there is a society’s 
 school, a chalybeate spring, and two Drui- 
 dical temples. Population 1,582. 
 
 Kirkinner, a parish in Wigtonshire, in- 
 cluding Langcastle on the w coast of Wigton 
 Bay, SE of Wigton. The soil is fertile and 
 well cultivated. Population near 1,200. 
 
 KirkiniiUoch, an ancient town in the sE 
 extremity of Dumbartonshire, situated near 
 the junction of the Luggie with the Kelvin, 
 intersected by the Forth and Clyde naviga- 
 tion and the Pioman wall. It was made a 
 borough of barony by a charter from Wil- 
 liam the Lion, in 1170; and is governed 
 by two bailies elected by the burgesses. It 
 
 1 is neatly Imilt, contains about 1,600 inha- 
 bitants, who carry on a considerable trade ia 
 linen and ootiou goods. It is seven miles 
 ENE of Glasgow. The parish is of a tri- 
 angular figure, the longest side about five 
 miles and a half. Here are the remains of 
 a Roman fort, and watch-tower. The for- 
 mer is 90 yards by 40 broad. Here several 
 stones have been dug with Latin inscrip- 
 tions. Lime, coal, and freestone, abound. 
 Population about 3,200. 
 
 Kirkland, a village in Fifeshire, on the 
 s side of the Leven, where is a large cotton 
 work, and a manufacture of coarse linen ; 
 nine miles NNEof Kirkcaldy. 
 
 Kirklees, a vilage in W Yorkshire, situa- 
 ted on the Calder, three miles nnb of Hud- 
 dersfield. In the park near it is the monu- 
 ment of the famous Robin Hood. 
 
 Kirkliston, a village and parish of Scot- 
 land, partly in Linlithgowshire, and partly 
 in Edinburghshire, intersected by the Al- 
 mond, containing 1,647 inhabitants. The 
 i parish is about five miles and a-balf in 
 length, and three and a-half in breadth. 
 The soil is fertile, and well cultivated, in 
 the church, which anciently belonged to the 
 Knights Hospitallers, the great earl of .Stair 
 was buried, in 1747, In the parish stands 
 :v stone known by the name of Catstane, 
 about four feet and a-balf above the ground, 
 and i 1 and a-half in circumference, 
 with an inscription deeply cut in Roman 
 capitals. 
 
 Kirkmahreck, a parish in Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, eight miles long, and four broad, 
 lying on the n side of Wigton Bay ani 
 mouth of the river Cree. The surface is 
 unequal, but the soil along the coast and 
 brinks of the river is fertiie. About mid- 
 way between two large collect! nii of grav« 
 
K I R 
 
 jtonss, 200 yards asunder is u large tumulus 
 calietf Holy Cairn. This place is said to 
 have been the scene of a battle, between 
 Agricola and the Scots under king Galdu*^. 
 On the shore are inexhaustible beds of sheilp, 
 great quantities of which are exported for 
 manure. See Creetown. Population above 
 i,200, 
 
 Kirkmahoey a parish in Dumfries-shire, 
 two or three miles n of Dumfries. In this 
 parish are the villages of Daiswinton and 
 Duncow ; the former the seat of Patrick , 
 Miller Esq. ; the latter contains near 200 
 inhabitants. The soil in this parish is 
 highly improven. Population is above 
 2,ilC0. 
 
 Kirkmaideriy a parish which occupies the 
 extremity of the peninsula called the Rhiuns 
 of Galloway, including an extent of 10 
 miles by two or two and a-half in breadth. 
 The soil, which is naturali}' fertile is now 
 well cultivated. On the rocks on the sea 
 coast, which on the Irish sea are very steep 
 grow samphire and other marine plants. 
 The Mull of Galloway, (he most southern 
 point of land in Scotland, is in this parish. 
 Vessels occasionally anchor in (he bays of 
 Maryport, Brumore, Curghie, Kilstay, and 
 Portuessock. The latter has a pier, and is 
 capable of being rendered a good harbour ; 
 at this port is a village. Population above 
 i,6C0. 
 
 Kirkmichaely a parish in Ayrshire, near 
 Ma) bole, watered by the Girvan and Doon. 
 eight miles long and four broad. The 
 surface is very unequal ; but the land in 
 tillage is inclosed and well improven. It 
 exports handsome black cattle, barley and 
 oats. The loails, mills, and farm houses 
 are excellent. Marl is found in the parish. 
 Population about 1,100. 
 
 Kirkmichaely a parish in the south western 
 excremity of Banffshire, about 15 miles in 
 length, and from three to five in breadth, 
 watered by the Aven. The .surface is un- 
 equal, and the soil variable. Tanimtoul is 
 the only village; the inhabitants are said 
 to be still in .some measure, addicted to the 
 Draidieal superstition of their forefathers. 
 Population about 1,300. 
 
 Kirkmichaely a parish in Dumfries-shire, 
 about 10 miles long and four broad, con- 
 taining large tracts of heath. In the parish 
 are three small villages. The soil is diver- 
 sified with hill and dale, wood and water. 
 It contains some rare trees and plants, va- 
 riety of game, and much oatmeal. Black 
 cattle, and sheep are annually exported. A 
 Roman highway runs through it. Popula- 
 tion about. 000. 
 
 Kirkmichaely a parish in the ne corner of 
 Perthshire ; abciit 17 miles in length, and 
 from six to seven in breadth. The inhabi- 
 lants who have diminished of late jears, 
 speak a mixture of vlselic and old Scoteb. 
 At Glenshee is an aimual fair on the tidid 
 Tuasdi^ of February. AC the village ol 
 
 E I R 
 
 Kirkmichael, where is a weekly market oa 
 Friday, is also a yearly fair at Michaelmas, 
 which formerly held a week. Among the 
 numerous tumuii in this parish, the most re- 
 markable is 90 yards in circumference, and 
 25 feet high; from which two parallel stone 
 fences 32 feet a-mnder, run , about iOO yards 
 south. Near this is a rocking stone, which 
 after being pressed vibrates at least 26 times, 
 Theie are many erect stones called Crom- 
 lechd or stones of worship. Tue general 
 elevation of this district, and the coldness of 
 the climate, render it much belter adapted 
 for pasturage loan tillage. Population of 
 the parish i' about 1,570. 
 
 Kirkmichaely a parish in the counties of 
 Ross and Cromarty, with the parishes of 
 Cullicudden and St Alartins annexed, ex- 
 tending eight miles in length, along the 
 banks of Cromarty Frith, and three in 
 bieadth.- Lime and marl abound, yet the 
 parish remains unimproved. Here is one 
 0 £ the .society's schools, where spinning ani 
 knitting, as well as reading, are taught. 
 Population above 1200, 
 
 Kirknewton, a parish in Edinburghshire, 
 w^hich, with East Caider annexed, is about 
 six miles in length, and four in breadth, 
 bounded on the n by the Almond, and on 
 the s by the Water of Leith. It is well cul- 
 tivated and productive. The celebrated Dr 
 William Cullen is buried in the church-yard. 
 Population near 1 iOO. 
 
 Kirkoswaldy a parish on the coast of Ayr- 
 shire, Nw coast of Carrick, the greater part 
 of which is a rich and fertile loam, and is 
 well cuiiivaled. It is said to have derived 
 its name from Oswald, king of the Nor- 
 thumbrians, who founded the church after 
 he had been driven from his ov.'ii country, 
 A doal work, in the parish, which took fire 
 in 1750, still continues to burn, Culiean 
 castle, the princely mansion of the earl of 
 Cassilis, built on a rock about 100 feet high, 
 jutting into the sea, and commanding an ex- 
 tensive prospect of the Frith of Clyde, and 
 the coast of Bute and Arran, in this pa- 
 rish. The abbey of Coneraguel, of which 
 die ruins are pretty entire, and the castle of 
 Turuberry, the ancient seat of the earls of 
 Carrick, are also in this parish. It has a 
 fair Aug. 15 ; 12 miles s of Ayr. The vil- 
 lage of Kirkoswald, contains about 100 in- 
 habitants. Population about 17C0. 
 
 Kirkoswaldy a town in Cumberland, with 
 a market on Thursday, stands near the 
 Eden, on a rivulet called the Ravin. On 
 an elevated spot a little to the e is the Tuiu 
 of a castle; and on another eminence three 
 miles to iLes is the famous druidical monu- 
 ment called Long IVieg and her Daughters. 
 Fairs Thursday before Whitsunday, and 
 Aug. 5 : 15 mi.es SE of Carlisle, and 290 N 
 l)y w of Loudon. 
 
 Kirkoweriy a parish in Wigtonshire, 15 
 miles in length, and from four to seven in 
 breadth, mostly appropriated for pasture. 
 
K I R 
 
 The church and village are situated about a 
 mile SB of the road from Newton-Stewart to 
 Portpatrick, Population near 800. 
 
 Kirkpatriek-Durhams a parish and village 
 in Kirkcudbrightshire. The parish is about 
 nine miles in length, and from three to four 
 in breadth. The village of Kirkpatrick- 
 Durham, conrains near 100 families. It 
 has a considerable annual fair on the last 
 Tuesday of Mirch ; 12 miles w of Dum 
 fries, and f5 nne of Kirkcudbright. Popu- 
 lation of the parish above 1000. 
 
 Kirkpatrick- Fleming y a parish in Dum- 
 fries-shire, including those of Kirkconoei 
 and Irving, about six miles long and three 
 broad, intersected by the road from Carlisle 
 to Glasgow, aud by that from Annan to 
 Edinburgh. In the parish are marble, lime- 
 stone, freestone, mineral springs, tumuli, and 
 druidical temples. In Dec. 1759 died in 
 this parish, Thomas Wishart, aged 124. 
 Population above 1500. 
 
 Kirkpatrick-Irongrag, a parish in the eas- 
 tern part of Kirkcudbrightshire, on the sw 
 banks of the Cairn, about nine miles long 
 and two broad, in general well cultivated 
 and fertile. The parish church is about 
 four miles from Dumfries. Population 
 about 750. 
 
 Kirkpatrick- Juxtay a parish of Dumfries- 
 shire, in the nw extremity of Annandale, of 
 a triangular figure, each side of which is 
 about eight miles long. The soil is adapted 
 to pasturage. Population near 600. 
 
 Kirktouny a parish in Roxburghshire, 
 eight miles long, and from one to two and 
 a-half broad, intersected by the road from 
 Edinburgh to Carlisle, chiefly appropriated 
 to sheep pasture. Population above 330. 
 
 Kirkurd, a parish in Peebles-shire, s of 
 Linton, on the borders of Edinburghshire, 
 about five miles and a-half long, and from 
 three to four broad, with a pleasing variety 
 of surface. Population about 330. Kirkurd 
 House, an elegant mansion in this parish, 
 was, for 1100 years previous to 1752, the 
 property and residence of the family of 
 Gaddes, who possessed another estate caLed 
 Rauian Jd'jO years. In the vicinity is a 
 suipnureous spring, and two mounts, sur- 
 rounded by walls. 
 
 Kirkwall, the principal town in Orkney, is 
 situated upon an iii.et of tbe sea, and has a 
 tolerable harbour, with a fort fication. It is 
 a royal borough, and joins with Wick, Dor- 
 noch, Dingwall, and Tain, in sendmg a re 
 presentative to the British parliament. The 
 most striking object is the stately cathedral 
 of St Magnus, now the collegiate parish 
 church, which has a steeple 133 feet high, 
 with an elegant chime of bells. It. was b\t!ii 
 in the 12th century. Haco, king of Nor 
 way, who died in 1264, is burled in the 
 church, opposite which is the castle and bi- 
 shop’s palace, both in ruins. Here are ma- 
 nufactures of linen, cotton, plaiting of straw ; 
 two miles to the s is the village of Scalpa, 
 on a commodious bay of its name, which is 
 No. 17— 6d, 
 
 K I S 
 
 the usual landing place from the coast of 
 Caithness. Kirkwall had iis charter from 
 Tames III. and is governed by a provost, 
 four bailies, dean of guild, and council ; 30 
 miles NE of Thurso iu Caithness, and 328 n 
 of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 55 w. lat. 59 12 n. 
 The parish of Kirkwall, to which that of 
 .St Ola is united, extends about six miles 
 around the town, near which the soil is a 
 fine loam. Population about 2800. 
 
 Kirmansha, a city in Irak, Persia, stands 
 at the s extremity of a plain, on the Karasu ; 
 is the residence of a prince, whose govern' 
 meat extends over a large tract of country . 
 Here are four mosques, 14 public baths, and 
 numerous gardens ; five miles from the ity 
 in the mountains that form the northern 
 boundary of a fine plain, are many excava- 
 tions and sculptures ; 190 miles ne of Bag- 
 dad, and 340 wnw of Ispahan. Loa. 47 20 
 E, lat. 34 26 X. 
 
 KirUy a town in the department of the 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the palatinate of the Rhine, situa- 
 ted on the Nahe. It is 42 miles s by w of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Kirriemuir y a market town in Forfarshire, 
 which has a good inland trade, several nia-= 
 nufactures, <Src. It contains near 1690 ia- 
 habitanls ; has fairs in July and Octr. and 
 lies 16 miles n by w of Dundee, and about 
 56 N by E of Edinburgh. The^paris.i of 
 Kirriemuir is near eight miles long, and 
 above six broad. The surface exhibits a 
 pleasing variety, and the soil is in general 
 good. Population in 1811, 4791. 
 
 Kirshehr, a town of Natolia, Asiatic Tar- 
 tary, formerly a considerable city, calfed 
 Dmeaesaria. In the vicinity is a manufac- 
 ture oi salt; 84 miles ne of Cogni. Loa. 
 34 15 E, lai. .69 iO n. 
 
 KirshenaguTy a town of Bengal, Hindoo- 
 stan, 45 miles n of Calcutta, and 50 s of 
 Moorshedabad. 
 
 Kir.sovay a ‘ town of Bulgaria, European 
 Turkey, on the Danube, 76 miles sw of Is-, 
 mael. Lon. 28 4 e, lat 44 47 n. 
 
 Kirton, a town in Lincolnshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, 151 miles N by w of 
 London. 
 
 Kishmy or Kismich, an island in the gulf 
 of Persia, about 60 miles long, and eight 
 broad, fertile, and well inhabited. At the 
 E extremity is the fort of Kism, and on the 
 s is an excellent harbour, 20 miles s of Gom- 
 bron. Lon. 56 10 E,lat. 26 58 n. 
 
 KhsingeUy a town ol Francopia, 24 miles 
 N of Wursburg, seated on the 'Saale. In 
 the vicinity are medicinal and salt .springs. 
 
 KISTl, one of the seven Caucasian na- 
 tions, that inhabit the countries between the 
 Black sea and the Caspian. Tnis nation 
 extends from the highest ridge ot Caa-jasus, 
 along the i§undsbaw rivulets. They are 
 bounded on tbe w by little Kaburda, e by 
 the Tartars and Lesguis, and s by the Lfis- 
 guis and Georgians, They consist. oi no 
 less than ^6 dl^erent districts, or tribes 
 D 
 
K N A 
 
 which are ^eaeraliy at war with each other. 
 In their religion, v/hieh is simple, are some 
 traces of Christianity. They believe in one 
 God, whom they call Daile, but have no 
 ■ saints, or religious persons ; celebrating the 
 Sabbath by no religious ceremony, but by 
 resting, from labour. They observe no 
 ceremony either at births or deaths, eat pork, 
 and permit polygamy. j 
 
 Kistna, or Crisna, a river of Hindoostau, 
 has its source in the Sukhein mountains, 
 runs E about 500 miles, is the boundary be- 
 tween the Deccan and the Peninsula, and 
 to the s of Masuiipatam, enters the bay of 
 Bengal by several mouths. In the neigh- 
 bouring hills to the n, are the richest dia- 
 mond mines in the world. 
 
 ► Ki&tnagkeri, a town and fortress of My- 
 sore, Hindoostan. In 1789, the British, af- 
 ter gaining the lower, were not able to take 
 the upper fort ; 54 miles se of Bangalore, 
 and 66 wsw of Arcot. 
 
 Kittery, a town in the district of Maine, 
 York county, on Sturgeon creek eight miles 
 ssw of York. 
 
 Kitzbuhl, a town in the Tyrol, Germany, 
 on the Acha, 36 miles e of Inspruck. 
 
 Kitzingeny a town in the principality of 
 Wurtzburg, on the Maine, 10 miles ese of 
 Vvurtzburg. 
 
 Kiun-tchecUy capital of the island Hainan, 
 China, at the mouth of the Limou, on the n 
 coast. ' It stands on a promontory, and ships 
 often anchor under its walls. Lon. 339 8 e, 
 lat. 20 0 N. 
 
 Kiutoja, or Ktdaialiy capital of Natolia, 
 Asiatic, Turkey, at the foot of a mountain 
 near the Pursak. It has three Armenian 
 churches, and many mosques ; and iu the 
 vicinity some warm baths much esteemed ; 
 136 miles se of Constantinople. Lon. 30 
 14 E, lat. 36 20 n. 
 
 Kixii Ozahiy a river of Persia, which has 
 its source in the mountains of Kurdistan, runs 
 N into Aderbeitzan, and turning, to the e, 
 divides Ghiian from Mazanderan, and falls 
 into the Caspian sea. 
 
 Kiziar, a town in the province of Caucasia, 
 Russia, on the Terek, which soon after di- 
 vides into l^rancbes, and falls into the Cas- 
 pian sea. The adjacent country abounds ip 
 corn, silk', wine, and brandy; 120 miles e 
 of Cathariograd, and 140 s by w of Astra- 
 can. Lon. 47 30 e, lat 43 45 n. 
 
 K/ach'auy,i\. tovA ii in the circle of Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, near the Misa, 20 miles w of 
 Pilsen. 
 
 Klaflau, a town in the circle of Pilsen, on 
 the Walot, 20 miles ssw of PiLen. 
 
 A7//?, a town in the goveinnient of Mos- 
 cow, Russia, shmds on both sides of the Ses- 
 tra. 42 miles- A’ \w ot Moscow. 
 
 ■ Kfirtg'iiaUy a io\yn in Baden, Switzerland, 
 on (he Arir, 22 miles e of Basle. 
 
 KXAhDAhR, a. mountainous district of 
 A rgyll>li.ie, ifi Scclland, adjoining to Argyll i 
 37\.i^ r, and connected on the s by a narrow | 
 neck uf land, to the peniusulu of Cantyre. | 
 
 K N O 
 
 j It is about 24 miles in length, and 16 113 . 
 breadth, and is divided into two parishes. 
 North and South Knopdale, The former ex-^ 
 tends along the coast of the Atlantic, for 
 about 12 miles, with a breadth of three, and 
 contains about 2400 inhabitants : the latter 
 comprehends the remainder of the district, 
 and contains about 1700 inhabitants. It is 
 chiefly pasture. In S Knapdale, besides the 
 parish church, are two chapels, in one of 
 which a missionary officiates. Near an old 
 chapel atKiimory Knap, is an elegant stone 
 cross, neatly engraven with sundry devices., 
 and bearing an inscription in very ancient 
 characters, like the Hebrew ! 
 
 Knareshoroughy a town in the W Riding 
 of Yorkshire. This town, which is called 
 by foreigners the Yorkshire Spaw, is about 
 three furlongs in length ;'and the parish is 
 famous for four medicinal springs, near each 
 other, and yet of different qualities. The 
 Dropping Well is remarkable for its petri- 
 fying quality. See Harroivgate. The adja- 
 cent fields are noted for liquorice, and a soft 
 yellow marie, which is a rich manure. Its 
 baths are not so much frequented since Scar- 
 borough-spaw came in vogue. On a rugged 
 rock, almost surrounded by the rivtr Nidd, 
 are the ruins of its castle. It is governed by 
 a bailiff, has a market cn Wednesday, is a 
 borough by prescription, and its two mem- 
 bers sent to parliament are elected by the bur- 
 gage owners. Knaresborough is noted for 
 its linen' cloth, sheeting, &c. ; 18 miles w by 
 N of York, and 202 n by w ot London. 
 
 Knighton^ a town in Radnorshire, S Wales, 
 with a market on Thursday, stands on the 
 j Teme, seven miles n by w of Presteign, and 
 158 Nw of London. 
 
 Knightsbridgey in Middlesex, the first vil- 
 lage from London, on the great western road. 
 In the centre of this village there is a fabric 
 lately erected, where a most considerable 
 manufacture for painting floor cloths, is 
 carried on. Here is an exiensive barracks 
 for soldiers. 
 
 KNIN, a district of Dalmatia, 32 miles 
 long from s to and SO from e to w, con- 
 taining 16,000 souls, iu SO towr.s and vil- 
 lages, and abounding in corn and wood. 
 
 Knipkauscn, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 territory of Jever, eight miles ese of Jever. 
 
 Knitterfeldt, a town of Stiria, Germany, 
 
 I on the Meur, 10 miles ane of Judenbiirg, 
 j and 78 sw of Vienna. 
 
 :j Knitilmgen, a town in ^Yurtemberg, .the 
 birth-place of Jolm Faust, the discoverer of 
 printing ; 22 miles from Heidelberg. 
 
 Knockaudoiv, a parisli in Morayshire, sw 
 of Elgin. It is about 10 miles long and two 
 broad, watered by the Spey on the s. The 
 surface is hilly. Pt>puia(iori about 1490, 
 three fifths of whom, some }cais ago were 
 females, 
 
 Knoctopher, a borough in the coun'}- of 
 Kilkenny, Ireland, 12 ii.ilts s by e of Kil- 
 kenny. 
 
 KiiotiesfordyOr KT:oi:t\fcrQy a town in the 
 
K O E 
 
 equity of Cheshire, with a market ob Satiir- 
 fJay. Here is a manufacture of shag velvets, 
 acJ a cotton mill, near the Mersey ; seven 
 miles NE of Norwich, and 179 nnw of Lon- 
 
 don. , TTT 
 
 Knottingley, a village on the Aire, W 
 
 Yorkshire, famous for the great quaDtity of 
 lime burnt here; three miles ene ot Ponte- 
 
 ^^^KNOX, one of the Ingraham's islands, 
 together with one named Hancock. These 
 islands had every appearance of fertility. 
 Their latitude is from 8 3, to 8 5 s, and thetr 
 ienguude very near Hi v/, Greenwich. 
 
 KnoccviilS) the nictropGl’s ol the state of 
 Tennessee, situated in Knox county* It is 
 ifi a hourisbing situation. The supreme 
 courts for the district of Hamilton and for 
 Knox count}' are held here. A college has 
 been established called Blount College. It 
 stands on the river Holston, 35 miles above 
 its junction with the Tennessee, 200 s by e 
 of Franefon in Kentucky, and 728 sw of 
 Philadelphia. Lon. 84 8 w, lat. 35 58 n. 
 
 Koang-nan^ a city in the province of Yun- 
 nan, China. It is of the first rank, 170 
 miles ESE of Ymi-nan. 
 
 , Koang si, a city of the first rank in the 
 province of^Yim-nan, China, 100 miles ese 
 of Yun-nan. 
 
 Koang-sin, a city of the first rank in Ki- 
 ang-si, China, has manufactures of the best 
 candles in the empire, and good paper ; 250 
 miles s by w of Nan-king. Lon* 118 20 e, 
 lat. 38 10 N. 
 
 lichen, a town and castle in the principa- 
 lity of Glogau, Silesia, on the Oder, 15 miles 
 SE of Glogau. 
 
 KOBI, a vast desert in Chinese Tartary, 
 called by the Chinese, Chamo, situated in 
 ihe s extremity of the territory of Kalkas. 
 It is more th .n 100 leagues from e to w, 
 and nearly as much from n to s, 
 
 Kobrin, a town of thep latinateof Brzesc, 
 Lithuania, taken by the Russians in 1794; 
 and again in 1812, after a battle in which 
 the Saxons were defeated ; 30 miles e of 
 Bfzesc. 
 
 KOEI-TCHEOU, a province of China, 
 and one of the smallest in that empire. It 
 contains 10 cities of the first rank, and 38 
 of the second and third, and is full of inac- 
 cessible mountains. It is inhabited by a 
 people who are independent, and who would 
 never submit to the laws of the empire. 
 This province is remarkable for its copper 
 mines. They make their cloth of a sort of 
 grass. The horses are the best in China. 
 Koei-yaag is the capital. 
 
 Kcei-tcheou, a city of the first class in Se- 
 ' tchuen, China. It has great commerce and 
 riches, and a custom-house to receive the 
 duties on trade.' It is seated on the Kian- 
 ku. It has salt springs, and great quantities 
 of musk are collected in the vicinity; 637 
 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 109 34 e, lat. 
 31 10 N. 
 
 Eoei-yang, capital of the province of Koei- 
 
 K o N 
 
 ioheou, China. The remains of its palaces 
 and temple indicate its former magnificence ; 
 420 miles nw of Canton. Lon. 106 19 e, 
 lat. 26 30 N. 
 
 Koge. See Kioge. 
 
 Kola,fx town of Russia, in the government 
 of Archangel, and capital of Muscovite Lap- 
 land, with a good harbour, on the river Ko- 
 la, near a bay of the same name in the Fro- 
 'zen Ocean. LOn. 33 1 E, lat. 68 52 n. 
 
 KGLIVAN., or Kolyvan, a government 
 of Russia, comprehending a part of Western 
 Siberia. Its capital is of the same name. 
 This country has very productive silver 
 mines, which have been called the Potosi of 
 Russia. They are situated between the 
 Irtysh and Oby, near the mountains which 
 separate Chine.-e Tartary from Siberia. 
 The capital, formerly called Berdskoi. stands 
 on the Berd, at its junction with Obej ; 480 
 miles ESE of Tobolsk. Lon. 81 20 e, lat, 
 55 28 N. 
 
 Kolm, a town in the circle of Kaurzim, 
 Bohemia, with a castle. In 1757, the Aus- 
 trians defeated the Prussians in this vicinity ; 
 26 miles ese of Prague. 
 
 Kolomna, a town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, stands on the Oku, near its 
 junction with the Moskva, and is a bishop's 
 see ; 60 miles, se of Moscow. 
 
 Korn, ox Klmm, a, city of Irak, Persia* 
 stands at the foot of high mountains, near a 
 river which loses i;self in the great salt de- 
 sert, has a famous mosque, in which are the 
 superb tombs of Safi I. and Abas II; and 
 a large college. In 1722, it was taken, and 
 almost wholly destroyed by the Affgans. 
 Part of it is yet in ruin'?, and part has been 
 rebuilt. Here are manufactured the best 
 sabres and poinards in Persia ; earthen ware 
 is also made; 70 miles s by w of Taheraa. 
 Lon. 50 40 e, lat. 34 45 n. 
 
 Komol, a sea port of Nubia, on the' Red 
 Sea, Lon. 35 15 e, lat. 22 45 n. 
 
 Kong, capital of a kingdom of its name. 
 NegToiand, separated from Giunea by a 
 ridge of .mountains ; 230 miles ssw of Segos. 
 Lon. 3 20 w^, lat. II 20 N. 
 
 Kongshacka, a town in Halland, Sweden, 
 seated at the head of a bay of the Categat ; 
 
 . 14 miles sse of Gotheburg. 
 
 Kongsherg, a towm in the goverumeut of 
 Aggerhuys, Norway, seated on both sides of 
 the'’ Lo wen. Here are the richest silver 
 mines in Europe ; 44 miles sw’ of Chris- 
 tiania. 
 
 Kongsoeur, a town of Westmania, Swe- 
 den, seated at the w extremity of the Hke 
 Maelar, 30 miles ene of Orebro. 
 
 Kong-tchang , a c;ty in the province of 
 Chend, China, on the Hoei, amid high 
 mountains, where a tomb is visible, which is 
 said to be that of Fold ! 650 miles wsw of 
 Peking. Lon. 104 20 e, kit. 34 56 m. 
 
 Konieh. See Cogni. 
 
 Konigingralz, a fortified town and capital 
 of a circle of the same name, Bohemia, seat^ 
 edon the Elbe, and a bishop’s see. In 1762, 
 D 2 
 
k: o N 
 
 the greater part of it was burnt by the Prus- 
 sian troops ; 44 miles e of Prague. Lon. 
 
 15 47 E, lat. 60 10 n. 
 
 Koni^sberg, a town of Upper Hesse, Ger- 
 many, seven miles nw of Giessen. 
 
 Koriigsberg, a town and castle of Franco- 
 nia, 14 miles e of Schweinfurt. 
 
 Konigsbergy a town and castle in the prin- 
 cipality of Troppau, Silesia, Id miles se of 
 Troppau 
 
 Konigsbergy a town of Newmark, Bran- 
 <lenburg, on the Rorike, 25 miles nnw of 
 Custrin. 
 
 Konigsbergy a fortified city, and capital of 
 Prussia, seated bn the Pregel, near its en- 
 trance into the Frisch Haff, with a magnifi- 
 cent palace, an university, and public libra- 
 ry . The cathedral , the town-house, the royal 
 mint and exchange, are handsome struc- 
 tures. From the tower of the castle is an 
 extensive prospect. The city is iO miles in 
 circumference, many of the houses are ele- 
 gant ; the trade is considerable. Popula- 
 tion,50,000, mostly of the Lutheran persua- 
 sion. The strong citadel called Frederics- 
 burg is a regular square, surrounded by the 
 river and broad ditches. In it are a church 
 and an arsenal. Ships of more than seven 
 feet water cannot pass the bar ; large ships 
 moor at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic. 
 It was taken by the Russians in 1758, and 
 entered by the French in 1807, after the bat- 
 tle of Friedland : 170 miles N of Warsaw. 
 Lon. 26 45 E, lat. 54 42 n. 
 
 Eonigsegg, an apcient castl-e, in a county 
 of the same name, Swabia, eight miles tuw 
 of Ravensburg. 
 
 Konigshofy a towm and castle of Bohemia, 
 seated on the Elbe, 12 miles n of Konigin- 
 gratz. 
 
 KonigshofeUy a strong town of Franconia, 
 on the Saale, with a castle, 18 miles nne of 
 Schweinfurt. 
 
 Konigsluttefy a town of Lower Saxony, on 
 the rivulet Lutter, with a celebrated abbey, 
 10 miles e of Brunswick. 
 
 Konigssee, a town of Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, with a castle on a hill, seven miles 
 w of Rudelstadt. 
 
 Konigsteiny a town and county of Germa- 
 ny, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, with a 
 castle ouva rock, 11 miles nw of Franckfort, 
 and 30 ne of Meutz. 
 
 Konigsteiny'A town and fortress inMisuia, 
 Upper Saxony, on the borders of Bohemia 
 seated on the Elbe. In this fort, which 
 stands on a mountain, and is deemed im- 
 pregnable, a garrison is always maintained. 
 Here are woollen and linen manufactures ; 
 19 miles se of Dresden. Lon. 14 14 e, lat, 
 50 54 N. 
 
 KonigswingcTy a town in Aggerhuys, Nor- 
 way, near the G lorn me, at the foot of a 
 rock, on which is a citadel; 46 miles ene 
 of Christiana. Lon. 12 0 e, lat. 60 12 n. 
 
 Konitzy A of W Prussia, 10 miles 
 Kw of Culm. 
 
 K O S 
 
 Kooch, a town of Hindoostan in the coun- 
 try of Agra, 60 miles e of Gualior. 
 
 KoonjooTy a town of the Deccan of Hin- 
 doostan, in the province of Orissa, capital of 
 a circar; 86 miles nnw of Cattack, and 
 163 wsw of Calcutta. 
 
 Kooshariby a town of Lahore, Hindoostan, 
 near the Chelum, 88 miles w of Lahore. 
 Lon. 73 20 E, lat. 30 55 n. 
 
 Koping, a tov/n in Westmania, Sweden, 
 stands on a river, near the lake Maelar, 20 
 miles wsw of Westeras. 
 
 Kopisy a fortified town in the government 
 of Mohilef, Lithuania, on the Dnieper, 30 
 miles N of Mohilef. 
 
 KoppersbergyAiO'wu and mountain in Da» 
 lecaria, Sweden, where there are rich mines 
 of copper. 
 
 KOREKI, a country consisting of two 
 distinct nations, called the wandering and 
 fixed Koriacs, Part of the Isthmus of 
 Kamtsebatka is inhabited by the latter, as 
 well as all the coast of the Eastern ocean, 
 thence to the Anadir. The latter extend 
 westward towards the river Kovyma, and 
 along the ne of the sea of Okotsk, as far as 
 the river Pengiha. The resemblance be- 
 tween the fixed Koriacs and the Kamtscha- 
 dales is very striking ; both countries de- 
 pend alike on fishing for subsistence ; and 
 their clothing and habitations are equally 
 similar. The fixed Koriacs are tributary 
 to Russia. They are a lawless and fero- 
 cious tribe, and have all the vices, though 
 none of the virtues, of northern Asiatic na- 
 tions. Deer is their food ; they have an aver- 
 sion to every kind of fish. The number of 
 fixed Koriacs scarcely exceeds 900 ; and it 
 is thought the wandering Koriacs do not 
 much exceed that number. The manners 
 of the former are a mixture of duplicity, mis- 
 trust and avarice. Robbers by nature, they 
 are suspicious, cruel, incapable either of 
 benevolence or pity. The features of the 
 majority of the Koriacs are not Asiatic; 
 and they might be considered as Euro- 
 peans, but for their low stature, their ill 
 shape, and the colour of their skin. 
 
 Korfakan, a towm in Oman, Arabia, seat- 
 ed on a bay in the gulf of Ormus, 110 miles 
 N by w of Rostak. 
 
 KorsaWy or Kosoay a town in the isle of 
 Zealand, with a fort, 45 miles w by s of 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Korumabady or Khorremabady a town in 
 Irak, Persia, with a fort on a bill, on a river 
 near its confluence with the Karansu; 75 
 miles ssE of Kirmansha. 
 
 Kosely or Kostay a fortified town of Sile- 
 sia, on the Oder, 17 mU^^s n of Ratibor. 
 
 Koslof, See Evpatoria, 
 
 KOSTROMA, a government of Russia, 
 formerly included in that of Moscow ; di- 
 vided into the provinces of Costroma and 
 Unza, the capitals of which are Kostroma 
 and Makarief. 
 
 Kestroma, a walled town of Russia, capital 
 
K R E 
 
 of a province of the same name. It is si- j| 
 tuated on a river of its name, at its conflu- 
 ence with the Volga, 168 miles ne of Mos- 
 cow, and 380 EsE of Petersburg, Lon, 41 
 14 E, lat. <57 30 n. 
 
 Kotatis, See Cufais. 
 
 Kottay a town in the Maliva country, Hin- 
 doosfan, on the Jesul, 100 miles SE of Agi- 
 mere, and 215 s of Delhi, Lon. 76 20 e, 
 lat. 25 15 N. 
 
 Kottimbely a small island in the Red Sea. 
 Lon. 41 25 e, lat. 17 57 n. 
 
 Kottokolee, capital of a country of the 
 same name, Negroland, 200 miles ne of 
 Gago. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 12 45 n. 
 
 Kotun, a city of Cashgur, Ushbse Tarta* 
 ry, no miles se of Ireken. Lon. 81 36 e, 
 lat. 37 50 N. 
 
 Koue-'te, a city in the province of Honan, 
 China. It is seated in a vast plain, 
 between two large rivers ; 312 miles s of 
 Pekin. 
 
 KouSy or Coss, a town of Egypt, on the e 
 bank of the Nile, once of great wealth, be- 
 ing the staple of commerce between the Nile 
 and the Red Sea, 18 miles s of Dendera, 
 and 45 nne of Esne. 
 
 Kownoy a town of Lithuania, palatinate 
 of Troki. It is seated on the Niemeu, at 
 the influx of the Wilna, 50 miles wnw of 
 Wilna. 
 
 Krainburpy a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 
 
 35 miles e of Munich. 
 
 Krainbiirg, a town of Carniola, Germany, 
 with a castle on the Saave, i§ miles kw oif 
 Laubach. 
 
 KrainowitZy a towa of Upper Silesia, in 
 the province of Troppau, six miles ssw of 
 Ratibor.. 
 
 Kranishfeld, a town of Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, on the Ilm. It is 12 miles se of 
 Erfurt. 
 
 Krapitz, a town of Silesia, in the duchy of 
 Oppelon, with a castle, at the junction of the 
 Prudnitz and the Oder, 14 miles s of Op- j 
 peion. 1 
 
 Krasnipoly a town of Poland, in Podolia, 
 32 miles nne of Kammieck. 
 
 KrasnoslaWy a town in the palatinate of 
 Chelm. Poland, 23 miles ssw of Cheim. 
 
 Krasnopy a town in the government of 
 Smolensk, Russia, taken by the French under 
 Murat, August f4, 1812 ; but they were de- 
 feat d here with great loss, Nov. 16; and 
 the next day 12 000 men under marshal 
 Ney laid down their arms ; 28 miles sw of 
 Smolensk. 
 
 Krauperiy a town of Bohemia, With tin 
 mines in its vicinity, 17 miles wnw of Leit- 
 meritz. 
 
 Krautheiniy a town and castle of Franco- 
 nia, duchy of Vfurezburg, on the river Jaxt, 
 15 miles sw of ?vJergeatheim. 
 
 Kvekgtkey a corporate town in Csernarvon- 
 sbire, N Wales, witli a market on Wednes- 
 day, stands on the Irish sea, near Traeth, 
 Amawer bay, 13 miles s by Eof CsBicarvon, 
 and 234 nw of London. 
 
 K U N 
 
 Krempey a strong town in the duoby 
 of Holstein, Denmark, stands in a marsh, 
 and is situated on a river of its name, five 
 miles N of Gluckstadt, and 30 nw of Ham- 
 burgh, 
 
 Krems, a town of Austria, at the junction 
 of the Krems and Danube, has allum works, 
 and manufactures of velvets, silks, stuffs, 
 and excellent thread, 36 miles wnw of 
 Vienna. Lon. 15 36 E,lat. 48 24 e. 
 
 Kronberpy a towa of Austria, on the 
 Danube, eight miles nnw of Vienna. 
 
 Kronberpy or Cronenbvrpy a town in the 
 electorate of Mentz, Germany. It is situ- 
 ated on a mountain, nine miles nw of 
 Frankfort, 
 
 Kruszwieay a tow’n in the palatinate of 
 Brzesc, on the lake Goplo, with a castle, 
 noted for being the birth-place of Piast, 
 who from the station of a private citizen was 
 elected king of Poland, in the year 842 ; 
 
 28 miles w of Brzesc. 
 
 KrutzoWy a town of Lithuania, on the 
 Sofz, 30 miles sw of Mozoisiaw. Lon. 32 
 4 E, lat. 54 8 N. 
 
 Krylowy a town in the palatinate of Kiof, 
 Poland, on the Dnieper, 140 miles se of 
 Kiof. Lon 33 50 e, lat. 48 50 n. 
 
 KUBAN-TARTARS, a people who 
 inhabit the borders of a river of the same 
 name. They can send 40,000 men into the 
 field. 
 
 Kiibees, See Kabis, 
 
 Kube^htty a large town of Asia, in the 
 country of the Lesguis, one of the seven 
 Caucasian nations, between the Black sea 
 and the Caspian. The inhabitants call 
 I themselves Franki-Franks, a name common 
 j in the east to all Europeans, and form a re- 
 I public. They are excellent artists, and 
 i rnake very good fire-arms, &c. In 1725, 
 
 ! they acknowledged the sovereignty of Rus- 
 I sia, but pay no tribute. Lon. 47 59 e, lat. 
 '42 30 n. 
 
 Kuf.yteiny a strong town in the Tyrol, 
 Germany, with a castle on a rock, stands ori 
 the Inn, on the borders of Bavaria. la 
 1805, it surrendered to the French, and 
 Bavarians; 3^^ miles ne of Inspruck, and 
 46 ssE of Munich. Lon. 12 15 E,Tat. 47 
 30 N. 
 
 Kuhlsheiniy or KnUzheimy a town in the 
 territory of Mentz, Germany, 32 miles ene 
 of Heidelberg. 
 
 Kundapiiruy a town of Canara, Hindoos- 
 tan, and the chief in the n of that province, 
 stands near the mouth of a river, in which 
 are a number of islands. It is the port of 
 Nagara, but the bar will not admit o; large 
 vessels, 30 miles wsw of Ncigara. Lon. 74 
 45 E, lat. 13 34 N. 
 
 Kunersdorfy a town of Saxony, in Bran- 
 denburg. It is two miles and a-half ene of 
 Frankfort on the Oder. Here, in 1759, 
 one of the most bloody battles on record 
 was fought between the Prussians and 
 Russians^ After an imniense slaughter of 
 ■ the enemy for about six hours, the kicj^ of 
 
K U T 
 
 jprussia was compelled to quit the , field, 
 W’itb the loss of 20,000 men and all his 
 cannon. 
 
 Kuntingy a town of the principal! 'y of 
 Aichstadt, Francor-ia, at the junction of the 
 Altmuhl and Schwarzach, 12 miles ne of 
 Aichstadt. 
 
 Kuopiay a town of Finland, Sweden, 
 capital of Savolax, and that part of Carilia 
 belonging to Sweden, stands on the w side 
 of an extensive lake, 200 miles se of Ulea. 
 Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 03 20 n. 
 
 Kupferbcrg, a tow^n of Franconia, princi- 
 pality of Bamberg, eight miles ne of Culm- 
 bach. 
 
 Kupferherg, a mine-town in the principa- 
 lity of Jauer, Silesia, on the Bober, 19 miles 
 E of Schweidnilz. 
 
 KiiVy a river of Persia, which rises in 
 Mount Caucasus, and falls into the Caspian 
 sea. At its mouth are several islets ready 
 to be overflowed in the spring. 
 
 Kurdistan. See Ciirdisian. 
 
 KURILES, a chain of islands, extend- 
 ing from the soiuhern promontory of 
 Kamtschatka, in lat. 43 to Japan in lat. 
 32 N. Spanberg says they are 22 in num- 
 ber, exclusive of the very small ones. The 
 northermost, called Shooraska, is about three 
 leagues distant from the promontory Lopat- 
 ka. Its inhabitants, consistitig of a mixture 
 of natives and Kamtschadales. The next, 
 named Parramousir, is considerably larger 
 than Shoom'^ka, and is inbab ted by the real 
 natives. The Russians paiduheir first visit 
 to these two islands in 17 13, and added 
 them to tiie dominions of the empress. 
 The Baissiaiis have found it convenient to 
 substitute numbers for the ancient names of 
 those islands, concerning which authors are 
 at much variance. They now call them 
 No. I, No. 2, (fee. as high as 21, which 
 terminates the pretensions of the Russians. 
 Of these 21 islands, four only are inhabited, 
 viz. No. I, 2, 13, 14. The others are en- 
 tirely uninhabited. Many of the inhabi- 
 tants are now converted to Chvisiianity. The 
 inhabitants are hairy, and their food is seals, 
 lish, and game. 
 
 Huron, a chain of mountains in Asiatic 
 Turkey. .See Tanrus. 
 
 KURSK, a government of Russia, for- 
 rneriy part of that of Bielgorod. Ls capi- 
 tal, of the same name, is situated on the 
 Tukor, is a large city, and has a brisk trade, 
 and several manufaciiires, particularly tan- 
 neries. The vicinity is populous and fertile, 
 120 miles sw of Verone.z. Lon. 37 H e, 
 lat. 51 40 K. 
 
 K'USISTAN, or CnrisrsTAN, a province 
 of Persia, between Ir k /Igemi, and the 
 gull of Persia, mountainous on tue n, and 
 on the s fiat and marshy. Tostar is the 
 capital. 
 
 Kulaia. See/I/rtiapa. 
 
 Kutatis, or Cotatis, the capital of Imiritia, 
 a fortified tov.’u ou the Rionu, 55 miles oi 
 Accilzik«, 
 
 LAB 
 
 Kuttenherg, a town of Bohemia, on d 
 mountain, in which are mines of silver, fivo 
 miles Nwof Czasiau. 
 
 Kutture.VL fiantory between the ne part 
 of Cabuf, and the nw of Cashmere, Asia', 
 called by the Maiiomedans Caferistan, or 
 the 1 and of infidels ; it has a town and for- 
 tress of the same name, 100 miles ne of 
 Cabul, and 280 nw of Lahore. Lon. 70 IT 
 E, lat. 35 27 N. 
 
 Kinjndery or Fort Kwjnder, a town and 
 fort in Friesland, Holland, situated on the 
 w side of the Kuynder, where it falls into 
 the Zuyuer Zee, 23 miles s of Lewarden. 
 
 Kuznecky capital of a province of the 
 same name, in the government of the Koi;- 
 van, Siberia, sealed on the J’ariiat, its junc- 
 tion with the Koiidoma, has manufactures 
 of iron, 230 miles ese of Kolivan. Lon. 85 
 50 E, lat. 54 16 N. 
 
 Kylburg, a town in tlie department of 
 Sarre, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 electorate of Treves, stands on the Kyll, 
 and has a collegiate church, 16 miles n of 
 Treves. 
 
 KYLE, the middle district of Ayrshire, 
 said to derive its name from an ancient 
 king called Coil, or Coylus. A parish ia 
 this district is called Coylton, and near 
 Tarbolton is an estate called Coil's field, 
 where is a stone said to be erected in memory 
 of king Coil, who fell here in a battle with 
 the Danes. 
 
 Kyneton. See Kington. 
 
 KyraguVy a fortress of Beraf, Ilindeostan, 
 near the- Luchnow hills, 95 jjiiies sw of 
 Ruttumpour, and 110 e by n of Nagpour. 
 
 Kuritz, a town of. Brandenburg, m the 
 mark of Pregnitz, nine miles ne of Havol- 
 berg. 
 
 I. 
 
 T AAB, a (own of Austria, on the river 
 Teya, and borders of Moravia, 39 
 miles N by w of Vienna. Lon. 16 20 e, 
 lat. 48 43 N. 
 
 Laas, or Losch, a towm of Carniola, Ger- 
 many, with a trade in horses, leather, and 
 salt, 12 miles s of Laubach, and 23 ene of 
 Trie.ste. 
 
 Labadia, a strong tow'n on the Adige, in 
 the peninsula of Kovigo, Italy, 20 miles 
 NNWof Ferrara. 
 
 Labes, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 with nianulaclures of cloth, 22 miles ns of 
 New Siargurd. 
 
 Labia, a town in Servia, European Tur- 
 key, 62 miles sw of Nissa. 
 
 Lahiau, a town of East Prussia, at the 
 moiiih of the Dei me, near the Kurisb Haff, 
 uas a strong castle, ’30 miles ne of Konigs- 
 berg. Population in 1811, was 41,644* 
 Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 47 N, 
 
LAC 
 
 Labonrdy a late territory of France, in 
 the bay of Biscay, which makes parf of 
 Basques. It abouads in fruit. It is 
 now included in the department of Lower 
 Pyrenees . 
 
 LABRADOR, one of the names of the 
 vast countries that surround Hudson’s bay, 
 in N America. The climate, even about 
 Hay’s river, in only lat. 57 n, is excessively 
 cold during winter. The sun rises in the 
 shortest day at five minutes past nine, and 
 s,‘ts five minutes before three. In the 
 longest, it rises at three, and sets about 
 nine. The ice begins to disappear in May, 
 and hot weather conmences about mid- 
 summer, which, at times, is so violent, as to 
 scorch the faces of the hunters. Mock suns 
 and haloes are not unlVequent. The night 
 is enlivened by the Aurora Borealis, which 
 spreads over the whole concave of the s\:y. 
 The animals in these countries, are the 
 moose-deer, stags, rein-deers, bears, tygers, 
 buffaloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, 
 lynxes, martins, squirrels, ermines, wild 
 cats, and hares. The feathered kinds are 
 geese, bustards, ducks, partridges, and all 
 kinds of wild fowls. Their fish are whales, 
 morses, seaH, codfish, and a white fish pre- 
 ferable to herrings ; and in their rivers and 
 fresh watiTS, pike, perch, carp, and trout. 
 All the quadrupeds in these countries are 
 clothed with a close, soft, warm fur ; and 
 even the dogs and cats from Britain, In 
 summer, which lasts only three months 
 there is come variety in the colour of ani- 
 mals, but when that is over, they all, as well 
 as the birds, assume the colour of snow. 
 See New Britain and Hudson’s Ban. 
 
 LABRADOR, Terra de, one of the 
 northern countiies of America, called also 
 Esquimaux, and comprehended in 
 Britain. The coast is rooky, and inter- 
 spersed with innumerable isles. The only 
 attempt to trade with Labrador, has been 
 directed towards the . fishery ; the annual 
 produce af which amounts to upwards of 
 49, 0'uO sterling, Tha inhabitants, whose 
 number is unknown, hunt for furs and skins. 
 The Moravian breihreu maintain a commu- 
 nication with their mission on the coast of 
 Labrador. 
 
 LACCADIVE^, a group of small 
 islands ia the Indian ocean, w of the coast 
 oi Malabar ; thej- are 33 in number ; their 
 principal traffic is the produce of the cocoa 
 pa m, and dri-*d fish ; these cire sent to the 
 Cf’nfinf'nt of India, whence they get rice, 
 *?rc. in return ; and also to Alascat in large 
 boats, which bring back dates and coffee. 
 Caipeey, one of the largest, is situated most 
 to the s and e, its s extremity is ITO 
 miles w of Cochin. Lon. 73 Hz e, lat. Id 
 0 N. 
 
 J.acedfjona, See Cedogna. 
 
 L’ich.'Xi, eapitai of the province of Balirin, 
 Arabia, ‘uands o;i the Aftan, which falP. 
 into a large bay of the gulf ot Persia, oppo- 
 
 LAG 
 
 site the isle of Bahrin. It is well bmlt» 
 Lon. 48 40 E, lat. 26 20 n. 
 
 Lacisa, Laeize, or Lazise^ a strong and 
 populous town on the e side of lake Gar- 
 da, one of the frontier towns mentioned in 
 the treaty of Campo Formic. 
 
 LaclitOy or Laotchu, See Lao. 
 Ladenbiirg, a town of Germany, in the 
 late palatinate of the Rhine, ceded to Baden 
 in 1802. It is seated on the Neckar, 
 six miles e of Mauheiin, and eight nw of 
 Heidelberg. 
 
 Ladoga, a lake in Russia, between tho 
 gulf of Finland, and the lake of Onego, 
 150 miles long and 90 broad, esteemed the 
 largest lake in Europe. It is full of quick- 
 sands. Peter I. caused a canal to be cut 
 from the sw extremity of this lake to the 
 river Neva, 67 miles long and TO feet broad, 
 by which it has a communication with tin^ 
 gulf of Finland. 
 
 Ladoga, New, a town in the Russian go- 
 vernment of St Petersburg, seated on the 
 Volkhof, between the, lake and canal of 
 Ladoga, 70 miles e of St Petersburg, La- 
 doga Old, is an inconsiderable placed higher 
 up the Volkhof. The former is 6S miles e 
 of Petersburg. Lon. 3i 42 e, lat. 60 0 n. 
 
 LADRONE, or Marian Islands, in the 
 South Sea, about iSOG miles e of Ca.ntoij 
 in China. They are about 12 in number, 
 exclusive of the small islets and rock.?, and 
 contain the breadfruit tree in abundance. 
 The natues of the principal islands ara 
 Saypao, Tiniam, Guam, and Rota. They 
 were discovered by Magellan in 1521. He 
 touched first at Guam where they stole some 
 of his goods, therefore he called these islands 
 Ladroue, or islands of thieves. They lie 
 in about 140 degrees e Ion, and between I ! 
 and 22 deg. n lat. 
 
 Ladg Isle, an islet in the Frith of Clyde, 
 five miles sw by s of Irvine, in the mouth 
 ot Lamlaghby, Isle of Arran, and as it 
 affords security to vessels, two stone pillars 
 have been erected for their direction. 
 
 Ladgkirk, a pari.sh in Berwickshire, on 
 the banks of the Tweed, about two miles 
 and a-haif long, and one broad, in general 
 fertile and well cultivated. The church, 
 which is handsome, was built by James ivl 
 and dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It i; 
 
 celebrated for its breed of black cattle, and 
 “Sheep. Population is 535. 
 
 Lad>jl.irk,a parish in the isle of Sanda^ , 
 in Orkney. Population above 8G0. 
 
 Laggan, or Lnggan, a perish in Inver- 
 ness-shire, and district of Badenooh, c' 0 ,:o- 
 prehending an extent of about 20 miirs 
 square, of wdiich a considerable part is ec- 
 cupied by water. Loch Laggmi is 15 mil s 
 iutig, and one and a-half broad, very deep. 
 At the E end of this lake is a burying, 
 ground of great antiquity, still much u.sed. 
 in which are the walls of a church. lu 
 ^ asfle More, in the vicinity of this iake,t!io 
 kings of the Caiedomans, in ancient times, 
 
L A H 
 
 LAM 
 
 used to hunt, and seven of them are said to 
 lie interred in a spot still deemed sacred. 
 In the western extremity of the parish is 
 Loch Spey, besides which there are several 
 other lakes. Population above 1300. 
 
 Lagny, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, with a celebrated 
 Benedictine abbey, seated on the Marne, 
 15 miles e of Paris. 
 
 Lagos^ a sea port in Algavia, Portugal, 
 with a castle. Here the fie(3ts bound to the 
 Mediterranean usually take in a iresb sup- 
 ply of water. lu 1759, admiral Boscawen 
 defeated a French fleet oif the coast here 
 It is 120 miles se of Lisbon. Lon. 8 36 w, 
 lat. 37 14 N. 
 
 Lagos i a town of Guadalaxara, New 
 Spain, on the borders of Mechoachan. The 
 vicinity is fertile in grain, 42 miles kw of 
 Guanaxuato. 
 
 Lagtiasco, a town of Piedmont, 24 miles 
 s of Turin. 
 
 Lagmm, a handsome town, and capital 
 of the island of Teneriife. See Cliristophe 
 de Laguna St. 
 
 Lagunes of Venice, are marshes or lakes 
 In Italy, in which Venice is situated. 
 They communicate with the sea, and form 
 the great security of the city. There are 
 abou't 60 islands in these Lagunes, which 
 constitute a bishop’s see. The most con- 
 siderable, next to those on which Venice 
 stands, is Eruano. 
 
 Laheomy a sea port cf Sweden, at the 
 mouth of the Laga, near its entrance into 
 the Categat, with a castle, 12 miles sse of 
 'OTalmstadt. Lon. 12 56 E, lat. 56 31 n. 
 
 Lahn, a^^iov/n in the principality of Jauer, 
 n'^ar which is the castle of Lahnhaus. 
 It stands on the Bober, 10 miles knw of 
 Hirschberg. 
 
 Lahn, a river of Germany, which has its 
 sour^'e in Hesse Cassel, and running by 
 Marburg, Wetzlaer, and Nassau, unites 
 with the Rhine above CoOien z. 
 
 LAHORE, a province of Hindoostan 
 Proper, bounded on the w by Canclahar, n 
 by Casbfnere, e by Sirinagur and Delhi, 
 fod s by Moulian. It is'oftener called 
 Idnjab, or the country oi the five rivers. It 
 is very exten.si'vO, and remarkably fertile; 
 affordinir, in addition to all the uece sancs 
 of life,' wine, .sugai.s, and cotton woo;. Ec- 
 Uveen the Cbelum and Indus are salt mm-s, 
 of the rock of which vessels are formed. 
 
 See Pnvjah. . 
 
 LauPre the capital of a proviuce ot the 
 naiTie, in Kinuoostan p.oper. It is 
 sbiiated cn the s bank of the llauvee, and is 
 LOW the capital of the t^ieiks. It was the 
 re^id nee of the Mahomedan conquerors, be- 
 fore they es abbshed themselves in the inte- 
 itor of Hindoostan. Here they have exten- 
 j,ive manufactures of cotton cloths, and stulrs 
 of all k .nds ; they make very curious carpets. 
 I» is 210 miles s of Cashmere, and 290 nw 
 of Delhi. Lon. 72 48 E, lat. 31 15 n. 
 
 Lahr, a town of Westphalia, in the prin- 
 
 cipality of Munster. It is 12 miles n of 
 Munster. 
 
 Lehr, or Lohr, a town in the circle of the 
 Upper Rhine, near 18 miles sse of Stra.s- 
 burg. 
 
 Laino, a town in Calabria Citeriore, Na* 
 pies, 19 miles wnw of Cassano. 
 
 Lajoon, a towm in the province of Mezan- 
 derain, Persia, near the coast of the Caspian 
 sea, 20 miles e of Resht. 
 
 Lairgy or Larigy a parish in Sutherland- 
 shire, 24 miles long and eight broad. The 
 country is hilly, and only about a 20th part 
 of the surface is under culture. Lime is 
 found in the parish. Population 1200. 
 
 Lai-tcheouy a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Chang-tong, with a 
 convenient harbour, on the Yellow sea. It 
 stands on a promontory, 255 miles se of 
 Pekin. Lon. 119 46 e, lat. 37 9 n. 
 
 Lalandy a small island in the Baltic, s of 
 Zealand, Denmark, situated w of Falster, 
 from which it is .separated by a narrow chan- 
 nel. It is fertile in corn. Naxkow is the 
 capital. 
 
 LALANG, an island in the strait of Ma- 
 lacca, near the n coast of Sumatra. Lon. 
 99 20 E, lat. 1 45 N. 
 
 Lalehaniy a delightful village near the sw 
 corner of Middlesex, seated on the Thames, 
 two miles s by e of Staines, and 17 wsw of 
 London. 
 
 Lamhay a small uninhabited island of 
 Shetland, in the parish of Northmaven. 
 
 Lambach, a town of Austria, 24 miles 
 ssw of Lintz. 
 
 Lamballey a town in the department of 
 the North Coast, France. It has a good 
 trade iu cattle, linen, and parchment. It is 
 37 miles nw of Rennes. 
 
 LAMBAY, an island ua the coast of the 
 county of Dublin, Ireland. It abounds in 
 rabbits, is frequented by vast variety of sea 
 fowl; is the resort o< numerous parties of 
 pleasure, and of the devout who repair to it 
 on Trinity Sunday, on account of a curious 
 Well and fine spring dedicated to the Tri- 
 nity. It is 12 miles from the metropolis, 
 and three se of Rushills. Lon. 79 35 w’, 
 lat. 6 45 s. 
 
 Lamhescy a town in the department of the 
 mouths of the Rhone, France, nine miles n 
 
 of Aix. 
 
 Lambeth, a town in Surry, on the Thames, 
 opposite Westmirisier, which, by the vast in- 
 crease of build. ngs, is now joined to the me- 
 tropolis, in a direction to each of the three 
 bridge?. The pansn of Lambeth is about 
 17 miles in circumference, and contains near 
 5000 houses. It is divided into eight pre- 
 cincts. What chiefly renders this place re- 
 markable, is tbe palace of the archbishop of 
 Canterbury, founded in tbe 13th century by 
 archbishop Boniface. The library contains 
 25,000 volumes, anti a room above it 1 1,000 
 manuscripts. Its extensive and elegant gar- 
 i (]( ns occupy 13 acres. Lambeth is also 
 I noted for the assylum for orphan girls, and 
 
LAM 
 
 LAN 
 
 the Westminster New Lying in Hospital. 
 Population is about 41, 644. 
 
 Lambourn, a lo^vn in Berks, situated on 
 a river of the same name, v;ith a market on 
 Friday. It is seven miles x by w of Hun 
 gerford, 15 sw of Abington, and 65 w of 
 London. 
 
 Lnmego, a city in Beira, Portugal, and a 
 bishop’s see with, a strong citadel, two ca- 
 thedral churches, and four convents. It is 
 situated on the Douer, 50 miles e of Oporto. 
 Here the states assembled to confirm the 
 election of Alfonso Henriques, the first 
 king of Portugal, and enacted the fundamen- 
 tui laws, now forgotten. Lon. 7 30 w, lat 
 41 12 N. 
 
 Lamin^ton, a parish in the soiuhern part 
 of Lanarkshire, v/hieh including Wandel an- 
 nexed to it, extends about nine miles along 
 the E bank of the Clyde, with a breadth of 
 nearly four miles. The greatest part is ap- 
 propriated to pasture. The v illage of Lam- 
 mi ngton is situated on the banks of the 
 Clyde, nearly opposite the hill of Tinto, con- 
 tains about 100 inhabitants. Sir W Wal- 
 lace was allied to the family of Lamington. 
 and their representative has in possession an ! 
 ancient chair, said to have belonged to that ! 
 patriot. In the parish are three Roman j 
 camps, and one called Wallace camp,h.tving | 
 been occupied by the patriotic hero of that h 
 name. Population of the parish near 400. ' 
 The village is about 33 miles clisiaot from ' 
 Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dumfries. i 
 
 Lamlash, a circular bay on the e side of j 
 the island of Arran, opposite Kilbride, pro- | 
 tected by the Holy Isle, so called from its j 
 having been the retreat of St. Maol Jos, ! 
 v/hose cave, well,cfec. are shewn to strangers, j 
 The harbour is one of the safest in the | 
 world for vessels of any size, and it is fre- 
 quently run to for shelter. On the bay is a 
 village of the same name. Lon. 4 55 w. 
 lat. 55^53 N. 
 
 Lammermuir, a mounlainous ridge in 
 Scotland, v/hich divides the country of Ber- 
 wick from that of Haildingtou, for above 20 
 miles. The mountains are in general very 
 bleak and barren. But the arable land is 
 well cultivated, and productive. Lammer- 
 law, which is more than 1718 feet above 
 the level of the sea, is the most elevated of 
 this ridge. 
 
 LAMO, a kingdom and island of Africa, 
 on the coast of Melinda, in Zanguebar, be- 
 tween the island of Pate and cape Formosa. 
 
 Its capital of the same name, is well for- 
 tified. Lamo is tributary to the Portu- 
 guese. The capital is in Lon. 40 24 e, lat. 
 
 2 0. s. 
 
 Lampa, a town in the jurisdiction of Cus- 
 co, in Peru, .South America. Here are sil- 
 ver mines. The air is very cold. The 
 country is in some parts very fertile, others i 
 unproductive. It is 130 miles s by w of < 
 Cusco. Lon, 12 0 w, lat. 14 56 s. i 
 
 LAMPEDOSA, an island on the coast ] 
 No, 17— 6rf. 
 
 . jj of Tunis, 28 miles in circumference, has a 
 j good harbour, W'here ships take in W'atef'’ 
 1 , and lies 50 miles from Tunis. It is fVrtiie 
 1 and pleasant, though Uninhabited. Lon. 12 
 24 E, lat. 35 40 n. 
 
 f Lampon. capiial of a district of Sumatra, 
 subject to the king ol Bantam, stands on 
 i a bay of its name m the strait of Sutuia, 
 Here 'the Dutch have a resident, 180 miles 
 ; sE of Bencoolen. Lon. iU4 15 E, iat 5 
 . 40 N. 
 
 * Lampsaco, an old town of Asiatic Turkey 
 in Ndtoiia, seated on the Strait, and nearly 
 opposite the town, of Gallipoli. It is cele- 
 brated for its wine, six miles from th© 
 Dardanelles. 
 
 Lamspringey a town of Lower Saxony m 
 ' the priacipadty of Hiidersheim, situated at 
 the source of the rivulet Lame. It is IT 
 miles s of Hiidersheim. 
 
 Lanark, an ancient royal borough, and 
 the capital of Lanarkshire, is situated on the 
 NE side of the Clyde. It consists of five 
 neat and elegant streets, besides lanes, cfec.. 
 It received its character from Alexander I» 
 It contains about 2300 iuhabitarits, and is 
 j goverened by a provost, tw o bailies, a dean of 
 I guild, <S:c. and unites with Linlithgow, Sel- 
 j kirk , and Peebles, in sending a member to 
 I parliament. The late Dr. Saiellie, who was 
 I educated here, left a legacy, and his library, 
 
 : lor the benefit of the school, which is taught 
 I by* two masters, and is of Considerable ceie- 
 j brity. Here are the ruins of an ancient Gc- 
 j thic church, and of a monastery founded in 
 I 1314, but no vestiges of St. Leonardos Hos- 
 pital remain. Here Sir William Wallace 
 j began his military career, by killing the 
 i English Sheriff Hasilrie. Here also are 
 I kept the standard weights for Scotland. 
 Of late years, several ext nsive cotton 
 manufactories have been erected here. It 
 lies 24 miles se of Glasgow, and 30 w of 
 Edinburgh. The celebrated traveller 
 William Litbgow, was a native of this parish ; 
 also the celebrated Sir William Lockhart 
 ot Lee, who was famous as a statesman and 
 general, under Oliver Cromwell and Charles 
 II.^ The parish of Lanark is near.y five 
 miles in length, and three in breadth. ' The 
 suriaee is in general fiat. See Monniton, 
 and Lanarkshire, 
 
 Lanark, Neuj, a village about a mile fiom 
 the above borough, built since 1785, by the 
 late Mr. David Dale. Th" village consists 
 of two streets about half a mile in length. 
 The population ol the whole parish, w*a 3 in 
 1811, 5,672. 
 
 LANARKSHIRE, or Clydesdale, a 
 country of Scotland, of cousideranie extent, 
 being about 53 miles long, and 33 nroed. 
 
 It is bouiiiled on the s by Dumfrieshirc, cn 
 the w by Ayrshire, and Renfrewshire ; on 
 the X by Dunbartonshire, and Stiriing^hire ; 
 on the E and xe by Liniiihgow, and Sdin- 
 uurghsbire, and on the se by 1 eebleshirs. 
 
 It is divided into two districts, called tue 
 
 
Upper and Nether Ward, the fonner hehg 
 properly the shire of Lanark, while the lat- 
 ter may be called the barony of Glasgow. 
 In general the country is moan ta incus and 
 healthy, but pleasant and agreeably diversi- 
 fied, exli'bitirg landscapes intermingied with 
 wood and water, hiL and valley. The caked 
 mountains afford abui dance of minerals, 
 particularly lead-ore, impregnated with a 
 considerable proportion of silver. Lanark- 
 shire, intersected in its whole length by the 
 Clyde, has undergone great improvements 
 of late years ; manufactures are spreading 
 every where on the most extensive scale, par- 
 ticularly those of cotton goods. This county 
 contains much curious, romantic, and varied 
 scenery ; but the falls of the Clyde are par- 
 ticularly interesting to a stranger. The up- 
 permost one is somewhat above two miles 
 and a-half from Lanark, called Boiiniton 
 Linn. Here the Clyde precipitates itself all 
 at once, from a rock upwards of 12 feet, in 
 perpendicular height, into a hollow den. 
 Abcut h»lf a mile farther down the river is 
 the Corra Linn. This fall by a late mea- 
 surement, is lound to be 84 feet in height. 
 The river does not rush over in one con- 
 tinued sheet like the Bonniton Linn, but in 
 three different, though almost imperceptible 
 precipitate leaps. Below this, and near the 
 cotton mills, is another beautiful fall, called j 
 Dur-daff Linn. This fall is about three or 
 four feet high. The next fall of consequence 
 is the Stonebyres Linn. This cataract 
 which is about 80 feet in height, is equally 
 romantic with the others ; and, like the 
 Corra Linn, has three distinct but almost pre- 
 cipitate falls. The principal rivers, besides 
 Ihe Clyde, are the Avon, KUvin, Douglas, 
 Calders, Mouse, Duneaton, Daire, Sbort- 
 cleugh. The most elevated mountains are 
 Tintock and Lauders-town, Hamilton, 
 Strathaven, Douglass, Biggar, &o. The j 
 royal burghs, Lanark, Rutberglen, and the 
 city of Glasgow. The black cattle are in 
 general large ; the horses strong. It sends 
 one member to parliament. Lanarkshire is 
 divided into 41 parochial districts, which in 
 1811 contained 191,722 inhabitants. The 
 real rent is estimated at abcut 127,0001. 
 Sterling. 
 
 LANCASHIRE, a county of England, 
 bounded on the w by the Irish sea, on the n 
 by Cumberland and Westmoreland, on the 
 E by ’Yorkshire, and on the s by Cheshire. 
 It is 74 miies from n to s, (including a de- 
 tached hundred on the Nw called Fumes, 
 which is separated from the rest by a creek, 
 at the head of Morecambe bay,) and its 
 greatest breadth from e to w is 42 miles. 
 It is divided into six hundreds containing 27 
 market towns, 63 parishes, and in 1811, 
 828,309 inhabitants, who send 14 represen- 
 tatives to parliament. It is a county palati- 
 nate under the title of the dnchy of Lancas- 
 ter, The air in general is very healthful ; 
 
 the inhabitants living to a great age. Thrs 
 county comprises a variety of soil and face 
 country ; but, upon the whole, it is one of 
 these which are the least favoured as to na- 
 tural advantages. The hundred of Furness 
 is a wild and rugged region, stored, with 
 quantities of iron ore and slate, Theeas-. 
 tern part of the counfy, between the Kibble 
 and the Mersey is mountainous, and gene- 
 rally barren; but the southern part of the 
 tract betW'een these two rivers from the sea, 
 to the comm.encement of the ridge called 
 Blackstcn-edge, is an entire flat. The na- 
 tural products of this country are of little 
 consequence, except the coal and turf, with 
 which its southern parts abound. Lanca- 
 shire is little adapted for a corn country, not 
 only, in many parts, from th(3 nature of its 
 soil, but from the remarkable wetness of its 
 climate; the laml, however, is singularly 
 fitteth to the growth of the potatoe, which 
 was in general use in this vicinity, before it ^ 
 v/as known in any other part of England, 
 except as a garden plant. The cattle near 
 the Garstrang, are deemed equal to any in 
 England, and the sheep in Silverdale, are 
 highly esteemed both for delicacy of mutton, 
 and fairness of w’ool. The farms are in 
 general small. All the rivers afford salmon. 
 As a commercial and manufacturing coun- 
 ty, Lancashire is distinguished beyond many 
 others in the kingdom. Its principal manu- 
 factures are linen, silk, and cotton goods ; 
 iustians, counterpanes, shalloons, bays, ser- 
 ges, tapes, s.mall w'ares, hats, sail-cloth, 
 sacking, pins, iron goods, cast plate-glass, 
 <fee. Of the commerce of this county, it 
 may suifice to observe, that Liverpool is the 
 second port in the kingdom. The principal 
 rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Kibble, Lone, 
 Leven, Wyre, Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Win- 
 ster, Ken, and Calder, and its two considera- 
 ble lakes, Winander, Mere, and Coniston 
 Water, besides many canals, one of which 
 begun by the duke of Bridgew'ater in 1758, 
 is the first regular one in the kingdom. 
 Lancaster is the county town. 
 
 Lancaster, the county town of Lanca- 
 shire, is an ancient, well built, and populous 
 borough, seated near the month of the Loyne, 
 or Lune, over which is a handsome stone 
 bridge of five arches. It has been much im- 
 proved of late years, by building sev eral new 
 streets, and an extensive quay, with commo- 
 dious ware-houses. The canal from Kendal 
 is here conveyed over the river, by an aque- 
 duct of five arches. The church is a hand- 
 some Viuilding, on the side of a hill, on the 
 top of which is a oasile, which serves as the 
 store-house, and the county-gaol. On the 
 top of the castle is a square tower, called 
 John of GamH^s chair. Here are an ex- 
 change, several meeting houses, and a neat 
 chapel. Five miles from this place is Du- 
 nald mill-hole, a cave at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, iuio which a large brook runs and 
 
 
LAN 
 
 passes two miles under ground;, before if, ap- 
 peara again. Some of its vaults are bigh, 
 and some so low, that tiiey can he passes 
 only by creeping on the bands and feet. 
 The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, 
 aldermen, &c. Lancaster carries on a con- 
 side.-able trade, especially to the W Indies 
 and is noted for the making of mahogan} 
 cabinet ware. Population in 1811, 9247. 
 It has weekly markets on Wednesday, and 
 Saturday, and lies 66 miles s of Carlisle, and 
 ^40 NNw of London. Lon. 2 S6 w, lat. ^54 
 4 K, 
 
 LANCASTER, a populous and wealthy 
 county in the United States, in the interior 
 part of Pennsylvania. It is 42 miles square, 
 is divided into 25 townships, and contains 
 556,240 acres of land. The lands in this 
 county are rich and well cultivated. The 
 hills in the northern parts abound with 
 iron ore, of which there is manufactured 
 about 1204 tons of pigs, and nearly that 
 Kumber of bar iron annually. Copper and 
 lead have also been found. It has six 
 churches, and a college founded in 1787 
 called Franklin College. It stands near 
 the Conestogo creek, which unites with 
 the Susquehanna, has manufactures of guns 
 and other hardware, and a considerable 
 trade. Population about 5000. It is 58 
 miles w by N of Philadelphia. Lon. 76 20 
 w, lat. 40 3 N. 
 
 Lancaster, capital of Fairfield county, in 
 the state of Ohio, stands on the Hockhock- 
 ing, .50 miles w of Marietta. 
 
 Lancaster, Borough of, a handsome and 
 fiourisoing post town, the capital of Lancas- 
 ter county, Pennsylvania, and the iaro*est in- 
 land town of the United States. Its trade 
 is great, and must increase with the popula- 
 tion of the surrounding country. 
 
 Lancaster, a post town of S Carolina, 36 
 miles from Camden. 
 
 Lancaster, a township of Grafton county 
 New Hampshire, about 41 miles above 
 Hanover. 
 
 Lancaster, a very pleasant post town in 
 Morcciter county, Massachusetts. It is si- 
 tuated on a branch of Nashua river, which 
 runs into the river Merrimac. In the 
 Vicinity is a quarry of the best slates, a d 
 excellent stones for tombs. It is 14 miles 
 N by E of M orcester, and 35 wnw of Bos- 
 ton. 
 
 one of the- Canary isles, 
 
 30 limes long and 10 broad. It is elevated, 
 and has a good harbour at the n end. Lon. 
 
 13 26 w, lat. 29 14 
 
 Lanchester, a village seven miles nw of 
 Durham, stands in a deep valley, on the 
 Browiiey, n side of Wearnale forest. In the 
 vicinity are the remains of a large Roman 
 station, where many ancient inscriptions and 
 figures h »ve been discovered. 
 
 Lanciano, a town in the province of 
 Abruzisa Citra, Naples, 10 miles n by e of 
 Naples, noted for two great annual fairs. 
 
 LAN 
 
 seated.on the Feltrino, is an archbishop's see, 
 Lon. 14 50 E, lat, 42 18 N. 
 
 Landau, an ancient handsome town in 
 the aepartrnent of the Lower Rhine, France, 
 containing 4000 citizens, seated on the 
 Queick. It was taken by the Austrians in 
 1T02, and next year retaken by the 
 French. In 1704, it surrendered to the 
 allies, but fell again into the hands of the 
 French, in 1713, to whom it was ceded by 
 the treaty of Baden, in 1714, In 1793, 
 the Austrians and Prussians attacked it 
 without success. It is nine miles s of 
 Newstadt, and 270 e of Paris. Lon. 8 12 e, 
 lat. 49 13 N. 
 
 Landau, a town of Bavaria, on an emi- 
 nence, by the Iser, 15 miles se of Strau- 
 bingen. 
 
 Landau, a town in the circle of the Up- 
 per Riiine, and county of Waldeck, Ger- 
 many, 10 miles n of Waldeck. 
 
 Landau, a town in the duchy of Bruns- 
 wick, Lower Saxony, on the Ruhme, 13 
 miles ENE of Gottingen. 
 
 Landen, a town of Brabant, Netherlands, 
 celebrated for a victory gained by the Freueii 
 over the allies, in 1693, and for a battle be- 
 tw^een the Austrians and the French in 
 1793, in which the latter were defeated. 
 Landen is situated on the Becke, 18 miles 
 ESE of Louvain, 
 
 Landernau, a town in the department of 
 Finisterre, France, on the Eihorn, 20 miles 
 NE of Brest. 
 
 Lander on, a town in Neufchatel, Switzer- 
 land, stands at the sw extremity of tli© 
 iaae Brienne, It is seven miles ne of 
 Neufchatel. 
 
 Landes, a department of France, includ- 
 ing the late territory of Marsan, in Gascony. 
 This is a barren sandy country, covered with 
 ferns, pines, and the holm tree, and thinly 
 peopled. Mont-de-Marsan and Dax are the 
 principal towns. 
 
 Landguard-Fort, in Essex. It was erect- 
 ed, and is maintained lor the defence of the 
 port ol Harwich. It contains a garrison, 
 with a governor, and a platform of guns. 
 
 Landrecy, a town in the department of 
 the. North, France, situated on the river 
 Sambre. In 1712, prince Eugene besieged 
 it without succe.'S, and in 1794, after a se- 
 vere bombardment, was taken by the allies, 
 but shortly after, the garrison capitulated 
 to tae French, It is 18 miles sw of Mau- 
 beuge, and 100 N by e of Paris. 
 
 Landriano, a town of the Milanese, Italy, 
 
 II miles .ssE of Milan. 
 
 Landseron, a strong town of Schonen, 
 and South GothLvnd, in Sweden, staied on an 
 island near the Sound, with a good harbour 
 between the coniinent and a small 
 20 miles ^w of Lund, and 21 N^ E of Co* 
 penhagen. Lon, 12 51 k, lat. 65 53 n. 
 
 Landseron^ a town and fort in the palati- 
 nate of Cracow, Poiand, 24 miles s of Cra- 
 cow. 
 
 E 2 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 Landscsoriy a fort in the departnient of 
 Upper Rhine, France, stands on an emi- 
 u^n'^^, on the frontiers of Swisserland, five 
 ni w of B.isei. 
 
 L indsiown, a small town in Somerset- 
 shire near Bath. | 
 
 Land^^ End, a promontory in Cornwall, | 
 the most westerly point of Great Britain. 1 
 It eon'i.'ts of a vast morass of moorstone, and 
 at low water, veins of lead and copper are to 
 b ; seen on the outermost rocks. Lon. <5 
 42 w, 1 t. 50 6 N. 
 
 Landshut, the capital of Lower Bavaria, 
 with a coile'^iate church, a convent, and a 
 palace. The ancient castle of Trausnitz 
 stands upon a mountain in the vicinity. It 
 is sitnaied on an island in the river Isir, 35 
 miles ME of Munich. Loo. 12 11 B, lat. 
 48 30 N. 
 
 Landshuf, Sl town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Schweidii iz sealed on the Bober. 
 It has a fiourisbing trade, and is situated 22 | 
 miles sw ot Schweidn tz. 
 
 Land.>/hnt, a town of Moravia, on the con- 
 fin'^s of Hungary and Austria, stands on the 
 Moran, 36 miles sr of Brunn. 
 
 Landsherg, a town of Brandenburg, in j 
 Upper Saxony, seated ou the Wart a, has a j 
 con«;iderable trade in cloth and wool ; was 
 tiiken by the Russians in 1S5S; 34 miles 
 ICE of Franefort. 
 
 Landsherg, a town of Bavaria, with a cas- 
 tle, near the Lech, on the frontiers of Suabia, 
 20 miles s of Augsburg. 
 
 Ij indstrciss, or Landlross, a town of Car- 
 nioia, Germany, situated on an island in ibe 
 Gruk, wiib a castle, and Cistercian convent, 
 30 miles sse of Cilley. 
 
 Lane-end, a town in Staffordshire, noted 
 lor its exiensive potteries. It is 13 miles n 
 of Stafford. 
 
 Lanerh. See Lanark. 
 
 LanesLorovgli, a burgh in the county of 
 Long.ord. Ireland, on the Shannon, eight 
 miles sw of Longford. 
 
 Langarrico, ov Sunri, the ancient Olympia, 
 a decayed town of European Turkey, the 
 ancient Alpheus, once a place of great note, 
 near wh-ch the ancient Olympic games were 
 celei)rated. Here was a temj.Le ol Jupiter 
 OI3 uip'.is, and an image of the deity, 50 
 oubiis tugh reckoned one of the .seven won- 
 d - s of ih^ world. It is now a poor place, 
 32 miles se of Chiarenza, and 60 sw of 
 Corinth. 
 
 Lan eac, a town in the department of 
 Upuer Loire, France, seated amidst nu un- 
 tniils near the Allier. It is 17 miles E oi 
 Si F- 'ur, 
 
 Lanqtais, a town in the department oi 
 I> drea .d Loire, France, OD the Loire, 12 
 miles w of Tours. 
 
 Langenhirg, a town in the pTincipality ol 
 Eoheniohe, Franconia, has a castle, on llu 
 Jaxt, J3*nules s of Mergentheim. 
 
 Lang nsnha, a town of Fpper Saxony, 
 som.etimes reckoned the capital of Thurin- 
 
 gia, has a castle, a college, “and two cbiirchcs* 
 The vicinity is pleasant. It has noted ma*- 
 nufdctures of stuffs : seated on the Salza, 
 near its junction with the Unstrut, 17 miles 
 w by N of Eriurt, Lon. 10 42 e, lat. 51 
 5 N. 
 
 Langenthal a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland. It has three great fairs, at 
 which are sold great quantities of grain, 
 black cattle, cheese, and linen. Here are 
 two medicinal springs, 10 miles e of So- 
 leure, and 18 ne of B. rn. 
 
 Langenzenn, a town in the principality of 
 Anspacb, Franconia, on the Zenn, 20 miles 
 NE of Anspacb. 
 
 LangliGlm, a parish and town in Bum- 
 fries-shire, l>ing in the middle of Eskdale. 
 The parish is nearly six miles and a-half 
 square, and contains, besides the district of 
 Halfmorton, about 14,320 acres. It is in-, 
 tersected by the E-k, and in general fertile 
 and well cultivated : but the greater part of 
 the surface is occupied in pasturing sheep 
 and black cattle. The town of Langholmo 
 situated on the Esk, is a borough of barony, 
 holding Ol the duke of Buccleugh, and con- 
 tains about 1500 inhabiiants. It has a 
 i weekly market and four fairs. There is 
 about half a mile distant from the town, a 
 paper mill, lately carried on by Mr Little 
 and Co. It lies 22 miles s of Hawick, and 
 ' 12 N of Lopgtow'n ; and about a mile dis- 
 tant is the village of New La ghoirn, plea- 
 santly si mated between thu confluence of 
 the WaucLope and the Esk. It is built 
 upon a regular plan, on fens granted by the 
 duke of Buccieugh, and coniains upwards 
 of 600 inhabitants, a number of w'hom are 
 employed in the manufacture of cotton. 
 The population of the parish is above 2000. 
 Half a mile nw of the tovm stands Lang- 
 holm Lodge, an elegant mansion ol the duke 
 of Buccieugh, who usually resides here 
 about six months annually. At the conflu- 
 I ence of the Esk and Ewes are some vestiges 
 of Langholm castle. 
 
 Langiona, a large, rich, and strong towm 
 of Asia, capital of the kingdom of Lao, with 
 a superb royal palace, on a small river, 290 
 miles NKw of Lanjan. Lon. lOi 15 e, lat. 
 22 32 N. 
 
 LANGLAND, an island of Denmark, si- 
 tuated in the Baltic, in the s part of ihe great 
 Belt, 33 miles long, and about five broad. 
 It is fertile in corn ; the chief town is Rud- 
 kioping. Lon. 10 54 E, lat. 55 20 n. 
 
 Langogne, a town in the department of 
 the Lozere, France, 21 miles ne of Mende, 
 ai'd 33 w of Privas. 
 
 Langon, a town in the department cf Gi- 
 vonde, France, on the Garonne, 15 miles x of 
 Bazas. 
 
 L mgport, a well frequentfd town on the 
 Pono Tin ^Somersetshire, with a nuirket on 
 Saturday, 10 niiies se of Bridgewater, and 
 132 w by s of London, 
 
 Langres, a town in the department of 
 
 « 
 
LAN 
 
 LAP 
 
 tJpper Marne, France, seated on a mountain, 
 near the source of the Marne. Its cutlery 
 is in high esteem, 35 miles ke of Dijon. 
 Lon. 5 19 E,lat. 47 52 n. 
 
 Law^.^/cfa, a village two miles s\v of Glas- 
 gow. Langside Hill, in its vicinity, is la- 
 mous for having been the scene of the last 
 effort of queen Mary to regain her throne. 
 During the conii.ct on that day, she stood 
 by a thorn tree, near Catbcart castle, and 
 perceiving tbe rout of her army, she mount- 
 ed her horse, and with a few attendants hbst- 
 cued to the abbey of Dundrennan, in Gallo- 
 way, from whence she crossed the Solway 
 Friih in o England. 
 
 Langton, a parish in Berwickshire, and 
 district of Merse, adjoining the parish of 
 Dunse on the sw, with a fine southern expo 
 sure, containing about 7200 acres. The |1 
 low grounds are enclosed and well culti- l] 
 vated, and the high, allotted for sheep pas- ! 
 ture. In it is the village of Gaventown, ! 
 containing near 200 inhabitants, laid out on : 
 a more regular plan than the old village of 
 Langton, of which no vestige now remains. 
 The present village stands about half a 
 mile s of the former, and had its name 
 from the proprieto r of the estate of Lang- 
 toa, which includes nearly the whole parish, 
 and belongs to the countess of Braedalbine, 
 his daughter. Population of the parish in 
 1811,418. 
 
 LANGUEDOC, a late province of 
 France, 225 miles long, and 100 where 
 broadest, bounded on the e by Dauphiny and 
 Provence, se by the Mediterranean, s by 
 Rousillon, w by Gascony, and n by Querci, 
 Rovergue, Auvergne, and Lyonois. It was 
 divided into Upper and Lower. Tculous.e 
 and Montpellier were the capitals. The 
 land is fertile in corn, fruits, and wine. 
 
 It is now divided into the departments of | 
 Ardeche, Aude, Card, Upper Garonne, He- 
 rault, and Lozere. 
 
 Lanjan, or Luntchan, a city and capital 
 of the southern part of the kingdom of Lao, 
 to which it gives name. The king^s palace, 
 in which he usually resides, is of great ex- 
 tent. Tne houses of the grandees and 
 people of distinction are elegant, but the 
 lower orders live in huts. The convents 
 and houses of the priests are built of si one 
 and brick, of whieh they aioneha’C the pri- 
 vilege. It stands on the' river Mecon, 400 
 miles wxw of Cambodia. Lon. 101 38 e, 
 lat. IS 30 N. 
 
 Lanmeur, a town in the department of | 
 Finisterre, France, eight mlks ne or Mor- 1 
 laix. j 
 
 Lannion, a town in the department of 
 the Coasts of the North, Fiance. It has a 
 trade in hemp and wine, situated 15 miles w 
 of Treguir. 
 
 ^ Lamwg, a towm in the department of 1 
 Kord, France, five miles se of Lisle. 
 
 Lansawel, a town in Caenuarthanshire, 
 
 15 nines NE of Caermarthen. 
 
 Laminburgh,^. city in Kenssaiaer couaiy, 
 
 New York, stands on the e side of Hudson^s 
 river, opposite the s branch of the M ahawk. 
 Here is a public library, incorporated in 
 1775. An academy mcoiporaied iu 1796 ; 
 a church, the joint property of ihe Duioh. 
 and presbyterians, a court house, and a 
 jail. It is nine miles nne oi Albany, and 
 175 N of New Yoriv. Lon. 74 8 W', lat. 42 
 43 N. 
 
 Lanzo, a town on the Stura, Piedmont, 
 12 miles nw of Turin. 
 
 LAO, a country of the Further India, in 
 Asia. It is surrounded by mountains cover- 
 ed witli forests, a^d abou .ds in rice and 
 fruits. Tiie luhahitant-i are well mat e, ro- 
 bust, of an olive complexion, and mild, but 
 very superstitious aul iiceutvious. 'Pheir 
 principal occupation is tilling me ground 
 and fishing. The king is absolute, and has 
 no oiher law but his owui wuil. Tueir reli*- 
 gion, ianugage. and luaiineis, are much the 
 same as in Toi quin. About liie commence* 
 ment of the irasniu cen iiry this kingdom 
 becatne snbjecu to tocbin Cuina. In the 
 mountains ar. S: vages who go naked. 'I he 
 great source of wealth is from elephants^ 
 teeth. Lanjan is me capital. See Lanjan^ 
 
 Laon, a town iu lun d partment oi the 
 Aisne, France, w ith a as ie, and lately a 
 bishop^s see, stands on a mouniain, ana has 
 a trade in corn and wo e. 27 miles of 
 Rheims, and 77 ne of Paris. Lou. 3 43 e, 
 lat. 49 34 N. 
 
 Lapela, a town in Entre Dourr-; -Minho, 
 Portugal, on the M^ho, i3 tiuies f by n of 
 Valenza. 
 
 LAPLAND, the most north' ri} part of 
 Europe, encompossed by the Frozen ocean 
 00 the NE and w, and divided among tht$ 
 three northern powers, Denmark, Sweden, 
 ai d Russia. It extends from 69 to 7-'^ deg. 
 N lat. and from 15 to 40 deg. w Ion. being 
 about 600 miles in lengib, and 5t)0 io 
 breadth. Noiweg an Lapland, belonging to 
 Denmark, and called Ftnmark, is about 280 
 miles in length, and i7U iii breadth; while 
 Swedish Lapland includes tuat oi which the 
 rivers iall into the gul) of Bothma. Ru>sian 
 Lapland, separated from Norwegian Lap- 
 land by the Paes, lies at the ne extremiij', 
 and makes pai t of the government of Arch- 
 angel. The country is very mouniainous. 
 The principal , rivers are the Torn, a, the 
 'iana, and the Alien. Of the numerous 
 lakes in Lapland, the chief are Plerna.sbas- 
 taer, or the Great lake, Tornes, I ulea, and 
 Enara in Russian Lapland. Metals and 
 minerals are toimd in abundance; gold has 
 been found at .Snappavara ; copper, iron, 
 lead, ziac, and plumbago, are found in va- 
 i’icais places; and in ibe s of Swedish Lap- 
 Icind ^ever- i uiir!:-‘s are wrought. Among 
 the other internal produotiens of th.is coiin- 
 tiy, are Lmc.yoiie, marble, gxp.'imi, rock- 
 crystal, jas; er, ameib}si.'-, and gapnets. In 
 Lapland the winter is extremely severe. In 
 the most nortbern parts, from the 20th of 
 Nov. to the 10th of January, the sun re- 
 
LAP 
 
 mains below the horiaou ; and the whole 
 country is covered with snow ami ice from 
 the beginning of September to the middle of 
 March. On the other band, in summer, the 
 sue continues two months above the horizo •. 
 and in the valleys and plains the heat is ex- 
 cessive. \Yiih the exception of a lew spues 
 in the s, the whole country is an immense 
 wilderness, where agriculture is entirelyun- 
 known. The trees are fir, birch, larch, aixi 
 small beech. Tne animals of this couutr} 
 are much the same as those of Norway ; but 
 the rein-deer may more properly be said to 
 belong to Lapland. The singular useful- 
 fulness of this animal in a great measure re- 
 compences the Laplander for the privation 
 of the other comforts of liie. Their milk 
 and cheese are nutritive and pleasant ; their 
 flesh is well tasted food, either fresh or 
 dried ; their skin forms excellent clothing, 
 both for the bed and body ; and their intes- 
 tines and tendons supply their masters with 
 thread and cordage. The population of this j 
 extensive region is estimated at only 40,000. 
 The Laplanders are rather lower in stature 
 than the more southern Europeans. The 
 men are of a swarthy and dark complexion ; 
 their hair is black and short, their mouth | 
 wide, and their cheeks hollow, with a long 
 ish pointed chin. The women are in gene- 
 ral well made, complaisant, chaste, ex- I 
 tremeiy nervous. In their manner of life 1 
 the Laplanders are divided into Fishers and ! 
 Mountaineers, Besides looking after the j 
 rein-deer, the fishery, and the chace, the j 
 men employ thenmives in making canoes,.] 
 sledges, harness for the rein-deer, enj-rs, • 
 bowls, fkd. The employment of the wmmen j 
 consists in making nets for the lishery, diy- ; 
 rng the fish and meat, milking the rein-deer, , 
 making cheese, and tanning hides. They | 
 live in huts in the form of tents, covered | 
 with briars^ bark, turf, coa»-se cloth, feit, or i 
 the old skins oi rein -deer, and the door is of ' 
 felt, made like two curtains wbi'.*h open asun- j 
 ddr. The men wear close breeches made of ' 
 unidnned. skins. Their doublet is made to i 
 tit their shape, and open at the breast, end i 
 •over it they wear a close coat with narrow j 
 sleeves, fastened round them by a leathern j 
 girdle, ornameuted with plates of tin or I 
 brass. To this girdle they tie their knives, I 
 instruments for making fire, pip.es, and other I 
 smoking apparatus. Tueir clothes are made 
 of fur, leather, or oloih. Their caps are 
 edged with fur. The dress of the women U 
 almost the same as that of the men ; but that 
 thf^ir girdh^ is dilYereiUly ornamenied. All 
 the Swedish and Norwegian, a.s well as the 
 greauvst numbtr of the ivus.si in Laplanders 
 bear ti:e name of Christians; but their reli- 
 gion is Alii of supersiiiiuu. Til ur language 
 has an affiniiy to the Finnish. They trade 
 wiih the Swedes e.iid Norwi-gians, v.ha'm 
 they ."iipply with the skms; and furs rf quad- 
 rup' tls, and from whom they purchase in re- 
 turn, meal, ci/Jih, spjritctis liquors, tobacjo, 
 and various uiensils. 
 
 L A R 
 
 Latf a city, the capital of Laristaa, 
 Persia, with a castle now in ruins. The 
 re.^idence of the governor is in the mid- 
 iie of the city. The bazar is said to be 
 he noblest structure of the kind in Per^ 
 sia. It has manufactures of muskets ami 
 cotton cloth, and a great trade in silk, 
 ft stanus in a sandy plain, surrounded by 
 lomitains. It is 179 miles s by e of Shiras, 
 d id 37:^ SE of Ispaimu. Lon. 53 40 e, lat. 
 
 do 8 N, 
 
 LArachCf an ancient and strong town of 
 Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, with a castle 
 and a good harbour, seated near the mouth 
 of the Lucos, amidst delightful gardens. 
 Here are materials for repairing vessels, but 
 no dock for building ships. Lon. 6 6 w, lat. 
 35 8 N. 
 
 Laredo, a small sea port town in Spain, 
 30 miles wnw oi Bilboa. 
 
 Large Island, one of the largest islands 
 on the Labrador coast, due w of the mouth 
 of Shecatica bay. 
 
 Largentiere, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Ardeche. It is 18 miles sw of 
 Privas. 
 
 Largo y a parish and village on the s coast 
 of Fife-shire ; which give.s name to a large 
 bay of the Frith of Forth. The parish 
 contains about 54o9 acres of well culti- 
 vated land. Largo Law, is about 800 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The town of 
 Largo has a tolerable harbour, and a stone 
 quay, where vessels of kiOO tons may load 
 and unload their cargoes. The inhabitants 
 are mostly employed in the manufacture 
 of linen and cheexs. Alexander Selkirk, 
 upon whose nairative M De Foe built his 
 .Kobinson Crusoe, was born in this parish. 
 His chest and mu.sket are still in 
 possession of a relation of his. It also 
 was the birth place bf James Durham, a 
 famous divine of the J7th century, and of 
 Sir Andrew Wood, the celebrated naval 
 commander in the reigns of .lames III. and 
 James iV. by a relation of whom was 
 built and endowed an hospiial, which 
 still exists, for maintaining 14 old men of 
 the name of Wood, and their families. In 
 the parish are two salt pans, three flax mills, 
 and a superior breed of black cattle. Popu- 
 lation about 1870. Largo is nine miles s of 
 Cupar. 
 
 Largs f a parish and village of Ayrshire, 
 on the coast of the Frith of jCl3 de, opposite 
 to the island of Bute. The parish is nine 
 miles in ie. gtii from n to s, and eight from 
 the coa.st t > th ‘ ridge of hills, by which it is 
 separated from the rest of the county. The 
 soil is light but fertile ; the surface exhibits 
 a great variety oi romantic scenery : and the 
 climate is noted for As purity. In this pa- 
 rish, in !263, the battle, celebrated in the 
 bal'ad called Kcirdyknute, \vas fought her 
 tween the Scots and Norwegians. The vil- 
 lage of I.nrgs is a- sea port, containing above 
 509 inhabits !us, seven miles Xvnw of Kil- 
 biinie. Here is a weekly market on Tkiirs- 
 
day, and four annual fairs, the most consi- 
 derable of which, called Colmsday, is on the 
 2(1 Thursday of June, and was wont to con- 
 tinue for three or four days. The population 
 of the parish is about 13d0. 
 
 LARICAXAS, a province of La Paz, 
 and audience of Charcas, in Peru. It ex- 
 tends 1 1 8 leagues from e to w, aud about 30 
 from N to s. It abounds in gold mines. 
 
 LarinOy a town in the county of Molise, 
 Naples, 25 miles ene of Molise. 
 
 LARIO, a department of the late Italian 
 republic. It contains about 137,200 citizens. 
 Como is the capital. Also a lake more 
 frequently called Como. 
 
 Larissa, the capital of Janna or Thessaly, 
 European Turkey, stands on the river Pe- 
 neus, now called the Salembria ; a Greek 
 archbishop’s see, with a palace, and some 
 handsome mosques. The inhabitants, esti- 
 mated at 25,000, carry on a good trade. It 
 is the birth place of the celebrated Achilles. 
 It lies 75 miles n of Athens. Lon. 22 42 e, 
 lat. 39 48 N. 
 
 LARISTAN, a small province of Persia, 
 of which Lar is the capital. It abounds in 
 oranges, lemons, and very large tamarinds. 
 It is the poorest and least productive province 
 in Persia. 
 
 Larkhally a village in the parish of 
 Dalserf, county of Lanark, situated on the 
 great road from Glasgow to Carlisle. It 
 consists of about 120 houses, chiefly inhabit- 
 ed by weavers. 
 
 Larne, a sea port town in the county of 
 Antri.m, Ireland, on a river of its name, at 
 its entrance into an inlet of the sea called 
 Loch Larne. It is about eight miles n of 
 Carrickfergus. 
 
 Larneca, or Larnee, a town of Cyprus, 
 an(i see of a Greek bishop. It is the 
 residence of several European consuls, fee 
 Sarlines. 
 
 Larribttndar, a sea port town situated 
 at the mouth of the north branch of the 
 Sinda, or Indus, Hindoostan, with a harbour, 
 capable of receiving ships of 200 tons bur- 
 den, 56 miles w by s of Tank Lon. 66 42 
 E, lat. 24 44 N. 
 
 Larfa, See Aria, 
 
 ^ Larvigen, or LaimrAgln, a sea port of 
 Norway, capital of a county to which it 
 gives name, seated at the conflux of two 
 rivers, near the sea ; a place of considerable 
 trade. Its iron works are esteemed .he most 
 valuable in Norway. It is 55 miles ssw of 
 Christiana. Lon. 10 15 e, lat. 59 5 n. 
 
 Lasnehoi^rg, a town of Savoy, in the de- 
 partment of Mont Blanc, France, seated on 
 the Arc, at the foot, of mount Cenis the 
 passage of which is lUe principcu support of 
 the inhabitants. During two moiittis of the 
 year the sun is hidden from this town by tho 
 mountains, 20 miles Kxwof Susa. 
 
 Lassa, or Lahassa, the capital of the 
 comdry of Great Thibet. T'Le houses arf 
 spacious and loLy, and stands on 
 
 a river that unites with the It 
 
 is 680 miles nne of Calcutta. To the east 
 of the city is the mountain of Putula, on 
 the summit of which is the palace of the 
 grand Lama, the high priest and sovereign’ 
 of Thibet. Lon. 91 4 e, lat. 30 34 n. 
 
 Lassan, a town of Swedish, Pomerania, 
 situated on a lake of the same name. It is 
 formed by the river Peene, six miles se of 
 Wolgast. 
 
 Lassay, a town in the department of 
 Mayenne, France, 12 miles kne of May- 
 enne. 
 
 Lasswyde, a parish in Mid Lothian, about 
 eight miles in length, and from two to four 
 in breadth ; intersected through its whole 
 length by the North Esk. The village 
 of Lasswyde, with a neat church, is situ- 
 ated on the Esk, a few miles from Edin- 
 burgh. There are two extensive bleach- 
 fields, and five paper mills in the parish ; 
 the whole parish is in a high state of cul- 
 tivation. Coal and lime stone abound 
 through the whole parish. Population 
 about 3400. 
 
 Lastres, a tpwn of Asturias, Spain, on tho 
 bay of Biscay, near a cape of its name, 35 
 miles ENE of Oviedo. 
 
 Latacunga, capital of a jurisdiction of 
 the same name, s of that of Quito, in Peru. 
 The town is large aud regular, the streets 
 broad and straight, the bouses are of stone, 
 arched, and very well contrived. In the 
 vicinity is made fine earthen w'are, and great 
 quantities of pork are salted. In 1698, it 
 was nearly destroyed by an earthquake ; 
 50 miles s of Quito. Lon. 78 20 w, lat. i 
 20 s. 
 
 Latalda, formerly Laodicea, an ancient 
 town of Syria, with a harbour, seated on the 
 s side of a small peninsula, is a bishop’s see, 
 and has fine remains of antiquity. It is 
 become the most flourishing place on the 
 coast, and carries on a considerable trade. 
 It is 75 miles sw of Aleppo. Lon. 34 30 f, 
 lat. 35 40 N. 
 
 Lai her on, a parish in the> southern ex- 
 tremity of Caithness-shire, extending about 
 28 miles n from the Ord, with a breadth of 
 about 14 miles. The surface is various, 
 ^and intersected by rivers, particularly tlio 
 Dunbeath, Langwall, and Berridaie. The 
 coast is bold and rocky, but there are several 
 good harbours on it. The soil is in general 
 poor and ill cultivated ; but considerable 
 nurnbefs of sheep and black cattie are 
 pastured on the hills. William Sutherland, 
 commonly called William More, who mea- 
 sured nine feet five inches in height, was 
 born here about the end of the 14(h century. 
 Poruiation about 3,6U0. 
 
 LovaL a town in the department of 
 Maine, France, in which are two castles, 
 sivuated on the Mayenne, and contains 
 aboue- inhabitants. Linen of all 
 
 kUid's aud qualities is rr-ar.ufactured here; 
 and the neighhouring quarries produce mar- 
 ble. It is 45 miies w of UFans. Lon. 0 45 
 w, lat. 48 5 N. 
 
LAV 
 
 L A U 
 
 Lammuncl, a city of Carinthia, Ger- 
 many, situatt-d on the Drare, 23 miles e of 
 Clagenfurt. 
 
 Lavavry a town in the department of 
 Tarn, France, on the Agout, 20 miles eke 
 of Toulouse. 
 
 Laubaeh, a town in the department of 
 the Rhine and Naue, Fraiice, two miles n 
 of Sinimern. 
 
 Laubuch, a town in Watteravia, Ger- 
 many, with a castle, 10 miles e by s of 
 Gieseu. 
 
 Lauhacli, or L'l^fbach, a strong towm of 
 Germany, and capital of (‘arniola, is situat- 
 ed on a river of the same name, has manu- 
 factures of silk, leather, aitd excellent 
 cloth. It is 68 miles sw of Gratz. Lon. 
 14 65 E,lat. 46 II k. 
 
 Laitban, a walled town of Lusatia. The 
 old fort, or the castle, stands on a mountain, 
 and is now used as a prison. Here are 
 manufactures of cloth, silk, and leather, 
 with a good trade in cloth, yarn, and linen, 
 14 miles ese of Gorlilz. 
 
 Lauchstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 situated on the Queiss, six miles wnw of 
 Merseberg. 
 
 Lauda^ a town and castle of Wurlzburg, 
 In Franconia, has a famous bath, 22 miles 
 sw of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Lauder, an ancient royal borough in 
 Berwickshire, seated on a river of the same 
 »ame, 25 miles s of Edinburgh, and 32 
 sw by K of Berwick, on the Tauber. It j 
 has five annnal fairs, and joins with Had- 
 dington, <fec. in sending a member to par- 
 iiament. Near it stands the castle of 
 Lauder, the principal seat of the earl of 
 Lauderdale, it is, however, seldom resorted 
 to now by the family. Tbe^parish is about 
 eight miles long from n to s, and about four 
 broad. The low grounds are highly culti- 
 vated. and the sides of the hills afford ex- 
 cellent sheep pasture. Population about 
 1760. 
 
 Lavello, an ancient town in the kingdom 
 of Naples, Italy. It is situated six miles n 
 of Veno-a. 
 
 Laveld, or Lnjdd, a town in the depart- 
 ment of the Rnine, and Nabe, France, four 
 miles w of Maestrieji. Here, in 17J4, the 
 French obtained a victory over tire allies, 
 eommauded by the duke of Cumberland. 
 
 Lauenhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, 
 capital of a duchy of the same name, with 
 a considerable trade, stands on the Elbe, 
 below the infiux of the Stecknitz, 8<5 miies 
 ESE cf Hamburg. Hence are sent great 
 quantities of merehandize to Labee, by the 
 Stecknitz. Lon. iO dO E, iat. 33 22 k. 
 
 Lauenburg , a town of Prussian Pomera- 
 nia, capital of a territory of the same name, 
 seated on the Ltiba^ near the Baltic, 37 miles 
 w by K of Dantsic. Lon. 17 48 e, lat. 34 
 27 N. 
 
 Lnvenham, or Lanham, a town in Suffolk, 
 pleasantly situated on a branch of the river 
 Bret or Bredcn, It consists of nina streets. 
 
 It has a considerable manufactory of serges^ 
 shalloons, stays, stuffs, and woollen yarn! 
 A manufactory of hempen cloth also has 
 been lately established. It has fairs Octo- 
 ber lOth and Shrove Tuesday, and lies 61 
 miies NE of London. 
 
 Lfiveno, a town of Italy,. in the Milanese- 
 On the N side is a craggy mountain, down 
 which pours a constant cascade. It stands 
 on the E side of the lake Maggiore, iO miles 
 w of Varese, and 34 kw of Milan. 
 
 Lauensfein, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 seated on the Miiglitz, has mines of iron and 
 tin, 17 miles s of Dresden. 
 
 Lamnza, a small sea port of Tuscany, 
 seated at the mouth of the Lavenza, on the 
 gulf of Genoa, with a citadel, six miles wxw 
 of ?Jassa. - _ > 
 
 Lavf, a town in the territory of Nuren- 
 berg, Franconia, on the Pregnitz, nine miles 
 E of Nurenburg, 
 
 Lauffen, a town in Wirtemburg, 12 miles 
 s of Hailbron, seated on the Neckar. 
 
 Lauffen, a town and castle in Zurich, two 
 miles and a-haif s by w of Schaffenhausen, 
 Switzerland. Here is a famous cataract of 
 the Rhine, of 60 feet perpendicular height, 
 and 300 broad. 
 
 Lauffen, a town of the duchy of Salzburg, 
 Bavaiia, with a castle, on the Saiza, 10 
 miles NKW of Salzburg. 
 
 Lauffenburg, one of the forest towns in 
 Suabia, w.th a castle, stands cn a rock, on 
 the Rhine. Here is a small cataract, with 
 beautiful scenery, 15 miles e by k of Basil, 
 and 38 s of Friburg. Lon. 8 2 e, lat. 4T 
 33 X. 
 
 Laughton, a village in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, seated on a high hill, famous 
 for its neat spire and church, seen at the 
 disi^-nce of 60 miles. It is six miles ese of 
 Rotherham. 
 
 Lavington, a town in Wilts, 89 miles from 
 London. 
 
 Launceston, a borough and the county 
 town of Cornwall, stands on the n side of 
 a hill, near the Tamar, v/ith the ruins of a 
 strong castle, the tower of '■which serv’es as 
 a prison. A little without the town is the 
 old priory. It is a pretty large and popu- 
 lous town, in which the Lent as-izes are 
 held, the summer assizes at Bodwin or 
 Truro. The corporation consists of a 
 mayor, recorder, and eight aldermen, and 
 was made a free borough by Henry III. 
 Here is a free school founded by queen 
 Elisabeth. Population is about 1758. It 
 has a market on Saturday, and six annual 
 fairs. It is 28 relies n of Plymouth, and 
 214 w by s of London. Lon. 4 21 w, lat. 
 30 38 K. 
 
 Launy, a town near the Eger, Bohemia, 
 12 miies eke cf Saaz. 
 
 LAVORA, TEKRO DI, a province of 
 Naples. 63 miles long, and 35 broad. It 
 is proper for tillage, whence it took its 
 name, and it is fertile in exceUent vines 
 and fruits. There are also mineral springs. 
 
1. A W 
 
 •and mines of sulphur. Naples is the 
 capital. 
 
 Laupen, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switserlaiid, at the junction of the Sannen 
 and Sense, six miles sw of Bern. 
 
 Lauriestoicrif a village in the county of 
 Stirling and parish of Falkirk, containing 
 about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Lauringen, a town in (he principality of 
 Wiirtzburg, Franconia, on the Laur, IJ 
 miles NE of Schwanfurt. 
 
 Laurvig, a sea port in the province of 
 -Aggerhuys, Norway, capital of a county of 
 the same name, stands near the head of a 
 bay between the mouths of two rivers. 
 It has valuable iron works, and a good 
 trade ; 65 miles ssw of Christiana. Lon. 
 10 13E,lat. 59 4 X. 
 
 Lausanne, a city of Sviutzerland, the 
 capital of the Pays de Vaud, situated on the 
 T9 side of the lake of Geneva, and a bishop’s 
 see. It has a celebrated university, mag- 
 nificent church, and town house. In the 
 vicinity, are the most sublime views. It 
 lies 30 miles ne of ^Geneva, and 42 sw of 
 Bern. Lon. 6 45 e, lat. 46 31 n. 
 
 Lautenburg, a town in the palatinate of 
 Culm, W Prussia. It is CO miles e by s of 
 Culm. 
 
 Lauterhaeli, a town in the circle of Saatz, 
 Bohemia, celebrated for excellent tin mines, 
 tine miles ssw of Carlsbad. 
 
 Laterbaneh, a town of Upper Hesse, Ger- 
 many, seated on the Vogels berg, has a trade 
 In linen and woollen cloths ; 15 miles wnw 
 of Fulda. 
 
 Lauterbrunn, a village in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, stands in a picturesque 
 valley of its name, celebrated for its beauti- 
 ful cataract, called Staubach, which rushes 
 down a precipice 930 feet high, with such 
 impetuousity that it rises into a fine spray, 
 resembling at a distance, in some situations 
 a cloud of dust. 
 
 Lauterbnrg, a town in the department of 
 the Lower Rhine, France, seated on the 
 Lauter, near its junction with the Rhine. 
 It was taken by the Austrians in 1793, and 
 lies 10 miles ese of Weissemburg, and 14 
 s of Landau. 
 
 Lauterec):, a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 in the duchy of Duex Fonts, on the Glau, 
 30 miles n by e of Does Pouts. 
 
 Lautern, See Kaysers Lautem, 
 
 Lauzerte, a town in the department of 
 Xot, France, 20 miles sw of Cahors. 
 
 Lauzwi, a town in the department of Lot 
 and Garonne, France, 16 miles ne of Mar- 
 raande. 
 
 Lawenburg, a duchy of Lower Saxony. 
 It is about 35 miles long, and 20 broad. It 
 bas a capital of the same name situated on 
 the Elbe, and is subject to the elector of 
 Hanover, king of Great Britain. 
 
 ^wrence, St, one of the largest rivers in 
 North America. It issues from lake On- 
 tario, from which it continues its course for 
 No. 17~6d, 
 
 X E A 
 
 TOO miles, and falls into the ocean at Cap© 
 Rosierres, gulf of St Lawrence, by a mouth 
 about 96 miles broad. It is navigable for 
 ships of war as far as Quebec, which is up- 
 w'ards of 400 miles, and for trading vesseU 
 as far as Montreal, which is 160 miles 
 further ; a course of navigatioo for large 
 vessels unequalled in any oth|ir river. The 
 rocks and shoals above Montreal prevents 
 the passage of large vessels. In its course 
 it forms a great variety of bays, harbours, 
 and islands, many of which are found to b» 
 fruitful and extremely pleasant. See Q,ue- 
 bee, Montreal, <fec. 
 
 Lawreneeliirk, a parish and village m 
 Kincardineshire. The parish wbtcb was 
 anciently called Cnwnetft, is about four miles 
 in length, and from one to three in breadth. 
 The soil, lying mostly on a clay bottom, 
 fertile. The village of Lawrencekirk 
 ; upon a plan of the late Lord Gardenstone, 
 since 1765, contains upwards of 600 inha- 
 bitants, It is a borough of barony, with- 
 power to elect triennially, a bailie and font 
 counsellors, and the privilege of holding: 
 weekly markets and an annual fair. Hew 
 is an elegant inn, a valuable library, and & 
 manufacture of linen. It lies on the great 
 road from Perth to Aberdeen, 10 miles nb 
 of Brechin, eight n of Montrose, and seven 
 w of Bervie, Population of the village and 
 parish above 1,200. 
 
 Laocembourg , a town of Austria, with .s. 
 palace, on the Suechat, 12 miles s of 
 Vienna. 
 
 Layback, See Lauback, 
 
 Laycock, a town in Wilts, three miles s of 
 Chippenham, has the remains of an abbey, 
 and fairs July 8th, and December 21 st, 
 
 LAZZARETTO, an island of Italy, 
 near Venice, anciently St. Maria, of Na- 
 zareth. 
 
 Lea, a rivei* of England, in Bedford- 
 shire, which rises near Luton, flows to Hert- 
 ford, and Ware, and dividing Essex froni 
 Hertfordshire, and Middlesex, falls Into tko 
 Thames a little below Black wall. By fhis 
 river there are large quantities of corn and 
 malt brought out of Hertfordshire to Lou- 
 don. 
 
 Leadhills, a village in Lanarkshire, in the 
 parish of Crawford, situated amid high 
 mountains, supjposed to be the highest in- 
 habited place in Briton, being about 2,000 
 feet above sea level. Here is a chapel, a 
 school, and a good subscription library flited 
 up by the miners, who are sober intelligent 
 men, and employ much of their spare time 
 in reading. It contains nearly 1,000 inha- 
 bitants, who are chiefly employed in the 
 lead mines. These mines have been wrought 
 for centuries. The rent drawn by the earl 
 of Ho pet on, the proprietor, is one-sixth 
 part of the smelted lead ; 3^ miles w of 
 Dumfries, and 45 ssw of Edinburgh. 
 
 Learning ton-prior s, a village in War- 
 wickshire, seated on the river Leame. Here 
 are cold saline springs, warm and cold baths, 
 ^ • P 
 
LEG 
 
 a pump room, and handsome accommoda- 
 tions for genteel company, two miles e of 
 Warwick. 
 
 LEAO TONG, or Chex-Yang, one of 
 the three divisions of Eastern Tartary, in- 
 habited by the Manshur Tartars ; bounded 
 on the E, N, and w, by a palisade of stakes 
 seven feet high, without either ditch or 
 bank, and on the s by the great wall of 
 China ; hence China w’as entered and sub- 
 dued by the Tartars. Chen- Yang, or 
 Mougden is the capital. 
 
 Leormouthy on the s side of the Tweed, 
 in that part of Durham, called Norhamshire, 
 below Coldstream, once a handsome town, 
 with a weekly market, but is now only a 
 small village. 
 
 Leatherheady a village in Surrey, seated 
 on a rising ground, in a fine Champaigne 
 country, on the river Mole, over which is a 
 neat bridge of 14 arches. It had formerly 
 a market, and has a fair September 8th ; 12 
 miles XE of Guildford, and 18 ssw of 
 London. 
 
 Leathes-fVatery or Tkirlmerey a beauti- 
 fully limpid lake in Cumberland, about 
 three miles in length, stretching along the 
 foot of Helvellyn, and receiving numerous 
 torrents which pour down the sides of that 
 huge mountain. The lake is nearly inter- 
 sected in the middle, where there is a bridge. 
 Its outlet, which is in the n end joins the 
 Greeta. which falls into the Derwent, be- 
 low Keswick. 
 
 Leba, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 on the Beba, which, after forming a lake 
 15 miles in circumference, falls into the 
 Baltic sea. It is 16 miles nnw of Lauen- 
 burg. 
 
 hehanotiy a town of Dauphin county, 
 Pennsylvania, seated on Quitaphilla Creek, 
 has two churches ; 22 miles-E by n of Har- 
 yisburgh, and 80 nw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Lebanon New, a town of Duchess county. 
 New York, famous for its medicinal spring ; 
 30 miles ne of Hudson. 
 
 LehidOyO, sea port of Tripoli, Barbary, 
 seated on the Mediterranean, has an old 
 castle, with the extensive ruins of the re- 
 Bowned city of Leptis, in the middle of a 
 fertile plain. It is about 85 miles ese of 
 Tripoli. 
 
 LebiSy a town in Brandenburg, in the mid- 
 dje Mark, on the Oder, it is five miles n of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Lebrixay or Lebrija, an ancient town in 
 Andalusia, Spain, with a castle. The vici- 
 nity abounds with olive trees, w^hich produce 
 the best oil in Spain ; 12 miles ne of St. 
 Lucar, and 27 s by w of Seville. 
 
 LecasellOy a town in the State of Genoa, 
 23 miles ne of Genoa. 
 
 Lecccy anciently, Aletium, in Otranto, 
 one of the most beautiful and stately towns 
 in Italy, is a bishop’s see, and the residence 
 of tbe governor, sometimes called the capi- 
 tal of the province, by some the province is 
 
 L E £ 
 
 called Lecce, instead of Otranto 18 miles 
 NW of the city of Otranto, and 195 ese of 
 Naples. Lon. 18 20 e, lat. 40 30 n. 
 
 Lecco, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 
 situated on an arm of the lake of Como, 
 20 miles ne of Como, and 22 n of tbe city 
 of Milan. It is famous for its various 
 manufactures. 
 
 Lechy a river which rises in Tyrol, sepa- 
 rates Suabia and Bavaria, and falls into the 
 Danube below Donawert. 
 
 Lechladey a town in Gloucestershire, 
 seated at the confluence of the Lech, with 
 the Thames. A canal from the Severn 
 joins the Thames, near this towm — It has 
 a market on Tuesday, and is 28 miles e 
 by s of Gloucester, and 76 w by n of 
 London, 
 
 Lechnichy a tow’n in the department of 
 the Roer, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 electorate of Cologne, 10 miles ssw of 
 Cologne, 
 
 LechnitZy a tow’n in tbe principality of 
 Oppelen, Silesia, seated on the Oder. In 
 the vicinity is the convent of St Annenberg, 
 a great resort of pilgrims; 17 miles sse of 
 Oppelen. 
 
 Lecky a river of Holland, which sepa- 
 rates from the river of Duerstede, and falls 
 into the Merve. It is 10 miles e of Rotter- 
 dam. 
 
 Lecropt, a parish in the counties of Perth 
 and Stirling, near the junction of the Teith 
 and Allan with the Forth. It contains 
 about 2,000 acres, one half of which is 
 carse and the other dryfield. The only 
 village is that called the Bridge of Allan, 
 where are three paper mills, which manu- 
 facture much of t^^ind called Callender 
 paper. PopulatioiUmove 500. 
 
 Lectourcy a town in the department of 
 Gers, France, stands on a mountain, near 
 the Gers, has a castle, and was lately an 
 episcopal see. It is 12 miles se of Con- 
 dom, and 17 N of Auch. Lon. 0 37 e, lat. 
 43 56 N. . 
 
 hedbury, a tow’n in Herefordshire, seated 
 on a canal, inhabited chiefly by clothiers. 
 It is handsome and regularly built, has a 
 well endowed hospital and charity school, 
 has a market on Tuesday, and four annual 
 fairs. It is 13 miles e of Hereford, and 
 120 WNW of London. 
 
 VedesmGy a strong town in Leon, Spain, 
 on the Tormes, 20 miles sw of Salamanca. 
 
 Leei a river cf Ireland, which rises on 
 the confines of Kerry, and flows e to the 
 city of Cork, below which city it falls into 
 Cork harbour. 
 
 LeedSy a town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, stands in a vale, on the Aire, 
 which trade has rendered one of tbe most 
 populous spots in England. A magnificent 
 stone bridge over tbe river communicates 
 with the suburbs. It "was incorporated by 
 Charles II. with a m^or, 12 aldermen, 
 and 24 assistants. It has been long famous 
 
LEE 
 
 for the woollen manufacture, and is one 
 of the largest and most flourishing towns 
 in the county, and is the principal mart 
 for the white and coloured broad cloths, 
 of which vast quantities are sold in its 
 two halls, in the space of an hour without 
 the least confusion. By the late inland 
 navigation, it has communication with 
 the rivers Mersey, Dee, Kibble, Ouse, 
 Trent, Darwent, Severn, Humber, Thames, 
 Avon, <fec. which navigation, including its 
 windings, extends above 500 miles in the 
 counties of Lincoln, Westmoreland, War- 
 wick, Oxford, &c. There is one long 
 street, which is quite full of shops. The 
 merchants of this place, York, and Hull, 
 ship the cloths off at the latter, for Holland, 
 Hamburgh, and the north. Here are five 
 cliiirches, several meeting houses, some 
 mills for cutting tobacco, several potteries, 
 and a flourishing carpet manufacture. 
 Hence great quantities of coals are sent to 
 York and Hull. Three miles to the nnw, 
 on the Aire, stands the venerable ruin of 
 Kirkstal abbey amid groves of oaks. Leeds 
 gives the title of duke to the family of Os- 
 born. Market days Tuesday and Satur- 
 day. Leeds contains about 62,534 inhabi- 
 tants. It is 22 miles wsw of York, and 192 
 N by w of London. Lon, 1 34 w, lat. 53 
 48 N. 
 
 LeedSy a town in Richmond county Vir- 
 ginia, stands on the n side of the Rappahan- 
 noc, 34 miles se of Falmouth, and 50 ne of 
 Richmond. 
 
 Leeky a town in Staffordshire, seated on 
 the Churnet, has a manufacture of silk 
 handkerchiefs, ribbands, twist, and buttons : 
 the market is on Wednesday. The 
 church is a stately edifice. In the church- 
 yard is a pyramidal stone, adorned with 
 sculpture. And in the vicinity, vast naked 
 rocks, coal mines, and a salt spring. It 
 is 21 miles n of Stafford, and 154 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 ^ small island of Pennsylvania, in 
 the Delaware. 
 
 Leer or Lehr, a town of East Friesland, 
 West^alia, on a river of its name, which 
 ^on alter falls into the Ems,.H miles se of 
 Lmbden. 
 
 Leerdaniy a town of S Holland, seated 
 on the Linghe, six miles ne of Gorcum, and 
 20 NE of Dort. 
 
 Leerbrt, a fortress in E Friesland, West- 
 phalia, at the junction of the Leer and Ems 
 10 miles e by s of Embden. * 
 
 Leers, or Liers, a town of Liege, Nether- 
 lands, in the vicinity of which, in 1746, 
 the French obtained a victory over the allies* 
 commanded by prince Charles of Morrain! 
 four miles n of Liege. 
 
 Leesburg, a post town of Virginia, and 
 capital of London county, 40 miles nw of 
 Alexandria, and 55 ese of Winchester, 
 
 Leesburg, the capital of Caswell county, 
 N Carolina, 30 miles nw of Hiilsborough, 
 and 95 w of Halifax, ^ ' 
 
 LEG 
 
 Leesburg, or Leestown, a town in the 
 state of Kentucky, and county of Fay‘V,te, 
 on the river Kentucky. It lies 20 miles w 
 of Lexmgton. 
 
 LEEWARD ISLANDS, that part of 
 the Carribbee islands in the West Indies, 
 which co\nmeaco at St Thomas, and expend 
 SE to the island of St Dominica, and from 
 thence to Porto Rico. 
 
 Leeuwe, a little fortified town of Bra-- 
 bant, Netherlands, seated in a morass on the 
 river Geete. It was taken by the allies, 
 in 1705, 12 miles e of Louvain, and 21 w of 
 Maestricht. 
 
 LEFOOGA, one of the Friendly islands, 
 situated near Hapaee, in the South Sea, 
 visited by captain Cook, in 1776. Many 
 parts of the country, near the sea, are still 
 sandy and barren ; but in the internal 
 parts the marks of considerable population 
 and of an improved state of cultivation, are 
 very conspicuous. Large spots, covered 
 with the paper mulberry tree, ifec. were 
 observed. To these Cook added melons, 
 maize, &c. The land is but seven miles in* 
 length ; and its breadth, in some places, is 
 not above three miles. 
 
 Legerwood, a parish in Berwickshire, 
 about three miles in length, by two and 
 a-half in breadth, watered on the w by the 
 Leader. The surface, which is elevated, is 
 well cultivated, being in the possession of 
 opulent and skilful farmers, and is adapted 
 in general both for crops and pasturage. 
 The farms are large. Boon hill, in this 
 parish, was one of the signal stations, in the 
 late war. Population is 560, 
 
 Leghorn, or Livozno, a strong and con- 
 siderable city of Tuscany, in Pisano, is re- 
 gularly built in the modern taste. The 
 streets are strait and wide, and the hou- 
 ses almost all of the same height. Here 
 are so many canals, that it has been called 
 by some New Venice. It is well fortified, 
 having two small fortresses and a cita- 
 del. It contams about 40,000 inhabi- 
 tants, consisting of Jews, Armenians, Greeks, 
 and Turks. Leghorn is a free port, which 
 makes it rich and populous. The harbour 
 is one of the best in the Mediterranean. 
 For the conveniency of navigation, there 
 is a light house lanthorn, with 30 lamps, 
 erected on a rock without the harbour. 
 The trade consists of foreign goods, as 
 cotton, sugar, cocoa, spices, sulphur and 
 alum ; and in home pro-iuctions, as essenc- 
 es, oil, wine, straw hats, cloths, juniper 
 berries, oranges, lambs^ and goats' skins, 
 and coral. Near the harbour is a large 
 building, in which the Turks and Galley 
 slaves are shut up during the night. 
 The Jewc have an elegant synagogue, and 
 schools; the Armenians and Greeks have 
 churches of their own, and no religion is 
 disturbed. It is a bishop's see. In 1741, 
 it suffered greatly by an earthquake. " 'Ae 
 French took it in 1796, were dispossesseu^iii 
 1799, but retook it in 1800. It is 12 
 
 F2 
 
LEI 
 
 miles ;ssw of Pissa, 55 wsw of Florence, 
 and 145 Nw of Rome. Lon. 10 28 e, lat. 
 
 4 a 33 N. 
 
 LegnagOy or LegnanOy a fortified and po- 
 imlous town in the Veronese, Italy, ^ted 
 on the Adige, stands in a country abounding 
 m rice, flax, hemp, maize, honey, silk, <fec. 
 and has a great trade in grain, and which 
 Is facilitated by a canal from the Adige to 
 the Po, which was formed in 1702. It was 
 taken by the French in 1796, 12 miles se of 
 V erona. 
 
 Leihnitzy a town in Stiria, Germany. 
 It is situated on the river Sulm, 16 miles s of 
 Gratz. 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE, an inland coun- 
 ty in the diocese of Lincoln, and in the 
 midland circuit, bounded on the n by 
 Nottinghamshire, on the e by Lincolnshire 
 and Rutlandshire, s by Northamptonshire, 
 sw by Warwickshire, and Nwby Derbyshire. 
 It is about 170 miles in circumference, and 
 is divided into six hundreds. 196 parishes, 
 and has 12 market towns. It contains 
 150,419 inhabitants, who send four mem- 
 bers to parliament, two whereof are for the 
 county. Though it lies almost in the 
 middle of England, and at a considerable 
 distance from the sea, the air is very sweet, 
 and wholesome. The soil, except in the 
 »E part, is good, and affords large crops of 
 corn and grass. Its principal commodities 
 are corn, fish, flesh, fowl, wool, beans, and 
 draught horses. Though the principal 
 business of the county is husbandry, and 
 notwithstanding some of the farms are here 
 so large that they are let at near £. 2000 
 per annum, yet the stocking manufacture is 
 greatly encouraged, and turns to a very 
 good account. The sheep bred here, and 
 in Lincolnshire, are the largest mutton with 
 which the London markets are supplied, 
 and have the greatest fleeces of wool of 
 any in England. The horses, bred, or 
 rather fed here, are the largest in England, 
 of which great numbers are continually 
 sent to London. Every species of quadru- 
 peds, has within these 40 years been brought 
 to the highest pitch of perfection, particular- 
 ly by the unwearied exertions of Mr Bake- 
 well of Dishley, in whose breeds, the most 
 perfect symmetry of shape is united with 
 the greatest quantity of flesh, and the smallest 
 proportion of bone, and of all both in sheep 
 and black cattle. The sheep are now to 
 be found in most counties in Britain. The 
 shire is every where plentifully watered : 
 its principal rivers are the Avon, Anker, 
 Wreke, Welland, and Soar, and several 
 canals. The western parts are watered by 
 the two bead branches of the river Anker. 
 These rivers supply the county with niany 
 sorts of fifb, particularly the best sort of 
 salmon, and are besides convenient for na- 
 vigation. Toward the nw the Bardon hills 
 jise to a great height, in the vicinity of 
 which is Chaniwood forest, now mostly 
 
 L El 
 
 enclosed, and to the nw are valuable coal 
 mines. At Nevil Hall is a powerful mine- 
 ral spring. 
 
 Leicester, the county town of the above 
 shire, situated near its centre, on the Soar, 
 with a market on Saturday. It is an aaci» 
 ent town, supposed to have been the Ratse of 
 the Romans. Jn the civil wars the walls 
 were greatly demolished, only the hall and 
 kitchen of the castle remain entire ; in the 
 former the assizes are held. It has five 
 parish churches, several meeting; houses, 
 hospital^, and a good free scbooL — In the 
 meadows, near the town, are the remains of 
 an abbey in which cardinal Wolsey died, 
 and was buried. The first law for the 
 burning of heretics, was enacted by a par* 
 Lament held here, in the reign of Henry 
 V. Its freemen are exempted from tolls 
 in all fairs and markets through England. 
 It has four annual fairs. It gives the 
 title of earl to the family of Tounsend 
 Ferrars. The market place is spacious, 
 and it has a great trade in the manufac- 
 ture of worsted stockings. The corpora- 
 tion consists of a mayor, recorder, 24 
 aldermen, 48 common council men, two 
 chamberlains, a steward, bailiff, solicitor, 
 and town clerk. In 1791, an act of par- 
 liament was obtained for making a navi- 
 gable canal from Loughborough to Leices- 
 ter, to communicate by a branch of the 
 Leicester collieries ; and in 1793, an act was 
 passed for making another canal from Lei- 
 cester to the Nen at Northampton, by which 
 it communicates with the Grand junction 
 Canal. Population is about 23,146. Lei- 
 cester is 99 miles nnw of London, and 28 s 
 by E of Derby. 
 
 Leicester, a considerable town in Wor- 
 cester county, Massachusetts, containing 
 1076, inhabitants, situated six miles wnw 
 of Worcester, The Leicester academy 
 was incorporated in 1784, and is well en- 
 dowed. Wool cards are manufactured 
 here annually to the amount of 15,000 
 pairs, 
 
 Leigh, a sea port town in Essex, on a 
 creek in the mouth of the Thames, opposite 
 the end of Canvy island. It has a good 
 road for shipping, and is noted for oysters. 
 It is 18 miles sse of Chelmsibrd, and 40 e of 
 London. 
 
 Leigh, di town of Lancashire, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday , seated at the head of the 
 duke of Bridgewater^s canal. It has consi- 
 derable manufactures of fustians, thicksets, 
 velverets, and janes ia imitation of those of 
 India. It is nine miles nne of Warringion, 
 and 199 NW of London. 
 
 Leighlin, or Old Zeighlin, a borough in 
 Carlow county, Ireland, the see of a bishop, 
 erected in 632, and in 1000, united with 
 Ferns. The cathedral serves for the parish 
 church. Although formerly a city, it is now 
 a poor place, niue miles ssw of Carlow, and 
 12 NE of Kilkenny. 
 
L E I 
 
 Leighlin-hridge, a town in the county of 
 Carlow, seated on the Barrow, oa the banks 
 of which is picturesque scenery, seven miles 
 s of Carlow. 
 
 Leighton, a town in Huntingdonshire, 
 five miles n of Kimbolton. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard, a town in Bedford- 
 shire, on the borders of Bucks, seated on 
 the Lyssel, with a market on Tuesday, and 
 four annual fairs, 18 miles s of Bedford, 
 and 41 nw of London. 
 
 Leina, a river which has its source in 
 the territory of Eichfield, Germany, above 
 Heiligenstadt, and after running through 
 Brunswick, Luneburg, by Gottingen, Ca- 
 lenberg, Hanover, and Neustadt, it falls into 
 the Alter. 
 
 LEINSTER, a province of Ireland, 
 bounded on the e by the Irish sea, on the 
 w by Connaught, on the nt by Ulster, and 
 on the s by the ocean ; containing the coun- 
 ties of Carlow, Dublin, Kilkenny, Kildare, 
 King, Longford, Louth, East Meath, 
 Queen, West Meath, Wexford, and Wick- 
 low. It is about 112 miles long, and 70 
 lyoad. The chief rivers are the Barrow, the 
 Boyne, the LilTey, the Neur, the Urin, or 
 Slane, and the Inney. The air of this pro- 
 vince is temperate, and the soil is fruitful 
 in corn and pastures. The chief commodi- 
 ties are cattle, horses, sea fowl, and fish. It 
 contains one archbishopric, three bishoprics, 
 99 baronies, and 5% boroughs. The chief 
 place is Dublin, which is the capital of the 
 kingdom. The inhabitants are very civi- 
 lized. 
 
 Leipheim, a town of Suabia, in the ter- 
 ritory of Ulm, seated on the banks of the 
 Danube. The vicinity abounds with hops, 
 10 miles ke of Ulm. 
 
 Leipuic, a walled town of Moravia, situ- 
 ated near the Beezwa, 14 miles ese of 
 Olmutz. 
 
 LeipsiCy or Leipsig, a city of Misnia, or 
 MeL-sen, in Upper Saxony, situated on the 
 PieisF, witha strong citadel called Pleys- 
 sonburg. It is a rich and populous town, 
 w ith a very considerable trade, and a famous 
 university. It has 3 great fairs every year, 
 which last a fortnight each. Its principal 
 manufactures are silk, gold, and silver stuffs, 
 linen and cotton printing, leather, and Prus- 
 sian blue. The number of inhabitants ex- 
 ceeds 32,000. There are six handsome 
 colleges belonging to the university, besides 
 the private colleges. The exchange is a 
 fine structure, and the houses in general are 
 lofty. This city was taken by the Prus- 
 sians in I74'5 and in 1756. In the latter 
 year the Austrians besieged it without 
 success, but took it two year» after, and 
 could not retain u. Here, In 1 8 1 3, a signal 
 Victory was gained by the allies over the 
 Erench under ,lhe emperor Bonaparte, r^x 
 the 18th of October, during the battle the 
 wiaole of the Saxon troops came over to the 
 allies, and immediately turned their arras 
 
 L E I 
 
 against the French. Next day the city with 
 the king of Saxony and all his curt was 
 taken, and at noon the emperor of Russia, 
 the king of Prussia, and the crown prince of 
 Sweden, entered by three different point 
 and met in the great square. Bonaparte 
 had left it only a few hours before ; 60 
 miles WNW of Dresden. Lon. 12 20 e, lat. 
 51 19 N. 
 
 Leira, a city of Estremadura, Portugal, 
 stands on an eminence, and is a bishop^s 
 see. The French, in 1811, on their re- 
 treat into Spain, set it on fire. It is 80 
 miles NNE of Lisbon. Lon. 28 38 w, lat. 
 39 40 N. 
 
 Leisznig, a town of Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, seated on the river Mulda, and has 
 manufactures of cloth, stockings, and 
 lace, 24 miles ese of Leipsic, and 32 nw of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Leitenherg, a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, seated on the Sorbitz, with a castle^ 
 11 miles ssE of Saalfeld. 
 
 Leith, a sea port towui in Mid Lothian, 
 situated on the Frith of Forth. It is a large 
 and populous place, and is properly the port 
 of Edinburgh, from which it is distant 
 about two msles n by e. The town stands 
 on both sides of the harbour, commonly 
 called N and S Leith, which is formed by 
 the little liver, called the Water of Leith. 
 There is a stone pier projecting into the sea 
 a considerable way, which formed an old 
 harbour, but of late an elegant draw-bridge 
 has been erected, and a new bason and 
 docks constructed, which render the port 
 very commodious. The road affords excel- 
 lent anchorage for shipping. The trade of 
 Leith is very extensive, especially to the 
 Baltic, Germany, Holland, France, Spain, 
 and Portugal ; also to America, the West 
 Indies, cfec. (fee. The London trade is also 
 carried on to a great extent. Here are 
 pveral thriving manufactures, ship build- 
 ings, extensive rope works, glass houses, <fec. 
 Leith has increased greatly of late, both in 
 trade and population. The number of souls 
 in the two parishes of South and North 
 Leith, in I8II, was 20,363. The trade ot 
 Leith, in 1784, was estimated at half a 
 million. In 1791, the whole tonnage of 
 vessels belonging to Leith is estimated at 
 130,000 tons. Leith is a dependency of 
 Edinburgh, and is governed by an admiral 
 and two baillies, appointed by the council of 
 that city. It has a bank, an hospital for 
 disabled seamen, and a battery for the de- 
 fence of the harbour. The beautiful walk 
 to Edinburgh bordered with gardens and 
 elegant buildings, is a fashionable promenade 
 for the inhabitants of both towns. Lon. 2 
 59 w, lat. .55 58 n. 
 
 Leith, Water of, rises in the county of 
 Mid, Lothian, and parish of Cunie, drives 
 upwards of 80 mills of different desci'ii>- 
 tioHs, aud falls into the Frith of Forth at 
 Leith, 
 
L E M 
 
 Leitmerita, See Leutmeritz. 
 
 LeitomischeL See Leutmischel. 
 
 LEITRIM, a county of Ireland, ia the 
 province of Connaught, bounded on the n 
 by Donegal bay, on the e by Fermanagh 
 and Cavan, by Longford on the se, Ros- 
 common on the sw, and Sligo on the w. It 
 is about 42 miles long, and IT broad ; is a 
 fertile county, and, though mountainous, 
 produces great herds of black cattle, but has 
 few places of note. It contains 21 parishes, 
 and sends two members to parliament. It 
 has coals'and ironstone, and abounds with 
 lakesi Ctirrick is the capital. 
 
 Leitrim, a town of the above county, 
 from which it has its name, situated on the 
 Shannon, formerly a place of considerable 
 note; four miles n of Carrick, and 80 nw 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Leixlip, a town in the county of Kildare, 
 with a castle, beautifully situated on the 
 banks of the Liffy, The castle is a fine 
 edifice, with fine gardens on one side, and 
 on the other a waterfall called the Salmon 
 leap. In the vicinity are the ruins of the 
 church and castle of Clonsy, and a mile dis- 
 tant Castletown, the magnificent seat of 
 Mr Connolly, allowed to be the finest in 
 Ireland. Leixslip is iO miles w by s of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Lekenfield, a town in the East Riding of 
 Yorkshire, three miles n of Beverly, has a 
 fair which commences on September 14th. 
 and continues for a week. 
 
 LEMAN, a department of France, com- 
 prehending the republic of Geneva, The 
 lake of Geneva was formerly called Leman, 
 Geneva is the chief town, 
 
 LEMBRO, the ancient Imbrcs, an island 
 of the Archipelago, on the coast of Ro- 
 mania, about 22 miles in circumference, 
 with a town of the same name, and a har- 
 bour. Lon. 26 0 E, lat. 40 Z5 n. 
 
 Lemburg, or Leopold, a large and rich 
 trading town of Poland, capital of Red 
 Russia, now of E Galicia, in the palatinate 
 of Lemburg, seated on the Peltu It is 
 well fortified, and the inhabitants are esti- 
 mated at 20,000, who carry ou a consider- 
 able trade. The cathedral churches, and 
 other public buildings are superb. In it are 
 a Roman Catholic, an Armenian, and a 
 Russian bishop. The Turks besieged it 
 without success in 1672; Charles XII. of 
 Sweden took it by storm in 1704. It is 90 
 miles MW of Kaminieck and 150 e of 
 Cracow. 
 
 Lemgow, a town of Westphalia, county 
 of Lippe on the Beya, has some cloth ma- 
 nufactures. It IS 25 miles m by w of Pa- 
 derborn. 
 
 Lemington, a town in Northumberland, 
 within three miles of Alnwick. 
 
 Lemington, a township of Vermont, in 
 Essex county. 
 
 Lemme, a sea-port o^ Holland, on the 
 Zuyder Zee, 20 miles s of Lewardeu. 
 
 LEMNOS, a celebrated island of the 
 
 LEO 
 
 : Archipelago, now called Stalimene. It h 
 situated near the entrance of the Dardanel- 
 les, and is above 112 miles in circumfer-* 
 ence. The poets have made it sacred ta 
 Vulcan, who was thence* called Lamnius 
 Patdr, Not a trace of its famous labyrinth 
 now remains. The modern Greeks enter- 
 tain the same opinion of that earth which 
 cured Philoctetes. On one particular day 
 of the year, it is dug up with great cere- 
 mony, formed into small cakes, and signed 
 with the grand signior^s seal ; hence called 
 Terra Sigellata. Lemnos is subject to tfee 
 Turks, but the inhabitants w ho are almost 
 all Greeks, are very industrious. The capi- 
 tal is of the same name, and the see of a 
 Greek archbishop. Lon. 25 28 e, lat. 40 3 n. 
 
 Lemon Island, one of the Skelig islands 
 ou the coast of Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 Lena, a large river in the eastern part of 
 Siberia, which receives 16 large rivers,, 
 and falls into the Frozen ocean by several 
 mouths. 
 
 Lenczicz, a town of Poland, capital of a 
 palatinate of the same name, has a fort on a 
 rock, and stands in a morass on the Biura, 
 37 miles se of Genesna, and 110 n by w of 
 Cracow. Lon. 18 20 E,lat. 52 10 n. 
 
 Lenham, an ancient, but decayed town 
 in Kent, seated on an eminence near the 
 source of the Len, has a market on Tues- 
 day, 10 miles e of Maidstone, and 44 ese 
 of London. 
 
 Lennep, a town in the duchy of Berg, 
 W estphalia, on a river of its name, 20 miles 
 ESE of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Lenno, a town of Italy, in the late Re- 
 publican department of the Mulay, contain- 
 ing 3,000 souls. 
 
 Lennox. See Dunburtonshire. 
 
 Lenox, the capital of Berkshire county, 
 Massachusetts, on the Hausatonic. It is 
 about ! 7 miles sw of Chester, and 145 w of 
 
 Boston 
 
 Lens, a town in the department of the 
 Straits of Calais, France, on the Souchet, 
 11 m lies N of Arras. 
 
 Lintini, or Veontini. a town of Sicily, in 
 the Val di Noto, it is a portion of the an- 
 cient Leontium, on the Leonardo, at the 
 foot of an eminence, on the top of ■w'hich 
 Charles V. built a town called Carletini. 
 In 1693, this town w'as greatly injured by 
 an earthquake, situated 15 miles ssw of Ca- 
 tania. 
 
 Lentzbtirg, a town of Berne, in Switzer- 
 land, has a fortified castle, and manufactures 
 of cotton, linen, tobacco, &c. 10 miles wof 
 Baden, and 40 ne of Bern. 
 
 Lentzen, a town in the Mark of Pregnitz, 
 Brandenburg, near the Elbe, 14 miles w of 
 Perleberg. 
 
 Leo, St, a strong town of Italy, in the 
 lute duchy of Urbino, near the Marrechia, 
 15 miles mw of Urbino. • 
 
 Leobschuz, a town in the principality of 
 Jagerndorf, Silesia, with a great trade in 
 corn aud yarn, 10 miles kne of Jagerndorf. 
 
LEO 
 
 . Leohen, a town in Stiria, Germany, on 
 the Muer, 20 miles nw of Gratz, 
 
 LeocheL See Cushnie, 
 
 Leogane, a sea port town of St. Domingo, 
 with a fort and a good road. It is *au 
 agreeable, pleasant, and commercial place. 
 The chief exports are cotton, coffee, indigo, 
 and sugar. In 1794, it was taken by the 
 English and French royalists, but soon after 
 retaken by the republicans. It is six leagues 
 and a-balf n of Jacmel. Lon. 72 32 w, lat. 
 28 34 X. ' 
 
 Leominster, a town in Herefordshire, seat- 
 ed on the river Lug, over which it has several 
 bridges. The town consists of about 500 
 bouses ; besides a large church, and several 
 meeting houses for dissenters, and several 
 ftee schools, one of them endowed by Queen 
 Mary. In the church is a beautiful altar- 
 piece by Rubens. The corporation consists 
 of a bailiff, 24 capital burgesses and other 
 officers. It has a considerable trade in 
 cloth, hms, hops, flax, gloves, felts, leather, 
 cyder, d'c. It has markets on Tuesday, 
 and Friday, and six annual fajrs ; and lies 25 
 miles w by n of Worcester, and 137 wxw 
 of London. 
 
 Leominster, a post town in Worcester 
 county, Massachusetts, seven miles n by w 
 of Lancaster, and 46 westward of Boston. 
 The manufacture of combs is carried on to 
 great perfection. 
 
 LEON% a province of Spain, formerly a 
 kingdom. It is about 125 miles long, and 
 iOO broad, divided into nearly two equal 
 parts by the river Douro, and produces all the 
 necessaries oi life. Leon is the capital. 
 
 Leon, an ancient and large city of Spain, 
 capital of the province of that name, built bv 
 the Romans in the time of Galba. It fs 
 situated between two sources of the river 
 Esra. It was once more populous and rich 
 than now, for the manufacture of cloth is on 
 the decline. Besides the cathedral, w^hich 
 IS much admired, there are 12 churches and 
 nine convents, 5p miles se oi Ovied, 165 n 
 by w of Madrid. Lon. 5 38 w, lat 42 36 x. 
 
 Lecn,^ a city of Andalusia, Spain, almof?t 
 surrounaed by the sea and the river Sa^a 
 Petri, therefore sometimes called the isle c; 
 Leon. Population is upwards of 40 000 • 
 vast quantities of salt are collected in the 
 neighbourhood, IJ miles sse of Cadiz. 
 
 LEON, NEW, a rick a.nd populous coun- 
 try of N America, lying between New Mexi- 
 co on the V, the gulf of Mexico on the e, 
 Panuco on the s, and New Biscay on the w • 
 It IS little known, but said to be full of moun- 
 tains, and rich in minerals. Monterey is the 
 capital. 
 
 Leon, a towm in the Mechoacan, New 
 Spmn, seated in a fertile plain, 30 miles wnw 
 ot Guanaxiiats. 
 
 LEON, an island in 
 coast of Spain* It is 
 about five broad. 
 
 the Atlantic on the 
 12 miles long and 
 
 Leon, or Caracas, the capital of the pro- 
 wmce of the Caracas, and of a government 
 
 L E R 
 
 mcluding Venezuela, Caracas, CuT.aiiE, and 
 Spanish Guayana, seated on the n side of an 
 elevated plain surrounded by mountains, 12 
 miles from the sea port Guazza, is the see of 
 an archbishop. The city is near a mile 
 long ; the houses are handsome and well 
 mrnished ; the streets regular, straight, and 
 broad. It contains about 42,000 inhabitants. 
 In 1812, this city lost by an earthquake 8000 
 mnabitants, 4500 houses, 19 churches and 
 convents, and other public edifices, 560 miles 
 NE of St. Fe. Lon. 67 0 w, lat. 10 15 x. 
 
 Leon, a town and capital of the province 
 of Nicaragua, New' Spain, the reStlence of 
 a governor, and a bishop^s see, seated near 
 the NW extremity of lake Nicaragua. It 
 consists of about 1,000 houses, and has 
 several monasteries and nunneries. It is 39 
 miles from the South Sea. Lon. 87 20 w 
 lat. 12 30 N, ^ 
 
 Leonard, St, an ancient town in the de- 
 partment of Upper Vienne, France, with a 
 considerable manufactory of paper and ano- 
 
 Limoges, and 
 
 195 s of Paris. ^ 
 
 Leonardtown, a post town of Maryland, 
 and the capital of St. Mary^s county, seated 
 on Britton bay, five miles from its conflux 
 with the Potomac, 50 SSE of Washington, 
 and 113 s of Baltimore. Lon. 76 50 w% 
 lat. 38 24 N, 
 
 Leonherg, a towm in the duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg, Swabia, on the Gieni, six miles w of 
 Siiugard. 
 
 Leonessa, a town of Abruzzo ultra Naples 
 19 miles nw of Acquilla. ‘ 
 
 ^ »» Val di Noto, Sicily, 
 
 37 miles wnw of Catania. 
 
 Leoo-keoo, See Lieou-kieou. 
 
 Leopold. See Lemburg. 
 
 Leopoldstadt, a town and fortress of Hun- 
 gary, on the Waag, 50 miles ene of Fres- 
 burg, and 62 ene of Vienna. 
 
 LEOTONG, a large country of Asia. 
 was from this country that the Tartars ei/ 
 tered China when they made themselves 
 masters oi it. Leotong the principal town is 
 large and populous. 
 
 Lepanto, a considerable sea port tow'n of 
 Turkey m Europe, in Livadia, divided into 
 
 'Z' by as many walls, 
 
 and defended by a castle. The harbour is 
 very small. The produce of the adjacent 
 country IS vyine, oil, corn, rice, Turkey lea- 
 ther, and tobacco. The Turks have six or 
 seven mosques here, and the Greeks two 
 enurcbes. It was taken from the Turks 
 by tho^ Venetians, in 1687, but by the trea- 
 ty et v-arlowitz, it was evacuated in 1699. 
 It is situated on the guifo^ Lepanto, 100 
 miles WNW of Athens, and :^50 of Con- 
 stantinople. Lon. 22 0 e, lat, 38 30 n. 
 
 TT ISLAND, one of the New 
 
 Hebrides. The inhabitants, according: 
 to Bougainville, ^Gare of two colours, 
 black, and mulatto,"^ Lon. 167 58 e, lat. 
 15 23 s. 
 
 Lerena, or Lkrena^ a towo io Estrema- 
 
L E S 
 
 <3uTa, Spaiu, stands at* the foot of a moun- 
 tain, at the bead of the Malachel, 50 miles 
 6 of Merida, and 68 se of Badajoz. Lon. 5 
 63 w, lat. 38 7 n. 
 
 Leria, or Leiria, a town in Estramadura, 
 Portugal, 30 miles ssw of Coimbra, and 
 60 NNE of Lisbon, in the territory of 
 Gens, seated on the b coast of the gulf of 
 Spezzia. 
 
 Lerici, a sea port three miles sw of Sar- 
 zana. 
 
 Leriday an ancient and large city in Ca- 
 talonia, Spain, a bishop^s see, with a univer- 
 sity on the Serga, on a hill adjoining the 
 town are the remains of a castle, once a 
 place of great strength. This place sub- 
 mitted to Charles III. after the reduction 
 of Barcelona, in 1705, but two years after it 
 was retaken by the duke of Orleans, 16 
 miles sw of Balaguer, 80 w of Barcelona, 
 and 200 nw of Madrid, Lon. 0 35 e, lat. 
 41 32 N. 
 
 LERINS, two French islands in the 
 Mediterranean, five miles from Antibes. 
 The one called St Honorat, has a Benedic 
 tine Abbey, the other called St. Margaret 
 was taken by the British, in 1746, but re- 
 taken the following year. 
 
 Lermdy a town in Old Castile, Spain, with 
 a palace on the Arlanza, 23 miles s of Bur* 
 gos. 
 
 LernGy or Milos y a town in Morea, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, at the nw extremity of the 
 gult of Napolis, stands at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, on which is a fortress, is the port of 
 Tripolizza. It was the ancient Serna, and 
 a little 10 the s is the celebrated lake of Ser- 
 na, eight miles ssw of Argos, and 24 exe of 
 Tripolizza. 
 
 LernicOy formerly a large city on the s 
 coast of the island of Cyprus, now only a 
 large village, with a good road lor vessels, 
 and a fort for its defence, 30 miles sw of 
 Famagusta. 
 
 LERO, or Lebos, anciently Leria, an 
 island of the Archipelago, eight miles se of 
 Patmos. 
 
 JLcrwichy the chief town of the Shet- 
 land islands, situated on the e side of 
 the Mainland, as the principal island 
 is called, on Brassa sound. It is the ren- 
 dezvous of vessels employed in the fisheries. 
 Near the town is fort Charlotte, said to 
 have been built by Oliver Cromwell, in 
 which is a small party of soldiers. The 
 manufactures are stockings, bed-rugs, and 
 platting straw. The town contains about 
 900 inhabitants; and the whole parish, 
 which is not above a mile broad, and 
 six long, contains about 1,700, In the 
 parish are the ruins of two chapels, and 
 two circular fbrts. Lon. 1 30 w, lat, 60 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Lescary a town in the department of the 
 Lower Pyrennes, France, which contains 
 about 6,000 citizens, three miles NW of Pau, 
 and 42 SB of Bayonne. 
 
 L ES 
 
 LESGUIS, one of the seven Cauca- 
 sian nations, situated between the Black 
 sea and the Caspian. Their country is in- 
 diflerentJy called by the Georgians, 
 Lesguistan, or Daghestan, It is divided 
 into a variety of districts, generally indepen- 
 dent, and governed by chiefs, elected by 
 the people. It has been thought that th« 
 Lesguis are probably descended from the 
 tribes of mountaineers, known to ancient 
 geographers under the name of Lesgas 
 or Ligyes ; and that the strength of their 
 country, which is a region of mountains 
 whose passes are known only to themselves, 
 has at all times, secured them from foreign 
 invasion They subsist by raising cattle, 
 and by predatory expeditions into the 
 countries of their more wealthy neigh- 
 bours. In their persons and dress, and 
 general habits of liie, as far as these are 
 known to us, they greatly resemble the 
 Circassians. 
 
 LESTNA, an island in the Adriatic, on 
 the coast of Dalmatia, anciently called Pha- 
 roSy 44 miles long, and eight broad, con- 
 taining 15,000 souls, and 32 villages ; and 
 abounding with wine, wool corn, fruits, 
 and marble. The capital is of the same 
 name, with a good harbour. Population 
 1,200, 20 miles s of f?palatro. Lon. 16 20 e, 
 lat. 43 33 N. 
 
 Lesina, a town in Capitanata, Naples, 
 on a lake of its name, 26 miles nw' of Man- 
 fredonsa. 
 
 Leskeardy a town in Cornwall, and one of 
 the largest and best built in the country, 
 governed by a mayor. The town ball . is 
 handsome, with a noble clock. It has a 
 large church a meeting house, a noteil 
 free school, and a curious conduit, and sends 
 two members a parliament. It is one of 
 the coinage towns for tin ; and has some 
 business in the spinning of yarn, and in the 
 tanning of leather. It has a market on 
 Sararday, and seven annual fairs ; and 
 lies 49 miles w by s of Exeter, and 225 
 w by s of London. Lon. 4 42 W', lat. 59 
 27 N. 
 
 Lcsky a town in the palatinate of Lemburg^ 
 68 miles sw of Lemburg. 
 
 Lesliey a parish in the county of Aber- 
 deen, comprehending a superficies of four 
 square miles, W'atered by the Gadie. The 
 surface is uneven but not mountainous, and 
 the soil is generally very productive to the 
 farmer. In the parish is found a green 
 streaktd jasper, of which are made snuff- 
 boxes and other toys. Population about 
 370. 
 
 Leslie, a parish and village in Fifeshire, 
 lying on the s side of the eastern Lomond, 
 and on the n bank' of the river Leven. 
 The whole of the parish is arable, and the 
 soil good and well cultivated. In the tow^n 
 of Leslie, w^hich contains about 1,089 
 people, a considerable manufacture of linea 
 and cotton checks is carried on. Fairs 
 
LE S 
 
 Tuesday of April, O. S. and pctober 
 10th. Population about 1,600. Near it 
 stands Leslie bouse, once ;i J 4 r;ge structure, 
 acted in the time of the last persecution, 
 as an asylum for persecuted ministers, who 
 were admitted by lady Rothes, although 
 her husband, the earjl of Rothes, was one 
 of the persecutors. The whole ot the build- 
 ing was afterwards destroyed by fire, ex- 
 cept those apartments, in which these good 
 men found refuge. The present house is 
 a stately mansion, 
 
 Lesmahagoe, a parish in Lanarkshire, 
 extendi iig along the, sw bank of the Clyde, 
 about 14 miles, with a breadth of 12. 
 The surface is irregular, and fitter for 
 pasturage than tillage. There is a con- 
 siderable ex ent of wood on the banks of 
 the river ; and coal is wrought a* different 
 places. Limestone, free-stone, and slate, 
 also abound. The village of Lesmahagoe, 
 which has been lately called Abbey Green, 
 is built round the church in the bottom of 
 a fine dell, about 13 miles se of Hamilton. 
 On this green stood a monastery, founded 
 by David I. in 1140, dependent on the 
 abbey of Kelso ; of which all that remains 
 is a square to'^i’er, that serves as a steeple 
 for the parish church. Population about 
 3.0T0. 
 
 Lesneven^ a town in the department of 
 Finisterre, France, 10 miles n of Lander- 
 nan and 13 ne of Brest. 
 
 LesparrCf a town in the department of 
 Gironde, France, in the environs of which 
 are found transparent pebbles, known by 
 the name of Modoc stones. It is 40 miles 
 XX w of Bourdeaux. 
 
 Lessinesy a town An the province of 
 Hainault, Netherlands, seated on the Dea- 
 der, famous for its linen manufactures, 28 
 miles sw of Brussels. 
 
 Lestwithiely an ancient town in Cornwall, 
 governed by a mayor, with a market on 
 Friday ; situated on the Fowey. The town 
 consists of about 120 boiises disposed of in 
 two streets. It was anciently the county 
 town, and the knights of the sfaire are still 
 elected here. It is one of the tin coinage 
 towns, and has a woollen manufacture. 
 On the side of a hill in the vicinity, stands 
 Lestormel castle, formerly the residence of 
 the dukes of Cornwall. The town is part 
 of the duchy of Cornwall, and pays for its 
 liberties ll£, 18^. 4rf. annually. It is 19 
 miles NNw of Plymouth, and 237 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Leswalty a parish in the w end of the 
 peninsula, called the Rinns of Galloway, 
 Wigtonsbire, between Lochryan on the n, 
 and the Irish sea on Ihe^s. It is about 
 seven miles long, and from three to six 
 broad, exhibiting a great variety of surface ; 
 with an equal variety of soil, watered by 
 two small rivulets. The soil where arable 
 is well cultivated, and the rearing of grain, 
 black cattle and sheep, and fishing on the 
 No. 18-~6t/. 
 
 LEU 
 
 surrounding coast, engross the attention of 
 the inhabitants, about 1,300. in numbero 
 Nearly the half of whom inhabit the Clay° 
 1 hole and Hill- head, suburbs of the town of 
 Stranraer, on the w’. On the sands of 
 Lochryan opposite the Clayhole, is a very 
 powerful spring of fine fresh water, called 
 St John^s well, over which the sea ebbs and 
 flows. 
 
 Letham, a village in the county of Fife 
 and parish of Monimail, where there is a 
 considerable fair held in the first week of 
 June. 
 
 Letharuy a village in Forfar. It is , 16 
 miles NE of Dundee. 
 
 .Lethendy, a parish in Perthshire, WNW 
 of Coupar Angus. It is about five miles 
 long, and one and a-half broad, with a. 
 strong, rich, and well cultivated soil. Popu- 
 lation about 350. 
 
 JLethnoty a parish of Scotland, in Forfar- 
 shire, to which lhat of Navar is unitedo 
 It lies about seven miles nw of BrechiOo 
 Population near 500. 
 
 Letters, a trading town in Principato Ci- 
 terioie, Naples, at the foot of a mountain, 12 
 miles NW of Salerno. 
 
 .Letterkennyy a town in Donegal, Ulster^, 
 on the Swdlly, near its entrance to Loch- 
 swilly, 14 miles nw of Lijfford, and 113 
 NNW of Dublin. 
 
 LettoHy the name of three villages in 
 Herefordshire, and one in Norfolk. 
 
 Leubusy a town in the principality of 
 Wolau, Silesia, with a famous Cistercian 
 abbey, on the. Oder. It is 10 mile.'- s of 
 Wolau. 
 
 Levant. This word properly signifies 
 ' Ruingy or the East, but is generally used, 
 when speaking of trade, for Turkey in Asia, 
 comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine, 
 Barka, the island of Candia, and 
 the adjacent parts. The Levant Sea, 
 means the eastern part of the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Leueate, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Aude, France, near the Mediter- 
 ranean, on the N side of a lake of the s,am© 
 name,. 20 miles ne of Perpignan. 
 
 Leuch, or Veuky a town in Vailis, stands 
 on an eminence, near the R hoi e, and is 
 celebrated for its hot mineral spri .gs, whose 
 water is so hot that it will boil an egg. 
 
 .Leuchars, a parish and. illage on the e 
 coast of Fifeshire, The parish, bounded 
 on the E by the German oce-tn, and watered 
 by the Eden on , the s and the sw, is about 
 nine miles long, and five b; ' h a 
 level surface, and a fertile soil, .age 
 
 ofLeuchars is pleasantly situated aicut a 
 mi ie from the coast, and containsTG 0 inha- 
 bitants, chiefly employed in the linen manu- 
 facture ; besides whom the re^nelution vof 
 the parish is about 1,000 ; ; x miles n of 
 St Andrews. In it are .ae remains -of an 
 ancient castle of the same name, surrounded 
 by a deep moat* 
 
 G 
 
LEU 
 
 Leuchstenberg , towu of Bavaria, in a 
 landgraviate of the same name, stands near 
 the Psreimbt, 38 miles ne of Ratisbon. 
 
 . Lon. 12 18 E, lat. 49 35 3i. 
 
 Leven, a river in Dumbartonshire, 
 ■which issues from Loch Lonaond, and 
 falls into the estuary of the Clyde, below 
 Dumbarton. 
 
 Leven Loch, a beautiful lake in Kinross- 
 shire, about 12 miles in circumference, 
 somewhat of a circular form, and irregular- 
 ly indented. It contains several small 
 islands. One of which are the remains of 
 a castle, in which queen Mary was imprison- 
 ed by the confederate lords, after she had 
 separated from Bothwell ; and on another, 
 called St. Serf, is the ruin of a priory. On 
 the E side of the lake, stands the ruinous 
 monastery of Portmoak. From the se end 
 of this loch flows the river Leven, and runs 
 ENE. After turning about 40 mills, and 
 affording variety of fish, it falls into the sea, 
 at the town of that name, where is a valua- 
 ble salmon fishery. 
 
 Leven, a town in Fifeshire, in the parish 
 of Sconie, on the w side of Largo bay, 1 8 
 miles NNE of Leith. It contains about 
 1,200 inhabitants, who carry on a consider- 
 able trade. The harbour is good, with 
 seven or eight vessels belonging to it, 
 which are employed in the coasting and 
 Baltic trade. Here is a rope work, and 
 manufactures of checks and shoes. 
 
 Leven, a river which issues from the s 
 extremity of Windermere Water, and falls 
 into More Carabe bay. 
 
 Leven Seat, a mountain near Carnwatb, 
 Lanarkshire, on which is a spring so, im- 
 pregnated with allum, that, after tasting it, 
 it is very difficult to separate the lips, and ! 
 so cold as can hardly be swallowed, 
 
 Leventina, Val, or the Levantine Valley, 
 a valley of Switzerland, on the confines of 
 Italy. It is about eight leagues long, but 
 its breadth is inconsiderable. The lower 
 part is extremely populous rich in pasturage, 
 and produces much hemp and flax. The 
 houses are entirely ofAvood. 
 
 Levitano, a populous town of Italy, six 
 miles SE of Modena. 
 
 JLeuk. See Leuch. 
 
 Levroux, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Indre, France, it is 35 miles sw of 
 Bourges. 
 
 Leuse, a town in Hainault, Netherlands, 
 on the Deuder, eight miles e of Tournay, 
 and 14 nw of Mods. 
 
 Leutkirch, a late free imperial town of 
 Suabia, with two extensive suburbs, seated 
 on the Eschach, which falls into the Iller. 
 It has a good linen trade, and is situated 
 about 22 miles ne of Liiidau, and 38 s of 
 Ulm. 
 
 Leutmeritz, or LeiLncritz, a town of 
 Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same 
 name, and lately a bishop's see, seated on 
 the Elbe. The town is well built and po- 
 
 LEW 
 
 pul oils. This circle is so fertile and de* 
 lightful, that it is called the Bohemian 
 Paradise, has warm baths, tin ^mines pre- 
 cious stones, and excellent wines; and is 
 situated 30 miles nw of Prague. Lon. 14 
 17 E, lat. 50 32 N. 
 
 Leutmischel, or Leitomischel, a towm in 
 the circle of Chrudim, Bohemia, has a 
 castle, oil a mountain, 20 miles ese of 
 Chrudim. 
 
 Leutsch, SL towm in Cariiiola, Germany, 
 eight miles ssr of Idria. 
 
 Lew, a town in Oxfordshire, n of Bramp- 
 ton. 
 
 Lewarden^ a strong, handsome, rich, po- 
 pulous, and large town of Holland, the 
 capital of Ostergow, Westergow, Seven- 
 wolden, and West Friesland, seated on the 
 river Ee. Its buildings are magnificent, 
 and it has several canals in the streets, 
 w^hich greatly facilitate its commerce, as 
 they connect it with the sea, and consider- 
 able tow’ns in the province. It is 32 miles 
 w of Groningen, Lon. 5 48 e, lat. 53 
 13 N. 
 
 Lewetitz, a town of Upper Hungary, iu 
 the county of Gran, on a river of its name. 
 Here the Turks were defeated in 1634 ; 
 25 miles ne of Gran. 
 
 Lewes, an ancient borough of Sussex, 
 seated on the Olise, which is navigable 
 here for barges. It is mostly built on the 
 declivity of a hill. At present it is one of 
 the largest and most populous towns in the 
 county. In the town hall, which is a neat 
 building, are held the summer assizes, and 
 the quarter sessions in the eastern division 
 of the county. It contains six churches, in- 
 cluding the villages of Clilf and Southover, 
 
 ! the former of w^hicb is separated from 
 Lew'es by the Ouse, in the latter are the re- 
 mains of a monastery. Lewes was for- 
 merly surrounded by walls, and on a bill 
 are the ruins of an ancient castle. In the 
 town were two mints in the reign of king 
 Athelstane. It is governed by constables, 
 and sends two members to parliament, 
 elected by the inhabitants paying scot and 
 lot. From a wund mill contiguous, is one 
 of the best prospects in Europe. It has a 
 market on Saturday, and four annual fairs. 
 Population is about 6,221 : near the town 
 in 1263, was fought a battle, in wdiich Hen- 
 ry III. and his son, afterwards Edward I. 
 were made prisoners by the earl of Leices- 
 ter. It stands on the edge of the South 
 Downs. It is 30 miles e of Chichester, 
 and 40 s of London. Lon. 0 2 e, lat. 50 
 55 N. 
 
 Lewes, a town in the county of Sussex, 
 Delaware, situated on Lewes Creek. It is 
 five miles from its mouth, and 16 ene of 
 Georgetown. 
 
 LEWIS, one of the most considerable 
 of the Western Islands of Scotland, in Ross- 
 shire, which being connected by a narrow 
 isthmus with Harris, forms but one island, 
 
 ■f- 
 
LEY 
 
 about 60 miles in length, and of considerable 
 breadth towards the middle and n end. 
 Like most of the Scottish isles, it is greatly 
 intersected by arms of the sea. By these 
 it may be said to be divided into five penin- 
 sulas. The country, in general, is wild, 
 bleak, barren of wood, and little fitted for 
 cultivation. The crops are oats, bear, or 
 bigg, and potatoes. It abounds with black 
 cattle and sheep. In the lakes and streams 
 are salmon, large red trout, <fec. and on the 
 coasts immense shoals of herrings. Kelp 
 is made in considerable quantity. Popula- 
 tion about 17,000. Stonarway is the only 
 town in Lewis. It lies 20 miles nw of the 
 isle of .Skye. The promontory at the x ex- 
 tremity, called the Butt of Lewis, is in Ion. 
 6 32 w lat. 58 34 x. 
 
 Lew ishurgh, a county of Oraiigeburgh 
 district, South Carolina. 
 
 Lewisbitrg, a post town of North Carolina, 
 and capital of Franklin county, 66 miles 
 from Tar borough. 
 
 Lewishurg, the chief town of Greenbriar 
 county, Virginia, on the n side of Green- 
 briar river, 150 miles w by n of Richmond, 
 Lon, 81 15 w, lat. 37 52 n. 
 
 Lewisham, a large village in Kent, five 
 miles SE by s of London, and two s of 
 Greenwich. In its elegant church are some 
 fine monuments, 
 
 Lcwistown, the chief of Mifflin county, 
 Pennsylvania, seated on the Juniatta, at its 
 junction with the Cishecoquillis, 26 miles 
 EXE of Huntingdon, and 130 wxw of Phila- 
 delphia. Lon. 77 36 w, lat. 40 36 x. 
 
 Lexington, a post (own of Virginia, and 
 capital of Rockbridge county, stands near 
 the N branch of James river, 129 miles w by 
 N of Richmond, and 398 from Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 79 50 w, lat. 37 55 x. 
 
 Lexington, a post town of Kentucky, and 
 formerly the metropolis of that state. It is 
 built on a regular plan, and contains about 
 250 houses, two printing offices, which 
 publish two weekly gazettes ; and is a 
 fioeirishing agreeable place. It has four 
 churches, a unh-ersity, and a large court- 
 house. Near the town are the remains of 
 two ancient fortifications, with ditches and 
 bastions ; also curious sepulchres, in a .style 
 totally different from that now practised by 
 the Indians. It is seated in a fine country, 
 at the head w^aters of Elkhorn river. The 
 number of inhabitants is near 3,000. Lex- 
 ington is 24 miles ESE of Frankfort, the 
 present capital. Lon. 84 27 w, lat. 37 
 54 X. 
 
 Lexington, a tov/n of the United States, 
 in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 10 
 miles NW of Boston. Here hostilities com- 
 menced between the British troops and 
 Americans, iu 1775. 
 
 Leyden, a city of S Holland, next to 
 A msterdam, the largest place in the state. 
 
 It is surrounded by a great number of 
 ditches and canals near the ancient bed of 
 the Rhine, which here separates into a 
 
 L 1 B 
 
 number of small channels, now looks lik® 
 a canal. It is about four miles and a-hal£ 
 in circumference ; and its ditches are border- 
 ed with ro^ys of trees. It is surrounded by 
 a brick wall, has eight gates, 50 islands, 
 and 145 bridges, the greatest part of which 
 are made with freestone. There are several 
 large hospitals, and an imiversiiy, which was 
 founded in commemoration of a long siege 
 it sustained in 1574, against the Spauiard.s, 
 in the course of which, 6,000 inhabitants 
 died of famine and pestilence ; and is cele- 
 brated for its colleges, ana'omica) theatre, 
 observatory, library, and medicinal garden. 
 The principal church, old castle, town- 
 house, custom-house, and house for orphans, 
 are worthy of notice. In 1807, a vessel 
 loaded with gunpowAer blew up as she 
 passed the university, by which it w^as al- 
 most destroyed In the vicinity is excellent 
 cheese and but ter. Here are manufactures 
 of the best cloths and stuffs in Holland, 
 there being no less than 1,600 workmen 
 employed. It is four miles e from the [sea, 
 and 23 sw of Amsterdam. Population about 
 50,000. 
 
 Leyden, a township in Hampshire county 
 Massachusetts 29 miles from Northampton, 
 and 1 17 xw' of Boston. 
 
 Leypa, a town in the circle of Leutme- 
 ritz, Bohemia, ou the Pubiets, 23 miles exe 
 of Leutmeritz. 
 
 LEYTA, one of the Philippine islands, 
 about 40 leagues in length, and 95 in cir- 
 cumference. Its soil, on the e side, is 
 fertile ; but there are very high mountains, 
 that intersect it almost through the middle, 
 and occasion so great an alteration m the 
 air, (hat when the inhabitants of one part 
 of the island reap, the others sow ; and they 
 have two plentiful harvests in the year. 
 The island contains about 900 inhabitants, 
 who pay tribute to the Spaniards in rice, 
 w^ax, cind quilts. It has a town of its 
 name on the x coast. Lou. 125 0 e, lat. 
 li20N. 
 
 Lhanbryd, or St. Andrews Llanhryd, a 
 parish in Scotland, Morayshire, situated 
 XE of the county town. It is about four 
 miles long, and three broad, with an almost 
 plain surface. Population about 860. The 
 lov/er classes live very plain, and abste- 
 miously. 
 
 Liamone, or Limone, a river of Corsica, 
 
 It gives name to a department of the island 
 Liampo, and runs into the bay of Sagona, 
 eight miles x of Ajaccio, the chief town, • 
 See Ning-po. 
 
 Lihanus, or Lebanon, the name of moun- 
 tains of Turkey in As.a, w'hich lie between 
 Proper Syria and Palestine, extending from 
 w to E from the Mediterranean sea as far 
 as Arabia. Geographers distinguish them 
 into Lioanus and Aiiti-Libanus. The tops 
 of these mountains are always covered with 
 snow, but the vallies below are fertile. 
 Formerly they w'erc^famous for cedar trees, 
 few of which now reraaifl. The country 
 G 2 
 
Lie 
 
 liyiflgf between these mountains was call^ 
 Coelosyria. 
 
 Lihattay a town in the country of Gabon, 
 Guinea, seated near the mouth of a river of 
 its name, 120 miles nw of Sette. Lon. 8 
 45 E, lat. 0 58 s. 
 
 I/i6ate, a sea-port of Courland, in the 
 Baltic, stands on a peninsula 50 miles n of 
 Memet, has a trade in lintseed and hemp. 
 Lbn. 21 40 E, lat. 56 30 n. 
 
 I/iScrfow, a parish of Scotland, in Lanark- 
 shire, which, with that of Quothquan uni- 
 ted, extends about seven miles in length from 
 
 to s, with about four of breadth. Two 
 Norman adventurers'(SOmerville and Chan- 
 cellor) who came into England with Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, in 1066, had a grant 
 •of the lands in this parish which were re- 
 tained by their respective families till the 
 16th century. The present lord Sommer- 
 ville is a lineal descendant of the Norman 
 of that name. In the vicinity of the small 
 tillage of Liberton are many remains of an- 
 tiquity. Population about 700. 
 
 Liberton y a parish in Edinburghshire, 
 about a mile s of the metropolis, containing 
 410 acres of rich, well cultivated, and fertile 
 land, with four villages, viz. Kirk Liberton, 
 Nether Liberton, Upper Liberton, and Gil- 
 unerton. Coal and limestone abound. The 
 church is an ancient building. Here has 
 been kept for many years, an academy 
 ' taught by Dr Chapman, author of the 
 Rudiments of the Latin Lauguage. Pojm- 
 lation about 3,600. 
 
 Liberty, a post town in Virginia, Bedford 
 countyo It is 15 miles w by n of New 
 London. 
 
 Liber hj, a town in Mason county, Ken- 
 tucky, with a ship-yard, stands on the Ohio, 
 a mile above Limestone, and five nnb of 
 Washington. 
 
 Liberty y Westy a town of Virginia, chief 
 of Ohio county, seated at the head of Short 
 Creek, six miles from the Ohio, and J2 sw 
 of Pittsburg. 
 
 Libokavo, a town in Albania, European 
 Turkey, seated on the side of a steep hill. 
 It is inhabited by Turks who farm the 
 neighbouring plains. It is 30 miles nw of 
 Gienina. 
 
 Libotirne, a small town in the department 
 of Gironde, France, at the junction of the 
 lUer and Dordogne, 20 miles ene of Bour- 
 deaiix, and 205 s by w of Paris. 
 
 Lich, a town in Wetteravia, Germany, 
 on the Wetter. It is about 21 miles n of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Liehart, a lake of Scotland, in Rosshire, 
 four miles long, and about half a mile 
 broad, surrounded with high wooden banks, 
 and discharges its waters by a river of the 
 same name, into the Conuon. 
 
 Lichfieldy a city and county of itself, in 
 Staffordshire, and united' with Coventry, 
 terms an episcopal see. Besides its beauti- 
 ful cathedral, which is walled like a castle, 
 jt has three parish- churches. It stands on 
 
 E I D 
 
 both sides of a small river, which, a Ur.le 
 below unites with Trent. Population in 
 1811, was 5,022. Samuel Johnson and Da- 
 vid Garrick were natives of this place. It‘ 
 is about 14 miles se of Stafford, and 118 
 NW of London. Lon. 1 44 w, lat. 52 
 '41 N. 
 
 Lichfield, chief town of a county of its 
 name, Connecticut, seated in an elevated 
 plain, 32 miles w of Hartford, and 42 knw 
 of Newhaven. Lon. 73 12 w, lat. 41 
 46 N. 
 
 Lichstally or Lichtallen, a handsome town 
 in Basle, Switzerland, seated on the Ergetz, 
 seven miles se of Basle. 
 
 LichtenaUy a town of Westphalia, princi- 
 pality of Paderboni, eight miles sse of 
 Paderborn. 
 
 Lichtenau, a town in the territory of Nu- 
 remberg, Franconia, on the Rezel, with a 
 fortress, 17 miles sw of Nuremberg, and six 
 E of Anspach. 
 
 Lichteuauy a town in Lower Hesse, Ger- 
 many, 12 miles sk of Casel, 
 
 Lichtenberg, a town in the duchy of Deux 
 Ponts, France, lately of Germany, 25 miles 
 N of Deux Ponts. 
 
 Lichenhergy a town in the principality of 
 Bayreuth, Franconia, in the vicinity are 
 iron and copper mines, quarries of marble, 
 and medicinal springs. It stands on the 
 I Selbnitz, 18 miles ne of Culmbaeh. 
 
 LichtenfelSy a town in the principality of 
 Bamberg, Franconia, seated on the Maine, 
 has a trade in timber ; 15 miles ne of Bam- 
 berg. 
 
 Lichtenstein, a town of Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony, with a castle on a mountain, six- 
 miles NE of Zwickau. 
 
 Lichtensteig, capital of the county of 
 Tokenburg, Switzerland, 27 miles ese of 
 Zurich. Lon. 9 5 e, lat. 47 16 n. 
 
 Lichtenvord, a town and castle in Guel- 
 derland, Holland, it is 17 miles ese of 
 Zutphen. 
 
 LicalUy a lake of Naples, formerly know*ft 
 by the name of the Lucrine lake. It is 
 situated near to Baia, and was formerly 
 noted for its choice fishes, but an earthquake 
 turned one part of it into a mountain of 
 cinders, and the other into a morass, in 
 1538. 
 
 Lida, a. town and csistle in the palatinate 
 of Wilna, Lithuania, 56 miles k of Wiiua 
 Lon. 25 34 E, lat. 53 50 n. 
 
 Liddel, a river in Roxburghshire, falling 
 into the Solw'ay Frith, near the mouth of 
 the E§k, and separates Scotland and Eng- 
 land, for about four miles. 
 
 LIDDISDALE, a district of Scotland, 
 in Roxburghshire, comprebendiHg the whole 
 southern angle of (hat country. It is chiefly 
 in pasture. 
 
 Lidfordy a village of England, In Devon- 
 shire, about three miles w of Brent-Tor, on 
 the river Lid,' anciently a large town detend- 
 ed by strong walls, and a castle. Its parish 
 contains a great part of Dartmoor forest^ 
 
L I E 
 
 the w verge of which the village stands. 
 The bridge is thrown over the Lid, where it 
 is narrow'ed by high rocks ; and near it is 
 a fine cataract. It is nine luiles s by w of 
 Okehampton, and seven from Tavistock. 
 
 Lidkioping, a town of W Gothland, Swe- 
 den, s side of the lake Wenner, at the influx 
 of the Lidda, 12 miles nw of Skara, and 68 
 NE of Gotheburg. 
 
 Lidney, a town in Gloucestershire, at 
 the s end of Dean forest, near the river 
 Severn. It has a market on Wednesday, 
 and fairs May 4th and November 8th. 
 Here are the remains of a Roman bath 
 and camp. In the vicinity is Sidney park, 
 a beautiful seat with extensive woods ; 
 eight miles ke of Chepstow, and 20 sw^ of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 Lido-di-LottomarinOy a tow-n of Italy, 
 near Chioggia, containing about 2600 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Liebenwaldy a town in the Middle Mark 
 of Brandenburg, near the commencement of 
 the Fiuow canal which connects the Oder, 
 Finow, and Havel ; it is seated on the latter, 
 2S miles n of Berlin. 
 
 Liebenwerdn, a tow’^n in the duchy of Sax- 
 ony, with a castle, on the Eister, 24 miles 
 2 iNW of Dresden. 
 
 Liebenzell, a town in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg, Suabia, near it is the bath of Zell, 
 17 miles w by n of Stutgard. 
 
 Lieh erase, a town of Lusatia, with a 
 castle, on the Sprewald. It is 20 miles w 
 of Gubftn. 
 
 Liebstadt, a town with a castle, West 
 Prussia. It is 45 miles e by s of Marien- 
 burg. 
 
 Liege, lately a bishopric of Germany, in 
 Westphalia, is fruitful in corn and fruits, 
 and contains mines of iron ore, lead, and 
 coal. In sides quarries of marble. It was 
 annexed to France, in 1796, and now forms 
 part of the departments of Ourrhe and 
 Lower Meuse. The bishop was one of the 
 most considerable ecclesiastical princes of 
 Germany. 
 
 Liege, a large, ancient, and populous city 
 of Germany, now annexed to France, and 
 included in the department of Ourte, of 
 which it is the chief city. The city is about 
 four miles in circumference, and has 150 
 streets, 16 gates, and 10 large suburbs. It, 
 is situated on the river Maese. Here are a 
 number of churches and religious houses. 
 In the cathedral are numerous relics. Here 
 IS a celebrated university, and a convent of 
 nuns. The castle, the palace, the council 
 house, the tow'n house, and arsenal, are 
 worthy of notice. Mere are manufactured 
 great quantities of fire arms, nails, cloth, 
 leather, glass, In 1701, it came into 
 the possession of the French, was retaken 
 next year by the allies; besieged in 1705 
 by the French, but abandoned on the ap- 
 proach of the duke of Marlborough. In 
 1734 the bishop^s palace, furniture, and 
 writings were consumed by fire, The 
 
 LI F 
 
 French took this city in 1792, were expel- 
 led in 1793, but recovered it after a short 
 resistance in 1794, 15 miles sw of Maes- 
 tricht, and 62 sw of Cologne. Lon. 5 35 e, 
 lai. 40 38 N. 
 
 Lieou-teheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Quang-tong, sepa- 
 rated from Tonkin by inaccessible moun- 
 tains, and stands on the Lienkiang, and has a 
 good harbour for barks, 325 miles sw of 
 Canton. Lon. 108 40 E, lat. 21 40 n. 
 
 LIEOU-KIEOU, or Leoo-Keoo, the 
 general name of 36 islands, lying between 
 Corea, Formosa, and Japan. They form a 
 powerful em.pire, the inhabitants of which 
 are intelligent and civilized. The largest 
 and principal island is called Lieou-Kieou, 
 and extends 146 miles from n to s, and 28 
 from E tow. The sovereign is tributary to 
 China. King-Ching, the capital, is situated 
 in the se part of Lieou-Kieou. Its products 
 are sulphur, copper, tin, coral, mother-of- 
 pearl, tortoise, and other shells, and whet- 
 stones, which are highly valued. 
 
 Liere, a town in Brabant, Netherlands, 
 at the junction of the great and little Nethe, 
 has a great trade in cattle, 10 miles se of 
 Antwerp. 
 
 Lies, a town in Cumberland. 
 
 Lieskenchoeck, a fortress in Flanders, 
 Netherlands, w side of the Scheldt, above 
 Fort Lillo, seven miles nw of Antwerp. 
 
 Lesna, a sea port and island of Dalmatia, 
 in the gulf of Venice, about 58 miles long, 
 and 12 broad. It abounds in corn, olives, 
 saffron, and wine, and is in possession of the 
 French. The capital is of the same name, 
 Lon. 16 23 e, lat. 43 30 n. 
 
 Liesse, a town in the department of Aisne, 
 France, celebrated for an image of the vir- 
 gin Mary, to which pilgrims resort, 10 miles 
 SE of Antwerp. 
 
 L«^and Bervte, a parish of Scotland, in 
 the sw corner of Forfarshire, a [little off 
 Dundee, about three miles and a-half in 
 length, and about the same in breadth ; the 
 soil is variable but well cultivated. The 
 parish contains the villages of Locheye, 
 Mill-house, Liffe, Bervie, and Invergowrie. 
 Population^about 2200. In this district 
 the seat of lord viscount Duncan ; also 
 some vestiges of a castle built by Alexander 
 I. king of Scotland, called Hurley Hawkin. 
 Here at a place called Pit Alpin, a severe 
 battle was fought between the Piets and 
 Scots, in the ninth century, in w^hich the 
 latter were defeated, and their king (Alpin) 
 slain. 
 
 I'iffey, a river of Ireland, which, rising in 
 the county of Wicklow, flows w into Kildare, 
 where it has a cataract near Leixslip, and 
 then turning ne, passes through the county 
 and city of Dublin, and enters the Irish sea. 
 Its course is circuitous, and its banks exhi- 
 bit great variety of scenery, but it is particu- 
 larly noted, as it washes the metropolis of 
 Ireland, and its mouth is the port of that 
 elegant and bu^y city. 
 
L I L 
 
 Lifford, a boro’i^b. capital of the cOnnty 
 oi Donep^al) Ulster, seated on the Foyle, 
 opposite Strabane, gives the title of viscount 
 to the family of Hewitt, 13 miles s by w 
 of Londonderry, 24 ke of Donegal, and 
 123 iVNw of Dublin. Lon, 7 32 \v, lat. <54 
 48n. 
 
 L if ton, a village, in Devonshire, eight 
 miles Nw of Tavistock, and 209 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 ^ Lignac, a town in the departmentof Indre, 
 France, 11 miles se of Blanc, and 14 sw of 
 Argentan. 
 
 Ligne, a town in Hainault, Netherlands, 
 situated on the Dender. It is 12 miles nw 
 of Moils. 
 
 Lignerolles, a town in the department of 
 Allier, France, four miles s of Montlu- 
 zon. 
 
 Lignieres, a town in the department of 
 Cher, France, has a collegiate church and 
 castle, 24 miles ssw of Bourge.s. 
 
 Lignitz, a town of Silesia, capital of the 
 principality of that name, has a collegiate 
 church, and a castle surrounded by a distinct 
 moat and wall. Adjoining to the collegiate 
 church, which belongs to the Papists, is the 
 superb burial chapel of the princes of Lig- 
 liitz and Brieg. Here the papists have also 
 a large college, and other religious founda- 
 tions. The council house with its public 
 library is a stately edifice. There are two 
 Lutheran churches, and an elegant academy, 
 founded by Joseph 1. for the instruction of 
 young men, in both religious and military 
 exercises. The inhabitants carry on a con- 
 siderable trade in cloth and mader. It 
 stands at the conflux of the Katzbach and 
 Schwartzwasser, 32 miles s of Glogau. 
 Lon. Id 16 E,lat. <51 11 N. 
 
 Ligny, a town in the department of the 
 Meuse, France, on the Orney, with a colle- 
 giate church, and a castle, eight miles se of 
 Bar-le-Duo, and 125 se of Paris. 
 
 Ligor, a sea port and territory in the 
 peninsula of Malacca, capital of a kingdom 
 of its name. It is situated on the eastern 
 coast of the country of Siam. Here the 
 Dutch have a factory for pepper, rice, and 
 tin, 150 miles n of Quena. Lon. 99 25 e, 
 lat. 8 20 N. 
 
 Ligneil, a town in the department of 
 the Indre and Loire, France, 23 miles sse of 
 Tours. 
 
 Liguria, or the Ligurian Republic, the 
 name of one of the late republics in Italy, 
 erected by Bonaparte out of the state of 
 Genoa, in November 1797. See Genoa. 
 
 Lilienthal, a town in the duchy of Bre- 
 men, Lower Saxony, seated on the Warp, 10 
 miles NNE of Bremen. 
 
 Lille. See Lisle. 
 
 * Lilliard^s Edge, a ridge near Ancrum, 
 Roxburghshire, celebrated for a victory 
 gained by the Scotch over the English, soon 
 after the death of Jame.s V, It derives its 
 name from a Scottish heroine of the name 
 of Lilliard, who fougltt with great intrepidi- 
 
 L I M 
 
 j ty, and was killed and buried in the field,. 
 Part of the tombstone still remains. 
 
 Lillers, a town in the department of the 
 straits of Calais, France, on the Navez, seven 
 miles Nw of Arras. 
 
 Lillies Leaf, a parish and village in Rox- 
 burghshire. The parish is about five miles 
 and a-half in length, and near two in breadth, 
 w’ith a diversity of soil, but generally fertile 
 and well cultivated; at Bewlie-hill some 
 rencounters took place in the last persecu- 
 tion. The village of Lillie^s Leaf, contain- 
 ing about 400 inhabitants, is situated on 
 the great road westward through the s of 
 Scotland. Poptjlation near 700. Here 
 are the remains of the ancient seat of the 
 family of Riddel, who are said to have set- 
 tled here so early as the eighth century. 
 On the outside of their burial place is in- 
 scribed R 1110. 
 
 Lillo, a fortress of Dutch Brabant, on the 
 R side of the Scheldt. In 1793, it was ta- 
 ken by the French, soon after evacuated, 
 and retaken in 1794, nine miles nke of 
 Antwerp. 
 
 LIMA, a large province of South Ame- 
 rica, in Peru, of which it is the principal 
 audience, lying on the South sea. It con- 
 tains several animals, very fierce and dan- 
 gerous, particularly very large tawny tigers 
 or panthers, 
 
 Lima, capital of Peru, S America. Its 
 original name was Cuidad de los Reyes, 
 which is still retained by the Spaniards ia 
 all legal deeds, but is better known to 
 foreigners by that of Lima. It is four miles 
 long and two broad, and is surrounded by 
 brick w^alls with ramparts and bastions. It 
 has an university. The streets are hand- 
 some and straight, but the houses in gene- 
 ral are only one story high, on account of 
 the earthquakes, they are covered with linen 
 cloth or reeds, and what they want in height 
 they have in extent, having 10 or 12 large 
 apartments on the ground floor. The 
 churches and convents are extremely rich ; 
 and many images of the saints are adorned 
 with gold. The river forms canals in the 
 streets, which supply the houses and gar- 
 dens with water. Lima is the general sta- 
 ple of Peru ; for hither all the provinces re- 
 mit their manufactures and produce. The 
 <57ry is divided into eight parishes, Lima is 
 the seat of the viceroy, and contains the 
 courts of the viceroy, the archbishop, the 
 inquisition, the crusado, and the wills. 
 Earthquakes are here very frequent, ‘and have 
 done this city a great deal of damage, parti- 
 cularly that in 1746, by w'hich it was al- 
 most destroyed. The inhabitants are rich, 
 and esii mated at 54,000. It is said they 
 are very debauched, but, at the same time, 
 extremely superstitious ; about a fourth 
 part of the city consists of monks and nuns. 
 Lima is situated in a pleasant and fertile 
 plain, on a small river near the sea, 850 
 miles, s by w of Quito, Lon. 76 40 W; lato 
 12 2 s. 
 
L I M 
 
 L I M 
 
 LimaiSy a town of Brabant, Netherlands, 
 situated on the Dyle. It is 35 miles se of 
 Brussels. 
 
 Limavaddy. See Newton Limavaddy, 
 
 Limbeyy a town in Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Limburg, a late duchy and province of 
 the Austrian Netherlands, annexed to 
 France in 1796. It is about 42 miles long, 
 and 30 broad ; contains some good iron 
 mines, and the soil is fertile in corn, and 
 abounds in fine cattle. The n part belonged 
 to the Dutch, and the s to Austria ; but 
 the whole was subdued by France, and the 
 N part included in the department of Lower 
 Aleuse, and the s in that of Ourthe. 
 
 Limburg, a town of the Netherlands, ca- 
 pital of the late duchy of that name, has a 
 marble castle, and stands on a mountain, | 
 near the Weze. Besides its mines of mar- 
 ble, it has mines of calamine and coal. It 
 is famous for cheese, has a manufacture of 
 woollen cloths. In 1703, it was taken by 
 the allies, ceded to Austria by the treaty of 
 Baden, and the fortifications demolished. 
 The French took it in 1794. It is 17 miles 
 s of Aix-la-Chapelle, and 20 e of Liege. 
 Lon. 6 3 E, lat. 50 38 n, 
 
 Limburg, a town in the electorate of 
 Treves, Germany, has an elegant cathedral, 
 and is seated on the Labn. In 1796, the 
 French were defeated by the Austrians, on 
 the heights near this place, 26 miles nw of 
 Franc fort. 
 
 Lime, or Limen, a village in Kent. 
 
 Limekilns, a village on the coast of the 
 Frith of Forth, in Fifeshire. It has a 
 good harbour, and contains near 700 inha- 
 bitants. Here are extensive limeworks be- 
 longing to the earl of Elgin, and much of 
 that article is shipped from this port, three 
 miles ssw of Dunfermline. 
 
 LIMERICK, a county of Ireland, in the 
 province of Munster, 48 miles in length, 
 and 23 in breadth, bounded on the n by the 
 Shannon, on the w by Kerry, on the s 
 by Cork, and on the e by Tipperary. It 
 contains abo'ut 125 parishes, about 170,000 
 inhabitants, and sends three members, two 
 for the county, lo the united parliament. It is 
 a fertile country, in corn, fruit, and pasture. 
 The banks of the Shannon are proverbial 
 for fattening black cattle ; the largest and 
 fattest in Cork market are supplied from 
 this county. 
 
 Limerick, a city in the county of Limer- 
 ick, the metropolis of the province of Mun- 
 ster. It is three miles in circumference. 
 
 It is a commercial, rich, and populous 
 place ; and consists of the Irish and En- 
 glish town. The linen, woollen, and paper | 
 manufacture are carried on here to a great ( 
 extent. Population about 40,000. Its | 
 fortifications were demolished about 40 * 
 years ago, and has since increased greatly 
 in trade and population. The cathedral is 
 a venerable pile, the episcopal palace, on 
 the Shannon, at the w end of the city, is a 
 handsome structure, Here are a number of 
 
 hospitals, and elegant buildings. It Las a 
 military establishment, consisting of a go- 
 vernor, a town major, and a garrison com- 
 monly of 22 companies of infantry. In ci- 
 vil matters it is governed by a mayor, re- 
 corder, sheriff, &c. This city made a vic- 
 torious stand against the troops of Oliver 
 Cromwell and those of king William. It 
 is a county of itself, and a bishop’s see, with 
 Ardfeit and Aghadoe, 46 miles sse of Gal- 
 way, 50 N of Cork, and 112 wswof Dublin^ 
 Lon. 8 32 w, lat. 52 35 n. 
 
 Limestone, or Maysville, a post town of 
 Kejitucky, in Mason county, on the Ohio, 
 at the influx of Limestone Creek ; here com- 
 mences the Champaign country, on the e sid® 
 of the river. It is seven miles n by e of 
 the town of Washington, 70 ne of Frank- 
 fort, and 500 by the river, below Pittsburg, 
 Lon. 83 28 w, lat. 38 25 n. 
 
 Limoges, an aiicient trading town in the 
 department of Upper Vienne, France, seat- 
 ed on the river Vienne. The population is 
 about 20,000, 50 miles ne of Perigueux, 
 and liO E of Bordeaux. Lon. 1 26 e, lat, 
 45 50 N. 
 
 LIMOSIN, a late province of France. 
 It is covered with forests of chesuut trees, 
 and contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and 
 iron ; but the principal trade consists in 
 cattle and horses. It is now the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne, of which Limoges 
 is the capital. 
 
 Limoux, a commercial town in the de- 
 partment of Aude, France. It has m mu- 
 factures of cloth. It is situated on the Aube, 
 50 miles se of Toulouse, and 37 w by s of 
 Narborine. 
 
 Limeuil, a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, France, on the Dordogne, 20 
 miles s of Perigeux. 
 
 Limmat, a river of Switzerland, formed 
 by the Mat, w’hich issues ficm the nw ex- 
 tremity of Wallenstadt lake and the Linth, 
 from which it had its source in the s of the 
 same lake. This river passes through the 
 lake of Zurich, and joins the Oar below 
 Baden. 
 
 Limne, or Limpne, a village in Kent, 
 once a town of consequence. Its port is 
 uow choaked by the sand, and its castle con- 
 verted into a farm house. It still has the 
 horn and mace, with other tokens of its an- 
 cient grandeur. Here ended the Roman 
 road from Canterbury, called Slanestreet 
 three miles sw of Hi the. 9 
 
 LINCOLN, a county of England, bound- 
 ed on the N by the Humber, on the b by 
 the German ocean, on the se by the Wash, 
 and part of Norfolk, on the s by Cam- 
 bridgeshire and Northamptonshire, on the 
 sw by Rutlandshire, and on the w by the 
 counties of Leicester and Nottingham. It 
 is 77 miles from n to s, and 45 in breadth, 
 where w idest. It is divided into three parts, 
 namely, Holland on the se, Kesteven on the 
 sw, and Lindsey on the n. It contains 30 
 fauadreds; wio cify; 31 market towcs, 630 
 
L I N 
 
 :^aTishes, and in 18ll,23T,891 inhabitants. 
 l’h(^ coast is flat, and at low water may be 
 seen the submarine relics of an ancient 
 forest, which is a great natural curiosity. 
 Ks principal rivers are the Trent, Humber, 
 Witbam, Ancolm, and Welland. The air is » 
 various. The soil, in many plact?s, is very | 
 rich ; the inland part producing corn in j 
 great plenty, and the lens, coleseed, and i 
 very rich pastures ; whence their breed of 
 cattle is larger than that of any other county 
 of England, except Somersetshire. Their 
 .borses°are also excellent, and very large; 
 and their sheep are not only of the largest 
 breed, but are clothed with a long thick 
 wool, peculiarly fitted for the worsted and 
 coarse woollen manufactures. It sends 12 
 members to the imperial parliament, viz. 
 two for the county, and two for each of the 
 following boroughs : Lincoln, the capital, 
 Boston, Grantham, Grimbsby, and Stam- 
 ford. The other chief towns are Gainsbo- 
 rough, Louth, Horncastle, Spalding, Slea- 
 ford, Crowland, Brigg, and Barton. Prodi- 
 gious quantities of geese are bred in the fens, 
 where.are also many decoys for wild ducks, 
 teal, widgeon, and other fow’ls of the duck ^ 
 kind. In the nw part is the island of Ax- ii 
 holm, formed by the rivers Trent, Dune, “ 
 and Idle. It is a rich tract, and produces 
 ‘tnuch flax. 
 
 Lincoln^ a city and the capital of Lincoln- 
 shire, is pleasantly situated on the side of a 
 hill, on the Witbam, which here divides 
 into three streams, with a market on Friday, 
 and a bishop’s see. It is much reduced 
 from its former extent and splendour, hav- 
 ing formerly had 50 churches, but now only 
 1 1 besides the cathedral. It now consists 
 principally of one well paved street, above 
 two miles long, and several cross and pa- 
 rallel streets, all well peopled. In 1811, 
 the number of inhabitants was 886 1» The 
 Roman north gate, called Newport gate, 
 still remains, and is one of the noblest 
 remnants of Roman architecture left in 
 Great Britain. Upon the plain without 
 this gate, was fought the famous battle be- 
 tween the adherents of the empress Maud 
 and king Stephen, in which that prince 
 was defeated and taken prisoner. This 
 city has an air of ancient greatness, arising 
 from the number of monastic ruins. The 
 cathedral is much admired for its interior 
 architecture, which is iu the richest aud 
 lightest Gothic style. The great bell, 
 called Tom of Lincoln, requires 15 men 
 Xo ring it. The chief trade here is in coals 
 brought by the Trent and Fossdyke, aud 
 oats and wool by the river Wytham, the 
 navigation of all which have been lately 
 much improved. Here is a small manu- 
 facture of camlets. Lincoln is a county 
 of itself. It is governed by a mayor, 12 
 aldermen, 48 common council men, two 
 sheriffs, &c. It is 32 miles nb of Notting- 
 ham, and 138 N of London. Lon. 0 25 w, 
 lat. 53 15 N. 
 
 L I N 
 
 LINCOLN, a large maritime county of 
 the United States, in the district of Maine. 
 
 It is 200 miles long, and 54 broad, and 
 comprehends 48 towns and plantations , 
 with several large tracts yet unsettled. The 
 population is upwards of 30,000. It abounds 
 wdth safe and commodious harbours. Chief 
 towns, Powmalborough, Hallowell, and 
 Waldoborough. 
 
 LINCOLN, a county of the United 
 States, in Morgan district, North Carolina. 
 
 It contains 9224 inhabitants. There are 
 several mineral springs and mines of iron. 
 Chief town, Lincolntown, it lies 33 miles 
 E by s of Morgantown, and ^ w of Salis- 
 bury. 
 
 LindaUf a late free imperial city of Ger- 
 many, iu Suabia, on an island in the lake 
 of Constance, joined to the mainland by a 
 long bridge. It has a castle and a wall, 
 deemed do be Roman works. The French 
 took it 1T96 ; and in 1805, it became sub- 
 ject to Bavaria. It is a place of considera- 
 ble trade. It is 22 miles ese of Constance, 
 and 75 sw of Augsburg. Lou. 9 41 e, lat, 
 47 32 N. 
 
 Lindau, a town and castle in the princi- 
 pality of Anhalt Zerbst, Upper Saxony, five 
 miles N of Zerbst. 
 
 Lindau or Lendow, a town in the Middle 
 Mark, Brandenburg, five miles ne of Rup- 
 pin. 
 
 Linde, a town iu Westmania, Sweden, in 
 the vicinity of which is a mineral spring, 46 
 miles w of Westerns. 
 
 Lindeness. See Naze, 
 
 Zindenfells, or Lindenfeld, a town in the 
 palatinate of the Rhiue, Germany, 14 raile& 
 NNE of Manheim. 
 
 Lindisfarne. See Holy Island, 
 
 Lindores, au ancient abbey, near New- 
 burg, Fifesiiire, at the n end of a beautiful 
 lake of the same name. At the reforma- 
 tion, this abbey was bestowed on the family 
 of Leslie, ennobled by the title of lord Lin- 
 dores. 
 
 Lingen, a town of Westphalia, capital of 
 the county of the same name. It stands on 
 the Ems. Here is a celebrated Calvinistio 
 academy, and churches for the three princi- 
 pal religions. Nothing of its fortifications 
 remains but a ditch. On the n is a passage 
 over the Ems, called Lingen Ferry ; 48 
 miles NNW of Munster. Lon. 7 25 e, lat. 
 52 32 X. 
 
 Litukiang, a city of the first rank in the 
 province of Kiang-si, China, situated on the. 
 river Yo-ho. It is of some celebrity, being 
 the general mart for all the drugs sold iu 
 the empire. It fs 410 miles n by e of Can- 
 ton. Lou. 1 15 0 E, lat. 27 58 N, 
 
 Linkioping, capital of E Gothland, Swe- 
 den with a castle, and is a bishop’s see. It 
 has two magnificent churches, and a splen- 
 did theatre. It stands near the lake Ropn, 
 on the Stang ; 24 miles sw of Nordkieping. 
 Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 58 25 N. 
 
 LINLITHGOWSHIRE, or West Lo- 
 
L I N 
 
 TKiAN, e county of Scotland, hounded on 
 ?the w by Stirlingshire, on the n by the 
 Frith of Forth, on the e by Edinburgh- 
 shire, and on the sw by Lanarkshire. It is 
 near JJO miles long from ne to sw ; its 
 breadth, except on the shore of the Frith, 
 dees not exceed 12; but it is one of the 
 richest counties in Scotland. It abound 
 with corn and pasture, and has also plenty 
 of coal, limestone, and lead ore. It is di- 
 vided into 13 parochial districts, which, in 
 1811, contained 19,451 inhabitants. It has 
 several sea ports, as Boness, Queensferry, 
 <fec, and excellent roads in various direc- 
 tions. This county sends one member to 
 parliament. 
 
 Linlithgow, an ancient royal borough of 
 -Scotland, the sixth in rank, though not in 
 population and trade, and the capital of the 
 ■shire to which it gives name. The town 
 consists of one long street, with bye- lanes, 
 containing about 2200 inhabitants, and 
 is governed by a provost, four baiiiies, a 
 dean of guild, a treasurer, 12 merchant 
 counsellors, and the deacons of eight in- 
 corimrated trades. The town house is an 
 elegant building; and St MichaeFs church, 
 on the N side of the street, is a noble piece 
 of Gothic architecture. Here is a pretty 
 well endowed school, and a library founded 
 by Dr Henry the historian, who bequeathed 
 ^11 his books for its benefit. A well .at 
 the cross supplies the town with excellent 
 nv'ater, which issues from a great many 
 different spouts. On an eminence, jutting 
 into a lake on the n side of the town, are 
 the majestic ruins of a palace, covering 
 an acre of ground, long a favourite resi- 
 dence of royalty, and contained a parlia- 
 ment hall and a chapel. In 1745, it was 
 burnt by the soldiers quartered in it. Here 
 was born the unfortunate queen Mary, whose' 
 natural brother, the fanious regent Murray, 
 was assassinated v’hen passing through 
 this town. To this town it is an indelible,, 
 and will be a perpetual reproach, that a 
 copy of the Solemn League and Covenant, 
 sworn by king Charles II. at bis restoration, 
 and by all ranks of persons in the kingdpm, 
 was, wdtb much formality, and many 
 marks of indiguity, burnt in the market- 
 place, in 16{12, by bis majesty’s^ command. 
 Ramsay, the minister of the parish, tVho 
 ■himself had sw^oni the Solemn league, and 
 enforced it upon his congregation, is said 
 to have been the principal agent, along with 
 the common executioner, in this heaven- 
 tlaring tran.^action ; for which he w’a.s re- 
 warded wiih a mitre. In this town are kept 
 the Scots standard measure for grain. The 
 wheat firlot contains 21, Scotch pints, that 
 for barley and oats 31. A firlot is the 4th 
 part of a boll, and is itself divided into four 
 pecks. Linlithgow was anciently a place of 
 great trade and opulence, but at present its 
 trade is comparatively small, arising chiefly 
 a manufacture of leather, and from an 
 No. 18— 
 
 L I N 
 
 extensive printfiold and bleaoMeld in tha 
 neighbourhood. The parish is about five 
 miles in length and three in breadth. Po- 
 pulation of the town and parish in 1811, 
 4022. It unites with Lanar^k, Selkirk, and 
 Peebles, in electing a -member of parliament, 
 lU miles w by n of Edinburgh. Loq. 3 33 
 w, lat. 50 0 N. 
 
 JLinne, a town in the department of Roer, 
 France, lately of Germany, electorate of 
 Cologne, near the Rhine, 35 miles NNWof 
 Cologne. 
 
 Linnhe, Loch, an arm of the Atlantic, oti 
 the w coast of Scotland, which separates tb& 
 
 I counties of Inverness and Argyll, extending 
 in a NE direction from the sound of BIull, as 
 I far as Fort William, after which it t ikes a 
 more northerly direction, under the name of 
 I Lochiei. The island of Lishmore lies at its 
 I entrance, and the Caledonian canal begins 
 I at its N extremity. 
 
 i Linnich, a town in the department of the 
 I Roer, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, on the Roer, five miles 
 j NNw of Juliers. 
 
 I LINOSA, an island ia the Mediterra- 
 I nean, on the coast of Tunis. It is 12 miles 
 in circumference. Loa. 12 30 e, lat. 3S 
 ; 50 N. 
 
 I Linselles, a town in Flanders, Netherlands. 
 Here, in 1794, the French defeated the 
 allies with great slaughter, particularly the 
 English, under the duke of York, five miles 
 N of Lisle. 
 
 Ziii-tchin, a city of the second rank, in 
 the province of Chantong, China. It is 
 situated on the great canal. Here is an 
 octagonal tower of eight stories ; the out- 
 ‘Side of its walls are covered with porcelain. 
 
 It is 187 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 115 31 
 lat. 36 56 N. • 
 
 Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, wuth a 
 market on Thursday, and two annual fairs ; 
 12 miles se of Cambridge, and 48 N by ^ of 
 London. 
 
 Linton, a parish and village of Scotland, 
 ill Peebles-shire. The parish contains about 
 25 square miles, of w’bich about 900 acres 
 are very fertile ; but the pasturing of sheep 
 chiefly occupies the attention of the far- 
 mer. A deep sequestered glen, called Har- 
 bours Craig, is said to have been a retreat 
 for the Covenanters, in the days of perse- 
 cution. The village of Linton, noted for 
 its annual sheep markets in June, is finely 
 situated on the banks of the Lyue. Popu- 
 lation about i960. Near this village is a 
 spring said to be sinjilar to that at Tun- 
 bridge, 12 miles xw of Peebles, and 15 ssw 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 Linton, a parish in Roxburgshire, about 
 nine miles long by three broad, ’vith a finely 
 diversified surtace, and a ferti;e aiid well 
 cultivated soil. From a grave in the church- 
 yard 50 sculls W'ere dug up. irix stones 
 forming a circle, called the Tryst, was a 
 plp.ee of rendezvous, for partie.s going upon 
 li 
 
jLIP 
 
 hostile incursions into England. The church 
 is six miles s of Kelso. Population above 
 400. 
 
 Lintrathen. See Glentrathen. 
 
 Lintz, a handsome town, capital of Upper 
 Austria, has two castles, one on a hill, and 
 the other in th^' plain below. Here is a 
 bridge over the Danube, and several ma- 
 nufactories. The French took it in 1741, 
 and again in 1800, It is situated at the 
 confluence of the rivers Danube and Traun ; 
 06 miles w of Vienna., Lon. 14 16 e, lat. 
 48 21 N. 
 
 LintZy a town and citadel in the electorate 
 of Cologne, Germany, situated on the Rhine, 
 IS miles nw of Cobientz, and 23 sse of Co- 
 logne. 
 
 Linwoody a village' in Renfrewshire, tw’O 
 miles w>w oi Paisley, in the parish of Kil- 
 barchan, was raised by means oi an exten- 
 sive cotton work. The extensive and ele- 
 gant cotton mill, with all its valuable ma- 
 chir.ery, was totally consumed by fire some 
 years ago. 
 
 LIPART, the name of 12 islands in the 
 Mediterranean, which lie to the n of S.city, 
 between Ion. 14 1, and 16 12 e, and iat. 38 
 and 40 N. They were formerly called 
 iEoiiius and are nearly as follows, in the 
 orde’ of their size ; namely, Lipari, Strom- 
 bolo. Volcano, Salini, Pelicudi, Alicudi, 
 Panari, Volcanello, Vacheluse, Lisca, Dat- 
 tolo, and Tila Navi. These islands belong 
 to the king of Naples, and produce a good 
 revenue. They yield great quantities of 
 alum, sulphur, nitre, cinnabar, and most 
 kinds of fruits. ■ These islands are of volca- 
 nic origin, and were feigned to be the resi- 
 dence of .®olus and Vulcan. See Strom- 
 
 J)0lOy VulcanOy ^c, 
 
 LIPARI, the largest, most fertile, and 
 populous of the I ipari islands, is about 16 
 miles in circumference. It was celebrated 
 among the ancients. The form of this 
 island is very irregular. It abounds with 
 currant grape ; cotton also grow's here ; and 
 great quantitie.s of pumice are gathered. 
 The principal trade of the, inhabitants is in 
 the exportation of the produce of the island. 
 It has a town of tlie .•-^ame name, which is a 
 bishop’s sre, and stands on the se side of the 
 island, 26 miles ^^K of Patti, in Sicily. 
 Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 38 36 n. 
 
 Lipno, ct town in the palatinate of Plocz- 
 ko, Poland. It is about 33 miles nnw of 
 Ploczko. 
 
 JJpovicCy a town in the palatinate of 
 Cracow, Poland. It is about 22 miles w oi 
 Cracow'. 
 
 IJppOy a town in the bannat of Tcmes- 
 war, Hmigar} , with a cosile siinated on a 
 motintam, by the Maros ; 22 miles ne of 
 Temeswar. 
 
 L^pve, or Lipshidt, a considerable to\M 
 of V estpbalia, and capital of a couniy o 
 the .‘-ame name, situated on the I ippe. 'li 
 canies on a ('ons tier hie trade in t mber. 
 for ship building. Here, in 1632, a despe- 
 
 L I S 
 
 rate battle was fought between the Aus- 
 trians and Swedes, in which the king of 
 Sw'eden and tue Austrian general both 
 were slain. In 1767, it was taken by the 
 French, who retained it 11 month.4. It 
 is 18 miles w of Paderborn, and 30 se of 
 Munster. 
 
 LippCy a river of Westphalia, which rises 
 in the bishopric of Paderborn, runs w by 
 Paderborn, Lippsiadt Ham, and Dorsten, 
 and falls into the Rhine a little above 
 Wesel. 
 
 Lippehney a town in the New M^rk, 
 Brandenburg, 29 miles N ol Crustin. 
 
 lAppspring, a town in the bishopric of 
 Paderborn, Westphalia, six miles k ol Pa- 
 derborn. 
 
 Lique, a town in the department of the 
 Straits of Calais, France, 12 miles sw of 
 St Ollier. 
 
 Lique Islands See hieou Kieou. 
 
 Lire, a town in the department of the 
 Two Nethes, 12 miles se of AnUyerp. 
 
 LiSy a river which has its source in the 
 department of the Pas de Calais, France, 
 runs by Aire, St Venaut, and Armentieres, 
 into Flanders, where it flows by Meiiin, 
 Courtray, and Deynse, and at Ghent unites^ 
 with the Scheldt. From this river, a new 
 department of France, including the western 
 part ol Flanders, of which Bruges is the 
 capital, takes its name. 
 
 Lisbon, the capital of Portugal is a large, 
 rich, and celebrated city, with an university, 
 and a tribunal of the inquisition ; is the see 
 of a patriarch, and an archbishop^s see. It 
 is about six miles in length, built upon 
 seven hills, but not broad, and surrounded 
 with a wall, on which are 77 towers, and 
 36 gates ; on one of the seven hills is a 
 castle, commanding the town. It is reckon- 
 ed to contain 200,000 inhabitants. Before 
 the entrance of the city is the fort of Belem. 
 Near it is a grand aqueduct between two 
 hills, which conveys water to a great re- 
 servoir, at one of the extremities of Lisbon. 
 The royal palace, which IrCiits the river, 
 contains a library, collected at vast expence 
 by John V. The patriarch’s chapel is 
 singularly magnificent, and the patriarch, 
 who is generally a cardinal, officiates with 
 greater splendour than the pope iiimsell. 
 Tfie vsquares, public buildings, and palaces, 
 are magnificent. It was almost totally de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake, October 1st, 1756, 
 since which it has been rebuilt in a much 
 iiandsqnier rranner. The plan is irregular, 
 (he streets and squares are spacious, and the 
 buildings elegant. It has 40 parish churches, 
 nd 60'^convefits of both sexes, tw'o theatres, 
 circus for the bull ieast>', and public. walks. 
 The harbour wdll coniain 1000 ships, w’hioh 
 rule in the greatest safely, and is deleiided by 
 uo forts. The caih dial, situated on an 
 tjiinei cs, is very an ient. In 1807 it wasen- 
 v.ercd by tbs French, but evacuated after they 
 were defeated b^' the British, in the battle 
 of Vimiera, in 180$. The trade of Lisbon 
 
LIS 
 
 is very considerable, and many, foreign 
 merchants, both Catholic and . Protestant, ’ 
 reside here, this city being the grand maga- 
 zine of ail goods brought from Brazil, and 
 other colonies belonging to Portugal. It 
 is situated on the Tagus, 10 miles from its) 
 mouth, 178 w by n of Seville, and 256 
 s by w of JVladnd. Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 38 
 42 N. 
 
 Lisburn^ a handsome town in Antrim,) 
 Ireland, seated on the n banks of the Laggan, 
 with a large manufacture of linen cloth, 
 muslin, and cambric ; noted for the neatness 
 of its buildings, and urbanity of its inhabi- 
 tants. Before the union it sent two mem- 
 bers to the Irish, and since, one to the 
 united parliament, and gives the title of earl 
 to the family of Vaughan. It is eight 
 miles s by w of Belfast, and 73 n by e of 
 Dublin. 
 
 LISCA, or Lisca Bianca, one of the 
 Lipari islands, three miles swof Stromboii. 
 
 It is a small desert spot. 
 
 Liscairolj a town in Cork^ Munster, Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Lisieux, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados, France, and late province! 
 of Normandy, seated on the Touque, lately 
 an episcopal see. It is a place of good 
 trade, particularly in linen c.ioth. It is 12 
 miles from the sea, and 40 sw of Rouen. 
 Lon. 0 14 E, lat. 49 9 N. 
 
 LHsle, or Little Isle, in Cork, Munster, 
 three miles long and one broad. 
 
 Lisle, or Lisse, a town in Hampshire, n 
 of Petersfield. 
 
 Lisle, a large and handsome city in the 
 department ot the North, France, esteemed 
 one of the richest and most commercial 
 towns in France. The inhabitants are 
 computed to be 60, GOO. Its citadel, next to 
 that of Turin, is supposed to be the strongest 
 in Europe. The great and little squares, 
 and also other squares and streets, are adorn- 
 ed with elegant buildings. Among the pub- 
 lic structures are an exchange, a magazine, 
 and a general hospital. There are various 
 sorts of manufactures, bnt the principal trade 
 is in camlets. In 1708, after three months 
 siege, it Wus taken by the allies, but by the 
 treaty of Utrecht, it was restored in 1713, 
 in consideration of the dismantling of Dun- 
 kirk. In 1792, it sustained a severe bom- 
 bardment by the Austrians, during which, 
 men, women, and even children, displayed 
 the most heroic bravery. Lisle is situated 
 in a marshy and rich soil, on the Deule, 14 
 miles w of Tournay, and 1 30 n of Paris. 
 Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 30 38 n. 
 
 LISMORE, one of the Western islands 
 of Scotland, at the mouth of Loch Linnhe, 
 
 E of Mull. It is fertile, and about 10 miles 
 long aud two broad, and stands entirely on 
 limestone. The number of inhabitants ex- 
 ceeds 1000. It is linited to the extensive 
 parish of Appin, on the continent of Argyll, 
 The whole parish contains only about 3230, 
 though it is 50 miles in length, and at least 
 
 LIT 
 
 10 in breadth. It is all mountainous and 
 intersected hy arms of the sea. In Lismorei 
 have been dug up some remarkably large 
 horns 6f oxen and deer. 
 
 Lismore, a town in Wat rford, Munster, 
 situated oh the Biackwater, is a'bishop^s see 
 united to Waterford. lu the castle, which 
 was long the episcopal residence, was born 
 the great philosopher, Robert Boyle. Hero 
 resided the celebrated electrician, Hehry 
 Eeles, who by his own desire is buried on 
 the top of the neighbouring mountain Knoek- 
 meledow'n. Here are the remains of seven 
 churches. The town suffered much in the 
 reign of Charles I. and has never recovered 
 that devastation. Below the town is a rich 
 fishery for salmon, which is the greatest 
 branch of trade here. It is 30 miles Nk of 
 Cork, and 100 sse of Dublin. 
 
 Lismullane, a town in Limerick, Mun- 
 ster, Ireland. 
 
 Lisnaskea, a town in Fermanagh, Ire- 
 land, 70 miles Irom Dublin. 
 
 Lisonzo, a river of Italy, which rises in 
 the gulf in Carniola, and enters the gulf of 
 Venice. 
 
 LlSSA, an island in the gulf of Venice, 
 on the coast of Dalmatia; 30 miles in cir« 
 cumference, containing two towns and se- 
 veral villages, and abounding in wine, ho- 
 ney, oil, aimonds and fish. It is 70 miles 
 w of Ragusa. Lon. 17 0 e, lat. 42 32 n. 
 
 Lissa, a town of Posnan, Po.and. It 
 was devastated by the Russians in 1707, hut 
 has been rebuilt, and greatly improved, and 
 has a great trade. It is 30 miles w of Ka- 
 iish. Lon. 16 30 e, lat. 32 0 n. 
 
 Lissa, a town of Silesia, on the Weist- 
 ritz, six miles nw of Breslau, where the 
 Prussians obtained a signal victory over the 
 Austrians in 1757. 
 
 Litcbjield. See Lichfield. 
 
 Lithay, a town of Carniola, Germany, on 
 the river Save, 13 miles E of Laubach. 
 
 LITHUANIA, a large country of Eu- 
 rope, between Poland and Russia. It is 
 about 300 miles long, and 230 in breadth, 
 and is watered by several large rivers, the 
 principal of which are, the Dnieper, Dwina, 
 Nerneii, Pripet, and Bog. It is a fiat coun- 
 try, like Poland, and tue lands are very pro- 
 per for tillage. The soil is not only lenilo 
 in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch, 
 and vast quantities of wool. There are vast 
 forests in which are bears, wolves, elks, wild 
 oxen, lynxes, beavers, gluttons, wild cats, 
 eagles and vultures are also very common. 
 The country abounds with Jews : and this 
 perhaps, is the only country in Europe, 
 where Jew's cultivate the ground. The pea- 
 sants are in a state of abject vassalage. Of 
 the numerous nobility only a few are rich, 
 the poor sort serve the others as treasurers, 
 pages, valets, <fec. In 1772, the empress 
 Catharine overran at least, one third of this 
 country, which she erected into the f.yo go- 
 vernments of Polotsk and Mohilow, Jq 
 1793, she, in conjunction with the king of 
 
L 1 V 
 
 'Prussia €f|fected another partition of Po- 
 land, by which she obtained almost the 
 ^hole of Lithuania. The religion has 
 heretofore been the Romish, but there are 
 Lutherans, Calvinists, Turks, <fec. Wiliia 
 is the capital*, 
 
 LitiZy a town in Lancaster county^ Penn- 
 sylvania. Here is a flourishing settlement 
 of the Moravians. It is eight miles n of 
 Lancaster, and about 66 k by w of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 LitsehaUj a town and castle of Austria, on 
 the frontiers of Bohemia, 2S miles nw of 
 Horn. 
 
 Littauy a town in the circle of Olmutz, 
 Moravia, on the March, nine miles nxw of 
 Olmiitz, 
 
 Littleton f the name of 13 viUag^es in the 
 counties of Gloucestershire, Hampshire, 
 Middlesex, Somerset, Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, 
 and Worcester. 
 
 LIVADIA, a province of Turkey in 
 Europe. This province includes ancient 
 Greece, properly so called ; and the famous 
 mountain Parnassus. Its capital is the once 
 celebrated Athens. 
 
 Livadia, an ancient town of European 
 Turkey, in the province of that name, stands 
 oh the side of a hill, near the ancient Leba- 
 dea, as it is called by the modern Greeks. 
 On the summit of a rock, is an old castle, 
 part of which serves as a fortress, and at the 
 bottom is the cave of Trophonius, the last 
 oracle that was heard to utter the decrees of 
 fate. In the town are six Greek churches, 
 and six mosques. It carries on a trade in 
 wool, corn, and rice, and is 68 miles nw of 
 .Athens, and 26 se of Lepanto. Lon. 23 
 20 E, lat. 38 42 n. 
 
 Litenza, a river of Italy, which runs on 
 the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and 
 fails into the gulf of Venice, by the mouth 
 of the Pavia, and the town of Caorlo. 
 
 Liverdun, a town in the department of 
 Meiirtbe, France, on a mountain, near the 
 Moselle, eight miles ne of Toulouse. 
 
 Liveiyooly a large, nourishing, and popu- 
 lous sea port of Lancashire. At the com- 
 fiiencement of the i6th century, it was only 
 a small village, a hamlet to the parish of 
 Walton, about three nnle.s off ; but it has 
 BOW become, with respect to extent of com- 
 merce, the second port in the kingdom. In 
 1804, the number of ves.sels thqj paid dock 
 dues was 4291, and the tonnage w^as 448,761 
 ^ODS. It is situated on the river Mersey, 
 and has an excellent harbour, which has been 
 forriied with great labour and expence ; ships 
 being admitted into extensive w^et docks, se- 
 cured by large flood-gates. The warehouses 
 are built upon a most extensive scale, some 
 of them having 12 or more different storeys, 
 or floors. Since the completion of the duke 
 of Bridgewater^s canals, the last of whicJi 
 was that at Runcorn, a new dock has beej 
 formed by the duke above the town. The 
 trade of Liverpool is general ; but the prin- 
 cipal branch is the Africau aud West Indian 
 
 L I V 
 
 trade. The American, Baltic, and Poriu- 
 gal commerce is also very great, as well as 
 that to Ireland. Many ships are sent to the 
 Greenland whale-fishery ; and the coasting 
 trade hence to London employs a great num- 
 ber of ships ; and many good ships are built 
 here. Liverpool communicates by means 
 of the Mersey, with Warrington, by the Ir- 
 well and of the duke of Bridgewater^s canal, 
 with Manc^ster ; by the Weever with the 
 Cheshire salt works ; and by means of the 
 duke of Bridgewater’s canal, with the Staf- 
 fordshire grand trtink and all its communi- 
 cations. Here are upwards of 30 breweries, 
 and many roperies, wuth manufactures of 
 fine porcelain, earthenware, watches, stock- 
 ings, glass, iron, salt, and copperas w'orks. 
 The exchange is a han^ome modern edifice 
 of stone ; and over it is the town hall. 
 There is also a handsome exchange, a cus- 
 tom house, an assembly room, au elegant 
 theatre, a library, and a borough gaol o» 
 Mr Howard’s plan. Besiile the two par- 
 rochial churches, there are 1 0 other churches 
 for the established religion ; also three Ro- 
 man Catholic chapels, and a Jewish sy- 
 nagogue, and dissenting meeting-housts. It 
 has a complete set of warm baths, an infir- 
 mary, almshouses for the widows of mariners 
 killed or lost at sea, or decayed seamen, and 
 an asylum for lunatics. The town extends 
 about two miles and a-half in length from 
 N to s, and about one mile from e to w, and 
 by the census taken in 1811, contained' 
 04,376 inhabitants. It gives the title of 
 earl to the family of Jenkinsou. Liver- 
 pool is 15 miles w of Warrington, and 203 
 NW of London. Lon. 3 0 w, lat. 52 22 n. 
 
 Liverpool, a tow'n of Queen county. Nova 
 Scotia, with a harbour at the mouth of a 
 river of its name, on which it is seated. It 
 is 32 miles ne of Shelburne, and 58 sw of 
 Halifax. Lon. 64 15 w, lat. 44 10 n. 
 
 JLioingston, a town in Columbia county. 
 New York, e side of the Hudson, at the 
 junction of a river of its name, 1 1 miles s of 
 Hudson. 
 
 Livingstone, a parish m Linlithgowshire, 
 containing near 4000 acres of arable land, 
 all inclosed and well cultivated. Popula- 
 tion about 550. The village of Livingstone 
 is 15 miles sw of Edinburgh, on tbe road to 
 Glasgow by Whitburn, and has fairs, 1st 
 Friday of June, and Novr. 5th. 
 
 LIVONIA, a large i)rovince of Russia, 
 on the E of the gulf of Livonia, which, with 
 that of Estbonia, has been reciprocally 
 claimed and possessed by the three bordering: 
 jyowers of Russia, Sweden, ami Poland. It 
 was confirmed to the Russians by the peace 
 of Nystadt, in 1721. It now forms the 
 Russian government of Riga, or Livonia, 
 of which the town of Riga is the capital. It 
 is about 250 miles from n to s, and 150 from 
 E to w. The land is so fertile in corn, that 
 it is called the granary of the North. The 
 ishthat abound here are salmon, carp, pike, 
 fiat fish, &c. lu the forests are wolves, bears. 
 
^ L L A 
 
 elks, rein-deers, stags, and hares. The do- 
 mestic animals are very numerous. There 
 are a great number of fwests, which consist 
 of birch-irees, pines, and oaks j and all the 
 houses of the inhabitants are built with 
 wood. They export flax, hemp, honey, wax. 
 leather, skins, and jwt-ash. 
 
 Livorna, a town of Piedmont, four miles 
 N of Crescentic. 
 
 Livorno^ ^ee Leghorn, 
 
 Lizard j the most southern promontory of 
 England, s coast of Cornwall. On it are 
 two lighthouses, and the Lizard point is in 
 Lon. 5 1 1 w, iat. 49 58 n, 26 miles ese of 
 the Lands end in a direct line. 
 
 Lizier, St, a town in the department of 
 Arriege, France, has a chapel to which many 
 Pelegians resort, was lately an episcopal j 
 see, and stands on the Satat, 50 miles se of 
 Auch. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 43 G n. 
 
 Llanarth, a town in Card igan.^ hire, Wales, 
 with a market on Tuesday. It is 15 miles 
 E by N of Cardigan, and 223 w by n Of I 
 London, 
 
 Llanheder, a corporate town of Cardigan- i 
 shire, Wales, with a market on Saturday, 
 seated on the Ty vy, over which is an ancient 
 bridge into Caermarthenshire. Has a trade 
 in horses, cattle, hogs, butter, tanned and 
 raw hides. Here is a good inn, arid several 
 annual fairs. It is 24 miles e by n of Car- 
 digan, and 211 w by N of London. 
 
 Llandaff, a very ancient city in Glamor- 
 ganshire, Wales, near the right bank of the 
 Talf, about four miles from Bristol channel. 
 It has a good harbour. It is a very small 
 place, and has no market. The cathedral 
 server for the parish church. Hertbyr and 
 other places are hence supplied with abun- 
 dance of vegetables. It is two miles wnw 
 of Cardiff, 30 nw of Bristol, and 163 w of 
 London. 
 
 Llanddexriy Brefi,di village of Cardigan- 
 shire, Wales, on the Breli, famous for a sy- 
 nod held here, in 519, w^here St. David 
 preached against the Pelagian heresy. A 
 society of w’hich, the bishop of St. David's 
 is president, are erecting a clerical seminary 
 here. It has a spacious church, seven miles 
 NE of Llanbeder. 
 
 Llandilovawr, a town of Caermarthen- 
 shire, Wales, with a market on Saturday, 
 seated on tlie Towey. Here are the pic- 
 turesque remains of Diuevawr castle. It 
 has a manufacture of flannel. It is 16 miles 
 E of Caennarthen, and 205 w by n of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 /Janioverg, a town in Caermarthenshire, 
 Wales, with a castle, and a market on Sa- 
 turday, situated near the Towey, 23 miles 
 ENE of Caermarthen, and 101 w by n of 
 London. 
 
 Uandysel, a town in Cardiganshire, 
 Wales, on the Tyvy, with a market on ,Su- 
 ttirday, 15 miles ese of Cardigan, and 
 NNw of London. ' 
 
 Llanelly, a (own in Caermarthenshire, 
 Wales, 16 Allies se by » of Caermarthen, 
 
 L L o 
 
 seated on the Bury, has a market on Wed- 
 nesday, and a considerable trade in coaL 
 It is 222 miles w of London. 
 
 Lhmej'chymedd, a town in Anglesey, 
 Wales, with a market on Wednesday, 15 
 miles WNW of Beurnaris, and 208 nw of 
 London. 
 
 Hanfair, a town in Montgomeryshire, 
 W'ale.s, on the Vyrnw^y, market on Satur- 
 day, 12 miles nw of Montgomery, and 18G 
 of London. 
 
 Lletngadock, a small town of Caermar- 
 thenshire, Wales, with a market on Thurs- 
 day. It is 18 miles ne of Caermarthen, 
 and 155 w' by n of London. 
 
 Llangollen, a towai in Denbighshire. 
 Here is a beautiful bridge of four arches, 
 over the river Dee. It is seven miles sw ot 
 Wrexham. 
 
 Ltaurwst, a town in Denbighshire, with 
 a good market on Tuesday, seated on the 
 Conway, over which is a. bridge into Caer- 
 narvonshire. It is the centre of the busi- 
 ness of the vale of Conway, 15 miles wsw^ 
 of Denbigh, and 226 nw of London. 
 
 Llanstephen, a small fishing village in 
 Pembrokeshire, Wales near the mouth of 
 the Towy, famous for the remains of its 
 castle on the top of a high hill, on the sea, 
 10 miles sw of Caermarthen. 
 
 Llantrisse7it,m\ apoient town of Glamor- 
 ganshire, with a market on Friday, and the 
 remains of a castle, 10^ miles nw of Llan- 
 daff, and 171 w of London. 
 
 Llanticerdine, a lowm in Ilerefordshire. 
 
 Li a nv than gel, the name of nine villages 
 in Monmoutshite, and one in Hereford- 
 shire. 
 
 Llanfylling, a town of Montgomeryshire. 
 15 miles n of Montgomery. 
 
 Llanwnuyneck , a town of Shropsbiye, 
 six miles from OwTstvy. 
 
 Llanydlos, a towm of Montgomeryshire, 
 with a great market oa Saturday for wool- 
 len yarn, seated mi the Severn. It is 18 
 miles s of Montgomery, and 188 wnw of 
 London. 
 
 Llangharn, a small, well built trading 
 towm of Caermarthenshire, Wales, with a 
 market on Friday, seated the mouth of 
 the Towy ; on a rock are the remains of a 
 castle, and on the opposite side of the river 
 the ruins of the castle of Llansfephau, 12 
 miles sw of Caermarthen, and 245 w by n 
 of London, 
 
 Llangmaddorry, 3. iewn in Caermarthen - 
 shire, with ti market on Wednesday, and 
 Saturday. It is 26 miles ene of Caermar- 
 then, 
 
 Lhrena. See Lerena, 
 
 LlovlioVy a corporate town in Glamorgan- 
 shire, Wales, has no regular market but a 
 cousiderabie trade in coal, and stands at the 
 mouth of a river of the snme name, with a 
 ferry Into Caermarth enshire. On an rmim 
 ence are the remains of a castle. It is 
 seven miles WNW of Swansea, and 212 w 
 London. 
 
LOG 
 
 Lloret, a town in Catalonia, Spain, 20 
 miles NE of Mataro. 
 
 Lo, Stf a considerable town in the depart- 
 ment of Manche, France, seated on the Vire, 
 with a citadel. It has considerable manu- 
 lactories of serges, shalloons, ribbands, and 
 gold and silver lace ; 12 miles e of Coutan- 
 ces, and iZo w by n of Paris. 
 
 Loando^ a town and capital of Angola, 
 Africa, with a good harbour, on the Atlantic. 
 The harbour is formed by the island of 
 Loanda, 18 miles in length, lying a little off 
 the coast. It is large and handsome, con- 
 taining about 3000 housts, built of stone 
 and covered with tiles, and a vast number 
 of huts construL-ted of earth and straw. It 
 is held by the Portuguese, and is 200 miles 
 ,ssw of St. Salvador. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 8 
 '40 s. 
 
 LOANGO, a considerable kingdom in 
 Congo, or Lower Guinea, Africa, lying on 
 the sea-side, being about 250 miles in length 
 and 188 in breadth. The land is so fruit- 
 ful, that they have three crops of millet in 
 a year. Their principal trade consists in 
 elephants’ teeth, copper, tin, lead, iron and 
 slaves. The inhabitants are black, and of 
 mild and agreeable manners. This country 
 lies between 10 deg. and 19 deg. e ion. and 
 1 deg. and 5 deg. s iat. 
 
 Loango, capital of the above kingdom, 
 with a narbour, at the mouth of the Duilla, 
 the houses have only a ground fioor, and are 
 defended by a hedge of palm twigs, canes, 
 or bulrushes. The streets are spacious with 
 becaves, bananas, and palm trees. Fronting 
 the Royal palace in the centre of the city, 
 is a large square. The palace is surrounded 
 by a palisado of stately palm-trees. Ele- 
 phants’ teeth, copper, tin, lead, iron, paim- 
 cioth and slaves, are the chief articles of 
 commerce, 230 miles WNW 'of St Salvador. 
 Lon. 11 45 E, Iat. 4 15 s. 
 
 Loimo, or Lovano, a town of Genoa, six 
 miles ssw of Finale. 
 
 Lobau, a town of W Prussia, has a castle, 
 the residence of the bishop of Culm, 58 
 mixes E by n of Culm. 
 
 Lobau, a town of Lusatia, which has a 
 trade in while, grey, and striped linens, 13 
 miles w of Gorlitz. 
 
 Lobemtcin, a town in Voigtland, Upper 
 Saxony, capital of a lordship of the same 
 name, w.lih a castle, seated on the Lemnitz. 
 Great quantities of cloth, stuffs, and yarn, 
 are made here. 1 1 is 22 miles i^ne of Culm- 
 bach Lon. 1 1 52 E, Iat. 50 n. 
 
 Lohcuy a town in Estramadura, Spain, 
 on the Guadiana. It is 22 miles e of Ba- 
 dajoz. 
 
 LOBOS, is'.aruls on the coast of Brazil, 
 the souihermost in s Iat. 6 27, oi>e of them 
 is called Lobos de Tierra, another Lobos de 
 Fierra. 
 
 Locarnoy a town of Italy, capital of a dis- 
 trict of the same name, lately belonging to 
 the Swiss. It contains about 1500 inhabi- 
 tants. In Octo)>tir, 1797, the district con- 
 
 LOG • 
 
 tained 30,000 citizen.s. Part of the town is 
 built oil piazzas, in the form of a crescent*. 
 The old part of the town is dirty, and the 
 streets narrow. It contains three convents, 
 and a small Franciscan monastery, on a 
 rock overhanging the valley, whence is a 
 superb view of the lake JVlagiore. Locar- 
 no formerly stood on the lake, and had a 
 port for large barks, but owdng to the accu- 
 mulation of sand brought down by the tor- 
 rent Magia, it is a quarter of a mile dis- 
 tant. It is 46 miles n of Novara, ar.d 26 n 
 by w of Milan. Lon. 8 51 e, Iat. 46 
 10 N. 
 
 ^ Lgcco, a town in Abruzzo Citeriore, Na- 
 ples, on the Pescara. It is 10 miles n of 
 Solmona. 
 
 Lochaber, a district of Scotland, in In- 
 verness-shire, one of the most dreary, moun- 
 tainous, and barren in North Britain. Its 
 chief produce is black cattle and sheep ; and 
 the only cultivated lands are a few acres 
 around the huts of those who tend the 
 flocks. It is the southern part of the coun- 
 ty, and takes its name from a small lake, 
 a little to the n of Fort William. 
 
 Lochalshy a parish on the w coast of Ross- 
 shire, surrounded on three sides by the sea, 
 and possessing many safe harbours, and ad- 
 vantages for prosecuting the fisheries, ^he 
 soil on the coast lies mostly on a bed of 
 limestone, and is in general rich ; and the 
 hills afford pasture. The inhabited part is 
 about 19 miles long, and five broad ; and the 
 number of inhabitants about 1000. It im- 
 ports corn, and exports black cattle, kelp, 
 and butter, shell sand is applied as ma- 
 nure. 
 
 Lochanan Corpy a lake near the top of 
 Benledi, w of Calender, Perthshire, in 
 which a whole company attending a funeral, 
 were drowned here, by the breaking of the 
 ice. 
 
 Lochhrooniy a parish in Ross-shire, which 
 takes its name from Lochbroom. The 
 length is computed at 36 miles, and the 
 breadth at 20, with a mountainous surface 
 chiefly devoted to pasture. There are many 
 safe bays on the coast. In this district are 
 two Societys’ Schools, and some fishing vil- 
 lages. Population is 2, 538. 
 
 Lochcarrony a parish in Ross-shire. It 
 is about 14 miles in length, and six in 
 breadth, containing many tracts of fine fer- 
 tile laud. Itgives name to a Presbytery, in 
 the synod of Gleaelg. Population near 
 1200 . 
 
 . Locliem, a towm of Guelderland, iu the 
 county of Zutphen, Holland, on the Borkel, 
 10 miles E of Zutpheu. 
 
 Locker moss, a morass of Dumfries-shirO, 
 in Scotland, about 10 miles in length, and 
 three iu breadth, with a river called Locker 
 Water running through it, w^hich is in gene- 
 ral 25 feet broad, and contains pike, perch, 
 trout, and eel. It rims into the Solw^ay 
 Frith about tv;o miles E of Dumfries. Here 
 lia^e been dug up, oak, fir, birch, and hazal 
 
LOG 
 
 LOG 
 
 <Tees ; also anchors, pieces of vessels, and a J 
 metal vessel supposed to have been a Ro- 
 man mod ins. See Dumfries. 
 
 Laches, a town in the department of Indre 
 and Loire, France, with a strong castle on a 
 rock, seated on the Indre near a forest. In 
 the collegiate church, is the tomb of Agnes 
 Sorel, mistress of Charles VII. to whose 
 patriotic spirit that monarch owed almost 
 all his glory. It is 15 miles s of Amboise, 
 and 20 se of Tours. 
 
 Lochgellie, a lake in the county of Fife, 
 and parish of Auchterderran, about eight 
 miles in circumference. Near it is a village 
 of the same name, coniaining about 350 in- 
 habitants. Here are five fairs or trysts an- 
 nually. 
 
 Loehgoil Head, a parish in Argyllshire, 
 lying along the western coast of Loch Long. 
 The extent of the parish, including that of 
 Kilmorick, united to it, is about 30 miles in 
 length, and from six to 20 in breadth. In 
 general the surface is rugged and moun- 
 tainous ; but the arable land on the coast is 
 well cultivated. Here are rnany caves in 
 which people secreted themselves and their 
 goods in times of feudal rapine. There is a j 
 chapel at Cairndow in which divine worship | 
 is sometimes celebrated. The whole dis- j 
 trict is favourably situated as to the fisheries. [ 
 ^opulu. ion about 1150. ! 
 
 Lochlee, a parish in Forfarshire, lying 
 among the Grampian mountains; about 12 
 miles long and six broad, within which 
 three principal branches of the North Esk 
 have their source. The surface is hilly. 
 Population about 540. A lake gives name 
 to the parish. 
 
 Lochmaben, an ancient royal borough, in 
 the county of Dumfries, and district of An- 
 nandale, now' much decayed. It contains 
 about 700 inhabitants. It is 10 miles ne of I 
 Dumfries, and 65 s by w of Edinburgh. 
 There is a salmon fishery on the Annan. 
 
 A fertile district on its banks, called the | 
 four Towns, is divided into smail tenements, 
 bestow'ed more than 500 years^ ago, on the 
 garrison or ilomestics of Lochmaben Castle, 
 and ever since have been conveyed and held, 
 by the simple enrollment of every tenant^s'' 
 name in the rental book of the lord of the | 
 manor. The validity of this tenure, when ! 
 called in question, was confirmed by the i 
 house of peers. It is called the Udal tenure, j 
 and is no where known in Scotland, but 
 here and in O kney. The ell used here in j 
 the mensuration of land, like the tenure is i 
 uncommon, as it consists of 42 inches. It i 
 joins with Dumfries, <fec. in sending a mem- ! 
 ber 10 parliament. Lochmaben was often | 
 taken and retaken iti the border wars, and 
 was the scene of ma ;y of the exploits of the j 
 heroic Wallace. Murray, ear) of Mansfield i 
 is constable ot the castle. The parish ex- | 
 tends about 10 miles along (he banks of the i 
 Annan, with a breadth of three miles. Of 
 seven or eight small lakes, that called the' 
 
 Castle Loch is the largest; it contains l5 
 or 16 different kinds of fi>h. Population 
 al)Ove 2000. 
 
 Lochnaw, an ancient castle in the parish 
 of Leswalt, Wigtonshire. It was defended 
 by a lake, from which it takes its name, on 
 one side, and by a fosse on the other, ft is 
 the family mansion of the descendant of the 
 late celebrated military character Sir An- 
 drew' Agnew, Baronet of Lochnaw, who was 
 a contemporary of the late earl of Stair, 
 with whom he gathered laurels in the plains 
 of Germany. His division commenced the 
 attack in the memorable battle of Dettin- 
 gen, in 1743. 
 
 Loch Ness. See Ness. 
 
 Lochirida,Q\' Ocrida, a large town of Al- 
 bania, in Turkey, stands on a hill near a 
 lake of its name, and is strongly fortified, 
 62 miles se of Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 e, 
 lat. 4140 n. 
 
 Loclirutton, a parish in Kirkudbright- 
 shire, about five miles long by three broad ; 
 forms a kind of amphitheatre round a lake 
 of its name, in which is an artificial island. 
 In the parish is abundance of marl, a chaly- 
 beate spring, called Merkland Well, the 
 ruins of several tow'ers, and a Iiruidical 
 temple. Population above 500 ; four miles 
 sw of Dumfries, on the great post road to 
 Port Patrick. 
 
 Locliryan, a beautiful and capacious arm 
 of the Frith of Clyde, about 10 miles in 
 length, and at its entrance two in breadth, 
 but more inland, it extends to ahou; lour 
 where broadest. At the village of Cairn, 
 on its N bank, is the safest anch<ir-.ge for 
 ships of any size or number. There i- , per- 
 haps, no instance of any sLi • having bf^en 
 wrecked after having goi into Lochr} an. In 
 a storm it is often run to for shelter. It 
 abounds with fish. 
 
 Lochs, a parish of Scotland, .n th^ island 
 of Lewis, in whole it is abou: .iO mOes long, 
 and eight or nine broad. Population is about 
 1875. 
 
 Lochshill, and Locherifort, are good har- 
 bours. V/ liat part of the soil is cultivated is 
 dug with the .sade. About 70 boats are 
 employed in fishing codling, iierrings, <fec. 
 Much flax is spun ; for irnpiovemenL in 
 which branch schools are erected. In the 
 parish are tw'o churches and iwo seh lois, 
 one of them endowed by >tlje Society for Pro- 
 pagating Christian knowd dge, , 
 
 Lochia, a sea- port of East Bothnia, Swe- 
 den, 90 miles s of Tornsa. Lon. ^4 16 e, 
 lat. 60 20 N. 
 
 Lochwinnochy a paridi and village, in 
 Renfrewshire, w of Paisley. The parish 
 forms a iquare of about six miles. The 
 soil 1 f tile low ground is rich and ledile. 
 The village of Lochwdmioch has in ueased 
 rapidly of late years, owing to iheen>ciiun of 
 severarcotion-riiills ; and it is now a consi- 
 derable manufacturing place. Ii isskuated 
 on the w side of a lake of the same name, 
 
L O D 
 
 called ako Castle Semple Locli, wbicb is 
 two or three miles iu length, and of consi- 
 derable breadth. From this lake issues the 
 river Black Cart. This parish gave birth 
 about the beginning of the Itth century to 
 Margaret Patton, who lived to about loO 
 years, and died in Si Margaret’s workhouse, 
 Westminster. Population of the village 
 1,200 of the whole parish near 3000. 
 
 Lochy Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the 
 sw part of Inverness-shire, above 14 miles in 
 length, and from one to two broad. Its out- 
 let is the river Lochy, which, after receiving 
 the Sbean, runs by the ancient castle of 
 Inverlochy, and falls into Loch Eiie, near 
 Fort William. 
 
 Lpckartsburg, a town in Luzerne county, 
 Pennsylvania, situated on an isthmus form- 
 ed by the confluence of the Susquehannah 
 and Tioga river, about a mile above their 
 junction. It is four miles s of the New 
 York line, and 60 nnw of Wilkersbarro. 
 
 Lockenltz, a town and castle in the 
 Ucker Mark of Braudenburgh, on the Ran- 
 do,‘20 miles ne of Prenzlo. 
 
 Lode, a town in the principality of Neuf- 
 chatel, Swisseriand, stands in an elevated 
 valley of its name, celebrated tor goldsmiths, 
 w-atchmakers, enamellers, cutlers, and lac^^' 
 weavers. It is about nine miles kw of 
 Neiifchatel. 
 
 Lockerbie, a town in Dumfries*sbire, 
 pleasantly situated near the Annan, in the 
 parish of Dryfe^sdale, It consists of two 
 streets ; the principal one about half a mile 
 long, and the other going otf at right angles. 
 The road from Glasgow to London runs 
 through it. It contains above 700 inhabi- 
 tants, and has 12 well attended annual fairs. 
 It lies four miles ne of Lochmaben, and 18 
 miles SE of Moffat. The church is n‘ow in 
 the town of Lockerbie. Near it stands a 
 square tower, formerly the residence of a 
 ^■ery ancient branch of the family of John- 
 ston. 
 
 Loddofi, a town in Norfolk with a mar- 
 ket oil Friday, eight miles se of Norwich, 
 and 112 ne of London. 
 
 LODESAN, a district of Italy, in the 
 <lTicby of Milan. Lodi is the capital. It is 
 very fertile, and populous, and noted for its 
 clieesc. 
 
 Leiove, a town in the department of He- 
 r&ult, France. Its manufacture of bats and 
 cloth render it very rich. It stands on the 
 X-ogue, was once a bishop’s see, and is 
 about 30 miles nw of Montpellier, Jind 40 
 of Nurboune. Lon. 3 20 e, lat. 42 
 43 N. ' 
 
 Lodi, a strong town of Italy, the capital 
 of (he district of Lodesun, in the late Mila- 
 nest' ; is a bishop’s see with a fortress. Por- 
 celain is manufuctured here, and its Parme- 
 san cheese is esteemed the best of the kind. 
 It has a bridge over the Adda, 800 feet long. 
 Lodi has 19 clmrcues, besides a cathedral, 
 and contains 20,000 inhabitants. In 1796, 
 
 LOG 
 
 the French defeated the Austrians, and iit 
 1 799, the Russians defeated the French at 
 this placti, but In 1800, the latter regained 
 possession. It lies 15 miles nw of Placen- 
 tia, and 18 SE of Milan. Lon. 9 28 e, lat. 
 U5J5n. 
 
 Lodomeria. See Gnlicia, 
 
 Lodrone, a town of Italy, in Trent. It 
 is situated at the influx of the Chiese, into 
 lake Idro, 31 miles sw of Trent. 
 
 Loemel, a town in the department of 
 Deux Nattes, 30 miles s of Bois-ie-duc, and 
 35 E of Antw'erp. 
 
 Loewenstein, the chief place of a district 
 of the same name, in Franconia. 
 
 Loffingen, a towm in the Lordship of 
 Furstenburg, Suabia, six miles wsw of 
 Fursteuburg. It has a medicinal bath. 
 
 Lofsta, a town in the province of Upland, 
 Sweden. It has a smelting furnace, eight 
 forges, and a hammer-mUl. It is 32 railed 
 xof Upsal. 
 
 Logan, a river which has its source in the 
 w ©f Lanarkshire, runs e six miles, and 
 joins the Nethan, near Lesniahago. 
 
 Logie, a parish in Fifeshire. It is near 
 three miles in length, and about one in 
 breadth ; billy, but in general fertile. Po- 
 pulation about 340. 
 
 Logie, a parish lying on the Forth, two 
 miles N of .Stirling, about four long, and a* 
 much broad, in which the counties of 
 Perth, .Stirling, and Clackmannan meet, 
 and divide it almost equally among them. 
 The surface and soil are various ; one half 
 producing rich crops, the other atfording 
 good pasture. It is well supplied both 
 with peat and coal. Silver and copper have 
 been wrought in i(. Population near 
 2200. 
 
 Logie, a parish in Forfarshire, which 
 with that of Pert, united, extends about 
 four miles along the river Esk, wdth a 
 breadth of about three miles. About the 
 one half is cultivated. Limestone of excel- 
 lent quality is wrought to a great extent. 
 It has flax mills, bleacbfields, and a salmon 
 fishery, on the N Plsk. Here are several 
 meiUcinal springs, and four very large 
 tumuli, called the Laws of Logie. 'Popu- 
 lation about 900. 
 
 Logie-Buchan, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 about four miles in length, and nearly two 
 iu breadth, lying on both sides of the river 
 ‘ Ytban, wliioh is navigable. Population 
 is about 450. It is 15 miles n of Aber- 
 deen. 
 
 Logieoldstone, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 about six miles long, and near four broad. 
 The soil is tolerably fertile. Population 
 about 880. Here is a spring called Poldon. 
 formerly noted in gravelisli and scorbutic 
 cases. 
 
 Logie-Easfer, a parish iu the counties 
 of Ross and Cromarty, about seven miles 
 long, and two broad. Here on a hill stood 
 formerly a gallows, near which is a pool, in 
 
L O I 
 
 tsrhich, it is said^ certain criminals were 
 tirowned. On the banks of Scotsburn, 
 marked by many tumuli, was fought a 
 batile between the Danes and Soots. Po- 
 pulation 1030. »| 
 
 Logie- Wester y a parish united to that of 
 Urquhart, which see. j 
 
 Logieraity a parish in Perthshire, the j 
 principal part of which lies on the point i 
 of land formed by the junction of the Tay 
 and Tumrnel, along each of which it ex- 
 tends about seven miles. The village of 
 Logierait contains about 200 inhabitants. 
 Population about 2,900. This parish im- 
 ports oatmeal, but exports black cattle, [ 
 sheep, linen yarn, and whiskey. In the pa- j 
 rish is much beautiful scenery. The inha- j 
 biti»]ts speak Gielic, but understand the 
 Engiisb. Before the marriage knot is ti'-'d 
 in this parish, they who attend the ceremony 
 loose every knot of their dress, and after it 
 is over, the company walk round the 
 church, inside, with their right hands to the 
 walls. Here is a society's school, many 
 tumuli, and several druidical temples. 
 Near the village is the ruin of a castle, of 
 an eliptical figure, in which it is said, resld- I 
 ed Robert II. king of Scotland, nine miles i 
 N of Dunkeld, 14 s of Blair Athol, and 22 n 
 of Perth. 
 
 Logronnoy an ancient town in Old Cas- 
 tile, Spain. The vicinity abounds with 
 excellent wdne and fruit. It is situated on 
 the river Ebro, f)2 miles e of Burgos, and 
 215 NNE of Madrid. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 
 42 22 N. 
 
 Logs town, a town of the United States, 
 w side of the Ohio, 18 miles from Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 
 LOGWOOD COUNTRY, lies nw of 
 the Mosquito shore, at the head of the bay 
 of Honduras, and extends from Vera Paz to 
 Yucatan. 
 
 Loheia, a town in Yemen, Arabia, on the 
 Red sea. It has no proper harbour, and 
 small vessels anchor at a distance from the 
 town. A hill in the vicinity yields much 
 mineral salt. On the surrounding hills coffee 
 abounds, in which the inhabitants trade, 
 280 miles xnw of Mocha. Lon. 42 56 e, 
 lat. 15 42 N. 
 
 Lohnstein, or Lahnsfein, a town in the* 
 electorate of Mentz. 
 
 Loja. See Loxa. 
 
 LOIR AND CHER, a department of 
 France. It takes its name from the rivers 
 Loir and Cher. This department contain'^ 
 the late province of Blaisois. It is 2ti 
 miles long, and 25 broad. Blois is the 
 capital. 
 
 Loire, the finest river in France, rises in 
 Mount Gerbier le Jour, and falls into tb 
 bay of Biscay, at Painboeut. It begins to 
 be navigable at Roanoe, and in its course" 
 waters Nevers Orleans, Blois, Tours, Sau- 
 niur, and Nantes. Its whole course is com- 
 jputei to be about 500 miles. 
 
 No, iS-~6d, 
 
 L O M 
 
 Loire, a department of France, In* 
 eluding the late province of Forez. It 
 takes its name from the river Loire, which 
 runs through it? whole length. The capital 
 is Montbrison. 
 
 LOIRE, UPPER, a department of 
 France, which takes its name from the 
 river Loire. It contains the late province 
 of Velay, and is 50 miles long from e to 
 and 35 broad from N to s. Puy is the 
 capital. 
 
 LOIRE, LOWER, a department of 
 France, which contains the ci-devaut pro- 
 vince of Lower Bretagne. It is five miles 
 long, and from 30 to 44 broad. Nantes is 
 the capital. 
 
 LOIRET, a department of France, 
 comprehending the late }jrovince of Or- 
 leannois, 60 miles long from e to w, ai^d 
 45 from n to s. It has its name from a 
 small river that falls into the Loire, three 
 miles below Orleans. Orleans is th® 
 capital. 
 
 LoitZy a town of Hither Pomerania, on 
 the Peene, with a castle, 12 miles sw of 
 Gripswaid. 
 
 Loldong, a town and fortress on the 
 NE frontier of Delhi, Hindoostan, seated on 
 the Pattereah, eight miles above its junction 
 with the Ganges, and 100 nne of Delhu 
 Lon. 78 38 e. [at. 29 4t n. 
 
 LOMBARDY, a late division of Italy, 
 W'hich comprehended almost all the ancient 
 Cisalpine GauL It lies towards the n, and 
 was divided into the Upper and Lower. 
 The greater part of it was included in 
 the late Italian republic, and part of it 
 now belongs to the Roman republic. See 
 Italy. 
 
 Lornbez, a small town in the department 
 of Gers, France, lately a bishop^s see, and 
 stands on the Save, 27 miles sw of 
 Toulouse. 
 
 LOMBOCK, an island between Bali 
 and Cumbava, E Indies, has a town on the 
 E side called Bally, and is chiefly inhabited 
 by Gentoos, is 40 miles long, and 12 broad. 
 Lon. 118 10 E, lat. 8 36 s. 
 
 Lomond, Ben. See Ben Lomond. 
 Lomond Mills, two noted hills in Fife- 
 shire, sw of Falkland, which are seen at 
 great distance, one oi which is 1650 feet 
 high. On the highest pinnacle of the 
 westernmost, is a tumulus. On the eastern 
 is a crater, or a cavity, resembling one, and 
 has been forufted. 
 
 Lomond, Lock, a beautiful and extensive 
 of Dumbartonshire, which descends 
 fiom the northern part of that *oantry, 
 expanding as it advances southw ird. It 
 is 28 mites long , its bread ih from seven 
 miles decreasing to three quarters of a mile; 
 and, were its win lings followed, its circuit 
 vould be upwards of 100 miles. There 
 are 33 islands in it, several of which are 
 inhabited. The names of 11 of the princi- 
 pal are lach-Murin, Inch-Tavannaob,. Inoi^ 
 
LON ' LON 
 
 Grange, Inch-For, Inch-Caillaicb, Inch- 
 Clear;, Inch-Fad, Inch-Conagan, Inch- 
 3loan, Inch-Loanig, and Incb-Cruin. On 
 the E side is the lofty Benlomond, and the 
 Leven issues from the s extremity. On 
 some of the islands are antique ruins, others 
 rise into high rocky cliffs, the habitation of 
 the osprey, 
 
 Loriy LunCy or LoynCy a river which rises 
 in Westmoreland, and falls into the Irish sea 
 below Lancaster. 
 
 Lo/iata, a town of Italy, in Brescianb. It 
 is 12 miles ese of Brescia, on the road to 
 Verona. 
 
 Loncnrtyy a place of considerable note 
 in ancient Scottish history, especially for a 
 victory obtained by the Scots over the 
 Danes, in 970. It is situated on the west- 
 ern banks of the Tay, aboiit four miles n 
 of Perth. Loncarty has a most extensive 
 bleachfieid. 
 
 Lonaoriy the metropolis of the kingdom 
 of Great Britain, one of the largest and 
 most opulent cities in the world, mentioned 
 by Tacitus, as a considerable commercial 
 place in the reign of the Roman emperor 
 Nero. In its most extensive view, -as the 
 metropolis, it consists of the city, properly 
 so called, the city of Westminster, which 
 was once a mile from London, and the 
 borough of Southwark ; beside the suburbs 
 in Middlesex and Surry, within what are 
 called the bills of mortality, London and 
 Westminster are situated in Middlesex, on 
 the N side of the river Thames. South- 
 wark is situated on the opposite bank, in 
 Surry, The extent of the whole, from 
 Lime-house and Deptford to ' Milbank 
 and Vauxhall, is above seven ‘ miles ; but 
 the greatest breadth does not exceed 
 three. This city is divided into 26 wards, 
 each governed by an alderman ; from whom 
 the lord mayor is annually chosen. There 
 also 236 common council-men, a re- 
 corder, two sheriff's, a chamberlain, a town 
 clerk, a city remembrancer, a water bailiff, 
 and many inferior officers. Westminster 
 is governed by a high steward, chosen by 
 (he de?in and chapter, and a high bailiff. 
 Southwark v/as long iiidependant of Lon- 
 don, until Edward tlL granted it to the. 
 cit}’. This city W‘ns formed into the 26 
 ward in the reign of F.dward VI. and called 
 by the name of Bridge Ward Without. 
 It has a, high bailiff and a steward. 
 Among the public buildings, St Paul’s 
 Cathedral is the most conspicuous. It is 
 2292 feet in circumference, and S6d in 
 height to the top of the cross. Westmin- 
 ster Abbey, in which most of the English 
 sovereigns have been crowned, and many 
 of them buried, is a grand specimen of 
 Gothic architecture. It contains the mo- 
 miments of many kings, statesmen, heroes 
 poets, and persons distinguisned by genius, 
 learning, and science. It is 360 feet in 
 length within the walls ; at the nave it is 
 
 I 72 broad, and at the cross 195. The ch^ 
 j pel of Henry VII. adjoining, Leland cail^ 
 The Wonder of the world.” St Stephen's 
 Walbrook, is a small church of exquisite? 
 beauty, the master-piece of Sir Christopnev 
 Wren. Bow Church, in Cheapside, St 
 Bride’s in Fleet-street, St Duastan’s in 
 the East, and St Martin’s in 'the Fields, 
 are, with several others, distinguished for 
 fine architecture. The parishes, in the 
 I bills of mortality, amount to 146 ; namely 
 97 within the Walls, 16 without the walls, 
 23 out -parishes in Midd.esex and Surry, 
 and 10 in the city and liberties of West- 
 minster. With respect to palaces, the 
 ! magnificence of royalty is not to be found 
 in them. That of St .lames, of which it 
 has been observed, that, notwithstar»Jing 
 its mean exterior, it is the most commodi- 
 ous of any in Europe. The Quern’s pa- 
 lace stands in the most favourable situa- 
 tion that St dame’s park could furnish. 
 It was erected by the duke of Bucking- 
 ham, in 1703, and called Buckingham 
 H(.;use, until it was purchased in 1761, for 
 the royal residence, when it acquired its 
 present name. Carlton house, the resi- 
 dence of the prince of Wales, is a building 
 on which vast sums have been expended. 
 The Banqueting house, at Whitehall, was 
 begun, in 1619, from a design by Inigo 
 Jones. It is only the small pan of avast 
 plan of a palace, intended for the resWeuce 
 of the British niouarchs, but left incom- 
 plete. Beside the roj al palaces, there are 
 many fine houses of the princes of tire 
 blood, and of the nobility and gentry, 
 Westminster hall, and some buildings ap- 
 pendant to it, contain the Houses of Lords 
 and Commons, and the superior courts of 
 justice. The great hall, in W’hich are 
 held the trials of peers, and of persons im- 
 peached 'before the lords, is in length 270 
 feet, in breadth 74, and the height in pro- 
 I poi”tion. The Guildhall, situated at the end 
 I of King’s street, Cheapside, was built in 
 1431. Its great hall is 153 feet long, 
 50 broad, and .>8 high. Here the Courts 
 of King’s Bench and Common Pleas hold 
 sittings at Nisi Prius. Here also the city 
 ebections are held, and all the business of 
 the corporation transacted. The Sessions 
 House in the Old Bailey, in which the cul- 
 prits of Loudon and Middlesex are tried, 
 and the County Hall for Middlesex, on 
 Clerkenwell Green, are pretiy grand struc- 
 tures. Of the buildings appropriated to 
 the great national offices, military, naval, 
 and fiscal, the most ancient is the Tower 
 of London. It is surrounded by a wall 
 and ditch, which also inclose several 
 streets. The circumlerence is about a 
 mile. The Horse Guards, an elegant 
 structure, stands opposite the Banqueting 
 House. The MTir Office is in this place, 
 and here courts-martial for the army are 
 held. The Ordnance office, for the iriili- 
 
LON 
 
 tary department, is in St I\IaT^areL^s street, 
 Westminster. The Admirality is a lar^e 
 structure, in which the higher departments 
 of the business of the navy are transacted, 
 and the lords of the admirality have h^)u- 
 ses. The Navy aud Viciualling Oifices, 
 are in Somerset Place, a stupendous and 
 magnificent structure. It contains most 
 of the public offices, for taxes, duties, <fee. 
 The Treasury, which has a grand front, 
 is m St James^ park, and the Cockpit 
 form a part of this building, and is now 
 the council chamber for the cabinet minis- 
 ters. In the city is the Royal Exchange, 
 built in 1398. The height of the building 
 is <56 feet, and from the centre of the south 
 side rises a lantern and turret, 178 feet 
 high, on the top of which is a vane. The 
 inside of the area, which is 144 feet long, 
 and 1:27 broad, is surrounded by piazzas. 
 The Bank of England, which was esta- 
 blished by king Wiiliam, in 1690, is situ- 
 ated in Threadneedle street, The Custom 
 House, to the w of the Tower, is a large 
 irregsiar pile. The Excise Office, in 
 Broad streelJJisa beautiful building. The 
 East India House, in Leadenhall street, 
 was built in i726. The South Sea 
 House, in Throgmorton street, is a hand- 
 some building ; but the Generai Post Of- 
 fice, in Lombard street, is rather convenient 
 than shewy. The Mansion House, erected | 
 in .1752, for the residence of the lord may- i 
 or, is magnificent, bat ponderous. The 
 Monument is a grand fluted Doric column, 
 102 feet high, erected as a memorial of 
 the great lire in 1666. The bridges are 
 a great ornament to the metropolis. The 
 most ancient, London Bridge, w'as begun 
 in 1176, and finished in 1209. The length 
 of it is 91.5 feet. Westminster Bridge, | 
 one of the finest in the world. The first j 
 stone was laid in 1739, file last in 1747. ! 
 It is 1223 feet in length, and has 13 large | 
 and two small semicircular arches'. Black- ' 
 
 LON 
 
 friar^s bridge was begun in 1761, and fi- j 
 nisaed in 1771. Its length is 995 feet;' 
 the breadth of the carriage way, 28, and of 
 the foot p.iths seven feet each. It cunusts j 
 of nine eiiptical arches. In London are j 
 s(H'eral museums. The British Museum, j 
 which i.s oj.en to the public gratis, was i 
 founded by parliament in 1733. The Le- I 
 verian Museum is situated in Great Surry j 
 street, on tiie s side of Blackfriar^s bridge. | 
 Another museum, cons sting of anatomical | 
 preparations, and natural ouriosities, is ! 
 situated iu Windmill street, Hayniarket. j 
 Of the inns of court, or societies lor the ! 
 study of the law. the principal are the ! 
 Middle and Inner Te.mples, Lincoln’s Inn, 1 
 and Gray’s Inn. The College of Physici- r 
 ans, in Warwick lane, was built by Sir I 
 Christopher Wreu. Sion College, near! 
 London Wail, was founded iu 1803. The 
 Society for the encouragement of Arts, 
 ALmufactures, and Commerce, have a hand- 
 
 some house in the Adelphi. Of public se« 
 minaries, the most distinguished are West- 
 minster School, St PauPs School, the Char- 
 ter House, and ?4ercUaiit Tailor’s School. 
 The places of diversion are numerous and 
 magnificent. Of the halls of the city com- 
 panies, the most distinguished, in point of 
 architecture, are Surgeons’ Hall, in the Old 
 Bailey ; Goldsmith’s Hall, Fosterlaue, Iron- 
 mongers’ Hall, Fenchurch street, and Fish- 
 mongers’ Hall, near London Bridge. The 
 principal hospitals are Christ’s Hospital, 
 near Newgate street, a royal iouudation 
 for orphans and poor children ; St Bur lo- 
 lomew’s Hospital, West Smithfield, for liie 
 sick and lame ; Bridewell, in Black friars, 
 a royal hospital, for apprenticing of th‘i m- 
 dustrious youth, and a iKison for the disso- 
 lute ; Bethlehem, in Moorfields, ano her 
 royal hospital for lunatics ; St Luke’s, in 
 Old street, also for lunatics ; St Thomus’s 
 in the borough, the fourth royal hosp.Li, 
 for the sick and lame; and lor the iame 
 purpose are Guy’s Hospital, adjoining ; me 
 London Hospital, in Whitechapel ; the 
 Middlesex Hospital, Berners street ; the 
 Westminster Infirmary, Petty France; 
 and St George’s Hospital, Hyde Park 
 Corner. The Foundling Hospital, in Lamb’sS 
 Conduit Fields ; the Asylum, Lambeth, 
 for orphan girls ; the Magdalen Hospital, 
 in St George’s Fields, for penitent prosti- 
 tutes ; the Marine Society, in Bishopsgate 
 street ; the Small-pox hospitals at Clerken-' 
 well and Pancras ; the Lock Hospital, near 
 Grosvenor Place; the Westminster Lying 
 in Hospital, and many others for the same 
 purpose, are excellent institutions. The 
 prisons are numerous: the principal are 
 Newgate, a stupendous structure ; the 
 New Comptor, Giitspur street, the Fbet 
 Prison, and King’s Bench, in St George’s 
 Fields, for debtors ; and a new county ga'>l, 
 (including a new se.ssious house) in SoiTfc- 
 wark. Some of the squares and streets iu 
 the metropolis are magnificent; and many 
 of them are long, spacious, and airy. The 
 broad stream ol the Thames flowing between 
 Loudon and Southwark, brings con- 
 “•stdiit supplies of fresh air, which no buildings 
 can intercept. The country around, espe- 
 cially on the London side, is nearly open to 
 some distance ; whence it is kept -tolerably 
 dry in all seasons, and affords no odge- 
 iuent for stagnant air or water. The cl - n- 
 liness of London, as well as its supply of 
 w^ater, is gre<,tly aided by its situation on 
 the banks of the Thames : and the New 
 River, w'iih many good springs within the 
 city itseli, luriher contribuies to the .abun- 
 dance of that necessary element. 'An these 
 are advantages with respect to health, m 
 which this , metropolis is exceeded by ew. 
 Its situation, with regard to the cirmi'n- 
 stance of navigation, is equally w'ell cho ‘M!„ 
 
 It possesses every advantage that can b-.-. .e- 
 rived from a sea port, and at the same time, 
 
 1 ^ 
 
LON 
 
 by means of its noble river, enjoys a very 
 extensive communication with the internal 
 parts of the country. With fuel, London is 
 plentifully supplied by sea, from the nor- 
 thern collieries. Corn and other articles 
 are with equal ease conveyed to it from 
 all the maritime parts of the kingdom. It 
 is al^^o tlie seal of many considerable manu- 
 faciures, besides others in which it partici- 
 pates With the manufacturing to\nis in ge- 
 neral. The most imtoriant of its peculiar 
 raanufaciures is the silk weaving establish- 
 ed in Spittaifields by refugees from 
 France. Here Mr Lunardi ascended in a 
 bail on from the Artillery Ground, Moor- 
 fields, September L5th, 1738, the first at- 
 tempt of the kind m England. A variety 
 of works in gold, silver, and jewellery, the 
 engraving of prints, the making of optical 
 and iiiatbernatical instruments, are likewise 
 principally executed here. The porter 
 brewery, a business of very great extent is 
 also chiefly carrie • on in London. To its 
 port, (lately much improved in many 
 respects,) ate likewise confined some 
 branches of foreign, commerce, as the vast 
 East India trade, and those to Turkey and 
 Hudson^s bay. The value of imports in 
 1794, was 41,206,473 ; 17; 4d ; goods 
 exported, £. 2-5, 60<5, 46^5 : 8 : 2d; the total 
 amount of goods shipped and unshipped in 
 one year, £. 66,811,942: 5: Od. Thus 
 London has risen to its present rank cf the 
 first city in Europe, with respect to opu- 
 lence, and nearly, if not entirely so, as to 
 number of inhai itants. Its population, 
 like that of all other towns, lias been ! 
 greatly over-rated : by the enumeration iu i 
 180), the residents in London, Westmin- 
 ster, Southwark, and all the out parishes, 
 amounted to 883,677, and by that in 1811, 
 they were 1,001,678. The population of 
 London alone, wi-hin the w’alis, in 18 H, 
 was 56,484, having decreased above three 
 fifths since th<-‘ } ear 1700, by widening the 
 streets, building warehouses, and extending 
 the size of apartments. It is charming to 
 ©bserve the independent air, and comfort- 
 able appearance of these people. Indeed, 
 while it is a relief to the rnind to ebservg 
 any thing like equality in the affairs of , 
 man ; and while we regard, with satisfac- 
 tion, the afijearance of confidence and cig- 1 
 nity, in the poorest of the Londoners, it must 
 be observed,, that i- many instances, they 
 deviate into rod nes> and inho^^pitality. 
 
 A stranger inquiring his way, is not sure of 
 a civil answer, unless he step into the shops, 
 where they are very polite. There appears 
 to ,bc i’ulher a striking diOVrence beiween 
 the east and west ends ot the town. The 
 forii er is the seat cf government, and dis- 
 . plays I be greatest appearanceof extravagance 
 and cii'sipation ; the latter is the seat of com 
 merce, and exhibits a prodigious shew' of 
 w'ealih. The city of London bears arms, 
 and the infamous treachery of the assasssin 
 Walworth, mayor of London, in stabbing 
 
 LON 
 
 the unsuspected Tyler, i.s perpetuated, by 
 his dagger being quartered in the escut- 
 cheon. London sends four members to 
 parliament, and is a bishop^s see. In 1365., 
 the plague raged here, and cut off 68,693 
 inhabitants ; and in the following year, a 
 dreadful fire began, September 2d, and con- 
 tinued three days ; which, beside the cathe- 
 dral and many other churches, destroyed^ 
 
 , 1 3,200 houses ; beacons, no doubt, of the 
 divine indignation at a metropolis and na- 
 tion that had now unsheathed the sword 
 of persecution, after committing to the 
 flames, with every mark of indignity, the 
 solemn covenant into which all ranks had 
 entered. London is 213 miles nnw of Pa- 
 ris, 390 N by E of Madrid, 700 nw of Rome, 
 600 WNW of Vienna, 264 se of Dublin, and 
 180 w by s of Amsterdam, Lon. 0 6 \v, 
 lat. 61 31 N. 
 
 London, New, a sea port in the state of 
 Connecticut, and capital of a county of the 
 same name, with a good harbour defended 
 by two forts, on the Thames, near its en- 
 trance into Long Island Sound. In 1781, 
 great part of it was burnt by Benedict 
 Arnold, but it has been rebuilt, and has a 
 good trade to the W Indies, 64 miles e by 
 N of Newhaven, and about 80 ne of New 
 York. Lob. 92 10 w, lat. 41 19 n. 
 
 London, New, the chief tow’n of Bedford 
 county, Virginia, stands on a rising ground, 
 110 miles \y by s of Richmond. Lou. 75 
 46 w, lat. 37 20 N. 
 
 London, a town in Ann-Arundel county, 
 Maryland, five miles sw' of Annapolis. 
 
 London, Little, a village in Middlesex, s 
 of Hallingdon heath. 
 
 London, Little, a village in Essex, near 
 Samford Magna. 
 
 LONDONDERRY, a county of Ireland, 
 in the province of Ulster, 32 miles long and 
 j i|0 broad ; bounded on the w by Donegal, 
 
 I and on the n by the ocean, on the s and sw 
 by Tyrone, and on the b by Antrim, It 
 I contains 125,000 inhabitants, 31 parishes, 
 and sends four members to parliament. It 
 is a fruitful champaign county ; the great- 
 j e.st part of it w'as given by James I. to a 
 I company of London Merchants. The linen 
 ' manufacture flourishes through every part 
 of it. 
 
 Londonderry, or Derry, a city and sea 
 port of Ireland, capital of a county of the 
 same came, and a bishop’s see. It is a 
 county of itself. It wa.s built in the reign 
 of James I. and is still surrounded by walls. 
 Tbe principal commerce of Londonderry 
 is with America hnd the West Indies. It 
 contains 10,000 inhabitants, and is situated 
 on the river Foyle, over which a large 
 wooden bridge was erected in 1791, 1068 
 feet in length. Gulniore fort is five niles 
 below the lown. On the side of the river 
 are four ca.'Ules, Ttie cathedral, the epis- 
 copal palace, and the building.s in general 
 are handsome. This city is famous for tbe 
 long siege it sustained, iu 1689, against 
 

 LON 
 
 lames II. It is governed by a mayor, 
 recorder, alderman, and sheriffs. It was 
 represented by two members in the Irish 
 parliament, and sends one to the imperial 
 parliament, George Farquhar, the drama- 
 tic writer, was born here in 1678. It gives 
 the title of earl to a family of the name of 
 Stewart. It is ibnr miles s of Loch Foyle, 
 and 126 nnjw of Dublin. Lon. 7 2<5 w, lat. 
 64 58 N. 
 
 Londonderry y a post town of the United 
 States, in Rockingham county, New Hamp- 
 shire, seated near the head of Beaver river, 
 which unites wnth the Merrimac ; has a 
 manufacture of thread and linen cloth. It 
 is 36 miles ssw of Portsmouth, and contains 
 1590 inhabitants. The people are chiefly 
 from Ulster, in Ireland. 
 
 Longy Loeliy an arm of the sea which ex- 
 tends 20 miles between the counties of Ar- 
 gyle and Dumbarton, is about two broad, 
 and on the Argyie side near the middle, it 
 sends off a branch called Loch Goil. 
 
 Longaroy a town in Calabria Ultra, Na- 
 ples, 20 miles wnw of St Severino. 
 
 LongdoHy the name of four villages in 
 Staffordshire, Salop, and Worcestershire. 
 
 Longfieldy a town in Leitrim, Connaught, 
 Ireland. 
 
 LONGFORD, a county in the province' 
 of Leinster, 25 miles in length, and 16 in 
 breadth ; hounded on the w by the river 
 Shannon, on the e and s by West Meath, 
 and on the n and nw by Letrim and Cavan, 
 It contains 24 parishes, 50,000 inhabitants, 
 and sends two members to parliament, and 
 is a rich and pleasant country. Here great 
 quantities of linen yarn is spun, and manu- 
 factured into cloth. 
 
 Longford y the capital of the county, is 
 situated on the river Carnlin. The linen 
 manuiacture is carried on here to a great 
 extent. It sent two members to the Irish 
 parliament, gives the title o.f baron to the 
 family of Pakenham, has a charity school 
 for 6t3 children, and a barrack for a troop of 
 horse. It is 74 miles a’w by w of Dublin. 
 Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 53 48 n. 
 
 Longforgany a parish and village of Scot- 
 land, in the Carse of Gowrie, near seven 
 miles long, and about three broad. The soil 
 is fertile, highly cultivated, and productive. 
 The village of Longforgan, containing 
 about 600 inhabiiaats, is situated on a rising 
 ground, on the road from Dundee to Perth, 
 about four miles from the former. Popula- 
 tion about 1570. In this town is a great 
 stone, on which Sir William Wallace sat 
 while he eat some bread and milk, in his 
 flight, after killing the son of tin; governor 
 of Dundee. It is still in possess ion of the 
 descendcint of the person who gave a refresh- 
 ment to the horse. 
 
 LoniformacnSy a parish in that part of 
 Berwickshire, called Lamrrtermuir, occupy- 
 ing a tract 12 miles in lengih, and six in 
 breadth, bonniied on the w by East Lothian, 
 it is more adapted to pasturage than corn, 
 
 LON 
 
 but the arable land, of which there is a con- 
 siderable proportion, is well cultivated and 
 productive. The village is pleasantly seated 
 on both sides of the Dee, and the road from 
 Dunse to Edinburgh by Gifford, passes 
 through it seven miles w of Dunse. Popu- 
 iation in 1811, 444. 
 
 J LONG ISLAND, a name applied to that 
 district of the Hebrides, extending from the 
 island of Lewis on the n, to the island of 
 Barray on the s, comprehending Lewis, Har- 
 ris, Barray, tfec, 
 
 LONG ISLAND, formerly called Man- 
 hattan, afterwards Nassau island, belongs to 
 the state of New York. Its length is about 
 140 miles, but its medium breadth not above 
 10; and it is separated from Connecticut 
 by Long Island sound. It is divided into 
 three counties, King’s, Queen’s, and Suffolk, 
 and these again into 19 townships. The 
 soil is well calciiiated for raising grain, hay, 
 and fruit. The island contained, in 1790, 
 41,782 inhabitants. To the West Indies,; 
 <fe:c. are exported horses, cattle, beef, oil, 
 pitch, flax-seed, and pine-boards. It sends 
 corn to New York. 
 
 Lo7ig Island So mid y a kind of inland sea 
 from three to 18 miles broad, and 140 long. 
 
 1 It comraunicates with the Atianlic at both 
 ends. 
 
 Long Island, one of the Bahama islands. 
 See Yuma. 
 
 Long Islandy in Holston river, in the 
 state of Tennessee, is three miles long. It 
 is 10 miles w of the month of Wataugo ri* 
 ver, and 43 from Abingdon. 
 
 LG7ig Lake. See Rainy Lake. ^ 
 
 Long MeadoWy a town of the United 
 States, in Hampshire county, Massachusetts. 
 The township contains 744 inhabitants. It 
 is 97 miles sw by w of Boston, 
 
 Lcng-nany a city in the province of Se- 
 tchuen, China, on the Mouqua. In this dis- 
 trictarea number of forts, which were of 
 use to prevent the incursions of the Tartars ; 
 710 miles sw of Pekin, Lon. 101 18 e, 
 lat. 32 22 N. 
 
 Lognovy a town in Staffordshire, near the 
 Dave, wdth a market on Tuesday, eight 
 miles N of Leek, 31 n by e of Stafford, and 
 161 \xw of London. 
 
 LongsidOy a parish in Aberdeenshire, a 
 few miles w of Peterhead, containing about 
 19 square miles. There is a considerable 
 woollen manufacture carried on at a small 
 village called Nether Kin nundy. The 
 parish abounds with granite, contains seve- 
 ral tumuli, one of which measures 400 feet 
 round the base, and a field beside it called 
 Battlelauld. Population above 1800. 
 
 Longtown, a town in ( umberiand, situat- 
 ed on the Esk, near its confluence w;th the 
 Kirksop, on the bordeis of Scotland ; the 
 houses are neatly built of brick, on leases 
 of 99 years. Here is a charity school. 
 Market on Thursday, two annual .fairs, and 
 manufactures of cloth, 10 miles n of Car- 
 lisle, and 307 nnw of London. 
 
LOR 
 
 LOR 
 
 Longueville, a town in the department of 
 Xower Seine, France. It is 23 miles n ci 
 Loneri. 
 
 Longuiony a town in the departraeirt of 
 Moseiie, France, has an iron for^e, and can- 
 non foundery, tO miles sw of Longwy, and 
 35 Nw of Metz. 
 
 Longwoody a town of Meath, Ireland, 
 ideated on the Blackwater, 35 miles w by i< 
 of Dnbim. 
 
 Longwgy a town in the department of 
 Mo^eile, France, tiivide * into tne Old and 
 New Town, stands cn an eminence by the 
 Chiers. In 1792, it surrendered to the 
 Austrians, butw^as telaken two montbjs after- ' 
 wards, 15 miles sw of Luxemburg, 35 Knw 
 of Metz, and 160 ene of Paris. Lon. 5 44 
 s, lat. 49 32 n, 
 
 Lonnunj] a parish in Aberdeenshire, 10 
 miles in length and four m breadth. It 
 has about four miles of sea coast,-on which 
 are two iishing vijic<ges. Population about 
 iOOO. 
 
 Lons le Saumer. a town in the department 
 of .Lira, France, with an abbey of noble. 
 Bernardines. It has salt springs m the vi- 
 cinity, and is situated on the Solvan, 30 miles 
 ssw of Dole. Lon. 5 30 e, lat. 46 37 n. 
 
 Loo, a town of i)utch Guelderlaiid, in 
 the county of Anitieini, eight miles w of 
 Daventer, and 18 n of Arnheim. 
 
 Loce, East and JVesty two small decayed 
 boroughs in Cornwall, separated from each 
 other by a creek, over which is a narrow 
 stone biidge of several arcues. Each of 
 them sends two members to parliament, they 
 are chiefly supported by the pilchard hshery. 
 East Looe is i6 miles w of Plymouth, and 
 231 w by s of London. 
 
 Look- out y Capey s of Ca;e Hatter as, N 
 Carolina, opposite Core sound. Lon. 76 51 
 w, lat 34 23 n. 
 
 Loop- Head, or Cape Lean, a cape at the 
 mouth of the Shannon, has a lighthouse. 
 Lon. 9 49 w, hit. 52 31 y. 
 
 Lcoz, a town and county of Liege, Ne- 
 therlands, 16 miles w by s of Maestricht. 
 
 Lopatka, Cape, the s extremity of Kamts- 
 •chatka. Lon. 156 45 e, lat. 51 9 n. See 
 Kurilen. 
 
 Luopooly a lake in Cornwall, two miles 
 long. 
 
 Louts, ii town end county of Liege, 16 
 miles w of Maesirieht. 
 
 Lopesco, a town i Abruzzo UUra, Naples, 
 iO miif'S s of Aquiin. 
 
 J^opo Gousuloe, Cape, a long flat, and 
 narrow peninsula, on the coast of Guinea. 
 Here is a good Imr'ocur, and a village where 
 provisions are cheap aiiil plentilul. Lou. 8 
 30 E, lat. 0 45 s. 
 
 Lora, a town in Andalusia, Spain, on the 
 Guadalraiiver, 28 miles ne of Seville. 
 
 Lora, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 county of Hohenstein, J8 miles n>,eo1Mu,- 
 hausen. 
 
 Lcrhus, a town of Tunis,stannsin a plain, 
 fertile in corn, has a castle, and line remains 
 
 
 ! I 
 
 I of antiquity, I ■ ties swof Tunis. Lon. 9 
 0 E, lac 3o S ' 
 
 Lorca, a town in Marcia, Spain, stands 
 on an eminence, by the Guadalantin, is a 
 bishop^s see, has potteries, saltpetre works, 
 and plenty of barilla grow's in the vicinity ; 
 50 miles w of Carthagena. Lon, 1 52 w, 
 lat. 37 37 v. 
 
 LORD HOW’S GROUP, an extensive 
 group of islands, in. the S Pacific ocean, dis- 
 I covered in 1791, by captain Hunter, who 
 distinctly descried 32 ol them. They .seem- 
 ed thickly covered witn trees, among which 
 'he cocoa nut is very distinguishable. The 
 natives are of a dark copper colour. Their 
 arms and thighs are tatooed in the manner 
 described by captain Cook, of some of the 
 natives of the islands lie visited in these seas^ 
 and some are painted with red and white 
 streaks. They wear a wrapper round them. 
 Lon. 159 14 to 159 37 e, lat. 5 30 s. 
 
 Lord How’s Island, an island in the S Pa- 
 cific ocean, about 140 leagues e of New S 
 Wales. On the w side is good anchorage, 
 but the bottom is a coral rock. This island 
 was discovered in 1778, by lieutenant King, 
 in his voyage from Port Jackson to Norfolk 
 island. The island is three miles and a-half 
 long, and very narrow across. At the s end 
 are two high perpendicular mountains, the 
 southernmost named Mount Gov.^er, and 14 
 miles to the s is a remarkab.e rock, named 
 Ball’s Pyramid. The island abounds with 
 turtle, and a great variety of birds, which 
 were so little habiiucited to the company of 
 man, that the sailors knocked them down 
 with a stick. Lon. 159 0 e, lat. 31 36 n. 
 
 LoredOy a town in the Polisiuo di Rovigo, 
 on the Adige, Italy, 20 miles e of Rovigo. 
 
 Lorenzo, St, a town, district, and forest in 
 Istria, Italy. The town is nine miles nxe 
 of Rovigno. 
 
 LoreOy a large town in the Dogado, Italy, 
 containing 2300 souls. 
 
 Loreto, a town in the late republican de- 
 partment of Racina, Italy. They pretend 
 to shew here the house of Nazareih,in which 
 Jesus was brought up, and say that it was 
 carried by angels into Dalmatia, and thence 
 to the place where it now stands. A statue, 
 to represent Mary the mdther of Jesus, with 
 the infant in her arms, stands upon the 
 principal altar. Prodigious numbers go on 
 pilgrimage to Loreto, particular!}' at Editee 
 and Whitsuntide ; and make presents to the 
 shrine proportionable to their ability ; w'heiice 
 this chapel is immensely rich. As for the 
 town itself, exclusive of the chapel, it i nei- 
 tlier very considerable nor very agreeable ; 
 nor does it contain above 300 inhabitants, 
 who are almost all shoemakers, tailors, or 
 sellers of chaplets. Loreto was taken by 
 the French in 1796, when they stripped k 
 of every thing of value. It is situated ou a 
 mountain, three miles from the gulf of Ve- 
 nice, 12 sE of Ancona, and 1 12 ne of Rome, 
 bmi. 13 3 E, lat. 43 27 n. 
 
 Loreto, the chief town of CalifornU, 
 
L O T 
 
 LOU 
 
 stands at the foot of a mountain, near the 
 gr f f Oaliioniia, has a fort and iutrbonr, 
 90 miles sw oi Guitivis in New Spain. 
 Lon. Ill 44 w, lat. 26 12 n. 
 
 Lorgues, a populous town in the depart- 
 ment of Var, France, on the Argens, 
 five miles w by s of Draguignan, and id \v 
 of Frejus. 
 
 LORN, a district in the N of Argyll- 
 shire, about 30 miles long, and nine broad, 
 situated between Loch ■ Eiive and Loch 
 Awe. 
 
 Lorrachy a town in Brisgan, Suabia. It 
 is SIX miles ne of Basel, and 30 s of Fri- 
 burg 
 
 LORRAIN, a late province of France, 
 about 90 miles long, and 69 broad, abound- 
 ing in all sons of corn, wine, hemp, flax, 
 rape-seed, game, fish, &c. Here are fine 
 meadow’s, and large fore.sts, v/ith mines of 
 iron, silver, copper, and salt pits. The 
 principal rivers are the Mase, or Meuse, 
 the Mr.selle, the Seiile, the Meurthe, and 
 the Sarre. It now’ forms the tour depart- 
 raeuiS of Meuse, Moselle, Vosges, and 
 Meurte. 
 
 L'>rris, a to’wn in the department of 
 Loiret, France, 12 miles sw of Montargi-s, 
 and 30 e of Orleans. 
 
 Lcrion, a village in Cumberland, divided 
 into rligh and Low, four miles se of Coc- 
 kermouth, 
 
 Lossiemouth, a village in Elginshire, at 
 the month of the Losme, about six miles 
 from Elgin, to which it is the sea port. It 
 contains about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Lossin, great and little, tw'o towms of 
 Italy, in the isle of Clierso, the former con- 
 taing 1800, and the latter 1,900 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Lot, a river which has its source in the 
 department of Lozere, France, waters 
 Mende, Cahors, (where it begins to be 
 navigable) and Agen, and falls into the 
 Garonne. 
 
 LOT, a department of France, includ- 
 ing the late province of Querci. It is 70 
 miles long, and 35 broad. Cahors is the 
 capital. 
 
 LOT AND GARONNE, a department 
 of France, which has its name from twm 
 rivers, and comprehends part of the late 
 province of Guiene. It is 45 miles long 
 from E to w, and 36 from n to .s. Agen is 
 the capital. 
 
 Loth, a parish in Snlherlandshire, ex- 
 tending along the coast southw’ard from 
 the Ord of Caithness about 14 miles, with 
 a breadth of nearly onb mile. It is wintered 
 by the Loth and Helmsdale, and the soil 
 is in general fertile, but not very well cul 
 tivated. There are several good harbours 
 on the coast. Population near 1,400. The 
 last person who suflered for W’itclicraft in 
 Scotland, was a native of the parish, burnt 
 at Dor ock, between 1720, and 1730. 
 
 Lothian East, ^lid, and West. See Had- 
 dington, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow, 
 
 Lotzin, a town and castle of Prussia/On 
 a canal, wiiioh unites the Angerbur • , and 
 Leventen lakes, 78 miles se of Konigs- 
 berg. 
 
 Loudeac, a town in the d'*partment of 
 the North a‘oa.sts, with a maijufacture of 
 thr 'ad, and an iron forge ; 20 miles s of 
 St Br ieuc. 
 
 LOUDON, a county of Virginia. It 
 is about 50 miles long, and 20 broad, and 
 contains 18,962 inhabitants. Chief town 
 Leesburg. 
 
 Lcudon, ■ parish in Ayrshire, and Cun- 
 ningham district, E of Kilmarnock, nine 
 mil.^s long, and from three to seven broad, 
 containing about 10,000 acres, of wnich 
 7,500 are arable. Coal and limestones 
 abound. This parish contains two villages, 
 called New Milns, conraining above i 000 
 inhabitants, and Derval about 400. Both 
 are engaged in the muslin manufaciure. 
 Loudon hill, in the ne end of this pansh 
 rises abruptly to a considerable height^ :.,nd 
 is seen afar orf. On its top, toime’‘ly 
 signals were made by flame, and the name 
 denote.s the hill of aflame. In Loudon house, 
 
 I the seat ol the coantess of Loudon and 
 j Moira, is a lihravy mom 90 feet long, which 
 ! Contains 10,000 volumes. In the vicinity 
 1 is tne rui ( of an ancient castle, burnt by 
 'the Kenedys of Ca rick about 300 years 
 ; ago. The earl of Moira has lately erected 
 i a large n).ignilleent mansion bouse, opposite 
 I GalstOii. Population about 2,590. 
 
 ! Lovdun, a town in the deparlment of 
 i Vienne, France, stands on an eminence, 
 j 39 miles nw’ of Poitiers, and 155 sw^ of 
 I Paris, 
 
 ! Lough Allan, a lake in Leitrim, Con- 
 i naught, more than 30 miles in circuit. 
 The adjacent district abounds w’ith coal and 
 iron mines. 
 
 Loughall, a handsome village in the 
 county of Armagh, four miles n of the city 
 i of that name. 
 
 Loughs Balhjdowgan,BaUguilheg, Bally- 
 kinler, Bullynahinch, Ballgroney, and Beg, 
 all in Down, Ulster, and generally abound- 
 ing with eels, trout, pike, and roach. 
 
 Loughborough, a bandsome towui in Lei- 
 cestershire, pleasantly situated on the Soar, 
 near the forest of Char wood. A great part 
 of it is newly rebuilt, and it has a market 
 on Thursday, and five annual fairs. The 
 church large, with a stately tow’er. Here 
 are four meeting-houses. The manufac- 
 tures are w’oolcombiug, and hosiery. In 
 1811, the number of inhabitanis wms 5244. 
 i . gave the title of baron to the iate Ai txan- 
 der Wedderburn, lo’-d chancellor of Eng- 
 hiind. By a canal from the Trent, it has a 
 trade in coal, cfec. It is 18 miles n of Lei- 
 cester, and 109 nnw of London. 
 
 Lcnghhrickland, a towm in Down Ulster, 
 with an exiensive linen manufacture. It 
 consi.sts chiefly of one broad .•‘treet, and is 
 :i great thoroughfare, 11 miles n of Newry, 
 a nd 58 K of Dublin, 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 Lovgli Corrib, a lake in Galway, Con- 
 naug;bt, is upwards of 20 miles lojg, and, 
 in some parts six broad. 
 
 Lough Foyle, in Derry, Ulster. Before 
 the mouth of the lake, or gulf, is a great 
 sand, culled (he Touns. In that arm 
 whereon Londonderry stands, it is 10 or 
 12 fathoms deep, and is esteemed as good | 
 and commodious a harbour as any in the jj 
 kingdom. {j 
 
 Lough Neagh, situated in the counties j 
 of Armagh, Down, Derry, and Antrim, in || 
 Ulster. It is 20 miles long, and 4a broad, | 
 by far the largest Icike in the island ; the 
 shores are ficit ; it contains only two small 
 islands ; and it is altogether deficient of 
 picturesque scenery. The water or the soil 
 possesses a strong petrifying quality. It 
 receives considerable rivers, and its only 
 outlet is by the N Bann, which issues from 
 its N extremity. 
 
 Lovghrea, a town of Galway, in Con- 
 naught, Ireland, on a beautiful lake of its 
 name, 20 miles sse of Galway, and 86 w of 
 Dublin, Here are the ruins of an abbey, a 
 charity school, and barracks for a troop of 
 horse. 
 
 Loughrigg, a village in the county of 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 Lough Shellhi, in West Meath, Leinster, 
 within a mile of Daly’s bridge. It contains 
 some small islands, and communicates with 
 Lough Inny. Between the loughs is a 
 bridge, which joins the counties of West 
 Meai h and Cavan. 
 
 Lough Strangford, in Down, Ulster, 
 takes its present name from a small post 
 town, called Sirangford, situated on the w 
 side of the narrow^ entrance from the sea. 
 It is a deep bay, or inlet of the sea, about 
 17 miles long, and four or five broad, and 
 abounds with excellent fish. It contains 5'4 
 islands, small and good. 
 
 Louhaus, a town in the department of 
 Soane and Loire, seated on an island formed 
 by the rivers Salle, Seilles, and Solnan, 18 
 miles s,E of Chalons. 
 
 Loviguarto, a town in Otranto, Naples, 12 
 miles ssw of Brindisi. 
 
 Lguisui, a town on a bay of the gulf of 
 Finland, Sweden, with a fortress, 30 miles 
 E by N of Helsingfors. 
 
 LOUISA, a county of Virginia. It is 
 about 3«5 miles long, and 20 broad, and con- 
 tains 8,476 inhabitants, 
 
 Louisburg, ti.e capital of the island of 
 Cape Breton, N America. It has an excel- 
 lent harbour and citadel, 12 miles in circuit. 
 It stands on a long strip of laud, on the se 
 part of the island. Was tak’en by the Eng- 
 lish in 1745, restored to the French in 174N , 
 taken again by the English .in i7..»s, and 
 ceded to tl em in 1763. I on. 59 51 w, 
 lat. 45 57 N. 
 
 Louisburg, capital of Franklin county 
 N Caro ina. on the Tar. It is 30 miles n 
 by h of Kalegh. Lou. 78 40 e, lat. 36 
 3 N. 
 
 Louisburg, eL fishing vill«^ge, near the town 
 of V/ick, in Caithuess-shire. 
 
 Louis Fort, or Fort Vauban, a town and 
 fortress in the department of Lower Rhine; 
 France;, seated on an inland formed by the 
 Rliive, built by' Louis XIV. The Aus- 
 trians took it in 1?93, but were compelled 
 to relinquish it soon after; 12 miles e of 
 Hagueuau, and 18 nxe oi Strasburg. 
 
 Louis de Marannan, St, or St Philip, a 
 town oh the x coast of Brazil, Aviih a strong 
 castle, capital of the province of Marannan, 
 stands near the Atlantic on the e side of the 
 Mearim, and is a bishop’s see. Lou. -45 
 15 w, lat. 15 53 n. 
 
 LOUISIANA, a large country of Ame- 
 rica, estimated to extend 1,200 miles in 
 length, and 640 in breadth. It is agreeably 
 situated between the extremes of heat and 
 cold, its climate varying as it extends to- 
 ward the N. The timber is accounteti as 
 fine as any in the world ; and the quantities 
 of live oak, ash, mulberry, walnut, cherry, 
 cypress, and cedar, are astonishing. The 
 soil is particularly adapted for hemp, flax, 
 and tobacco, and indigo is a staple commo- 
 dity, which commonly yields the planter 
 three or four cuttings a-year. Whatever is 
 rich and rare in the most desirable counties 
 of Europe seems to be the spontaneous pro- 
 duction of (bis delightful country. It is in- 
 tersected by a number of fine rivers, among 
 which are the Natchitoches, Missouri; and 
 the Adayes, or Mexicana. In 1541, this 
 territory was discovered by Ferdinand de 
 Soto, visited by M. de la Salle in 1682, set- 
 tled by Louis XIV. in the beginning of the 
 18th century, ceded lo Spain in 1763, restor- 
 ed to France in 1801, and transferred to the 
 j United States in 1803. The principal ar- 
 i tides of commerce are indigo, rice, beans, 
 wax, and lumber. In 1810 the the number 
 ! of inhabitants was 20,845. The chief towns 
 are New Madrid and St Louis. 
 
 Louis, St, the capital of Louisiana, seated 
 on the Mississippi, 10 miles below the con- 
 fluence of the Missouri, and 300 wxw of 
 I Frankfort in Kentucky. It is surrounded 
 with rich gardens, and has a good trade. 
 Lon. 89 28 w, lat. 38 18 n. 
 
 Louis St, a jurisdiction and towm on the 
 s side of the island of St Domingo. The 
 jurisdiction contains three parishes. The 
 town and fortress of St Louis stands on the 
 s side of the s peninsula, the latter was de- 
 molished by admiral Knowles in 1747, but 
 since rebuilt. Its exports are coflee, cotton, 
 and indigo ; 48 miles wsw of Leogane. 
 Lon. 73 31 w, lat 18 15 n. 
 
 Louis, St. an is and at the mouth, of the 
 Senegal, Africa, with a fort built by the 
 French. It is level, sandy, and barren. In 
 1758, it was taken by the British, and ceded 
 to them in 1763. It was taken by the 
 French during the American war, and re- 
 tained by them till 1809, when again it fell 
 into the hands of the English. Lon, 16 
 31 w, lat, 15 53 x. 
 
L O U 
 
 Zi^rnsvith, ti town in the state of Ken- 
 ^.lcky, and county of Jefferson, situated on 
 the Ohio, just above its rapids, near which 
 is a fo^, ships ascend and-descend without 
 danger, by a canal, three miles in length, 
 which has been cut for the purpose^ It is 
 ,*^0 miles w of Frankfort, and 9^ sw of Lex- 
 ington. Lon. S5 62 w. lat. 38 14 x. 
 
 LmiisviUe, capital of Burke county, state 
 of Georgia, seated on the n side of the 
 O^^eeehee, has a college liberally endowed, 
 62 miles wsw of Augusta. Lon. 82 17 w, 
 lat. 32 42 y. 
 
 Lovle, a town in Algarva, Portugal, on 
 the Louie, surrounded with antique walls, 
 19 miles n of Faro, and 22 wsw of Tra- 
 vira. 
 
 Loung, loch, a great arm of the sea w’ hich 
 runs Northward from the Frith of Cl>de, 
 bf^tween the counties of Argyll and Dumbar- 
 ton for about 24 miles. 
 
 Lny-ngan, a city in the province of Chan- 
 si, China, stands neeir the source of the Tsot- 
 sang, 270 miles ssw of Peking Lon. 12 34 
 E, iat. 36 42 N. 
 
 Loiirde, a town in the department of 
 Upper Pyrenees, France, with a castle on a 
 rock, 10 miles nw of Bagneres. 
 
 Lour teal, a. town in Beira, Portugal, 12 
 miles s of Montemoro-Ueiho, and 28 s by w 
 of Coimbra. 
 
 ^ Louth, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Leinster, 29 miles long, and 14 
 broad, bounded on the w by Monaghan and 
 Aleath, on the x by Armagh and Carling- 
 ford bay, on the E by St George’s Chaimei, 
 ftnd on the se by Meath, from which it is 
 parted by the river Boyne. It is the small- 
 est county in the kingdom, but very fertile 
 and pleasant, and contains 50 parishes, and 
 57,750 inhabitants. It sends two members 
 to the imperial parliament, besides one for 
 Dundalk, and one for Drogheda. Its chief 
 towns are Dundalk, Carlingford, and Drog-> 
 beda the capital. 
 
 Louth, a town in the above county, 18 
 miles xxw of Drogheda. Previous to the 
 -jnion it sent two members to the Irish | 
 yn’li«ament. 
 
 Lou'h, a corporate town of LinoolnshihJ. 
 li is large and well bvhlt. Markers on 
 Wednesday and Saturday, and has a manu- I 
 fartnre of blankets and carpets. It has a 
 large Gothic church with a lofty spire, and 
 a fr^'e-.sebool founded by PMward VI. By 
 Lnd and a canal it has a corrununi cation 
 With the German ocean at Tetney Creek, 
 n.ar the mouth of the Humber. It is 28 
 miles tvE of Lincoln, and 144 x of London. 
 Loutzk. See Lucko. 
 
 Louvain, a city in Brabant, Netherlands, 
 with an ancient castle and lamous university. 
 The w’aiis are nearly seven miles in circum- 
 ference, including many gardens and vine- 
 yards. The public buildings are magnifi- 
 cent ; the university consists of a great 
 number of colleges. It is situated on the 
 Dyle; formerly large quantities of Qlcth 
 No. ' 
 
 L O X 
 
 were made here. Good beer is now its sta- 
 ple article. The French took it in 1746% 
 1792, and 1794; 14 miles E by n of Brus- 
 sels, and 40 NS of Mons« Lon . 4 41 e, lat- 
 50 53 ic. 
 
 Louvesiein, or Zowenstein, a fortress of 
 Holland in the isle of Bommel-Wv ert- 
 and late republican department of the 
 Dommel and Scheldt. Here, in 1618, 
 Hugo Grot i Us was confined, by a contri- 
 vance of his wife, after three years im- 
 pri.sonment WaS conveyed away in a re- 
 turned box used for carrying books. It 
 I is three miles e of Gorcum, and 16 of 
 ! Dort. 
 
 Louvters, a handsome towm in the depart- 
 me: t of Eure, France, seated on the Eure, 
 which has a considerable manufactory oi fine 
 cloths. It is 10 miles n of Evreux, and 55 
 Nw of Paris. 
 
 Louvo, a considerable town in the king- 
 ddm of Siam, 50 miles n of the city of 
 Siam, has a royal palace. Lon. 100 50 e, 
 lat. 15 8 N. 
 
 Louvres, a tovim in the department of 
 Seine and Oise, France, 21 miles N of 
 Paris. 
 
 Lowdore a celebrated cataract of Cum- 
 ) berland. 
 
 I Lowenburg, a tovvn iii the principality of 
 j Jauer, Sile ia, on the Bober, 21 miles wsw 
 of Lignirz. 
 
 LowenHein, capital of a county of th© 
 same name in the territory of Winemberg,, 
 Franconia, nine miles ene of Heilbran, and 
 
 21 NS of Stutgard. 
 
 Loivesto^, a town in Suffolk, seated on a 
 cliff, the most easterly point in Britain, with 
 a market on Wednesdciy, is much frequented 
 by sea-beathers, and uas a considerable r-ad© 
 in the mackerel and herring fisheries; Id 
 miles s of Yarmouth, and 117 ne of Lon- 
 don. Lon. 1 44 E, iat. 52 29 N. 
 
 Lowes ^ater, a lake of Cumberland^ 
 about a mile in length, and a quarter of % 
 mile in breadth ; contrary to all the other 
 lakes, it iias its course from n to s, and under 
 the lotty Melibreak, falls into the n end of 
 Cromachwater, six miles s o: Cockernioutb* 
 
 Loicitz, a handsome and populous town in 
 the palatinate of Rava, Poland, with a for- 
 tress, on the Bzura, 21 miles s of PockskOj, 
 and 30 x of R: va. 
 
 Lowositz, a town in the circle of Le tme- 
 ritz, Bohemia, situated on the Egra. During 
 an obstinate battle between the Prussians 
 and Saxons, in 1756, the greau r part of it 
 W'as burnt, five miles wsw of Leiinieritz, 
 
 Lawthers, or Lauders, a hill of Scotlandj, 
 w'liich is elevated 3,130 feet above the level 
 of the sea. It is one of that ridge which 
 run.s between Lanarkshire and Annandhle. 
 
 Loxa, or Loja, a considerable town in 
 Granada, Spain, stands on the side of a 
 mountain, by the Xenil, has a Moorish cas- 
 tle, a copper forge, and a royal salt-work, 
 
 22 miles w of Granada. 
 
 Loxa, or Loia, a town iu the province of 
 
 K 
 
L U B 
 
 ^uUc., Peru, capital of a junsdiotioD of tbe 
 same name, famous for producing line je- 
 suits bark and cochineal. Carpets are rna- 
 nufactured here of a very fine fabric. It 
 stands at the head of a nw branch of the 
 Amazon, 1-30 miles ene of Paita, and ISO 
 ssE OJ Guayaquil. Lon. 78 46 w, lat. 4 
 15 s. 
 
 hoaley^ a village in Staffordshire. 
 
 . L'njne.ox Lvnc] a river of England, which 
 has its source in Westmoreland, runs s by 
 Kirby Loii'dale to Lancaster, and soon after 
 Jabs into the Irish sea. 
 
 LOZERE, a department of France, 55 
 iDtles long, and 33 t;rood; composed of the 
 late province of Gevaudan. It is moim- 
 tamous and barren. Meude is the capital. 
 
 Lu a town in Montferrat, Italy, situated 
 eight miles w of Alexandria, and eight s of 
 Cascil. 
 
 7 >arcaj a town in Asturias, Spain,, near 
 th' eoas' 80 n les nw of Oviedo. 
 
 a town of Livonia, Russia, stands 
 lit.: rhe t. ' N eno o: a lake of its name, TO 
 jruss E by s of Riga, Lon. 26 3b s, lat, 
 
 5b 55 K. ex 
 
 L. hariy a town in the palatinate of Novo- i 
 ^;rode k, Lithuania, about 20 miles se of 
 Sluck. 
 
 Lubhen a town in Lower Lusatia, Ger- 
 iimny, capital of a small circle of the same 
 name, and has several churches, a castle, 
 a large hospital, and a noble structure where 
 the diets assemble. It is situated on the 
 jriver Spree, and surrounded with marshes. 
 It is 60 miles sse of Bern- Lon. 13 55 e, 
 Jat. 52 C N. 
 
 Lubec, a sea port town of Lower Saxony, 
 in'tiie duchy of Holstein. It is a free im- 
 perial city, the see of a bishop. It was the 
 head of the famous Hanseatic league form- 
 ed in (464, and the most powerful and com- 
 mercial city of the north, but now great 
 part of its' trade is lost. The walls ol 
 many of the houses bear the date of the I5th 
 cenuiry, the doors are so large as to aenrit 
 carriages into the hail. The towm-house is 
 a superb stru lure, and has several towers. 
 Here is also an elegant council-house and 
 exchange. Besides the cathedral, in which 
 is a curious clock, a prodigious large organ, 
 and a strtue of the v:rgin Mary, uiere are 
 four large churches. Formerly it had four 
 convents ] tli?it ol St John has still some 
 Protestant girls under the government of the 
 abbess; iliai of St Mary is converted into 
 the great hospital ; tii 't oi St Ann into a 
 house of correction, and that of St Catba- 
 Tine into a handsome college. The inhabi- 
 tants are all Lutherans, ‘ in the great hos- 
 pital there is always a considerable number 
 ot poor nu.'ii and women. Besides this, 
 there aio 14 otlier hospitals. Luhec is situ- 
 ated at the eonlluence of several rivers, the 
 largest ol which is the Trave, 14 miles sw 
 of tht? Baltic, and 35 ne of Hamburg. 
 ton. 10 40 K, lat. 53 52 N. 
 
 JLifbeCj an isiuud iu the Indian ocean. 
 Lon. 112 22 E,lat, 5 50 s. 
 
 LUC 
 
 LnheckcCi a town of Westphalia, with a 
 trade in yarn and linen, 14 miles w of 
 Min den. 
 
 Luhen, a town of Silesia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, in the principality 
 of Lignitz, on the Katzbacb, 44 miles n of 
 Lignitz. 
 
 Luhen^ a town of Lusatia, on the Spree, 
 'with a castle, nw of Colbus. 
 
 Lubitz, a (own in the duchy of Mecklen- 
 burg, Lower Saxony, on the Elda, 23 miles 
 s of Gustrow. 
 
 huhlenitz, a towm in the principality of 
 Oppelen, Silesia, 32 miles e of Oppelen. 
 
 Liihlin, a considerable town ot Poland, 
 capital of a. palatinate of the same name, 
 seated on the Weiprz. Three annual fairs 
 are held, each lasting a month, much fre- 
 quented by traders and merchants from all 
 quarters. It lies 95 mile> se of Warsaw, 
 Lon. 22 4 e, lat. 51 14 n. 
 
 LubbjOf a town in Cracow, Poland, 50 
 miles SE oi Cracow. 
 
 Li(Cy a town iu the department of the 
 Var, France, 25 miles ne of Toulon. 
 
 Lve, a town in the department of Drome, 
 France, on the Drome, 34 miles se of 
 Valence. 
 
 Ln-canas a town in the bishopric Of Gua- 
 manga, Peru, seated near cue of the head 
 branches of the Apurrmae. It has rich 
 silver mines, and abounds with cattle, 80 
 miles s of Guamanga. Lon. 74 3 w, lat. 
 14 30 s. 
 
 Lucar^ de Baro.meda, St, a town in An- 
 dalusia, Spain. It has a fine harbour at the ' 
 mouth of the Guadalquiver, 44 miles s of 
 Seville, ofwhich it is the port. Lon. 5 44 w 
 
 lat. 36 58 N. ■ p t 
 
 Lveer, Cape St, ihe SB extremity of the 
 peninsula of California. Lon. 109 5i w, 
 
 lat. 22 53 N. . . . , 
 
 Lucar, De Gnadiana, a town of Andaiii- 
 sia, Spain, on the Guadiana, with a small 
 harbour, 39 miles ne of Faro, and 76 wnw 
 of Seville. Lon. 7 18 w, lat, 3i 28 n. 
 
 Lucar la Mayor, St, a town of Andalusia, 
 Spain, situated on the Guadiana, 14 miles 
 w of Seville. 
 
 LUCAYA ISLANDS. See Bahama, 
 
 I.UCCA, THE Republic of, a small ter- 
 ritory of Italy, lying on the Tuscan sea, 
 about 40 miles in length, and 16 in breadth. 
 The soil, in general mountainous, does not 
 produce much corn ; but there is plenty of 
 wme, oil, silk, wool, and chesnuts. The in- 
 habitants, who are the most industrious of 
 any in Italy, having left no spot uncultivated 
 eat chesnuts instead ot bread. It was uudei 
 the protection of the emperor of Germany, 
 and the govenimeni aristrocatic ; but in the 
 revolutions of Italy, this state became a 
 consulate, under the protection of the Frenciu 
 Lucca, a city of Italy, capital of a small 
 republic of the same name, and an arch- 
 bishop's see. It is about three miles in cir- 
 cumiVrence, and surrounded by a wall, and 
 v'ontains about 40,000 inhabitants. The 
 state palace, including the arsenal, is a 
 
LUC 
 
 LUC 
 
 large Structure. They bove a oonsbleralrle ij 
 manufacture of silk, and of gold and silver 
 stuffs. In 1T9G it was taken by the French, 
 relinquished in 1T99, and retaken in 3800. 
 
 It is situated near the river Serchio, 3T miles 
 \v of Florence. Lon. 10 35 e, iat. 48 50 n. ! 
 
 Luce^ a river of Scotland, which rises | 
 near the western boundary of Wigtoushire, { 
 flows ESE, separates the Rhinns, on the n. ;| 
 from the rest of the county, and falls into | 
 an extensive bay, called the bay of Luce. j 
 
 Luce, NeWy or Neio Glenluae, a parish j 
 long since disjoined from Old (Tleiiluce, wa- j 
 tered on the s by the river Luce, and inter- { 
 sec ted by the cross water wfaieii falls into , 
 the former at the village of Nev/ Luca, with 
 bridges over each. This parish is about 10 
 miles long and six broad ; having Old Glen- 
 luce on the E. A great part of the soil is 
 not adapted to tillage, but is employed in 
 pasturage. This parish is noted as having 
 been for some time under the pastoral care 
 of Ike celebrated Alexander Peden, whose 
 pulpit remained entire about 40 years ago ; 
 the back of which is still preserved as part 
 of the present one. When Mr. Peden was 
 ejected from his charge, on leaving his pul- 
 pit for the last time, with great solemnity, 
 in the najne of his Lord and master, the great 
 Head of the church, he debared the curates, 
 as they were styled, from ever entering it ; 
 and it is matter of certainty, that, although 
 three were appointed in succession, to this 
 charge, not one of them was inducted, or 
 ever set foot within the church. The village 
 is 10 miles ene of Stanraer, and three w of 
 Old Luce. Population near 400. 
 
 Luce, Old, See Glenluce, 
 
 Lucena, eu^^wn in the province of Cordo- 
 va, Spain, 36 miles sse of Cordova, and 43 
 WNW of Granada. 
 
 Lucertty an ancient ciiyy capital of the 
 province of Capitanata, Naples ; is a bishop’s 
 see, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 
 75 miles ne of Naoies. Lon 15 34 e, lat. [ 
 41 18 N. 
 
 LUCSRN, one of the 13 cantons of Swit- 
 zerland. The inhabitants are Roman Ca- 
 tholics. and were computed at 109,000. It 
 is 30 miles in iengib, and 3J m breadth ; the 
 air is mild, and tne soil fertile. The govern- 
 ment of this republic previous to the revolu- 
 tion of 1708, was entirely ari^tocratical, or 
 rather oligarchical, v 
 
 Lucerriy the capital of the above canton, is 
 divided into two by one of the branches of 
 the R mss. It scarcely comains 3G00 iuha- 
 bitants, has no manuiactures of any great ; 
 con x-queace, and liule commerce. In the 
 cathedral is an organ of an extraordinary 
 size, the centre pipe is 40 feet long. The 
 bridges that skirt the town, round the edge 
 of the lake, are the fashionable wtdk of (he 
 place, fro;n which there is an enchanting 
 view of the surrounding scenery. Lucern is 
 30-miles sw of Zurich, and 35 e of Bern. 
 Lon. 8 14 R, lat. 47 0 e. 
 
 Lucenij Lake of. See fYaldatadUi' Sea. 
 
 Lucsmay a town of Fiedmont, tn a val- 
 ley of its name, 15 miles sw of Turin. 
 
 LuchoWyO. town in the d ichy of hnns^ 
 burg. Lower Saxony, on the Jetze, li miles 
 s by E of Daitneberg. 
 
 Luchowicey a town in the paiatiuate of 
 Novogrodeck, Lithuania, 40 miles sse of 
 Novogrodeek. 
 
 LUCIA, St, an island in the West Indies^ 
 
 33 miles iu length, and 21 broad , it is part- 
 ly hilly, and partly consists of rich plains, 
 well watered with rivulets, and funuslied 
 with .timber, liaving several good bays, and 
 commodious harbours. It coni:ans two high 
 mountains, by which it may be knowm at a 
 considerable distance. This island, by the 
 peace of 1763, was allotted to France, was 
 taken by the English in i779, restored iu 
 1783, retaken in 1794, relinquished in 1795, 
 and taken again in 1796. It is about TO 
 miles Nw of Barbadoes, and 31 s of Mar- 
 tinique, Lon. 60 i5 w, lat. 14 0 n. 
 
 LUCIA, St, o-.e of the Cape de Verri 
 islands, to the w v^l that of St Nicholas, 400 
 miles w of the continent of Africa. Lon. 
 
 34 32 w, lat. 15 45 n. 
 
 Lucia, Stya town in the province of Plata, 
 Paraguay, on a river of its name, at its 
 junction with the Parana ; 340 miles a’ oy 
 w of Buenos Ayres. Lon. 60 54 w, lat. 39 
 30 s, 
 
 Lucia, Sty a town in Val di Demona, Si- 
 cily, on a river of its na ne, 1 8 miles w by > 
 of Messina. 
 
 Luciana, a town in Andalusia, Spam, 
 eight miles wnw of Ecija. 
 
 Luciano, a town in New Castile, Ss aiUj 
 19 miles w" of Cividad Real. 
 
 Luciensteig , St, a narrow pass froni tb* 
 county of the Grisons into GeimiLUv , defend- 
 ed by a fort, 
 
 LucitOy a town in the county of 
 Naples, 1 i miles ns of Molise-. 
 
 Luckau, the capital of Lower Lusatia, 
 amidst swamps cn the Geila. Brewing, aud 
 handicrait trades, give ernploymeni to the 
 inhahitaiits, many of wuom are Vu: dais ; 
 38 miles wxw of Cotbus. Lon. 13 45 s, 
 lat. 51 53 N. 
 
 LueJienwaldy a town of Brandenburg, ca- 
 pital of a circle of the same name, on the 
 Nute. It is 33 miles s of Potsdam. 
 
 I^ueknoiVy an ancient city of Hindoostan 
 Proper, and etipital of Oudc. It is aa ex- 
 tensive place, but ill built ; the streets are 
 narrow, crooked, and worse chan most m 
 India. In the dry season the dust and heat 
 are almost intolerable; it; lac rainy, the 
 mire is so deep as to be scarcely ^.as .able. 
 The houses of the merchants, ounsttucied of 
 brick, are lofty and strong, some ot hem 
 magnificent. The houses oi the coiutiioii 
 people are mud w’alls covered with oiatch. 
 Tne palace of the nabob is .-ioiated on a 
 nighb rnk near the >TOonity. Lucknow is 
 950 miles nw of Calcutta, and 1 10 nnw of 
 Allahabad. Lon. 81 25 e, lat. 36 5J n. 
 
 Lucko, or Loutxk, a cousidurablo tov, n of 
 K 3 
 
L U D 
 
 Poland, capital of Volhynia, a bishop's see, 
 with a citadel, situated on the Ster. It was 
 mostly destroyed by fire in 1752 ; 75 miles 
 ivB of Lemberg, and 175 se of Warsaw. 
 Lon. 25 30 e, lat. 51 13 n. 
 
 LucOy a town in Abruzzo Citeriore, Na- 
 ples, on the w bank of the lake Celano ; 
 nine miles ssw of Celano. 
 
 Lucoiiy a town in the department of Ven- 
 dee, France, seated in a morass, and lately 
 a bishop's see, 17 miles n of Rochelle, and 
 50 s of Nantes. 
 
 LUCONIA, or Luzon, the chief of the 
 Philippine islands, 400 miles in length, and 
 140 in breadth, beside a peninsula of irregu- 
 lar breadth that shoots out 180 miles at the 
 SE angle. Since the discovery of the Phi- 
 lippine islands by Magellan, in 1521, they 
 had been neglected ; but Philip II. intending 
 to plant a colony in them, fixed on Manilla, 
 as the station for the capital. Hence an ex- 
 tensive commercial intercourse under the 
 protection of Spain, began with the Chinese. 
 The inhabitants are a mixture of several na- 
 tions besides the Spaniards. See Manilla, 
 It is not so hot as might be expected, because 
 it is well watered by large lakes and rivers, 
 and the periodical rains, which inundate the 
 plains. There are several volcanoes in the 
 mountains, which occasion earthquakes, and 
 a variety of hot baths. The produce is wax, 
 cotton, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoa nuts, 
 rice, gold, horses, buffaloes, and a variety of 
 game. The blacks haye long hair, and good 
 features; and there is one tribe who tattoo 
 themselves. To this island tbe Spaniards 
 bring all sorts of commodities ; such as sil- 
 ver, diamonds, silks, tea, Japan and China 
 ware, and gold dust, <fec. They send hence 
 two large ships every year to Acapulco, in 
 Mexico, with merchandise, and return back 
 with silver. There is an inquisition here, 
 but it does not affect the natives and the 
 Mahometans, Lon. 122 0 e, lat. 15 0 K. 
 
 Lucrino, See Licola. 
 
 Ludencheid, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 ccimty of Mark. It has manufactures of 
 iron and cloth, and is 28 miles ne of Co- 
 logne, and 44 e by s of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Ludgershally a small town in Wiltshire, 
 governed by a bailiff*, chosen anniiallj', but 
 is a borough by prescription, is represented 
 in parliament by two members ; has now no 
 market. It is 15 miles n of Salisbury, and 
 7 1 by w of London. 
 
 Ludlow, cl large well built town in Shrop- 
 shire, situated on the river Tend, near its con- 
 flux with the Curve, with a market on Mon- 
 day. It is enclosed by a wall, having seven 
 gates ; and has a castle, where formerly all 
 business was transacted for the principality 
 of Wales. In this castle, Milton's Masqut* 
 of Comuswas composed, and first represent- 
 ed : only some of its apartments are enttre, 
 in one of which the sword of state is pre- 
 served. I’his town and castle were held for 
 eni]'ress Maud against king Stephen, and be- 
 sieged by him. Here resided Edward V. at 
 the death of his father, and was carried hence 
 
 L u I 
 
 to London. Arthur , prince of Wales, sob of 
 Henry VII, held a court, and died here. 
 Here is a stately church, and handsome 
 lowuhouse ; and tw^o charity schools, where 
 80 are clothed and taught. It sends two 
 members to parliament ; and has a power of 
 trying criminals independent of the county^ 
 It is 29 miles s of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Ludwigshurg, a town in Wirtemburg, Sua- 
 bia, has a hunting seat belonging to the duke,, 
 called Favorite, with manufactures of da- 
 mask linen, cloth, and marble paper ; six 
 miles N of Stutgard. 
 
 Lvdwinsburg, a town of Swedish Pome** 
 rania, near the Baltic sea, 10 miles enb ot 
 Gripswalde. 
 
 Lvga, a town in the government of Peters- 
 burg, Russia, on a river of its name, 80 miles 
 s of Petersburg. Lon. 29 39 e, lat. 51 49 n. 
 
 Lagan, a town in the government of Vo- 
 ronetz, Russia, on the Donetz, at the junc- 
 tion of the Lugan, with iron works, and a 
 cannon foundery, belonging to the Crown, 
 from whence artillery is sent by water ro 
 the Black sea. It is 240 miles s of Voro- 
 netz. Lon. 39 48 e, lat. 49 10 n. 
 
 Lugano, or Lacano, one of the four Ita- 
 lian Bailiwicks which were included in the 
 late republican department of Verhano, con- 
 tains 60 square miles, and 30,000 souls*- 
 Lugano is the capital, 
 
 Lugano, the capital of the above baiii- 
 wic, seated on the s\v part of the lake Lu- 
 gano. It is the emporium of tbe greatest 
 part of tbe merchandise which passes frotn 
 Italy over the Barnardin. The houses are 
 mostly built of tuftstone, and above the 
 town, on an eminence, stands the church. 
 It contains about 8000 inhabitants. It is 
 17 miles nw of Como. Lou. 8 48 e, lat. 
 45 54 N. 
 
 Lugano, a lake on tbe Italian side of tbe 
 Alps, about 25 miles in length, and from two 
 lo lour in breadth, lying between the lakes 
 Como, and Maggiore, and is 180 feet eleva- 
 ted above either of them, enclosed between 
 tw’o steep mountains covered with wood. 
 It communicates with the lake Maggiore 
 by the river Tresa. 
 
 Lugde, or Vude, atow’o in the principality 
 of Paderborn, Westphalia, stands on the 
 Einmer, 24 miles nne of Paderborn. 
 
 Lugo, a town in the Ferrarese, Italy, the 
 inhabitants of which rose against the French 
 in July, 1796, which caused its nan)e lo be 
 changed to Cotignola, It is 15 miles s of 
 Ferrara. 
 
 Lugo, an ancient city in Galicia, Spain, 
 sealed on the Minho, is a bishop's see. It 
 was once the capital of Spain, but now 
 chiefly noted for its hoi niedicinal >priijg‘-. 
 It lies 50 miles ene of t’oniposieiio, anci 60 
 >\v of Oviedo Lou. 7 32 w, iat. 43 4 y. 
 
 Luis a lown in the province of ('or- 
 (iova, Tucuman, 140 mih s wswof Cordova.' 
 
 I on. 67 52 w, lat. 32 10 s. 
 
 Luis St, a lown in New Navarre, New 
 Mexico, on the St Maria, 90 miles s oi Ca« 
 sagrandCo 
 
L U N 
 
 Luis de la Pas St^ a in tbe province 
 Meehsacan, New Spain, 120 miles n by e 
 of IVleeiisaoan. 
 
 Lf/is^ Pot osif Sty a city in MechsacaUj 
 New Spain, capital of a province abounding 
 wi ih mines, and the means'of subsistence ; 
 an archbishop's ^ce, and the seat ot an in- 
 tendency. The city is of modern architec- 
 ture-, and sitinds in a plain. Its churches 
 are elegant, and its streets straight. It is 
 85 miles n by e of Guanaxuaio. Lon. 
 100 4 w, iat. 22 2 N. 
 
 Lui-tcheou, a city in the province of 
 Quang-Toiig, China, 315 miles sw of Can- 
 ton* Lon.- }09 25 e, lat. 20 58 n. 
 
 Lula, a sea port in West Bothnia, Sweden, 
 with a good harbour seated on the Lula. 
 A w extremity of tbe gulf of Bothnia. In the 
 vicinity is a mountain of iron ore. It is i I5 
 miles NNE of Uma. Lon. 22 12 e, lat. 05 
 32 N. 
 
 Lumhertoriy chief town of Robison's coun- 
 ty, N Carolina, stands on Drowning Creek, 
 32 tinles s of Fayetteville, and 04 nw oi 
 Wilmington. 
 
 LumellOy a small town in the Milanese, 
 Italy, seated on tbe Gogna, gives name to 
 the district called Lumeiliue, lately subject 
 to the king of Sardinia, It is novv a small 
 pUiee, though formerly tbe residence of the 
 kings of Lombardy. It is 26 miles sw of 
 ?.fiiano - 
 
 -Lumphanariy a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 about 10 miles in length, and six in breadih, 
 Fopulatlon 614. : A mile n of tbe church, 
 which is about 24 milesw from Abenieen, 
 is a tumiihis called Machbeth's Cairn where 
 it is said Macduff killed Macbeth. 
 
 Lunariy a fiver W'hich rises in the parish 
 of Forfnr, runs and falls' into the sea at a 
 spacious bay called the hay of Lunan, he- 
 iween Arbroath and Montro>e. In its 
 course of a bom 15 miles it drives 15 mills of 
 different descriptions. 
 
 Lunan, a parish lying on thAbay of J.u- 
 nan, watered by the Lunan. It contains 
 1*111 acres, of which 073 are arable, rich, 
 andlerdle. Population above 300. Walter 
 Mill, priest of this parish, embracing the 
 protestant faith, before it was legally esta- 
 bbsned, was burnt at St Andrews, in 1558. 
 The village of Lunan stands on the bay of 
 Hs name, at the mouth of the Lunan, five 
 miles ssw of Montrose. 
 
 L7tnd, the capital of Schonen, and an 
 archbisop's see. It is accounted the most 
 ancieni town in Sweden, but contains scarce- 
 ly more than 800 houses, carries on but little 
 trade, and is principally supported by its 
 university, founded by Charles XI, and cal 
 led Academia, Carolina, Guthorum. Here 
 likewise a Ilojai Physiogiaphidal Soeietv 
 was instituted in 177G. It is 20 rn.les se 
 I tinrlscrona, and 44 sw of Christianstadt 
 Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 55 42 :v. 
 
 Lunaen, a town in Holstein, near the 
 Eyder, 22 miles w of Rendsburg. 
 
 Lundie, a parish of Scoibied’ in Forfar- 
 shire, which, with Foulis-Easter, in Perth- 
 
 L U N 
 
 shire united (o it, w of Dundee, extends about 
 seven miles and a half in length, and one and 
 a half in breadth. The minister officiates 
 in both churches alternately, and each parish 
 . retains its own session. I undie is in Forfar 
 shire, Foulis in the county of Perth. Ii < 
 church is a venerable structure, built ia 
 1142, by a lady, who made a vow to this 
 effect, provided her husband arrived safe 
 irom the crusades. In Lundie church is 
 the monurnent of tbe late Sir William Dun-^ 
 can, Physician to his Majesty, w ho is bu- 
 ried here. Population near 700. 
 
 LUNDY, an island in tbe mouth of the 
 Bristol channel, about 12 miles from tlui 
 Devonshire, coast, three miles long, and ons' 
 broad. Near its northern extremity, is ’j., 
 high pyramidical rock, called the consMi« 
 bie. Besides neat cattle, sheep, goati, 
 swine, and rabbits, it abounds with fowlv 
 Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 5.1 IS n. 
 
 Lune. See Loyne» 
 
 LUNEBURG, a duchy in Lower Saxony. 
 Germany, which, including Zell, is sepa- 
 rated from Hoisteiu and Lawenburg, on the. 
 
 N by the Elbe. It is about 100 miles iu 
 length, and 70 in breadth. It is watered by 
 the rivers A Her, Elbe, and Ilmeiiau ; and 
 part of it is full of heaths and forests ; and 
 near the rivers pretty feitiie. It abounds 
 with wild boars. It belongs to the ciecto^ 
 of Hanov'^er. Liienbiirg, is the capital. 
 
 Lunehurg, a large fortified (own of Ger- 
 many, capital of the duchy of its nauje. 
 The salt springs near this place p oduc(> 
 great quantities of salt, which bring in a 
 large revenue to (he sovereign, and form the 
 chief employ ment of the inhabitants, it hai* 
 a trade also in wool, flax, linen, wax, honey* 
 and lime. The public buildings are thros 
 churches, the ducal palace, the town bouse, 
 the sait magazine, the analernical theatre, 
 the academy, and tbe conventual church of 
 St Michael. It is situated on the limenau, 
 
 31. miles SE of Hamburg, and 60 xof Eruus^ 
 wick. Lou. 10 39 e, lat. 53 1 n. 
 
 Lunel, a to'W'n in the department of He- 
 raulr, France, near the llidourie, celebrated 
 for its muscadine wine, 16 miles e of Monr- 
 peiiier. 
 
 Lmien, a town in tbe county c f Murk, 
 Westphalia, at the junction oi the Zezick,' 
 with the Lippe, 20 miles s by w of Alunster.. 
 
 LUNENBURG, a county of Virginia. It 
 is about 30 miles long, and 20 broad, and 
 contains 8954 inhabitants. 
 
 LUNENBURG, a coiinly of iS'ovalScotia., 
 on Mahone bay, on the southern coast of the 
 province. Its chief towns are New Dublin, 
 Lunenburg, Cbe.-ler, and Blaudford. From 
 Alahome ba} , La Have, and I>iv( rpool, seve- 
 ral ships trade to Eijglnnd with timber ai>d 
 boards. 
 
 LunnevH/e, a large well infcabite-.! town m 
 the department of Meunhe, France, seated 
 in a plain between the Vezouze and Meiff- 
 the. It has a handsome church, a miliiarv 
 school, f minded by Stanislaus, an hospital, 
 and a large library. The castle where the 
 
L U T 
 
 c'ukes of LorraiD, aud • after v/ards king: Sta- 
 nislaus held tlieir court, is now turned into 
 barracks. It is 12 miles f.sr of Nfmcy, .and 
 ti2 w of StrasbuTg. I-oa. 6 30 e, lat. 48 
 
 Lungro, a fowu in Calabria Citra, Naples, 
 the greater part of the inhabitants are 
 Greeks, 35 miles ^^IW of CosenzUi 
 
 IjUpoTv, a town on a river of its name, 
 FiFtlier Pomerania, 15 miles e of Stolpe. 
 
 Lure, a town in the department of Upper 
 Saone, Fiance, seated near the Augnou. Its 
 Benedictine abbey, in 1T46, was converted 
 into a chapter of noble cannons. It is 30 
 miles NE of Besancon. 
 
 Lurgan, a town in Armagh, Ulster, Ire- 
 land, pleasantly seated near the s banks of 
 Lough Neagh. The linen manufacture is 
 here carried on to a vast extent. 
 miles NE of Armagh, and 67 n of Dublin. 
 Lurqan Green, a village in Louth 
 four miles s of Dundalk, 12 n of Drog- 
 heda, and 34 in the latter direction from 
 Dublin. It is celebrated for abundance ot 
 
 cockles. . nA 
 
 LUSATIA, a margraviate of Germany, yu 
 miles long, and 60 broad. It is divided into 
 Upper and Lower ; and is chiefly subject to 
 , Saxony. Lower Lusatia is the most fertile, 
 although there are in it moorish and boggy 
 tracts ? the upper division is more mountain- 
 ous. ^ The produce of the ccimfy is not suf- 
 ficient for the necessities of the inhabitants. 
 But this is compensated by its manufactures 
 of cloths, linens, &c. Bautzen and Luckau 
 
 the capitals. , , . . r 
 
 Umgnan, a town in the department of 
 Vienne France, ca the Vonne, 15 miles sw 
 
 cf Poitiers. . , . 
 
 Luso, a river of Italy, which rises m the 
 (Hichv of Urhino, and afier oross iug pa t ot 
 Bon<agiio, tails into tbe guif of Venice, 10 
 Cites to the w of llimraim. 
 
 ■ Lnss, a parisU and village in DumVarton- 
 
 .'^bire* Tbs parish extends along tfe w coast 
 
 of T och I^omocl, near eigot miles, wttU a 
 tj.enail' of from three to five miles Four 
 islands in Loch bemond belong to it. Tha 
 greater port of the parish is .n natnr.al pas- 
 tu-'e It h.is variable slate quarries. The 
 . iiuire of IUS.S, which is 13 miles n by w of 
 runbanou, is deligbfully seated on tne 
 ntargiu of the above lake. Population near 
 
 a ‘own in tiie department of 
 5 IoseUe,'Kraoce, 10 miiej NXE of Metz. 
 
 a town 111 the ducay ol Hol- 
 stein. near the Balti 10 miles trom Ploeu. 
 
 Lutan a town in Bediordshiie, singed on 
 the river Lea. It ha.s a marketon Monday 
 ^ud ;i manufemturo ot straw hats, arc. A 
 lifle to the sis l.mon Hoe Park, the seat of 
 ,1,;. Marquis oi Bute. It is 18 nnles s ot 
 Bciford, and 31 N by w of London. 
 
 IMienberg, a town i« Stina, tiPrmany, 
 on the Siaiitz, 4‘d miles E by n of March- 
 
 Lvifer, a town of Brunswick, 10 miles 
 ■NW of Goslcir. 
 
 L U Z 
 
 Lutterherg, e town in the duchy of Bfiias* 
 wick. Lower Saxony, 20 miles s of Goslar, 
 Lttiferworfh,8L town in Leicestershire, si- 
 tuated on the river Swift. It has a market 
 on Thursday, and extensive cotton manufac- 
 tures and hosiery. It is 14 miles s of Leices- 
 ter, and 88 nnw of London. WickMe the 
 first retormer was rector of this parish, and 
 died here in 1385. He taught with undaunt- 
 ed firmne.ss, the leading doctrines taught by 
 the reformers, 200 years afterwards. Be- 
 sides his translation of the scriplure.s, this 
 eminent man left behind him near 200 vo- 
 furaes in manuscript. He was honourably 
 interred, but in virtue of a decree of the 
 council of Constance, in 1414, his bones 
 were dug up and burnt, and the ashes throw'n 
 into the river. The pulpit in which he 
 preached, is still preserved. The church is 
 large, with a beautiful steeple. 
 
 Lutzen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thu^ 
 ringia.' In the vicinity, Gustavus Adolphus, 
 king of Sweden, was slain in a battle, in 
 1632. It stands on the Elster, seven miles 
 wsw of Leipsic. 
 
 Lutzestein, a town in the department of 
 Low^er Rhine, France, with a strong castle, 
 on a mountain, 30 miles nw of Strasburg. 
 
 Luxhorough, a superb villa, seated on the 
 Roding, Essex, built by lord Luxborough, 
 and exquisitely improved by lady Hughes, 
 widow of the l^te Admiral Sir Edward 
 Hughes, nine miles ne of London. 
 
 Luxemburg, a late duchy of one of the 
 17 proviu(^es of the Netherlands, situated in 
 I the forest of Ardennes. In some places it is 
 I covered v.’itii mountains and woods, but isin 
 I general fer'iie in corn and wine ; here are a 
 great nun’ her of iron mines, the. principal 
 rivers are the Moselle, the Stour, the Ourte, 
 and the Semoy. It belonged to the house 
 of Austria, but is now annexed to France, 
 and forms the department of Forets. 
 
 Luxemburg, a considerable town in the 
 Netherlands, capital of ibe department of 
 Forets, lately tne duchy of Luxemburg, 
 Franee. It is divided by the river Elbe into 
 j the Upper andLower towns ; the tf imer, aU 
 I most quite- surrounded with rocks, but the 
 lower situated on a plain. In 1713, the 
 Dutch oUainevi this as a barrier town it was 
 gi-en to Austria in 1715, and survendereu to 
 the French in 1795. It ts 22 miles wnv ot 
 Treves, and 100 w of Mentz. Lon. 6 i2 e 
 lat. 49 37 N. 
 
 Luxeuil, a town in the department ot tne 
 Upper Saoue, France, seated ai the foot of 
 the' Vosges, with an abbey founded by St. 
 Ccluinban, an Irishman. Here are mineral, 
 vRters and warm baths. It is 15 miles ne 
 
 of Vasoul. - 
 
 Luzarches, a town in the department ot 
 the Seine and Oise, France, 15 miles n of 
 
 Paris. , 
 
 LUZRRNIE, a large county ot Pennsyl- 
 vania. It is about 79 miles in length,. from 
 N' to s, and 75 in breadth from e to w, and is 
 divided into 12 townships. In this coupty 
 are two churches, 33 saw-mills, 24 grist- 
 
L Y N 
 
 mills, two fulling? mills, and one oil mill. 
 Tiie number of inhabitants is above 5000, 
 In the townships of Wilksbarre, Kingston, ^ 
 Exeter, and Plymouth, are large beds ol i 
 coal. Bog iron is found in several places, 
 and two forges have been erected. Chief I 
 toY/n, Wilksbarre. 
 
 Luzon. See Lnconia. 
 
 Lnzzara^ a strong town of Italy, near the 
 oonfiuence of th*e Crostoio with the Po. In 
 1702, a battle was fought here by the French, 
 Austrians, and Spaniards, when the victory 
 was claimed by each side. It is 18 miles 
 ssw of Mantua. 
 
 Luzziy a town in Calabria Citerione, Na- 
 ples, near the Crate, three miles s of Bisig- 
 nano. 
 
 Lycharn^ or Lytcham, a town in Norfolk, 
 24 miles w of Norwich, and 92 nne of 
 London. 
 
 Lydd, a town in Kent, with a market on 
 Thursday. It is a member of the Cinque 
 Port of Romney, and lies in Romney Marsh, 
 26 miles s of Canterbury, and 72 se of Lou- 
 don. It is governed by two bailifis, and 22 
 jurats, and has a fair July 2-Rii. 
 
 Lytsse. a town in the department of the 
 North, France, 15 miles e of Landrecy, and 
 22 s of Mens. 
 
 Ly(je, a town near a lake of its name, 
 Norway, ]6 miles ^’w of Christiansand. 
 
 Lyguniy a town in the duchy of Sieswick, 
 Denmark, 14 miles w of Appenrade. 
 
 Lyme-RegiSf a burgh in Dorsetshire, at 
 the bead of a little inlet on the Lyne, go- 
 verned by a mayor, with a market on Fri- 
 day. Its harbour is formed by a pier called 
 the Cobb. It has a Newfoundland and 
 coasting trade, and is frequented by sea 
 bathers. It sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. Here tbt duke of Monmouth landed 
 fin 1685. Here was born the benevolent 
 Thomas Coram, the contriver and patron of 
 the foundling hospital. It is 28 miles e by 
 s of Exeter, and 143 w by s of London. 
 Lon. 3 4 w, lat. 50 41 n. 
 
 Lymford, a gulf in N Jutland, Denmark, 
 extending 18 miles inland, and gradually 
 widens from its entrance at the Categat. 
 The w end is 20 miles long, separated by a 
 narrow bank from the N sea. 
 
 Lymingtou, a borough town in Hamp- 
 shire, with a market on Saturday, about a 
 mile from the channel that runs between the 
 midland and the isle of Wight. It stands 
 on a river of its name. Here are two sets 
 of baths much resorted to in summer, near 
 it are the remains of a Roman camp, and in 
 1744, two urns, containing 200 pounds of 
 their silver, were found. It is a borough 
 by prescription, and is represented by uvo 
 members i.u pariiameni. Ii has a harbour 
 for vessels of cou-siderable burden, and car- 
 ries on a great trade in salt, with all the s 
 of England, ii is 94 nuies sw of London. 
 Lon. 1 42 w, lat. 50 45 f. 
 
 Lijnchbargy a post town of the United 
 States, in Virginia, situated in Bedford 
 county, on the s side of Janies’ mer, nearly 
 
 L Y O 
 
 opposite to Maddison. It is 12 miles from 
 New London, 4a’8 sw of Philadelphia, and 
 
 ^ 120 w of Richmond. 
 
 \ Lyndhurstf a village on the n side of tho 
 New Forest, Hampshire, where are the 
 king^s house and siaijles. Here ail the fo- 
 rest courts are held, eight miles wsw of 
 Southampton. 
 
 Lyne and Megget, two parishes in Peebles- 
 shire, the former about four miles long, and 
 three broad : the latter seven by six ; the sur- 
 face of both answers well for sheep pasture. 
 These parishes, though at a considerable dis- 
 tance from .each other, are united, ( quoad 
 sacra.) The latter has no church. In it is a. 
 fine lake called St Mary^s loch, five miles 
 long, and two old towers formerly occupied 
 as hunting seats. Population about 170. 
 
 Lynn, a maritime towm in Essex count}', 
 Pdassachusets, about nine miles n by e os 
 Boston. The compact part of the town 
 forms a very long street. The township, 
 named Sagans, by the Indians, was incor- 
 porated in lr337, and contains about 3000 
 inhabitants. The chief business is the ma - 
 nufacture of W'omen^s silk and cloth shoes. 
 It is nine miles ssw of Salem, and 10 xe of 
 Boston. 
 
 Lynn Regis, or King’s Lynn, a, populous 
 and flourishing tow'n in Norfolk, governed 
 by a mayor, has two churches, an elegant 
 cross, and a large market place. It is si- 
 tuated on the right bank of the Ouse, and 
 supplies most of the inland counties with 
 coal, timber, and wine ; aiid^ in return, im- 
 ports malt and corn in great quantities. It 
 also partakes in the Greenland fishery. The 
 streets are narrow', but well paved. Mar- . 
 kets on Tuesday and Saturday. In I8Ii, 
 the numbey of inhabitants was ] 0,259. Two 
 members represent it in parliament. This 
 place was noted lor .its attacluueut to mo- 
 narchy, in the reigns of king John, Henry 
 II i. and Charles I. It is 46 miles x by e of 
 Cambridge, and 96 n by e of London. 
 
 Lyon, a rich, ancient, and celehralerJ city, 
 in the department cf Rhone and Loire, 
 France, situated on the conliuenee of the 
 rivers Rhone and Saoiie. Before its recent 
 calamities, Lyon was not oniy deemed ti e 
 second city in France, for siae, beauty, and 
 population, but superior to Paris intiadeand 
 manufactures. It had six gates and as many 
 suburbs. The number of inhabitants waa 
 estirriated at 100,000, of whom, upwards of 
 30.000 were employed in manufactures, par- 
 ticularly cf rich stuiTs, of heautiful work- 
 manship in gold, Silver, silk, t&c. The quay;^ 
 were adorned wuih elegant buildings; it Lad 
 a grund cathedral, and the mo.st elegant 
 townhouse in Europe. The exchange,^ the 
 castom house, the arsenal, the palace of ju.^- 
 tice. a iheatre, a publjc library, two colle,ge.«, 
 two ho.spiuils, a bridge of 1560 feet long, 
 and several fine churches, adorned this eie-^ 
 gaui City, previous to June, 1T03, wivCij it 
 revolted against the 'conventicu. In the 
 month of October, w’hen it was competed 
 tv 'uramder- the conventi<.t) ordered by a -.p;. 
 
M A C 
 
 M U C 
 
 cree, that the walls and public hiiildin^i^s 
 should be razed, and the nfuiie of the city 
 changed to that of Viiie Affranchie ; o5ZS 
 persons were tried before the revolutionary 
 tribunal, and 1682 were either beheaded or 
 shot for this offence. In lliyi, its ancient 
 name was restored ; and the friends of the 
 victims of 1793, avengt-tl their death by the 
 massacre of the judges ox the revolutionary 
 tribunal, and of aU'the Jacobins who were 
 then imprisoned at Lyon. The river formed 
 an excellent harbour ; and every year they 
 held four celebrated fairs. It lies IS miles 
 jj of Vienne, 70 s by w of Geneva, and 220 
 SE of Paris. Lon. 4 40 e, lat.4.5 4G N. 
 
 LYONNOIS, a late province in the s of 
 France, on the w side of tlie Saone and 
 Khone, 39 miles long and 17 broad, which 
 now forms the department of Rhone and 
 Loire. Lyon is the capital. 
 
 Lyre, a town of Norway, eight miles ssw 
 of Bergen. 
 
 LYS, one of the nine new departments of 
 France. formed out of the ci-devant Austrian 
 Netherlands. The chief city is Bruges. 
 
 LysohykiyH town in the palatinate of Lub* 
 lin, Poland, 20 miles xxw of Lublin. 
 
 LYSSIK OSTROVA,or Fox Ist.ANDS, 
 16 islands in the N Archipelago, between 
 Kamtsebatka and America, from <52 to <55 
 degrees x lat. 
 
 'Ly-^ton, a town in Devonshire, four miles 
 
 from Newport. . r i 
 
 Lyih, a village on the coast of N York- 
 shire, noted for its extensive alium works, 
 tour miles wnw of YVliilby. 
 
 
 AATEA, one of the Society islands, in 
 the South sea. Lon. 148 1 w, lat. 17 
 
 Mahra, a town in Algiers, on the gulf of 
 iona, 10 miles w of Bona. 
 
 Macao, a town of China, in the province 
 if Canton, .“iiluated in an island at the mouth 
 if the rivor Tae. Here is a Portuguese go- 
 ernor, as well as a Chinese mandarin to 
 ike care of the town and’ neighbouring 
 ountry. The inhabitants pay a tax for the 
 iberty of exercising their religion, choosing 
 heir own magistrates, and living according 
 o their owu laws. Lon. US oi e, lat. 22 
 3 X. 
 
 Macapa, a town situated on the xw bank 
 if Amazon river, w of Cavisana island, 
 
 loutb America. , . . ^ 
 
 Macarsca, a sea port of Dalmatia, snuat- 
 :d on tbe gulf of Venice. 25 miles sf. ot 
 Ipaiatra ; is a bi-hop's s. c. In J 
 
 ,re many subterranean grottos. Lun. 18 
 
 M.ACAS, the southern district of Quito, a 
 go vernment of Peru, in South America. Its 
 ■auital is the city of Macas, seated ou one 
 if ?he sources of the Amazon, 1^0 miles s b} 
 i; of Quito. Lon. 78 45 w, lat. ^ 40 s. It 
 
 produces, in great plenty, grain and fririf5„ 
 copal, and wild wax ; but the chief occupa- 
 tion of the country people is the c ultivation 
 of tobacco. 
 
 MACA.SSAR, a considerable kingdom of 
 the isL'ind of Celebes in the Indian ocean. 
 In the mountains there are quarries of very 
 fine stO’ic, as well as mines of gold and cop- 
 per. The soil is very fertile, and there are 
 ripe fruits at all times of 4he year. Tha 
 Macassars are large, robust, courageousp 
 and much addicted to war. They are Ma- 
 iiomeians by profession. It is a Dutch set- 
 tlement. 
 
 Macassar, a large, strong, and handsome 
 town of the island of Celebes, capital of tlu?> 
 above kingdom. It is situated near the 
 mouth of a large river, which runs through 
 the kingdom from x to s. On tbe sw coast^ 
 and at the s end of (he sirait of Macassar, it 
 has a fort and good harbour. The houses 
 are built on thick posts to guard against 
 inundations, and are ascended by ladders. 
 Here resides the rajah of the Maloyos, who 
 are tributary to the Dutch. The country 
 abounds in horses, cattle, sheep, and gouts ; 
 produces much rice, and many fish are taken <. 
 Lon. 1 19 54 E, lat. 5 9 s. 
 
 Macclesfield, a town in Cheshire, situated 
 near the river Bollin ; governed by a mayor, 
 with a market on Monday, has two churches j. 
 and a grammar school founded by Edward VI. 
 It is a large handsome town, and has manu- 
 factures of cotton, mohair, twist, hat-bands, 
 buttons, a,nd thread. In 1813, it contained 
 12,899 inhabitants. It gives the title oi 
 earl to the family of Parker. It is 36 miles 
 E of Chester, and 167 xw of London. Lon- 
 2 17 w,lat. 53 15 N. 
 
 Macduff, a considerable town on the coast 
 of Banffshire, with a good harbour. It con- 
 tains above 1000 inhabitants, six miles e of 
 Banff. 
 
 MACEDONIA, a province of Turkey. 
 Salonica is the capital. The soil is fertile, 
 producing abundance of corn, wine, oil, <fec. 
 
 Maceira, See Maziera. 
 
 Mater ata, a considerable, handsome, and 
 populous town of Italy, in the marquisate of 
 Ancona, with an university. It contaius 
 about 10,000 inhabitants, and is reckoned 
 the capital of the province. One of the gates 
 is coustructed in the form of a triumphal 
 arch. It is seated on a hill, near the Chien^ 
 to, was taken by the French in 1797, and 
 lies 12 miles sw of Loretto. Lon. 13 27 e, 
 lat. 43 20 N. 
 
 Machala a town of Guayaquil, on the 
 coast of Tumbez, in Peru, stands near tbe 
 bay of Guayaquil. The vicinity abounds 
 with excellent cacas, and mangrove trees ; 
 80 miles s ol Guayaquil. 
 
 Macheccul, a town in the department oi 
 Lower Loire, France, on the river Tenu, 20 
 miles sw of Nantes. ^ 
 
 Mcichtrry, a town in tbe terntwy of 
 Mewat, Hindoostan, ’<0 miles ssw of Delhi. 
 
 Machia, a town in tbe county of Molise, 
 Naples, 12 cities sw of Molise. 
 
MAC 
 
 MUD 
 
 -MA CHIAN, one of the Molucca islands, 
 in the Indian ocean, about ZO miles in cir- 
 cumference, and the most fertile of them 
 all. It likewise produces the best cloves. ■ 
 It is in possession of the Dutch, who have j 
 here three inaccessible forts. Lon. 128 55 
 £:,lat. 0 28n. j 
 
 a port of entr}*, post town, and j 
 seat of justice in Washington coimt}^, dis- | 
 ti ict of Maine, situaied on a bay of its own j 
 name, 20 miles s\v of Pasaiiuiquody. In I 
 1700, it contained 818 inhabitants. Since 
 that time it has rapidly increased. It has a 
 consid^*rable trade in hewed timber, lumber, 
 and fish. Lon. 87 17 w, lat. 44 48 n. 
 
 Machicaco , Cape, a promontory in the 
 bay of Biscay, Spain. Lon. 2 43 w, lat. 43 
 
 28 X. 
 
 Macliynleth, a town in Montgomeryshire, 
 Yf ales, situated on the river Dysi, over which 
 is a bridge into Merionethshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday, and several annual fairs. 
 Here was a Roman station, surrounded by 
 an oval wall of great strength. The hall in 
 which Owen Glendwr assembled his parlia- 
 ment in 1402, is still standing, and retains 
 something of its former dignity, although 
 appropriated to common uses. It is 37 miles 
 w of Montgomery, and 20 w'Xw of London, i 
 
 Machlin, or Mauchline, a towm and pa- ! 
 rish in Ayrshire. The town of Machlin, si- | 
 mated near the river Ayr, is neatly built, I 
 and contains about 1800 inhabitants. It I 
 was formerly a bc^ough of barony, and has | 
 six annual fairs. It is 10 miles e of the ! 
 town of Ayr, and about 66 wsw of Edinburgh. | 
 In 1647, on an adjoining moor, a battle wms i 
 Ibiigiit between the Covenanters and Royal- j 
 ists, in which the former wmre victorious. I 
 A tombstone on a green near the town, marks i 
 the spot where five men stiffered martyrdom | 
 in 1685. The parish is about seven miles i 
 long, and from two to four broad. It is al- 
 most all arable, and the soil in general is a 
 rich clayey loam; freestone, lime, coal, and 
 iron-tone are wrought in the parish. Popu- 
 lation about 1750. i 
 
 MAC-INTOSH, a new county in the i 
 lower district of Georgia, between Liberty i 
 and Clynn counties, on the Aiatahama river. 
 
 MACKERAN, or MACKRAN,-a province 
 of Persia. The capital is of the same name, 
 and is 100 miles nw of Tatta. 
 
 MACOCO, a kingdom of Africa, lying to 
 the E of Congo, and s of the equator. 
 
 Macon, or Mason, an ancient town in the 
 department of Saone and Loire, France, 
 near the river Saone, lately a bishop^s see. 
 The vicinity is noted for its wine, 35 miles n 
 of Lyons, and 188 se of Paris. Lon. 4 48 e, 
 lat. 46 20 N. 
 
 Macreddin, or Carysfort. See Carysfort. 
 
 Maori, or Afficnr/, a town in Natolia, Asi- 
 atic Turkey, on a gulf of its name, in the 
 Mediterranean. Here are many remains of 
 Greek iascriptions, and vestiges of an old 
 fort and an amphitheatre, 150 miles ss of j 
 Smyrna. 1 
 
 MACRO, or Macronisi, an island of the 
 Archipelago, near the coast of Livadia, 26 
 miles E of Athens. Lon. 24 16 e, lat. 37 
 30 X. 
 
 Macroomp, a town in Cork, Munster, 
 seated on the Sullane, in a rocky country, 
 with nn ancient castle built in the reign of 
 king John, in which was born the celebrated 
 admiral Sir \Yiliiarn Pi nn. Here are ma- 
 nufactures of salt and worsted, a mineral 
 spring, and about four miles to the xw an 
 oval Danish lortificaiion, 18 miles w of 
 Cork, and 142 from Dublin, 
 
 Mactan, See Matan. 
 
 Macula, a sea, port in the province Hadra- 
 maut, Arabia, 150 miles sw of Sbibam. Lon, 
 47 50 K, hit. ^13 25 N. 
 
 Maczua, a small island in the Red sea, 
 near the coast of Abex. 
 
 MADAGASCAR, an island lying on the 
 eastern coast of Africa, from which it is se- 
 parated by the strait of Mosambique, disco- 
 vered by the Portuguese in 1492, about 900 
 miles in length, 300 in breadth, and 2000 in 
 circumference. The inhabitants are divided 
 into a number of tribes, and amount to more 
 than 4,000,000. The natives, called Male- 
 gaches, are commonly tall and well made, 
 of an olive complexion, which in some is 
 pretty dark. Although a populous country, 
 they have no cities or towms, but a great num- 
 ber of villages at a small distance from each 
 other, compo^'cd of liuts. They have neither 
 windows nor chimneys, and the roofs are 
 covered with reeds or leaves. Those that 
 are dressed in the best manner have a piece 
 of cotton cloth, or silk, wrapt round their 
 middle ; but they generally make little use 
 of clothing. There are a great many petty 
 kings, whose riches consist in cattle and 
 slaves, and they are ofien at war with each 
 other. They are very superstitious, prac- 
 tise circumcision and polygamy. They have 
 neither churches nor priests. Here are 
 great numbers of locusts, crocodiles, came- 
 lions, and other animals common to Africa. 
 They have corn and grapes, and several sorts 
 of excellent honey ; as also minerals and pre- 
 cious stones ; and there are only some parts 
 on the coast yet known. The [irincipal set- 
 tlement on the E coast is port Dauphin, and 
 Tomatave is mo^t resorted to by Europeans* 
 Lat. from 12 0 to 6 0 *. 
 
 Maddin, See Modain. 
 
 Madalena, a river which has its source in 
 the mountains e of Popayan, Terra Firma, 
 flows northerly aliout 600 miles, and by se- 
 veral mouths, falls into the Caribean r-ea, 
 between Carthagena and St Manila. 
 
 MADAME, LsLE, an island ou the xe 
 side of (he gut of Canso, opposite to the e 
 extrcfuity of Nova Scotia, 'i’he isles de 
 Madame are dependant on Gape BriUoa 
 island. 
 
 Miidderiy,Oi parish in Perthshire, l 3 ifig 
 near the head of tiiC vale of Siuuh^uirn, ani 
 watered by (he river Pow. Fopuia'ion about 
 650, 
 
 No.i9— 6d, 
 
 L 
 
MAD 
 
 MAD 
 
 Maidisotvs Cave^ the largest and most 
 celebrated cave in Virginia. It extends into 
 the earih about 300 feet, braneiung into sub- 
 ordinate caverns. The vault of this cave 
 is of solid limestone, from ZO to 40 or 50 
 feet high, through w hich water is continually 
 exudating. 
 
 MADEIRA, an island of the Atlantic 
 ocean, in the form of a triangle, 240 miles 
 N by E oi Teneriffe, 360 irom Cape Cantin. 
 on the coast of Africa> and 300 n of the 
 island of Ferro. Were it properly cultivated, 
 Madeira might be termed the garden of the 
 W'orld. It abounds in every kind of tropi- 
 cal and European fruit ; as oranges, lemons 
 of a prodigious size, bananas, citrons, 
 peaches, figs, grapes, plumbs, and straw ber- 
 ties, that grow wild in the mountains with 
 astonishing profusion. The sugar cane is 
 aho cultivated with success. There are 
 very few reptiles to be seen in the island ; 
 the lizard is the m.ost common. Canary 
 birds and goldfinches are found in the moun- 
 tains; ol the former, numbers are sent every 
 year to England. But Madeira is princi- 
 pally celebrated for its wine, which it pro- 
 duces in great quantities, and which keep 
 best in the hottest climate under the torrid 
 zone. This island is about 55 miles long, 
 10 broad, and 40 leagues in circumference, 
 and is well watered and peopled, and was 
 discovered by the Portuguese iu 1419; they 
 found it uninhabited ; next year they planted 
 a colony here, and iiirnished it with domestic 
 animals and plants, among which w’as the 
 sugar cane and the vine. The cedar tree is 
 found in great abundance ; and the dragon 
 tree is a native here. The Portuguese trade 
 with the island has considerably declined ; 
 the Britsh factory consists of more than 20 
 commercial houses, and engross the greater 
 part of its cornm.erce. The inhabitants are 
 good natiired, sober, frugal, and indolent. 
 Funchal is the capital. In 1808, it surren- 
 ilered conditionally to the English. The 
 island lies in 16 deg. w Ion. 33 deg. n lat. 
 
 Maditty or Magyiay a valley of Switzer- 
 land. It was the 4ih bailiwic of the Swiss 
 in Italy, and has a town of the same name. 
 
 situiiied on the river. 
 
 Madley, or Madebj Market^ a town in ! 
 Shropshire, situated about two miles e from 
 the iron bridge in Colebrook Dale. The 
 parish is about 10 miles in circumference, 
 within which the iron trade is carried on to 
 a great extent, and the population is near 
 5000. It has a market on Friday, and three 
 annual fairs. It is nine miles n of Bridge- 
 
 north, and IIT Nw of London; and it has 
 communication with the Severn by a navi- 
 gable canal lately opened. | 
 
 MadoUy St, a parisJi on the \ bank of 
 the Tay, near the western extremity of the 
 Carse of Gowrie. The surface is about a 
 square mile, and is mostly arable and ler- 
 tde. Population about 300. 
 
 Madras, or Fort St George^ a fort and 
 town of the peninsula of Hindoosiau, on tin- 
 
 coast of Coromandel. It is the principal 
 settlement of the English East India com- 
 pany on the E side of the peninsula, and is 
 a fortre:-s of verj' great extent, including 
 within it a regular w'ell built city. It is 
 close on the margin of the Baj- of Bengal, 
 from which it has a rich and beautiful ap- 
 pearance; the houses being covered wilh- 
 ii stucco called chunam, which in itself is 
 I early as compact as the finest marble, 
 and, a' it bears as high a polish, is equally 
 s: lendid. They consist of long collcnades, 
 with open porticos, and fiat roofs; and the 
 city contains many handsome and spacious 
 streets. Some time before the ship arrives 
 at her anchoring ground, she is hailed by 
 the boats of the country, filled with people 
 of business, who come in crowds on board. 
 The first salutations from these strangers is 
 by bending their bodies very low, touching 
 the deck with the back cf the hand, and 
 the forehead, three times. The natives first 
 seen in India, by an European voyager, are 
 Hindoos, the original inliabitanis of the 
 peninsula. In this part of India they are 
 delicately framed. Correspondent to this 
 delicacy of appearance are their manners -y 
 mild, tranquil, and sedulously attentive. From 
 the ship a stranger is conveyed on shore in 
 a boat of the country, called a Massoolah 
 boat ; they are remarkably light, and are 
 managed wdth great dexterity by the natives. 
 The boat is driven, as the sailors say, high 
 and dry ; and the passengers are landed on 
 a fine sandy beach, and immedjately enter 
 the fort of Madras. The appearance of the 
 natives is extremely varied ; some are 
 wholly naked, and others so clothed, that 
 , nothing but the face and neck is to be dis- 
 covered. There is a second city, called the 
 Black town, nearly lour miles in circuit, se- 
 parated from Madras by the breadth of a 
 proper esplanade only. Madras, in common 
 with ail the European settlements on this 
 I coast, has no port ior shipping; the coast 
 forming nearly a straight line ; and it is in- 
 commoded also with a high and dangerous 
 surf. Madras was settled by the English 
 about the year 1640, taken by the French 
 in 1746, restored in 1748. The present fort 
 is one of the best in possession of tiie Englisho 
 It is 100 miles n by e of PoLdicherry, and 
 1758 SE of Bombay. Lon. 80 25 e, lat. 13 
 5 N. 
 
 MADRE DE DIOS, an island in the Pa- 
 cific ocean, near the coast of Patagonia, 
 180 miles in circumference. Lon. 42 0 w', 
 lat. 51 0 s. 
 
 I iMadre de Papa, a town and convent of 
 i Terra Firma, in South AmiTica, situated on 
 the river Grande, or Magdalena. It is the re- 
 sort of many pilgrims, and lies 50 miles e 
 of Curtiiagena. 
 
 Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New 
 Castile, .seated on the Manzanares, which 
 is ornamented with a handsome bridge. 
 It was formerly an inconsiderable place 
 belonging to the archbishop of Toledo, but 
 
MAD 
 
 MAE 
 
 ^he purity of the air induced the court to 
 remove hither. The streets indeed are very 
 dirty, especially in the morning ; but the hot 
 rays of the sun soon render ibem dry. The 
 city contains 18 parishes, 77 chur nes, 66 
 convents, 39 colleges, hospitals, vv ht)uses 
 of charity, 1<3 gates/and aiiout 148,003 inha- i 
 ^ bitants. The houses are ail built with [ 
 " brick ; the streets are long, broad, and 
 straight, but adorned at proper distances I 
 with handsome fount ains. There are above [ 
 100 towiTs or stee[)les, in different places, ^ 
 which contribute greatly to the enibeil sh- 
 ment of the city. It is situated on a large 
 plain, surrounded by high meuniains, bui 
 has no wall, rampart, or ditch. The royal 
 palace is in each front 470 feet long, and 
 100 high, so that this immense pile lowers 
 over the whole country, and no palace in 
 Europe is fitted up with more TO\al magoi- 
 ficence. The finest square in Madrid is the 
 Plaea Mayor. Here the market is held : i 
 hers were celebrated formerly the au'.o de ! 
 fes, and here they have still their famous bull j 
 fights. Cassa-dei-Campo is a house of ' 
 pleasure little more than halt a mile from Ma- i 
 drid, with very fine gardens, pleasant walks, i 
 and a great many uncommon animals 
 Buea Retire is on this side the river, next the | 
 town, and is a proper place to retire to in the I 
 heat of summer, there being a great number 
 of fish ponds, grottoes, tents, groves, and her- 
 mitages. Here are royal manufactures of 
 saltpetre, cards, and china, but the court is ! 
 the chief source of itswe ilih. This city was j 
 attacked by the French in March 1808, and i 
 the royal family retired into Fran^-e: Joseph j 
 Bonaparte, as king of .Spam, took possession i[ 
 of it on the 20th of July, but he and his ad- ■; 
 herents on the 3 !st. In December following ! 
 it admitted the French under Napoleon with- < 
 out resistance. After the battle of Sala- ■ 
 manca, in 1812, the allied army entered the 
 city, bat retired alter the unsuccess iul siege 
 of Burgos. In 1813, the city w'as evacuated 
 by the French, and on .June 3d it was in 
 possession of the allies. It is 265 miles ne 
 ol Lisbon, /.90 s by w of London, 52.5 ssw of ^ 
 Paris, and 750 Nw of liome. Lou. 3 50 w, i 
 iat. 40 25 X. I 
 
 Madrid, New, a city of Louisiana, situ- j 
 ated cn the w side of the Mississippi, 240 j 
 miles wsw of Frankfort in Kentucky. From | 
 Its siiuation it is likely to become a place of ! 
 extensive trade. Lon. 89 50 wg lat.36 34 n. j 
 Madrigal, a towm in Oid Castile, stands ! 
 vn a plain. a..vl abounds in excellent wine : it 
 iO miles xe of Medma del Campo. j 
 
 Madrigal^ ii town of S America, in the i 
 province of Popayan, 130 miles s by e of 
 Popayaii. Lon. 75 45 w, lat. 0 50 N, 
 Madrislo, a tov.m of Italy, in Friuli, 30 
 miles A of Venice. 
 
 capital of Mocaranga, Africa, 
 has an elegant royal palace, and the upper 
 part of the house is in the shape of a bell j 
 Lon. 29 40 e, lat. 18 0 s. | 
 
 Madura, a town of the penins^a of Hin- ! 
 
 I doostan, capital of a province of the same 
 name on the coast of Coromandel, is f ^rti- 
 lieii v;iib tow^ers and par -pets, and has one 
 
 f the nmst niagnifieent pagodas in Hii h a s- 
 tau. It is 130 nuie nke of Cape Co jii, 
 
 • nd 270 SSW' of JVLiuras. Lon. 78 12 f u 
 
 9 55 N. 
 
 Madura, the capital of an island a 
 
 same name, m the Indian ocean, o s 
 
 coast, 75 miles long and 10 br 'u. jf 
 
 tlie inland of Java, taken by the En;; . ' i i 
 1811. The island is governed by.-. . m, 
 
 and is very fertile, j.anicularly in rice. I -i. 
 of liie tow n 112 49 e, lat. 12 .80 s. 
 
 Maeler,?L beautiful lake of Swede , 3 
 
 miles long, and 20 miles luoad, situate 
 tween the provinces of West, anian J 
 Suilermanland. Uco tain- several fi is- 
 luiitis, and, w'hea froz- n over in Vvinte- ff- 
 furdsan easy eommuni ation between the in- 
 terior of Sweden, and the city ofStockbo m. 
 
 Maelstri m, a very extraordinary and , n- 
 gerous whirlpool which lies (3n ihe o-st 
 of Norway, in 08 degrees n iat. i i e 
 province of Nordland. Betwixt LoiC\-m 
 and Moskoe, the d^pth of the water i be- 
 tween 36 and 40 fathoms ; but on the other 
 side, toward Ver, the depth decreases so a.s 
 not to afford a convenient passage for a 
 vessel, without the risk of splitting on the 
 rocks, which happens even in the calmest 
 wu'ather ; when it is flood, the s ream runs 
 up the country between Lofoden and Moskpe 
 with a boisterous rapidity ; but the roar of 
 its impetuous ebb to the sea is scarcely 
 equalled by the loudest and most dreadful 
 cataracts ; the noise i)eing heard severqi 
 leagues off, and the vortices or pits ar<- of 
 such extent and depth, that if . ship come 
 within its attraction, it is inevitably absorbed 
 and carried down to the bottom, and therci 
 beat to pieces against the rocks ; and when 
 the water relaxe>, the fragments thereof are 
 thrown! up again. But these inie-¥als Q.f 
 tranquillity are only at the turn Oi .he ebb^ 
 and flood in calm weather, ar-d last but a. 
 quarter of an hour, its violence gTtJciu*lly 
 returning. When the stream is most bois- 
 terous, and its fury heightened by storm, 
 it is dangerous to come within a Norway 
 mile of it ; boats, ships, and yachts having 
 been carried away, by not guarding against 
 it, before they were wdthin its reach. This 
 stream is regulated by the flux and reflux of 
 the sea, it being constantly high water every 
 six hours. 
 
 Maerna, a town in Tyrol, Germany, 23 
 miles wsw of Trent. 
 
 Maeae, or Meuse, a large river which 
 rises in France, n- ar the viliare of 
 in thedepartmem of IVieu-e. At Dort It re- 
 ceives the Merwe ; and it enters the (Fer- 
 man ocean by . everal han, e: s, on which 
 are situated Rotterdum, the Bnel, an.- ILi- 
 veot-^duys. 
 
 Maesland Slays, a town of land, 
 
 near the mouth of the Meuse, k.e miles sw 
 of Delft, and iO W’of Rotterdam. 
 
 U 2 
 
MAG 
 
 I^&esirichtf a town in the late AiistriaD 
 Netherlands, on the Meuse, opposite Wyck, 
 with which it has communication by a 
 stone bridge. It has fine long streets, many 
 churches and convents, and a college for- 
 merly belonging to the Jesuits. The towm 
 house and other public buildings are hand- 
 some ; the place is about four miles in cir- 
 cunilerence. It has manufactures of fire aruts 
 and cloth. Near it is the lofty mountain 
 ol St Peter, with a fortress and stone quar- 
 ry, with suL-h subterraneous passages and 
 excavations as are capable of containing 
 40,000 people. Maestricht is strongly forti- 
 fied, and esteemed one of the strongest places 
 in Europe. In this city threw* oif the 
 
 ymke of Spain, W'as retaken by the prince of 
 Parma, in 15T9, reduced by the prince of 
 Orange in 1032, after a severe siege, and 
 confirm d to the Dutch in 1048. In 16T3, it 
 was taken by Louis XIV, invested without 
 successby the prince of Orange in 1678, and j 
 restored to the Butch in 1678. It was in i 
 the hands of the French in 1748, and again 
 in 1794, and is now^ the capital of the Low*er 
 Meuse. Population about 18,000. It is 
 15 miles NNE of Liege, and 55 e of Brus- 
 sels. ton. 5 48 E, iat. 50 49 n. 
 
 Maesyck, a tow-n in the terriiory of Liege, 
 Netherlands, situated on the Meuse, 10 miles 
 ssw^ of Ruremolid. . 
 
 Maffra, a town in E'stremadura, Portugal, 
 bes a college founded in 1772. On the spot 
 where 12 Franciscans lived together in a 
 but, John V. in consequence of a vow made 
 in a severe fit of sickness, erected a building 
 oP ' uiicommon magnificence. The towm 
 stands near the sea, 18 miles nnw of Lisboa. 
 
 Magadi, or Maghery, a town in Mysore, 
 Hiudoostan, in a country abounding with 
 stone, iron, and timber, 24 miles w of Ean- 
 galoie. 
 
 Magacton'Of the capital of a kingdom 
 of the same name, on the coast of Ajan, 
 Africa, situated on a river of that name, 
 which ioruis a good harbour, with a citadel. 
 This cit} has extensive commerce, and ex- 
 changes, gold, ivory, w'ax, &c. for silk, 
 cotton, sptces, and drugs. The inundations 
 of the river leitilize the country. The in- 
 habitants, w’ho are a mixture of several | 
 colours are stout and waarlike, use poisoned | 
 arrows and lances in w^ar, and all speak the | 
 Arabic language. The king and his court 
 are Mahometans. Lon. 40 25 e, lat. 2 I 
 10 N. i 
 
 DIagdalina. 'd river of Louisiana, w’hich 
 has its souiet in the mountains which divide 
 New Jjexico fro:e T ouisic no, and falls into 
 tiiH gulf of Mexico, to the sw of the bay oi 
 St Lewis. 
 
 Magd.ilcii Isles, a cluster of small isles 
 NE of the isle of St .lohn-s, and nw of (hat 
 of C'ape Breton, in tiie gulf of St Lawrei ce, 
 situated b^ tweeti 47 13 and 47 42 n lat. and | 
 ()1 40 w' Ion. The cbiei support of the few' 
 inljabitanls is obtained b} fishing. 
 
 MAGDEBURG, a duchy of Germany, 
 
 MAG 
 
 in Lower Saxony. It is divided into the 
 4 circles of Holz, Saal, Jerich, and Ziesar. 
 It is aboot 60 miles in length, and 30 iu 
 breadth, and belongs to the king of Prussia; 
 By the treaty of Tilsit he gave up that part 
 that is situated on the n side of the Elbe, 
 The salt springs are sufficient to supply all 
 Germany w'ith that article. The country is 
 in some parts marshy and overgrown with 
 wood, but level, and in general fertile. The 
 capital is of the same name. 
 
 Magdeburg^ a large, ancient, handsome, 
 and trading town of Germany, capital of a 
 duchy of the same name, ou the left bank of 
 the Elbe, wdth a citadel. The cathedral 
 contains the superb mausoleum of Otho the 
 Great. The public buildings are elegant. 
 Here are manufactories of cotton and linen 
 goods, stockings, gloves, and tobacco ; but 
 the principal are those of woollen and silk. 
 It is happily situated for trade, having an 
 easy communication with Hamburgii by 
 the Elbe, and lying on the road betw’een 
 Upper and Lower Germany. It is also the 
 strongest place in the king of Prussia's 
 dominions, and here his principal magazines 
 and fouudaries are established. The Aus- 
 trians took it by storm in 1631, and burnt 
 the town, except the cathedral, and a few 
 houses, and massacred 10,000 of the inha- 
 bitants. In 1806, it came into the bands of 
 the French. Population about 26,000 ; 40 
 miles wsw* of Brandenburg, and 120 se of 
 Hamburgh. Lon. 11 53 e, lat. 52 10 n. 
 
 MAGEE, an island on the coast of An- 
 trim, Ulster. It is six miles long and two 
 broad, a few miles nne of Carickfergus. 
 
 ! Magellan, Straits of, at the s extremity 
 I of South America, lie between 52 and 54 
 I s lat. and betw*een 76 and 84 wlon. These 
 : straits w-ere discovered by Ferdinando Ma- 
 ! gellan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain, 
 
 I in 1520, and have Patagonia on the n, and 
 I the islands of Terra del Fuego on the s, and 
 i extend from e to w, 110 leagues, but the 
 breadth in some places falls short of one. 
 Navigators now prefer the passage round 
 Cape Horn, to this troublesome and danger- 
 ous course. 
 
 Maggeroe, or Mageron, a large island 
 and the most northerly land in Europe, on 
 the coast of Norw*ay. It terminates on the 
 N in an immense rock called North Cape ; 
 on the s it is separated from the continent 
 by a narrow* channel. Lon. 25 57 e, lat, 
 71 16 X. 
 
 Magellania, or Terra Magallanica, a vast 
 tract of land, extending from (he province 
 cf Rio de la Plata, quite to the utmost verge 
 of South America, viz. from lat. 35 deg. to 
 5i deg. s. The two principal nations dis- 
 covered by (he missionaries are the Chuni- 
 aijs and Huilians. The soil is generally 
 barren, so that the inhabitants live misera- 
 bly in a cold, inhospitable climate. The 
 inlands s of the straits are called Terra del 
 Fuego. 
 
 Maggiore, or Verhano, a lake ItalVc 
 
MAH 
 
 It is computed to be 36 miles long’, four 
 broad, and in one part seven, where are the fa- 
 mous Borromean isles, three iu number, laid 
 out in gardens and pleasure grounds, which 
 
 M A I 
 
 abound with lemon and orange trees. The 
 Tessino runs through it's' w’hole length. 
 Among the mountains are beautiful plains 
 and rich valiies, 
 
 Maghera, a town in Londonderry, Ireland, 
 and 28 miles EsEof Londonderry. 
 
 Magherafelt, a town in the county of 
 Londonderry/ Ireland, with a linen manufac- 
 ture, 17 miles w of Antrim. 
 
 Magheralin, or Maralin, a town in Domui, 
 
 , Ulster, pleasantly seated on the banks of 
 the Laggan, with a handsome church, has 
 fine water for bleaching. Here stood for- 
 merly a monastery, founded by St Coiman 
 in the 7th century. It lies seven miles w^sw i 
 of Lisburn. 
 
 Magia, a river in the canton of Tessin, 
 Swisserland, runs s through a valley of the 
 same name, and falls into the lake Maggiore 
 near Locarno. ^ 
 
 Magia^ a town in the canton of Tessjn, 
 Swisserland, on the Magia, 10 miles nnw 
 of Locarno. 
 
 Magliano, a small, but populous town of 
 Italy, on a mountain near the Tiber, capi- 
 tal of Sabina, 28 miles n of Rome. Lon. 
 12 35 E, lat. 42 25 n. 
 
 ^ Magnavacca, a town and fort of Italy 
 in Ferrarese, at the mouth of the lake Co- 
 macbio, gulf of Venice, three miles se of i 
 €omachio. I 
 
 Magmsa ; See ManacMa. ! 
 
 Magny, a town in the department of Seine I 
 and Oise, France 32 miles nw of Paris. ‘ 
 Magotzo, a town in the Milanese, Italy, at 
 the w end of a small lake that communicates 
 with that of Maggiore, 12 miles sse of Do- 
 mo d'Ossola, and 36 nnw of Novara. 
 
 Magra, n river of Italy, which rises in 
 the Appeniue mountains runs by Pontrenioli 
 and Sarsana, and falls into the gulf of Ge- 
 noa. ^ 
 
 Mahaleu, a handsome and considerable 
 town of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It car- 
 ries on a considerable trade in linen, cot- 
 ton, and sal ammoniac, and the iubabiiants 
 have ovens to hatch chickens. Lon. 30 31 
 E. lat. 31 30 N. 
 
 Mahaltagh^ a town in Cork, Munster, 
 five miles e of Macrcomp. 
 
 Makdia ; See Medea. 
 
 Mahanuddy, or Mahanaddy, a river of 
 Hiudoostan, which rises in the w part of 
 Berar, and falls by several mouths into the 
 bay of Bengal, at Catfacks. At the mouth 
 ot the principal channel, is the island Co- 
 jung, or Codjung. 
 
 .V. Hindoostan, on 
 
 the Malabar coast, stands on a high ground 
 at the month of a river ; it was taketf from 
 the trenou, in 1793, by the British, and is a 
 
 mnf especially ill carda- 
 
 mons and black pepper, five miles ssE of 
 Tellechery, and 32 nw of Calicut. 
 
 Mahiderg, a town and castle of Suabia 
 in Brisgau, 17 miles n of Friburg. ' ^ 
 
 Mahmoodabad, a towm of Hindoostan 
 Proper, 17 miles sse of Amedabado 
 Mahmud poor y a town of Bengal, Hin- 
 doostan, 80 miles ne of Calcutta. 
 
 Mahomdy, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 country of Oude, 70 miles ww of Lucknow, 
 and 150 ese of Delhi. 
 
 Mahon, a sea port at the s end of the 
 island of Minorca. The harbour called 
 Port Mahon, upw’ards of four miles long, is 
 reckoned one of the finest in the world. Po- 
 pulation about 7000, 27 miles se of Citadel- 
 la. Lon. 4 18 E. lat. 39 51 n. 
 
 MAHRATTAS, the name of two large 
 states of India, which derive their name from 
 Mahrat, an ancient province of the Dec- 
 can. They are divided into the Poonali of 
 Western Mahrattas, and the Berar or Eas- 
 tern. Collectively, they occupy all the 
 southern part of Hindoostan Proper, with a 
 large proportion of the Deccan, Malwa, 
 Orissa, Candeish, and Visiapour j the prin- 
 cipal parts or Berar, Guzerat, and Agimere, 
 and a small part of Bowlatabad, Agra, and 
 Allahabad, are comprised within their ex- 
 tensive empire, which extends from sea to 
 sea, across the widest part of the peninsula ; 
 and from the confines of Agra norihw’ard 
 to the river Kistna southward ; forming a 
 tract of about 1,000 miles long, and 700 
 broad. ^ The w^estern state, the capital of 
 which is Poonah, is divided among a num- 
 ber ot chiefs or princes. Nagpoiir is the 
 capital of the Eastern Mahrattas, Both 
 these states, with the nizam of the Deccan 
 were in alliance with the English East 
 Inciia Company, in the laie war against 
 Tippco Suhan, by w'hich they gained some 
 considerable acquisitions, as liarponeljy. 
 feoonda, Cliittle-droog, Bedanore, Arc. Their 
 armies are chiefly composed of light-horse, 
 Mahrhury ; See Marchhurg. 
 
 Mtthur, a (own in tiie territory of Berar 
 Hindoostan, capital of a circar of its name' 
 ^ands on the Chingonga, which falls into’ 
 Goria very, 140 miles sw of Nagponr. Lon. 
 
 78 34 E, lat. 19 24 
 
 Slaida, a (own in the ( rovince of Cala- 
 bria Ultra, Naples. In 1806, a batile was 
 btught between 5,000 British and 8,000 
 French, in its vici - iij-, in which the former 
 ''.“•'(ors, nine miles w^w ol .«qiiillace. 
 Maidenhead, a town of Berkshire, siinatcd 
 on tile river Thames, wdlh a market on 
 Mednesday, governed by a mayor, lias a 
 bridge over the Thami.s, and a trade in 
 timber, malt, and meal. It has a gaol, 
 several almshouses and tl.ree liimaal fairs! 
 
 12 miles E by n of Reading, and 26 w^ by n 
 01 London. 
 
 Maidenhead, a small neat viliage in Hur.- 
 terdon county. New .Tersey. The township 
 Cl Maidenhead contains nearly J,100 iiihe- 
 bitants.. 
 
 Maidenoi, an island in the Pacific ocean 
 in the Nw part of which is found native cop- 
 
M A I 
 
 ^er. It is 30 miles long and nine bioad. 
 Loa. 167 10 w, lat. 54 40 n. 
 
 Maidstone, a burgh of England, in Kent, 
 with a market on Thursday. It is situated 
 on the river Medway, is a large agreeable 
 place, and the seat of the assizes, and of 
 the election of members of parliament for 
 the coanty, and the repository of standard 
 weights and measures. It is governed by a 
 mayor. Tne liberties extend over the whole 
 parish, and the jurisdiction of the magis- 
 trates to a greater extent over the river. It 
 sends two members to parliament, elected 
 by the freemen in the old church, called St. 
 Faiths, the Dutch inhabitants have worship 
 according to the form, and in the language 
 of their own country. In the vicinity are 
 extensive hop plantations. Here are some 
 capital paper-mills, and a manufactory of 
 linen thread. Population in 1801, 8, 02T, and 
 in 1811, 9,443. It is 20 miles v/ of Canter- 
 bury, and 35 ese of London. Lon. 0 38 e, 
 lat. 51 16 N. 
 
 MailcoUa, or Milgotta, a town of Hiu- 
 doostan, in the Mysiore. It is a fortress, and 
 one of the most celebrated places of Hindoo 
 worship. The large temple is magnificent, 
 mid the jewels belonging to it of great 
 value. Here, in 1772, the Mahrattas defeat- 
 ed Hyder Alii. It is 17 miles n of Seringa- 
 patam. 
 
 Maillezais, a town in the department of 
 Vendee, France, stands on an island formed 
 by the Autize and Seure, 22 miles ne of 
 Rochelle, and 210 sw of Paris. 
 
 MAINA, a country of Turkey in Europe, 
 in the Morea, lying between two chains of 
 mountains Vvhich advance intothesea. The 
 inhabitants were never yet subdued by the 
 Turks. They have a harbour and a town 
 of the same name, seated on the se part of 
 the bay of Coron. Its produce is cotton, 
 galls, nuts, oil, silk, honey, wax, andkermes, 
 and exports wool and raw hides, and their 
 language is bad Greek, 46 miles s by w of 
 Misitva. Lon. 22 10 e, lat. 36 S4 n. 
 
 Mainbiirg, a towm of Bavaria, on the 
 Ambs, 18 miles ese of Ingoistadt, and 32 
 ^•NE of Munich. 
 
 Maine, a river of Germany, which rises 
 in the- e side of Franconia. It runs by 
 Bamberg, ^¥ir^zberg, Aschafienburgh, 11 a- 
 iiau, and FraiiCioit, ar.d unites with the 
 Rhine a iiliie above I\ier)tz. 
 
 Maine, a late province of France, now 
 rbielly farming the departments of tli* 
 Maine and Sane. 
 
 Maine, a department formed out of the 
 late province of Maine, 45 niiles long from 
 .\' (o s and 30 bwoed. Laval is the capital. 
 Maine, and Loire, a depart njent of b ranee, 
 called from the two rivers of the same 
 name. It contains the le.te province of 
 Anjou, being 58 miles long from e to w and 
 45 bread. Angers is the capital. 
 
 MAINE, District of, belonging to Massa- 
 chusetts, is situated between lat. 43 and 48 
 i5 N, and between lou. 64 54 aci 70 39 w. 
 
 MAI 
 
 It is in length, on an average, 200 miles, and 
 its average breadth 100 miles. It is divided 
 into five counties, viz. York, Cumberland, 
 Lincoln, Hancock, and Washington : these 
 are sub-divided into near 200 incorporated 
 townships and plantations ; which in 1800, 
 contained 151,719 inhabitants, in 1810, 
 228,705. The chief towms are Portland, 
 the metropolis of the district, York, Pown- 
 ill borough, Wicasset, Hallowell, Bath, Wal- 
 doborougli, Penobscot, and Machias. The 
 chief rivers are Penobscot, Kennebeck, 
 Saco, Androscoggin, St. Croix, <fec. besides 
 a vast number of small rivers. The most 
 noted lakes are Moosehead, Scoodic, Seba- 
 cook, and Umbagog. The district of 
 Maine, though an elevated tract of country, 
 cannot be called mountainous. A great 
 proportion of the lands are arable and ex- 
 ceedingly fertile, particularly between Pe- 
 nobscot and Kennebeck rivers. Hops are 
 the spontaneous growth of this country ; 
 as well as white pine, spruce trees, maple, 
 beech, white and grey oaks, and yellow 
 birch. The principal exports of this country 
 are various kinds of lumber, as pine boards, 
 ship timber, and every spec»es of split lum- 
 i ber manufactured from pine and oak these 
 are exported from the various ports in im- 
 mense quantities. A charter for a college 
 has been granted by the legislature, and five 
 academies incorporated and endovred \vith 
 handsome grants ot public lands. In 1662, 
 this province came under the jurisdiction oi 
 Massachusetts, and was, by charter, incor- 
 porated with it in I69i. 
 
 Maineville, a town in the department ot 
 Eure, France, 24 miles ese ot Rouen. 
 
 MAINLAND, Orkney, or Pomona, 
 the principal of the Orkney islands, is 24 
 miles long, and nine broad ; and divided 
 into nine parochial districts. Kirkwal is 
 
 the capital. . , r t oi 
 
 MAINLAND, the principal of the felier- 
 
 land isles, is 60 miles long from n to s, its 
 breadth, which varies greatly, selnom ex- 
 ceeding six miles. The face of the coun- 
 try’ exhibits a prospect of black, ciaggj 
 mountains, and marshy plains, interspersed 
 with some verdant spots, which appear 
 smooth and fertile. Neb her tree nor shrub 
 is to be seen except small roan-tree.'., wil- 
 llnvs, juniper, and heather. The seas 
 1 abound with fish, such as the cod, turbo., 
 cud haddock; but particularly at certam 
 ^ «pason.s with shoals of herrings ot mere- 
 
 dible extent. Lobsters, oysters, muscles, 
 &c. are also plcniiful. The hil s are co- 
 verccl with sheep of a small breed, 
 with remarkably fine wool. Iheir 
 horses are of a diminutive size, but remarK- 
 ablv strong and handsome, and are well 
 known by the name of Shellies. Manj^ 
 rivulets, and considerable lakes, aboun.. 
 with salmon, trout, Arc. and a mine of cop- 
 mu', and another of iron, have lutCiy beeu 
 opened near the s extremity of this island. 
 There is an immense store of peat, bpt no 
 
M A K 
 
 MAI. 
 
 coal. In 1T98, the island contained 12,885 
 inhabitants. Worsted stockings and mitts 
 of a rem:»rkably fine texture are manu- 
 factured for exportation, the principal 
 occupatiou is fishing. It contains eight 
 parochial districts. Lerwick is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Mains, or Mains of Finirif, (ariciently 
 Strathdighty,) a parish of Scotland, in For- 
 farshire, about four miles long, and in the 
 middle three broad, watered by the Dighy, 
 To this, in 1790, was annexed the small 
 parish of Strathmartin. Near the church 
 is an old ruinous castle, long the residence 
 of the Grahams of Fintry. The soil is fer- 
 tile and highly cultivated. Population near 
 1,000. 
 
 Maintenon, a town in the department of i 
 Eure and Loire, France, stands between 1 
 two mountains, on the Eure, and has a j 
 collegiate church and priory, five miles n by 
 E of Chartres. 
 
 MAJAMBO, a territory on the coast of 
 Guinea, between Biasara and Gabon, which 
 is liitle known. 
 
 AJOPvCA, an island belonging to Spain, 
 in the Mediterranean sea, between Ivica 
 and Minorca, about §0 miles s of the Spa- 
 nish coast. It is about (30 miles in length, 
 and 45 in breadth ; is a mountainous coun- 
 try, but produces good corn, olive trees, 
 and delicate wines. The inhabitants are 
 robust, lively, and very good sailors. The 
 vrhole coast is lined with strong towers. It 
 has many fine fountains and wells, but no 
 rivers. Palma is the capital. 
 
 a to'wn in Romania, European 
 Turkey, seated on a deep bay in the Strait 
 of Gallipoli, a little above the Dardanelles, j 
 24 miles sw of Gallipoli. 
 
 Majumba. See Maijamha, 
 
 Maire, Le, a strait of South America, be- 
 tween Staten Land, and Terra del Fuego, in 
 lat. 55 s. 
 
 Mairono, a town and district of Italy. 
 The district contains J 1 parishes and 4,000 
 souls, besides the tbwn. 
 
 Maisy, a town in the department of Cal- 
 vados, France, five miles n of Jesigni, and i 
 27 wxw’ of Caen. I 
 
 MaU'ent, St, an ancient town in the de- 
 partment of the two Sevres, France, with a 
 benedictine abbey. It carries on a trade in 
 corn, stockings, and woollen stuffs, and is 
 situated on the Sevre, 26 miles sw of Poi- 
 tiers. 
 
 MaJcurev, a town in the government of j 
 Niznei Novogorod, Russia, on the Volga, ! 
 24 miles p:ne of Nisnei Novogorod, on the | 
 river Uiiza. j 
 
 Makarief, or Makarew, a town in the ! 
 government of Kostroma, capital of the j 
 province of Unza, Russia. It is 80 miles 
 E of Kostroma. Lon. 44 14 e, lut. 58 I 
 50 N. 
 
 Maker, a village in Cornwall, on an emi- 
 nence, the w’ point of Hamoaze, Plymouth. 
 Here is a strong battery ; and the steeple of 
 
 the church, called Maker tower, is a well 
 knowm seamark. Lon. 4 10 w,lat. 50 21 
 
 Makerston, a small parish in Roxburgh- 
 shire, about six miles long, and five broad, 
 lying on the n bank of the Tweed. Po- 
 pulation about 259. This parish about 60 
 years ago contained near 1000 inhabitants, 
 hut iKive diminished by the annexinfi: of 
 farms. 
 
 Makoonda, a town in the country of 
 Allahabad, Hindoostan, 66 miles s of Alla- 
 habad, and 110 NNE of Gurrah. Lon. 84 
 37 E, lat. 24 33 n. 
 
 Makran, See Meeran, 
 
 MALABAR, a province on the western 
 coast of the peninsula of Hindoostan, lying 
 between those of Canara and Cochin, 130 
 miles long and 60 broad. It is divided 
 among several petty princes and states. 
 The people are, generally, of a dark, olive 
 complexion, with long black hair, and good 
 features. In some places they are distin- 
 guished into tribes, or casts, all of which 
 are brought up to the same employments as 
 their parents. These are the Gentoos, or 
 Hindoos. Here are many forests, and also 
 much well cultivated land. The oxen and 
 buffaloes are of small size ; and no horses, 
 asses, cr sheep, are reared ; there is plenty 
 of poultry, it is well watered by rivers. 
 It was ceded to the English, in 1792, on the 
 conclusion of the war with Tippoo. Calicut 
 is the capital. 
 
 M A L A CCA, or Ma l a y a , a large peni nsu- 
 la in Asia, containinga kingdom of the same 
 name, being about 600 miles in length, and 
 150 in breadlb. It produces few commo- 
 dities for trade, except tin and elephants^ 
 teeth ; b(tt there are a great many excellent 
 fruits and roots. The pine-apples are the 
 best in the world, and the manjostain and 
 durain are also very delicious fruits. They 
 have plenty of cocoa nuts, the shells of 
 which will hold an English quart ; beside 
 lemons, oranges, limes, sugar-canes, and 
 mangoes. The religion of the natives is a 
 mixture of Mahometanism. Their lan- 
 guage is peculiarly soft, and is as generally 
 spoken in the Indies as the French is in 
 Europe. The Malays are about the middU^ 
 stature ; their complexion tawny, and their 
 hair black and long ; they are fond of navi- 
 gation, war, plunder, emigration, adven- 
 tures, and gallantry, and are very fero- 
 cious ; and the most treacherous people on 
 earth. The inland parts are inhabited by a 
 savcvge and barbarous people. The Portu- 
 guse had a factory in the town of Malacca, 
 which was taken from them by the Dutch, 
 in 16^0, and is now in possession of the Bri- 
 tish. Ir lies 480 miles se of Aeheen. Lon 
 102 5 E, lat. 2 12 
 
 Malacca, a sea port and capital of the 
 kingdom of its nature in f’ue above peninsula 
 seated on the strait of Malaya. 
 
 Malaga, an ancient and i icii town in Gra- 
 nada, Spain, with a good harbour. It is 
 situated on the Mediterranean, amidst bills 
 
 
M A L 
 
 M A L 
 
 and fertile vallies, has two castles, is a i 
 blshop^s see, and contains about 54,000 in- i 
 habitants. Its magnificent cathedral was | 
 iounded by Philip II. while married to |i 
 Mary of England, and their united arms re- 
 main over the gate. It has. manufactures 1 
 of silk, velvet, shag, paper, hats, stockings,^ | 
 and soap, and a trade in wines, oils, figs, and \ 
 raisins, I <5 miles s of Cordova, and 70 wsw 
 of Granada. Lon. 4 10 w, lat. 33 35 n. 
 
 Malaliidey a town and bay of Dublin, 
 six miles from the metropolis. A cotton 
 manufacture is established here. 
 
 Malamoecd , a small island and sea port 
 of Italy, in the Laguiies of Venice, five 
 miles s of that city. The town contains 1 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Malatia^ a town of Turkey in Asia, in | 
 Roum, and a bishop’s see, situated on the 
 w side of the Euphrates, 90 miles wnw of 
 Diarbekir, and 200 ne of Adana. Lon. 68 
 10 E, lat. 37 28 n. 
 
 Malawulbjj'ei town of Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 divided into two parts by a wall, has a mud i 
 fort, and an extensive garden planted by the ji 
 late sultans, 37 miles e of Seringapatam. '] 
 
 MALA Y A, a peninsula of Asia, the natives I 
 of which are called Malays. See Malacca, ' 
 
 Malazkirdy a town of Turkish Armenia, | 
 seated on the river Aras, near its junction 
 with the Euphrates, 90 miles se of Erzerum. 1 
 
 Malchin, a town in the duchy of Meek- ' 
 lenburg, Lower Saxony, on the Peene, at | 
 the lake Camrow, 22 miles ese of Gustrow. j 
 
 Malcho^ a town in the duchy of Meeklen- ! 
 burg, Low^er Saxony, stands between the ! 
 lakes Calpin and Plau, 23 miles ssE of 
 Gustrow. 
 
 Malden, an ancient town in Essex, situat- 
 ed on an eminence, near the confluence of 
 the Chelmer with the Blackwater. Vessels 
 of a moderate burden come up to the bridge, j 
 but large ships are obliged to unload at a 
 considerable distance below. Malden car- 
 ries on a considerable trade, chiefly in corn, 
 coal, iron, wine, and brandy. It had 
 three churches, one of which was long ago 
 converted into a free sciiool. The market 
 is on Saturday, and a fair, September 18(h. 
 
 It is governed by two bailiffs, eight aider- 
 men, tfec. and sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. Here the Romans planted their first 
 colony in Britain, it was for some time the 
 residence of Allred the Great, and retains 
 the custom of borough English, by which 
 the youngest son, or in default of issue, the 
 youngest brother succeeds to the inheritance. 
 
 It is 37 miles ne of London, and 10 e of 
 Chelmsford. 
 
 Malden, a town in IMassachusetts, four 
 miles N of Boston, containing 1033 inhabi 
 tants. 
 
 MALDIVES, a cluster of small islands 
 SNV of Ceylon, in the East Indies. Tlie 
 norther ])most, called by the Frencli, the 
 H;>ad (ff the islands, is in Ion. 73 4 E, la.', 
 
 7 5 N ; and when opposite to it on the n, 
 Topping counted 32 islands, the farthest 
 
 bearing se by e. They are low, sandy, 
 and barren, having only a few cocoa nut 
 trees. They have a king in one of the is- 
 lands called Maldiva, in Ion. 75 35 e, lat. 
 4 15 X. They are divided into 13 provinces, 
 each have a governor, wlio rules with op- 
 pressive sway. The king assumes the title 
 of sultan of the Maldives, king of 13 pro- 
 vinces, and 12,000 isles. The inhabitants, 
 who are partly Mahometans and partly Pa- 
 gans, supply ships with dry fish, honey, oil, 
 cocoa nuts and cordage. 
 
 Malesherhes, a town in the department of 
 Loiret, France, 11 miles ne of Pluviers. 
 
 MalestroU, a town in the department of 
 Morbihan, France, on the Oust, 37 miles 
 E of Port Louis. 
 
 Maltham, a village in W Yorkshire, sur- 
 rounded with hills and mountains, distin- 
 guished by natural curiosities, and among 
 others a lake of clear and cold water, on an 
 elevated moor, \vhich, by a subterraneous 
 stream, gives rise to the river Aire, six miles 
 E of Settle. 
 
 Malicollo, one of the largest of the New' 
 Hebrides, in the South sea. It is about 20 
 leagues from n to s. Its inland mountains 
 are very high, and clad with forests. The 
 soil is cl rich and fertile mould. Its vege- 
 table productions are luxuriant and in great 
 variety,; cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, 
 sugar canes, yams, eddoes, turmeric, and 
 oranges. Hogs, and common poultry, are 
 their, domestic animals. The inhabitants 
 appear to be a race somew'bat different from 
 those of the Friendly and Society islands. 
 Their form, language, and manners, are vvide- 
 ly different. They seem to correspond, In 
 many particulars, with the natives of New' 
 Guinea and Papua, particularly in their 
 black colour and wmolly hair. They are 
 of a slender make, have lively features, and 
 tie a rope fast round their belly. The cli- 
 mate of Malicollo is very warm, but not at 
 all extraordinary for the torrid zone. They 
 go almost naked. At the se end of the 
 island is a port named Sc^idwich harbour. 
 Lon. 167 53 e, lat. 16 25 s. 
 
 . Malin, a town in Donegal, Ireland, on a 
 bay of the same name, with a very ancient 
 edifice said to have been a monastery, 15 
 miles w of Killabegs. 
 
 Malin, a viBage of Ireland, 23. miles n of 
 Londonderry, near Malin bead, the most 
 northern laud in Ireland, about 16 leagues 
 wsw of the sw' point of the island of Islay, 
 Scotland, and 114 nnw of Dublin. Lon. 7 
 15 vv, lat. 55 22 e. 
 
 Malitics, Sec Mechlin, 
 
 Malio, Cape, or St Angelo, a cape in Mo- 
 rea, European Turkey, at the s entrance of 
 the gulf of Napoli, 15 miles e of Malvasia. 
 
 Malivagonga, a river of Ceylon, has its 
 source to the se of Candy, wmshes that city, 
 and after a circuitous course, falls into the 
 sea at Trincomule. It is fordable only near 
 its head, but is innavigable on account of 
 rocks. 
 
M A L 
 
 M A.L 
 
 Malkar, n town in the country of Gol- 
 couda, Hindocstan, miles sr of Colber^a, 
 and 54 w of Hydrabad. Lon. 77 30 e, lat. 
 
 Malaiilleej a town in the department 
 of Lower Loire, France, 15 miles n\v of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Mailing, West, a town in Kent, with a 
 market on Saturday ; six mil(\s w of Maid- ! 
 stone, and 20 E by s of Loudon. |j 
 
 Jlallotc, a borou|j;h of Cork, Ireland. It jl 
 is situated on tbe Biackwater, has a tepid , 
 spring; similar to the iioi wells of Bristol, ) 
 sent two members to the Irish, and now j 
 sends one to the imperial parliament, 17 | 
 miles NKW of Cork, and 114 sw of Dublin. 1 
 
 Malmedg, a town in the territory of I 
 idege, Netherlands, situated on the Ilecht, 
 has mineral springs equal to those of Spa, 
 and a Benedictine Abbey, 23 miles ese of 
 Liege. Lon. 6 2 e, lat. 50 18 N. 
 
 Malmistru, an ancient town of Natoiia, 
 30 miles ss of Terasso. 
 
 Malnw, a town in Sohonen, Sweden, 
 situated on the Sound, with a large hcirbour 
 and a strong citadel. It has several wool- 
 len manufactures, and lies 18 miles e by s of 
 Cop>enbagau. Lon. 13 7 e, lat. 55.36 N. 
 
 Malmsbury, an ancient town in Wiltshire, 
 with a market on Saturday, and a woollen ! 
 manufacture, pleasantly situated on a hill, i 
 almost surrounded b} the Avon, over v/bicii | 
 It has six bridges. It had formerly a large i 
 abbey, whose abbot wore a mitre, and sat | 
 in parliament. It is governed by an alder- jl 
 man and 12 capital burgesses, who elect | 
 two members for the borough, and gives ti- I 
 tie of earl to Sir James Harris, a celebrated i 
 diplomatic characier, son of the famous I 
 author of Hermes. It is 26 miles E by n of 
 Bristol, and 96 w of London. 
 
 ^lulo, St, a sea-port in the department 
 
 Hie and Vilaine, lately an Episcopal see, 
 with a strong castle. It is situated on an 
 island, united to the mainland by a cause- 
 way ; has a large, well frequented harbour, 
 but difficult of access, on account of the 
 rocks that surround it ; and is a rich trad- 
 ing place of great importance. In 16P3, 
 it was bombarded by the British, without 
 success. Butin 1758, they landed in Can- 
 caile bay, went by land to St. Malo, and 
 burnt above 100 ships. It is 17 miles \w I 
 of Dol, 44 NNw of Rennes, and 205 w of j 
 Paris, Lon. 2 2 w, lat. 48 39 n. 
 
 Malojarosluul, a town in the government 
 of Kaluga, Russia, where, on the 12th of j 
 October, 1 8 1 2, a desperate battle was fought I 
 betw^een the French and Russians, on the 
 retreat of the former from Moscow, when 
 they were defeated, after the town had been 
 taken and retaken 1 1 times, and finally re- 
 duced to ashes, 36 miles n of Kaluga, and 
 66 sw of Moscow. 
 
 Maloria, a small island of Tuscany, 10 
 miles of Leghorn. Lon. 10 24 e, lat. 43 
 34 N. 
 
 Malpartida,aiowi\ in Estremadura, Spain, 
 No. 
 
 1 4 miles s of Placentia, and 24 w of Trux- 
 illo. 
 
 Malpas, a town in Cheshire, situated on 
 a high hill not far from the river Dee. It 
 is a handsome place, containing three 
 streets, a fine church, grammar school^ 
 weekly market on Monday, and a fair in 
 December. It is 15 miles se of Chester^ 
 and 166 Nw of London. 
 
 Malplaquet, a village in Hainault, Ne- 
 therlands ; famous for a bloody victory ob- 
 tained by the British under the duke of Alari- 
 borough, over the French, in 1709. It is 
 sometimes called the battle of Blaregnies, 
 from an adjoining village. It is seven miles 
 s by e of Mons. 
 
 Malsesena, a town in the Veronese, Italy, 
 18 miles nnw of Verona. 
 
 MALTA, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 between Africa and Sicily, 20 miles long, 
 and 12 broad. It was formerly reckoned 
 a part of Africa, but now belongs to, and is 
 the most southern island in Europe. It con- 
 tains two cities and 22 villages, with seve- 
 ral commodious harbours on the coast op- 
 posue Sicily. The port of St Paul, towards 
 the NE end, has its name, in consequence of 
 the vessel in which Paul took his passage to 
 Rome, having been wrecked on the n point 
 of its entrance. It was anciently little else 
 than a barren rock ; but such quantities of 
 soil have been brought from Alrica, that it 
 is now become a fertile island. They sow 
 Ibtle corn, but they cultivate large quanti- 
 ties of lemon, cjttonitrees, and vines, which 
 produce excellent wine. The number of the 
 inhabitants is said to be about 90,000, who 
 speak Arabic and Italian. The knights of 
 Malta, formerly called the knighis of Rhodes, 
 or the order of St. John of Jerusalem, re- 
 ceived this island with that of Gozo, iron» 
 the emperor Charles V. in 1526, and remo- 
 ved hither ia 1530. They consisted of eight 
 nations, but now they are only seven, the 
 English having forsaken them. They are 
 obliged to suppress all pirates, are at perpe- 
 tual war with the Turks and other Maho- 
 metans^ and are all under avow of celibacy 
 and chastity. Malta is extremely Well for- 
 tified ; the ditches, of a vast size, arc utl. 
 cut out of the solid rock, and extend aiiiny 
 miles. This island was taken by general 
 Bonaparte on the 12th of June, 1798. It 
 was soon aiterwards taken by Viie British, 
 and still remains subject to our arms. It is 
 about 60 miles S of Sicily, aitd 200 e of Tu- 
 nis in Africa; Sec Ciim, Vecchia, and 
 Valetta. 
 
 Malton, New, a town in the North Riding 
 of Yorkshire, situated on the Dervvent, over 
 which is-a Slone bridge connecting it with 
 old Malton, with a market on Saturday for 
 horses, black catile and sheep, and three 
 annual fairs. HCre are three churches, 
 and good inns. It is gcW'^rced by a bailiif, 
 chosen at the court leet of lord Fitzwiiiiam, 
 tbe lord of the ma,nor^ and sent Is two mem- 
 bers to parliament. Here are the remains 
 M 
 
of a CRS-tleaud monastery. It is weil inha- f 
 hi tod, and is 18 miles ne of York, and 213 i 
 N by vv of London. 
 
 Maltoy, a town of Barffr, Hindoostan, 
 stands at the source of the Tapty, 68 miles ] 
 Nw of Nagpour. Lon. 78 <57 e, lat. 2! 
 44 K. 
 
 Malvay or Mnllooiha^VL river of Barbary, 
 separating Algiers from Fez. It has its I 
 source in the desert, and flows n into the 1 
 Mediterrapean ; !3 miies from its mouth are 
 three uninhabited islands, between which 
 vessels flnd safe anchorage. 
 
 Malnasia^ a small island of Turkey in 
 Europe, on the e coast of the Morea. The 
 capital is situated on the sea -side, at the foot 
 of a rock. It is famous for its rich wine 
 called Malmsey. It is 50 miles se of Mis- 
 lira, and 75 s of Athens. See Napoli di 
 Malvasid. 
 
 Malvern, Great and Little two villages 
 in Worcestershire. Great Malvern is eight 
 miles w by s of Worcester. The nave of an 
 ancient, is converted into the parochial 
 ohurch, which has some richly painted win- 
 dows. Little Malvern, three miles s of the for- 
 mer, is romantically seated in a cavity of the 
 Malvern hills. Henry VII, his queen, and 
 his two sons were so fond of this place, that 
 they adorned the windows of the church with 
 scripture paintings, part of which still re- 
 main. At each of these places is a cele- 
 brated chalybeate spring, one of them cal- 
 led the Holy Well. 
 
 Malting, a town in the province of Dele- 
 carlia, Sweden, 55 miles w of Fahlmi. Lon. 
 15 20 E, lat. 60 30 n. 
 
 Malvernhills, a ridge of bills which sepa- 
 rate Worcestershire from Herefordshire, and 
 «.xteiid from n to s about seven miles. On 
 the summit of one of these hills, are the ex- 
 tensive works of Herefordshire beacon, sup- 
 posed to have been a Roman camp; at a 
 later period it was occupied by Ow^en Glen- 
 , dower. On these hills are two medicinal 
 springs,' one of them efficacious in inflam- 
 matory and putrid cases, and the other in 
 cancerous complaints. The highest of these 
 hills is 1444 feet above the level of the sea. 
 Malvern Chase contains 8078 acres, of 
 which 7356 are in Worcestershire, 619 in 
 Heretiirdshjre, and 103 in Gloucestershire. 
 
 MALWA, a province of Hiridoostan Pro- 
 per. It is situated nearly under the tropic 
 of Cancer, and is divided among the Paish- 
 w'ash of (he vviesterii Mahraltas, and two of 
 the inferior chiefs. Sindia and Holkar. 
 Oiigein IS the capital of Sindia, and Indore 
 of Holkar. It is L\je of the most elevated, 
 .. f^xteiisive, and diversified tracts in Hindoo- 
 stan. 
 
 Malzieu, a towm in the department of 
 . Lozere, France, 20 miles n\w of Mende. 
 
 Mamars, a town in the. department of 
 Sane, France, on the Dive, 14 miles w of 
 • Belesme. 
 
 Mtnnora, a fort and towm in the kingdom 
 , of Fez, which stands on an emineice on 
 
 the s bank of the Seboo, not far from' its" 
 mouth. Here are immense quantities o5 
 shebbel, a species of salmon, which are a 
 staple article of subsistence to the inhabi- 
 tants : 15 miles nne of Sallee, and 90 wnw 
 of Fez. 
 
 MAN, an island in the Irish sea, about 
 30 miles in length, iind 12 in breadth. It 
 contains 17 parishes, and the chief tow^ns 
 are Ramsay, Castletown or (‘astle Rushen 
 Dougla.ss, and Peel. The soil is good, the 
 air is healthy, and the inhabitants live to a 
 very old age. The number of inhabitants 
 is about 30,000.* They have a bishop, cal- 
 led the bishop of Sodor and Man ; he has no 
 seat-da the British parliament, but occupies 
 the highest in the lower house of convoca- 
 tion. He is nominated by the duke of 
 Athol, and has a revenue of about j 6.1200 
 j>ef annum. The consistory court consists 
 of the bisiiop, the arch-deacon, two vicars 
 general, and an episcopal register. A go- 
 vernor and lieutenant governor, are ap- 
 pointed by the crown. Their council con- 
 sists of the bishop, the attorney -general, th® 
 clerk of the rolls, and two deemsters. The 
 house of keys, first instituted in the 10th cen- 
 tury, is the legislative body. Its members 
 are 24 in number. The two Deemsters, 
 above named, are the ordinary judges, who 
 sometimes decide with, and sometimes with- 
 out a jury. None but natives are allowed 
 to practise at the bar, nor can a native be 
 imprisoned for debt unless he be preparing 
 to leave the country. The island is exemp- 
 ted from land tax, assessed taxes, and excise 
 imposts of every description. Man is not 
 represented in the British parliament. The 
 commodities of this island are wool, hides, 
 tallow, and butter ; but herrings form the 
 I principal part of their exports. There are 
 I quarries of good stone, rocks of lime-stone, 
 
 I red free-sto.ie, and good slate, with some 
 I mines of lead, copper, and iron. The duke 
 j of Athol was formerly lord of this island, 
 the sovereignty ofi which he sold, in 1765, 
 to the crown, reserving, however, the ma- 
 norial rights, &c. The inhabitants are 
 shrewd, polite, hospitable, and much at- 
 tached to their native soil, and to the cus- 
 . toms of their ancestors. The native laif- 
 guage is a dialect of the Celtic, and is simi- 
 lar to the Erse and Irish. Man was long 
 the residence, and under the government of 
 the Druids. It is 37 miles s of Scotland, 
 37 N of Anglesea, in Wales, 27 w of the 
 coast of Cumberland, and 47 e of the coast 
 of Ireland. 
 
 Manachia, an ancient and considerable 
 towm of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia. It 
 was known b\\the ancients by the name of 
 Magnesia. It is 22 miles n of Smyrna. It 
 was formerly the capital of the Ottoman 
 empire, and st.'^nds at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, on the river Siirabat. Lon. 27 6 E, 
 lat, 38 45 N. ' 
 
 MANAAR, an i.«;land of Asia, on the nw 
 coast of the island of Ceylon. A chain of 
 
MAN 
 
 Tocks run from this island to the continent 
 'of Hindoostan, called Adames Bridge, whicL j 
 can only be passed by boats. The sea tc 
 the s of this, between Ceylon and (he con 
 tinent, is called th* Gull of Mauaar. Th 
 Portiigiiase took possession of tuis isle ir 
 1560, the Dutch took it from them in i658 
 and the English took it from the Dutch iu 
 1795. Lon. 97 30 e, lat. 9 0 n. 
 
 ManadOy a town and Dutch settlement 
 •on the NE part of the island of Glebes, de- 
 fended by a fort. It surrendered to the Bri- 
 tish in 1810. Lon. 124 30 e, lat. 1 8 N. 
 
 Manapevy a town in the country of Tine- 
 velly, Hindoostau, seated on a point of land 
 projecting into the gulf of Mauaar, 40 "miles 
 SB of Palamcotta. 
 
 MANATAULIN, an island of North 
 America, in Lake Huron, 100 miles long, 
 and eight broad. 
 
 M anted y a towm iu the province of Irak^ 
 Persia, 150 miles ese of Ispahan. 
 
 Manhonay the capital of the kingdom of 
 Sabia, in Afiica, on the sea-coast, 60 miles 
 s of Sofola. Lon. 35 39 e, lat. 21 15 s. 
 Mancenilla, a large bay on the n side of 
 
 MAN 
 
 manufactures, and is now principally coii"' 
 spicuous as the centre of the cotton trade> 
 an immense business, extending, in one or 
 other of its opertiiions, from Funu^s to Derby 
 V and s, and from HalitaJt to Liverpool e 
 and Vv% The labours of a very popuiaus 
 neighbourhood are collected at Mauchesier, 
 whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, 
 lull, (fee. These consist of a great variety 
 of cotton and mixed goods, fitted for ah sorts 
 of markets, both at home and aoioad. 
 
 The manufacture of tapes, and otL 
 I w’ares, of silk goods, and of hats, is 
 J fied on in Manchester, 
 
 Hispaniola, about 4,000 fathoms long from 
 w to Ey and 2,800 broad from n to s. The 
 SE part of the bay is very wide, and affords 
 excellent anchorage, even for vessels of the 
 first size. It sw’urms with fish ; and here 
 are found those enormous mullets which are 
 the pride of the table at Cape Francois. 
 The negroes kill the alligators, knock out 
 their teeth, and sell them to make corals. 
 The plenty of fish oiten attracts ships of 
 war to this bay. The mouth of Massacre 
 river which eaters the eastern part of the 
 bay, lies in Ion. 79 9 w, Paris, lat. 19 
 44 N. 
 
 Jlancesfer, a village near Atherstone, on 
 the river Anker, ne part of Warwickshire, 
 w^here was a Roman station, on the Watt 
 lingstreet. Here several ancient coins 
 have been dug up. 
 
 Manckay a territory in New Castile, Spain, 
 sidiaterl between Audahtsia and the river 
 Guadiaua, and nearly encircled by moun- 
 tains, producing antimony, mercury, and 
 Vermillion. Tnis immense plain is weii 
 'cultivated in corn and vines, is intersected 
 by ridg s of gentle hills and rocks, wdtbout 
 ^closures of any kind, except mud walls 
 round the villages. There are few trees. 
 The inhabitants are fond of music and danc- 
 ing. Here Cervaiiies made Don Quixote 
 perform most of his exploits, (hiidad Real 
 IS the capital. 
 
 MancUey or the Channely a department of 
 France. It is surrounded by the English 
 i'haunel, and includes the w part of the pro- 
 v.nce of Normandy. Coutauces is the ca 
 pital. See Cliannel. 
 
 Mane heater y a large, populous, and flou- 
 rishing town in Lancashire, situated between 
 the rivers irk and Irwel. It is a place of 
 
 other sroaii 
 also cai> 
 From these various 
 i sources of wealth it has attained greatei* 
 opulence than almost any of the trading 
 towns in England. It contains 14 churches, 
 and no fewer than 10 places or worship. 
 There are several elegant public buildings,,, 
 the college, the excuaege, the collegiate 
 enureb, another large church, and a spacious 
 market-place. The churenes and obapeU 
 of the establishment are 12, and the same 
 number of places of worship for di!^sen{ers~; 
 hut thav which is the most striking, aad re- 
 flects the greatest honoiir oa tne p.aoe, is 
 their spacious infirmary. By tuo nvei P- 
 weli, over whiich it has an ancient ard .ofty 
 stone bridge, it has a communication wita 
 the Mersey, and all the late various eraen- 
 tions of inland navigation. In iSOI, tlie 
 number of inhabitants was 84,020, and 
 98,573, in 1811. It is 36 miles £ by N of 
 Liverpool, 67 wsw of York, and 182 nnw of 
 London. Lon. .2 iO w, lut. 53 27 N. 
 
 Manchester y a small fishing town, of 
 Massachusetts, in Essex county. The. town- 
 ship lies SE of Wenham, anu it is aoc':-,t 30 
 miles NE of Boston. It coniams 96v> 
 bitants. 
 
 Manchester, a post town of Vermont, m 
 Benmugion county, seated on Batteu river. 
 Which falls into the Hudson, above Sar ua- 
 ga, 22 miles n by e of Bennington, and 59 
 NE of Albany in New York. 
 
 Manchester, a small town of Virginia, on 
 (he s side of Jaares river, opposite R^cnmond, 
 with which it is connected oy a bridge. 
 
 Mdnciety a town in the department of 
 Gers, France, 17 miles sw of Condom. 
 
 Mandaly capital of a province in the* 
 government of Bergen, Norw .y, st. /nds near 
 the mouth of a river of its name, 60 miles 
 W'.w of Ghrisiiansaud. Lon* 7 42 E,, lat. 
 58 2 N. 
 
 Mandely a town in the depajtment of Es- 
 caut, France, six miles s of Courtray. 
 
 Manderscheid, a town aud younty, annex- 
 ed to France, and included in the department 
 of the Saare, iateo Germany, in the eletio- 
 rate of Treves, 26 miles nne of Treves. 
 
 MANDINGO, a kinglopi of Africa, in 
 ihe w part of Negroland, at the rise of the 
 nv M’S Niger and Senegal, near the Guuilna, 
 200 miles from the Atlantic. The natives 
 are a lively, joyous pi.-opie, sociable, mild/ 
 
 great anriquity, and has been long noted for [ and of an obliging disposition. The men 
 various branches of the linen, cotton ^ are abay- 
 
 above middle size, strong pud capablo 
 ■ M2 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 of eulluring great labour. Many of the- 
 Mandingoes keep great numbers of slaves. 
 Slaves born in their families are treated as 
 their ciiiidren. 
 
 Mandria^ a small desert island, in the 
 Archipelago, between Langos and Samoa. 
 
 Mandshnrs, or Maneheiis^ a branch of 
 the .11 )noul Tartars, who inhabit the three 
 provinces of Plastern Tartary, and retain 
 the customs they brought from China, Which 
 their ancestors conquered in the 13tb century, 
 but w’eie expelled by the Chinese in 1368. 
 
 Mmierhio^ii towm aiii district of Italy. 
 The town contains 3,000 souls; the quadra 
 <5,000 in ail with four parishrs. j 
 
 Martfredorda, a town of Maples, with a I 
 good harbour, in the gulf of Venice, with a I 
 castle^ and is 'in archbishop^s ^ee. It ■ 
 seated on a gulf ot the ^anie name. It a- 1 
 bounds w ith all sorts of veg< tables, 30 mil s | 
 ENE of Lucera. Lor*. 16 e, lat. 41 35 n. | 
 Mangaloir,, a sea-port and capital of the | 
 kingdom of Canara, on ih? coast of Mala- j 
 bar. it is situated on a ris.'ug ground, be- i 
 tween two arms of a salt water lake, each i! 
 ol which receives a river from the Gauts. || 
 The town is budt alciig -he sides of the I 
 peninsuld, and has a fort in the centre, j 
 which Tippoo ordered to be demolished ; I 
 ana is inhahite ! by Gentoos and Mahome- 
 tans. It is the greatest place for trade of |i 
 any in the kingdom. It exports rice, black h 
 pepper, betel nut, sandal wood, cinnamon and | 
 turmeric. The Porluguse have a factory | 
 here for rice. The fields near this place bear ' 
 two crops of corn in a year. Here in 1784, j 
 a treaty of peace w'as signed between Tip- j 
 poo and the English, 130 miles nnw of Cali- | 
 out, and 190 ssE of Goa. Lon. 75 4 fi, lat. | 
 12 N. . I 
 
 MANGEEA, an island of the South .sea, j 
 about 15 miles in circumference. Captain i 
 Cook could not find a landing place, but i 
 such of the inhabitants as came oi board re- 
 sembled the people of Otaheite, in the beauty 
 of their person, and general disposition. 
 Lon. IS8 16 w, lat. 21 2T s.^ 
 
 Mangushlak^ a town o» Turramania, on 
 the E coast of the Caspsaii sea. Its com- i 
 meroe is considerable. j 
 
 MANHEIM, one of the most beautiful 
 edties ol Germany, in the late palatinate of 
 the Rhine. I'be inhabitants are computed j 
 at 24,060. The town has tl iree grand | 
 gates, and is almost entirely surrounded by 
 Tthe Neekar and the Rhine. The streets are 
 all siraiglit, and intersect each other at 
 right angles. lu the palace, which is a 
 iiK.guiricent .'structure, is a cabinet oi naiural 
 cunodiies and a gallery oi pictures. The 
 town lias been often taken and retaken in 
 the late war.s between the French and Aus- 
 trians In 1802, it was ceded to the elector ' 
 oi Baden. It ,s i7 miles ne of Spire, and 
 42 s (it Frankiort. Lou. 8 34 p. lat. 49 29 n. 
 
 Manheim, a town ol Pennsylvania, in the 
 County of Lancaster. It is 11 miles n by w 
 Lancaster, and 77 w by n of Philadelphia. 
 
 MANICA, an inland kingdom of Cat?r®* 
 ria, has a river and capital of its name, an*^ 
 is said to abound with mines of gold. It is 
 little known to Europeans. 
 
 Manickdurg^ a town of the deccan of 
 Hindoosian, in the country of Berar, five 
 miles SE of Chanda. 
 
 Manickponr,o. town of Hindoostan, in the 
 couniry of Oude, 30 miles ^w of Allahabad, 
 and 68 sse of Lucknow. 
 
 Manilla^ the capital of the island of Lu- 
 conia, as well as of the other Philippine is- 
 lands, is situated on a bay, near the lake 
 Bahia, on the coast. It is defended by 
 the castle of St Philip. The greater part 
 oi the public buildings are of wood, on ac- 
 count of the frequency of earthquakes. Tiie 
 number of Christian inhabitants is about 
 12 000; the city abounds with convents, is 
 an archbishop’.--, see, and there is an inqui- 
 sition. It IS only two-thirds of a mile, but 
 has very extensive suburbs. The port pecu- 
 liar to the city, is Cavete, nine miles to the 
 sw ; and is the usual staiion ot the ships 
 employed in the Accapulco trade, for an 
 account of which, see Lucouia. The inha- 
 bitants of Manilla are very licentious and 
 wicked. The air is mild and temperate, 
 and 'it is reckoned the most healthy of all 
 the European settlements in the east. By’’ 
 an earthquake in 1617 a mountain was 
 levelled, and by another in 1625, great part 
 of this city was destroyed, and 3,000 per- 
 sons perished. In 1762, the city was taken 
 by storm, by the English, who permitted the 
 arch-bishop to ransom it by il. 1,000,000 
 sterling, but a great part of the ransom 
 was never paid. Lon. 120 52 e, lat. 14 36 n. 
 
 Maningtree, a town in Essex, with a mar- 
 ket on Tuesday, situated on the Stour, here 
 called Maidngtree Water. Its chief im- 
 ports are corn, iron, deals, and coal : 1 1 
 miles w of Harwich, and 60 ene of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Maniloulairiy a cluster of islands near 
 the northern .shore of Lake Huron. 
 
 Man of Wavy a celebrated inn, and small 
 village o: Ireland, on the great n road from 
 Dublin to Belfast, 13 miles n of Dublin. 
 It stands on an eminence, from which is 
 one of ilie richest prospects in that kingdom, 
 including the city of Dublin, &c. 
 
 Manor, a parish in Feebles-shire, about 
 nine miles long, aud three broail, lying be- 
 tween the rivers Ala nor aid the Tweeti. In 
 the parish is a Roman camp, and near it a 
 strong tower. On the banks of the rivers 
 the soil is fertile and the scenery pleasant, 
 but the parish in general is rather adapted 
 to pasturage than corn. 
 
 Manosqnc, a populous tov n in the dept, 
 of ihe Lower Alps, France, with a castle, 
 seated on the Duran, 10 miles s of Forcai- 
 quer, a d 25 ne of Aix. 
 
 Manpury, a town in the orunty of Dooab, 
 Hir doostan, 24 miles E of Agra. 
 
 Manre^a, a town of Cuialcnia, Spain, 
 seated at the junction of the Cardenero 
 
 
MAN 
 
 MAR 
 
 Kiid tbe Lobbregat ; bas a castle and several 
 l•onveIlts, 15 miles s^e of Cardona, and 20 
 NW of Barcelona. 
 
 Mans, a rich, large, and ancient town, 
 the capital of the department of Saite, 
 France, stands on a bill by the Sarte, near 
 its iunctioii with the Huisne, and a bishop’s 
 see. It was formerly very populous, but 
 the inhabitants now scarcely amount to 
 14,000. Its wax and studs are famous. It 
 is ^20 miles s of Alencon, and 75 w by n of 
 Orleans, Lon. 0 9 e, lat. 48 0 n. ^ 
 
 Mansaroav, a large lake of Asia, in Thi- 
 bet, supposed to be the source of the sou- 
 thernmost head oi the Ganges. It is 1 15 
 miles in circumference, and lies in about 
 Ion. 79 0 E, lat. 33 15 n. 
 
 M ANSEL, an island in the ne part of 
 Hudson’s bay. Lat. 62 38 N. 
 
 Mansfeldt, a town in Upper Saxony, in a 
 county of its name, has an ancient castle, 
 on a steep rock^ eight miles kinw of Eisle- 
 ben. 
 
 Mamfeld, a town in Nottinghamshire, 
 siiucited on the edge of the forest of Sher- | 
 wood. It is a pretty large town has a j 
 great trade in corn and malt, and stocking i 
 manufacture. It has a market on I’nnrs- > 
 day ; and gives the title of Earl to a family 
 of the name of Murray, as inheriting the 
 honours of a late celebrated judge. In 1 
 1801, the nopuiation was 5988, and in 181 1, 
 6816. it is 14 miles n of Nottingham, and 
 1.38 N by w of London. 
 
 Mamilla, a town in Leon, Spain, 14 miles 
 ssE of the city of Leon. 
 
 Manscra, or Mansenra, a town of Egypt, 
 on the E side of tbe Nile. Rice, sal-ammo- 
 niac, <fec. are its principal commodities, 
 Here too are extensive chicken ovens* It j 
 is 24 miles ssw of Damietta, and 60 n of 
 Cairo. Lon. 32 0 e, lat. 31 0 n. | 
 
 Manscra, a town which stands near the ' 
 mouth of the Guir, in the kingdom of Fez, 
 60 miles w of Mequinez. 
 
 Mansura, a town in Irak-Arabi, Asiatic 
 Turkey, sealed on the Euphrates, at its 
 confluence wdth a branch of the Tigris, 110 
 miles NKwof Bassora. 
 
 Manta, a bay of G»iayaquil, in S Ame- j 
 rica. There is also a point of this name | 
 on the adjacent coast. The bay has its 
 name from the great numbers of large ! 
 lish called mantas, the catching of which | 
 is the com.mon employment of the inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 M^intaca, See Mataca, 
 
 Mantes, a considerable town in the dept, 
 of Seine and Oise, France, situated on the 
 .Seine, over which it has a bridge, 36 arches, 
 the great arch of W'hich is 120 feet wide. 
 Excellent wines are produced in tlie vici- 
 nity. It lies 31 miles nw' of Paris. 
 
 Mantua, or the Mantuan, a duchy of 
 Italy, which formed part of the late Italian 
 republic, and now of the kingdom of Italy. 
 It lies along the Po, which divides it into 
 two parts. It is about 50 miles in length. 
 
 and 30 in breadth ; is fruitful in corn, pas- 
 tures, flax, fruits, and excellent wme. Thu 
 principal rivers are the Po, the Ogiio, and 
 tbe Mincio. Charles IV. duke of "Mantua, 
 who w'as put under the ban of the empire, 
 ior the part which he took in the dispute 
 respecting the succession ol Spain, died in 
 1708. As he left no heirs, the house of 
 Austria kept possession of the Mantuan till 
 1800, when, after the battle of Marengo, it 
 fell into the bauds of the French. 
 
 Mantua, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
 late republican dept, of Mincio, and of the 
 duchy of Mantua. It is situated on an is- 
 land, in the midst of a lake, across which 
 there are iwo causeways. It is very large, 
 having eight gates, 2i parishes, and about 
 -20,000 inhabitants. The streets are broad 
 and straight, aiid the bouses well built. 
 The cathedral has a noble dome, orna- 
 mented w'ith pilasiers and paintings ; St. An- 
 thony’s church is noted ior relics, and the 
 Franciscan cbiircli is one of the most ele- 
 gant of that order in Italy. Here are 
 many other ehuiciies, and convents, a Jew- 
 ish synagogue, a ducai palace, famous for 
 its painfii;gs, and a university. A village 
 near this city gave birth to Virgil. In 1797, 
 altera siege of eight months, this city ac- 
 cepted of terms from the French. It sur- 
 rendered to the Austrian and Russian army 
 in 1797. Mantua was greatly noted for its 
 silks and silk manufactures, but they are 
 now much decayed, and the air is very 
 unwholesome. Tbe situation of Mantua is; 
 so very strong, and so well fortified, that it 
 is accounted one of the most considerable 
 fortresses in Europe. It is situated on the 
 Mincio, 35 miles ne of Parma, 25 sw' of 
 Verona, and 90 ese of Milan. Lon. 10 
 50 E, lat. 45 10 N. 
 
 Manzanares, a town in the district of 
 Mancha, Spin, seaied near the Azuer, 
 celebrated for its wane, 28 miles e by n of 
 Cuidad Real. — Another in New Castile, near 
 the >‘Ouree of a river of its name, 27 miles 
 NNW of Aladrid, 
 
 MAOUNA, one of the Navigators islands, 
 in ihe Paeilie ocean. Here, in 1787, Cap- 
 tain Langle, Len)anone the naturalist, and 
 nine sailors, belonging to captain Peyroiise s 
 ship’s company, w^ere massacred by the na 
 lives. Lon. 109 0 w, iat. 14 19 s. 
 
 Mapimis, a town in New Biscay, New 
 Spain, with a fortress, 130 miles n of Du- 
 rango. 
 
 Maracai, a towm in the province of Cara- 
 cas, Terra Firma, near the e end of the 
 lal<e Tocarigua, 20 miles kn’e of Valencia. 
 
 Maracaibo, Maraccnjbo , or Maracaya, a 
 small but rich city of Vejiezuela, in S Ame- 
 rica, seated on the w side of the ouiiet of 
 the lake of its name, 73 nhles sw of Coro. 
 It it well built, and contains about 4,000 
 inhabitants. Vessels from 20 to 30 tons 
 burden frequent this port. It has a great 
 trade in skins, chocolate, and tobacco. 
 Ships of considerable burden are built here* 
 
MAR 
 
 %i lies 60 miles v/ of Venezuela, and 33g 
 s of Rio (le ia Kaehci, 
 
 Maracaibo Lake, or Gulf, a large collec- 
 tion of waters, on which the above town 
 is situated. It is near 120 miles long, and 
 in some parts 50 in breadth, running from s 
 to N into the North sea. It has communi- 
 cation with the gulf of Venezuela ; on ius 
 borders are several ^Spanish towns. On the 
 iSE side, is an inexhaustible quantity of mi- 
 neral pitch, the vapour from which becomes 
 infianiable in the open air, and has the efiect 
 of pbosphcric lights in the night, which the 
 sailors stjle Maracagho Lanterns. It 
 abounds with all sorts of fish, some of 
 which are ver}" large. 
 
 Maraga, a town in Aderbijan, Persia. It 
 is well built, wailed has a spacious bazar, 
 and a glass manufacture ; it is seatexl on a 
 river, 10 miles from its mouth, in lake Or- 
 mia, and 60 s by w of Tabriz. Lon. 46 
 24 E, lat. 37 20 n. 
 
 Maranhao, a small island at the mouth of 
 the noted rivers, Maroau, Topocoru, and 
 jSriOny, on the ,n ade of the province of Ma- 
 ranhao, or Alciranon, in Brazil. The is- 
 land is oblong, 45 miles in circuit, veiy fer- 
 tile, and well inbabiied. It has two smab 
 ler towns, viz. St. Aiidero on the most nor- 
 thern point, and Jago on the southi^ri). 
 The continent, three or four leagues from 
 the island, is inhabited by the 4 apoytaparo 
 and Toupinambois naiions. The capital is 
 Maragnan, of which the harbour is at the 
 mouth of the river St. Mary, on the Atlantic, 
 495 miles nw of Cape St. Roque. 
 
 MARANNAN, a province of Brazil, S 
 America, which comprehends a fertile and 
 populous island, of i {2 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. Mere the French settled in 1612, 
 ))ut were soon expelled by the Portuguese, 
 who have held it ever since. Chief town, 
 St. Lous, 
 
 Marano, a to\Vn of Italy, in Friuli, on the 
 gulf of Venice, containing 1,000 souls. It 
 lies 27 miles s by e of Udina. Lon. 12 5 e, 
 lat. 45 52 N. 
 
 Marancn. See Amazon. 
 
 jSlarans, a fowji in the dept, of Low'cr 
 Charente, France, stands on tlie Sevre, sur- 
 rounded by sail marshes, and has a consider- 
 able trade in corn, meat, malt, atul salt 12 
 miles NXE of Rachelle, and/21 w of Niort. 
 
 Marant, or Amoront, a town of Persia, 
 in the province of Aderbijan. containing 
 '2,500 houses, each havi g a garden, wittered 
 by canals from a ccniigucus river. Mere, 
 accerdiug to tradirion, Noah was buried. 
 Co('hineal is lound in the vicinity. It is 50 
 miles rc of Te.uri.s. Lon. 47 46 e, lat. 39 7 n. 
 
 Morasa. a town in Wangara, Negmland, 
 .^(ated (.n the k side of tin. Nbger, 160 miles 
 >.’E of Chanara. I on. 17 iO e, lat, ia50 \. 
 
 .Ihii'ascb, a popuious town ol Natolia, 
 situated between 'loiiriis Aniitaurus and the 
 Euphrates, capital of a sa; giacatt', and a 
 bishop’s see, 60 miles e ol Adana. Lon. 30 
 5 E, la.t. i>7 2 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marathon, a village of Livadia, Eur®- 
 pean Turkey, formerly a city, 10 miles 
 from Athens. On its celebrated plain, 
 10,600 Greeks, under Miltiades, routed 
 120,000 Persians, who lost above 10,000 
 men, and many ships. 
 
 Maravi, a lake in the se part of Africa, 
 knowm to extend 300 miles in length, and 
 about 30 in breadth, has a town of its name 
 at the southern extremity. Lon. 35 iO E, 
 lat. 13 10 N. 
 
 MARAWAR, a territory in the Carnatic, 
 Hindoosian, s of Tanjore, 60 miles in length 
 and 40 in breadth. Chief towns, Ramanad, 
 and Tripatore. 
 
 Maraicina, a river of Guiana, which di- 
 vides Cayenne from Surinam, celebrated 
 for a peeble called the Marawina diamond. 
 It falls into the Atlantic, in Ion. 53 48 w, 
 lat. 5 58 X. 
 
 Marazion, or Market Jew, a town in 
 Cornwall, seated on a creek of Mountbay, 
 with cl small harbour, a market on Thurs- 
 day, and two annual fairs, four miles e of 
 Penzance, and 278 w by s of London. 
 
 Marhach, a tow n of Suabia, in Wirtem- 
 herg, on the Neckar, nine miles nke of 
 Stutgard. 
 
 Marbella, a town in Granada, Spain, 
 stands at the loot of high mountains, near 
 i the mouth of the Rio Verde, 28 miles wsw 
 j of Malaga. 
 
 i Marblehead, a piort of entry, and post 
 , town of the L'^nited States of America, in 
 j Essex county, Massachusetts four miles se 
 of Salem, and 19 ke of Boston, containing 
 5,601 inhabitants. The harbour lies in 
 I front of the town, which stands on a neck 
 I of land in Massachusetts bay. Here are 
 I three churches, and the harbour is defended 
 I by a battery and citadel. Lon. 70 50 w, 
 
 I lat. 42 27 K. 
 
 jj Marburg, capinl oi Cp{er Hesse, seated 
 j on the Lahn, Germany. The town is strong, 
 
 ! with a fortified castle on the top of a moun- 
 t tain, a university, and an academy. The 
 I church of St. Elizabeth, a fine structure, 
 
 I stands near a house of the Teutonic order, in 
 I which resides the commander of the canioii 
 [ of Hesse. The French took it in 1757, sur- 
 rendeied it to the allies in 1759, and took 
 it again next year, 47 miles sw ol Cassel. 
 Low. 8 50 E, lat. 50 48 N. 
 
 Marca, a small island, in the gulf of Ve- 
 I nice, about five miles Lorn Ragusa. 
 
 MarcclUn, St, a handsome town in the 
 dept, of Is(‘re, Prance, stands at ihe foot 
 ■ oi a hill, on the Isere, in a country which 
 produces excellent wine, five miles irom St. 
 Antoine, and 30 sse of Vienne. 
 
 March, a tow n seated on the Ncn, in the 
 middie of the isle of Fly, Cam bridge-shire, 
 w iib a naiiket on Friday. Near this place, 
 111 i730, thiee urns luil of burnt bones, and 
 son e small Reman coins w ere dug up, eight 
 miles s by e oi Misbeacb, 26 new ot Cam- 
 bridge^ and 8) Nof I endon. 
 
 Ji archburg, or Marburg, a town in Stirja, 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Germany, capital of a circle of the same 
 name, on the Drave, with two castles, amid 
 good vineyards : 36 miles sse of Gratz, and 
 100 ssw of Vienna. 
 
 MarcMorf, a town in the territory of 
 Constance, Sw^abia, 13 miles ne of Con- 
 stance. 
 
 MARCHE, a late province of France, 
 about 55 miles in lenajth, and 25 in breadth, 
 and pretty fertile in corn and wine. It now 
 chietly forms the dpartment of Creuse. 
 
 Marche, a town in the department of Vos- 
 ges, near the source of the Mouzon, 20 miles 
 E of Neufcbateaii, and 40 s by w of Toui. 
 
 Marche En Fameney a town in Luxemburg. 
 Netherlands, on the Marsette, 2.3 miles SE of j 
 Namur, and 35 kw of Luxemburg. 
 
 Marcheck, a town of Austria, seated on 
 the March, has an ancient castle, and is on 
 the borders of lluugary ; 23 miles e by n of 
 Vienna. 
 
 * Marchena, a handsome, ancient, and con- 
 siderable town of Spain, in Andalusia, with 
 a suburb as large as the town, stands in the 
 centre of a plain, abounding with olives, 38 
 miles ENE of Seville. 
 
 Marchiennes, a towm in the department 
 of Nord, France, stands in a morass, on the 
 Scarpe, ^ven miles ene of Douay. 
 
 Marchiennes, a town in the territory of 
 Liege, Netherlands, on the Sambre, four 
 miles w of Charleroy. 
 
 Marcianisi, a town in the province of 
 Lavora, Naples, 13 miles nne of Naples. 
 
 MarQig7n, a town in the department of 
 Saone and Loire, France, near the Loire, 
 32 miles w ot Macon, and 43 s by w of 
 Autun. 
 
 MarcUlac, a town in the department of 
 Charente, France, 13 miles njvw of Angou- 
 lesme. 
 
 MARCK, a territory of Westphalia. It 
 is pretty fertile, and is held by (he king of 
 Prussia. Ham is the capital. 
 
 March, a town in the department of the 
 Straits of Calais, France, six miles e of 
 Calais. 
 
 Marckolsheim, a town in the department 
 of the Lower Rhine, France, 25 miles s of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Marco, St, a sea-port of East Florida, on 
 a river of its name, at its intlux into Apa- 
 lache bay, 180 miles wnw of St Augustine. 
 Lon. 84 38 w, lat. 30 18 n. 
 
 Marco St, a town of Naples, in Calabria 
 Citra, on the Senito, 22 miles n of Cosenza. 
 
 Marcou, St, two small islands in the 
 English cbaiinel, near the coast of France, 
 seven miles e of La Hogue. 
 
 Marcus Hook, a town of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles belovv^ Philadelphia. 
 
 Mardike, a sea port in the department of 
 the North, France, on a canal to which it 
 gives name, four miles by s of Dunkirk. 
 
 MAREB, the capital of a district in the 
 province of Yemen, Arabia, 100 miles se 
 of Sanaa. Loai. 47 dO e, lat. 15 44 N. 
 
 Maree,*Loch, a great fresh-water lake in 
 
 Ross-shirc, 18 miles long, and in some parts' 
 four broad. In it are 24 small islands, ou 
 one of w'hich is a druidical temple and a 
 burying ground still in use ; ne of this lake 
 is a small one called Loch Fair. These 
 laJies abound with salmon, cliar, and trout. 
 
 MAREMMES, a district of Tuscany, in 
 the Siennese, divided into Maremme de. 
 la, and Maretnnie di qua, on the w and E 
 sides of the Orabroiie, both bounded by the 
 sea on the s. 
 
 Marengo, a village in the Milanese, fa- 
 mous for a decisive victory gained over the 
 Austrians June 14, 1800, by which the 
 French again became masters of Lornbardyc 
 It now belongs to France, and gives name 
 to a new department, including part of Mi- 
 j lanese, and Piedmont ; it stands in a plain, 
 three miles se of Alexandria, which is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Marennes, a town in the department oh 
 Lower Charente, France. It is 32 miles 
 Nw of Saintes. 
 
 MARETIMO,an island on the west coast 
 of Sicily, about 10 miles in circumference, 
 with a castle and some farm houses. It 
 abounds in honey. Lon. 12 3-5 e, iat. 38 
 5 N. 
 
 MARDEN ROCKS, a jproup of rocky 
 I islands, ou the coast of Northumberland, 
 j not far from Tinmouth, curiously perforated 
 j so as to give a passage to boats. 
 
 I MAR, FOREST OF, a district of Aber- 
 i deeushire. 
 
 I Margallaway, a river which rises in the 
 I district of Maine, runs s\v to Amariscoggin 
 I river Its mouth is 10 roods wide. 
 
 I Mar gam, a town in Glamorganshire, 
 
 I Wales, near Llandalf, seated at the foot of 
 I a mountain covered with oaks, with the re- 
 I mains of a large abbey. Here are ejiten- 
 
 I sive copper works, and a market on Satur- 
 ! day holden opposite to them. Here is a 
 
 I I green-house of large dimensions for the re- 
 li ception of orange trees, with an apartment 
 I afeach end for ancient marble statue work, 
 
 I Near the church is a curious runic monu- 
 ment, and on an adjoining h U a remarkable 
 
 1 stone mentioned by Cambden, called Main 
 Lathy fOg, iO miles sse of Neath, and 188 
 w of London. 
 
 MARGARITA, or Santa Margaretta 
 DE Las Caraccas, an island of Terra 
 Firma, in .South America, from wdiich it is 
 parted by a strait, 24 nules wide; 08 miles 
 w of Paria, or New Andalusia : discovered 
 by Columbus in 14D8. It is 40 miles in 
 length, and 15 in breadth ; and, being al- 
 ways verdant, affords a most agreeable 
 prospect, but it has no fresh water. In 
 i026, it was taken by the Dutch, and its 
 castle demolished, and is -now chielly inha- 
 bited by the natives. Lon. 04 12 w, lau 
 
 11 10 N. 
 
 MARGARET^s ISLANDS, in the N Pa- 
 ' cifie ocean. Lon. 141 12 e, let. 21 40 n. 
 I Margate, a sea-port in Kent, on the k 
 [ side of the isle of Tbanm-t; whioli l-es rapid* 
 
M A R 
 
 MAR 
 
 ly incr(*ased, ©f late years, by the great re- 
 sort to it by sea-bathing. There are regu- 
 lar passage-boats to and from London, It 
 stands on the side of a hill, has a stone pier, 
 a market on Saturday, and is a member of 
 the port of Dover, It is 14 miles n of Deal, 
 IT EN’Ti; of Canterbury, and T2 e by s of !l 
 London. Lon. 122 E, iat. 51 24 n. jj 
 
 Margentkeim, a town of Franconia, 16 1 
 miles s\T of Wirtzberg. i 
 
 Murgozza, a town in the Milanese, Ital}*, } 
 stands near a small lake of the same name, j 
 40 miles Kw of Milan. j 
 
 MARIA, or St Maria, an island in the 1 
 Indian ocean, five nliles e of Madagascar, 
 45 miles in length, and seven in breadth. 
 
 It is surrounded by rocks, and well watered, 
 for it rains almost every day. On the 
 coasts are found ambergrise, and while 
 coral ; rice, siigar-caiie, legumes, pine- 
 apples, and tobacco, are articles of produce. 
 The natives call it Ibrahim. Lon, 50 20 e, 
 lat. 17 0 s. 
 
 MARIA, St, one of the Azores, or Wes- 
 tern islands, which produces plenty of wheat, 
 and has about 500 inhabitants. It is the 
 most soiitheru of these islands, and has a | 
 town of the same name. Lon. 25 9 w, 
 laL 36 57 n. 
 
 Mariaf St, a handsome and considerable 
 town in Andalusia, 8phin, 18 miles x of 
 Cadiz. 
 
 Maria, St, a town of Naples, in Lavora, 
 37 miles w of Naples. 
 
 Maria, St, capital of the kingdom of 
 Matamba, Congo, on a river that falls into 
 the. Coanzo, 310 miles e of Loanda, Lon. 18 
 0 K, lat. 8 50 N. 
 
 3Iaria Santa, a town of the audience of 
 Panama, iu South America, built by the 
 Spaniards after the discovery of the gold 
 mines in its vicinity, and soon after taken 
 by the English. It stands on the gulf of 
 St Michael, at the influx of a river of its 
 name. Lon. 78 12 w, lat. 7 43 n. 
 
 MARlAGALANTE,oneof the Carribbee 
 islands, in the Atlantic ocean, belonging to 
 the French. It is of an elliptical figure, 
 lour leagues and a-half from n to s, and 
 three from e to w. It lies five or six leagues 
 SE of Guadaloupe. It is indifferently wa- 
 tered, but produces great quantities of cof- 
 fee, cotton, and sugar. In 1808, it was ta- 
 ken by a British frigate. The s end is 30 
 miles N by e of Dominica. Lon. 61 18 w, 
 lat, 18 55 N. 
 
 Maricger, a town in the diocese of Ar- 
 busen, Deiiinork, seated on the s side of a 
 gulf, which communicates w’iih the Categat. 
 Its chief trade is in lime and siono, 35 miles 
 X by w of ArliU'jen. Lon. 9 35 E, lat. 56 42 n. , 
 
 Marian Islands, See Ladrones. 
 
 Mariano, or Marian, a town in Verona, 
 Italy. It contains 1380 souls. 
 
 Maricello, a town in Terra di Bari, Na- 
 ples, six miles KW of Gravina. 
 
 Marie, Cape Dame, iho w'estermost point 
 'of the island of Hispaniola, Lon. 76 51 w 
 
 from Paris, lat. 18 38 n. The town of this 
 name, situated on the cape, is 24 miles w of 
 Jeremie. 
 
 Marie, Straits of, connect lakes Superior 
 and Huron. 
 
 Mario Aux Mines, a tow'n in the depart- 
 ment of the Vosges, France. It is famous 
 for its silver mines, and is 25 miles nw of 
 New Bri^ac. 
 
 Marie, St, d^Arue, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Mont Blanc, France, 15 miles wxw 
 of Chambery. 
 
 Marienbnrg, a handsome town of Upp*:*! 
 Saxony, remarkable for its rich mines of 
 silver, iron, vitriol, and sulphur. The in- 
 habitants have manufactures of fine lace, 
 and a medicinal bith, 15 miles sse of 
 Chemnitz, 
 
 Marienhurg, an ancient towm nnd palati* 
 uate of Western Prussia, seated on the e 
 branch of the Vistula, 24 miles se of Dant- 
 zic. Lon. 19 8 E, lat. 54 9 N. 
 
 Marienhurg, a town in the department c£ 
 the North, France, 10 miles sw of Charie* 
 mont. 
 
 Marienstadt, a lowm in West Gothland, 
 Sweden, at the sE extremity of the lake 
 Wenner, 26 miles nne of Scara, and 35 ss 
 of Carlstadt. 
 
 Marienwerder, the capital of West Prus- 
 sia, Its spacious palace is built in the 
 Gothic style, the cathedral is 320 feet long, 
 has strong breast-works, and is the largest 
 in Prussia. At this place, in 1809, Frederic I. 
 and Peter the Great bad an interview. It is 
 situated near the Vistula, 94 miles sw' of 
 Konigsberg. Lon. IS 52 e, lat. 53 50 n. 
 
 Marietta, a post town and settlement of 
 the United States, in the stale of Ohio, at 
 the mouth of the Muskingum. The town is 
 laid out on a regular plan, wdth spacious 
 streets and squares, but little of it is built. 
 Here is a church, a court-house, and an 
 academy. The Campus Martius, foundetT 
 by the Ohio company in 1718, is an eleva- 
 ted public square, the fortification is of hewn 
 limber. Mariette has a dock-yard and fort 
 on the Muskingum. lu 1800 was discover- 
 ed in the vicinity, a tesselated pavement, 
 curious antiques, and a large human skele- 
 ton. It is 36 miles sw' of Wheeling, 80 b 
 of Chilicothe, and 240 N by w of Washing- 
 ton. Lon. 81 37 W’, lat. 39 16 n. 
 
 MarignanOySi tovvn in the Milanese, Italy, 
 on the Lambro, 10 miles se of Milan. 
 
 Marina, a town in Campagua di Roma, 
 Italy, 10 mites ese of Rome. 
 
 Marino, St, capital of a small republic 
 in Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, stands on 
 a mountain, and was lately under the pro- 
 tection of the pope ; 17 miles nw of Urbino. 
 Lon. 12 33 k, lat. 43 54 n. 
 
 Marino, St, a tow'n in the province of 
 Ba«^ilioatu, Napl s, nine miles s of Tursi. 
 
 Mark. See March. 
 
 Marks, St, a towm of East Florida, at the 
 head of the bay of Apftlachy, 160 miles w 
 of St Augustine. 
 
MAR 
 
 Marky Sty a jurisdiction in the w part of 
 the island of St Domingo, coniaining lour 
 parishes. The town of St Mark lies at the 
 head of a bay of its name, which is at the 
 head of the bay of bite of Leogane. Its 
 comnaerce is considerable. The houses are 
 biiilt of free-stone, with which the neigh- 
 bourhood abounds. In 1794, it was taken 
 by the English and royalists. It is 26 leagues 
 -sw of Cape Francois. Lon. 72 45 w, lat. 19 
 5 N. 
 
 Market WUy a small town in Armagh, 
 Ulster. Near this town is Gosford castle, 
 tbe residence of the present lord Gosford, 
 seated in a delightful spot. This was a fa- 
 vourite resort of dean Swift, to which he 
 gave the name of Draper hill. Here is 
 still to be seen a serpentine gravel walk, in 
 the policy v/hich the dean formed with his 
 own hands, and is called Swift’s walk ; 
 about eight miles e by s of Armagh, and 10 
 NNw of Newry. 
 
 Market- Raisin, a small town in Lincoln- 
 shire, stands near the sources of the Anklam, 
 with a market on Thursday, 14 miles ne of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Market Jew, See Marazion, 
 
 Markinchy a parish of Scotland, in Fife- 
 shire, which comprehends about 7000 acres, 
 with a varied surface, but in general a fertile 
 soil. And besides the village of Mai kinch, 
 w'hich contains about 500 inhalntants, there 
 are three other villages, viz. Balbirnie, Bal- 
 gonie, Dubieside, Population 3130. The 
 church is an old building, with a square 
 steeple, supporting a spire. It belonged 
 anciently to the Culdees, and afterwards to 
 the priory of St Andrew’s. The village of 
 Markinch has a fine south exposure, on an 
 oblong hill, and is about half a mile e of 
 the road from Kinghorn to Dundee, by 
 Coupar, seven miles nne of Kircaldy, and 
 18 from Edinburgh in the same direction. 
 In this parish are two coal-works, a bleach- 
 field, and many mills on the Leven. 
 
 Marlboroughy a town in Wiltshire, con- 
 taining two parishes, and about 500 houses, 
 governed by a mayor, two justices, 12 aider- 
 men, <fec. who elect two members of parlia- 
 ment. It has a market on Saturday. Here 
 are some remains of a castle, in which a 
 parliament was held in 1267, which passed 
 several acts, called the statues of Marl- 
 bridge. It was a Roman station, and gives 
 the title of duke to the family of Spencer. 
 It is situated on the river Kennet, 26 miles 
 N of Salisbury, 43 e of Bristol, and 74 w of 
 Loudon. 
 
 Marlboroughy Forty an English factory in 
 Asia, on the w coast of the island of Suma- 
 tra, three miles e of Bencoohm. 
 
 Marlboroughy an ancient and wealthy 
 towm in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 
 h:KS a manufacture of Spanish brown, from 
 a kind of loam found in its vicinity, 25 miles 
 w by s of Boston. 
 
 Marlboroughy a post town in Cheshire 
 county, New Hampshire, 26 miles from Ash- 
 NO: 19-6(1. 
 
 MAR 
 
 1 bnrnham in Massachusetts, aud contains *186 
 I inhabitants, 70 miles w by s of Portsmouth, 
 
 Marlboroughy Lowery a town of Mary- 
 land, situated in Calvert county, E side of 
 the Patuxent, 24 miles se of Washington 
 city. 
 
 Marlboroughy Upper, the chief tow'U of 
 ! prince George’s county, Maryland, on Ih© 
 Hatavisit, a branch of the Patuxent. It is 
 15 miles e of the city of Washington. 
 
 Marlheimy a town in the department of 
 the Lower Rhine, France, nine miles w of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Marlow, Great, a town in Buckingham- 
 shire, pleasantly situated near the banks of 
 the Thames, under the Cheltern hills. It 
 consists of two principal streets, and three 
 smaller ones. It has been much improved 
 of late years, and has a bridge over the 
 Thames into B,erkshire. Here are manu- 
 factures of black silk lace, paper, thimbles, 
 aud lintseed oil, and a considerable trade in 
 meal, malt, wood, &c. It has a market 
 on Saturday, and lies 31 miles w of London. 
 Marlow, Little, lies to the ne. 
 
 Marly a village and royal palace of 
 France, celebrated for its fine gardens, and 
 water-works, which are supplied with water 
 raised from the Seine by machinery. It is 
 four miles N of Versailles, and 10 nw of Paris. 
 
 Marmande, a town in the department of 
 Lot and Garonne, France, stands on the 
 Garonne, and has a trade in corn, wine, and 
 brandy. It is 40 miles se of Bordeaux, and 
 320 s by w of Paris. Lon. 0 15 e, lat. 44 
 20 N. 
 
 MARMORA, an island in the sea of Mar- 
 mora, 30 miles in circuit; from whose mar- 
 ble quarries many of the public* edifices ia 
 Constantinople were built. It has a town 
 of its name. Lon. 27 34 e, lat. 40 28 n. 
 
 Marmora, or White Sea, a sea between 
 Europe and Asia, which communicates with 
 the Archipelago, by the Dardanelles on the 
 sw, and with the Black sea, by the strait of 
 Constantinople on the ne. It is 120 miles 
 in length, and 50 in breadth, and was anci- 
 ently called the Propontis. 
 
 Marmora, a town in Calabria Ultra, Na- 
 les, 16 miles w of St Severino. 
 
 MarmosetiSy a harbour irt the island of 
 Hispaniola. It lies between Cape Rouge 
 and Grand Port Berhagne. 
 
 Marne, a toWn in Chorasan, Persia, 200 
 miles N of Herat. 
 
 MARNE, a department of France, takes' 
 its name from a river which has its source 
 near Langres, and running NW falls into the 
 Seine a little above Paris. It is 60 miles 
 long Irom e to w. and 45 broad, including 
 part of the late province of Champagne. 
 Rheims is the arohiepiscopal see, but Cha- 
 lons is the capital. 
 
 MARNE, UPPER, a department ^f 
 France, which also includes part of Cham- 
 pagne, and is 70 miles long from ne to sw, 
 aud from 22 to 35 hroad. Chaumont is tbe 
 capital. 
 
 N 
 
MAR 
 
 Marnochy a parish in Banffshire, about ! 
 10 miles long, and four or five broad. The 
 ^ surface rises gradually from the river Do- 
 ^ veron, which bounds it on the s. The soil 
 is in general good. The exports are corn, 
 butter, cheese, and black cattle. General 
 Gordon, who attained that rank under Peter 
 the Great of Russia, and wrote the history 
 of Charles XII. of Sweden, was a native of 
 this parish. Population near 1700. 
 
 MarOy a town in the province of Oneglia, 
 Italy, stands in a valley, eight miles nw of 
 Oneglia. 
 
 Marocco. See Morocco* 
 
 Marognay a town in Romania,- situated 
 near the Mediterranean, and a Greek arch- 
 bishop’s see, 70 miles nw of Adrianople. 
 Lon. 24 41 e, lat. 40 59 n. 
 
 Marotier, a town in the department of 
 Lower Rhine, France, 18 miles nw of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Marpurgy a considerable town of Hesse 
 Cassel, with a palace, castle, an university, 
 a handsome square tower, and a magnificent 
 town house. 
 
 Marquartsteiiiy a town of Bavaria, with 
 an ancient castle, stands near the river Acha, 
 22 miles w of Salzburg. 
 
 MARQUESAS, a group of islands in the 
 South sea, five in number, of w'hich the most 
 considerable are St Christina, St Dominica, 
 and St Pedro. The natives are of large sta- 
 ture, well made, strong, and active, and of 
 a tawny complexion, but look almost black, 
 by being punctured over tbe whole body. 
 Some of the women are nearly as fair as 
 Europeans. They go mostly naked. Their 
 drink is water only. The products of these 
 islands are bread-fruit, bananas, plantains, 
 cocoa nuts, scarlet-beans, pepper, mulberries, 
 of the bark of which their cloth is made. 
 Their government, like that of the Society 
 islands, is mcnarchial. Indeed, the inhabi- 
 iants.of tbe Marquesas, .Society, and Friend- 
 ly islands, Easter Island, and New Zealand, 
 seem to have had all the same origin : their 
 language, manners, customs, <fec. bearing a 
 great affinity in many respects. St Christi- 
 na, at which captain Cook lay some time in 
 hfs second voyage is in Ion. 139" 9 w, lat. 9* 
 66 s. To the nnw of the Marquesas, is a 
 group sometimes called the New Marquesas. 
 See Ingraham Islands, 
 
 MARR, an extensive district of Scotland, 
 comprehending the country between the Dee 
 and the Don, is divided into Braemar on^the 
 w, Midmar, and Cromar. Marr gave the 
 title of earl to the family of Erskine, who 
 were attainted in 1715 for their attachment 
 to the house of Stuart. See Braemar. 
 
 Mdrsal, a town in the department of 
 Meurthe, France, stands in a marsh, on tbe 
 Selle, with considerable salt-works,. 17 miles 
 BNE of Nancy.. 
 
 Marsala y an , ancient and populous city of | 
 Sicily, stands at the w^estern extremity of j 
 the island, on the site of the ancient Lily- 1 
 lb!teu«i. The taw'U is well' built, and sur- , 
 
 H 
 
 MAR 
 
 rounded by a wall with six bastions. 
 harbour was desrtoy ed by John of Austria, 
 in 1562, to prevent the entrance of the Turk- 
 ish gallies, but small vessels still find a 
 temporary shelter under a long reef of locks^ 
 that jut out into the port. This is a place 
 of importance from its fertile vicinity, 58 
 miles wsw of Palermo. Lon. 18 20 e, lat. 
 
 37 55 N. 
 
 Marsauy or Mount Marsnuy a town in the 
 department of Landes, France, and capital 
 of a late territory of the same name, 25 
 miles from Dax. 
 
 Marsanncy a town in the department of 
 Drome, France, eight miles nne of Monte- 
 limar. 
 
 Marsaquitery an aiioient town onthe coast 
 of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, seat- 
 ed on a rock, with one of the best liatbours 
 in Africa. It was taken by the Spaniards 
 in 1T32. It is three miles from Oran. 
 
 Lon. 0 10 XV, lat. 36 1 n. 
 
 Marsasousoy a sea port of Barca, Barba- 
 ry, on the Mediterranean, 42 miles w of 
 Derna. Lon. 21 2 e, lat. 32 47 n. 
 
 Marsch. BeeMoraw, 
 
 Marsdeiiy a village near the source of the- 
 Colne, W Yorkshire, on the Huddersfield 
 canal. Here are extensive cotton mills^ 
 seven miles sw^ of Huddersfield. 
 
 Marseilles y ?L flourishing sea port in the 
 department of the Mouths of the Rhone^ 
 France, lately an episcopal see. The inha- 
 bitants are computed at 90,000. It was so 
 celebrated in the time cf the Romans, that 
 Cicero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, anch 
 Pliny called it the Mistress of Education.- 
 It is situated on the Mediterranean, at the 
 vspper end of a gulf in which are many small 
 islands. It is divided into the Old town and- 
 the New. The first appears like an amphi- 
 theatre to the vessels which enter the port ; 
 but the houses are mean, and the. streets dir- 
 ty, narrow', and steep. The New Town is 
 in every respect, a perfect contrast to tbs- 
 city, with which it has a communication by 
 one of the finest streets imaginable. The 
 other streets and squares, as w’cil as tha 
 public buildings in general are very elegant. 
 
 With respect to commerce, Marseilles has 
 been eminent since the days of antiquity ; 
 and is now sometimes called Europe i!i» 
 Miniature, on account of the variety of ^ 
 dresses and languages. The port is a basin 
 of an oval form, 3480 feet long, by 960 
 broad at it.s widest part) with IS-or 20 feet 
 depth of water, and is defended by a citadel 
 and fort. In the environs of Marseilles arc 
 near 5000 little country boxes of the citi- 
 zens, called Bastides. The late lord Gar- 
 denstone, in his Travelling Memcraiidinns; 
 mentions, that Marseilles w as a little repub- 
 lic withhi itself, and enjoyed a high degree 
 of demoorative freedom. In 1720, the plague 
 carried of 50,000 of the inhabitants of this 
 city. In 1793 Marseilles revolted agains^/ 
 the FreiKjli national convention, but was 
 soon reduced. Marseilles is 15 miles s 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 13 NW of Tv)ulon, and 363 s by E of 
 Paris. Lon. 5 23 e, lat. 43 IS n. 
 
 Marshfield, a town of Gloucestershire, 
 seated on the Coteswold hills, with a mar- 
 ket on Tuesday. It consists principally of 
 one street, is o^overned by a bailiff, and has 
 a large church, a charity school, and a w^ell 
 ’ endowed ciims-iiouse, 1 1 miles e of Bristol, 
 and 103 w of London. 
 
 MARSHLAND, a district in Yorkshire, 
 between the rivers Are, Dun, Ouse, and 
 Trent, w'bich, with Marsh ditch, make a 
 river island several miles in length and 
 -breadth. 
 
 Marsico Nvova, a small rich town in 
 PrinciiT^to Citra, at the foot of the Appe- 
 nines, Naples, 21 miles nne of Policastro. 
 
 Marsico Vecchio, a town in Basilicata, 
 Naples, near the Acre, 14 miles s of Poienza, 
 and 23 ne of Policastro. 
 
 MarsiUij, a town in the department of 
 Alarne, France, 10 miles s of Suzanne. 
 
 Marston, a village in Yorkshire, famous 
 for a bloody battle fought on its moor, July 
 2d, 1644, between the forces of Charles I. 
 under prince Rupert, and those of the parli- 
 ament, which issued in a total defeat of the 
 former, and the ruin of the royal cause in 
 this part of England, eight miles w by s of 
 York city. 
 
 Marstrand, a small rocky island of Swe- 
 den, in the Categat. It is called the Gib- 
 raltar of Sweden. The island is about two 
 miles in circumference. The town, which 
 lies on the eastern ^ide, contains about 
 1200 inhabitants. The castle is seated on 
 a rock, and is used as a state prison. The 
 harbour is very secure and commodious. 
 The inhabitants subsist by contraband 
 trade, by the ships w'hich take refuge here 
 in bad weather, and by the herring fishing. 
 -It is 20 miles nw of Gotheborg. Lon. 1 1 
 30 E, lat. 5T N. 
 
 Maria, a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 of St Peter, at the efflux of a river of its 
 name from the lake Bolsena, 10 miles e of 
 Castro. 
 
 MARTABAN, a province of Pegu, on 
 the gulf of Bengal. The soil is fertile in 
 rice, fruits, and wines of all kinds. Its 
 capital is of the same name. It w^n.s a rich 
 trading place, before the king of Birmah 
 subdued the country, who caused a number 
 of vessels to be sunk in the harbour, which 
 prevents large vessels from entering it. 
 Earthern-ware and fish form its principal 
 trade. It is situated at the mouth of the 
 Thaluan, 120 miles se of Pegu, Lon. 97 
 36 E, lat. 16 30 N. 
 
 Martago, a town in Leon, Spain, 10 miles 
 ssE of Cuidad Rodrigo.. 
 
 Martapura, a city of Berneo, capital of 
 the kingdom of Banjermassin, 72 miles ne 
 of Benjermassin, and 100 se of Negara. 
 Lon. 115 26 e, lat 2 35 s. 
 
 Martel, a town in the department of Lot, 
 France, near the river Dordogne, 18 miles 
 of Sarlat* 
 
 I Martha Brae, a small town, having, a 
 harbour, seven leagues w of Montego Point, 
 in .Tamaica. 
 
 [i MARTHA, ST. a province on the coast 
 
 I I of Terra Firma, S America, 300 miles in 
 i length and 200 in breadth. It is a moun- 
 || tainoiis country, and the land very high, 
 jl It is extremely hot on the sea coast. It 
 I abounds with fruits proper to the climate, 
 
 and there are mines of gold and precious 
 stones, and salt works. Here the celebrat** 
 ed ridge of mountains, called the Andes, 
 commences, which runs s the whole length 
 of S America. The Spaniards possess but 
 one' part of this province, in which they have 
 built Martha, the capital. 
 
 Martha, St, a city in the above province, 
 with a harbour in the North sea, at the 
 mouth of the Guyara, about 124 miles sE 
 of Carthagenac The houses are built of 
 canes, and covered with pal meto leaves. It 
 has been on the decline, since the Spanish 
 fleets no longer touch here. Its harbour is 
 large, convenient, and safe, and the envi» 
 
 1 rons agreeable and fertile. It contains 
 I about 3000 inhabitants, who carry on an 
 I extensive rich trade, and make great quan- 
 i tities of cottons, stuffs, <fec. with eartherm 
 ware, which is much esteemed. Lou. 74 4 
 V/, laL J,1 27 N. 
 
 MARTHA'S VINEYARD, an island of 
 North America, near the coast of Massa- 
 chusetts, 80 miles s of Boston, 21 miles 
 long, and .six broad, and with Chabaquiddic 
 Nomans isle, and Elizabeth isles, constitute 
 Duke county. The inhabitants subsist by- 
 fishing and agriculture. Edgarton is the 
 chief town. 
 
 Marthalen, a town in the canton of Zu- 
 rich, Switzerland, seated near the Rhine, 
 six miles s of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Martigao, a town in Beira, Portugal, 22 
 miles NE of Coimbra. 
 
 Martignana, a town of Piedmont, stands 
 near the Po, four miles and a-balf w of Sa- 
 ,luzzo. 
 
 Martigues, a sea port in the department 
 of the Mouths of the Rhone, France, near a 
 lake, 12 miles long and five broad, which 
 produces excellent salt. It is 20 miles nw 
 of Marseilles. 
 
 Martin, Cape, a promontory of Valencia, 
 Spain, which separates the gulf of Alicant 
 from that of Valencia=. Loc. 0 ,36 e, lat. 
 38 54 N. 
 
 Martin, St, admail town in the isle of 
 Ree, France, with a harbour and strong 
 castle, 12 miles wnw of Rochelle. Lou. 1 
 20 w, lat. 46 13 n. 
 
 MARTIN, ST, one of the leeward Ca- 
 ribbee islands in the W Indies, 44 miles 
 in circumference. It has neither river nor 
 harbour, but several salt pits ; und its to- 
 bacco, the principal commodity cultivated, 
 is esteemed the best in the Carribbee islands,. 
 It was long possessed by the Dutch and 
 French, but, in 1810, was taken by th^ 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 British. The western extremity is five miles 
 sof Anguilla. Lon. 63 8 w, lat. 18 4 
 
 Martin^Sy Sty a parish of Scotland, in 
 Perthshire, to which that of Cambusmichael 
 IS annexed, extending about lour nules in 
 length, and one in breadth, lying n of the 
 Tay. Population above 1100, about five 
 tniies n of Perth, intersected by the great 
 road to Aberdeen by Coupar of Angus. 
 
 Martinachy a town in the Valiais, Swit- 
 zerland, on the Dranse, 12 miles sw of 
 Sion. 
 
 MartinhOy Sty a town in Estremadura, 
 Portugal, 12 miles ne of Peniche. 
 
 MARTINIQUE, one of the largest of 
 the Caribjbee islands, situated between lat. 1 4 
 and 15 n, and in Ion. 61 w, lying about 
 40 leagues nw of Barbadoes, and 22 s by e 
 of Guadaloupe, is about 60 miles in length, 
 and 30 in breadth, containing about 260 
 square miles. The inland part of it is hilly, 
 and gives rise to a number of rivers which 
 enrich the island. The produce is sugar, 
 cotton, indigo, ginger, &c. But sugar is 
 here, as in all the West India islands, the 
 principal commodity, of which they export 
 a considerable quantity annually. Its bays 
 and harbours are numerous, safe, and com- 
 modious, and well fortified. It is divided 
 into 28 parishes, which contain about the 
 same number of towns and villages, and 
 two principal towns. Fort Royal and St 
 Pierre. In 1770, it contained 12,450 white 
 people; 1814 free blacks or mulattoes ; 
 70,553 slaves, and 443 fugitive negroes. 
 About the same time its products w^ere com- 
 l)uted 23,000,000 lbs. of sugar, 3,000,000 
 lbs. of coffee, 600,000 lbs, of cotton, and 
 40,000 lbs. of cocoa. The island is now 
 in the possession of the British, by whom it 
 was taken from the French in 1762, and 
 again in 1794, and in 1809. In 1806 it sus- 
 tained great damage by a hurricane. Fort 
 Royal is the capital. 
 
 Martinshurgy a post of town of Virginia, 
 and capital of Berkeley county, about eight 
 miles s of the Potowmac, is seated in a fer- 
 tile country. It has two churches, and is 
 10 miles wnw of Shepherdstown, and 22 ne 
 of Winchester. 
 
 MartinsvilleyihQ capital of Henry county, 
 Virginia, 25 miles s by w of Rocky Mount, 
 and 60 w of Halifax. 
 
 } 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Murtinvilley a post town, and the capital 
 of Guilford county, in N Carolina. It is 
 seated on Buffalo creek, a branch of Haw 
 fiver, 45 miles n by w of Hillsborough, and 
 50 NE of Salisbury. Lon. 79 43 w, lat. 36 
 5 N. 
 
 Martocky a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, seven miles s of Semer- 
 ton, and 130 w bys of London. 
 
 Martorano, a town of Calabria Citra, 
 Naples, wght miles from the sea, and 15 s 
 of Cozetiza. •' 
 
 Martorely a town of Catalonia, Spain, at 
 the junction of the Labragal and Noya, 18 
 milis NW of Barcelona. 
 
 Martosy a town of Andalusia, Spain, with 
 a fortress on a rock, eight miles s of An- 
 duxar, and 10 w by s of Jaen^ 
 
 MarUy a town of Persia, in Cborazin, 
 formerly a magnificent city, and the resi- 
 dence of many sultans, but after the defeat 
 of the saltan Sargiar, in the 12th ceiitnry, it 
 was laid waste by the Turcomans. It stands 
 on the Margal, 150 miles ene of Me^chel, 
 and 240 n cf Herat. 
 
 Marr.aOy a town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 eight miles ne of Portalegre. 
 
 Marvfjols, a handsome trading town in 
 the department of Lozere, France, on the 
 Colange, 10 miles nw of Mende. 
 
 MarviUe, a town in the department of 
 Meuse, on the Oshein, three miles x of Ja» 
 metz, 
 
 Marghoroughy capital of Queen’s county, 
 Leinster, seated on the Barrow. It had its 
 name from queen Mary of England, is go- 
 verned by a burgo-master and bailiffs. It 
 has the remain.^ of a castle ; before the union 
 sent two members to parliament; and has 
 considerable woollen manufactures, 47 miles 
 w of Dublin. Lon. 7 12 ve, lat. 53 0 n. 
 
 Margburgy a village in Argyleshire, near 
 Fort William, had its name from queen 
 Mary, wife of king W’illiani. It contains 
 about 1200 inhabitants. See Fort William, 
 
 Marghnrgy a village in Kinross-shire, 
 on the road from Edinburgh to Perth. 
 
 MargcuUery a parish in Kincardineshire, 
 about six miles long and three broad, 
 washed on the n by the Dee, in which are 
 salmon fishings. In the parish are gra- 
 nite and potter’s earth. Population about 
 700. 
 
 Marg Gerane’s House y a name given to 
 Dunmore Head, in Kerry, Munster, the most 
 western point of all Europe. 
 
 Margkirky a parish in Kincardineshire, 
 comprehending about 7591 Scots acres, 
 bounded on the s by the N E?k. The sur- 
 face is a beautiful level, and the soil in 
 general fertile. Besides the village of Ma- 
 rykirk, about six miles n of Montrose, con- 
 taining above 200 inhabitants, there is 
 another village called Lutbermoor, which 
 contains about the same number of people. 
 The population of the parish is above 1500. 
 In t^ parish is Hatton, the seat of lord 
 Aburthnot. 
 
 MARYLAND, one of the. United States 
 of America, lies between hit. 37 5G and 39 
 44 N, and between 75 8 and 79 38 w Ion. 
 It is about 134 miles in length, and 110 in 
 breadth, and contains 14,000 square mile?, 
 l-4th of which is w'ater. It is divided into 
 19 counties, 1 1 of which are on the western 
 and eight on the eastern shore of Chesa peak 
 bay. Those on the western shore are Hart- 
 ford, Baltimore, Ann Arundel, FrederiCj 
 Alleghany, Washington, Montgomery, Cal- 
 vert, Prince George, Charles, and St Ma- 
 ry’s ; those on the astern shore are, Cecil, 
 Kent, Queen Ann, Caroline, Talbot, Somer- 
 set, Dorchester, and Worcester ; which, in 
 
MAR 
 
 MAS 
 
 1801, contained altogether, 349,092 inhabi- 
 tants, and in 1810, 380,546. Each of the 
 counties sends four representatives to the 
 house of delegates ; besides which, the city 
 of Annapolis, the metropolis, and town of 
 Baltimore, send two each. The chief towns 
 of the Stale, besides these two, are Georgt- 
 town bordering on the city of Washington, 
 on the river Patowmack, Fredericktown, 
 Hagarstowu, and Elktoii. The city of 
 Washington, or the Federal city, was ceded 
 by the states of Virginia and Maryland, to 
 the United States, and by them established 
 to be the seat of their government, atler the 
 year 1800. Chesapeak bay divides this 
 Slate into eastern and western divisions. 
 From the eastern shore in Maryland, among 
 other smaller ones, it receives Pokomoke, 
 Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, and Elk 
 rivers ; from the n the rapid Susquebannah ; 
 and from the w', Patapsco, Severn, Patuxent, 
 and Patowmack, half of which is in Mary- 
 land, and half in Virginia. The face of the 
 country is uniformly level, and low in most 
 of the counties on the eastern shore, and 
 consequently covered, in many places, with i 
 stagnant water, except where it is inter- 
 sected by numerous creeks. Wheat and 
 tobacco are the staple commodities. In 
 the interior country, on the uplands, consi- 
 derable quantities of hemp and flax are 
 raised. The trade of Maryland is princi- 
 pally carried on from Baltimore, with 
 the other states, with the West Indies, and 
 with some parts of Europe*. To these 
 places thJy send annually about 30,000 
 hogsheads of tobacco, besides large quan- 
 tities of wheat, flour, pig-iron, lumber, and 
 corn ; beans, pork, and flax-seed, in smaller 
 quantities ; and receive, iu return, oloathing 
 tor themselves and negroes, and other dry 
 goods, wines, spirits, sugars, and other 
 West India commodities. The seminaries 
 of learning are, Washington academy, 
 Washington college, and St. Jehu's college. 
 Annapolis is the capital. 
 
 Maryport, a neat, modern, well-built 
 town in Cumberland, with a market on Fri- 
 day. It was begun about the middle of the 
 16th century, end since that time has ra- 
 pidly increased. In 1750, it was a poor 
 Ashing town, but now contains 3000 inhabi- 
 tants. It is situated at the mouth of the 
 Elleu. It has a tolerable harbour, and 
 quays have been erected at a great expence. 
 The coal-trade, which employs many ves- 
 sels, from 50 to 250 tons burden, and ship- 
 building, are the principal support of the 
 town, and lately an extensive cotton manu- 
 taciory has been erected. In the i reme- 
 diate vicinity is the Roman station, VirosU 
 diuniy where several altars and statues have 
 been found. Here is one of the finest glass- 
 houses, in Britain. It is seven miles kw of 
 Cockermouth, four n of Workington, 27 sw 
 of Carlisle, and 297 nnw of London. Lon. 
 3 22 w, lat. 54 35 N. 
 
 jyjary Pm, ft bay in Kiikmaiden; Wig- 
 
 toushirc, on the s snore of Glenluce bay, 
 near the Mull o" Galloway. 
 
 Mary Riv>er, St, forms a part of the sou- 
 thern boundary line of the United States. 
 
 It runs a course of 150 miles, and enters 
 the ocean between the points of Amelia and 
 Cumberland islands, in lat AO 44, and is 
 navigable lor vessels of considerable burden 
 for 90 miles, and its banks affo»d immense 
 quantities of fine timber suited for the West 
 India market. 
 
 Mary’s St, a post town and port of entry 
 of Campden county, Georgia, situated near 
 the mouth of St. Mary's river, 70 miles s by 
 w of Newport, and 129 s of Savannah. 
 Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 30 45 n. 
 
 MARY'S St, a county of the United 
 States, in Maryland, on the peninsula, be- 
 tween Potowmac and Patuxent rivers, 39 
 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It con- 
 tains 15,544 inhabitants. 
 
 Mary’s Strait, St, a strait of North Ame- 
 rica, which forms the communicaaon be- 
 tween Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It 
 I is about 00 miles long, containing a variety 
 j of islands, at the upper end of which is a 
 I rapid, which can be descended by a careful 
 pilot. Here, on the n side, is a factory, 
 belonging to a company at Montreal, con- 
 sisting of a saw-mill, a bateau-yard, and 
 storehouses. 
 
 Mary ton, a parish in Forfarshire, on the 
 s bank of the South Esk, nearly opposite to 
 Montrose. It contains about 3000 acres of 
 good and well cultivated land. On the top 
 of Maryton-law, from which is a beautiful 
 prospect, is an artificial mound, probably a 
 signal station, or. a feudal tribunal in an- 
 cient times. Population about 600. 
 
 Marza Siroco, a small gulf on the $ 
 side of the isle of Malta. Here, in 1565, 
 the Turks landed, when they went to invest 
 Valetta. It is now defended by three forts. 
 
 Marzilla, a handsome town in Navarre, 
 Spain, situated near the river Arragon, 30 
 miles s of Pamplona. 
 
 MASAFUERO, a high and mountainous 
 island in the Pacific ocean, w of Juan Fer- 
 nandez : it is of a triangular form, about 
 25 miles in circuit, and uninhabited. It 
 abounds with goats, seals, and wood. 
 There is no safe landing place, Lon. 81 
 40 w, lat. 33 40 s. 
 
 MASBATE, one of the Philippine islands, 
 almost in the centre of the rest. It is 80 
 miles in circumference, and the inhabitants 
 are tributary to the Spaniards. Lon. 122 
 25 E, lat. 11 36 N. 
 
 Masbrough, a flourishing village on the 
 w side of the bridge of Rotheram. Here 
 are furnaces for melting the iron out of the 
 ore, <fec. At these extensive iron- works 
 they make great quantities of goods of ham- 
 mered and cast-iron, from the smallest 
 article to the largest cannon ; great quan- 
 tities of which are exported. 
 
 MASCARA> the western province of 
 
 the kingdom of Algiers, 370 miles long, and 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 broad. It is dry, barren, and moun* 
 taiiiovis, except on the n side, which aboiimis 
 in plains of corn, fruit, and pastures. The 
 s part is inhabited by independent wan- 
 dering' tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. 
 
 Maffcara, the capital of the above pro- j 
 Tince. It has a strong castle in which the 
 Bey resides. It stands in a fertile and popu- 
 lous district. It has a great number of 
 good bouses, and newly erected mosques, 
 and lies 45 miles ese of Oran, and 190 sw 
 of Algiers. Lon. 0 40 e, lat. 35 54 w. 
 
 Mascat, B. town on the coast of Arabia i 
 Felix, and the chief town in the province of ! 
 Oman, with a castle on a rock, and an | 
 excellent harbour ; the cathedral, built by 1 
 the Portuguese, is now the king’s palace. I 
 There are neither trees, shrubs, nor grass, | 
 to be seen on the sea -coast near it, and only | 
 a few date-trees in a valley at the back of I 
 the town, though they have all things in 
 plenty. The weather is so hot in summer, | 
 that no people are to be seen in the streets I 
 from 10 in the morning till four in the after- 
 noon. The bazars, or market places, are 
 covered with the leaves of date-trees. Their 
 religion is Mahometanism. The products 
 of the country are horses, dates, fine brim- 
 stone, coffee, and ruinoss, a root that dyes 
 red. Mascat is seated at the foot of a chain 
 of mountains, on a small bay of the Ara- 
 bian sea. Lon. 57 26 e, lat. 24 0 n. 
 
 Mas d’ AgenoiSy a town in the depart- 
 ment of Lot and Garronne, France, on the 
 Garonne, 24 miles nw of Agen, and 50 se i 
 of Bourdeaux. | 
 
 Mas d’ A^ily a town in the department of i 
 Arriege, France, stands on the rivulet Rise, 
 has a beiiedictine abbey, eight miles sw of 
 Pamiers. 
 
 Mashaniy a town in the N. Riding of | 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday, situ- i 
 ated on the river Ure. It has a cloth manu- | 
 factory, a rabbit warren in the vicinity, and j 
 a fair September 1 8th, nine miles nw of Rip- | 
 pon, and 218 nnw of London. | 
 
 Mashangury a town in the province of 
 Cahul, Hindoostan, situated on the Sew'ard, 
 
 48 miles n of Auock,and 130 ese of Cabul. 
 Lon. 71 7 E, lat. 33 54 n. 
 
 Maskelync IslCy a small, but beautiful is- 
 land, lying oft' the se point of Mallicola, 
 Pac I fi(? ocean, one of the new Hebrides. 
 Lon. 176 55 E,lat. 16 32 s. 
 
 MasOy the most northerly sea-port of 
 Norway, seated at the head of a bay where 
 vessels lie in safety at any season, 25 miles 
 sw of the North Cape. Lon. 25 2 e, lai. 71 
 
 0 N. 
 
 MASON, a county of the United States, 
 in Kentucky, on the side of Ohio river. It 
 contains 2267 inhabitants. 
 
 MASOVIA, a province of Great Poland, 
 containing the two palatinates of Massovia 
 Proper, or Czersk, and Ploczko. It be- 
 longed to Prussia, but at the peace of 
 Tilsit, w'as given to Saxony, Warsaw is 
 the capital. 
 
 Masqtts Peenwa, a jurisdiction of Charcas 
 in Peru, extending above 30 leagues. Its 
 air is hot. The cdy of the same name.^ 
 where the bishop of Santa cr uz de la Sierra 
 resides, is very thinly inhabited ; but there 
 are in other parts of it several populous 
 tow'ns. It produces all kinds of gram and 
 fruits ; honey and wax constitute a princi- 
 pal part of its trade. 
 
 31assay an ancient, populous, and hand- 
 some town of Italy, capital of a principa- 
 lity of its name situated on a plain on the 
 ! gulf of Genoa, and the river Frigida. The 
 town and its territory belonged to Tuscany, 
 but in 1806 it was given to Lucca. It is 
 celebrated for its fine marble quarries, three 
 miles from the sea, and 55 w by n of 
 Florence. 
 
 Massay a town of Italy, in the Sienese, 
 stands on a mountain near the sea. In the 
 vicinity are found Boraz and Lapis Lazuli, 
 35 miles sw of Sienna. Lon. 1 1 8 e, laL 
 43 2 N. 
 
 Massa, a town in the Terra di Lavora, 
 Naples, seated on the s side of the bay of 
 Naples, 30 miles wsw of Salerno. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS Proper, which with 
 the district of Maine, constitutes one of the 
 United States of America, is situated be- 
 tween lat 41 13, and 43 52, n, and between 
 Ion. 69 57, and 73 38, w. Its greatest 
 length is 190 miles, its greatest breadth 90 
 miles. Massachusetts is divided into 1.2 
 counties, viz. Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Mid- 
 dlesex, Hampshire, Worcester, Plymouth, 
 Barnstable, Duke’s county, Naut.» jket, Bris- 
 tol, and Berkshire, exclusive pf five for 
 Maine. The population of Massachu- 
 setts, by the census of 1800, was 422, 845, 
 1810, 700,745. This is the only state in 
 the Union in which there are uo slaves. 
 The western part is somewhat mountainous. 
 In Massachusetts, are to be found all the 
 varieties of soil, from very good, to very 
 bad, capable of yielding all the different 
 productions common to the climate, such as 
 Indian corn, rye, wheat, barley, oats, hemp, 
 flax, hops, potatoes, field- beans, and pease, 
 apples, pears, peaches, plums,- cherries, <fec. 
 The northern, middle, and western parts of 
 the state, have, generally speaking, a strong 
 good soil, adapted to grazing and grain. 
 The staple commodities are fish, beef, lum- 
 ber, (fee. This state is well watered by 
 small rivers. The chi»f capes are Ann, 
 Cod, Malabar, Poge, Gay Head, &c. The 
 most noted bays are Massachusetts, Ipswich, 
 Boston, Plymouth, Barnstable, and Buz- 
 zards. The chief islands are Plumb Island, 
 Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Elizabeth 
 islands, and numerous small isles in Boston 
 bay. Nails have been made here in such 
 quantities, as to prevent, in a great measure, 
 the importation of them from Great Britain 
 The machine invented by Caleb Leach, of 
 Plymouth, will cut and head 5000 nails in 
 a day, under the direction of a youth of 
 either sex* There is a machine for 
 
MAS 
 
 eutting nails at Newbury port, invented by I 
 Mr Jacob. Perkins, which will turn out | 
 200,000 uails in a day. There are duck ; 
 manufactories at Boston, Salem, Haverhill, 
 and Springfield, w^hich are in a promising 
 way. Manufactories of cotton and woollen 
 have been attempted with various success 
 at Beverley, Worcester, Boston, and Newbu- 
 ry. There are upwards of 20 paper mills. 
 There are many other manufactories for 
 cotton and wool cards, playing cards, shoes, 
 lace, wire, <fec. There are several snuff, 
 oil, chocolate, and powder mills in different 
 parts of the state, and a number of iron 
 works and slitting mills, besides other mills, 
 in common use for sawing timber, grinding 
 grain, and fulling cloth. There were in 
 1792, 62 distilleries. There are indeed few 
 articles necessary to the comfort and conve- 
 nience of life, that are not manufactured in 
 this state. This commonwealth is remark- 
 able for its literary, humane, and other so- 
 cieties. This state, including the district of 
 Maine, owms more than three times as many 
 tons of shipping as any other of the states, 
 and more than one tlnrd part the whole of 
 that belongs to the United Suites. The 
 chief towns of this state, besides Boston, 
 the metropolis, are Salem, Newbury Port, 
 Charlestown, Worcester, Plymouth, Nor- 
 thampton, Springbeld, &c. 
 
 Massachufietts Bay, a bay of N America, 
 which extends eastward of Boston, and lies 
 between Cape Ann on the n, and Cape Cod 
 on the s. It as well as the state, had its 
 name from a tribe of Indians, who formerly 
 resided here. 
 
 Massacre, a small island on the coast of 
 West Florida, two miles s of Horn island, 
 and 10 from the mainland. 
 
 Massafra, a towm of Naples, situated at 
 the foot of the Appenines, 16 miles nw of 
 Taranto. 
 
 Massagano, a town in Angola Congo, 
 seated on the Coanza, and capital of a pro- 
 vince of its name, 140 miles ese of Loanda. 
 Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 9 40 s. 
 
 Massapa, a town of Mocaranga, seated 
 on a river, near which are gold mines. 
 Here the Portuguese settled, 300 miles nw 
 of Sofala. Lon. 31 55 e, lat. 18 5 s. 
 
 Massarano, a town of Piedmont, capital 
 of a small principality of the same name, 
 40 miles nne of Turin. Lon. 8 14 e, lat. 
 45 38 N. 
 
 Masseube, a town in the department of 
 Gers, France, 14 miles s of Aueh. 
 
 Masso, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 
 with a castle, 10 miles n of New Stargard. 
 
 Mastertown, a village in the neighbour- 
 hood and parish of Dumfermline, Fileshire. 
 
 Masiiahy a town of Abyssinia, situated on 
 an island in the Red sea, with an excellent 
 harbour, a few of the houses are of stone, 
 some of them two stories high, but in gene- 
 ral they are constructed with poles and bent 
 grass. Lon. 39 36 e, lat. 1535 n. 
 
 Masuiipatam, a populous city «and com- 
 
 MAT 
 
 mercial sea port in the circar of Condapilly 
 Hindoostan. The principal trade is iu 
 chintzes and painted linen. It is situated 
 near one of the mouths of the Kistna, on the 
 w side of the Bay of Bengal, 79 miles .sw 
 of Rajamuiidry, and 200 N of Fort St 
 George. Lon. 81 12 E, lat. 16- 8 n. 
 
 Masvazix, a town in the department of 
 Upper Rhine, France, 10 miles N of Bo- 
 fort. 
 
 Mata, a town in Valencia, Spain, on the 
 sea coast, near a lake of the same name, 
 famous for the great abundance of salt which 
 it produces, 28 miles ssw of Alicant. 
 
 Mataea, or Mantaca, a safe bay on the n 
 coast of the island of Cuba, 35 miles e of 
 Havana. Lon. 81 16 w, lat. 23 12 n. 
 
 Mat ala, a cape and town on the e coast 
 of the island of Candia, 30 miles s of Candia. 
 Lon. 24 58 e, lat. 34 46 N. 
 
 MATAAIAN, a country of Africa. It is- 
 a dreary country, little visited by Euro- 
 peans. 
 
 MATAMBA, a kingdom of Congo, s of 
 Congo Proper. St Maria is the chief 
 town. 
 
 Matauzas, a town on the n coast of the 
 island of Cuba, on a bay of its name, one 
 of the safest and most capacious in the W 
 Indies. At the back of the town; which is 
 now much decayed, is a lofty conical moun- 
 tain, that serves as a sea mark, 63 miles e- 
 of Havana. Lon. 81 30 w, lat. 23 3 n. 
 
 Matapan, Cape, situated between the gulf 
 of Coroii and Colochina, and the most south- 
 ern promontory of the Morea. Lon. 24 40 e, 
 lat. 36 25 N. 
 
 Matan, or Macton, one of the Philippine 
 islands, situated on the e side of Zebu. Here 
 Magellan was killed in 1521, after he had 
 conquered Zebu. 
 
 Mataran, a large town of Asia, formerly 
 the capital of an empire of that name, in the 
 island of Java. It stands amidst moun- 
 tains, in a fertile and populous country. 
 Lon, 1 i J 55 E, lat. 7 15 s. 
 
 Maiaro, a town in Catalonia, Spain, re- 
 markable for its glass works, and excellent 
 red wiiie, and has manufactures of cotton, 
 silk, and lace. It is situated on the Medi- 
 terranean, 17 miles ne of Barcelona. Lon« 
 2 29 E, lat. 41 30 n. 
 
 Matchevis, a town in the palatinate of 
 Masovia, Poland, famous for a signal defeat 
 of the Poles by the Russians in 1794, 32 
 miles E of Warsaw. 
 
 Matcowitz, a strong town in the county 
 of Scepus, Upper Hungary, seated on a 
 mountain, 185 miles ne of Presburg. 
 
 Matelica, a town of Italy, in the marqui- 
 sate of Ancona, 15 miles s of Jesi. 
 
 Matera, a large town in the Terra 
 d^Otranto, Naples, the see of an archbi-hop, 
 seated on the Canapro,45 miles wnw of Ta- 
 rento. Lon. 16 34 e, lat. 40 50 n. 
 
 Materia. See Heliopolis, 
 
 Mathan, a town of Bornou, seated on a 
 small river, with a royal palace, which 
 
M A U 
 
 forms a kind of citadel, 106 miles sw of 
 Boruou. 
 
 MATHEWS, a county of Virginia, lying 
 on the w shore of the bay of Chesapeak. 
 it is about 18 miles in length and six in 
 breadth. 
 
 Matlock, a village near Wirksworth, in 
 Dejb)'Shire, situated on the Derwent. Ii 
 has three warm baths, which are much fre- 
 quented in the bathing season. The baths 
 are about two miles sW of the town and have 
 every necessary accommodation for com- 
 pany. The town is built in a romantic 
 style, along the side of a mountain. Near 
 the bridge are two chalybeate springs, and a 
 petrifying spring near the w bank of the 
 river. The poorer sort of people sell petri- 
 factions, spars, <fec. A stupendous rock cal- 
 led the High Tor, rises almost perpendicular 
 from the river to the height of 300 feet, four 
 miles N of Wirksworth. 
 
 ' Matsee a town in the duchy of Salzburg, 
 Bavaria, 12 miles n of Salzburg. 
 
 Mutsumay, a sea port and capital of a 
 provmce of its name in the island of Jesso, 
 tributary to Japan, on the w coast of the 
 narrow part of the island, and is tne princi- 
 pal settlement of the Japanese in this terri- 
 tory. Lon. 139 55 e, iat. 42 0 n. 
 
 Malta de Brazil, a populous town in the 
 captainship oi Pernambuco, in Brazil, about 
 nine leagues from Olinda. 
 
 Mattheo, St, a town in Valencia. Spain, 
 10 imies from the Mediterranean, and <58 
 NNE of Valencia. 
 
 MATTHEO, ST, an island of Africa, in 
 the Atlantic. It was formerly planted by 
 the Portuguese, but is now deserted, 420 
 miles s by w of Cape Palmas, oo the coast 
 ci Guinea. Lon. 8 10 w, lat. I 24 s. 
 
 Matthew^s, St, a small island in the Indi- 
 an ocean. Lon. 123 «51 e, lat. 5 23 s. 
 
 Matura, a sea port of Ceylon, on a river 
 near the southernmost extremity of the island, 
 with a small fort. The vicinity is wild and 
 abounds with elephants, which are here 
 caught for exportation, 25 miles ese of Gaile. 
 Lon 80 28 e, iat. 5 53 n. 
 
 Matura, a town in the province of Agra, 
 Hindoostan, 22 miles ne of Agra, and70ssE 
 of Delhi. 
 
 Mauhal, a town in the territory of Canda- 
 har, 70 miles nne of Candahar. 
 
 Mauheuge, a fortified town in the dept, 
 of the North, France, seated on the Sambre. 
 In 1793, the Austrians invested this place, 
 but were driven from their position by the 
 French ; 15 miles s of Mons, 22 ese of Va- 
 leuci<mnes, and 40 sw of Brussels. 
 
 Mauehlin. See Macliline, 
 
 Mauldah, a neat city in Bengal, situated 
 near the n bank of ihe Ganges, is a place of 
 trade, and produces much silk. It is 170 
 miles N of Calcutta. It arose out of the 
 ruins of Gour, which are still to be seen in 
 its vicinity. Lon. 88 16 e, lat. 25 10 n. 
 
 MAULE, a province in Chili, which ex- 
 tends from the oceau to the Andes^ is 120 
 
 MAX 
 
 miles In breadth, and abounds in grain, winey 
 fruit, cheese, and gold. Talea is the capi- 
 tal, and the Maule the principal river# 
 
 Mauleon, a town in the department of 
 the Upper Pyrenees, France, 20 miles sw of 
 Pau. 
 
 Mauleon, a town in the department of 
 the Lower Pyrenees, France, 28 miles se of 
 Ti^rbes. 
 
 Mauleon, a town in the department of 
 Vendee, France, with an ancient castle on a 
 rock, near the Oict, 52 miles xa of Rochel- 
 le, and 52 nw of Poitiers. 
 
 MAURA, ST, or Leccadia, an island in 
 the Mediterranean, near the coast of Alba- 
 nia, which forms part of the republic of the 
 seven islands. It is 48 miles in circumfer- 
 ence, and produces wine, oil, citrons, al- 
 monds, pomegranates, and was taken by the 
 British in 1810, 15 miles n of the island of 
 Cephalonia. Lon. 20 46 e, lat. 38 40 k. 
 
 Maure, St, a town in the department of 
 Indre and Loire, France, 17 miles sof Tours, 
 and 148 sw of Paris. 
 
 Maurepas, an island on the ne coast of 
 Lake Superior, and ne of Fontchartrain 
 island. 
 
 Mauriac, a town in the department of 
 Cantal, France, noted for its excellent horses. 
 It is situated near the Dordogne, 27 miles 
 se of Tulle, and 38 wnw^ of St Flour. 
 
 Maurice, St, a small town of the country 
 of Valais, Ssvisserland, situated on the 
 Rhone. It defends the entrance into Bern 
 from the Lower Valais, 16 miles nw of 
 Martigny. 
 
 Mauritius, See France, Isle of , 
 
 Maurua, one of the Society islands, in the 
 Southern Pacific ocean, 14 miles w from 
 Bolabola. Lon. 152 32 w, lat. 16 25 s. 
 
 Mautern, a town of Austria, on the s side 
 of the Danube, connected with Stein by a 
 long wooden bridge, 1 1 miles n by w of St 
 Pol ton. 
 
 MAWARALNAHAR, the country of the 
 Usbec Tartars. It is very populous, and 
 contains a great number of towns. Samar- 
 cand is <he capital. 
 
 Maws, St, a burgh in Cornw^all, situated 
 on the E side of Falmouth haven, four mites 
 from the town. It is governed by a portreve, 
 and represented in parliament by two mem- 
 bers who are chosen by the burgesses, about 
 20 in number, It ims neither church, cha- 
 pel, meeting house, nor market. Henry VIII. 
 built a castle here, opposite to Pendennis, 
 for the better security of the harbour, 12 
 miles ssw of Grampound, and 262 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Maccem, a towm of Upper Saxony, in Mis- 
 nia, famous for a victory obtained by the 
 Austrians over the Prussians in 1759, when 
 20,000 Prussians were made prisoners. It 
 is 10 miles s of Dresden. 
 
 Maaimin, St, a town in the department 
 of Var, France, stands on the Argen, 20 
 miles s of Aix, and 21 n of Toulon. 
 
 a parish in Roxburghshire, lyin^ 
 
MAY 
 
 OD the s hank of the Tiver Tweed, nearly 
 four miles long and three broad, with a good 
 soil, in general well cultivaied. Population 
 about 370. On Rutherford Common in 
 this parish, is Ringiey Hall, an ancient cir> 
 cular encampment. 
 
 May^ a small island in the mouth of the 
 frith of Forth, about seven miles se of Crail, 
 on the coast of Fife, about a mile long and 
 three quarters broad ; the rocks about it 
 render it almost inaccessible ; but the light- 
 house on a tower 4.5 feet high is of great 
 benefit, for the support of which, twopence 
 per ton is exacted of all ships passing up 
 the frith. It belongs to the Parish of An- 
 struther Wester, from which it is six miles 
 distant to the se. Its sh^^ep and rabbits are 
 celebrated for the fineness of their fleece 
 and fur. It is a resort of Solan geese. 
 Had formerly a priory of Augustines, and 
 a chapel dedicated to St Adrian, who is said I 
 to have been killed by the Danes in 870 and 
 interred here ; 28 miles ene of Leith, and 
 14 N by w of Dunbar. 
 
 MAY, or Mayo, one of the cape de Vejcl 
 islands, in the Atlantic ocean, near 300 
 miles from Cape Verd in Africa, about 17 
 miles in circumference. The soil in gene- 
 ral is very barren, and water scarce. The 
 chief commodity is salt. Pinosa is the 
 principal town. The inhabitants, who are 
 negroes, speak the Portuguese language. 
 Lon. 23 0 w,lat. 15 10 n. 
 
 May, Cape, a cape of New Jersey, n side 
 of the entrance of Delaware bay. Lon. 74 
 64 w, lat. 38 57 n. 
 
 Mayamba, or Majumba, a town of Africa, 
 capital of a province so named, in Loango, 
 on the coast of the Atlantic, seated at tne 
 mouth of the Banna Logwood is its chief 
 article of commerce, and affords a duty of 
 10 per cent to the king of Loango; 110 
 miles Nw of Loango. Lon. 9 50 e, lat. 3 20 s. 
 
 Maybole, a parish and town in Ayrshire. 
 The parish is about 12 miles long and seven 
 broad, with a surface in general hilly, but 
 generally fertile and well cultivated, water- 
 ed by the Doon and Girvan. The town of 
 Maybole, situated uine miles s of Ayr, con- 
 taius above 1000 inbabiiants who carry ou 
 several woollen and couon manuiactures. 
 It is a borough of barony, and has four an- 
 nual fairs. Here is an old building called 
 the college, formerly the parish church, 
 built in 1371, now the burying place of the 
 earl of Cassilis. Population of the parish 
 about 3200 ; 84 miles sw by w of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Mayen, a town in the d ’partment of the 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the electorate of Treves, with a 
 castle and a collegiate church, stands on the 
 Nette, 20 miles w of Coblentz, and 43 ne of 
 Tr( ves. 
 
 Mayence. See 3Ientz, 
 
 MAYENNE, a department of France, 
 including part of the late province of Maine, 
 named from a river, which flows s bv the 
 No. 19— 
 
 ' M A Z 
 
 cities of Mayenne, Laval, and Angers, unites 
 with the Sarte, and falls into the Loire, 
 The capital is Laval. 
 
 Mayenne, a city of France, in the depart- 
 ment of its name, seated on the Mayenne, 
 has a castle on a rock, 45 miles wnw of 
 Mans. Lon. 0 43 w, lat. 48 18 n. 
 
 MAYENNE, and LOIRE, a department 
 of France, including the late province of 
 Anjou, has its name from two rivers. The 
 Capital is Angers. 
 
 MAYNAS, a government in the juris- 
 diction of Quito, in Peru. Its capital is 
 San Francisco de Borja. 
 
 Maynooth, a neat well built town in Kil- 
 dare, Leinster. Here is a college for stu- 
 dents of the Roman Catholic persuasion. 
 Here the family of Leinster have a superb 
 seaty with fine gardens, a park with pictur- 
 esque scenery, and a tower from which is 
 an extensive view of the circumjacent coun- 
 try ; 12 miles w o[ Dublin. 
 
 MAYO, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Connaught, 62 miles long, and 52 
 broad. It is bounded on the w by sligo ; 
 on the N by the ocean ; on the e and ne by 
 Roscommoi) ; and on the s by Galway. It 
 is divided into 68 parishes, but has only 20 
 standing churches, contains about 140,000 
 inhabitants, and sends two members to par- 
 liament. Near the sea it is mountainous ; 
 but in the interior there are good pastures, 
 Ballinrobe is now reckoned the chief town, 
 but the assizes are held at Castlebar. 
 
 Mayo, a village in the above county, and 
 once its capital, and famous for its university, 
 in which it is said king Alfred the Great was 
 educated. It is now a poor place, 10 miles 
 SE of Castlebar. 
 
 Mayo. See May. 
 
 Mayorga, a town of Estremadura, Por- 
 tugal, near the Atlantic, 20 miles w by n of 
 Lyra, and 78 n of Lisbon. 
 
 Mayorga, a town in Leon, Spain, seated 
 on the Cea, 33 miles sse of Leon. 
 
 Maysville, See Limestone, 
 
 Maywar, See Oadipour. 
 
 Mayzaffran, a considerable river in Al- 
 giers, nearly eqeial to the Shellit, runs into 
 the Mediterranean, 30 miles w of Algiers. 
 
 Mazagan, a strong town of Morocco, 
 near the Atlantic, eight miles w of Azamor, 
 and 120 nw of Morocco. Lou. 8 15 w, 
 lat. 31 12 n. 
 
 Mazalquiver, a sea port of Algiers, lately 
 subject to Spain. See Oran. 
 
 M A Z A N DE R A N, t he ancient Mauritani a, 
 a province ol Persia. The mountains are 
 covered with trees, and the vallies are fertile 
 in rice, sugar, fruit, and silk. Sari is the 
 capital. 
 
 Mazara, an ancient town of Sicily, with 
 a good harbour. It is built on the ruins of 
 the ancient Sesinuntum, and is famous for its 
 churches and convents, and excellent wine. 
 Its exports are wine, brandy, oil, soda, <fec. 
 15 miles sw of Palermo. Lon. 12 36 
 lat. 37 46 s, 
 
 O 
 
M E A 
 
 Mazarino, a town in Val di Noto Sicily, 
 46 miles wsw of Catania. 
 
 Mazatlan, a sea port in Culiacan, New 
 Spain, on a river of the same name, at the 
 entrance of the gulf of California, 120 miles 
 s of Culiacan. Lon. 106 6S w, lat. 23 
 15 N. 
 
 MAZIERA, or MACEIRA, an island in 
 the Arabian sea, on the coast of Oman, 50 
 miles in length and from four to eight broad. 
 Lon, 50 30 b, lat. 20 30 n. 
 
 MeacOy a large and celebrated town of 
 the island of Niphon, in Japan, of which it 
 was formerly the capital. It is the great 
 magazine of alb the manufactories. The 
 inhabitants are said to be 60,000 in number. 
 Lon. 134 25 e, lat. 35 30 n. 
 
 Meadiay a town of Hungary, in the Ban- 
 nat of Temeswar. It was taken by the 
 Turks in 1738 and in 1780 ; 12 miles e of 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Meao, a small island of the Moluccas, 
 with a good harbour. Lon. 127 5 e, lat. 1 
 12 N. 
 
 Mearns, See Kincardine, 
 
 MearnSf a parish of Scotland, in Renfrew- 
 shire, about six miles in length, and near 
 four in breadth. It has a common of about 
 1 600 acres called Mearns muir . The church 
 is eight miles s of Glasgow. The castle of 
 Mearns is a square tower of considerable 
 antiquity, and formerly of great strength. 
 Population above 1700. 
 
 MEATH, or E MEATH, a county of 
 Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 36 miles 
 long, and 35 broad ; bounded on the n by 
 Cavan and Louth; on the e by the Irish 
 channel ; cn the s by Kildare, and Dublin ; 
 and on the w by Longford and W Meath. 
 It contains 147 parishes, containing 112,400 
 inhabitants, and sends two members to par- 
 liament, and is a fine champaign country, 
 abounding with corn, and well inhabited. 
 It formerly consisted of several small bi- 
 shoprics, which were gradually united into 
 one see, and in the 12 century received the 
 name of Meath. It has neither cathedral 
 nor chapter, but the want of the latter is 
 supplied by a synod of which every incum- 
 bent is a member. The episcopal palace is 
 an elegant building situated at Ardbraccan, 
 near Navan. The chief town is Trim. 
 
 MEATH, WEST, a county of Ireland, in 
 the province of Leinster: bounded on the w 
 by Roscommon ; on the n by Longford and 
 Cavan ; on the e by Meath, Dublin, and 
 Kildare; and on the s by King^s county. 
 Its greatest length is 38 miles ; its. greatest 
 breadth 24. It contains 62 parishes, con- 
 taining .70,000 -.inhabitants, and sends three 
 members to parliament. It is very fertile 
 in corn and pasturage, and has several small 
 lakes and rivers. The chief town is Mul- 
 lingar, where the second great fair in the 
 kingdom for v/ool is held. 
 
 MeauXf an ancient town in the department 
 of Seine and Marne, France, and is a bishop’s 
 see* It is large, handsome, and populous, 
 
 MEG 
 
 and in 1421 stood a siege of three months 
 against the English. The market place is 
 a fine peninsula contiguous to the town. It 
 is 10 miles nw of Colomiers, and 26 ne of 
 Paris, Lon. 2 53 e, lat. 48 58 n. 
 
 Mecca^ an ancient and famous town of 
 Arabia Deserta, situated on a barren spot, 
 in a valley, surrounded by little hills, about 
 a day’s journey from the Red sea. It is 
 celebrated for being the birth-place of Ma- 
 homed. It has neither walls nor gates, and 
 the buildings are very mean. That whiclt 
 supports it is the annual resort of many 
 thousand pilgrims at a certain season of the 
 year ; for, at other times, the shops are 
 scarcely open. Great numbers of sheep are 
 sold to the pilgrims. Mecca stands in a 
 very hot climate, and the inhabitants usually 
 sleep on the tops of their houses, .for the 
 sake of coolness. Its temple has 42 doors, 
 and its form resembles the Royal Exchange 
 in London, but is near 10 times as large. 
 The Beat Allah which stands in the middle 
 of the temple, is a square structure, each 
 side about 20 paces long, and 24 feet high ; 
 covered all over from top to bottom with a 
 thick sort of silk, and the middle embroider- 
 ed with letters- of gold, each letter being 
 about two feet in leugth, and two inches- 
 broad. The door is covered with silver 
 plates, and there is a curtain before it, thick 
 with gold embroidery. This Beat is operi- 
 but two days in the space of six weeks, 
 namely, one day for the men, and one for 
 the women. Alx)ut 12 paces from the Beat 
 is a handsom® tomb, which they pretend to 
 be the sepulchre of Abraham, and they af- 
 firm that he erected the Beat Allah* 
 When the pilgrims have performed their 
 devotions here, they repair to a hill, where 
 is a cave, to which they pretend Mohamed 
 retired to perform his devotions, to which 
 place they affirm the greater part of the 
 Coran was brought to hiin by tbeaugel Ga- 
 briel. This hill, however, is not large 
 enough to contain them all at once, for 
 there are no less than 70,000 pilgrims every 
 year. Two n)iles from the town in the hill 
 where, they say, Abraham went to offer his 
 son Isaac. Mecca is governed by a sheriff, 
 whose revenue in increased by donations 
 from the Mohamedan sovereigns. This 
 city, in 1803, w'as plundered by a sect cal- 
 led Wahabites, from their founder, Abdul 
 Wahab. They destroyed the tombs, as 
 they supj)Osed they encouraged idolatry. It 
 is 34 miles ene of Jidda, the sea^port of 
 Mecca, aud 500 s by e of Medina. Lon. 40 
 55 E, lat. 2 1 -48 N. 
 
 Mechlin, or Malines, a handsome city in 
 Brabant, Netherlands, and an archbishop’s 
 see. It consists of several small islands 
 made by artificial canals, over which are 
 many bridges. The cathedral is a superb 
 structure, and has a lofty steeple. In 1706 
 this city submitted to the diike of Marlbo- 
 rough, was taken by the French in 1746, 
 restored in 1748, taken again by the Frenck 
 
in n’r2, evacuated next year, and re-entered 
 in 1794. Here is a foundery for ordnance 
 .-of all sorts, and manufactures of the best 
 Brabant lace, fine linen, damasks, carpets, 
 and leather. It stands on the Dyie, 10 
 miles NNE ot Brussels, and 15 ssw of Ant- 
 werp. Lon. 4 20 N, lat. 51 2 n. 
 
 MECHOACAN, a province of Mexico. 
 
 It extends 70 leagues along the coast, and 
 ■still farther inland. The climate is good, 
 and the soil remarkably fruitful. There 
 are mines of silver, and a few of gold, and 
 copper. Among its numerous productions 
 are cocoa, mechoacau root, several odorifer- 
 ous gums and balsams, sarsaparilla, am- 
 bergris, vanilla, cassia, &c. Mechoacau 
 was formerly a kingdom, but the Spaniards 
 have reduced it to a bishopric^ in which are 
 about 200 towns of civilized natives. 
 
 Mechoacan, or Valadolidy an episcopal 
 city, and capital of the above province. 
 
 It is seated near the source of a river, and 
 is supplied with water by a modern aque- 
 duct. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 28,000; and is about 130 miles w by n of 
 Mexico. Lon. 100 32 e, lat. 20 0 n. 
 
 Meckenheiniy a town in the department of 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the electorate of Cologne, on the 
 Erfft, eight miles sw of Bonn. 
 
 MECKLENBURG, a duchy of Lower 
 -Saxony, Germany. It extends 135 miles in 
 length, and 20 in breadth where broadest. 
 It was long under the dominion of one 
 prince, but on the demise of the sovereign 
 in 1592, it was divided between the two sons ; 
 the eldest had for his share the duchy of 
 Mecklenburg Schwerin, which is the lar- 
 gest ; and the youngest that of Mecklenburg 
 JStrelitz, the capital of which is New Stre- 
 litz ; and Schwerin of the other. -It is 
 one of the most fruitful countries in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 MECKLENBURG, a county of Virginia. 
 It contains 14,733 inhabitants. The capi- 
 tal, which is of the same name, stands near 
 the source of the Roanoke .river, 70 miles 
 sw of Petersburg. Lon. 78 50 w, lat. 36 
 42 x. 
 
 MECKLENBURG, a county of North 
 Carolina, in Salisbury district. It contains 
 11,395 inhabitants. Chief town Charlotte. 
 
 Mekley, See Cassay, 
 
 Mecon, a river which has its source on 
 the NE ot Thibet, and passes sse through the 
 province of Yunan in China, and the king- 
 dom of Loo and Cambodia, at the city of 
 the latter name,, it divides into two branches, 
 which run nearly parallel to each other for 
 200 miles to the sea : the easternmost is 
 called Cambodia, the other Oubegueme. 
 
 MECRAN, a province of Persia. The 
 southern part is little more than a desert ; 
 the northern is less so ; but the soil is far 
 from fertile, and animals are rare* 
 
 Mecrinos, a town in Tralos Montes, Por- 
 tugal, 15 miles nne of Terre de Moncove, 
 and 24 se Mirandela. 
 
 MEDALPADIA, a maritime province in 
 Nordland, Sweden, 70 miles long, and 45 
 broad. It is mountainous and woody, but 
 interspersed with fertile valleys, lakes, and 
 rivers. Sundeval is the capital. 
 
 MedeUySL town in the province of Titeri, 
 Algiers, stands in a country abounding in 
 sheep, corn, and fruit ; 35 miles sw ot Al- 
 giers. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 34 45 n. 
 
 Medea f or. enahdia, a town ot Tunis, on 
 a peninsula in the gulf ot Cabes. It was 
 formerly- cf great importance ; 100 miles 
 s by E of Tunis. 
 
 Medebach, a town in the duchy of West- 
 phalia, nine miles sw of Corbach. 
 
 Medellin, a towm in Estremadura, Spain,, 
 situated on the Guadiana, the birth-place of 
 the celebrated Fernando Cortes, 24 miles 
 ESE of Merida. 
 
 Medenbliek, a town in W Friesland, Hol- 
 land, situated on the Zuyder Zee, with a 
 good harbour. The vicinity is remarkable 
 for rich pastures, and the principal com- 
 merce consists in timber brought from 
 Sweden and Norway. Madenblick was 
 taken by the English in 1790. It is nine 
 miles N of Hoorn, and 28- ne of Amsterdam- 
 Lon. 4 51 E,lat. 52 46 n. 
 
 Medford, a pleasant, thiriving compact 
 town in Middlesex county, Massachusets, 
 stands on the Mystic, eight miles from its 
 mouth. It is famous for brick-works and 
 distilleries: four miles n of Boston. The 
 township was incorporated in 1630, and con- 
 tains 1028 inhabitants. 
 
 Medina, a famous town of Arabia, be= 
 tween Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, 
 celebrated for being the burial-place of 
 Mahomet. It is but a small, poor place, 
 and yet is walled round, and has a large 
 mosque, but nothing like the temple at Mec- 
 ca. In one corner is a building 14 paces 
 square, with great windows, and brass gates, 
 and in the middle the tomb of Mahomet, in- 
 closed with curtains like a bed, and sur- 
 rounded by a vast number of lamps. The 
 tomb is not exposed to any, except the eu- 
 nuchs appointed to take care of it, and to 
 
 light the lamps. It is called the city of the 
 Prophet, because here he was protected by 
 the inhabitants when he fled from Mecca ; 
 and here he was invested with regal power. 
 The time of his death was in 637 : but the 
 Mahometan epoch begins in 622, from the 
 time of his flight. The Wahabites destroyed 
 the tomb in 1803, soon after their devasta- 
 tions at Mecca. It is situated on a plain, 
 abounding in palm-trees, 200 miles nw of 
 Mecca. Lou. 50 33 e, lat. 24 20 n. 
 
 Medina, Q. town in Estremadura, Spain, 
 seated at the foot of a mountain; 25 miles 
 WNW of Lerena, and 46 se of Badajoz. 
 
 Medina Celi, an ancient town and duchy 
 in Old Castile, Spain, situated near the Xa- 
 long, 40 miles ne of Siguenza, and 88 sw 
 of Saragossa. 
 
 Medina Del Campo, a large, rich, and 
 ancient town in Leon, Spain. It is a trading 
 
 O 2 
 
MEG 
 
 place, and is situated in a country abound- 
 ing with corn and wine, 3T miles se of 
 ^XTid ® Salamanca, and T5 nw 
 
 Medina del Rio Seceo, an ancient and 
 rich town in Leon, Spain, seated near the 
 Sequilo, 2! miles nw of Valladolid, and 
 o6 SSE of Leon. ^ 
 
 Medina Sidonia, a very ancient town of 
 Andalusia, Spam, with a castle, 24 miles 
 SE of Cadiz, and 60 s of Seville. 
 
 Medingen, a town in the duchy of Lune- 
 burg Lower Saxony, on the Ilmenau, 14 
 miles SSE of Luueburg. 
 
 mediterranean, the name of the 
 sea between Asia, Africa, and Europe, com- 
 rnumcating with the ocean by the straits of 
 Gibraltar; and with the Black sea by the 
 Dardanelles, the sea of Marmora, and the 
 strait of Constaminople. It is of great ex- 
 tent, bm has no tide, and a couslant cur- 
 rent sets in from the Atlantic through the 
 Strait of Gibraltar. It contains several 
 large islands, as Majorca, Sardinia, Candia, 
 
 ^ c. The eastern part, bordering on A«ia 
 IS sometimes called the Levant sea. Lon 6 
 ■w to 72 E, lat. 31 to 44 N. 
 
 Medniki, a town in Samogilia, Poland, 
 and a bishop’s see, on the Warniiz, 40 miles 
 E of Memel. 
 
 _ Medway, a river of England, which rises 
 in Ashdown forest, in Sussex, and entering 
 Kent, waters Tunbridge, and from Maid- 
 stone IS navigable to Rochester ; below 
 M hich, at Chatham, it is a station for the 
 royal navy. Dividing it into two branches, j 
 we western one enters the mouth of the ' 
 ^ames at the Nore, and is defended by 
 the tort ai Sheerness; the eastern branch, 
 calle^ the East Swale, passes by Queenbo- 
 rough and Milton, and falls into the German 
 ocean, below Feversham. 
 
 Medwi, a town of Sweden, in the pro- 
 vince of East Gothland, called the Swedish 
 s>pa, on account of its waters, which are 
 vitriolic and sulphureous. It stands near 
 the lake Wetter. The lodging-houses form 
 one street of uniform buildings painted red, 
 three miles from Wad.siena. 
 
 Medtibox, a town in the s of Volhynia, 
 Poland, on the Bog, 20 miles s of Constan- 
 unow, 
 
 Meelahf a town in the province of Con- 
 stautma, Algiers, stands amidst gardens 
 abounding with excellent herbs, and fruit, 
 p^articalarly pomegranates, 14 miles nw of 
 Coustantina. 
 
 Megaruy an ancient town of Greece, in 
 Livadia, European Turkey, now much re- 
 cced, being inhabited by poor Greeks. 
 Mere are some valuable remains of antiquity 
 it IS 24 miles w of Athens. * 
 
 Megeriy ix town of Holland, ou the Meuse, 
 
 12 miles wsw oi Nimeguen. 
 
 Megescavy a town and country of Tran- 
 sylvania, celebrated for excellent wine. 
 
 ME K 
 
 it is situated on the Kotel. 
 
 lat. 50 N, 
 
 Lon. 25 20 e, 
 
 Megna. See Burampooter, 
 
 Mehuuy an ancient town in the de^iL of 
 Cher, France. It is situated ip a fertile 
 plain, on the Yevre. Here are still visible 
 the remainsof a castle built by Charles XII. 
 as a place of retirement, and here he starved 
 bim.self, for fear of being poisoned by his 
 son, Louis XI ; iO miles nw of Burges, and 
 105 s of Paris. 
 
 Mehun Svr Loire, a town in the dept, of 
 Loiret, France, on the Loire, 10 miles sw of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Meigle, a parish and town in Perthshire, 
 lying in the centre of Strathmore. The 
 parish is near five miles long, and from one to 
 two broad. The town lof Meigle is an an- 
 cient place, has a market on Wednesday, 
 but is little frequented, • and two well 
 attended annual fairs. Meigle is the seat 
 of a presbytery, and was formerly the resi- 
 dence of the bishops of Dunkeid, to tiie mi- 
 nister of which part of the ecclesiastical 
 revenues are still paid. In the church-yard 
 is a grand monument composed of diffe- 
 rent stones, ingeniously joined, and deco- 
 rated with hieroglyphic figures ; said to be 
 that of Vanera, wife of the celebrated Bri. 
 tish prince Arthur, who flourished in the 0th 
 century ; 15 miles nw of Dundee, five from 
 Coupar Angus, and 58 n of Edinburgh. 
 Population of the parish about 950. 
 
 MEINAU, an island in the middle of 
 lake Constance, one mile in circumietynce, 
 which produces excellent wine. It is five 
 miles nw of Constance. 
 
 Meinungeny a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, capital of the county of Henneberg, 
 ha,s a fine ca.stle, and stands among moun- 
 tains, on the Werra, 16 miles nw of Hild- 
 burghausin, and 23 s of Gotha. Lon. iO 
 43 Ey lat. 50 38 n. 
 
 Meissen, a rich, populous, and consider- 
 able town in Misnia, Saxony, capital of the 
 margravate of its name, with a castle, fa- 
 mous for a manufacture of porcelain. The 
 cathedral has a very high steeple, and is 
 the burying pltice of the Saxon princes to 
 the year 1530. The Prussians, iu 1757, 
 burnt down the bridge, which was replaced 
 by one of a handsome construction. It is 
 situated on the Meisse, at its influx into the 
 Elbe, 10 miles nnw of Dresden. Lon. 13 
 31 R, lat. 5 1 II N. 
 
 MEISSEN, or Misnia, a margraviate 
 of Upper Saxony, about 100 miles in length, 
 and SO in breadth. It is divided into five 
 circles, viz. Aleissen, Leipsic, Erzgeburg, 
 Voigtland, and Liistadt. It is a very fine 
 country, well supplied with water, and pro- 
 ducing corn and wdne, metals, and ail the 
 conveniences of life. 
 
 Meissenheim, a town in the dept, of 
 Same, France, lately of Germany, duchy 
 of Deux Fonts, stands on the Glau. It lies 
 34 miles n by e of Deux Poms, and 44 e 
 of Treves. 
 
 MEKRAN, a province of Persia, s of 
 Segistan, about 500 miles long, and 350 
 
MEL 
 
 Broad, The northern part is sterile ; the 
 middle, diversified with plains, valleys, and 
 mountains, produces wheat, barley, rice, 
 dates, and cotton ; and the southern, be 
 tween ifae hills and the sea, affords excellent 
 pasturage. Kedge is the capital. 
 
 Melassuy a town in Natolia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, seated, in a plain, near a mountain 
 abounding with white marble. Once it 
 had many elegant public buildings, espe- 
 cially temples. It is still a considerable 
 place, but the houses are mean : 66 miles 
 ssE of Smyrna. Lou. 27 50 e, lat. 37 15 N. 
 
 Melazzo, See MUazzo, 
 
 Melbourne a village in Derbyshire, where 
 are the remains of an ancient castle, with 
 a manufacture of worsted stockings, eight 
 miles s by e of Derby. 
 
 Melcky a town of Austria, on a lofty rock 
 near the Danube, with a benedictine abbey, 
 10 miles w ot St. Polton. 
 
 Meleomb, RegUy a town in Dorsetshire, 
 situated on an arm of the sea, and joined 
 to Weymouth by a timber bridge, and has 
 a drawbridge in the middle to admit the 
 passage of ships into the western part of the 
 harbour. Meleomb has good streets and 
 yards for merchandise, is a district borough 
 from Weymoth, to w'hieh it is joined as a 
 port, as a corporation, and as a market town. 
 Two members sit in parliament for Mel- 
 comb, and two for Weymouth, who are 
 chosen by the same electors. It is eight 
 miles s of Dorchester, and 127 wsw of Lon- 
 don. See fVegmouth. 
 
 Meldelay a town in Romagna, Italy, eight 
 miles sw of Ravenna. 
 
 Meldert, a town in Brabant, Netherlands, 
 10 miles se of Louvain. 
 
 Meldorf, an ancient and considerable 
 town of Holstein, near the mouth of the 
 Myla, 22 miles nnw of Gluckstadt. 
 
 Meldrum, a parish in Aberdeenshire, five 
 miles long, and from two to four broad. 
 Population near 1,548. The parish has been 
 from time immemorial, the property of the 
 family of Wiguhart, whose house at old 
 Meldrum is delightfully situated. 
 
 Meldruniy Old, a considerable town in 
 the above parish, is a borough of barony, 
 containing 780 inhabitants, and has a good 
 weekly market, a celebrated porter brew- 
 ery, a branch of the stocking manufactory, 
 and a well attended fair ; 17 miles knw of 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 Melji, a considerable town in Basilicata, 
 Naples, with a castle on a rock, 20 miles 
 NNW ofCirenza. 
 
 Melfordy or Long Melford, a large, well 
 built village in Suffolk, four miles nw of 
 Sudbury in Suffolk, has a fair on Whit- 
 Tuesday. 
 
 Uelgaza, A town in Entre Douro e Miiiho, 
 Portugal, on the Min ho, has a strong castle, 
 27 miles n by e of Braga. 
 
 MELIDA, an island of Dalmatia, in the 
 gulf of Venice, and republe of Ragusa, 
 30 miles in length. It abounds in oranges, 
 
 MEL 
 
 citrons, wine, and fish. It has a benedic- 
 tine abbey, six villages, and several har- 
 bours. Lon. 19 8 E, iat. 43 5 n. 
 
 MeliUa, an ancient town of Fez, on the 
 coast of the Mediterranean. The Spaniards, 
 who took it in 1496, built a citadel, and 
 have a garrison here. The neighbourhood 
 abounds with wax and honey. It is 75 
 miles w by n of Tremesan, and 1 15 NB of 
 Fez. Lon. 2 57 w, lat. 34 58 n. 
 
 MELINDA, a kingdom of Africa, on th^ 
 coast of Zauguebar. The capital town is 
 of the same name, and situated a< the mouth 
 of the river Qiiilmanci, in an agreeable plain. 
 It is a large, populous place, in wuich the 
 Portuguese have 17 church-houses, and 
 nine convents. They have ware-houses 
 well provided with European goods. The 
 vicinity produces gold, elephants teeth, os- 
 trich feathers, wax, aloes, senna, and other 
 drugs ; they also carry on that infamous 
 triffic the man-trade. The country pro- 
 duces plenty of rice, sugar, cocoa-nuts, and 
 other tropical fruits. It has a good har- 
 bour, defended by a fort, but the entrance 
 is incommoded with shoals, and rocks under 
 water. The inhabitants consist of Chris- 
 tians, and negroes which last have their 
 own king and religion, and the number of 
 both is said to amount to 200,000. The 
 town is 470 miles sw of Magadoxa. Lod. 
 41 48 E, lat. 2 J5 s. 
 
 Melipilla, capital of a province of its 
 name, in Chili, delightfully situated near 
 the Maypo. In the vicinity are country- 
 seats belonging to the principal inhabitants 
 of St. Jago. The province abounds with 
 grain and wine ; 50 miles sw of St. Jago. 
 Lon. 70 50 w, lat. 33 40 s. 
 
 ^ Melitelloy a town of Sicily, in Val di 
 Noto, eight miles w of Leontini. 
 
 Melith. See Malta, 
 
 Melitopol, a town in the province of 
 Tauris, Russia, on a lake, about 12 miles 
 from the sea of Azoph, and 108 s of Catha- 
 rinenslaf. Lon. 83 10 e, lat. 46 22 n. 
 
 Melksham, a town in Wiltshire. Fine 
 broad cloths and some other goods are ma- 
 nufactured here. It has a post office, and 
 a market every other Tuesday for cattle, 
 11 miles E of Bath, and 96 w of London. 
 
 Melle, a town in Osnaburg, Germany, 15 
 miles E by s of Osnaburg. 
 
 Melle, a town in the department of the 
 Two Sevres, France, 13 miles s of St. 
 Maixent. 
 
 Meller, See Maelar, 
 
 Mellingen, a town in Baden, Switzer- 
 land, on the Reufs, five miles s by w of 
 Baden. 
 
 Melnick, a town in the circle of Bunfzlau, 
 Bohemia, situated on the Elbe, with a castle. 
 The neighbourhood produces excellent red 
 and white wine, and near it is the Augustine 
 convenLof Schophia, 18 miles n of Prague, 
 
 MELORA, an island on the coast of 
 Tuscany, four miles w of Leghorn. 
 
 Meloui, a town of Egypt, seated on the 
 
MEM 
 
 has a remarkable Mosque, three miles 
 s of Ashrnunein. 
 
 Melrichstadty a town of Franconia, in 
 the principality of Wurtzburg, on the Strut, 
 2:^ miles n by e of Schweinlurt. 
 
 Melrose, a town in Roxburghshire, si- 
 tuated on the s banks of the Tweed, at the 
 foot of the Eilden hills, where there w'as 
 formerly a famous abbey, founded by Da- 
 vid I. in the 12th century, for Bernardine, or 
 Cistercian monks. Great part of the walls 
 are still standing, and exhibit fine specimens 
 of grandeur in architecture, sculpture, cfec. 
 part of it was used till lately, for the pa- 
 rish church. The steeple, from which is a 
 charming prospect, is 75 feet high. The 
 sculpture is in a high state of preservation, 
 owing to the excellence and durability of the 
 stone. These rnins are allowed by travel- 
 lers to be the most magnificent and entire of 
 any in Britain. In the parish are the villa- 
 ges of Darnick, Gattonside, famous for 
 fruit, and Newstead. Melrose was long 
 noted for the linen manufacture ; and has 
 now considerable woollen manufactures. i 
 The parish is about seven miles long, and 
 nearly the same broad, with a varied sur- 
 face. Population about 2,600. Melrose 
 has fairs Thursday before Easter, 1st Wed- 
 nesday of June, August 12th, and Nov. 22d, 
 35 miles sw by s of Berwick, and the same 
 distance sse of Edinburgh. 
 
 Melsungen, a town in Lower.Hesse, Ger- 
 many, on the Fulda, 12 miles s of Cassel. 
 
 Melton, Mowbray, a town in Leicester- 
 shire, situated on the Eye, its market on 
 Tuesday, is considerable for corn, cattle, 
 &c. The fine cheese called Stilton is made 
 in the vicinity. It has a free school and 
 fairs in January, on Whit-Tuesday, and Au- 
 gust 21st. It is the largest town in the 
 county, except Leicester, 15 miles s by e 
 of Nottingham, 15 ne of Leicester, and 105 
 N by w ol London. Lon. 0 50 w, iat. 52 
 48 N. 
 
 Melun, an ancient town in the dept, of 
 Seine and Marne, France, stands on the 
 Seine, and has a trade," particularly with 
 Paris, in corn, meal, wine, and cheese, 10 
 miles from Fountainbleau, and 25 se of Pa- 
 ris. Lon. 2 35 e lat. 48 30 N. 
 
 Membrio, a town in Estremadura, Spain, 
 21 miles wswof Alcantara. 
 
 Memel, a strong tow^'n of E. Prussia, with 
 a castle, the finest harbour in the Baltic, 
 and a very extensive commerce. It is how'- 
 ever, ill built, and its streets are narrow and 
 dirty. It is situated on a river of its name, 
 at the N extremity of the Ciirische Haflf, an 
 inlet of the sea, about 70 miles in length, 
 which is here joined to the Baltic by a 
 narrow strait, and is 140 miles ne of Dant- 
 zic. On the ne side of the entrance into 
 the harbour is a light- house. Here, in 1802, 
 the king of Prussia had a conference with 
 the emperor of Russia. Ion. 21 16 e, 
 lat. 55 46 N. 
 
 Memmingen, a handsome and strong town 
 
 MEN 
 
 in Snabia, German}', stands in a Morass 
 and is defended by art. It has a consider- 
 able trade in hops, salt, paper, cotton, fus- 
 tian, and fine linen. In the vicinity, in 
 1795, the emigrants under the prince of 
 Conde were defeated by the French, who 
 in 1809 took the town Irom the Austrians. 
 It stands on the Ilier, 28 miles, s by e of 
 Ulm. Lon. 10 50 e, lat. 48 3 n. 
 
 3Ifnan, a large river of Siam, which 
 passes by the city of Siam, and falls into 
 the gulf of Siam below Hancock. In this 
 river are several singular fish aud croco^ 
 diles, and its fruitful shores are annoyed 
 with monkeys, musketos, and fire-flies. 
 
 Menanedbo, a town of Sumatra, capital 
 of a small kingdom of the same name, 250 
 miles from the Straits of Sunda. 
 
 Mendali, a town in Kurdistan, Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the frontiers of Irak, Arabi and 
 Irak Agemi, surrounded with gardens, is 
 the residence of a Bey, 80 miles nne of 
 Bagdad, and 100 sse of Kerkouk. 
 
 Mende, an ancient town, capital of the 
 department 'of Lozere, France, and a 
 bishop^s see. It is very populous, has 
 manufactures of serges, and other woollen 
 stuffs. One of the steeples of the cathedral, 
 and the fountains are remarkable. It stands 
 on the Lot, 35 miles sv/ of Puy, and 210 s 
 by E of Paris. Lon. 3 30 e, lat. 44 31 n. 
 
 Mendelsham, a town in Sufi'olk, had 
 formerly a weekly market, and still an 
 annual fair on holy Thursday. Here 
 were found a massy silver crown and a 
 gold ear-ring, with a runic or Sclavonian 
 inscription, 18 miles E by n of Bury SL 
 Edmunds, 
 
 Mendip hills, a lofty mineral tfack, in 
 the NE quarter of Somersetshire, abounding 
 in coal, lead, and calamine. Copper 
 manganese, bole, and red ochre, are also 
 found iu these hills. In 1798, at the bot- 
 tom of a deep ravine, in tbe vicinity of tbe 
 village of Berrington, was discovered a 
 great quantify of human bones, a large por- 
 tion of them incorporated with the solid 
 rock, and part of them incrusted with a 
 calcareous cement, 
 
 Mendon, a post-town in Worcester coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 37 miles sw of Boston. 
 
 Mendoza, a jurisdiction of Chili, in 
 South America. It has a town of the same 
 name, and lies on the e side of the Cordil- 
 lera, in a plain, ornamented with gardens, 
 well watered by canals ; about 100 miles 
 ENE of Si. Jago. Lou. 70 12 w, lat. 34 
 0 s. 
 
 MENDRAH, a province and . town of 
 Fezzan, in Africa, remarkable for the quan- 
 tity of trona, a kind of fossil alkali, which 
 floats on the surface, or settles on the banks 
 of its numerous floating lakes. The soil in 
 genercjl is level and barren, 60 miles s of 
 Mourzouk. 
 
 Mendrisio, capital of one of the four 
 Italian Bailiwics, annexed to the late Ita- 
 lian republic, which extends 18 and a- half 
 
MEN 
 
 M E R 
 
 Square miles, situated between the lakes of 
 Como aud Lugano. Here are several con- 
 vents, seven miles w by n of Como. 
 
 Menehould, St, an ancient and consider- 
 able town in the department of the Marne, 
 France, seated in a morass on the Aisne^ 
 between two rocks. Here in 179^, the 
 French arrested the progress of the Prus- | 
 sians, and at length compelled them to re- 
 treat ; ‘20 miles ne of Chalons. 
 
 Menerbe, a populous borough and district 
 of Italy, three miles nne of Legnano, near 
 Padua. The district contains three parishes. 
 
 Megeringhausen, a town and castle in the 
 county of Waldeck, Germany, eight miles 
 NE of Corbach. 
 
 Mengalag, or Mingalay, one of the wes- 
 tern islands of Scotland,' about 12 miles s ot | 
 
 Burray. . . I 
 
 Mengen, a town of Austrian Su Una, in i 
 the county of Hohenberg, on the Danube, 
 ZO miles ese of Rothweil, and 33 sw of 
 Ulm. 
 
 Menin, a handsome town in the Nether- 
 lands, Flanders, lately in the department of 
 Lvs, France, stands on the Lys ; it has been 
 often taken, the last time by the French in 
 1794 ; eight miles se of Ypres, and 10 n of 
 Lisle. ^ 
 
 Menniuir, a parish of Scotland, in For- 
 farshire, about five miles long, and two 
 broad. The population of the parish is near 
 1 , 000 . 
 
 Menton, a (own in the department of the 
 Maritime Alps, Italy, situated near the sea, 
 five miles ene of Monaco. 
 
 MentZf a late archbishopric and elec- 
 torate of Germany, in the circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, <50 miles long, and 20 broad. 
 The principal rivers are the Rhine, the 
 Maine, the Jaxt, and the Lahn. In 1798 
 ihe whole of this archbishopric to the right 
 of the Maine, excepting the bailiwick of 
 Aschaffeiiburg, and those parts between the 
 Maine, the county of Darmstadt, and Er- 
 bach, was ceded to France. At this period 
 the archbishopric and electorate, then the 
 first state of the empire, w as moved to Ratis- 
 bon, and all the other bishoprics secularized. 
 It abounds in corn, fine fruit gardens, and, 
 excellent wines. 
 
 MeniZy or Mayenee, a considerable city, 
 late of Germany, in the circle of the Lower 
 Rhine, annexed to France, in October 1797, 
 capital of the department of Mont Tonnere, 
 and a bishop^s see. It was the capital of 
 the electorate of Meniz. The palace called 
 Martiiisburg is partly ancient and partly 
 modern. The university built in 1477, has 
 of late received considerable improvements. 
 In the cathedral are several jewels, some 
 relics, and a large w^ardrobe of sacerdotal 
 garments. St Rocky's Hospital is remark- 
 able for its printing office and manufactures 
 of stuffs and stockings. Mentz is one of 
 the places which claim the invention of 
 printing. Mentz is well fortified and esteem- 
 ed one of the barrier fortresses. It has 
 
 accordingly been often taken. It is situa- 
 ted on the Rhine, over which is a bridge of 
 boats below the influx of the Maine, com- 
 municating w’ith Cassel, and is 20 miles nw 
 of Worms, 22 wsw of Franck fort, and 7R 
 E by N of Treves. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 49 
 <58 N. 
 
 Menvf, a town of Egypt, near a branch 
 of the Nile, which flows to Rosetta. The 
 vicinity is well cultivated and fertile ; four 
 miles NNw of Cairo. 
 
 3Ienzala, a towm of %ypt, near a lake 
 of its name, which is 60 miles in length, and 
 separated by a narrow slip of land from the 
 Mediterranean, 20 miles sse of Damietta,. 
 and 73 nxe of Cairo. Lon. 32 2 e, lat. 31 
 3 N. 
 
 Meppen, a town in Westphalia, princi- 
 pality of Munster, stands at the junction of 
 the Ems and Hase ; 10 miles n of Lingen. 
 
 Meqmnenza, a town in Art agon, Spain, 
 with a castle, at the junction of the Ebro, 
 and Segrea, in a fertile country, 28 miles 
 ESE of Saragossa, and 180 ene of Madrid. 
 
 Mequinez, a city of Fez, and in the em- 
 pire of Morocco. It is now the capital of 
 the whole empire, to which the bashaws and 
 alcayds resort with their tribute, aud pre- 
 sents every two or three years. In the mid- 
 dle of the city, the Jews have a place to 
 themselves, the gates of which are locked 
 I and guarded every night. The emperor^s 
 palace stands on the s side, and is more 
 stately than that of Fez, and which on ac- 
 count of the salubrity of the air, he prefers 
 to Fez. Close byMequinez, on the nw side, 
 stands a large negro town, which takes up 
 as much ground as the city, but the houses 
 i are not so high, nor so well built. The in- 
 j habitants amount to 110,000, and are all 
 blacks, or of a dark tawny colour ; and 
 thence the emperor recruits the soldiers lor 
 his courts. The houses are very good, and 
 the streets exceedingly narrow, but the light 
 comes in at the back of the houses, whera 
 there is a square court and a fountain in tha 
 middle of it, if the house belongs to a person 
 of distinction. The houses have flat roofs, 
 aud the women who live in the upper apart- 
 ments, often visit each other from the tops 
 of the houses ; 40 miles w of Fez. Lon. 6 
 0 w, lat. 33 40 N. 
 
 Mer, a town in the department of Loire 
 and Cher, France, 1 1 miles nnw of Blois. 
 
 Meran, a handsome, trading town of Ty- 
 rol, capital of Erschland, seated on the 
 Passer, near its junction with the Adige. It 
 has six churches and convents ; 12 miles 
 NNW of Botzen. Lou. 1 1 <5 e, lat. 46 39 n. 
 
 Meranha^ a town in Aderbijan, Persia, 
 seated near the se border of lake Urmia, 
 the coast of which abounds with the marble 
 of Tabriz ; 60 miles ssw of Tabriz. 
 
 MERCER, a county of Kentucky. Har- 
 rodsburg is the capital. 
 
 Merdin, a town in Diarbeck, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, seated near the top of a mountain, and 
 on tfae summit is a castle. It belongs to th« 
 
Turks, who have a garrison here. Wine, 
 cotton, and brandy are produced here. It 
 is 45 miles se of Diarbekir. 
 
 Mere, a town of Wiltshire, with a mar- 
 ket on Tuesday, and manufactures of dow- 
 
 las, bed-ticks, and other linen goods. It 
 has three annual fairs; 28 miles w of Salis- 
 bury, and 100 w by s of London. 
 
 Merecz, a town of Lithuania, at the junc- 
 tion of the Merecz and Beresino, 30 miles n 
 of Grodona. 
 
 Mareega, a town of Algiers, in the pro* 
 tince of Mascara, famous for its hot baths, 
 25 miles se of Shershel, and 50 sw of Al- 
 giers. 
 
 Mergentheim, capital of a district in 
 Franconia, seated on the Tauber, and sub- 
 ject to the grand master of the Teutonic 
 order, who resides in the castle of Newen- 
 haus, which stands on the Kirtzberg, a 
 mountain in the vicinity. This order was 
 instituted in 1190, in the time, and on oc- 
 casion of the crusades in Palestine ; and the 
 grand master has resided here since the 16th 
 century, 28 miles ssw of Wurtzburg. Lon. 
 9 52 E, lat. 49 30 n. 
 
 Merghen, or Merguen, a city iu the pro- 
 vince of Tcitcicar, eastern Tartary, seated 
 on the Nonni, 140 miles n by e of Tciticar. 
 Lon. 124 55 e, lat. 49 10 n. 
 
 Mergui, a sea-port on the w coast of 
 Siam, with an excellent harbour. It was 
 taKeii from the Siamese by the Birmans. 
 It lies 208 miles sw of Siam. Lon. 98 9 e 
 
 lat. 12 12 N. 
 
 ^ Merida, a strong tow'n in Estramadura, 
 Spain, stands in an extensive fruit tul place 
 on the Guadiaua, over which is an elegant 
 Roman Bridge. The town was built by 
 the Romans before the birth of Christ. In 
 it are remains of antiquity, particularly a 
 triumphal arch ; 42 miles e of Badaioz 
 Lon. 5 58 w, lat. 38 47 n. 
 
 Merida, a town of New Spain, capital of 
 Yucatan, seated in an arid plain. It is a 
 bishop’s see. Population about ] 0,000. Si- 
 sal is its sea-port ; 30 miles s of the gulf of 
 Mexico. Lon. 89 0 w, lat. 20 56 n. 
 
 Merida, a town of New Granada, there 
 are some gold mines near it. It is about 
 54 mi'es irom Lake Maracaybo. 
 
 Merida, a town in the province of Vene- 
 zuela, Terra Firma, in a country which 
 abounds with all kinds of fruit, 160 miles s 
 of Venezuela. Lou. 7» 0 w, lat. 8 30 n. 
 
 MERIONETHSHIRE, a county of 
 North Wales, bounded on the n by Caernar- 
 voohire and Deubigsbire ; on the e by (be 
 latter county and that of Montgomery ; on 
 ^lie s by a small , an of Cardiganshire; and 
 on the w by the Irish sea. It extends 36 
 riiilcs from n lo s, and is 34 wide in its 
 Lro.idest part. The face of this country is 
 \ari d throughout ; it is well clothed with 
 wood. The principal rivers are the Dee 
 and Dysi. Merionethshire coniains five 
 hundreds, four market tow'ns, 23 parishes, , 
 Wi 1801, 29,506 inhabitants, and in 1811, 
 
 30,924. Here is the Cader Idris, one of the 
 highest mountains of Wales. It sends ooo 
 member to parliament. Harlech is the ca- 
 pital, and Dolgeily the largest town. 
 
 Meritch, a fortress and city of the Deccan 
 of Hindoossan, in the terrliory of Visiapour, 
 seat near the n bank of the Kistua, It 
 was taken by HyderAlly in 1778 ; 62 miles 
 sw of Visiapour. 
 
 Merk, a river of Dutch Brabant, which 
 nows by Beda, below which it turns w, and 
 unites with one of the mouths of the Meuse, 
 opposite the island of Overflackee, in Hol- 
 land. 
 
 Mero, a strong town in the kingdom of 
 Pegu, 140 milcssw of Pegu. Lon. 98 36 e. 
 lat. 16 0 N. * 
 
 MERO, a district in the state of Tennes- 
 see, on the banks of Cumberland river. It 
 comprehends the countries of Davidson, 
 Sumner, Grainger, Robertson, and Montgo- 
 mery. It contains about 14,390 inhabitants. 
 Nashville is the capital. 
 
 Merou, a t|?wn iii Korasan, Persia, in a 
 fruitful country, which produces salt; 112 
 miles sw of Bokhara. Lon. 64 25 e, lat. 37 
 40 N. ' 
 
 Merrimack, a river of the United States. 
 This river is formed by (he confluence of 
 Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee rivers, in 
 about lat. 43 26 n, and centre of New 
 Hampshire. It runs s nil it enters Massa- 
 chusetts, then turns e and falls into the ocean 
 at Newbury. This river is navigable for 
 vessels of burden about 20 miles from its 
 mouth, where it is obstructed by the first 
 rapids, called Mitchels Eddy, a little above 
 Haverhill. Seven bridges have been thrown 
 over this fine river. A canal is now in pro- 
 cess to open a communication between the 
 waters of the Merrimack at Chelmsford and 
 the harbour of Boston, through Mystick 
 river. 
 
 Mersburg, a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, capital of a principality, containing 
 one burgh, seven towns, and 225 villages. 
 The principal edifices are the castle, the 
 cathedral, and the academy. The chief 
 empioj nient of the inhabitants is the brew- 
 ing and exportation of strong beer. It 
 stands on the Salle, 10 miles kw of Leipsic. 
 Lon. 12 13 E,lat. 51 23 n. 
 
 Mersburg, a town in the late bishopric of 
 Constance, Swabia, stands on the n side of 
 the lake of Constance. It has a castle, a 
 Dominican convent, and an academy for 
 secular clergy ; six miles ne of Constance. 
 
 MERSE, one of the three great divisions 
 of Berwickshire ; See Berwickshire, 
 
 Mersey, a river of England, which has its 
 source iu the n extremity of the Peak io 
 Derbyshire, meets the Tame at Stockport, 
 and lower down, the Irwel, and the Weaver 
 at Frodsham. It is the i)oundary between 
 Cheshire and Lancashire for near 60 miles, 
 35 of which are navigable for vessels of 
 considerable burden. It passes by Man- 
 Chester, and Warrington, and enters the Irish 
 
M E S 
 
 M E S 
 
 sea below Liverpool, Besides salmon, this 
 river affords smelts, here called sparlings, | 
 of a remarkable size and fiavonr. i 
 
 MERSEY, an island in Essex, in the | 
 month of the Coin, live miles long, and two 
 broad, s of Colchester. In it are two pa- 
 rishes called East and West Mersey, seven, 
 miles s of Colchester. In one of the church- 
 yards is a Mosaic pavement. 
 
 Merthyr Tydmly a town of S Wales, in 
 Glamorganshire, situated on the Taf, in the 
 midst ot iron and coal mines, and lime-stone 
 quarries, by which it has emerged, within 
 these few years, from an obscure village to 
 be a place of great trade, population, and 
 importance. Early in 1794, a canal was 
 opened between Merthyr-Tydvil and Car- 
 diff. The remains of Morlas Castle are i 
 still to be seen, three miles to the n. Po- 1 
 pulatioD said to be about 10,000. Merthyr- j 
 Tydvil has markets on Wed. and Sat. and j 
 several annual fairs. It is 16 miles n of j 
 Caerphilly, 24 nnw of Cardiff, and 171 w j 
 of London. m I 
 
 Merfol^y a town in Alenrejo, Portugal, 
 near the Guadiana, 60 miles s of Evora, and 
 100 SE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 37 w, lat. 37 
 41 N. 
 
 Merton, a town in Surry, on the Wandle, 
 seven miles sw of London. It has two ca- | 
 lico-manufactories, and a copper-mill. | 
 Here was a celebrated abbey, where Henry 
 the III. held a parliament, in 1236, by j 
 which w^ere enacted the provisions of Mer- 
 ton, the most ancient body of laws, except 
 Magna Charta, The walls which surround 
 the site of the abbey include about 60 acres, 
 but no part of the building remains, except 
 the E window of a chapel. 
 
 Mertoun, a parish in Berwickshire, ex- 
 tending about six miles along the n bank of 
 the Tweed, with a breadth of near three i 
 miles. Besides Dryburgh, the seat of the | 
 Earl of Buchan, in this parish' is the elegant 1 
 Mansion of Hugh Scot of Harden, Esqr. the 
 only grandson of Hugh, late earl of March- j 
 mont. Population in 1801, <535, in 1811, 
 614. The parish is fertile and well culti- 
 vated, a moss in winch there is a great j 
 quantity of marl, w’as drained several years I 
 ago at a great expence, by a tunnel car- 
 ried through a hill. See Dryburgh. 
 
 Meru, or Meru Shahjean, See Mam, j 
 Meru a! liud, a town of Sharasan, Persia, j 
 on the^'Murgah, 140 miles Nby f of Herat. I 
 Meroe, the n branch of the river Meuse, I 
 ■on which stands the city of Rotterdam. j 
 Merville., a town in the department of the | 
 North, Fraiice, seated on the. Lis, 10 miie.s 
 6E of Cassel, and 24 sw of Menin. | 
 
 Mesched, or Mesghid, a capital of the || 
 province of Korasaa, Persia, encoinpas.sed ij 
 by a strong wall, 10 miles in circuit. Two |{ 
 of its 12 districts are in ruins. Population j 
 50,000, The houses, and even the ark or 
 palace are meanly built, but it is celebra- 
 ted for the superb sepulchre of Isman Risa, 
 of the family of Ali. The barar is three 
 No. 20— 6rf. 
 
 miles' in length and is well supplied with 
 provisions and fruits. It stands on a river 
 of its name, has manufaptures of the finest 
 velvet, pottery, and skins, and is a great 
 thoroughfare of caravans from India, and 
 all parts of Persia. It is situated 120 miles 
 SE of the Caspian sea, 170 ene of Astera- 
 bad, and 470 ne of Ispahan. Lon. 57 20 e, 
 lat. 37 36 N. 
 
 Mesehed Ali, or Nejiff, a town in Irak 
 Arabi, Asiatic Turkey, in the vicinity of 
 the lake Nejiff, or Rahema, which by a 
 canal has communication with the Euph- 
 rates. Here was interred Ali the son-in- 
 law, and one of the successors of Mahomed, 
 who.se tomb is the annual resort of a vast 
 number of Persian pilgrims, 1 iO miles s of 
 Bagdad. Lon, 44 50 E,lat. 32 5 n. 
 
 Mesched Hossein, or Kerhella, a town in 
 Irah Arabi, on a canal drawn from the 
 Euphrates. In the vicinity was slain 
 Hossein, the son of Ali, to whose tomb nu- 
 merous pilgrims of the sect of Ali resort from 
 all quarters, 65 miles ssw of Bagdad. 
 
 Meschede, a town of Westphalia, on the 
 Roer, has a collegiate church, seven miles 
 SE of Arensberg. 
 
 Meserisch, a town in the circle of Iglau, 
 Moravia, 17 miles e of Iglau. 
 
 Meserisch, a town in the circle of Prerau, 
 Moravia, 30 miles e by s of Olmutz. 
 
 Meskirch, a fine town of Suabia, in the 
 county of Furstenburg, 17 miles n of Uber- 
 lingen. 
 
 Messa, a town of Morocco, on a river of 
 its name, near the Atlantic. In the vicinity 
 is a mosque, in which are the bones of ti 
 w^hale, supposed by the inhabitants to be 
 those of the whale which swallowed Jon.ah, 
 165 miles sw of Morocco. Lon. 10 46 w, 
 lat. 28 58 N. 
 
 Messalonge, a town in Lavadia, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, stands on the se side of a salt 
 ic»ke, 20 miles w by s of Lepanto. 
 
 MESS AS AGUES, a tribe of North Ame- 
 rican Indians, who inhabit the country be- 
 tween Lakes Huron and Superior. They 
 have about 1,500 w'arriors. 
 
 Messing, a town in the principality of 
 Aichstat, Franconia, 14 miles nne of Aich- 
 stat. 
 
 Messina, an ancient large, and handsome 
 city of Sicily, with a strong citadel a :• 1 se** 
 veral forts and is the see of an aroahisliop, 
 seated on the Faro, or strait of Messina, 
 which separates Sicily from Calabria. ho 
 cathedral is much admired for its fine Goiaio 
 front. Here are about 50 other churches, 
 and numerous convents. In 1780 it suffer- 
 ed severely, and in 17S3 was half denivyii- 
 shed by (in earthquake. The new houses 
 are generally two stor e.s high. It is abotit 
 five miles in ciroumlerence has lour large 
 suburbs, and contains about 00,0‘J*5 inualn- 
 tauts. The harbour whose quay e.b vt' a 
 mile in length, is one ot the safe.st ..v t iO 
 Mediterranean, and in the form of elinlf- 
 moon. It is five miles in circumference, 
 P 
 
 S 
 

 find very deep. The viceroy of Sicily re- i 
 sides here, six months in the year ; and it is | 
 a place of great trade in silk, oil, fruit, corn, i 
 and excellent wine. It is situated on .he 
 sea-side, 125 miles e of Palermo, 210 s by 
 E of Rome. Lon. 15 56 e, lat. 38 10 
 
 Mestirata, a sea port of Tripoli, Bar- 
 bary, capital of a district of its name, with 
 an old castle the residence of the governor^ 
 seated on Cape Masurata, at the w extre- 
 mity of the gulf of Sibra. It has a great 
 trade by caravans to Fezzan and other parts 
 in the interior of Africa, 120 miles ese of 
 Tripoli. Lon. 14 58 e, lat. 32 0 n. 
 
 Mestre, a populous tov,’n of Italy, in Do- 
 gado. It is eight miles nw of Venice, and 
 15 >Jw of Padua. 
 
 Metapura ; See Mariapura. 
 
 Metauro, one of the eight new depart- 
 ments into which the Roman republic was 
 divided, in March 1898. Ancona is the 
 capital. 
 
 Metelen, a town in the principality of 
 Munster, Westphalia, 19 miles nw of Mun- 
 ster. 
 
 METELIN, or Mytei.ene, an island of 
 the Archipelago, anciently called Lesbos, 
 
 of Scio, almost at the entrance of the gulf 
 of Gueslro. It is about 100 miles in cir- 
 cumference. It is rather mountainous, and 
 has many hot springs and the soil is good, 
 and the mountains cool, being covered with 
 W’ood. It produces good wheat, excellent 
 oil, and the best figs in the Archipielago. 
 It is subject to the Turks, and Castro is the 
 capital. 
 
 MetMlly a town in Fifeshire, situated on 
 the coast of the Frith of Forth, with an ex- 
 cellent harbour, whence salt and coal are 
 . exported in considerable quantities. It is 
 included in the parish of Easter Wyrass. 
 
 , ; Alethill was erected into a free borough of 
 1 ^, barony, by the bishop of St. Andrews, in 
 1662, with a weekly market and two annual 
 fairs. In 1794, it contained 514 inhabi- 
 tants, about 20 miles "ne of Edinburgh. 
 
 Methliek,c\ parish in Aberdeenshire, six 
 miles long, and five broad. The inhabi- 
 tants, about 1,200 in number, are much em- 
 ployed in knitting stockings. Dr. Ciiegne, 
 late physician in Bath, and Dr. Maitland, 
 who first practised innoculaiion in Britain, 
 were both natives of this parish. 
 
 Methten^ a parish and village in Perth- 
 shire. 'i'he parish is live miles long, and 
 near four broad. The arable soil is mostly 
 clay and Icam. The village of Metliveu is 
 a flourishing place, with an aueieni castle, 
 on the turnpike road from Perth to Crieff. 
 Here, in 1506, King Robert Biiice was de- 
 feated by the English, *n;d Cfueen Margaret, 
 widow of James IV. died at Methven Castle, 
 lu the parish are two paper mills, and the 
 «oiton works of Cromwell park. Popula- 
 tici>, in 1801, 2,073. The village is six 
 miles w of Perth. 
 
 H'ieilarokJy a town^,^in Norfolk, with a 
 market on Tuesdiiy, famous for the excel- 
 
 M E u 
 
 lent rabbits bred in the viciuly, 15 miles 
 Nw of Thetford, 84 xke of London. 
 
 Metling, or Moiling, a town of Carniola, 
 Germany stands on the Kulp on the frontiers 
 of Croatia, 15 miles nw of Carlstadt, and 
 40 SE of Laubacb. 
 
 Metro, a river of Italy, which has its 
 source in Tuscany, flows through the duchy 
 of Urbino, and fulls unto the gulf of Venice, 
 near Fano. 
 
 MetropoU, a town in the island of Candia, 
 stands on the site of the ancient Gortiniai^of 
 which many vestiges are still visible, 22 
 miles ssw of Candia. 
 
 Metz, an ancient and large town in the 
 department of Moselle, France, and a bi- 
 shopls see. The Jews, about 3,000, live in 
 a part of the town by themselves, where they 
 ha-ve a synagogue. The inhabitants are 
 computed at 40,000, besides a numerous gar- 
 rison. It has three citadels, ex.celleiit for- 
 tifications, and noble barracks. Thesweet- 
 i meats made here are much esteemed. It is 
 j situated at th|^confiuence of the rivers Mo- 
 ' selle and Seilre, 25 miles n by w of Nanci, 
 
 ! 37 s of Luxemburg, and 190 ne of Paris, 
 i Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 49 7 n, 
 i Meudon, a village of France, seated on 
 ; the Seine, celebrated for a magnificent pa- 
 I lace, six miles se of Paris. 
 
 I Meulan, an ancient town in the depart- , 
 j ment of the Seine and Oise, France, con- 
 i structed in the form of an amphitbealie, 
 j stands on the Seine, over which are two 
 ; bridges, 20 miles nw of Paris. 
 
 I Menrs, or Mcers, a towm of France, in 
 ! the department of Boer, lately cf Germany, 
 
 ! in the electorate of Cologne, with a castle. 
 
 I It was a place of great strength previous io 
 [ 1764, when it w^as dismantled. It is 14 
 miles s by w of Wesel, and 17 sEof Gelders. 
 
 I MEURTHE, a department of France, 
 i It extends 65 miles from e to w, and 35 
 I from N to s. It includes part ot the late 
 ' province of Lorrain, and has its name 
 ' from a river, which has its source in the de- 
 i partment of Vosgesj and runs by Luneville 
 i and Nancy into the Moselle. Nancy is the 
 i capital. 
 
 j Meuse, a river, that rises in the depart- 
 ! ment of Marne, near the village of Meuse, 
 
 ! France, passes Verdun, Sleiiay, Sedan, Don- 
 cherry, Mezieres, and Charieville, enters the 
 i Netherlands at Civet, runs to Cbarlcmout, 
 i Dinaut, Namur, Huj^, Liege, Maestrioht, 
 Ruipmcr.d, Venlo, Grave, Eattenhurg, Ra- 
 vesiein, Gorciim, (where it meets the V aal.) 
 
 ' and Worcum. At Dorr it separates into 
 j four branches, of which the most northern 
 : is Merve, and after tormir.g the islands cf 
 I Ysselmonde, Voorn, and Overflackee, iall 
 I into the German ocean below Gorce, Hel- 
 ! -voetsluys, and Briel. 
 
 MEUSE, a department of France. ^ It 
 includes the late duchy of Bcr ; is TO miles 
 long from n to s and 30 broad, it takes its 
 name from the above iher. Bar-le-duc 
 the capital. 
 
\ 
 
 M E X 
 
 MEUSE, Lower, one of the new depart- 
 ments of Frc^iioe, lornied out of the lute 
 bishopric of Liege, and duchy of Limburgh. 
 Maestricht is the capital. 
 
 BIEWUT, ’a hilly and woody tract of 
 Hindoo.'tuu Proper, lying on the s\v of Del- 
 hi, and on the w oi Agra, from k to w it is 
 i80, and from n to s about 190 miles. 
 Mewut is almost entirely subject to Mada- 
 jce Sindia, a M.ihratta chief. The Mewatte, 
 iia^ been ever characterized as the most 
 bnital and savage, and are still noted as 
 thieves and robbers. The country has 
 strong fortresses on steep hills. 
 
 MEW ISLAND, an island in Down, 
 Ulster, at the s entrance of Carrickfergus 
 bay, one league and a-half e of Noulhead. 
 It has a light house. Lon. 5 22 lat. 
 54 39 N. 
 
 Mexhorough;, a town in W Yorkshire, 
 six miles nL of P.otherani. 
 
 Mexicano, or Adages, a river on the con- 
 fines of Louisiana, which falls into the gulf 
 of Mexico. (ff 
 
 MEXICO, or New Spain, a large coun- 
 try of North Arr»erica, bounded on the n by 
 New Mexico, on the e, by the gulf of Mexi- 
 co, and the Atlantic ocean, and on the s 
 and w by South America, and the South 
 Sea ; being above 2,000 miles in length, 
 and from 00 to 600 in breadth; and lying 
 between 81 and ilO degrees w longitude, 
 and between seven and .30 degrees n latitude. 
 It is divided into 23 provinces, the principal 
 of which is that of Mexico, and contains 
 many mines of gold, silver, iron, and alum, 
 sulphur, vitriol, cinnabar, ochre, copper, 
 tin, quicksilver, diamond, amethysts, eats 
 eyes, turquoises, cornelians, and some green 
 stones are found. There are moinitains of 
 loadstone, and abundance of the famous 
 stone, of a glossy substance, sernitrantna- 
 rent, generally of black, called itztli, of 
 which the Indians make looking glasses, 
 <fec ; there are quarries of exquisite marble, 
 jasper, and porphyry. Its indigo and 
 cocoa are superior to any in America, and 
 cochineal is almost peculiar to this coun- 
 try. It produces abundance of Indian 
 corn, cabbage-trees, cocoa-nuts, rane- 
 iias, plantains, pine-apples, and several 
 other fruits, gums and drugs proper to the 
 climate. Among the quadrupeds are the 
 puma, jaquar, bears, elks, wolves, foxes, 
 deer, &c. Horned cattle multiply wiih 
 such rapidity, that in its vast plains they 
 are found in herds of 30, and 40,000, and 
 are killed merely for the bides, which form 
 an extensive article of commerce with Euro- 
 peans ; the birds of which there are above 
 200 species peculiar to this country, have 
 many of them the most beautiful plumage. 
 The inhabitants are native Spaniards, Creo- 
 les, Mulattos, Metifs, tfec. This country is 
 divided into three audiences, Guadalaxara, 
 Mexico, and Guatimala, and subdivided into 
 the following provinces, viz. Guadalaxara, 
 Culiacan, Cinaloa, Sonora, N«vv Biscay. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 M E X 
 
 and Zacatecas ; Mexico, Mechoachan, Co.» 
 hahuiia, Texas, New Leon, Panuco, Tlas- 
 cala, Guaxaca, Tobasco, and Jucatan; 
 Guatimala, Soconusco, Chiapa, Vera Paz, 
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rico, and ^ 
 
 Veiagua. It is governed by a Spanish 
 viceroy, W'bo is changed every five years, 
 in general it is a mountainous country, in- 
 termixed wiih many rich valleys; but the 
 highest mountains itre near the coast of the 
 South sea, many of which are volcanoes « 
 
 The eastern shore is a flat, level country^ 
 full of bogs and morasses, overflowed ia 
 the rainy season, which is at the same time 
 as our summer. The hills between lb© 
 mountains and the flat country are best in- 
 habited, because there the air is most tem- 
 perate. The revenues of the crown, w^hich 
 are great, arise from a fifth part of th© 
 gold and silver, and from the duties and 
 customs, as well as the lands held of th© 
 crown. 
 
 MEXICO, one of the three audiencesj, 
 and a province of New Spain. The pro- 
 vince is mouniaiiious, interspersed with ex- 
 tensive valiies, and immense plains, in which 
 are produced all the necessaries of life in 
 great abundance ; its silver mines are richer 
 Than those of any other province. The 
 roads, lakes, and rivers afford everv facility 
 to commerce and domestic intercourse. 
 
 Mexico, a town of North America, capi- 
 tal of New Spain. It 'was a flourishing 
 place before the Spaniards entered the coun- 
 try. It wais situated on several islands lu a 
 salt-water lake called Tezcues, to which 
 there was no entrance, but by three cause- 
 w'ays, above two miles in length each, the 
 circuit of the city, exclusive of the suburbs 
 was eight miles. It contained about 50,000 
 houses with several large temples, lull of , 
 rich idols, and three palaces where the 
 emperor* of Mexico resided. Alexico was 
 taken by Ferdinando Cortez, in 1521, after 
 a siege of three months. As the Mexicans 
 defended themselves from street to street, 
 it was almost ruined but afterwards re- 
 built by the Spaniards. It now contains 
 about 35,000 houses, built of stone and ; . 
 brick, to which they have added a suburb 
 of 3,000 houses inhabited by (he native 
 Americans. It is a handsome place witb^^'^.^ 
 Large, clean wide streets, in which a: 
 
 great number of magnificent structures, fouFv:^ 
 public churches, 36 monasteries, and 2^ 
 nunneries, with each a church. The reve-^ 
 nues of the grand cathedral Amounted to 
 <£.80,000 a year of which the archbishop has 
 £.20,000 and the great convent of St. Fran- 
 cis collects from alms alone a revenue of 
 £.20,000 a year. Here are a tribunal of 
 inqusition, a mint, a treasuryj and a univer- 
 sity. This city contains above 140,000 
 inhabitants. It is the usual residence of 
 the viceroy of New Spain. The goldsmiths 
 here are immensely rich, and it carries on a 
 gteat trade to Europe by St John de Ulva, 
 and to Asia by Acapulco. < Mexico is swp- 
 P 2 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 'll 
 
 
M E Y 
 
 plkid with fresh water, by an aqueduct of ^ 
 three miles in length. The Spaniards do , 
 not make a tenth part of the inhabitants, the j 
 others being Negroes, Muiattoes, native I 
 Americans, and a mixture of them all. In | 
 1629, 40,000 persons in this city were | 
 drowned by an inuntkition. The lake I 
 which occasioned this disaster has since | 
 been drained by a conduit through a moun- 
 tain. On this lake, and the fresh water 
 lakes of Xochimilco, and Chaleo are float- 
 ing gardens, generally about 40 yards long, 
 and 15 broad, with about a foot of elevation 
 above the water, and are easily removed to 
 a different s(ation at the pleasure of the 
 owner. It is 180 miles nne of Acapulco, 
 on the South sea, and 200 w by n of Vera 
 CTuz. Lon. 996 w, lat. 19 26 n. 
 
 MEXICO, New, a large country of 
 North America, bounded on the w by the 
 gulf of California, on the s by New Spain, 
 on the E by Florida, and on the n by an un- 
 known country ; lying between 79 and 108 
 deg. w Ion. and 23 and 43 deg. n lat. and 
 being about 2,000 miles long, and 1,600 
 broad. The air is very temperate, and the 
 soil generally fertile. The mountainous dis- 
 trict on the N border is reckoned the highest 
 land on this part of the continent. Hence 
 issue the Rio del Norte, the Colerado, 
 Arkansa, Platte, and other rivers, which 
 flow in various directions. One of the 
 ynountains, near the rise of the Arkansa, is 
 10,580 feet above the level of the piai», 
 through which the river flows, and the 
 plair; is supposed to be 8000 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is inhabited by a great 
 number of people, whose languages and cus- 
 toms are very different ; some v/ander about, 
 and others dwell in towns and villages. 
 The principal of the Spanish colonies are 
 those of St. Barbe, and Santa Fe, the capi- 
 tal town. 
 
 Medico j Gulf of, an immence gulf of 
 North America, lying between the ? coast I 
 of East Florida, and the yE point of Jacatan. 
 
 Meyuhoim, a city of Pegu. It has a 
 number of temples and spacious monasteries 
 and stretches along the sw bank of the 
 Irawaddy for two miles. The vicinity is 
 uncommonly fruitful in rice. Here the 
 king of Birmah has extensive granaries, for 
 tlie supply of any part of the empire, that 
 nay be visited with scarcity. It is 85 
 miles Nw of Pegu. Lon. 95 8 e, lat. 18 18 n. 
 
 Meyenbcrg, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Mark of Pregnitz, 22 miles ne of Per- 
 ieberg, and 60 nnw of Berlin, 
 
 Maycttfeid, a handsome town in the Ori- 
 sons, and league of the Ten Jo.risdicticns, 
 Swisseriand, situated on the Iltime, the 
 couniry produces excellent ^vine, and 
 through this plaee grraf quantities of goods 
 pass between Germany and Italy. It is 15 
 miles N by e of Coire. Lon. 9 37 e, lat. 
 
 46 59 X. 
 
 Meyrveis, a town in the department of ! 
 
 MIC 
 
 Lozere, France, 23 miles s of Mend, and- 
 27 w of Aiais. 
 
 Mezana, a town of Naples, in Basilicata,. 
 17 miles ssw of Tarsi. 
 
 Mezemna, a sea port of Fez, at the 
 mouth of the Nocor, on the Mediterranean, 
 98 miles ese of Tetuan. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 
 35 15 X. 
 
 Mezen, capital of a province in the 
 government of Archangel, Russia, on a 
 river of its name, 160 miles ene of Archan- 
 gel. Lon. 44 58 e, lat. 65 25 n. 
 
 Mcizeres, a town in the department o£ 
 Ardennes, France, with a citadel, stands on 
 an island in the Meuse, 12 miles xw by x of 
 Seden, and 127 xe of Paris. 
 
 Mezin, a small town in the department of 
 Lot and Garonne, France. .It is nine miles 
 xw of Condom. 
 
 Miaco, a city in the isle of Niphon, Ja- 
 pan, with a fortified palace.' It is the se» 
 cond city in the empire, and, the spiritual 
 capital. It is seated in-land, on a fina 
 plain, and is ^d to contain 600,000 inha- 
 bitants. Her^are the imperial mint, and 
 the principal manufactures, the Diara’s 
 court being literary, all books are printed , 
 here, 160 miles wsw of Jedo; Lon. 136^ 
 10 E, lat. 35 30 X. 
 
 Miami, Great, a river of the United* 
 States, in the North Western Territory,, 
 which runs s by w and falls into the Ohio, 
 just above Columbia, 604 miles from the 
 mouth of that river. It has a navigation 
 which approaches the navigable waters of 
 lake Erie. 
 
 Miami, Little, another river of the North 
 Western Territory, which also falls into 
 the Ohio, 20 miles e of the Great Miami, 
 and 21 below Cincinnate. 
 
 Miami, of the lake, a river in the State 
 of Ohio, whose head waters, are near those 
 of the Wabasti, which joins it, in lat. 41 
 20, and taking a xe course of 90 miles,, 
 enters Miamis Bay, at the w extremity of 
 lake Erie. . A s branch of this river com- 
 municates with the great Miami, by a por- 
 tage of five miles. 
 
 MTAMIS, a nation of North American 
 Indians, who dwell between the Miami, and 
 s of lake Michigan. Their country is reck- 
 oned among the most fertile belonging to 
 the United States. They can raise 300 
 warriors. 
 
 MIATA, one of the Society islands. 
 Lon. 148 6 W', lat. 17 52 x. 
 
 Miauna, a town in the province of Adir- 
 beitzan, where M. Tbuvenot, the celebrated 
 traveller died, on his return from Ispahan, 
 Persia, 80 miles se of Tabriz. 
 
 Mipha, a cape of Dalmatia, which 
 streiches into the gulf of Venice, near the 
 town of Zara. 
 
 MICHAEL, St, the most fertile and po- 
 pulous island of the Azores. It is 54 miles 
 long, ami from six to 15 broad, and contains 
 nearly 80,000 inhabitants. On the casters 
 
 
M I C 
 
 M I D 
 
 side, in a valley, are a number of sulphure- 
 ous springs, some of them hot and some 
 cold, also boiling fountains. One mile to 
 the Nw, in June 1811, a volcioiic island 
 arose with a tremendous eruption. When 
 quiescent it stood from 200 to 300 feet above 
 the sea, and was a mile in circuit. It was 
 called Sabrina, from the first ship that ap- 
 proached it ; but in October following, it 
 gradually disappeared, leaving an extensive 
 shoal. Villa Franca, and Puntadef Guda, 
 are the principal towns. The latter is the 
 capital. Lon. 2<5 42 w, lat. 37 47 n. 
 
 Michael^ St, a town in Cornwall, which 
 has neither market nor fair does not con- 
 tain above 30 houses, is a borough by pre- 
 scription, and represented by two members 
 in parliament. It stands on the great road 
 to the Landseud, and eight miles sw of St 
 Colurnb, and 230 w by s of London. 
 
 Michael, St, a considerable town in the 
 department of Meuse, France, seated on the 
 Meuse, wdth a rich library of a Benedictine 
 abbey, and a fine hospital, 20 miles ne of 
 Bar-le-Duc. 
 
 Michael. St. a sea port in the province of 
 Nicaragua, New Spain, on the river St Mi- 
 chael, and 1 10 miles nw of Leon, Lon. 8T 
 45 w, lat, 12 25 N. 
 
 Michael, St, a city and capital of Tucu- 
 man seated in a feniio vailey, at the foot 
 is a chain of rugged mountains. It has a 
 cathedral, two convents, and a college 
 which belonged to the Jesuits. The trade 
 consists in oxen tamed for carts, mules, and 
 timber, 700 miles h\v of Buenos Ayres. 
 Lon. 64 45 w, lat. 26 49 n. 
 
 Michael, St, a tovvn in Mechoachan, 
 New Spain, famous for its cotton manufac- 
 tures, 20 miles e of Guanaxuato. 
 
 Michael de Puira. St, a town of Peru, in 
 Quito, stands near the mouth of the Piura, 
 and was the seat of the first Spanish colony 
 in Peru, 325 miles ssw of Quito, Lorn 80 
 40 w, lat. 5 10 s. 
 
 Michael de Ibarra, St, a town in the 
 province of Qnito, Peru, capital of a juris- 
 diction of the same name, has an elegant 
 church, a college, and several convents, 70 
 miles NE of Quito, Lou. 77 30 w, lat. 0 
 25 K. 
 
 Michael, gulf of , >S^,that part of the Paci- 
 fic ocean, which was first discovered by 
 the Spaniards, alter their march across the 
 isthmiis of Darien. It lies e of Panama. 
 
 Michigan, a lake of N America, 280 
 miles long, and fro.u 50 to 60 broad. It is 
 navigable by vessels of any burden. On 
 the NW are two bays, the one to the s called 
 Greeubay, the other to the x called Noquat 
 bay. Michigan communicates with the 
 NW end ot lake Huron, at its ne extremity, 
 by the strait of Michilirnakinac. 
 
 MICHIGAN, a territory of the United 
 Stales of Auierica, including tSiC lake of its 
 name, is bounded on the e by lakes Huron, 
 
 Clare, and Erie, s by the state of OLiC)_, 
 and Indiana, w by the territory of Illinois. 
 
 W and N by lake Superior. The soil is in ge- 
 |i neral marshy and poor, and great part of it 
 I inundated six njonths in the year, but it pos- 
 j sesses great advantages from its navigaiiun 
 I and fisheries. In ISiO the population was 
 ) 5485. Detroit is ilie capital. 
 
 Michiilimakinac, Little, a river in the 
 North-Western Territory, whose moutk is 
 50 j ards wide, and has between 30 and 4t> 
 small islands at its mouth. It runs a k\v 
 course, and is navigable about 90 miles. 
 Its mouth is 195 miles rom the Misissippi. 
 
 MICHILLTMAKINAC, an island, fort, 
 and village, on the sw side of the straits of 
 j the same name. In 1812, the fort was ta- 
 ken by the British. It is about 200 miitos 
 , NNw from Detroit. Lon. 84 30 w, lat. 45 
 48 N. , 
 
 Michiilimakinac Strait, a strait of N 
 America, which unites the lakes of Michi- 
 gan and Huron. It is six miles wide. 
 
 MICCMACKS, an Indian nation who 
 I inhabit the country between the Shapody 
 j mountains, and the gulf of St Lawrence in 
 I Nova Seoila, oppo dte to St John^s island. 
 
 1 Middlehie, a parish in Durnfries-shire, 
 j which, with those of Pennersaughs, and 
 Carruthers annexed, is as)out nine miles long 
 and lour and a-haif broad. Population 
 about 1500. It abounds with free-stone 
 I and limestone, and exports to a consider- 
 I able amount annually black, cattle, sheep, 
 
 I bacon, oats, and barley. The parish de- 
 I rives its name from the Roman work near 
 the eiiurch, from its po.?ition between Ne- 
 j therby in Cumberland and Upperby in E^-k ■ 
 
 ! dale-muir. 
 
 I Middlehorough, the Kamaskett, of the 
 j| ancient Indians, a town in Plymouth coun- 
 j| ty, AfasNaehuseits, 40 miles s by e of Bos- 
 j| ton. Great quantities of s;:aiis are made 
 
 II here, particularly in the winter. 
 
 |j Middieh'urg, a large, haudsome, riph, and 
 j commercial city of Holland, capital of the 
 I iskind of Waicheren, and of all Zealand, 
 i' The streets, s^quare.®, aaid public buildings., 
 j are magnificent, particularly the towu- 
 i house, ^ (once a famous abbey,} ornamente(f 
 ! with the statues of the ancient counts and 
 countesses of Holland. The harbour is 
 commodious. It contains about 30,000 hi- 
 halilants. It has a commurdcadoii with 
 the sea by a canal, wlfoh will be.e-i ihe 
 largest vpsels. In 1809, it was taken by 
 the British, but was soon after evacuated, 
 20 miles ne of Bruge.s, SO nxw of Ghent, 
 and 72 sw of Amsurdam. Lon. 3 37 h, 
 lat. 51 29 N. 
 
 Middlehurg, a town nf Flanders, Nctln f- 
 luiids.fiye miles sf. of Slav:-. 
 
 Middlehurg, one of the Friendly ifdcxds 
 See Kaooive, 
 
 j Middlehurg, a })ost town of V'enn'm^ ai.d 
 i capital of Addison county, seatca on the i. 
 i; side of Oiler Creek, an^' i'es several suv 
 i mills, 33 miles n by v/ of Lu lan ^, 37 s o: 
 || Lurl iiigto}', and IG5 K ed L: linington. 
 
 Sh'cf d leha :n, e iC'isxi in th. N iCdiug of 
 
M I D 
 
 M I D 
 
 Yorkshire. It has a market on Monday ; 
 'Elands on the Eure. Here are the remains 
 of a castie, in which Ptiohard III. was 
 born, 1 1 miles s by w of P».ichmond, and 
 255 NNw of London. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county of En^rland, 
 bounded n by Hertfordshire, e by Essex, s 
 by Surry and a corner of Kent, and w by 
 Buckinghamshire. It is one of the smallest 
 counties in England, being* only about 22 
 miles from e to w, and 17 from n to s, but 
 it is much the richest and most populous, and 
 pays more taxes than any 10 beside. Tt is 
 divided into six hundreds and 98 parishes, be- 
 sides those in London and Westminster ; has 
 those two cities, six market towns, and 
 sends eight members to parliament. In 
 1801, the number of houses was estimated at 
 1]2,912, and of inhabitants at 8 18,129, and 
 in 181 1, 953,276. The air is healthy, but 
 (he soil, in general, being a lean gravel, is 
 naturally of little fertility. There are still 
 however, very extensive tracts of unculti- 
 vated heath. Besides the Thames, the Lea, 
 and the Coin, which are its boundaries to 
 the s, the se, and the w, Middlesex is water- 
 ed by several small streams, one of which, 
 called the New River, is artificially brought 
 from Amwtdl, in Herts, for the purpose of 
 supplying TiOndon with water. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county of Massachu- 
 setts, bounded N by the state of New Hamp- 
 shire, E by Essex county, s by Siiflblk, and 
 w by Worcester county. Its figure is nearly 
 equal to a scpiare of 40 miles on a side : its 
 greatest length being 52, and its greatest 
 breadth 42 miles. It has 42 to wui ships, 
 which contain 42,737 inhabitants. The ri^- 
 iigious societies are 55 of Congregalion- 
 alists, six of Baptists, and some Presbyte- 
 rians. It. was made a courdy.in 1643. It 
 is watered by five principal rivers, Merri- 
 mack, Charles, Concord, Nashua, and Mys- 
 tic ; beMdes smaller streams. The chief 
 towns are Charlestown, Cambridge, and 
 Concord. Charlestown is the only s(-‘a port 
 in the county ; Concord is tiie most respite- 
 table inland town. The air is generally se- 
 rene, and the temperature mild. The soil 
 is various. It produces the timber, grain, 
 and fruit, which are common throughout 
 the state. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a maritime county of 
 Connecticut, bounded n by Hartford county, 
 s by Long Island sound, e by New' London 
 county, and w by New Haven. Its great- 
 est lengtli is about 30 miles, and its greatest 
 breadth J9. Ii is divided into six townships, 
 containing 18,855 inhabitants. Middleton 
 is the chief town. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county of New Jersey, 
 . iKiunded \ by Essex, Kwand wliy .Somer.'^et, 
 sw by Burlington, se by Monmouth, e by 
 I’ariion bay and part of Staten island. It 
 contains 10,9 56 inhabitants. Chief town, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 MIDDLESEX, a county of Virginia, on 
 the s side of ilappahhunncck riv<?r, on Che- 
 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 t! 
 
 t 
 
 sapeak bay, about 35 miles in length, and 
 seven in breadth, containing 4140 irihabi" 
 tanis. Urbannah is the chief town. 
 
 Middlesex canal, in Massachusetts, will, 
 no doubt, be of great importance to the 
 states of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 
 It was opened in 1797, at a vast expence, by 
 an incorporated company. The canal is 24 
 feet wide at the bottom, 32 at the top, and 
 six feet deep. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES, one of the grand 
 divisions of the United Slates, comprehending 
 the states of New York, New Jersey, Penii- 
 .sylvania, Delatvare, and the territory n’w of 
 the Ohio. 
 
 Middleton, a village in Mid-Lothian, with 
 a stage inn, on the road to Carlisle, 12 miles 
 SE of Edinburgh. 
 
 Middleton, a city and post town of Con- 
 necticut, and the capital of Middlesex 
 county, has two churches, a naval olfiee, 
 and a considerable trade. It is seated ou 
 the Nw side of Connecticut river, 14 miles 
 s of Hartford, and 209 NE of Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 72 24 w, lat. 41 34 m. 
 
 Middleton, a towm in Cork, Munster, si- 
 tuated on the NE angle of Cork harbour. 
 It has an extensive woollen manufacture, a 
 free school, and gives the title of viscount 
 Middleton to the family of Broderick ; 14 
 mile.s E of Cork harbour. 
 
 Mi idleton, a town in Lancashire, on the 
 Rochdale canal, wdth a market on Friday, 
 has a large twist maeufaclure, bleaching, 
 and the cotton trade in all its branches, six 
 mile.s N by e of Manchester, and 188 nnw 
 of London. In 1770, this town consisted of 
 about 20 hou-ses, in 1794, it contained more 
 than 500, and upwards of 2000 inhabitants. 
 It has three well attended annual fairs, an 
 elegant town house, and a free grammar 
 school, w’ith two master.^. 
 
 Middletony or Stoneij a village 
 
 in Derbyshire, on the road from Btixtou to 
 Chesterfield, intersected by a rivulet, seated 
 in a deep ravine, called Middleton dale, and 
 surrounded with highly picturesque scenery. 
 Here are a bath similar to that of Matlock, 
 three warm petrifying .springs, and a cha- 
 lybeate spring. Near the dale is a grotto 
 furnished with the most elegant fossils of 
 Derbyshire. Population 480, some of whom 
 are employed in lime-works, but the greater 
 part in the lead mines, about five miles n of 
 Bakewell. 
 
 Middletown, a towm of Rhode-island, 
 about two miles from Ntnvport. 
 
 Middletown, a snrall post town in New- 
 castle county, Delaware, on Apequinmy 
 cre(‘k, 21 miles ssw of Wilmington. 
 
 Middleloum, a tov^mship in Monmouth 
 county, New .iersey, which contains 3226 
 inhabitants. The centre is 50 miles e by x 
 ol Trenton, and 30 sw by s of New York 
 cit} . 
 
 Middletown, a flourishing town in Dau- 
 phin county, Pennsylvania, seated on Sw.'t- 
 tara creek ; ha« a great trade iu corn. U 
 
six miles s of Hummelston, and 62 w ])y 
 N of PhiUidelpbia. Loa. T6 44 w, lat. 40 
 13 N. 
 
 MiddlewicJi, a town in Cheshire, seated 
 near the confluence of the Dane tind th(‘ 
 Ci-ooke, between Nantwich and Norwich. 
 Here are brine pits, from which great quan- 
 tities of salt are manufactured. It is an 
 ancient borough, governed by its burgesses, 
 and has the same privileges as the other 
 suiting towns. It has a market on Tuesday, 
 and fairs July 25th and Holy Thursday ; 
 24 miles e of Chester, and 167 nw of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Midhursf^ a large borough in Sussex, 
 seated on the Arun, with a market on Thurs- 
 day, sends two members to parliament, 11 
 miles N by e of Chichester, and 50 w by s 
 of London. 
 
 Midlam, a town in the N Riding of York- 
 shire, 10 miles s of Richmond. 
 
 Mid-Mar, a parish of Scotland, in Aber^ 
 deeusbire, about six miles long by five broad, 
 situated between the Dee and the Don. 
 Population about 800. In this parish are 
 some mineral springs, three Draidical tem- 
 ples, and two tumuli, one of these last is said 
 to mark the spot where a chief of the name i 
 of Douglass fell, in a battle between Wal- 
 lace and Camming. 
 
 Miecliau, or Miezaoa, a handsome town 
 of Poland, 10 miles .se by e of Thorn. 
 
 Midnapour, a town in Orissa, Hindoostan, 
 capital of a district belonging to the English 
 E India company, stands near a river which 
 joins the Hoagly, 70 miles w by s of Calcut- 
 ta. Lon. 87 25 E,lat. 22 30 n. 
 
 Mies, a tow'n in the circle of Pilseh, Eo- 
 liemia, on theMisa, 18 miles w of Pilsen. 
 
 MIFFIN, a county of Pennsylvania, sur- 
 rounded by Lycoming, Franklin, Cumber- 
 land, Northiiniberland, Dauphin, and Hun- 
 tingdon counties. It contains 1851 square 
 miles, and is divided into eight townships. 
 Chief town, Lewiston. 
 
 Migliana, a town in Principato Ultra, 
 
 ■ Naples, 15 miles we of Conza. 
 
 Mikalidi, or Mikulitza, a town in Natolia, 
 Asiatic Turkey, on a river of its nanw, 
 which falls into the sea of Marmora. Two 
 miles below the town is a fort, and at the 
 mouth of the river a harbour, w'hence grain, 
 fruit, silk, and wool are exported, 55 miles 
 WNw^ of Bursa. Lon. 28 42 R,lat. 40 18 n. 
 
 MILAN, or Milanese, a late duchy 
 and considerable country of Italy, included 
 in the late Italian republic, being 150 miles 
 in length, and 78 in breadth. The soil is 
 every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, 
 rice, and olives. Here are fine canals for 
 the purpose of irrigation. It has some lead 
 and copper mine.s, excellent cattle, and 
 cheese. The rivers are the Secchia, Tv sin, 
 Adda, Po, and Oglio. There are likewise 
 several lakes, the three principal of which 
 are those of Maggiore, Como, and Luango. 
 This country was taken by the French in 
 1706, and formed part of the Cisalpine re- 
 
 public, in 1799, it was taken by the allies. 
 In 1800, the French again became masters 
 of it after the battle oF Marengo, and toge- 
 ther with Piedmont the w part of it was an- 
 nexed to France. See Piedmont, 
 
 Milan, a city of Italy, in the late Italian 
 ri'pubiic, capital of the department of Olona. 
 It is the largest city in Italy, except Rome, 
 but aUIiough it is thought rather to exceed 
 Naples in size, it only contains about 150,000 
 inbabitaiits. It is situated in a pleasant plain, 
 between the rivers Adda and Tesin. It is 
 aboiu 10 miles in circumference. There 
 are 230 churches, of which 96 are parochial, 
 90 coDvenis, 100 religious fraternities, and a 
 number of hospitals and schools. The ca- 
 thedral is the finest structme, being 500 feet 
 long, 200 broad, and 400 high, built entirely 
 of white marble, supported by 52 column.s, 
 and in pet- work, statues and carving, sur- 
 passes all churches in the world. The 
 most striking objeci in the interior is the 
 subterranean chapel, in w^hich is the tomb 
 of St Charles Borromes. It is situated im- 
 mediately under the dome, is of an octan- 
 gular form, lined with silver pannels, repre- 
 senting the principal actions of the life of 
 this archbishop, whose body lle.s in a shrine 
 of rock chrystal, behind the altar, dressed in 
 Pontificals, it stands in the centre of the 
 city, and next to St Peter’s, i.s the most con- 
 siderable in Italy. The college of St Am- 
 brose has a library, which, beside a prodigi- 
 ous number of manuscripts, contains 45,000 
 printed iiooks. Its superb gallery is adorn- 
 ed with rich paintings, statue-, and gems, but 
 the latter, with the mo^t \aluable of the 
 books and manuscripts, have b en conveyed 
 to Paris. The mo.sl considerable commerce 
 of the inhabitants is in grain, (especially 
 rice,) cattle, and cheese, which they export; 
 and they have mauiifeciures of s;lk and vel- 
 vet stuffs, stokings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, 
 gold and silver laces, and embroideries, 
 woollen and linen cloths, glass, and earthen 
 ware in imitation of China. Milan has no 
 other fortifications than a high wall and 
 ramparts ; there are 22 gates. The cita- 
 del, called Gastello di-Porta Zobia, is, how- 
 ever, a place of great streiigih. It w'as tho 
 ancient capital of Lombariiy, and niade tlis 
 capital of the kingdom of Italy by Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, who wars here crowned king of 
 Italy, on the 26th of May, 1805. It ha» 
 been often taken in the wars that have de- 
 solated Italy. In 1796, the French made h 
 the capital of the Cisalpine republic. It was> 
 retaken by the Austrians in 1799, but re- 
 gained by the French in the following year. 
 It i.s 70 miles n of Genoa, 165 nw of Flo- 
 rence, and 270 nw of Rome. Lon. 9 12 e, 
 lat. 45 IS N. 
 
 Milozzo, or Melozzo, a handsome .sea por' 
 of Sicily, in Val de Demona, .seated on the 
 w side of a bay of its name, and divided 
 into the upper and lower towns. The for- 
 mer, on a promontory, is very strong the 
 latter on a rich plain, has a fine square^ 
 
M I L 
 
 M I L 
 
 •with a superb founlaiu. It is 18 miles w 
 ’by N of Messina. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 38 
 
 IS N. ^ 
 
 Milhorn Port, a town consisting of about 
 200 houses, in J^oniersetsliire, borders of 
 Dorsetshire, seated on a branch of the Par- 
 ret. It has no market, and never had a 
 corporation, but is governed by nine capital 
 baihtTs, two of whom preside yearly by ro- 
 tation. It sends two members to parliament, 
 chosen by the inhabitants paying scot and 
 lot, about 110 in number. Here are rnanu- 
 factures of w'ooUen cloth, linen, and hosiery, 
 two miles e by n of Sberborn, 38 w by s of 
 Salisbury, and 114 w by s of London. 
 
 Mildenhall, a large and populous town in 
 Suffolk, seated on the Larke, with a market 
 ou Friday, noted for fish and wild fowl. 
 The steeple of the church Is 120 feet high, 
 12 miles nw of Bury, and TO miles nne of 
 London. 
 
 Milesimo, or Miifsimo, a towm of Italy, 
 in Montserrat, iO miles e of Ceva. 
 
 MiJeto, a town in Calabria Ultra, Naples, 
 ft was nearly demolished by an earthquake, 
 "in/lTSS, eight miles e by n of Niotera. 
 
 Mileto, the ancient Miletus, in Natolia, 
 Asiatic Turkey, 64 miles s of Smyrna. Lon. 
 2T ]4 E, lat. 38 22 N. 
 
 Milfield, a small village of Northumber- 
 land, near Wooler, formerly the residence 
 of the Saxon kings of Bernicia. 
 
 Milfird, a post tovni of the state of Dela- 
 ware, in Sussex county, n side of Muspilion 
 creek, 12 miles w of its mouth in Delaware 
 bay, ar?d 19 s by e of Dover. 
 
 Mdfcrd, a tewm in Northaniptou county, 
 Benusylvania, w side of Deiawaia river, 120 
 miles above Philadelphia. 
 
 Milford, a po-.t town of roiinecticut, cn 
 Loiig-islaiul Soujid, in Newhaven county, 
 10 miles sw of Newhaven. 
 
 Milford, a sea port town on a deep inlet 
 •of the Irish sea, on the coast of Pembroke- 
 shire, in South Wales, which branches off 
 into so nuiny creeks, secured from all winds. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 'hat it is esteemed the sai'esl and nicest eapa- j 
 cions havbour in Great Britain, TiiC towu ! 
 slrmds on the ♦ide of H-iliord Haven, has a j 
 market on Tuesday and Sacarday, At the 
 entrance of the lK\rbouv, on the \v side, cull- ) 
 ed Hi AniPs, is an old light house, and a | 
 block-house. Here a^e two batteries, an j 
 observatory, and a (iock-yard for the kiug^s 
 ^ ships. Here the earl of Riciimond, after- | 
 wards Henry Vi I. landed on his expedition | 
 agaiii.st Ritdiard ill. A packet liOaL sails j 
 lauice everf day except Tuesday, for Water- j 
 ford in Ireland. The town of Milford is six j 
 males w>'w of IVnibroke, and 262 w by n j 
 of r vitinon. Lon. 5 3 w, hit. 51 44 N. 
 
 ?'I}.titciry Toii'iu^hips, in the state ol New ' 
 York. The legislature of the state granted i 
 one n^illion and a half acres ol land, as a 
 gratuity to the otHcers and soldiers of the 
 jine of this state. 'I his pleasant country i j 
 divided into 25 townships. This tract is well 
 w'alered by a multitude of lakes ^nd rivers. 
 
 Mililsch, a town and capital of a lord- 
 ship of its name in Silesia, seated on the 
 Bartoh, frontiers of Poland, 27 miles nne of 
 Breslau. Lon. 17 23 e, lat. 51 52 n. 
 
 Milhaud, a town in the department of 
 Aveiron, France, on the Tarn, 28 miles SE of 
 Rhodes, 50 Nw of Montpellier, and 142 s of 
 Paris. 
 
 MillePs Toivii, in Northampton count)', 
 Pennsylvania, on a branch of Little Leigh 
 river, is 44 miles nnw of Philadelphia. 
 
 MILL ISLAND, an island of North Ame^ 
 rica, near the nw end of Hudson’s straits. 
 Lon. 80 30 v/, lat. 04 36 n. 
 
 Mill Isles, a group of rocks, and a small 
 town, two miles ss of Donaghadee, Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Mill street, a small towm in Cork, Mun- 
 ster, on the Black w’ater, among the Mus- 
 kerry mountains, has a good inn, and bar- 
 racks for two companies of soldiers, 28 miles 
 v/Nw of Cork, and 136 from Dublin. 
 
 MHUoivn, a town in Kerry, Munster, near 
 the river Mang, two miles from its mouth, 
 seven s by of Tralee, and 152 irom Dublin. 
 
 Milndthor-t, a village in the county of 
 Ivnross, vulgarly called Mills of Forth, 
 parish of Orwell, has a large distillery. It 
 has a neat appearance, and contains about 
 500 inhabitants, it lies about a mile n of 
 Kin-ro.'S. 
 
 MILO, the ancient Melos, an island of 
 the Archipelago, about 50 miles in circum- 
 ference, with one of the best and largest 
 harbours in the Mediterranean, which serves 
 as a retreat for all vessels that go to and 
 from the Levant. It produces excellent 
 fruits, delicate wine, and abounds in very 
 good cattle, especially goats, and bas mines 
 of iron and sulphur. The inhabitants, who 
 are ail Greeks, except the cadi, are good 
 sailors. Xn this island are several curious 
 subterranean galleries, formed of old stone 
 quarries, the roofs of which are covered 
 with genuine capillary or pliuive allum, 
 and the crevices of the rocks filled with 
 pure sulphur. Here is a waiwode, who is a 
 Greek, and three consuls, who can depose 
 the cad', when he fails in his duty ; here are 
 likewise two bishops, one of the Greek, and 
 the other of the Latin church. On the e 
 sido of the island is a town of the same 
 name, 60 miles n of Cendia. Lon. 25 0 e, 
 lat. 36 41 N. 
 
 Seo Lerna, 
 
 ?diltenbery, a town in the late electorate 
 of Meuiz, G^'rmany,o« rhe Maine, with a 
 castle Oil a hi.l, 26 miles sse of Asehaffen- 
 burg. 
 
 Milthorp,ii .small market town in West- 
 morejand, on the Betha, near the mouth of 
 the Ken, with a market on Tuesday. Mil- 
 tbrop is the only port in the county ; and 
 hence tlie fine Westmoreland elates are ex- 
 ported to Liverpool, Loiidon, Hull, Arc. eight 
 miles s of Kendal, and. 255 nnw of Lon-^ 
 don. 
 
 Milton, or Ahley Milton, a small town 
 
 I 
 
M I N 
 
 ID Drosetshire. Here was an Abbey, found- 
 ed by king Athaistan, on the site of which, 
 in 1T71, the earl of Dorchester built a large 
 Gothic mansion, to which the abbey church 
 is now a private chapel. The town with 
 its church and almshouse were bnilt by the 
 same nobleman ; seven miles sw of Blanford. 
 
 Milton, a town of Kent, near the isle of 
 Sheppey, on the e branch of the Medway, 
 governed by a portreve, who has authority 
 to inspect the weights and measures over 
 the whole hundred of Milton, has a market 
 on Saturday and is celebrated for its oysters. 
 Here once stood a palace of the kings of 
 Kent. It is 14 miles ne of Maidstone, and 
 40 E of London. 
 
 Milton, the Uncataquisset, or Unqety, 
 of the ancient Indians, a towmship of Mas- 
 sachusetts, in Norfolk county, stands near 
 the Naponset. It was incorporated in 1662, 
 and contains about 1000 inhabitants. It is 
 seven miles s of Boston. 
 
 Milton, a towm in Virginia, Albermarle 
 county, on the Rivanna, T6 miles w^nw of 
 Richmond. 
 
 Miltown, a small Ushing village in the 
 county of Kineardiae, parish of Ecelesgrieg 
 containing about 200 inhabitants, 
 
 Mina, a town with a strong fort in Ker- 
 man Persia, seated on the Ibrahim, near 
 its entrance into the strait of Ormus, stands 
 in a country abounding with grain, dates, 
 and cattle. The houses are well built, 190 
 miles s of Kerman. Lon. 56 40 e, lat. 26 
 40 N. 
 
 Minas, Basin of, or Les Mines Bay, a 
 gulf on the se side of the bay of Fundy. 
 It is about 30 leagues from the entrance^)! 
 Annapolis, and 10 from Bedford bay. It is 
 12 leagues in length, and three in breadth. 
 
 Minch, a great arm of the sea on the w 
 coast of Scotland, which separates the Isle 
 of Sky from Long island. 
 
 Muichiag- Hampton ; See Hampton. , 
 
 MINCTO, a department of the late Ita- 
 lian republic, containing 123,640 inhabi- 
 tants. Mantua is the capital. 
 
 Mincio, a river of Italy. It rises from 
 the Lake of Garda, at Peschiera forms the 
 Lake that surrounds the city of the Mantua, 
 and runs into the Po near Sachelta. 
 
 Minchindorf, a town of Austria, on the 
 Triessing, six miles ene of Baden. 
 
 MINDANAO, a large island of Asia, in 
 the Eastern ocean, and one of the Philip- 
 pines, 180 miles long, and 120 broad. It is 
 a mountainous country, full of hills and val- 
 leys, with a mould generally deep, black, 
 and fruitful. Some of the ’mountains yield 
 very good gold ; and the valleys are v/ell 
 watered with rivulets. The libby trees pro- 
 duce the sago. It produces the bread fruit 
 tree, and the various sorts of fruits proper to 
 the climate, beside plenty of rice. They 
 have horses, beeves, buffaloes, goats, deer, 
 monkeys, guanoes, Ijats of a very large size, 
 lizards, and snakes. Their fowls are ducks, 
 hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets, and turtle 
 No. 20^ (id. 
 
 M I N 
 
 doves, besides many small birds. Tho air 
 is temperate. The winds are easterly one 
 part of the year, and westerly the other, 
 while the former blo\f^ it is fair weather, 
 while the latter it is stormy, rainy, and 
 tempestuous. Near the centre of the island 
 is a lake called Lano, about 60 miles in cir- 
 cuit, and in the s a volcano of constant 
 eruption. The inhabitants are of a mean 
 low stature, with small limbs, and little 
 heads, small black eyes, short low noses, 
 and pretty large mouths, and their com- 
 plexion tawny. The chief trades are gold- 
 smiths, blacksmiths, and carpenters, who 
 can build pretty good vessels. Polygamy 
 is practised here. The saltan has a queen, 
 beside 20 other women, their religion is Ma- 
 hometanism. Their houses are built on 
 posts, from 14 to 20 feet high. Those who 
 have been far up the country say that the 
 people are all blacks, and go quite naked. 
 The principal town of the same name is 
 pretty large, and is situated on the eastern 
 coast. Lon. 125 0 w, lat. 6 0 n, 
 
 Mindleheim, a town of Suabia, with a 
 castle on a mountain, the capital of a small 
 territory between the Iller and Lech, subject 
 to the house of Bavaria. It is 23 miles 
 sw of Augsburg. Lon. 10 32 e, lat, 48 2 n. 
 
 Minden, a considerable fortified town of 
 Westphalia, and capital of a territory of the 
 same name, situated on the Weser, which 
 renders it a trading place. The cathedral 
 and chapterhouse are noble structures. Be- 
 sides its navigation, it has breweries, sugar- 
 houses, a wax manufacture. In the vici- 
 nity prince Frederic of Brunswick defeated 
 the French in 1759. It is 43 miles e of 
 Osnaburg, and 37 w of Hanover. Lon. 5 
 56 E, lat 52 19 n. 
 
 MINDORO, one of the Philippine islands, 
 
 I 50 miles in circumference, separated from 
 I Laconia by a narrow channel. The in- 
 I habitants are idolaters, and pay tribute to 
 the Spaniards. Its numerous mountains 
 abound in palm trees, and all sorts of 
 
 Minehead, a sea-port and borough in So- 
 mersetshire, seated on the Bristol channel, 
 with a good harbour, and Market on Wed- 
 nesday, and has a considerable trade iu 
 wool, herrings, and coals. It is 31 miles 
 N of Exeter, and 163 w by s of London. 
 Lon. 3 34 w, lat. 51 12 n. 
 
 Mineo, a town in Val di Nota, Sicily, 36 
 miles NNw of Noto. 
 
 Minerva, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 
 20 miles ese of Malera. 
 
 MINGRELIA, a province of Asia, which 
 formerly made part of Georgia, on the e 
 coast of the Black sea. It is governed by 
 a prince, who is tributary to the sovereign 
 I of Imerilia, but in 1803 put himself under 
 the protection of Russia. The customs and 
 manners of this country, its surfax^e and pro- 
 I ductions are similar to those of Imeritia, 
 Ptucki is the capital. 
 
 MINCtUN islands, on the n side of 
 
 Q 
 
 
M I N 
 
 the month of the river St. Lawrence. Lon. 
 63 23 w, lat. 50 15 n. 
 
 MinhOy a river of Spain, which has its 
 source in the me of (^Hicia,^uns by Lugo, 
 Orease, and Tuy, and dividing Portugal 
 from Galieia, fails into the Atlantic ocean 
 at Caniinha. 
 
 Minie, a town on the left bank of the 
 Nile. Egypt, 90 miles s of Fayoum. 
 
 Minnihive, a village of Scotland, parish 
 of'Giencairn, united to Dunreggan, seated 
 near the confluence of ihe rivers Craig- 
 davroch^ Castleiern, and Dalguhat, which 
 form ibe Cairn, has a post office, and a fair 
 in July, about 15 miles from New Gallo- 
 way, 16 nhles nw of Dumfries, and 65 sw 
 by s of Edinburgh. 
 
 M>nni()uff^ a parish and village in the w 
 part of Kirkcudbrightshire, on the n side of 
 the river Cree, 24 miles long and 12 broad. 
 The surface is mountainous and rugged, 
 ■ana great part of it employed in sheep 
 walks, and the rearing of black cattle. In ! 
 it a e lead mines. Near the vestiges of an | 
 encampment on the banks of the Cree, an- 
 cient bra.ss weapons have been found. Po- 
 pukiiiGD above 1600. 
 
 ^ MhiGrcino, a town in Terra di Bari, Na- 
 ples. 24 miles wsw, of Trani. 
 
 Mi, NORCA, a coasiderabie island of the 
 Mediterranean, 50 miles of Tvlajorca. 
 It IS about 34 miles in length, and 12 in 
 bread 'h, and chiefly valuable tor its excel- 
 b n- larbour. It is a mountainous country, | 
 with some fruitful valleys, where there are i 
 ex 'ei' nt mmes : w.aeat, barlej , and maize | 
 are cultivated, but not in sufficient quanti- i 
 lie for the inhabitants.' Corn is imported | 
 from Savdiniai* Vegetables and wild fowl j 
 are pk^nty. Vestiges of the Romans and | 
 Alv)ors are visible. In 1708, it was taken ; 
 from the Spaniards, by the Briiish, and 
 confirmed to th m by the treaty of Utrecht. I 
 It was retaken by the Spaniards, in 1782, 
 and onfirmed to them, by the peace of 1783. 
 It ■ te taken again by the Briiish, in 1798, 
 wua,Mit. I be los.« of a man, and given up at 
 the peace of 1802. Ciigdella is the capii *1, 
 b. vv'. ich here are Port Mahon, Labor, 
 and L ro. del. 
 
 ^ jh'i/it-n) a town in Principato Citeriore, 
 N.ai-iev on the guit of Salerno, four mile.-. 
 XJL o! Amalfi. 
 
 Ih'ms/i. a town o! Lithuania and ct^-lai 
 ot a palaiinate of the same viaimo has tw^o 
 ci -.'-ieis. Part ol its riches consists in the 
 h ntey ^Mcdticed l)> the bee.- wifb whicn !■ 
 for s s abound, 6o miles x of Stuez, 80 exe 
 of Novogrodeck, and 100 se of Muina. 
 L< . 27 5'n h , ic-.t. 54 0 N. 
 
 3ivcitva}:j an island on the w coast of Su- 
 matra, ocean, 40 mues in luigih, and 
 
 Hv-:.' e ad L. Ion 97 38 E, lat. 0 25 
 
 JMintOy a parish and village of Scotland, 
 in KoaLu, li.-li.re. Tne par.sb bounded on 
 the s b\ iie Teviot, is near four miles i 
 length, by .two and a-haif iu breadth, ai 
 inclosed and well cultivated. The village 
 
 M I R 
 
 of Minto, from which the family of Elliot 
 take the Briiish title of Baron, contains 
 above 100 inhabitants. Population near 
 500. At Hassendean, is a valuable nursury. 
 
 MiolanSj a town and fort in the depart- 
 ment of Low^er Alps, f'rance, stands on a 
 rook, six miles ne of Montmeiian. 
 
 Miossy a lake of Norway, in the province 
 of Hodemarke. It extends from n to s 
 and is 90 miles in circumference. It 
 contains an island about ten miles iu circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Miquelon, a small desert island sw of 
 Cape Mary, in Newfoundland, the most 
 westerly of the three islands of St. Pierre, 
 ceded to the French in 1763, for curing and 
 drying their fish. It was taken by the 
 English in 1793, and restored in 1802. Lon. 
 56 10 w, lat. 46 42 n. 
 
 Mira, a town in Beiia, Portugal, 16 miles 
 NW of Coimbra. 
 
 Miraka, a town in the Morea, Ihiropean 
 Turkey, on the Alpheus, and on the site of 
 the ancient Olympia, 36 miles nw of Tripo- 
 lizza. 
 
 Miranda, capital of the province of Tra 
 los Montes, Portugal seated on a rock, 
 dear the Douro, and a bishop^s see. Ii.s 
 fortifications were demolished by the explo- 
 sion of the powder magazine, when it wt^^ 
 invested by the Spaniards, in 1762 ; 32 miles 
 ESE of Braganza, and J j5 ene of Oporto. 
 Lon. 6 32 w, iat,41 46 e. 
 
 Miranda de Corvo, a town in Beira, For- 
 tugal, 15 miles SE of Coimbra. 
 
 Miranda de Ebro, a town in old Castile, 
 Spain, with a castle, on the Ebro, over 
 which is a bridge. The country around 
 produces excellent wine, 37 miles ne of 
 Burgos, and 46 s of Biiboa. 
 
 Mirande, a town in the department of 
 Gers, France, seated on the Baise, and ha.s 
 a trade in wool, down, and eathers of geese. 
 It is 15 miles sw of Aueb. 
 
 Mirandela, a town in Tra los Alontes, 
 Portugal, 28 miles ne of Lamego, and 30 
 sw' of Braganza. 
 
 Mirandola, a large city in the Modenese, 
 capital of a duchy of Italy, of the same 
 name, with a citadel and fort. It is a 
 bishop’s see. Beside the cathedral it con- 
 tains nine churches, and convents, 20 miles 
 se of Mantua, and 20 nne of Modena. Lon. 
 11 19 E, lat. 44 52 n. 
 
 Miravel, a town, with a strong castle, in 
 E-tramadura, Spain, stands on the side of a 
 hill, iO miles s by w of Placentia, and 38 
 ENE oi Alcantara. 
 
 Mir^d)alais,^\I\ interior towui in the French 
 part of Hispaniola, 12 leagues n of Port-au- 
 Prince. 
 
 Mirebeau, a town in the department of 
 France, noted for the strength and beauty of 
 Its as.se.s. It is 14 miles n by w of Poitiers. 
 \ii<i 175 .sw of Pari.s. 
 
 Mireco^irt, a consiilcrable town in the de- 
 partment OI Vosges, France. It is situated 
 on the Modon, and celebrated for fine lace, 
 
M I S 
 
 M I T 
 
 aiul violins, 27 miles s of Nanci', and SO se 
 of Toiil. 
 
 iMiremont, a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, France. in the ^ vrdnity ol • 
 wiiieb IS a noted cavern, called Chisean, 
 near the Viziere, ahout 15 nules e of Ber- 
 gerac. 
 
 Mirepohz\ a town in the department of 
 Arriege, France, on the Gers, lately an 
 episcopal see, 15 nuies ene of Foix, and 43 
 ssE of Tolouse. 
 
 Miroa'y a town in the duchy of Mc'ck- 
 lenbiirg, Lower Saxon}', has a castle, 1 1 
 miles w of Strelitz. 
 
 Mirrimichi, a bay, river, and port, on the 
 NE coast of New Bninswiok. 
 
 Misa^no, a town in Otranto, Naples, 
 nine miles sse oi Ostiini. 
 
 Miselmeri, a town in Val di Mazara, 
 Sicily, at the foot of a Inli, nine miles ssE 
 of Paienno. 
 
 Miserden^ a village in Gloucestershire, 
 two miles from Bisley, and nine from Gloii- | 
 cester. Here is an ancient extensive park, 
 in which is a circular mound, now over-! 
 grown with trees, on xvhioh a castle, } 
 Built by king John. Part of the moat is still | 
 visible. i 
 
 Misery, an isle between Salem and Cape 
 Ann, in Massachusetts. 
 
 Misitray the ancient Sparta, a very an- 
 cient and celebrated town of Greece, capital 
 of the Alorea, an archbishop’s, see, with a 
 citadel. It is divided into four parts, the | 
 castle, the town, and two large suburbs. | 
 There is a great number of Christians, and I 
 so many Jews, that they have three syua- j 
 g'ogues. The pripxdpai church is one of the | 
 molt elegant in the world. In the vicinity j 
 are the ruins or ancient Sparta. In 1687, it j 
 was taken by the Venetians, but retaken by j 
 the Turks. In 1770, it was taken by the I 
 Russians. It is situated on the Vasilipo- jj 
 tamo, 30 miies s of Tripolizza, 100 sw of jj 
 Athens, and 90 n by e of Lepanto. Lon. | 
 23 36 E, lat. 37 14 n. 
 
 Misnia, See Meissen. 
 
 Missisippiy a noble river of N America, 
 which with its eastern branches, waters 
 five-eights of the United States, forms the 
 western boundary, and separates them from 
 the Spanish province of Louisiana and the 
 Indian country. Its source is from the k 
 side of the Ptcd Cedar lake, Lon. 95 2 w, 
 iat. 27 48 N, from w^hence to the gulf of 
 Mexico its lengiii is 3000 miles. Its gene- 
 ral course is from n to s ; below its junc- 
 tion with the Ohio, its course is exceedingly 
 crooked, and it contains many small islands. 
 The largest of its tributary streams are the 
 Missouri, and the Arkanza. It is navigable 
 to .St. Anthony ^s fall in lat. 44. On both 
 sides of this river are salt springs or licks, 
 which produce excellent salt. Some ac- 
 count of the valuable productions on the 
 banks of this mujeslic river, and the lands 
 W'hich its branches w'ater, will be seen under 
 the description of Louisiana, West Florida, 
 
 I Tennonesse, Georgia, &c. An island of con- 
 siderable size is formed by its mouths^ 
 besides many smaller isles. These mouths 
 are situated between the lat. of 29 deg. and 
 30 deg. N, and between the Ion. of 89 deg. 
 and 90 deg. w. 
 
 MISSISIPI, a territory of the United 
 States, bounded on the e by Georgia, s by 
 W Florida, w by the river of its name, 
 and N by Tenuesse, In 1810, the popula- 
 tion was 40,352. 
 
 Missouri, a river in Louisiana, which 
 falls into the Mis.sisippi from the westward, 
 18 miles below the mou<h of the iiiinois, 
 195 above the mouth of tlie Ohio, and about 
 1160 miles from the Baiize, or mouths of 
 the Missisippi, in the gulf of Mexico. It is 
 said to be navigable 1300 miles. It is deep 
 and rapid. Its banks are in general rich 
 and beautiful, and the water muddy. In 
 [804-5, the whole length of this river was 
 explored by captains Lewis and Clarke, who 
 gave the names of Jafferson, Maddison, and 
 CaMatiki, to Thve three rivers that ferm^the 
 head of the Missouri. ^ 
 
 MIS.SOUR1S, one of the Indian nations 
 wdio inhabit the banks of the above river, 
 having, it is said, 1500 warriors. 
 
 Mistassin, Lake, a lake lying e of the 
 s part of Jameses bay. New Britain, sur- 
 rounded by mountains, called the Great 
 Mistassins. The .ake is above 250 miles in 
 circumference ; and is formed of the Mis- 
 tassin and other rivers from ifie mountains. 
 Its outlet is the Rupert. 
 
 MISTINSIN3, an Indian nation \vho in- 
 habits on the southern side of the take of 
 the same name in Lower Canada. 
 
 MistrettOy a town in Val di Demoiui;* 
 Sicily, and a bishop’s see, stands on tb(3 
 Sacanafle, 60 miles esk of Palermo, and 72 
 wsw of Messina. 
 
 Mitehamy a village in Surry, on the Wan- 
 dle, on which are some snuff-mills, and ca- 
 lico priiited manufactures. In the chan- 
 cel of ihe church, is the monument of aider- 
 man Sir Ambrose Crow ley, celebrated in the 
 Tatier, No. 73, by the name oi Sir. Hum- 
 phrey Greenkat. It is eight miies sw of 
 London. 
 
 Miteheldean, a town in GioueeStershire, 
 .stands at ilie n extremity -of ihe forest of 
 Dean, has a market on Monday, i2 ur.lesw 
 of Gloucester, and i 16 w by x ol l,«ri ;on. 
 
 MitchelPs tou n. Q. lown in Lork, Mon- 
 ster. Here is a handsome building called 
 a coil ge, founded by the late lord Kteg- 
 ston, lor the support of 12 decay(‘d kicies, 
 and as many gentlemen, each of whom ; 
 besides ' a neat house, uas an annuity Of 
 £.40 per annum. In the .icimty i^ a iiam- 
 ral cave the body of which is lOO feet 
 long and 00 high, With several if-hg bi'm- 
 clies. It is 27 miles n by E oi i. oik, aadp 
 102 from Dublin. vl ' 
 
 MITCHIG vMAS, an Indian raiion, whoL' 
 with the Pioiia^, mhabit near the seitUif* 
 merits in the lUi iiois country. 
 
 a 
 
 
M O C 
 
 Mittau, a city, and the capital of Cour- 
 land. There is a large ducal palace, two 
 Lutheran churches, a beautiful Calvinist 
 church, and a popish church. It is situated 
 on the Aa, 45 miles e of Goidingen, and 
 270 NNE of M^arsaw. 
 
 MiUenwaldyix town in Bavaria, county of 
 Werdenfels, on the.Iser, 12 miles n of 
 In.sprue. 
 
 . Mittenwatdj a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, 16 miles sse of Berlin. 
 
 Mitterburg^ a town of Istria, capital of a 
 count}^ of tlie same name, 15 miles w of 
 Fiume. and 30 ss of Trieste. 
 
 Mittlewaldy a town in the county of 
 Glatz, Siberia, near the source of the 
 Neisse, 18 miles s of Glatz. 
 
 MO AGES, islands on the n coast of S 
 America in the entrance of the gulf of, Ve- 
 nezuela. They are eight or nine in number. 
 
 Moat^ or Moategrenogue, a town of West 
 Meath, in Leinster, 52 miles w of Dublin. 
 
 Mobile, a large navigable river, formed 
 by the Tumbiche and Tascaloosa, in the 
 Missisippi territory. After a course of 100 
 miles, it separates intd two streams before 
 it enters W Florida. The w branch retains 
 the name of Mobile, the other takes the 
 name of Tensaw. They run parallel and are 
 navigable, and fall into Mobile bay, which 
 stretches 1 1 leagues s to the gulf of Mex- 
 ico. 
 
 Mobile y a city of West Florida. It is 
 pretty regular, of an oblong figure, and si- 
 tuated on the w bank of the river. It has 
 a regular fortress of brick, a handsome 
 square of barracks, and a number of ele- 
 gant houses. It is 33 miles n of Mobile 
 point, and 40 below the junction of the two 
 principal branches of Mobile river, and 90 
 •WNW of Pensacola. Lon. 88 18 w, lat. 30 
 37 N. 
 
 MOCARANGA, or Mocar.a, a kingdom 
 on the coast of Caffreria, mistakenly called 
 Mouopolapa, which is the title of its sove- 
 reign. It produces millet, rice, and sugar- 
 canes, abounds in blac^ cattle, elephants, 
 o.5triebes, and wild beasts. The chief of its 
 rivers is the Tanibera, The natives go na- 
 ked almost to the girdle. Their religion is 
 pagan, but they believe in one God, the crea- 
 tor of the world The men take as man}' 
 wives as they please. The houses are cou- 
 ftrvictecl of y^^ood and plaster: but there are 
 few towns here. The Portuguese had a 
 settlement here in 1560, but they were all 
 murdered or expelled. The capital is Ma- 
 dragan. 
 
 Mocaumpoury a town in Napal, Hindoos- 
 U\n, capital of a district of the same name, 
 seated on the Kurru, 48 miles sse of Cat- 
 mandu. Lon, 84 27 e, lat, 67 35 n. 
 
 . Mocha y or Mokha, a considerable town 
 of Arabia Felix, surrounded by walls, with 
 two forts. This town carries on a great 
 trade, especially in coffee ; and the inhabi- 
 tants are reckoned at 18,000, without com- 
 prehending, the poor Avmenians, or the 
 
 M O E 
 
 Jews, who inhabit the suburbs. The wo- 
 men except a few of the poorer sort, never 
 appear on the streets in the day time, but 
 visit each other in the evening. It is situo,- 
 ted near the straits of Babel-Mandel, 140 
 miles ssw of Sana, and 630 sse of Mecca. 
 Lon. 44 55 e, lat, 13 10 
 
 Mochrum, a parish in Wigtonshire, lO 
 miles long, and from four to five broad, 
 lying on the e of the bay of Luce. There 
 is marl in this pari.-h. Near the church is 
 a large earthen mound. On the shore are 
 vestiges of a Saxon camp, and of * a church 
 called St. Finians. In the interior stands 
 the ancient castle of Mcckruni, the seat of 
 the Dunbars of Mockrum. The castle is 
 surrounded by lakes. Population above 1 100. 
 
 Mocoa, a city of Terra Firrna, in South 
 America, seated at the source of Oronoko 
 rive?. 
 
 Modaitiy or Madain, a towm in Irak 
 Arabi, Asiatic Turkey, near the Tigris, on 
 the site of the ancient Cresipon, 22 miles 
 ssE of Bagdad. 
 
 Modbury, a town in Devonshire, with a 
 market on Thursday, and a manufacture of 
 plush, stands between two hills, 36 miles 
 ssw^ of Exeter, and 208 wsw of London.^ ' 
 
 MODENESE, or Modena, a duchy of 
 Italy, included in the late Italian Repub- 
 lic of the Modenese, and a bis hop see. It 
 is about 65 miles in length, and 35 in 
 breadth, and the soil is very fertile in corn, 
 wine, oil, and fruits of different kinds. 
 When this duchy and that of Mirandola 
 w'ere annexed to the Italian Republic, in 
 1797, they contained 211,448 inhabitants. 
 They were both erected into the depart- 
 ment of Panaro. 
 
 Modena^ an ancient city of Italy, in the 
 late Italian Republic, and capital of the 
 department of Panoro, and it is situated be- 
 tween the rivers Secchia and Panora, and 
 is a large handsome place. The ducal pa- 
 lace is of vast size and contains a member 
 of elegant paintings. The cathedral, seve- 
 ral of the churches and monasteries, are 
 handsome structures. The inhabitants 
 amount to 30,000. It is 22 miles n\v of 
 Bologna, and 60 nw of Florence. 
 
 MODER, or Mother and Daughters 
 Islands, a long island tw'o leagues e by s 
 of the Father, or Vaadar island, with two 
 small ones, near Cayenne, on the e coast of 
 S America, in about iat. 5 n,1oij. 52 w. 
 
 Modica, a town and river of Sicily, 10 
 miles w of Nota. 
 
 Modon, an ancient and handsome towm of 
 Greece, in the Moreau, with a sale and com- 
 modious harbour, stands on a promontory 
 projecting iuto the sea of Sapienza, 15 miles 
 w of CoroD. Lon. 21 31 e, lat. 36 53 xv. 
 
 31odziry a tow n of Lithuania, capital of 
 a fertile district of the same name, 85 miles 
 sE of Stuezk. 
 
 Moeskirchy a town in the principality of 
 Furstenburg, Swabia, 18 miles w of Con- 
 stance. 
 
 
M O G 
 
 M O H 
 
 Moevrs. See J/eurs. i 
 
 Moffatj a parisu aud town in Bumfries- 
 stire/ on the borders of Lanarkshire. The 
 parish, which is watered by the rivers An- 
 nan and Moffat, is about \5 miles long and 
 nine broad ; the surface of which being in 
 general rugged and mountainous, is chiefly 
 devoted to sheep pasture. The town ot 
 Moflfat is situated in a valley near the 
 Annan, surrounded with delightful scenery. ' 
 The roads from Edinburgh to Dumfries, and 
 from Carlisle to Glasgow, pass through the 
 town. In the parish is a Roman highwa} , 
 W'hich led from the Esk to Stirling, and 
 also vestiges of a British camp, and a 
 druidical temple ; there are two conical 
 mounds, and the ruins of many towers. 
 Hartfel spaw (See Hartfel,) is within a mile 
 and a- half of the town. It has a manu- 
 facture of coarse woollen stuffs, btit is 
 chiefly supported by its mineral springs. 
 Moffat has fairs June 5d4th, July 29th, Oct. 
 20ih, and first Tuesday of Nov. O. S. It is 
 20 miles n by e of Dumfries, and s by e 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 Moffat Hills, the highest mountains in 
 the s of Scotland, of which Hartfel is the 
 most elevated ; and from them descends, in 
 different directions, the Tweed, the Clyde, 
 and the Annan, whose sources are but little 
 distant from each other. 
 
 MOGADOR, an island, town, and castle 
 of Morocco, near Cape Ozem. The town 
 is surrounded by walls, with batteries, and 
 at high tide is nearly encompassed by the 
 sea. The port is formed by a channel be- 
 tween the island and the mainland. The 
 streets are all straight, and the houses are 
 handsome, 90 miles wsw of Morocco. 
 
 MOGARA, an island of Italy, on the 
 coast of Friuli. Lon. 13 98 E, lat. 45 47 n. 
 
 Moguer, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 near the mouth of the Tinto, 48 rhiles w of 
 Seville 
 
 MOGULS, COUNTRY OF THE, or 
 Western Chinese TArifARY, is bounded 
 on the N by Siberia, e by Easiern Tartary, 
 s by the Great w^all of China and Lea- Tong, 
 and w by Independent Tartary. The Mo- 
 gul Tartars have neither towns, villages, 
 nor houses; they wander in hordes, and live 
 under tents, which they remove from one 
 place to another, according as the tempe- 
 rature of the different seasons, or the wants 
 of their flocks require. They are naturally 
 clownish, and dirty in their dress, as well as 
 in their tents. During the summer, they 
 live only on milk, using without distinction 
 that of I he cow, mare, ewe, goat, and ca- 
 mel. Their ordinary drink is warm water, 
 in which a little coarse tea 1-as been in- 
 fused. The Moguls are free, open, and 
 sincere. polygamy is^ pera itted among 
 them ; but they generally have only one 
 wife. They burn the bodies of their dead, 
 and carry the ashes to eminences, where 
 they inter them, and cover the grave with a 
 heap of stones, over which they plant a 
 
 great number of small standards.- They 
 are unacquainted with the use of money, 
 at)d trade only by barter. Although the 
 Moguls might appropriate to themselves tha 
 spoils or a great number of animals, the 
 skins which they use fur clothing are ge- 
 neraily those of their sheep. They wear the 
 wool inmost, and the skin on tjie outside. 
 The religion of the Mogul Tartars is con- 
 fined to the worship ot Fo. All the Moguls 
 are governed Itv khans, or particular princes 
 independent of each other ; but all subject to 
 the emperor of China, vrhom they consider 
 as the grand khan of the Tartars. Ail th» 
 Mogul nations under the Chinese govern- 
 ment may be divided into four principal 
 tribes, which are the Moguls, properly so 
 called, the Kalkas, the Ortons, and the Tar- 
 tars of Konkonar. 
 
 Mohedz, a town of Lower Hungary, in 
 the county of Baraniwar, situated at tho 
 conflux of the Corasse with the Danube. 
 Here, in 1526, Louis, the last king of Hun- 
 gary, was defeated by the Turks under 
 Solyman II. wdth the loss of 22,000 men, 
 
 ! and after the battle lost his life by the fall 
 ! of his horse into a mu idy brook. This was 
 j the scene of another battle fought betw^eeu 
 i the Christians under prince Charles of Lor- 
 I rain, and the Turks who lost 10,000 men, 
 i with their cannon and baggage, 23 miles 
 I N by E of Esseck. Lon. 19 56 e, lat. 45 
 I 43 N. 
 
 I Mohawk, a river in New York, rises fo 
 I the northward of Fort Stanwix, and falls in- 
 ; to Hudson river, by three mouths, opposite 
 ijto the cities of Lasinburgh and Toy, from 
 I seven to ten miles n of Albany. This fine 
 I river is now navigable for boats, from 
 I Sheaectady, nearly or quite to its source, 
 i the locks and canals round the Little falls, 
 
 I 56 miles above Albany, having been com- 
 j pleted in the autumn of 1795. The Co- 
 hoes in this river are a great curiosity. 
 
 I Mohawk, a town on the s side of the river 
 j| of Its name, in Montgomery county, New 
 I York. The township, in 1790, contained 
 4440 inhabitants. 
 
 I MOHAWKS, an Indian nation, acknow- 
 ledged by the other tribes of the six nations 
 to be the true old heads of the confedera- 
 cy.’^ About 300 of this nation now reside in 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 MOHEGAN, an Indian nation situated 
 between Norwich and New London ia 
 Connecticut. 
 
 MOHfCCONS, a tribe of Indians, who 
 inhabit on a branch of the Susquehanuah, 
 between Chagner and Owegy. 
 
 Mohil, or Moyle, a town m Leitrim, Con- 
 naught, nine miles e of Carrick on Shannon 
 
 MOHIL A, one of the Comora islands, 
 between the n end of the island of Mada- 
 gascar, and the continent of Africa. Th» 
 inland parts are mountainous and woody ; 
 villages are scattered here and there. The 
 natives are black, v/ith great heads, large 
 ; iips^ li.ht no^es, sharp chins, and sfreng 
 
MOL 
 
 limbs. It produces plenty of animals, and 
 provisions, such as buffaloes, goats, tortoises, 
 hens, large bat^ camel ions, rice, pease, ho- 
 ney, cocoa nuts, plantains, oranges, lemons, 
 citrons, pine apples, cucumbers, tamarinds, 
 and sugar canes. It has a good road for 
 ships. Lon. 43 50 e, la(. 12 25 s. 
 
 MOHILEF, or Mogilev, one of the 4! 
 govenanents of the Russian empire, contain- 
 ing 12 districts, part of Lithuania, dismem- 
 bered from Poland in 1'7T2. Its capital is 
 Pdohil 1 , a populous and well built town, si- 
 tuated on the Dnieper, by the division of Po- 
 land, the towns with its territory was ceded 
 to Russia, in 1773, and constituted an areh- 
 bisbopric of the Roman church, with an as- 
 sistant bishop, 36 miles s of Ortza, 340 ene 
 of Warsaw, and 364 s of Petersburg. Lon. 
 30 14 E,lat.53 30 n. 
 
 Mohvin, a town in Nei:< wark, Branden- | 
 burg, 1 8 miles nnv/ of Custrin. 
 
 Mohrungen, a town of Prussia, in the 
 province of Oberiand, situated on a lake of , 
 the same name, has an old castle, formerly 
 a convent, belonging to the knights of the 
 Teutonic order, by whose wars the town 
 has frequently suffered, 56 miles ssw of Ko- 
 nigsberg, and 56 se of Dantzic. j 
 
 Mojaisk, a town in the government of j 
 Moscow, Russia. It is fortified, and pretty j 
 extensive, stands near the Moskva, 60 miles } 
 w.sw of Moscow. 
 
 Mqilah, a town and fort seated on the 
 coast of the Bed Sea, Arabia Petrea, 130 
 miles s of Acaba, and 180 Nw of Medina. 
 Lon. 33 50 e, lat. 27 30 n. 
 
 MOINS, an i land and Iowa in the lake 
 and department of Morbihaii, France, five 
 miles ssw of Vannes. 
 
 Moira, a town of Ireland, in Down, Ul- 
 ster, 76 miles N of Dublin, and 15 ssw of 
 Belfast. It is noted for its linen manufac- 
 ture. It give's the title of earl to the family 
 of Rawdon, who have a superb seat, and 
 most elegant pleasure grounds, and gardens 
 in the vicinity. Vf hen king William III. 
 arrived at this place he said it was the gar- 
 den of Ireland. In the town is a handsome 
 church and a charity school. 
 
 Moirom, a towm in the department of 
 Isere, Franco, cn the Isere, 25 miles se of 
 Vienne. 
 
 Mola dl Bari, a town in Terra di Bari, 
 Naple.s, cn the gulf of Venice, 17 miles e of 
 Bari. 
 
 Mola di Gaeia, a towm in Terra di Lavo- 
 ra, Naples, near the sea, three miles \e of 
 Oaeta. 
 
 Mold, a neat little town of N Wales, in 
 Flintshire, whore the assizes are held, with 
 a market on Saturday, seated at the foot oic 
 lofty mountain, on which^was an ancieu 
 castle. The population in 1801, was 423.:. 
 and in 1811, 5083, five miles s of Flint, aiu: 
 188 Nw of London. Lon. 2 50 w, iat. 
 
 12 N. 
 
 MOLDAVIA, a pr inco of Turkey 
 in Europe, 280 miles in length, and from 
 
 MO L 
 
 3016 130 in breadth. The principal rivers are 
 the Pruth, Moldau, and Bardalach. The 
 soil is rich, and it abounds in good pastures, 
 which feed a great number of hors-es, oxen^ 
 and sheep ; it also produces, corn, pulse, 
 honey, wax, fruits, with plenty of game, fish,' 
 The inhabitants are Christians 
 of t.he Greek church. The prince is styled 
 hospodar, is tributary to the Turks. By 
 the peace of 1812, that part of this country 
 E of the Pnith was ceded to Russia. Jas.say 
 is the capital. Chotzin is also a town of 
 inipcrtance. 
 
 Mole, a river of England, in Surry, which 
 runs under ground from Soxhill, near Bark- 
 ing, till it appear.s again, near Leatherhead, 
 and afierw’iirds enters (he Thames bstween 
 E and w Mouisey, opposite to Hampton 
 Court. 
 
 Mole, is situated in the nw part of the 
 island of St Domingo, two leagues e of 
 Cape St Nicholas, and is often called by 
 that name. The Mole, though inferior by 
 a great deal to Cape Francois and Port au- 
 Prince, is the first port in the island for fafe- 
 ty in time of war, being strongly forti^cd • 
 both by nature and art. Lon. 75 48 w, iat. 
 19 50 N. See Nicholas St. 
 
 Molfetta, an episcopal town of Naples, 
 in the Terra di Bari, situated on the gulf of 
 Venice, 10 miles w by n of Bari. 
 
 MoHeres, a town in the department of 
 Lot, France, 1 1 miles n of Montauban, and 
 16 s of Cahors. 
 
 Molina, a strong town of New Castile, 
 situated on the Gallo, in a territory abound- 
 ing in pasture.^, 50 miles exe of Siguenza, 
 and 88 ene of Madrid. Lon. i 53 w, Iat. * 
 41 ION. 
 
 MOLISE, a territory of Naples. It is 
 in the form of a iriangie, v/ho.se sides are 
 39 miles in length, is a mountainous coun- 
 try, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron, and 
 silk. In 1805, upwards of 20,000 of the 
 inhabitants perished by an earthquake. The 
 capital is of the same name, has a castle, 
 50 miles n of Naples, in Ion. 14 43 e, Iat. 41 
 63 N. 
 
 Mollen, a strong town of Lower Sa o ny, 
 in the duchy of Lawenburg, seated on the 
 Stecknitz, 12 miles e of Lawenburg, and 
 14 s of Lubec. 
 
 ' Molodegno, a town in the p.alaliuate of 
 Wilna, Lithuania. At this place, Novem- 
 l)er 29, 1812, Bonaparte left the miserable 
 remains of his army, on their retreat from 
 Moscow, surrounded by an escort of officers, 
 went to Smorgani, whence he was con- 
 ducted to Wilna, by a detachment sent from 
 that city, from which he immediately set off 
 in di.<jguise Tor his capital, 38 miles nw of 
 Min.sk, and 72 e<e of Wilna. 
 
 Molslieim., a town in the department of 
 the liower Rhine, France, stands on the 
 Crusch, 10 miles w by s of Strasburg. 
 
 MOLUCCAS, or Spick Islands, a clus- 
 ter of smiill islands in the Eastern ocean, 
 
 E of Ceiclres, the largest not more than SO 
 
MON 
 
 miles ill circumference. They stretch from 
 Mortti in the n to Bantla in the s, and from 
 Bouro in the w to Mysoul in the e. The 
 other principal ones are Tern ate, Amhoyiia, 
 Tydore, Machian, Motyr, Ceram, Oiiby, 
 Gilolo, and Bachian. They produce oran- 
 C^es, lemons, and other fruits ; and are most 
 remarkable for spices, especially cloves, 
 but except Guilolo, have neither corn, rice, 
 nor caitlc. The shores are variegated with 
 rocks of coral. They have very dangerous 
 land crocodiles. The natives are Pagans, 
 but there are many Mahometans. These 
 islands were discovered by the Portuguese in 
 1511. About the year 1617, the Dutch 
 supplanted the Portuguese. In 1719, by a 
 convention the Dutch allowed the English 
 one third of the produce, but afterwards under ; 
 pretence of a plot; put them to death by the 
 most cruel tortures. Amboyna is the prin- 
 cipal Dutch settlement. ‘ 
 
 MolvAtZj a town of Silesia, in the princi- 
 pality of Brieg, ctjlebrated for h, victory 
 gained by the Prussians over the Austrians 
 m 1741. It is four miles w of Brieg. 
 
 MOMB.AZA, a country of Africa, in 
 Zauguebar, subject to the Portuguese, 
 whence they export gold, ivory, rice, liesb, 
 and other provisions, with which they sup- 
 ply the settlements in Brazil. 
 
 A'lomhaza, a city of Africa, in an island 
 formerly a peninsula of the same name, 
 situated on the eastern coast, in the country 
 of Mombaza, in Zauguebar, 75 miles ssw*of 
 Melinda, and subject to Portugal. It is de- 
 fended by a strong citadel, has a commodi- 
 ous harbour for large vessels, and a good 
 trade. The king of Melinda, quarrel ng; 
 with the Portuguese governor, took the 
 castle by assault in 1631. turned Moimme- 
 dan, and put all the Christians to death; but 
 in 1729, the Portuguese recovered this ter- 
 ritory. Lon. 39 30 e, lat, 3 15 s. 
 
 Momjiot, a town on the left bank of the 
 Nile, Egypt, has a manufactuie of linen, 20 
 miles xxw of Siout. 
 
 Mompo, a town in the province of Car- 
 thagena, Terra Firma, stands on the left 
 bank of the Madalena, 120 miles sse of 
 Cartbagena. 
 
 MONA, an island of Denmark, in the 
 BaPic, sw of the island -of Zealand, from 
 which it is separated by a narrow channeL 
 Btegc is the capital. Lon. 12 30 e, lat. 55 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Moncif or La Guenon,, or The Mone, a 
 .small island, J I and one-fourth leagues from 
 the .sw point of the island of St Domingo, 
 and 14 aiid one half w of the sw point of 
 the island of Porto Kico. It is two 
 leagues from e to v.g and a little more from' 
 N ta s. It has several ports lor small ves- 
 sels, and plenty of good water. Its fruit 
 trees, particularly the orange, are much ex- 
 tolled. A league and a- half Nwof Mona is 
 a very small island, called Moniipte, or the 
 Little Monkey. 
 
 Monaco^ a small handsome tqw’n of Italy, 
 
 MON 
 
 capital of a territory o the same name, be- 
 tween the territory of Genoa and the country 
 of Nice. It has a good harbour, and is very 
 strong by nature, being situated on a craggy 
 hill that projects into the sea. It has a cita- 
 del and other fortilications. It is eight miles 
 w of Ventimiglia, and 12 ne of Nice. Lon. 
 7 30 E, lat. 43 44 n. 
 
 M,ONAGHAN, a county in the province 
 of Ulster, 32 miles in length, and 22 in 
 breadth, bounded on the n by Tyrone, e by 
 Armagh, se by Louth, sw by Cavan, and 
 w by Fermanagh. It contains 24 parishes, 
 and about 117,000 inhabitants. It is a 
 mountainous and. boggy tract, but in some 
 pdacves well improved. The third part of it 
 is O 'cupied b} Lowgh Erne. The linen 
 trade of this county is averaged at £.104,000 
 j annua liy. It s. nds two members to the 
 
 united parliament. 
 
 Monaghan, the capital of the above ooua- 
 ty. It was ioiiiaed wdth a castle and a 
 fort against the Irish, in the reign of queen 
 Elisabeth. Dere the assizes are held It 
 is 21 miles s by w- of Dungannon, 40 of 
 Belfast, and 76 nnw of Dublin. Lon. 7 4 
 w, lat, 54 16 N. 
 
 Monance, St, a town and parish in Fife- 
 shire, on liie coast cf the Frith of Forth. 
 It is about one mile and a- half long, and 
 one mile broad ; and, except a small part 
 on the coast, is wholly arable. The (own 
 of St Monance has a considerable harbour, 
 whence the coal is exponed. The parish 
 i church is part of an old convent. Popula- 
 I tion above 500. — about a mile w of Pitteii- 
 I weem. 
 
 I Monastcer, an ancient town of Tunis, 
 
 ! pleasantly situated on the e coa.'^t, on a cape 
 of its name. Lon. 11 6 e, lat. 35 50 n. 
 
 Monaster Boyce, a parish in Louth, Lein- 
 ster, Ireland, wi;h some ruins of an abi.ey, 
 founded by Baetlus early in the 6th century. 
 Here is a round tow'^er ] 10 feet high, 50 feet 
 round the base, divided into five stories. At 
 the south side of the church are tw^o huge 
 stone crosses, on one of w^hich is an inscrip- 
 tion in Irish characters, in which is still le- 
 gible the name of Muredagh, king of Ire- 
 land, who (lied in 534. 
 
 Monasierevan, a town in Kildare, Lein- 
 ster, situated on the Barrow, where a branch 
 of the Grand Canal is united wnth that river, 
 hereby opening a pa^-sage betw< eii the me- 
 tropolis and the province of Munster, seven 
 j miles w of Kildare, 14 sw of Noas, and about 
 I 30 sw by s of Dublin, 
 j Monblanc, a town in Catalonia, Spain, on 
 the Francoli, 16 miles nkw^ of Tarragona. 
 
 Moncallier, a town of Piedmont, stand** 
 on an eminence, near ihe Fo, five mile - se of 
 Turin. 
 
 Moncalvo, a town in Moutierrat, Pied- 
 mont, stands on a mountain, 12 miles sw of 
 Casal. 
 
 Moncaon, a towm of Portugal, in Entre- 
 Douro-e-Minho, with a strong castle,seated 
 near the Minho. The Spauiards have often 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 rattemptcd to take st, but in vain. tt is 
 eight miles se ol Tiiy, and 24 n of Braga. 
 
 Monhaboit, \i oWy of the Birm .n empire. 
 46 miles n of Unamerapoora. In 1762, i 
 was only a small town under the governmen 
 of Alompra, who soon afterwards became 
 the deliveTer of his country, and the con- 
 queror of Pegu. 
 
 Moncon, a town in Arragon, Spain, at 
 the junction of the Sola with the Cinoa, 10 
 miles ssE of I3xiibastro, and .50 e of Sara- 
 gossa. 
 
 Moncontovry a town in the department of 
 Cotes du Nord, France, 12 miles sse of St 
 Brieuc, aad 39 sw of 8t Maio. 
 
 Moneontonr, a town in the department of 
 Vienne, France, 27 miles nw of Poitiers. 
 
 Motidego, a river of Ponugal, whtch has 
 its source near Guarda, ftows through Beira, 
 by Coimbra, and falls into the Atlantic near ! 
 Cape Mondego. 
 
 Mondonnedo, a city in Galicia, Spain, 
 and a bishop’s see, on a small river, in a 
 fruitful country, 60 miles ne of Compcstella. 
 Lon. 7 iO w, lai. 43 30 n. 
 
 Mondoubleau, a to^vn of France, in the 
 department of Loire and Cher, with a castle, I 
 Jo mile.s ki^'w of Vendomme j 
 
 Mondoin, the largest and most populous I 
 town in Piedmont, and a bishop’s see, situ- 
 ated on a mountam near the Eiero. Besides 
 the cathedral, here are live churches, a uni- 
 versity, and 12 convents. The country 
 around affords fine marble, excellent wina, 
 and good chesnuts. Here, in 1796, the 
 French defeated the Austrians, and made 
 them.selves masters of the territory of the 
 king of Sardinia, eight miles Nw of Ceva, 
 and 35 se of Turin. Lon. 8 3 e, iat. 44 
 25 N. 
 
 Mondragoriy a tov/n of Naples, in Lavora, 
 stands near the sea, celebrated lor its medi- 
 cinal w-aters, 13 miles nw of Capua. 
 
 Mondragon, a town in the department of 
 Tarn, France, 12 miles nnw of Ca^tres. 
 
 Mondragon y a town in Biscay, Spain, fa- 
 mous for an excellent iron miue, and several 
 medicinal springs, 24 miles ws'w of St Se- i 
 bastian. 
 
 Monedie^ a parish in Perthshire, nearly 
 three miles in leiigih and the same in breadth, 
 lying about six miles nw from Perth. The 
 soil is various, but g really improved of late 
 years. Popuiaiion of the united parish 1157 
 by t!io late census, which is considerably 
 less ihan in 179!. A good d^al of flax is 
 reared. The parish is famous for bees. Here 
 was a palace ol the bisho of Dunkeld, and 
 the pretoriuin of a Roman camp is still visi- 
 ble. It is noted for the tomb of Bessie Bell 
 and Mary Gray, on the bank of the Almond, 
 which is now surrouDcled with a stone wail, 
 on which their names are engraved. 
 
 Monembasia. Sec Napoli ii .^lalvasia. 
 
 Mo clou Islands, in the Noith Western 
 Territory , lie on the e side of lake Michi- 
 gan, towards its N end, and southward of 
 Beaver inlands. 
 
 Monegall, a town in King’s county, Ire- 
 land, 28 miles wsw of Maryborough, and 38 
 sw of Philiptown. 
 
 Moneyynore, a town of Ireland, in Derry, 
 Ulster, 13 miles n by e of Dungannon, 35 
 SSE of Londonderry, and 83 from Dublin. 
 
 Monfalcona, a market town in Friuli, 
 Italy, containing 1200 inhabitants. It gives 
 name to a fertile district, 25 miles in cir- 
 cumference, containing 20 villages, but only 
 4600 souls. 
 
 MONFIAjan island on the coast of Zan- 
 giiebar, tributary to Portugal. It is situated 
 to the NE of Quiloa. Lon. 40 50 e, lat. T 
 50 s. 
 
 Monjlanguin, a town in the department of 
 Lot and Garonne, France, 27 miles nne of 
 A gen. 
 
 Monforte, a town in Beira, Portugal, IT 
 miles SE of Cassel Branco. 
 
 Monforte, a town in Aleutejo, Portugal, 
 21 miles s of Portalegre. 
 
 Monforte, a town in Galicia, Spain, with 
 a castle, 10 miles nne of Orense. 
 
 Monghir, a large town of Hindoostan 
 Proper, with a fort, situated on the Ganges, 
 80 miles e by s of Patna, and 230 nw of 
 Calcutta. Lon. 86 36 e, lat. 25 24 n. 
 
 Mongon, on the coast of Peru, 4 leagues 
 from Bermejo island. Casma is four leagues 
 N of it. It is known by a mountain in the 
 immediate vicinity, which is seen at a great- 
 er distance than any other on the coast. 
 
 Monguls See Moguls. 
 
 Monhegan, or Menliegan, a small island 
 in the Atlantic ocean, 12 miles se of Pema- 
 quid Point, in Lincoln county, district of 
 Maine, and in iat. 43 42 n. North of it are 
 a number of small isles at the mouth of St 
 George’s river. 
 
 Monheim, a town of Bavaria, in the prin- 
 cipality of Neuburg, eight miles n of Dona- 
 wert. 
 
 Monheim, a town of Germany, nine miles 
 S5E of Dusseldorp. 
 
 Monicedam, or Monikendam, a town of 
 Holland, situated on the Zuyder Zee, has 
 I manufactures of silk and soap, eight miles 
 NE of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 98 e, lat. 52 
 18 N. ■ 
 
 Monifieth, a parish in Forfarshire, lying 
 on the Frith of Tay. It is six miles long, 
 and three and a-balf broad at its sw extre- 
 mity, from which it narrows in a wedge-like 
 form. The surface is almost all arable and 
 fertile. It is watered by the Dichty, near 
 the mouth of which stands the village of 
 Mouifieth, containing near 200 inhabitants. 
 There are two other villages in the parish, 
 viz. Dramsturdy moor, and East-Ferry, 
 near Broughty castle. Population above 
 1400. 
 
 Monikie, a parish in Forfarshire, about six 
 miles long, and four broad, at its northern 
 extremity, narrowing gradually till its ter- 
 mination in the sandy desert at the mouth ©f 
 the Tay. The soil is various. Population 
 
 1 about 1240. 
 
 ■I 
 
MON 
 
 Moimnail, a parish in Fifeshire, about 
 four miles louo' by three broad. Melville 
 House and Rulhven easile adorn the sur- 
 face of a country, all of which is arable, ex- 
 cept sortie small hills which are covered with 
 plantations. Population about 1200. 
 tham, a village in this parish, has an annual 
 fair in the first week in June. Dowdy Cairy 
 Know, is said to have been the scene of a 
 sanguinary battle between the Scots and 
 Danes. . , , ^ 
 
 Monjoy, a town of France, in the depait- 
 wentof Roer, 19 miles s of Juliers. 
 
 Monistrol, a town in the department of 
 Upper Loire, France, 14 miles sw oi St 
 Etienne. 
 
 a parish in Perthshire, to which. 
 Strowan was united. The united parish is 
 situated in the upper part of Stratherne, w 
 of Crieff, and is of a triangular form, eight 
 miles long by six broad. The general ap- 
 pearance is hilly, but the vallies on the 
 banks of the Erne produce rich crops. 
 Ochtertyre, the seat of Sir P. Murray, with 
 a beautiful front of polished granite, toge- 
 ther wdth the lake of Monivaird, and the 
 surrounding hills and mountains, present a 
 scene particularly beautiful and romantic. 
 The situation of Lawers, environed on all 
 sides bj" tall trees, is also delightful. The 
 Erne winds through the town, and the fer- 
 tile vale of Stratherne is included in the 
 beautiful prospect which the house of Lawers 
 commands. Population is about 1020. In 
 this district are the vestiges of two Roman 
 stations, of a castle, and two druidical tem- 
 ples. One of its numerous tumuli, called 
 Cairn Cbeanichin, is sliid to mark the spot 
 where Kenneth IV. was killed by Malcolm, 
 w'ho succeeded him by the name of Mal- 
 colm II. 
 
 Monivea, a town in Galway, Connaught, 
 Ireland, five miles nne of Athenry. Here 
 is a flourishing manufacture of linen. 
 
 Mojikey Island, an island in the Thames, 
 beiween Maidenhead and Windsor, in which 
 the duke of Marlborough had a seat. 
 
 Monkland, New, a parish in Lanarkshire, 
 It is the most northerly parish in Lanark- 
 shire ; the whole district, or both e and w 
 Monkland, is about 10 miles long from e 
 to w, and eight broad at the middle. This 
 extensive parish was divided into two in 
 1640. The tithes formerly belonged to the 
 monks of Newbottle, and now to the uni- 
 versity of Glasgow. The coals of this dis- 
 trict are conveyed to Glasgow by the Monk- 
 land canal. At a place called Kipps, in this 
 parish, are the remains of a chapel where 
 the Monks of NewdDOttle held their courts, 
 and near it an upright stone where persons 
 who were convicted of witchcraft suffered. 
 Near Airdrie is a chalybeate spring called 
 Monkland well. It is a very fertile coun- 
 try. Airdrie is the only town in the parish. 
 Coal and ironstone of the finest Quality 
 No. 20 — Qd, 
 
 MON 
 
 are found on every farm. Population aboui 
 4613. 
 
 3Ionkland, Old, lying between the above 
 parish and the Clyde. The general appear- 
 ance is charming, the villas of the merL-hant^ 
 of Glasgow giving it the appearance of au 
 extensive garden. The principal manufac- 
 tures are a brick and tyle work, and pottery, 
 several bleachfields and printfields, and the 
 extensive Clyde iron works, Popuiation 
 about 4006. 
 
 Monkion Hall, a village in Mid Lothian, 
 in the parish of Inveresk, containing about 
 ITO inhabitants. 
 
 Monktown and Prestick, ah united pa- 
 rish in Ayrshire, about four miles long by 
 three broad. Monktown derived its i .m© 
 from a convent dependent on the abbey of 
 Paisley. The soil varies from sandy downs 
 covered with bent, to a rich loam or clay, 
 and is highly improved. Kincase, a licuse 
 built by king Roher*. Bruce, for the recep- 
 tion of eight lepers, stands in this parish ; 
 the revenues of which are imw applied to 
 the support of poor diseased persons of other 
 descriptions. Near the church Is an ele- 
 gant monument to the memory of the late 
 governor Macrae of Madras. Monk ton is 
 three miles nnw of Ayr — See Prestick. 
 There are two villages, viz. Monk ton and 
 Prestick, the former containing about 230, 
 and the tatter, 266 inhabitants. Population 
 about 980. 
 
 ^ Monmouth, the county town of Mon- 
 mouthshire, pleasantly situated at the con- 
 fluence of the rivers Wye and Mynnow^ 
 winch almost surround it. Over the latter 
 is a very ancient bridge and gateway, one® 
 a barrier against the Welsh. It was for- 
 merly defended by a wall and ditch, and 
 had a castle in the centre, now in ruins. It 
 contains two churches, one of which is 
 founded on the ruins of a priory. Here 
 was born the Warlike Henry V, called Henry 
 of Monmouth. The population in ISIi, 
 was 3503. It is governed by a mayor, two' 
 bailiffs, a recorder, 15 common council men, 
 and a town clerk. It is a large and hand- 
 some town, carries on a good trade with 
 Bristol by the Wye, and has a market on 
 Saturday, and fairs Whit-Tuesday, Sept. 4, 
 and Nov. 22. It joins with the boroughs of 
 Usk and Newport in sending a member to 
 parliament. It is 21 miles w of Gloucester, 
 and 129 N by w of London. Lon. 2 46 w, 
 lat. 51 49 N. 
 
 Monmouth, a town in Lincoln county, 
 district of Maine, seated on the e side of the 
 Androscoggin, 15 miles w by s of Harring- 
 ton, and 48 n of Portland. 
 
 MONMOUTH, (3L large maritime coordy 
 of New Jersey, 80 miles in lengti>, and from 
 25 to 40 in breadth. It ts divided into six 
 townships, and contains a’oove 16,918 inha- 
 bitants, including 1596 ftiav.es. The face of 
 the country is generully level. 
 
 E 
 
MON 
 
 Monmouth, or Freehold, the capital of the 
 above county, miles n by e of Philadel- 
 phia. See Freehold, 
 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE, a county of 
 England, bounded on the e by Gloucester- 
 shire, SE by the mouth of the Severn, and w 
 and sw by the counties of Brecknock and 
 Glamorgan. From n tos 24 miles, and 
 from E to w 20. It is divided into six hun- 
 dreds ; and contains seven market towns, 
 122 parishes, and in 1811, 62,127 inhabi- | 
 tants, and sends three members to parlia- 
 ment. The river Usk divides it into two 
 unequal portions. The eastern and largest 
 part is a tract fertile on the whole, in corn, 
 and pasture, and well wooded, abounding 
 with limestone. The smaller western por- 
 tion is mountainous, devoted to the feeding 
 of sheep. It has several long narrow valleys, 
 watered by streams that fall into the Bristol 
 channel. All the rivers, particularly the 
 Wye and the Usk, abound with fish, espe- 
 cially salmon and trout. The people use 
 the Welsh language, but the English tongue 
 is coming into use. The chief manufacture 
 of the county is flannel. 
 
 MONO-EMUGE, or Nimaama, a re- 
 gion in the interior of Africa, bounded on 
 the N by Abyssinia, e by Zanguebar, s by 
 Mocaranga, and w by Congo. It is said to 
 be of vast extent, but it is little known by 
 Europeans. 
 
 Monomotapa. See Mocaranga. 
 
 Monongahela, a river of the United States, 
 a branch of the Ohio, rises at the foot of the 
 Laurel Mountain, Virginia directs its course 
 N by Morgantown, whence it becomes navi- 
 gable, enters Pennsylvania, and passes by 
 Redstone to Pittsburg, below which its name 
 is lost in the Ohio. It is 400 yards broad 
 at its junction with the Alleghany at Pitts- 
 burg ; and is deep, gentle, and navigable 
 With batteaux and barges beyond Redstone 
 creek, and still further with lighter craft. 
 The bills opposite Pittsburg, which are at 
 least 300 feet high, appe^ar to one solid 
 body of coal. 
 
 MONONGALIA, a county in the nw 
 part of Virginia, about 40 miles long and 
 30 broad, containing 4768 inhabitants, in- 
 cluding 154 slaves. 
 
 Monopoli, a town of Naples, in the Terra 
 di Bari, on the coast of the gulf of Venice, 
 28 miles ese of Ban. 
 
 Monpazier, a town in the department 
 of Dordogne, France. It is 18 miles sw of 
 Sarlat. 
 
 Monpox, a city of Terra Firma, about 
 75 miles se by e of Tolu. 
 
 Monqucgna, or Monqnega, a town in the 
 bishopric of Arequipa, Peru, capital of a 
 country of its name, has an extensive com- 
 merce in wine and brandy, which are much 
 valued, iOO miles se of Arequipa. Lon. 71 
 40 w, lat. 17 34 s. 
 
 Monreale, a town of Sicily, in Val di Ma- 
 zara, and an archbisbop-s see, with an elegant ! 
 
 MON 
 
 cathedral, near which is the celebrated con- 
 vent of St Martino. The town is neatly 
 built, and stands on a hill, four miles w by s 
 of Palermo. 
 
 Mans, an ancient, large, and rich city of 
 the late province of Hainault, and now ca- 
 pital of the French department of Jemappe, 
 It has several manufactures, and a good 
 trade. The most remarkable structures are 
 the castle, the arsenal, the great church, and 
 I the town house. Mons has been several 
 times taken by the Austrians, Dutch, and 
 French, by the latter in 1792, after the bat- 
 tle of Jemappe. It stands partly on a hill,, 
 and partly on a plain, in a marshy soil, on 
 the rivers Haine and Trouille, 17 miles ne 
 of Tournay, and 37 w of Namur. Lon. 3 
 57 E, lat. 50 27 n. 
 
 Monsanto, a frontier town in] Spain, in 
 the province of Estremadura. Lon. 6 20 w, 
 lat. 39 40 N. 
 
 Monsaraz, a town of Alentejo, Portu- 
 gal, situated on the Guadiana, 25 miles sw 
 of Elvas. 
 
 Monsol, a town of Anziko, Guinea, th© 
 residence of the micoco or king, 380 miles 
 ne of St Salvador. Lon. 17 16 e, lat. 0 
 40 s. 
 
 Monstier, See Moustiers. 
 
 Mont Blanc. See Blanc Mont. 
 
 Mont Blanc, the name given by the 
 French to the conquered duchy of Savoy, 
 which they added as a new department to 
 France. 
 
 Mont de Marsan^ capital of the depart- 
 ment of Landes, France, oh the Medouse, 
 30 miles ne of Dax. Lon. 0 30 w, lat. 43 
 55 N. 
 
 Mont St Michael, a strong town in the 
 department of Mancbe, France, seated ou a 
 rock in the sea,accessible only at lo w water. 
 It gave name to the military order of St 
 Michael. Its late Benedictine abbeys served 
 at once for a castle and state-prison, and its 
 prior was governor of the town, 10 miles sw 
 of Avanches. Lon. 1 30 w, lat. 48 37 n. 
 
 Mont Tonnere, has its name from a ridge 
 of mountains near the Rhine, and gives 
 name to a new department of France, in- 
 cluding the duchy of Deux Pouts, the pala- 
 tinate of the Rhine, and part of the electo- 
 rate of Mentz. Mentz is the capital. 
 
 Montabaur, a fortified town of Germany, 
 in the electorate of Treves, now annexed to 
 France, with an elegant palace. It lies be- 
 tween Coblentz and Lirnpurg, seven miles n 
 of Nassau. 
 
 Montagnano, a fertile district of the late 
 Maritime division of Austria, in Padua, 
 containing one town, 10 villages, and 22,000 
 souls. 
 
 Montagnano, a flourishing town in the 
 above district surrounded with walls, and 
 containing 6200 inhabitants. 
 
 Montagne. See Montagno. 
 
 Montag niac, a considerable town of Na- 
 tolia* It carries on a great trade, especially 
 
M O N 
 
 \a fruits, and is situated on a bay of the ] 
 same name, 12 miles from Barza, and 60 
 SE of Constantinople, 
 
 MontagnOf a department of the late Ita- 
 lian republic, containing 160,040 inhabi- 
 tants. Lecco is the capital. 
 
 Montagu, the largest of the small islands 
 in Prince William^s sound, in the Pacific 
 ocean. It is 50 miles long and 12 broad, 
 near the w coast of America. Lon. 137 30 
 w, lat. 60 0 N. 
 
 Montagu Island, one of the New He- 
 brides, in the South Pacific ocean, situated 
 near Sandwich island. Lon. 168 31 e, lat. 
 17 26 s. 
 
 Montaigu, a town in the department of 
 Vendee, France, 24 mfles w of Mauleon, 
 and 40 nnw of Fontenay le Compte. 
 
 Montaigne, or Scherpenhuel, a town in 
 Brabant, Netherlands. It is celebrated 
 for an image of the Virgin, resorted to by 
 a great number of people, 14 miles ne of 
 Louvain. 
 
 Montalcino, a small populous town of 
 Tuscany, 17 miles sse of Sienna. 
 
 Montalegre, a town in Tralos Montes, 
 Portugal, 25 miles ne of Braga, and 42 w 
 of Braganza. 
 
 Montalmn, a town in Arragon, Spain, on 
 the Rio Martin, has a strong citadel, 44 
 miles s of Saragossa, and 92 n by w of Va- 
 lencia. 
 
 Montalvao, a town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 on the frontiers of Spain, 18 miles nne of 
 Portalegre. 
 
 Montanches, a town in Estremadura, 
 Spain, seated at the foot of a chain of moun- 
 tains, 18 miles n by e of Merida. 
 
 Montagril, a town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 28 miles se of Santarem, and 33 nnw of 
 Evora. 
 
 Montargis, a considerable towm in the 
 department of Loiret, France. The mustard 
 and cutlery of this place are excellent, and 
 from the river Loing is a navigable canal 
 hence to the Seine. It is situated near a 
 fine forest, 15 miles s of Nemours, and 62 s 
 of Paris. 
 
 Montauhan, a handsome and commercial 
 town, capital of the department of Tarn and 
 Garonne, France, lately an episcopal see. 
 
 It was taken from the Hugenots in 1629, | 
 and its fortifications demolished. The in- j 
 habitants amount to 40,000, and have ma- | 
 nufactures of silk stockings and stuffs, serges, 
 shalloons, &c. It is situated on an emi- 
 nence on the Tarn, 30 miles n of Toulouse, 
 and 32 s of Cahors. 
 
 Montbazon, a town in the department of 
 Indre and Loire, France, with an ancient 
 castle on a hill, eight miles s of Tours, and 
 135 sw of Paris. 
 
 Montbelliard, the capital of a late te/ritory 
 of the same na\ne, France. It is situated 
 on the Savourense, at its junction w’ith the 
 Luzine. Belore the revolution it belonged 
 to Germany, although it was isolated by 
 
 MON 
 
 France, between the department of Doubs, 
 and that of the Upper Rhine, 33 miles w 
 of Basle, and 47 ene of Besanon. Lon. 6 
 56 E, lat. 47 30 n. 
 
 Montbrison, a considerable town in the 
 department of the Rhone and Loire, France, 
 seated on the Veviz, and famous for its 
 medicinal w^aters, 40 miles w of Vienne, 40 
 wsw of Lyon, and 76 sse of Moulins. Lon. 
 
 4 7 e, lat. 45 34 n. 
 
 Montdauphin, a town in the department 
 of Upper Alps, France ,12 miles ne of Em- 
 brun, situated on a craggy mountain, almost 
 surrounded by the Durance. Lon. 6 45 e, 
 lat. 44 40 N. 
 
 Montdidier, a town in the department of 
 Somme, France, seated on a mountain. 
 Here the kings of France formerly had a 
 palace, 22 miles sss of Amiens, and 58 n by 
 e of Paris, 
 
 Monte Alcino, a town in the Sienese, 
 Tuscany, celebrated for the best wine in 
 Italy, 24 miles sse of Sienna. 
 
 Monte Alto, a town in the marquisate of 
 Ancona, Italy. It is situated 14 miles ssw 
 of Fermo. 
 
 Monte Cassino, a town of Naples, in 
 1 Terra di Lavora, w’ith a celebrated Benedic- 
 tine abbey, 18 miles sse of Sora. 
 
 Monte Chiaro, a town and district of the 
 Bresciano, 1 8 miles se of Brescia. The town 
 contains about 5600 souls, and the district 
 6800. 
 
 iHonfcec/i/n, a considerable town of Italy, 
 in Reggio, 10 miles se of Parma. 
 
 Monte Christo, a cape, bay, towui and ri- 
 ver, on the N side of the island of St Domin- 
 go. The cape, called by the French Cape 
 la Grange, is a high bill in form of a tent. 
 Lon. 7 44 w, lat. 19 51 n. 
 
 Monte Faleo, a town in the duchy of 
 Spoletto, Italy, by the Clitunno, 12 miles w 
 of Spoletto. 
 
 Monte Falcone, a town in Friuli, Italy, 
 near the Ponzano, has a castle, 18 miles 
 WNW of Frieste. 
 
 Monte Fiascone, a small but populous 
 town of Italy, situated near the lake Bol- 
 seua, in the Patrimony of St Peter, in a 
 country abounding with excellent wine, 12 
 miles sw of Orvieto, 12 nnw of Viterbo, and 
 45 Nw of Rome. 
 
 Monte Forte, a town of Naples in Princi- 
 pato Ultra, 18 miles sw of Beuevento. 
 
 Monte Fossoli, a town of Tuscany, in 
 Pisano, 28 miles wsw of Florence. 
 
 MONTECCHIO. MAGGIORE, a dis- 
 trict and town in the late Maritinve Austria, 
 The district contains the town and seven 
 villages. The town is about Ji miles ssw 
 of Vicenza. 
 
 Montego Bay, on the n side of the island 
 lof .Jamaica, 20 miles e by n of Lucca har- 
 bour. This was formerly a flourishing 
 town. It w^as almost totally destroyed by 
 an accidental fire, in July 1795. Lon. 78 
 
 5 w, lat. 18 40 N. 
 
 4 
 
MON 
 
 Monteiih^ or Menieithy Stewarlry ofy one j 
 of the ancient divisions of Perthshire^ com- 
 prp-iiedin^ ihe sw part of the county. 
 
 Mo'i^teUuy Lochy a beautiful lake in the 
 above district, about five miles in circumfer- j 
 ence, containing two beautiful islands, in j| 
 one of whioh, Murdao, duke of Albany, who 
 was four years regent of Scotland, in the I 
 minority of James I. and beheaded on Go- j 
 vane hill, near Stirling, in 1423, for treason, ‘ 
 his wife Isabella, and two sons were inter- 
 red, seven miles w of Doune. 
 
 Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Cala- 
 bria Ultra, 12 miles ne of Nikotera. 
 
 Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Priu- 
 cipato Ultra, nine miles n of Benevento. 
 
 Montelimart, a town in the department of 
 Drome, France, with an ancient citadel, and 
 manufactures of wool, silk, and leather. 
 
 It is a populous trading place, and situated 
 in a fertile plain near the Rhone, 25 miles 
 s of Valence, and 30 n of Orange. 
 
 Montelovez, capital of the province of 
 Cobahuila, New Spain, seated on a rivulet, 
 has two public squares and'seven churches, 
 and is the chief military depot for this pro- 
 vince and Texas, 310 miles n of Zacatecas. 
 Lon. 101 30w,lat. 26 33 n. 
 
 Monte Marano, a populous town of Na- 
 ples, in Principato Ultra, near the Calore, 
 18 miles s of Benevento. 
 
 Monte Mor 0 Novo, a considerable town 
 of Portugal, in Alentejo, on the Canna, 1<5 
 miles wNw of Evora, and dO e by s of 
 Lidon. 
 
 Monte Mor O VeUio, a town of Portugal, 
 in Eeira, with a castle on the Alondego, 
 10 miles sw of Coimbra, and 83 n by e of 
 Lisbon. 
 
 MONTE-NEGRO, a mountainous dis- 
 trict of Albania. The Inhabitants, the 
 jaiontenegrins, profess the Christian re- 
 ligion, and bear a mortal hatred to the 
 Turks. 
 
 Monte Poloso, a town in Basilicato, Na- 
 ples, seated near the Basiento, 14 miles e of 
 Acerenza. 
 
 Monte Put cicmo,^ town of Tuscany, near 
 the Cilia no, in a country famous for excel- 
 lent wine, 28 miles se of Sienna, and 50 s 
 by E of Florence. 
 
 Mordereau, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Alarne, France, seated on the 
 Seine, at the junction of the Yonne. It 
 has cl trade in corn, cheese, and cloth ; 1>5 
 miles SE of Aleiun. 
 
 Montesii, a town and fortress in Valencia, 
 Spain, five miles nw of Xativa. 
 
 ^ Monte Sancto, lonwriy called Mount 
 Athos, a mountain cf Turkey in Europe, 
 in rvlaceiioni.':, on the gulf of Contessa, 
 inhuiiit'd hy Greek monks, who have seven 
 eouveriis cunstructed like forts, 17 miles s of 
 S(‘h''iiicbi. 
 
 ' St Angels, a town in Capitanato. 
 Xru'ies. It is about seven miles n of Alan- 
 IiiXioniac 
 
 MON 
 
 Montesquieu, a town in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, France, 15 miles sse of 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Monte Velino, a mountain of Italy, being;^ 
 8400 feet above the level of the Mediterra- 
 nean, supposed to be the most lofty of the 
 Appeiiiiies, 46 miles ne of Rome. 
 
 Monte Verde, a town in Principato Ul- 
 teriore, Naples. It is situated 16 miles ne 
 of Conza. 
 
 Monte Video, a bay and town of Para- 
 guay, in South America, surrounded by a 
 strong wall, seated at the foot of a lofty 
 conical mountain, on the n side of the river 
 Plata, 60 miles from its mouth. It was 
 taken by the English in 1807 ; but soon 
 evacuated. Its chief trade consists in hides. 
 Provisions are cheap and abundant. Popu- 
 lation about 20,000. It is 140 miles e of 
 Beunos Ayres. Lon. 56 25 N, lat. 34 
 
 50 s. 
 
 MontecMo, a town in the Modenese, Italy.. 
 In this vicinity, the French defeated the 
 Austrians, in 1736. It is eight miles nw of 
 Reggio. 
 
 Montery, a seaport and capital of a juris- 
 diction rJ its name, in New Albion. It has 
 an area of 300 yards long, and 250 broad, is 
 walled round, has a fort, and stands on the 
 SE of a spacious bay of its name. Lon. 121 
 
 51 w, lat. 36 36 n. 
 
 Montery, capital of New Leon, New 
 Spain, seated near the source of the Tigre, 
 which falls into the gulf of Mexico, and is 
 a bishop’s see, 230 miles nne of Zacatecas. 
 Lon. 100 0 w, lat; 26 10 n. 
 
 Monteresso, a town in Val di Noto, Sicily, 
 stands on the side of a mountain, 28 miles w 
 of Syracuse. 
 
 Montesqniou, a town in the department of 
 Gers, France, 11 miles wsw of Aueb. 
 
 MonfJhTand, a suburb of Clermont, 
 France. 
 
 Montferrat, a duchy of Itevly. It con- 
 tains 200 towns, and is very fertile, abound- 
 ing in corn, wine, oil, and silk, and belongs 
 to the king of Sardinia. Casal is the capi- 
 tal. See Piedmont. 
 
 Montfort, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Oise, France, 16 miles w of 
 Versailles. 
 
 Montfort, a town in the department of 
 Tile and Vilaine, France, 12 miles w of 
 Rennes. 
 
 Montfort, a handsome town of Utrecht, 
 Holland, on the Yssel, seven miles sw of 
 Utrecht. 
 
 Montfort, a town of Suabia, on the con- 
 fines of Tyrol, 16 miles s of Lindau, and 
 six N of Feldkircb. 
 
 Montfort de Lemos, an ancient town of 
 Galicia, 25 miles ne of Orense. 
 
 Montgatz, or Munkats, a town in the 
 county of Pereezas, Lower Hungary, seated 
 on a craggy rock, has a fortress composed 
 of three castles, is surrounded by a morass, 
 and is nearly impregnable. In 1688, it 
 
MON 
 
 nirrendered to the Austrians after being 
 defended three years by the princess Ra- 
 gotsky, wife of count Tekeli ; 52 miles 
 ESE of Cassovia. Lon. 21 58 e, lat. 40 
 
 26 N. ^ ^ 
 
 Montgomery^ the county town or Mont- 
 gomeryshire, in Wales ; a small, neat town, 
 without much trade, stands on the side of 
 a hill, near the Severn. It is governed by 
 two bailififs, and a town clerk, and sends 
 one member to parliament. It had walls 
 and a castle which were demolished in the 
 cw'il wars, is now a small place, and the 
 population on the decrease. In 1801, the 
 i nlK-ibif ants were 9T2, in 1811, 932. It has 
 a market on Thursday, and two annual 
 fairs. It is 26 miles sw by w of Hereford, 
 and 168 nw of London. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 
 52 26 N. 
 
 MONTGOMEPtY, a county of New 
 York, it consisted of 11 towuiships, which 
 contained 28,848 inhabitants, according 
 to the census of 1T91. Chief town is 
 Johnston. 
 
 Montgomery^ a towm of Maryland, capital 
 of a county of its name. It is 12 
 miles N of Washington, and 23 s of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county in Penn- 
 sylvania, 33 miles in length, and 17 in 
 breadth, nw* of Philadelphia county. It is 
 divided into 26 townships, and contains 
 22,929 inhabitants. In this county, many 
 years ago, were 96 grist mills, 61 saw mills, 
 10 paper mills, six fulling mills, and four 
 forges. Norritown is the capital. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, a county of Vir- 
 ginia, s of Botetourt county. It is about 
 100 miles in length, and 44 in breadth, 
 and contaius some lead mines. Chief town, 
 Christiansburgh. 
 
 MONTGOMERYSHIRE, a county of 
 North Wales, bounded n by Merionethshire 
 and Denbighshire, ke and e by Shropshire, 
 s by Radnorshire, sw by Cardiganshire, and 
 
 by part of Merionethshire. Tt extends 36 
 miles from n to s, and nearly the same 
 from E to w”, containing nine hundreds, five 
 market towns, 53 parishes, and about 9098 
 houses, and 51,931 inhabitants, and sends 
 two members to parliament. The air is 
 salubrious ; and, though barren in many 
 parts, it has a great mixtiiie of fertile 
 vale and plain. Its riches proceed from its 
 sheep and wool. This county also affords 
 mineral treasures, particularly lead ; and 
 it abounds with slate and lime. Its prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Severn, Vyrnew, and 
 Tanat. The assizes are always held at 
 Wes h pool. 
 
 Montguioriy a town in the department ol 
 Lower Charente, France, 43 miles sse of 
 Saintes. 
 
 Monti Della CAefnera, anci' rdly Acrocer- 
 nunia^ a tract of mountains which separate 
 the Ionian from the Adriatic sea. 
 
 Montil, a town in New Castile, Spain, 22 
 
 MON 
 
 miles w by Alcara, and 70 ese of Cal^ 
 
 trava . 
 
 Montignne, a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, France, 21 ipiles ese of Peri- 
 gueux. 
 
 Mont ilia i a towm in Andalusia, Spain, 
 
 18 miles sse of Cordova. 
 
 Mont Joijf a town in the late duchy of 
 Juliers, France, lately of Germany, seated 
 among rugged rocks, with a fortified castle 
 on a hill, 19 miles s of Juliers. 
 
 Montwilliers, a town in the department 
 of Lower Seine, France, six miles n of 
 Havre, and 95 Nw of Paris. 
 
 Montlieul, a town in the department of 
 France, Low'er Charente, 40 miles sse of 
 Saintes, and 205 se of Paris. 
 
 Montlouis, a town in the department of 
 the Eastern Pyrenees, France, with a fortress, 
 on a rock at the foot of the Pyrenees, for 
 the defence of the frontiers, 40 miles w by 
 s of Perpignan, and 430 s of Paris. Lon. 
 
 2 5 E, lat. 42 30 n. 
 
 Montloucony a town in the department of 
 Allier, France, on the Cher, 35 miles w'sw 
 of Moulins, and 15T s of Paris. 
 
 Montlonel, a town in the department of 
 Ain, France, on the Seraine nine miles se 
 of Trevoux. 
 
 Montmaranlt, a town in the departmetit 
 of Allier, France. It is 28 miles sw of 
 Moulins. 
 
 Montmedyf a town in the department of 
 Meuse, France, on the Cher, which divides 
 into the Upper and the Lo'wer Towm, 21 
 miles N or Verdun, and 135 ne of Paris. 
 
 Montmeiian, a town of Savoy, with a 
 castle. In 1705, it was taken by the French, 
 who razed its fortifications, eight miles se of 
 Chamberry, and 27 ne of Grenoble. 
 
 Montniivel, a town of France, in the de- 
 partment of Marne, 40 miles w by s of Cha- 
 lons, and 55 e of Paris. 
 
 Monimorency, a town in the department 
 of the Seine and Oise, France, Stands near * 
 the Seine, 10 miles n ol Paris. 
 
 Montmorin, a new town on the n bank of 
 Ohio river, 18 miles below Pittsbtirg. 
 
 Montmorillon, a town in the department 
 of Vienne, France, on the Gartenrite, over 
 wd(ieh is a bridge. It is 25 miles se of 
 Poitiers. 
 
 MONTONA, a burgh and district of 
 Italy, in Istria. The latter extends from 
 the Quieto to Pisino, and comprehends se- 
 veral enormous forests. 
 
 Montpellier^ one of the largest, richest, 
 and most beautiful cities in the department 
 of Herault, France, and late province of 
 Languedoc, a bishop’s see, with a oitade), 
 and an university, in which is a medical 
 department. The cath ‘dral was partly de- , 
 molished by the Huguenots, but has been 
 rebuilt. The numbe^r oj inhabitants is com- 
 puted at 32,000. Its tradf! consists in silks, 
 blankets, cotton goods, printed calicoes, 
 gauzes, hides, liquors univeri-ally esteem- 
 
MON 
 
 The air is healthy, aud a number 
 of persons fioek hither, from all parts, to 
 recover their health. Montpellier is five 
 miles from the Mediterranean, upon a hill 
 near the Lez which is navigable, and the 
 yitmlet Merdanson, v/hicli, by subterraneous 
 canals, is conveyed into different parts of 
 the city, situated 2T miles sw of Nesmes, 
 and 47 ne of Narbonne. Lon. 3 62 e, 
 lot. 43 36 K. 
 
 MontpensieTf a town in the department of 
 Puys de Dome, France, 20 miles ne of 
 Clermont. 
 
 Montqnhitter, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 near Tureff, about nine miles long from n to 
 s, by six broad from e to w. The general 
 appearance is wild and rugged, and abounds 
 with morasses. There is only one village 
 in the parish, viz. that called Cuminestone, 
 containing 400, inhabitants. The inhabi- 
 tants spin and knit for the manufactures of 
 Aberdeen. A field near Lendrum in this 
 parish, is said to have been the scene of a 
 battie, between Donald Bane and the forces 
 cf Mai com Canmore, led on fey the Thane 
 of Buchan, which continued three days, 
 and terminated in favour of the latter. The 
 field is almost covered by Tumuli ; and 
 is said never to have been reaped without strife 
 and even bloodshed ! ! ! 
 
 MONTREAL, an isle of North Ame- 
 rica, in the river St Lawuence, at the junc- 
 tion of the Utawas, about 28 miles in length, 
 and 10 in breadth, and takes its name from 
 a high mountain in the middle of the island 
 called by the French, Mont Real, and 
 covered wuth trees and shrubs. The soil is 
 fertile, and the air is in general pretty v/hole- 
 some. 
 
 Montreal^ a town in Arragcn, Spain, with 
 a castle, on the Xiloca, 26 miles nw of 
 Terruel, and 40 se of Calatayiid. 
 
 Montreal^ a city in Lower Canada, next 
 in rank to Quebec, stands on the e side of 
 the island of its name, the lower part ex- 
 tending along the river St* Lawrence, which 
 at this place is three miles broa.l, and so 
 deep that ships can lie close to the shore. 
 From the shore is a gradual ascent to the 
 upper town, wiiich contains the cathedral, j 
 an English church, the government hou^-e, ! 
 and a spacious court-house. The chief | 
 trade is in furs ; goods and merchandise for 
 the upper country are carted hence to the 
 village of Chine, eight miles higher up, the 
 navigation of the river foiir miles above the 
 city, being interrupted by he rapids of | 
 St Louis. Population in ISOb, was esti- * 
 mated at 12,000. This^ity was surrendered 
 by the Fr^-nch in 176?'; 110 miles n of 
 Crown Point, aiid 170 sv/ of Quebec. Lon. 
 73 { 8 w, hit. 4G 33 N. 
 
 a town in the department cf 
 the Rhine and Moselle, lately of Germany, 
 in the electorate of Treves, seated ou the 
 Elz, and lies about 20 miles w by n of 
 Cobientz. 
 
 MON 
 
 Montreal^ in Sicily ; see Monreale* 
 
 Montreuil, a town in the department of 
 the Straits of Calais, France, stands on a 
 hill, near the month of the Canche, situ- 
 ated 10 miles nw of Hesdin, and 36 s of 
 Calais. 
 
 Montreuil Bellamy a town in the depart- 
 ment of Mayenue and Loire, France, on 
 the Touet, 10 miles ssw of Saumur, and 
 165 from Paris. 
 
 Montrose, a town and sea-port in Angus- 
 shire, situated on a peninsula formed by the 
 South Esk, and a large expanse of water on 
 the w of the town, formed by the Esk and 
 the sea, which is almost dry at low water. 
 It is well built and regular ; and reckoned 
 one of the neatest towns of its size in Great 
 Britain. It consists of a fine broad main 
 street, and a number of by-lanes. The chief 
 buildings are the old town house, lately fit- 
 ted up for a prison ; the new town house, 
 the Episcopal chapel, and the Lunatic hos- 
 pital. The public schools are much es- 
 teemed. In 1886, a Public Library was 
 established. A fine draw- bridge has lately 
 been erected, forming a communication with 
 the town and opposite side of the South Esk. 
 The harbour is commodious, admitting ves- 
 sels of large burden, with safe anchorage. 
 There is a dry and wet dock here. The 
 principal manufactures are malt, linen yarn, 
 thread, sheeting, sail-cloth, an extensive tan- 
 work, and several roperies. The salmon 
 fisheries on the N and S Esk, form a valu- 
 able branch of commerce. Besides a num- 
 ber of trading vessels to the Baltic, and other 
 places, some ships are fitted out from this 
 port for the Greenland whale fishery. The 
 house in which was born the great marquis 
 of Montrose is still standing ; and on a hill 
 which commands the tow^n, are the remains 
 of a castle. It is governed by a provost, 
 three bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, hos- 
 pital master, 10 merchant counsellors, and 
 two counsellors fj^om the trades. It joins 
 with Aberdeen, Arbroath, Bervie, and Bre- 
 chin, in sending a member to parliament. 
 The parish of Montrose, the church of which 
 is collegiate, is about three miles long by 
 tw'O and a-haif broad, lying betw'eea the 
 rivers N and S Esk. It is level and well 
 cultivated, and the country part of the parish 
 contains about 1000 inhabitants. There are 
 several mineral springs, one of which is said 
 to possess nearly the same qualities with that 
 of Harrowgate., Population of the town 
 and parish 8956 in 1811. Here the pre- 
 tender landed in December, 1715, and em- 
 liarked in February following. The town 
 is 12 miles kne of Arbroath, 30 from Dun- 
 dee, nearly in the same direction ; and 70 
 by Dundee water, ne by n of Edinburgh. 
 See Inch Brayock. Lon. 2 22 w, lat. 66 
 41 N. 
 
 Monfsau Jeoiiy a town of France, in the 
 department of Upper Marne, 16 miles s of 
 Langres, and 145 from Paris. 
 
MON 
 
 Montserraty a high mountain of Spain, 
 in Catalonia. This mountain is said to be 
 
 12 miles in circumference, and 3300 feet 
 above the level of the sea. On it is a large 
 monastery, dedicated to the Virgin, inhabi- 
 ted by noble Benedictine Monks, of several 
 nations, who entertain all who come out of 
 curiosity or devotion, for three days, gratis. 
 Here are also 13 hermitages, the most beau- 
 tiful of w'hich is that of ^uta Ana, the resi- 
 dence of the mountain vicar, or father of all 
 the hermits. In 1808, the monks and pea- 
 santry repelled two attacks made by the 
 French on this mountain ; who early in 
 the following year, succeeded in entering 
 the monastery, but were compelled to re- 
 treat the next morning. In 1811, the 
 French again obtained possession, when 
 they burned the church, and every thing 
 that might be useful for its future establish- 
 ment. It is situated 24 miles nw of Barce- 
 lona. 
 
 MONTSERRAT, an island in the West 
 Indies, discovered in 1493, by Columbus, 
 who gave it its name as it resembles the 
 above mountain. It is about nine miles in 
 length, and as much in breadth, and of an 
 oval form. The hills are clothed with ce- 
 dar and other trees. The principal exports 
 are sugar, cotton, and rum. It belongs to 
 the British, 30 miles sw of Antigua. Lon. 
 92 17 w, lat. 16 4.5 n. 
 
 Mont St. AndrCy a town in the depart- 
 ment of Sambre and Meuse, two miles n of 
 Ramillies and 12 n of Namur. 
 
 Monymusky a parish of Scotland, in 
 Aberdeenshire, in the district of Garioch, 
 about seven miles long, and from four to 
 five broad, intersected by the Don. The 
 greater part of the arable land lies on the 
 banks of the Don. Monymusk, the seat of 
 Sir Archibald Grant, is an elegant building. 
 Population in 1801, 901, but has decreased 
 much within the last 12 years. The parish 
 contains large tracts of natural and planted 
 wood, ironstone, and some mineral springs. 
 In J790 the crop w’as almost wholly de- 
 stroyed by hail which accompanied a thun- 
 der storm July 30th, and fell in such quan- 
 tity, that it was not wholly dissolved for two 
 days. The village of Monymusk, is seated 
 five miles sw of Inver ury, and 18 xw of 
 Aberdee.n, has fairs, second Wednesday 
 of February, and third Wednesday of 
 August. 
 
 Monizingeuy a town in the department of 
 Rhine and Moseile, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, circle of Upper Rhine, on the Nake, 
 
 13 miles w by s of Creutznacb. 
 
 Monztty a town in the Milanese, Italy, on 
 the Lamhro, celebrated for the treasury of 
 St. John the Baptist. Here is the iron 
 crown with which the ItrJian kings wo.re 
 crowned, and afterwards the emperors of 
 Germany when they asserted their rights, as 
 kings of Lombardy. Here in 1774, Char- 
 lemagne, after taking Desiderias king of 
 
 M o R 
 
 Lombardy prisoner, was crowned, eigh* 
 miles NE of Milan. 
 
 Momiey a parish of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, about 12 miles long and seven broad, 
 
 N of Crieff. .It is exceedingly mountainous. 
 
 Not above one third is araMe. The only 
 habitable part is in two vallies, seperated by 
 a ridge of hills four miles broad. On the 
 s side of which the inhabitants speak Eng- 
 lish, on the X side Gaelic, In the parish 
 are several caves, remains of ancient forts, 
 camps, and a number of tumuli. At a 
 small camp, called Combal Cults, it is be- 
 lieved that Combal the grandfather of Fin- 
 gal fell. It is said that Ossian lies here. 
 
 His tomb consists of four grey stones cover- 
 ed v/ith one of immense size. The village 
 of Monzie, three miles n of Crieff, has “a 
 fair in August. In the vicinity, the Skeg- 
 gie falls 55 feet over a rugged rock, and at 
 some distance the Keltie 90 feet over a slop- 
 ing rock. Population about 1157. 
 
 Monzon. See Moncon. 
 
 Moonziey a small parish in Fifeshire, 
 being only two miles and a-half long by one 
 and a-half broad, containing liOO acres, 
 lying about two miles from Cupar. Popu- 
 lation 201. 
 
 MOORE, a comity of North Carolina, in 
 Fayette district. It contains 3770 inhabi- 
 tants. Chief town, Alfordstone. 
 
 Moony Mountains of the, mountains ex- 
 tending from Negroland, Africa, through 
 Abysiuia, to the Indian ocean. They are 
 higher than those of Atlas. 
 
 MoorJieldSy a post-town, and the capital 
 of Hardy county Virginia, on the s branch 
 of the Potomac. It is situated 45 miles w 
 by s of Winchester. Lon. 79 20 w, lat, 
 
 39 8 N. 
 
 Moorshedahady a large ill built city of 
 Hiudoostan Proper, stands near the western 
 arm of the Ganges, and was the capital of 
 Bengal before the settlement of the Eng- 
 lish ; 112 miles n of Calcutta. Lon. 88 
 27 E, lat. 24 15 n. 
 
 Moose Forty a settlement of the Hudson 
 bay Company, on the s part of James bay, 
 near the influx of a river of its name. Lon. 
 
 80 2 w, lat. 51 15 n. 
 
 Moosehillocky the highest of the chain of 
 mountains in New Hampshire, 
 
 MOOSE ISLAND, on the coast of the 
 district of Maine, at the mouth of Shoedick 
 river, contains about 30 families. 
 
 Mooshy or Moushy a town in Kurdistan, 
 Asiatic Turkey, seated on an eminence; 
 washed by the Euphrates, over which is a 
 bridge, and has a trade in Mtinna and To- 
 bacco, 40 miles nnw of Belles. 
 
 Mootapilly, a (own in the Guntoor circar, 
 Hindoostan, situated near the mouth of ^ 
 the Gandegaina. Lon. 80 10 e, lat. 15 
 35 N. 
 
 Mora, a town in Dalecarlia, Sv.(?tlen, 
 )iear w’hioh is ilie ncre whence Gustav us 
 harungued the luulvcanuij’*-, and coF 
 
M O R 
 
 M O R 
 
 lected the troops with which be drove 
 Christian II. of Denmark from Stockholm. 
 It stands near the w end of the lake SiljaH;, 
 60 miles nw of Fahlun. 
 
 Mora, a town in Catalonia, Spain, on the 
 Kbro, (3 miles n of Tortosa. 
 
 Mora, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 
 18 miles se of Toledo. 
 
 Mora, a town in Alentejo, Portugal, on 
 the Odivor. It is situated 29 miles nw of 
 Evora. 
 
 Morant point, the most easterly promon- 
 tory of Jamaica, on the sw side of the point 
 at the distance of about four leagues is a 
 harbour and river of the same name. Eon. 
 76 7 w,lat. IT 57 n. 
 
 Moral, or Murton^ a rich, trading, and 
 considerable tow'n of Switzerland, capital of 
 a bailiwick of the same name, with a castle, 
 seated on the se side of a lake of its name, 
 parallel with the lake of Newchatel, into 
 which it flows by the Broye. In 1746, 
 this town was besieged by the duke of Bur- 
 gundy, whose army of 30,000 men were 
 all slain, and their bones are kept here in a 
 charnel house. It is situated about iO 
 miles w by s of Bern, and 10 ne of Fri- 
 burg. 
 
 Moratalaz,3, town in New Castile, Spain, 
 22 miles e of Cuidad Real. 
 
 Moratella, a town in Murcia, Spain, 34 
 miles ssw of Chinchilla. 
 
 Morava, a river of European Turkey, 
 which has its source in Bulgaria, passes 
 through Servia, by Nissa, and unites with 
 the Danube, at Semendria. 
 
 MORAVIA, The MARacisATE of, a 
 province annexed to the kingdom of Bohe- 
 mia. It is a mountainous country, vvatered 
 by a number of rivers and brooks. It })ro- 
 duces hemp and flax, and more corn than 
 supplies the inhabitants. The principal 
 manufactures are cloth, iron, glass, paper, 
 and gunpowder. The XJnkas, Fratrum, or, 
 Brethren, called Moravians, take their 
 name from it, but the inhabitants in gene- 
 ral are Roman Catholics. It is divided 
 into seven circles, Oimutz, Brun, Iglaw 
 Znaym, llradesch, Prerau, and Teschen. 
 It has its own form of government. Ol- 
 mutz is tba capital. 
 
 Moraw, or Morsh, a large river of Ger- 
 many, which has jts source on the conflnes 
 of Bohemia and Silesia, passes through 
 Moravia, by Oimutz, and Hradesch, meets 
 the Teya on the borders of Austria and 
 Hungary, separates these countries as far as 
 the Danube, into which it fails, 15 miles 
 above Presbiirg. 
 
 MORAY3H1RE, Murfavshire, or 
 Elginshire, a county bounded on the n 
 by ihe Moray Frith, e and se by BamlTshire, 
 sw by Invcri:css-sliiiv, and w by Inverness 
 aufi Nairn, exu'uding aboiu- 42 miles iu 
 length, and on an average 20 in breadth. 
 The soiitliern part is rocky and mountain- 
 ous ; and the iiorthern ports are- rich and 
 
 fertile. It contains two royal boroughs. 
 Elgin, the county town, and Forres ; and 
 several considerable towiis.* The only 
 mineial substances yet discKered are free- 
 stone, lime-stone, and mart. Morayshire is 
 divided into one parochial district; which 
 ooDtnined 26,705 inhabitants in 1801, and 
 28,lG8, in 1811. It contains some very ex- 
 tensive w’oods. The principal rivers, are 
 ihe Sppy, Findhorn, anti Lossie. It is said 
 to have (he purest air and best climate of 
 any part of Scotland. 
 
 Moray, or Murray Frilh, a considerable 
 inlet of the German Ocean, the JEsturiursi 
 Vavaris of the ancient geographers. Its 
 breadth opposite Fort George, is only about 
 two miles, but above it expands into a con- 
 siderable bay with safe anchorage, at Inver- 
 ness to which it extends in a sw direction, 
 and thence nw to Beauly. The rivers 
 Beauly and Ness fall into it. 
 
 Morhack, or Mtirhack, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Lower Rhine, France, 42 
 miles SE of Strasburg. 
 
 Morbattle, a pastoral parish in Roxburgh- 
 shire, lying at the foot of the Cheviot hills, 
 and watered by the rivulets, Bowmont, and 
 Kail. The village of Morbattle, lies about 
 eight miles e from Jedburgh, and about as 
 many s of Kelso. Population of the parish 
 about 785, of whom 200 reside in the 
 village. The sod of the arable part of the 
 parish is fertile, highly improved, and pro- 
 duces early and abundant crops. In the 
 parish are circles of upright stone, called 
 Tryst stones, the vestiges of some encamp- 
 ments, the ruins of two castles. 
 
 Morbegno, a town of Sv/isserland, said 
 to be the handsomest and most commercial 
 town in the Vaiteliue, sealed on the 
 Adda. It is 12 miles se‘ of Chiavenna, 
 and 30 n of Bergamo. Lon. 9 36 e, lat. 
 46 8 N. 
 
 Morbeys, or OmmirahiJi^ a river which 
 has its source in the mount Atlas, divides 
 the kingdoms of Morocco and Tex, and fails 
 into the Atlantic at Azamor. 
 
 MORBIHAN, a department of France, 
 of which \'anner is the capital. It takes its 
 name from a small bay betsveen that town 
 and the island of Belleisle. The entrance 
 of the bay is strait, but it extends within and 
 contains about 30 small islands. 
 
 Morecone, a town iu the country of Mo- 
 lise, Naples, situated about 19 miles sse of 
 Molise. 
 
 Moi'dington, a parish in the se corner of 
 Berwickshire, immediately adjoining to' 
 Berwick bounds on the n. Its form is ir- 
 regular, being a’uout four miles long and 
 iwo broad at the extremities, The soil on 
 the banks of the Whitadder on the s is fer- 
 tile, and the whole parish under the best 
 mode of cultivation. At Nobchester are 
 the remains of a large Danish camp, and 
 near it is a smaller one, w’here persons 
 charged with witchcraft sufifered. At Lam- 
 
M O R 
 
 M O R 
 
 JTierton are remains of a chapel^ in v/hich 
 James IV, of ScotUind, was married to 
 Margaret, daughter of Henry VI f. of 
 England, in' 1503. At Lammerton toli 
 house, clandestine mrirridges are celebrated, 
 and in some instances the regular marriages 
 of parties who preier the Scotch, to the 
 English mode of performing that ceremony. 
 Here are annual horseraces in July. The 
 parish of Lammerton was annexed to it in 
 1050. Population 330 in 1801, and in 
 1811, 275, being a decrease of 55. 
 
 MOREA, formerly called PELOPON- 
 NESUS, a peninsula on the s part of 
 Greece, to which it is joined by the isthmus 
 of Corinth, lying between the gulfs of Le- 1 
 panto and Engia. It is 180 miles in length, j 
 and 130 in breadth. The air is temperate, | 
 and the soil fertile, except in the middle^ i 
 which is mountainous. Mulberry trees, for j 
 the feeding of silk w'orrns abound. The j 
 chief rivers are the Alpheus, Visiiipotamo, ! 
 and Stromio. The Venetians took it from i 
 the Turks, in 1687, who regained it, in 
 1715. Tripolizza is the capital, but Misi- 
 tra is the largest town. 
 
 Morel/a, a town in Valencia, Spain, seat- i 
 ed among high mountains. In 1705, it was 
 nearly destroyed by the army of Philip V. I 
 32 miles sw of Tortosa, and 57 nne of Se- ! 
 gorbe. I 
 
 Moresby y a village in Cumberland, with a j 
 harbour on the Solway frith. The church 
 stands on a beautiful eminence ; at its w j 
 end are traces of a Homan work, 120 paces 
 square, supposed to have been the station of 
 a detachment of the Nervi i. Altars and 
 other antiquities with inscriptions, have been 
 dug up here. Several caverns have been 
 di.»covered called Picts^ holes, two miles n } 
 of Whitehaven. 
 
 Moret, a town in the department of Seine, ' 
 and Marne, France, stands near the Seine, j' 
 on tue Orleans canal. It is 12 miles sse of | 
 Meiun. ' - I 
 
 Moreton, or Moreton Hampstead^ a town I 
 in Devonshire. The inhabitants are much, 
 engaged in the woollen trade. It has a i 
 market on Saturday noted for yarn, and three | 
 annjixjl ; lairs. The population amounts to j 
 1700. Here are traces of tvvo forts or cas- 
 tJes, and in the viciiiity are a cromlech, and | 
 a 'druidical temple. Aioreton lies 12 miles j 
 \v^\v oi Exetei-, and about 18-5 vv by s of i' 
 London. ' I 
 
 Moreton, a town in Gloucestershire, si- ! 
 tuated on the Fosmway, 29 miles ese of J 
 J^orcester, and S3 w'xw of Loudon. I 
 
 Moi'etta, a town of Piedmont, stands on ' 
 a small river that falls into the Po, 16 milc.s j 
 •s of Turin. | 
 
 MORGAN DISTRICT, in North Ca- ! 
 rolisia, is divided into the comities of Burke, | 
 ^VViikes, Rutherford, Lincoln, and Buncomb, I 
 contains 32,292 inhabitants, including j 
 2693 .sUivPs. ! 
 
 Mijrcjantvn'n^ a post town of the United i 
 No, 20 - ! 
 
 States, in Burke county, and chief town of 
 the above district seatea near Catabaw river. 
 It contains about 30 houses, a court house, 
 ^and gaol. It is situated about 68 miles 
 w of Saiisbuy. Lon. 81 53 w. iat. 35 
 47 N, 
 
 Morgantown, a post town of Virginia, and 
 slnre town of Monaghalia county, on the e 
 side of the Moiiougahela, about 30 miles 
 from Brownsville. Lon. 86 iO w, lat. 39 
 34 N. 
 
 Morganza, a towm in Washington county, 
 Pennsylvania, seated at the junction of the 
 e and w branches of Chartier river, which 
 flows N by E into the Ohio, live miles below 
 Pittsburg. Here have been built and laden 
 boats carrying betw'een two and 300 barrels 
 of flour for New Orleans. To the same 
 place are sent apple-spiriis, cider, butter, 
 cheese, and bacon; 13 miles sw of Pitts- 
 • burg. 
 
 Morges, a handsome and rich town of 
 Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, and 
 capital of a bailiwic, with a castle. Hence 
 goods are sent to other places from the lake 
 of Geneva, on wdiich the town stands, by a 
 canal. It is a place of some trade, and is 
 situated about five miles wsw of Lausan- 
 ne. 
 
 Morham, a small parish in Haddingtoo- 
 shire, s of that town, contains 254 inlmbi- 
 (aots. 
 
 Moristen, a river in Inverness-shire, 
 which rises in Glenshiel, passes through 
 Glenmoriston, has many curious curves, 
 forms a beautiful cascade, fails into Loch 
 Ness, and has a good salmon fishery at its 
 mouth. 
 
 Moringen, a town in the principality of 
 Furstenburg, Swabia. It is 14 miles nne 
 of Schah hausen. 
 
 Moringen, a town in the duchy of Bruns- 
 v/ick, Lower Saxony, on the Mohr, 12 
 miles NNw of Gottingen. 
 
 Moritz, St, a town in the canton of Gri- 
 sons, has a celebrated mineral spring, 25 
 miles NXE of Chiavenna. 
 
 MORLACHIA, a mountainous country 
 of Dalmatia, the iniiabitants of which are 
 called Morlaeks or Iviolacchi. They are 
 s?Ai\ by some to be of Walachian extraction. 
 From consecrated friendships among the 
 Morlacchi, and other nations of the same! 
 origin, it should seem that the sworn hro^ 
 thers arose. They inhabit the pleasant 
 valiies of Koter, along the rivers, Kerlia, 
 Catina, Narenta, and among the inland 
 mountains of Dalmatia. The many sturies 
 told of their cruelty and avarice, can be 
 true only of a few depraved individtials, for 
 friendship is the mo^t striking trait of Ibeir 
 caaracter. They are oareineiy sensible of 
 mild ireatraem, for which they will per- 
 form any po-silde service, iuit injureh or 
 insulted, are implacabic. The} are hospita- 
 ble, from the highest to the lowest, to all 
 who arc in want. They are not well in- 
 
M O II 
 
 M O R 
 
 formed on tbe subject of religion, fmd be- 
 lieve in the reality of fairies, encbaiuments, 
 nocturnal apparitions, and sortileges. Seg- 
 na is the capital. 
 
 MorlaiXj a sea port in the department of 
 Finisterre, France, with a castle, seated on 
 a, river of its name, the church of Notre- 
 dame is a singular edifice, and the hospital 
 is a handsome building. Tbe inhabiiants 
 carry on a considerable trade iu linen, 
 hemp, and tobacco, 30 miles ene of Brest. 
 Lon. 3 <51 w, lat. 48 38 k. 
 
 Mcro Custle is on the point or headland, 
 pn the K side of the channel of the Havan 
 nah, on the nw part of the island of Cuba, j 
 and the first of two strong castles for the i 
 defence of the channel against the approach 
 of an enemy ^s ships. It is fortified v/itii , 
 bastions, and furnished with 60 pieces of 
 cannon, 24 pounders. On a wall running 
 from the castle are 12 long brass cannon, 
 36 pounders, and on a signal tower between 
 the castle ai]d the sea, a man stands to in- 
 form when vessels approach. 
 
 MOROCCO, an empire of Africa, com- 
 prehending a considerable part of the an- 
 cient Mauritania, lying between 28 and 36 
 deg. N lat. Its greatest length, from ne to 
 sw being above 590 miles, and where broad- 
 est, not more than 380. The s part of the 
 empire cordains the kingdoms of Suez, 
 Tarudant, Morocco Proper, Tafiiet, and 
 Sugulmessa ; the n part those of Fez, 
 Meqiiines, and Tremecen ; but the latter 
 having been conquered by tbe Turks of i 
 • Algiers is now a part of that regency. 
 The atr of this country is very pure, espe- 
 cially to the N of Mount Atlas. The soil is 
 fertile, and the fruits, as well as the pas- 
 tures are excellent ; but the country is not 
 properly cultivated. The inhabitants are 
 Alahometans ; skilful in managing a horse, 
 or wielding a lance ; jealous, deceitful, 
 superstitions and cruel. There are two 
 sorts of inhabitants ; the Arabs, who dwell i 
 in moveable villages, composed of about 
 100 tents ; and the Bereberies, whQ are the 
 ancient in habitants, and dwell in cities and 
 towns. There are a number of Christian 
 slaves some merchants, and a vast number 
 of Jews upon the coast. The latter carry 
 on almost all the trade, especially with the 
 Negroes, to whom they send large caravans 
 with wooliei) goods', silk, salt, <fcc. and get in 
 return slaves, gold dfist, and elephants’ teeth. 
 Large caravans go annually to 'Mecca, 
 both for merchandize and devotion. Their 
 commodities are v’oollen uutiiufactures, 
 ]\b)rocco bcaiUi’r, indigo, cochti.eal, and 
 ’“■ 'f ostrich leathers, in return for which, they 
 ^ have silks, n usiins, calicoes, coltee, and 
 drugs. In the desert^, uro lions, tigers, and 
 ic'aj.ards, ana. serpent.s of several kinds. 
 Tile Iruiis are dates, figs, almonds, lemons, 
 oranges, pomegranates, and many others. 
 T l ey have also liax and hemp, but little 
 timber. The naval force consists chiefly 
 .of rovers. The emperor is absolute, and 
 
 often exercises great cruelties. He can 
 bring 100,000 men half foot, half horse, but 
 they are not expert in the art of war. 
 
 jkorocco, one of the capitals of the above 
 empire, for there are two others, Mequinez 
 and Fez, seated in a beautiful valley, bound- 
 ed by a chain of mountains on the n side, 
 and those of Atlas, from which it is distant 
 about 20 miles on the s and e. It is in- 
 closed by strong walls, built of tabby ; the 
 circumference of which is about eight miles. 
 In the royal palace here the emperor spends 
 the fast days during the months of October 
 and November. The mosques, caravansa- 
 ries, palaces of the xerifFes, public baths, 
 and squares are numerous, but much dilapi- 
 dated. The principal houses are inclosed'in 
 gardens ; the inhabitants are estiniuted at 
 270,000, about one third of what it contain- 
 ed before Mequinez and Fez, were made 
 the residence of the court. The Jews have 
 a separate town, walled in, and under the 
 charge of an alcade, appointed by the em- 
 peror. They have a market of their own, 
 and wden they enter a palace, a market, or 
 Moorish town they are compelled to go bare- 
 footed. Morocco is 90 miles e of Mogo- 
 dore, and 400 s of Gibraltar. Lon. 8 10 w, 
 lat. 31 57 N. 
 
 Mirouy a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 near which is a mine of precious stones, 36 
 miles SE of Seville. 
 
 MOROTOI, one of the Seindwich islands, 
 i about two leagues and a half wnw of Mo- 
 I wee Island. It is computed to contain 
 ^ 36,000 inhabitants. On tJie s and w sides 
 I are several bays. It has little wood ; 
 
 I yams are the principal produce. Lon. 117 
 i 14 w, lat. 21 10 X. 
 
 j Morpeihy a borough in Northumberland, 
 
 ! situated on the n bank of the Wandspeck, 
 
 J on the opposite side of which are the church 
 I and the ruins of a castle. Here is the couu- 
 I ty gaol, an hospital, anil a free grammar 
 i school, founded by Edward VI. Near the 
 I market place is a tower with eight bells. 
 Its Saturdays’ market is well supplied with 
 corn and provisions. The market on Wed- 
 nesday, is one of the most noted in the x of 
 England, for cattle and sheep, particularly 
 for those fit for the butcher. The earl of 
 Carlisle, who is lord of the Manor, has also 
 the title of nscount Morpeth ; Being a great 
 thoroughfare, it is furnished with a number 
 of good inns. It has txvo annual fairs, is 
 I governed by two banifis, and seven alder- 
 , men, and sends two meuibers to parliament. 
 It is 14 miles n of Newcanle, 29 n of 
 Durham-, and about 299- x by v; of Lou- 
 don. 
 
 MORRIS, ^ county on the northern line 
 of Nexv Jersfjy, of Bergen county. It is 
 tiboiu 25 mfhel lonj-, and 20 broe.d ; it is divid- 
 ed into lUe towiisniiis : and contains about 
 156,809 acres of improved, and 30,429 acres 
 of unimproved land. ife“e are seven rich 
 iron mines. There are also two furnaces, 
 two slitting and rolling-mills, 35 forges and 
 
M O R 
 
 MO S 
 
 llre-works, 37 saw-miils, ami 43 grist-mills. 
 There are 17,216 inhabitants, of whom 636 
 are slaves. 
 
 Morristown, the capital of Morris count}^, 
 has two churches, and an acadeii)}', 19 
 miles xvv of Nesvark, and 50 n by e of | 
 Trenton, and about I GO ne of Philadelphia. 
 
 Morsoiiayh xow’w in the count)^ of Mo- 
 li.-e, Naples, 14 miles xs of Molise. 
 
 Mortayne, a town in the dept, of Lower 
 Lharente, France, on the Gironde, 24 miles 
 wsw of Saiatcs. 
 
 Mortagne, a town in the department of 
 ibe North, France, at the junciion of the 
 J^carpe and Scheldt, eight miles se of Toiir- 
 nay. 
 
 Mortagne, ca town in the dept, of Vendee, 
 France, the scene of a battle in 1793, be- 
 tween the republicans and royalists, in 
 %7hicii the iaiter lost 20,000 men, 27 miles ese 
 of Nantes, and 30 x of Fontenay le Compte. 
 
 Mortagne, a town in the dept, of the 
 Orne, France, well known for its serges 
 and tanneries, 19 miles ese of Seez, and 70 
 wsw of Paris. 
 
 Mortain, a towat in the department of 
 Manche, France, seated on the rivulet Lan- 
 ces, amidst craggy rocks, 20 miles e of 
 ilvranches. 
 
 Mortara, a town of Italy, in the Mila- 
 nese, district of Lumeilo, 22 miles sw of 
 Milan. 
 
 MORTAY, the most southern island of 
 the Moluccas, 80 miles iu circumference, | 
 thinly inhabited, and full of Sago trees, 
 which are cut by the people of Giloio. It 
 is subject to the sultan of Ternate. Lon. 
 120 0 E, lat. 3 0 N. 
 
 MORTER, an island on the coast of 
 Dalmatia, supposed to be the Colentum of 
 Pliny. It is 13 miles in circumference, 
 and chiefly inhabited by pirates. 
 
 Mortlach, a parish in Bamffshire, 12 
 miles long a?!d nearly as much in breadth, 
 the greater part is coarse pasture, only one- 
 twentieth being cultivated. The village of 
 Mortlach lies about six miles sw of Keith. 
 Its vicinity is celebrated for a signal victory I 
 gained over the Danes by Malcolm II. in ! 
 iOIO, in gratitude for which he added 24 | 
 foot to the church, and erected it into a bi- j 
 shopric, which was tiansiated to Aberdeen ! 
 by David I. in 1139. In October, 1504, | 
 the earl of Huntly defeated the earl of Ar- 
 gyle, in a battle fought at glenlivet. On 
 the scene of the former battle, are many 
 tumuli, some erect stones, and vestiges of 
 an entrenchment. The church exhibits 
 marks o; antiquity, particularly some mo- 
 numents engraven with Saxon characters. 
 Near Achendune castle in the Glacks of 
 Balloch, lived Roy^s wife of Aldivalloch,’^ 
 and not far distant, Tibby Fowler P the 
 Glen,^^ the heroines^of two famous Scotch 
 ballads. Population about 1876, six miles 
 few of Keith. 
 
 Morilake, a large village in Surrey, on 
 ibe Thames ; the rnaiior-hou;e was for 
 
 ! 
 
 centuries flie residence of the archbishops 
 of Canterbury, seven miles w by s of Lou- 
 don. 
 
 MORTO ISLAND, on the coast of Peru. 
 It is also called St. Clara. It is two miles 
 in length ; and is about five leagues xxe 
 from ihe nver Tumbez, and 27 leagues from 
 Guyaquil, 
 
 Morton, a parish in Dumfries-shire, about 
 six miles long by three and a-half broad. 
 The village of Thornhill in this parish is 
 pleasantly situated near the Nith. Popu- 
 lation about 1255. In this parish are the 
 remains of the once strong castle of Mor- 
 ton, surrounded by a natural Ibsse ; see 
 Thornhill. 
 
 Mormedro, an ancient town of Valencia, 
 Spain, qn the site of the ancient Saguntum, 
 with a strong castle called Sagunta, laken 
 by the French in 1811, situated on a river 
 of the same name. Here are the remains 
 of a Roman amphitheatre. It has a trade 
 in brandy, four miles from the sea, aud 16 
 N by E ot Valencia. 
 
 31orven, a parish and district in Argyll- 
 shire, extending 20 miles along the Sound 
 of Mull, its greaiest breadth being 10 miles, 
 containing about 3083 mbabitants. It has 
 two small churches without seais or bells ; 
 the one called i elLColumkill, or Cell of 
 Cohimbus, and iyvo schools, one of which 
 is endowed by the society for prop.. gating 
 Christian knowledge. At Ardterenish are 
 the ruins of a castle in which Donald of the 
 Isles held his court. 
 
 uMosa, a town in Yemen, Arabia, 25 miles 
 N by E of Mocha. 
 
 MOSArvlBlQ.UE, a kingdom of Africa, 
 on the coast of Zanguebar, consisting partly 
 of three islands, the principal of which, as 
 well as its capital, is of the same name. 
 The island is not more than three miles in 
 length, and half as much in breadth, and 
 is dbout two miles from (he continent. 
 The other two called St George and St 
 James, lie on each side of it, facing the 
 continent. The .soil of the islands is sandy, 
 but in some parts produces citrons, oranges, 
 and other fruits. The soil oh the conti- 
 nent yields luxuriant crops of rice, mullet, 
 fruit, pulse roots, and other esculents. It 
 abounds in cattle, and sheep with large tails. 
 Here are| stags, baars and elephants. The 
 couniry is rich in gold, washed down from 
 tlie mountains. The Europeans receive for 
 their goods, ivory, ebony, slaves, silver, 
 cattle, copper, and wax. The town is 
 large, hand-sorrie, and rich. It is an im- 
 portant settlement to the Portuguese. Their 
 ships always call here in going to the K 
 Indies; the harbour is extremely commo- 
 dious. Lon. 41 10 E, lat. 15 5 s. 
 
 Mosamhiqne, a channel or .strait of the 
 Indian Ocean, between the i.sland of Mada- 
 gascar and the coast of Africa, 240 miles 
 over w’here narrowest. 
 
 jtJoshach, a handsome town of Germany, 
 in the lafe palatinate of the Fthine, with a 
 .'s 2 
 
M O S M O S 
 
 castle, and manufactures of cloth aad salt, fj 
 seated on the Neckar, 18 miles e of Hei- j 
 clelberg. i 
 
 Mosburcjy a town at the junction of the 
 Amber and Isser, Bavaria, nine miles w of | 
 Landshiit. 
 
 Moscovy. See Russia. 
 
 MOSCOW, one of the most ancient pro* 
 Tinces of Russia, formerly a duchy, but now 
 one of the 41 governments of that vast em- i 
 pire, bounded on the n by Tver, k by great j 
 Volodimir, s by Calugo andr Resan, and w : 
 by Tver and Smolensko. It is a fertile ! 
 country, and abounds in asparagus. Its 
 capital is of the same name. 
 
 Moscow, the capital of the government 
 of Moscow, and formerly of the v/hole em- j 
 pire. It may be considered as a town 
 built upon the Asiatic model, but gradu- 
 ally becoming more and more European ; 
 exhibiting, in its {.resent state, a mixture I 
 of discordant architecture. The Moskva, 
 from which the city takes its name, flows 
 through it in a winding channel, but ex- 
 cepting in spring is only navigable for rafts. 
 Moscow is certain :y tbe largest town in 
 Europe; its circumference, -within tbe ram- 
 part that incloses the suburbs, being W 
 miles ; its population corresponds in no de- 
 gree with its extent. It consists of five 
 divisions ; the Kremlin, Khitaigorod, Biel- 
 gorod, Samlainogorod, and Sioboda. The 
 Kremlin is in the centre, is the highest part 
 of the city, and none of its houses are con- 
 structed of wood, is surrounded by high 
 walls of stone and brick ; and contains the 
 uacient palace of the Czars, the birth-place 
 of Peter the great,) the cathedral with seven 
 towers, several churches, with beautiful 
 spires, two convents, the patriarchial palace, 
 and the arsenal. It is two miles in circum- 
 ference. The Rhitaigorod, contains the 
 university, the printing house, and many | 
 other public buildings. It is the only street 
 in which the buildings stand close to each 
 other, and are stuccoed or white-washed. 
 
 It contains wdthin the ramparts, 250,000. 
 The places of public worship amount to 
 above 1500 ; of these 484 are of the politi- 
 _C-il establishment. Some of tbe churches j 
 are built of brick, but the greater part are j 
 of wood, painted red ; some have domes of j 
 c opper, others of tin, gilt, or painted green, | 
 and man}' are rooiled with wood. They are j 
 richl}" ornamented within, cind the pietuies ! 
 of the ^'aints are decorated with gold, silver, j 
 and precious stones. Some of their bells ‘j 
 are of a sinpgndous size ; one of wbicb | 
 weighs 432,000 pounds, and is the largest in ; 
 th^ known world. This bell, was the gift 1 
 of Boris Gudenof, and is held in such vene- j 
 ration by the natives, that (liey visit it on j 
 festival days. The sovereigt^s of Russia | 
 were lormerly buried in tbe cathedral of St. j 
 Michael. The cathedral of the assumption I 
 of the Virgin Mary is the most superb in j 
 the city. In it the sovereigns of Russia hnvo 
 been crowned for a long period. The 
 
 foundling hospital, fonraied by Catherine IL 
 of a quadrangular form, is capable of coi> 
 taining 8000 children. The palace of Pe- 
 trosky, the residence of the sovereigns, when 
 they are at this part of the empire, stands 
 two miles x of the city. Moscow is the 
 centre of the inland commerce of Russia, 
 particularly connecting the trade between 
 Europe and Siberia. Tbe navigation to 
 this city is formed solely by the Moskva, 
 which falling into the Occa, near Colemna, 
 communicates, by that river, with the Vol- 
 ga. But' as the Moskva is navigable in tbe 
 spring only, upon the' melting of the snows, 
 the principal merchandise is conveyed upon 
 sledges in winter. On the llih of Septem- 
 ber, 1812, Moscow xvas entered by the 
 French under Napoleon Bonaparte. Prince 
 Kutusoff, previous to its evacuation, had 
 destroyed the magazines, and made the other 
 necessary arrangements. When the French 
 entered, a tremendous conflict ensued be- 
 tw'een them, and the remaining inhabitants 
 and troops, set the city on fire in all 
 quarters. The flames spread with terrific 
 activity among the wooden houses, which 
 continued burning for seven days, when lit- 
 tle remained except the Kremlin. After a 
 severe affair of ou' posts, Bonaparte finding 
 it impossible to rernair: in the city, offered 
 to negociate ; but prince Kutusoff, who had 
 made a flank movement, four nhles to the 
 s, rejected the proposal with disdain. On 
 the 18th, the whole French army, except a 
 garrison left in the Kremlin, was in full re- 
 treat. On the 22d, the garrison w’as com- 
 pelled to evacuate their post, and the Rus- 
 sians regained possession. ^Tiiis city is 425 
 miles s'e of Petersburgh. Lon. 37 33 e, lato 
 55 46 N. 
 
 Mosdock, a town and fortress in the pro- 
 vince of Caucasia, Russia. It has a Rus- 
 sian, a catholic, and two Armenian churches, 
 and stands on the Terek, 65 miles ese of 
 Georgie’wsk. 
 
 Mose, a towui oq the bank of the Tabasco, 
 in the bottom of Cambeachy gulf, to which 
 small barges may go up. 
 
 MOSELLE, a department of France, so 
 named from a river which rises in the mona- 
 tains of the Verges, w’aters Epinal and 
 Toni, joins the Meurte below Nancy, and 
 flowing by Metz, Theonville, and Treves, 
 falls into the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is 
 the capital. 
 
 Mosenia, a town in the province of Ku- 
 sistan; Persia, 22 miles sw of Suster. 
 
 Moskoei See Maelstroom. • 
 
 MOSQUITO COUNTRY, a district of 
 Mexico, having the North sea on the n, and 
 Nicaragua on the s, and Honduras on the w. 
 The natives are tall, well made, strong and 
 nimbl'^. They are implacable enemies to 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 Mirsquito Island, one of the small Virgin 
 islands, in the V»Tst indies, near the n coast 
 of Virgin Gordo. 
 
 MOSQUITO SHORE, a country of 
 
MOT 
 
 New Spain, in North America. I5 ing on , 
 the Atlantic ocean. In magnitude it ex- i 
 oeeds the kingdom of Fortugal ; is \veii i 
 watered by navigable rivers and lakes;! 
 abounds in fish, game, and provisions of all , 
 sorts, furnishes every necessary lor raising 
 cattle and stock on plantations oi every 
 kind, and to any extent ; and is clothed 
 with woods producing timber for every use 
 find purpose at land or sea. The soil is 
 superior to that of the West India islands ; 
 the air and climate are more salubrious, 
 and the destructive rava'ges of hurricanes 
 and earthquakes have never been felt 
 here. Morasses, inaccessible mountains, 
 and a coast full of recks and shoals have 
 frustrated every attempt of the Spaniards 
 against the natives. They put themselves 
 under the protection of Britain, when the 
 duke of Albemarle was governor of Jamai- 
 ca, and they were steady in their alliance ; 
 but in 1786, the British in consideration of 
 certain cessions on the coast ot Jucatan, 
 agreed to evacuate this country. 
 
 3l0SSy a sea port in the province of Ag- | 
 gerhuys, Norway, e side of Christiania bay, j 
 at the mouth of a river of the same name, i 
 It has a large iron foundery, and many saw 
 mills; 28 miles s of Christiania. Lon. 10 
 d8 E, lat. 68 38 N. 
 
 . Moasel. See 31 uscle Bay. 
 
 Mosskif'ch, a town with a fine castle, in 
 Swabia, 21 miles n of Constance. 
 
 3 Iossuia, a town at the month of the 
 Onzo, in the kingdom of Congo, 220 miles 
 w of St Salvador. Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 7 60 s. 
 
 Mostagan, an ancient town of Algiers, 
 with a castle and a good harbour, in the 
 province of Mascara, 60 miles ene of Oran. 
 Lon. 0 30 E, lat. 36 20 iv. 
 
 Mostar, a sea port of Turkish DMmatia, 
 seated on the Narenza, a Greek archbishop’s 
 see; 20 miles ne of Narenza. Lon. 18 
 37 E, lat. 43 48 n. 
 
 Mosulf a city in Diarbek, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, defended by high vrails, a castle, and 
 citadel, seated on the Tigris. Several of 
 The houses are gone to decay, but it has a 
 great trade in silks, cottons of all sorts, and 
 cloth. In the vicinity is a mosque, in which 
 it is pretended ihe prophet Jonah lies, and 
 this town is believed by the inhabitants to 
 stand cn the site of the ancient Nineveh. 
 The inhabitants are ?»Iabomedans ; but there 
 are a number of Christians. This city was 
 besieged by the Persians in 1743. In 1758, 
 owing to the severity of the preceding winter, 
 and the immense swarms of locusts, it was 
 visited with a severe famine; 190 miles 
 .sE of Diarbekor, and 220 wa’W of Bagdad. 
 Lon. 48 5 e, lat. 3G 21 k. 
 
 Molala, a river of Sweden, which is.sues 
 from -the NE side ob lake Wetter, runs to 
 NordkU. ping, and in its oour.'e through one oft 
 the richest valleys of Sweden, forms some 
 lakes, and /receives several tributary river.«, 
 before it enters the Baltic. See Nord- 
 kio})ing. 
 
 M O U 
 
 3Tt>lalay a town in E Gothland, Sweden, 
 stands Oil the n side of the above river, 
 where it issdes Irom the lake Wetter, 20 
 miles WNW of Liivkoping, 
 
 MOT I K, one of the Molucca islands, of 
 great value on account ol its spices ; 20 
 miles in circumference. Lon, 127 0 e, lat. 
 
 0 10 N. 
 
 Mo tola,, a town in Terra d' Otranto, 
 Naples, 15 miles nw of Taranto. 
 
 Moirico, a town in Guipuscoa, Spain, 
 on ihe bay of Biscay, 18 miles w ol Sebas- 
 tian. 
 
 Motta, a towui in Trevisano, Italy, at the 
 junction of the Livenza and Mottigano, 18 
 miles NE of Treviso. 
 
 Motta, a town in Capitanata, Naples, 
 three miles ese of Volturara. 
 
 Mottling. See Metling. 
 
 Motril, a town of Granada, with a good 
 harbour, and a rich fishery, situated on the 
 Mediterranean, 37 miles se of Granada. 
 Lon. 3 28 w, lat. 36 32 N. 
 
 MOTTE ISLE, a .small island in Lake 
 Champlain, about eight miles in length, and 
 two in breadth, distant two miles w of North 
 Hero island, qoataiiiing 47 inhabitants. 
 
 AJouab, the capital of Yemen, between 
 Danar and Sana. It is the usual residence 
 of the king of Yemen, and is situated in a 
 fertile country, 90 miles se of Sana. Lon. 
 46 36 E, lat. *14 20 N. 
 
 31oudon, the principal burgh of a baili- 
 wick of the same name, Switzerland, in the 
 Pay.s de Valid, whth a castle, on the top 
 of a mountain. It is 12 miles nne of 
 Lausanne. 
 
 Moulin, a parish near Blair Athol, in 
 Perthshire, 13 miles long, intersected by the 
 great road from Perth to Inverne.ss, and 
 watered by the Ga.rry, the Tumel, <fec. It 
 is very mountainous, with only 1950 acres 
 of arable land. The parish abounds vvith 
 marl and lime-stone, and has a good mill- 
 stone quarry. Much Pax is reared in the 
 parish and spun into yarn for sale. Captain 
 Campbell, who bravely deleiided the Scottish 
 Colony of Darien, was a native of this 
 parish. The village of Moulin coutains 
 aliout 200 inhabitants, and the small village 
 of Pitioehrie, about 160. The village of 
 Moulin has an annual fair, February 26ti). 
 In the vicinity are the ruins of a castle, 80 
 feet long, and 76 wide. In a marie pit 
 was found some years ago, the skull of an 
 animal of uncommon shape, and surprising 
 magnitude. 
 
 31oiilins, a town in the department of 
 Ailier, France, situated on the river Allier, 
 over which is a fine bridge, and lately a. 
 bishop's see. It contains between 16,000 
 and 17,000 inhabitants. The streets are 
 handsome, and the houses of the Visitation, 
 and of the late Chartrenx, are magnificent. 
 The cutlery of Moulins is much eslenned. 
 It is 30 miles s'of Nevers, and 66 N of Cler- 
 mont. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 46 34 n. 
 
 31uulikfi cn Gilbert, a town in the depart- 
 
M O U 
 
 M O U 
 
 raent of Nievre, France, at the foot of the 
 mountains of Morvan, five miles sw of Clia- 
 teaii Chi non. 
 
 Moulins la Marche^ a town in the depart- 
 ment of Orne, France, ‘^4 miles NEof Aien- 
 con. 
 
 MOULTON; a province of Hindoostou 
 Proper. Its products are cotton, wine, su^ar, 
 opium, galls, brimstone, Arc. It was for- 
 merly subject to the Seiks ; but Moultan the 
 capital has been garrisoned by the king of 
 Candahar, ever since 1779. 
 
 Moulton^ the capital of the above pro- 
 vince. Theveuot describes it as a oily of 
 small extent, having a Hindoo temple of 
 great celebrity. The sect of Hindoos called 
 Catry ; supposed to be the Catheri, or Ca 
 thei, with whom Alexander engaged on the 
 banks of the river Maili. Moiilten is situat- 
 ed on one of the branches of the Indus, 2J0 
 miles sw of Lahore, and 310 se of Canda- i 
 bar. Lon. TO 40 e, lat. 29 52 n. 
 
 Monllonboroughf a post towm in Stafford | 
 county, New Hampshire, 18 miles e by n | 
 of Portsmouth, Population 565. 
 
 Moulton South, a tovrn in Devonshire, 
 seated on an eminence, by the river Moule, ' 
 with a market on Saturday, 12 miles se of ■ 
 Barnstaple, and 178 w b^* s of London. It ! 
 is governed by a mayor, and has manufac- j 
 tures of Serges, shaioons, and felts. The 1 
 Saturday immediately before iVpril 10th. ! 
 and Michaelmas day, are great markets or I 
 fairs. N Moulton, two miles distant, has | 
 two annual fairs. It anciently a royal | 
 demesne, and seat members to parliament in j 
 the reign of Edward I. jj 
 
 Mount Blair, a mountain in the parish of 
 Alyth, Perthshire, the height is 1300 feet. 
 Three miles s stands King-seat which is ] 
 1,179 feet high, and beautifully covered with } 
 wood on one side. . j 
 
 Mount Cassel, a town of France, in the ! 
 department of the North. It is 15 miles sw ! 
 of Ypres, and 15 se by s of Dunkirk. j 
 
 Mount Charles, a towm ia the county of j 
 Donegal, Ireland, four miles wsw of Done- 
 gal. t 
 
 MOUNT DESERT, an island on the 1 
 coast of Hancock county, district of Maine, j 
 about 15 miles long, and {2 broad. It is a 1 
 valuable tract of land, intersected in the | 
 middle by the waters flowing into the s side j 
 from the sea, and the n part is separated j 
 from Trenton, on the mainland, by a chan- 
 nel nin miles wide. In 1970, it contained 
 744 inhabitants 
 
 Mounthollg, a town in Burlington coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, n side of Anocous creek, 
 seven miles se of Burlington, 
 
 Mountmellick, a pretty neat town in 
 Queen^s county, Leinsier, seated on the Bar- 
 row. The wool-combing, malting, and tan- 
 ning businesses, with the cotton manufacuire 
 and bleaching, are carried on here. Fivi? 
 miles N of Maryborough, and 41 w of Dub- 
 lin. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township in W Ches- 
 
 ter county. New York, containing 1924 
 inhabitants. Also a township in York coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a village of Maryland, 
 situated partly in each of the counties of 
 Queen Ann and Caroline, 11 miles e of the 
 lowni of Church-hill. 
 
 Mountsbay, a bay on the s coast of Coni'’ 
 wall, between the Landes end, and the 
 Lizard point. A lofty peninsulated rock, 
 called St Michael, rises within it, near the 
 town of Marazion, to which there is a pas- 
 sage at low waller. Here is a considerables 
 pilchard fishery. 
 
 Mountreath, a town in Queen county, Ire- 
 land ; serges, stuffs, and other woiiens am 
 manufactured here. It has some iron-works, 
 which suffer from the scarcity of cbarcoai. 
 
 Mountsorrel, a town in Leicestershire, so 
 named from a high mount, adjoining to the 
 town, of dusky red stone, extremely hard, 
 of which the town is built and paved. It 
 Stands on the Loar, and has a market on 
 Monday, 20 miles ssk of Derby, and i05 
 Ni\w of London. 
 
 Mount Vernon, the seat of George Wash- 
 ington, late president of the United States, 
 pleasantly situated on the Virginia bank of 
 Patowmac river, in Fairfax county, Virginia 
 where the river is nearly two miles wide, 
 nine miles below' Alexandria, and 280 from 
 the sea. 
 
 Moura, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 
 with an old castle, near the junction of the 
 Ardilla and the Guadiana, 34 miles sse of 
 Evora. 
 
 Motiraon, a tow'n in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 on the borders of Spain, wdth a castle, near 
 the Guadiana, 28 miles e by s of Evora. 
 
 Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzau, in 
 i\lrica, situated on a small river, and sup- 
 plied with water from a multitude of springs. 
 It is surrounded by a high w’all, has three 
 gates, at which is collected a tax on all 
 goods which are brought into the city, ex- 
 cept provisions. The sultan resides in the 
 fortress. The vast ruins ol ancient build- 
 ings form a striking contrast to the cottages 
 of eanii and sasd, that constitute the habita- 
 tions of its present Arab inhabitants. A 
 caravan sets out annually from Mesurata to 
 this place ; and hence the Fezzariers them- 
 selves dispatch, every year, a ctiravan to 
 Cashna, and another to Bornou. It is 290 
 miles s of Mesurata. and 700 nw' of Bornou. 
 Lon. 15 35 e, lai. 27 54 n. 
 
 Mouseivald, a parish in Dumfries-shire, 
 betw'eeu four and a-hulf and five miles long, 
 and tw'o broad, lying on the e side of Lochar 
 moss and river. The surface is most level 
 and may be all cultivated. Besides the 
 siuall village of Mouse waid which stands 
 seven miles e by s of Dumfries, on one of 
 the rouds to Annan, there are tyvo of less 
 note. In the parish are five strong square 
 lowers, and several tumuli, at the largest of 
 which courts were anciently held. Popula- 
 tion about 760. 
 
 V 
 
 Ms 
 
M o y 
 
 Moussy, a river of Hindoostan, passes 
 
 through the territory of Golcondu, and 
 unites with the Kistna, on the borders of the 
 circar of PalnauJ. 
 
 Moustiersy a town in the department of 
 the Lower Alps, France, seated between two 
 craggy ntoiiutains, has a uiauntaclure oi 
 porcelain, nine miles e of Riez. 
 
 MomtierSy or Monstiers, a town of Savoy, 
 at the junction of the Doiron and Isere, is 
 surrounded with craggy mountains, lately a 
 bishop’s see. Good salt is made in the vi- 
 cinity, 27 miles e by s of Chambery. Lon. 
 
 6 32''e, lat. 45 32 n. 
 
 MOWEE, one of the Sandwich islands, 
 162 miles in circumference. The tops of 
 the mountains, which rise to a great height, 
 are entirely bare, and of a reddish brown 
 colour, but the country has the appearance 
 of verdure and fertility. A low isthmus 
 divides it into two circular peninsulas, of 
 which the one is doable the size of the other. 
 Near the w extremity of the western penin- 
 sula, is an extensite bay with a sandy beach, 
 shaded with cocoa-nut trees. The inhabi- 
 tants are computed at 65,000. Lon. 175 
 56 w, lat. 20 53 n. 
 
 May and Dalrossie, an united parish in 
 ihe county of Inverness and district of Ba- 
 denocb. It is about 30 miles in iength, and 
 five in breadth, with a bleak, barren, rugged, 
 and mountainous surface. The river Find- 
 horn takes its rise in the hills of this parish. 
 Besides considerable tracts of natural wood,, 
 there are several thriving plantations. The 
 road from Perth to Inverness passes through 
 the parish. Population near 1400. The 
 church is fO miles s of Inverness, near the 
 lull of Daimagarrie. In the parish are a 
 number of roes and red deer. The inhabi- 
 tants retain the language, dress, customs 
 simple style of building, and mode of agri- 
 culture, of tbeir Caledonian ancestors. In 
 this parish is a lake of its name, one mile 
 
 MUG 
 
 Mouzon, a town in the department of 
 Ardennes, France, stands on the Meuse, 
 Here is a manufacture of serges, nine miles 
 SE of Sedan. 
 
 Mozcislawy or MscislaWy a strong town 
 of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the 
 same name, situated on the Sors, on the 
 frontiers of Russia, now subject to Russia 
 and in ihe government of Mohilef, 50 miles 
 s of Smolensk, and 64 ene of Mohiief. Lon, 
 
 32 E, lat. 54 28 N. 
 
 MoziVy a town in the palatinate of Minsk, 
 Lithuania, on the Pripet, 140 miles sse of 
 Minsk. Lon. 29 30 e, lat. 52 10 N. 
 
 Mscliethay a town of Asiatic Georgia, 
 seated on the Kur, immediately belcw the 
 junction of the Aragivi. It was once a 
 magnificent city, as is evident from its ruins, 
 and capital of the country. The old church 
 is one of the finest edifices in Georgia. Here 
 many of the kings and princes have been 
 buried, 15 miles nw of Tefiis. 
 
 Mucheluy a town in Thurlogia, Upper 
 Saxony, eight miles wswo; Mcrsburgh. 
 
 Mucidan, a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, France, on the river Die, IS 
 miles sw of Perigueux. 
 
 Mvcky one of the Hebrides, belonging to 
 Argyllshire, about three miles in length and 
 one in breadth, lying four miles w of the 
 island of Eigg. Its name in Gaelic denotes 
 the island of Swine. The soil is good, and 
 cattle of a good size are reared. Kelp is 
 manufactured on its shores, and oil extracted 
 from the livers of the sunfish. 
 
 Muckart, a parish in Perthshire, about 
 I five miles long, and Irom two to three broad, 
 
 I containi Dg about 4500 acres, three- fourths 
 j of which are arable. Population about 
 1 540. 
 
 j Muckenherg, a town in Misnia, Upper 
 I Saxony, 22 miles ns of Meissen, 
 i MUCllUSS, a most enchanting peninsula, 
 indenting the e side of the famous lake of 
 
 and one-quarter long, and half a mile broad, ji Killarney, so far as aVuost to divide it into 
 ill weich is an island containing two acres, |j two, one and a-lialf, and a-half broad, 
 
 in which are vestiges of a street. In this 
 island was a garrison of 400 men in 1442, 
 and was the residence of the lairds of Mac- 
 kintosh, \v!io have still a house in it. 
 
 Moif. See Dyke, 
 
 jS'logy a river which has its source in the 
 mountain of Knocknashee, Ireland, county 
 of Sligo, flows ssw 15 nniles, turns n near 
 Foxlbr:!, receives the waters of Loch Colt 
 and Loch Conn, and falls into Kiilalla bay 
 about 12 miles from its source. On its 
 banks are three ancient round towers, and 
 the ruins of five magnificent abbeys ; and 
 over it are five stone brklges, and three 
 ferries. 
 
 liJoyallen, a town in Down, Ulster, where 
 the I'.nen manufacture; is carried on, three 
 miles from Purtadown, and 63 from Dublin. 
 
 MogemiCy a town in the department of 
 Meurte, France, celebrated for its salt - 
 spring, twm ipiles ese of Vic, and 16 e of 
 Nancy. 
 
 beautifully diversified with lawuis, thickets, 
 and rocks, together with many artificial 
 decorations. Here is an elegant mansion 
 of the proprietor, also the remains of au 
 abbey. See Killarney. 
 
 Muevy or Mue/ir, a river which has its 
 source in the duchy of Saizbiirgh, runs 
 through Stiria, by Muerau, Indenburg, Muer, 
 Gratz, and Lutenburg, and unites with the 
 Drave, near Canischa, in Hungary. 
 
 MueVy a town in Styria, Germany, on 
 the Muer, 25 miles nw ol Gratz. 
 
 Muerauy a town in Styria, Germany, 
 
 I stands on an eminence, near the Muer, has a 
 i citadel, 22 miles w of Judenburg. 
 
 I Mugehiy New, a town in Misnia, Upper 
 ! Saxony, has a castle, called Rugetlial. At 
 j some distance is the village of old Mngeln, 
 18 miles w by n of Meissen. 
 
 Mugia, a tov/n in Galicia, Spain, on the 
 w coast, four miles w'nw of Compoiteiia. 
 
 Muglia, a town in Istria, Italy, has a 
 
©astln, ami harbour for small craft, five 
 miles SE of Trieste. 
 
 Mvglitz^ a tov/n in the circle of Ohnutz, 
 liloravia, 22 miles wnw of Oimutz. 
 
 Mnlilberg^ a tov/n in Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, seaterJ on the Elbe, has a castle, 30 
 miles Nwof Dresden. 
 
 ]\luick^ a river ia Aberdeenshire, which 
 rises from a lake of the same name, and 
 gives the name of Glenniuick to the parish 
 through which it runs to the Dee. 
 
 Muir avo ns hire, a parish in the se corner 
 of Stirlingshire, about six miles long and 
 two broad, lying on the w bank of the Avon, 
 which, within the Jrounds of the parish, 
 drives 17 mills. Population above iiOO. 
 
 Mtiirhonse^ or Murroes, a parish in For- 
 farshire, about 14 miles from Dundee, on 
 the road to Brechin. Its extent is small, 
 but the greater part is arable. Population 
 about 600. 
 
 Muirkirkj a parish in the county of Ayr, 
 and district, of Kyle, the surface of w'hich 
 being hilly and mostly covered with heath, 
 is appropriated to sheep pasture. Muirkirk 
 is noted for its iron works. Peat, coal, lime, 
 and free stone abound. Population about 
 2600. At the village, v early in August, is a 
 fair particularly for lambs. In the parish, 
 are a number of stones erected to the me- 
 mory of persons wdio suffered during the 
 last persecution. The village is 25 miles e 
 of Ayr, and 51 sw of Edinburgh. 
 
 Mujacar, a sea port in Grenada, Spain, 
 seated on a bay of the Alediterranean, has a 
 castle on an eminence, 40 miles ne of 
 Almeria. Lon. I 55 w, iat, 37 7 n. 
 
 Muldau, or MoMau, a river of Bohemia, 
 wdiich has its source on the borders of Ba- 
 varia, runs by Budweis and Prague, and 
 enters tbe Elbe, opposite Melnich. 
 
 Muldorfy a town on the n bank of the 
 Inn, Bavaria, 23 miles sse of Landshut. 
 
 Mulhatisen, a late Imperial and Han- 
 seatic town of Germany, in Thuringia, ca- 
 pital of a territory of its name, ceded to 
 Prussia in 1802, situated in a fertile coun- 
 try, on the Unstrut. The inhabitants, about 
 9000, are Lutherans. Here is a convent of i 
 
 Augustine nuns, and some fiourishing schools, 
 13 miles ne of Eisenach, and 17 nnw of 
 Gotha. Lon. 10 37 
 
 E, lat. 31 iO.N. 
 
 Muthausen, a towu of Alsace, which 
 forms a part of the Eelvetic confederacy. 
 The walls of the town inclose a circumle- 
 rence of iifile more than two miles : and its 
 whob' lerrifory is coiiiUied within a precinct 
 of eight mii{‘s. It contains about 6000 in- 
 habitants, who ere Protestants; and there 
 are 2000 people in its adjacent villages. If 
 owes its present flourishing state to its 
 manufactuies, which ennsest cluetly of print- 
 ed lifiens and ccitons. The sapreoic pewTr 
 resides in the great aiul little council, con- 
 sisting together of 78 persons, drawn from 
 the burghers, w’ho^e number amounts to 
 7C0, distributed into six tribes, 13 miles ^E 
 of Pasle. 
 
 f Mulheim, a town in the duchy of Berg, 
 : Westphalia, stands near the Rhine, tbre« 
 miles NE of Cologne. 
 
 Muhvaddy, a river which has its source 
 at the foot of Adams Peak, Ceylon, 60 
 miles NE of Columbo, runs westward, and 
 before it reaches tbe sea divides into several 
 branches; the largest of which, called the 
 Alutwal, enters the sea, three miles from the 
 fort of Columbo, and is navigable. 
 
 MULL, one of the Western islands of 
 Scotland, about 27 miles in length, and in 
 some places of an, equal breadth, separated 
 from the mainland of Argyllshire by a chan- 
 nel about three miles broad, called the Sound 
 of Mull. There are many good natural 
 harbours ; but there is only one village, 
 called Tobermorey. The soil is unfavour- 
 able for corn, being for the most part rocky 
 and barren. Mull is calculated to contain 
 423 square miles, and is divided into the 
 three parochial districts of .Kilfinichen, Kil- 
 ninian, and Torosay, which comprehend the 
 adjacent isles of Staff, Ulva, <fec. containing 
 alioarether 8367 in +tiio 
 
 altogether 8367 inhabitants. loc-^this island 
 is an annual fair for black cattle, which 
 commences on tbe 13th of May, and is con- 
 tinued on the i3th, 17th, and 19th, in ditler- 
 ent parts of the island. The inhabitants in 
 general speak Gaelic, and understand Eng- 
 lish. The prevailing surname is M‘Lean. 
 
 Mully Sound of, a narrow arm of the sea, 
 lying between the island of Mull, and the 
 mainland of Argyll, and Inverness-shire. 
 It is in general from two to 10 rt^iles broad, 
 aj'.d affords safe anchorage for vessels of 
 any burden. 
 
 Mull of Galloway. See Galloway Mull of . 
 
 Mullingar, the countj^ town of W Meath, 
 in Leinster, Ireland. It holds a great W'ool- 
 mart, is a place of good trade, and is situated 
 on the Foyle, 43 miles w by n of Dublin. 
 Lon. 7 15 w, lat. 53 30 n. 
 
 Mulma, or Mullnvia, a large rwer of 
 Africa, which has its source in Mount Atlas, 
 and dividing the empire of Morocco from 
 Algiers, falls into the Mediterranean. 
 
 Midrose, a tovvn in the Aliddle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, seated on a canal between the 
 j Spree and Oder, 10 miles sw of Frankfort. 
 
 I Munehherg, a town in the principality of 
 1 Bayreuth, Franconia, 10 miles e of Cuhn- 
 baeh. 
 
 Munchenberg, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the Middle lilark. A colony of Frencn re- 
 fugees have introduced the silk and woollen 
 manufactures here, to great advantage. It 
 is 34 miles e of Berlin. 
 
 Munda, a town) in Grenada, Spain, 30 
 miles WNW of Malaga. 
 
 Mundcn, a tov ij of Lower Saxony, is 
 the u'uchy of Brun wick, on the Werra, at 
 (h(‘ juuotion of the Ftdda, where they form 
 the Weser. In the vicinity are found good 
 millstones. It was sevi ral times taken by 
 French in the war of 1756, who retained 
 it till (762, 10 miles NE of Cassel, and 15 
 sw of Gottingen, 
 
M U N 
 
 Munduy a very anoiiuu city of Hindoos- 
 taii Proper, in the province of Malvva, of 
 which it was anciently the capital, li 
 was then 22 miles in circumference, and 
 dontained many monumenis of ancient 
 grandeur, but it is falleu into decay. It is 
 46 miles S of Ougein, and 110 nnw of Bur- 
 hanipour. Lon. 75 47 E,lat. 22 50 n. 
 
 Mungo, St, a parish in Duinfries-shire, 
 abOi t 4 miles square, watered by the Miik 
 and tile Annan. The surface is level, and 
 the soil is in general a rich and fertile 
 loam. The banks of the Milk are covered 
 with natural wood. On a pleasant sloping- 
 hill stands the delightful mansion of Castle- 
 Milk, which gives the title of baronet to a 
 branch of the family of Stewart. Popu- 
 lation about 650. The church anciently 
 belonged to the archbishopric of Glasgow, 
 and was dedicated to its p itron saint. 
 
 Muii glare, a town of Candahar, in the 
 country of Cabul, 125 miles w of Cashmere, 
 and 135 e of Cabul. Lon. 71 15 e, lat. 
 34 15 N. 
 
 Munghulhaut, a town in Bengal, Hin- 
 doostan, on the Durlah, w’ith a manufac- 
 ture of coarse cotton cloths, 20 miles nne 
 of Rungpour. 
 
 MwdocJig, a fishing village in Ross-shire, 
 situated on the N coast of the Moray Frith, 
 on a bay of the same name. 
 
 Munia, or Menie, an ancient and consi- 
 derable tdwn in Egypt, situated on the Nile, 
 140 miles s of Cairo. The vessels that go 
 down the Nile are obliged to stop here and 
 pay certain duties. It is 140 miles s of 
 Cairo. 
 
 Munich, the capital of Bavaria. The 
 bouses are high, and the streets large and 
 spacious, with canals in many of them. 
 The palace of the king is a stupendous struc- 
 ture, magnificently adorned. The cabinet 
 of curiosities, the library, the arsenal, and 
 the ducal gardens, attract the attention of 
 travellers. The cathedral contains the 
 tomb of the emperors, of black marble, 
 adorned with statues of bronze. The con- 
 vent of the Theatines, and ti:e college for- 
 merly belonging to the .lesuiis, are worthy 
 of notice. In the vicinity are the palaces 
 of Nymphenburg and Sehlesheim. In the 
 wars of Germany, Munich has been often 
 taken, and by the French in 1796 and 1800. 
 There are many fine buildings, both public 
 and private. Here are manufactures of 
 silk, velvet, woollen cloths, and tapestry. 
 It is situated on the Iser, 33 miles ese of 
 Augsburg, and 62 s by w oi Ratisbon. Lon. 
 11 30 E, lat. 48 10 N. 
 
 Munkatz. See Montgatz. 
 
 Munner^tadt, a town in the principality 
 of Wurtzburg, Franconia, on the i^auer, 13 
 mile s Nof Schweinfurt. 
 
 Munngpoar, capital of the^ territory of 
 Cassay. In 1774, it was taken and plun- 
 dered by the Birmans, 210 miles xnw of 
 Tjmmerapoora, and 4i0 e by k of Calcutta. 
 Loii. 94 40 lat. 24 30 n. 
 
 11 
 
 M U N 
 
 Munster, a sovereign bishopric in WesG 
 phalia, 120 miles in length, and 80 in 
 .»r< adth. The country of Munster is on tho 
 whole level. It has fruitful plains, fine 
 voods, extensive heaths that feed many cat- 
 tle, and exhaustless quarries of stone. It 
 'ontains 1360 square miles, and is divided 
 iiuo the upper and lower principality. The 
 chief rivers are the Enn , Lippe, Vecht, and 
 oerkel. In 1802 tlie bishopric was secu- 
 larized and given to the king of Pru-sia, 
 who, at the peace of Tilsit," ceded it to 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Munster, a large, fortified, rich, popu- 
 lous, and famous city of Germany, capital 
 ol Westphalia. It is surrounded with 
 ramparts and double ditches. Its strong 
 citadel was demolished in 1765, and re- 
 placed by a superb palace. A tailor called 
 John of Lyden, leader of the Anabaptists, 
 obtained possession of this city in 1515. la 
 1536, it was retaken, after 14 months siege, 
 and JoJin of Lyden, was tortured ,to death 
 with red hot pincers. The cathedral, the 
 library, and many antiquities, are w-orthy of 
 notice. The famous treaty, called the trea- 
 ty of Westphalia, was concluded here in 
 1648, which terminated the religious w^ars 
 of 30 years. In the war of 1756, this city 
 stood several sieges, and was taken in t759. 
 It stands on the Aa, 50 miles ene of Wesel, 
 and 52 wnw of Paderhorn. Lon. 7 49 e, 
 iat. 51 55 N. 
 
 MUNSTER, one of the four provinces of 
 Ireland. It is about 135 miles in length, 
 and 120 in breadth. It contains the coun- 
 ties of Clare, Tipperary, Wateridrd, Cork, 
 Limerick, and Kerry. There are many 
 bays, harbours, and rich towns ; anl the 
 air is mild and temperate. Some places 
 are mountainous, but the valieys are em- 
 bellished with corn fields. The most gene- 
 ral commodities are corn, cattle, wood, 
 wool, and fish. The principal towm is Cork. 
 
 Munsterberg, the capital of a prineipaiity 
 of the same name, Silesia. The inhabiiants 
 cultivate great quantities of hops. It is si- 
 tuated on the Ohlau, 13 miles nw of Neisse. 
 Lon. 17 3 E, lat. 50 31 n. 
 
 Munsingen, a town in the duchy of 
 Wertemberg, Sw'abia, has a castle, 20 miles 
 w of U!m. 
 
 Munster, a town in the canton of Lu- 
 cerne, Swisseriand, 12 miles nnw of Lu- 
 cerne. 
 
 Munster, a town in the canton of Grisons^ 
 Swisseriand, 15 miles n of Bornio. 
 
 Munster, a town in the department of Up- 
 per Rhine, France, 9 miles wsw of Colmar , 
 
 Munster Eyjfel, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Roer, France, in the duchy of Ju- 
 tiers, lately of Germa* y, 16 miles ssw of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Mumter Meinfeld, a town in the depart- 
 mento|- Rhine and Moselle, France, lately 
 of Germany, electorate of Treves, 12 nitlei^ 
 sw of C^bleniz. 
 
 Munzkpherg, a town in Watteravia, Gei* 
 T 
 
M U S 
 
 irnaisr with a castle, 8 miles s of Gres- 
 seii. 
 
 MURANO, an island and town of Italy, 
 about three miles n by e of Venice, formerly 
 a very flourishing place, and still containing 
 palaces that bear the marks of former mag- 
 nificence, though now in a state of decay. 
 The island is said to contain 20,000 inha- 
 bitants. Here are made the celebrated 
 Venetian looking-glasses. 
 
 Mm^aty a town in the department of Can- 
 tal, France, near the source of the Aleg- 
 Eion, 12 miles nw of St Flour. 
 
 MURCIA, a province of Spain, on the 
 coast of the Mediterranean. It is about 
 62 miles in length, and 58 in breadth. Its 
 principal river is the Segura. The soil is 
 dry, produces little corn or \vine ; but there 
 is plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, 
 almonds, mulberries, riCe, pulse, and sugar. 
 It has also a great deal of silk. The vale 
 of Murcia is noted for the richness and 
 variety of its cultur®. Its mountains are 
 adorned with odoriferous plants and *hrubs. 
 
 Murcia, the capital of the above pro- 
 vince, and a bishop^s see. It stands in a 
 plain, which abounds in fine gardens, in 
 which are the best fruits in Spain. The 
 altar of its lofty Cathedral, is of massive 
 silver. It is situated on the river Segura, 
 27 miles n of Carthagena, and 212 se 
 of Madrid. Population, about 50,000. 
 Lon. I 16 w, lat. 37 58 n. 
 
 Mur de Barrez, a town in the depart- 
 Tnent of Aveiron, France, 32 miles n by e 
 of Rhodez. 
 
 Muret, a town in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, France, on the Garonne, 10 miles 
 s of Toulouse. 
 
 Murfreesh'orough, the capital of Gates 
 county, North Carolina, It carries on a 
 small trade with Edenton, and the other sea- 
 port towns. It is seated on the Meherrin, 
 50 miles E by n of Halifax, 49 knw of 
 Edenton, and 422 sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Murhard, a town in the dUchy of Wir- 
 temberg, Swabia, on the Mur, has a Bene- 
 dictine abbey, eight miles s of Haliei 
 
 Mura, a town at the foot of the Appe- 
 nines, in Basilicata, Naples, 12 miles se 
 of Conza. 
 
 Muros, a town in GaUcia, Spain, seated 
 at the mouth of the Tambro, 29 miles w by 
 s of Cbmpostella. 
 
 Murray Frit hi See Morey, 
 
 Musa, a walled town in Yemen, Arabia, 
 18 miles e of Mocha. 
 
 Miishvai, See Mashrat. 
 
 Muscle Bay^ a bay of Afdca, on the s 
 coast, has its name from the vast abundance 
 of muscles, and of their shells found on its 
 shore. At the entrance on the v/ point, is 
 a high rock called cape St. Blaise. It is 
 exposi'd to the se winds, but the anchorage 
 is good. Lon. 22 50 e, lat. 33 40 s. 
 
 Mnscc, capital of a lordsnip of its name, 
 in Lusaiia, seateil on the Neisse, with a 
 Cftitie, 25 miles w.\w of Goriitz. 
 
 M tr s 
 
 Muso, a town in New Grenada, Terri^ 
 Firma, on the Madalena, 70 miles nnw of 
 St. Fe. 
 
 MUSKOGULGE, Muscogee, or Creek 
 Indians, inhabit the middle parts of Georgia. 
 The Creek, or Muscogulge language is 
 spoken throughout the confederacy, as 
 also by their friends and allies the Nat- 
 chez. It is difficult to account for their 
 excellent policy in civil government ; it 
 cannot derive its efficacy from coercive 
 laws, for they have no such artificial sys- 
 tem. The Muskogulges allow of poly- 
 gamy. The Creek confederacy have 55 
 towns, besides many villages. Their whole 
 number, some years since, w'as 17,280, 
 of which 5860 were fighting men, They 
 are a w’ell made, expert, hardy, sagacious, 
 polite, people, extremely jealous of their 
 rights. Thefy are faithful friends, but inve- 
 terate enemies ; hospitable to strangers, and 
 honest in their dealings. The country 
 which they claim is bounded northward 
 by about the 34th degree of latitude ; and 
 extends from the Tombeckbee, or Mobille 
 river, to thd Atlantic ocean, though they 
 have ceded a part of this tract on the sea- 
 coast, by different treaties, to the state of 
 Georgia. Their principal towns lie in lat. 
 32 and Ion. 11 20 from Philadelphia. The 
 soil is fruitful in a high degree, and well 
 xvatered, abounding in creeks and rivulets, 
 from whence they are called the Creek 
 Indians. 
 
 31ushingum, that is, Elk'^s Bye, a navi- 
 gable river of the Stale of Ohio, which 
 unites with the Ohio, at Marietta. It is 
 navigable by large batteaux and barges 
 to the Three Legs, 110 miles from its 
 mouth, and by small boats to the lake 
 at its head, 45 miles farther. Whence, by 
 a short portage, a communication is opened 
 with lake Erie. A valuable salt spring has 
 been very lately discovered, eight miles 
 from this river, and 50 from Marietta, call- 
 ed the Big Spring. 
 
 Musselburgh, a considerable sea port 
 towm in Edinburghshire, six miles e of 
 Edinburgh. The suburb of Fisherrow is 
 united to Musselburgh, by a bridge over the 
 Esk, and considered as forming part of the 
 burgh, being under the same magistracy. 
 The town is a burgh of regality under the 
 duke of Buccleugh. Its jurisdiction ex- 
 tends two miles and a-half along the shore, 
 including W Pans and Newbiggin on the E 
 with Bridge-end, Timber, Bush, Spring Gar- 
 den, and Magdalene Pans, on the w. It 
 was anciently called Mnsselburghshiro. 
 It was erected into a burgh of regality, 
 soon after the death of Thomas Randolf, 
 earl of Murray, who died in 1332, in a 
 house yet standing near the e end of the 
 town. It contains about 4000 inhabitants, 
 nearly d.vitl-d between it and Fisherrow. 
 It is governed by a council of 18, including 
 two bailies, and a treausurer ; its amiuai 
 revenue is tibove 15001. It bus manufau- 
 
M Y C 
 
 NAB 
 
 Iftrcs of cloth, fustiaiv, handkerchiefs, 
 earthernware, soap, starch, &e. and a con- 
 wderable trade, particularly with the Bal- 
 tic. Here are several schools in high re- 
 pute, a number of private asylums tor luna- 
 tics, and barracks for soldiers. The golf 
 and toot ball are gimes much practised 
 here, a grand match is annually played 
 lor a silver cup, and the royal company of 
 archers annually shoot here for an ancient 
 silver arrow. It has seven incorporated 
 Trades. Tlie women carry salt, fish, &c. 
 to Edinburgh. Fair i^d Tuesday ot Au- 
 gust. 
 
 Mustiigamf or Mustvganmmy a sea port 
 of Algiers, in the province of Mwsoata, 
 with a castle, 140 miles wsw of the city of 
 Algiers. Lon. 0 30 e, Uu. 38 'xiO n. 
 
 Musueluy a town in Andalusia, Spain, on 
 the Guadalipuiver, seven miles ne of Jaen, 
 and 50 n of Granada. 
 
 Mitswell mu, a village in Middlesex, 
 five miles from London, celebrated for the 
 extent and variety of its views. A piece of 
 ground and a medicinal well here, formerly 
 belonged to the knights of St. John of Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 Muteodu, a town in Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 celebrated for a manufacture of glass rings, 
 worn on the wrists of its native women, 34 
 miles w of Sera. 
 
 Muthill, a parish and village in Perth- 
 shire. The parish is from eight to iO miles 
 long, and from six to nine broad. The sur- 
 face is hilly, and the soH various. It is 
 situated on the great military road to Inver.- 
 ness, four miles s of Crieff. About a mile 
 distant stands Drummond Gastle, the an- 
 cienf seat of the noble famil}* of Perth. 
 In this parish also is Ardoch, the seat of 
 Sir William Stirling, and noted for a very 
 complete Homan encampment, large horns 
 of elks and deer, and the head and horns of 
 a mountain hull, have lieen foimd in marl 
 pits. Here are a number of erect stones, 
 tumuli, druidical circles, and old chapels. 
 Muthill has several annual fairs. Popula- 
 tion near 3000, 
 
 TUutschen, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia. In the neighbourhood is found a 
 kiiid of crystals, called Mutschen diamonds. 
 It is 20 miles e of Leipsic. 
 
 Muyden, a strong town on the Zuyder 
 Zee, S Holland, at the mouth of the Vecht^ 
 si.x miles ese of Arastv^rdani. ’ 
 
 MYCONI, an island of the Archipelago^ 
 about 20 miles in circumference, Tiie har- 
 bour is v<*ry open, and deep enough for the 
 largest sliips, where they may ride secure 
 from the north wind. The soil is dry, and 
 the mountains are of a great height. Wa- 
 ter is very scarce in summer, but in the 
 finvn is a great well, the only one in the 
 island. Its grapes and figs are excellent. 
 It abounds in rabbits, woodcocks, turtle 
 doves, and wheat ears. Almost ail (he in- 
 habitants are Greeks*. Several European 
 
 nations have consuls here. Lon. 25 21 E, 
 lat. 3T 38 X. 
 
 Myfad, a town in Montgomeryshire, 
 Wales, on the Fyrnwy, with a mai-ket ou 
 Friday, 12 miles xnw of Montgomery, and 
 190 Nw of London. 
 
 Mysol, the most eastern of the Molucco 
 islands, of a triangular siiape, and bold 
 shore. The villages are built upon posts in 
 the water. The bird of Paradi.se frequent 
 the forests, and are taken in great numbers. 
 Lon. 130*0 E, lat. 2 0 s, 
 
 MYSORE, a kingdom in the peninsula 
 of Hindoostan, lately subject to Tippoo 
 Sultan, extending from 11 30 to 15 0 n lat. 
 and in the n part from T4 58 to T8 35 k 
 I on. and lies between the w and e ridges of 
 the Gauis. The extent of Tippoo^s territory, 
 from X to s was about 550 miles; its 
 breadth, in the ^yidest place, 330 miles, 
 but proceeding to the s it diminished till it 
 ends in a point. The territory is now 
 much circumscribed ; and in general is 
 dry, rugged, mountainous, and barren ; so 
 that sustenance for men and animals cannot 
 he rai.sed upon it hut by the most persever- 
 ing industry in its inhabitants. The domi- 
 nions of the Rajah of Mysore, now consist 
 of three great distriet.s, Patna to the s, Na- 
 gara to the nw', and Cliatratnal to the ne. 
 These have their names from the three 
 places where the oifices of government aro 
 sealed. 
 
 Mysore, the ancient capital of the king- 
 dom of the same name, seated in a valley 
 with a well buiit fort. There are no build- 
 ings permitted on the Esplanade. The 
 palace is .small, but neat. It was ruined 
 by the two late sultans, but since the Bri- 
 ti.sh restored the ancient family, in IT99, 
 and made it the rajalPs seat of government, 
 I many buildings have been erected, 10 miles 
 I s of Seringapatam. Lon. 70 50 e, lai. 12 
 I 15 N. 
 
 I Mytelcna, See Metelcn^ 
 
 N 
 
 I "^TAAS, the county town, and, alternately 
 
 j with Atby, the assize town of Kildare, 
 
 ij in Leiaster, formerly the residence of the 
 
 II kings of Leinster. Here several parliaments 
 jj were held. It is situated on a branch of 
 j| Ibe Liffey, on the great post-road between 
 1 1 Dublin arid Munster, near the Grand Canal, 
 
 |l 12 miles e by x of Kildare, and 120 sw of 
 I Dublin. 
 
 I Nah, a river of Germany, which has iti 
 || source in mount Fichtelhnrg, principality > 
 j of Bayreuth, pas.ses through the palatinate 
 } of Bavaria, 'and unites with the Danube, a 
 i iitrle above Ratisbon. 
 
 ' NuL-al, a towm of Africa, in Tunis , 
 
 I supposed to have been the ancient Neapolis 
 j. T 2 
 
NAG 
 
 seated near the sea. It has several relics 
 of aniiquity, and is famed for pottery. It 
 is 34 miles sse of Tunis. Lon. 10 19 e, 
 lat. 35 13 N. 
 
 Nabburg, a town of Bavaria, on the 
 Nab, 10 miles ese of Amberg, 
 
 NablonSy a town of Asia, capital of the 
 country anciently called SaxMaria, situated 
 near Sicbem, on the ruins of the Grecian 
 Neaprlis. It stands in a charming valley, 
 amidst rich gardens, in a country abound- 
 ing with all the necessaries of life. In the 
 vicinity is Jacobis well; and many sepul- 
 chres, hewn out of rock. Here travellers 
 may still contemplate the spot where the 
 remains of Joseph, Eieazar, and Joshua 
 were laid. The town is governed by a 
 sbeili, subject to the Pacha of Damascus ; 
 the inhabitants send their manufactures and 
 other articles of trade to a great distance 
 on camels, and are deemed the richest peo- 
 ple in Syria. Nablous is 30 miles N of 
 Jerusalem, and 90 ssw of Damascus. ' 
 
 Nadeegsda, See Kuriles. 
 
 NaefelSy a town of Switzerland, in the j 
 canton of Glaris. Near this place, in 1388, 
 a victory was obtained by 350 troops of | 
 Glaris assi- ted by 50 Schweitzers, over 
 15,000 Austrians, in memory of which 
 transaction, a chapel was built on the 
 spot, and rebuilt in 1799. It is four miles 
 N of Glaris. 
 
 Naerden, a considerable town of S Hol- 
 land, in the late republican department of ' 
 Amstel, at the head of the canals, on the 
 ^uyder-Zee. It was taken by Fernando 
 de Toledo, son of the duke of Alva, in 1572, 
 and all the inhabitants massacred. It was I 
 taken by the French, in 1672, and retaken I 
 by the prince of Orange in 1673, 14 miles | 
 ESE of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 11 e, lat. 52 i 
 J9 N. , j 
 
 NagamaJigala^ a town in Mysore, Hin- | 
 doostan, with a citadel, fortified with mud | 
 walls. In the fort are two large temples, I 
 and a ruinous palace. In the outer town 
 a wide street extends all round, with short 
 lanes on each side to the outer and inner 
 wail, 30 miles n of Seringapatarn. 
 
 Nagara, or Egder-nagaraj capital of the 
 NW district of Mysore, Hlndoostan, formerly 
 called Eidderurn, and by the Fairopeans 
 Beddenore, or Bednore. Its present name 
 was given it by Hyder, who took it in 1763, 
 and made it his principal arsenal. The 
 British took it in 1783, but Tippo retook 
 it soon after. On his final defeat, in 
 1799, it vras ceded to the Rajah of Mysore, 
 the British retain a garrison in the fort. 
 Its want of manufactures is partly siippii'^'d i 
 i>y a trade in pepper, betel nuts, sandal I 
 wood, and cardamons, and by a variety of 
 articles brought from distant places. The 
 ciiy contains upw^ards of 1600 houses, and j 
 is on the increase, 79 miles n by e of 
 Mangalore, and 150 kw of Seringapatarn. 
 Lon. 78 8 E, lat. 13 48 n. 
 
 'Nagaz, a town of Candahar, province ol 
 
 N A I 
 
 Cabul, on the Cowmul, 70 jniles w by k 
 of Attock, and 120 s of Cabul. 
 
 Nageruy a town in Old Castile, Spain, 
 with a fort, three miles nw of Calahorra, 
 and 138 n of Madrid. 
 
 Nagibania^ a town of Transylvania, on 
 the confines of Upper Hungary, and on the 
 river Zarud ; near which there are silver 
 mines. 
 
 Nagoldy a towm of Wirtemburg, situated 
 on a river of the same name, with a castle 
 in ruins, 15 miles w of Tubingen. 
 
 Nagvre, a town in the territory of Agi- 
 mere, Hindoostan, 50 miles nw of Agimere, 
 Lon. 71 48 e, lat. 27 9 n. 
 
 NagpoifTy the capital of that part of 
 Berar, a subah of the Deccan of Hindoo- 
 stan, which is subject to Moodajee B* cn- 
 stah, the chief of the Eastern Mahrcstias. 
 It is a city of modero date; but is poorly 
 built, and open and defenceless. It is afiO 
 miles w by s of Calcutta. Lon. 79 46 e, 
 lat. 21 19 N. 
 
 Nagyhanjay a mine towm of Hungary, 
 and one of the royal free towns. The 
 gold and silver mines produce a great deal 
 of metal which is coined here, it is 30 
 miles NE of Zatmar. Lon. 22 54 e, lat. 48 
 10 N. 
 
 Nahe, a river of France, lately of Ger« 
 many, rises in the department of Sarre, 
 takes its course by Kirn Montzinger, Sober- 
 heim, and Creutzuach, and falls into the 
 Ptbine at Bingen. 
 
 NAIRN, a county of Scotland, bound- 
 ed N by Murray Frith, and inclosed on 
 every other side by the counties of Inver- 
 ness and Murray. Its extent irom to s 
 is about 15 miles and its breadth about 12. 
 The soil, though rocky, is rich, and in 
 general well cultivated. It is divided Into 
 four parochial districts, w'hich contained, 
 in 1801, 8257 inhabitants, and in 1811, 
 8251 i It sends a member to parliament 
 alternately with the county of Cromarty. 
 The valued rent is 15,1621. 10s. lid. 
 Scots and the real land rent estimated at 
 SOOOi. Sterling. 
 
 Nairn, a river of Scotland, W'hich rises 
 in the high mountainous district of Bade- 
 Rocli, in Inveiness-shire, and after a ne 
 course of about 25 miles, falls into the 
 Moray Frith, at the royal borough of 
 Nairn. 
 
 Nairn, a royal borough, the county 
 town of Nairnshire, situated near the en- 
 trance of the Moray Frith, in the centre 
 of the sea coast of the county, at the mouth 
 of the Nairn, w side of the river. Tt is a 
 neat town, containing about liOO inhabi- 
 tants, governed by a provost, three bailies, 
 a dean of guild, treasurer, and 12 coun- 
 sellors. It has a small but convenient 
 harbour ; and there is a productive salmon 
 I 'ishery at the mouth ot the river. The 
 parish extends aboin eight miles from n tos, 
 a>)(J six from e to w‘, ihe soil U generally 
 rich and fertile. Population including the" 
 
NAM 
 
 town, 2215, in 1801, and in 1811, 2504. 
 In this parish are the ruins of Rait castle, 
 and of Finlay^s castle auoiently the seat of 
 the Cumines. The church was formerly 
 attached to the deanery of Auldearn. 
 Narin has six annual fairs ; and unites with 
 Forres, Fortrose, and Inverness in sendings a 
 member to parliament, 15 miles e oi Inver- 
 ness, and 220 n by w of Edinburgh. Lon. 
 8 G w,lat. 57 38 N. 
 
 Naksivan, a town, and an Armenian 
 settlement, in the province of Rastof, 
 Russia, founded by Catharine 11. has four 
 churches, and two bazars well supplied 
 v.ith Turkish goods. It has a considerable 
 inland trade, and stands on the Don, two 
 miles E of Rastof. 
 
 Naksivatif capital of a province of its 
 name, in Persian Armenia, once a large 
 city, but ruined by Abbas I, Its bazars, 
 caravansaries, and public baths are worthy 
 of notice, 90 miles se of Envan, and 90 
 EE of Tabriz. Lon. 45 45 e, lat. 39 8 N. 
 
 Namptwich, or Nantwich, a large well 
 built town in Cheshire, on the river Weaver, 
 V hich runs through the middle of it, and 
 rear the Chester Canal. Here are salt 
 springs, from which they make great qiian- 
 tiesof white salt. There are also manufac- 
 tures of cotton and shoes, and the principal 
 dairies of Cheshire are about this town. 
 The inhabitants thus carry on a brisk trade, 
 which is much favoured by the Chester 
 canal, which here forms a broad bason. 
 The market is on Saturday. It has a free 
 school, and a charity school. In a house 
 near the end of the town, long the residence 
 of the Wilbraham family, James I. was 
 entertained. And the widow of the great 
 Milton, daughter of a Mr. Minshul, spent the 
 latter part oi her days in it. It is 26 miles 
 SE of Chester, and 164 nw of London. 
 
 Nayndau, a town in the principality of 
 Ereslaw, Silesia, with a castle, amid mo* 
 rasses, on the Weyda, 23 miles ese of 
 Breslau. 
 
 Nanmr. a large and rich town of France 
 in the Austrian Netherlands, lately the 
 capital of the department of Sambre and 
 Meuse, and a bishopric under the modern 
 arch-bishop of Malines. It is 32 miles svr 
 of Brussels. It has a castle, on a rock, in 
 the middle of the town, and several forts, 
 and seated beiw'een two mountains, at the 
 junction of the Meuse and Sambre. The 
 inhabitants are computed at 20,000. Fire 
 ar cs, sw'ords, and various kinds of cutlery 
 are made here. Lon. 4 45 E, iat. 50 29 n, 
 
 NAMUR, a county, and one of the ten 
 catholic provinces of the Netherlands, lying 
 betw'een the rivers Sambre and Bleuse ; 
 W’hen annexed to France, it formed the chief 
 part of the department of the Sambre and 
 Meuse, which rivers divide it into three 
 ptirts of nearly equal extent. It is fertile, 
 and has several forests, marble quarries, 
 and mines of irou^ lead and coal. It is 
 
 NAN 
 
 about 30 miles in length, and 20 In breadth 
 Namur w^as the capital. 
 
 Nancyy a large and handsome city, in 
 the department of Meurthe, France, and a 
 bishopric under the modern archbishop of 
 Resaucoii, seated in A delightful plain, near 
 the Meurte. It contains about 34,000 
 inhabitants ; and is divided into the Old and 
 New Town, w hich are separated by a canal. 
 The old town, is rich and populous, and 
 contains the palace of the ancient dukes 
 of Lorrain. Their tombs are in a .saloon 
 adjoining the church of the late Cordeliers. 
 The new town Is one of the finest in Europe. 
 The cathedral is a magnificent structure. 
 It is 10 miles E of Tcul. 62 se of Luxem- 
 burg, and 175 E of Paris. Lon. 6 10 E, 
 lat. 48 42 N. 
 
 Nander, a towm in the province of Dow- 
 latabad, Hindoostan, 132 miles nnW of 
 Hydrabad. 
 
 Nandidroog, a powerful fortress of My- 
 sore, Hindoostan, garrisoned by British 
 troops, since the restoration of the Rajah, 
 in 1799, 25 miles n by e of Biingaiore, and 
 64 ESE of Sera. 
 
 NANFIO, an island of the Archipelago, 
 a little N os Santorini, 16 miles in circum- 
 ference. It has no harbour ; and there ar» 
 not springs sufficient to water the fields. 
 The trade of the inhabitants, who are all 
 Greeks, consists in onions, honey, and wax* 
 Here are still visible the ruins of the temple 
 of Apollo, consisting chiefly of marble 
 columns. Lon. 26 10 e, lat. 36 15 n. 
 
 Nangasakif a large and famous city of 
 Japan, in the island of Ximo-Fisen ; with 
 a well frequented harbour, the only one in the 
 empire to which foreign ships may resort. 
 The inhabitants carry on a great trade with 
 the Chinese and Dutch. The latter are 
 not permitted to enter the city except when 
 their ships arrive, and then they are obliged 
 to deliver up their guns and sails, as a pledge 
 of tueir good behaviour. Lon. 130 15 b 
 lat. 32 45 N. 
 
 NangiSy a town in the department of 
 Seine, and Marne, France, 12 miles w of 
 Provins, and 14 e of Melun. 
 
 Nankang, a city of the first rank, in tW 
 province of Kiang«si, China, seated on the 
 lake Poyang, 637 miles s of Peking. Lon. 
 113 58 E, lat. 29 33 n. 
 
 Nanking, the capital of the province of 
 Kiangnan, China. It is the largest in 
 China, being 17 miles in circumference, 
 and about three miles distant from th© 
 great river Vang-tse-Chiang, from which 
 canals are cut so large, that vessels may 
 enter the town. The streets are narrow, 
 but handsome and well paved, and on each 
 side are shops neatly lurnished. The pub- 
 lic buildings are mean, except a few tem- 
 ples, the city gates, and a tower of porce- 
 lain 200 feet high. It was formerly thq| 
 imperial city, whence it was called Nan- 
 king, denoting the southern court. It i« 
 
N A N 
 
 greatly diminished of its former splendor, 
 the palace is destroyed, and a third part of 
 the city is desolate. They have several 
 manufactures in silk and wood. The nirm- ■ 
 ber of inbahiianfs is said to be 1,000^000, 
 without comprehending the garrison ot 
 40,000 men. Here the physicians' have 
 their principal academy. It is situated on 
 the Kiam, 500 mites s of Pekin. Lon. iJ8 
 
 47 E, lat. 32 5 N. 
 
 Nan-r}gan, a ci!y of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang-si, China, stands at 
 the foot of the mountain Me-lin, near the 
 rise of the Kankiang, amidst plantations of 
 «ugar-cane, 200 miles ke ol Canton, and 
 ^)00 sw of Peking. Lon. 113 38 e, lat, 24 
 
 48 N. 
 
 Nan-ning a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Quang si, China, 1 145 miles 
 sswof Peking. Lon. 107 45 E,lat. 22 44 n. 
 
 Nan-tchangy the capital of the province 
 of Kiang-si, China, seated on the Kan-kiang, 
 which runs into the lake Po-yang. Its only 
 trade consists in porcelain ; the country is 
 so much cultivated, that the pastures are 
 barely sufficient for the fiocks, 695 miles 
 SOI Peking. Lon. 115 30 e, lat. 28 36 n. 
 
 Nansemondy a county of the United States, 
 in Virginia, on the s side of St James's ri- 
 ver, and w of Norfolk county, on the N 
 Carolina line. It is about 44 miles long, 
 and 24 broad ; and contains 9010 inhabi- 
 tants, including 3817 slaves. 
 
 Nantes, the capital of the department of 
 liower Loire, Pkanee, and a bishopric under 
 the modern archbishop of Tours, with an 
 university, and a castle on the side of the 
 Loire. The cathedral contains the tombs 
 of the ancient dukes of Bretagne, whose 
 residence was here. Besides the cathedral, 
 there are 1 1 churches. It is one of the 
 most considerable places in the empire, 
 rid is inhabited by the richest merchants. 
 The bridges over the Loire, are almost a 
 league in length. Large vessels cannot 
 come higher than port Louvai, 12 miles 
 from the city. In the territory of Nantes, 
 •much salt is made, both at the salt pits of 
 Guerande and Croific, and at the bay of 
 Bourgneuf. The famous edict of Henry 
 JV., in favour of the protestants, was pro- 
 mulgated in this ci:y, in 1598, and was re- 
 voked by Louis XIV., in 1685. The su 
 burbs are so large that they exceed the city. 
 The inbahitanls are computed at 60.000. 
 It is 58 miles s by e of Rennes, and 217 sw 
 of Paris. Lon. 1 33 w’, lat. 47 13 n. 
 
 Nantwich. See Namptwich. 
 
 Nan yang, a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Ho-nan, China, on a .small river 
 amid^f mountains, 100 miles s of Ho-nau. 
 
 Nan yong, a ci(y of the fir.st rank, in the 
 province of Quang-tong, near the source of 
 the Pei-kir,ng, 170 miles nne of Canton. 
 
 NantZyii town in the department of Avei- 
 ron, France, 12 miles e of Miciuui. 
 
 Nantua, a town .n the department of Aim, 
 France, situated at the exlrc;. ky of the j 
 
 NAP 
 
 j great lake of the same name, has manu- 
 j facture-j of nankeen, chintzes, taffetas, and 
 ! gauzes, 18 miles e of Bourg. 
 
 I Nantucket, an island of North America, 
 
 I in the state of Massachusetts, of which it 
 is a county. It lies to the s ot Cape Cod, 
 and is 15 miles long, and 1 1 broad, witii 
 ony^ one towm, formerly called Sherburne, 
 but now Nantucket. The greater part of 
 the inhai) tains are w'halers and fishermen. 
 The harbour has a bar of sand, on which, 
 are only seven feet and a-half of water 
 at ebb tide, but within it has 12 and 14- 
 feet, The island contains 5G00 inhabitants, 
 and sends one representative to the general 
 court. There is a duck manufactory 
 here, and 10 spermaceti works. The in- 
 habitants are mostly Quakers. The town 
 is 93 miles sse of Boston. Lon. 10 30 w, 
 lat. 41 20 N. 
 
 NAPAUL, or nepaul, a territory of 
 Asia, between the mountains of Hamnialeh 
 on the N, and Bahar on the s, governed by 
 a rajah, W'ho is subject to Thibet. The na- 
 tives consist chiefly of the two superior 
 classes of Hindoos, and of a Chinese race, 
 called Newars. They arc very superstiti- 
 ous. This country is very mountainous 
 and w'oody, ai|d has mines of copper and 
 iron. Catmandu is the capital. 
 
 NAPLES, a kingdom in the s part qf 
 Italy. Its greatest length, from xw to si, 
 is 2S0 miles, and from ne to sw, from 96 
 to 100. It is divided into 12 provinces, viz. 
 Terra de Lavaro, (the ancient Campania 
 Felix) Principato Citra, and Ultra, Molise, 
 Basilicata, Calabria Citra and Ultra, Abruz- 
 zo Citra and Ultra, Capitanala, Terra da 
 Bari, and Terra de Otranto, the last three 
 formed the ancient Opuiia, now called 
 Puglia, on the b side of the kingdom. The 
 climate is extremely hot in summer; but 
 the most disagreeable part of it is ihe siroc- 
 co, or SE wind, which is very common in 
 spring. In winter there is seldom any ic© 
 or snow, except on the mountains. On ao^ 
 count of its fertility, the country has been 
 termed a terrestrial paradi.se; it abounds 
 wilh all .sorts of grain, tlie finest fruits and 
 vegetables of all kinds, with rice, flax, oil, 
 wine, saiTron, amd manna. It affords also 
 alum, vitriol, sulpLiir, rock crystal, marble, 
 and several sorts of minerals, together with 
 fine wool and silk. Waistcoats, caps, 
 .stockings, and gloves, are made of the hair 
 or fiiaiuents of a shell-fish, which are warm- 
 er than those of wool, and of a beautiful 
 glossy green. The principal mountains are 
 tlie Appenines, and the celebrated volcano. 
 Mount Vesuvius. One of the greatest in- 
 conveniences to which this kingdom is ex- 
 posed is earthquakes, but these the eruptions 
 ! (d’ Mount Vesuvius contribute in some mea- 
 I sure to prevent. The established religion 
 is the Roman Catholic; but the .Tews are 
 allowed to settle here. The inhabitants of 
 this country have at all times berne a very 
 indifferent character among other nations. 
 
a.S XX 
 
 Gluttony is a prevailing vice, while ebriefy j 
 is rare. Finery is the predominant passion | 
 of the women, nor is chastity their charac- | 
 teristic virtue. The breach of the conjugal | 
 vow sometimes occasions assassinations 
 among the lower classes. Among its nu- 
 merous rivers the Garigliano and the V o- 
 turno are the chief. The Normans pos- 
 sessed themselves of this country, iii the 
 llth century, and their sovereigns had the 
 successive titles of coiints, dukes, and 
 kings of Puglia. Peter liT., king of Arra- 
 gon, caused' all the Normans ill the island 
 of Sicily to be massacred in and this 
 
 massacre was called, the Sicilian vespers. 
 NVheh Puglia was joined to Sicily, the so- 
 vereigns took the title of king of the two 
 Sicilies. F’rance and Spain afterwards 
 contended with various success, for the so- 
 vereignty till 1T07, when it was taken by 
 prince Eugene, and ceded to the emperor at 
 the peace of Rastadt. Ill 1T.34, it ap;ain 
 came under the sway of Spain. In 1799, 
 it was subjected to the French, and first 
 given to Joseph Bonaparte, and when he 
 Svas translated to the throne of Spain, the 
 crown of Naples was given to Joachim 
 Murat, whose arniy was defeated, and he 
 Lirnseif obliged to abdicate the throne in 
 18i<5. 
 
 Naples^ an ancient, large, rich, and tra- 
 ding city of Ital5', one of the finest in the 
 world, capital of the kingdom of the same 
 name, with an university. The houses, in 
 general, are five or six stories high, and flat 
 at the top. Naples is admirably situated | 
 for commerce, and no kingdom produces j 
 the necessaries and liixuries of life in greater | 
 profusion ; yet trade is in a languishing | 
 condition. The chief atticie.s manufactured 
 here are silk stockings, soap, snufi' boxes 
 of tortoise-shell, or of the lava of Mount 
 Vesuvius ; tables, and ornamental furni- i 
 ture, of marble. The number of inhabi- j 
 tants is computed at 400,000. The number | 
 of priests, monks, fiddlers, lawyers, nobility, I 
 footmen, and vagabonds, is immense ; and 
 the last alone are computed at above 30,000. ! 
 The nobility were exce.ssively fohd of splen- | 
 dour and show. The cathedral is a grand | 
 Gothic edifice ; and of all the palaces, ; 
 that of the king is the most magnificent, j 
 The harbour, which is spacious, is protected I 
 by a mole. The jbay of Naples i.s one of j 
 the finest in the world, 30 miles in diameter | 
 and the greater part of it sheltered by woods | 
 and mountains. Many of its streets are | 
 more crowded than in London. The tor- | 
 tress of St Eimo, which is built on a. momi- ! 
 tain of its name, has the entire comiuand of 
 the town. On the same mountain is the 
 convent of the Cartliusians, on wiiich great 
 sums have been expended, to render it equal ; 
 to the situation. In Naples the king counts 
 above 100 persons, with the title of prince, 
 and more with that of duke. The churches 
 and convents are largi^r and funiished with 
 & greater ipjaulity of gold and silver cr«ci- 
 
 A jX 
 
 fixes, vessels, and other ornaments, thaa 
 I those in Rome. The hospitals, and ciian--' 
 table foundations, are numerous; many of 
 them well endowed, and all of them well 
 regulah'd, well attended, and clean. T« 
 1709, Naples was taken by the Froich, who 
 were expelled by the Austrians and Russians, 
 aided by a British fleet, but they soon re- 
 gained possession which they retained till 
 181.5. In 1803, it suffered greatly by an 
 earthquake, liO miles sfi of Rome. Lou 
 14 17 E, lat. 40 .50 n. 
 
 Napoli di Malcasia, a sea port in the 
 Morca, situated on the little island of 
 Malvasia, at the entrance of the gulph of 
 Napoli di Rcmania, called by the Turks 
 Monemba ia ; and an archbisbop^s see. 
 It is celebrated for the excellent wine called 
 Malmsey. It has a fine harbour, and a 
 long wooden bridge, which joins it to the 
 continent. It was the ancient Epidaurus, 
 famed for the temple of Esoulaplus, 39 
 miles SE of Misitra. Lon. 22 S8 e, lat. 36 
 S3 N. 
 
 Napoli di B.Gniamay a sea port in the 
 Morea ; situated at the bottom of a bay of 
 the Scime name, and ah archbishop s see. 
 It has a large harbour, with a narrow 
 mouth, through which one ship only can 
 enter at a lime. The towm and Jiarbour are 
 defended by large batteries, planted on th« 
 side of a mountain, on the top of which is 
 a citadel. This town, which the Greeks 
 stili call Nauplia, was taken by the Turks 
 in 171.5. It is a large pla.ce, inhabited 
 by 60,090 Greeks, besides people of dif- 
 ferent nations. It is 34 miles e by \ of 
 Tripoliaza, and .56 sw of Athens. Lon. 22 
 44 K, lat. 37 42 N. 
 
 Napolose. See Nations. 
 
 Nara, a towh in the island of Niplion, 
 Japan, \viih a large castle, 25 miles nw of 
 Pdeacow. 
 
 N'arastnghapura, a town in Mysore, Kin- 
 doostan, on the Cavery, immediately below 
 the juncUon of the ICapini. It is well built, 
 has two considerable temples, stands in 
 a fertile country, and is 20 miles ese of 
 Priysore. 
 
 Narberihy a town in Pembrokeshire, 
 Wales, seated on a hil], with a market on 
 Ohiursday, and four annual fairs, 12 miie» 
 NE of Pembroke, and 242 w by n of London. 
 
 Nforbonne, an ancitmt city in the depart- 
 ment of Aude, France. It was the capital 
 of that pan of Gaul, which the Romans 
 called Gallia Narboneusis. The canal 
 from the xlube, through the city to the Me- 
 diterranean, was cut by the Romans. Here 
 the. emperot ?Jarcu.s Aiireliiis w'as born. 
 Some Homan in-cripticiis are sliil to b;? 
 seen. It was lately an archliisiiop'S see, 
 and the ca.thedrai has a noble choir. Nar- 
 bonne is famous for its honey, five miles 
 from tiie sea, aiid 80 ese of Toulouse. Lon. 
 3 0 R, lat. 43 1 1 N. 
 
 N arbor oifgk. an island on ibe coast of 
 Chiii, in the Pacific ccuan. Uere, in the 
 
N A R 
 
 reign of Charles II., Sir John Nafborough 
 refreshed his men, on his voyage to the SI 
 Seas. Lon. 74 35 w, lat. 45 0 n. 
 
 NardOy a town in Terra d’Otranto 
 Naples, 22 miles w by n of Otranto. 
 
 Narenza, a ruinous town of Venetian 
 I>diiijatia, supposed to be the remains of the 
 former celebrated town Narona, on a river 
 of its name, is an archbishop^s see, eight 
 miles from Citchut, and 42 wnw of Ragusa. 
 
 Nariniy a town in the government of To- 
 bolski, Siberia, stands at the junction of 
 the Ket and Obey, surrounded by palisades 
 and wooden towers. Foxes, ermines, and 
 sables, abound in the vicinity, 400 miles e 
 by N of Tobolski. Lon. 8J 15 e, lat. 59 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Narnalla, a town in the province of Berar, 
 Hindoostan, 33 njiles wnw of Ellichpour, 
 and 72 e of Burhampour. 
 
 Narniy a very ancient^ rich, and hand 
 some town of Italy, in the duchy of Spo- 
 letto, seated on the summit of a hill, clothed 
 with olives, and its base washed by the Nar, 
 or Nera. Here are the remains of a marble 
 bridge, built by Augustus, and of an aque- 
 duct, which brought water from a spring 15 
 miles distant, 20 miles wsw of Spoletto, and 
 40 N of Rome. 
 
 Narova, a river which issues from the 
 lake Peipus, Russia, and eight miles 
 below Narva, falls into the gulf of Finland, 
 celebrated for two cataracis, but they are 
 not equal to that of the Rhine at Lauffen. 
 
 Naraganset hay^ in the state of Rhode 
 Island, lies s and n between the main land 
 in the e and w. In it are many fertile and 
 beautiful islands, the chief of w^hich are 
 Rhode, Cononicut, Prudence, Patience, 
 Hope, Dyers, and Hog. It affords line fish, 
 Oysters, and lobsters, in great abundance. 
 On Beaver Tail, at the end of Cononicut, is 
 a light-house. Lon. 71 20 k, lat. 41 22 n. 
 
 NaraguqguSy a town in Washington coun- 
 ty, district of Maine, on a bay of the same 
 name, 16 miles ne of Goidsborough, and 63 
 E of Penobscot. 
 
 Narsingapataniy a town of Hindoostan, 
 and territory of Cattack. situated near the 
 coast of the bay of Bengal, 44 miles s of 
 Catbvok, and about 400 se of Bombay. 
 
 Narva, a town of the Russian empire, in 
 Ingi'ia, or the government of Petersburgh, 
 seated on the Narova. The houses are 
 built of brick, stuccoed white. In the su- 
 burbs called Ivangorod, are the stupendous 
 ruins of an ancient fortress, built by Ivan 
 Basillowitz the Great, which impended over 
 the steep banks of ilie L'arova. Here, in 
 1700, Ch.mies XII. of Sweden gained a vic- 
 tory over Peter the Grear ive years after, 
 the czuT took the town by assault, and by 
 bis own {>ersonal exertions, saved it From 
 massacre and ;;iUage. The prmcipal ex- 
 ports from it, are hemp, flax, limb.m, and 
 corn, eight miles Ijom the mouth Oi the Na- 
 rdva, and 9i> wsv. of Petersburgh. Lon, 27 
 52 E,lttt. 59 IS N, 
 
 N A f 
 
 Narwa, a town in the province of Agra, 
 Hindoostan, near the Sinde, 115 miles s of 
 Agra. Lon. 78 17 e, lat 25 40 N. 
 
 Nasebij, a village in Northamptonshire, 
 celebrated for a signal victory gained by 
 the parliamentary army, over the royalists, 
 in 1645, 13 miles nnw of Northampton. 
 
 Nasca, a sea port in the audience of Lima, 
 Peru, has a good harbour, and is seated in 
 a country, which is fertile in sugar and 
 wine. Lon. 75 10 w, lat. 14 55 s. 
 
 NASH, a county of North Carolina, in 
 Halifax district, containing 7393 inhabi- 
 tants, of whom 2009 are slaves. There is 
 a large and valuable body of iron ore in thi$ 
 county. 
 
 Nashville, the chief town of Mero dis- 
 irict, in the state of Tennesse, pleasantly 
 situated in Davidson county, on Cumberland 
 river, where it is 200 yards broad. It is 
 170 miles w of Knoxville. Lon. 86 58 w, 
 lat. 36 3 N. 
 
 NASSAU, a very fertile country of Ger- 
 many, in Westerwald. It contains mines 
 of iron, copper, and lead. The surface is 
 for the most part mountainous and woody, 
 but there are fertile places. The house of 
 Nassau is divided into many branches, which 
 have their distinctive titles from the princi- 
 pal towms in the several districts. 
 
 Nassau, the capital of the above country, 
 on the Lahn. On a high mountain, on the 
 other side of the river, opposite the town, 
 i formerly stood Nassauberg, the original seat 
 of the Nassau family, and a place of great 
 antiquity, 12 mjles se of Coblentz, and 32 
 WNW of Frankfort. Lon. 7 52 e, lat 50 
 16 N. 
 
 Nassau, the chief town of Providence 
 island, one of the Bahamas, and the seat of 
 government. It is the only port of entry, 
 except at Turk^s island 
 
 Nassau Road, on the coast of W Florida, 
 lies w of Mobile bay, five leagues to the n 
 of Ship island, and within the n end of the 
 Chandeleurs or Myrtle islands. It is one of 
 the best roads for large vessels on ihe xvhole 
 coast of Florida. 
 
 NASSAU, an island on the w side of the 
 island of Sumatra, Indian ocean, 120 n.iles 
 in circumference. It is covered with ver- 
 dure, and abounds in forests. The inhabi- 
 tants resemble the Malays in colour, and 
 the Otaheitans in personal appearance, and 
 simplicity of manners. Lon. 99 40 e, lat. 
 2 50 s. 
 
 Nussiick, a town in the province of Guz- 
 zerat, Hindoostan. 95 miles sw of Surat. 
 Lon. 73 49 e, lat. 19 50 n. 
 
 Nastadt, a town in the circle of Upper 
 Rhine, Germany, 38 miles w by n of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Nata, a sea port in the government of 
 Panama, Terra Finna, on the bay of Pana- 
 ma. The vicinity is f+^rlile ; 68 miles sw 
 of Panama. Lon. 81 5 w, lat 8 36 n. 
 
 NATAL, a country on the se coost of 
 Africa, lying ne of the Caps of Good Hope, 
 
N A V 
 
 Inhaliited by the Boshmen. It was discov- 
 ered by the Portugese on Christmas day, 
 1498, which suggested its present name. 
 It originally extended 500 miles along the 
 coast, but the southern half being now^ in- 
 elude{l in the colony of the Cape, the name 
 is restricted to that part which lies in Caf- 
 fraria. It has a river and bay of its name. 
 See Hottentots. Lon. 31 30 E,lat. 290 s. 
 
 Natal, a cape and town on the s shore of 
 the Rio Grande, on the ne coast of Brazil, 
 in S America. On this point is the castle 
 of the Three Kings, or Fortalezza des Tres 
 Magos. The town of Natal is three leagues 
 from the castle, before which is good an- 
 chorage for ships, in from four to hve fa- 
 thoms , and well secured from winds. 
 
 NATCHEZ, a powerful nation of Indians 
 w^ho formerly inhabited the country on the 
 E side of the Missisippi. Nothing now re- 
 mains of this nation but the name, by 
 W'hich the country continues to be called. 
 
 Natchez, a town, with a strong fort in 
 the state of Georgia, N America, seated on 
 the Mississippi. Cotton gro\vs in the vici- 
 nity, and is its staple article of trade, 520 
 miles w of Savanna. Lon. 91 31 w, lat. 
 31 34 N. 
 
 Natchitoches, a town in Louisiana, on 
 the river Rouge, or Red river, which falls 
 into the Mississippi, with a fort, 90 miles 
 wNw of Natchez in Georgia. Lon. 93 30 w, 
 lat. 31 48 N. 
 
 NatU'Adad, a sea port in the province of 
 Guadalaxara, New Spain, on a bay of the 
 Pacific ocean, 150 miles sw of Guadalax* 
 ^ra. Lon. 105 53 wy, lat. 19 48 n. 
 
 NATOLTA, a country formerly called 
 Asia Minor, the most western part of Tur- 
 key in Asia. It is a large peninsula, ex- 
 tending from the river Euphrates, as far as 
 the Areiiiifelago, the sea of Marmora, the 
 Dardanelles, and the strait of Constantinople, 
 which separate it from Europe, on the w. 
 The air is temperate and wholesome, and 
 the soil is generally fertile. It is crossed 
 by a chain of mountains, formerly called 
 Taurus, from e to w, and watered by a 
 number of rivers. It produces corn, fruits 
 of various kinds, tobacco, cotton, and silk. 
 Kintaga is the capital. 
 
 Natolieo, a town in Livadia, European 
 Turkey, stands at the n part of a salt marsh, 
 20 miles w of Lepanto. 
 
 Nattam, a town and fortress in the coun- 
 try of Madura, Hindoostan, 18 miles n of 
 Madura, and 45 ssw of Trinchiuopoly. 
 
 Nattore, a town in Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 67 miles ene of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Natunz, a town in Irak Agemi, Persia, 
 with a fort, seated on a valley, which for 
 eight miles, is a continued garden of fruit 
 trees, watered by numerous streams from 
 the mountains. Here silk of the best qua- 
 lity is produced, 63 miles wnw of Ispahan. 
 
 Nauen, a towm in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, 18 miles wnw of Berlin. 
 
 Naca, a district and town of Italy, the 
 
 n 
 
 N A V 
 
 j Brcsciano, the former coiitaining eight 
 I parishes and 5000 souls, the lattr^r 1500. 
 
 Navavin, a large and populous town of 
 Turkey in Europe, on the w coast of the 
 Morca, v.'itli an excellent harbour. It is the 
 residence of a bey, was taken by the Rus- 
 sians in ITTO, eight miles ne of Modon,a»id 
 17 WNW of Koron. Lon. 2134 e, lat. 3T 
 
 2 N. 
 
 Navan, a town io the county of Meath, 
 Ireland, seated at the coiiiluence of the 
 Boyne and Black water, over each of which 
 is a bridge. The town was forjeerly sur- 
 rounded ])y a wall, and of considerable im- 
 portance. On the site of an ancient abbey, 
 barracks capable of containing a troop of 
 horse arc erected. Navan sent two mem- 
 bers to parliament before the union, about 
 eight miles nne of Trim, and 28 nnw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 NAVARRE, a kingdom of Europe, lying 
 between France and Spain, and divided into 
 the Upper and Lower. The Upper belongs 
 to Spain, and is about 75 miles in length, 
 and 69 in breadth. The air is more mild, 
 temperate, and w'holesome, than in the 
 neighbouring provinces of Spain, and is 
 pretty fertile, abounding in game, and iron 
 mines. The inhabitants are polite, lively, 
 and laborious. It is divided into live dis- 
 tricts, whose capital towms are Pampeluna, 
 Estella, Tudela, Olita, and St. Guesca. 
 Lower Navarre belongs to France, and is 
 included in the late territory of Basques, 
 and department of the Lower Pyrenees. It 
 is separated from Spanish Navarre by tha 
 Pyrenees, and is a mountainous barren 
 country, about 20 miles in length, and 12 
 in breadth. From this country the kings 
 of France talre the title of king of Navarre. 
 See Palais St, 
 
 NAVARRE NEW, a province of New 
 Mexico, on the ne side of the gulf of Cali- 
 fornio, which separates it from the penin 
 sula of Californio, on the sw. Sbe Sonora^ 
 
 Navarreins, a town in the department of 
 Lower Pyrenees, France, on the Gave 
 d’Oleron, 26 miles se of Bayonne. 
 
 Navasia, a small island in the Windward 
 passage, or strait betw'een Cuba and Hispa- 
 niola in the West Indies. 
 
 Naver or Naverri Loch, a lake of Scot- 
 land, in Sutherlandshire, in the parish of 
 Far, six miles long by three broad, from 
 which issnes a river of the same name. 
 
 Nevesink, Harbour, on the sea-coast of 
 Monmouth county, New Jersey, lies in 
 lat. 40 24 N, having Jumping point on the 
 N, and is two miles and a-half s of the n 
 end of Sandy Hook island ; and its mouth i* 
 five miles from the town of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Naridad, a town of Mechoacan, a pro- 
 vince of Mexico, with a harbour on the 
 N Pacific ocean, 156 miles w of Mexico 
 city. 
 
 NAVIGATORS^ ISLANDS, a cluster of 
 islands in the S Pacific ocean. They 
 wipr® drseovered bv M. De Bougainville, 
 
N A X 
 
 and exploded by the unfortunate De la 1 
 Perouse, in 1787. They are 10 in number, f 
 and called by the natives Opoun, LeonCy 
 Fanfauey Maouna, Oifolava, Calinssse, PolUy 
 Shika, Ossamoy and Onera, Opoun, the 
 most easterly as 'w^ell as the most southerly I 
 of these islands, lies in Ion. 160 7 w, lat. 
 14 7 N. Seven of these islands are small ; 
 but Maoiine, Oycilava, and Pola, rank 
 among* the largest and most beautiful 
 islands of the S Pacific ocean. These 
 islarus combine the advantages of a soil 
 fruitful without culture, and a climate 
 wbicb. render clothing unnecessary. They 
 prorluee the bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, the ba- 
 nana, the guava, and the orange, in abun- 
 dance. The inhabitants are in general 
 strong and handsome, scarcely a man be- 
 lov/ six feet, and the women in proportion. 
 They go almost naked, and have their bodies 
 thickly tattooed. The inhabitants of these 
 islands, though in their disposition they ap- 
 pear to be thievish, treacherous, and fero- 
 oious, cultivate several arts with success. 
 Their villages are situated on creeks, and 
 have no communication by roads on land, i 
 but pass from one to another in canoes ; see | 
 Maouna, j 
 
 Naumburgy a towm in Lower Hesse, Ger- i 
 many, on the Eider, 11 miles w^sw of 
 Cassel. 
 
 Naumburgy a town of Upper Saxony, 
 in Thuringia, capital of a bishopric united 
 to the electoral house of Saxony, seated on 
 the Soal, with a small citadel. The cathe- 
 dral is noted for elegant paintings, altar, 
 and subterranean chapels. The inhabitants 
 manufacture stockings and turnery wares ; 
 they have excellent red wine. It is 37 
 miles ENE of Erfurt, and GO w of Dresden. 
 Lon. 12 0 E, lat. 51 11 n. 
 
 Naumburgy a towm in the principality of 
 Sagan, Silesia, on the Bober, 14 miles n by 
 w of Sagan. 
 
 Naumburgy a town in the principality of 
 Jauer, Silesia, on the Queiss, 37 miles wnw 
 of Jauer. 
 
 Nauplia. See Napoli de Romania. 
 
 Naxkow, a towm in the isle of Laland, 
 Denmark, with a harbour commodious for 
 trade, and a plentiful fishery. It is sur- 
 rounded by a wall, and is the capital of 
 the island. It is 70 miles sw of Copen- 
 hagen. Lon. 11 31 E, lat. 54 52 n. 
 
 NAXOS, or Naxia, a considerable is- 
 land of the Archipelago, 25 miles iu length, 
 and 50 in circumference. The whole is- 
 land is covered with orange, olive, lemon, 
 cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mul- 
 berry trees. It has no harbour; yet the 
 inhabitants carry on a considerable trade 
 -in barley, wine, figs, cotton, silk, flax, 
 cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, mules, and oil. 
 It is inhabited both by Greeks and Latins, 
 but so thin of people, that the whole island 
 does not contain above 8000 inhabitants. 
 The women paint, blacken their eye brows 
 and eye-lashes, and wear patches, uisule of 
 
 NE A 
 
 a black shining talc found in the island; 
 Here are no antiquities, except the remains 
 of a temple of Bacchus. Zla, which signi- 
 fies the mountain of Jupiter, is the highest in 
 the island. 
 
 Nascosy or Naxia, the capital of the above 
 island, over against the isle of Paros, and 
 one of the most beautiful places in the 
 Archipelago, seated on the s side of the 
 island, defended by a castle. Here are 
 both a Greek and a Latin archbishop. It 
 has no harbour, but a considerable trade in 
 the produce cf the island. Lon. 25 32 e, 
 lat. 37 8 N. 
 
 Nayakanahullyy a towm in Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, with a citadel, fortified strongly 
 with mud walls. A broad street extends 
 all round the town, with lanes on each side. 
 Here is a manufacture of coarse cotton 
 cloth, and the vicinity abounds with palm- 
 gardens, 34 miles sw’ of Sera. 
 
 NayreSy nobles and soldiers of Calicut, 
 which is hence also called the country of 
 the Nayres, See Calicut. 
 
 Nazurethy a village of Palestine, in Sy- 
 ria, famous for being the residence of our 
 Saviour in the early part of his life, and 
 then the capital city of Galilee. It stands 
 on the B side of a rocky eminence. * Here 
 is a convent of the monks of St. Francis. 
 It is 18 miles se of Acre, and CO ne of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Nazarethy a beautiful towm of the United 
 States, in Northampton county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, inhabited by Moravians, situated 10 
 miles N of Bethlehem, and 63 n by w of 
 Philadelphia. It consists of two principal 
 streets. The number of inhabitants in the 
 town and farms belonging to it, about 
 450. 
 
 Nazcy or Lindeness, the most southern 
 promontory of Norway. Lon. 7 17 e, lat. 
 58 1 N. 
 
 Naze Pointy on the coast of Essex with 
 the North Foreland, in Kent, 60 miles to 
 the s forms the mouth of the Thames. Lon. 
 J 19 E, lat, 51 51 N. 
 
 Neagh, Lough. See Lough Neagh. 
 
 NEAPOLITAN, or Pakthenopian re- 
 public, a short-lived democratic state of 
 Italy, erected by the French in January 
 1799, upon the conquest of Naples and the 
 flight of the king. See Naples. 
 
 Neath, a large and ancient town of 
 Glamorganshire, in S Wales, with a market 
 on Wednesday and Saturday, and three 
 annual fairs, situated on a river of the same 
 name, near the Bristol channel, over which 
 is a bridge, where small vessels come to 
 load coal. In the neighbourhood are iron 
 forges, smelting works for copper, and 
 many coal mines. On the other side of the 
 river are the ruins of an extensive abbey* 
 Population about 3000. It is 27 miles sw 
 of Brecknock, 32 i^w of Llanuoaff, and 198 
 NW of London. 
 
 Neath, a river which has its source in 
 BiecknoaksUiie, passes through Glamor- 
 
NEE 
 
 f l^nshire, by the town of Neatb^ and enters 
 wanscabay. 
 
 Keby a river of the Isle of Man, which 
 flows Nw into the Irish sea at Peel Castle. 
 
 NcbiOy or Nebbio, a ruined city of Corsica, 
 Oil the a side of the island, one mile from 
 St. Fiorenzo. 
 
 NEBOCSAN, a late district of France, 
 in the government of Guienne and Gascony 
 St. Gaudens was the capital. It is now 
 in the department of Upper Garonne. 
 
 Nehra, a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, stands on the Unstrut, 12 miles 
 KNW of Naumburg. 
 
 Necau, a tow^n in Biledulgerid, Barbary, 
 140 miles w by a of Gademis, and 170 sse 
 of Tuggurt. Lon. 7 45 e, lat. 30 30 n. 
 
 Necessity y Forty in Virginia, is situated 
 in the Great Meadow, within four miles of 
 the w, bounds of Maryland, 238 miles e by 
 N of Alexandria. This spot will remain 
 famous in the history of America, as one 
 of the first scenes of general Washington’s 
 talents as a commander. Here with 300 
 men he defeated the French, in 1753, when 
 he was only 22 years of age. 
 
 Neckary a river of Germany, which has 
 its source in the Black Forest, and after 
 passing by Rothweil, Tubingen, Eslingen, 
 Heilbicc, and Heidelberg, falls into the 
 Rhine at Manheim. 
 
 NeckarelZy a town in the circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, Germany, on the Neckar, 
 20 miles e of Heidelberg. 
 
 Neckargemundy a town in the circle of 
 the Lower Rhine, Germany, seated on the 
 Neckar, five miles e of Heidelburg. 
 
 Neckersulm, a town of Swabia, at the 
 junction of the Neckar, and Sulm, five 
 miles N of Heilbron. 
 
 Ned Romay an ancient town of Algiers, 
 Africa, in the province of Mascara, built 
 by the Romans, in a fertile soil, surrounded 
 by magnificent ruins, 10 miles from the 
 sea, and 50 wsw of Oran, Lon. 0 38 e, lat. 
 35 40 N. 
 
 NEDS JED, an extensive province of 
 Arabia, immediately sof the desert of Syria. 
 It is partly divided among several schiechs, 
 partly inhabited by the Bedouins. The 
 soil is in many parts fertile. 
 
 Needham y a town in SuiTolk, on the Or- 
 well ; with a market cn ViTednesdciy. It 
 fcas some trade in Suffolk blues and cloths ; 
 the poorer sort of women are employed in 
 spinning and weaving bone-lace. It is 10 
 miles N\Y of Ipswich, and 74 ne of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Needlesy two rocks at the w end of the 
 Isle of Wight, so called from their sharp 
 extremities. There were formerly three 
 of those lofty, wdiite clefts, but the highest 
 w hich stood 120 feet above low water, fell 
 some years ago. Here is a light house. 
 Lon. 1 33 w, lat. 50 44 n. 
 
 Needwood Feresty in Staffordshire, be- 
 tw'ecn the Trent, Dove, and Blythe, is said 
 w exce^ed ail the forests in England, in the 
 
 N E G 
 
 excellency of its soil, and the fineness of its 
 turf. 
 
 NEEHEEHEOU, one of the Sandwich 
 islands, about five leagues w from Atooi, 
 containing about 10,000 inhabitants. The 
 E coast IS high, and rises abruptly from 
 the sea, the rest consists of lower ground. 
 Its place of anchorage is in ion. 160 15 w, 
 lat. 21 50 N. 
 
 Neerwinderty a village of the Netherlands, 
 a little N by w of Landen ; hence the famous 
 battles of Landen are sometimes called 
 the battles of Neerwinden. See Landen, 
 
 NeJ'tay a populous 'town of Tunis, 250 
 miles s by w of Tunis. Lon. 9 25 e, lat. 
 30 0 N. 
 
 Nefyiiy a corporate town in Carnarvon- 
 shire, Wales, with a market on Saturday, 
 seated on the Irish sea, and has a small 
 pier. Here, in 1284, Edward I. celebrated 
 his triumph on the conquest of Wales, 21 
 miles s by w of Carmarthen, and 249 nw 
 of London. ^ 
 
 NEGADA, or Akegada, one of the 
 Caribbee islands in the West Indies. It 
 is low and desert, encompassed with 
 shoals and sand-banks. It is 50 miles 
 NW of Anguilla. Lon. 63 5 w, lat. 18 
 
 6 N. 
 
 Negapatam, a neat city in the kingdom 
 of Tanjore, Hindoostan, on the coast of 
 Coromandel. The Dutch took it from the 
 Portuguese, and in 1782 it came into the 
 possession of the British. Its port is not 
 large, but it has an extensive trade with 
 most of the nations of India, 52 miles e of 
 Tanjore, and 166 s by w of Madras. Lon. 
 79 56 E, lat. 10 46 N. 
 
 Negaray capital of the kingdom of Ban- 
 jermassin. Isle of Borneo, stands on the e 
 side of the Banjer, 90 miles n of its mouth, 
 at the town of Banjennassin. Lon. 114 0 
 E, lat. I 40 s. 
 
 Negomhoy a sea-port on the w coast of 
 Ceylon, has a fort erected by the Portuguese. 
 In 1640, it w:as taken by the Dutch, 
 who ceded it to the British in 1796, J6 
 miles N of Columbo. Lon. 79 55 e, lat. 7 
 20 N. 
 
 NEGRAIS, an island on the e side of 
 the bay of Bengal, situated at the mouth 
 of Bassien river, the mo£.t w^estern branch 
 of the Irrawhaddy, cuid has a good harbour. 
 Lon. 94 30 e, lat. 16 0 s. 
 
 Negrily Harbour North y at the w end of 
 the island of Jamaica, has North Negril 
 Point on the n wdiich is the most w^estorly 
 point of the island. Lon. 78 17 w, lat. 18 
 27 E. 
 
 Negro CapOy a promontory on the coast 
 of Benguela, Africa. Lon. 11 40 e, lat. 
 16 15 N. 
 
 Negroland'y or Negritia, a tract of laud 
 in Africa, through wdiich the river Niger is 
 supposed to run. The Arabs call ii Soudan, 
 that is the land of (he blacks. It extends 
 from Ion. 10 w, to 27 e, and from lat. 10 to 
 25 N, It is very Hide known by Euro 
 U 2 
 
N E I 
 
 pean?. Some parts on the Niger are said j 
 to bf? very fertile, other pans are sandy | 
 and desert. The population iiiust be great, j 
 considering the vast suppiy of slaves it has 
 afforded to the traders. Ifoniou is the chief 
 territory that is knovv’n. The inhabitants 
 need little clothing, a slight degree of exer- 
 tion procures the necessaries of life, except 
 salt, which they obtain from Zahara by 
 caravans of trading Arabs, and it is pro- 
 verbial of a mans riches to say that he eats 
 salt to his food. Domestic slavery prevails 
 among all the Negro nations. Their know- 
 ledge wdth regard to religion, is very limit- 
 ed. The Europeans have many settle- 
 ments on th© coast, where they barter 
 European goods for gold dust, elephants 
 teeth, gums, and drugs ; and traffic in 
 slaves. 
 
 NEGROFONT, an island of Turkey in 
 Europe, the largest in the Archipelago. 
 
 It was anciently called Eubcsa, and is near 
 the N coast of Livadia, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by a strait, over which is a bridge. 
 
 It is about 90 miles in length and 25 in 
 breadth, and abounds in corn, wine, fruits, 
 flesh, fish, and fowls. A ridge of mountains 
 extends its whole length, many of them 
 covered with continual snow. 
 
 Negropontf a large city, the capital of 
 the above island, with a harbour wdiich is 
 commonly the station of the Turkish ships, 
 seated on a broad flat peninsula, wdiich 
 forms the narrowest part of the strait of its 
 name. The walls of the town in which 
 the Turks and Jews reside, are two miles 
 and a-half in circumference, but the suburbs, 
 where the Christians live, are much larger, 
 it is the see of a Greek archbishop; and 
 povisions are here very cheap. In 1469, 
 it was taken from the Venetians, who, in 
 1688, attemided to retake it, without effect. 
 
 It is 30 miles ne of Athens. Lon. 24 8 e, 
 lat, 38 30 N. 
 
 NeUa'^end, or Nehaundf a towm in Irak, 
 Persia, celebrated for a battle between Jez- | 
 degerd, king of Persia, and the Califf Omar, 
 in 638, in which the former lost both his |, 
 life and bis kingdom, <50 miles s of Hama- 
 dan, and 90 b by s of Kirmansha. 
 
 Neidcnhnrg, a town of Prussia, has a 
 castle on a mountain, 75 miles e of Culm. 
 Lon. 20 20 e, lat. 53 22 n. 
 
 Seidmatein, a town in Low’er Hesse, 
 Germany, nine miles ssw of Cassel. 
 
 Nfjiff. fe'ee lifts eked AIL 
 
 Nt'fw, the setu of the government of one 
 of the Rajuia islands, of the same name, 
 li nas a large harbour, with a narrow en- 
 ti autre. Two forts defend the bay. Lon. 
 1^9 30 fi, iat. 4 50 s. 
 
 NcLui>iir. See Nisapotfr. 
 
 NER?AE, or Nevssk, a large principa- 
 lity of Germany, in Silesia, called also 
 Guotkac, from this district being joined 
 to it. Neisse is the capital. It belongs to 
 the bishop of Breslaw. 
 
 a handiOine town of Germany, 
 
 N E O 
 
 in Silesia. It is surrounded by thick w^alls 
 tmd deep ditches. Here is a superb palace, 
 but the castle of the small town of Ott- 
 rnacha adjacent, is the seat of government. 
 The air is very v/holesome, provisions cheap, 
 and the inhabitants curry on a considerable 
 trade in linens and wine. It stands on a 
 river of its name, and w'as taken by the 
 Prussians in 1741, who, after the peace of 
 1742, built a citadel, w^hich they named 
 Prussia. The Austrians, in 1758, be- 
 seiged it without success. In 1807 it w^a« 
 taken by the French, 48 miles s by e of 
 Breslaw. Lon. 17 20 e, lat. 50 24 n. 
 
 Neitra, a town of Hungary, with a col- 
 lege and a castle, seated on a river of its 
 name, is a bishop’s see, 34 miles n of 
 Gran. 
 
 Nelimram, a town in the peninsula of 
 Hiudoosian, on the w coast, 33 miles ne 
 of Mangalore, and 40 nw of Tellichery. 
 
 Nellenburg, a town of Snabia, capital of 
 a landgraviate of the same name, wdth a 
 citadel on a mountain, 22 miles n of Con- 
 stance. Lon 9 5 E, lat. 47 57 n. 
 
 NELSON, a county of the United 
 States, in Kentucky. Chief town, Bairds- 
 town. 
 
 Nemours, a towni in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, 10 miles s 
 of Fountaiiibleau, and 45 sse of Paris. 
 
 Nellore, a towm and fortress in the Car- 
 nale, Hindoostan, by the Peunar, 85 miles 
 N by w of Madras. Lon. 79 57 e, lat. 14 
 26 N. 
 
 Nemea, a town in the Morea, European 
 Turkey, famous in ancient times for a tem- 
 ple of Jupiter, some vestiges of w’hich are 
 still visible, and for its games, 19 miles n 
 of Argos. 
 
 Nemi, a town in Campana de Boma, 
 Italy, seated on a lake of its name, wdth a 
 castle. It stands on a rock, from the base 
 of which issues the fountain of Egerio, seven 
 miles SSE of Rome. 
 
 Nen or Nine, a river, the principal one 
 ill Northamptonshire. It rises in the w part 
 of the county, is navigable at Northampton, 
 and falls into the Lincolnshire w'^ash. It 
 also by several channels communicates 
 with the great Ouse. 
 
 Nenogh, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary, 
 Munster, with a castle, on a branch of the 
 Shannon, 30 miles nnw of Cashel, and 75 
 from Dublin. 
 
 Nenthorn, a parish of Scotland, in Ber- 
 wickshire, bordering on Roxburghshire, 
 four miles in length and near as much in 
 breadth. The surface is in general rich, 
 and well cultivated. Population in 1801, 
 395, and in 1811, 398. 
 
 Neoniinas Hirer, on the coast of Pi ru, is 
 12 or 14 leagues to the kw of Bonaveniura 
 river. It is a large river, and falls into the 
 ocean by two mouths. 
 
 NeoVs, St. a large well built town in 
 IluiJiingdoushire, situated on the Ouse, over 
 which is a stone bridge. St. Neots has a 
 
N E S 
 
 Stone bridge. St. Neots has a market on 
 Thursday, and fairs Jan. 29, Ascension day, 
 June 23, Aug. 1, and December 17. It is 
 20 miles wsw of Cambridge, and <56 nnw 
 of London. 
 
 Neoundahydi town in the territory of Bir- 
 mah, seated on the Irahwaddy, wiiich has 
 flourished in proportion as the ancient city 
 of Pagahm has decayed. Here japanned 
 ware is manufactured in great abundance, 
 four miles of Pagahm. 
 
 Nepean Island, in the South Pacific 
 ocean, opposite Port Hunter, on the s coast 
 of Norfolk island. It consists entirely of 
 one mass of sand. 
 
 Nepean Sound, an extensive water on the 
 Nw coast of South America, containing a 
 number of islands, in some charts called 
 Princess Pvoyal islands. 
 
 Nepi, an ancient town in the pope's terri- 
 tory, Italy, on the Triglio, 20 miies n of 
 Rome. 
 
 Nerac, a town in the department of Lot 
 and Garonne, divided into Great and Little 
 Nerac, by the river Baise. It was the re- 
 sidence of the lords of Albert, whose mag- 
 nificent castle is now in ruins, 16 miies 
 wsw of Agen, and 67 se of Bordeaux. 
 Lon. 0 18 E, lat. 44 8 n. 
 
 Nerbudda, a river which has its source 
 i!i a lake on the s borders of Allahabad, 
 Hindoostan ; it runs 700 miles, receives 
 many tributary streams, divides Hindoostan 
 Proper from the Decan, and falls into the 
 gulf of Cambay, below Baroach. 
 
 Nerenherg, a town in the department of 
 Rhine and Moselle, Franca, in the late 
 archbishopric of Cologne, 26 miles w of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Neresheim, a town in the county of Ot- 
 tingen, Swabia, has a Benedictine abbey, 
 whose abbot v/as a prelate of the empire, 15 
 miles WNW of Doiiawert. 
 
 Neronde, a town in the department of 
 Loire, France, 18 miles nne of Montbri.son. 
 
 NEPtiCIA, a province of Sweden, in the 
 division of Sweden Proper, has large forests 
 of pine and birch, and numerous mines and 
 forges. Orebo is the only considerable 
 town. 
 
 NEPcO, an island of the East Indies, the 
 second of the Banda islands. The Dutch 
 have a settlement here, called Fort Ncissau. 
 Lon. 120 45 e, lat. 4 40 n. 
 
 Nerondes, a town in the department of 
 Cher, France, 20 miles ese of Bourges. 
 
 NERSCHINK, a province in the Rus- 
 sian government of Irkutsk, sometimes 
 called D^louria. It is mountainous, but 
 yields excellent pasture for cattle, and con- 
 tains some considerable silver mines. Its 
 Ocipital is of the .same name, situated on the 
 Nereha, at the influx of the Shiska, 440 
 miles E of Irkutsk. Lon. 117 34 E, lat. 
 51 52 N. 
 
 Neshit’s Harbour, on the coast of New 
 Britain, in North America, where the Mo- 
 ravians attempted to settle in 1752^ but did 
 
 N E U 
 
 not succeed till 1764, when they were pro* 
 tected by the British. 
 
 Nesle, a town in the department of Somme, 
 France, stands on the Lingoii, 25 miles ese 
 of Amiens. 
 
 Ness Loch, a beautiful lake of Scotland, 
 
 I in Inverness-shire, 22 miles long, atid for 
 the most part one broad. Its general depth 
 is from 60 to 135 fathoms. It forms part 
 of the Caledonian canal Its outlet is the 
 river Ness. The lalce and river never 
 fi*eeze in the most intense wini*cr?. The 
 garrison of Fort Augustus, at its s extre- 
 mity, is supplied with .stores by a king s 
 galley, which navigates this lake. Its 
 borders present a striking view of rugged 
 precipices, wood, pasture, and cultivated 
 lands. 
 
 I Nesting, a parish in Shetland, composed 
 j of the united parishes of Nesting, Lunnes- 
 ting, Whalsay, and the Skerries, It con- 
 tains nearly 1800 inhabitants, who devote 
 their aitemion chiefly to fishing. The mi- 
 nister’s stipend is paid in butter and oil. 
 
 Nestved, a town in the island of Zealand, 
 Denmark, on the Ne.ss, 38 miles sw of Co- 
 penhagen. 
 
 NETHERLANDS, or The Low Coun- 
 tries, a large country of Europe, anciently 
 called Gallia Belgica. In the fifth cen- 
 tury, the Franks coining to settle in Gaul» 
 founded a new kingdom, to which thej- 
 gave the name of France. In the ninth 
 j century, the sons of Louis the Pious, having 
 I divided the dominions of their father, a new 
 ! kingdom Wcis forme<i, comprehendirig Ger- 
 i many and France. In 1794, the Nelher- 
 j lands were subdued by the French, and in 
 j 1796, the convention passed a decree, form- 
 ing them into an integral part of tbance, 
 and dividing them into nine departments, 
 Dyle, Forets, Jemappe, Lis, Meu.se Low’^er, 
 j Nethes, (two) Outhe, Sambre and Meuse, 
 
 ! and Scheldt; which see. The Netherlands 
 I in general are 269 miles long, and from 100 
 to 200 broad. The principal livers are the 
 Scheldt, Pihine, Maese, Moselle, and Lis. 
 The air i.s temperate ; but the mouths of the 
 rivers and harbours are frozen up in winter, 
 j The soil is extremely fertile in corn anti 
 ! pastures ; and there are several fine manu- 
 ( lacturcs of lace, lawns, can^bric, tapestry, 
 d:c. Brussels is the ciiief town ; see IJoS- 
 land, or Dutch Netherlands. 
 
 NETHES, TWO, a new deparlmfciit id 
 France, comprehendrng the n part of Aus- 
 trian Brabant, and take.s its name from two 
 rivers which have their source on the e 
 border, and ut ile at Liere. Antwerp is filie 
 capital. 
 
 Netchkan, a town in Voitiand, Upp '^r 
 Saxony, stands on the Golsch, 12 miles a w 
 of Zwickau. 
 
 Nettnno, a town in Campagna di Rom i, 
 Italy seated at the mouih of the Lojaoiua, 
 near the ruins of ancient Antium, 24 miles s 
 by E oi Rome. 
 
 Neuhurg a town of Bavaria, and capi U I 
 
N E V 
 
 N E U 
 
 of the duchy of the same name, 90 miles 
 K\ E of Augsburg. 
 
 Neuburg, capital of a principality of the 
 same name, Bavaria, seated on a hill near 
 the Danube, with a castle, in wdiich is a 
 hall of an uncommon size, adorned with 
 portraits. Its fortifications are much de- 
 cayed, 32 miles kne of Augsburg, and 
 60 sw of Amberg. Lon. 11 13 e, lat. 48 
 43 N. 
 
 Neuhurgy capital of a palatinate of Ba- 
 varia, on the Schwarza, 17 miles esk of 
 Amberg. 
 
 Neuburg,a town of Swabia , in the Bris- 
 gan, by the Rhine, 12 miles s of Erisack. 
 
 Neuburg, a town in the duchy of Wir- 
 femberg, Swabia, on the Entz, 25 miles w 
 of Stutgard. 
 
 Nevers, a considerable town in the de- 
 partment of Nievre, France, It is 15 miles 
 nw of Moulins, 
 
 Neyfchateauy a handsome, populous town 
 in the department of Vosges, France, on 
 the Meuse. The vicinity is fertile in corn 
 and wine, 25 miles sw of Nancy. 
 
 NEUFCHATEL, a territory of Switzer- 
 land, which, with that of Vallengin, forms 
 one principality, between the lake Nenf- 
 chatel and the frontier of France, contaiiv- 
 ivjg in length, from Ntos, about 12 leagues, 
 and about six in its greatest breadth. It is 
 a hilly country, in which are several rivers 
 and lakes. In it are large vineyards, num- 
 bers of cattle on the mountains, and deer in 
 the forests. In the districts of Cressier and 
 Lauderon, the inhabitants are mostly Catho- 
 lics, but in the others they are Protestants. 
 In 1 806, the v/hole was ceded to France by 
 the king of Prusjtia, and soon after confered 
 on marshall Berthier, with the title of prince 
 and duke of Neufchatel. The air is healthy 
 and temperate, but the soil is not every- 
 where equally fertile. The people are inge- 
 nious, polite, active and industrious. 
 
 Nevfchatel, ix handsome town of Swit- 
 zerland, capital of the principality of the 
 same name, containing not more than 30C0 
 people, seated partly on the side of Mount 
 Jura, cind partly on a plain. It has an ele- | 
 gant town -house, an excellent causeway 
 leading to tlie valley of St Imier, maniifac- 
 tmes of printed cottons and linens, and ex- 
 ports wine of superior quality, 25 miles ke 
 of Lusanr.e, and 25 w of Berne. Lcn. 70 e, 
 lat. 47 5 N. 
 
 Neifhai/s, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Bremen, near the month of the j 
 Oste, formerly a place of great trade, j 
 xybich is now much interrupted by a sand 
 bank which has risen ni the mouth of the 
 Oslo. It is 19 miles nw of Siadc. 
 
 .\cvi(l\s Crossy a place near Durham, 
 where 15,000 of tl'.e Scots were slain. 
 
 NEVIS, an island less than a league se 
 of the pininsnla of St. Christopher's, one of j 
 til*!! Caribbees. This beautiful little spot j 
 is nothing more than a singlfj mountain, | 
 rising like a cone in an easy ascent from | 
 
 the sea ; the cire^mference of its base not 
 exceeding 24 miles. The island is well 
 watered, and the land fertile. Here is a 
 v/arm bath, similar in quality to those of 
 Bath in England. The island is divided 
 into five parishes. It has one town (Char- 
 lestown,) which is a port of entry. There 
 are two other shipping places, viz. Indian 
 Castle, and New Castle. Nevis contains 
 600 whites, and 10,000 blacks. Charles- 
 town is the capital. Lon. 62 40 w lat 
 17 18 N. ’ ■ 
 
 Nevis, a river of Scotland, which rise* 
 near the mountaiu of Ben-nevis, in Inver- 
 ness-shire, and falls into Locheil, near 
 Fort William, and has .swept away part 
 of the fort. This river exhibits a grand 
 cascade, of extraordinary height, as does 
 one of its tributaries that descends from th» 
 mountain Ben-nevis. 
 
 Neumarkty a town in the principality of 
 Breslaw, Silesia. It is famous throughout 
 Silesia for its v/aggons. Near this place, 
 at the village ot Leuthen, the Prussians 
 gained a decisive victory over the Imperial- 
 ists in 1757, 20 miles w by n of Breslaw. 
 
 Neufchateau, a town in Luxemburg, Ne- 
 therlands, 16 miles sw of Bastogne, 
 
 Neu-wiedy a neat commercial town of 
 Germany, capital of the lower county of 
 Wied, with a fine castle, on the e bank of 
 the Rhine, 7 miles nw of Coblentz, 
 
 Nevfchately a lake of Swisserland, ex- 
 tending from sw to ne from the town of 
 Yverdiin, to that of Neutchatel, 20 miles 
 long and four broad ; and has a communi- 
 cation by a narrow outlet with the lake of 
 Biel, at its ne extremity. 
 
 Neuchatel, a town in the department of 
 Lower Seine, France, seated on the Arques, 
 and famous for cheese, 20 miles se of Dieppe, 
 and 75 nw of Paris. 
 
 Neunstein, a town and castle in the prin- 
 cipality of Hohenloe, Franconia, eight miles 
 WNW of Halle, in Swabia. 
 
 NeverUy a village in Pembrokeshire, 
 V/alcs, near a river of its name. In the 
 church -yard is a square stone, 13 feet high 
 and two broad, circular at the top. Its 
 sides are carved with knot-w^ork of different 
 patterns. On it also is a cross ; two miles 
 NE of Newport. 
 
 Neversy capital of the department of 
 Nievre, France, on the Lovre, at the influx 
 of the Nievre, stands on the side of a hill, 
 noted for the ancient ducal palace, in which 
 Jolin Casimer, kiLgof Poland, died in 1672. 
 Here are other elegant buildings and a hand- 
 some stone bridge. W'orks of enamel, chi- 
 na, and glass, are its chief manufactures ; 
 15 miles knw of Moulins, and 145 s by e of 
 Paris. Lon. 3 9 e, lat. 46 59 n. 
 
 Nevfferiy a town in the duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg, Swabia, with a fortress called Hohe- 
 neutien, 17 miles se of Stutgard. 
 
 Neugarteny a town with a strong castle in 
 Fuither Fomeranici, 15 miles n of New Star^ 
 ganl. 
 
 
N E U 
 
 Newhauself a town situated in a marshy 
 ^lain, on the Neitra, Upper Hungary, 43 
 miles ESE of Presburg. 
 
 Neukirchen, a town in the principality of 
 Hesse Cassel, Germany, on the Fulda, 32 
 miles ssE of Cassel. 
 
 Neumagerif a town in the department of 
 Sarre, France, electorate of Treves, lately 
 of Germany, on the Moselle, 17 miles ne of 
 Treves. 
 
 Neurnarky a town in Carniola, Germa- 
 ny, 28 miles Nw of Laubach. 
 
 Neurnarky a town in the palatinate of Ba- 
 varia, 22 miles sw of Amberg. 
 
 Neuniarky a town on the river Ross Bava- 
 ria, 17 miles se of Landshut. Another 30 
 miles NW of Ratisbon. 
 
 NeurodCy a town in the county of Glats, 
 Silesia, on the Wotitz, eight miles nnw of 
 Glatz. 
 
 Neusy a navigable river of N. Carolina, 
 W'hich enters Pemplico sound, below the 
 town of New hern. 
 
 NeusaltZy a town in the priimipality of 
 Glogau, Silesia, on the Oder, 17 miles nw 
 of Glogau. 
 
 NematZy a strong town and fortress for- 
 merly called Peterweradein, Scharz, Hun- 
 gary, on the Danube, opposite Peterwara- 
 dein, in Sclavonia, is a Greek bishop^s see. 
 
 Neusidhy a town of Hungary, n end of a 
 lake of its name, w’hich is 20 miles in length 
 and six in breadth, 16 miles ssw of Presburg. 
 
 Neusoly a town of Upper Hungary, with a 
 large castle, in which is a church covered 
 w’ilh copper, seated on the Gran. The most 
 extensive copper mines in Hungary are in 
 the neighbouring mountains, 22 miles n by 
 £ of Schemnit^. 
 
 Neustadty a town of Austria, on the fron- 
 tiers of Hungary, with an arsenal and a 
 castle; and h^as the staple right over all 
 goods from Italy, 28 miles s by w of Vien- 
 na. Lon. 16 18 E, lat. 47 50 N. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the principality of 
 Wurtzburg, Franconia, on the Saal, 16 
 miles N by E of Schweinfurt. 
 
 Neustadty capital of the lower part of 
 the principality of Bayreuth, Franconia, 
 with a castle on the Aisch. In the church i 
 library are many curiosities, 32 miles ese 
 of Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 43 e, lat. 49 38 n. 
 
 Neustadty a town in Misnia, Upper Saxo- 
 ry, capital of a circle of its name, on the 
 Orla, has tw’o churches, a castle, and a 
 mine office. The castle of Arnshaugh 
 stands on a mountain in the vicinity, 46 
 miles ssw of Leipsic. Lon. 116 49 e, lat. 
 50 45 N. 
 
 Neustadty a towni in the duchy of Wir- 
 temburg, Swabia, on the Koher, 12 miles 
 NNE of Hailbron. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburgh, on the Finow canal, J’,ns 
 manufactures of cloth and cutlery, and ex- 
 tensive breweries ; 31 miles ne of Berlin. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the Mark of Preg- 
 5}it2, Br^ndeubtirg^ on tha? Dos&«, noted fur 
 
 NEW 
 
 its manufacture of plate glass, eight mile* 
 EXE of Havelberg. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the principality of 
 Cobourg, Upper Saxony, eight miles ne of 
 Coburg. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the duchy of Bruns- 
 wick, Luneburg, Lower Saxony, on th® 
 Leina, has a castle, 15 miles nnw of Hano- 
 ver. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the duchy of Meck- 
 lenburg, Lower Saxony, has a castle, 17 
 miles s of Schwerin. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the duchy of Hol- 
 stein, Lower Saxony, has a commodious 
 harbour on the Baltic, 20 miles n by e of 
 Liibeck. Lon. 10 57 e, lat. 54 10 n. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the palatinate of 
 Bavaria, on the Nab, with a castle, 27 
 miles NNE of Amberg. 
 
 Neustadty a town at the junction of th» 
 Abenst with the Danube, Bavaria, 16 milei 
 E by N of Ingolstadt. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the county of Mark, 
 Westphalia, at the foot of a mountain, 50 
 miles ESE of Dussledorf. 
 
 Neustadty a town on the borders of 
 the county of Glatz, Bohemia, 13> milei 
 NE of Ivonigingratz. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the circle of Pilissn^ 
 Bohemia, 35 miles w by s of Pilsen. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the principality of 
 Oppelin, Silesia, 14 miles se of Neisse. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the circle of Olmutz, 
 Moravia, 10 miles nw of Olmntz. 
 
 Neustadty a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnsre, France, lately of Germany, 
 in the palatinate of the Rhine, on the Spire^. 
 bach, 14 miles w of Spire. 
 
 Neustadtely a town in the principality of 
 Glogau, Silesia, 17 miles e by n of Sagan. 
 
 Neuvilley a town in the late bishopric of 
 Basel, Swisserland, nine miles ne of Neu- 
 chatel. 
 
 Newhoroughy or Gcreg, a borough in the 
 county of Wexford, Ireland, 25 miles n by 
 E of Wexford, and 47 s of Dublin. 
 
 Newhurg, a village 14 miles ne of Aber- 
 deen. Its exports are corn and meal, the 
 imports lime, coal, and timber. 
 
 Newburgh, a town in Ulster county. 
 New York, stands on the w side of the Hud- 
 son river. Here is much ship-building, 33 
 miles s of Kingston, and 54 N of Nav/ 
 York. 
 
 Newahheg, a par'sh and village of Scot- 
 land, in Kirkcudbrightshire, on the s bank* 
 of the Nith. It is about eight miles long, 
 and two and a-half broad. The village of 
 Newabbey, containing above 200 inhabi- 
 tants, is pleasantly situated on the great 
 road from Dumfries to Kirkcudbright. In 
 the centre of a fine level field stands a largti 
 and venerable abbey, which gave name to 
 the parish. It is of gothic structure, 194 
 feet long, 102 broad at the cross, 66 at tha 
 ends, and has a tower 90 feet high, founded 
 in the 12th. century by the mother of John 
 Baliol, king cf Sputiund. Th<# of 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 the parish formerly was Kirkinder. Popu- 
 lation above 800. 
 
 Newark, a town lately laid out by the 
 British in Upper Canada, v.ith a fort called | 
 fort Georg:e, on the w side of the Niagara, 1 
 where it enters into lake Ontario, opposite | 
 the town and fort of Niagara, 39 miles n of j 
 fort Erie. } 
 
 Newin, or Nenpi, a town in Carnarvon- I 
 shire, Vitales, has a market oa Saturday, j 
 Here, in 1284, Edward I. celebrated his 
 triumph on the conquest of Wales. It is one 
 of the boroughs cia sed with Carnarvon in 
 sending a member to parliament. A se- 
 questered vale, near this town, is said to 
 have been the retreat of ^'ortyea v/hea he | 
 lied from his countrymen, who were enra- 
 ged at his inviting the Saxons into Britain, 
 in the fifth century. It stands on St. | 
 George’s channel, 21 miles s by w of Car- 
 narvon, and 219 wnw of London. 
 
 Newark upo7i Trent, a town in Notting- 
 hamshire, situated on the river Trent, go- \ 
 verned by a mayor, with a market on Wed- jl 
 nesday, has a bridge over each branch of |i 
 the Trent, and a causeway formed at the !] 
 expence of 12,0001. Its once handsome |j 
 castle is now in ruins. The church is a |) 
 fine Gothic structure, with a handsome |j 
 spire. On Beacon hill, in the vicinity, are jj 
 the most considerable quarries of gypsum, I 
 in England. It has a free-sehool, and sends i 
 two members to parliament, elected by the 
 house-holders paying scot and lot. Here, 
 in the midst of Uxcables, died king John, 
 and here Charles I., after he was defeated ' 
 at Naseby, put himself into the hands of the 
 Scotch army, after which it was demolished, 
 though several towers of great height and | 
 strengih remain. It has a good trade. In 1 
 1801, it contained OT30 inhabitants, and in 
 1811, T930, 17 miles ke of Nottingham, and : 
 120 N by w of London. Lon. 0 43 w, lat. 
 53 6 N. 
 
 Newbattle, or Newbottle, a parish in 
 Edinburgshire, of an irregular triangular 
 figure, each side of w’hich extends about 
 four miles. The church and village are 
 about a mile s of Dalkeith. The mansion 
 of Newbattie abbey, in the vicinity of the 
 village, is the seat of the marquis of Lothi- 
 an, and stands on the site of an ancient ab- 
 bey built by David I., for monks of the 
 Sistersian order. The parish is iiitersecied ! 
 by the s Esk, and is seven miles se of Edin- 
 burgh. Population, 1332. 
 
 New Bedford, a post-town and port of 
 entry in Bristol county, Massachusetts, 
 situated on a small bay which ^ets up n 
 from Buzzard’s bay, 58 miles s of Boston. 
 
 NEWSERN, one of the eastern mari- 
 time districts of North Carolina. It com- 
 prehends the counties of Catavret, Jone>, 
 Craven, Beaufort, Hyde, Pitt, Wayne, 
 Glasgow, Lenoir, and Johnston; and con- 
 tains\bOve 60,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Newbern, the capital of the above dis- 
 trict, is a post-town and port of entry, situa- 
 
 ted in Craven county, on a sandy point of 
 land formed by the conflux of the Neus 
 and Trent, containing about 400 houses, 
 ail built of wood, and has a considerablo 
 trade in lumber, turpentine, pitch, tar, and 
 corn. It is 96 miles ese of Raleigh. 
 Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 35 10 n. 
 
 Newhiggen, a small fishing-town in Nor- 
 thumberland, on the coast of S Coquet is- 
 land, on a bay to w^bich it gives name, 
 seven miles r of Morpeth. 
 
 Newborough, a town in the isle of Angle- 
 sea, North Wales, .seated on the river Bri- 
 ant, governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Tuesday. It is 10 miles sw of Beau- 
 maris, and 250 nw of London. 
 
 New Bridge, a town in Kildare, Lein- 
 ster, Ireland, five miles sw of Naas. 
 
 Newburgh, a town in Fifeshire, on the s 
 bank of the Tay, six miles n of Falkland, 
 and 10 E of Perth, containing about 1552 
 souls. The parish contains the tow n, and 
 a small district of rich land, population of 
 the whole about 2000. The harbour is 
 good, and there is a passage boat to Errol, 
 It consists of one long street, with suburbs 
 at each end, and a lane from the centre to 
 the shore. Weaving of silesias, osnaburghs^ 
 and brown linen, are the chief manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 Newburn, a parish in Fifeshire, lying on 
 the coast of the Frith of Forth, near Largo 
 bay. It is about three miles and a-half 
 long, and two broad, having a fertile soil. 
 Population about 400. The grammar- 
 school is well endow^ed, and in great re- 
 pute. Several of the inhabitants are Inde- 
 pendants. 
 
 Newbury, a large w^ell- frequented towm 
 in Berkshire, situated on the river Kennet, 
 on the great road from London to Bristol. 
 It is a well built town with spacious streets, a 
 large market-place, and an elegant towui- 
 hail. The trade of Newbury has lately 
 been much increased by a navigable canal 
 to Bristol and Bath from Reading. The 
 government of the towm is vested in a may- 
 or, high steward, aldermen, <fcc. It is a 
 place of great antiquity, and has manufac- 
 tures of broad cloths, shalloons, and drug- 
 gets, and a trade in malt. The market is 
 on Thursday. Two battles were fought 
 near this town, with dubious issue, between 
 the forces of king Charles I., and thos« 
 of the parliament, in 1643 and 1644, in the 
 latter of which the great lord Falkland M'as 
 killed. .. It is 16 miles w of Reading, 26 % 
 of Exford, and 56 w of London. 
 
 Newbury Port, a sea port of Massachu- 
 setts, in E.s.sex county, seated on the Merri- 
 mac, with six cliurches, a court-house, and 
 a gaol. The harbour is safe and commo- 
 dious, and the business of ship-building is 
 carried on laregly. Much rum is distilled 
 here, and it has an extensive trade with the 
 West Indies. It is tw'O miles from the sea, 
 and 35 nke of Boston. Lon. 70 50 w,, 
 lat. 42 48 N. 
 
NEW 
 
 Newhur^f capital of Orange county, Ver- 
 tnont, on the Connecticut, opposite Haver- 
 ijill, in Newhampshire, <50 miles n of Wind- 
 sor. Lon. 72 2 \v, lat. 44 5 N. 
 
 a sm^ll town in Caermarthen- 
 ?hire. South Wales, situated on the Tyvy, 
 with a market on Friday, and had a line 
 castle, now in mins, 17 miles nnw of Caer- 
 Riaertben, a'ud 230 wnw of London. 
 
 Newcastle, a borough of Ireland, in the 
 county of Dublin, 11 miles wsw of Dublin. 
 
 NewGiisile,'or Newcastle Under Line, a 
 considerable and well built town in Staf- 
 fordshire, situated on the e side of a branch 
 ci the Trent, called Line or Lime^ It had 
 four churches, now' reduced to one, and the 
 castle whence it had its name is cpiite de- i 
 molished. Here is a manufactory of cloth, | 
 but the chief trade is in hats. The town is j 
 governed by a mayor, tw'o bailiffs, and 24 
 ecramon council-men, has a court for pleas 
 of any sum below 401., and sends two mem- 1 
 bers to parliament. In 1801 the population j 
 was 4604, in 1811,6175. In the vicinity 
 are glass-works and potteries. Has a small 
 theatre, an elegant building for the educa- 
 tion of young ladies, and a great number 
 of aim-houses. It has a market on Mon- 
 day, and fairs Easter-Monday, Whit-Mon- 
 day, July 6, first Monday in Sept, and Nov. 
 
 for cattle. It is 15 miles n by w of 
 Stafford, and 149 icnw of London. 
 
 Newcastle, a town in the county of Li- 
 merick, Ireland, 26 miles sw of Limerick. 
 
 Newcastle, or Newcastle Upon Tyne, the 
 largest town in Noi’thumberland, situated 
 on the Tyne, which is here a fine and deep ! 
 river ; so that ships of 300 or 400 tons bur- 
 den may safely come up to the town. The 
 towji may be considered as divided into two | 
 parts, joined by a bridge. The town rises 
 on the N bank of the river, where the streets j 
 upon the ascent are exceedingly steep. Of 
 late great improvements have been mtide in 
 the town, by removing obstructions, opening 
 new streets, and paving the principal old 
 ones. The exchange, churches, and other 
 public buildings are elegant; and the quay 
 tor Icinding goods, is long and large. Here 
 is a mansion house for the mayor, a siir- 
 g'’on.s^ hall, aud a large hospital for the sup- 
 port of aged keelmen, Ncw'casUe is situa- 
 K-d at the entrance of the great collieries, 
 v;hich have for centuries supplied London 
 and iT.any other towns. This trade has 
 been the source of great opulence to New- 
 castle. It also possesses manufactories of j| 
 steel, iron, and woollen cloth ; and in the i 
 town and vicinity are several glass-houses, m 
 I t exports large quantities of lead, salt sal- l| 
 nion, butter, tallow, and grindstones. The jj 
 suburbs are chiefiy inhcibited by keel men, |) 
 employed in carrying the coal down the 
 river in keels, or lighters, to the large ships. I 
 Newcastle was made burgh by Mulliam 
 Ibe Conqueror, and the 'first charter which 
 was granted to the townsmen for digging | 
 coal was by Henry HI. ia 1239, The i 
 U ' 
 
 NEW 
 
 town is governed by a mayor, 19 aldermea, 
 a recorder, a sheriff, a town clerk, &c. and 
 sends two members to parliament, elected 
 by the freemeii. Market days, Tuesttays 
 and Saturdays. Its two annual fairs last 
 nine days e. .ch. The number of inhabitants 
 in ISO I, was 28,366, and in 18U, 27,587. 
 It is 14 miles n of Durham, 04 s of Berwick, 
 94 N of York, and 270 n of London. Lon. 
 I 14 w, lat .54 57 n. 
 
 Newcastle, a town of Delaware, capital 
 of a county of the same name. It was 
 called Stockholm by the Swedes, who set- 
 tled here in 1627, and afterwards New 
 Amsterdam by the Dutch, who took it from 
 the Swedes, and by the English, it was, 
 called Newcastle. It has two churches 
 and is the oldest town on the Delaware 
 It is 35 miles sw of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 
 28 w, lat. 39 40 n. 
 
 Newcastle, a town in Hanover county, 
 Virginia, on the Pamunkey, a branch of 
 York river, 24 miles ne of Richmond. 
 
 Newdigate, a village in Surry, five miles 
 ssE of- Dorking, celebrated for a medicinal 
 spring similar in quality to that of Epsom. 
 
 Newenherg y a town in the Tyrol, Ger- 
 many, three miles nw of Fcldkirch. 
 
 Newenden, a small village in Kent, an- 
 ciently a large city, and had the oldest 
 Carmelite priory in England, founded in 
 1241, seated on the Rother, over which it 
 has a bridge into Sussex, eight miles nw of 
 Rye. 
 
 Newenlmm, Cape, a lofty promontory 
 on the w coast of N America, forming the 
 N point of Bristol bay. Lon. 162 24 \y, 
 lat. 58 42 N. 
 
 Newent, a town in Gloucestershire, situa- 
 ted on a branch of the Severn, with a mar- 
 ket on Friday, eight miles nw of Glou- 
 cester, and 112 wnw of London. 
 
 New Forest, a forest of England, in 
 Hampshire, si mated in that par,t of the 
 county w'hich is bounded e by Southampton 
 water, and s by the English channel, it is 
 20 miles long, and 15 broad. It was 
 afforested by William I. and was then 10 
 miles longer. In this forest his son William 
 Rufus was killed by an arrow, shot by 
 Walter Tyrrel, which accidentally glanced 
 against a tree, and the site is now marked 
 by a triangular stone which was erected 
 in 1745. This forest has advantages of 
 situation, with respect to conveycinee by 
 water carriage, and vicinity to the dock- 
 yards, siipcrior to every other forest in Eng- 
 land. The lord Warden is appointed by 
 letters patent, during the king^s pleausure, 
 and all the courts are held atLyndhurst, It 
 contains many handsome villages, and the 
 ruins of several castles. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND, a largo island on 
 the eastern 6oast of North Anunica, be- 
 tween 47 and 52 deg n lat. It is a moun- 
 tainous barren country, and is much colder 
 than England. It has .'cveral commodious 
 b«»ys and harhgurs;, and there are about 
 
NEW 
 
 SOO English families who continue there 
 ail the year*^ beside the garrison of St. John’s 
 Placentia, and other forts. In the fishing 
 season it is resorted to by at least 10,000 
 peOf.de, on account of the fishing banks to 
 the E of this island. The great fishing' 
 banks extends from n to s and is almost of 
 a triangular shape. The island is <588 
 miles in length from n to s, and 290 in 
 breadth, at the base, from e to w. There 
 is plenty of venison, fish, and fowls, hut very 
 little corn, fruit, or cattle. The great 
 bank is <580 miles long, and 230 broad, 
 abounding with immense numbers of small 
 fish which serve as food for the cod. The 
 inhabitants are employed in winter in cutting 
 wood. That part of it used for fuel is drawn 
 home by the dogs, which are harnessed for 
 that purpose. It was discovered by Sebas- 
 tian Cabot in 1496, and ceded to the English 
 in 1713. The principal settlement is St. 
 John. 
 
 Neiv Elver, an artificial river of England 
 broiio'lit from Amwell in Hertfordshire to 
 isliiCion, for the supply of the capital with 
 Vv^at'A. It was completed by Sir Hugh 
 Middleton, a citisen of London, in 1613,' 
 who expended his whole fortune on the 
 undertaking. Since, it has been extended 
 to Chadwell, and also increased by a canal 
 from the river Lea. It is under the manage- 
 ment of a corporation called the New 
 River Company, and including its windings 
 is 42 miles in length. 
 
 Nevj Year Harbonr, a commodious har- 
 bour, on the N coast of Statenland. Lon. 
 64 1 i w, lat. <54 49 s. 
 
 Neiv Year Islands, small islands near 
 New Year Harbour, n of Statenland. 
 
 Neivjane, capital of Windham county, 
 Vermont, on the Yfest river, 38 miles ene 
 of Bennington, and 96 w^nw of Boston. 
 
 Netvhall, an ancient edifice, seated in a 
 romantic pastoral country, on the banks of 
 the N Esk, the classic ground of Allan 
 Hamsay^s Gentle Shepherd, three miles 
 above Fenny cuik house, cind 12 s of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Newhaven, a small town in Sussex, situ- 
 ate 1 at the month of tiie Ouse, with a bat- 
 tery at the entrance of the river, navigable 
 for small craft to Lewes. It has a 
 oiiay on the e side ; and is <56 .miles s of 
 liondon, 
 
 Newhaven, a bealibfnl, pleasant, and 
 flourishing town of North America, in the 
 state of Connecticut, in a county of the 
 same name. Near the centre is the square, 
 which contains the statediouse, two college 
 edifices, a chapel, three churches for con- 
 gregationalists, and one lor episcopalians. 
 It carries on a considerable trade with 
 NeVv' York and the West India islands, has 
 manufactures of linen, cotton, peper, but- 
 tons, and bard-teclh, and is seated at the 
 head of a bay, four miles e of Long Island 
 Sound. Its harl cnr has safe anchorage, 
 3tBd is deiei 2 ded by a lort, and is 132 miles 
 
 NEW 
 
 NE of New York. Lon. 72 S3 wu lat. 41 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Newhaven, a village in Mid Lothian, two 
 miles N of Edinburgh, on the Frith of Forth 
 inhabited by fishermen and frequented by 
 sea-bathers. Near it is a battery for the 
 defence of Leith harbour. The town is 
 about a mile w of Leith. 
 
 Newhills, a parish in Aberdeenshire, a 
 few miles nw of Aberdeen, about six miles 
 and a-half in diameter. Part of this parish 
 is mountainous, but the ne side, which is 
 watered by the Don is fertile. Here are 
 extensive beds of granite, great quantities of 
 wdiieh are exported to London. It has a 
 paper, and a small w^oollen manufactory, 
 and at Greenburn, three annual fairs for 
 cattle and hardware. Population about 
 1300. 
 
 Newington, or Stoke Newington, a plea- 
 sant village in Middlesex, on the road to 
 Ware, three miles n of Loudon. 
 
 Newington Butts, a village in Surry, 
 between the end of Southwark, and Keu- 
 nington Common. It gives name to a 
 ranch esteemed peach. The draper’s and 
 fishmongers companies of London, have 
 tiieir alms-houses here. 
 
 Newington Green, a mile sw of Newing- 
 ton Stoke, is a pleasant village in form of a 
 square. Here is an old house .said to have 
 been the residence of Henry VIII. Here, 
 for many years, the celebrated Dr. Price 
 w^as minister to a congregation of dissenters, 
 
 Newland, an extensive village and parish 
 in the w of Gloucestershire. The village is 
 about four miles se of Monmouth. Au 
 inhabitant here has a strong oak craddle, iu 
 which, it is said, king Henry VIII. slept. 
 
 Newlnnds, a parish in Peebles-shire, 
 lying on the borders of Mid Lothian. Po- 
 pulation near 1000, In the parish are 
 chalybeate springs, ironstone, iron ore, coal, 
 lime, manganese, and red and yellow ochre. 
 The two last are converted into paint at a 
 manufactory called La Mancha, The 
 district is adapted to pasturage, and the 
 stipend consists of laud. 
 
 Newmarket, a town partly in Cambridge- 
 shire and partly in Suffolk, consisting chiefly 
 i of one well built street ; and is 14 miles e 
 of Cambridge, and 60 n by e of London, 
 It is the most celebrated place in England 
 for horse raxes, and here Charles II. built 
 a house for the sake of this amusement. 
 The market is on Thursday. It has two 
 annual fairs, and in the vicinity are many 
 elegant seals of the nobility and gmutry. 
 
 Newmarket, a small town of Flintshire, 
 North Wales, four miles ne of St. Asaph. 
 
 Newmarket, a town in the county of 
 jCork, Ireland, on tlie Dalva, 31 miles xw 
 of Cork. 
 
 Newmarket, a town in Amherst county, 
 Virginia, stands on the n side of Janies^ 
 River, at the influx of the Tyne, 100 miles 
 w of ilicbmoncl. 
 
 New Miins, a village iu the county of 
 
Ayr, &nd parish of Loudon, which was 
 erected into a borough of barony, by king 
 James IV. It contains about 250 muslin 
 weavers, and more than 1000 inhabitants. 
 It is pleasantly seated on the banks of the 
 Irvine, about seven miles e by n of Kilmar- 
 nock, and is under the superiority of the 
 countess of Loudon, and Moira. 
 
 Newnhanif a town in Gloucestershire, 
 with a market on Friday, on the w side 
 of the Severn, 12 miles wsvv of Gloucester, 
 and 120 wnw of London. 
 
 Newport^ a town in Mayo, Connaught, 
 Ireland, stands at the se extremity of a bay 
 of Its name, called also Clew bay, in which 
 are many small islands, has a considerable 
 trade, 12 miles sw of Castlebar, and 123 
 from Dublin. 
 
 Newport^ a town of Tipperary, consisting 
 of small detached buildings, three miles to 
 the sw, at Castle Connel, is a chalybeate 
 spring resembling in quality the Goman 
 Spa. At Newport is a charity school, and 
 the remains of Derryleagh castle, eight 
 miles NE of Limerick, and 86 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Newport^ a town in the isle of Wight, 
 governed by a mayor, on the river Cowes, 
 navigable to it for small vessels. It con- 
 sists of five parallel streets, crossed by three 
 others at right angles. The situation of 
 Newport is elevated and pleasant, and more 
 favourable to commerce than that of Caris- 
 brook, hence it is now considered the metro- 
 polis of the island, and the town is in general 
 a scene of great bustle. Market days 
 Wednesday and Saturday, an annual fair 
 which begins on Whitsun Monday, and con- 
 tinues for three days. It has a manufacture 
 of starch. It is 17 miles s of Southampton, 
 and 91 sw of London. Lon. I 16 w, lat. 
 50 42 N. 
 
 Newport, a town in Shropshire, with a 
 handsome free-school and a market house, 
 and a market on Saturday, 17 miles e of 
 Siirewsbiiry, and 140 nw of London. 
 
 Newport, a town in Monmouthshire, S 
 Wales, on the Usk, over which is a hand- 
 some bridge. It has a good harbour, 
 whence it has its name. It has a market 
 on Saturday, and was formerly defended 
 by walls and a castle, some remains of 
 w’hich are still visible, 19 miles sw of Mon- 
 mouth, and 1 18 w by N of London. 
 
 Nev-port, a town of Pembrokeshire, S 
 Wales, at the foot of a high hill near the 
 sea shore, at the bottom of a bay of the 
 same name, at the month of the Nefern. 
 It is governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Saturday, and the remains of a castle, 
 18 miles ne of St. David% and 250 Wi\w of 
 London. 
 
 Newport, a town in Cornwall, 214 miles 
 w by s of London, and three of Laun- 
 ceston. 
 
 Newport, a sea port of the United States, 
 in Pthode Island, chief town of a county of 
 its name, seated on a gradual ascent, at |! 
 Ihfi /jw end of RJioik Islcuid, about five 
 
 miles from the sea. Here are 10 houses 
 for public worship, a state-house, an aca- 
 demy, and a public library. Its harbour 
 is one of the finest in the world. To the 
 west of the town is Goat Island, on whiclx 
 stands Fort Washington. It has a consider- 
 ble trade. It is 80 miles ke of New York. 
 Lon, 71 15 w, lat. 41 25 n. 
 
 Neurpoi^t, a town in Newcastle county, 
 Delaware, seated on the n side of Christiana 
 Creek, 31 miles sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Newport, a town of Maryland, Charles 
 county, 11 miles neoI Port Tobacco, and 
 22 ssE of Washington. 
 
 Newport, or Newport Bridge, a towm in 
 Liberty county, Georgia, stands on a navi- 
 gable Creek, eight miles above Sunbury, 
 and 34 ssw of Savanna. 
 
 New Port Glasgow, See Glasgow Port, 
 
 Newport Pagnell, a town in Buckingham- 
 shire, on the Ouse ; noted for the manufac- 
 ture of bone lace. It is an ancient and popu- 
 lous town, has a market on Saturday, and 
 one on Wednesday for bone lace ; with six 
 annual fairs. It is 14 miles ene of Buck- 
 ingham, and 50 nnw of London. 
 
 Newport Pratt, a sea port of Ireland, in 
 in the county of Mayo, near the mouth of 
 a river which runs into Clewbay, eight miles 
 w of Castlebar. 
 
 Newry, a considerable town in Down,, 
 Ulster, at the foot of a steep hill, on a river 
 of the same name, crossed by stone bridges ; 
 it is now so much improved in its trade and 
 buildings, that it is the largest town in the 
 county. By means of the Newry canal, it 
 has communication with Lough Neagh. 
 Vessels of 200 tons burden can come up to 
 the town from Carlingford bay. It has a 
 good trade in tobacco, wine, spirits, tea, 
 coffee, cfec. and exports neat cattle, hogs, 
 butter, and great quantities of linen cloth, 
 from its hall annually. This town was 
 burned by the duke of Berwick, in 1689. 
 It sends one member to parliament, elected 
 by every man who has a boiling pot, who 
 are therefore called pot-wallopers, 24 miles 
 wsw of Downpatrick, and 60 n of Dubiin. 
 Lon. 6 20 w, lat. 54 15 n. 
 
 Newry, a river of Ireland which separates 
 the counties of Armagh and Down, and 
 falls into Carlingford l)ay, two miles below 
 Neury. 
 
 Newsol, a town of Upper Hungary, with 
 a large castle. In the castle is a church, 
 covered with copper ; and near the town 
 are the greatest copper mines in Hungary, 
 It is 10 miles n of.Chremnitz. 
 
 Newton, a small town in Lancashire, five 
 miles N of Warrington. It is a borough by 
 prescription, is governed by a steward,^ 
 bailiffs, &c, and sends two members to par- . 
 liament, elected by about 36 voters. He.'-e 
 are good inns. The Sankey canal from St. 
 Helens to the Alersey passes near this place. 
 Its uiarket is disused, hut it has well attend- 
 ed fairs, May 17th, and August i2th, 
 miles of Loudon. 
 
 X 2 
 
NEW 
 
 N G A 
 
 Newton, a town in Montgomcrysbirey on ’ 
 tbft Seve-h), with a market on Saturday, { 
 and six annual fairs; 177 miles wnw of 
 London. ] 
 
 Newton, a borough of Hampshire^ in the 
 isle of Wight, seated on a bay of as name, 
 which at high waU i admits vesse's of 
 tons i .rrden, but is iittle frequented. Its 
 market is disused. It is governed by a 
 rnayo^, and 12 burgesses, and sends two 
 members to parliament, five miles w of j 
 New^yort, Id s of Southampton, and 96 sw 
 of London. 1 
 
 Ncvjion Bv-sheJ, a large town of Devon- | 
 shire, on the Te gn, has a market on Wed- ' 
 iiesday. arid ■ lauufdcture of woollen cloths, 
 ia iniies s by w of Exeter, and 188 wsw of 
 London. 
 
 Newton, a parish in Mid Lothian, about 
 three miles in diameter; with a level surface 
 and a fertile soil, situated between Edin- | 
 fcurgh axd Dalkeith. Its extensive coalieries 
 have been wrought for more than two een- ; 
 turies. rcrukdion above 1060. | 
 
 Neii'tbn Stewart, late Newton Douglass, \ 
 a town in Wigtonshire, on the river | 
 Cree, navigable Cor small vessels within two ! 
 miles of the town Manufactures of cotton, 
 carpets, and tanworks, have been commenc- 
 ed here with success. It contains about 1200 
 inhabitants, 32 miles ene of Portpatrick, 
 eight miles nw of Wigton, aO ssw of Dum- j 
 fries, and 96 sw by s of Edinburgh. 
 
 Newtown, a town seated on the n banks 
 of the river Ayr, over which are two bridges 
 connecting with the old town of Ayr. It 
 has a considerable trade, a fishery, a rope 
 work, and a shipbuilding yard, and up- 
 v/ards of 1700 inhabitants. It is a burgh 
 of barony, governed by 24 burgesses, who 
 elect cine counsellors including two bailies, 
 and a treasurer, biennially. The liberties 
 of this lowm extend one mile and a quarter 
 in length, and one in breadth, and was onc« 
 part of the parish of Prestick, but was erect- 
 ed into a separate parish in 1779. It has 
 very productive coal works. 
 
 Newtown, a village in Renfrewshire, s of 
 Paisley in the parish of Mearns, noted for 
 several large printfields. Population above 
 200 . 
 
 Newtown, chief of Sussex county, New 
 Jersey, near the Delaware, 60 miles n of 
 Trenton. Lon. 75 2 w, lat. 41 3 n. 
 
 Newtown, a town in Tioga county, Nexv 
 York, near Tioga river. Here the judicial 
 courts are held in February, 50 miles w by 
 N of Union, and 70 se of Williamsburg. 
 
 Newtown, a town of Connecticut, in Fair- 
 field county,, nine miles e by n of Danbury^ 
 and 26 nw of Newhaven. 
 
 Newtonardes, a borough in Down, Ul- 
 ster, 87 miles from Dublin, agreeably situ- 
 ated on the northern point of the lake of 
 Strangfurd. The principal, and most bene- 
 ficial trade is in the linen manulacture, 
 particularly fine diaper licti), eight miles e j 
 
 of, Belfast, and about the same distance sw* 
 of Donnaghadee. 
 
 Newion-barry, a town in Wexford, Lein- 
 ster, on the Sianey, two miles n by vv of 
 V/exford, and 47 s by w of Dublin. 
 
 Newtown, Mor.nt Kennedy, a town in 
 Wicklow, Leinster, 17 miles s by e of Dub- 
 lin. 
 
 Newtown, capital of Buck'; county, Pen- 
 sylvania, seated five miles from the Dela- 
 ware, and has a church, an academy, and 
 a court-house, 20 miles of Philadel- 
 phia. Lon. 75 1 w, lat. 40 14 n. 
 
 Newtown Limaeadij, a borough in the 
 county of Derry, Ulster, sealed on the Roe, 
 near the e side of Lough Foyle, 17 miles 
 ene of Londonderry, and 106 xw of Dublin^ 
 
 Newtyld, or Newtyle, a parish and village 
 in Forfarshire. The parish is about 13 
 miles long, near t wo broad, with a fiat sur- 
 face, and a fertile soil. Upon this road, 
 about three miles from Meigle, stands the 
 village of Newtyle, containing above 200 
 inhabitants, mostly weavers. Population 
 of the pcirish near 600. Near the village are 
 the ruins of the castle of Katten, built by 
 i Lawrence lord Olipbant in 1575. 
 
 Neii'toU’Stewart, a town in the county of 
 ' Tyrone, Ireland, on the Moyle, two miles 
 w of which is Barons court belonging to the 
 marquis of Abercoih, said to be one of the 
 completest models of a nohlemarPs villa, 32 
 miles wNw of Dungannon, and 90 nxw of 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Neyland, a town in Suffolk, on the Stour, 
 over w hich there is a bridge at this place to 
 Essex? with a market on Friday. This 
 town was long noted for the w oollen mar.u- 
 facture, but this is now^ much declined, ex- 
 cept for says and bays, though the town has 
 yet a considerable trade. In the church- 
 yard are many marble monuments to the 
 memory af clothiers. It has a charity 
 school, and a fair October 2, It is 16 miles 
 sw of Ipswich, and 57 ne of London. 
 
 Neijrac, a town in the department of 
 j Aveiron, France, 18 miles n of Rhodes. 
 
 I Neyva, a bay and river of St. Domingo. 
 
 ' The river has its source in the mountains 
 I near the centre of the island, runs w" to St. 
 
 I Juan, and then s through a beautiful valley, 
 
 I into the hetul of the bay. 
 
 1 Neyra, a town near the Madalena, New 
 I Grenada, J30 miles sw of St. Fe de Bogota. 
 
 ! Nez in, a town in the government of Tcher- 
 I nigof, Kiissia.has a good fur trade, 28 miles 
 I SE of Tchernigof. 
 
 I Ngau’cliang, a first rank city in the pro- 
 1 vinoe of Koie-tcheou. Its territory is moun- 
 I tainous, and has several garrisoned forts, to 
 overawe the independant mountaineers, 
 1,000 miles ssw of Peking, Lou. 116 45 e 
 lat. 26 i2N. 
 
 Ngan-Ki/ig, a city of China, capital of the 
 vv part of the province of Kiang-nan, seated 
 onihe Kian-ku, defended by a fort, 575 miles 
 I £ of Peking, Lon, 116 45 E, fat. 30 J's 
 
 t 
 
N I C 
 
 Ngan-LOy a city of China of the first | 
 rank, in the province of Hou-qnang, seated 
 in avast plain, on the river Han, has a con- 
 siderable trade, 575 miles ssw of Peking. 
 Lon. 112 3E,lat,3i J4 n. 
 
 Niagroy a river of North America, which 
 forms the communication between Lake 
 Erie and Lake Ontario, and runs from n to 
 s about 30 miles. Fort Erie stands at the 
 head of the river, on the w bank, and on the 
 E bank, IS miles below, is fort Slusher, 
 W'here commence the cataracts which rank 
 among the greatest natural curiosities in the 
 world. Here the river is 740 yards wide. 
 The ball mile, immediately above the cata- 
 ract is a rapid, in the course of which the 
 water falls 50 feet. It there dashes v/ith 
 astonishing grandeur down a precipice 140 
 feet perpendicular, in distinct and colateral 
 sheets, and in a rapid extending to six miles 
 below, falls iOO feet more, the river then 
 flows in a deep channel till it enters lake 
 Ontario, at Fort Niagara. This vast body 
 -of water in its fall produces a sound which 
 s heard at the distance of 20 miles, and in 
 a deaf day with a fair wind, 40 and even 50 
 miles. From the descent of tins river the 
 jgurfa'ee’bf Lake Erie is about 300 feet high- 
 er than Lake Ontario. 
 
 Niagariiy a town and fort in Ontario 
 county, E side of the Niagara, where it en- 
 ters Lake Ontario, opposite Newark in IJp- 
 per Canada. The tort was built by the 
 French in 1751, taken by the British in 
 1759, ceded (o the United States in 1794, 
 and retaken by the British in lSi3. It is 
 ] G miles below the cataracts, and SO nw 
 of Williamsburg'li. Lon, 79 4 w, lat, 48 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Nias, a small island near the w coast of 
 the island of Sumatra, ceiebrated for the 
 lieauty of its wmrnen, w'ho are purchased by 
 the Dutch and Portuguese. Lon. 9T 0 e, 
 lat. 0 40 N. 
 
 Nibe, a town of North Jutland, Denmark, 
 nine miles wsw of Alburg. 
 
 Nihiano, a town in the duchy of Piacen- 
 za, Italy, 16 miles sw of Piacenza. 
 
 NICARAGUA, a maritime province of 
 North America, in New Spain, and in the 
 audience of Guatimala, being 400 miles in 
 length from P to w, and 120 in breadth 
 from N to s. It is one of the most fruitful 
 provinces in Mexico^ and is well watered by 
 lakes and rivers. This country produces 
 plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine choco- 
 late. Leon de Nicaragua is the capital. 
 
 Nicaragua, a lake of New Spain, in a pro- 
 vince of its name, 350 miles in circumfe- 
 rence. The sw extremity is only a few 
 leagues from the Pacific Ocean, and the se 
 end communicates with the Atlantic Ocean 
 by the river St. Juan. It has several islands 
 jn it, and abounds with fishes, but is in- 
 fested with crocodiles. 
 
 Nicaragua, a city iii a province of the 
 same name. New Spain, seated sw of the 
 lake at some distance^ and near the mouth, 
 
 N I c 
 
 [ of a river, which falls into the Pacifio 
 Ocean, 120 miles se of Leon de Nicaragua, 
 Lon. SO 10 w,lat. II 15 w. 
 
 NICARIA, an island of the Archipelago, 
 between Samos and Tino, about 50 01110^10 
 circumference, and full of rocks. It was 
 anciently called Icaria. These people are 
 of the Greek church, and about 3000 in 
 number. Lon. 26 30 e, lat. 37 40 n. 
 
 Nicastro, a town in Calabria Ultra, Na- 
 ples, wiili a castle, 17 miles sse of Coseuza, 
 
 NICE, a county of Italy. It was an- 
 ciently an appendage of Provence in France, 
 but afterwards belonged to the king of Sar- 
 dinia. Now included in the department of 
 the Alps. It is 26 miles long, and 18 broad ; 
 and contains about 120,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Nice, an ancient, handsome, and conside- 
 rable town, on the confines of France and 
 Italy, capital of the county of the samo 
 name, now of the department of the Alps, 
 and a bishop’s see. It has a harbour cal- 
 led Limpia, from a small river that runs 
 into it. The towm is of a triangular form, 
 and confined in its situation, having the rivet 
 Pagtion on the w,a high rock on the e, 
 and the Mediterranean ou the s. It has beea 
 often taken by the French, and last of all 
 in 1192. The Austrians tack it in 1800, but 
 held it only a week. The inhabitants ex- 
 port sweet oil, silk, wine, cordials, rice, 
 oranges, lemons, ansi all sorts of diiecl 
 fruits. It is four miles e of the mouih of 
 the Var, and 83 s by w of Turin. Lon. 7 
 16 E, lat. 43 42 n, 
 
 Nice, a city of Anatolia. See hnic. 
 
 Nichadiirg, a town in Korasan, Persia, 
 the largest and richest in that quarter, cele- 
 brated for a mine of turquois-stones in 
 vicinity, 37 miles sof Alesehed. 
 
 Nicholas, NI, atQvvn in the departmentof 
 Meurthe, France, situated on the Meurtho 
 with an elegant church, to which pilgrims 
 ) formerly resorted, seven miles se of AMncyi 
 
 Nicholas, Si, a sea*port of Russia, situ- 
 ated at the mouth of the Dwina, on the 
 White sea, six miles s of Archangel. 
 
 NICHOLAS, ST, one of the largest of 
 the Cape do Verd islands. It is pleasantly 
 situated between St. Jago and St. Lucia, 75 
 miles long, and is the residence of the bi- 
 shop of the isles. Lon. 14 19 w, lat 16 
 32 N. 
 
 Nicholas, St, or Mole, a cape, harbour, 
 and tov/n, at the nw extremity of St. Do- 
 mingo. The cape or mole is strongly for- 
 tified botli by nature and art, and commands 
 the w^indward passage. Cape St Nicholas 
 I stands four miles to the sse. The town is 
 seated at the head of the harbour, 'which 
 stretches four miles betv/een the two capes. 
 Ships of any burden, even in a hurrieanu, 
 may ride in the harbour. It was taken by 
 the English, aided by the- royalists, in 1793, 
 and evacuated in 1798. Lon. 73 26 w, 
 lat. iO 50 N. .See Domingo, St, the iiland cj, 
 
 Nicholas Island, ii small island of Cuba, 
 
 I ou (ho cuast, Lon. TOv^Ow, lat. 33 59 n. 
 
N I C 
 
 Nicker, one of the smaller Virgin islands^ 
 situated between Anegada and Virgin Corda, 
 on the latter of which it is dependant. Lon. 
 6:5 5 \y, lat, 18 30 n. 
 
 NICOBAR ISLANDS, at the entrance of 
 the gulf of Bengal. Th^ natives are tall and 
 of extreme idolence, with long faces, black 
 eyes, black lank hair, and dark copper- 
 coloured skins. They have no corn, but a 
 fruit which serves them instead of bread and 
 they catch plenty of fish. They have yams, 
 sweet potatoes, and the edible bird-nests, so 
 much esteemed in China. Dogs and hogs 
 are the principal animais. The inhabitants 
 have no towns, but live in huts, and go al- 
 most naked except a cloth about the waist, 
 with a small string hanging behind. These 
 islands extend northward from the n point 
 of Sumatra. The largest, which gives 
 name to the rest, is about 25 miles in length, 
 and 10 in breadth. Its s end is in ion. 94 
 23 E, and lat. 6 30 n. 
 
 Nicolayef, a city in the government of 
 Catiierinenslaf, Russia, stands at the e side 
 of the Ingul, at its junction with the Bog. 
 The greater part of the bouses are of wood, 
 but the public edifices are built of a white 
 calcareous stone. ,Along the banks of the 
 Ingul are placed the admiralty, with maga- 
 zines, work-shops, wet and dry docks, and 
 every thing necessary for the building. It 
 is now the capital of the naval establish- 
 ment of the Black sea, being more easy of 
 access than the Cherson, thei junction of 
 of the Bog and the Dnieper, 12 miles to the 
 Sare, the remains of the Greek city Oibio- 
 poilo ; 30 miles nne of Oczakof, and 42 
 Kw of Cherson. Lon. 30 48 e, lat. 46 58 n. 
 
 Nicola, SI, the most considerable and best 
 peopled of the isles of Tremeti, in the gulf 
 of Venice. It has a harbour, defended by a 
 fortress, in which is an abbey and a church, 
 and lies in Ion. 15 37 e, and lat. 42 10 n. 
 
 Nicolsburg, a town of Moravia, on the 
 frontiers of Austria, with a castle on a 
 mountain, 12 miles ne of Loab. 
 
 Nicomedia, a town of Turkey in Asia, 
 in Natolia, now called Ischmit, or Schrnit. 
 H was formerly a very large place, as ap- 
 pears by the ruins, and now contains 30,000 
 inhabitants, who consist of Greeks, Arme- 
 nians, and Turks. It is still a place of 
 consequence, and carries on a trade in silk, 
 cotton, glass, and earthen ware. It is 35 
 miles Nw of Isnic. 
 
 Nicopoli, a town of Bulgaria, European 
 Turkey, on the Danube, at the influx of the 
 Osma, famous for the first battle iought 
 between the Turks and the Christians in 
 1396, in which Sigismud was defeated and 
 20,000 of his troops killed. It is six miles 
 ssw of Buchorest, and 150 nnw of Adria- 
 liople. Lon. 25 43 e, lat. 44 16 n. 
 
 Nicopoli, or Glanisli, a town in Turkish 
 Armenia, built by Pompey, in commemora- 
 tion of a victory obtained over Mithridates, 
 15 miles s of Avzernm. 
 
 Nicosia, th» capital of the island of Cy- 
 
 N I E 
 
 prus, stands on a plain, near the mountain 
 Olympus. It is abo\it three miles in cir- 
 cumference, but was formerly nine. There 
 are plantations of olives, almonds, lemons, 
 oianges, mulberries, and cypress trees, in- 
 terspersed among the houses, which give the 
 town a most beautiful appearance. Tb® 
 bazar is extensive, well supplied with pro* 
 visions, and remarkably clean. The mer- 
 chants meet to transact business in the 
 church of St Nicholas ; that of St. Sophia 
 is converted into a Turkish mosque. In 
 1570, after a siege of 45 days, the Turks 
 took it by assault. It is 100 miles w of 
 Tripoli. Lon. 33 36 e, lat. 35 16 n. 
 
 Nicosia, a town in Val di Demona, .Sicily, 
 50 miles w by s of Taormina. 
 
 Nicotera, a sea-port of Naples, in Cala- 
 bria Clteriore, 35 miles nke of Reggio, and 
 185 SE of Naples. Lon. 16 39 e, lat. 38 
 34 N. 
 
 Nicoya, or St, Lucar, a town of Costo 
 Rico, in Mexico, seated on the Dispensa, 
 w'hich falls into the bay of Salinas, having 
 a harbour on a bay of the North Pacific 
 ocean, 98 miles wnw of of Cartago, in Ion. 
 85 40 w, lat. 10 40 N. 
 
 Nicsara, or Niksar, a town in Rium, Asi- 
 atic Turkey, in a fertile valley, near the 
 Kelke, watered by a stream that turns 
 many saw-mills, 26 miles nne of Tocat, 
 
 Nidau, or Nidoiv, a handsome town of 
 Switzerland; capital of a territory of the 
 same name, in the canton of Bern, seated 
 on the lake Biel, with a castle, 15 miles 
 NW of Bern. 
 
 Nidda, a town in Watteravia, Germany, 
 on a river of its name, 20 miles ne of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Nidecken, a town in the department of 
 Roer, France, in the duchy of Juliers, lately 
 of Germany, seated on a rock, 12 miles ese 
 of .Tuliers. 
 
 Niderdale, axaWey in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, v/atered by the Nid, a rapid run- 
 ning river, which in Niderdale forest runs 
 several miles under ground, and after it 
 emerges, w^ashes Ripley and Knaresborough. 
 On its banks, on many places, is much ro- 
 mantic scenery. It joins the Ouse at Nun 
 Monktown, six miles nw of York. 
 
 Nidjibabad, a town in the province of 
 Glide, Hindoostan, 80 miles nne of Delhi. 
 Lon. 78 41 E,lat. 29 35 N. 
 
 Niebta, a town with a castle, in Andalu- 
 sia, Spain, on the Tinto, 48 miles w of Se- 
 ville. 
 
 Nielston, a parish and village in Renfrew- 
 shire. The parish is about five miles long 
 and three broad. The low grounds on each 
 side of these hills are tolerably lertile. The 
 village of Nielston contains near 500 inha- 
 bitants, chiefly emplojed in the cotton ma- 
 nufacture, as are also those of the villages 
 ol Barhead, and Uplamoor, both in this pa- 
 rish, also several great coiton-mills, an ex- 
 tensive print-field, many bleach-fielus, and 
 several tumuli, one of which on the Farar 
 
N I G 
 
 n«zebill, is surrounded by a stone wall. Po- 
 pulation about 3,800. 
 
 Niemeck, a town of Saxony Proper, seated 
 on the Adda, 18 miles n of Wittenberg, 
 
 Niemecz, a strong town in Jlloldavia, 
 European Turkey, on a mountain, by a 
 river of its name, 76 miles wsw of Jassv. 
 Lon. 26 16 E,lat, 46 58 n. 
 
 Niemen, a river of Poland, which has its 
 source in Lithuania, rims by Bielica, and 
 Grodno, passes throughout part of Samogitia, 
 and falls into the Curisch Half, by several 
 mouths, the principal and most northern of 
 which is called the Russ. 
 
 Nienburg, a rich town in Westphalia, 
 county of Haga. It carries on a consider- 
 able trade in corn and wool, and is situated 
 on the M’eser, 30 miles nw of Hanover. 
 Lon. 9 IS E, lat. 52 39 n. 
 
 Nienhurg^ a town in the principality of 
 Munster, Westphalia, on the Dinkel, 33 
 miles NW of Munster. 
 
 Nienburg, a town in the principality of 
 Anhalt-Cothen, Upper Saxony, on the Saal, 
 with a palace belonging to the prince, eight 
 miles NW of Cothen. 
 
 NtenJiaus, a town in the principality of 
 Paderborn, Westphalia, on the Lippe, with a 
 castle, the residence of the prince, two miles 
 KNE of Paderborn, 
 
 NienJic.us, a town in the county of Beu- 
 theim, Westphalia, on the Dinkei, with a 
 citadel in ruins, 16 miles NNwof Bentheim. 
 
 Nieper, See Dnieper, 
 
 Niester, See Dniester, 
 
 Nieuport, a sea-port of Flanders, near the 
 German ocean, at the mouth of the Yperlee. 
 Here are sluices by which the country can 
 be inundated. Here, in 1006, prince Mau- 
 rice defeated the Spaniards. It has been 
 often taken in succeeding wars ; the last 
 time by the French in 1794. The inhabi- 
 tants are chiefly fishermen. It is six miles 
 NE of Fumes, and nine sw of Ostend. Lon, 
 2 45 E, lat. 51 8 x. 
 
 Nieiipcrt, a town of Holland, on the Leek, 
 15 miles e of Rotterdam. 
 
 NIEVIIE, a department of France, con- 
 taining the late province of Niverncis. It 
 takes its name from a small river, which has- 
 its source near Champlemy and falls into 
 the Loire, at Nevers, which is the capital. 
 
 ^'iger, a river supposed to be one of the 
 largest in Africa. Its rise and termination 
 are unknown, it flows n. through the king- 
 dom of Mandingo, and then in an easterly 
 direction through the territories of Bamba- 
 m, Tombuctoo, Trocur, and Ghana, to 
 W angara, where it separates into several 
 branches, and is supposed to disappear in the 
 snudy deserts to the e and s of that country. 
 The Africans have two names for this river, 
 namely, Neel il Abeed, or the River of the 
 Nf^groes ; and Ned ii Kibeer, or the Great 
 River. In the rainy season, the Niger 
 swells above its banks, floods the aiijacerit 
 lauds, and often sweeps before it the cattle 
 ftud cottages of the inhabitants. 
 
 N I L 
 
 Nigg, a parish in the ne border of Kin* 
 cardinesbire, containing about 3376 acres 
 separated on the n from the city of Aber- 
 deen by the river Dee, pretty fertile both in 
 corn, and pasturage, it exports kelp and 
 granite paving stones. The villages of Cove 
 and Torry, are inhabited by fishermen. In 
 the parish are the ruins of a building which 
 belonged to the abbey of Arbroath. Popu- 
 lation above 1140. 
 
 Nigg, a parish in Ross-shire, above five 
 miles long, and from two to three broad, 
 forming a peninsula on the n side of the 
 Frith of Cromar(y, nearly opposite to the 
 town of that name, the district is fertile, and 
 populous. The church was formerly an 
 appendage of the see of Ross, and the bishop 
 occasionally resided here. In the parish is 
 a large obelisk, with ancient engravings, 
 said to have been erected on the grave in 
 which three sons of a king cf Denmark, 
 who w’ere shipwrecked on this coast, were 
 interred. Population above 1440. 
 
 Nignuy a river on the s side of the island 
 of Hispaniola. Its mouth is seven leagues 
 E of the Nisao. The parish and small town 
 of Nigua contain about 2500 persons, part- 
 ly free people of colour. 
 
 Nikeping^ a well built town, the capital 
 of Sudermania, Sweden. The town is situa- 
 ted in a pleasant and healthy country w of 
 the Baltic, 60 miles sw of Stockholm. 
 
 Nigono, a town in the duchy of Modena, 
 Italy, 22 miles sw of Modena. 
 
 Nigritia ; See Negroland, 
 
 Nile, a great river of Africa, which rises 
 at the foot of a high mountain in Abyssinia, 
 near the village of Geesb, in Ion. 36 55 e, 
 lat. 10 59 N, It flows first through the lake 
 Dembea, then winds towards its source, 
 which it leaves 25 miles to the e and enters 
 into Nubia, through which country it makes 
 a sinuous course, and forms some cataracts. 
 Then, entering Egypt, it runs almost directly 
 s till it reaches Cairo, a little below which 
 it divides into two great branches, which with 
 the Mediterranean Sea, form the island cal- 
 led Delta. The ancients reckoned 1 i mouths 
 of the Nile, of which seven vverc considera- 
 ble ; but now there are only two that are 
 navigable at all times; and those are at 
 Rosetta and Damietta. Between Old Cairo 
 and Ghizeh, in the middle of the river, is the 
 isle of Rodda, which is nearly as long as 
 Old Cairo, and 500 paces broad in the mid- 
 dle ; and the front of the Mekias takes up 
 all the breadth of the southern part. This 
 is the work of the Saracens and takes its- 
 name from its use, signifying measure. 
 Here they observe every day, by n;eans of 
 a graduated column, the increase or decrease 
 of the water of the Nile; and thence the 
 public criers regulate the proclamations 
 they make of these events, at different hours, 
 through the city. It overflows regularly 
 every year, from the 15th of the 6th month, 
 to the I7th of the 9th month, when it begins 
 to decrease. The fertility of Egypt de- 
 
pends upon the overflowing of the Nile ; 
 nod they reckon it will be a bad year when 
 it is le-s than 14 cubits, and above 18. 
 This river affords plenty of fish, and breeds 
 a great number of crocodiles, which are 
 very large and dangerouSv During the in- 
 undation, the little towns standing upon 
 eminences, look like so many islands : and 
 they go from one to the other by boats. 
 In Cairo there is a canal called Khalis, 
 which is opened when the water is high 
 enough. This inundation of the Nile is 
 caused by the periodical rains which fall 
 every year between the tropics, and more 
 particularly in Abyssinia, which is full of 
 high mountains. 
 
 Nhneama ; See Mono Emnge, 
 
 Ninhcgueiiy a large, handsome, and eom- 
 mercial town of Holland, capital of Guel- 
 clcrlaiul, and of the late republican depart- 
 ipent of the Rhine, with an ancient palace, 
 a citadel, and several forts. It is also 
 capital of a county of its name, or of the 
 island of Betuwe, the ancient Eatavia. it 
 has handsome churches, and a maguiticent 
 town-house. Here, is 16T8, several treaties 
 of peace were concluded. It was taken by 
 the French in 1T94.. The inhabitants sub- 
 sist by its trade with Germany, and brewing 
 of ale. It is situated on the Waal, 10 miles 
 w of CTeves, and 35 sb of Utrecht. Lon. 
 6 53 E, iat. 51 51 n. 
 
 Nimptschy a town in the principality of 
 Brieg Silesia, with a castle on aii eminence, 
 15 miles ese of Schw'eidiiitz. 
 
 ; Nimpo, a sea-port of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Chekiang. The Chinese merchants 
 of Siam and Batavia go thither yearly to 
 buy silks ; and they have a great trade to Ja- 
 pan, it being but two days sail distant from it. 
 
 NINETY SIX, a district of the upper 
 county of S Carolina, W of Orangeburg 
 didriet, comprehending the counties of 
 Edgefield, Abbeville, Laurens, and New- 
 bury. It contains 33,674 white inhabitants ; 
 sends 12 representatives and four senators 
 1.0 the state legislature. It produces consi- 
 th'rable quantities of tobacco for exporta- 
 tion. The chief town was formerly of the 
 same name, but is now- called Cambridge. 
 
 Ning-koue^ a city of the first rank, in 
 tlie province of Kiang-nan, China noted lor 
 its nianufact’ires of paper, made of a species 
 of n’cd. U is seated, amidst pleasant lulls 
 and mountains covered with wood, and 
 abounding with n'iCdioivial plants, on a river 
 which falls into the Kiang-hu. Lon. 118 
 25 E, lat. 3i 2 N. 
 
 Kiog-po, called by Europeans Liampo, 
 an exci’Uent sea-port of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Tclie-kiang, noted for its excellent 
 silk maiuiiacturcs. It is situated on the 
 E coast, opposite Japan, 660 miles sse of 
 Peking. Lon. 120 18 e, lat. 29 5? N. 
 
 Ah'al.'ow, St, a considerable town and 
 parish of Scotland, in Stirlingshire. The 
 niedium length of the parish is about ten 
 miles, and its breadth sjx, in tho parish arc 
 
 coallerifis, limeworks, and mineral springs. 
 In 1746 the church was converted into a 
 magazine by the rebels, and either by ac- 
 cident or design was blowm up when they 
 hastily abandoned and Stirling castle. The 
 steeple remained entire at some distance 
 from which the parish church was rebuilt. 
 The town of St Ninians is a considerable 
 manufacturing place, of cotton-cloth, lea- 
 ther and nails, containing about 3500 inha- 
 bitants. About 30 years ago, the parishion- 
 ers purchased the patronage or advowson, 
 and since that time every head of a family, 
 who is in communion with the established 
 clitivch, has a vote in the election of the 
 minister, who is by law obliged to keep an 
 assistant. Population near 7000. 
 
 Ninove, a town in Flanders, Netherlands, 
 on the Deader, with an Abbey, 13 miles w 
 of Brussels. 
 
 NIO, an island in the Archipelago, s of 
 Naxia, an{nantly called los, 35 miles in cir- 
 cumference. It is fertile in corn, but hav© 
 very little wood or oil. The inhabitants are 
 Greeks, and remarkable for their hospitality 
 and simplicity of manners. Lon. 25 35 b, 
 lat. 36 43 X. 
 
 Nion, capital of a bailiwich, canton of 
 Bern, on the lake of Geneva, has an excel- 
 lent manufacture of porcelain, J2 miles n 
 by E of Geneva. 
 
 Niof-:, a town in the department of 
 Drome, France, on the Aigues, over which 
 is a lofty Roman bridge of one arch. There 
 is a mineral spring here called Pontias, and 
 some manufactures of soap and woollen 
 cloth. It is 21 miles ese of Montelimar, 
 and 38 sse of Valence. 
 
 Niort, a considerable trading town in the 
 department of the two Sevres, France. 
 They manufacture druggets, serges, and 
 other coarse woollen goods. Its dry sweet- 
 meats arc much esteemed. It stands on the 
 Sevre Niortoise, and is 31 miles xe of Ro- 
 chelle, and 46 wsw of Poitiers. Lou. 0 S3 w, 
 lat. 46 20 N. 
 
 NIPHON, an island of Asia, and the 
 largest of Japan, being 750 miles in length 
 and 150 in breadth, containing 55 provinces. 
 It wa.s discovered by the Portuguese, in 
 1542, being put on shore in a storm. The 
 chief town is Jeddo. 
 
 Nima, a town in the province of Vene- 
 zuela, Terra Firma, 140 miles se of Vene- 
 zuela. 
 
 Nisao, a river of St Domingo, w hich en- 
 ters the sea, on the w side of a cape to 
 which it gives name. It admits vessels of 
 less than 20 feet water, and is a mahogany- 
 port, 28 miles wsw of St Domingo. 
 
 iS^mpour, or Neisabur, a city in Kbora- 
 san, Persia, once very extensive, but great 
 part of it reduced to ruins by the Tartars. 
 The vicinity abounds with the most delicious 
 fruits. Population 15,000. It is 90 miles s 
 by K of Mesehed, and 140 w of Bistan. 
 
 Ntsihin, or Nisbin, a town and fortress in 
 Diarbek, Asifitic Turkey, seated in a vast 
 
N I X 
 
 N O M 
 
 plain, and now greatly decayed, T8 miles 
 E of Diarbekar. 
 
 Nishnei NovogGrod^ a populous town of 
 Russia. It is situated at the confluence 
 of tbe Volga and tbe Occa, 230 miles e by 
 N of Moscow. 
 
 Nisida, a small island on the coast of Na- 
 ples. It has a small harbour called Por- 
 to Pavoiie. The island is very fertile, and 
 laid out in slopes and terraces like a gar- 
 den, five miles Vv£V>^ of Naples. 
 
 NismeSf an ancient, large, and flourishing 
 town in the department of Garde, France, 
 lately a bishop^s see^. stands in a plain 
 abounding in wine and oil. It has a Ro- 
 man amphitheatre, and a temple of Diana 
 in ruins. The Maison Quartee, or tlie j 
 sqilare house is one of the best pieces of ar- 
 chitecture of the Ccrintbian order in the 
 World. Nine miles to the ne is a lofty Ro- 
 man aqueduct, called Font du Gard, which, 
 passing across the valley and the river 
 Gard, conveys tbe spring of Eure, near 
 Uz?s, to this city. The citadel vras built 
 by Louis XIV. The number of inhabi- 
 tants is computed at about 50,IK}0 ; they i 
 are chiefly Calvinists. It is 12 miles nw 
 of Arles, and 7,5 jce of Narbonne. Lon. 4 
 19 E. lat. 43 50 N. 
 
 Nissa, a strongtown in Servia, European 
 Turkey, seated on a river of the same name, 
 taken by the EIuDgaria,ns in 1737, and re- 
 taken by the Turks the following year, 20 I 
 miles E of Ptecop, and 120 se of Belgrade. 
 Lon. 22 '32 e, iat. 43 32 n. | 
 
 ?Jithy a river of Scotland, which rises ! 
 near Dalmellington, in the se part of Ayr- j 
 sliire, at New Cumnock, receives the Afion, 
 enters Dumfries-shire at Corsencon, passes 
 Sanquhar, has a romantic course from 
 thence to the stately ducal castle of Diim- 
 ianrig, where it enters a valley to which it 
 gives the name of Nitbsdaie. A little 
 above Dumiries, it joins the Cairn, and 
 their united streams form a fine rest uary in 
 the Solway Frith, about 60 miles fronr its 
 source. 
 
 Nitria, a famous desert of Egypt, 37 
 miles in length, on the coast of the Medi- 
 terranean. From its lakes are procured the j 
 nitrum of the ancients, and its numerous 
 monasteries are now reduced to four. 
 
 iSivelley a town in Brabant, Netherlands, 
 on the Thienne, with a manufacture of cam- 
 brics, 1,5 miles s of Brussels. 
 
 SivtrnoiSy a late province of France, be- 
 tween Berry, Burgundy, and Bourboimois. 
 
 Its principal rivers are the Loire, Allier, and 
 Yonne. It is pretty fertile, and has mines 
 of iron. It now forms the department of 
 Nievre, of which Nevers is the capital. 
 
 Nixaboury a town in Khorasan, Persia, 
 
 80 miles s of Mesched. Lon. 61 32 e, lat 1 
 35 40 N. 
 
 NixapOy a considerable town of New 
 Spain, in the province of Guaxaca, with a 
 Dominican convent. The vicinity abounds 
 in sugar, indigo, and cochineal. It is 30 
 11 
 
 I miles SE of Antequera. Lon. 97 15 w, iat. 
 16 42 n. 
 
 A'/xo-fifo^y a post town of North Caro- 
 lin,a, iind capital ot Pasquotank coumy, 
 seated on a northern water of Albenmrie 
 sound, 28 miles ene of Edeuloii. 
 
 Nizampaiam a town in tbe' cirear of Gun « 
 toor, Kiudoostan, stands at the mouth of the 
 Kistnah, 34 miles >s\v of Masiilipatam. 
 
 Nlzza della Pagl.lay a town in Montferat 
 Piedmont, on the IJeibo, 14 miles si-: of Aste. 
 
 NcGnacmry a considerable town ci Kin- 
 doostan Proper, capital of a district on ti^e 
 ( coast of ilie gulf of Cidcb, inhabited by a 
 piratical tribe, called Somgarians, iflO raiies 
 wsw oj Aniedabad. It is 300 miles kw of 
 I Bopibay. Lon. 69 30 e, lat, 22 22 n. 
 
 ' Ncakoiey a town of Napaul, with a tem- 
 ple, seated on the brow of a hill, 15 rniios 
 NNw of Catiiia,ndu. 
 
 . Noaillesy a town in the deparlmeiR of Vi- 
 eiina, France six miles sss of Poitiers. 
 
 NrbheVy a town in Meath, Ireland, 29 
 miles from Trim. 
 
 Isocnriy a. ‘own in the duchy of Spoletto, 
 Italy, at the: foot of the Appenines, 18 miles 
 N£ of Spoietto. 
 
 Noccra cieili Pagani, a town in Princi- 
 pato Citra, Naples, eight miles of Sa- 
 lerno. 
 
 Nogaroy a town in the departmentef Gers, 
 France, 21 miles sw of Condom, and 2T 
 WNwofAiich. 
 
 Nogarcoty a town of Napaul, with a fa- 
 mous pagoda, ,50 noiles ne of Catmandu. 
 
 Nogeni le liotrouy a town in the depart- 
 ment of Eure and Loire, France, on the 
 Huisne, 35 miles ne of Alans. 
 
 Ncgent mr Seiney a, town in tbe depart- 
 ment of Aube, France, on the Seine, 25 
 miles NW of Troyes. 
 
 NGirniGUtifTy ^ town of France, a ii:l ca- 
 pital of an isle of the same name, win oh 
 lies in the mouth of the Loire. It is 12 
 miles long and eight broad, and has rich pas- 
 tures. The town is del'endetl by a fort. 
 The English failed in their attempt to take 
 it in 1795. Lon. 2 10 w, lat. 47 0 n. 
 
 Ncir CapCy a promontory on the sw ex- 
 tremity of Terra del Fuega, at the entrance 
 of the strait of Alagelian. Lon. 73 13 w, 
 lat. 54 30 s. 
 
 Nclay a town in Terra de Lavoro, Naples, 
 once a rich Roman colony, celebrated for 
 the silk spun in the neighbourhood, 12 mil. s 
 ENE of Naples. 
 
 Nolly a town in Genoa, Italy, with a bi* 
 shop^s see, and a good harbour, 30 miles sw 
 of Genoa. Lon. 8 41 e, lat. 44 8 n. 
 
 Nomhre de DioSy a town in the province 
 of Dorien, Terra Firma, once a place of 
 considerable trade, 30 miles e of Porto 
 Bello. 
 
 Nomhre de Dios, a town in New Biscay, 
 New Spain, 45 miles se of Durango. 
 
 Nomenyy a town in the department of Mu- 
 erte, France, on the Seille, 15 miles n of 
 Nancy. 
 
 Y 
 
NOR 
 
 Nofiy Cape, a promontory opposite the 
 Canary islands, in the kingdom of Sus, 
 wbiek the Portuguese reckoned impassable, 
 in their first attempts to explore the w coast 
 of Africa, but which they doubted in 1412. 
 Lon. li 50 w, lat. 28 38 n. 
 
 NONA, a fertile island of Dalmatia, 20 
 miles lo'^r; from e to w, and 10 broad, con- 
 1 lining' one town of the same name, and 22 
 V.. ages. Nona was formevly a splendid 
 city, but is gone to decay. Its harbour 
 does not admit large vessels, seven miles n 
 by w of Zara. The natives cultivate to- 
 bacco. 
 
 Nontreu, a town in the deparment of 
 Dordagne, France, 21 miles k of Perigeux. 
 
 Nooh'eeva, one of the Ingraham islands, 
 situated about 10 leagues sw of Ooahoona. 
 Lon. 140 w, lat. 8 .58 s. 
 
 Nooika Sound. See King George^s 
 Sound. 
 
 Noopour, a town in Guzerat, Hiodoostan, 
 55 miles e of Surat, and 142 w of Burham- 
 pour. Lcn. 73 50 e, lat. 21 i I N. 
 
 Nora, a town in Westrnania, Sweden, 17 
 miles NK’w of Oretro, and 56 w by s of 
 Westerns. 
 
 Norherg, a town in Westmania, Sw'eden, 
 w'hicb has the best iron mines in the pro- 
 vince, and the ore is conveyed by a canal to 
 Stroemsbolm, 30 miles nnw of \Yesteras. 
 
 Norcia, a town in the dueby of Spoletto, 
 amid mountains, on the Fredara, 20 miles 
 SE of Spoletto. 
 
 NOIiD, the most northern department of 
 France, including the late p’ovinces of 
 Hainault, Flanders, and Cambrises. Douay 
 is the capital. 
 
 Norden, a seaport of Westphalia, in East 
 Friesland, and a considerable place of trade, 
 with a good harbour, four miies from the 
 German ocean, and 14 e of Embden. 
 
 Nordbtirg. a town at the n extremity of 
 the isio of Alsou, Denmark, has a castle 
 nine miles isiNWM’if Sundenherg. 
 
 Nordgaii. See Bavaria, palatinate of. 
 Nordhausen, an ancient towm of Upper 
 Saxony, in Thuringia, with seven Lutheran 
 churches, and a well built orphan-house. 
 It has a considerable trade in corn and bran- 
 dy, rape and lint-seeds, oils, and manufac- 
 tures of marble and alabaster. It w^as ce- 
 ded to Prussia in 1802. It is seated on the 
 Lorgo, 35 miles itne of Erfurt. Lon. 10 
 15 E, lat. 51 30 N. 
 
 Nordheim, a town in the duchy of Bruns- 
 wick, Lower Saxony, on the Rhume, at its 
 junction with the Leina, 10 miles n of Got- 
 
 Nordkioping, one of the largest towms in 
 Sweden, in the province of East Gothland. 
 It covers a greet t space of ground, being 10 j 
 miles in circumierence ; but the hoyses are 1 
 small and scattered, and the inhabitants do j 
 not exceed 10,000. The Motala enters it 1 
 by four distinct streams, which form a series 
 of cataracts, and surround several rocky 
 islands, covered with buildings, but at the 
 
 ■ NOR 
 
 centre of the town, and a little below iiie 
 main bridge, it is navigable for small ves- 
 sels to the Bronie, a long and narrow bay 
 of the Baltic. Here are many fabrics of 
 cloth manufactures, of pamper, and fire arms, 
 some sugar houses, 50 mills for grinding 
 corn, one for sniifi, and a brass -foundery. 
 Corn is exported hence in great quantities ; 
 and a salmon fisherry gives employment 
 and riches to many of its inhabitants. It 
 is 24 miles ne of Linkiping, and 90 sw of 
 Stockholm. Lon. 16 10 E,iat. 58 35 n. 
 
 NOKDLAND, one of the Uve grand di- 
 visions of Sweden, bounded on the e by the 
 gulf of Bothnia, on the w by Norv/ay and 
 Sweden Proper, on the n by Lapland, and 
 s by Sweden Proper. It contains six pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 Nordlingen, a town of Suabia, late fre# 
 and imperial, fortified in the ancient man- 
 ner. Here, inl702, was concluded the league 
 of the five western circles of Gernmny ; in 
 1796, itwms taken by the French, and was 
 ceded to Bavaria in 1802. It stands on the 
 Eger, and is a commercial pkiee, 36 miles^ 
 KNW of Augsburg. Lon. 10 34 e, lat. 48 
 50 N. . , 
 
 Ndrdmaling, a town in Angermania, 
 Sweden, near a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 
 24 miles sw of Uma, and 70 xe of Herno- 
 sand. 
 
 Nordon, a town of Dorsetshire, one mil® 
 
 N of Corfe, famous for the best pipe-clay. 
 
 Nordstrand, an island on the w coa.st of 
 S Jutland, Denmark, 12 miles long and dvo 
 broad. It has a town called Ham, 28 miles 
 w of Sleswick. Lon. 9 0 E,lat. 54 40 n. 
 
 Nore, a noted place in the Thames, at the 
 point of a sand, which runs oil from the isle 
 of Grain to the E. A light is fixed here on 
 a floating vessel. Lon. 0 44. 
 
 NORFOLK, a county of England, boun- 
 ded N and E by the German ocean, w by 
 Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and the 
 Wash, and s and sh by Suffolk, It extends 
 about 77 miles from E to w, and 45 from n 
 to s. It contains 32 hundreds, one city, 32 
 market" towns, 724 parishes, and in 1801, 
 47,617 houses, and 273,371 inhabitants, and 
 in ISll, 291,999, and sends 12 members to 
 parliament, Norfolk gives the title of 
 duke and earl to the chief of the family 
 ot Howard, who is the premier, duke, earl, 
 and baron, in England, next to the blood 
 royal, and hereditary earl marshal. The 
 manufactures of Norlolk are woollen, wor- 
 sted, and silks. The face of the country 
 varies less than in most tracts of equal 
 extent in England. Tiiere is not one hill 
 of any considerable height in the vs’hole 
 county. The county, in general, is ar.ible 
 laud, varying in its degrees ol tertiliiy. 
 Turnips are much cultivated. The fenny 
 parts yield great quantities of butter, which 
 is sent to London under the name of Cam- 
 bridge butter. The .sheep are a hardy small 
 breed, much valued for their mutton. On 
 the sea coast, herrings and mackarel art 
 
NOR 
 
 benight in great plenty. The air of this 
 county is sharp and piercing, which throws 
 the- seasons more backward than in other 
 countries under the same latitude : but it is 
 very wholesome, particularly in the inland 
 parts. Turkeys are reared to a lai^e size, 
 the sand hills abound with rabbits, and 
 there is plenty of game, particularly large 
 pheasants. The manufactures are worsted, 
 woollens, and silks. Norwich is the capi- 
 tal. The principal rivers are the Great 
 and Little Ouse, Nen, Waveny, Yare, and 
 Bure. 
 
 NORFOLK, a populous, maritime coun- 
 ty of Massachusetts, lately taken from the 
 sojithern part of Suffolk county, lies to the 
 s around the town and harbour of Boston, 
 and oonlains 20 townships. The population 
 about 24,280. 
 
 Norfolk, a port of entry, post4own, and 
 seat of justice, on the e side of Elizabeth 
 Tiver, below the couduence of the eastern 
 branch, capital of a county of its name. 
 It is the most considerable conmercial 
 town in Virginia. The harboar is safe and 
 commodious, aaid large enough to contain 
 300 ships. It contains about 2059 iri- 
 babitaiits. It carries on a brisk trade to 
 the West Indies, Europe, and the different 
 states and constitutes, with Portsmouth, 
 which stands on the opposite side of the 
 river, a port of entry. The exports are corn, 
 flour, tobacco, slaves, and lumber. It has 
 two churches, an academy, and a theatre. 
 It is 39 miles ne of Suffolk, and 389 se of 
 Philadelphia. Lon. 76 23 w, iat. 30 55 n. 
 
 NORFOLK ISLAND, an island in the 
 South Pacific ocean, lying e of New South 
 Wales, and settled by a colony of convicts, 
 subordinate to that government, discovered 
 by Captain Cook in 1774, who found it unin- 
 habited. It is very hilly, and covered with 
 wood, the spring is perceptible in August, 
 but the trees are in a constant state of ver- 
 dure. It is well supplied with water ; the 
 cliffs round the coast are 840 feet perpendi- 
 cular. The settiement is in Sydney bay, 
 ?)ut it was abandoned in 1813. Lon, 168 
 12 E, lat. 29 48. 
 
 Norham, a small town in the detached 
 parr of Durham called Norhanishire, seated 
 on the Tweed, eight miles sw of Berwick. ! 
 It is of great antiquity, and supposed to have | 
 been built by the bishop of Lindisferne and 
 the church had the privilege of sanctuary. 
 Its castle, on tJie edge of a rock, overlook- 
 ing the Tweed, is now in ruins and was of- 
 ten taken and retaken in the border wars. 
 The vicinity is fertile, ami salmon are ta- 
 ken in the river, over which there is a ferry 
 at this place. 
 
 NorhohiiyOi town in the diocese of Christi- 
 ansand, Norway, 16 miles nne of CiirisUan- 
 sand. 
 
 NORMANDY, a late p’-ovince of France, 
 on the English channel, and Ailanlic ocean, i 
 about 150 miles in length, 80 in breadth, j 
 aipd 600 in circumference. If is one of the ij 
 
 NOR 
 
 most fertile tracts in France, and abounds 
 in all its productions, excepi wine. It con- 
 tains iron and copper, and has a great num- 
 ber of rivers and harbours. It now forms 
 the departments of Calvados, Eure, the 
 Channel, Orne, Lower Seine, and part of 
 the Eure and Loire. 
 
 Norridgewock, a town in Lincoln county 
 district of Maine, on the Kennefaeok, 10 
 mik>s w by n of Canaan. 
 
 Norris, a town in Armagh, Ulster. 
 
 Noirilo/i, the principal town in Mont- 
 gomery county, Pennsylvania, is about 20 
 miles N\v of Philadeipiiia, on the n bank of 
 the Schuylkill. Here is a handsome stona 
 edifice for the preservation of records; also 
 an observatory, in which the celebrated 
 Dr Ritienhouse, agreeable to his own re- 
 quest, was interred, June 1796. Lon. 75 
 24 w, lat. 40 10 n. 
 
 Norristown, a village in the parish of 
 Kincardine, Perthshire, joined to the viilaga 
 of Tiiornfaill, both which contain about 600 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Norfclga, or Nor Telgo, a sea -port of 
 Sweden in the province of Upland. In 1719, 
 it suffered much from ravages committed 
 by tile Russians, 30 miles ne of Stockholm. 
 Lon. 10 3d E, lat. 50 44 n. 
 
 North Cape, a stupendous rock at the n 
 extremity of the island Maggeroe, on the 
 coast of Norway, and the most nor- 
 thern promontory of Europe. Lon. 25 57 e, 
 lat. 71 12 N, 
 
 North Sea, the name of that part of the 
 Atlantic Ocean, w'hich lies to the n of 
 Great Britain, and Ireland, it is sometimes 
 given to that part lying e of Great Britain, 
 called the German Ocean. 
 
 North ; See Nord, 
 
 Northall, a village in Middlesex, on the 
 N side of Enfield eiiace, two miles n of 
 Barnet. 
 
 Northallerton, a town in the N Riding of 
 Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, seat- 
 ed on a rivulet, which a mile below fails into 
 the river Whisk. The gaol was lately erected 
 on the plan recommended by the great 
 Howard. This town is governed l)y a 
 bailiff' appointed by the bishop of Durham 
 by a patent for life. It sends two members 
 to parliament. In the vicinity a famous 
 battle was fo\ight between the Scots and 
 English, called the battle of Standardhill, 
 in 1 138. Here are two noted annual horse 
 fairs, January 2, and .St Bartholomew day. 
 It is a large well built trading place, and. is 
 32 miles nnvv of York, and 222 n by w of 
 London. 
 
 Northampton, the capital of Noidhamp- 
 tonsbire, situated on the river Ne.i, wldi -ii 
 has been made navigable to lo nih governed 
 b}" a mayor, v.utb a market on S tuirday. 
 
 It is well built, aiid l'.a.s a spacicn markets 
 place, four churches, a good Ir .e s ? e>ol, 
 and a county iniirmarv and gaol. It was 
 formcily surrounded w/tn wails aiui»h d a 
 castle, the walls of which are \ ct stC":;jj,i;ga 
 
 y 2 
 
NOR 
 
 16T,'> the town was almost entirely con- 
 fumed by fire. In the meadows adjoining? 
 the town a bati)*-* was fought in 1460, be- | 
 tween ffenry VL and the Kcuse of York, 
 in which the former was tlefeated and taken 
 prisoner. 'J\vo miles to the s is Queens Cross, 
 erected by Edward I. in memory of Queen 
 Eleanor. Every householder not receiving 
 alms has a vote in the election of the two 
 members by which it is represented in par- 
 liament. Its principal manufacture is that 
 of boots and shoes, of which many are made 
 here, and in other parts of the county, for ex- 
 portation. The horse fa,irs are greatly re- 
 § .rted to. This town contained in 1801, 
 
 **■ fOiiO inbabitants, and in 1811, 842T. Ii is 
 so miles w of Cambridge, and 66 nw of 
 London. Lcn, I 11 w, ikt, 52 11 n. 
 
 >70F4.THAMPT0N,ii large uneven county 
 of Pennsylvania, with a town of the same 
 name on the Leigh, 18 miles wsw of Easton. 
 
 It is divided into 2T townships, and contains 
 24,250 inhabitants. 
 
 KORTHAIvIPTON, a county of Halifax 
 district. North Caroliua, bounded n by the 
 state of Virginia, containing 9881 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON, a maritime county 
 of Virginia, situated on the point of the pe- j 
 uinsula which forms the e side of the entrance j 
 into Chesapeuk bay. Its southern extre- 
 mity is cape Charles, off which is the small 
 island called Smith’s island. The county 
 contains 6889 inbabitants. 
 
 Northampton^ a post towm, and capital 
 of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, situa- 
 ted oil the w side of Connecticut river, 40 
 miles N of Hartford in Ccimecticut, and 100 
 w of Boston. Its township vvas incorpora- 
 ted in 1685, and contains 1628 inhabitants. 
 It has a considerable trade. Lou. 72 38 w, 
 lat. 42 24 N.* 
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIllE, a county of 
 England ; bounded kw by Leicestershire 
 and liutlandshire ; n by Lincolnshire ; e by 
 the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and 
 Bedford ; 8 by Bucks and Oxfordshire ; and 
 w 'by that comity and V/arwickshire, 60 
 miles long, and 22 where broadest. It is, 
 divided into 20 hundreds, containing ! city, 
 i i market-towns, sends nine members to 
 praiiaincm, and in 1801, contained 131,757 
 innabitunis, and in 1811,141,353, and 304 
 pavi-hts. 9his county is said to contain 
 less waste ground and more seats of the no- 
 biidy and gentry than any other in England. 
 '1 he greatest defect is the scarcity of fevvel. 
 Ii contains part of its ancient forests, parti- 
 cuk.rly those of Rockingdiam on ihe nw, 
 atid Sa.lcey on the s. The principal rivers 
 are the Ncii, and Vdi liand. It . is also part- 
 ly watMvd by the Ouse, Learn, Cher well, 
 and Avon. Tiu' air of tins coauvy i.s very 
 . beailiiy. exooi.ding in the nb pari near Pe- 
 terborough. Noitliamptonshiie is, in a 
 mannev, proveidnally rc;>:arded as a fine 
 and p]e:u;uit, c«,)ii‘!iv Tlie products of 
 this CGun!% ui t a'i general, the same with 
 
 NOR 
 
 those of other farming counties. It is, in* 
 deed, particularly celebrated for its grazing 
 land. Wood for the dyers is cultivated ; 
 but the county is not distinguished far ma- 
 nufactures, except the trifling one of bone 
 lace. The county town is Nort.hampton. 
 
 North Carry, a considerable town in 
 Somersetshire, situated on the Tone, with a 
 market on Saturday well supplied with pro- 
 visions, and a fair August 1st. It is six miles 
 E of Taunton, 134 w by s of London, and 
 20 sw of Wells. 
 
 NORTHERN xiRCHTPELAGO, con- 
 sists of several groups of islands, which are 
 situated between the eastern coast of Kamts- 
 chatka, in Asia, and the western coast of 
 xlmerioa. These islands are frequented on 
 account of their valuable furs. 
 
 Northferry, a village situated on a penir^ 
 suia jutting into the n side of the Forth, on 
 (he w of Inverkeithing, Fifesbire, opposite 
 (bueensferry on the s, from which to th's 
 village, the ferry boats regularly ply. 
 Population upwmrds of 300. In the vicinity 
 are quarries of stones much esteemed for 
 paving. 
 
 Ncrthjieet, a village in Kent, on th© 
 banks of the Thames, one mile w of Graves- 
 end, and 21 from London The church is 
 very large, and contains fragments of 
 monuments as old as the 14th century. 
 Large quantities of lime are made here, and 
 extraneous fcssiLs have been dug up.. 
 
 North Jlentpsieod, a township of New 
 York, ill Queen’s county, Long Island. 
 Of its inlmbitants, 232 were qualified elec- 
 tors in 1796. 
 
 North Kingstown, a town in Washingtou 
 county, Pi hole Island, which carries on 
 considerable trade in the fislierie.s, besides 
 I some to the West Indies. It is eight miles 
 KW of Newport. The township contains 
 2907 inhabitants. 
 
 Northleach, a town in Gloucestershire, 
 situated among the Cotswold Hills, near the 
 source of the Ihtle river Leach. It is go- 
 verned by a bailiff and two constables. 
 The church is of greHt antiquity and con- 
 tains some monuments of rich clothiers as 
 old .• the L5tli century. Here are .'•'everal 
 I almshouses, and a well endowed free-school. 
 
 I Its .clothing trade, formerly considerable, is 
 I now much declined. It has a considerable 
 corn market every ^Yednesday, and tire© 
 annual fairs. It is 23 miles e of Gfouces- 
 ter, and 81 w by n of London. 
 
 Northinavcn, a parish of Scotland, situa- 
 ted at the northern extremity of the main- 
 : land of Shetland. It is a peninsula, about 
 i 20 niiies long, and 12 broad, connected to 
 the parish of Idelting by an isthmus about 
 ! 100 yard.- broad at high water. Population 
 ' about 2000. The shor«‘s are iudemed with 
 1 det'p bays which abound with fish. la the 
 ' parish are morasses in which trees are 
 ! fomid, though no wood grows here at pre- 
 ■ sent. The spots which are cultivated round 
 I the coast do uot afford a sutticjeiit supply for 
 
ibe inhabitants who are expert fishers and 
 knitters. Of the numerous islands around 
 the coast none are inhabifed but Lamba. 
 Here are ruins of pictish houses, orduiiS, 
 watch-houses, <fec. The exports are a variety 
 of fish, beef, butter, tallow, kelp, and hides, 
 calf, otter, and seal skins, stockings, gloves, 
 and caps. 
 
 North' Mountain, one of the ridges of the 
 Alleghany mountains, which extends through 
 Virginia and Pennsylvania. There is a 
 curious syphon fountain in Virginia, near 
 the intersection of lord Fairfax's boundary 
 with the North mountain, not far from 
 Broek^s gap, on the stream of which is a 
 grist mill, which grinds two bushels of 
 grain at every flood of the spring. 
 
 Northcrp, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 
 near which are manufactures of coarse 
 earthen ware, fire-bricks, (fee. It is 11 
 miles Kw of Chester, and 199 kw of 
 London. 
 
 ^70PcT^IUMBEllLAND, a county of 
 England, receiving its name from being 
 situated n of the Humber. In the Saxon 
 ^ heptarchy it was a part of the kingdom of 
 the Northumbrians ; which included also 
 Yorkshire, Lancashire, Durham, Cumber- 
 land, and Westmoreland. It is bounded e 
 by the German ocean ; s by Durham ; w 
 and sw by Cumberland ; and nw and n by 
 Scotland, from which it is separated by the 
 Tweed. It extends about 70 miles from n 
 to s, and 50 from e to w' ; it is divided into 
 six wards, and contains 10 markets low'ns, 
 88 parishes, and in 1801, 157,101 inhabi- 
 tants, and in 1811, 164,415. The air is 
 not so cold as might be imagined from the 
 latitude in which it lies. The soil is vra-ions, 
 the eastern part being fruitful, having very 
 . good w'heat, and most sorts of corn, with 
 rich meadows on the banks of the rivers : 
 but the western part is generally barren, it 
 being mostly heathy and mountainous. 
 The SE part abounds with pit-coal ; the sw 
 angle has very rich lead-mines, but very 
 little wood. This country is well v atered 
 by rivers ; the principal of which are the 
 Tyne, Tweed, Blythe, \7ensbec*k, Tyne, and 
 Coquet. Alnwick is the county-town ; but 
 the largest and richest is Newcastle, at 
 which 'the assizes are held. This county 
 gives the title of earl, and since 1 766, that of 
 duke to the ancient and powerful family of 
 Piercy. 
 
 Northumberland, a flourishing post town 
 in a county of the same name, seated at the 
 junction of the e and w branches of the 
 Susquehana. lit is two miles n by w of 
 Sun bury, and 112 nw of Philadelphia. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, a county of 
 Virginia; bounded e by Cbesapce.k hay, 
 and w by Richmond. It contains 9i63 
 inhabitants. The court-house, where a 
 post-ofllce is kept, is 12 miles from Kin- 
 sale. 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND ISLANDS^/ a 
 
 chain of islands, on the Pacific ocean, near 
 the r:E coast of New Holland. 
 
 Ncrtkumberland Strait, llie s part of tho 
 gulf of St. Laurence, situated bctwr'cn thtv 
 coast of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 
 and the island of St, John. 
 
 NORTH Vi^EST COAST OF AMERI- 
 CA. The country on the nw part of tlm 
 continent of America, lying on the Pacifio 
 ocean, is i>u,s denominated. According to 
 accounts given Ity voyagers to this coast, 
 it has, with very little deviation, the apnear- 
 aiice of one continued forest. On the coast 
 are many islands, spacious bays, commodious 
 harbours, and mouths of navigable rivers; 
 among the former are Washington, or 
 Queen Charlotte s island. The coast is 
 inhabited by numerous small tribes of In- 
 dians; eacli appearing to be independent 
 and governed by its ovui chief. They differ 
 from each other in their language and cus- 
 toms, and are frequently at w^ar. The in^ 
 habitants have })een computed at 10,000, 
 from N'colka sound to Cock's river, an ex- 
 tent of about 1000 miles. The inhabitants 
 subsist wiioiiy by fishing and limiting. 
 Their clothing is the skins of animals and 
 birds. The chief object of civilized nations 
 in navigating this coast, has hitherto been to 
 traffic with the natives for furs. 
 
 Ncrthwich, a town in Cheshire, situated 
 near the Dan, at its junction wdth the 
 Weaver, chiefly noted for its salt works. 
 Immense quantities of solid rock salt are 
 dug here from mines of great depth, and 
 I much of il^ in its crude state is sent to 
 ! Liverpool for exportation. Tiie clear annual 
 I duty received by government for Cheshire 
 { salt amounts to 200,0001. Here i.s a well 
 ! endowed free grammar school. The week- 
 jj ly market is" on Friday, at wbieii much 
 ij public business is traitsacted, and at its faiis, 
 
 ! July 22d, August 24th, and December 6th. 
 
 : It is 20 miles ne of Chester, and 174 ivw of 
 ii London. 
 
 I Norton, a town of Massachussets, Bristol 
 county, noted for its nail manufacture. It 
 has also a maniifaclure of ochre similar to 
 .that of I’anton, 28 miles s of Boston. 
 
 Nortcii, See Chipping Norton. 
 
 Norton Sound, an inlet of the sea, on il-o 
 w coast of North America, discot (Ted by 
 captain Cook in his last voyage. It (uners 
 between cape Denbigh on the"'E, and cape 
 Danby on the w. The latter is in ion. 162 
 55 w, lat. 64 30 n. 
 
 Norwalk, a town in Fairfield comdy, 
 Connecticut, has two churches, sojne iron 
 works, and trades with New York, and ihe 
 Vfest Indies, and stands on mi inlet of l.cmg 
 Island Sound, 50 miles ne of New York. 
 Lon. 73 25 w, lat. 41 8 n. 
 
 NOP«.WAY, a kingdem in the n of Eu- 
 rope, the most westerly part of the ancicnr 
 Scandinavia. It is divided into the flnir 
 governments of Aggeriiuys, or Chrisliana, 
 
 ■ Bergen, Drumtheim and VJardhiiys, H is 
 
NOR 
 
 ssatumlly formed into two divisions, Nor- 
 thern aiid'Southern, cr Proper Norway, sepa- 
 rated from each other by the small Swedish 
 province of Herndalil. Northern Norway is 
 a long and narrow slip of land, extending as 
 far as cape North, the most northernly 
 point of Europe, beyond 7] deg. n lat. and 
 IS bounded w and n by the Northern ocean ; 
 E by Sweuisli and Russian Lapland ; and s 
 by Sweden. It is divided into Nordland and 
 Finmark, and comprehended in the govern- 
 ment of Drontheim. Southern Norway is 
 bounded n and e by Sweden ; and s and w 
 by the Northern ocean. Its breadth is from 
 40 to 2S0 miles. Ths Norwegians support 
 their own army, which amounts to 24,000 
 foot, and 6000 horse. The Political Code, 
 called the Norway Law, was compiled at 
 the command of Christian V. by Grieffel- 
 feld, the great legislator of his country. 
 JBy this law the peasants are free, except a 
 fe\v on some nobles estates near Fredericstadt. 
 The peasantry are framk, open, and undaunt- 
 ed ; but not insolent ; never fawning to their 
 superiors, ^-et pay proper respect to those 
 above them. From its K)cky soil, and nor- 
 thern position, Norway is not populous in 
 proportion to its extent. Coxe has caloula- 
 ed the number of inhabitants to be 7ti0,0{)0, 
 who like the Swiss mountainers, are ex- 
 ceedingly attached to their country. The 
 same causes which affect the population of 
 Norway, operate likewise on the state of 
 tillage ; for, although in some places vege- 
 tation is so quick, that (ho corn is sown and 
 cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country 
 does not produce suiToient corn for its own 
 consumption. The horses are small, but 
 strong, very active, and hardy. Tiie fish- 
 eries, parti eularly on the w coast, afford 
 employment and wealth to the uatives. i 
 The extensive forests of oak and pine pro- 
 duce timber spars, beams, and planks, be- 
 sides charcoal, turpentine, bark, fuel, and 
 even manure, and the birch. The bark of 
 which is used as a covering for their houses, 
 not only supplies them with fuel, but also 
 affords a kind of wune. The wild animals' 
 are the bear, lynx, w oil, fox, and hare. But 
 the most remarkable creature is the lem- 
 ming, or Norw'egian mouse of a redish 
 colour, and about five inches long. These 
 animals proceed in immense numbers from 
 the 1 idge of Kolen towards the sea, devoiir- 
 intr ev er 3 ^ product of the soil in their course, 
 and at last seem to devour each other. 
 The general exports of Norway are tallow, 
 butter, salt, dried fish, timber and planks, 
 horses and horned cattle, silver, alum, ; 
 Pnisiian blue, impper, and iron. It was ; 
 formerly govercvcd by its own hereditaij 
 sovereigns. On the death of Hagen V. in 
 wntiiout male issue, his grandson, in 
 the female line, Magnus Smek, sovereign of 
 both Sweden and Norway, whose son Hagen j 
 VI. husband of the celebrated Margaret, j 
 died in 1380, when Norway was united to ^ 
 Denmark by their sou O.lof V, He dying : 
 
 N O S 
 
 without issue, Margaret herself was raised 
 to the throne, on her decease it descended 
 with Denmark and Sweden to her nephew 
 Eric. Sweden was afterwards separated 
 from Denmark by Gustavas Vasa. Nor- 
 vvay was ceded to Sweden in the year 1814, 
 in lieu of Swedish Pomerania, but is now 
 united to the crown of Den.-nark. Christia- 
 nia is the capital, but Be gen is the most 
 populous city. 
 
 Norwich, an anoent, large, and populous 
 city ill Norfolk, aiil a bishop's see, situated 
 on the Yare, xvhich runs through it, and is 
 navigable from thence to Yarmouth, with- 
 out locks. Although it is a place of con- 
 siderable extent, the population is not so 
 great as might be expected, as ii contains 
 a number of gardens and orchards. In 1801 , 
 the number of inhabitants was 36,854, and 
 in 1811, 37,236. Norwich has a good pub- 
 lic library, a city and eouaty bospiial, a 
 lofty market-house of freestone, and a bride- 
 w’ell built of Hints. Besides the cathedral, 
 there are 36 parish churches, two churches 
 for the Flemings, sonic dissenting meeting 
 houses, and a Roman catholic chapel, a 
 free school founded by Edward VI. and 
 several charitable foundations. The palace 
 of the ancient dukes of Norfolk is converted 
 into a work -house. In the vicinity are the 
 remains of the castle of Kett, the tanner, by 
 v/hose rebellion, in the reign of Edward VI. 
 the city was reduced almost to ruins. 
 Norwich is a county of itself, governed by 
 a mayor. It gives the title of earl to the 
 duke of Gordon, and is represented in parlia- 
 ment by two members elected by the free- 
 holders and freemen duly enrolled. Nor- 
 wich long took the lead, in point of com- 
 mercial consequence, among the inland 
 towns. For this it was indebted to its great 
 manufactures of crapes, bombazeens, and 
 stuffs of various kinds, which are still con- 
 sidcreabie, though somewhat declined. It is 
 well supplied with provisions, which are 
 prepared in the neatest manner. The week- 
 ly markets are on Wednesday, Friday, and 
 Saturday. It is 43 miles n of Ipswich, 108 
 NE of London. Lon. 1 20 E, lat. 52 40 n. 
 
 Norwich, a city of Connecticut, in New 
 London oounlj^,on the Spetucketat the influx 
 of the Quinabang, whose united streams form 
 the Thames, 12 miles n of New London, 
 and 40 se of Hartford. The inhabiiants 
 manufacture paper of all kinds, stockings, 
 clocks, and watches, chaises, buttons, stone 
 and eartliern ware, oil, chocolate, wire, 
 bells, anchors, and all kinds of forge-work. 
 Tlie city contains about 3900 iiibabitauts. 
 The courts of law are held alternately at 
 New London and Norwich, Lon. 72 3 w, 
 lat. 41 20 N. 
 
 Norwich, a town in Windsor county, 
 Vermont, on the Connecticut, opposite 
 Hanover in New Hampshire, 20 miles n of 
 Windsor. 
 
 Noss, one of the smaller, yet one of the 
 finest and most fertile of the Shetland Isles^ 
 
affording excellent sheep pasture, and 
 abounding with rabbits. About 249 leet 
 from this island, rises an insular rock, 150 
 feet high inaccessible on all sides, and inha- 
 bited by immense flocks of sea fowl, of a 
 very delicate flavour. It lies to the se of 
 the island of Bressay. 
 
 Noasen, a town in Misnia, Upper Saxony, 
 on the Frey burg, Muldau, 18 miles w ol 
 Dresden. 
 
 Notchengong, a town in the province of 
 Berar, Hindoostan, 47 miles ssw of Nag- 
 pour, and 75 ssw oi Ellichpour. 
 
 Noteburg, a town in the government of 
 Petersburgh, Russia, situated on an island 
 in the lake Ladoga, at the place where the 
 Neva issues. It has a good citadel, and was 
 the capital of the province of Ingria, before 
 Petersburgh w as built from which it is 25 
 miles E. Lon. 31 9 e, lat. 59 50 n. 
 
 NotOy a city and capital of V. l do Noto, 
 Sicily. In 1093, it vras greatly injured by 
 an earthquake, and rebuilt on a better site. 
 
 It has handsome buildings, and good strecvs. 
 Besides all the necessaries of life, the vici- 
 nity produces excellent wine. Population 
 about 16,000. Noto is 100 miles ssw of 
 Messina. Lon. 15 14 e, lat. 33 53 n. 
 
 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, a county of 
 England; bounded n by Yorkshire ; n and 
 E by Lincolnshire ; s by Leicestershire, and 
 w by Derbyshire. Its greatest length is 
 48 miles ; its greatest breadth about 20. It 
 is divided into eight hundreds ; contains nine 
 market towns, and in 1801, 140,350 inhabi- 
 tants, in IS 1 1, 162,000 ; and 208 parishes, and 
 sends eight members to parliament. The mid- 
 dle and w'estern peirts were formerly occuped 
 by the extensive forest of Shirwood, but the 
 wood has been muen cleared, and the extent 
 of the forest contracted by inclosures. 
 Being agreeably situated between the moun- 
 tainous county of Derbyshire, on the one 
 band, and the flat of Lincolnshire on the 
 other, it enjoys such a temperature of soil 
 and climate, as to render it one of the most 
 fertile and agreeable counties in England. 
 The principal rivers are the Trent and Idle. 
 A canal from Chesterfleid- in Derbyshire 
 passes across the northern part of this coun- 
 ty, and joins the Trent just as that 
 river ceases to be its boundary. The 
 chief products of this county are pit- 
 coal. Their other commodities are maU, 
 wool, liquorice, woad, fish, and fov/1. 
 Their manufactures chiefly consist of 
 frame-w’ork, knitting, glass, and ear- 
 then-ware. The principal town is Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 Nottingham, a town which gives name to 
 Nottinghamshire, pleasantly situated on a 
 rocky eminence, above the meadows box- 
 deri. g tie Trent, governed by a mayor wiih 
 a market on Wednesday and Saturday. 
 At the w end, on a rocky eminence, is a 
 magnificent modern castle, the proper^^ of ; 
 [be Duke of Newcastle, built on the siife of j 
 an aucieiU fortress, celebrsilud lo 1 
 
 history. It is large and populous, 
 guish^ by its spacious market-place, aoA 
 noted as one of the principal seats of the 
 stocking manufacture; particularly of the 
 finer kinds, as those of silk and cotton. It 
 has also a nriannfactory of coarse earthea 
 w^are. The streets are well paved. Popu- 
 lation in I SOI, 28,861, and in 1811, 34,253. 
 
 It has three parish churches, and many dis- 
 senting meeting-houses. It is noted for its ex- 
 cellent ale. Here Charles I. set up his stan- 
 ' dard at the commencement of the civil war, 
 which terminated in bis ruin. Heavy goods 
 are brought hitlier from London by sea, and 
 upon the river Trent ; and many coal-pits, 
 within three or four miles of the (own, af- 
 ford plenty of fuel, at little expenee. It is 
 16 miles E of Derby, and ]24 n by w of 
 London. Lon. 1 2 w, lat, 52 58 n. 
 
 NoUiagliam, a town in Frinee George? 
 county Maryland, on liie Patuxent, 20 miles 
 SE of WaHiir.gton. 
 
 Nottingham, a towm in Rockingham 
 county, Newhampshire, 14 miles nnw of 
 Exeter. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA, New Scotland, or 
 Acadia, a British province of North America, 
 separated ne from Cape Breton island, by 
 the gut of Canso. Its length is about 235 
 miles Irom cape Sable on the sw to cape 
 Canso on the ne. Its extreme breadth is 
 88 miles ; but between the head of Halifax 
 harbour and the town of Windsor it is only 
 about 22 miles broad. Nova Scotia is ac- 
 commodated with many spacious harbours, 
 bays, and coves of shelter, equal to any in 
 the world. The southern shores present to 
 the eye of a stranger rather an unfavoura- 
 ble appearance, being in general broken 
 and stony. The gradual improvements in 
 husbandry, wdiich has been encouraged by 
 the efforts and experiments of the agricul- 
 tural society lately established here, afford 
 some good ground to expect that Nova Scotia 
 may become a flourishing colony, the at- 
 mosphere, for a great part of the year, is 
 clouded with a thick fog, wdiich is unfa- 
 vourable to health, and for four months of 
 the year it is intensely cold. The soil, ex- 
 cept on the banks of its numerous small ri- 
 vers, is thin and barren. The coast abounds 
 wdth cod, salmon, mackarel, herring, ale 
 wives, trout, &c. Nova Scotia is divided 
 , into eight counties, via Hants, Halifax, 
 Kingb, Annapolis, Cumberland, Sunbury, 
 Queen's, and Lunenburg. These are sub- 
 divided into above 40 townships. The 
 whole population of Nova Scotia, New 
 Brunswick, and the islands adjoining, isesti- 
 I mated at about 56,000. Nova Scotia was 
 j confirmed to Gieat Britain in 1760. HaL- 
 ! lax is the metropolis. 
 
 I NOVA ZEMBLA, an island in the frozen 
 ocean separated from the continent of Rus- 
 1 sia, by the strait ol Waigatz, 500 miles in 
 length and irom lOo to 200 in breadth. It 
 was discovered by the English in 1553, and 
 is said to b3 extremely desolate, producing 
 
N O V 
 
 neither trees nor vegetables except moss and > 
 some Arctic plants^ 1 1 is not supposed to have | 
 any human inhabitant^. Its animals are j 
 M'hito bears^ white luxes, elks, rein-deer and | 
 rabbits. In L59t5, the crew of a Dutch ves- ; 
 sel which was cast away on this coast were i 
 obliged to winter here, and preserved their ! 
 lives with great difficulty. Lon. 52 to 78 e, 
 lat. 70 to 78 N. 
 
 No vale.se y a town at the foot of Mount 
 C’enis, Piedmont, 40 miles nw of Turin. 
 
 NovoUcy a town in Trevisano, Italy, ten 
 miles sw of Treviso. 
 
 Noraray ix in the Milanese^ lialy, 
 
 seated on an czninence, near the Agogna. 
 It contains 17 churches, beside the cathe- 
 dral, 30 miles w by s of Milan. Lon. i-5 ' 
 
 0 E. lat. 40 18 N. 
 
 NcviUczay a town in the Modeiiese, Italy, 
 w ith a castle, capital of a small principa- 
 lity, 17 miles e by n of Parma, and id anw 
 of Modena. 
 
 Nov'i, a fortified town of Croatia, seated 
 on the right bank of thc'Unna, taken by 
 thc Anslnmis in 1789, 52 miles se of Carl- 
 siadt. Lon. 16 53 e, lat. 45 S a. 
 
 Nevi, a town of Italy, in the state of Ge- 
 noa, with a strong castle on a mountaiti. 
 
 Jt is the chief depot for goods going from 
 Genoa to the n part of Italy and Germany. 
 Herein 1799 the French were defeated by 
 the A.iistrians and Russians with the loss of 
 10,000 men, and general Joubert was killed, 
 27 miles nnav of Genoa. 
 
 A^ovi Bazar y a town in Servia, European 
 Turkey, near the Oresco, 72 miles ^y of 
 Nissa, and 10 3 s of Belgrade. Lon. 21 
 
 1 E, lat. 43 35 N. 
 
 Nomgrady a town of Upper Hungary, ca- 
 pital of a county of its name, seated on a 
 mountain, with a castle, near the Danube, 
 25 miles N of Enda. 
 
 Novigvody a town of Dalmatia, with a 
 castle, on a lake of its name, near the gulf 
 of Venice, IT miles E o.f Nona, and 25 kw 
 of Zara. 
 
 Novigrady a strong place in Servia, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, near the Danube, 35 miles 
 N of Nissa. 
 
 Novigoredy a toxvn in the palatinate of 
 Mosovia, Lithuania, on the Narexv, 80 miles 
 ANE of Warsaw. 
 
 Novogorod Niznciy capital of a Russian 
 government of the same name, and arch- 
 bishop^s see. Its castle is surrounded by stone 
 walls, nnd besides two cathedrals, it has 28 
 pa.T'ish churches and five convents. It has 
 rich shops and a good trade and is seated at 
 the junction of the Oka, and Volga, 280 
 miles E by n of Moscow. Lon. 46 30 k, 
 lat. 56 34 N. 
 
 Novogorody one of. the most ancient cities 
 of Russia, in the government of the same 
 name. It was formerly called Great Novo- 
 gorod, to distinguish it from other towns 
 of that name. It was long governed by its 
 own dukes, its territory was extensive. 
 
 NUB 
 
 SucliWds its strength and opulence as 
 give rise to tile proverb, Vfho can resist 
 the gods and the great Novogorod.^^ It 
 w^as toiaily eclipsed when Peter the Great 
 ■ trnnsicvred to Petershurgh all the commerce 
 of the Baltic which oefore had centered 
 here. The town is seaitd on both sides of 
 tile VolkoT, which divides it into the tra- 
 ding part, aiid the cpuarlrr of St. Sophia.; 
 In the cathedral of the latter several prin- 
 ces of tile ducal family of Russia are inter- 
 red. i- corlains about TOGO peoplo, and is 
 seated at the a exiremby of'tiie lake Je-- 
 men. 125 miles sse of Petersburg. Lon. 
 3i 45 E, iat. 53 25 n. 
 
 Novogorod Severskiy capital of a Kus- 
 1 sian government of its name, on the Desna,- 
 310 miles sw of Ivloscow. ^ Lon. 32 40 e, 
 lat. 52 20 N. 
 
 Ncvoof'cdeky capital of a palatinate of its 
 name, Lithuania, seated on a hill, in a largei 
 plain; 80 miles s by e of Wilna. Lon. 26 
 8 E, iat. 53 25 n. . 
 
 Novomergorody a town in the govern- 
 ment of Catberinensiaffi, Russia, 136 miles 
 WAW of Catharinenslaff. 
 
 I Noutrtiy a town in the palatinate of Cra- 
 cow, Poland, with gold and silver mines in 
 the vicinity, 30 miles s of Cracow. 
 
 Nouidwor, a town in the palatinate of 
 Novogrodek, Lithuania, 80 miles sw of No- 
 vogrodek. 
 
 Noocatiy or Noxantony a town in New- 
 castle county, 'Dela\rare, 17 miles s of 
 Wilmington, and 21 n of Dover, 
 
 NogUy a town in Gallkcia, Spain, seated 
 at the mouth of the Tainbro. The princi- 
 pal trade is ship-building, 15 miles w of 
 Compostella. 
 
 Noyon, a town in the department of Oise, 
 France, the birth-place of the celebrated 
 Calvin, stands near the Oise, .22 miles nw 
 of Soissons, and 60 n by e of Paris. 
 
 Noyers, a town in the department of Yon- 
 ne France, on the Serin, 17 miles se of 
 Auxerre. 
 
 Nozeroyy a town in the department of Ju- 
 ra, France, with a castle, on a mountain, 
 W miles se of Salins. 
 
 NUBIA, a kingdom of Africa, bounded 
 N by Egypt, e by the Red sea, s by Abyssi- . 
 nia, and w by Bornou. The river Nile 
 runs through it, on the banks of which, and 
 those of the other rivers, it is pretty fniitlul. 
 but in other places, barren, sandy, and in 
 want of water. The inhabitants, who pro- 
 fess to be Mahomedans, make their broad 
 and drink of a small round seed called 
 doeay or seffy which is a kind of millet. 
 The walls of their bouses are mud, and co- 
 vered with reeds. The better sort wear a 
 kind of vest, but have no covering for their 
 head, legs, and feet. The common people 
 wrap a piece of linen cloth about them, and 
 the children go quite naked. The produc- 
 tions of this country are gold, elephants' 
 teeth, civet, and sandal wood ; and they sell 
 
 
N U R 
 
 N Y S 
 
 men into Egypt. The principal towns known 
 to Europeans are Dangola and Sennaar. 
 
 Nubdada, an island in the Pacific ocean, 
 with three small ones near it, w by s of Ce- 
 rientes, on the coast of Mexico, and e of 
 Iloco Portida. 
 
 NueZy a town in the province of Leon, 
 Spain, on the frontiers of Portugal, 15 miles 
 E of Braganza, and 4S w of Zamora. 
 
 NuitZy a town in the department of Cote 
 d’Or, France, at the foot of a mountain, 
 famous for excellent wines, 15 miles ssw of 
 Dijon. 
 
 Nides, a town in Valencia, Spain, near 
 the sea, 30 miles nne of Valencia. 
 
 NUN, or Vied de Nun, a province in the 
 s part of the kingdom of Sus, subject to the 
 emperor of Morocco. It is inhabited by 
 Arabs, and has a river of its name which 
 falls into the Atlantic n of cape Non. 
 
 Nundydroog, a town and fortress of Hin- 
 doostan, capital of a considerable district 
 in the Mysore, on the top of a mountain, 
 1700 feet in height. In 1792, it was taken 
 by the English* It is 70 miles of Serin- 
 gapatam. 
 
 Nuneatony a town in Warwickshire, 
 eight miles n by e of Coventry, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, seated on the Ankier, for- 
 merly celebrated for a nunnery. It is a 
 large, well built town. The chief manu- 
 facture is that of ribbons. 
 
 Nunjimgodiiy a town in Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, seated in the Fork formed by the 
 junction of the Eaundini with the Kapini, 
 with a large temple and a ruinous fort, 12 
 miles s by E of Mysore. 
 
 Nunnyy a village in Somersetshire, re- 
 markable for the ruins of a once strong 
 castle, tlie walls of which remain : it was 
 taken by the parliament's forces in 1645, 
 two miles sw of Frome. 
 
 Nuiishroughy a town of Northumberland, 
 near Hexham. 
 
 Nuremberg, or Nurenberg, one of the 
 most handsome and flourishing places of 
 Germany, capital of Franconia, and a late 
 free and imperial city, with an university. 
 It is about six miles in circumference, sur- 
 rounded by high walls. Through the mid- 
 dle of the town flows the river Pegnitz, 
 over which are six stone, and several wood- 
 en bridges. The inhabitants are estimated 
 at 30,000. Here is a famous academy for 
 painting, an anatomical theatre, a public 
 library, an ancient castle, and the best ar- 
 senal in Germany. It is famous for toys. 
 The religion is the Lutheran, but the church 
 of the Holy Ghost has a number of relies. 
 No Jew can enter the city without paying a 
 tax, and are not permitted to remain in it a 
 single night. Their maps and prints are in 
 high esteem, as well as their musical and 
 mathematical instruments. The citizens 
 have obtained a ^considerable territory, 
 which is 30 miles in diameter, and 100 in 
 circumference, and in which are two large 
 forests, Tbeir manufactures are conveyed [ 
 
 all over Europe, by means of two great 
 fairs. This city and territory was ceded to 
 Bavaria by the treaty of Tilsit. It is 55 
 miles Nw of Ratisbon, seated near the n ex- 
 tremity of the lake Jemeii, 95 n by w of 
 Munich, and 125 sse of Petersburgh. Lon. 
 31 45 E, lat.58 25 n. 
 
 Nurtingeii) a town in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg, Swabia, seated on the Neckar, 
 with an hospital founded in 1487, said to be 
 the richest foundation in the duchy, 14 miles 
 SE of Stutgard, 
 
 Nuscoy a town in Principato Ultra, Na- 
 ples, eight miles x by w of Couza. 
 
 Nusserpeur, a town in the province of 
 Sindy, Hindoostan, on the Sindy, 12 miles 
 sw of Hydrafcad. 
 
 Nuys, a, town in the department of Roer, 
 France, lately of Germany, in the archbi^ 
 shopric of Cologne, seated on the Erfft 
 near its influx into the Rhine, with a coii 
 lege of Augustine canons. It has a trad® 
 in coal and dials, and was taken by th® 
 French in 1794, 22 miles nnw of Coloa-ne 
 Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 51 II X. ^ * 
 
 Nyborg, a sea port of Denmark, on the e 
 coast of the isle of Fanen, seated on a bay 
 of the Great Belt. The ancient palace in 
 which Christian II. was born, now serves 
 for a magazine and arsenal, 10 miles e of 
 Odensee. Lon. 10 40 e, lat. 55 30 x. 
 
 Nykoping, a town in N Jutland, Den- 
 mark, bn the E side of the island of Mors 
 I which is formed by branches of the gulf of 
 Lymford on which it stands, 40 miles w by 
 s of Alburg. Lon. 8 36 e, lat. 56 52 x. 
 
 Nykopmg, capital of Sudermania, Swe- 
 den, with a harbour on a river of its name 
 near the Baltic. Here are the remains of a 
 strong castle, 70 miles sw of Stockholm. 
 Lon. 17 27 E, lat. 58 35 x. 
 
 Nykoping, a sea port of Denmark, capital 
 of the isle of Falster, seated on a narro •/ 
 channel, opposite the isle of Laland, Her® 
 IS a royal palace, and one of the best en- 
 dowed hospitals in the kingdom, 60 miles 
 ssw of Copenhagen. Lou. 11 58 e, lat. 
 54 50 X. 
 
 NYLAND, a province of Sweden, in Fin- 
 land, on the gulf of Finland, to the w of 
 Carelia. It is 120 miles long, and from 30 
 to 60 broad ; and is a pleasant fertile coun- 
 try. The chief trade is in corn, cattle, 
 planks, linen, and dried fish. The see of 
 Borgo is in this province, but Helsingfors is 
 the chief town. 
 
 Nyslot, a town in the government of Wi- 
 burg, Russia, on the lake Saima, has « 
 strong eastle on a rock in a river. In 1714, 
 the Russians took it from the Swedes, but 
 restored it at the peace of Nystadt ; by tha 
 treaty of Abo it returned to the Russians, 
 50 miles xw of Wiburg. 
 
 Nyslot, a town in the government of Li- 
 vonia, Russia, stands amid marshes on th® 
 Narova, and has a castle, two miles s Ijy w 
 of Narva. 
 
 Nystudi, a town of Sweden, in Fiolarjil 
 
 Z 
 
O B D 
 
 Proper, on a bay of the gulph of Bothnia, 
 has a good harbour, and a trade in all kinds 
 of wooden vessels. Here, in 1721, a peace 
 w'as concludeil between Sweden and Russia, 
 56 miles nw of Abo. Lon. 21 31 e, lat. 
 61 10 N. 
 
 Nystcdy a town on the se coast of the isle 
 of Laiand, Denmark, has a good trade to 
 the northern provinces of Germany, 19 miles 
 ESE of Naxkow. 
 
 O 
 
 1 ■; 
 
 O AKHAM, or OkeJiam, the capital of 
 Rutlandf-hire, pleasantly situated in a 
 rich valley, called the Vale cfCatmose. It is 
 a well built town, and consists of two pa- 
 rishes. The assizes and county meetings 
 are held in the hall of an ancient castle. 
 Every peer who enters this lordship forfeits 
 a shoe from the horse on which he rides, to 
 the lord, and many appear (some of them of 
 curious workmanship, and gilt,) nailed to 
 the hall door of the castle. In 1749, four 
 silver pennies of the latter Mercian kings 
 were found here. 1 1 has a canal to Melton 
 Mowbray. Oakham has a market on Sa- 
 turday, and three annual fairs. It is 28 
 miles s by E of Nottingham, and 95 n by w 
 of London. Lon. 0 40 w, lat. 52 42 n. 
 
 OakhamptoUf a town in Devonshire, situ- 
 ated on the Oke, near the borders of Dart- 
 moor, governed by a mayor, with a market 
 on Saturday. It is an ancient town, but 
 BOW much decayed. It has a small manu- 
 facture of serges, and the ruins of a castle 
 dismantled by Henry VIII. It is represen- 
 ted in parliament by two members, is 24 
 miles w of Exeter, and 195 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Oakingham, or Wokingham^ a towm situ* 
 
 ^ ated in the Hundred of Sunning, within the 
 precincts of Windsor Forest, partly in Berk- 
 shire, and partly in the insulated part of 
 Wiltshire, celebrated for| plenty of poultry. 
 The towm consists chiefly of four streets 
 which meet in a large area, where the mar- 
 ket house is situated. Here are held all 
 the courts for W’indsor forest. Four miles 
 to the ssE are vestiges of Roman entrench- 
 ments, called CiBsar’s camp. The inhabi- 
 tants have manufactures of denims, gauzes, 
 shoes, and sorting of w^ool. The market is 
 on Tuesday. It is eight miles se of Rea- 
 ding, and 31 w by s of London. 
 
 Oaks Creek. See Caniaderago. 
 
 Oathluwy a parish of Scotland, in Forfar- 
 shire, five miles long and two broad, watered 
 by the s Esk . The general appearance is j 
 flat. The soil is chiefly a cold wet clay. | 
 Population about 400. It is about 15 miles | 
 NNW of Forfar. 
 
 Oaxaca. See Giiaxaca. 
 
 Obdach, a town in Stiria, Germany, at 
 the junction of the Achza and Traun, nine 
 miles SE of Judeuburg. 
 
 o c H 
 
 Obatiy a flourishing village in Argylshire, 
 on the sea coast, three miles s of Loch 
 Etive. It is an excellent fishing station, 
 and has a good harbour, capable of contain- 
 ing 500 vessels, sheltered on the w by the 
 island of Kerera. This place has a custom 
 house, and has often been the rendezvous of 
 the herring busses ; it contains about 000 
 iiihabiianis, has some coasting trade, and is 
 24 miles nw of Inverary. Lon. 5 22 w, 
 iat. 56 28 N. 
 
 Oherkircli, a town of Swabia, about 35 
 miles E of Strasburg, and 50 w by s of 
 Stutgard. 
 
 Obernbergy a town of Bavaria, with a 
 castle, on the Inn, 12 miles ssw' of Passau. 
 
 Oberndorfy a town in the county of Ho- 
 heuberg, Swabia, on the Neckar,- eight 
 miles NNE of RotWeil. 
 
 OberkircheHy a town in the county of 
 
 Schauenburg, Westphalia, five miles e 
 
 Buckeburg. 
 
 Ohersteijiy a late county of Germany, in 
 the palatinate of the Rhine, included in the 
 department of the Sarre and Moselle. 
 
 Obersteiriy a town of Germany, in lh« 
 late county of that name, now annexed to 
 France, and included in the department of 
 Sarre and Moselle, 30 miles e of Treves. 
 
 ObidoSy a town in Estremadura, Portu- 
 gal, with a strong castle, on a rock, 13 
 miles , E of Peniche, and 38 nne of Lisbon. 
 
 Obojany a town in the government of 
 Kursk, Russia, at the junction of the Obo- 
 janka and the Psiol, 39 miles s by w of 
 Kursk. 
 
 Obcllahy a strong town in Irak, Persia, 
 on a branch of the Tigris, near Bassora. 
 
 OhshaiQy a gulf in the Frozen ocean, Si- 
 beria, 360 miles from n to s, tind from 45 to 
 60 broad. On the e side near the middle, 
 branches out the gulf of Tazow'skaia, 140 
 mjiles long and .30 broad. The sw’ extremi- 
 ty of the gulf of Obskai, w'here the river 
 Oby enters it, is in Ion. 69 15 e, let. 66 
 55 N. 
 
 Obvinsky a town in the government of 
 Perm, Russia, on the Kama, 60 miles n 
 of Perm. Lon. 56 0 e, lat. 58 44 n. 
 
 Ohyy the largest river of Siberia and of 
 the Russian empire, which rises in the de- 
 sert of Ischimska, from the lake Altyn. 
 In its course nw* and w by Koiivan, Narim 
 and Surgut, it meets the Grtysh from To- 
 bolsk, then running n and ne, after a course 
 of 1900 miles it enters the gulf of Obscaia. 
 It is navigable almost to its source, and 
 abounds with islands and fish. 
 
 Oeannuy a towm in New Castile, Spain, 
 stands on a plain, 24 miles ene of Toledo, 
 and 27 s by e of Madrid. 
 
 Ocanna, a tow'n in the province of St. 
 Martha, Terra Firma, on the Rio de Oro, 
 240 miles s by e of St. Martha. Lon. 73. 
 26 w, lat. 7 40 N. 
 
 Ochuy Ochotsk. See Oka, Okotsk. 
 
 Ochil Hills, in Scoiland, stretch from 
 the parish of Duniblane in Perthshire east- 
 
ODE 
 
 O E S 
 
 ward for many miles through Clackmannan- 
 shire, the s part of Perthshire, and termi- 
 nate near the river Erne, into the county 
 of Fife. The highest hill called Bencloch, 
 or Bencleugh, is 2420 feet above the level 
 of the sea. These hills are green and af- 
 ford excellent sheep pasture. 
 
 Ochiltreey a parish and village in 
 Ayrshire. The parish is about 6 miles 
 long and 5 broad, watered by the Lugar 
 and the Coyle. The surface is pretty le- 
 vel ; the soil strong clay mixed with moss, 
 but generally arable, and productive. The 
 village of Cchiitree, containing nearly 300 
 inhabitants, is situated about J 1 miles ese 
 from Ayr. It has a handsome church. 
 In the parish is an old square tower called 
 Aucheucloigb, and the ruins of an old edi- 
 fice .hat belonged formerly to the Lords of 
 Ochiltree. Population of the parish about 
 1300. 
 
 Ochrida^ a strong town in Albania, Eu- 
 ropean Turkey, on the nw side of a lake 
 of its name, formed by the river Drino, an 
 archbishop’s see ; 76 miles e of Durazzo. 
 Lon. 21 3 E, lat. 41 40 n. 
 
 Ochsenfurty a town in the principality of 
 Wurtzbnrg, Franconia, on the Maine, 10 
 miles ss of Wurtzburg. 
 
 Ochsenliauseuy a town of Swabia, near 
 which is a l^^te magnificent abbey, 14 miles 
 s of Uim, ana 40 wsw of Augsburg. 
 
 Oeker, a river which has its source in 
 the s part of the duchy of Brunswick, and 
 running, by Gostar, Wolfenbuttle, and 
 Brunswick, unites with the Alier, e of 
 Zell. 
 
 Oeoay a sea port on a river and bay of 
 its name, in St. Domingo, with large salt 
 works and plenty of fresh water, beeves, 
 sheep, and hogs ; 45 miles w of St. Domin- 
 go. Lon. 70 56 w, lat. 18 15 n. 
 
 Oeona Forty on the co*ast of Peru, on 
 the South Pacific ocean, is 11 leagues nw 
 of Quiloa, and a bold coast, 14 leagues ss 
 of Attico, 
 
 Oczakewy or Otchakof, a strong sea port 
 and fortress in the government of Cathri- ! 
 nenslaf, P^u.ssia. It has been often contest- ' 
 ed by the Turks and Russians, and stormed I 
 by tlie latter, in 1788, and confirmed to | 
 them by the subsequent peace. It is seated 
 near the Black Scvi, and is the quay of the 
 important rivers, the Bog and Dnieper, 50 
 miles w of Cherson, and 100 n by e of 
 Constantinople. Lon. 30 30 e, lat. 46 35 n. 
 
 Oddenu, See George del Mina. 
 
 Odenbachy a town in the department of 
 Mont-Tonnere, France, lately Germany, in 
 the duchy of Dieux Fonts, on the Gian, 34 
 miles sw of Mentz. 
 
 Odensecy eapited of the isle of Funen, 
 Denm^-rk, and a bishop’s see, stands on a 
 river, six miles from the bay of Stegestrand. 
 
 It is noted for leather and gloves, and has 
 manufactures of cloth, sugar, and soap ; 00 
 miles w by s of Copenhagen. Lon, 10 17 E, i 
 lat. 55 30 N. 1 
 
 OdeTy a river which rises in the moun^ 
 tains of Moravia, Germany, runs n to Oder- 
 berg, and passing Oppelen, Brieslau, and 
 Glogaii in Silesia, Crosen, Frankfort, Cus- 
 trin, and Frinw'alt, in Brandenburg; and 
 Gartz, Stettin, Carnin, Wollin, Usedom, 
 and Wolgart, in Pomerania, enters th© 
 Baltic by three channels, between which 
 lie the islands of Usedom and Wollin. Be- 
 low Stettin it forms a large lake or bay 
 called Gross Haff. 
 
 Oderhet'gy a towm with a castle, on the 
 confines of Silesia, Moravia, on the Oder, 
 at the junction of the Elsa, 18 miles nnw 
 of Teschen. 
 
 Oderhergy a town in the middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, on the Oder, 25 miles, nw of 
 Custrin. 
 
 Odernheimy a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 Palatinate of the Rhine, on the Seitz, 14 
 miles s of Mentz. 
 
 Odernheimy a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 duchy of Dieux Pouts, on the Giau, near 
 its junction with the Nahe, 28 miles sw of 
 Mentz. 
 
 Odessa, a sea port in the government of 
 Catherinenslaff, Russia, on a gulf of the 
 Black sea, with a fortress. It exports 
 corn ; 44 miles w by s of Oczakow. Lon* 
 29 24 E, lat. 46 28 n. 
 
 Odeijpour, capital of Jushpour, in the 
 province of Orissa, Hindoostan, 00 miles 
 NE of Ruttunpoiir. Lon. 83 22 e, lat. 22 
 37 N. ' 
 
 Odiham, a town in Hampshire, with the 
 remains of a castle, and a market on Satur- 
 day, seated on the Basinstoke canal. It is 
 24 miles ne of Winchester, and 42 w by s 
 of London. 
 
 Oeh^feld, a town in the duchy of Magde- 
 burg, Lower Saxony, on the Alier, 22 miles 
 NS of Brunswick. 
 
 Oederan, a town in Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony, iiear the Flohe, nine miles ene of 
 Chemnitz. 
 
 OELAND, a fertile island of Finland, 
 about 80 miles in length, and nine in breadth, 
 separated from Gothland by a strait J2 
 miles broad in the narrowest part. The 
 s part is level and fertile, the n part has 
 fine forests, and freestone quarries. Both 
 parts abound in allum mines. Borksholm 
 is the capital, 22 miles ene of Calmar, 
 Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 56 48 n. 
 
 Ocls, a town of Silesia, capital of a prin- 
 cipality of the same name, on the Oels, IT 
 miles ENE of Breslaw. Lon. 17 31 e, lat. 
 51 12 N. 
 
 OclsnitZy a town in Voigtland, Upper 
 Saxony, on the Elster, six miles s by e of 
 Plauen. 
 
 Oepen, or Eupen, a town in Limburg^ 
 Netherlands, on the Weze, with considera!)le 
 manufactures of cloth ; four miles ene of 
 Limburg. 
 
 OESEL, an island of the Baltic, on th® 
 Z 2 
 
O H I 
 
 coast of Livonia, and at the entrance of 
 the gulf of Riga, 74 miles long and 50 
 broad, defended by two forts, and belongs 
 to Russia. The capital is Aurensburg, 
 eight miles s of the isle of Daglia. 
 
 Oetting, a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 
 eight miies nw of Burkhausen. 
 
 Oettingen, a town of Swabia, capital of 
 a county of its name, on the Wirnitz, has a 
 well endowed college, 12 miles nnw of 
 Donawert, and 18 s of Anspaoh. Lon. 10 
 40 E, lat. 48 50 N. 
 
 Offals Bike, an entrenchment which runs 
 through Herefordshire, Shropshire, Mont- 
 gomeryshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire, 
 from the Wye to the Dee, cast up by Offa, 
 a Saxon king, to defend England from the 
 incursions of the "Welsh. 
 
 Offanto, a river of Naples, the ancient 
 Aufidus, which has its soure in the Apen- 
 nines, flows by Conza and Monte Verde, 
 divides Capitanata from Basilicata, Terra 
 di Barri, and falls into the gulf of Venice, 
 near Barletta. 
 
 Ojfen. See Buda, 
 
 Offenbach, a town in the county of Isen- 
 berg, circle of the Upper Rhine, Germany, 
 stands on the s side of the Maine, five miles 
 E of Frankfort. 
 
 Offenburg, a town in the Erisgau, Swa- 
 bia, on the Kentzig, 10 miles se of Stras- 
 burg. 
 
 Offida, a town in the marquisate of An- 
 cona, Italy, 26 miles s of Loretto. 
 
 Ogeechee, a river of Georgia, which runs 
 sEby Georgetown, Louisville, Elberton, and 
 Hardwick, and falls into the ocean oppo- 
 site the N end of Ossabaw island, 18 miles 
 s of Savanna. 
 
 Ogerskeim, a town in the department of 
 Moiit Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 j)alatinate of the Rhine, seated on the Rhine, 
 13 miies n of Spire. 
 
 Qglio, a river which has its source in 
 the principality of Trent, and entering Italy, 
 vioccckf Un+Mrtumi -nTAvi nf'ps of Bero^amas- 
 
 passes between the provinces of Berganias 
 CO and Bresciano, through the lake of Isero 
 to the borders of Milanese, and turning se 
 enters Mantuan, where it enters the Po 
 above Borgoforte. 
 
 Ogmo, a town of the kingdom of Siam, 
 at the NE point of the gull of Siam, 56 
 miles sE of Siam. Lon. 101 28 e, lat. 13 
 33 N 
 
 OHETEROA, an island in the South 
 Pacific ocean. It is 13 miles in circuit, 
 but has neither harbour nor anchorage. 
 The inhabitants are lusty and well made, 
 and rather browner than those of Ottiheite. 
 Their manufactures are superior to those 
 of the neighbouring islands. Their cloth 
 is of a better die, and their spears and clubs 
 fire better carved and polished. Lon. 15C 
 47 w, lat. 22 27 s. 
 
 Ohio, a most beautiful river of North 
 America, which has its source in the Alle- 
 gany mountains, in Pennsylvania, and is 
 ^^Ued the Allegany daring its wsw course 
 
 OK o 
 
 to Pittsburg. It separates the North 
 Western Territory from Kentucky on the s, 
 and Virginia on the se. It is a quarter of 
 a mile wide at Fort Pitt; 500 yards at the 
 mouth of the Great Kanhaway; 1200 yards 
 at Louisville; and at the rapids half a mile ; 
 but its general breadth does not exceed GOO 
 yards. Its length, as measured according 
 to its meanders by captain Hutchins, is 
 1188 miles. There is a fort situated at the 
 head of the falls. After receiving many 
 rivers in its course, it joins the Missisippi iu 
 lat. 33 58 N. 
 
 OHIO, one of the United States of Ame- 
 rica, bounded on the n by the territory of 
 Michigan and Lake Erie, e by Pennsylva- 
 nia, SE by Virginia, s by Kentucky, and w 
 by Indiana. It is said to be the most heal- 
 thy and fertile diitrict in America, and con- 
 sists of five divisions, the North West, Cin- 
 cinnata,Ciiilicotba, Marietta, and New Con- 
 necticut. The chief rivers are the Hock- 
 hocking, the Mu-kinguhi, and the Sciota, 
 which fall into the Ohio, and the Cayahaga, 
 which enters Lake Erie. Population in 
 1810 was 230,760. Marietta is the largest 
 town, but Chillicothe is the capital. 
 
 OHIO, the north-westernmost county of 
 the state of Virginia. It contains 52 J 2 in» 
 habitants. Chief town, Liberty, 
 
 OPHITAHOO, an island in the South 
 pacific ocean, Lon. 13 96 w, lat. 9 55 s. 
 
 Ohlau, a towm in the principality of Brieg, 
 Silesia, with a fine castle, on the Ohla. In 
 the vicinity much tobacco is raised, 16 
 miles SE of Breslaw. 
 
 Ohrdrvf, a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, with a castle, and many manufac- 
 tures, eight miles sse of Gotha. 
 
 Ohringen, capital of the principality of 
 II Hoheulohe, Franconia, seated on the Ohm, 
 
 ]| which divides it into the old and new town, 
 
 I' Here is an academy, and in the vicinity 
 1| many Roman antiquities have been discover- 
 ed since' 1741, 28 miles ssw of Mergen- 
 theim. 
 
 Qich, Loch, a lake in Inverness-shire, 
 ?"xtending four miles from e to w. It con- 
 tains some small islands covered with wood. 
 The river Oich issues from its n end, and 
 Slows by Fort Augustus into the s extremity 
 i of Loch Ness. 
 
 Oira, a town in Terra d ^Otranto, Naples, 
 stands at the foot of the Apennines, and has 
 a castle, 20 miles ne of Tarento. 
 
 OISE, a department of France. It in^ 
 eludes part of the late province of the isle of 
 
 ! France, and has its name from a river, 
 
 1 which rises in the Ardennes, and unites with 
 I the Seine, below Pontoise, The capital is 
 j Beauvais. 
 
 ' Oka, a river of Russia, which has its 
 1 source' 40 miles s of Orel, flows by that 
 ' town, Kaluga, Kolomna, and Riazan, and 
 Volga, at Nizueis Novo? 
 
 53 
 
 with the 
 
 unites 
 gorod. 
 
 OKOTZK, one of the four provinces of 
 Irkutzk, in Russia. Its capital of the 
 
OLD 
 
 same name, is situated at the mouth of the 
 Okota, in a bay of the Eastern ocean, cal- 
 led the sea of‘Okot£k, 490 miles Es^. of 
 Yakutsh. Lon. 143 12 e, lat. 69 20 n. 
 
 Oldhridge, a town in Louth, Leinster, 
 two miles from Drogheda. Here stands an 
 obelisk, esteemed the grandest of its kind 
 of any in Europe, erected in commemora- 
 tion of the victory obtained over the forces 
 of Jame-i II by king William. 
 
 Old Castle, a town in Meath, Leinster, 
 22 miles nw of Trim, and 41 miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 OLDENBURG, a duchy of Westphalia, 
 about 45 miles in length, and 22 in breadth. 
 It is a marshy country, with fat pastures, 
 but subject to gieat inundations. It is 
 noted for fine horses. It was formerly a 
 county united with Delmenhorst. In 1667, 
 the line of its counts being extinct, it be- 
 came the property of the kings of Denmark, 
 by whom, in 1773, it was exchanged with 
 the grand duke of Russia, for the district of 
 Kiel, in Holsteiu. In 1777, the emperor of 
 Germany, erected Oldenburg, and Deimen- 
 horst, into a duchy. The inhabitants are 
 of the Lutheran religion. 
 
 Oldenburg, a fortified town of Westphalia, 
 capital of the above duchy, with a citadel, 
 which is the residence of a governor. The 
 tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg, are 
 in the church of St. Lambert. It is situa- 
 ted oil the Hunta, 22 miles w of Bremen. 
 Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 53 7 n. 
 
 Oldenburg, a town in the duchy of Hol- 
 stein, Lower Saxony, near the Baltic, 28 
 miles N of Lubec. 
 
 Oldendorf, a town in the county of Schau* 
 cnburg, Westphalia, on the Weser, five 
 miles E of Renteln. 
 
 Oldeslolie, a town in the duchy of Hol- 
 stein, Lower Saxony, on the Trave, 17 miles 
 w of Lubec. 
 
 Oldenjael, a town of Holland, in the pro- 
 vince of OveryS':el, capital of the district 
 of Twent. It is 30 miles e of Deventer. 
 
 Oldham, a town in Lancashire, on a 
 branch of the Medlock, and near the Irk, 
 whose streams give motion to a good deal 
 of machinery employed in cotton and wool- 
 len manufactures. Here is a church, a 
 dissenting meeting house, and a methodist 
 chapel. In 1801, the number of inhabitants 
 was 3 2,014, and in 1811, 16,690. It is 
 seven miles me of Manchester. 
 
 Oldhamstocks, a parish and village, part- 
 ly in the county of Berwick, and partly in 
 Haddingtonshire, including a part of Lam- 
 mermuir. The parish is about six miles 
 long, and from two to three broad. The 
 village is about seven miles se of Dunbar. 
 Population near 600. In this parish is 
 - Dunglass, the neat mansion of Sir James 
 Hall erected on the site of the ancient castle 
 of Dunglass, which gave the title of lord 
 Dunglais to the earls oi Home. In 3640, 
 this castle either by accident or treachery, 
 was blown up and buried in it« ruins, the 
 
 o L I 
 
 •arl of Haddington, and several of (he neigh. 
 ])ouring gentry. At the village is a fair 
 1st Tuesday of July. 
 
 Old Man of Wick, an old castle seated 
 on a narrow promontory, r coast of Caith- 
 ness, near Wick, formerly a place of con- 
 siderable strength, and the property of the 
 Icrds’ Oliphant. In the vicinity is a pictu- 
 resque, insulated rock, supported by two 
 stone pillars, between wdiich boats can 
 pass. 
 
 Oldney, a small island of Sutherlandshire, 
 on the wNw coast. It is a mile long, and 
 a-quarter of a mile where broadest, and 
 has two small harbours. 
 
 Old Road, a town and harbour in the 
 island of Antigua, in the West Indies. 
 
 Old Ross, a town in Wexford, Leinster, 
 63 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Old Town, a town in Allengany county, 
 Maryland, stands on the n side of the Poto- 
 mac, 14 miles se of Cumberland, and 140 
 
 by N of Baltimore. 
 
 Olene, a town in the duchy of Westphalia, 
 on the Bigge, with considerable iron-w^orks, 
 32 miles s of Arensburg. 
 
 OLERON, a populous and fertile island 
 of France, on the coast of the department 
 of Lov;er Charente, opposite the mouth of 
 the Charente. It w^as formerly in possession 
 of the English. Here the maritime code, 
 called the laws of Oleran, which arc reco^r- 
 nized by all nations in Europe, as the founda- 
 tion of all their maritime constitutions, was 
 compiled by Richard I. five miles from the 
 continent. It is 12 miles in length, five in 
 breadth, and 30 in circumference. 
 
 Oleron, a considerable town in (he de- 
 partment of the Lower Pyrenees, Frcince, 
 on the Yave, 10 miles sw of Pau. 
 
 Oleron, a town in the department of 
 Lower Charente, France, e side of the 
 island of its name, with a castle, 13 miles 
 wsw of Rochfort. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 45 
 48 N. 
 
 Olesko, a town in the Palatinate of Beltz, 
 Poland, 48 miles ese of Beltz. 
 
 Olika, a town in Volbinia, Poland, with 
 a citadel, 20 miles e of Lucko. 
 
 Olinda, the chief town of the captainship 
 of Pernambucco, in Brazil South America. 
 It is sometimes called Pernambuco, and 
 has a good harbour, situated n of Cape St. 
 Augustine, and s of Paraibo. Lon. 35 20 w, 
 lat. 8 13 s. 
 
 jj Olite, a town of Navarre, Spain, seated in 
 1| a fertile country. It was once the residence 
 || of their kings, but now greatly reduced, 22 
 j miles s of Pamplona. 
 
 I Oliva, a sea port of W Prussia, situated 
 jl on a bay of the gulf of Dantzic, with a 
 )| famous monastery, in which are interred 
 j several of the dukes of Pomerania. Hero, 
 
 ' in 1060, peace was concluded between the 
 i emperor of Genuany, the kings of Poland, 
 I and Sweden. It is 10 miles nnw of Dant- 
 i zic. Lon. 18 32 E, lat, 54 24 n. 
 
 Olivenca, a town and fortress of Portq-* 
 
O L R 
 
 ONE 
 
 gal, in Alentejo. It was ceded to Spain at 
 tlie peace, in 1801, and surrendered to the 
 French in 1811, 15 miles sse of Elvas, and 
 
 16 ssw of Badajoz. 
 
 OUertoU) a town in Nottinghamshire, 
 seated on the Maun, near the n skirts of 
 Sherwood forest, with a market on Friday, 
 13 miles Kwof Newark, and 137 n by w of 
 Loiidon. 
 
 Olmedoy a towm in Leon, Spain, on an 
 eminence, near the Adaja, 25 miles s of 1 
 Valladolid. 
 
 OlmutZy the capital of Moravia, with a 
 famous university, and a stror.g castle used j 
 as a state prison. It is an archlnshop^s see, | 
 is well built, fortified, and cmirely surround- i 
 eJ by the river Morau. It is a populous | 
 and trading place. In 1741, it was taken j 
 b}" the king of Prussia; hut in 1758, when i 
 he attempted it again, he was obliged to ! 
 laise the siege. Here the emperors of Aus- | 
 tria, and Russia met, in 1805, immediately | 
 before the battle of Austerlitz, SO miles n || 
 by B of Vienna, and 07 s of Breslau, Lon. 
 
 17 15 E, lat. 49 33 n. 
 
 Olney, a town in Euckinghamshire, 
 situated in the deanery of Newport, near 
 the borders of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Ouse with a market on Monday. It con- 
 sists chiefly of one long street. The chief 
 employment of the inhabitants is the mak- 
 ing oi bone lace. It is 12 miles sb of 
 Northampton, and 56 Nxw of London. 
 
 OLONA, a department of the late Italian 
 republic, containing by the census taken 
 in 1797, at the erection of the republic, 
 19. ',8 19 inhabitants. Milan w^as the chief 
 ci ty. 
 
 OLOXNE, an island, towm, and harbou , 
 in the department of Vendee, France, 30 
 miles of Rochelle, and 25c3 ew of Paris. 
 
 QFGNETS, a government of Russia, 
 inoiuded i'cvinsfiy in that of Novogorod. 
 seated on the Olonsa, near its entrance into 
 the lake Ladoga. Its capital is of the same 
 name, and near it a mineral spring. It con- 
 tains some considerable iron-w'orks, 100 
 miles, cross the lake, ns of Petersburg, i 
 Lon. 34 23 E, lat. 61 26 N. | 
 
 Olonets Mountains^ a chain of mountains > 
 in the Kw part of Russia, CAteiiding 1090 
 miles in a n direction, forming pan of the 
 boundary between Prussia and iSweden. 
 
 Olphen, a towm in the principality of 
 Munsier, V/estphalia, 17 miles ssw of Mun- 
 ster. 
 
 Olrioky a p'lrish in the county of Caith- 
 ness, nb'.-ut four miles long, and in general 
 two broad. The surface is uneven, but not j 
 momilr'lnous, and toward.^ the coast there is 
 a runumir'd tract of rich culiivatcd land. 
 On the const are (wo bays, Duuuet and 
 Murkle, which alTord safe harbours for 
 shipping. It abounds in marl, limestone, 
 fr.^fs!ui!e, grey slates, aud blue flags. A 
 variefv of fish are taken, and kelp is made. 
 Here * are the' remains of many pictish 
 houses. Fopulaticn abovo ilCO, 
 
 OUen, capital of a bailiwik, in the canto* 
 of Soleure, Swisserland, on the Aar, 17 miles 
 ene of Soleure, 
 
 Olympus, a celebrated mountain in Nato- 
 lia, Asiatic Turkey, one of the highest and 
 most considerable in all Asia, covered with 
 saow\ The ancients supposed its top reach- 
 ed to heaven, aud therefore, that it was tho 
 residence of the gods, and the seat of the 
 court of Jupiter. It is 10 miles se of 
 Bursa. 
 
 Omagh, a town in Tyrone, Ulster, in 
 w'hich the assizes for the courhy are held 
 86 miles nxw of DuMin. 
 
 051AN, a province of Arabia, bounded 
 on the NW by the Persian g'ulf, ne and se 
 by the ocean, and jjv by extensive deserts. 
 The most considerable of its numerous 
 sovereigns is the iman of Oman or Mascat, 
 which is the chief town. Lon. 57 20 e, 
 lat. 24 0 N. 
 
 Omho, a towm. on the right bank of the 
 Nile, Egypt, 28 miles n of Esne. 
 
 Ombranc, a town in Sianese, Tuscany, 
 at the mouth of the Ornbroae, live miles s 
 of Grossetto, 
 
 Omegna, a town in the Milanese, Italy, 
 N end of the lake Orta, ' 32 miles nw of 
 Novara. 
 
 Omer St, a large and populous town, in 
 the department of ihe Straits of Calais. Be- 
 fore the Revolution, St. Omer w^as a bisbop^s 
 see. It- name and importance are derived 
 from 3 saint who built a Pirge monastery 
 here in the seventh century. The pluncipal 
 church, and that of St. Bertiu are magntu- 
 , ent. St. Omer stands on the side of a 
 hill, on the Aa. About three miles distant 
 is a morass, containing some lioa'iug is- 
 lands. It is eivht miles nw Aire, and 
 135 N of Paris. Lon. 2 15 b, lat. 50 
 44 N. 
 
 Onioa, a small fortified town m the 
 Spanish main, at the bottom ‘''i ttie bay Ot 
 Honduras, on the s side. It has a good 
 harbour, which is open to the nw, and in 
 which shies of any burden may ride in per- 
 fect safety. In 1779, the British took b by 
 escalade ; hut the ga.rrison, in it couUl not 
 long retain it, 80 miles nkw of Valladolid, 
 Lon. S8 47 w, lat. 15 40 n. 
 
 Onimen, a town in Overyss^el, Holaad, on 
 the Veche, I ? miles t:b of Deveuter. 
 
 Ommirahih ; See Morb-ys. 
 
 Onioa bon rTcrkSyin n.; yv'Tshef Sbetts, 
 Lanarkshire, their m-vne from tho 
 
 storiuiug of the above lortress, having been 
 ' erected immediately after, cn the property 
 of colonol Dakymplc, who distinguished 
 himself at the takinp; of Omoa. 
 
 Omsk, a town in the goveriiment of To- 
 bolsk, Russia, at (he cojiilueiice of the Ir- 
 tysh and Om, 350 miles se of Tobolsk. 
 Lon. 74 54 e, lat. 5 4 14 n. 
 
 ) Onate, a town in Biscay, Spain, bas an 
 I university, 22 miles esw- of Tolosa, and 32 
 ' SE of Bilboa. 
 
 I OnecGte, u v ilU^gc in Staffordshire^ famous 
 
O N G 
 
 for the tich oopper mines in its vicinity, ^ 
 eight miles n by e of Cheadie. * 
 
 Otii a town of Egypt, the ancient Helio- 
 polis, was formerly a considerable place, 
 situated near the Nile. At present it is 
 almost ruined, and bears the name of Aim- 
 kems. 
 
 ONEEHEOW, one of the Sandwich is- 
 lands, five leagues w of Atooi, the e coast 
 rises abruptly from the sea to a considera- 
 ble height, also the se point, but the rest is 
 low ground. It produces plenty of yams, 
 and of the sweet root called tee. Lon. iOl 
 
 0 w, lat. 21 60 N. 
 
 Oncg, a town in the government of arch- 
 angel Russia, on the Onega, near the while 
 sea, SO miles ssw of Arehangei. Lon. 37 
 21 E, lat. 63 36 n. 
 
 Oncga^ a river and lake in the govern- 
 ment of Olonetz Russia, the latter is 100 
 miles in length and 10 in breadth ; and com- 
 muuicates with the lake Ladoga. The for- 
 mer has its source in Kargapol, and gives 
 its name to a woody country, and fails into 
 the white sea. 
 
 ONEGLIA, a principality of Italy, sur- 
 rounded on all sides except towards the sea, by 
 the territories of Genoa. It is divided into 
 three vallevs, and contains 63 towns and vil- 
 lages, and 14,000 souls. It abounds in wine, 
 olive oil, and fruit, 
 
 Oneglia, a sea-port of Italy, oapLal of 
 the above principality, situated "at tiie mouth 
 of the Imperkile. The French, in 1792, 
 took it by storm, and set it on lire in several 
 places, 30 miles se of Cogni, and 26 sw oi 
 Genoa. Lon. 7 67 e, lat. 43 6S N, 
 
 Oneida y a narrow lake of Now York, in 
 the county of its name. The e end is 20 
 miles w of Rome, and it extends about 20 
 miles V/, where its outlet, the river Onon- 
 dago, runs into the lake Ontaris, at Oswe- 
 go, wood creek, is at- its tse corner, and 
 Oneida creek, at the sw, which is inhabited 
 by the Oneidas. 
 
 Oneida, capital of the county of its name, 
 state of New York, seated on Oneida creek, 
 with a fort, 22 miles sw of Rome, and 34 
 xw of Cooperstown. Lou. 76 20 w, lat. 42 
 
 66 N. 
 
 ONEIDA, one of the six nations of In- 
 dians, containing C>28 souls, who inhabit the 
 country s of Oneida lake, called the Onei- 
 da Reservation. Their piincipal village, 
 Kahiionwolohale, is about 20 miles sw^rf 
 Whitestowu. These Indians, for a number 
 
 01 years past, have been under the pastoral 
 care of trie Rev. :vJr. Kirkland, who has 
 been chiefly supported in his mission i^y the 
 Society establisiixid in Scotland, for promot- 
 ing Christian knov/ledge. 
 
 Oiiezkoe, a lake in the government of 
 Olonetz, Russia, 123 miles in iength, and 
 20 in breadth. It contains several^islands. 
 
 Ongar, or Ckipping Ongar, a town in Es- 
 sex, on the Roding, with a market on .Sa- 
 turday. In the cliurcdi walls aro Roman 
 bricks, 12 miles w of phelmsfoi-J, and 21 
 tNE of London. t 
 
 O O D 
 
 Ongole, capital of a circar of its name, 
 in the Carnatic, Hindoostan, 78 miles ssw of 
 Condapilly, ami 100 N by w of Madrass. 
 Lon. 79 60 E, lat. 16 28 N. 
 
 Gnioii riaei', in the United States, and 
 state of Vermont, formerly called French 
 river, and by the Indians Winooski, rises in 
 Cabot, about 14 miles to the w of Connec- 
 ticut river and is navigable for small ves- 
 sels five miles from its mouth, at lake. 
 Champlain. 
 
 Onclskacii ; See Ampack. 
 
 Onondago, or Salt Lake, in the county of 
 its name, state of New York, jis about 'iiva 
 miles long, and one broad, sends it waters 
 to Seneca river. 
 
 Onondago, a town in a county of its 
 name, state of New York, with a castle, 
 formerly the chief town of a tribe of LRliau';, 
 called OnondagGs. It -stands on lake Onon- 
 dago, 32 miles s by e of Oswego, and 
 wsw of Oneida. Lon. 70 20 w, lat, 46 48 x.. 
 
 Odondogo, or Osv-ego, a river which is- 
 sues frvom the \v end of lake Oneida, aiu4 
 rumving 74 ndles falls hAo lake Ontario, at 
 the town cf O^swego, It is navigable by 
 boats, except at one fall, wliicii ouoasions a 
 portage of about 20 yards. 
 
 Oncre ; See Honaivera. 
 
 Onetk, a town of Hungary, 60 miles ne 
 of Biidab. 
 
 ONRUST, a small island in the East In- 
 dies, .lava, at the mouth of the harbour of 
 Batavia, where the Dutch built their ships, 
 and had large warehouses, which are now 
 in possession of the English. 
 
 Onslow, a village in Shropshire, sw of 
 Slirew’sbary, cbieiiy noted for go/ing the ti- 
 tle of liarr.n totsiO fascii} of Onslow. 
 
 Orislow, a ma-rilime county of \¥ilming- 
 ten district, North Carolina, w of Cape Look- 
 out. It contains 3287 inhabitants. Swans- 
 bourough is the chief town. 
 
 Ontario, a lake of N America, one of that 
 grand ciiain which divide the United States 
 from Upper Canada, situated between 75 
 and 79 \v, Ion. and 43 and 44 x lat. Its 
 form is nearly elliptical, and its circumfer- 
 ence about 600 miles. It abounds with fish 
 of an excellent flavour. It eommunicaies 
 with lake Erie by the river Niagara, 
 and through Oneida, lake and up Wood- 
 creek, with Hohawk river. Its outlet is 
 by The Iroquois, or St Laurence river. The 
 inlands are all at the e end, the chief of 
 which arc Wolf, Amherst, Gage, and Ho\v(i 
 islands. 
 
 Ontario, a large fertile county of New 
 York, comprehending the Gene>.see country, 
 and bounded on the n by the lake of its 
 name. This county was taken from Mont- 
 gomery ia 1789. .Snc'li has ])eeii the erni- 
 graticn to this county, that there were, in 
 1796, 1258 of the inhabitants qualified to 
 be electors, Canadaqua is the chief town. 
 
 OrJinicRtc, a town in Valencia, Spain 
 30 miles NNWof Alicant, 
 
 Oodocannnllah, a town in Bengal, Hin- 
 dooilan Proper, on the w bank of the Gan- 
 
O P o 
 
 ges, and at the toot of a chain of hill*. ' 
 Here is an elegant bridge over the Ganges, 
 82 miles n by w of Moorshedabad. Lon. 8T 
 5<5 E, lat. 24 58 N. 
 
 OONALASKA, one of the islands of 
 the Northern Archipelago, on the nw coast 
 of America, the natives of which have the 
 appearance of being a very peaceable peo- 
 ple, their upper garment, made like a wag- 
 goners frock, reaches down to the knees. 
 Besides this they wear a waistcoat or two, 
 ^ pair of breeches, a fur cap, and a pair of 
 boots. They dry quantities of fish during 
 the summer, which they lay up in small 
 huts for their use in winter. Birds, roots, 
 berries, and even sea-weed, and fish, compose 
 their food. They did not appear to be very 
 desirous of iron, nor to want any other in- 
 strument except sewing needles, their own 
 being formed of bone. With these they sew 
 their canoes, and make their clothes, and 
 also very curious embroidery ; they use in- 
 stead of thread the fibres of plants, which 
 they split to the thickness required. All 
 sewing is performed by the females, who are 
 shoemakers, tailors, and boat-builders. They 
 maimfaetuTG mats, and baskets of grass, 
 which are both strong and beautiful. The 
 neatness of their work shews them to be an 
 ingenious people. Lon. 166 31 w, lat. 53 
 55 w. 
 
 OONEMAK, the largest island of the 
 northern Archipelago, near the extremity of 
 the peninsula of Alaska, about 200 miles in 
 circuit. At its w end is a cape of its name. 
 Lon. 165 30 w, lat. 54 30 n. See Fox 
 Islands, 
 
 Oastborch, a town and fort in the island 
 of Cadsand, Netherlands. Four miles ne 
 of Sliiys. 
 
 Oostenhy, a town in the island of Oeland, 
 Sweden, 27 miles s of Borkholm. 
 
 Ootampaliam, a town and fort in the ter- 
 ritory of Dindigul, Hindoostan, 58 miles sw 
 of Dindigul. Lon. 76 26 e, lat. 9 43 n. 
 
 Ootatore, a town in the Carnatic, Hindoos- 
 tan, 22 miles wnw of Tafijore, and 80 sw 
 of Pondicherry. 
 
 Opheiniy a town in the province of Bergen, 
 Norway, 45 miles nne of Bergen. 
 
 Oporto, or Porto, a rich and handsome 
 sea-port of Portugal, in the province of En- 
 tre-Douro-e-Minho, and a bishop^s see. It 
 is by nature almost impregnable. It is noted 
 for its strong wines, large quantities of which 
 are exported to England. Where all red 
 wines from Spain and Portugal are called 
 Port wines. The other principal exports are 
 Oranges, lemons, <fec. and linen cloth to Bra- 
 sil. *^Since the earthquake at Lisbon, in 
 1755, its commerce has greatly increased. 
 Before that time its population was about 
 20,000, and it is ncrw estimated at 50,000. 
 It is situated ou the declivity of a mountain, 
 near the Douro, which forms an excellent 
 harbour ; 147 miles \ by E of Lisbon. Lon. 
 8 21 w, lat. 41 10 N. 
 
 ORA 
 
 Oppeln, a strong town of Silesia, capital 
 of a duchy of the same name, with a fin© 
 hospital, and a collegiate church. It is si- 
 tuated on the river Oder in a pleasant plain, 
 and has a trade in wool ; 35 miles se of 
 Breslau. Lon. 18 e, lat. 50 39 n. 
 
 Oppenheim, a bailiwick and town in the 
 department of Mont Tonnere, France, lately 
 of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine* 
 The neighbourhood produces excellent W'ine. 
 It is situated on the declivity of a hill, near 
 the Pthine, 12 miles sse of Pvlentz. 
 
 Oppido, a town in Calabria Ultra, Naples, 
 seated at the foot of the Apennines, 25 miles 
 NE of Reggio. 
 
 Oppido, a town in Basalicata, Naples, five 
 miles ssE of Acerenza. 
 
 Oppurg, a town in Misnia, Upper Saxony, 
 with a castle, four miles wsw of Neustadt. 
 
 Opsay, a small island in Scotland, in the 
 sound of Harris. 
 
 Orach, a town in Bosnia, European Tur- 
 key, stands near the river Drino, 60 miles 
 sw of Belgrade. 
 
 Oran, a city and sea-port of Barbary, in 
 the kingdom of Tremesen, and province of 
 Mascara, with several forts, and an excellent 
 harbour, nearly opposite to Carthagena, in 
 Spain. It stands partly cn a plain and partly 
 on the side of a mountain, on the ridge of which 
 are two castles on the one side, and the town 
 of Mazalquiver on the other. 0)i the other 
 side of the town are two other castles. It is 
 about a mile and a-half in circumference 
 and is held by the Spaniards, as Gibraltar in 
 Spain is kept by the English. Oran was 
 taken by the Spaniards in 1509, and retaken 
 in 1708. In 1732, it was again taken by 
 the Spaniards. In 1790, it wars destroyed by 
 an earthquake when 2000 persons perished. 
 Here the Spaniards built several churche^s 
 and other edifices in the style of the Roman 
 architecture. The greatest part of the inha- 
 bitants, v/ho are about 12,000, consists of 
 such as have been banished from Spain. 
 Lon. 0 8 w^, lat. 36 2 n. 
 
 Orange, the ancient Arausio, a considera- 
 ble city in the dept, of Vaucleuse, France, 
 lately a bishop’s see. Here are the remains 
 of a fine amphitheatre, some aqueducts, and 
 a triumphal arch, 200 paces from the town. 
 Ill 1680, the fortifications w'ere destroyed by 
 Louis XIV. It w'as successively the pro- 
 perty of the houses of Beaux, Chalons, and 
 Nassau. On the demise of William III. of 
 England in 1702, this principality w^as claiin- 
 ed by Frederic William of Prussia as his 
 heir. During the w^ar with king William it 
 had been seized by Louis XIV . who, in 1713 
 exchanged it with the king of Prussia for 
 Geldres. Orange -was the capital of a prin- 
 cipality of the same name, 17 miles long and 
 12 broad. Orange is situated in a fine plain, 
 on the little river Aigues, 12 miles n of 
 Avignon, and 57 s ot \ alcncc. Lon. 4 49 
 E, lat. 40 9 N 
 
 ORANGE, a county of Vermont, whioB 
 
O R B 
 
 in 1790, eOntaiuetl 10^629 inhabitants. It 
 now oontaius 30 townships. Newbury is the 
 county town. 
 
 OR ANGE, a mountainous and hilly coun- 
 ty of New York. It is divided into 8 town- 
 ships, of which Goshen is the chief, and con- 
 tains 188,493 inhabitants, of whom 3098 are 
 electors. 
 
 ORANGE, a county of Hillborough dis- 
 trict, North Carolina ; bounded ^by Caswell 
 county ; and s by Chatham. It contains 
 13.310 inhabitants. Cliief town, Hillsbo- 
 ro u^’li. 
 
 Orange^ or Orimge dale, a town in Essex 
 county. New Jersey, has an academy, six 
 miles Nw of Newark. 
 
 ORANGEBURG, a district of S Carolina. 
 It contains 18,513 inhabitants, sends to the 
 state legislature 10 representatives and 
 three senators ; and wiih the district of 
 Beaufort, one member to congress. 
 
 Oi-angehurg, tlie capital of the above dis- 
 trict, is on the e side of the N branch of 
 •Edisto river, it is 77 miles kw of Charleston. 
 Lon. SO 44 w, lat. 33 23 n, 
 
 Orangetown, a town in Washington 
 county, district of Maine, stands near the 
 coast, 10 miles from Mahitts. 
 
 Oravgetoicriy a town in Orange county, 
 New' York, is on the w side or the Tappan 
 sea, opposite Phiilipsburg, and about 37 
 miles N of New York city. The township 
 contains 1175 inhabitants. 
 
 Oranienhanm, a town in the duchy of 
 Anbauit Dessau, Upper Saxony, six miles se 
 of Dessau. 
 
 Oranienhaum. a town in Ingria, Russia, 
 seated on the gulf of Finland, has a royal 
 palace, built by prince Menzikrolf, much 
 used by Peter III. but afterwards converted 
 into an hospita’, 30 miles w of Petersburg. 
 
 Granienbzirg. cx town in the Middle Marck, 
 Brandenburg, formerly called Brelzow^ 
 seated on the Havel, and lakes its present 
 name from a villa built by the Margrave, 
 18 miles n of Berlin. 
 
 Oninmorey a town of Ireland, in Galway, 
 Connaught, seated at the ne extremity of 
 Galv/ay bay, seven miles e by s of Gal- 
 way 
 
 Oransag, a small island of Scotland, on 
 Ihe w coast of the island of Sky, peninsula- 
 ted at low water. 
 
 Oratava, the capital of the island of 
 Teneriiie, stands at the foot of an amphi- 
 theatre cl mountains out of which rises the 
 Peak of Teceriffe, with a port three miles 
 distance, 150 miles w of the coast of Africa. 
 Lon. 16 20 W; iat. 38 33 i-i. 
 
 Oroussariy a town of Piedmont, six miles 
 sw of Turin. 
 
 Orbey an ancient and pleasant town of 
 Switzerland, in the Pays de Veiud. It is 
 siturtied on a river of the same name, over 
 which IS a bold single arched bridge. It is 
 20 miles w by s of Friburg, and 33 wsw of 
 Bern. 
 
 Orhe^ a toY/n in the l^lo electorate of 
 
 il V i 
 
 >, ' 
 
 O R C 
 
 I Mentz, Germany, noted for its salf-w-o'rk» 
 36 miles e of Frankfort, 
 
 OrbiteUoy a sea p>ort and capital of Stato 
 delli Presidii, Italy, seated on the Mediter- 
 ranean, near the mouth of the Alliegno. It 
 has a good harbour defended by several 
 forts, 68 miles s by w of Sienna. Lon. 11 
 6 K, lat. 43 38 n. 
 
 Othre, a river which has its source in 
 the Cevennes, France, runs by Beziers, and 
 falls into the gulf of J yoii. ut Serignan. 
 
 ORCADES, or OnKNEY', a cluster of 
 islands on the n of Scotland, from w'i.icli 
 they are separated by a channel, called the 
 Pentland Frith, 20 miles loeg, and 10 
 broad. The Orcades lie ])e{ween 57 35 and 
 61 12 N latitude, including both Orkney 
 and Shetland. The Orkney islands are 
 about 26 in number, of which one greatly 
 exceeds the others in extent. This like the 
 principal one of Shetland, is called the 
 Mainland : it is also frequently called Po- 
 mona. Beyond this island, to the ne are 
 seen among others, Rowsay and Westra, 
 ShappiiiENha and Edda, Stronsa, Sanda, and 
 N Ronaldsha. To the s appear the isles df 
 Hoy and S Ronaldsha, with some others 
 of inferior note. (See these articles.) 
 The islands are divided into 18 parishes, 
 which in 1801, contained 24,445 inhabitants, 
 and in 1811, 23,338. The currents and 
 tides, which fiow between these inlands, 
 are extremely rapid and dangerous; and, 
 near the small isle of Swinoa, are two 
 whirlpools, that have been known xo snatch 
 in boats and light vessels, wliicb were in- 
 stantly swalioYved up. The strait, called 
 Pentland Frith,'?* \v hie* h divides these islands 
 from the county of Caithness, is likewise 
 very dangerous to those who are not well 
 acquainted with the tides and currents; 
 especially in passing the Pentland Skerries; 
 a ciuster of rocks that lie in the e entrance 
 of the frith. On these rocks a iight-hoiise 
 is erected fer the guidance of mariners^ 
 There are numbers of sheep and small 
 black cattle, which roam wild on the hills. 
 Tii 3 climate of these islands is unfavourable ; 
 aithougb they do not suffer so much from 
 frost ami snow as might be supposed from 
 their northerly position. I’he state of hus- 
 bandry is very defective. They depend 
 more upon tlieiv flocks than then- lields. It 
 IS said thtit there are 50 GOO sheep in lire 
 islands, of w hich the wool is excellent. Tlio 
 longest day in the Orkneys, is 19 hours 
 and a-hdif; tiieir shortest four and a-half. 
 For about three weeks in midsummer, tinw 
 enjoy the rays of tiie sun almost witboi.t 
 intermission, but for the same space in win- 
 ter that luminary scarcely lises above the 
 horizon, an& is comne/idy ol?seured by 
 clouds and mists, tn tiiis gloon y season 
 tiie absence of day is supplied partly by 
 .moon-light, and partly, by the radiance of 
 the Aurora Borealis, which here emits a 
 light nearly equal to that of the moon. Tho 
 inhabitams arc robust and hardy, active^ 
 A a 
 
ORE 
 
 and industrious, and distinguished for polite- 
 ness and hospitality, but are much addicted 
 to superstition, and will neither work nor 
 go to sea on unlucky days. The English 
 language prevails in all these islands, al- 
 though there are many words in the Norse, 
 or Norwegian language still in use. The 
 principal trade of these islands is with Leith, 
 Hamburgh, and Bergen. Their chief ex- 
 ports are linen and woollen yarn, stockings, 
 Butter, dried fish, herrings, oil, feathers, and 
 skins of various kinds, and kelp. The real 
 land rent, including the fisheries and kelp 
 manufacture, may be estimated at about 
 180,0001. Sterling. The islands of Orkney 
 and Shetland constitute one of the counties 
 of Scotland, and send cne member to parlia- 
 ment. These islands,, formerly a bishopric, 
 form a sj^ned consisting of four presbyteries, 
 and 29 ministers. The number of inhabi- 
 tants, in 181 i, was 46,153. No trees come 
 to any maturity here ; but this cannot have 
 been the case formerly, as many trunks of 
 large oaks are to be found in ell the mosses. 
 
 Orchies, a town in the department of 
 nSiord, France, 12 miles sse of Lisle. 
 
 ORGHILLA, cne of the Leeward islands, 
 in tbs West Indies, situated near the coast 
 •of Terra Firma, between the islands of Tor- 
 guga and Rooca. It is about 24 miles long. 
 Lon. 65 15 w, lat, 1 152 n. 
 
 OrcJiimunt, a town in the territory of 
 Luxemburg, Netherlands, on the Semoy, 18 
 miless n of Sedan. 
 
 Ordingeriy a town in the department of 
 Hoer, France, lately of Germany, electo- 
 jate of Cologne, near the Rhine, 38 miles 
 IJNE of Cologne. - 
 
 Ordiquhill, a parish of Scotland, in Banff- 
 shire, about four miles long and three 
 broad, the surface of which is diversified 
 with hill and dale, and the soil in general 
 deep, but cold and wet. Here are several 
 antiscorbutic springs formerly much resorted 
 to. This is the birth place of Mr. 'alter 
 Goodall author of a ‘‘defence of Mary 
 Queen of Scots/^ published in 1750. Popu- 
 lation about 500. 
 
 Ordumui, a city of Biscay, Spain, seated 
 in a valley surrounded by lofty mountains, 
 22 miles s of Eilboa. Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 43 
 55 N. 
 
 Orehrv, a town of Sweden Proper, capital 
 of the province of Ncricia, situated near the 
 w'estern extremity of the lake Hielmar. 
 The river Swart runs through it, and on an 
 island formed by this river, in the middle ol 
 the town, stands the castle, formerly a royal 
 residence, and where the diet of the king- 
 dom sometimes assemble. The inhabitants 
 have manufactures of hard-ware, cloth, and 
 tapestry ; and they cfirry on a considerable 
 trade with Stockholm, across the Hielmar 
 and Maeler, by means of the canal of 
 Arboga ; sending iron, vitriol, and red-paint, in 
 particular, lo that capital. It is 56 miles 
 wsw of Westerns, on<l IttO w of Stockholm. 
 Loii*. 15 12 lut. 59 18 lie 
 
 o R G 
 
 Oregrund, a sea port of Sweden, situate! 
 on the coast of Upland, in the gulf of Both- 
 nia, opposite to the isle of Grason. The 
 harbour is defended by a mole, 46 miles e 
 of Upsal, and 70 n by s of Stockholm. Lon. 
 
 J 8 15 E, lat. 60 20 N. 
 
 OREL, or Orlef, a government of 
 Russia. Its capital of the same name is 
 situated between the Oka or Orlike, and 
 beyond these two streams are the suburbs. 
 The market-house is in the centre of the 
 city, and the shops are filled with Greek and 
 Russian commodities. Here the Oka be- 
 gins to be navigable, and the principal trade 
 is in corn, hemp, and glass, 207 miles ssw 
 of Moscow. Lon. 35 20 e, lat 53 0 n. 
 
 Oreliana, a town in Estremadura, Spain, 
 near the Guadiamm, 28 miles e of Merida. 
 
 Orenburg, a town and fortress of Siberia, 
 in the government of Ufa, capital of a pro- 
 vince of its name, seated on the Ural. It is 
 a place of considerable trade, 260 miles 
 SSE of Ufa. Lon. 55 4 e, lat. 51 46 k. 
 
 Orense, an ancient town of Spain, in 
 Galicia, famous for some tepid and hot 
 springs, of great use in several distempers. 
 It is the ancient Aquicaldenses, and is situa- 
 ted at the foot of a mountain on the Minho, 
 and a bishop’s see ; 47 miles se of Com- 
 postello. Lon. 7 48 w, lat. 42 24 n. 
 
 Ot^a, or Roha, ^a considerable town of 
 Diarbeck, or Mesopotamia, formerly called 
 Edesa by the Greeks, and said to be Ur by 
 the Chaldees. Its walls are three miles in 
 circuit, defended by square towers, and on a 
 i rocky hill to the s is a castle. It formerly 
 belonged to Persia, but is now in the Tur- 
 kish dominions, and is a place of very good 
 trade. They deal in carpets of several sorts, 
 some of which are made here. It is situated 
 on the Scirtus, and has a canal to the Eu- 
 phrates, 120 miles ne of Aleppo, and 85 sw 
 of Hiarbekar. Lon.- 38 46 E,lat. 37 5 n. 
 
 Orford, a town in Suffolk, situated on the 
 sea coast tetw^een two channels, governed 
 by a mayor, and has a market on Monday. 
 Formerly the town was populous, and much 
 trade was carried on in its port. In ISOS', 
 it sent three ships and 62 men to the seige 
 of Calais. The sea has now receded from 
 the town, and it is much gone to decay. 
 The church and the tower of its ruinous 
 I castle are noted sea-marks. The celebrat- 
 ed Sin Robert Walpole, was created earl of 
 Orford. It sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. It is 18 miies e by n of Ipswich, 
 and 83 ne of London. 
 
 Orford, a town in Grafton county. New 
 Hampshire, situated on the e bank of Con- 
 neelicat river, about 1 1 miles n of Hanover, 
 and opposite to Fairlee in Vermont. The 
 soap-rock, which has the property of fullers 
 earth in cleansing cloth is lound in its neigh* 
 bourhood ; also a'^orey stone, in great demand 
 for mill-stones, 395 miles nnk oi Philadel- 
 phia. It contains 540 inbabit{.«nts. 
 
 Orgwn., a town in the province of Gra- 
 ' nadu^ Spain, 25 miles s of Granada. 
 
 il V 
 
O R L 
 
 Ona, <3i town in Terra d’Otranto, Naples, 
 wiiii an ancient castle, 20 miles e of Ta- 
 3'ento. 
 
 Orient, or Port VOriemt, a regular and 
 baiuisome town in the department of Mor- j 
 bibaii, France. It was built, in 1Y20, by t 
 the French East India company, who made | 
 it the exclusive mart of their commerce, j 
 The harbour which is defended by a citadel, i 
 opposite to Port Louis, at the bottom of the i 
 same bay, and is much frequented by the 1 
 ships of the United States. In 1740, the j 
 English failed in an attempt to take it. It 
 is live miles from Hennebon, and 24 w by n 
 of Vaunas. Lon. 3 20 w', lat. 47 44 s. 
 
 Oritiuela, a considerable town of Spain, in i 
 Valencia. It is a bishop^s see, situated on 
 the Segura, has a citadel upon a rock, and 
 an university, 36 miles n of Carthageua, and 
 96 ssw of Valencia. Lon. 1 3 w, lat. 38 
 
 S N. 
 
 Or insag, one of the smaller of the He- 
 brides, lying between the islands of Boreray 
 and North Uist. 
 
 Orio, a town in Biscay, Spain, ‘seated at 
 the mouth of the Orio, eight miles wsw of 
 St. Sebastian. 
 
 ORISSA, a province of the peninsula of 
 Kindoostan. The districts of Midniapour 
 in this province are subject to the English 
 East India company ; but all the rest be- 
 longs to the Berar Mahrattas. 
 
 Oristagni, an ancient town of the island 
 of Sardinia, with a good harbour, and an 
 arehbishop^s see, seated on the w coast, on 
 a bciy of its name, and but thinly inhabited. 
 It is 42 miles nw of Cagliari. Lon. 8 31 e, 
 lat. 39 33 N. 
 
 Orizaba, a town in Tascala, New Spain, 
 near the Blanco, which flows to the lake 
 Alvarado, to the nw is the peak of Orizabo, 
 a volcano, and, after the Popocatepest, the 
 loftiest mountain in New Spain, 39 miles 
 wsw of Vera Cru^ and 68 e by s of 
 Puebla. 
 
 Orkened, a town in Schonen, Sweden, 24 
 miles N of Cbristianstadt. 
 
 Orkneys. See Orcades^ 
 
 Orlamunda, a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, on the Saal, opposite the influx of 
 the Orla, 14 miles wsw of Altenburg. 
 
 Orlando, a cape on the n coast of Sicily, 
 13 miles w by m of Patti. Lon. 15 4 e, 
 lat. 38 14 N. 
 
 ORLEANOIS, a late province of France, 
 which now forms the department of Loiret. 
 It is divided by the river Loire, into Upper 
 and Lower, and is seated in a very fertile 
 country. 
 
 Orleans, a large, ancient, rich, and hand- 
 some city of France, capital of the depart- 
 ment of Loiret, and tbe see of a bishop un- 
 der the archbishop of Paris. It stands on 
 the Loire, whence it has a canal to the 
 Loing, near Montargis. It was the capital 
 of a kingdom, under the sons of Clovis. In 
 1428, it stood a memorable seige against 
 the English, which was raised by the cel«- 
 
 O R M 
 
 jbi-ated Joan of Arc, called the Maid of 
 Orleans. It is buiit in tbe form of an oval, 
 and is supposed to contain 49,000 people- 
 I The streets are spacious neat, and pleasant. 
 
 ! Sheep skins, and stockings, both knit and 
 w'oven, form a considerable article of trade. 
 It deals aLo in corn, w ine, brandy, and sugar. 
 The fauxbourg of Paris is of great extent, 
 and that of Olivet, on the left side of the 
 Loire, communicates wiih the city by a 
 bridge of nine arches. Near the city is a 
 forest containing 04,000 acres, planted with 
 oak, and other valuable trees, 30 miles ne 
 of Blois, and 60 ssw of Paris. Lon. 1 39 e, 
 lat. 47 34 N. 
 
 Orleans, Canal of, commences at the river 
 Loire, about two leagues above Orleans, 
 crosses the forests of Orleans, and the plain 
 which succeeds it, joins the Loing near Mon- 
 targis, and passing by Nemours, falls into 
 the river Seine, It is about 34 miles in ex- 
 tent. 
 
 ORLEANS, NEW, a territory of North 
 America, lying on the gulf of Mexico, and 
 including the mouths.of the Missippi, at tho 
 se extremity of Louisiana. It is the most 
 populous of the territoral governments of tha 
 ii United States, and contains about 76,356 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Orleans, New, capital of the territory of 
 the same name, in the United States, built 
 in 1720, under the regency of the duke of 
 Orleans, with the design of being the metro- 
 polis of Louisiana, but the design proved 
 abortive. In J788 seven-eights of it were 
 destroyed by fire, but it was rebuilt on a 
 more regular plan. It is fortified on tha 
 land side, and has a canal six miles, in length, 
 which runs n to tbe lake Pontchartran. It 
 is the centre of the commerce of the Missis- 
 sippi, and all its branches, and trades with 
 Mexico and the West Indies. In 1812, the 
 buildings in the city, the shipping, and tha 
 adjacent country suffered greatly by a hurri- 
 cane. It stands on the E side of the e and 
 main branch of the Mississippi, 80 miles from 
 its mouth, and 490 s of New Madrid, Lon. 
 89 39 w, lat. 29 38 n. 
 
 Orlenga, a town in the government of 
 Irkutsk, Russia, on the Lena, 235 miles 
 of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 40 e, lat. 36 0 n. 
 
 Orlof, See Orel. 
 
 Ormea, a town of Piedmont, on the 
 Tanaro, 12 miles s of Mondovi. 
 
 Ormiston, a small but fertile parish in 
 the w extremity of Haddingtonshire. Tha 
 distinguished family of Cock burn, flourished 
 long in this parish, and produced some emi- 
 nent lawyers and statesmen. John, who 
 was one of the lords of the admiralty in tha 
 former part of the 18th century, established 
 the first bleachfield in Scotland. The vil- 
 lage of Ormeston has a starch-work, a dis- 
 tillery, and a fair 1st Tuesday of July. At 
 Ornieston-hall is a yew', the trunk of which 
 is 11 feet in circumference, and ,23 ia 
 length, said to be 300 years old. Popula- 
 tion 766. 
 
 A a 2 
 
O P H 
 
 OrmsMrk, a town in Lancashire, situated 
 in the sw part of the county, near the grand 
 canal. It consists of four regular streets, 
 Muth a handsome one in the centre, the mar •. 
 ket is on Tuesday. Orm:^ki^k has been 
 long famous fcr a medicine, said to be a 
 good antidote against hydrophobia. Mu -h 
 cotton yarn i^^ spun here. The church is 
 remarkable for its two steeples, placed con- 
 tiguous, one ou a tower, the other a short 
 spire. In the church is the burial place of 
 tile Derby family It is 11 miles N by e 
 of Liverpool, 30 miles s of Lancaster, and 
 209 NNw of I or.don. 
 
 Ormus, a small island of Asia, at the 
 bottom of the gulf of the same name, at 
 the entrance of the gulf of Persia. It is 
 about i2 miles in circuffiference, and seems 
 to be a mass of shells, and rocks thrown up jj 
 by some violent convulsajii of nature. The ij 
 Portuguese settled here in L507, and were j 
 expelled by the Persians, aided by the Eng- jj 
 lish in 1622. The fort was then destroyed jj 
 and afterwards rebuilt, but it could never 
 after be made a place of trade as before. 
 
 It is still the key ef tne gulf of Persia, on 
 account of its commodious harbour. 1 1 pro- 
 duces nothing but salt, which sometimes is 
 two inches thick on the surface of the ground. 
 Lon. 36 25 b, lat. 27 29 n. 
 
 Ornans, a town of France, hi the depart- 
 ment of Doubs, on the Louvre, It is 10 
 miles SE of Besancon. 
 
 ORNE, a uepartment of France, includ- 
 ing the late province of Perche, and part of 
 that of Normandy. It takes its name from 
 a river, which falls into the English channel, 
 eight miles below Caen. Aiencoii is the 
 capital. 
 
 Oronoko, or Oronoque, one of the largest 
 rivers in S America, remarkable for its rising 
 and falling once a ^ ear only. It has its source 
 in the lake Tpava, in lat. 55 n, directs its 
 course e and se to the lake Parima, from 
 which it flows towards the w, till it meet 
 the Giiaviari, when it turns n and ke and 
 E, till it falls into the Atlantic by seven na- 
 vigable mouths. Its whole course is esti- 
 mated at 1400 miles, and its chief estuary is 
 so deep and impetuous, that it stems the tide, 
 and preserves the freshness of its water to 
 within 12 leagues of the sea ; see Perima. 
 
 ORONSAY, a small fertile island on the 
 w coast of Scotland, one of the Kebrides, 
 seven miles w of Jura. See Cclonsa. 
 
 OpMr, a parish m Orkney, Pomona is- 
 land. Scotland, about - ight miles long, and 
 from two to three broad v/ith a surface di- 
 versified by hiils and vales, yet having a 
 barren and naked appearance. Population 
 about 864 ; and 33 boats einp'oyed in the 
 fisheries. In ihe parish area number of me- 
 dicinal springs, one at Scorisdale is a pure 
 chalybeate. AtObabrnany oi the ancient 
 Danish counts resided. The island of Cova, 
 eoniaining about 20 inhabitautr, is included 
 in the parish ; but neither rat i.(it iiKnise, 
 will live in it. 
 
 o R T 
 
 Oropesa, a town in old Castile, Spain, .5 
 miles ESE of Placentia, and 63 w of To- 
 ledo. 
 
 OropesHy a town in Valencia, Spain, wn’th 
 a castle, on a cape of its name, in the Me- 
 diterranean, 55 miles nne of Valencia. 
 Lon, 0 5 E, lat. 40 8 n. 
 
 Oropesa in Peru; See Cochabamha. 
 
 Orr, or fJn’, a parish in Kircudbrightshirp, 
 Scotland, about 19 miles long and six broad ; 
 bounded on the w by the water of Orr. The 
 soil is in general capable of cultivation, and 
 part of it well improved. It exports oats, 
 barley, and black cattle. Here are the 
 ruins of several chapels, and many tomb 
 .stones of martyrs who suffered in the reign 
 of Charles IL At Kedcasile is a huge gra- 
 nite obelisk. There are several fortifted 
 camps. The moat of Urr, w ithin half a 
 mile of the church, on, the banks of the ri- 
 ver, is one of the largest in Scotland. In 
 the parish are .several thriving villages, a 
 number of the inhabitants are Roman Ca- 
 tholics. Population about 1700. 
 
 Orvy or Urr, a river in Kircudbrightshire, 
 w'^hich issues from a lake of the same name 
 on the borders of the parishes of Glencairn, 
 Dunscore, Balmaclellan, Ballingry. The 
 lake is about three miles in circuit, and in 
 some places nine fathoms deep. The river 
 is navigable to the village of Dalbeaty. 
 
 OrVy a small river in Fifeshire, Scotland, 
 which rises in the parish of Beath, and after 
 an easterly course of about 15 miles falls 
 into the Leven, three miles from its mouth. 
 
 Orringtony a plantation in Hancock coun- 
 ty, district of Maine, ou the e side of Penob- 
 scott river, 256 miles nne of Boston, with 
 about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Orsha, a town in the government of Mo- 
 hilef, Lithuania, w ith a castle, on the Dnie- 
 per, 42 miles n of Mohilef. 
 
 Orsova, a town in the bannat of Temes- 
 W'ar, on the n side of the Danube, almost 
 opposite Belgrade, subject to the Turks. 
 The fortress was besieged by the A.iistrians 
 in 1790 ; it is 60 miles se of Temeswar, and 
 75 E of Belgrade. Lon. 22 40 e, lat. 45 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Orsoij, a town in the department of the 
 Roer, France, late of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Cleves. Before the w^ar, it belonged to 
 the king of Prussia. It is 20 miles se of 
 Cleves. 
 
 Orta, a towm in the late Roman republic, 
 Italy, and department of Cmiino, situated on 
 the Tiber, 30 miles n of Rome. 
 
 Orta, a town in the Milanese, Italy on a 
 lake of its name, 26 miles nnw of Novaro, 
 Ortegal, a cape and castle on the n coast 
 of Galicia, Spain, 30 miles nxe of Ferrol. 
 Lon. 7 39 w^, lat. 43 46 n. 
 
 Ortenauy a territory of Suabia, ceded to 
 ! the duke of Modena in 1962, in lieu of the 
 Modenese, alienated to France. 
 
 Orienherg, a town in Walter a via, Ger- 
 many. has castle, ou the Nidder, 17 miles 
 SE of Gie-eii. 
 
o s c 
 
 Ortenlmrg, a town and citadel in a conn- i 
 
 of the same name, Bavaria, near the Vils, I 
 ten miles w of Passaii. , I 
 
 Orterihurg a town in Carinlhia, Germany, 
 s bank of the Drave, opposite the junction of 
 the Liser, SZ miles w of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Ortiit'Zy a town in the department of the 
 Lower Pyrenees, France, situated on the 
 declivity of a hiii, on the Gave-de-Pau, 20 
 miles Kw of Pail. 
 
 Olsten, Si town in Westmoreland, England, 
 with a market on Wednesday. In the vici- ' 
 nity are extensive morasses, anil o# the ne 
 or the town, is a high rock called Orton 
 Scar. Heie are two good freeschoo»s, i2 
 miles sw of Appleby, 270 knw of London. 
 
 Ortona a May's, Si town in Abruzzo Citra, 
 on the gulf of Venice, 13 miles e of Civita 
 di Chieti. 
 
 Orh'and, a towm in Misnia, Upper Saxony, 
 on the frontiers of Lusatia, 16 miles me of 
 Aleissen. 
 
 Oi'tza, a town of Lithuania, in the palati- 
 nate of Wkepsk, with a castle, situated at 
 the confluence of the Oresa and Dnieper, 
 50 miles w of Smolensko. 
 
 ORUA, ORUBO, or x4piUba, the most 
 westerly of the Caribbee islands, in the West 
 Indies, called by the Spaniards Sottovento. 
 Lon. 00 3 w, lat. 12 3 n. 
 
 Oruro, capital of a jurisdiction of its 
 name, in the audianoe of Charcas, Peru. 
 The country abounds in cattle ; and gold 
 and silver mines, L50 miles nw of Plata, 
 Lon. 08 30 w, lat. IS iO s. 
 
 Orvieto, a town in the late Roman Re- 
 public, Italy, and department of Ciitumno, 
 and pc.trimony of St. Peter, a bishop^s see, 
 with d tine Gothic cathedral, and a magni- 
 fleent palace. It is situated on a craggy 
 rock, near the junction of the Paglia, and 
 Chirna, 50 miles nnw of Rome. Lon. 12 
 20 E, lat. 42 42 n. 
 
 Onsell, a parish in Kinross-shire, about 
 six miles long and five broad. The soil is 
 generixLy fr i dle, and a great part of it in- 
 closed. viliege of Milnathort, m which 
 
 the oiiureii i rituaieH, sometimes gives name 
 to the parish. Poj ulatlon Pvbove 2000. In 
 this parish are the ruins of i be old castle of* 
 Burleigh, form/rly the residence of lord Bur- 
 leigh. 1)1 the parish is a large distillery. 
 
 Orwell, a river of Suflolk, wdneh, rising 
 in the middle of the county, runs se by Ips- 
 wich, and uniting with the stour from Man- 
 ningtree, forms the fine harbour of Harwich. 
 Above Ipswich it is called the Gipping. 
 
 Os, or Oss, a town ol Holland, in the late j 
 Republican department of Dommel and 
 Scheldt, ten miles ne of Bois-ie-duc. 
 
 Osaca, a large and handsome city of Ja- 
 pan, in the island of Nipphon, defended by a 
 magnificent castle, seated on the Jadogawe, 
 over which^are several bridges of cedar. It 
 has a fine harbour, and is one of the most 
 populous trading places of that island. 
 Lon. 1 33 1.3 e, lat. 35 20 n. 
 
 Oscliatz, a town of Upper Saxony, in : 
 
 O S R 
 
 nia, with a college, and some manufactures 
 of cloth. It is situated on the Chemnit, 
 16 mi!es nw of Meissen. 
 
 O.SENEY ISLAND, an island in the mea- 
 dows, near Oxford, formed by the river Ises, 
 in which were formerly a royal palace, and 
 a magnificent abbey. 
 
 OSERO, OR 0,SORO, an island in the 
 gulf of Venice, with Cherso to the n to 
 which it is joined by a bridge. The capital 
 is of the same name. Lon. 15 30 e, lat. 45 n. 
 
 OSEY ISLAND, in Black water bay, 
 near Malden, in Essex. It is in the parish 
 of Great Totham ; and here the coal-ships 
 for Malden unload. Here are immense 
 quantities of wild fowl at certain seasons. 
 
 Oshmiana ; See Oszmiana, 
 
 Osiot ; See Siout. 
 
 Osimo, an ancient town in the Inte Ro- 
 man republic, and department of Aletauro, 
 and marquisite of Ancona, Italy. It is si- 
 tuated on the Musoiie, 12 miles ssw of An- 
 cona, and MO N of Rome. 
 
 Osma, a town in old Castile, Spain, a 
 bishop’s see, with an university. It stands 
 on the Douero, and is almost in ruins. The 
 cathedral and Episcopal palace are at Borgo 
 d’ Osma, a little to the e ; 112 miles ene of 
 Madrid. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 41 50 n. 
 
 Osnahurg, a town of Westphalia, capital 
 of a bishopric of the same name, with aa 
 university, and a castle. Here, in 1648, a 
 treaty of peace in favour of the protestants, 
 was concluded between Germany, and Swe- 
 den. The magistrates are Lutherans, and 
 the protestants and Catholics have each two 
 churches. It is situated on the Haze, 25 
 miles ne of Munster, and 75 w of Hanover. 
 Lon. 7 45 e, lat. 52 18 n. 
 
 OSNABURG, a bishopric and province 
 of Westphalia, 40 miles in length, and 30 
 in breadth, situated between the bishoprio 
 of Munster, the counties of Ravensburg, 
 Tecklenburg, Liiigen, and Diepboltz, and 
 the principality of Minden. It is divided 
 into seven bailiwicks. Frederick, duke of 
 York, his Majesty’s second son, is the pre- 
 sent bishop, and was elected to this dignity 
 in November 1763, 4^hen only three months 
 old. In J802, this principality was given 
 to the Elector of Hanover, and in 1807, by 
 the treaty of Tilsit, it was annexed toV/est- 
 jjhalia. It produces corn and flax, and 
 plenty of Turf, coal, and marble. The most 
 beneficial manufacture is a coarse kind of 
 linen, which is exported to distant parts. 
 
 Gb'NABURG, an island in the s Pacifio 
 ocean. It is called Miatea by the natives, 
 it was discovered and named by captian 
 MTallis in 1767, also another in the same 
 sea, discovered by captain Carteret. 
 Lon. 141 34 w, lat. 22 0 s. 
 
 Osorno, a town of Chili, situated on Rio 
 Bueno, in a territory containing mines of 
 gold, 80 miles s of Valdivia. Lon. 73 20 w, ‘ 
 iat. 40 58 s. 
 
 Osrushna, a town in Turkeston, western 
 Tartary, capital of a province of its name^ 
 
O S T 
 
 G S W 
 
 5^0 Miles NNE of Samarcand, and 260 s of j 
 Taraz. Lon. 60 20 e, lat. 40 40 n. 
 
 OSSET I, the country of the Ossi, or Os- | 
 SETT, one of the seven Caucassian nations, i 
 It is fertile; and contains 19 districts, of 
 which one is subject to Imeritia, and tue ^ 
 others to Georgia, these districts are very un- | 
 equal in size, some containing five, and | 
 others dO villages, each of which comprize | 
 from 20 to 100 families. Their language i 
 has some analogy with that of the Persian ; i 
 hut their history is entirely unknown. The j 
 Tartars and Circassians call them Kusha. | 
 
 Ossipee, or Osapy, a town, mountain, and |i 
 pond, in Stafford county,NewHampshire, near j[ 
 the E line of the state, containing 339 inhabi- j 
 
 tants. I 
 
 OssnoMan, or Assenohoyne Indians, a , 
 tribe about the source of Ossnobian or As- 
 seneboyne river, far w of Lake Superior. , 
 The Ossnobians have no permanent place of 
 abode, but live wholly in tents, made of buf- j 
 faloe and other hides, with which they tra- 
 vel from one place to another, like the 
 Arabs. 
 
 Ossory, the w division of Queen s county, 
 Ireland. It gives name to a bishopric, but 
 the cathedral is now at Irishtown, in the , 
 county of Kilkenny. 
 
 Ossana, an ancient and considerable town j 
 in Andalusia, Spain, with an university. It 
 has a fountain in the middle which supplies 
 the inhabitants with water, while the coun- 
 try for eight miles round is totally deprived 
 of that essential article, 50 miles e by n of 
 Seville. Lon. 5 8 w, lat. 37 22 n. 
 
 Ostalric,di town of Catalonia, Spain, on 
 the Tordera. In 1695, the French took and 
 destroyed its strong castle. It is 28 miles ne 
 of Barcelona. 
 
 Ostend, a large and populous seaport, in 
 Austrian Flanders, lately of France, in the 
 department of Lys. It sustained a siege 
 agaiiist the Spaniards, from July 1601, to 
 Sept. 1604, when it surrendered on the most 
 honourable terms. Ou the demise of Charles 
 II. of Spain, Ostend was taken by the 
 French, but after the battle of Ramilics, in 
 1706, it was retaken by the allies. It fell 
 again into the hands of the French, in 1745, 
 but was restored in 1748. In the war of 
 1756, the French garrisoned this town for 
 the empress queen, Maria Tneresa. Ihe 
 French again took Ostend in 1792, evacua- 
 ted it in 1793, repossessed it in 1794. In 
 1798, the English landed and destroyed the 
 wmrks of the Bruges canal, but the wind 
 shifting they could not effect their re-em- 
 barkation, were obliged to surrender to the 
 French. It is situated in a marshy soil, 
 among a number of canals, and almost sur- 
 rounded by two of the largest, into which 
 ships of great burden may enter with the 
 tide. Ostend is ten miles w of Bruges, and 
 22 NE of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 56 e, lat. al 
 
 14 N. ^ , 
 
 Osterby, a town in Upland, Sweden, near 
 it is the iron mine of Danuemora, the most 
 
 celebrated in Sweden. It has smelting 
 houses and forges, 30 miles nne of Up- 
 sal. 
 
 Osterliofen, a town of Lower Bavaria, 
 on the Danube, 20 miles wnw of Passau. 
 
 Osteracli, or Ostrach, a town, river, and 
 valley of Suabia, near Mengen. 
 
 Osterode, a mine town of Lower Saxony, 
 in the principality of Grubenhagen. Here 
 is a manufacture of woollen stuff’s, also a 
 magazine for corn, to supply the miners of 
 of Harz forest at a fixed price. It is seated 
 on the S^al^lS miles nne of Gottingen. 
 
 Osttrwick, a town of Lower Saxony, in 
 the principality of Halherstadt. It has 
 good woollen manufactures, and is situated 
 on the Use, 17 miles w by n of Halber- 
 stadt. 
 
 Osterode, a town with a castle, on the 
 Dribentz, W Prussia, 46 miles se of Marien- 
 burg. 
 
 Ostersund, capital of Jempta, Sweden, 
 on the E side of the lake Storsio, 76 miles 
 sw of SundswakL Lon. 16 10 e, l^t. 63 10 n. 
 
 Osthammar, a town in Upland, Sweden, 
 seated on a rocky island, with a harbour 
 which is now incommodious, 36 miles ne 
 of Upsal. 
 
 Ostia, an ancient and celebrated town, 
 in the Carapagna of Rome, Italy, included 
 in the late Roman republic. It is situated 
 at the mouth of the Tiber, which is now so 
 shallow that the harbour is ruined. It is 
 the see of a bishop who resides at Veletri. 
 The Saracens demolished the old town, and 
 the new consists only of the cathedral and 
 a few mean houses, 12 miles sw of Rome. 
 
 Ostiglia, a towui in the Mantuan, Italy, 
 on the Po, 15 miles e of Mantua. 
 
 Ostinghausen, a town in the auchy of 
 Westphalia, on the Alst, eight miles w of 
 Lipstadt. 
 
 Oslrog, a town in Volhynia, Poland, near 
 the river Horin, 44 miles nnw of Constan- 
 tino w. 
 
 Ostron, a town in the palatinate of Mas- 
 sovia, Poland, on the Bug, 75 miles ene of 
 Warsaw. 
 
 Ostrogothia, the name of the eastern part 
 of Gothland, in Sweden. 
 
 Ostuni, a town of Naples, in Terra d" 
 Otranto, situated on a mountain near the 
 gulf of Venice, 16 miles \vnw of Brindisi. 
 
 Oswald, St, a village in Northumberland, 
 England, on the Picts^ wall, four miles n 
 of Hexham. Here Cedwall a British usur- 
 per was defeated, and killed by Oswald, who 
 in commemoration of this victory set up the 
 first cross in the kingdom of Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 Oswego, a fortress e of the mouth of a 
 river, oi its name, more frequently called 
 Onondago and se of lake Ontario, in Ion. 
 76 30 w', lat. 43 23 n. It was taken by 
 the British in 1756 from the French, and 
 was delivered by the United Stales in J796, 
 and is about 120 miles e by n of Niagara, 
 
 and 130 wnw of Albany. 
 
 ■ 
 
OTA 
 
 Osweiczeny a town in Cracovia, Poland. 
 It has a great trade in salt ; and is situated 
 on the Vistula, 35 miles w of Cracow. 
 
 Oswestry, a town in Shropshire, England, 
 situated near the head of a small river. It 
 is an ancient town, (formerly a borough,) 
 and is still governed by a mayor, 12 aider- 
 men, 15 common-council men, &c. The 
 quarter sessions are held in this towm on 
 Fridays after Epiphany, Easter, Thomas-a- 
 Becket, and Michaelmas. Oswestry has 
 some trade from Wales, in flannels, a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday, and four annual fairs. 
 The chief trade is in w'oollen articles. It 
 is 18 miles nw of Shrewsbury, and 179 from | 
 London. 
 
 Osyth, St, a village in Essex, v>^ith the 
 remains of an ancient monastery. It is si- 
 tuated near the sea, nine miles se of Col- 
 chester. 
 
 Oszmiana, or OsJimiana, a town in the 
 palatinate of Wilna, Lithuania, on the Ber- 
 ezina, 32 miles se of Wilna. 
 
 OTABALO, a jurisdiction in the province 
 ©f Quito, joined on the s to that of San Mi- 
 guel de Ibarra. 
 
 Otaholo, the principal village of the above 
 jurisdiction. It is large and populous, and 
 said to contain 18,000, or 20,000 souls, 
 among whom is a considerable number of 
 Spaniards. 
 
 OTAHA, one of the Society islands, in 
 the South Pacific ocean, whose n end is in 
 lat. 16 33 s, and Ion. 151 20 w. It is to 
 the N of Ulitea, from which it is separated 
 by a strait, which, where narrowest is not 
 above two miles over. It is less fertile than 
 Ulitea, but has two good harbours. 
 
 OTAHEITEE, the Sagittaria of Quiros, 
 who first discovered it in 1606, one of the 
 Society islands, in the South Sea. Captain 
 Wallis visited it in 1767. Captain Cook 
 came hither in 1768, to observe the transit 
 of Venus, and visited it twice afterwards. 
 It consists of two peninsulas, connected by 
 a low’ neck of land, about two miles over ; 
 the circumference cf both is more than 90 
 miles. The w’hoie island is surrounded by 
 a reef of coral rocks, within which the 
 shore forms several excellent bays and har- 
 bours, where there is room and depth of 
 w’ater for any number of the largest ships. 
 The face of the country is very uneven ; it 
 rises iu ridges that run up into the middle of 
 the island, and there form mountains, that 
 may be seen at the distance of 60 miles. 
 Between these ridges and the sea is a border 
 of lov/ land, extending along all the coast, 
 except in a few places. There are several 
 rivers much larger than could be expected 
 from the extent of the island. The soil is 
 extremely rich and fertib?, watered by a 
 great number of ri vulets of excellent water, 
 and covered with fruit trees of various kinds. 
 The low lands between the foot of the ridges 
 and the sea, and some of the interjacent val- 
 leys, are the only parts of the island that 
 are inhabited. Here indeed it is populgus, j 
 
 o T E 
 
 The bouses have a roof, without w’alls, and 
 do not form villages or towms, but are ran- 
 ged along the whole border, at the distance 
 of about 50 yards from each other. When 
 the island was first discovered, hogs, dogs, 
 and poultry, were the only tame animals : 
 ducks, pigeons, paroquets, with a few other 
 birds and rats, the only wild animals. In 
 1777, the stock of new animals received 
 the important additions of a turkey cock 
 and hen ; a peacock and hen ; a gander and 
 three geese ; a drake and four ducks ; a 
 horse and a mare ; a bull and three cow’s. 
 A bull and a ram had been also left by the 
 j Spaniards. Here are no beasts of prey, or 
 noxious reptiles. The vegetable produc- 
 tions are bread fruit, cocoa-nuts, bannanas 
 of 13 sorts, and all excellent ; plantains, a 
 fruit resembling an apple, sweet potatoes, 
 yams, end cocoas. The people exceed the 
 middle size of Europeans in stature. In 
 ! their dispositions, they are brave, open, and 
 generous, without either suspicion or trea- 
 chery ; except a few traces of natural cun- 
 ning, they possess the most perfect simpli- 
 city of character. Their passions are the 
 genuine effusions of the heart. Their lan- 
 guage is soft and melodious ; it abounds 
 with vowels, and is easily pronounced. It 
 is rich in beautiful and figurative expres- 
 sions. They wear a piece of cloth round 
 the middle, and another wrapped round the 
 head like a turban. The women wear a 
 piece of cloth with a hole in the middle, 
 through which they pass their heads, so that 
 one part of it hangs down to the knees be- 
 fore, and the other behind. A fine white 
 cloth like muslin, passes over this in various 
 elegant turns round the body, a little below 
 the breast, forminga kind of tunic, of which 
 one turn sometimes falls gracefully across 
 the shoulder. Long nails are esteemed a 
 mark of distinction among them, as among 
 the Chinese. Nothing can exceed their 
 agility in swimming, diving, and climbing 
 trees. The tw’o peninsulas formerly made 
 but one kingdom. They are now divided 
 into two, under the names of Oupareanou, or 
 Otaheitenooe,and Tirabou ; although Otoor 
 the sovereign of the former, still possesses a 
 nominal superiority over the latter, and is 
 styled king of the whole island. These 
 kingdoms are subdivided into districts, each 
 with its respective chief. The number of 
 inhabitants, in 1774, was estimated by cap- 
 tain Cook at 204,000. Otaheitee alone is 
 supposed able to .send out 1720 war canoes, 
 and 68,000 able men. The chief of each 
 district superintends the equipping of the 
 fleet in that distrtict ; but they must all pass 
 j ill review^ before the king, so that he knows 
 the state’of the whole before they assemble 
 to go on service. Port Venus at the n end 
 lies in about 17 40 s lat. and 140 36 w Ion. 
 
 Oteeavanooa, a large and spacious har- 
 bour and bay on the sw coast of Bolabola, 
 one of the Society islaads. Lon. 1.>1 43 
 ■ lai. 16 30 s, 
 
 I 
 
O T T 
 
 O U D 
 
 Otleif, a town in the West Ridings of York- ! 
 ^shire, England, situated on the Wharf, under ! 
 a craggy cliff. It has a well supplied | 
 weekly market on Friday, and two annual 
 fairs. In the church are some fine old mo- 
 ;numents. It is 25 miles w of York, and 
 203 NNW of London. 
 
 Otoque, an island on the w coast of New 
 Mexico, situated in the bay of Panama, 17 
 leagues s of the city of that name. Lon. 
 80 10 w, lat. 8 10 N. 
 
 OTRANTO, or Terra d’OtrantOy a pro- 
 vince of the kingdom of Naples, bounded on 
 the N by Terra di Bari, find on all other I 
 parts by the sea, 70 miles long emd 30 broad. | 
 The surface is mountainous, but it abounds | 
 in wine, figs, and olives. The country is j 
 often visited by locusts. Hero is the spider 
 called the Tarantula , whose bite is venom- ! 
 ous. See Lecce. j 
 
 Otranto, a strong city of Naples capital 
 of Terra d^Otranto. It is a large, hand- 
 • some place, with a commodious harbour, 
 a citadel, and is an archbisbop^s see. It 
 is situated on the gulf of Venice, and has a 
 considerable trade, 37 miles se of Brindisi, 
 60 SE of Tarento, and 140 ss of Bari. 
 Lon. 18 33 e, lat. 40 20 n. 
 
 Otrar, a town in Turkestan, West Tar- 
 tary, near the river ’Sirr, 70 miles wsw of 
 Taraz. 
 
 Otrieoli, a town in the late republican de- 
 partment of Clitumno, and duchy of Spo- | 
 lotto, Italy, situated on a hill, two miles : 
 from the Tiber, and 32 n of Rome. 
 
 OTSEGO, a county of New York, on ! 
 the s side of Mohawk river, opposite tiie j 
 German Flats, in which is a lake of the j 
 same name, nine miles long and two broad. ; 
 Its outlet, at Cooperstown, is the e branch 1 
 of the Sus(}uebannah. i 
 
 OETAW^AS, an Indian nation in the nw | 
 territory, 21 miles from Michiiimakinack. j 
 Ottendorf, a town of Lower Saxony, in ! 
 the duchy of Bremen, has a castle nea.r the 
 /mouth of the Aleden, 27 miles nw of Stade. ' 
 Ottenheim, a town of Austria , n side of 
 the Danube, five miles wnw of Lintz. 
 
 OTTENW^ALD, a small territory in the ] 
 palatinate of the Rhine. ! 
 
 Otterburg, a town in the department of ! 
 Mont .Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, ! 
 in the palatinate of the Rhine, five miles n i 
 of Kayserslautern. I 
 
 Otterburn, a village in Northumberland, | 
 on the Reed, famous in history for a battle i 
 fought near it, July 1 8th. 13S8, between the 
 ^cots vnjder Douglas, and the English under 
 Piercy, the celebrated Hotspu^ in which 
 the latter, though greatly superior in num- 
 bers, were totally defeated, and their gal- 
 lant leader taken prisoner, but ilie brave 
 Douglas was killed. This Ixxitle is celebra- 
 ted in the anoient ballads of Cheviot Chase, 
 and Otterburn. The intrenchnients are still 
 visible, and many tumuli covering the 
 .of herpes who where slain, are 
 
 ! scattered over the ground, 21 mfles w of 
 Morpeth. 
 
 Ofrersherg, a town in the duchy of Bre- 
 men, Vfestphalia, has a fort 17 miles ne of 
 Bremen. 
 
 Ottery, or Otterg St Mary, a town in 
 Devonshire, situated on the small river Ot- 
 ter. It is a large irregular town, and has a 
 large church, with two square towers. 
 The manufacliires are flannels, serges, cfec. 
 It has a market on Tuesday, and three an- 
 nual fairs, is 10 miles E of Exeter, and 161 
 w by s of London. 
 
 Ottmachfiu, a town in the principality of 
 Niesse, Silesia, with an ancient castle. It 
 stands on the river Niesse, seven miles w ’uy 
 s of Niesse. 
 
 Ottone, a town in the territory of Genoa, 
 21 miles ne of Genoa. 
 
 Ortweiler, a town in the department of 
 the Sarre, France, capital of a Late lordship 
 of Germany, in the late circle of the Upper 
 Rhine, with an ancient castle, 13 miles nne 
 Sarrbruck. 
 
 Ouanaminfhe, a parish and village on the 
 N side of the island of Hispaniola. 
 
 • OUBY, one of the Molucca islands, s of 
 Gilclp, abounding in clove trees, and subject 
 to the Sultan of Bachian. A small fort on 
 the w side belongs to the Dutch. Lon. 126 
 30 E, lat. I 30 s. 
 
 OUDE, a soubah, or province of Hin- 
 doostan Proper, subject to a Nabob, whose 
 ■ dominions lie on both sides of the Ganges. 
 The dimensions ofOudeand its dependencies 
 are estimated at 300 miles in length, from 
 E to w, and in breadth from 150 to ISO. 
 It occupies ail the flat country between the 
 Ganges' and the mountains, except Ram- 
 pour, and also the tract between the Ganges 
 and- Jumna, known by the name of Dooab, 
 to within 40 miles of the city of Delhi. The 
 nabob is in alliance with the British. The 
 capital is Lucknow. 
 
 Oude, a decayed city in the province of 
 Oude, Hindoostan, 1200 years before the 
 Christian era it was the capital of a great 
 kingdom. In the Mahaberat, a Hindoo 
 work in Sanscrit, it is called Adjudiah. No 
 j traces of its ancient greatness remain. It is 
 a great resort of pilgrims from ail parts of 
 India, amd stands on the Gogra, near 
 I Fyzabad. 
 
 i Jhidenurd, a rich town in Austrian 
 j Flanders, on both sides of the Scheldt, with 
 j a fort in the centre. They have a manu- 
 l faeture of very flue linen, and of curious 
 ! tapestry. In ITO^, it was besieged by the 
 French, who were totally rented by the 
 duke of Marlborough, In 1743, it was 
 taken by the French, and restorer! at the 
 ' peace ol 1748. In 1794, it surrendered 
 again to the French. D is 12 miles s of 
 Ghent, and 27 vv of Brussels. 
 
 Oiidenburg, a towm in Flanders, Nether- 
 lands, eight miles se of Osteiid. 
 
 J Oud&nwater, a fortified town of South 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
O U L 
 
 Holland, seated on the little Yssel. It is l 
 the birth place of the famous James Armi- 
 niiis ; 10 miles wsw of Utrecht. 
 
 OUDIPOUR, Cheitore, or Meywar, 
 a territory of Hindoostan, in the province 
 of Ag'imere, belonoin^ to the Raiptxns, 
 about 100 miles in length, and nearly as 
 much in breadth. This country consists of 
 high mountains or plains, at present tribu- 
 tary to the Mahrattas. It lies on the 
 Pudda, between lat. 24 deg. and 28 deg. n. 
 
 Oudipour, a city of Hindoostan, capital 
 of a territory of its name, 134 miles ssw of 
 Agimere. Lon. 74 41 e, lat. 24 42 n. 
 
 Ouentcheouy a city of the first rank in 
 Tehekian, China, seated at the mouth of a 
 river, with a good harbour, 300 miles sse 
 of Nanking. Lon. 121 10 e, lat. 28 2 n. 
 
 Ouera, one of the Navigators^ islands, in 
 the South Pacific ocean. 
 
 OVERFLACKEE, an island of Holland, 
 betw'een the mouths of the Maese. Melisand 
 is the capital, but Sommerdyck is the princi- 
 pal town. 
 
 Overysche, a town in Brabant, Nether- 
 lands, on the Ysche, six miles ne of Brussels. 
 
 OVERYSSEL, one of the United Pro- 
 vinces. It is divided into three (Jistinct 
 parts, which are the territories of Drent, 
 Twent, and Salland. There are many 
 morasses in the province, but few inhabi- 
 tants, in comparison with the rest. Its 
 greatest source of emolument consists in 
 turf dug up and sent to the other provinces. 
 Deventer was the capital. 
 
 Ougeirif a town of Hindoostan Proper, 
 in the province of Malwa, capital of Mada- 
 jee Sindia, one of the western Mahratta 
 chiefs. It is surrounded by a strong wall, I 
 with round towers, and is six miles in cir- j 
 cuit. It has a modern palace, four mosques, I 
 and several Hindoo temples. It stands on j 
 the Sippara, which falls into the Chumbal, j 
 150 miles x by w' of Burhanpour. Lon. 75 
 58 E, lat. 23 28 x. 
 
 Ovidopoly a towm in the government of 
 Catherinenslaf, Russia, seated at the mouth 
 of the Dniester. In digging the foundation 
 of the fort, in 1795, an antique tomb was 
 discovered, supposed to be that of Ovid, 
 which was the occasion of the name, CO 
 miles sw of Oczakow. Lon. 30 22 e, lat. 
 46 10 N. 
 
 OviedOy capital of Asturia d’Oviedo, 
 §pain, and a bishop’s see, with an universi- 
 ty, stands at the junction of the Ove and 
 Deva. In the vicinity are the hot springs 
 of Rivera de Abajo, which are similar to 
 those of Bath. It is 59 riiiles xxw of Leon. 
 Lon. 5 53 w, lat. 43 20 n. 
 
 Quiz, a town of Piedmont, seated in a 
 valley, 12 miles sw of Suza. 
 
 Oulneyy a small town four miles n of 
 Newport Pagnel, Buckinghamshire, on the [ 
 ^y banks of the Ouse, with a market on Mon- j 
 day, and two annual fairs. It is noted for ! 
 a rnanufactnre of bone lace. The church 
 has a fine steeple and spire. The late cele- . 
 
 11 
 
 O W E 
 
 brated John Newton, author of Om icron 
 Letters,” and other works, making eight 
 octavo volumes, was many years curate of 
 Oulney, and afterwards rector of St Mary 
 Woolwoth, London. 
 
 Otmdle, a town in Northamptonshire, 
 situated on the Nen, over which are two 
 good stone-bridges. It has a market on 
 Saturday, and three annual fairs ; and lies 
 28 miles xk of Northampton, and 78 x by 
 w of London, 
 
 Oiireniy a town in Estremadura, Portugal, 
 12 miles w of Tomar, celebrated lor a vic- 
 tory obtained by Alpiionzo, king of Portu- 
 gal, over live moorish kings, in 1139, tho 
 
 heads of whom are the arms of Portugal. 
 
 OuriqHe, a town of Alentejo, Portugal. 
 It is 32 miles se of Lisbon. 
 
 OURTE, a department of France, inclu- 
 ding the s part of Liege and of Limburg, and 
 the XE part of Luxemburg. It takes its 
 name from a river which falls into the 
 Meuse, five miles above Leige, the capital 
 of the department. 
 
 Ouse, a river of Sussex, has its source in 
 the Weald, sw of E Grinstead, becomes na- 
 vigable at Lewes, and falls into the English 
 Channel at Newhaven. 
 
 Ouse, Great, a large river which rises 
 from a spring called Otiseivell near Brack- 
 ley in Northamptonshire, and flowing to 
 Buckingham, Stoney Stratford, Newport 
 Pagnel, and Bedford, where it becomes na- 
 vigable, thence running by Huntingdon, St. 
 Ives Ely, and Lynn, eaters Lincolnshira 
 wash. 
 
 Ouse, Little, a branch of the Great Ouse, 
 rises in the s part of Norfolk, which it di- 
 vides from Suffolk, becomes navig;able at 
 Thetford, before it joins the Great Ouse. 
 
 Ouse, Northern, a river of Yorkshire, 
 formed by the junction of the Ure and Swale, 
 which rise near each other in the romantio 
 tract called Richmond, and unite a little 
 below Aldborough. It becomes navigable 
 at York, through which it passes, and in its 
 course meets the Wharf, Derwent, Aire, 
 Don, and Trent, forms the Humber. 
 
 Oussony a town in the department of th® 
 Loiret, France, eight miles se of Gien. 
 
 Oussore, a town of Hindoostan, in My- 
 sore, taken by the English in 1792, 19 miles 
 SE of Bangalore, and 69 kne of Seringa- 
 patam. 
 
 Outer Island, on the coast of Labrador 
 is in the cluster called St. Augustine’s 
 square, sw of Sandy island. 
 
 OuteirOy a town and fortress in Tra-los 
 Montes, Portugal, stands on a mountain, 
 nine miles se of Braganza, and 21 xw of 
 Miranda. 
 
 OwegOy a town in Tioga county. New 
 York, on the e branch of the Susquehanna 
 20 miles wof Union. 
 
 Ov:errayOx OveirOy a town and territory of 
 Africa, in the kingdom of Benin, in Guinea. 
 The air is unwholesome, and the soil dry 
 and barren. The inhubitnnts are siout^ and 
 B b 
 
O X F 
 
 O X F 
 
 *re all marked with three incisions, one on 
 the forehead, and one on each temple. 
 
 Owey, an island on the nw coast of 
 Ireland. 
 
 OWHYKEE, one of the largest of the j 
 Sandwich islands, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 Its length from n to s is about 28 leagues, j 
 and its breadth 24. It is divided into six i 
 districts, two of which, on the ke side, are 
 separated by a niountain called Mouna 
 Roa, that rises in three peaks, tlie highest 
 of which is 16,020 feet above the sea level ; 
 they are covered with snow, and may be 
 distinctly seen tit 40 leagues distance. To 
 the N of this mountain, the coast consists of ' 
 high and abrupt clilTs, down which fall | 
 many beautiful cascades, and the whole { 
 country is covered with cocoa>nut and 
 bread-fruit trees, and other plants. To the 
 s of this mountain, the ground is covered 
 with cinders, wiiieh seem to indicate a j 
 course of lava, that has flowed from the I 
 mountain to the shore. The promontory on i| 
 the s looks like the dregs of a volcaqo, and | 
 the headland is composed of broken and t 
 rocks. The fields are enclosed by j 
 stone fences, and are interspersed with groves | 
 of cocoa-nut trees, The inhabitants, suppu- j| 
 Sed to be about 1-50.000 in number, are na- Ij 
 turally mild, friendly, and hospitable to j 
 strangers. The celebrated navigator, cap- i 
 tain James Cook lost his life here in 1779, 
 by an unfortunate and momentary jealousy 
 of the natives, and the imprudence of some I 
 of his own men Lon. of the e point, 156 I 
 0 w, lat. 19 34 X. ji 
 
 Owrainy Noriks a tow n in W Yorkshire, i 
 has various woollen manufactures. In | 
 18C4 the population was 4887, and in 1811, 
 5300. It is three miles xe of Halifax, 
 South Owram is two miles se cf Halifax, | 
 and its population is 3615. | 
 
 Oxferdy the capital of Oxfordshire, is si- 
 tuated at the confluence of the Thames and 
 Cherw’ell, on an enunence almost surroun- 
 ded by meadow^s, except on the e side. It 
 has a canal to Braunstone in Northampton- i 
 .shire, and a market on Wednesday and j 
 Saturday. The w'bole town is of a circular I 
 form, three miles in circumference, and j 
 was anciently surrounded by w^alls, part of 
 which are still to be seen. The tower of 
 its once magnificent castle now serves for 
 the county gaol. It consists chiefly of two 
 spacious streets, which cross each other in 
 the middle of the town. In l80J,the num- 
 ber of inhabitants was 12,107, and in 1811, 
 12,931, It has, besides the cathedral, 13 
 parish churches, a famous university, and a 
 noble market-place, and magnificent bridge. 
 The university is said to have been founded 
 by Alfred the Great, but is generally suppo- 
 sed to have been a. seminary of learning be- 
 fore his time, although it owed its revival 
 and consequence to his liberal paironage, 
 receiving from him grants of inanv privi- 
 es and large revenues. About the mid- I 
 die of the 12th century, public lectures cn ■ 
 
 the civil law were read here, xvltbin Id 
 years after a cop 3 ^ of Justinian Institutes 
 had been found in Italy. In the reign of 
 Henry III. there were said to have beea 
 15,090 scholars. Here are 20 colleges and 
 five halls, several of w'hich stand in th® 
 streets and give the city an air of magnifi- 
 cence which remind the tiaveller of the an- 
 cient cities of Greece and Rome. Ii is 
 thought that there is not such another group 
 of buildings, nor such another university, at 
 this day, in the world. In the halls, th® 
 students live, either w'holly, or in part, at 
 their own expence. The colleges are Uni- 
 versity, Bailiol, Merlon, Exeter, Oriel, 
 
 Queens, New^, Lincoln, All Souls, Magda- 
 len, Braseno.se, Corpus Cbrisfe, Christ 
 
 Church, Trinity, St, John Bapti.st, Jesus, 
 
 Wadham, Pembroke, Worcester, av.d Hert- 
 ford. Of tiie.se the most ancient is Univer- 
 .sity college, founded before the year 872. 
 The cathedral belongs to Christs Church 
 college. The halls are Alban, Edmund, St. 
 Mary, New Inn, and St. Mary Magdalen. 
 The colleges have revenues sullicient to 
 maintain a master, fellow’s, and students. 
 There are usually about 3000 students, one 
 third oi whom are supported by the reve- 
 mu’S. Among the librarfes in. the univer- 
 sity, the most distinguished is the Bodleian, 
 founded by Thomas Bodley ; those of All 
 Souls college, Christ Church, Queen's, 
 New’ College, St. John's, Exeter, and Cor- 
 pus Christi. Among the other public build- 
 ings, are the theatre, the Ashmolean mu- 
 seum, the Clarendon printing house, the 
 Badcliffe infirmary, and on observatory. 
 At Oxford, king John summoned a parlia- 
 ment in 1258, to meet, whose proceedings 
 were so disorderly, that it was known by the 
 name of the Mad Parliament. In 1625, 
 parliament w'as assembled here by Charles 
 and another by the same monarch in 1044. 
 This city w’as distinguished for its attach- 
 ment to that unfortunate king, w’ho held his 
 I court here during the w'hole civil war. Ox- 
 ford is governed by a mayor, who is depen- 
 dant on the chancellor and vice-chancellor 
 of the university, and sends four members to 
 parliament, two for the university, and twa 
 for the city. It is 20 miles sw of Buck- 
 ingham, 50 s by E of Coventry, aird 54 wxw 
 of London. Lon. 1 15 w’, lat. 51 46 x. 
 
 Oxford, a post town of New York, in 
 Tioga county, with an academy 45 miles 
 NE of Union. 
 
 Oxford, a port of entry on the eastern 
 shore of Chesapeak bay, in Talbot county, 
 Maryland. It is 12 miles s of Easton, and 
 48 SE of Baltimore. 
 
 OXFORDSHIRE, a county of England, 
 bounded w by Gloucestershire, n by War- 
 wickshire and Northamptonshire, e by 
 Buok.s, and s by Berks. Its extreme length 
 is 48 miles, its greatest breadth, 26. It con-f 
 tains 14 hundreds, one city, 12 market 
 towns, and 219 parishes, and sends nine 
 ' members to parliament. In iSOl, it con- 
 
 % 
 
P A B 
 
 *^'*ined 20„599 houses, and 109,620 inhabi- 
 tants, and in 18 1 1, 1 19,191. The s part on 
 the borders of Buckinghamshire, is hilly and 
 woody ; the Nw is elevated and stony, the 
 middle is in general rich. The streams by 
 ‘ which it is watered run from n to s and fall 
 into the Thames. The most considerable 
 of these are the Wiodrush, Evenlade, Cher- 
 well, and Tame. The air is pleasant and 
 healthy. The soil, though various, is fer- 
 tile in corn and grass. The products of Ox- 
 fordshire are chiefly those common to the 
 midland farming counties. Its hills yield 
 ochre, pipe-ciay, and other earths, ii'seful for 
 various purposes. Corn and malt are sent 
 from it, by the Thames, to the metropolis. 
 Good cheese is made in the grazing parts. 
 The greatest want in this county is that of 
 ftiel. The most considerable forest now re- 
 maining in Oxfordsh.re is that of Witch- 
 wood, between Burford and Chari bury. 
 The county is represented in parliament by 
 two members. 
 
 Oxnam, anciently Oxenliam, a parish in 
 Roxburgshire, about nine miles long, and at 
 a medium five broad. The surface is hilly, 
 and the soil various, but in general fertile. 
 The principal village besides Oxnam is 
 Newbigging. In this parish are the re- 
 mains of a chapel, and o. three forts or 
 towers, which are divided into a number of 
 small apartments, and have been of consi- 
 dera bie strength. Population about 700. 
 
 Oyey a town in the department of the 
 straits of Calais, France, §eveu miles ne of 
 Calais, 
 
 Oyney a parish in the county of Aber- 
 deen and district of Garioch, on the n side 
 of the Don, nearly opposite Monymusk, 
 about three miles in length, and nearly the 
 s^tme in breadth. It is watered by the Bon, 
 tJry, Shevock, and Gadie ; and the soil is in 
 general fertile. Here are two druidicai 
 temples. Population about 520, who are 
 employed in agriculture, and knittmg of 
 stockin.'ics. 
 
 0\OLAVA, one of the largest of the 
 Navigators^ Islands, in the South Pacific 
 
 ocean. 
 
 OyonnoSy a town in the department of 
 Ain, Frau'jc, eight miles n of Nantua. 
 
 Ozama, one of the kirgest rivers of His- 
 paniola, on which the city of St. Domingo 
 is situaied. It is navigable nine or 10 
 I .’agues from s to n, but has a rock at its 
 mouth, which prevents the entrance of ves- 
 Sils drawing more than 18 feet. 
 
 Ozwir:zin, a town of Little Poland. It 
 is 34 miles w of Cracow, 
 
 PAD 
 
 ! fertile in corn, but is now overblown wi»b 
 ' sand. 
 
 Pahba, a small island of Scotland, two 
 , miles from Sky, about a mile long, and not 
 jl so much broad, 
 
 ' Pahbyy one of the Western islands of 
 j Scotland. It is three miles in circuit, and 
 j has corn, marl, and pasture, 
 j PahlOy Sty a town on the s coast of th# 
 
 I isthmus of Darien, in the province of Vera- 
 gua, S America. 
 
 _ PACAJES, a province of S America, 
 
 I which IS rich in silver mines, althoiio-h they 
 are not much worked. 
 
 I PACAMORES, a district of Peru, S 
 I America. The air is temp.erate, and th® 
 j earth abounds in gold. 
 
 I PacGsmayuy a river which has its souro® 
 
 in the mountains of Caxamarea, and runs w 
 to the Pacific ocean, where it forms a bay 
 in lat. 7 24 s. ^ 
 
 Paceniy a town of Sumatra, on the n part 
 of the island, capital of a kingdom of its 
 name, 120 miles s of Aciieen. Lon. 97 
 li IS E,lat. S 0 X, 
 
 Ij 1 aciiacamacy a town in the audience of 
 ; Lima, Peru, seated in a valley of its name. 
 
 |) Here was a magnificent temple, in which 
 |! the Spaniards found immense treasure, when 
 Ij they conquered Peru. 
 
 II Pacheay the most northerly of the Pearl 
 or King^s islands, is low and woody, about 
 12 leagues from Panamh. 
 
 Pachetey a fort in Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 seated near the Dummoda, gives name to 
 a circar, and is 10 miles ne of Rogonat- 
 poiir. 
 
 ipABBY, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 almut eight miles from Barra, about 
 one mile and a-half long, and one broad, iq-- 
 habited by three ia^niiies. It was formerly 
 
 Pacliuca, a town of Mexico, famous fo 
 the silver mines in its vicinity. It lies L 
 miles N by e of Mexico. Lon. 100 14 v 
 lat. 20 42 N. 
 
 Pacific OceaUf otherwise called the i 
 Sea, lies between Asia and America, and ii 
 upwards of 11,000 miles in length, ant 
 10,000 in breadth. When l^dageiian en 
 teied this ocean, through tiie daugerou! 
 strait that bears his 'name, he sailed thret 
 months and 20 nays in an uniform directioi 
 to the NW, without discovering land. It 
 the extreme distniss which he Mjlicred ii 
 this vojage, before he discovered the La- 
 drone islands, he enjoyed such mfint Trup' 
 ted fine weather auid lair winds, that he gavt 
 to this ocean the name of the Pacific. Tin 
 j Spaniards gave it tlie name of the Somi 
 I Sea. This immense body of water n»:»y hi 
 said to stretch from pole to pole. On'oiu; 
 ' side of the equator it is called the Norii; 
 Pacific ocean, and on the other, the .Soutli 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 PiwkingtoHy a pleasant retinu.l town in 
 Leice.^tershire, within two miles s of Ashby - 
 de-la-Zouch. 
 
 Pacyy an ancie.H town in (lie departnmnt 
 of Eure, France, situated on the Eure, eight 
 miles s by E of Vernon. 
 
 Padamjy a sea port on the \v coast of Sm 
 matra, belonging to the Dutch. In 1797, 
 
 B b 2 
 
PAD 
 
 it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 
 by which more than 300 persons perished. 
 Lon, 99 46 e, lat. 0 5()s. 
 
 Paddington, a village of Middlesex, 
 which lies a mile w by n of London. A 
 oaiial is now made hence to the giiand junc- 
 tion canal near Erendford and Uxbridge, 
 from the basin of which the neighbouring 
 parts of the metropolis are to be supplied 
 wdth water. The church is a fine quadran- 
 gular edifice. Though it be so near the 
 metropolis, there are many beautiful seats 
 and rural spots in it. 
 
 Paderhojm, an ancient, large, and popu- 
 lous town in Westphalia, capital of a small 
 bishopric, of its name, with a fainous uni- 
 versity. The rivulet Pader has its source | 
 under the high altar of the ccithedral. In j 
 the collegiate church are the remains of 
 St. Blase. Of the convents, the most re- 
 markable is that which belonged to the 
 Jesuits. It is 3T miles sw of Minden, and 
 ^2 ESB of Munster. Lon. 8 55 e, lat. 51 
 41 N. 
 
 Paderhorn, a bishopric of German)*, in 
 Westphalia, about 32 miles long and 25 
 broad. In 1802, it was cedod by the plan 
 of indemnities to Prussia. In this country 
 are iron mines. Part of it is fertile in pas- 
 ture and corn, and it is celebrated for ba- 
 con and venison. The prince’s residence is 
 at Nienkus. 
 
 PADOUSA, a department in the late 
 Italian republic, containing 96,552 inhabi- 
 tants, by the census in 1797. The chief city 
 was Cento. 
 
 Padron, a town in Galicia, Spain situat- 
 ed on the Ulla, 12 miles s of Compostelia. 
 
 Padstow, a sea port on the n coast of 
 Cornwall, with a market on Saturday, near 
 the mouth of the Camel, on the Bristol 
 channel. It has some coasting trade, ma- 
 nufactures. of serges and tiles, and fairs 
 April IStb, and September 21st. It is 30 
 miles w of Launceston, and 243 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Padua, an ancient, large, and celebrated 
 city of Italy, capital of the Paduano, and a 
 bishop’s see. It Is seven miles in circum- 
 ference, but is less consideitibie than former- 
 ly, and so thinly inhabited that the grass 
 grows on its streets. The cathedral is one 
 of the richest in Italy. In it is a statue of 
 Petrach, who was a canoii of the church, 
 and bequeathed to it a part of his library. 
 J 3 t. Ajjtonis, to whom the Franciscan oiuircdi 
 is dedicated, is buried uniU r an altar in tiie 
 middle of its chapel. Tiie church of .St. 
 .Tustina is famous for a rich Mosaic pave- 
 ment. The hall of the town-iiotrse is one 
 of the largest in Kurope, and contains the 
 cenotaph of Levy the historian, wh(i was a 
 native of Padua. Its university is now on 
 the decline. Here is a rioth n^uimlaotory, 
 but the city is over run with b 'ggavs who 
 ask charity in tito name of St. Automo, tlie 
 patron of the city. It v.'as laken by the 
 Freucii iu J73u. Padua situated on the 
 
 P A I 
 
 rivers Brenta and Bachiglione, in a fuM» 
 plain, 20 miles se of Vicenza, and 20 
 w by s of Venice. Lon. 11 53 e, lat. 45 
 14 N. 
 
 PADUANO, a province of Italy, for- 
 merly in the territories of Venice. Some 
 geographers make this district only 40 miles 
 long, and 35 broad ; but Dr. Oppenheim 
 states it to be 45 Italian miles long, 40 
 broad, and 140 in circumference. It is so 
 fertile in corn, wine, and vegetables, that he 
 terms it a second Paradise and The Garden 
 of Europe, It contains 300,000 inhabitants. 
 Padua is the capital. 
 
 PADUA, UPPER, a department of the 
 late Italian republic, formed out of the 
 Bolognese. It contained 96,552 citizens 
 in 1797. 
 
 Padilla, a town in Principato Citra, 
 Naples, 14 miles *n of Policastro. 
 
 Paefenhojfen, a town in the department 
 of the Lower Rhine, France, near the Motter, 
 eight miljs w of Haguenau. 
 
 Pagahtn, a decayed city of the kingdom 
 of Birmah, capital of a province of the same 
 name. It is said to have been deserted in 
 the 13th century in consequence of a divine 
 admonition. Its numerous mouldering tem^ 
 pies, and decayed fort, indicate its ancient 
 splendor. It is situated on the Irawaddy, 
 
 1 10 mile? sw of Ummerapoora. Lon. 94 
 34 E, lat. 21 10 N, 
 
 PAGO, an island in the gulf of Venice, 
 separated from Dalmatia by a narrow chan- 
 neL It is 100 miles in circumference, and 
 contains 4000 inhabitants, of whom 2000 
 reside in Pago, the capital. The soil is 
 stony. It produces wine, and honey, and 
 has salt-works. Lon. 15 10 e, lat. 40 40 n. 
 
 Pagliano, a town in Abruzzo Ultra, 
 Naples, 15 miles ese of Aquilia. 
 
 Pahang, a sea port on the e coast of the 
 peninsula of Malacca, capital of a kingdom 
 of the same name, celebrated for a great 
 number of elephants, and for abundance of 
 pepper. It is 140 miles ne of Malacca, 
 Lon. 103 30 e, lat. 3 55 n. 
 
 Pajaros, or Islands of BirdSy a cluster 
 of small islands on the coast of Chili, 24 
 hiiles xxw of the bay of ‘Coquimbo. 
 
 Paiubeoif, a town in the department of 
 the Lower Loire, France, lying at the 
 mouth of the Loire. Hence all the ships 
 belonging to Nantes take their departure, 
 and anchor here wlien they arrive. It is a 
 very considerable sea pore, 20 miles w of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Painsivich, a town in Gloucestersbire, 
 with a juarket on Tuesday. It has a ma- 
 un aoture of wliite cloths lor the army, and 
 for the India and Turkey trade. From its 
 elevated situation, this town commands a 
 very extensive prospect. It is seven miles 
 ssE of Gloucester, and JOI w by n of Lon- 
 don, 
 
 Paishawur, a city of Hindooslan, capital 
 of a district in the country of Cabul. It is 
 i! situated on the Kameh, 125 miles ss cf 
 
PAI 
 
 Cabul, ami 170 n of Moultan. Lon, 70 36 e, 
 lat. 38 18 N. 
 
 Paisley, a large town in Renfrewshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the banks of the river 
 White Cart. It was anciently noted as the 
 soil of one of the richest abbacies in Scot- 
 land. It consists of an Old and New 
 Town ; the former occupying an extent of 
 about a mile square, lies on the w bank of 
 the Cart, on the s slope of a ridge of hills, 
 from whence there is a fine prospect of the 
 city of Glasgow and the adjacent country. 
 It has several broad and regular streets, 
 with names descriptive of the various em- 
 ployment of the inhabitants. Over the river 
 there are three handsome bridges, connecting 
 the Old with the New Town and abbey, on 
 the opposite bank. The ground here w'as 
 feued not many years since, by the Marquis 
 of Abercorn, cind there are now upon 
 it a number of handsome buildings. The 
 streets are laid out in a regular manner 
 and about the centre of a principal one, his 
 lordship has built, one of the most elegant 
 and commodious inns in the kingdom. To 
 the s of this inn, at a little distance, is the 
 abbey church, once a magnificent Gothic 
 structure; and what remains is yet an object 
 of admiration. Close by the church is the 
 aisle or burying place of the family of Aber- 
 corn, a very great curiosity. The abbey 
 church w^as the only one which Paisley for- 
 merly required, but as the popnlation increas- 
 ed, new churches have been erected, both on 
 the establishment, tind for dissenters of vari- 
 ous denominations. By deepening part of 
 the river, and opening a navigable canal, 
 fcompleted in 1791,) vessels of 40 tons bur- 
 den can easily corne up and unload at the 
 quay. In 1801, the population of Paisley, 
 including the abbey parish, w'as 31,179, and 
 in 1811, 36,722. Paisley may be justly 
 considered the first manufacturing town in 
 Scotland. Soon after the union it com- 
 menced a manufacture of checked linen, 
 and soon after was followed by white thread 
 and lawns, the former of which was intro- 
 duced in 1725, and now employs above 14Q 
 mills, and about 5000 persons. The manu- 
 facture of silkaml thread-gauze, which soon 
 rivalled and injured that of Spittalfields, 
 commenced in 1760, and spread over the ad- 
 jacent towns. The cotton manufacture, 
 which, for the variety and elegance of 
 figured muslins, is perhaps unequalled, was 
 introduced about 1783. Here are also tan- 
 works, soap-works, and manufactures of 
 ribbonds, inkles, cfec. Many of the manu- 
 facturers have risen to opulence. The inha- 
 bitants are well informed, and eiegant, both 
 in their manners and dress. Paisley was 
 erected into a borough of barony, in 1488, 
 and is governed by three bailies, a treasurer, 
 a town-clerk, and 17 counsellors, who are 
 annually elected. The vicinity abound.s 
 with coals, lime-stone, free-stone, &c. 
 From the town is a canal to Ardrossan on 
 the Frith of Clyde, It has several annual 
 
 PAL 
 
 f fairs. It lies nine miles w of Glasgow, 
 and 51 w by s of Edinburgh, Lou. 4 26 w', 
 lat. 55 52 N. 
 
 Paita, a sea port of Peru, in the audience 
 of Quito, with an excellent harbour. The 
 bay is defended by a fort. In 1741, it was 
 plundered and burnt by commodore Anson. 
 It is 280 miles nw of Ti uxillo. Lon. 80 49 w, 
 lat. 4 59 s. 
 
 Palachy, a town in the province of Cqim- 
 betore, Hindooslan, w ith a small fort, seated 
 in a fertile eotintry. Here was lately dug 
 up a pot containing silver coins of the em- 
 perors Augustus and Tiberius, 14 miles s of 
 Coimbetore, and 37 w of Daraporam. 
 
 Palacois, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 12 
 miles s of Seville. 
 
 Palais, SL a town and district in tho 
 department of Lower Pyrenees, France, 
 w^hich, with the fort and district of St. Jean 
 Pied de Port, forms nearly the whole of the 
 late province of Lower Navarre. St. Palais 
 is situated on the Bidouse, 15 miles se of 
 Bayonne.' Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 43 21 n. 
 
 Palais, St, capital of the island of Bille- 
 isle, with a strong citadel, on the coast of 
 the department of Morbihan, France, stands 
 on the NE side of the island. In 1761, after 
 a long siege, it surrendered to the English 
 30 miles sse of Oriant. Lon. 3 19 w, lat. 
 47 19 N. 
 
 Palamhoan, or Palamhang, a town of 
 Java, capital of a kingdom, e end of the 
 island, seated on a bay in the strait of Bali* 
 The vicinity abounds in pepper, rice, maize, 
 cotton, print, horses, oxen, antelopes, and 
 buffaloes. Lon. 1 14 0 e, lat. 7 10 s, 
 
 Palameotta, or Tindvelly, a town of tha 
 peninsula of Hindoostan, in the s extremity 
 of the Carnatic, capital of the province of 
 Tinevelly, seated on a river which flows 
 into the Manara, 85 miles ssw of Madura, 
 and 401 sw by s of Madras. Lon. 77 46 e, 
 lat. 8 42 N. 
 
 P alamos, a sea port of Catalonia, situated 
 on the Mediterranean, 58 miles \e of Bar- 
 celona. Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 41 52 n. 
 
 Palamow, a towm of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Bahar, 140 miles ssw of Patna. 
 Lon. 84 25 e, lat. 23 52 n. 
 
 Palanka, a town of Upper Hungary, 
 situated on the Ibola, 37 miles n of Buda. 
 
 Palanka, a town in Bessarabia, European 
 Turkey, on the Dniester, 40 miles se of 
 Bender. 
 
 Palaos. See Peletv Islands. 
 
 Palatinate of the Rhine, a late electo- 
 rate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower 
 Rhine. It is about 100 miles long, and 70 
 broad, and the principal rivers are tho 
 Rhine, and the Nockar. It is not a v(‘Ty 
 rich country, though there are fine vine- 
 yards, forests, gardens, rivers and lakes. 
 Heidelberg is the principal town, but Man- 
 heim is the electoral residence. This elec- 
 torate is also called the Lower Palatinate, 
 
 I to distinguish it from the I’pper Palatinatt 
 I of Bavaria, 
 
 C 
 
PAL 
 
 PALATINATE, THE UPPER. Sea 
 Bavaria. That part of it which lies on 
 the left bank of the Rhine, is now annexed 
 to France. 
 
 Palatine Towny a town in Carlow, 
 Leinster, .Ireland. A few miles ne of the 
 town of Carlow. 
 
 Palawan, See Paragoa. 
 
 Palaxuola, a town in Bresciano, Italy, 
 on the Oglio, 20 miles v/nw of Brescia. 
 
 Paldie or Paldiekirk, a village in the 
 county of Kincardine, and parish of For- 
 doun, noted lor its three days fair. 
 
 Palencia, a city in Leon, Spain, and an 
 archbishop’s see, has five churches, 1 1 con- 
 vents and two hospitals. The principal 
 manufactures are serges, flannels, and 
 woollen coverlets. It is situated on the 
 Carion, 40 miles sw of Burgos, and 70 se 
 of Leon. Lon. 4 28 w, lat. 41 59 n, 
 
 Palermo^ an ancient, rich, and beautiful 
 city of Sicily, in the valley of Mazara, 
 capital of the island, and an archbishop’s 
 see, with an university. Two great streets, 
 the Cassai’o, and Maqueda, intersect each 
 other in the centre of the city, where is an 
 elegant square, called the Ottangolo, from 
 the centre of which is seen the v/hole length 
 of these noble streets, and the four gates at 
 their termination, each at the di.stance of 
 half a mile. The Porto Felice opens to the 
 Marino, a delightful walk, which has on 
 one side the sea, and on the other the w^all 
 of the city, and in the centre is a kind of 
 temple frequently made use of as an orches- 
 tra. At the top of the Cas.saron is the 
 royal residence, which commands a view 
 of the city and surrounding scenery. From 
 the singularity of the situation, as w’ell as 
 from the richness of its soil, Palermo has 
 had many flattering epithets bestowed upon 
 it, particularly by the poets, who have deno- 
 minated it the Conco d’Oro, the Golden 
 Shell, ‘which is at once expressive both of 
 its situation and richness. The inhabitants 
 of Palermo are estimated by Brydone at 
 160,000. Many of the clmrehes of Pa- 
 lermo, above 100 in number, are rich and 
 magnificent. It has 96 convents, with 
 superb chapels to each. In the cathedral, 
 a large gothic structure, supported by 80 co- 
 lumns of oriental granite, are the tombs of 
 several pf the ancient Norman kings, and 
 of the emperors Henry VI. and Frederic II. 
 of the flnest porphyry. Palermo is crowded j 
 w ith statutes ol sovereigns and tutelar saints. | 
 The city is w^ell lighted with reverberating 
 lamps, and, in w’et weather, moveable 
 W’ooden bridges are provided for crossing 
 the kennehs, wdiich then become rapid tor- 
 rents. The harbour is very dangerously 
 open to the swell of tbe sea from the ne 
 q «arier, and even at the au<-'horing place 
 .snips lie in piu'il whenever a westerly wind 
 b!ow.s, as it rushes with great impetuosity 
 ■the valley of Colli between the 
 juoyntains. This city has suffered greatly 
 at differ^t priods by earthquakes and inun- j 
 
 PAL 
 
 dations. About the middle of the lltb cen- 
 tury Roger, a Norman king, established 
 silk manufactures in this cuy, wdiich still 
 flourish. A mile from Palermo, is a cele- 
 brated convent of Capuchins, in whi-oh is a 
 vault consisting of four wide passages, each 
 40 feet long, made use of as a receptacle 
 for the dead. When the French became 
 masters of Naples, in 1799, Palermo be- 
 came the residence of the court. Palermo 
 is situated on the n side of the island, at the 
 bottom of the gulf of the' same name, 110 
 miles w of Messina, and 180 s by w of 
 Naples. Lon. 13 34 e, lat. 38 12 n. 
 
 PALESTINE, a country of Turkey in 
 Asia, so called from the Philistines, who 
 inhabited its sea coast. It is also called 
 Judea, from the patriarch Judah ; the 
 Land of Canaan, and the Promised Land, 
 From its having been tbe scene of the 
 birth, ministry, and death of Jesus, it has 
 superstitioiisly been denominated the 
 Holy Land. It is divided from the other 
 parts of Syria, on the n by Mount Libamis, 
 E by the river Jordan and the Dead sea, 
 and bounded on the s by Arabia, Petiea, 
 and w' by the Mediterranean. In the 
 reign ®of Rehoboam, it w^as divided into 
 the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and 
 after the Babylonish captivity it was di- 
 vided into three parts called Judea, 
 Samaria, and Galiiee, the capitals of 
 which, at the ] resent day, are Jerusalem, 
 Napolose, and Nazareth. It is, in general, 
 a fertile country, abounding, w’here cul- 
 tivated, with corn, wine, and oil. The 
 parts about Jerusalem, its capital, are 
 the most momitainous and rocky ; but 
 they feed numerous herds and flocks, and 
 yield plenty of honey, with excellent wine 
 and oil, and the valleys produce large crops 
 of corn. 
 
 Palestrina, anciently Prieneste, a town of 
 Italy, in Campagna di Ronia ; capital of a 
 principality of the same name, the ruins of 
 an ancient temple dedicated to Fortune are 
 still visible, 25 miles e by s of Rome. 
 Lon. 13 5 R, lat. 41 62 n. 
 
 Palestrina, one of tbe largest and most 
 populous of the islands called the Laguues, 
 near Venice. The principal harbour has 
 the same name, also one of its towns, six 
 miles s of Venice. 
 
 Paliano, a town in Campagna di Roma, 
 Italy, stands on a hill, 20 miles e of Rome, 
 
 Pnligatit, or Palicaud, a fort in Mala- 
 bar, Hindoostan, seated between two rivu- 
 lets near their junction, at the foot of the s 
 extremity of the Gants. It was built by Hy ] 
 der, and is surrounded bj^ scattered village?, 
 which contain a considerable population, 
 and have some trade, 26 miles wsw of 
 Coimbetore, and 60 k by n of Paniany. 
 
 Paligonda, a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doostan, seated on the Paliar, with the vesti- 
 ges of a fort, on which there is a temple, 
 26 miles w of Arcot. 
 
 Palicata, a sea-port of Hindoostan, oa 
 
PAL 
 
 (he coast of Coromandel, 25 miles n of 
 Madras. 
 
 Palhnhan, the capital of a kingdom of 
 the same name, on the e coast of the island 
 of Sumatra. It stands on tli river Palim- j 
 bam. Here the Dutch have a fort, and a ! 
 great trade in pejrper, about 50 miles from | 
 the sea, and ISO ^’E of Bencooien. Lon. 103 j 
 45 E, lat. 2 50 s. | 
 
 Palk Siraity a strait at the n end of the |i 
 island of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, | 
 which separates that island from the coast of |j 
 Tanjore in Hindoostan. Here is a pearl jj 
 fishery. 
 
 PALLISER ISLANDS, a group of islands 
 in the S Pacific ocean, the largest about 15 i 
 miles in length and 10 in breadth, in lat. ! 
 15 38 s Ion. H6. 30 w. 
 
 Pabnuy or Pah.na Nuova, a town of Ve- 
 nice, in Friuli, containing above 2000 inha- 
 bitants. It is situated on a canal that coin- 
 mnnicates with Lizonzo, 10 miles se of 
 Udina, and 55 ne of Venice. Lon. 13 15 e, 
 lat. 4G 2 N. 
 
 Palma f a town in Estremadnra, Portugal, 
 on the Cadoan, 20 miles e of Setuval. 
 
 PALMA, one of the Canary Isles, n of 
 Ferro, 50 miles in circumference, and very 
 fertile, the town of its name is much fre- 
 quented for its good harbour, and excellent 
 wine. Lon. 17 50 w, lat. 28 37 n. 
 
 Palma, a strong city of Mcijorca, ca- 
 pital of the island, and a bishop^s see, seated 
 at the head of a bay on the sw^ part of the 
 island. It contains about 6000 houses, a uni- 
 versity, and seven churches, beside the ca- 
 thedral, and many convents. The cathe- 
 dral, the palace of the ancient kings, the 
 episcopal ])aiace, and the tov/nhouse are 
 magnificent. The exchange is a Gothic 
 structure, the harbour is small, but safe and 
 commodious. In 1700, it w^as taken by the 
 
 PAL 
 
 English, and retaken ip 1715. Lon. 2 
 45 E, lat. 39 35 n. 
 
 Palma, a town in Andalusia, Spain, on 
 the Xenil, near its junction with the Gudal- 
 quiver, 30 miles sw of Cordova. 
 
 Palma, a town in Val di Mazara, Sicily, 
 has a rich mine of sulphur in the vicinity, 
 
 15 miles se of Girgenti. 
 
 Palma, a town of New^ Granada, with 
 rich copper mines, and manufactures of cot- 
 ton, linen, and sugar, 54 miles kw of 
 St. F«. 
 
 Palma di Solo ; a seaport on the sw 
 coast of Sardinia, 38 miles sw of Cagliari. 
 Lon. 8 56 e, lat. 39 5 n. 
 
 Palmas, a river of New Spain, formed by 
 the junction of the Nassas and Saucedci, 
 in New Biscay, it runs e about 200 miles 
 between the provinces of New Leon, and 
 Panuco, and falls into the gulf of Mexico. 
 
 PALMAS, one of the Philippine islands, 
 
 16 leagues se of Mindanao. Lon. 170 
 0 E, lat. 5 33 N. 
 
 Palmas Cape, a promontory on the ivory 
 ooast of Guinea. Lon,^ 5 34 w, lat; 4 
 26 s. 
 
 Palmela, a town in Estremadiira, Portu- 
 gal, with a castle on a rock, eight miles 
 NNE of Setuval, and 19 se of Lisbon 
 
 PALMER.STON ISLAND, is in *lat. IS 
 0 s, and 162 57 \v, and is the second in situa- 
 tion from the se of a group of nine or 10 
 all known by the same general name, and 
 connected by a reef of coral rock. The 
 principal one does not exceed a mile in cir- 
 cuit, and is not more than three feet above 
 the level of the sea. It is without inhabi- 
 tants, and abounds with scurvy grass, cocoa 
 nuts, and the -wharra-tree. It was discover- 
 ed by captain Cook, in 1774. 
 
 Palyaevstowii, a town in Dublin, Leinster^ 
 three miles from Dublin. 
 
 Palmos ; See Canary, 
 
 Palniyra, or Pticimor, once a magnificent 
 city in the deserts of Arabia, built king 
 Solomon. It became llie capital of a prin- 
 ci|)ality, under the name of Paimvra, on 
 the decline of the kingdom of Maekonian 
 empire in the e on Adrian marebing hrs 
 army throug^h Syria into Egypt, it declared 
 for the Romans, and the city flourished and 
 increased to the time of Aurelian, when 
 Queen Zenobia held it out a long time 
 against (ho Romaiis, but was at lengSi sub- 
 dued, taken captive and led in triumph 
 through the streets of Rome. The soldiers 
 who had been left in the garrison were soon 
 after massacred by the inhabitants. In re- 
 venge of this outrage, Aurelious caused the 
 inhabitants to be destroyed, and gave up the 
 ' city to pillage. The stupendous ruins of 
 the citj^ w hich stands in the midst of a sandy 
 desert, and are bounded on three sides bv 
 mountains; were visited, in 1751, by Wood 
 and Dawliins, and a splendid account of 
 them published in 1753. The inhabitants, 
 then consisiing of about 40 families, had 
 erected their mud cottages within the spa- 
 cions court of a once magnificent temple of 
 the sun.. Palmyra is 180 miles se of Alep- 
 po. Lon. 38 50 e, lat. 33 20 n. 
 
 Palmyra, the only port of entry and de- 
 li very in the State of Tennessee. 
 
 Palmrnd, a district of the Carnatio, Kin- 
 doostan, lying between the Guntoor circar, 
 and the river Kistna. Timerycotta is th# 
 chief town. 
 
 PALOMINOS, small islands on the coast 
 of Peru, S America, 33 miles w of St. Law- 
 rence island. 
 
 Palos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 
 with a pretty good harbour, at the mouth 
 of Rio Tinto, famous for being the place 
 whence Columbus sailed, on his first adven- 
 turous voyage, in 1492. It lies 40 miles 
 w by s of Seville. Lon. 6 52 w, lat. 37 
 
 10 N. 
 
 Palos, Cape, a promontory in Murcia, 
 Spain, 19 miles e of Carthagena. Lou. 0 
 40 w, lat. 37 37 N. 
 
 Palota, a town of Lower Hungary, faiU)#' 
 county of Alba Regalis, taken from tk# 
 Turks, in 1887. It is 40 miles sw of Buda, 
 Lon. 21 20 E, Ut. 47 0 x. 
 
PAN 
 
 Paloiza^ a town of Hungary, on the Po- 
 prat, 54 miles N of Cassovia. Lon. 21 
 20 E, lat. 45 42 n. 
 
 Ftdte, a famous lake of Jibef, situated 
 about 12 miles s of the fiver Sanpoo, sw of 
 Lassa, said to surround an island 30 miles 
 long, and 20 broad. 
 
 Paltz, New, a town on the west side of 
 Hudson s river, Ulster county, New York, 
 about 20 miles nw of Newburgh. 
 
 Pallida, a town of Erzerum situated near 
 the Euphrates, inhabited by Mahometans 
 and Christians. 
 
 Pamiers, a handsome town in the depart- 
 ment of Arriege, France, on the Arriedge, 
 lately a bishop’s see. In the vicinity is a 
 mineral spring, eight miles n of Foix, and 
 30 s by E of Thoulouse. Lon. I 35 e, 
 iat. 43 6 N. 
 
 Pampelonne, a town in the department 
 of Tarn, France, 15 miles n by e of Alby. 
 
 Pampeluna, capital of Upper Navarre, 
 Spain, a bishop’s see, with a university, and 
 strong citadel. Its handsome squares are 
 adorned with rich shops. After a blocade 
 of three months, the French garrison in this 
 city surendered to the Spaniards Octr. 31 
 1813. It lies on the Arga, 47 miles s of 
 Bayonne, and 197 ne of Madrid. Lon. 1 
 42 w, lat. 42 47 n. 
 
 Pamplico Sound, an inland sea, on the 
 coast of N Carolina, separated in its whole 
 length from the Atlantic, by a sandy*beach 
 about a mile wide, and is 100 miles long 
 and 20 broad. Of its several inlets, that of 
 Oerecoke is the only one that will admit of 
 large vessels, and is in lat. 34 54 n. 
 
 Pampliega, a town in Old Castile, Spain, 
 12 miles sw of Burgos. 
 
 Pamplona, a town of New Granada, 
 seated in a fertile plain surrounded by moun- 
 tains, with beautiful houses, public edifices 
 and squares. Here are mines of gold, and 
 copper, abundance of cattle, and manufac- 
 tures of sugar and cotton. It is 180 miles 
 NE of Santa Fe. Lon. 72 21 w, lat. 7 
 
 1 N. 
 
 Pan, or PaJian. See Pahang, 
 
 PAN A, OR PUNA, ail island on the coast 
 of Peru, seven leagues ene of Santa Clara. 
 
 Panagia, a town in Romania, European 
 Turkey, 14 miles n of Gallipoli. 
 
 Panaraga, capital of a district in Java, 
 60 miles e by n of Mataram. 
 
 Panama, the capital ot Terra Fivuia Pro- 
 per, S America, is situated on a capacious i 
 bay of its name, on the s coast of the Isthmus 
 of Darien, and is the seat of a royal audience, I 
 and of a bishop who is primate of Terra | 
 Firma. The harbour of Panama is formed J 
 in its road by the shelter of several islands. | 
 It is surrounded with a stonCgW'all, and other 
 fortifications, and the public buildings are 
 very handsome. It was the emporium for 
 all the merchandize of Chili and Peru, in- 
 tended for Europe, before the abolition of 
 the trade by the Galeons. Its commerce 
 is still considerable, and in the harbour is a 
 
 PAN 
 
 pearl fishery, 60 miles s by w of Porto Bello, 
 Lon. 79 19 w, lat. 9 0 n. 
 
 PANAMA, a province of Terra Firma, of 
 which the above city is the capital. This 
 province is called by most writers Terra 
 Firma Proper. It contains three cities, 
 and 1 2 villages. 
 
 Pananich WeU^, celebrated mineral 
 springs, similar in qualilyto.those of Moffat, 
 situatf^d two miles e ol Glenmuick church, 
 near Tulloch about 38 miles wof Aberdeen. 
 Here are commodious accommodations for 
 genteel company, with good roads leading 
 to these wells. 
 
 PAN ARIA, one of the Lipari islands, in 
 the Tuscan sea, between Lipari, and Strom- 
 boli. It is very barren, and only five miles 
 in circumference. It it eight miles n of 
 Lipari. 
 
 PANARO, a department of the late Ita- 
 lian republic, containing 211,448 citizens 
 in October 1797. Modena was the capital. 
 
 Panarucan, a town on the north coast of 
 Java, capital of a kingdom of the same 
 name, in the e part of the island. The 
 principal commerce is in long pepper. Here 
 are a number of Portuguese inhabitants. 
 
 PAN AY, one of the Philippine islands, 
 lying between those of Paragoa and Negros. 
 It is 250 miles in circumference, and is the 
 most populous and fertile of them all. Its 
 staple article is rice. Iloila is the capital. 
 
 Panbride, a parish in Forfarshire, near 
 six miles in length, and twm in breadth, ly- 
 ing on the sea coast, e of the mouth of the 
 Tay. The church is old and vvas dedicated 
 to St Bridget. The ancestors of the famous 
 Hector Boece were once proprietors of the 
 barony of Panhridge. The mansion of 
 Pcinmure stands in the western part of the 
 parish, amid thriving plantations. The 
 parish is well cultivated and fertile, and is 
 intersected by the great road by Dunde® 
 and Arbroath. Population near 1600. 
 
 Panctms, a village of Middlesex, two 
 miles to the nw of London, Here is a 
 church dedicated to St. Pancras, whose 
 vast church yard is the common burying 
 place of all the Roman Catholics in and 
 about London, Here is a medicinal spring, 
 and a college established in 1791, for the 
 improvement of farriery, and the treatment 
 of cattle in general. 
 
 P ancsov a, d. town and fortress in the Ban- 
 nat of Temeswar, Hungary, near the Da- 
 nube. 10 miles ene of Belgrade, and 56 
 ssw of Temeswar. 
 
 Panga, a large town of Africa, in the 
 kingdom of Congo, capital of the province 
 of Bamba. Lon. 14 25 e, lat, 6 30 s. 
 
 PANGASENA, one cf the Molucca is- 
 lands, in the East Indies, 45 miles long, and 
 10 broad, lying between Celebes and Bou- 
 ton. 
 
 Pango, a towui of Congo, capital of a 
 province of its name, on the Barbela, 95 
 miles NNK of St. Salvador. Lon. 14 45 e, 
 lat. 4 20 s. 
 
P A O 
 
 PANJAB, a country in the nw part of 
 Hindoostan Proper, being that which is 
 -wintered by the five eastern branches of the ^ 
 Indus. It forms a square of 2<50 miles, in- 
 cluding the whole of Lahon, and the greater 
 part of Moulton Proper. Part of it is flat 
 and marshy, and is inundated by the rains 
 between Afay and October. It was the 
 scene of Alexander's last campaign, and the 
 termination of his conquests. 
 
 Paniany^ a town in Malabar, Hindoos- 
 tan, seated in a sandy plain, near the mouth 
 of a river. Here are 40 famous mosques, 
 AOO houses inhabited by traders, and 1000 
 huts belonging to the lower orders, Aluch 
 Tice is exported to the northern part of the 
 province, 32 miles s by e of Calicut. Lon. 
 15 58 E, lat. 10 47 x, 
 
 Panniput, a town of Hindoostan Proper, 
 in the country of Delhi, seated in an exten- 
 sive plain. Here, in 1761, a battle was 
 fought between an army of 200,000 Mahrat- 
 tas, and the sultan of Candahar, at the head 
 of 150,000 Alahomedans, in which the for- 
 mer were routed. It is 76 miles nw of 
 Delhi. Lon. 76 55 e, lat. 29 13 n. 
 
 Panomi, a town in Macedonia, European 
 Turkey, 16 miles s of Salonichi. 
 
 Panormo, a towm of European Turkey, 
 in Albania, stands on the gulf of the Adria- 
 tic, opposite the island of Corfu, 45 miles 
 ssE of Valona. Lon. 20 2 e, lat. 40 0 n. 
 
 PANTAIiARIA, an island in the Medi- 
 terranean sea, between Sicily and the main 
 land of Africa, about 34 miles in circum- 
 ference. It abounds in cotton, fruits, corn, 
 and wine. It has a town of the same name. 
 To this island are sent a number of convicts 
 from Sicily. Lon. 12 31 e, lat. 36 55 n. 
 
 ' Pantika, a town in Natolia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, stands on the n'e coast of the sea of 
 Marmora, 12 miles se of Constantinople. 
 
 PANCUA, or Guastica, a province of 
 N America, in New Spain, in the audience 
 of Mexico. It is divided by the tropic of 
 Cancer, and is about 55 leagues each way. 
 The N part is barren, but the s part abounds 
 with provisions, and has mines of salt and 
 some veins of gold. 
 
 PanuGO, a city of New Spain, capital of 
 a province of t he same name. It is situated 
 on the river Panuco, 40 miles from the sea, 
 and 240 n by e of Mexico. Lon. 98 52 w, 
 lat. 22 48 N. 
 
 Pdo-King, a city of China, in the pro. 
 vines of Houquang, 30 miles ssw of Peking. 
 Lon. 1 1 1 0 E, lat. 27 5 n. 
 
 Pao-Ningy a city of China, in the pro- 
 vince Se tchuen, 7000 miles sw of Peking. 
 Lon. 105 35 e, lat. 31 3 n. 
 
 Pa oom, one of the New Hebrides, in the 
 Pacific ocean, to the s of Mallicollo. Lon. 
 
 168 29 w,lat. 16 30 s. 
 
 PaO’Tingy a city of China, the most con- 
 siderable in the province of Pe-tcheli, next 
 t© that of Pekin. The surrounding country 
 h equal in fertility to any part of CliiiMi. 
 
 13 
 
 PAR 
 
 It is 78 miles ssw of Pekin. Lon. 1 15 25 b, 
 lat. 38 54 N. 
 
 Papa, a small but strong town of Lower 
 Hungary, in the county of Vesprin, stands 
 on a mountain near the Marchaltz, and is 
 45 miles w of Buda. 
 
 PAPA-STOUR, one of the Shetland is- 
 lands, about a mile w of the main-land. It 
 is about two miles long and 10 broad, flat, 
 fertile, &c. It contains near 309 inhabi- 
 tants, and is included in the parish of Vfalls 
 and Sandness. On the coast is a curious 
 arched cave, into which a boat can sail 
 with spread oars. 
 
 PAPA STRONSAY, and Papa Wes- 
 TRAY, two of the Orkney islands. The lat- 
 ter is one of the most fertile of the Orkney 
 islands, and is included in the parish of Wes- 
 tray. It has a church and a water-mill. 
 
 Papantla, a town in Tlascala, New 
 Spain. In the vicinity, in a large forest, is 
 a pyramidical structure, built with immense 
 stones, remarkable for their polish, and or* 
 namented with hieroglyphics. It is of 
 great antiquity, 80 miles nnw of Xaiapa. 
 
 Papcastle, a large, handsome, and plea- 
 santly situated village in the parish of 
 Bridekirk, Cumberland, a mile w of Cock- 
 ermouth, and the Derwent meanders beauti- 
 fully through the intervening vale. The 
 surrounding pastures are uncommonly rich, 
 and the cheese made here is much admired. 
 
 PAPINACHOIS, an Indian nation, who 
 inhabit the country s of Piretibbe lake in 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Papoul, St, a town in the department of 
 Aube, France, on the Lembe, 13 miles e of 
 Carcasonne, and 35 se of Toulouse. 
 
 Pappenburg, a town in E Friesland, 
 Westphalia, on a canal that communicates 
 with the Ems. Here are two churches, and 
 several yards for ship-building, 23 miles s 
 ofEmbden. 
 
 Pappenheim, a town of Swabia, capital 
 of a county of the same name, on the bor- 
 ders of Franconia, stands on a liill near the 
 Atmal, 1 7 miles nw of Neuburg. 
 
 Papua. See Guinea New. 
 
 Papudo, a port of Chili, where there is a 
 good trade in hides, tallow, and rigging of 
 the neighbouring settlements, 200 miles 
 NNwof St. Jago. Lon. 71 10 w, lat. 32 
 36 s. 
 
 Para, a river of Brazil, which gives name 
 to a government, and is the nw boundary o| 
 that territory. It is, properly speahmg, the 
 eastern mouth of the Amazon, bomg a 
 branch from its estuary, flowing se and 
 then NE, to the ocean, where its mouth is 
 40 miles wide. The space included by 
 them and the ocean forms an islaiRi called 
 Maraso, or Joanes, 150 miles in diauicter. 
 
 Para, a city and capital of a govern- 
 ment of the same name, Brasd, and a bi- 
 shop^s see, on the estuary of Para, with a ci- 
 tadel and a castle, and many elegant build- 
 ings, cultivating cotton, sugar-canes, ihdi- 
 C/ c 
 
PAR 
 
 go, and tobacco^ gives employment to the 
 inhabitants, 80 miles from the ocean. Lon. 
 48 33 w, lat. 1 30 s. 
 
 PARACELS, a vast number of small is- 
 lands and rocks in the China sea. They 
 form a long cluster, lying n and s for near 
 300 miles long, and 60 broad, and lye off 
 the coast of Cochin-china. 
 
 Paradella, a town in Beira, Portugal, 12 
 miles sE of Lamego. 
 
 PARAGOA, or Palawan, the largest of 
 the cluster of islands called Calamianes, 
 and the most westerly of the Philippine is- 
 lands, 180 miles long, and from 20 to 40 
 broad, divided between the Spaniards and 
 the king of Borneo. The former have a 
 garrison at Taty, at the n end of the island. 
 Lon. 118 45 e, lat. 11 0 n. 
 
 PARAGUAY, a country of South America 
 about 1100 miles in length, and from 300 to 
 600 in breadth. The rivers, the principal 
 of which are the Parana, Paraguay, and 
 Uruguay, annually overflow their banks ; 
 and, on their recess, leave them enriched by 
 a slime, that renders the soil extremely fer- 
 tile. From the situation of this country, 
 some parts'of it must be extremely hot, from 
 the almost vertical influence of the rays of the 
 sun ; while other parts must be pleasant and 
 delightful. .Some parts are very mountain- 
 ous, but in many others, you find extensive 
 and beautiful plains, where the soil is very 
 rich, producing cotton, tobacco, and the 
 valuable herb called Paraguay, the infusion 
 of which is drank in all the Spanish pro- 
 vinces of S America, instead of tea. Cattle, 
 sheep, horses, and mules, abound in its 
 nch pastures ; of the latter, many thou- 
 sands are annually sent to Peru, together 
 with a variety of iruits. The population of 
 this country has not been accurately ascer- 
 tained, but it is very great.' The Spaniards 
 first discovered this country in 1515, and 
 founded the town of Buenos Ayres in 1535. 
 In 1580, the Jesuits were admitted into 
 these regions, gradually obtained an abso- 
 lute dominion, both spiritual and temporal, 
 over the natives, and were expelled in 1767. 
 In 1757, Spain exchanged the colonies on 
 the E shore of the Paraguay, for the Portu- 
 guese colony of St. Sacrament, which cau- 
 sed that river to become the boundary of 
 the respective possessions of the two crowns. 
 Buenos Ayres is the capital, 
 
 PARAIBA, or Parayha, the most nor- 
 thern province of Brazil, in South America, 
 lying between Rio Grande to the n, and the 
 tiver Tamarack to the s. The chief town, 
 seated on the Paraiba, is of the same name, 
 and is 10 miles from the sea. It abounds in 
 cotton, sugar-canes, lobacoo, and brasil- 
 Wood. The Portuguese were expelled by 
 the Dutch, in 1035, but soon regained pos- 
 session. It has a magnificent cathedral, 
 three forts, and many stately buildings. 
 Lon. 35 1 1 w, lat. 0 57 s. 
 
 Para Island, one of the rarge of islauds 
 
 P A R 
 
 S.B of ^^yporaba, ^ind e of the great river 
 Amazon. 
 
 Paramaribo, corruptly called Pasama^ 
 riba, the chief town of Surinam, containing 
 about 400 houses. Its port is five leagues 
 from the sea, and has every convenience. 
 Here are seldom less than 80 ships loading 
 cotton, sugar, cotfee, and indigo. The 
 streets are straight, and lined with orange, 
 lemon, shaddock, and tamarind trees in per- 
 petual bloom. In 1799, and again in 1803, 
 it surrendered to the English. The town ifi 
 situated on the e side of the river Surinam, 
 16 miles from its mouth. Lon. 55 15 w, 
 lat. 5 53 N. 
 
 Paramithi, a town in Albania, Europeaiji 
 Turkey, chief of a district of its name, 20 
 miles sw of Janina. 
 
 Paramousic, one of the Kurile islands 
 lying s of that of Shoomska* 
 
 PARANA, a province in the e division of 
 Paraguay, S America, has its name from a 
 large river which receives the Paraguay at 
 Covrientes, and afterwards joining the Ura? 
 guay, forms the Plata. Its chief town i? 
 St. Ann. 
 
 Parchim, a town of MeokjLenbuTg, Lower 
 Saxony, on the Elda, 20 miles se qi 
 Schwerin. 
 
 Parchwitz, a town and castle in the priu? 
 cipality o^ Lignitz, Silesia, on the Katzr 
 back, with a manufacture of cloth, 10 miles 
 NE of Lignitz. 
 
 PardMtz,a.iQV(a of Bohemia, in the cirr 
 cle of Chrudiu, on the Elbe, has a manufac- 
 ture of sword-blades and knives, 43 miles 
 by s of Prague. Lon. 15 4 1 e, lat. 49 58 n. 
 
 Parenza, a small town of Istria, with a 
 good harbour, on a peninsula, on the gulf of 
 Venice, 28 miles s by w of Capo dTstria. 
 Lon 13 15 E, lat. 45 18 n. 
 
 Parga, a sea port on the coast of Albania, 
 European Turkey, sealed on a peninsula, 
 30 miles sw of Janina, opposite the island of 
 Corfu. Lon. 20 47 e, lat. 39 28 N. 
 
 Parham, a town and harbour on the N 
 side of the island of Antigua, in the West 
 Indies. 
 
 PARIA, or New Andalusia, a country 
 of S America, in Terra Firma, and govern- 
 ment of Caraoeis, to the se of Cumana, on 
 the banks of the Oronoko, and including the 
 delta of that river. The gulf of Paria^ on 
 the N of this province, between Cumana and 
 the island of Trinadad, is one of the best 
 harbours in the world. Boca del Draco, 
 (the dragon’s mouth,) the n entrance into 
 this gulf, bad its name from the tempestuous 
 waves and adverse currents which Colum=» 
 bus encountered when it was discover- 
 ed in N98. The sea coast is mostly in- 
 habited, on which there are several towns. 
 
 p 7 Wa, capital of a district in the audience 
 of Caracas, Peru. Its cheese, made of tbe 
 milk of ewes, is in high esteem It has 
 some silver mines, 140 miles of Plata,^ 
 Lop. 68 32 w, lat. 18 30 s^ 
 
PAR 
 
 Paridrongj a town of Tibet, on the fron- 
 tiers of Bootan, near a river that enters the 
 Teesta, 4S miles wnw of Tassasudon. 
 
 Parilla, or Santa, a town of Peru, in Li- 
 ma, on the sea shore, near the mouth of a 
 rapid river of its name, 80 miles se of Trux- 
 illo, and 280 aw of Lima. Lon. 78 30 w, 
 lat. 9 0 s. 
 
 Parima, a lake near the borders of Ama- 
 zonia and Giiayana, S America, 80 miles 
 long, and 40 broad, formed by the Oronoko, 
 which enters on the n and issues near the 
 Nw angle of ‘the lake. The White river, 
 called also Parima, issues from the se and 
 runs s to the Black river, and thence se to 
 the river Amazon. There are two other 
 branches that flow from the w side of this 
 lake to the Black river, which forms so ma- 
 ny communications between the Oronoko 
 and the Amazon. 
 
 PARINA COCAS, a jurisdiction of South 
 America, in the audience of Lima, extending 
 above 7S miles. The mines of silver and 
 gold form the chief branch of its commerce. 
 
 Paris, the capital of France, one of the 
 largest, finest, and most populous cities in 
 Europe, is the see of an archbishop, and the 
 seat of an university. The river Seine, 
 forms two small islands, one of which, now 
 called Lisle Notre Dame, or the city, for- 
 med the entire town of Lutetia, when it was 
 conquered by Julius Caesar. The houses 
 scattered here and there were round, small, 
 and low. Clovis I. after the defeat of Ala- 
 ric, made Paris the capital of his kingdom. 
 Its circuit was much extended by Philip 
 Augustus. It w'as greatly embellished by 
 Francis I. and his successors. The inhabi- 
 tants were computed to be 800,000, but 
 from an official statement in 1810, amounted 
 only to 547,756. It is nine miles in diame- 
 ter, and 18 in circumference, including the 
 suburbs, and has 16 gates. It is supposed 
 to contain 1000 streets, and 24,000 houses, 
 among which are many of five or six sto- 
 ries. There are nine principal bridges in 
 Paris. The Pont Neuf, the finest, is 1020 
 feet long, by 72 broad. The public foun- 
 tains are very numerous. The public pla- 
 ces, squares, <fec. are also numerous and ele- 
 gant. The cathedral of Notre Dame, a Go- 
 thic structure, is one of the largest in Europe, 
 and contains 45 chapels. The Pantheon was 
 destined by the nationnl assembly, in 1791, 
 to receive the remains of such great men, 
 as had merited well of their country. The 
 remains of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Des- 
 cartes, have accordingly b#5en removed 
 fiither The university, founds by Charles 
 the fat, consists of four faculties ; namely, 
 divinity, the civil and canon law, medi- 
 cine, and the sciences. The finest college 
 in Paris was that of the four nations, called 
 also Mazarin, from that cardinal its foun- 
 der. There are six academies in Paris. 
 Among the public libraries, that called the 
 King^s, holds the first rank, in respect both 
 to thi extent of the buildings, the nura- 
 
 PAR 
 
 her of the volumes. That of St. Germain- 
 des Press, one of the richest in France, con- 
 taining between 15,000 and 20,000 manu- 
 scripts, and near 100,000 volumes, is open 
 every day to men of letters. The Royal 
 (now National) Observatory is built of free- 
 stone, and neither wood nor iron has been 
 employed in its erection. The Botanical 
 Garden is extensive, and worthy of the Ap- 
 pelation of royal. The four principal palaces 
 are the Louvre, the Thuilleries, the Palais 
 Royal, and the Luxemburg. In the Louvre 
 was lately deposited the finest collection of, 
 statues and paintings in the world. Those 
 however, wdiioh Bonaparte brought from 
 Italy, and other nations, which he subdued 
 are now, by the allied powers ordered back- 
 to their respective owners. The garden of 
 the Thuilleries in front of the palace and on 
 the banks of the Seine, is the finest prome- 
 nade in Paris. The palais royal, embelished 
 with many beautiful buildings, with shops, 
 coffee-houses, and a garden is like a con- 
 tinual fair. The Luxemburg is celebrated 
 for its gallery, in which are twenty exqui- 
 site paintings by Rubens, The Hospital- 
 general is a most noble foundation for the 
 female sex ; near 7000 of whom are here 
 provided for, and live under the inspection 
 of sixty sisters. To this foundation belongs 
 the castle of Bicestre, defended on all sides 
 by a wall of considerable circuit, which 
 contains within it many large buildings, 
 and several open places ; and here near 
 4000 j3ersons of the other sex are maintained. 
 The Hotel des Invalides, for the wounded 
 and superanuated soldiery, is a magnificent 
 structure, built by Louis XIV ; as is the 
 Military School, in the Champ de Mars, 
 which was founded by Louis XV. The two 
 principal theatres are the theatre de la na- 
 tion, and the Italian theatre, which in point 
 of elegance and convenience, are worthy of 
 the metropolis of a great nation. The Sa- 
 maritan, a beautiful edifice at the end of tho 
 bridge leading to the Louvre, is fitted up 
 with an engine which conveys the water of 
 the Seine to all the parts of the Ville. The 
 Mint is an elegant building, situated on that 
 side of the Seine which is opposite the Lou- 
 vre. The Hortel de Ville, or Guildhall of 
 the city, is an ancient structure, in the place 
 de Greve, which was heretofore the com- 
 mon place of execution, till lately when the 
 Place de la Revolution, and afterwards the 
 site of the Basiile, were appropriated to that 
 purpose. The most interesting of the manu- 
 factures of Paris is that of the Gobelins (so 
 called from a family of celebrated dyers, 
 settled in this city 1440,) in which tapestries, 
 are made after the finest pictures, U) grea . 
 perfection. The manufacture of plate-glass>: 
 likewise merits attention. This city sur- 
 rendered to the Emperor of Russia and his 
 ■allies on the 31 of March, 1814, in con- 
 sequence of which Bonaparte abdicated (he 
 imperial throne, and retired to Elba, frpui, 
 
 ' which he returned ahd iook possesion of Paris 
 
P A R 
 
 in March 181 5, took the field at the head of his . 
 army, was defeated at Waterloo, and again 
 abdicated, in consequence of which the allies 
 proceeded to Paris, where they still remain 
 at the close of 1815. Paris forms^ with a 
 small district round it, one of the depart- 
 ments of France ; and is 263 miles sse of 
 London, 625 w of Vienna, and 630 nne of 
 Madrid. Lon. 2 20 e, lat. 48 50 n. 
 
 PARIS, chief of Bourbon county, Ken- 
 tucky seated in a fine plain, watered by a 
 small river, 30 miles e of Frankfort. 
 
 PoriSy a thriving town in Herkemer 
 county, New York, six miles sw of Whites- 
 town. The township contained, in 1796, 
 3450 inhabitants. 
 
 PARKEK^S ISLAND, an island of the 
 United States, in Lincoln county, district 
 of Maine. It derives its name from 
 John Parker, who, in 1650, purchased it of 
 the natives, and part of it is still the proper- 
 ty of bis descendents. 
 
 Parker^s River y a river of Massachusetts, 
 which rises in Essex county, and flows into 
 the sound which separates Plumb island 
 front the mainland, it is navigable two miles 
 from its mouth, where a bridge croses it, 
 870 feet long and 26 wide, consisting of 
 eight wooden arches supported by solid piers. 
 It is on the post read e from Boston, and 
 was built in 1758. 
 
 Parkgatey a, sea-port of Cheshire, at the 
 mouth of the Dee, 10 miles nw of Chester. 
 It has a strong pier, and a commodious ter- 
 race, and hence packet boats frequently sail 
 to Ireland. 
 
 Parkkeady and ParkhousCy two villages 
 near Glasgow ; the former contains near 
 700 inhabitants and the latter about 500. 
 
 Parmay an ancient rich, populous, and 
 handsome town of Italy, capital of a duchy 
 of the same name, and a bishop's see, with 
 an university. Besides its magnificent ca- 
 thedral it has many handsome churches, and 
 elegant streets. The celebrated Coreggio, 
 who was a native of this place, painted the 
 cupola of the cathedral and church of 
 St. John. In the church of the Capuchins 
 is the tomb of the famous Alexander Farnese. 
 The ducal palace, with its gallery and col- 
 lection of artificial curiosities ; the theatre 
 capable of containing 14,000 spectators ; 
 the benedictine convent, in which 12,000 
 soldiers were quartered in 1734 ; a ducal 
 palace connected with the town, and the 
 promenade between the town and citadel, 
 are objects w'orthy of notice. Here, in 
 1734, the Austrians were defeated n' a bat- 
 tle with the French and Sardinians. The 
 inhabitants, about 38,000, trade in silk 
 and silk stockings. Parma* is situated on 
 a river of the same name, which divides it 
 into two parts, united by three bridges, 40 
 miles Nw of Modena, and 60 sb of Milan. 
 Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 44 50 n. 
 
 PARMA, a duchy tMid province of Italy, 
 partly annexed to the late Italian republic, 
 and lately wholly in possession of the 
 
 PAR 
 
 French. . Besides Parma Proper, it includes 
 the duchies of Piacenza and Guastella,. 
 The famous Parmesan cheese is no longer 
 made in this country, but at Lodi, in the Mi- 
 lanese, and some other places. This duchy, 
 in 1808, was annexed to France, and was 
 called the department of Taro. The air is 
 very wholesome. The soil is fertile in 
 corn,. wine, oil, and hemp. There aie also 
 some considerable mines of copper and sil- 
 ver. 
 
 ParnassuSy now called Parnasso, a cele- 
 brated mountain of Turkey in Asia, in Liva- 
 dia, w'ith two tops ; one famous for being 
 consecrated to Bachus, and the other to 
 Apollo and the muses. It is the highest in 
 Greece, and has a line fountain, supposed to 
 be the ancient Castallia. It is eight miles 
 N of Livadia. 
 
 Paroy or Porrogangy a town in Bootan, 
 seated on the Patchieu, in a fertile valley, 
 with a castle the residence of the governor. 
 It is celebrated fora manufacture of swords^ 
 daggers, arrows, and idols, 20 miles s by e 
 of Tassasudon. 
 
 PAROS, an island of the Archipelago,, 
 one of the Cyclades, about 10 miles in 
 length, and eight in breadth. The soil is 
 well cultivated, and the pastures feed a 
 great number of flocks. Their trade con- 
 sists in wheat, barley, wine, pulse, and cal- 
 licoes ; and in marble also, v/hich has loog 
 been in great estimation by sculptors. The 
 celebrated Statuaries, Phidias, and Praxiti- 
 les, w^ere natives of this island, and the fa- 
 mous Arundelian marbles at Oxford -w’ere 
 brought from this place. It once abounded 
 with oil, but the Venetian army burnt the 
 olive trees. It lies near Naxia, and Paros 
 is the capital. 
 
 Porosy the capital of the above island, 
 anciently the largest town of the 
 Cyclades, is at present much reduced. It 
 is a bishop^s see, the walls of the castle, 
 are built of ancient pieces of marble, also 
 their houses, and even their fields are enclos-' 
 ed with frieses, altars, and baso relie voz. 
 The art of sculpture is now confined to mor- 
 tars and salt-cellars. It is situated on the 
 w coast of the island. Lon. 25 44 e, 
 lat. 37 8 N. 
 
 ParraSy a town in New Biscay, New 
 Spain, seated near a lake of the same name, 
 in a charming situation, where a species of 
 wild vine is cultivated, 76 miles w of Sal- 
 tillo. 
 
 P arret y a river that has its source in the s 
 part of Somersetshire, meets in its course, 
 the Ivel and Mone, becomes navigable at 
 the town of Bridgewater, and falls into the 
 Bristol channel, at Bridgewater bay. 
 
 Parramattay a towm or settlement of 
 English convicts in New South Wales, si- 
 tuated at the head of the harbour of Port 
 Jackson, with a church, and court house, 
 and gaol, 13 miles w of Sydney Cove. 
 Lon. 151 30 E, lat. 33 50 s. 
 
 Parteen, a town in Clare, Munster, 
 
PAS 
 
 Ireland, pleasantly situated on the Shan- 
 non. 
 
 Partenkirch, a town of Bavaria, in the 
 county of Werdenfels, 20 miles s by e ot 
 Welheim. 
 
 Parthenay, an ill built town in the de- 
 partment of Two Sevres, France. It car- 
 ries on a considerable trade in cattle a/nd 
 corn, and is situated on the Thoue, 21 miles 
 s of Thouars, and 28 nne of Niort. 
 
 Parthenopian ; See Neopolitan. 
 
 Parton, a snitiil sea-port of Cumberland, 
 two miles n of Whitehaven, seated under 
 high cliffs on the sea shore. 
 
 Partony a parish and village in Kirkcud- 
 brightshire, SE of Gtillowy, bounded on the 
 w by the Dee. The parish is of a square 
 form^ comprehending about 20 square miles. 
 Its chief productions are cattle, sheep, wool 
 and corn. In the parish is a sulphureous 
 spring, a druidical circle, and two artificial 
 mounds. Population 426. 
 
 Paruy a town in the jurisdiction of Para, 
 Brazil, n side of the head of the estuary of 
 the Amazon, 200 miles from the ocean. 
 Lon. 54 20 w, lat. I 50 s. 
 
 Paritpanada, a town in Malabar, Hin- 
 doostan, seated near the rriOuth of a river, 
 contains 700 houses built of stone, 12 miles 
 s of Calicut. 
 
 ParySy a mountain in the nw coast of the isle 
 of Anglesy, famous fora copper mine, proba- 
 bly the largest bed of ore of that metal hither- 
 to discovered in the world. It is wrought like 
 a stone quarry open to day. It seems to 
 have been wrought by the Romans, but was 
 discontinued, from the time of that people, 
 till 1764. Of the vast quantity of ore, the 
 purest part is sent to the smelting works at 
 Swansea and other places ; the most impure 
 is deprived of its sulphur on the spot ; w^hich 
 sulphur is sublimed and afterwards formed 
 into rolls of brimstone. A lead ore rich in 
 silver is also found in this mountain. The 
 smelting and boiling houses are in the valley 
 below, near the sea. Much of the produce 
 of these mines is shipped at the commodious 
 harbour of Almwich. The w'ealth and po- 
 pulation of Anglesy have received a great 
 increase from the discovery of this copper 
 mine. 
 
 PaSy a tow'o in the department of the 
 Pas de Calais, France, 12 miles sw of 
 Arras. 
 
 Pastty a town in Farsistan, Persia, 80 
 miles sE of Shiras. 
 
 Pascuaro, or PatzquarOy a town in 
 Mechoacan, New Spain, seated on the e 
 bank of a picturesque lake of its name. It 
 is famous as the burial place of the cele- 
 brated Vasco, first bishop of Mechoacan, 
 who died in 1556, and whom the natives 
 still call their father. 
 
 PAS DE CALAIS, or Straits op 
 Calais, one of the departments of France, 
 containing the late province of Artois and 
 Boulonhois. Arras is the capital. j 
 
 Pasewalky a town of Hither Pomerania, ; 
 
 PAS 
 
 seated on the Ucker. In the vicinity ar® 
 some iron-works, 28 miles w of Stettin. 
 
 Pasmariy an island near Dalmatia, 18 
 miles long and three broad. 
 
 PASPAYA, a jurisdiction in the arch- 
 bisiiopric of La Plata, about 40 leagues 
 s of the city of that name. It is moun- 
 tainous, but abounds in grain, pulse, and 
 fruits, 
 
 Pasqua, a town in the province of Xali?co, 
 New Spain, at the mouth of a river, 100 
 miles ssw of Compostella. 
 
 PasquiarOy a town in New Biscay, New 
 Spain, 70 miles w by Nof Durango. 
 
 Passage, a sea port in the province of 
 Biscay, and territory of Guipuscoa Spain, 
 with a castle, seated on a gulf between 
 Fontarabia, and St, Sebastian, four miles ji. 
 of the latter, and the harbour is very spaci- 
 ous within, though narrow at the entrance, 
 GO miles e of Bilboa. 
 
 Passage, on the coast of Ireland, in Cork, 
 Munster, opposite Great island, on which 
 the town of Cove is situated. 
 
 Passage, in Waterford, Munster, situated 
 on the N Side of a steep hill. Here is an 
 excellent road, where 590 sail of ships may 
 ride safely. 
 
 Passage, Fort, a small town of Jamaica, 
 situated at the mouth of the Cobre, on the 
 road between Port Royal and Spanish towm, 
 seven miles se of the latter. 
 
 Passage Islands, Great and Little, two 
 of the Virgin islands, in the West Indies. 
 Lon. 64 5 vv, lat. 18 ^ n. 
 
 Passamaquody, a towm in Washington 
 county, district of Maine, seated on a bay 
 of its name, at the month of the Cobscook, 
 20 miles nne of Machias. 
 
 Passao Cape, a cape in the kingdom of 
 Quito. Lon. 80 50 w, lat. 0 30 s. 
 
 Passaro, Cape, the se point of Sicily, 
 anciently called Pachinum. It is rather a 
 low point, separated from the island by a 
 narrow channel. It has a fort. Off this 
 cape in 1735, Sir George Byng defeated the 
 Spaniards. Lon. 15 17 e, lat. 36 40 n. 
 
 Passarowitz, a town of Turkey, in Eu- 
 rope, in Servia, It is situated near the 
 Morava. Here, in 1718, a peace Wiis con- 
 cluded between Achmit III. and Charles 
 VI. 33 miles ese of Belgrade. 
 
 Passaruan, a town in Java, with a trade 
 in rice, and cotton, 30 miles w of Pana- 
 rucan. 
 
 PASSAU, Bishopric of, a territory of 
 Germany, in Bavaria, lying between Lower 
 Bavaria, Austria, and Bohemia. Passau 
 is the capital. 
 
 Passau, an ancient, handsome, and’cele- 
 brated town of Germany, the capital of the 
 above, principality. Passau is on the s sido 
 of the Danube, where it receives the Hz and 
 Inn, and by these rivers is divided into four 
 parts; Passau, Instadt, Ilstadt, and the 
 I fortified castle of Oberhaus. Passau is 
 j separated from Instadt by the Inn on the k, 
 li Th® other two, which are parted by the 
 
PAT 
 
 II 2, are oti the n side of the Danube. Here, 
 a treaty, or religious peace, was concluded 
 in 1552. The cathedral and greatest part 
 of the town were consumed, by fire, in 1662. 
 but they have been handsomely rebuilt. It 
 is 62 miles te by s of Ratisbon, and 135 w 
 by N of Vienna. Lon* 13 12 e, lat. 48 
 34 N. 
 
 PassenJieim, a town in the province of 
 Oberland, Prussia, 40 miles s of Heils- 
 berg. 
 
 PassignanOy a town in Perugino, Italy, 
 on the N coast of the lake Perugia, 17 miles 
 Kw of Perugia. 
 
 Passo del Norte, a town of New Mexico, 
 with a fortress, seated on the right bank of 
 the Rio del Norte, near the borders of New 
 Biscay. In the vicinity are great numbers 
 of black cattle and sheep, and abundance of 
 corn, wine, and fruit, 240 miles n of Chihu- 
 ahua, and 270 s of St. Fe. Lon. 104 44 w, 
 lat. 32 14 N. 
 
 Passy, a village in the department of 
 Paris, near the town of St. Denys, France. 
 Here is a manufacture for speedily bleach- 
 ing cotton and linen cloth. 
 
 PastOy or Sty Juan de Pasto, a town of 
 Popayan, in South America, seated in a plain, 
 at the foot of a lofty mountain. It has 
 wooden manufactures, varnished so as to 
 resemble Japan, which are much esteemed, 
 120 miles n by E of Quito. Lon. 77 6 w, 
 lat. 1 14 n. 
 
 ' Pastrana, a town of New Castile, Spain, 
 32 miles e of "Madrid. 
 
 PATAGONIA, the most southern part 
 of South America, where a race of people 
 Were discovered, who for two centuries and 
 an half, have afforded a subject of contro- 
 versy to the learned and of w^onder to the 
 vulgar. The first accounts of this people 
 were brought to Europe by the companions 
 of Magellan, who described them as a 
 gigantic race, above eight feet high, and of 
 strength in proportion to their uncommon 
 size. Later accounts state them to be from 
 six feet, to six feet five and seven inches in 
 height, with remarkably small hands and 
 feet. Their teeth are very white and well 
 set. They all paint necirly in the same 
 manner. Their colour is a kind of bronze. 
 They have no other cloathing than skins, 
 which they wear with the hair inward, and 
 and a sort of little apron. Their is no tim- 
 ber in the s parts, but there is a vast quantity 
 in the N, with numerous herds of cattle. 
 Patagonia is about 1100 miles long, and 
 300 broad, extending from the river Plata, 
 to the straits of ' Magellan. The e coast 
 is generally flat. Port St. Julian is the 
 principal harbour. 
 
 Pataky a town of Hungary, on the Lato- 
 reza, has a protestant college, 25 miles sse 
 of Cassovia. 
 
 PATANA, a district and city of Mysore; 
 See Seringapatam. 
 
 PATANI, a kingdom of Asia, in the 
 peninsula of Malacca; ou th¥ k coast. The 
 
 PAT 
 
 I inhabitants are all accounted very volup- 
 tuous. The air is wholesome, though very 
 hot. They have some trade with the Chi- 
 nese; and the principal town of the same 
 name has a harbour, and lies 300 miles 
 by w of Malacca. Lon. 100 50 e, lat. 7 
 5 N. 
 
 Patay, a town in the department of Loiret, 
 France. Here Joan of Arc, defeated the 
 English in 1429. It is 15 miles nw of Or- 
 leans. 
 
 Patehuca, or Patioca, a town of Mexico, ^ 
 70 miles n of Mexico. 
 
 Patelt, See Putala^ 
 
 Paternoy a town of Sicily, in Val do 
 Demana, built on tha ruins of Hybla, so 
 famous for its honey. It is 15 miles w of 
 Catania. 
 
 Paternoster Islands, small islands and 
 rocks in the East Indies, between the islands 
 of Borneo and Celebes. > 
 
 Pathheady a manufacturing village in 
 Fifeshire, adjoining Kircaldy, containing 
 about 2000 inhabitants. Its manufactures 
 are checks, brown linen, and nails, two 
 miles w of Dysart. It is much frequented 
 by sea- bathers. 
 
 Path of Gondie, a village in the Ochil 
 hills, Perthshire, containing 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Patience, an island inNarraganset, bay, 
 Rhode island, about two miles long and one 
 broad. 
 
 PATMOS, an island of the Archipelago, 
 now called Patino, situated on the coast of 
 Natolia, between the isles Samos and 
 Nicaria, 26 miles s of the former, and about 
 20 miles in circumference, and one of the 
 most barren in the Archipelago. It abounds 
 with pigeons, turtles, quails, partridges, 
 snipes, and rabbits. Here John wrote the 
 book of the Revelation. A mountain in the 
 midst of the island is terminated by the con- 
 vent of St. John, the abbot of which is the 
 prince of the island, and is tributary to the 
 grand seignior. Between the convent and 
 the port of Scala, on the side of the moun- 
 tain, is the hermitage of the Apocalypse, it 
 leads to the church of the same name, which 
 is built against a grotto in a rock, said to 
 have been the asylum of the apostle, during 
 his exile in Patmos. The inhabitants are 
 Greek Christians, sailors or shipbuilders. 
 The women are pretty, but disfigure them- 
 selves with paint. Lon. 28 34 e, lat. 37 
 24 N. 
 
 Patn, a city of Napaul, two miles sse 
 of Catmandu, the capital, arid near the Bog- 
 mutty, which runs between the two cities. 
 It contains some handsome buildings. 
 
 Patna, a city of Hindoostan Proper, ca- 
 pital of Bahar. It is an extensive and po- 
 pulous city, on the s bank of the Ganges, 
 opposite the junction of the Gunduck, sur- 
 rounded by a wall. The buildings are high, 
 and the streets narrow. In the citadel 
 w'ere confined the prisoners taken by Meer 
 Cossim, in 1764, who ordered them to be 
 massacred, It is a place of corisiderablt 
 
PAT 
 
 trade, and is (suptposed to be the anciMt 
 Palabothra. It is 400 miles n\v of Cal- 
 cutta. Lon. 85 0 E, lat. 25 35 n. 
 
 PatowimCf or Potomacky a large river 
 which rises by two branches, the n and thes, 
 which originate in and near the Alleghany 
 mountains, and forms, through its whole 
 course, •part of the boundary between the 
 states of Virginia and Maryland. Upon 
 this river stands Washington, the metropo- 
 lis of the United States. It is seven miles 
 and a-half wide at its mouth, and is naviga- 
 ble 300 miles. 
 
 Patras, an ancient and flourishing town 
 of European Turkey, in the Morea, and a 
 Greek archbishop’s see. Besides several 
 mosques, and Greek churches, the Jews, 
 who are one-third of the inhabitants have 
 (our synagogues. It is large and populous. 
 The inhabitants carry on a great trade in 
 silk, leather, honey, wax, oranges, citrons, 
 pomegranates, currants, and cheese. It is 
 situated near the entrance of the gulf of 
 Lepanto, 14 miles sw of Lepauto. Lon. 21 
 45 E, lat, 38 17 N. 
 
 Patria, a town in Terra di Lavoro, 
 Naples, near a lake of the same name, 13 
 miles Nw of Naples. 
 
 Patrica, a town of Italy, in Campagna 
 di Roma, eight miles e of Ostia, and 13 s of 
 Rome. 
 
 Patrick, St, a town of the state of 
 Georgia, on the great Sitilla, and chief of 
 Camden county, 32 miles nw of the port of 
 St. Mary. 
 
 Patrick's Well, St, a town in Limerick, 
 Munster. 
 
 PATRIMONY OF ST PETER, a pro- 
 vince of Italy, in the Ecclesiastic^ state. 
 It is about 43 miles in length, and 3Q in 
 breadth. It is said to have been a grant 
 of the emperor Constantine, to support a 
 church which he had built in honour of St. 
 Peter, The country is fertile in corn and 
 fruit, and produces alum, Viterbo is the 
 iJapital. 
 
 Patrington, a town in the East Riding 
 pf Yorkshire, seated at the mouth of the 
 Humber. It is said to have been the prae- 
 torium of Ptolemy. Here the Roman road 
 (rom the Piets wall ended. It has a m.ar- 
 ket on Saturday, and two annual fairs. It 
 is 18 miles es of Hull, and 188 n of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Pafrou, a tow'n of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Bechin, with good cloth manufactures, 
 17 milps E of Tabor. 
 
 Patschkau, a town of Silesia, on the 
 Neisse, 1 3 miles w of Neisse. 
 
 PATTA, an island on the coast of Znn- 
 gueba.r, at the mouth of a river of its name, 
 inhabited principally by Arabians who trade 
 in ivory and slaves. It is 10 miles in circuit. 
 Lon. 43 0 E, lat. 1 50 s. 
 
 Pattan, a town of Napaul, containing 
 24,0.00 houses, and several temples, 10 miles 
 ESR of Catmandu. 
 
 a town of Lowor S^xoyy, in 
 
 P A U 
 
 the principality of Calenlierg, 12 miles s by % 
 of Hanover. 
 
 Patterson, a town in Bergen county. 
 New Jersey. It was established by an 
 act of the legislature of New Jersey, in 
 1791. It is one of the most convenient 
 situations for a manufacturing town of any 
 on the continent. It is 19 miles ne of 
 Morristown. 
 
 Patti, a town in Val di Demona, situated 
 on the gulf of Patti, is a bishop’s see. It 
 has many churches, and rich convents, and 
 a considerable manufacture of earthen ware, 
 some ruins of the ancient city of Tindari 
 are still visible, on a lofty cape, four miles 
 to the ne, 38 miles w of Messina. Lon. 
 15 17 E, lat. 83 9 N. 
 
 Pattiary, a town in the country of Oude, 
 Hindoostan, 55 miles nw of Canogu, and 55 
 ENE of Agra. 
 
 Pattun, a town of Hindoostan, capital of 
 a circar of the same name, in the country 
 of Guzerat, on the Surswutty. It is 48 
 miles NW of Amadabad. Lon, 72 30 e, 
 lat. 23 45 N. 
 
 Patuxent, a river of Maryland, which 
 has its source 10 miles ne of Washington, 
 and enters the w side of Cheasapeak bay, 15 
 miles N of the mouth of the river Potomack. 
 
 Patzow, a town in the circle of Bechen, 
 Bohemia, has manufactures of cloth, and a 
 Carmelite convent, 17 miles e of Tabor. 
 
 Pau, a large ill built town in the depart- 
 ment of the Lower Pyrennees, France seated 
 on an eminence, near the Pau. In its 
 castle Henry IV. was born. It was th<^ 
 ancient residence of the kings of Navarre ; 
 and the capital of Bearn, before the revo- 
 lution. In the vicinity are vineyards, and 
 in the town woollen and linen manufactures, 
 97 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0 9 w, lat, 
 43 15 N. 
 
 PAUCARTAMBO, a jurisdiction of Cus- 
 co, in Peru, on the e side of a river of its 
 name. It is very fruitful, and lies 33 mile?? 
 ENE of the city of Cusco, 
 
 PAVESAN, a territory of Italy, in the 
 duchy of Milan, included in the late Italian 
 republic. Pavia is the capital. 
 
 Pavia, an ancient and celebrated city of 
 It^ly, in the above territory, and a bishop’s 
 see, with a citadel, and a celebrated univer- 
 sity. There are 18 churches beside th© 
 cathedral. The abbey of Chiaravalle^ 
 celebrated for its extent and ornaments is 
 at the distance of four miles. It stands in 
 a beautiful plain, on the Tesino, near its 
 junction with the Po. The chief articles 
 of commerce are corn, hemp, cheese, aad 
 wine. It is 15 miles s by e ol Milan. Lon. 
 9 15 E, lat. 45 13 n. 
 
 Paul, a town of Yorkshire, on the Hum- 
 ber, s of Headon. 
 
 Paxita, a haiid-some town of Naples, in 
 Calabria Citeriore, 12 miles wnw of Co- 
 senza. 
 
 Paul de Fenouilledes, a town in the de- 
 partmettt of the Eastern Pyrenees, 18 miles 
 
PAX 
 
 ■wmv of Perpignan, Franco, 30 miles n of 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Paul de Leon St, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Finisterre, France, on a bay of the 
 English channel, 30 miles ke of Brest. 
 Lon. 4 0 w, lat. 48 41 n. 
 
 Paul de Omaguas, St, a town of Ama- 
 zonia, on the frontiers of Peru, seated on 
 the s side of the Amazon. Lon. 69 20 w, 
 lat. 4 JO s. 
 
 Paul Trots Chateaux, St, an ancient 
 town in the department of Drome, France, 
 16 miles s of Montelimar. 
 
 PAUI/s ISLAND, St, an island in the 
 strait between Newfoundland and Cape 
 Breton islands. Lon. 60 2 w, lat. 47 13 n. 
 
 Paul, St, a town in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, France, 10 miles se of 
 Limoges. 
 
 Paul, St, a towm in the department of 
 Pas de Calais, 18 'miles wnw of Arras. 
 
 Patd, St, a town in the department of 
 Gar, France, on the Egii, 10 miles ke of 
 Uzps. 
 
 Paul, St, a town in the department of 
 Var, France, seven miles w of Nice. 
 
 Paul, St, a town of South America, in 
 Brazil, in the captainship of St Vincent. 
 It is a kind of independent republic, yet it 
 is tributary to the king of Portugal. 
 
 PAUL, St, the most southerly of the 
 Pearl islands, in the gulf of Panama S 
 America. 
 
 Paulogad, a town in the government of 
 Catherinenslaf, ' Russia, 32 miles e of 
 Catheriuenslaf. Lou. 3-5 54 e, lat. 47 10 
 
 Paulovskoi, a towm in the government 
 of Voronehz, Russia, on the Don, 98 miles 
 ssE of Voronetz. 
 
 Pavoasan, the capital of the isle of 
 St Thomas, with a good harbour, on the 
 coast of Guinea, is a bishop’s see. It is 
 situated under the equator, in Ion. 8 30 w. 
 
 Pausa, a town in Voigtland, Upper 
 Saxony, seven miles nnw of Plauen. 
 
 Paiisilippo, a mountain of Italy, about 
 five miles from Puzsoli, in Naples. On 
 this mountain is the celebrated tomb of 
 Virgil. The n and e sides are covered wdth 
 villas and gardens. Through this mountain 
 is a passage cut, a mile in length, 20 feet 
 in breadth, and 30 in height. 
 
 Pavzk, a town of West Prussia, in Po- 
 merelia, near the w coast of the gulf of 
 Dantzic, 25 miles nw of Dantzic. 
 
 Pawivxet, a town in Providence county, 
 Rhode island, stands on both sides of a 
 river of its name, at its junction with Pro- 
 vidence river, five miles s of Providence. 
 
 PAXAROS, an island on the coast of 
 California, in the N Pacific ocean. Lon. 
 i2J 45 w, lat. 13 18 n. 
 
 Paxton, a village in the county of Ber- 
 wick, containing 270 inhabitants ; six miles 
 w of Berwick. 
 
 Paxton, a township of Massachusetts, 
 it ccn'cins about 600 inliabitauts. 
 
 PAXU, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 
 PEC 
 
 s of Corfu, San Nicolo is the capital. Lon ^ 
 20 0 E, lat. 39 12 n. 
 
 Payerne, a town in the canton of Berne, 
 Switzerland, on the river Broye, 22 miles 
 sw' of Bern. 
 
 Paymogo, a town in Andalu^a, Spain, 
 on the frontiers of Portugal, near the Chan- 
 za, 42 miles n by e of Ayamoate, and 73 
 NW of Seville. 
 
 Pays de Vaud, a new canton of Swisser- 
 land, lying along the lake of Geneva, and 
 rising gradually from the side of the lake, 
 j It has many towns and villages, and is 
 rich in vineyards, meadows, and corn fields. 
 The capital is Lausanne. 
 
 Paz, a small jurisdiction, of the audience 
 of Charcas, in Peru, S America. 
 
 Paz, a city of Peru, and capital of the 
 above jurisdiction, and a bishop^s see. Be- 
 sides the cathedral, it has four churches, a 
 college, several convents, and an hospital, 
 seated in a valley at the foot of a mountain, 
 220 miles nw of Plata. This city contains 
 about 20,000 inhabitants. Lon. 68 25 w, 
 lat 1 7 30 s . 
 
 Paz, a town in Mechoacan, New Spain, 
 capital of a district, abounding in vines and 
 maize, 130 miles nw of Mexico. Lon. 100 
 28 w, lat. 20 59 n. 
 
 Pazzy, a town in Romania, European 
 Turkey, and a bishop’s see, eight miles sw 
 of Gallipoli. 
 
 Peak, a mountainous tract in the nw 
 part of Derbyshire, parted from Stafford- 
 shire by the Dove. It is a rocky, rough, 
 and barren tract ; but the vales feed con- 
 siderable numbers of cattle and sheep. It 
 abounds in coal, lead, iron, marble, alaba- 
 ster, millstones, and a coarse kind of 
 crystals. The ‘ Wonders of the Peak’ have 
 Ijeen celebrated both in verse and prose. It 
 is frequently visited on account of natural 
 curiosities. See Buxton, Castleton, Chats’- 
 worth, and Tideswell. 
 
 PEARL, an island in the gulf of Mexico, 
 towards the mouth of the Missisippi. It is 
 about seven miles long and lour broad. 
 
 PEARL ISLANDS, called also King 
 Islands, are situated in the bay of Panama, 
 They afford good harbours for ships. The 
 1 northernmost is named Pachea ; the south- 
 ernmost St Paul’s. The inhabitants of 
 Panama have plantations on these islands. 
 
 Pease Marsh, a village in Sussex, three 
 miies nw of Rye, 
 
 PeatJis, or Pease, a chasm in the ne part 
 of Berwickshire, more than 120 feet deep. 
 Over this chasm a large bridge of four 
 arches has been lately built, the top of 
 which is 123 feet above the bed of the rivu- 
 let. It is near the sea, on the great road 
 from Berwick to Edinburgh. 
 
 Pechlarn, a town in the right bank of 
 the Danube, Austria, called Praeciaro 
 by the Romans, who had a harbour here 
 for their navy, 14 miles sw of Polten, and 
 848 E of Linlz. 
 
 Pecquencour, a town in the department 
 
P E E 
 
 of Nord, France, on the Scarpe, five miles 
 -3V of Doway. 
 
 Pechhnm, a village of Surry, where there 
 are several noted fairs in summer, and many 
 elegant seats in its vicinity, about three miles 
 s of London. 
 
 Pedenay a town of Italy, in Istria, 25 
 miles sF- of Capo d ’Istria. 
 
 Pcdee, a river which rises in N Carolina, 
 !s there called the Yadkin, enters S Carolina, 
 takes the name of Pedee, and falls into 
 Wunyawbay, at George-town. 
 
 Pederneiray a town in Estramadura, 
 Portugal, on the sea coast, 33 miles sw of 
 Leira. 
 
 Pedir, a town on the n coast of Sumatra, 
 40 miles ese of Acheen. Lon. 96 36 e, lat, 
 
 6 22 IV. 
 
 Pedraza, a town in Old Castile, Spain, on 
 the Cega, near its source, with a castle, 
 the birth-place of the emperor Trajan, 25 
 miles NE of Segovia. 
 
 Pedro, Point, the n point of Ceylon, op- 
 posite Point Calymere, on the continent, 
 Lon. 80 27 b, lat. 9 52 n. 
 
 Pedro, St, a sea-port and the principal 
 town in the province of Rey, Brasil, has a 
 harbour at a mouth of a river of its name, 
 sometimes called Rio Grande, defended by 
 numerous forts. The vicinity is populous, 
 and the exports are corn, dried beef, and 
 hides. Lon. 52 3 w, lat. 32 20 s. 
 
 Pedro, St, one of the Marquesas islands. 
 Lon. 138 51 w,lat. 9 58 s. 
 
 Peebles, an ancient town, the capital of 
 Peebles-shire. It is situated on the banks 
 of the Tweed ; over which is a handsome 
 bridge, and contains about 1500 inhabitants. 
 The government is lodged in a magistracy 
 and town-council of 18 persons, and it joins 
 with Lanark, Linlithgow, and Selkirk, in 
 sending a representative to parliament. 
 In ancient times Peebles was the summer | 
 residence of the kings of Scotland. King’s 
 moor w’as the scene of tournaments and 
 weapons shewing. The feast of Bellein was 
 here celebrated long after the introduction 
 of Christianity, and gave birth to king 
 James I. celebrated and humorous poem, 
 called ‘ Peebles at the play.’ A t one place in 
 the vicinity are about 200 rude monumental 
 stones. It has a well endowed grammar 
 school. Different branches of the woollen 
 manufactures are carried on here, and it has 
 a weekly mtirket for corn and cattle. It 
 lies 22 miles s of Edinburgh. The parish of 
 Peebles is about 10 miles in length from n 
 to s, and near six in breadth, watered by the 
 Tweed and the Eddlestone or Peebleswater. 
 Population of the town and parish 208, in 
 1801, and 2408, in 1811. Lon. 3.T w, lat, 
 55 40 N. 
 
 PEEBLESSHIRE, or Twebdale, a 
 county of Scotland ; bounded on the n by 
 Edinburghshire; on the e by Selkirkshire ; 
 on the s by Dumfries-shire ; and on the w 
 
 Lanarkshire. It is 28 miles long from 
 above 18 broad. This county 
 No. 
 
 P E G 
 
 contains but a small proportion of arable, 
 land. The principal rivers are the Tweed, 
 Lynne, and Yarrow. The county contains 
 only one royal burgh, viz. Peebles, which 
 is the county town ; several small villages, 
 as Linton, <fec. and is divided into 1 6 parishes, 
 containing in 1801, 8717, inhabitants, and in 
 1811,9935. The real rent is estimated -at 
 29,8301 Sterling. The surface is mountain- 
 ous and more adapted to pasturage than 
 tillage, but the vallies are fertile, and pro- 
 duce good crops, A mountain called 
 Braidall, near the middle of the county is of 
 great height, whence is a prospect of the 
 sea, both on the e and w side of the island, 
 though no part of it, in either of these direc- 
 tions, is nearer than 50 miles. Coal, lime, 
 and marl 'are abundant ; iron-stone has been 
 found in several places, and lead ore ba$ 
 been discovered in the parishes of Traquair 
 and Tweedsmuir. Fullers earth is found at 
 Linton, and in Newlands red and yellow 
 ochre, and manganese. 
 
 Peehskili, a town in W Chester county, 
 New York, seated on the n side of a creek 
 of ks name, five miles from the entrance 
 into Hudson river, and 50 n of New York. 
 
 Peel, a sea-port on the w coast of the 
 Isle of Man. The town is much decayed, 
 and the inhabitants are indolent and poor, 
 about 100 yards n of the town is Peel isle, a 
 rock of great height and magnitude, on the 
 top of which are the venerable ruins of Reel 
 castle, and the cathedral of the isle (very 
 ruinous,) dedicated to St. German, the first 
 bishop, who lived in the fifth century. In and 
 near the cathedral is a burying place, 10 
 miles wN w of Douglass. Lon. 4 40 w, lat, 
 54 13 N. 
 
 Peenmunde, a town and fort of Prussian 
 Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the 
 residence of the governor of the island, near 
 the mouth of the Peene, a river which issues 
 from some lakes in Mecklenburg, passes 
 through Hither Pomerania, to the w branch 
 of the Oder, which is thence called Peene, 
 and flows by Wolgast into the Baltic sea at 
 this place; six miles n by e of Wolgast, 
 Lon. 13 55 e, lat. 54 8 n. 
 
 Peer, a town in the territory of Liege, 
 Netherlands, 24 miles nnw of Maestricht, 
 
 Pegaii, a town in Misnia, Upper Saxony, 
 on the^Elster, 10 miles ssw of Leipsie. 
 
 Pegna di Francia, a town in Leon, Spain, 
 27 miles sse of Cividad Rodrigo. 
 
 Pegnajiel, a town in Leon, Spain, at the 
 foot of a mountain, near the Douro, with a 
 strong casile, and a palace, 38 miles ese of 
 Valladolid. Lon. 4 0 w, lat. 4 1 33 n. 
 
 Pegnafirme, a town in Estremadura, 
 Portugal, stands at the mouth of the Mon- 
 gola, 36 miles nnw of Lisbon. 
 
 Pegnajlor, a town in Asturias, Spain, 
 on the Pavia, eight miles kw of Oviedo. 
 
 Peywa, a town in Siiria, Germany, near 
 the Muer. In the vicinity are lead mine.s, 
 nine miles nnw of Gratz. 
 
 Pegnajior, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 Dd 
 
P E I 
 
 P E K 
 
 on the Guadal quiver, 32 miles w by s of 
 Cordova, and 48 ne of Seville. 
 
 Pegnagarcia^ a town in Beira, Portugal, 
 on the borders of Spain, 36 miles e of Castel 
 Branco. 
 
 Pegnamacorj a fortified town in Beira 
 Portugal, With a castle on the borders of 
 Spain, 40 miles nw oi Alcantara. Lon. 6 
 S2 w, Idt 40 6 N. 
 
 Pegnaranda^ a town in Old Castile, 
 Spain 30 Ciiles se of Salamanca. Another 
 33 miles nw of Avi'i. 
 
 Pegnitz, a town in the principality of 
 Bayr ut-j, Franconia, near the source ol a 
 river of its name, 19 miles s of Bayreuth. 
 
 Pegnon de Velez, a sea-port and fortress 
 of the kingdom of Fez, on a rock in the 
 Mediterranean, near the town of Velez, built 
 by the Spaniards in lo08, taken by the 
 Moors, in lo22, and retaken in 1664. Ii is 
 73 miles ne of Ceuta. Lon. 4 16 v/, lat. 35 
 12 N. 
 
 PEGU, a considerable kingdom of 'Asia, 
 to the SR of Bengal. The products of this 
 country are timber for building, elephants" 
 teeth, bees wax, stick lac, iron, tin, petroleum, 
 very vine rubies, and small diamonds. It is 
 very frui fulin corn, roots, pulse, and fruits. 
 The govern roent is arbitrary. In the low 
 part ol the country, which is liable to inun- 
 darions, their houses are builtr upon stakes. 
 The women are much fairer than the men, 
 small but well proportioned. If the wife 
 proves false, the husband .may sell her for a , 
 slave, the inhabitants vt ear neither shoes nor | 
 stockings and are but thinly clad. Their i 
 temples, which are very numerous, are most- j 
 ly of wood varnisbe.i and gilt. They have ! 
 idols in the templCvS in a sifting posture, with i 
 large ears. Their priests called Talapoins, I 
 inculcate charity as the highest viriue. ! 
 Pegu was long an independent kingdom, and | 
 in 1752, conquered the kingd- m of Birmab, 
 but Alompra, whom the king of Pegu con- 
 tinued as enief, soon revolted, and in 1757 !| 
 reduced Pegu to a province dependent on i 
 Birmah. | 
 
 Pegu, a city of the kingdom of its name, | 
 built on the site of the former city, w’hich 
 was destroyed by the king of Birmab, in | 
 1757. It occupies about one fourth of the ^ 
 area of the ancient city, which was a square i 
 of about one mile and a-haif each side. It j 
 has a grand temple highly ornamented. The | 
 viceroy of the king of Birmah resides in the 
 fort, 300 miles s or Ummerapoora. Lon. 96 
 1 1 E, lat. 17 40 N. 
 
 Pei-ho^ or i River, a river in Pe- 
 tche-ii. Chii.’a, whichflow s near Pekin, and 
 by the cities of Tongtehou, and Tien-sing 
 into the 3 cliow sea. The tide, which flows 
 llOinib^, frequently inundates the coumry I 
 on Its banks. | 
 
 Peiaa, a town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 bishopric of Hildeshein seated in a marshy 
 country, with a palace, and a capuchin con- j 
 vent, on the river Fuse, 16 miles w of Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 f I Peipm, or Tchudskoia, a large lake be- 
 j tween the government of Riga, and Peters- 
 , j burgh, Russia, from which issues the river 
 1 j Norova, by which it communicates with the 
 gulf of Finland, at Narva. 
 
 Peishore, or Piahour, a considerable 
 f I city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province 
 ) ol Cdbul. It is 55 miles nnw of Attocck, 
 and 95 sse of Cabul. 
 
 , Peiskretscham, a town in the principa- 
 r lity of Oppein, Silesia, 30 miles se of Op- 
 peln. 
 
 f Peitz, a town of Lower Lusatia, belong- 
 L ing to Brandenburg. It. has manufactures 
 of cloth and yarn, and in the vicinity are 
 ; iron works. It is seated on the Maukse, 
 s which unites with the Spree, 10 miles knb 
 : of Corbus. 
 
 ! Pekin, a city in the province of Pe-tche-li, 
 
 ; the capital of China, where the emperor 
 generally resides^ It is divided into two 
 cities, one inhabited by Chinese, and the 
 , other by Tartars. These two cities exclu- 
 sive of the suburbs are about 14 miles 
 in circuit. The walls are 28 feet high, 24 
 tin ok at the base, and 12 at the top, with 
 spacious towers at 70 feet distant from each 
 other. The gates of this city are high and 
 well arched, nine in number, and before 
 each is an open space, which serves for a 
 parade. The streets .re quite st»"aight, most 
 of thern three miles long, and about 120 
 feet wide. All the riches and merchandise 
 of the empire are continually pouring into 
 j this city. The emperor’s palace is of vast 
 j extent, and surrounded by a 'brick wall, 
 
 I with pavilions at each corner, enconipassed 
 ! by galleries, supported by columns. Those 
 I who have computed the compass of this 
 I city a different way, observe, that it is 20 
 ! miles in circumference, and that the num- 
 j her of inhabitants is at least iw’O millions. 
 
 ! It is astonishing to see the concourse of 
 people that are in the main streets, yet not 
 I one Chinese woman among them, and the 
 I confusion occasioned by horses, mules, 
 
 I asses, waggons, carts, and chairs. Persons 
 j of distiHctioD have always a horseman to 
 I clear the way before them, and there are 
 I patroles of soldiers, night and day to pre- 
 I vent disturbance, or to punish offenders, 
 j The emperor’s palace, a stupendous pile of 
 j buildings, and entirely different from that of 
 I Europeans, together with his garden, occu- 
 pies two-thirds of the Tartar city. The 
 towers and temples of Pekin are so numer- 
 ous that it is difficult to count them. A 
 Russian church is established here, with a 
 seminary, in which the students are per- 
 mitted to reside for the purpose of learning 
 the Chinese language. By their labours 
 I much light is thrown on the laws, history, 
 
 I and geography of China, The country 
 about is sandy, yet provisions of all kinds 
 are exceedingly plentiful, being brought 
 j from other ports by canals, which are al- 
 ways crowded with vessels. An eartlKjuake, 
 which happened here in 1731, buried above 
 
P E M 
 
 PEN 
 
 100,000 persons in the ruins of the houses. 
 This city is seated in a fertile piain, 60 
 miles s of the Great wall. Lon. 1 16 27 e, 
 lat. 39 54 N. 
 
 Pelugnuif &n island in the Grecian Ar- 
 chipelago, eight miles in circumference. 
 Lon. 24 12 F.,lat. 39 30 n. 
 
 Pdegrino, Mount, stands on the n coast 
 of Sicily, about two miles w of Palermo. 
 Hence an extensive prospect. In a clear 
 day, most of the Lipari islands are to be 
 seen, am: part of Mount Etna. 
 
 PELEVV ISLANDS, a cluster of islands 
 in the N Pacific ocean, lying between 134 
 and 136 e Ion. and 0 and 8 n lat. On the 
 w side they are encircled by a reef of coral. 
 The names of the principal are Oroou-ng 
 Emungs, Emiliegne, Artingal, Corooraa, 
 and Peielew. The inhabitants had never 
 seen a white man, till the Antelope E India 
 packet, was wrecked here in 1783; they 
 had no idea of the nature of powder and 
 shot, and were astonished at its effects. 
 The natives are simple in tht^ir ujanners, 
 delicate in their sentiments, friendly ii 
 their disposition, and, in short, a people that 
 do aoiiour to the human race. With re- 
 spect to property in these islands, a man^s 
 house, or canoe, is considered as his own, 
 as is also the lend allotted him, as long 
 as he occupies and cultivates it. The coun- 
 try is well covered with trees, the trunks 
 of which supply the natives with canoes, 
 some large enough to carry 30 men. Yams 
 and cocoa nuts being liieir chief articles 'of 
 .subsistence, afe attended to with the utmost 
 care. The natives in general are a stout 
 people, rather above the middling stature, 
 and of a very deep copper colour. The 
 men are entirely naked, but the women 
 wear two little aprons, one before, the other 
 behind. Both sexes are expert swimmers. 
 .Such an opinion had the king of the island 
 entertained of the English, that on their 
 departure, he suffered his second son, Lee 
 Boo, to accompany them to England, 
 where this amialie youth died of the SiV.all- 
 pox, in 1784, and the China Company erect- 
 ed a monument over hiS grave in Rotfaer- 
 hithe church-yard. The English trade oc- 
 casionally between China and Pelew'. 
 
 PEi-lCAN lSLANDf8, on the S coast of 
 Jamaica, w of Port Royal harbour. 
 
 Pelissa, a town in Lower Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, 15 miles n 
 of Buda. 
 
 Pelissane, a town in the department of 
 the Mourns of the Rhone, France, J5 miles 
 WNw of Aix. 
 
 PeUa, an ancient town of Turkey in 
 Europe, 50 miles w of Salonichi. 
 
 Pellerin, a town in the department of 
 Lower Loire, France, on the Loire, with a 
 harbour for small vessels, 10 miles w of 
 Nan"‘^'S. 
 
 PEMBA, an island in the Indi£.o ocean, 
 Bear the coast of Zangucbar, about 100 
 
 miles in circumference, governed by a 
 king, tributary to the Portuguese, Lon. 41 
 3j K, lat. 4 50 s. 
 
 Pemba, capital of a province of ns name, 
 in the kingdom of Congo, on the Loze, 90 
 miies ssE of &t. Salvador. Lon. i4 40 e, 
 ia(. 6 45 s. ' 
 
 Pembridge, a small town in Hereford- 
 shire, sealed u;. the Arrow', and has a matiu- 
 laciure of vvooiieii cloth, 12 miles nw of 
 Hereford, and 144 wnw of London. 
 
 Pembroke, a town in Plymouth county, 
 Massachusetts, on New river, noted for its 
 depth of water. Here vessels oi 300 tons 
 are built, 18 miles from the sea, and 51 ssb 
 of Boston. 
 
 Pembroke, the capital of Pembrokeshire, 
 in S Wales, commodiously situated on the 
 innennost creek of Milford haven, over 
 which are (wo handsome bridges. It is go- 
 verned by a mayor, with a market on Wed- 
 nesday and Saturday. It is surrounded by 
 a wall, part of which is in ruins, with three 
 gates, has three churches, and a castle on 
 I a rock, in w'hich lienry VI [. was born. It 
 I sends a member to parlia > ent. It is a well 
 j built place. The number ot inhabitants in 
 i 1801, was 1842, in 1811, 2415. It is 10 
 I miles SE of Haveriordwest, and 263 w 
 i by N of London. Lou. 4 48 w, lat. 51 48 n. 
 
 PEMBROKESHIRE, a county of S 
 ! Wales, 37 miles long, 18 broad, and sur- 
 ! rounded on all sides by the sea, except on 
 ' the E, where it is bounded by Caermarthen- 
 shire, and Cardiganshire. It is divided into 
 seven hundreds, and contains one city, St. 
 David’s, and eight market towns, with 142 
 I parishes, and 50,280 inhabitants in 1801, 
 
 I and in 1811,60,615. It returns three mem- 
 bers to parliament. Tue principal rivers 
 are the e and W CTedhue. A great part 
 of the country is plain, and tolerably lertile, 
 consisting of rich meadow and arable land* 
 Pembroke is the county town. The assizes 
 j are held at Haverfordwest, 
 j Penang. Prince of Wales Island. 
 
 PenauUer, a tow'n in ttie depart.ment of 
 Aude, France, four miies n of Carcasonne. '' 
 
 Pencaitland, a parish in Haddingtonshire, 
 about four miles long and three broad, with 
 a wet clayey soil. Besides the v.iiages 
 of Easter and Wester Pencaitland, there are 
 other two called Winton and Nisbet. In 
 the parish are coal-w'orks, free-stone, lime- 
 stone, a bleach- field, a thread- mill, and a 
 starch-work. Population 9.5, being 108 
 less than in 1793. 
 
 Pendennis, in Cornwall, at the mouth of 
 Falmouth haven, is a peninsiiia, a mile and 
 a-half in circumference. Here is one of 
 the largest castles in England, built by 
 Henry Vli. for the security ot the coast, 
 opposiie to that of St Maws, on the other 
 ' te of the bay. It stands a little to the sE 
 of F'almoiifh, the harbour of which it de-’, 
 fends. 'v 
 
 PENDLETON, a coQnty of Virginid^^ 
 
 ' D d 2 ^ 
 
 -.*!■- 
 
FE H 
 
 It is watered by the s branch of the Patow- 
 mack ; and contains 2452 inhabitants. 
 Chief town, Frankford. 
 
 PENDLETON, a county of Washing- 
 ton district, S Carolina, on Keowee and 
 Savannah rivers. It contained, in 1795, 
 9568 inhabitants, and sends three repre- 
 sentatives and one senator to the state 
 legislature. 
 
 Pendleton^ an extensive village in Lan- 
 cashire ; the various manufactures of Man- 
 chester goods give employment to the inha- 
 bitants. It is two miles \w of Miinchester. 
 
 Penella, a town in Beira, Portugal, on 
 the Esa, 24 miles sse of Coimbra. 
 
 Pengepur, See Punjgoor, 
 
 Penguiny an island in the Atlantic ocean, 
 about 10 miles ne of Newfoundland, Lon. 
 50 30 w, lat. 50 5 n. 
 
 Peniche, a sea-port town of Estremadura, 
 Portugal, with a good harbour, and a cita- 
 del, on a peninsula, 48 miles n by w of Lis- 
 bon. Lon. 9 20 w, lat. 39 22 n. 
 
 Penig, a town of Upper Saxony, with a 
 manufacture of woollen stuffs, and a pottery, 
 on the Mulda. It is 11 miles nw of Chem- 
 nitz. 
 
 Peniscold^, a town in Valencia, Spain, 
 on a high point of land, surrounded on three 
 sides by the sea, has an old castle, and a 
 strong fort, 30 miles s by w of Tortosa, and 
 80 NNE of Valencia. Lon. 0 24 e, lat. 40 
 24 N. 
 
 Penishehry sl town in the territory of Ca- 
 bul, Candahar, 46 miles n of Cabul. 
 
 Penistone, a towm in W Yorkshire, on the 
 Don, with a market on Thursday, and seve- 
 ral annual fairs, 1.3 miles sse of Hudders- 
 field, and 176 nxw of London. 
 
 Penkridge, a town in Staffordsliire, seated 
 on the Penk, with a market on Tuesday, 
 and two annual fairs ; the one held on the 
 1 0th of October, is one of the greatest in 
 Britain for horses. It is six miles from 
 Stafford, and 129 nw of London. 
 
 Penkum, a town of Hither Pomerania, on 
 a lake, 15 miles sw of Stettin. 
 
 Penmaenmawr, y a stupendous mountain 
 in Carnarvonshire, Wales, overhanging the 
 sea, and 1540 feet above sea- level. The 
 road to Holyhead is carried along its side, 
 300 feet above the sea. On its summit are 
 the ruins of extensive fortifications, built 
 of unhewn stones, without mortar ; four 
 miles w by s of A hereon way. 
 
 Pennar, a river which has its source in 
 Mysore, Hindoostan, and passing by Gooty, 
 Gandicolla, Guddapah, and Vellore, fails 
 into the bay of Bengal at Gangapatnam. 
 
 Pennaranda, a town in Old Castile, Spain, 
 on the borders of Leon, 34. miles nw of 
 Avila. 
 
 Penninghamy a parish in Wigtonshire, 
 lying at the ne extremity of that county, 
 it is about 16^ miles in length from n to s, 
 and six in breadth. It is bounded on the e 
 by the Cree, upon which stands the thriving 
 tillage of’ Newton Stewart, That part of 
 
 F E H 
 
 the parish called the moss of Cree, on the- ^ 
 banks of that river, is rich carse land. A> 
 considerable part of the parish is best adapt- 
 ed for pasturage. Population 2569. 
 
 Pennon de Velez, See Pegrton. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United 
 States of America. It is 280 miles long 
 and 150 broad, and contains 44,900 square 
 miles, and is divided into 23 counties, subdi- 
 vided into townships. The most considera- 
 ble rivers are the Delaware, Schuylkii, 
 Susquehanna, Moniiongaheb., and Alleghany, 
 which with their numerous branches, penin- 
 sulafe the whole state. A considerable part 
 of the stale is mountainous. Iron ore is 
 abundant ; copper, lead, and alum, appear in 
 some places. In the middle and western 
 county there is abundance of coal. Use- 
 ful quadrupeds, in the new' districts, are 
 deer, beavers, otters, racoons> and martins. 
 Panthers, wild cats, bears, foxes, and 
 wolves, are not rare. This state is well 
 situated for inland navigation. Whyat is the 
 principal grain of very general cultivation 
 in Pennsylvania. The manufactures of this 
 state are numerous. Iron works are of 
 long standing ; the furnaces are 16, and the* 
 forge.s 37. There are 18 roiling and silt- 
 ing mills, which are said to cut and roll 
 1500 tons a year. The other extensive ma-» 
 nufactures are those of leather, skins, fur, 
 wood, paper, gunpowder, bricks, earthen 
 ware, copper, lead, tin, wares, pewter, cot- 
 ton, sugar, molasses, tobacco, &c,| 
 There are 52 paper-mills, in the state. 
 Since 1770, 25 gunpowder, mills have been 
 erected. There are about 300,000 wool and 
 fur hats manufactured annually. In the ma- 
 nufacture of iron, paper, pleasure carriages^ 
 and cabinet-w'ork, Pennsylvania exceeds 
 not only New York, but all her sister states. 
 Much of the trade with the southern states, 
 arises from the superiority of Pennsylvania 
 in manufactures and commerce. Great 
 quantities of deer-skins, with those of otters, 
 racoons, foxes, musk rats^ and beavers, are 
 imported from the back country. Virginiar 
 exports a great deal of wheat and unmanufac- 
 tured tobacco ; and in return receives many 
 articles of clothing, furniture, farming uten- 
 sils, <fec. The commerce of Pennsylvania, 
 in the west, is by the Ohio with the Spanish, 
 and by the lakes with the British domi- 
 nions ; and both, ways with the Indian 
 tribes. The population of this state ia 
 1800, was 602,365, and in 1810, 810,168. 
 The inhabitants are principally the descen- 
 dants of the English, Irish, and Germiins, 
 with some Scots, Welch, Swedes, and a few 
 Dutch. The Friends and the Episcopalians 
 are chiefly of English extraction, and com- 
 pose about one-third of the inhabitants. 
 The Irish are mostly Presbyterians. The 
 Germans compose about one-foiirtb of the 
 inhabitants. The Baptists are chiefly de- 
 scendants of emigrants from Wales. The 
 number of congregations in the state amounts 
 to 384. There is an university%t Philadel- 
 
PEN 
 
 phia, and colleges at Carlisle and Lancas- 
 ter. There are also several academies ; and 
 the legislature have reserved 60,000 acres 
 oi the public land for public schools. This 
 state was settled by the celebrated William 
 Penn, sou of aduiiral Penn, in 168'-^. Ey 
 the favourable terms which Mr. Penn of- 
 fered to the settlers, and unlimited tolera- 
 tion of all religious denominations, the po- 
 pulation of the province w^as extremely ra- 
 pid. The present constitution of this state 
 was ratified June 12th, 1792. The expence 
 of the government of this state amounts to 
 32,2801. annually. Philadelphia is the 
 capital. 
 
 Pennycuik, a parish and village in the s 
 part of Edinburghshire, and s side of the 
 Peutland hills. This parish is abqut 12 
 miles in length, and six in breadth, watered 
 by the river Esk. In the parish are the 
 niins of several chapels and religious hou- 
 ses, a petrifying and several medicinal 
 springs ; two large oval camps, containing 
 several tumuli, and surrounded by two 
 ditches, between w'hieh is an earthen ram- 
 part, 18 feet thick ; and the remains of an 
 hospital, the owner of the estate belonging 
 to which, still affords accommodation to 
 benighted travellers. Near the village, on 
 the banks of the river, stands the elegant 
 mansion called Pennycuik-house, amidst 
 the most picturesque and delightful scenery. 
 The gardens and pleasure grounds are laid 
 out in the most handsome style. On the 
 opposite side of the river, is an obelisk to 
 the memory of Allan Ramsay, who fre- 
 quently visited Pennycuik. The village of 
 l^nnycuik, situated on the Esk, about 12 
 miles s of Edinburgh, is a thriving place, 
 with a large cotton mill in the vicinity, 
 which employs about .500 people. Here is 
 also a paper mill of long standing. Popu- 
 lation about 1700. 
 
 Pennygant, a mountain in Yorkshire, 
 England, on the sides of which are two 
 openings, called Hulpit and Huntpit holes ; 
 through each of them runs a brook, both 
 of which run wnder ground for about a 
 mile, and cross eacii other in the bowels of 
 the earth v^ihout mixing their waters. 
 The mountain is 2270 feet above the level 
 of the sea, and stands seven miles to the n 
 of .Settle. 
 
 Penobscot, a post town of the district of 
 Maine, on the e side of the bay of the same 
 name, on the e side of which is a cluster of 
 small islands, 141 miles nw of Portland, 
 and 262 n by e of Boston. In 1T90, this 
 township contained 1048 inhabitants. 
 
 Penpont, a parish and village in Dum- 
 fries-shire, on the s side of the Nith. The 
 church, which is the seat of a presbytery, 
 stands near the village on the banks of the 
 Seair, over which are two bridges, one of 
 great antiquity, overgrown with ivy, of a 
 singular construction, and near it are two 
 fine water falls. The parish is aboyt 12 
 
 miles long, uflti three broad, containing 966 
 
 PEN 
 
 inhabitants. In the e part, on the bank? 
 of the Nith, the soil is well cultivated and 
 fertile. The w part is mountainous and 
 pastoral. Some vestiges of the castle of 
 Tibbers, from which Wallace dislodged the 
 English, are still visible. There is an an- 
 cient stone obelisk, txvo large circular 
 mounds, and four large tumuli, in the pa- 
 rish. At the house of Eccles are elegant 
 gardens and hot-houses. The village is 
 about 60 miles ssw of Edinburgh. 
 
 Peurise, or Penrice, a sea-poit of S 
 Wales, in Glamorganshire seated on the 
 Bristol Channel, wdth a market on Tiiurs- 
 day. There are the ruins of a Norman 
 castle, and three miles to the n, on a moun- 
 tain, is a druidical monument called Arthur's 
 stone, 20 miles se of Caermarihen, and 
 220 w oi London. 
 
 Penrith, a large, well built town of Cum- 
 berland, seated vinder a bill, near the river 
 Eatmont, within a mile of the borders of 
 Westmoreland, on the great road from Car- 
 lisle to London, with a market on Tuesday, 
 and maimfuciures of cL-^cks and fancy 
 waistcoat pieces. .Ii has been long famous 
 for leather. It has great fairs in April and 
 September for cattle and sheep, Yorkshire 
 cloth, and other goods. There are the ruins 
 of a castle; and in the churcb-yard is a 
 singular monument of antiquity called the 
 Giant's grave. It is 18 miles s Of Carlisle, 
 and 2S0 nnw of London. 
 
 Penrith, 0/d, in Lazeney parish, Cumber- 
 land, five miles from Penrith, and 13 from 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Penryn, a considerable town of Corn- 
 wall, situated on an eminence on a creek 
 of Falmouth haven, governed by a mayor, 
 with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and 
 Saturday. Here are several good brewer- 
 ies, which supply the shipping at Falmouth, 
 and large warehouses for grain and flour. 
 It has a great trade in the Newfoundland 
 and pilchard fisheries, and sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament. It is three miles nw of 
 Falnoouth, and 26d w by s of London. 
 
 Penriiddock, a village in Cumberland, 
 seated on the edge of a bleak common, six 
 miles w by s of Penrith, on the road to 
 Keswick. On the common are vestiges of 
 a Roman camp. In the village is a^Pres- 
 byterian meeting-house, which has existed 
 ever since the passing of the infamous Bar- 
 tholomew act in 1662. 
 
 Pensacola, Harbour, and Town. The 
 harbour is on the n shore of the gulf of Mex- 
 ico, 1 1 leagues e of Port Lewis and Mo- 
 bile. The town of Pensacola, the capital 
 of West Florida, lies along the beach of 
 the bay, about a mile iu length, and a quar- 
 ter of a mile in breadth. It contains seve- 
 ral hundred habitations. The exports from 
 this town consist of skins, logwood, dye 
 stuffs, and silver dollars. A sniall fort de- 
 fends the entrance into the bay, Lon, 87 
 14 w, lat. 30 24 n. 
 
 Fensance^ or Fen^mee^ a populous 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 town in Cornwall, situated on a creek of 
 Mountsbay. It carries on a Considerable 
 irafiic in shipping, and is one of the tin 
 coinage towns governed by a mayor, re- 
 corder, 12 aldermen, and 24 common coun- 
 cil men. It was burnt by the Spaniards in 
 1593. It has a market on Thursdayj and 
 lies 10 miles ne of the Landsend, and 280 ! 
 w by s of London. Lon. 5 35 w, lat. 58 
 
 11 K. I 
 
 Pensfordy a town in Somersetshire, with j 
 a market on Tuesday, seated on the Chew, I 
 has manufactures of woollen and hats. [ 
 
 Pentland Frith, a strait between Caith- 
 ness, and the Orkney islands, 24 miles long, | 
 and from 10 to 15 wide. It is very difficult i 
 to navigate, especially in passing the i 
 Sherries, a cluster of small rooks at the e j 
 end of the Frith, on the largest of which is 
 a light house. Lon. 2 42 w, lat. 58 35 n. 
 
 Pentland Hills, a chain of beautiful 
 green mountains about six or seven miles 
 ssw of Edinburgh, the highest about It 00 
 feet above the sea at Leith. The city of 
 Edinbiii^h is supplied with water conveyed 
 in lead pipes from these hills. They afford 
 excellent sheep pasture. 
 
 PENZA, a government of Russia, once a 
 province of Kasau. Its capital of the same j 
 name, stands on the Sura, at the influx of 
 the rivulet Penza, 220 miles sw of Kasan. . 
 Lon. 45 38 e, iat. 53 30 N. | 
 
 Pentecoast, an island in the Archipelago j 
 one of the Great Cyclades. i 
 
 Penzlin, a town in the principality of j 
 Mecklenburg, Schwerin, Lower Saxony, i 
 
 12 miles nnw of Strelitz. I 
 
 Pepy^s Islands the same with Falkland 
 
 islands. 
 
 Pequigny,Si town in the departmentof Som- 
 me, France, situated on the Sonnime, famous 
 for an interview and treaty bet w^een Edward 
 IV . of England, and Lewis XI. of France, 
 in 1 455, on a bridge built for that purpose, 
 15 miles se of Abbeville. 
 
 Perak, a sea-port and capital of a king- 
 dom on the w coast of Malaya, seated on a 
 river of its name, 180 mdes ww of Malacca. 
 Lon. 100 0 E, lat. 4 43 n, 
 
 Peralta, a town in Navarre, Spain, on , 
 the Agra, noted lor its wine, 30 miles s of 
 Pamplona. 
 
 Paran in the Sarids, a village in Corn- 
 wall, \’E of St. Agnes. 
 
 Peray St, a town in the department of 
 Ardeche, France, seated on the Reooe, . 
 oppo^ite Valence, celebrated tor its wine, 
 32 miles n ol Viviers. 
 
 PERCE, L^ISLE, a remarkable island 
 on the w side of the gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 It is 15 miles s of Cape Gaspeo. 
 
 PERCH E. a late ierritoiy of France, in 
 Orleanois, which now forms with part of 
 Normandy, the department of Orne. It 
 has its name Irom a lor -st and is pretty fer- 
 tile. 
 
 Perdu, Mount, the highest of the Pyrenean 
 ntouutains, supposed to bo ,11, 700 feet above 
 
 i the sea. It is difficult of access, as the 
 rock often assumes the form of perpendicu-^ 
 lar w^alls, from 100 to 600 feet in height. 
 About 2000 feet from the top is a lake, the 
 waters of which flow e into the Spanish 
 vuUey of Beoussa, 
 
 Pe.rekop, See Precop, 
 
 Pereczas, a town of Upper Hungary, 
 capital of a county of the same name, 50 
 miles E by n of Tockay. 
 
 Perga, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Albania, on the sea coast, opposite the 
 island of Corfu, 25 miles wnw of Arta. 
 
 Pergamar, a tow'n in Romania, European 
 Turkey, and a bishop^s see, 60 miles sw of 
 Adrianopie. Lon. 25 55 e, lat. 41 10 n. 
 
 Pergaminor, a town in the province of 
 Buenos, Ayres, Paraguay, with a fortress, 
 on the road from tbe capital to Cordova, 
 
 1 10 miles wnw of Buenos Ayres. Lon. 60 
 43 w lat. 33 53 n. 
 
 Pergamo, an ancient decayed tow’n of 
 Natoiia, and a bishop^s see, inhabited by 
 about 3000 Turks, and a few families of 
 poor Christians. It has a castle, a palace, 
 and nine mosques. Here parchment was 
 invented. It occupies an oblong eircum- 
 ference of three miles, and is situated on 
 the Germasti, 15 miles from its mouth, and 
 37 N of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 e, lat, 39 
 5 N. 
 
 Peria, a town in the province of Irak, 
 Persia, 90 miles n of Ispahan. Lon, 51 
 25 E, lat. 32 20 n. 
 
 Periac, a towui in the department of 
 Aude, France, celebrated for its saltworks, 
 six miles sw of Narbonne. 
 
 PERICA, three islands in the bay of 
 Panama, South America, which afford 
 shelter for ships. 
 
 Periapatam, a town in Mysore, Hindoo- 
 stan, in a rich and beautiful country. The 
 late sultan blew up the best works, and 
 ruins occupy the greatest part of the suburbs, 
 but it is recovering, 40 miles w by s of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Periers, a town in the department of 
 Mauche, France, nine miles n of Coutan- 
 ces. 
 
 PERIGORD, a late province of France, 
 about 83 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. 
 It abounds in iron mines, and the air is pure 
 and healthy. It now forms the department 
 of Dordogne. 
 
 Perigutux, an ancient town, capital of 
 the department of Dordogne France, lately 
 a bishop’s see. It is situated on the Iiie. 
 Here is an amphitbealre and the remains of 
 a temple of Venus, 50 miles sw of Limoges 
 Lon. 0 43 E, lat. 45 11 n. 
 
 Perinda, a town in the province of Dow- 
 latubad, Hindoostaii, 188 miles nvv of Hy- 
 dra bad. Lon. T5 50 e, hit. 18 33 n. 
 
 Perija, a towm in tbr province of Vene- 
 zuela, Terra Firma. stands on a river of its 
 iiaiue, 25 miles from its mouth in the^iake 
 31cuacaybo, and 45 sw^ of Maracaybo. 
 
 Perindura, a town in the province of 
 

 PER 
 
 Coimbetore, Hindoostan, 12 miles ssw of 
 Bhawanuikudal. 
 
 PERITAS, islands on the Spanish main, 
 coast of South America, three leagues w of 
 Cumana bay. 
 
 Perleberg, a town of Brandenburg, capi- 
 tal of the Mark of Pregnitz, seated on the 
 Stepnitz. It has considerable cloth manu- 
 factures ; 42 miles xw of Riippin. Lon. 12 
 3 E, lat. <53 8 N. 
 
 Perlican, New, a noted harbour on the e 
 coast of Newfoundland island, eight leagues 
 wsw of Old Perlican. 
 
 PERM, one of the 41 governments of 
 Russia, formerly a province of Kasan. It 
 is divided into two provinces ; namely, 
 Perm and Caihenneburgb. The capitals of 
 which are of the same name. 
 
 Penn, capital of the government and 
 province of its name, Russia, on the Kama, 
 at its junction with the Zegochekba, 620 
 miles I-: by n of Moscow, and 810 e by s of 
 Petersburg. Lon. <55 10 e, lat. 5T 55 n. 
 
 Permacoil, a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 <loostdu, stands on a mountain, 20 miles 
 xxw of Pondicherry. 
 
 Pernalla, a town in Guzzerat, Hindoo- 
 6tan, 38 miles s of Surat. 
 
 Pernambuco, See Pernambuco, 
 
 Pernau, a strong town in Livonia, Russia, 
 near the mouth of a river of its name, with 
 a castle, 95 miles n of Riga. Lon. 24 30 e, 
 lat. 58 30 N. 
 
 Pernes, a town in the department of the 
 mouths of the Rhone, France, situated a 
 little to the w of Apt, It is the birthplace 
 of the famous orator Flechier, bishop of 
 Nismes, 12 miles e by n of Avignon. 
 
 Pernes, a town in the department of the 
 straits of Calais, France, on the river Cia- ! 
 rence, 17 miles nw of Arras. | 
 
 Perno, a town in the province of Nyland, 
 Sw'eden, seated on the Baltic, 36 miles e of 
 Helsingfors. 
 
 Peronne, a strong towm in the depart- 
 ment of Somme, France. In its castle 
 Charles the .simple was imprisoned, and 
 died. In the same place the duke of Bur- 
 gundy confined Louis XI. three days, till he 
 signed a disadvantageous peace. It is called 
 Pucelle, because, though often besieged, it 
 has never been taken. It is situated on the 
 Somme, 27 miles sw of Cambray, and 80 
 E by N of Paris. Lon. 3 2 e, lat. 49 <55 n. 
 
 Perote, a tow-n iu Tiascala, New Spain, 
 with a fortress. The Coffre of Perote stands 
 12 miles to the se whose summit is 1300 
 feet higher than the Peak of Teneriffe, and 
 serves as a sea mark for sailors on entering 
 the port of Veracruz. Perote is 15 miles 
 NW' of Xalapa. 
 
 Perousa, a town of Piedmont, on the 
 Clu'OD, six miles nw of Pignerol. 
 
 Perpignan, a considerable town in the 
 department of the Eastern Pyrenees, France, 
 seated on the Tet, lately a bishop’s see, with 
 a citadel and university, 95 miles se of 
 
 PER 
 
 I Toulousa, and 100 se of Bourdeaux. Lon* 
 2 54 E, lat. 42 42 n. 
 
 Persaim, See Bassien. 
 
 Persepolis, supposed to have been ancient- 
 ly the capital city of Persia, properly so 
 called. It is thought to be the same that is 
 now called Kilmanar, of which there are 
 magnificent ruins still remaining. It was 
 taken and set on fire by Alexander the 
 Great. It is 95 miles ne of Shiras, and 200 
 SE of Ispahan. 
 
 Pershore, a tow'n in Worcestershire, on 
 the Avon, w’ith a market on Tuesday^ It 
 has two parish churches, and that of the 
 Holy Cross contains several ancient monu- 
 ments. The principal street is about three 
 quarters of a mile in length. The inhabi- 
 tants carry on a manufacture of stockings. 
 It lies nine miles ese of Worcester, and 
 106 wNw^ of London. 
 
 PERSIA, a large kingdom of Asia, con- 
 sisting of several provinces, which, at differ- 
 ent times, have had their particular kings. 
 It is bounded on the n by Georgia, the 
 Caspian sea, and Usbec Tartary, w by 
 Turkey and Arabia, s by the gulfs of Persia 
 and Ormus, and the Arabian sea, and e by 
 Hindoostan Proper. It is about 1225 miles 
 in length from e to w, and 909 in breadth 
 from N to s. It is mountainous and, cold 
 in the n and e, sandy and desert in the mid- 
 dle and SE, level and fertile in the s and w 
 parts. It is w'atered by many rivers, the 
 chief of w'hich are the Tigris, Kur, Kizil, 
 and Ozan. The soil produces the various 
 sorts of pulse and corn. They have cotton 
 in great abundance, and among other domes- 
 tic animals, camels, buffaloes, and horses. 
 In several places naptha rises out of the 
 ground, and they have mines of gold, silver, 
 iron, Tnrkois stones, and salt. They have 
 all the various sorts of fruits, excellent 
 wine, and a great number of mulberry trees, 
 likewise dates, pistachionuts, and trees 
 which produce manna. They have large 
 flocks of sheep and goats ; Their principal 
 manufactures are silks, silks mixed with 
 cotton, or with camels or goats hair, bro- 
 cades, gold tissues, gold velvet, carpets, ca- 
 licoes, camlets, &c. During almost the 
 whole of last century, Persia has been deso- 
 l:i?ed by competitors for the sovereijrnty. 
 Nadir Shah, w’ho had usurped the throne was 
 assbssjnated in 1747, w'h.'o Achmed Abdal- 
 la, cne of his generals founded the kingdom 
 of Candcihar, to which he annexed the pro- 
 vinces ot Korasan, and .Segestan, in the e of 
 Persia, and those provinces of Hindoostan, 
 w' of the Indus W'hich Nadir Shah had ob- 
 tained of the great Mogul, in 1737. Kerim 
 Khan, another of Nadir’s ofiioers, put him- 
 selt at the head of the southern provinces. 
 He made Shiras the seat ot government, and 
 preferred the title of Vakeel, or protector, 
 to that of Shah or king. On the demise 
 of this mild prince, in 1779, a new scene 
 of desolation and slaughter succeeded^ 
 
 / 
 
PER 
 
 till 1794, when Akau Mohamed Khan, be- 
 came sole monarch. ' The government is 
 despotic. While the grand vizier and the 
 lord treasurer continue in tavour with the 
 king their authority is without controul. 
 The standing army consists ot the king^s 
 body guards, about 10,000 men, and the 
 <royal slaves about 3000. But from the 
 wandering tribes the king can assemble an 
 arri-y ot about 200,000, chiefly cavalry, 
 who seldom receive either pay or clothing, 
 but are kept together by the hope of plunder. 
 The Persians are generally Mahometans, of 
 the sect of Ali. They are generally fat, 
 with black hair, high forehead, aoquiline 
 nose, full cheeks, and a large chin. They 
 shave the head and wear high crimson bon- 
 nets, but 'he beard is sacred and generally 
 dyed, though some prefer blue. They often 
 wear three or four light dresses, one above 
 another, and are fond of large clokes of 
 thick cloth. The w'omen wear a large 
 black turban, over which is cast a large 
 shawl, and their robes, which are shorter 
 than those of the meu, are fastened in front 
 by large gold buttons. The Persians do 
 not recline like the Turks, but sit in an 
 erect posture. They are gay, polite, and 
 hospitable^ yet are deceitful, cruel, and 
 tre icherons. Are fond to excess of tobacco ; 
 never taste wine before company, but in- 
 dulge to excess in private, and drink beiore 
 they eat. They breakfast on coffee, dine 
 at noon, but the supper is the principal 
 meal. They are remarkable for cleanli- 
 ness both in their persons and habitations. 
 Their language is distinguished by its 
 strength, beauty, and melody. Ispahan is 
 the chief city, but the present capital is 
 Teheran. 
 
 Persian. Gulf of, a large gulf of Asia, 
 between Persia and Arabia Felix. The 
 f^ntrance near Ormus is not above 30 miles 
 over, but within it is from 120 to 230, and 
 500 miles in length from Ormus to the 
 mouth of the Euphrates. On the Arabian 
 ■side there are many shoals and sand banks, 
 and a rich pearl fishery. 
 
 PERSON, a new county in Hillsborough 
 district N Carolina. 
 
 Perth, a town silutited on the w bank of 
 Hie Tay, anciently called Bertha, and by 
 the Romans Victoria, said to have been 
 founded by Agricola. The Piets built a 
 ehiirch here about the year 420, which they 
 dedicated to St John, whence the town got 
 the additional name of St. John’s Towm, 
 and its most ancient seal had the image of 
 the saint on one side, tind his decolation on 
 the other. At the reformation this seal was 
 laid aside, and one engraven, with a golden 
 imperial eagle, with two heads, with the 
 legend, Prorege, lege, and grege, substituted 
 in its. placg. The charter of this burgh 
 which is still extant, w'as granted by king 
 William I. in 1210. From 1201 to 1450, 
 
 was the seat of no fewer than 14 national 
 councils. Perth. is situated in the middle of 
 
 PER 
 
 a plain, which it divides into two fine mea*- 
 dow grounds, called the and South 
 
 Inches or Islands. The tide flows up the 
 river from the German ocean, two miles 
 above Perth : and at spring tides, ships, 
 considerably above 100 tons burden, com© 
 up close to the shore. In 1339, Perth stood 
 a long siege against the regent Robert, but 
 was taken by draining the ditch. In 1437, 
 king James I. was murdered at the Black 
 Friars monastery, by Robert Graham, who 
 gave him 28 wounds, and the queen two, in 
 defending him. His garments were preser- 
 ved long after at Penh. The first public 
 avowal of the reformed religion, in Scot- 
 land was made at Perth ; where John 
 Knox preached a sermon against idolatry, 
 before some of the chief nobility on Thurs- 
 day, 1 Ith of May, 1559. A weekly sermon 
 kas been regularly preached upon Thursday 
 ever since. An elegant stone bridge of 10 
 arches, over the Tay, connects Perth with 
 the burgh of Kinnaul called Bridge End, 
 Perth was a place of great trade so early 
 vas the l-2th century. For many years its 
 staple manufacture was linen : but this 
 manufacture has now given place to that of 
 cotton which is carried to a great extent. 
 Boots and shoes are naanufactured to a 
 great amount: many of them for the I^on- 
 don market. There are extensive tanne- 
 ries. The salmon fishery near Perth 
 on the Tay, produces an annual rent of 
 about 70001. 10001. of which belongs to 
 
 the town as a body corporate. There is a 
 respectable banking company called the 
 Perth Bank, which has been established (or 
 many years ; and there are also branches 
 of the Bank of Scotland, and the Briti.<ih 
 Linen Company. Next to Edinburgh and 
 Glasgow., Perth has the greatest share of 
 the book trade of any town in Scotland. 
 Many neat editions of valuable works have 
 been printed here of late years. Perth is a 
 royal burgh the second in dignity to ^the 
 metropolis, and governed by a provost, four 
 bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, and 19 
 counsellors. There is an academy, where 
 mathematics, astronomy, and other branches 
 .of education, are taught by able masters. 
 
 I A literary and Antiquarian society has been 
 established for a number of years, and has 
 made a considerable collection of books, 
 manuscripts, A'c. It is the se«it of a Pres- 
 bytery, and alternately with Stirling, of a 
 synod. lu the town is a valuable public 
 library. The parish church is a large, an- 
 cient building, in form of a cross, divided 
 I into three, called the East, Middle, and West 
 I Churches. Here are two chapels of Ease, 
 i in one of which the service is peformed iu 
 Gielic, with meeting houses for various 
 classes of dissenters. At the se end of the 
 street called the Watergutes stands the an- 
 cient palace of the Gourie family, famous 
 for having been the scene of that real or 
 pretended outrage against James VI. knowB 
 m bis history by the name of Gowries cou- 
 
PER 
 
 spiracy. The glovers^ hall is an elegant 
 new building, and answers lor a theatre, and 
 several other purposes. The glovers are a 
 most respectable corporation, and their 
 manufacture has been long famed. The 
 high street is closed at the e end by the 
 town house. The infirmary is a good edi- 
 fice. The city of Perth is among the hand- 
 somest in Scotland. The population of 
 Perth in 1801, was 14,878, and in 1811, 
 16,948. Perth has two weekly markets, on 
 Wednesday and Friday, and nine annual 
 fairs. The town council of Perth choose a 
 delegate to meet with those of Dundee, For- 
 far, St. Andrew ^s, and Cupar of Fife, for 
 electing a representative in the British par- 
 liament. Perth is situated 23 miles w of 
 Dundee, 40 n of Edinburgh, 64 NEof Glas- 
 gow, S2 ssw of Aberdeen, 238 ne of Dublin, 
 Sind 420 N of Loudon. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 
 66 24 N. 
 
 Perth y a parish in Perthshire, four miles 
 long from n to s, and about three broad, 
 including that of the town. The soil is 
 partly loam, partly clay. The population 
 in 1794, amounted to 10,871, as reported to 
 Sir John Sinclair. In the country part of the 
 parish, there afe three printfields, two exten- 
 sive cotton works, four bleachfields, three 
 paper mills, one oil mill lor lintseed oil, 
 the first of the kind erected in Scotland, and 
 excellent flour mills. 
 
 PERTH, or Perthshire, one of the 
 largest counties of Scotland, bounde^d on the 
 w and sw by Argyll and Lennox. N and nw 
 by Badenoch and Lochaber, ne by Marr, e 
 by Angus, se by Fife and Kinross, and s by 
 the Forth, and part of Stirling and Clack- 
 mannan ; including Monteith, BraiduLbin, 
 'Athol, Strabi-me, Perth Proper, and part of 
 Gowrie. It extends above 70 miles in 
 length, and near 60 at its greatest breadth ; 
 exhibiting a great variety of high and low 
 lands, rnuuniains, hills, dales, and straths ; 
 The soil of ibis country, being generally 
 rich and well cultivated, produces excellent 
 grain of all kinds. The only royal boroughs 
 are Perth and Culross. Perthshire is, situated 
 in the centre of Scotland and is divided into 
 *76 parochial districts. Of these parishes, 
 18 belong to the Highland divisions, (where 
 Gaelic is the vernacular tongue, and the 
 kilt worn,) and «58 to the Lowland division 
 where the English language prevails. Be- 
 sides the royal burghs the principal towns 
 are Crieff, Callander, and Dunkeld. It is 
 watered ou the s by the Forth, and inter- 
 sected by the Tay and their tributaries, 
 together with the rivers Earn, Tunel, Teith, 
 and Ista. The population in 1801, was 
 126,336, and in 1811, l35j(J93. The Gram- 
 pian mountain.? cross it from sw. to ne, the 
 higbe.st of which is Benlawers. The pro- 
 spect from Mordun is by Pennant termed 
 * The glory of iScotland.^ The real land 
 rent is estimated at 230,9001. Sterling, It 
 sends one member to parliament. Perth is 
 the capital. 
 
 No. 23— 6(d. 
 
 PER 
 
 Perth Amboy, a city and sea-port in 
 Middlesex county, New Jersey, on a neck 
 of laud between Arthur KuU sound, and tha 
 river Raritou. It lies open to Sandy Hook, 
 and has one of the safest harbours on the 
 continent, 30 miles sw of New York, and 
 64 NE of Philadelphia. Lon. 74 25 w, lat. 
 40 31 N. 
 
 Perthes, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, six miles ssw of 
 Melun. 
 
 PERTH PROPER, a district in the 
 above county, which extends 20 miles ia 
 length, and in some places 15 in breadth. 
 It is extremely fertile, populous, and well 
 cultivated. 
 
 Perthes, a town in the department of 
 Upper Marne, France, six miles nw of St. 
 Dizier. 
 
 Pertigi, a town of Sardinia, 19 miles se 
 of Castel Aragonese. 
 
 Pertuis, a town in the department of 
 Vaucluse, France, near the Durance, li 
 miles N of Aix, and 38 ese of Avignon. 
 
 PERU, an extensive country of South 
 America, about 1800 miles in length, and 
 500 in breadth ; bounded w by the South 
 Pacific Ocean, e by the Andes, n by Terra 
 Firma, and the 25ih degree of s lat. sepa- 
 rates it from Chili and La Plata on the s. 
 It lies between 60 and 81 w Ion. and is sub- 
 divided into the provinces of Quito, Lima, 
 and Los Charcos. The chief towns are 
 Quito, Payto, Lima, Cusco, Potosi, and 
 Porco, It is natural to suppose that it 
 would be almost uninhabitable ; but tha 
 Andes being on the one side, and the South 
 sea on the other, it is not so hot as tropical 
 countries in general are. The plaiiQS are 
 temperate, the beaches and valleys hot; 
 and, according to the disposition of tha 
 country, we find all the variety of gradations 
 of temperature between the two extremes 
 of heat and cold. It is remarkable, that 
 in some places it never rains, which defect 
 is supplied by a dew that falls every night. 
 In the inland parts of Peru, and by the banks 
 of the rivers, the soil is usually very fertile ; 
 but along the sea-coast it is a banen sand. 
 There are large forests on the sides of tha 
 mountains, which advance near the sea, 
 but none of the trees are like those in Eu-* 
 rope. This country produces fruits peculiar 
 to the climate, and most of those in Europe. 
 The culture of maize, of pimento, and of 
 cotton, which was found established there, 
 has not been neglected : and that of wheat, 
 barley, ca.s.sava, potatoes, sugar, and of the 
 olive and vine, is attended to. The goats 
 have thriven very well ; but the sheep have 
 degenerated, and their wool is become ex- 
 tremely coarse. Serpents are very com- 
 mon, and many of them dangerous. In the 
 northern parts of Peru are several gold 
 mines ; but those of silver are found all over 
 the country, particularly in the neighbour- 
 hood of Potosi. Nature never offered to the 
 avidity of mankind in any country of the 
 Ee 
 
E R 
 
 globe sucb rich mines as those orpotosi. 
 These famous mines were accidentally disco» 
 Tered in 1545. They begin to decrease, and 
 others rise in reputation. Besides the pro- 
 duce of the mines, the exports are Peruvian 
 bark, Vienna wood, copper, cotton, and co- 
 coa. The puma and jaquar, sometimes, but 
 improperly, called by Europeans lions and 
 tigers, are the fiercest beasts of prey in Pe- 
 ru. The lama, bearing some resemblance 
 to the camel, and above the ordinary size 
 of a sheep, is peculiar to this country, and 
 has been tamed to domestic purposes ; its 
 flesh is used for food and its wool for clo- 
 thing. The condor, for size, strength, and 
 courage, has the pre-eminence among the 
 winged tribe. When the Spaniards airived 
 in this country, in 1530, the country was 
 governed by sovereigns called Incas , who 
 were much beloved by their subjects, and 
 the inhabitants were more polished than 
 those of other pans of America, with the 
 exception of the Mexicans. It is impossible 
 to ascertain with any decree of precision, 
 the number of inhabitants in Peru. It is 
 divided into two great audiences, Lima and 
 Charcos, under the government of a vice- 
 roy. In 1776, two new viceroyalities 
 vvere established, one at St. Fe, the capital 
 of New Grenada, and the other at Buenos 
 Ayios, capital of Paraguay. The city of 
 Lima is said to contain 54,000 inhabitants ; 
 Guagaquili, 20,000 ; Potosi, 25,000 ; La 
 Pas, 20,000 ; and Cusco, 26,000. Aniong 
 all the inhabitants of Peru, pride and lazi- 
 ness are said to be the most predominant 
 passions. Avarice may likewise be attri- 
 buted to some of them with a great deal of 
 piopriety. There is very little commerce in 
 this fine country, except in the cities and 
 large towns. The chief manufactures are 
 carried on by the Indians. The Indians 
 and negroes are forbidden under the severest 
 penalties, to intermary ; for division be- 
 tween these two classes is the great instru- 
 ment to which the Spaniards trust for the 
 preservation of the colonies. They go na- 
 ked, and paint their bodies with a red drug 
 called rocu. Their skins are of a red cop- 
 per colour. Those that are not much expo- 
 sed to the weather are of a lighter colour 
 than the rest. Peru is governed by a vice- 
 roy who is absolute. There are petrifying 
 waters in this country, and fountains of li- 
 quid matter, called coppey, resembling 
 pitch and tar, and used by seamen as such. 
 Here is also found the new metal called 
 platina, Peru was visited by a dreadful 
 earthquake in February 1797. Lima is the 
 capital. 
 
 Perugia, a town in the late republican 
 department of Trasimeno, Italy, capital 
 of Ferugino, and a bisbop^s see. It has 
 a citadely and an university, and several 
 academies. It is seated on the Tiber, and 
 is an ancient, handsome, and populous city ; 
 miles N of Rome. Lou. 12 20 e, lat, 43 
 
 p E T 
 
 Perugia, a lake of Italy, 10 miles w 
 the city of its name, nine miles long and^ 
 seven broad, and in it are three islands, on* 
 one of which is a church. It is the ancient 
 Trasimenus. On its n border, the armies 
 under Hannibal and Flaminius fought a 
 severe battle, in which 15,000 Romans 
 fell. 
 
 PERUGINO, a province of Italy, about 
 25 miles in length, and i:early as much in 
 breadth. The air is very pure, and the" 
 soil fertile in corn and good wine. It is in- 
 cluded in the department of Trasimeno. 
 Perugia is the capital. 
 
 Pervro, a towm in tlie duchy of Urbino, 
 Italy, It is a large place, Las an excellent 
 harbour, and a magnificent cathedral. It- 
 is 18 miles ne of Urbino, and 130 ne of 
 Rome. 
 
 Pesaro, a sea- port in the dud y of Ur- 
 bino, Italy, seated at the mouth- of the Fog- 
 lio, on the gulf of Venice, and a bishop V 
 see. Its cathedral is magnificent, its- 
 churches, convents, and palace, elegant, 
 with suberb paintings, IT miles ene ot Ur- 
 bino. Lon. 13 2 E, lat. 43 52 n. 
 
 Pescara, a strong towm in Abruzzo Gi- 
 tericre, Naples, at the mouth of a river of 
 its name, in the gulf of Venice, taken by 
 the French in 1798, 10 miles kne of Civita 
 de Chieti. 
 
 Peschiera, a town of Italy, situated on- 
 the Mincio, where it proceeds from the lake 
 Garda. It was tJtken by the French irr 
 1706, and the garrison surrendered to the 
 Austrians in 1700, It is about 16 miles w of 
 Verona. 
 
 Pescia, a town in Florentino, Tuscany, 
 on a river of its name over which is am 
 elegant bridge. It is famous for oil, 27 
 miles w by n oLFlorenee. 
 
 Pescina, a town near the lake Celano, 
 in Abruzzo Ultra, Naples, 20 miles s by b 
 of Aquila. 
 
 Pescenas, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Herault, Fiance, on the Aeraidt, 12 
 miles NE of Beziers. 
 
 Pest, a town of Hungary, capital of 
 county of the same name, situated on the 
 Danube. It has a fortress, a royal palace, 
 and the only university in the kingdom. 
 The Levant trade to Germany and the nor- 
 thern nations, is here conducted by Greek 
 merchants, 96 miles se of Petersburg. 
 Lon. 19 8 E, lat. 47 30 n. 
 
 Pesti, a tow n in the Principato Citeriore, 
 Naples. In the vicinity are the magnifi- 
 cent ruins of the ancient Paestum, 20 miles 
 sE of Salerno. 
 
 Patapa, one of the pleasantest towns of 
 Guatimala, New Spain, 25 miles se of 
 Guatimala. 
 
 PE-TCHE-LI, a province of China, the 
 chief in the whole -empire. It contains 
 Pekin; flie principal city in the empire, and 
 eight cities of Ihe- -first class, on which 140 
 towns depend, besides a vast number of vil- 
 J lages. The air is temperate and the soil 
 
P E T 
 
 i'ertil®, t)ut being: sandy does not produce i 
 ■tnuch rice, though it abounds in ail other I 
 .kinds of grain. The rivers are so much 
 frozen during four months of the year, that 
 waggons with heavy loads can pass them 
 with safety. They have also mines of coal. 
 All the riches of China are Iwought to this 
 province, particularly to Pekin. The in- 
 habitants are stronger and more warlike, 
 than .those of the southern provinces, but 
 not so polite, nor so aptto learn the scien- 
 ces. 
 
 PETER’S ST, one of the Virgin isles, 
 in the West Indies, dependant on Virgin 
 Gorda. 
 
 Peter and. >PaM/, or Petropauloskoi, a 
 sea-port in Kamtschatka, Russia, seated 
 in a valley, on the e side of Awatska bay. 
 The town consists of a few conical huts 
 and log- houses, and the harbour, one of the 
 best in the world, is open for shipping from 
 April to November. Here captain Clerke, 
 vvho succeeded captain Cooke, and died at 
 sea, is buried. Lon. 158 48 E, lat. 53 I n. 
 
 Peter^s Island, St, or St Pierre, on the 
 S coast of Newfoundland, lies ssw of the se 
 point of Fortune bay. 
 
 Peterbcrough, a city^ in Northampton- 
 shire, and a bishop’s see, with a market on 
 Saturday, seated on the Nen, over which is 
 a bridge into Huntingdonshire. It is not 
 large, but has a manufacture of stockings, 
 and a trade in corn, coal, and timber. It 
 is governed by a mayor, and has but one 
 church, beside the cathedral. The streets 
 are regular, and the market-place spacious. 
 It has fairs on July 10th and October 2d, 
 -noted for horses. The number of inhabi- 
 tants in 1801, w'as 3449, and in 1811, 3674. 
 In the church are. the monuments of queen 
 Catherine, wife of Henry VIII. and of 
 JHary, queen of Scotland. It is 42 miles 
 NE of Northampton, and 81 n of London. 
 Lon. 0 4 w, lat. 52 30 n. 
 
 Peterculter, , a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 about eight miles long and five broad, with 
 a rugged and unequal surface. The arable 
 land is of small extent. The manufacture 
 of paper, begun in 1750, is carried on in the 
 parish with great success. In ihe parish 
 are a large tumulus, a Druidical temple, 
 and vestiges of an old building, from the 
 ^foundation of which, coins of David I. have 
 been dug. In the.E part of the parish is a 
 rampart, where it is said a guard was placed 
 to prevent communication between the heal- 
 thy and infected, when the plague was in 
 Aberdeen, in the 17th century. Population, 
 near 900. 
 
 Peterhead, handsome town of Aberdeen- 
 shire, situated near the mouth of the Ugie. 
 It has an excellent harbour defended by two 
 new piers. A considerable trade is carried 
 on. In 179A, there were. 28 vessels belong- 
 ing to it, amounting to above 3000 tons. 
 Its shipping is nowrmuch more considerable. 
 Manufactures of thread, woollen cloth, and 
 cotton, are carried on to a eonsiderablo ex- 
 
 PET 
 
 tent. A celebrated mineral spring, of pow«> 
 erful diuretic quality, and sea bathing being 
 a great resort of company, for whose accom" 
 rnodation there is a ball-room, &c. Near 
 the town is a field called Pest ground, vtc 
 which those who were infected with the 
 plague were removed, and were lodged in 
 huts, and, when they died, were buried un- 
 der them. The weekly market is on Fri- 
 day, and it has two annual fairs. The po- 
 pulation of the town and parish, in 18Q1, 
 was 4491, and in 1811, 4707. It is finely 
 situated, a little n of Buchanness, the most 
 eastern promontory of Scotland, about 30 
 miles NNE of Aberdeen, and 140 ne by n 
 of Edinburgh. The parish of, Peterhead, 
 lying round the town, to the s of the Ugie, 
 contains about 7000 acres, with a generally 
 i fiat surface, and almost all arable and fer- 
 I tile. Lon. 1 17 w, lat. 57 27 n. 
 
 Peter-Le-Port, St, a town in the SB 
 I part of Guernsey, consisting of one long 
 I narrow street. It has a good road for 
 shipping. 
 
 Petersburgh, the metropolis of the Rus- 
 sian empire, in the government of the same 
 name, is siiuated on the river Neva, neaf 
 the gulf of Finland, built partly upon some 
 j islands in the mouth of that river, and partly 
 upon the continent, with an university. Pe- 
 ter the Great first began this city in 1703, 
 and in less .than nine years the seat of em- 
 pire was transferred from Moscow to this 
 .place. The first, wooden cottage of Peter 
 .the Great, has a brick building on, arches, 
 erected over it, to preserve it as a sacred re- 
 lict of that monarch ; but the other wooden 
 houses, when they fall down, or are burnt, 
 are not suffered to be rebuilt. The streets, 
 in general, are broad and spacious ; and 
 three of the principal ones are two miles in 
 length. The mansions of the nobles are 
 vast piles of building, furnished with great 
 , cost in the same elegant style as at Paris 
 or London. The views^ upon the banks of 
 the Neva exhibit the grandest and most 
 lively scenes imaginable. That river is Id 
 many places as broad as the Thames -at 
 I London. On the n, the fortress, the aca- 
 demy of sciences, and the academ^^ ol art3, 
 are the most striking objects. On the oppo- 
 site side are the imperial palace, the adrai- 
 K rali(y, the mansions of many Russian nobles, 
 and the English line, so called because it is 
 mostly occupied by English merchants, 
 i Petersburg, although more compact than 
 I other Russian cities, siill bears a resem- 
 blance to the towns of that country, being 
 built in a very straggling manner. It has 
 been lately inclosed with a rami:>4irt, the 
 circumference of which is 14 miles. In it 
 there are no fewer than 35 great cnuTches, 
 (almost every sect of Christians being tole- 
 . rated,) and the number of . inhabitants is sup- 
 posed to be about 400,000. It is said that 
 3000. one horse sledges are employ ea, for 
 passengers in the streets, in winter. From 
 its low and marshy situation, it is subject to 
 Ee2 
 
PET 
 
 iDundatioias, which have sometimes risen so 
 high as to threaten the town with a total 
 submersion. The opposite divisions of Pe- 
 tersburgh are connected by a bridge on pon- 
 toons, and, for a few days, till the river is 
 frozen hard enough to bear carriages, there 
 is no communication between the opposite 
 parts of the town. Among the noblest or- 
 naments of Petersburgh, is an equestrian 
 statue of Peter the Great, in bronze erected 
 by Catharine II. in 1782. Within ihe walls 
 of the fortress, is the cathedral of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul, in which are deposited the re- 
 inains ot Peter the Great, and of the succes- 
 sive sovereigns, except Peter the II. who 
 Was buried at Moscow. Petersburgh has 
 a considerable trade in exporting the pro- 
 cfucts of the empire and has communica- 
 tion by rivers and canals, with many of the 
 southern provinces, as far as Astracan, on 
 the Caspian sea. Petersburgh is 425 miles 
 »w of Moscow, 590 e by n of Stockholm, 
 and 1000 nne of Vienna. Lon. 30 25 e, 
 lat. 59 56 N. 
 
 Petersburg, a post town of Virginia, and 
 a place of considerable trade, situated in 
 Dinwaddie county, on the s side of the Ap- 
 pamatox, has a considerable trade in flour 
 and tobacco, about 25 miles s of Richmond. 
 It contains about 2828 inhabitants. 
 
 Petersburg, a town in Hillsborough coun- 
 ty, Newhampshire, 73 miles w by s of 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Petersburg a town in Elbert county, 
 Georgia, at the junction of the Broad 
 river with the Savannah. It is 50 miles 
 WNW of Augusta. 
 
 Petersburg, a town in York county Penn- 
 sylvania, 25 miles sw of York, and 58 n of 
 Washington. % 
 
 Petersdorf, a town in the province of 
 Samland, Prussia, 84 miles e of Koniffs- 
 berg. 
 
 Petersfield, a handsome town in Hamp- 
 shire, situated on the Lodden, governed by a 
 mayor, with a market on Saturday. This 
 town bad a charter granted by queen Elisa- 
 beth but has never availed itself of this 
 privilege. It sends two members to par- 
 liament, 18 miles ne of Portsmouth, and 54 
 sw of London. 
 
 Petershagan, a town of Westphalia in the 
 principality of Minden with a ca tie, on 
 the Weser, seven miles nnk of Minden. 
 
 Petersham, a village in Surrey, situated 
 amidst beautiful scenery, between Richmond 
 park and the Thames, two miles and a-half 
 * of Kingston, and 18 sw of London. 
 
 Petersham, a town in Worcester county, 
 Massachusetts, seated on the e branch of 
 Swift river, 28 miles nw of Worcester. 
 
 ^ Petershansen, a town of Swabia, on the n 
 side of the Rhine, opposite Constance, has a 
 Benedictine abbey and a fort. 
 
 Peterwarudiri, a town of Sclavonia, one 
 of the strongest frontier towns. It is situa- 
 ted on the Danube, opposite the fort of 
 
 PET 
 
 Neusafz, in Hungary, 50 miles nw of Bel- 
 grade. Lon. 20 20 e, lat. 45 18 n. 
 
 Petherton, a town in Somersetshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday, seated near the Par- 
 ret, over which is a bridge. Here stood 
 once a palace of Ina, king of (he West Sax- 
 ons. It is 24 miles ssw of Wells, and 130 w 
 by s of Loudon. North Petherton is about 
 15 miles to the nw. 
 
 Petigliauo, a town in the Sianuese, Tus- 
 cany, eight miles w of Castro, and 45 se of 
 Sienna. 
 
 PETIT-GUA VES, or Goave, a juris- 
 diction, town, and bay, on the n coast of 
 the s peninsula of the island of St. Domingo, 
 and near the head of the bay of Leogane, 
 Lon. 72 25 w, lat. 45 10 n. 
 
 Petoune, a city of E Ciiinese Tartary, in 
 the department of Kirin, stands on the Son- 
 gari. Here are few inhabitants except 
 Tartar soldiers, and exiled Cuinese. It is 
 151 miles n by w of Kirin. Lon. 125 55 e, 
 lat. 45 10 N. 
 
 Petrella, a town of Molise, Naples, IJ 
 mites e of Molise. 
 
 Petrella, a town in Albania, European 
 Turkey, 26 miles se of Durazzo. 
 
 Petrikow, a towu of Poland, in the pala- 
 tinate of Siradia, 80 miles sw of Warsaw. 
 Lon. 19 46 e, lat. 5J 12 n. 
 
 Petrina, a strong town of Croatia, on the 
 Kulpa, 37 miles e of Carlstadt. 
 
 Petroria, a city in the province of Quil- 
 lota, Chili, seated on the Longoloma, has 
 rich gold mines in the vicinity, 140 miles 
 Nxw of St. Jago. Lon^ 72 1 w, lat. 31 
 30 s. 
 
 Pettaw, a town of Stiria, Germany, on 
 the Drave, has considerable manufactures, 
 14 miles SE of Marchburg. 
 
 Petta-PoUy, a town in (he Guntoor cir- 
 car, Hindoostan, on the bay of Bengal, 38 
 miles ssE of Condavir, 42 sw of Masulipa- 
 tam, and 48 ne of Ongole. 
 
 Pettinain, a parish and village in La- 
 narkshire. The parish is about three miles 
 long and two broad, lying on the banks of 
 (he Clyde. The surface and soil are va- 
 rious. The village of Pettinain, contain- 
 ing about 100 nhabitants, lies on the banks 
 of the Clyde, about five miles and a quarter 
 e of Lanark. Population of the parish 
 about 430. 
 
 Petty, a parish in Inverness-shire, about 
 eight miles long and four broad, lying on 
 the s side of the Moray Frith. About two- 
 tbirds of the land is arable. The appear- 
 ance of this district is pleasant. In the 
 parish are Druidical temples, and near the 
 church are two conical earthen mounds, 
 called courthiil. Population near 1600. 
 
 Pettycur, a harbour in Fiieshire, on the 
 Frith of Forth, about a mile s of Kiughorn. 
 It has a pier, and is the usual landing 
 place of passengers from Leith, on the op- 
 posite shore. 
 
 Pet worth, a town in Sussex, with a mar- 
 
P H A 
 
 ket on Saturday, stands near the A run. In 
 the vicinity are several elegant seats, parti- 
 cularly one belonging to the earl of Egre- 
 mont. In the vault of the church are inter- 
 fed several ol the family of Percy, 12 miles 
 KE of Chichester, and 48 sw of London. 
 
 Pevensey, a town in Sussex se of Beachy 
 head, 14 miles wsw of Hastings, seated on a 
 small river which runs into a bay of the 
 English channel, called Pevensey harbour. 
 This place was formerly protected by a 
 ca-tle, which belonged to Robert earl of 
 Morton, and said to be the largest and 
 inost entire remain of any Roman building 
 to be seen in Britain. It was formerly noted 
 as a sea- port, but the sea has receded two 
 miles from the town, and the harbour is now 
 accessible only by small boats. Here, in 
 1049, Swain landed when he carried off, 
 and murdered, his cousin Beorn. Here 
 William of Normandy lauded, when he in- 
 vaded England. 
 
 PJafenhoffen, a haudsoitfe town of Upper 
 Bavaria, seated on the lira. At a small 
 distance is a Benedictine monastery, 15 
 miles s by e of Ingolstadt. 
 
 Pfalzeny a town in tbe department of 
 Sarre, France, electorate of Traves, lately 
 of Germany, on the Moselle, with a palace 
 of the kings of the Franks, now converted 
 into a convent, three miles ne of Traves. 
 
 Pfeddersheim, a towm in the department 
 of Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, palatinate of the Rhine, on the Prim, 
 five miles w of Worms. 
 
 Pfejfikon y a to^n in the canton of Zu- 
 rich, Swisserland, 12 miles e of Zurich. 
 
 PfeteVy a town of Bavaria, seated on a 
 river of its name, near its junction with the 
 Danube, 14 miles e by s of Ratisbon. 
 
 PJirty or Forette, a town in the depart- 
 ment of theUpper Rhine, France, 10 miles w 
 of Basil. 
 
 Pforten, a lordship and town of Lusatia, 
 10 miles s of Guben, 
 
 Pfortsheiniy a town and castle of Suabia, 
 in the margraviate of Baden Durlach, with 
 a castle, on the Entz, has a trade with 
 Holland in w'ood, and has mamifac lures in 
 cloth, stuff stockings, watches, and jewelry. 
 It is 15 miles e by s of Durlach. 
 
 PJ'reimbty a town in the palatinate of 
 Bavaria, at the junction of the Ofreimbt 
 and the Nab, has a castle, 10 miles e of 
 Amberg. 
 
 PJuUendorfy a town of Suabia, on tbe 
 Andalspetch, 22 miles n by e of Constance. 
 
 PJuUingeny a town in the duchy of Wir- 
 temburg, Swabia, eight miles se of Tubin- , 
 gen. 
 
 PhahhurQy a fortified town iu the depart- 
 ment Meurthe, France, 25 miles WNW of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Phanagoriay a beautiful little island, 
 between the Black sea, and the sea of 
 Asoph. 
 
 Pharabyy a town in Cork, Munster, three 
 miles Nw of Glanworth* 
 
 p H I 
 
 PHAROS, a small island in the Mediter- 
 ranean, opposite Alexandria, in Egypt, the 
 space between which and the continent 
 forms a spacious harbour. It has a commu- 
 nication with the continent by a stone 
 causew'ay and bridge. It formerly had an 
 exceedingly high tow^er, called Pharos, and 
 at the top were lights for the direction of 
 ships, whence the island took its name. 
 Lon. 3i 11 E,lat. 30 24 n. 
 
 Pharzay anciently Pharsalta, a town of 
 Turkey in Europe, in Thessaly, famous for 
 the decisive battle fought on its plains, be- 
 tween .lulius Caesar, and Pompey, in 48 B. C. 
 
 It is an archbishop’s see, and stands on the 
 Enipeus, 16 miles s of Larissa. 
 
 P basis. See Rioni. 
 
 PHENICIA, a country in Turkey, in 
 Asia, extending from Arabia Deserta to 
 the Mediterranean. The principal towns 
 are Tripoli, Damascus, and Balbcc. It is 
 a small territory, but has been greatly 
 celebrated. 
 
 Philadelphiay an ancient town of Nafolia, 
 situated at ihe fool of the mountain Timoliis, 
 in an extensive plain. The Greeks retain 
 its ancient name, but the Turks call it Alla- 
 hijar. It contains about 1 1,000 inbabitauts, 
 amoDg w^hora are about 2000 Christians, 
 who have four churches and a Greek arch- 
 bishop. It is four miles ese of Smyrna. 
 Lon. 28 15 e, lat. 28 38 n. 
 
 Philadelphiay the metropolis of Pennsyl- 
 vania, not only eclipses every other city in 
 America, but is unequalled for regularity 
 by any in Europe. It is situated in the 
 county to which it gives name, on the w 
 banks of the Delaware, which is here a 
 mile broad; about 120 miles from the At- 
 lantic ocean. It was laid out by William 
 Penn, iu 1683, and settled by a colony 
 from England, which arrived in that and 
 the preceding years. The city is intersected 
 by a great number of streets, crossing each 
 other at right angles, the principal of which 
 ' is Broad street 113 feet wide, running v 
 and s, which is crossed by High street, 100 
 feet wide ; the other streets in general are 
 50 feet wide; and are all paved, and have 
 broad bricked foot-ways, with pumps on 
 each side, about 100 yards from each other, 
 wuifa a lamp on the top. Of these there 
 were originally nine, which extend from the 
 Delaware to the Schuylkil ; these were 
 crossed by 23, running n and s. The num- 
 ber of squares, in the original plan, was 
 184 ; but as several have lately been inter- 
 sect^ by new streets, their number now 
 amounts to 304, and several of these are 
 again intersected by lanes and alleys. 
 The houses in the city and suburbs are gene- 
 rally of brick. There are 27 places of 
 public worship, and the other public build- 
 ings are, a state-house, and offices, two city 
 court-houses, a country court-house, and 
 university, the philosophical society hall, 
 a public library, an hospital, dispensary, an 
 alms-house; a gaol; three iucorporated 
 
P H I 
 
 baiaks, two dramatic theatres, a medical 
 theatre, a laboratory, an amphitheatre, three 
 brick market houses, a fish-market, a 
 house of correct iou, and a powder-maga- 
 zine. The legislature of the United States 
 held their sessions in an elegant building 
 in the nw corner of the state-house yard. 
 In the NE corner, adjoining the left wing 
 of the state-house, is the town- hall ; s of 
 which is the philosophical ball. It is the 
 largest collection of natural curiosities to 
 be found in America. Opposite the philoso- 
 phical ball is the Philadelphia library. At 
 present it contains upwards of 12,000 vo- 
 lumes, besides a museum, and a valuable 
 philosophical apparatus. The public gaol 
 stands in the next square, s of the state- 
 house yards. The market- house, in High- 
 street, is perhaps exceeded by none in the 
 world, for variety of provisions, ^c. which 
 are exposed for sale every Wednesday 
 and Saturday. Further west, is a spacious 
 buiJding, intended for the accommodation of 
 the president- of the United States. The 
 university stands on the w side of Fourth 
 street. Few cities in the world, of the 
 sanne population and riches as Philadelphia, 
 are better provided with useful institutions, 
 both of a public and private nature. 
 There is also a sufficient number of acade- 
 mies for the instruction of both sexes. The 
 public mint, at which the national money is 
 coined, is in this city. There are 31 print- 
 ing-offices in it. Philadelphia is governed 
 by a mayor, recorder, 18 aldermen, and 30 
 common council-men ; according to its 
 present charter, granted in 1789. The 
 trade of Pennsylvania is principally carried 
 on from this city ; and there are few com- 
 mercial ports in the world, where ships 
 from Philadelphia may not be found in 
 some season of the year. The number of 
 vessels which entered this port in 1793, 
 was 1414. The number of clearances in 
 179«5, w^as 1789 ; and the number of vessels 
 built, was 31. The value of exports was 
 11,518,200 dollars, in 1795. In 1793, 
 Philadelphia was visited by a severe scourge, 
 the yellow lever, which raged with uncom- 
 mon violence for above three months, and 
 in that short space swept off nearly 5000 
 inhabitants. In 1794, there were 9000 
 bouses in this city, and 400 wdiich were 
 building ; and the present number of inha- 
 bitants may be estimated at about 70,000. 
 Philadelphia is 97 miles sw of New York, 
 130 NE of Washington, the present metro- 
 polis, and 347 sw ot Boston. Lon. 75 10 w, 
 iat. 39 57 N. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, a populous and highly 
 cultivated county of Pennsylvania. It 
 contains about 86,000 acres, and is divided 
 into 12 townships. It contains besides 
 Philadelphia, its capital, 11,875 inhabitants. 
 
 PHILIP, a large island in Lake Superior, 
 in the territory of the United States. 
 
 Philip y St, a town in Val di Noto, 
 Sicily, has a castlC; stands on a lofty hill, 
 
 PH I 
 
 and has been long celebrated for its safftc®. 
 30 miles wnw of Catania. 
 
 Philip, St, a town in the province of 
 Venezuela, Terra Firma, was overwhelmed 
 by the great earthquake in -1812, when 120d 
 persons lost their lives. ■ 
 
 Philip, Sty a town in Meohoacan, New 
 Spain, 28 miles n of Guanaxuato. 
 
 PHILIP ISLANDS, two islands in the 
 S Pacific Ocean, discovered by captain 
 Hunter, in 1791, about five miles asunder, 
 but a sandy spit reaches two-thirds of the 
 distance, from the e toward the w island. 
 The island is covered with shrubs. Lon. 
 (of the Eastern island) 140 3 e, lat. 8 6 s, 
 Philip, St, in Spain. See Xativa, 
 
 Philip, St, in Brasil* See Louis de 
 Maraunon, St, 
 
 Philippi, an ancient town of Macedonia, 
 situated on the confines of Romania, and an 
 archbishop^s see. In a plain in the vicinity, 
 Augustus, and Mark Antony, defeated Cassius 
 and Brutus in 42 B. C. An amphitheatre, 
 and several other monuments of its ancient 
 grandeur still remain, 10 miles from the 
 gulf of Contesia, and 60 e of Salooica. Lon. 
 24 18 E, lat. 40 40 n, 
 
 Philippine, a strong town in Flanders, 
 Netherlands, seated on an arm of the Scheldt, 
 In 1747, it was taken by the French and 
 restored in 1748, and again taken in 1794. 
 It is 15 miles n by w of Ghent, 
 PHILLIPINE ISLANDS, a large cluster 
 of islands in the E Indian ocean, discovered 
 by Magellan in 1521, and conquered by the 
 Spaniards in the reign of Philip II. they are 
 said so be 1 100 in number. The names of 
 the^principal are Luconia, Mindanao, Para- 
 goa, Samar, Mas bate, Mindoro, Luban, 
 Uanay, Leyta, Bahol, Zebu, Negros, St. 
 John, and Abyo. They present many volca- 
 nic appearances, and are subject to violent 
 earthquakes, thunder,.and rain. The air is 
 very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in 
 rice, and many oihei* useful vegetables and 
 fruits. There are many wild beasts and 
 birds, quite unknown in Europe. The 
 natives are affable, hospitable, and honest, 
 and cultivate the land with considerable 
 skill. They are not all of one origin. 
 The Tagals, seem to be descended from the 
 Malays, and are tall and well made, have 
 long black hair. The men wear a shirt 
 and loose drawers, and the women a large 
 mantle. The chief food is rice, cocoa-nuts, 
 and salted fisb. Their houses are construct- 
 ed of Bamboo, covered with palm leaves, 
 raised on pillars to the height of nine feet. 
 They are chiefly subject to the Spaniards. 
 The islands are 400 miles se of China, 
 Lon. from 113 13 to 120 50 e, lat. from 6 
 30 to 18 15 N. See. Luconia. 
 
 Philippopoli, a considerable town of 
 European Turkey in Bulgaria, and an arch- 
 bishop^s see, situated on the Marissa chiefly 
 inhabited by Greeks. It is 80 miles wnw 
 of Adtianople, and 28 iuse of Sofia* Loiu 
 2$ 12 B, lat. 42 33 N. 
 
P I c 
 
 Philipshurgy a town and fortress of Ger- r 
 many, in the late bishopric of Spire. It is | 
 surrounded by swamps. In 1734, it was 
 taken by the French, when the duke of 
 Berwick was killed at the siege, it was re- 
 stored by the treaty of Vienna. In 1794, it 
 was four times blocaded by the French, 
 without success. It belongs to Baden, and 
 u seated on the Rhine, five miles of Spire, 
 
 17 N of Durlach. 
 
 Philipsburg, a towm of New Jersey, in 
 Sussex county, on the Delaware, opposite 
 Easton in Pennsylvania, 41 miles nw of 
 Trenton. 
 
 Philipps Nortouy a town in Somersetshire, 
 seven miles s of Bath. 
 
 Philipstadty a town in the province of 
 Wermeland, Sweden, stands between two 
 lakes, in a mountainous country, abounding 
 in iron mines. In 1775 it was burnt, bin 
 has been rebuilt. It is 22 miles ne ot Carle- 
 stadt, and 180 w by n of Stockholm. 
 
 PhilipstowTiy capital of King^s county, 
 Leinster, Ireland, on the Barrow, 15 miles 
 s of Kildare, and 42 w by s of Dublin. 
 Lon. 7 15 w, lat. 53 18 n. 
 
 PhilipviUey a small but handsome town 
 io the department of Ardennes, France. It 
 was formerly called Corbigny, and had its 
 present name from Philip II. of Spain, 25 
 miles SE of Mons. 
 
 Philipshurg y or Philipstowriy a town of 
 New York, in Duchess county, 28 miles 
 above New V'ork, on the e side of HudsoiFs 
 river. The township contains 2079 inhabi- 
 tants, and a silver mine. 
 
 Phrat, See Euphrates. 
 
 Pianezzuy a town and castle in Piedmont, 
 on the Dora, six miles w of Turin. 
 
 Piacenza. See Piacenza. 
 
 PIANOZA, an island of Tuscany, six 
 miles s of that of Elba. It is low and 
 level. Lou. 10 34 e, lat. 42 46 n. 
 
 Piaray on the coast of S America, lies 13 
 or 14 leagues from Payta. 
 
 Piave, a river of Italy, which has its 
 source on the borders of the principality of 
 Brixen, runs by Cadore, Bellune, and Feltri, 
 and through the province of Treviso, into 
 the gulf of Venice, 16 miles ne of Venice, 
 PiazzOy a town in Val de Noto, Sicily, 
 36 miles w by s of Catania. 
 
 Picay a harbour on tbe coast of Peru, 13 
 miles of Tarapaca. 
 
 PICARA, a large province of South 
 America, in New Granada, bounded e by 
 the Andes. 
 
 PICARDY, a late province of France, on 
 the English channel. It now forms the 
 department of Somme, of which Amiens is 
 the capital. 
 
 Pic de Uetoily Pic de VAlverdiy a small 
 but high island, shaped like a sugar loaf, 
 lying a little to the n and in sight of 
 Aurora island. 
 
 Pleightone. See Pizzighstane, 
 
 Pickering y a town in the n riding of 
 Yorkshire, with the remaks oC a castle. 
 
 p I E 
 
 It is a considerable town, with a market on 
 Monday, and four annual fairs. It is 26 
 miles NE of York, and 223 n by w of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 PTCKERSGILL’S ISLAND, is off Cape 
 Disappointment. Lou. 36 58 w, lat. 54 
 42 s. 
 
 Pickersvillcy the chief town of Washing- 
 ton district, S Carolina, 52 miles wsw of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 PICO, the largest and most populous of 
 the Azores. It is about 80 miles in circum- 
 ference. Here is a volcanic mountain 
 called Pico, about 8000 feel above the level 
 of the sea. Tbe last eruption happened in 
 1718, and destroyed several vineyards. The 
 island produces much wine, Lat. 33 28 n. 
 Ion. 22 26 w. 
 
 Pietou, a small island situated between 
 that ot St. John, and the coniineut of Nova 
 Scotia, at the e end of Northumberland 
 strait. Lon. 62 15 w, lat. 45 50 n. 
 
 Piets^ Wally a famous ancient barrier 
 against the Piets, of which some small re- 
 mains are yet left. It began at Bowuiess at 
 the entrance of Solway frith, in Cumber- 
 land, and passed by Carlisle and Newcastle 
 to Tynemouth. Its termination has still the 
 name of Walls End ; the whole length being 
 about 73 miles. It was erected by the 
 Romans in the reign of the emperor Adrian. 
 It is said to have been 12 feel high, and 
 eight leet thick, and fortified wuth square 
 towers. It had a deep ditch on the n side. 
 A number of estates in its vicinity still pay 
 Carnage money y a tax originally imposed- 
 in lieu of keeping w^atch and ward oa this 
 wall. 
 
 PiduarOy a towm of the Morea, European 
 Turkey, the ancient Epidaurus, on tbe w’ 
 coast of the gulf of Engia, 35 miles e of 
 Napoli di Romania. Lon. 23 22 e, lat. 37 
 40 N. 
 
 PIEDMONT, a territory of Italy, situat- 
 ed at the foot of the Alps. It is 150 miles 
 long, and 90 broad, and contains many high 
 mountains, between w^hich are rich and 
 fruitful vallej^s, 6S pleasant and populous as 
 any part of Italy. The inhabitants carry 
 on a great trade in raw silk ; and tbe coun- 
 try produces also corn, rice, wine, fruits, 
 hemp, flax, and cattle. Piedmont was 
 formerly a part of Lombardy, but was after- 
 wards erected into a separate principality 
 under the king of Sardinia. The battle of 
 Marengo, in 1800, made the French masteis 
 of Piedmont, but at the following peace 
 they agreed to restore it ; yet it was reserv- 
 ed till hostilities again broke out, and was 
 in their possession, until ibe peace of 1815, 
 when the French were limited to their 
 former boundaries. The principal rivers 
 are the Po, Tnuuro, Sturia, and Doria. 
 Turin is the capital. 
 
 Pienza, a populous town of Tuscany in 
 the Siennese, 25 miles se of Stenua. 
 
 PIERCERS ISLAND, an island of New 
 Hampshire, in Piseataqua river. 
 
P I L 
 
 Pierre, St, a small desert island, near the 
 coast oi New found land. In 1763, it was 
 ceded to the French for curing and drying 
 their fish,, and taken by the English in 1793. 
 Lon. 55 57 w,lat. 46 n. 
 
 Pierre, St, the first town built in the 
 island of Martinique, in the W Indies, 15 i 
 miles Nw of Fort Royal. It has been four 
 times burnt down, yet it contains at present 
 about 2000 houses. Lon. 61 21 w, iat. 14 
 44 N. 
 
 Pierre-le Moutier, St, a town in the 
 department of Nievere, France, stands 
 amidst mountains, near a lake. It is 15 
 miles NW of Monlins, and 150 s of Paris. 
 
 Pietola, a village of Italy, near Mantua, 
 the birth-place of Virgil. 
 
 PIETRO, St, an island in the Mediler- 
 ranean near the sw coast of Sardinia, 13 
 miles long, and three broad, taken by the 
 French in 1763, but soon after retaken. 
 
 PIETRO, CAMPO, St, a district and 
 town in the Paduano, Italy. The former 
 contains 218,000 inhabitants in one town, 
 and 32 villages, the latter 3100. 
 
 Pieve, a town in Friuli, Italy, the birth- 
 place of Titian. 
 
 Pigeon Island, ei small island about eight 
 miles from the coast of Malabar. Lon. 74 
 6 E, lat. 14 1 N. 
 
 Pigeon, a small island in Port Royal 
 bay, in the island of Martinique, in the W 
 Indies. 
 
 Pignerol, or Pinerola, a town of Pied- 
 mont, surrounded by a wall, and stands on 
 the Cluson. L is 18 miles sw of Turin. 
 
 Pigney, a town in the department of 
 Aube, France, 12 miles ne of Troyes. 
 
 Pilgrani, a town in the circle of Bechin, 
 Bohemia, at the source of the Iglau, 28 
 miles E of Tabor. 
 
 PilgrMs Island, on the se shore of St. 
 Lawrence river. 
 
 Pilkington, a town in Lancashire,, with 
 considerable manufactures. In 1801, the 
 population was 5786, and in 1811, 7353. 
 
 It is four miles sw of Manchester. 
 
 Pill, a small town in Somersetshire, 
 with a road for shipping, at the mouth 
 of the Avon, about four miles beiow Bristol. 
 
 Pillau, a sea-port of Prussia, on the Bal- 
 tic. The harbour is good and well forti- 
 fied. The streets are broad and straight, 
 and the houses are built in the Dutch style. 
 Near the gate of the castle is a strong eques- 
 trian statue of Frederic William the great. 
 Here is a magazine of military stores. It is 
 20 miles w by s of Konig.vberg. Lon. 20 
 20 R, lat. 54 38 n. 
 
 Piliing-Hall, and Pilling-Moss, in Lan- 
 cashire, between Garstang and the sea. In 
 1745, a part of Pilling-Moss was observed 
 to rise to a surprising height; after a short 
 time it sunk as much below the level, and 
 moved slowly toward the s side, and in half 
 an iiour it covered 100 acii^s of land. 
 
 Pilnitz, a town in Misiii;:, Upper Saxony, 
 famous for a treaty eaterdd into by thej 
 
 P I N 
 
 states of Europe against France, 17ff2 
 seven miles se of Dresden. ^ 
 
 Pilsen, a handsome tow'o of Bohemia, 
 capital of a circle of the same name, seat- 
 ed at the junction of the Radbuza, and 
 Walta. It is well built and fortified, the 
 ii vicinity abounds in sheep, and is celebrated 
 [ fur excellent cheese, 55 miles sw of Prao-ue, 
 j Lon, 13 39 e, lat. 49 2 n. 
 j Pilsna, Pilsno, or Pilzow, a town of 
 [ Little Poland, in Sandomir, 50 miles e of 
 I Cracow, and 50 ssw of Sandomir. 
 j Pitten, a town of Cour and, capital of a 
 I fertile territory of the ^ame name, on the 
 I Windau, 12 miles nnw' of Goldingen, 
 
 [ PINAS, ISLAND, on the coast of the 
 gulf of Honduras, is situated off Trivip iilo 
 bay. 
 
 PINCKNEY, a district of the Upper 
 country of S Carolina, comprehending the 
 counties of York, Chester, Union, and Spar- 
 tenburg. It contains 25,870 white inhabi- 
 tants ; sends to tbe State Legislature nine 
 representatives and three senators; and, in 
 conjunction wiih Washington, sends one 
 member to Congress. 
 
 Pinckneyville, a post town of Union 
 county, South Carolina, and . apital of the 
 above district. It stands on broad river, 
 at the influx of tbe Pacolet, 75 miles \w' of 
 Columbia. Lon. 81 40 w, lat. 34 52 N. 
 
 Pines, a small island on the n coast of 
 Terra Firma, S America, about 41 leagues 
 E of Porto Bello. Lon. 80 15 w, lat. 9 
 12 N. 
 
 PINES, an island in the S Pacific ocean, 
 off the s end of New Caledonia about 14 
 miles over. It is a pointed hill sloping to- 
 wards the extremities. On the low land 
 are many tali pine trees. Lon. 167 43 e, 
 lat. 22 38 s. 
 
 Ping-King, or Ping- Yuen, a city of 
 China, in the province of Koei-tcheou, 930 
 miles ssw of Pekin. Lon. 142 28 e, lat. 26 
 38 N. 
 
 Ping Lian, a city of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Chin-.si, on the Kinho, 550 miles 
 sw of Pekin. Lon. 106 25 e, lat. 35 35 n. 
 
 Pinhel, a town of Portugal, in the pro- 
 vince of Tra-los Montes, capital of a terri- 
 tory of the same name, ou the Coa. It is 
 28 miles n by w of Guarda. Lon. 6 40 w, 
 iat. 40 46 N. 
 
 Pinginghurg, a lordship of Holstein, 
 whose capital of the same name is 15 miles 
 NW' of Hamburgh. It stands ou the Owe, 
 
 16 miles se of Giuckstadt. 
 
 PINOS, an island on the s side of Cuba, 
 W Indies, 55 miles long, and 15 broad. 
 
 It is mountainous and abound- in pine . 
 
 Pinsk, or Pinsko, a town of Lithuania, 
 in the palatinate of Brzesc, situated on a river 
 of the same name, and surrounded with 
 mi rasses. 1 he Greeks have a bishop, and 
 there are many Jews among the inhabitants. 
 Its principal manufacuire is dressing ©f 
 Russian leather, 95 miles e of Brzesc. 
 Lon. 26 20 E, lat. 53 18 n. 
 
P I s 
 
 P I T 
 
 Pintard-s Sounds on the NW coast of N 
 America. Its mouth extends from Cape 
 Scott, to the N Point Disappointment. It 
 communicates with the Straits of de Fuca. 
 
 PIOMBINO, a small territory of Tus- 
 cany, upon the sea coast, to which is annex- 
 ed the island of Elba, separated by a chan- 
 nel seven miles broad. It had its own 
 prince, under the protection of Naples, but 
 since 1800, the continental part has been 
 subject 10 Tuscany, and the island to 
 France. 
 
 Piombino, a sea port, the capital of the 
 above territory, seated on a peninsula, with 
 a commodious harbour, defended by a cita- 
 del. It lies 40 miles sse of Leghorn. Lon. 
 iO 23 E lat. 42 <51 x. 
 
 Piove de Sacco, a town and district of 
 Italy, near the Dogado. The latter con- 
 tains 45 villages, and 38,400 souls, of whom 
 5100 live in the town. 
 
 Piperno, a town of Italy, in Campagna 
 de Roma, seated on a mountain, and built 
 out of the ruins of the ancient Privernam, 
 nine miles xxw of Terraciua, and 50 se of 
 Rome. 
 
 PipJep, a town in Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 seated on the Sub»eeka, near its mouth. It 
 formerly had both English and Dutch fac< 
 tories, 53 miles s of Midnapour. | 
 
 Pique MontvalUcr, the highest mountain j 
 of the Pyrenees. It is in the form of a pike, I 
 and may be seen 50 miles off. 
 
 PiranOf a small sea port of Istria, stands 
 on a peninsula, six miles sw of Cape d^ 
 Istria. 
 
 PiritZy a town of Prussian Pomerania, | 
 seated near the lake Madui. Here the an- ! 
 cient dukes of Pomerania often resided, 12 
 miles sw of New Stargard. I 
 
 Permasensy a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 ia the duchy of Deux Ponts. In its vicinity, 
 in 1793, the Prussians obtained a victory 
 over the French, 13 miles e of Deux Ponts. 
 
 Pirna, a town of Upper-Saxony, in Mis- 
 nia, with a castle on a mountain, called 
 Sonneustein, which was almost demolished 
 by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, and is 
 Dow an asylum for invalids. It is a place 
 of considerable trade, situated on the Elbe, 
 12 miles se of Dresden. 
 
 Pisuy an ancient, large, and handsome 
 city of Tuscany, and capital of the Pisano, . 
 and an archbishop’s see, with three forts, 
 and a celebrated university. It is watered 
 by the Arno, over which are three bridges, 
 the middle one built of marble, it has a ; 
 canal hence to Leghorn. The cathedral j 
 is a magnificent edifice. The Belfrey is a | 
 leaning tower, much noticed by travellers. ( 
 There are more than 80 other churches, the | 
 most remarkable of which are those of St. 
 Stephen, and St. Maria della. Spain. The 
 palaces of the grand duke and archbishop, 
 the arsenal, the great hospital, and the ex- 
 change are worthy of notice. Three miles 
 to the N are celebrated baths. The French 
 No. 23.— 'Ccf. 
 
 took, and evacuated th-'s city in the same 
 manner as that of Leghorn. It is situated 
 near the sea, in a very fertile plain. It 
 formerly contained 109,060, but now scarce- 
 ly 16,000 souls, the trade which formerly 
 supported this place having been removed to 
 Leghorn. The principal manufactures con* 
 sist of steel, jewellery, embroidery, damasks, 
 velvets, taffeta, and callicoe. Pisa is 10 
 miles NXE of Leghorn, and 48 w by s of 
 Florence. Lon. 10 23 e, lat. 43 43 x. 
 
 PisunOy one of the finest portions in Tus- 
 cany, is about 47 miles long, and 25 broad. 
 It lies along the Mediterranean, and abounds 
 in corn, wine and oil. It is well cultivated ; 
 but some of the necessaries of life are dear. 
 The capital is Pisa. 
 
 Piscuy a handsome town of Peru, in the 
 audience of Lima, with a good harbour 
 and spacious road. Lon. 83 35 w, . lat. 
 14 s. 
 
 Piscadores, See Pong-hou. 
 
 Piscataqua, a river of New Hampshire, 
 the mouth of which forms the only port in 
 that state, and at its entrance is a light- 
 house. Lon. 70 41 w, lat. 43 4 x. 
 
 Pismtaway, a town in Prince George 
 county, Maryland, seated on a creek of the 
 same name, which runs w into the Potomac, 
 
 14 miles s of Washington. 
 
 Pisco y a noted harbour on the coast of 
 Peru, in the province of Los Reyes, six lea- 
 gues from the port of Cliinea. The road is 
 safe, and very capacious. The town is 
 inhabited by about 300 families. The sur- 
 rounding country is rich in excellent wine 
 and fruit, 140 miles sse of Lima. Lon. 76 
 
 15 w lat. 13 35 s. 
 
 PisecJiy a town of Bohemia, capital of 
 the circle of Prachin. Here are found 
 Bohemian diamonds ; it stands on the Wa- 
 tawa, near the junction of the Muldau, 60 
 miles ssw of Prague. Lon. 14 0 e, lat. 49 
 
 21 N. 
 
 Pishour. See Pishore. 
 
 Pistoloy a handsome and considerable 
 town of Tuscany, near the Stella, with a 
 citadel, and is a bishop’s see. Here are 
 magnificent palaces, handsome streets, and 
 fine churches, but it is almost deserted in 
 comparison of what it was formerly ; for 
 there are now only 5000 inhabitants. It is 
 situated in a fertile plain, at the foot of the 
 Appenniues, 20 miles wxw of Florence. 
 Lon. 11 29 K, lat. 43 45 x. 
 
 Pitcairn Green a new manufcicturing 
 village in the county of Perth, situated on 
 the N side of the Almond, about five miles 
 xw of Perth. 
 
 Pitcairns Island, in the .South Pacific 
 ocean, is six or seven milos, long, and two 
 broad. Lon. 133 21 w, lat. 25 2 s.' 
 
 PITHEA, a province of Swediiih Lap- 
 land. There is a town of the safhe name, 
 seated on a small island, at the raoiuh of 
 the Pitba, on the w side of the girif of Both- 
 nia, and has communication with the con- 
 tinent by a wooden bridge, 80 miles sw of 
 F i 
 
PIT P L A 
 
 fornea, and 05 kne of Uraa. Lon. 10 57 e, 
 lat. 65 15 N. 
 
 Pithimers, See Pluviers. 
 
 Pitkeathly Wellsy a fine rural watering 
 place of Scotland, lying on the n side of 
 the vale of Stratberne, in tne parish of Duni- 
 barney, about five miles sw of Perth. The 
 wells are five in number, long famed for 
 their benefical eflects in various diseases, 
 particularly screpbula, scurvy, and gravel. 
 
 Pitlochry, a village in Pertbsbire, and 
 parish of Moulin, on the road from Perth lo 
 In veruess, containing about 160 inhabitants, 
 six miles from the famous pass of Kilii- 
 crank ie. 
 
 Pitschen, a town in the principality of 
 Brieg, Silesia, on the borders of Poland, 30 
 miles NE of Brieg. 
 
 Pitscijy a village in Essex, e of Vange 
 Hull, near North-Benfleet. 
 
 PitsligOy a parish in Aberdeenshire, about 
 four miles long, and three broad, lying 
 along the coast of the Moray Frith, to the 
 w of Kinnaird^s head. The surface is level, 
 and the soil clay and light loam. On the 
 coast are two fishing villages ; the one 
 called Pittaly and the other Rosehearty, 
 Population about 1250. Pitsligo castle, 
 formerly the residence of the lords Pitsligo, 
 is an ancient building, surrounded with ex- 
 tensive gardens, now the property of Sir 
 William Forbes. 
 
 PITT, a county of North Carolina, in 
 Newbern district. It contains 8,275 inhabi- 
 tants. Chief town Greenville. 
 
 Pittahjy a fishing village on the coast of 
 Murray Frith, containing about 120 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Pittencrieffy a populous and increasing 
 village of Fife, adjoining on the w to the 
 town of Dumferline, and may be considered 
 as a suburb of that town. 
 
 Pittenweeniy a royal burgh in Fifeshire, 
 situated on the Frith of Forth, 39 miles ne 
 of Edinburgh. It received its charter of 
 erection from king James V. in 1547. At 
 present it has no small trade in the work- 
 ing of coals and the manufacture of salt, 
 and in their exportation. Adjoining the 
 town is an abbey in ruins. The parish is 
 about a mile and a quarter long, and a 
 mile broii'l. Pittenweern joins with An- 
 struther Easter and Wester, Cail, and Kil- 
 renny, in sending a representative to par- 
 ^ lifmient. Population near 1000. 
 
 Pittshurgy the capital of Chatham coun- 
 ty, North (Carolina, seated on a rising 
 ground, in a rich and well cultivated coun- 
 try, and is celebrated for p\ire air and wa- 
 ter. It is 16 miles w of Ralegh, and 26 sw 
 of Hillsborough. 
 
 Pitt^fhurg, a post town of Pennsylvania, 
 in Alleghany county, stands on a point of 
 land betw^een the rivers Allegbany and 
 Alonongabela, which here uuite and lorm 
 the Oiiio. It is the staple of commerce be- 
 tween Philadelphia and the western couu- 
 (fy. By the Ohio ant! the Mississippi it has 
 
 m trade with Lousiana and New Orleans, 
 Fort du Quesue, now called Fort Pitt was 
 abandoned by the French, in 1758, on the 
 approach of general Forbes. Fort Fayette 
 stands on the bank of the Alleghany. By 
 t an enumeration in Dec. 1795, there w’ere 
 I 1353 inhabitants in the borough : the num- 
 j her has considerably increased since. 
 
 I Here ship-building is carried on to a consi- 
 I derable extent, and it has manufactures of 
 [hats, glass, nails, and tobacco. It is the 
 capital of Alleghany county, and is 303 
 miles w by n of Philadelphia. Lon. 80 8 w", 
 lat. 40 22 N. 
 
 Pittsfield, a post town of Massachusetts, 
 six miles n of Lennox, seated on the Housa- 
 tonic, in a rich vale. This township con- 
 tains about 2000 inhabitants. 
 
 Pitts town, a post town of the United 
 .States, in Lincoln county, on the Kenne- 
 bec, 22 miles x by W' of Wiscasset. 
 
 Pittstown, a towm in Hunterdon county, 
 New Jersey, on the w head w'aters of tbo 
 Rariton, 32 miles x of Trenton. 
 
 Piura, the capital of a jurisdiction of the 
 same name in Peru, in the diocese of Trux- 
 illo. It was the first Spanish settlement 
 in Peru, founded by Pizarro, in 1531. It is 
 seated on the w bank of a river, which 
 is sometimes dry in the summer, as it sel- 
 dom rains here, seven miles from the sea. 
 It abounds in cotton, sugar, maize, and 
 fruit, 25 miles se of Paita, and 255 nw" of 
 Truxillo. Lou. SO 29 w^, lat. 5 15 s. 
 
 Pizzighetone, or Picigithone, a town of 
 Italy, in the Cremonese, seated on the Adda, 
 with a strong castle, in wdiich Francis I. 
 of France was kept in prison. It was taken 
 by the French in 1733, again in 1796, and 
 retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 
 1709, 10 miles xw of Cremona. 
 
 PizzOy a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- 
 teriore, on the gulf of St. Euiemia, four 
 miles w by x of Monte Leon. 
 
 Placentia, a city in Estremadiira, Spain, 
 and a bishop^s see, with a castle. It stands 
 in a plain, almost surrounded by mountains, 
 50 miles ne ef Alcantara, and 110 wsw of 
 Madrid. Lon. 5 55 w, lat. 40 6 x. 
 
 Placentia, a sea port of North America, 
 in New-found land. The harbour is so ca{ a- 
 cious, that 150 sail of ships may lie in secu- 
 rity, and is defended by a fort called .St. 
 Louis. It is 60 miles wsw of St. John. 
 Lon. 53 43 w lat. 47 15 x’. 
 
 Placentia, a town in Biscay, Spain, on 
 the Deva, 25 miles k by s of Bilhi>a. 
 
 Piacenza, or Piacenza, a populous town 
 of Italy, capital of a late duehy in the Par- 
 I mesc, and a hishop^s see, with a famous 
 [j university, and a good castle. The streets, 
 *1 squares, churches, and convents, are ele- 
 i gant. In the great square are br.ass eqiies- 
 1 trial) statues of the famous Alexander Far- 
 •1 nese, and his brother Ranunkio. It has 
 about 30,000 inbabitauts, whose chief em- 
 ployment is the manufacture of silk sttills. 
 1 Here, in 1746, the French and SpaniurtU 
 
P L A 
 
 Riet a signal defeat by the Austrians. The 
 French, in 1T()6, possessed themselves of 
 Placeiijsa, and were compelled to evacuate 
 it in 1799, but regained it in 1800. It is i 
 situated on the Po, 38 miles wnw of Par- 
 ma. Lon. 93 38 e, lat. 43 5 y. See 
 Parma. 
 
 Piacenza, a late duchy of Italy, forming 
 the w part of Parma. It is very fertile and 
 populous ; and contains mines of iron, and 
 salt springs. Its principal rivers are the 
 Tiebia and Nura. 
 
 Pladda, a small island on the ssw point 
 of the island of Arran, about a mile distant, i 
 with a light-house upon it. Lou. 3 0 w, lat. | 
 65 30 N. . 
 
 Plain dn Nord, a town on the N side of 
 Hispaniola, 13 leagues se by e of Forte de 
 Paix. 
 
 Plainfield, a town in Windham county, | 
 Connecticut, w side of the Quinabang, 10 j 
 miles ESE of Windham, and about 14 ne of | 
 Norwich. i 
 
 Plaisance, a town on the middle of the 1 
 neck of the n peninsula of Hispauiola, 36 
 miles sw of cape Francois. 
 
 Planiez, an island of the Mediterranean, 
 in the road of Marseilles. 
 
 Plan, a town in the circle of Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, with a castle. It is 20 miles se of 
 Hgra. 1 
 
 Plano, an island in the Mediterranean, in 
 the bay of Alicant. 
 
 Plassey, a town of Bengal, situated near 
 a plain, celebrated for a great victory ob- 
 tained by colonel Clive, over the nabob 
 Surajah Dowlab, in 1737, 23 miles s of j 
 Moorsbedabad. 
 
 Phiistow, a village near Bromley, Kent, 
 with an elegant seat, inferior to few in 
 England. Also another in Essex, which 
 gives name to Plaistow level, which lies i 
 along the Thames, from the mouth of the | 
 Lea to the mouth of the Boding. | 
 
 PLATA, an island on the coast of Quito, | 
 in Peru, about four miles long and one and |j 
 a- ha If broad. j| 
 
 Plata, or Ckuqui^nca, a rich and popu- j| 
 lous city of Peru, in the province of Char- j| 
 cas, built in 1330, and an a^chbishop^s see, i| 
 with an university. The cathedral is adorn- j 
 ed with paintings and gildings. The air is j 
 very mild. It is situated on the Chiamo, | 
 600 miles se of Cusco. Lou. 60 31 w, lat. i 
 10 16 s. I 
 
 PLATA, a jurisdiction of Paraguay, j 
 600 miles in length, and 300 in breadth, 
 extending on each side of the river La 
 Plata. 
 
 Plata, or liio de la Plata, a large river 
 of S America formed by tiie junction of the j 
 great rivers Parana and Uragtiay. It |‘ 
 fornis the s boun<lary of Brasil, and enters |, 
 the Atlantic between the capes of St, An- I; 
 thony and St, Mary, the latter in lat. 35 s. j 
 At its mouth it is 130 miles broad, at Monte j 
 V'ideo, 60 miles higher, the land is not dis- ; 
 cernableon either shore, wliea » vessel is In i 
 
 p L E 
 
 the middle of the channel, and at Buenos 
 Ayres, 160 miles further, the opposite shore 
 cannot be seen from that city^ It was dis- 
 covered in 1515, by Juan Diaz de Solis, a 
 Spanish navigator, who were slain by the 
 natives in attempting to make a descent in 
 the country. The navigation of this river 
 is intricate owing to its numerous islets and 
 shoals, which cause adverse currents. It 
 gives name to the province of Paraguay, 
 now generally called Buenos Ayres, from 
 its capital. 
 
 Plate Forme, a town of St. Domingo, 
 seated on the s side of the n peninsula, 
 21 miles sse of St. Nicholas. 
 
 Plate, a town and castle of Further Po- 
 merania, seated on the Ilega, 19 miles e 
 by s of Camin. 
 
 Platte, a river of Louisiana, which rises 
 near the source of the Arkansa, and runs 
 above 1200 miles e to the Misouri, into 
 which it falls, iu lat. 41 3 n, and is there 600 
 yards wide. In its shallow and rapid 
 streams are a number of small islands. 
 
 Platten, a town in the circle of Saatz, 
 Bohemia, on the borders of Misnia, 11 miles 
 N of Elnbogen. 
 
 Platten, a lake of Hungary, 40 mile/; 
 long, and from three to eight broad, and 
 lies 60 miles to the se of the lake of Neu- 
 sidler. It abounds with fish. 
 
 PlaUshurg, the capital of Clinton county, 
 New York, situated ou the w margin of 
 Lake Champlain, about 300 miles n of 
 New York. In 1790 it contained 438 inha- 
 bitants, 39 miles n of Crown Point. 
 
 Plan, a town in the duchy of Mecklen 
 burg, Lower Saxony, with a castle, on a 
 lake of its name, 20 miles sse of Gustrow. 
 
 Plauen, a town of Upper Saxony, capi- 
 tal of Voigtland, 86 miles sw of Dresden. 
 Lon. 12 12 E, lat. 30 28 n. 
 
 Plaiien, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Aliddle Mark, on a lake formed by the 
 Havel, from which is a canal to the Ellve. 
 It has a porcelain manufacture, and is five 
 miles WNW of Brandenburgh. 
 
 Plauen, a town in Tliuringia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, sccited on the Gera, with an ancient 
 castle on a mountain. It is 13 miles s of 
 Erfurt. 
 
 Plesenf. See Pscof. 
 
 Pleshey, a village in Essex, seven miles 
 Nxw of Chelmsford. Here was the seat 
 of tile Lord High Constable of England, 
 from the earliest times of that olfiee to tiie 
 year 1400. Ou tlie site of liis castle is 
 now a brick farm-house. Here are the 
 remains of an ancient fortification. 
 
 Ples.se, a town of Silesia, on the Vif:teda, . 
 the capital of a lordship, It is surrounded 
 by wails flanked witn towers, and has a 
 fine castle, 37 miles ese of Ratisbon. Lon. 
 19 3 E, lat. 4'9 37 .V. 
 
 Plettenbcrcj, a town in the county of 
 Mark, Westphalia, seated on the Else and 
 Oester, with an ancient castle, 28 miles s of 
 Ilam, 
 
 Ff 2 
 
PLY 
 
 Pletknhefg Bay f a bay on the s coast 
 of Airica, which alfords good anchorage. 
 Lon. -10 E, lat. 34 0 s. 
 
 Pkyhergy a town and castle of Carinthia, 
 on the Feistez, at the foot of a mountain, 20 
 miles E of Clagcnfurt. 
 
 Plocksko, a town of Poland, capital of a 
 paiatinaie. of the same name, and a ])ishop^s 
 see, with a castle on a hill, near the Vis- 
 tula, 73 miles vf of Warsaw. Lon. 19 20 e, 
 iat. 32 46 N. 
 
 Ploeny a town of Lower Saxony, in Hol- 
 stein, capital of a principality of the same 
 name, has a castle on a niountain, and 
 stands on the n side of a lake, 24 miles nnw 
 of Liibec. Lon. 10 30 e, lat. 34 1 1 n! 
 
 Pioremel, a town in the department of 
 Morbihan,, France, 27 miles ne of Vannes. 
 
 Plotzkau, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 the principality of Anhalt, seated on the 
 Saai, and has a castle ; 10 miles w of 
 Cotheii. 
 
 Plack-em-in, a town of some trade in 
 Somerset county, New Jersey, 28 miles n 
 of Princeton. 
 
 PludenfZy a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 capital of a county of the same name, 
 seated on the Saal, with a castle, 12 miles 
 ssE of Feidkirch. 
 
 Plumb [stand, on the coast of Massa- 
 chusetts, is anout nine miles long, and half 
 a mile broad. The n end lies in Ion. 70 
 47 w, lat. 43 4 N. 
 
 a post town of Pennsylvania, 
 stands in a plain, on the 111, on the w 
 .side of the Delaware, 36 miles n of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Pluviers, or Pitliiviers, a towm in the 
 department of Loiret, France, 20 miles nne 
 of Orleans. Lon. 2 0 e, lat. 48 |4 n. 
 
 Phjmoiiih, a sea- port in Devonshire, be- 
 tween the mouths of the rivers Piym and 
 Tamar. It is a borough, governed by a 
 mayor, 12 aldermen, and 48 common coun- 
 cil-nirn, with a market on Monday, Thurs- 
 day, and Saturday, The harbour is excel- 
 lent, being; the next to 3‘^ortsmouth in Eng- 
 land for men of war. There are, strictly 
 speaking, three harbours, called Catw'ater, 
 Sutton pool, and Hamoaze. The first is the 
 mouth of the Plym, and a commodious 
 harbour for merchant ships, but is seldom 
 entered by .ships of war. The second, fre- 
 fpienied by merchant ships only, is almost 
 .surrounded Uy the houses of the town, and 
 further secured by an extensive pier. The 
 third, is the mouth of the Tamar, and is 
 the harbour lor large ships, having moorings 
 for 92, and safe anchorage for a much 
 greater aurnber. These harbours unite in 
 a spacious bay called the Sound ; and their 
 entrances are defended by a fort, on St. 
 Nicholas island, by a citadel nearly oppo- 
 .site that island, upon a hill which overlooks 
 the town, and by sfneral batteries and 
 block-houses, on diiYereiit points of the har- 
 bour. Near the citadel is the victualling- 
 office, in w'hich are tw'u bake-hou;ses,veach 
 
 PLY 
 
 containing four ovens, that in one day cao 
 furnish 16,000 men with bread. The pil- 
 chard fishery extends no further e than this 
 port, whence great quantities are exported 
 to Italy and other Catholic countries. Ply- 
 mouth has an extensive foreign and domes- 
 tic trade ; has two parish churches, and 
 contained, in 1801, 19,040 inhabitants, and 
 in 1811, 20,803. The towm is abundantly 
 supplied with- water, first brought her© 
 from a place seven miles distant, by wmrks 
 constructed at the expence of the celebra- 
 ted Sir Francis Drake, xvho wan a native 
 of Plymouth. There are extensive docks, 
 arsenals, ond every convenience for build- 
 ing and fitting out the largest vessels. Ply~ 
 mouth Dock is a* separate town, about 
 tw'o miles up the mouth of the Tamar, si- 
 tuated on an eminence, between Stone- 
 house Creek on the e, and Hamoaze on 
 the w. It is of modern date, and owes its 
 origin and rapid increase, to the establish- 
 ment of the dock -yard and naval arsenals 
 along the e bank of the Hamoaze. The 
 king’s dock-yard, which occupies nearly 72 
 acres, is one of the finest in the world. It 
 is separated from the town by a high wall, 
 and both are defended by strong fortifica- 
 tions. Here the governor of Plymouth re- 
 sides, in a house overlooking the harbour 
 from a rocky eminence. It is large and 
 populous, from the number of artificers in 
 constant employment. There are elegant 
 marine barracks, a royal hospital, and tw'o 
 chapels, several meeting-houses, a public 
 library, and a superb theatre and hotel. 
 The market-place is large, and though not 
 I chartered, a market is held thrice a week. 
 The population in 1801, exclusive of the 
 army and navy, was 2.3,747, and in 1811, 
 30,083. It is 43 miles sw of Exeter, and 
 216 w by s of London. Lon. 4 7 w, lat. 
 30 21 N. 
 
 P/t/matfUi, a sea-port in the state of Mas- 
 .sachusetts, capital of a county of the same 
 name, and the oldest settlement in New 
 England. In 1774, the rock on w^hich 
 their forefathers first landed, was conveyed 
 from the shore to a square in the centre of 
 the towm. The cod fishery, which is the 
 principal business of the place, employs 
 about 2000 tons of shipping. The town 
 stands at the s end of Plymouth bay, 42 
 miles SSE of Boston. Lon. 70 43 w, lat. 
 41 38 N. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a maritime count>% in 
 the E part of Massachusetts. It is divided 
 into 13 tow’uships, and contains 4240 houses, 
 and 29,333 inhabitants. Within the coun- 
 ties of Plymouth and Bristol, there are 
 now in operation 14 blast, and .six air fur- 
 naces, 20 forges, seven slitting and rolling 
 mills. These furnaces produce annually 
 from 1500 to 1800 tons of iron ware. The 
 forges, on an average, manufacture more 
 than 1000 tons annually, and the slitting and 
 rolling mills, at least 1300 tons. 
 
 Plymouth^ a post town ef New Hamp- 
 
POD 
 
 POL 
 
 sbire, in Grafton county, 45 miles n of 
 Concord, on the Pemigewasset, at the 
 junction of the Baker. It is 25 miles e of 
 Hanover. 
 
 Phjmouthy a town on the s side of the 
 Roanoke, N Carolina, four miles above 
 Albemarle sound, and 23 sse of Edentou. 
 
 Plymouthy formerly Appletoivtiy in New 
 York state, lies on the w side of Seneca 
 lake, 12 miles se of Geneva. * 
 
 Plynipton Earl, a town in Devonshire, 
 situated in a pleasant valley on the se 
 side of the Plym. The corporation con- 
 sists of a mayor, recorder, and eight aider- 
 men. Plyinpton has a market on Saturday, 
 weekly, and the second Monday of every 
 month, with five annual fairs. It had a 
 castle, now in ruins, and is one of the stan- 
 nary towns for tin. Two members sit in 
 parliament, for this borough, elected by the 
 free-men , amounting to about 104. It is 
 seven miles e of Plymouth, and 218 w by s 
 of London, 
 
 Plynlimmon, a vast mountain in Wales, 
 partly in Cardiganshire, and partly in Mont- 
 gomeryshire ; of which the loftiest summit 
 is 2463 feet above the level of the sea. In 
 this mountain, the Rh 5 fdor, the Wye, the 
 Severn, and other rivers, have their source. 
 
 Po, the chief river of Italy, which rises 
 at Mount Viso, in Piedmont, passes through 
 Alontferrat, Milanese, and part of Mode- 
 nese, into Mantuan, and then into Ferra- 
 rese, where it divides ’at Fieherulolo, and 
 enters the sea by four different mouths. 
 In its course it receives several rivers and 
 often overflows its banks. 
 
 Poy a river in the province of Kiang-si, 
 China, which falls into the Poyang-how, 
 a small distance from Jao-tcheon. 
 
 PO, LOWER, a department of the late 
 Italian republic, including the province of 
 the Ferarese, and containing, in 1797, 
 by the census, 154,000 inhabitants. It 
 sent 12 deputies to the councils. Ferrara 
 was the capital. 
 
 PO, UPPER, a department of the late 
 Italian republic, comprehending the pro- 
 vince of - the Cremonese, and containing, in 
 1797, 204,825 inhabitants. It sent 15 
 deputies to the councils. Cremona was the 
 capital. 
 
 Pocklington, a town in the E Riding of 
 Yorkshire, seated on a stream that fails into 
 the Derwent, wdth a market ou Saturday, 
 and four annual fairs, 14 miles se of York, 
 and 194 n by w of London. 
 
 Podenstein, a town of Franconia, in 
 Bamberg, near the source of the Pullach, 
 30 miles se of Bamberg. 
 
 Podlachia. See Polnchia. 
 
 PODOLIA, a province of Polish Russia, s 
 of A^olhynia and the Ukraine, wrested from 
 Poland in 1793. It is divided into Upper 
 and Lower, or Padolia and Bracklaw. 
 Kaminieck is the capital of the former, and 
 Bracklaw of the latter. It is separated 
 from Moldavia oh the sw by the Dniester ; 
 
 j and the Bog crosses it from the n, in a se 
 I direction. 
 
 ! Podolsk, a town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, ou the Mockra, between 
 two hills, 28 miles s of Moscow. 
 
 Podor, a fortress on the river Senegal, 
 Africa, constructed by the French, ceded 
 to the English in 1763, afterward taken by 
 the French, and confirmed to them by the 
 peace of 1583. Lon. 14 20 w, lat. 17 1 n. 
 
 Poggio, a town of Tuscany with a pa- 
 lace of the grand duke, eight miles se of 
 Florence. 
 
 Poggiohomi, a town of Tuscany, near 
 the Elsa, with the remains of a citadel, 20 
 miles s of Florence. 
 
 POGGY, an island on the w side of Su- 
 matra, Indian ocean, and separated by a 
 narrow channel from that of Nassau, on 
 the N end. It is of a triangular form, 
 and about 20 miles long. Loa. 99 29 e, 
 lat, 2 20 s. 
 
 POGLIZZA, a hilly province in Dalma-. 
 tia, inhabited by 16,000 martial, but hospi-^ 
 table people. 
 
 Point Petre, in the island of Guadaloupe,, 
 has strong fortifications, and lies about 20 
 miles from Fort Louis. 
 
 Poirino,i\ town of Piedmont, 15 miles sE 
 of Turin. 
 
 Poissy, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine and Oise, France, near 
 the forest of St Germain, 15 miles nw of 
 1 Paris. 
 
 Poitiers, an ancient town, capital of the 
 department of Vienne, France, and a bi- 
 shop’s see. It includes a number of fields 
 j and gardens, and has a Roman amphithea- 
 tre, partly in ruins, and a triumphal arch, 
 which serves as a gate to the principal 
 street. Here Edward the Black prince 
 gained a victory over the French, in 1356, 
 and brought king John and his son Philip 
 prisoners to England. The inhabitants are 
 estimated at 16,000. The principal manu- 
 factures are stockings, woollen caps, gloves 
 and combs. It is situated on the^ river 
 Clain, 120 miles n by e of Bordeaux. Lon 
 ! 0 21 E, iat. 46 25 n. 
 
 POITOU, a late province of France, on 
 the bay of Biscay. It is fertile in corn 
 and good wine. It now forms the three 
 departments of V'endee, Vienne, and Two 
 Sevres. 
 
 Pola, an ancient small town of Italy, in 
 the s part ot Istria, seated on a mountain, 
 near a bay of the gulf of Venice, and a 
 j bishop’s see. Here are extensive remains of 
 a Roman amphitheatre, and a triumphal 
 j arch. It has a spacious harbour, and is 
 I situated 80 miles sic of Venice. Lon. 14 
 9 E, lat. 45 13 N. 
 
 POLACHIA, a palatinate of Poland, s 
 of Prussia, about 88 miles in length, c^nd’so 
 in breadth. Bieisko is the capital, and it is 
 often called the palatinate of Bielsko. 
 
 POLAND, a large country of Europe 
 bounded on the w by the Baltic, Branden- 
 
POL 
 
 POL 
 
 i)UTg, and Silei^ia ; s by Hungary and Molda- J 
 via ; N by Prussia, t’ourlaiid^ Livonia, and 
 Russia ; and e by Russia, and tho territo- 
 ries wrested by that power from the I’urks. 
 
 It is divided into four large parts, Great 
 Poland, Little Poland, Red Russia, and 
 Lithuania ; each of which is stibdivided into 
 palatinates, or provinces. The goyern- 
 ment was monarchial and aristocratical : 
 all the acts of state being in the name of 
 the king and republic of Poland.^^ It j 
 Wcis tlje only monarchy in Pairope which j 
 was elective. The king was chosen by a j 
 general diet, summoned by the archbishop | 
 of Gnesna, as chief of the republic during 
 the interregnum. This was the source of 
 great calamities, and occasioned wars be- 
 tween the contending factions, respectively 
 supported by foreign powers. After his 
 coronation, the king might dispose of the 
 vacant benefices, and the offices, both civil 
 and military. He had a revenue of 1 40,0001. 
 a year, and could not by his own authority, 
 raise any new taxes, or change any law. 
 The aristocracy consisted in the senate and 
 g'tmeval diet. The senate was composed j 
 of the bishop^s great officers, palatines, and | 
 governors of towns, who, with the king, | 
 regulated the affairs of the kingdom ; and j 
 were lo prevent him froiu doing any thing | 
 against the liberty of the country. Such j 
 W^is tlie constitution of Poland before the I 
 memorable year when a partition of 
 
 the country was effected by the king ot 
 Prussia, in "conjunction with the empress of 
 Russia, and Joseph 1 1, emperor of Germany. | 
 By this partition one-third of the country i 
 was wrested from the republic, the diet j 
 being' compelled to make and ratify this |j 
 important cession. For the part ceded to |i 
 the emperor, see Galicia. The part al- jj 
 loted to Russia, comprised Polish Livonia, i; 
 that part of the palatinate of Polotsk which j! 
 lies to the e of the Dw’ina, or Duna ; the ij 
 palatinates of Vitepsk, Micislaw, and two |:| 
 small portions to the xe and se of the pale- .j 
 tinate of Hiiiisk. This tract of land, (Po- jj 
 lish Livonia excepted) is situated in White 'j 
 Russia, and includes at least one third of || 
 liiihuania. See Polotsk and Mohilef. |j 
 'rhe king of Prussia took possession of all j! 
 the western parts of Pomerania. Of these | 
 tlismembered countries the Russian pan is ' 
 the largest, the Austrian the most populous, | 
 and the Prussian the most commercial. i 
 The population of the whole amounts to j 
 near 5,000,000 ; the first containing i 
 1,000, 000, the second 2,500,000, and the || 
 third 800,000. The three partitioning 
 powers forcibly effected a great change m j 
 the constitution. In ITOI, however, the j 
 king and the nation, in concurrence, almost j 
 unanimously, established another cousiitu- jj 
 tiou ; and one so mu'xceplionable every ij 
 way that it was ceiebrau^d by 31r. Rurke, 
 as a revolution whereby the conditions of Ij 
 all were made better, and the rights of f 
 none infringed. Ry this the evils of an j. 
 
 I elective monarchy were avoided, the crown 
 being declared hereditary in the house of 
 Saxony. A few of the nobility, however, 
 discontented at the sacrifices of some of 
 their privileges, repaired to the court of 
 Russia ; and their representations concur- 
 ring with the ambitious views of the em- 
 press, she sent an army into Poland, under 
 the pretence of being guarrantee of the con- 
 stitution of 1772. Her interference was too 
 powerful to be resisted ; and the new con- 
 stitution was overthiown. The empress 
 had planned, in conjunction with the king 
 of Prussia, a second partition of this un- 
 happy country, which actually took place 
 in 1793. By this the empress obtained 
 nearly the remaining part of Lithuania, with 
 the palatinates of Podolia, Kiof, and Rratis- 
 law. Roused by such multiplied oppres- 
 sions, the Poles, under the brave Kosciusko, 
 endeavoured in 1794, to make a stand 
 against these overbearing powers, and for a 
 while were successful. They were soon, 
 however, overpowered by numbers ; their 
 country W'as in different parts desolated, 
 their houses burnt, and the inhabitants mas- 
 acred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko 
 was taken prisoner, and sent with a number 
 of other patriots into confinement at Peters- 
 burgh, for having dared to defend their na- 
 tive country against foreign aggression. 
 The king afterwards formally resigned his 
 crown at Grodno, whence he was removed 
 to Petersburgh, where he remained a state 
 prisoner till his death in 1798. With him 
 ended the kingdom of Poland, subdued and 
 dismembered by powers, w hich were either 
 formerly vassals, or indebted to it for their 
 very existence. By the arrangements at 
 tlie peace of 1814, the kingdom of Poland 
 was Ceded to the emperor of Russia. The 
 air is generally cold, and in some parts 
 they have Lilt little wood ; however, it is so 
 fertile in corn, in many places, that it sup- 
 plies Sweden and Holland with large quan- 
 tities. The towns of Poland, are for the 
 most part, constructed of wood, and the 
 villages consist of mean cottages or huts. 
 There are extensive pastures which support 
 great niimbeis of horses, and homed cattle ; 
 and they have large quantities of leather, 
 furs, hemp, flax, saltpetre, honey, and wax. 
 There are mines of salt, which are of great 
 depth, out of which they dig rock salt. 
 They have also ochre, chalk, agate, chal- 
 cedony, cornelians, onyxes, opals, jaspers, 
 amethysts, garnets, topazes, sapphires, and 
 rubies "and diamonds ; also talc, coal, iron, 
 letid, and rpucksilver. Horses are nume- 
 rous, strong, swift, and beautiful ; and 
 hovued cattle are bred in such numbers, 
 that above 80,000 are annually exported. 
 The principal rivers -are tlie Ihiieper, the 
 Vistula, the Rug, (he Dniemen, the Dnies- 
 ter and the Rog. Warsaw is (he cupitnl.- 
 POLLKROF, one ol the Banda islands 
 in the Indian ocean, producing nutmegs, 
 and held by the Dutch. It is about 100 
 
 <3 
 
POL 
 
 miles SE of Amboyna. Lon. 130 0 e, lat. 
 
 4 20 s. 
 
 Polesiay a name commonly given to the 
 palatinate of Brzesc, in Lithuania. 
 
 POLESINO, a province of Italy, in the j 
 duchy of Venice, and late Italian republic. I 
 It is about 42 miles in length, and lY in | 
 breadth, very fertile in corn and pasture.'j 
 Rovigo was the capital. ' J 
 
 Poh Sty a town in the department of | 
 Pas de Calais, famous for its mineral waters, | 
 1 « miles xvv of Arras. . ^ i 
 
 PoUjatie, or PoirgamCy a village in the ^ 
 carse of Gowrie, \Vith a good harbour, and a j 
 pier latOly erected on the Tay. It lies in j 
 the parish of Irtchture, and has a very large j 
 granary.' \ . I 
 
 Palicandro^ a small island in the Archi- j 
 pelago, and one of the Cyclades ; about 20 ; 
 miles in circumference. It contains a| 
 few villages, a citstle, and a harbour. The j 
 iiihabitarits are very poor, and the ground, j 
 in general,, incumbered with barren rocks j 
 and mountains. It lies between Milo, ! 
 .Si kino, Paros, and Antiparos. Jbon. 25 1 
 31 K, lat. 36 32 X. , j 
 
 Policastro, a town in Principato, Citra, j 
 Naples, on.a gulf of its name in the Medi- | 
 terranean, 85 miles se of Naples, Lon. 15 
 40 E, lat. 40 15 N. 
 
 PoUgnanOy a populous town in Terra di 
 Bari, Naples, on a craggy rock, near the 
 gulf of Venice ; 10 miles e of Bari. 
 
 Polignyy a town in the department of 
 Jura, France, 20 miles ssw of Besanoon. 
 
 Polinay a town in Albania, European 
 Turkey, 12 miles s of Durazzo. 
 
 PolitZy a town of Hither Pomerania, 
 celebrated for hops, eight miles n ot 
 Stettin. 
 
 Politzka, a walled town in the circle of 
 Chrudem, Bohemia, on the borders of Mora- 
 via, 23 miles se of Chrudim. 
 
 Polizzi, a town of .Sicily, in the Val de 
 Mazara, atthe foot of the mountain Madonia, 
 42 miles se of Palermo. 
 
 Polkoivitz, a town in the principality of 
 Glogau, Silesia, 1,3 miles sof Glogau. 
 
 Pollock^hnwsy a considerable manufac- 
 turing town of Renfrewshire, on the river 
 M^hite Cart, in the parish of Eastwood. It 
 has numerous bleachfiehls, and is three 
 miles and a half sw of Glasgow. 
 
 Polmonty a parish and village in Stirling- 
 shire. The parish is about five miles long, 
 and two broad. Previous to 1Y24, it form- 
 ed part of the parish of Falkirk. It is 
 watered on the x by the Forth, on the e by 
 the, Avon, and is intersected by tlie canal 
 from the Forth to the Clyde. A great part 
 of it is rich carse land, and all, with a small 
 exception, under culture. The district 
 abound.s with coal, ironstone, freestone, and 
 contains chalybeate springs. The duke ot 
 Hamilton is Baron Polmont. The village 
 of Polrnont contains alrout 250 inhabitetnis ; 
 population of the parish about 2200, 
 
 P o L 
 
 PolnOy a town of Further Pomerania, on 
 the Grabow, 3S miles ese of Colberg. 
 
 PolorCy a town of the Carnatic, Hindoo- 
 stan, 2G miles ssw of Arcot, and 55 xvv of 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 POLOTSK, one of the 41 governments of 
 the Russian empire, formed of part of the 
 palatinate of Lithuania, but was dismem- 
 bered from Poland, by the treaty of par- 
 tition, iu 1TY2. Its products and those of the 
 government of Mohilel, are chiefly gTain in 
 large quantities, hemp, flax and pasture, 
 and the forests furnish in great abundance, 
 masts, planks, oak for ship-building, pitch, 
 tar, tfec. which are principally conveyed to 
 Riga, by the Dwina. The inhabitants of 
 both these governments are computed at 
 1, (>00, 000; and of this government Polotsk 
 is the capital. 
 
 Polotsky a town of Lithuania, capital of 
 the above government, seated on the Dwina,. 
 at the junction of the Polo t a. In 1812, it 
 wa.s entered by the French. On the 1 7th 
 of August they were attacked by the 
 Russians who drove them into the town. 
 On the 20th of October, the Russians retook 
 the town by storm, 50 miles sw of Ritepsk 
 126 miles xxw of Mohilef, and 144 exe of 
 Wiina. Lon. 27 50 E, lat. 55 43 x, 
 
 Polteny Sty a small town of Austria, 
 situated on the Drasam, is the residence of a 
 great number of the nobility. The vicinity 
 yields excellent saflron, 35 miles w of 
 Vienna. Lon. 15 41 e, lat. 48 13 x. 
 
 Polwarthy a parish and village in the ce?:- 
 tre of Berwickshire, lying between the 
 Merse and Lammermuir. The pari.^h is of 
 a triangular form, each side of which is 
 about three miles. In the parish is the 
 noble mansion, and extensive policy of the 
 late earls of Marchmont, now, together with 
 the whole estate, in the .possession of Sir 
 William Purves Hume Campbell. On the 
 front of the church, which stands about a 
 mile SE of the village, is a latin inscription 
 importing that it was built before 900. In 
 the vault of this church, Sir Patrick Hume 
 of Folwarth, afterwards the first earl of 
 Marchnient, and lord chancellor of .Scot- 
 land, found an asylum from the fury of hi.v. 
 persecutors, when a price was set upon lu/> 
 Lead, for opposing tlie tyramucal measures 
 of government, and appearing lor the liber- 
 ties of his country, in tiie reign of Cbarle.s 
 IT. When it was no longer safe to remain 
 in the family burying vault, whether his 
 food had been conveyed to him iu the de.nd 
 hour of night, by lus daughter then very 
 young, he was siKueted in liis own house, 
 till arrangements wtu’c made for his escape 
 to Holland, which lie happily cllected. Tfie 
 j village of Polwartli contains about 289 ia- 
 ■j habiTant.^-. In ibe middle of the village are 
 ' two ancient thorns, round which it was 
 Ij fonnerly the custom for every new niarri^^d 
 ij pair, wuh their company to dance, hence 
 li the sr>Kg of polwarth <>p the Greer. Pe- 
 
PON 
 
 pulation in 1801, 291, and in 1811, 30T; 
 three miles and a-half nne of Greenlaw, and 
 four sw by s of Dunse. 
 
 Poltziriy a town of Further Pomerania. 
 In the vicinity are medicinal springs and 
 baths, 33 miles se of Colberg. 
 
 Polynesia, a name given by some geo- 
 graphers to the circuit that includes those 
 numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, 
 situated to the e of the Philippines, and 
 Australasia; namely, the Pelew, Ladrone, 
 Caroline, Sandwich, Marquesas Society and 
 Friendly isles, and others included within 
 those groups. 
 
 Pombal, a town in Estremadura, Portugal, 
 with an ancient castle, 16 miles ke of 
 Leira, and 21 s of Coimbra. 
 
 Pomegue, a small island in the Mediter- 
 ranean, at the entrance into the harbour of 
 Marseilles, defended by a tower, with a 
 garrison. 
 
 POMERANIA, a duchy of Germany, in 
 Upper Saxony. It is wintered by several 
 rivers, of which the principal are the Oder, 
 Reckenitz, Peene, Ucker, Rega, Person te, 
 Wipper, Ihna, Stolpen, and Lebo. The air 
 is pre'tty cold, but compensated by the fer- 
 tility of the soil, which abounds in pastures 
 and corn. It is a flat country, containing 
 many lakes, w'oods, and forests, and has 
 several good harbours, being about 250 
 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is 
 divided by the Oder, into the Hither and 
 Further Pomerania, the river Peene dividing 
 the territories of the kings of Sweden and 
 Prussia. Further Pomerania and part of 
 the Hither lately belonged to the king of | 
 Prussia, and the remaider n of the Peene, i 
 to the king of Sweden. Stettin is the capi- | 
 tal of the Prussian, Stralsund of the Swedish i 
 part. I 
 
 POMERELIA, a district of W Prussia, ! 
 lying w from the Vistula, to the duchy of | 
 Pomerania, of which it was formerly a part. l! 
 Dantzic is the capital. | 
 
 Pomeroy, a village in Tyrone, Ulster, | 
 Ireland, eight miles nw of Dungunaon, and i 
 80 NNW of Dublin. { 
 
 POMESANTA, a large county of Western i 
 Prussia. It is full of lakes and mo- ■ 
 rasses. i 
 
 Pomfret, a post town of Connecticut in 
 Windham county. It is 12 miles nne of 
 Windham, 40 e by N of Hartford, and 66 sw 
 of Bostoti. 
 
 Pomona* See Mainland, and Orkneys. 
 
 Pondesturia, a town of Italy, in the 
 late duchy of Montferrat, 33 miles e of 
 Turin, 
 
 Pondicherry, a town of Hindoostan, on 
 the coast of Coromandel. It was first set- 
 tled by the French in 1674. It extended 1 
 along the sea coast above a mile, and had a 1 
 citadel, then the best of its kind in India, j 
 which, in 1761, was taken by the English, 
 and razed, in retaliation of M. Lally^s con- 
 duct towcirds Fort St. David, in 1758. It 
 was restored to the French in 1763; taken 
 
 PON 
 
 by th^ PJnglish in 1778 ; restored ifl 17^^, 
 and again taken by the English in 1799; 
 85 miles s by w of Madras. Lon. 79 53 e, 
 lat. 1 1 42 N. 
 
 PONDICO, an uninhabited island in the 
 Grecian Archipelago, near the coast of 
 Negropont. 
 
 , Ponferrado, a town of Leon, Spain, on 
 I the Sill, 40 miles sw of Leon. 
 
 1 PONG-HOW, or Piscadores, a cluster 
 i of Islands in the China sea, which lie e of 
 the coast of Fokien, and form an Archipe- 
 lago between the port of Emony and the 
 island of Formosa, from the w coast of 
 which they are distant six leagues. They 
 are only rocks or sand banks ; and not a 
 shrub is to be seen upon them. The har- 
 bour ill the principal island is good, and 
 was fortified by the Dutch while they were 
 in possession of Formosa. A Chinese gar- 
 rison, with one of the Mandarins called 
 Literati, is kept here, whose chief employ- 
 ment is to watch the vessels which trade 
 between China and Formosa. Lon. 121 
 25 E, lat. 25 30 n. 
 
 Pons, a town in the department of Lower 
 Charente, France, stands on a hill, near the 
 Sevigne, has a mineral spring, 10 miles s of 
 Saintes. 
 
 Pons, St, a town in the department of 
 Herault, France, surrounded by mountains, 
 in which there are fine marble quarries, and 
 lately a bishop’s see, 24 miles nw of Nar- 
 boune. Lon. 2 47 e, lat. 43 29 n. 
 
 Pont a Mousson, a handsome and con- 
 siderable town in the department of Meurthe, 
 France, Its university was removed to 
 Nancy, in 1768. It is situated on the 
 Moselle, which divides it into two parts, 14 
 miles NNW of Nancy. 
 
 Pont Arlier, an ancient town in the de- 
 partment of Jura, France, on the Doubs, 
 near mount Jura. 
 
 Pont Audemer, a town in the department 
 of Eure, France, on the Rille, 13 miles e of 
 Honfleur, 28 wsw of Rouen, and 38 nw of 
 Evreux. 
 
 Pont de Ce, a town in the department 
 of Maine and Loire, France, on the Loire, 
 three miles s of Angers. 
 
 Pont de P Arche, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Eure, France, on the Seine, five 
 miles N of Louviers, and 18 n of Evreux. 
 
 Pont P Eveque, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados, France, on the Touque. 
 It is a trading place, four miles from the 
 sea, and 40 wsw of Rouen. Lon. 0 10 e, 
 lat. 49 17 N. 
 
 Pont de Camare, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Aveiron, France, celebrated for 
 mineral waters, 40 miles ssr of Rodez. 
 
 Pont dn Card. See Gard. 
 
 Pont Gihaut, a town in the department 
 of Puys de Dome, France, 10 miles wnw of 
 Clermont. 
 
 Pont de Vesle, a town in the department 
 of Ain, France, seated on the Vesse. It lias 
 a manufacture of stuffs called Augustines, 
 
PON 
 
 and of tapestry. It is 12 miles w of 
 Bourg. 
 
 Pont de Lima, a town of Portugal, in 
 Entre Douro-e-Minbo, situated on the Lima, 
 over which is a magnificent bridge, 13 
 miles Nw of Braga. 
 
 Ponteha, or Ponte Imperiale, a town of 
 Carinthia, Germany, situated on the Fella, 
 which divides it into two unequal parts. 
 These are connected by a bridge to Ponieba, 
 Veneta, a small towm of the province of 
 Friuli, in Italy, 20 miles nnw of Friuli, and 
 25 sw of Villack. 
 
 Pontefract, a very neat town in the W 
 Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on 
 Saturday. The castle in which Richard IT. 
 ■was murdered, and other tragical events 
 recorded in English history took place, is 
 in ruins. The town is governed by a mayor, 
 a recorder, 12 aldermen, all of whom are in 
 the commission of the peace, and sends two 
 members to parliament elected by the resi- 
 dent householders. It gives the title of earl 
 to the family of Fermor. It is noted for its 
 nursery grounds, and large plantations of 
 liquorico. It is 22 miles sw of York, and 
 174 NW of London. 
 
 Ponte Vedra, a town in Galicia, Spain, 
 near the mouth of the Leris, 26 miles n of 
 Tuy. 
 
 Pontoise, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Oise, France, with a castle, 
 seated on an eminence, near the Oise. The 
 English took it by stratagem in 1435, and 
 in 1442, Charles VII. retook it by storm. ^ 
 To this town the parliament of Paris was 
 transferred in 1652, 1720, and 1753. It is 
 43 miles se of Rouen, and 27 nw of Paris. 
 Lon. 2 6 E, lat. 43 3 n. 
 
 Ponteland, a village in Northumberland, 
 on the Blythe. It w’as a Roman station, 
 and a bridge was built here by the emperor 
 Adrian, called Pons Elii, and here, in 1244, 
 a peace was concluded between Henry III. 
 and the Scots. It has a free school, and is 
 seven miles ne of Newcastle. 
 
 Pont OrsoHy a town in the department of 
 the Manche, France, on the Coeson, with a 
 tide harbour, 10 miles sw of Avranche, and 
 20 E of St. Malo. 
 
 Pont Remoli, a tow’n of Tuscany, at the 
 foot of the Apennines, on the river Magra, 
 45 miles e of Genoa, and 55 nnw of Pisa. 
 Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 44 25 n. 
 
 Pont St Esprit, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, France, situated on the Rhone, 
 over which is one of the finest bridges in 
 Europe; it consists of 19 great, and four 
 small arches. In each pier are apertures, 
 six feet above the common level of the river, 
 to facilitate the passage of the water in 
 floods. The bridge .is built in a curve, and 
 not in a straight line. It is defended by a 
 citadel in which is a church of the HoU 
 Spirit, projecting into the river. It is 17 i 
 miles s of Viviers, and 55 ne of Montpellier. 
 Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 44 15 n. 
 
 Pont St Maocence, a town in the depurt- 
 No. 23.- 6d. 
 
 POO 
 
 meutof Seine and Oise, France, on the Oise, 
 five miles n of Senlis. 
 
 Pont sur Seine, a town in the department 
 of Aube, France, with a castle on the Seine, 
 17 miles nw of Troyes, and 55 se of Paris. 
 
 Pont de Vaux, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Ain, France, on the Resouze, near 
 its junction with the Soane, eight miles s of 
 Macon. 
 
 Pont sur Yonne, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Yonne France, on the Yoime, eight 
 miles NW of Sens. 
 
 Ponta Delgada, a sea port of St. Michael, 
 one of the Azores, defended by a citadel, 
 and containing about 8000 inhabitants, Lon. 
 25 40 w, lat. 37 45 n. 
 
 Pont char train, a lake in the w part of 
 W Florida, 36 ndles long, and 24 bro^, 
 it communicates e with the gulf of Mexico, 
 and w with the Mississippi, through the 
 lake Maurepas, and the river Ibberville. 
 
 Pontcroix, a town in the department of 
 Finisterre, France, 15 miles w of Quimper. 
 
 Ponte, a town at the junction of the 
 Soano and Oreo, Tiedmont, 19 miles nnw 
 of Turin. 
 
 Ponte Stura, a town in Montferrat, Pied- 
 mont, at the conflux of the Stura and Po, 
 four miles wsw of Casal. 
 
 Pontiana, a river on the w side of Borneo, 
 under the equinoctial line, where the Dutch 
 have a factory. It enters the ocean by 
 several mouths. 
 
 Pontivy, a town in the department of 
 Morbihan, France, on the Blavet, with a linep 
 manufacture, 25 miles n of Vannes. 
 
 Pontrieu, a town in the department of 
 the Cotes du Nord, France, on the Trieur 
 20 miles nw of St. Briene. 
 
 Pontypool, a town of M^ale? • Mon- 
 mouthshire, seated on the Avon, ;.etween 
 two hills, with a market on Sat, rday, and 
 a manufacture of japanned ware. It has 
 three annual fairs. Great quantities of ‘ron 
 and coal ore are dug in the neighbourhood. 
 It is J 5 miles sw of Monmouth, and 149 w 
 by N of London. 
 
 Pont-y-Prydal. See Taaff. 
 
 Ponza, a small island, of the Tuscan sea, 
 near the coast of Naples, at the entrance of 
 the gulf of Geeta. It has a town, a harbour, 
 and considerable salt works, and was taken 
 by the British in 1813. I on. 13 10 e, lat. 
 40 53 N. 
 
 Ponzonc, a towm in the duchy of Mont- 
 ferrat, Piedmont, 10 miles s of Acqui, and 
 18 N of Savona. 
 
 Pool, a town in Dorsetshire, situated on 
 a peninsula, which projects into a capacious 
 hay, which branches into many creeks, and 
 forms several islands. The town consists of 
 about 1000 houses disposed chiefly in three 
 or four considerable streets running parallel 
 w'jlh the quay. The town V' a couii'y of 
 itself, is governed by a ma)cr, x-^.cx^'k'T, 
 'Jderman, <fec. and has thcrigh, of '-j-ng 
 r.' Ai .actors, in its own jurisdioiion. a. is 
 represented in parliament by two members 
 Gg 
 
POP 
 
 elected by the corporation^ The harbour 
 admits vessels of 400 tons up to the quay ; 
 and for commodiousness and safety for 
 shipping is not exceeded by any port of its 
 size in Britain. It rose into consequence 
 on the decay of the ancient town of Ware- 
 ham, and now ranks high among the sea 
 ports of England, and its trade and popula- 
 tion are rapidly increasing. The principal 
 branch of business is the Newfoundland 
 fishery, but it imports deals from Norw^ay, 
 has general commerce with America and 
 various parts of Europe, and a large coast- 
 ing trade in corn and coal. Near the 
 rriouth of the harbour an oyster bank, from 
 which, vast quantities are carried to the 
 creeks of Essex and the Thames, to be fatten- 
 ed. In 1801, the population was 4T61, and 
 in 1811, 4816. It has a market on Monday 
 and Thursday, and two great annual fairs, 
 each of which lasts a week. Its church is 
 an ancient fabric, in form of a cross, here 
 are several meeting houses, and a charity 
 school. It is 40 miles wsw of Winchester 
 and 105 w by s of London. Lon. I 59 w, 
 lat. 50 43 N. 
 
 Poolhank, in Croswaitie parish, West- 
 moreland, six miles from Kendal, and has a 
 r'emarkable cavern, called Fairy-hole, 
 whence issues a stream of water after a fall 
 . of rain. 
 
 Pool. See Welshpool. 
 
 Poolorooji, See Poleron. 
 
 POOLOWQY, one of the Banda islands 
 on wiiich the Dutch have a fort called Fort 
 Revenge. Lon. 130 4 e. lat. 4 17 s. 
 
 Poonah, a town of the deccan of Hindoo- 
 stan, in Visiapour, It is the capital of the 
 Vfestern Mahratta empire. It is not large, 
 and is entirely defenceless, the principal seat 
 of power being at Pooriinder, 30 miles e of 
 the GautSj and 100 se of Bombay. Lon. 73 
 55 E, lat. 18 30 n. 
 
 PooroondeVy a fortress of Visiapour, in 
 the deccan of Hiodoostan, w'here the archives 
 of government are kept. It is seated on a 
 moujitain, and is a place of refuge for that 
 capital in case of invasion. It is 18 miles 
 ESE of Poonah. 
 
 Foote, a town in the department of Ma- 
 yenne, France, six miles wsw of Alencon. 
 
 Fopa Madrey a town of South America, 
 In Terra Firnia, stands on a high mountain, 
 '.i'h a convent and chapel of the Virgin, 
 
 ' iid is the resort of pilgrims, especially of 
 those who have been at sea, 50 miles e of 
 {’a {haoeua. Lon. 74 32 \v, hit. 10 15 n. 
 
 P'l'PAY AN, a province of South America, 
 in New Granada, about 400 miles in length, 
 anil 3h0 in breadth. A chain of mountains, 
 criissesthe country from n to s, near ’be sea 
 t!ie country is lial, marshy, and often Hooded 
 hj rains. The country is unhealthy, bu; vast 
 •JMiitities of gold are found in it. The 
 i.. rior is extremely fertile, and abounds in 
 : ■ provisions, cotton, fruits, sugar canes, 
 br . -.djacco. 
 
 r ■ iiijany the capital of the above pro- 
 
 POP 
 
 vince, and a bishop’s see, with a university,* 
 It is seated in a large plain, nearly surrounds 
 ed by the Molino, has a considerable trade, 
 and the inhabitants are estimated at 25,000. 
 It is 230 miles wsw of St. Fe, and 240 nkb 
 of Quito. Lon. 76 30 e, lat. 2 25 n. 
 
 POPE’S DOMINIONS, or the Ecclesi- 
 ASTiCAL State, a country of Italy, extend- 
 ing from s to N, 240 miles, and from sw to 
 NE ill some parts 120, but in others scarcely 
 20 miles. The Ecclesiastical State, former- 
 ly consisted of the following provinces ^ 
 Campagna de Roma, Patrinfiony of St. 
 Peter, Sabino, Spoleto, Ancona, Perugino, 
 and Urbino. Afterwards, and previous to 
 the late revolutions, the pope was possessed of 
 the duchy of Benevento, in the kingdom of 
 Naples ; and the territories of Avignon, and 
 Venaisson in France. He hud also the three 
 legation^ of Romagna, Bolognese, and 
 Ferrarese annexed to his dominions till 
 1797, when the French made them a part of 
 tbe Cisalpine republic. In 1798, this state 
 was taken possession of by the French, and 
 erected into a republic, styled the Roman 
 republic, under the direction of five consuls. 
 The country was ill cultivated, and thin of 
 inhabitants, the Bolognese alone excepted. 
 Trade and manufactures were little en- 
 couraged ; arid the indolence of the inhabi- 
 tants was such, they would have been abso- 
 lutely starved, or more industrious habits 
 would have been introduced, had it not been 
 for the fertility of the soil. Their numerous 
 holidays were great impediments to the 
 exertions of industry and the numbers of 
 young sturdy beggars, instead of increasing 
 the common stock by industry, lay as a dead 
 weight on their fellow-subjects. Tn-no 
 part of Europe w’ere people found more 
 wretched than the pope’s subjects. The pope, 
 according to the ancient cannon law, is the 
 supreme, universal, and independent head of 
 the church, and invested with sovereignty 
 over all Christian sovereigns, communities, 
 and individuals. The reformation, begun by 
 Luther and Calvin, dispelled the delusion in 
 many parts of Europe; the progress of learn- 
 ing, and the spirit of free enquiry ; has en- 
 i lightened many even of the Romish countries, 
 where the papal political system is treated 
 with contempt. The popes were elected, at 
 every vacancy, from among the cardinals 
 each of w'hom is styled his Eminence ; and 
 Their number was fixed by Sixtus V. at 70 ; 
 but this number was seldom complete. The 
 annual revenue of the pope was computed 
 to be 8,700,000 scudi, or upwards of 
 2,000,0001. sterling. When the Roman 
 republic was erected, the pope Pius VI, 
 was obliged to remove into Tuscany, and 
 fierward into France, w’here he died 
 cu Valence, in 1799. A few months 
 after, a conclave was permitted to be held 
 at Venice, and in 1800, cardinal Chiaramonti, 
 was raised to tbe papal chair, who took the 
 title of Pius VII. and resumed the sovereignty 
 of the Ecclesiastical State, In 1809, 
 
P O R 
 
 Nfipoleon Bonaparte deprived the pope of his | 
 temporal sovereignty, reduced him to the t 
 condition of bishop of Rome, and annexed 
 his state to the French empire. The pope [ 
 was sometime a state prisoner at Savona, | 
 and removed thence to the fortress of Tor- [ 
 tona. On the abdication of Bonaparte in j 
 1814, the pope was restored to his temporal 
 sovereignty, and to the Ml exercise of his 
 Ecclesiastical functions. Rome is the 
 capital. i 
 
 Poperinghey a town of Flanders, on a 
 river of the same name, six miles w of 
 Ypres. 
 
 Poplar, a town of Middlesex, so called 
 from the trees with which it once abounded, 
 h situated on the Thames, e of Limehouse, 
 in the parish of Stepney. Here the E India 
 Company have an hospital for 22 pensioners, 
 mostly widows of sailors who were worn 
 out in their service. Poplar marsh, or the 
 isle of Dogs, is one of the richest grazing 
 spots in England. 
 
 POPO, a territory of Africa, on the Slave 
 coast of Guinea. It is called a kingdom ; 
 but the inhabitants have sca.rcely any 
 houses to dwell in besides Ihe king^s village, 
 which is an island in the midst of a river. 
 The chief trade is in slaves. Lon, 2 33 e, 
 lat. 6 18 N. 
 
 Popocatepetl, the highest mountain in 
 Tlascala, New Spain, is 1968 feet higher 
 than the most elevated summit of the old 
 continent. It is a volcano continually 
 burning;, but from its crater, nothing has 
 issued for several centuries but smoke and 
 ashes. It is frequently styled the Volcano 
 of Puebla, and lies 30 miles w of Puebla. 
 
 PORA, an island on the w coast of Suma- 
 tra, Indian Ocean, 54 miles long, and from 
 nine to 12 broad. Lon. 98 30 e, lat. 1 
 10 s. 
 
 Porcas Ilhade, or Island of Hogs, lies 
 east of St. Sebastian’s island on the coast of 
 Brazil, 20 miles e of the bay of Saints. 
 
 Porcah, a town of Hindoostan, on the 
 coast of Malabar, held by the Dutch, and 
 taken by the English in 1795. It is 85 
 miles Nw of Travancore, and 140 s of Cali- 
 cut. Lon. 76 20 e, lat. 9 15 n. 
 
 P or Chester, di town in Hampshire, at the 
 upper end of the harbour of Portsmouth, 
 between Fareham and Portsea Island. Its 
 ancient castle, inclosing an area of more 
 than four acres, has served, in the late wars, 
 for the reception of prisoners of war, and 
 ordinance stores. This town gives the title 
 of baron to the family of Herbert, four 
 miies N of Portsmouth. 
 
 Forco, a town of Peru, capital of a juris- 
 diction in the diocese of Plata. A rich 
 silver mine, in a mountain which gives it 
 name, was the first wrought by the Spaniards 
 after the conquest, 25 miies wsvv of Potosi. 
 Lon. 67 20 w, lat. 19 40 s. 
 
 Porcuna, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 22 
 miles Nw of Jaen. 
 
 Porentru, a town in the department of 
 
 p o R 
 
 Tipper Rhine, France, seated on the Hallan, 
 near Mount .Jura. It lately belonged to 
 Swisserland, and was the capital of the 
 bishopric of Basel, 26 miles wsw of Basel:, 
 and 48 ssw of Colmar. Lon. 7 10 e, lat. 
 47 27 N. 
 
 PorlocJe, a town in Somersetshire, situated 
 on the Bristol channel, where it has a good 
 harbour or bay. It has a market on Thurs- 
 day, and a trade in coal and lime. It is 14 
 miles N by w of Dulverton, and 170 w of 
 London. 
 
 Porrogong. See Paro. 
 
 PORO, anciently Calauria, an island 
 of Greece, in the Saronic bay. Hither 
 Demosthenes went twice into banishment^ 
 and here he died. The city stood on a high 
 ridge nearly in the middle of the Island ; hut 
 has been long abandoned. 
 
 Porselou, a rich and commercial town of 
 the kingdom of Siam, stands on a large 
 river, and is surrounded by 14 bastions, 300 
 miles N of its mouth in the gulf of Siam. 
 Lon. 100 2 E, lat. 17 48 n. 
 
 Port Antonio, in the ne part of Jamaicg. 
 It is 36 leagues w of Cape Tibaron, in St. 
 Domingo. It is capable of containing a 
 large fleet, and opens directly into the 
 windward passage. 
 
 PORT AU PRINCE, a jurisdiction and 
 sea port, at the head of the great bay of 
 Leogane, in the w part of Hispaniola. 
 The town, which is situated on the head of the 
 bay, is a place of considerable trade. The 
 jurisdiction contains six parishes. This fine 
 town was nearly burnt down by the revolting 
 negroes, in November and December 1791, 
 and was taken by the English and Royalists 
 ' in 1794, but soon after abandoned. Port 
 au Prince is 21 miles e by n of the town of 
 Leogane. Lon. 72 10 w, lat. 18 40 n. 
 
 Portaehunich, a port in the island of 
 Icolumkill, in the Hebrides, where St. 
 Columba first landed. Here is an artificial 
 mound in form of a boat, with the keel up, 
 50 feet long. Peebles are found on the 
 beach near the mound. 
 
 Port Baltic, See Rogeruiek, 
 Port-dandg, situated in one of the Cop- 
 land islands, in Down, Ulster, 
 
 Port Dauphin, a settlement on the sE 
 coast of Madagascar, with a harbour, de- 
 fended by a fort. Lon. 47 0 e, lat. 25 0 s. 
 
 Port Desire, a harbour on the e coast of 
 Patagonia, where ships sometimes touch in 
 their passage to the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 
 67 56 w, lat. 47 46 s. 
 
 Port Egmont, on the xw coast of the 
 Falkland Islands, is one of the most com- 
 modious harbours in the world. It was 
 discovered by Commodore Byron in 1765. 
 Her^he whole navy of England might ride 
 in perfect security from all winds, and every 
 thing for the refreshment of ships is to be 
 found in abundance. Lon. 55 0 w,lat. 51, 
 27 s. 
 
 Port des Francois, a harbour on the w 
 coast of America. It is of a circular form 
 G g 2 
 
^ O R 
 
 bordered by peaked mountains, of great 
 height and covered with snow, and unfathom- 
 able in the middle. In the harbour is a 
 small island. Here are found abundance of 
 skins, particularly those of the sea otter. The 
 natives are said to be capable of any enter- 
 . prize, and very dexterous thieves ; discovered 
 by M. de la Peyrouse in 1786. Lon. 137 
 30 w, lat. 58 37 n. 
 
 Port de La Chaudiere, on the s coast of 
 the island of Hispaniola, 54 miles w by s of 
 the city of St. Domingo. 
 
 PORT DE PAIX, a jurisdiction and sea- 
 port on the N side of Hispaniola, towards 
 the w end, and opposite the island of Tortue, 
 four leagues distant. It is 30 miles n of 
 St. Mark. Lon. 72 52 w, lat. 10 54 n. 
 
 Port Dundas, a village in Lanarkshire, 
 one mile n of Glasgow, situated upon the 
 great canal, vt^hich is here joined by the 
 Monkland canal. Here are large granaries, 
 timber-yards, and an iron foundery. 
 
 Port dtt Prince, a town on the n coast 
 of Cura, having a good harbour. It stands 
 in a large meadow, where the Spaniards feed 
 numerous herds of cattle. 
 
 Port Glasgow, See Glasgow, Port, 
 
 Port Jackson, a large bay on the coast 
 of New South Wales, about 10 miles n of 
 Cape Banks. The name was given to it by 
 captain Cook. The capes that form the 
 entrance are high rugged perpendicular cliffs, 
 and the harbour is one of the noblest in the 
 world, 14 miles in length, with numerous 
 creeks or coves. See Sydney, Lon. 151 
 28 E, lat. 33 50 s. 
 
 Port Julian, or Port St, Julian, a har- 
 bour on the E coast of Patagonia. Lon. 68 
 44 w, lat. 49 10 s. 
 
 Port Louis, a town in the department of 
 Morbihan, France, with a citadel, and a 
 good harbour, seated on a peninsula, at the 
 mouth of the Biavet, and is a station for the 
 East Indian Company's ships, and part of 
 the Royal navy, 27 miles w of Vannes, 
 Lon. 3 18 w, lat, 47 40 n. 
 
 PorUMahon, See Mahon, 
 
 Port Ninian, one of the Copland isles, in 
 the county of Down, Ireland. 
 
 Port of Monteith, a parish in the sw 
 part of Perthshire, lying in the district from 
 which it is named. In the upper part of 
 this parish, which appears to have been the 
 Scene of some bloody conflicts, are entrench- 
 ments, and rude inscriptions on the tops of 
 some mountains. Population above 1570, 
 being 300 fewer than in 1755. The 
 parish is intersected by the Forth, not far 
 from its source. The church stands on the 
 NE banks of the Loch. In the parish are 
 three medicinal springs, one of which is 
 antiscorbutic, one emetic, and one cathartic. 
 See Monteith Loch, 
 
 Port Patrick, a sea port in Wigtonshire, 
 confined by the sea on one side, and on the 
 other by overhanging rocks and hills. It 
 has a good harbour with a noble quay, and 
 a reflecting lighthouse, and is noted for its 
 
 FOR 
 
 ferry to Donaghadee in Ireland, from wbiclr 
 It is only 21 miles distant. Here are 
 packet-boats for the conveyance of the 
 mail and the accommodation of passengers, 
 one of which sails every day j and the mail 
 coaches go regularly from London and 
 Edinburgh to Port- Patrick on the one side, 
 and between Dublin and Danoghadee, on 
 the other. Vast quantities of Irish cattle, 
 for the English market, arrive at this port, 
 also Irish horses for the Scotch markets. 
 Here is a custom-house. The town is on 
 the estate of Dunskey, the property of Sir 
 David Hunter Blair, and w’as mostly rebuilt 
 about 30 years ago. The church is in the 
 form of a cross. Population of the town 
 about 600. It is 131 miles sw of Edin- 
 burgh. The parish of Port- Patrick is about 
 four miles square, the surface is hilly, and in 
 general not very productive, but is in a pro- 
 gressive state of improvement, and the popu- 
 lation about 1100, including the town. On 
 the brink of a tremendous precipice, over- 
 hangifig the Irish sea, stands the ancient 
 castle of Dunskey, near which is a cave, 
 formerly much resorted to by the supersti- 
 tious and infirm, who at the change of the 
 moon, bathed in a stream issuing from the 
 cave. Lon. 5 3 w, lat. 54 58 m. 
 
 Port Penn, a town of Delaware in New- 
 castle county, with a secure harbour, oppo- 
 site Reedy Island, is the rendezvous of out- 
 ward bound ships, waiting for a fair wind. 
 It is 50 miles below Philadelphia. 
 
 Port Raman, situated in one of the Cop- 
 land islands, in Down, Ulster. 
 
 Port Roseway, See Shelburne, 
 
 Port Royal, a sea port on the s side af 
 Jamaica, formerly called Puerta de Ca- 
 guaya. It was once a place of the greatest 
 wealth and importance in the West Indies, 
 but in 1692, it was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, iu 1702, by fire, in 1722, by an inun- 
 dation, and in 1744 by a hurricane, and is 
 now reduced to three streets, a few lanes, 
 and about 200 houses, built on a neck of 
 land- that juts out into the sea, and has a 
 fort. The excellence of the harbour, and its 
 situation, w'ere so alluring, that it w^as not 
 until the town had been entirely destroyed, 
 that the inhabitants could be prevailed upon 
 to relinquish this ill-fated spot. After this 
 they resolved to remove to the opposite side 
 of the bay, where they built Kingston, now 
 the capital of the island. In the harbour of 
 Port Royal, vessels of 700 tons can lie close 
 along shore. It is six miles ssw of Kingston. 
 Lon. 76 45 w, lat. 18 0 n. 
 
 Port Royal, a town in Caroline county, 
 Virginia, on the Rappabannoc, with three 
 churches, 32 miles se of Fredericsburg, and 
 58 above Urban iia. 
 
 Port Royal, a town and harbour in the 
 island of Martinique. Lon. 61 9 w, lat. 14 
 36 N* 
 
 FORT ROYAL, an island and harbour i» 
 the gulf of Mexico, at the bottom of the 
 bay of Canipeachy. The island is three 
 
P O R 
 
 miles long and one broad^ lies w of the 
 harbour. 
 
 PORT ROYAL, an island on the coast 
 of South Carolina, separated from the main 
 land on the w by Broad river. It has an 
 excellent harbour, at the town of Beaufort, 
 and is 100 miles sw of Charleston. 
 
 Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. See Anna- 
 polis Royal, 
 
 Port St, Anne, See Killough, 
 
 Port St. Mary, a sea port in Andalusia, 
 Spain, with a fort, called St. Catherine, 
 seated on the harbour of Cadiz, at the mouth 
 of the Guadelete. Hence Cadiz is supplied 
 with spring water. The chief trade is in 
 salt. It is eight miles nne of Cadiz. 
 
 Port sur Saone, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Saone, on the Saone, France, 
 eight miles nw of Visoul. 
 
 Port Tobacco, the capital of Charles 
 county, Maryland, on a creek of the same 
 name, which enters the Potomac, four miles 
 below the town. In its vicinity are the 
 famous cold waters of Mount Misery. It is 
 30 miles s of Washington, and 6Z sw of 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Port Vendre, a town in the department 
 of Eastern Pyrenees, France, with a small 
 harbour on the Mediterranean, defended by 
 two forts. In 1793, it was taken by the 
 Spaniards, and retaken the following year. 
 It is 25 miles sse of Serpignan. 
 
 Port William, a small, but thriving vil- 
 lage and sea port, in Wigtoushire, in the 
 parish of Mochrura, on the ne side of Luce 
 bay. The harbour is small, but safe and 
 commodious. Here custom-house officers 
 are occasionally stationed to prevent smug- 
 gling, The vicinity is fertile. Port 
 William contains about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Portadown, a town in Armagh, Ulster, 
 seated on the Bann, near where it joins the 
 Neury canal. The linen manufacture is 
 carried on here to a great extent. It is 6«5 
 miles N of Dublin, 
 
 PorUiferry, a town in Down, Ulster, 
 Ireland, on the e side of the rapid ferry of 
 Strangford. It carries on a brisk trade, 
 and between 30 and 40 vessels belong to it. 
 It is 80 miles n of Dublin. 
 
 Portalegra, a handsome town in Alentejo, 
 Portugal, and a bishop^s see, seated at the 
 foot oi a high mountain, and has a manu- 
 facture of cloth, 30 miles n of Elvas, and 
 90 NE of Lisbon. 
 
 Portarlington, a borough chiefly in 
 Queen^s county, and partly in king^s county, 
 Leinster, seated on the Barrow. It is prin- 
 cipally inhabited by gentry, and is celebrat- 
 ed for the number and respectability of its 
 schools. It sent two members to the Irish 
 parliament, and is represented by one in the 
 imperial, 12 miles n of Maryborough, and 
 40 wsw of Dublin. 
 
 Porteasy, a fishing village in Banffshire, 
 about two miles e of Buckie, containing 
 about 180 inhabitants. 
 
 Portiei, a village on part of the site of 
 
 FOR 
 
 j ancient Herculaneum, near mount Vesu- 
 vius. Here is a palace of the king of 
 Naples, ornamented with a vast number of 
 statues, and other remains of antiquity, taken 
 out of the ruins of Herculaneum, four miles 
 ESE of the city of Naples. 
 
 Porthilly, a fishing harbour of Cornwall, 
 on the E side of Padstow haven. 
 
 Portisham, a large village of Dorsetshire, 
 with an ancient church. On one of the 
 hills called Rockley, in this parish is a vast 
 tumulus, on the top of which is one of 
 those British antiquities, called by the Welch 
 a Cromlech, eight miles sw of Dorchester* 
 
 PORTLAND, a peninsula of Dorsetshire, 
 connected with the mainland, by a- ridge of 
 Pebbles, called the Chesil Bank, extending 
 above seven miles up the sw coast. Be- 
 tween this bank and the mainland is a nar- 
 row arm of the sea called the Fleet. Port- 
 land isle is four miles long, and two broad, 
 surrounded by inaccessible rocks, except at 
 the landing place. At the nw end is a strong 
 castle, built by Henry VIII. This penin- 
 sula is chiefly noted for its stonC, which is 
 used in London, Dublin, &c. About 9000 
 tons of it are annually Exported. Portland 
 Road, on the n side of the island, for the 
 protection of which the castle was built, is 
 safe riding for ships, and has a lighthouse at 
 each end. Off the s point, in Ion. 2 44 w, 
 lat. 50 29 N, are shoals, called from the 
 rapidity of the tides, the Race of Portland^ 
 deemed the most dangerous grounds for ship- 
 ping ou the whole shores of the English chan- 
 nel. 
 
 Portland, a post town and port of entry, 
 in Cumberland county, district of Maine, 
 situated on a promontory in Casco bay, 
 with a light house at the entrance of the 
 harbour, which is defended by a fort, a 
 citadel, and a battery. The harbour is 
 safe and capacious. In 1775, the town was 
 nearly reduced to ashes by the British fleet, 
 but has been rebuilt, and has three churches. 
 It is the capital of the district, 123 miles 
 NNE of Boston. The inhabitants carry on 
 a considerable foreign trade, build ships, and 
 are largely concerned in the fishery. It is 
 one of the most thriving commercial towns 
 in Massachusetts, and contains about 4000 
 inhabitants. Lon. 70 10 w, lat. 44 47 n. 
 
 PORTLAND ISLANDS, a cluster of 
 islands in the S Pacific ocean. They are 
 low, and covered with wood. The centre 
 one is in ion. 149 8 e, and lat. 2 38 s. 
 
 Portland, Point, the most southren part 
 of the island of Jamaica. Lon. 77 5 w, 
 lat. 17 44 N. 
 
 Portlock Harbour, a harbour of a circu- 
 lar form, with a narrow entrance, on the 
 NW coast of America. Lon. 130 42 w. lat, 
 57 43 N. 
 
 Portlock, or Portock, a small town, seat- 
 ed on a bay of the Bristol channel, Somer- 
 setshire, a few miles w of Miuehead, has 
 some coasting ships, and fishing skiffs, and 
 three annual fairs. 
 
P O R 
 
 Port Martff a harbour in the parfsh of 
 Rerriok, Kirkcudbrightshire, near the abbey 
 of Dundrennan, celebrated for being th^ 
 port from which Mary queen of Scotland 
 sailed, after her memorable defeat at Lang- 
 side. 
 
 Port Moaky a parish in Kinross-shire, 
 about eight miles long, and four broad, lying 
 at the E end of Loch Leven, and exhibiting 
 a very beautifully diversified surface. Lime- 
 stone and freestone abound in the district ; 
 and beside the village of Portmoak, con- 
 taining about 300 inhabitants, there ts 
 another called Kinesswood, which contains 
 about 170. Mr. Michael Bruce, the cele- 
 brated poet, was a native of this village. A 
 considerable quantity of linen is made in the 
 parish. Here is a manufacture of parch- 
 ment. A small vestige of the monastery of 
 Portmoak is still to be seen, near the eas- 
 tern extremity of the lake. Population 
 about 1150, but in 1791, they amounted to 
 1380. 
 
 Portnessocky a small village and harbour, 
 on the Irish channel, in the parish of Kirk- 
 maiden, WigtoBshire. It has a pier and is 
 capable of being rendered a good harbour, 
 about six miles w of the Mull of Gallo- 
 way. 
 
 Portnockie, a fishing village in Banff- 
 shire, four miles e from Porteasy, contain- 
 ing about 240 inhabitants. 
 
 Porto, See Oporto, 
 
 Porto y a small sea port in the Veronese, 
 Italy, on the e side of the Adige, opposite 
 Legnano, 20 miles ese of Verona. 
 
 Porto y a fortified town of Italy, in the 
 patrimony of St. Peter, and the see of a 
 bishop, who is generally a cardinal, and 
 dependent only on the pope, on the w side 
 of the Tiber. It is 10 miles sw of Rome. 
 
 Porto*BellOy a sea port of North America, 
 on the N coast of the isthmus of Darien, 
 nearly opposite to Panama, and to the n of 
 Terra Firma, with a large, secure, and com- 
 modious harbour. It is inhabited chiefly by 
 Mulattoes. Before the abolition of the trade 
 by the galleons, in 1 748, Porto-Bello was the 
 great mart for the rich commerce of Peru and 
 Chili. The town stands close to the sea, on 
 the side of a mountain, which shelters the 
 harbour. It is very unhealthy. Admiral 
 Vernon, took the town, and demolished the 
 fortificaUoiis in 1742, hut since, it has been 
 strongly fortified. It is 50 miles n by e of 
 Panama, and 300 w by s of Caribagena. 
 Lon. 79 50 w, lat. 9 33 N. 
 
 Porto-Bello, a flourishing village about 
 three miles e of Edinburgh, so- named in 
 honour of the capture of the preceding city 
 in 1742. The inhabitants carry on a con- 
 siderable trade in stone-ware and tiles ; and 
 a number of commodious dwellings have 
 been lately erected for bathing quarters. 
 Hot and cold baths were erected here some 
 years since, by subscription, and this place 
 is now the resort of numerous and genteel 
 company, particularly iu the bathing season. 
 
 FOR 
 
 Porto -Cahdlo, a sea-port of Terra Firma^ 
 on the coast of the Caraccas, has a good 
 harbour, with an excellent quay’ and is the 
 place for import and export for a consider- 
 able exteait of country. Three miles to 
 the w is the village and bay of Earbuto, 
 once the chief port on the coast ; and still 
 so for the cattle of Venezuela, which are 
 exported to the W India islands. Porto 
 Cabello is seated on a small neck of land, 
 which has been cut through, and thus form- 
 ed into au island. Over the cut is a bridge, 
 communicating with extensive suburbs, 30 
 miles WNW of Leon. Lon. 67 32 w, lat. 10 
 31 N. 
 
 Porto FarinOy a sea-port of Tunis, to 
 the w of the ruins of Carthage, and about 
 30 miles n of Tunis. Lon. 10 16 e, lat. 
 37 12 N. 
 
 Porlo FarroiOy a handsome town on 
 the N side of the island of Elba, has a 
 good harbour, defended by two forts, and is 
 the capital of the island, eight miles sw of 
 Piombino on the coast of Italy, and 40 xw 
 of Orbitollo. Lon. 10 17 e, lat. 43 52 N. 
 See Elba, 
 
 Porto Fino, a sea-port on the coast of 
 Genoa, between two mountains, with a 
 fort, 15 miles se of Genoa. 
 
 Porto GalletOy a town of Biscay, Spain^ 
 on a small bay, situated 12 miles nw of 
 Bilboa. 
 
 Porto Greco, a town in Capitanato, Na- 
 ples, near the gulf of Venice, nine miles s 
 of Vieste. 
 
 Porto Gruaro, a town in Friuli, Italy, 
 on the Lema, 15 miles w of Marano. 
 
 Porto Hergole, a small sea-port of Italy, 
 in Stato delli Presidii, on a peninsula, four 
 miles s of Orbitello. 
 
 Porto Leogane, a small town of Italy, 
 with a good harbour, eight miles sw of 
 Piombino. 
 
 Porto Langone, a' sea-port on the se 
 side of the isle of Elba, with a good har- 
 bour, and a fortress upon a rock, almost 
 inaccessible, 35 miles nw of Orbitello, on 
 the coast of Italy. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 42 
 50 N. 
 
 Porto Marin, a town in Galicia, Spain, 
 near the Minbo, 17 miles s of Lugo, and 
 48 E of Compostello. 
 
 Porto Novo, a town in Estremadura, 
 Portugal, on the coast of the Atlantic, 29 
 miles NNw of Lisbon. 
 
 Porto Novo, Si sea-port in Galicia, Spain, 
 54 miles w of Orense. 
 
 Porto de Plata, a sea-port on the n side 
 of St. Domingo, and the principal shore 
 settlement. The harbour is indifferent ; 
 gold, silver, and copper mines abound iu the 
 vicinity. Lon. 70 45 w, lat. 19 45 n. 
 
 Porto Praija, a town and bay of St. Jago, 
 one of the Cape de Verd islands, seated on 
 an elevated plain, and is the residence of 
 the Portuguese governor of the island. 
 Lon. 3 29 w, lat. 15 54 n. 
 
 Porta del Principe^ a sea-t>ort, with a 
 
FOR 
 
 good harbour, on the n coast of Cuba. lu 
 tlie vicinity are several bitumen springs, 
 Lon. T8 15 w, lat. 21 52 n. 
 
 Porto Real, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 on the harbour of Cadiz, near the mouth 
 of the Guadalete, or St. Peter river. The 
 strong fort of Matagorda stands at the en- 
 trance of the harbour. Here are several 
 dock -yards and naval store- houses, seven 
 miles E of Cadiz. 
 
 Porto Rico, See Juan de Puerto Rico. 
 
 PORTO SANTO, an island of the Atlan- 
 tic, on the coast of Africa, the least of the 
 Madeiras. It is about 15 miles in circum- 
 ference. It belongs to the Portuguese, 
 In 1418, a Portuguese ship was driven off 
 the African shore by a sudden squall, and 
 when they expected to perish, they discover- | 
 ed this island, which on account of their j 
 escape, they called Porto Santo, and hence | 
 they descried the island of Madeira. It 
 produces little corn, but there are oxen, 
 wild hogs, and a vast number of rabbits. 
 It produces dragon’s blood, honey, and wax, 
 and has a good anchorage in the road, but 
 no harbour. It is 300 miles sw of the coast 
 of Africa. Lon. 16 20 w, lat. 42 38 n. ! 
 
 PORTO SEGLRO, a fertile province of 
 Brazil, n of that of Spirila Santo, and s of | 
 Ilheos, has a capital of its name, on an emi- r 
 nencii, near the mouth of a river that falls 
 into the Atlantic. Lon. 40 20 w, lat. 
 16 30 s. 
 
 Porto VecchiOy a sea-port in a bay on 
 the E coast of Corsica, 40 miles se of Ajac- 
 cio. Loo. 9 10 E, lat. 41 40 N. 
 
 Porto VenerOy a town of Italy, in the 
 territory of Genoa, at the entrance of the 
 gulf of Spezzia, stands on the side of a hill, 
 at the top of which is a fort. It has a good 
 harbour, 45 miles se of Genoa. Lon. 9 
 38 E, lat. 45 5 N. 
 
 Portrecy a town and parish in the isle of 
 Skye. The town is small, but well situated 
 for trade, and flourishing. The harbour is 
 excellent, surrounded partly by stupendous 
 rocks, and partly by green hills. In the j 
 village is a good inn. The top of one of 
 the bills contiguous to the harbour, is called 
 Firigal’s silting place, whence that hero is 
 said frequently to have viewed the chace. 
 Its fairs in May and July, for cattle and 
 small horses, are as well attended as any in 
 the Highlands ; besides which it has a con- 
 siderable trade. The parish is about nine 
 miles long and three broad ; with the islands 
 of Raasay and Ronay, annexed. In this 
 district are several caves, one of which is 
 capable of containing 500 persons. Popu- 
 lation, in 180J, 2246. The town is in Ion. 
 6 16 w, lat. 57 33 n. 
 
 PORTSEA, an island of Hampshire, 
 about 14 miles in circuit, between Chiches- 
 ter bay and the harbour of Portsmouth, 
 separated from the main land on the n by a 
 creek, over which are two bridges, one for 
 the entrance, and the other for the depar- 
 
 FOR 
 
 ture of passengers. At the sw extremity is 
 situated the town of Portsmouth. 
 
 Portseuy a town on the above island, 
 built on. Portsmouth Common, See Ports* 
 mouth. 
 
 Portseton, a sea-port and village in 
 Haddingtonshire, on the Frith of Forth, con- 
 taining about 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Portsmouth, a town in Hampshire, with 
 a capacious harbour made by a bay run- 
 ning up between the island of Portsea, on 
 which the town is situated, and the opposite 
 peninsula, having a narrow entrance com- 
 manded by the town and forts, with a mar- 
 ket on Thursday and Saturday, and a fair 
 commencing July 10th, which lasts a fort- 
 night. In the time of the Anglo Saxons, 
 Portsmouth was a place of considerable 
 consequence. The promising advantage- 
 ousness of its port encouraged Edward IV, 
 to fortify it. It is now the most regular 
 and complete fortress in Great Britain. 
 Many of the largest ships are always laid 
 up here, and in time of war, it is the prin- 
 cipal place of rendezvous of the grand 
 channel fleet. The docks, arsenals, store- 
 houses, barracks, <fec. are of prodigious 
 magnitude, and kept in the most perfect 
 order. The town is governed by a mayor, 
 and chiefly supported by the resort of the 
 army and navy. Portsmouth has one spa- 
 cious church, and two neat chapels ; the 
 ' latter are in Portsea, which is now above 
 four times larger than the parent town. It 
 ; is the birth-place of the celebrated philan- 
 throphist Jonas Hanway. Portsmouth, 
 gives the title of earl to the family of Wal- 
 lop, and sends two members to parliament, 
 elected by the corporation. The garrison 
 is commanded by a governor and lieute- 
 nant-governor. In 1801 it contained 5,300 
 houses, and 33,206 inhabitants, and in 1811, 
 40,567, exclusive of the males belonging 
 to the army and navy. 0}>posite the town 
 is the noted harbour of Spithead, where the 
 ; men of war anchor when prepared for ac- 
 tual service. It is 20 miles sse of Winches- 
 ter, and 72 sw of Loudon. Lon. 1 16 w, 
 lat. 50 47 N. 
 
 Portsmouthy the metropolis of New 
 Hampshire, in Rockingham county, the 
 largest town in the state and its only sea- 
 port, about two miles from the sea, on the s 
 side of the Piscataqua, with three churches. 
 Its harbour is one of the finest on the conti- 
 nent, haying a sufficient depth of water for 
 vessels of any burden. Ships of war have 
 been built here; among others the America 
 of 74 guns^ Portsmouth contains about 
 640 dwelling-houses, and nearly as many 
 other buildings, besides those for public 
 uses. It is 10 miles sw of York, and 50 n 
 by E of Boston. Lon. 70 42 w, lat. 43 5 N. 
 
 Portsmouthy a pleasant, flourishing, and 
 regularly built town in Norfolk county, 
 Virginia, w side of Elisabeth river, oppo.site 
 Norfolk, both which towns constitute but 
 
P O R 
 
 <me port of entry. It contains about 1702 
 inhabitants. See Norfolk. 
 
 Porismouthf a town of the state of Ohio, 
 stands on the e side of the Sciota, at its 
 junction with the Ohio. It is the^depot for 
 the commerce of the upper part of the Sci- 
 ota, 60 miles s of Chilicothe. Lon. 83 8 w, 
 lat. 36 22 N. 
 
 Portsoy, a sea-port of Banffshire, about 
 six miles e of Cullen, on a point of land 
 projecting into the Moray Frith, has a cha- 
 pel of ease under the parish church of For- 
 dice. It is a handsome town, and has 
 several trading and fishing vessels, with 
 manufactures of snuff and sewing thread. 
 It contains above 1000 inhabiiants. In the 
 vicinity are found a vein of serpentine, called 
 Portsoy marble, a species of asbestos, of a 
 greenish colour, which has been wrought 
 into incombustible cloth, and a brilliant 
 kind of granite of a Mesh colour, nine 
 miles w of Banff. 
 
 PORTUGAL, the most western country 
 on the continent of Europe, about 310 miles 
 in length, and 1<50 in breadth. It is boun- 
 ded on the w and s by the Atlantic ocean, 
 and E and n by Spain. It is divided into 
 six provinces, Bira, Estremadura, Douero- 
 e-Minho, Tra-los-Montes, Alentejo, and 
 Algarva. Though Spain and Portugal are 
 in the same climate, yet the air of the latter 
 is much more temperate than that of the 
 former, on account of the neighbourhood of 
 the sea. Corn is not very plentiful, because 
 the inhabitants do not attend much to hus- 
 bandry but they import Indian corn from 
 Africa, which is made use of by the pea- 
 sants instead of wheat. There is a number 
 of barren mountains, and many line vallies 
 remain v/ithout culture, yet there is abun- 
 dance of olives, vines, oranges, lemons, 
 nuts, almonds, figs, and raisins, with plenty 
 of excellent wines. Much salt is exported, 
 particularly from St. Ubes. Woollen cloth 
 is the principal manufacture. They have 
 some horned cattle, whose flesh is generally 
 lean and dry. From their foreign settle- 
 ments, the Portuguese receive sugar, cotton, 
 rum, tobacco, indigo, hides, Bratiil, and 
 other dying woods, and excellent drugs. 
 They have also gold, silver. With diamonds 
 and other precious stones from America. 
 Towards the frontiers of Spain there are 
 mountains in which they formerly got gold 
 and silver, and the river Tajo was anciently 
 celebrated by the poets for its golden sands. 
 There are also mines of iron, tin, lead, 
 quarries of marble, and some precious stones. 
 But the Portuguese are so indolent and 
 luxurious, that they spend all their wealth 
 in the purchase of foreign commodities. 
 The principal rivers are tbe Tajo, Douro, j 
 Ouadiuo, Minho, and Mondego. The wo- 
 men are addicted to gallantry, and are 
 allowed little liberty by their jealous 
 husbands. The government is monarchial ; 
 bju the royal authority of the king is boun- 
 ded by the fundamental la\ys of the king- j 
 
 POT 
 
 dom. The sovereign cannot raise any more 
 taxes than were settled in 1674. The 
 established religion is the Roman Catholic ; 
 and there are a patriarch, two archbishops, 
 iO bishops, and three severe inquisitions. 
 The king cannot confer any ecclesiastical 
 benefice without the consent of the pope. 
 The king, with the royal fansily, in 1807, 
 with difficulty escaped with their fleet from 
 the grasp of Bonaparte, to Brazil, where 
 they have established their seat of govern- 
 ment. The inhabitants of Portugal, aided 
 by the British, expelled their French invaders. 
 After the victory obtained over the French 
 at Vimiers, by a convention, all the French 
 were conveyed by sea to their country. 
 Lisbon is the capital. 
 
 Portumna, a town in Galway, Connaught, 
 with a noble castle, and the remains of a 
 monastery, the ancient choir now serving 
 for the parish church, seated on the Barrow, 
 at the head of Lough Deirg. In the vicinity 
 is the magnificent seat of the earl of Clan- 
 ricarde, besides several other stately man- 
 sions, 12 miles ssw of Clonfert, and 72 w 
 by s of Dublin. 
 
 Posados, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 on the Guadalquiver, about 19 miles sw of 
 Cordova. 
 
 Posata, a town on the e coast of Sardinia, 
 4<5 miles ese of Castel Aragonese, Lon. 9 
 30 E, lat. 40 36 Ni 
 
 Pose^ga, a considerable town of Sclavonia, 
 capital of a county of the same name, seat- 
 ed near the Orlava. In 1687, the Austrians 
 took it from the Turks, IS miles nnw of 
 Bred, and 120 n by w of Belgrade. 
 
 Poma, or Posen, a handsome and consi- 
 derable town of Great Poland, and capital 
 of a palatinate of the same name. It is 
 a bishop’s see, with an university, and a 
 castle on an island in the Warta, which 
 frequently inundates the town, but greatly 
 facilitates its trade to Germany. Its exten- 
 sive suburbs contain many fine buildings. 
 It has a magnificent cathedral. Posna 
 j was garrisoned by Saxons in 1716, but was 
 stormed and plundered by the Poles. la 
 1773, by the partition of Poland, it became 
 j subject to the king of Prussia, and the seat 
 { of government of S Prussia. A corps of 
 1 the French army entered it in 1806. The 
 tow^n is a trading place, and stands in a 
 fine plain, 27 miles w by s of Gnesna. 
 Lon. 17 0 E, lat. 52 24 n. 
 
 Possinko, a town in Estremadura, Portu- 
 gal, 10 miles ne of Santarem. 
 
 Posneck, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Altenberg, on the Gams, 
 near its junction wdth the Orla. It has 
 manufactures of cloth and leather, eight 
 miles XE of Sallfeld. 
 
 Potenza, a town of Naples, in the Basi- 
 licata, situated near the source of the Ba- 
 siento, 1 1 miles s by w of Acerenza. 
 
 Poll, a town of Mingrelio, on the left 
 bank of the Rioni, which separates that 
 country from Guriel. It stands at the 
 
 
P o u 
 
 mouth of the above river, on the Black sea, 
 
 60 miles n of Goniez, and about 80 s by w 
 
 Potomac, a river of the United States, 
 navigable about 300 miles. It has its source 
 in the Nw part of Virginia, which it sepa- 
 rates from Maryland, and enters the w side 
 
 of Chesapeak bay. , 
 
 Potosi, a town of Peru, situated in the 
 archbishopric of Plata, 75 miles se of the 
 city of La Plata. It is capital of a juris- 
 diction in the audience of . .. 
 
 does not now contain above 25,000 inhabi-, 
 tants. The fields round Potosi are cold, 
 barren, and bear little else than ' oats. 
 Jlere, in a conical mountain of the same 
 name, are the richest silver mines in Ame- 
 rica. Little is got now, in comparison of 
 what was formerly, when silver was as 
 commpn as iron was in Europe. It is 260 . 
 miles WNW of Arica. Lon. 67 22 w, lat. 
 19 27 N. ■ . , 
 
 Potsdam, a town of Brandenburg, \n fhe 
 Middle Mark, situated in an island, 10 miles 
 in circumference, which is formed by the 
 rivers Spree and Havel. It is one of the 
 most elegant cities in Europe. The royal 
 palace is a superb structurCv and the houses 
 near it are almost all buUt in the Italian 
 style. The public buildings display great 
 taste and magnificence. In the market- 
 place is a marble obelisk, 75 C^et in lieight, 
 and marble statues of the first four kings of 
 Prussia. The great parade, with Roman 
 colonades, before the town, is the place of 
 exercise for the king’s guards and the garri- 
 son. Under the marble pulpit of the garri- 
 son church, is the tomb of Frederic William 
 11. The elegant church of St Nicolas, in 
 the palace square, was burnt in 1795. Here 
 are a capital foundery for fire arms, tw^o ex- 
 tensive orphan houses for the children of the 
 soldiers, and a large poor-house and hospital. 
 The royal palace of Sans Souci, only one 
 story high, yet of such astonishing singula- 
 rity and grandeur, stands on a hill near the 
 city. The inhabitants have manufactures 
 of silk, velvet, cotton, linen, &c. Potsdam 
 is 17 miles sw of Berlin. Lon. 13 7 e, lat. 
 52 25 N. 
 
 Pottown, a town in Bedfordshire, with a 
 market on Saturday, and several annual 
 fairs, ] 2 miles e of Bedford, and 48 w by n 
 of London. 
 
 Potts grove, a post town of Pennsylvania, 
 on the Schuylkill, 17 miles se of Reading, 
 and 37 nw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, a post town of New York, 
 capital of Duchess county, stands on the e 
 side of the Hudson, wi,th two churches. It 
 contains about 2529 iuhabitants, 17 miles n 
 of New York. 
 
 Pougues, a village in the department of 
 Nievres, France, celebrated for its lerugi- 
 nous mineral spring. It is five miles nw of 
 Nevers. 
 
 Pouladuff, East and fVest, two towns in 
 Cork, Munster, Ireland, about a mile n of 
 No. 24.— 
 
 P R A 
 
 Ross. Here are two remarkably great hole?> 
 about 80 yards deep, into which the sea 
 flows by subterranean passages, 
 
 Poulton, a town in Lancashire, seated 
 near the mouth of the Wyre, with a market 
 on Monday, 13 miles sw of Lancaster, and 
 238 NNW of London. 
 
 Pourzuin, a town in the department oi 
 Puy de Dome, France, 36 miles n by e of 
 Clermont. 
 
 Powerscourt, a town in Wicklow, Leu." 
 ster, from which the family of Wingfield 
 take the title of viscount. The family seat 
 stands on the face of a mountain, amidst pic- 
 turesque and much admired scenery, about 
 10 miles s of Dublin. 
 
 Pownalborough, the county town of Lin- 
 coln county, district of Maine, on the e side 
 of the Kennebec, is a place of increasing ini- 
 portauce. The to#n contains 2055 iauabi- 
 tants. The judicial courts are held alter- 
 nately here and at Harrington. It is 13 
 miles N of Bath, and 60 ene of Portland, 
 Lon. 66 10 w, lat. 43 56 n. 
 
 Pourcayn, St, a town in the department 
 of ;Allier, France, on the Sioule, 16 miles s 
 by w of MouUns. 
 
 Poyais, 8i town of North America, on 
 the w side of Black river, 110 miles wnw of 
 Secklong. 
 
 Poyang-houyfi lake in the n part of the 
 province of Kiang-si, China, formed by the 
 confluence of rivers frpm every point of the 
 compass, 250 miles, in circuit, and sealed in 
 a sterile region. 
 
 Pozzicolo. See PuzzolL 
 Prahat, a town of Siam, 100 miles n of 
 Siam. 
 
 . Pracels. See Paracels. 
 
 Prachatifz, a town in the circle of Pra- 
 chin, Bohemia. It is about 23 miles s by 
 w of Pisek. 
 
 Prachin, a mountain of Bohemia, on 
 which formerly stood a castle of the same 
 name, and gives uame to a circle ou the w 
 side of the Muldau, of which Pisek is the 
 capital. 
 
 Prades, a town in the department of 
 Eastern Pyrenees, France, on the Tet, 
 seated in a fine plain, 22 miles wsw of 
 Perpignan. 
 
 Prades, a town of Catalonia, Spain. la 
 the vicinity is a magnificent abbey, where 
 the kings of Arragon were interred, 39 
 miles NW of Barcelona. 
 
 Praga, or Prague, a town of Poland, in 
 the palatinate of Massovia, on the Vistula, 
 opposite Warsaw, and considered as a su- 
 burb to that city. 
 
 Prague, a handsome, large, and famous 
 town of Germany, capital of the kingdom 
 of Bohemia, and lately an archbishop’s see. 
 It comprehends four towns, namely, the Old, 
 New, and Little town, and the Radsbin, 
 and is about 15 miles in circumference. 
 It stands on seven hills, with about 100 
 palaces, as many churches, and 80,000 in- 
 habitants, Over the Muldau, which sepa- 
 ls H h 
 
P R E 
 
 rates the Old from the New (own, is a 
 bridge with 1 8 arches, with a strong tower 
 at each end. The Old town is very popu- 
 lous. The streets are harrow, and the hou- 
 ses high. Here is the old palace, the resi- 
 dence of the ancient kings, and the univer- 
 sity, in which are a great number of stu- 
 dents. The Jesuits had a magnificent col- 
 lege here, and here the Jews have nine syna- 
 gogues. In the New town, which contains 
 elegant structures, spacious streets, and fine 
 gardens, are an arsenal, and a secular foun- 
 dation, whose abbess was a princess of the 
 empire. The most ancient part of Prague 
 is the Little town. It has ample streets, 
 and is very populous. lu I7<56, Radshin, 
 which before belonged to the Little town, 
 was made the fourth town of Prague. In 
 it are the royal palace, with a ball JOO pa- 
 ces long and 40 broad ; the cathedral of St 
 Tier, in which the kings are interred; the 
 chapel of our Lady of Loretto ; the superb 
 palace of the archbishop ; and the palace of 
 Tscherin. Prague has been often devastat- 
 ed by war. In 1620, without the gate of 
 Strahow, the Austrians gained a victory 
 over Frederic V. of the palatinate, whom 
 the Bohemians had chosen for their king. 
 The town was taken by the Saxons in 1631, 
 and by the Swedes in 1648, and stormed by 
 the French m 1741, but they were obliged 
 to abandon it in 1742. The king of Prussia 
 took it in 1744, but could not retain it. The 
 Prussians besieged it in 1757, but being 
 worsted by the Austrians in another quarter, 
 they , were compelled to raise the siege. It 
 is 75 miles se of Dresden, and 235 kw of 
 Vienna. Lon 14 42 e, lat.^0 6 n. 
 
 Prairie, a town in the right bank of the 
 , St Lawrence, Lower Canada, in the line 
 of communication between Montreal and 
 St John, nine miles s of the former, and 16 
 w by N of the latter. 
 
 Prato, a town of Tuscany, in Florentino, 
 stands near the Bisentino, with several ma- 
 nufactures, 10 miles NNw of Florence. 
 
 Prats de Molo, a fortified town in the de- 
 partment of the Eastern Pyrenees, France, 
 on the Tet, has mines of copper with a mix- 
 ture of silver. 
 
 Pravsnitz, ' a town and castle in the 
 lordship of Trachenberg, Silesia, with a 
 fine church, iu which are interred the 
 counts of Hatzfcld, seven miles s of Trach- 
 ciiberg. ^ 
 
 Praya, See Porto Praya. 
 
 Precop, or Perecop, a town and fortress 
 in the province of Taurida, Russia, on the 
 isthmus that joins the Crimea to the conti- 
 nent. A deep trench, five miles in length, is 
 cut across the. isthmus, over which is a 
 bridge, and.upon that, a vaiiKed gate, called 
 the Golden Gate of the Tartars.^ The town 
 consists of a few wooden house.?. It has 
 .salt works in the vicinity, the chief .source 
 of its wealth, 65 miles se of Cherson, Lon. 
 
 35 34 E, lat, 46 8 N, 
 
 P R E 
 
 Precopia, a town of Servia, European 
 Turkey, 20 miles w of Nissa. 
 
 Pregel, a river of E Prussia, which flows 
 from the lake Angerburg, and passing by 
 Insterburg, Welace, and Konigsberg, falls 
 into the eastern extremity of the Frisch Hail. 
 
 Premesiaic, a large and populous town of 
 Red Russia, in Austrian Poland, and a Greek 
 and Latin bishop's see, .situated on the Sana, 
 60 miles w by s of Lemburg. Lon. 21 0 e 
 lat. 49 On. 
 
 Premvay, a small but fertile pari.-^b in 
 the district of Garioch, 24 miles w by n of 
 Aberdeen, on the n side of the hill of Beno- 
 chie, and watered by the Gadie. Popula- 
 tion about 480. 
 
 Prenslo, a town of Brandenburg, capital 
 of the Ucker mark, seated on the lake and 
 river Ucker, has six churches, and a con- 
 siderable trade in corn, cattle, and tobacco, 
 60 miles nne of Berlin. Lon. 13 57 e, lat, 
 53 19 N, 
 
 Prerau, a town of Moravia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, on the Beczwa, 
 13 miles se of Olmutz. Lon. 17 29 e, lat. 
 49 33 n. ' 
 
 Preshurg, the capital of Lower Hungary, 
 with a strong castle, stands on the Danube, 
 which is here about 250 yards broad, and 
 rapid. Here the states of Hungary hold 
 their meetings, and the king is crowned iu 
 the cathedral. The regalia of Hungary, 
 consisting of the crown and sceptre of 
 Stephen the first king, are kept in the castle. 
 Here the Lutherans have a church and an 
 academy. Like Vienna, it has suburbs 
 more magnificent than itself. Here a trea- 
 ty of peace w^as concluded between France 
 and Austria, in 1805. It is 32 miles e by s 
 of Vienna, and 95 wnw of Buda. Lon.‘ 1 * 
 
 7 E, lat. 48 9 N. 
 
 Prescot, a small town in Lancashire, 
 noted for the manufacture of watch move- 
 ments, pinion wire, small files, watch-mak- 
 ers' tools, and other pieces of watch works, 
 and coarse earthen ware. Around it are 
 rich coal mines. The spire of the church, 
 which is a vicarage, is seen at a great dis- 
 tance, Here is a meeting-house, a charity- 
 school, and several alms-houses. The mar- 
 ket is on Tuesday. It has two annual fairs, 
 eight miles e of Liverpool, and 197 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 Presenzarw, a town of Naples, in Terra 
 di Lavoro, By an inscription, it appears to 
 be the ancient Rufae, and its territory is 
 called Costa Rufraria. It is 28 miles n of 
 Naples. 
 
 PRESIDII STATO DELLI, a tract of 
 Tuscany, on the coast of Siennese. It in- 
 cludes five fortresses, which were reserved 
 by Spain, when it ceded the territory of 
 Sienna to the duke of Tuscany, in 1557 ; 
 and in 1735, they were ceded to the king 
 of the two Sicilies. Their names are Or- 
 bitellojthe capital, Tclemone, Porto Hercole, 
 Porto San .Stephano, and Monte Philippo. 
 
P R E 
 
 iPresquelslefSL small peninsula, on the SE 
 s'hore of Lake Erie, s of Long Point, on the 
 opposite side of the lake, 15 miles from 
 Fort Boeuf. 
 
 Press, in Berwickshire, a stage on the 
 great road from Edinburgh to London, 14 
 miles s of Dunbar. 
 
 Presteign, a corporate town in Radnor- 
 shire, South Wales, seated near the Lug, 
 in a rich valley. It is a large, handsome, 
 well built tow’n, and here the assizes are 
 held, and the county gaol is kept. The 
 site of its castle is now laid out in public 
 walks. lu 1811, the population was 1114, 
 20 miles wnw of Worcester, 151 wnw of 
 Hereford, and 151 nnw of London. Lon. 2 
 38 w, lat. 52 13 N. 
 
 PrestiekyU village on the Frith of Clyde, 
 two miles n of the town of Ayr, intersected 
 by the road leading thence to Kilmarnock. 
 It was formerly a parish, the church of 
 which is still standing, but is now included 
 in those of Monkton and the New Town of 
 Ayr. Prestick is a very ancient burgh of 
 barony, and the community have the right 
 of electing a provost, two bailltes, and a 
 couacil ; to hold a weekly market, and a 
 fair on the '6th of December. The popula- 
 tion, in 1793, was 226; 36 of whom were 
 freemen. A freeholder can sell his posses- 
 sion only to the community. 
 
 Prestima, a town in Beira, Portugal, 12 
 miles N of Coimbra. 
 
 Presto, a sea port in Zealand, Denmark, 
 on a bay of the Baltic, has a good harbour, 
 42 miles ssw of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 6 e, 
 lat. 55 9 N. 
 
 Preston, a town in Lancashire, on the 
 Kibble. The streets are open and well 
 paved, and the market place large. The 
 river is navigable only for small vessels. 
 The chief manufacture is spinning and 
 weaving cotton. It has markets on Wed- 
 nesday, Friday, and Saturday; and is go- 
 verned by a mayor, recorder, and eight 
 aldermen. Here is a court of chancery, 
 and other offices of justice for the county 
 palatine of Lancaster. The new prison is 
 constructed on Mr Howa^d^s plan. The 
 two members, by which Preston is repre- 
 sented in parliament, are elected by the 
 inhabitant householders at large. It is 
 noted for a kind of jubilee, held every 20th 
 year, and coutinues a month, the last of 
 which was held in 1802 ; for a signal 
 defeat of the royal forces under the duke 
 of Hamilton, <fec. in 1648, by an inferior 
 force' under Cromwell and Lambert ; and 
 for the defeat of the rebels in 1715. It 
 contained 11,887 inhabitants in 1801, and 
 17,065 in 181 1. It is 21 miles s of Lancas- 
 ter, and 217 XNW of London. Lon. 2 53 w, 
 Idt. 53 46 X. 
 
 Preston, a town of New London county, 
 Connecticut, six or eight miles e of Nor- 
 wich. The town was incorporated in 
 1687, and contains 3455 inhaUlants, chiefly 
 armers. 
 
 P R I 
 
 Preston^Kirk, a] parish in Haddington'^ 
 ihire, nearly in the centre of the county. 
 is highly cultivated and fertile. It is about 
 seven miles long and three broad, watered 
 by the river Tyne. Population about 1749. 
 
 Preston^pans, a town and parish in Haif- 
 dingtoushire, with a safe harbour on the 
 Frith of Forth, cal let! Morrison’s haven, not- 
 ed for its salt works, its manufactures of 
 stone and earthen ware, and brick and tile, 
 and an extensive one of vitriol, aquafortis, 
 spirits of wine, and glauber salts. It has 
 also a soap work. It has several friendly 
 societies, and the pedlars of the three coun- 
 ties of Lothian hold an annual meeting in it 
 on the second Thursday of July. It is much 
 frequented by sea bathers. In the vicinity, 
 the royal army, under Sir John Cope, w'as 
 defeated by the rebels, in 1745, when the ce- 
 lebrated colonel Gardiner fell. The parish 
 is about three miles long, and one broad, 
 has a level surface, fertile and well culti- 
 vated. A modern mansion, and the lands 
 belonging to it were bequeathed for the 
 maintenance and education of poor boys by 
 the will of Mr Schaw. The population of 
 the parish in 1801, was 1964. The town is 
 nine miles e of Edinburgh. 
 
 Pretseh, a town with a fine castle, in 
 Upper Saxony, <m the Elbe, 10 miles s of 
 Wittenberg. 
 
 Prettin, a town of Saxony Proper, on the 
 Elbe, 18 miles s by e of Wittenberg. 
 
 Prevesa, an ancient sea port of Albania, 
 Turkey in Europe, and a bishop’s see, with 
 a castle, seated near the ruins of the ancient 
 Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus, 
 to commemorate his victory over Anthony, 
 and at the entrance of the gulf of Arta. It is 
 the principal port in Lower Albania, whence 
 timber, cattle, wool, and oil are exported. 
 It was long in possession of the Venetians, 
 and ceded to ';he French by the treaty of 
 Campo Formio, and retaken by the Turks in 
 1798, 70 miles xw of Lepanto. Lon. 2i 5 
 E, lat. 39 14 N. 
 
 Preuilly, a town in the department of In- 
 dre and Loire, France, on the Ciaise, has 
 iron mines in the vicinity, 18 miles x of 
 Loches, 
 
 Preuschmark, a town in Oberland, Prus- 
 sia, with a castle, 22 miles s of Elbing, and 
 75 sw of Konigsberg. 
 
 Priaman, a sea port on the w coast of 
 Sumatra, seated on a small river in which 
 gold is found. The air is healthy. Pepper 
 is the chief produce. Here the Dutch have 
 a factory. Lon. 98 8 e, lat. I O s. 
 
 Priboda, a towm in Smolaijd, Sweden, 18 
 miles sw of Carlseroua. 
 
 Priebus^ a town in the principality of 
 Sagan, Silesia, on the Neisse, 20 miles sw 
 of Sagan. 
 
 Primkenau, a town in the principality 
 of Glogau, Silesia, has a manufacture of 
 paper, and an iron forge. It is 18 miles sw 
 of Glogau. 
 
 Primrose, also called Carrington^ a vil- 
 H Hh2 
 
P R I 
 
 lage and parish in the county of Mid-Lo- 
 ihian, containing 400 inhabitants. The pa- 
 rish is about three miles and a half long^ 
 and t'» o broad, with a fertile soil, nine miles ; 
 s of Edinburgh. 
 
 Prince Edward Island* See John’s Is- 
 
 land, St. 
 
 Prince Eredericlc, a town of Maryland, 
 capital of Calvert county, v/ side of Cbesa- 
 peak bay, 20 miles ene of Port Tobacca, 
 and 35 se of Washington. 
 
 Prince of Wales Cape, the most western 
 extremity of America, discovered by captain 
 Took in 1778, on the E of Berring Strait. 
 Lon. 168 5 w, lat."65 46 N. 
 
 Prince of Wales Fort, the most northern 
 setth ment of the Hudson bay company, at 
 the mouth of Churchill river, w side of Hud- 
 son’s bay. Lon. 94 7 w, lat. 58 47 n. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE, a county of Virgi- 
 nia, The medium breadth is 16 miles. It 
 contains 8173 inhabitants. It is a fruitful 
 country, and abounds with wheat, corn, flax, 
 cotton, and tobacco. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE, a county of Mary- 
 land, on the w shore of Chesapeak bay. 
 It contains 21,344 inhabitants. 
 
 PRINCES ISLAND, a small island on 
 the w coast of Africa, 250 miles sw from 
 Loango. Lon. 7 40 e, lat, I 40 n. 
 
 PRINCES ISLAND, a small island of 
 Asia, at the sw extremity of the straits of 
 Sunda, a few leagues from Java. The 
 best anchoring place is in Ion. 104 30 e, 
 lat. 6 16 s. 
 
 PRINCES ISLANDS, four small islands 
 in the sea of Marmora, near the strait of 
 Constantinople. Prinkipe is the largest, and 
 has a town with a population of above 2000. 
 Lon. 28 56 e, lat. 40 51 n. The names of 
 the other islands are Prote, Kalke, and An- 
 tigone. 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, or PE- 
 NANG, two miles from the w coast of Ma- 
 lacca, 18 miles long, and 14 broad, divided 
 by a chain of mountains. It was purchased 
 of the king of Queda, by the English East 
 India Company, who formed a settlement 
 here in 1786, five years after Georgetown, 
 its capital was established as a sea port. 
 The channel to the mainland is a safe road 
 for shipping. Lon. 98 50 e, lat. 5 36 N. 
 
 Prince Rupert’s Bay, on the nw coast of 
 Dominica, one of the Carihbee islands, where 
 there is excellent shelter from the winds. 
 It is deep and capacious, and of great ad. 
 vantage in time of war. 
 
 f 'UNCE WILLIAM HENRY’S IS- 
 LAND, Hii island in the Eastern ocean, ly- 
 ing WNW of Teach’s island. It is pretty 
 high, and seems to be about 70 miles in cir- 
 onit. This island has a luxuriant and pic- 
 t ire -que appearance, and is supposed to be 
 fe ite and well peopled. It was discovered 
 b Ball and King in 1790. A high moun- 
 » n in the centre was called mount Philip. 
 L )Q, 149 30 E, lat. 1 32 s. 
 
 p R 1 
 
 PRINCE WILLIAM HENRY’S IS- 
 LANI^,in the'^ South Pacific oceanl discover- 
 ed by captain Wallis in 1767. Lon. J41 0 
 w, lat. 19 0 s. 
 
 Prince William’s Sound, on the nw coast 
 of N America, libs E^of the mouth of Cook’s 
 river, and was named by captain Cook, in 
 1788., Few vegetables were obsen'ed, and 
 the tr^es which grow about the sound are 
 the Canadian spruce fir. The ordinary dress 
 of the natives is a sort of close robe, which 
 sometimes reaches to the knees, but gene- 
 rally to the ancles. It is formed of the 
 skins of animals, and commonly worn with 
 the hairy side outwaW, and is the dress of 
 men, women, and children. Their canoes 
 are of two kinds ; the one large and open, 
 the other small and covered with the skins 
 of sea animals. Their imifiements for hunt- 
 ing and fishing, and their weapons of war, 
 are the same as those used by the Esquimaux. 
 The animals belonging to this region were 
 known only from the skins presented for sale 
 by the natives. These were chiefly of 
 bears, common and pine martens, sea otters, 
 seals, racoons, small ermines, foxes, and the 
 lynx, or whitish cat ; the birds were the hal- 
 cyon, the great king-fisher, the white headed 
 eagle, and the humming bird. Lou. 147 21 
 1 w, lat. 59 33 n. 
 
 j Princess Anne, a town in Somerset coun- 
 i ty, Maryland, on the Chesapeak bay, e side 
 of Mouakin river, 25 miles wsw of Salis- 
 bury. 
 
 Princeihorp, a town in Warwickshire, 
 
 ■ two miles s of Wolston, near Duusmore 
 Heath. 
 
 Princeton, a post town of New Jersey, 
 i partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset 
 counties. The college called Naisau Hall, 
 of which the celebrated Edwards, author of 
 the Treatise, the Freedom of the Will, cfec. 
 was burnt down in 1802. It is 12 miles ne 
 of Trenton, 18 sw of Brunswick, and 42 ne 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Princeton, a town in Gates county. North 
 Carolina, on the Meherrin, three miles above 
 Murfreesborough, and 28 ENEof Halifax. 
 
 PRINCIPATO, a province of Naples, di- 
 vided into the Hither and Farther Principato, 
 The Hither Principato is about 60 miles in 
 length, and 50 broad, the soil fertile in corn, 
 w’ine, oil, and saffron. The capital is Sa- 
 lerno. Farther Principato is about 37 
 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. It pro- 
 duces chesnuts, and excellent pasture. Be- 
 nevento is the capital. 
 
 Pristden, a town of Bosnia, situated on 
 the Drin, 32 miles ne of Albanapolis, and 48 
 ENE of Saivari. Lon. 20 15 e, lat. 42 52 n. 
 
 Pns/i«a,a large town of Servia, European 
 Turkey, situated on the Rusca, 58 miles nw 
 of Nissa, and 150 e of Belgrade. Lou. 21 
 36 E, lat. 42 45 N. 
 
 Pritzwalk, a town in the Mark of Preg- 
 nitz, Brandenburg, on the Donmitz, 13 miles 
 ENEof Perleberg. 
 
PRO 
 
 Privacy a town in the department of Ar- 
 deohe, Fmnce, on a hill near the conflux 
 of three small rivers, 16 miles n of Viviers, 
 and 68 s of Lyon, Lon. 4 36 e, lat. 44 
 45 E. 
 
 PROCrDA,an island of Italy, in the gulf 
 of Naples. U is about eight miles in cir- 
 oumfefeuee, and is very fertile and populous, 
 the capital, of the same name, is a4rnall 
 handsome place, on a rock by the sea-side. 
 Lon. 14 3 E, lat. 40 43 N. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 PRODANO, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean, near the w coast of the Morea, 36 
 miles ssE of Zante. It was formerly called 
 Sphacteria. Lon. 21 25 e. lat. 37 15 
 Promey a cky of Pegu, capital of a pro- 
 vince of the same name, seated on the Ir- 
 rawarfy. It has been greatly injured by 
 wars. It has a great trade in teak timber 
 to Ragoon. It is 120 miles nw of Pegu. 
 Lon. 95 0 w,lat. 18 50 n. 
 
 Prospect y the name now given to Frank- 
 fort in the district of Maine, seated on the 
 w side of the Penobscot. It is 16 miles be- 
 low Orrington. 
 
 ProstnitZy a town in the circle ot Ol- 
 mutz, Moravia, eight miles sse of Ol- 
 mutz. 
 
 Prosperousy A village in Kildare, where 
 the manufacture of cotton, &c, is carried 
 on, 16 miles sw of Dublin. 
 
 PROVENCE, a late province of France, 
 138 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. 
 
 It now forms the departments of Var, Lower 
 Alps, and mouths of the Rhone. In upper 
 Provence the soil is fertile in pasture and 
 corn, Lower Provence is dry and sandy. 
 From Toulon to Nice, along the coast, it 
 produces wine, oil, figs, almonds, prunes, 
 and pomegranates. Orange and citron trees 
 grow in the open fields. Here are mines of 
 several kinds, mineral waters, and medici- 
 nal plants. 
 
 Providence y the chief town of a county, 
 of its name in Rhode island, situated on both 
 sides of Providence river. It is the oldest 
 town in the state, having been settled in 
 1636. A ship of 950 tons, for the East In- 
 dia trade, was lately built in this town, and 
 fitted for sea. In 1790, there were be- 
 longing to the county of Providence 129 
 vessels, containing 11,942 tons. Rhode 
 island college is established at Providence, 
 and is situated on a hill e of the town. It 
 has 48 rooms for students, and eight larger 
 ones for public uses. It contains upwards 
 of 60 students ; and has a library of between 
 5000 and 6000 volumes, and a valuable 
 philosophical apparatus. Here are six 
 places for public worship, and a handsome 
 court-house. It has an extensive trade with 
 Massachusetts, Connecticut, and part of Ver- 
 mont; with the West Indies, with Europe, 
 and lately with the East Indies and China. 
 A bank has been established, and a cotton 
 manufactory which employs 100 hands ; 
 with which is connected a mill for spinning 
 cotton. It contains 6380 inhabitants; and 
 
 PR u 
 
 is 44 miles s by w of Boston. Lon. 7^ 
 
 26 w, lat. 41 51 N. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, one of the least of th« 
 Bahama islands, about 36 miles long, and 
 16 broads It is the best of those planted 
 by the English. Nassau is the chief town^ 
 and the residence of the governor of th© 
 Bahama islands. It stands on the n coast, 
 and has a good harbour defended by a 
 castle. In 1782, it was taken by the 
 Spaniards, and retaken the next year. Lon. 
 77 20 w, lat. 25 3 n. 
 
 Providenccy a river which has its source 
 in the state of Massachusetts, runs s into 
 that of Rhode island, waters the town of 
 Providence, and falls into Naraganset bay, 
 on the w side of Rhode island. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, an island in the Atlantic, 
 150 miles e of the coast of Nicaragua. It 
 was fortified by the Buccaneers, but after- 
 wards abandoned. Lon. 88 44 w, lat. 13 
 25 N. 
 
 Province Town, is situated on the hook 
 of Cape Cod, in Barnstable county, Massa- 
 chusetts, three miles nw of Race point. Its 
 harbour was the first port entered by tho 
 English, when they came to settle in New 
 England, in 1620, and is one of the best in 
 the state. The houses are set on piles, and 
 are one story high. The inhabitants depend 
 on the towns and country in their vicinity 
 for every vegetable production ; 50 miles 
 ese of Boston. 
 
 ProvinSj a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, seated on thn 
 Vouzie, though large, it is not popnlous. 
 It is noted for its conserves of roses, and its 
 mineral waters. It is 30 miles se of Meaux, 
 and 37 se of Paris. 
 
 Pruck, See Bruch. 
 
 Prusa, or Prusia. See Bursa. 
 
 PRUSSIA, a large country of Europe; 
 bounded on the n by the Baltic ; e by 
 Lithuania, Samogitia, and Poland ; s by 
 Poland, and w by Brandenburg and Pome- 
 
 rania; about 500 miles in length, and 100 
 in breadth, where it is narrowest. It is a 
 fertile country, and produces a great deal 
 of timber, flax, hemp, tobacco, and corn. 
 There are a great number of domestic ani- 
 mals, besides the common game, there are 
 wild asses, elks, and bisons, in the forests. 
 The last are of a vast size, and their hides 
 bring a great price ; and the sea, the rivers, 
 and lakes, supply them with abundance of 
 fish. One of the most remarkable pro- 
 ductions of this country is yellow amber, 
 which is found along the sea coast. The 
 principal rivers are the Pregel and Vistula, 
 and there are numerous lakes. The inha- 
 bitants are generally of a good constitution, 
 laborious, and robust. They are a mixtiira 
 of Prussians, Lithuanians, and Poles. Most 
 of the Prussians and nobility speak the 
 German language, and conform to i ur 
 manners. All religions are tolerated, but 
 the Lutheran is the most pravaleut. There 
 are a great Dumber of mechanics; but their 
 
P R Z 
 
 principal business is husbandry, and feeding 
 of cattle. The chief manufactures are 
 iron, copper, brass, gunpowder, paper, cloth, 
 linen, stockings, and glass. We have al- 
 ready detailed the early history and other 
 parliculars of this kingdom under the ar- 
 ticle Brand ENBURGH. In 1772, Fre- 
 derick II. compelled the Poles to cede to 
 him the whole of Western Prussia, excepting 
 the Cities of Dantzic and Thorn. But he 
 cultivated the arts of peace as well as war, 
 and laid out large sums in the improvement 
 of the country. lie was succeeded by his 
 nephew, Frederic William II. in 1786, who 
 in 1793, forcibly annexed to his kingdom, 
 jpantzio and Thorn, With several consider- 
 able provinces, which he stiled Southern 
 Prussid. He had also a share in the gene- 
 ral wnt-\«t against France, in the early 
 part of tile revolution ; hut made peace 
 with that country in April, 1795 ; and died 
 at Berlin in 1797. His son Frederic Wil- 
 liam ill - continued on amicable terms with 
 France, till the dissolution of the Germanic 
 boJy, in 1806, and the consequent formation 
 of liie Confederation of the Rhine, when, 
 thinking himself aggrieved, he declared war 
 against France. This war was of short 
 dll! ion, but of most disasterous conse- 
 quences to Prussia. By the peace of Tilsit, 
 almost the. whole of ihe Polish dominions 
 belonging to Prussia, were transferred to 
 another prince ; and the jking of Prussia 
 bad further to renounce his right to ail the 
 territories between the Elbe and the Rhine 
 to those belonging to Saxony and the House’ 
 of Anhalt on the right bank of the Elbe ; 
 and, lastly, to the circle of Cotbus, in Lower 
 Lusatia, which is ceded to Saxony, Thus 
 was Prussia reduced to the lowest rank 
 among the powers of Europe ; an event 
 solely owing to her acquiescence in the 
 projects and policy of France against 
 Austria, and her absurd system of neutrality 
 during the late great political contests, by 
 which she hoped to raise herself to the rank 
 tf the first power in Germany, while she 
 has in fact been degraded to a situation 
 among the weakest of the weak. But 
 from a favourable change in affairs, nnd 
 the successful termination of the German 
 campaign at the close of 1813, all her lost 
 territories were restored by the treaty of 
 peace of Paris. Konigsberg is the capital 
 of all Prussia. 
 
 Pruthf a river which has its source in 
 the mouutain of Crapach, Poland, and after 
 crossing part of the palatinate of Lemburg 
 and Moldavia into Bessarabia, falls into the 
 Danube, above Reni. 
 
 Prni/m, a town in the department of 
 Farre, France, in the electorate of Treves, 
 lately of Geniiany, with a magnificent 
 ablv* , . on the Pruym, 30 miles n by w of 
 Treves. 
 
 PrzemisUa, a town in the palatinate of 
 Lend, "rg, Poland, has a castle on the San^ 
 
 54 miles w by s of Lemberg. 
 
 P u E 
 
 Pfzcwdly a town in the palatinate of 
 Chelm, Poland, 36 miles e by n of Chelni. 
 
 Prizibram, a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Beraiin, near the Muldau, with a 
 silver mine and an iron foundary j 28 miles 
 ssE of Prague. 
 
 PSARA, an island in the Archipelago, off 
 the Nw extremity of that of Scio, has a 
 good harbour on the b coast, frequented by 
 ships trading with Constaniinople. In the 
 centre of the isle is a lofty peak, on which 
 the Greeks have built a small chapel, which 
 being whitened, is seen at a great distance. 
 
 I he island abounds in corn, and other pro- 
 visions. The principal town is about a 
 mile from the port, and is the residence of m 
 tae Turkish governor. Lon. 25 45 e, lat. * 
 
 PSKOF, called by foreigners Pleskof, 
 a government, a lake, and a large town of 
 Russia. The government, once a republic, 
 war formerly included in that of Novogorod. 
 
 Tne capital is situated on the river Velika 
 or Velicaia, at its entrance into the lake 
 Tekudskoi, 80 miles s of Narva, and 150 
 s by w of Petersburg, Lou. 27 52 e, lat. 
 
 57 38 N, 
 
 Pucetdoey a town in Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 
 40 miles nw of Decca. 
 
 ^ Puchakatjy the most southern of the 
 Spanish provinces in Chili. It abounds in 
 gold dust, and large strawberries. The 
 chief place is the city of Conception, but 
 Gualqui is the capital. 
 
 Puckholij a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Lahore, 86 miles sw of Cash- 
 mere, and 145 nw of Lahore, Lon. 75 
 5 E, lat. 33 45 x. 
 
 Pudda, Q, river which rises in the sw 
 part ot Agimere, Hindoostan, separates the 
 provinces of Guzerat and Cutch, and falls 
 into the gulf of the latter. 
 
 Pudoga, a town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Olonetz, on the e coast of the ‘ 
 lake Onezkoe, 108 miles b of Olonetz, 
 
 Lon. 36 30 e, lat. 61 36 n. 
 
 Puebla, a town in Galicia, Spain, near 
 the Atlantic, 29 miles ssw of Compostella. 
 
 Puebla d* Alcocer, a town in Estrama- 
 dura, Spain, 48 miles p of Merida. 
 
 Puebla de los Angelos, ihe present capital 
 of the province of Tlascala, in New Spain, 
 and a bfsbop^s see. The streets are broad 
 and straight. It is the third city in New 
 Spain, and contains 67,800 inhabitants. 
 
 The buildings in general are of stone, and 
 are elegant and lofty. The large square 
 in the centre of the city is adorned on three 
 sides with uniform porticos, where are rich 
 shops, on the other side is the cathedral, 
 besides which there are many churches, 
 temples, convents, and colleges. A small 
 river waters the town, and in the vicinity 
 are rich vines, and all sorts of European 
 fruits. It has a trade in cloths, coiton 
 manufactures, fine earthen ware, soap, fruit, 
 aud all kinds of steel work. It is 80 miles 
 ESE of Mexico. Lou. 98 3 w, lat. 19 0 nj 
 
PUN 
 
 Puehla Nouvay a sea port of Mexico, in 
 the province of Veragua, near the Pacific 
 ocean, 100 miles w of St Jago, and 200 | 
 w of Panama. Lou. 83 0 w, lat. 8 34 n. 
 
 Puedla de Sanahria, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Leon, Spain, 45 miles sw of 
 Astorga. 
 
 Puente, a town in Navarre, Spain, on the 
 Agra, eight miles ssw of Pan.ipiona. 
 
 Puerto Bello, &c. For all names, 
 which, in the Spanish language, signify a ^ 
 fort. See Porto. , . 
 
 Puglia, the ancient Apulia, containing 
 the provinces of Capitanata, Bari, and 
 Otranto, on the e side of the kingdom of 
 Naples. 
 
 Puicerda, a town in Catalonia, Spain, 
 capital of the county of Cordagna, is 48 
 miles w by s of Perpignan. Lon. 1 50 E, 
 lat. 42 16 N. 
 
 PULAON,an island in the Indian ocean, 
 vv of the Philippines. Lon. 129 12 e, lat. 
 
 9 30 N. 
 
 Pulhely, a town of Wales, in Ciernar- 
 vonshire, on an inlet of Cardigan bay, be- 
 tween two rivers, governed by a mayor, and 
 has a market on Wednesday and Saturday, 
 22 miles s of Caernarvon, and 243 nw of 
 London. 
 
 Pullicate, a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doostan, on the sea coast, and at the s end 
 of a large lake of its name, 23 miles n of 
 Madras. 
 
 Pulo-Canton, an island of Cochin China. 
 Lon. 109 35 e, lat. 15 10 N. 
 
 PULO CONDORE, the name of several 
 islands, in the Indian ocean, the principal 
 of which the only one inhabited. It is 
 about 13 miles in length, and nine in 
 breadth. The inhabitants are of small sta- 
 ture, of a dark complexion. Lon. 107 18 e, 
 lat. 8 40 N. 
 
 Pulo Dinding, a small Dutch East India 
 island, near the peninsula of Malacca. 
 
 Pulo- Timoan, as island on the E coast 
 of Malacca. Lon. 105 40 e, lat. 3 12 N. 
 
 Pulo Wag, an island of Asia, near Suma- 
 tra. Lon. 95 39 e, lat. 5 50 n. 
 
 Pultousk, a town in the palatinate of 
 Masovia, Poland, on the Narew. Here, in 
 1807, a battle was fought between the 
 Russians and French, in which both sides 
 claimed victory ; 30 miles n of Warsaw. 
 
 Pultowa, a fortified town of Poland, in 
 the Ukraine, celebrated for a battle between 
 Charles XII. of Sweden and Peter the 
 Great, in which the former was totally de- 
 feated. It is 100 miles sw of Belgorod. 
 Lon. 34 25 e, lat. 49 26 N. 
 
 PUNA, an island in the South sea, at 
 the entrance of the port of Guayaquil, about 
 
 miles ssw of Guayaquil, and 1 15 N of Patay. 
 Loo. 81 6 w, lat. 3 17 s. 
 
 Punhete, a town in Estramadura, Por- 
 tugal, at the junction of the Tezere with 
 the Tajo, six miles nw of Abranles 
 
 PUT 
 
 Punjgoor, or Penjeptir, a town in Mek- 
 ran, Persia, chief of a district of its name, 
 and famous for the quantity and quality of 
 its dates, 150 miles nne of Ridge. 
 
 pjno, a town in the diooese of Paz, 
 Peru, stands on the nw side of the lake 
 Titicaca, 170 miles nw of Paz. 
 
 Punta del Guda, the capital of St. 
 Michael, one of the Azores, seated on the 
 s side of the island, with a strong castle. 
 The streets are regular and spacious. The 
 public edifices, churches, aad convents are 
 elegant. The ships ride at a convenient 
 distance from the town in an open road. 
 Lon. 25 42 w, lat. 37 47 n. 
 
 Punto Gallo, See Gallo, 
 
 Purbeck, Isle of, a rough and healthy 
 tract in Dorsetshire, to the s of Poole bay. 
 Pipe clay is dug up in several parts of the 
 island ; the finest near Corfe Castle, of 
 which 'much is exported, particularly for 
 the Staffordshire potteries. It is celebrated 
 for its stone quarries, the principal one is 
 near Swanage. The finest sort resembles 
 marble, and is used for chimney pieces. 
 
 Purchena, a town in the province of Gra- 
 nada, Spain, 70 miles E of Granada. Lon. 
 2 25 w, lat. 37 19 n. 
 
 Purjleet, a village in Essex, on the 
 Thames, four miles w of Grays Thurrock. 
 Here are lime-works, and a magazine of 
 gunpowder. 
 
 Purification, a town of New Mexico, in 
 Guadalaxara, 14 miles from the w coast, 
 and 145 sw of Guadalaxara. Lon. 104 
 30 w, lat. 19 25 N. 
 
 Purm^ond, a strong town, on a brook 
 of its name, N Holland, 10 miles n by e of 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Purneah, a town in Bengal, Hindoostan, 
 oa a river that unites with the Ganges, 125 
 miles NNW of Moorshedabad. Lon. 87 
 40 E, lat. 25 47 N. 
 
 Purysburg, a town in Beaufort district, 
 S Carolina, on the Savanna. It was built 
 by a colony of Swiss, with a view to the 
 culture of silk. Lon. 81 5 w, lat. 32 12 n. 
 
 Puschiavo, a town in the Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, three miles n of a lake to which 
 it gives name, 17 miles wsw of Bormio. 
 
 Putala, or Pateli, a mountain near the 
 banks of the Burrampooter, Tibet. The 
 grand lama, the sovereign and high priest 
 of Tibet, has a palace on its summit, in 
 which he usually resides, seven miles e of 
 Lassa. 
 
 Putlitz, a town in the mark of Pregnitz, 
 Brandenburg, has an old castle, 11 miles 
 N N E of Perleberg. 
 
 Putney, a large village of Middlesex) 
 situated on the Thames, over which is a. 
 w’ooden bridge, nearly opposite to Fulham, 
 noted for a common or heath, two miles s 
 of the village ; a number of elegant seals ; 
 an inn ; and for one of the best bowling 
 greens in England. On the heath is an 
 obelisk, erected , in 1786, in memory oi 
 Mr, Hartley’s inveutioii 'of fireplato:-., ior 
 
P Y R 
 
 securing buildings from lire. It is tb« birth 
 place of 'Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, 
 •whose father was a blacksmith, and of Ni- 
 cholas West, bishop of Ely, his cotemporary, 
 whose father was a baker, and Edward 
 Grbbon, the famous historian, in a pleasant 
 villa between Putney and Wandsworth, four 
 miles wsw of London. 
 
 PuttaUf or Puttan Summatit, capital of 
 the circar of Puttau, in Giizerat, Hindoos* 
 tan, 95 miles s of Noanagur. Lon. 69 40 
 E, lat. 21 2 N. 
 
 Puy, a populous town capital of the de- 
 partment of Upper Loire, France. It has 
 manufactures of lace and silk stuffs ; and is 
 45 miles ne of Mende. Lon. 35 8 e, lat. 
 45 38 N. 
 
 PUY DE DOME, a department of 
 France, comprises almost all Limogne, a 
 territory about 36 miles long, by 1& broad, 
 one of the most pleasant and fertile in 
 France. It has its name from a mountain, 
 to the w of Clermont, the capital, 
 
 Puy en Anjou, a town in the department 
 of Maine and Loire, France, 10 miles ssw 
 Of Saumur, and 160 sw of Paris. 
 
 Puy PEvique, a town in the dei>artment 
 of Lot, France, 16 miles w by n of Cahors. 
 
 "Puy'^Moisson, a town in the department 
 of Lower Alps, France, 15 miles se of 
 Digne. 
 
 Puy la Roque, a town in the department 
 of Lot, France, 18 miles sse of Cahors. 
 
 Pttycerda, capital of the county of Cer- 
 dagna, Catalonia, Spain, surrounded by walls 
 and defended by a castle, seated at the foot 
 of the Pyrenees, near the source of the Se- 
 gra. The French took it in 1794, 28 miles 
 w by s of Perpignan, and 78 n by w of Barr 
 celona Lon. 1 50 e, iat. 42 36 n. < 
 
 Puy Larens, a town in the department 
 of Tarn, France, It is eight miles sw of 
 Castres. 
 
 Puzzoli, or Puzzuolo, a celebrated, but 
 now inconsiderable town of Italy, on the 
 bay of Naples, the ancient Puteoli. Here 
 are the remains of the temple of Jupiter 
 Serapis, probably by the Asiatic and Egyp- 
 tian merchants who settled at Puzzoli, 
 which was the great emporium of Italy,' 
 before Ostia and Antium were built, Be- 
 sides this, there are many other remains of 
 antiquity The ruins of Cicero’s villa, 
 called Puteolanum, near this place, are of 
 such exteut as to give a high idea of the 
 wealth of that great orator. It is 10 miles 
 w of Naples.* 
 
 Pyle Rudhar, a town in Ghilan, Persia^ 
 stands in a narrow pass, on the river Kizil 
 Ozan, supposed to be the ancient Fauces 
 Hyrcaniae, 35 miles ssw of Resht. 
 
 Pyrhaum, capital of a lordship of its 
 name, in the electorate of Bavaria, seated on 
 the frontiers of Franconia, 13 miles se of 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 Pyramids of Egypt, structures formerly 
 accounted one of the Seven Wonders of the 
 World. These surprising monuments of 
 
 P Y R 
 
 antiquity are biiilt upon a rocky bottom, at 
 the foot of the high mountains which run 
 along the ancient course of the Nile, and se- 
 parate Egypt from Lybia. Most imagine 
 they were designed for tombs, though there 
 is no discoverable entrance Into two of them. 
 The principal pyramids *.are of Gize, 
 a village on the western shore of the Nile. 
 There are four of them that deserve the at- 
 tention Of the curious. The two largest 
 pyramids are 500 feet in perpendicular 
 height. The most northerly of these is ,tho 
 only one that is open ; the external part is 
 chiefly buiU Of great square stones gf an 
 equal size, without either lime or cramps of 
 any metal. This pyramid is three hours’ 
 journey from Old Cairo, and the entrance 
 into it is on the n side. The ascents to the 
 top of the pyramid, on the outside, are by 
 steps, which are the height of each stone, 
 the lowermost of which is four feet high, 
 and three broad, but they were not original- 
 ly desired for this purpose. The base at 
 the N side of it is 693 feet, and as the pyra- 
 mid is exactly square, the other sides must 
 be of the same length. The whole area of 
 the base. contains 480,249 square feet, or 11 
 acres, and somewhat more. One of the py- 
 ramids, about 150 feet high, is built with 
 bricks of uncommon dimensions. 
 
 Pyrenean Mountains, or Pyrenees, moun- 
 tains which divide France from Spain, and 
 the most celebrated in Europe, except the 
 Alps, They reach from the Meiliterranean 
 as far as the ocean, about 212 miles. The 
 passages over them are not so perilous as 
 those of the Alps. Their medium height is 
 reckoned. 8000 feet, but in many parts they 
 are much higher. They yield great quan- 
 tities of timber, pitch, and tar. At the 
 western pass, on the Spanish frontier, in the 
 end of July 1813, the allied army, under 
 the marquis of Wellington, obtained a signal 
 victory oyer the French, commanded by 
 marshal Soiilt. 
 
 PYRENEES, EASTERN, a department 
 of France, containing the late provipee of 
 Roussillon. A great part of, the conntry is 
 mountainous, but it is fertile in corn, and 
 yields excellent wine, olives, and oranges ; 
 also leather of a superior quality. Perpig- 
 nan is the capital. 
 
 PYRENEES, LOWER, a department of 
 France, of which Pau is the capital. It 
 contains the late provinces of Basque and 
 Bearn. See Navarre. 
 
 . PYRENEES, UPPER, a department of 
 France, containing the late province of 
 Bigorre. The valleys are fertile in Spanish 
 corn, rye, millet, and flax. Here are ex- 
 cellent hors8.s, and good partridges. The 
 mountain contains mines of lead, iron, and 
 copper, and quarries of slate, fine marble, 
 and jasper, Tarbes is the capital. 
 
 Pyrgo, a town of Morea, European Tur- 
 key, on the Alpheus. 34 miles nw of Tri- 
 polizza. 
 
 Pyrmont, a town of ‘Westphalia; in a 
 
QUA 
 
 couutj' of til® samo uamcj subject to the 
 prince of Waldeck, with a citadel, seated 
 between high mountains, in a charming val- 
 ley. In the vicinity are mineral waters 
 resorted to by persons of the first rank, and 
 well known through all Europe. It is 38 
 miles sw of Hanover. Lon. 9 20 e, lat. 51 
 
 57 N. f 
 
 Ptjrna, a town of Upper Saxony, 10 miles 
 
 SE of Dresden. , . 
 
 Fyrsteiny a town of Bavaria, in the princi- 
 pality of Passau, insulated in Austria, 10 
 miles NW of Lintz*, and 22 e of Passau. 
 
 Pyworthy, a town in Devonshire, near 
 Houlsworthy. 
 
 Q 
 
 Q UADIN, a town in Upper Egypt, on 
 the Nile, between Esseny and Dander, 
 noted for the number and value of its ancient 
 monuments. 
 
 QUADRA AND VANCOUVER ISLE, 
 hu island on the nw coast of North America, 
 between Pintard^s sound and the Straits de 
 Fucca. It is 300 miles long, and 80 where 
 broadest. It was named Quadra, by cap- 
 tain Vancouver, in compliment to senor 
 Quadra governor at Nootka. Nootka sound 
 lies on the w side of this island, 
 
 Quadrella, a town of Naples, in Lavora, 
 20 miles ene of Naples. 
 
 QUADROL, a fertile island in the East 
 Indies. It is nine miles long and three 
 broad, and lies nine miles wof Cambodia. 
 
 Qitakenbrugge, or Quakenburg, a town 
 of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Osnaburg, 
 on the Hase. It is 30 miles n of Osna- 
 burg. 
 
 Quaker Towtiy in Buck^s county, Penn- 
 sylvania, 33 miles nnw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Quang-pingy a city of the first rank in 
 the province of Pe-tche-li, China, 212 miles 
 ssE of Peking.- Lon. 114 30 e, lat. 36 
 47 N. 
 
 QUANG-SI, an inland province, in the 
 6 of China, The northern part is full of 
 mountains covered with trees, and contains 
 mines of all sorts, and particularly a gold 
 mine. But the southern is a level country, 
 and well cultivated. Here is a singular 
 tree, whose pith, contains a soft pulp, Of 
 •which they make bread. The province is 
 watered by several rivers, and abounds so 
 much in rice, that it supplies Quang-tong 
 for six months in the year. Beside the 
 rhinoceros, hedge-hogs, and paroquets, it con- 
 tains a vast number of wild animals, curious 
 birds, and uncommon.insects. The capital 
 is Quei-ling. 
 
 Quang-tcheou, a city of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Quang-tong, called by the Euro- 
 peans Canton. 
 
 QUANG-TONG, a province of China. 
 No, 23-64, 
 
 Q U E 
 
 It is diversified by valleys and mountains^ 
 and yields two crops of corn in the year* 
 It abounds in gold, jewels, silk, pearlSf 
 sugar, tin, quick-silver, brass, iron, steel, 
 salt-petre, ebony, and several sorts of odori • 
 ferous wood ; beside fruits of all sorts* 
 They have lemons of the size of a man^s 
 head. The mountains are covered with a 
 sort of osiers, which are so tough, that they 
 make baskets, hurdles, mats, and ropes of 
 them. They have a prodigious number of 
 ducks, whose eggs they hatch in ovens. 
 These they carry in small barks to the sea 
 shore, where they feed on shrimps, and other 
 sorts of shell-fish left by the tide, and at night 
 each flock returns to its own vessel. Can- 
 ton is the capital, but the viceroy resides at 
 Chaoking. 
 
 Quang iongy a town on the n frontier of 
 the kingdom of Birmah, on the Irrawaddy, 
 has a fort, 150 miles nne of Ummerapoora. 
 
 QUAN-TALLA, an island of Africa, ifil 
 the mouth of the Zarie. 
 
 Quarjfy formerly a parish on the Mainland 
 of Shetland, but is now annexed to Bressay 
 and Burra. It consists of a valley two 
 miles long, and one broad, and in 1798, con- 
 tained 178 souls, and five fishing boats. 
 
 QUARNARO, or the Four Islands of 
 the Quarnaro, a province in the late ina« 
 ritime division of Austria, consisting of 
 more than four islands. All the other 
 isles on the e of Molachia belong to thU 
 province. ' 
 
 Queax, a town in the department of Vien- 
 ne, France, 12 miles se of Poitiers. 
 
 Quebec, the capital of Lower Canada, 
 and of all British America, is situated at the 
 confluence of the rivers St Lawrence and St 
 Charles, or the Little River, about 320 mil^ 
 from the sea. It is built on a rock, and 
 divided into Upper and Lower. The highest 
 part of this rock is called Cape Diamond, 
 from the number of quartz crystals found 
 in its fissures, and is 350 feet above the 
 level of the river, of which 250 rises 
 perpendicularly. The communication be- 
 tween the towns is by Mountain Street, 
 which is very steep a.nd winding. This city, 
 in 1784, contained 6472 inhabitants. Tho 
 houses iu both towns are of stone, strong, 
 and weH built. The citadel, which stand* 
 on Cape Diamond is regular and handsome. 
 The cathedral of the catholics is a plain 
 building. The extensive college of th^ 
 Jesuits is now converted into barracks. The 
 courts of law, and the protestant metropolis 
 tan church are neat edifices. The convent 
 of the Ursulines and the seminary of th* 
 catholics are large buildings, with extensive 
 gardens. The office of ordnance, an ar- 
 moury, store-houses^ and workshops, aijd ^ 
 public gaol, are oii the n side of the town, 
 in an edifice above 500 feet long. The for- 
 tifications are extensive, but irregular. The 
 Lower Town is defended by a plat-form flanks 
 ed with two bastions, a iitde higher a largp 
 battery ; and higher still a square fort, the 
 
QUE 
 
 m6st regular of all the fortifications, and 
 in which the governor resides. The river 
 here narrows suddenly to the breadth of a 
 mile, but hence to the sea it is from 12 to 
 15 miles broad, and navigable for men of 
 war. The harbour is safe and commodious. 
 Here are several dockyards, and ships from 
 
 50 to 1000 tons are built. The population is 
 now estimated at 15,000. This city was 
 founded by the French in 1605; reduced, 
 with all Canada, by the British,' in 1626, 
 restored in 1632, besieged by the British, in 
 1711, without success, but in )7‘59, after a 
 memorable battle, in which the celebrated 
 general Wolfe fell, in the moment of vic- 
 tory, it was taken and confirmed to the 
 English by the peace of 1763. In 1775, it 
 was attacked by the Americans, but they 
 were repulsed, and general Montgomery, 
 who led them on, was slain. It is 360 
 miles by the river, from the Atlantic ocean, 
 and 330 n of Boston. Lon. 71 10 w, lat. 
 46 47 N. 
 
 QUEDA, a kingdom of Asia, in the penin- 
 sula of Malacca. The king is tributary to 
 Siam. The principal town, of the same 
 Dame, has a good harbour, and is 300 miles 
 »NW of the city of Malacca. The chief 
 trade is in pepper. Lon. 99 30 e, lat. 6 
 5 N. 
 
 QuedUnburgf a town of Upper Saxony, 
 in the principality of Anhalt, has a castle, 
 on the Bode, which divides»it into the old 
 and new town. Hei;e is a protestant abbey, 
 whose abbess was a princess of the empire. 
 It has a trade in linen and brandy, 10 miles 
 s by E of Halberstadt. Lon. 11 25 b, lat. 
 
 51 50 N. 
 
 Queen Anne, a town in Maryland, Prince 
 George county, on the Patuxent, at the foot 
 of a bill, 13 miles sw of Annapolis, and 22 
 K of Washington. 
 
 QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLAND, an 
 island in the S Pacific ocean, is about six 
 miles long, and one wide, discovered by cap- 
 tain Wallis in 1767. Lon. 138 4 19 
 
 18 s. 
 
 QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, a 
 group of Islands, in the Pacific ocean, 
 visited by captain Carlerat, in 1767. The 
 only one of considerable extent, by him call- 
 ed Egmont, and by the Spaniards, St Cruz, is 
 60 miles in length, and from 20 to 30 in 
 breadth, woody and mountainous, with many 
 vallies interspersed. On the n side is Swal- 
 low bay, in Ion. 164 26 E,lat. 10 42 s. The 
 inhabitants, w^ho are vigorous and active, 
 point their bows and arrow's with flint. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Sound, at the n extre- 
 mity of the Southern island of New Zealand, 
 wear Cook’s Strait. The hills near the 
 sea side are not so high as those of Dusky 
 Bay, but are covered with forests equally in- 
 tricate and impenetrable. Lon. 174 19 e, 
 lat. 41 6 s. 
 
 ; .QUEEN COUNTY, a county of Ireland, 
 in the province of Leinster, 32 miles in 
 lengthy aiud 30 in breadth; bounded ou the 
 
 QUE 
 
 N and w by King’s county and part of Tip- 
 perary ; E by part of Kildare and Carlow ; 
 and s by Kilkenny. It is divided into 50 
 parishes, contains about 82,000 inhabitants, 
 and sends three members to parliament. 
 It has many bogs and other coal soils, but 
 the greater part is well cultivated, and 
 some parts are very fertile. Its cheese 
 bears a high price in the market. It is 
 watered by the Nore and Barrow, has coals, 
 and besides the capital, includes the boroughs 
 of PortarlingtOD, and Balliuakill. Mary- 
 borough is the capital. 
 
 QUEEN COUNTY, in Nova Scotia, 
 comprehends a part of the lands on the cap© 
 on the s side of the bay of Fundy. 
 
 Queensberry, a mountain in the parish of 
 Closeburn, Dumfries-shire, elevated 2140 
 feet above sea level, gives the title of duke, 
 to a branch of the ancient family of Dou- 
 glass, 15 miles n of Dumfries. 
 
 Queen^s Perry South, a town in Linlith- 
 gowshire, on the s side of the Frith of Forth, 
 where it is not more than two miles wide. 
 It is said to have derived its name from the 
 frequent passage of Margaret, queen of 
 Malcolm Canmore, in her way to, and from 
 her favourite palace of Dunfermline. It is 
 a royal burgh, governed by a provost, one 
 land, and two sea bailies, a dean of guild, 
 <fec. It pays ten merks Scotch annually to 
 the burgh of Linlithgow, in the council of 
 which it has a vote. It is connected with 
 Dunfermline, Culross, Inverkeithing, and 
 Stirling, in electing a member to parlia- 
 ment. It has a good harbour for small 
 vessels; manufactures of soap, and being in 
 the great road from Edinburgh to Perth, has 
 a much frequented ferry, nine miles wnw of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Queenborougk, an ancient town in Kent, 
 in the isle of Shepey, It is a small but neat 
 town. It is a distinct liberty of itself, and 
 is governed by a mayor, four jurats, &c, 
 and sends two members to parliament. It 
 has a market on Monday, and some vestiges 
 of its ancient castle are still visible. The 
 chief employment of the inhabitants is fish- 
 ing, and oysters are here in great plenty.. 
 It is seated near the mouth of the Medway, 
 1 5 miles nw of Canterbury, and 45 e by s of 
 London. Lon. 0 49 e, lat. 51 23 n. 
 
 Queenhorough, a town ou the w side of 
 the great Pedee river, S Carolina, 32 miles 
 NNw of Georgetown. 
 
 Queenstadt, a town in the principality of 
 Halberstadt, Lower Saxony, five miles ne 
 of Halberstadt. 
 
 Queenstown, a town on the Niagara, 
 Upper Canada, just below the last rapid, 
 w'hence, owing to the interruption of the 
 navigation, there is a portage in waggons to 
 Chippawa, a distance of 10 miles. On the 
 13th of October, 1812, this place was taken 
 by the Americans, and general Brock was 
 killed, but it was retaken the same day, 
 and the American general with 900 troops 
 were made prisoners, seven raihes above 
 
QUE 
 
 Fort Niagara, and 20 n by e of Fort 
 
 Erie. , i. ^ 
 
 Queich, a river in the department of Mont 
 
 Tonnere, France, which flowing by An- 
 weiller and Landau, falls into the Rhine, 
 near Germersheim. 
 
 QueiMng, capital of the province of 
 Quang-si-China, has its name from a flower 
 called Quei, which is of so sweet an odour, 
 that it perfumes the whole country. It is 
 seated on a river that unites with the Ta, 
 but is too rapid for navigation, 180 miles n 
 by w of Canton, and 587 s of Peking, Lon. 
 109 51 E, lat. 25 12 n. 
 
 Queigey a town in the department of 
 Mont Blanc, France. 
 
 Quelaines, a town in the department of 
 Maine, France, eight miles s of Laval. 
 
 Quentin St, an ancient town in the de- 
 partment of Aisne, France, with a consider- 
 able manufactory of lawns and cambrics. 
 In the vicinity, in 1557, Philip II. of Spain, 
 obtained a signal victory over the French, 
 and afterward took the town by storm, in 
 memory of which he built the Escurial. 
 It was restored iu 1559. It is situafed on 
 an eminence, w’atered by the Somme, 21 
 miles s of Cambray, and 85 n by e of Paris. 
 Lon. 3 29 e, lat. 49 50 n. 
 
 QUERCY, a late province of France, 
 fertile in corn, wine, and fruits. It now 
 forms the department of Lot, of which 
 Cahors is the capital. 
 
 Queretaro, a city in the province of 
 Mexico, New Spain, noted for the beauty 
 of its buildings, an aqueduct and cloth manu- 
 factures. Population 35,000. It is 105 
 miles Nw of Mexico. Lon. 100 11 w, lat. 
 20 38 N. 
 
 QUERTMBA, a group of small islands on 
 the coast of Mosambique, inhabited by the 
 descendants of Porttiguese, and have their 
 name from the largest, and abound in pas- 
 ture and fruit. Lon. 41 30 e, lat. 11 40 s. 
 
 QUERQUINI, or Kerkini, a cluster of 
 islands, near the e coast of Tunis, two of 
 which are much larger than the others. The 
 chief one is 10 miles long, and five broad, 
 united to V^eita on the n by a bridge. 
 Hence a bank extends to Lampedosa, which 
 abounds with fish. The channel between 
 the two largest is 15 miles to the e of 
 Silsa. Lon. 10 50 e, lat. 35 34 n. 
 
 Querigut, a town in the department 
 of Arriege, France, 27 miles se of Taras- 
 con. 
 
 Quernfurt, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 capital of a county of the same name, in 
 Thuringia, with a castle on the Wute, sur- 
 rounded by a ditch, It is 14 miles nnw of 
 Nauenburg. Lon. JI 50 e, lat. 51 23 n. 
 
 Querre, a town in the department of 
 Maine and Loire, France. 
 
 QuerrieuXy a town jn the department 
 of Somme, six miles ne of Amious, France. 
 
 Quesnoyy a fortified town in the depart- 
 nient of the North, France, with an old 
 castle, in a plain, on the Rouelle, In i71 J, 
 
 QUI 
 
 it was taken by the allies, and retaken the 
 same year, and in 1793, it w as taken by 
 the Austrians, and retaken next year, nine 
 miles SE of Valenciennes, 124 ne of Paris* 
 Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 50 15 N. 
 
 Quevavilliers, a town in the department 
 of Somme, France, eight miles sw of 
 Amiens. 
 
 Quevington, a tow^n in Gloucestershire, 
 near Fairford. 
 
 Quiheron, a town and small peninsula in 
 the department of Morbihan, France, n of 
 Belleisle. In 1795, some French regiments 
 in the pay of England landed here, but 
 owing to the desertion and treachery of some 
 of the soldiers, the republicans soon took it 
 by surprise. In 1 800, it was taken by the 
 English, but soon evacuated. Also a small 
 island separated from the peninsula by a 
 channel ; and the sea next it is called the 
 bay of Quiberon ; 17 miles sse of Port 
 Louis. 
 
 QUICARO, or Quibo, an island iu the 
 Pacific ocean, near the coast of Veragua, 
 in New Spain, 2Q miles long and six broad, 
 with a port on the e side, where ships are 
 supplied with wood and w'ater. Lon. 82 
 30 w, lat. 7 25 N. 
 
 QuiebjDU, a town in the department of 
 the channel, France, six miles sw of St Lo* 
 
 Quilimaneif, a town on the coast of Zan- 
 guebar, in the kingdom of Melinda, held by 
 the Portuguese, at the mouth of a river of 
 its name, 26 miles ssw of Melinda. Lon. 
 41 40 e, lat. 3 10 s. 
 
 QurUan, a town in the department of 
 Aude, France, 25 miles ssw of Carcassone. 
 
 Quillota, capital of a province of its 
 name in Chili. The province is the richest 
 in gold, and one of the most populous in 
 Chili, and its honey and hemp are highly 
 esteemed. The town, called also St Mar- 
 tin, is seated in a pleasant valley, on the 
 Aconcag’’ . 95 miles wnw of St. Jago. 
 Lon. 7' V, lat. 32 56 n. 
 
 QUILOA, a kingdom of Africa, extend- 
 ing 60 leagues from n to s along the e coast, 
 on the mouth of the Coavo. The people 
 are Mahometans, speak Arabic, and dress 
 like the Turkish Arabs. 
 
 Quiloa, a sea -port on the coast of Zan- 
 guebar, capital of the kingdom of its name, 
 tributary to the Poriiiguese, by whom it 
 was discovered in 1498. The vicinity 
 abounds in rice, millet, fruit, poultry, and 
 cattle. The inhabitants are Mahotuetari^ 
 partly tawny, and partly black. The capi- 
 tal is well built, and stands on an island, 
 near the mouth of the Coavo. It is 30Q 
 miles N of Mozambique. Lon. 40 9 k, lat. 
 8 30 s. 
 
 Quimper, a town in the department of 
 Finisterre, France, stands at the junction of 
 the Benaudet and Oder, and, is a bishop’s 
 see. It is 34 miles sse of Brest, and 112 
 w by s of Renne. Lon. 4 6 w, lat. 4T 
 I 58 N. ' 
 
 j| QuimperUV) a town in tfle department 
 
QUI 
 
 of Finisferre, France, on the Isotte, 20 
 miles KSE of Quimper. 
 
 Quincy, a post town in Norfolk county, 
 JWassachusetts, 10 miles s by e of Boston. 
 
 Quingey, a town in the department of 
 Doubs, France, on the Louve, 12 miles sw 
 of Besancon. 
 
 Quin-nong, or Ckirt-chi, a bay on the 
 coast of Cochin-China, with a narrow en- 
 trance. Ships of burden'get in at high water, 
 but being a good harbour it is*frequented by 
 country ships. The city of Quin-nong 
 stands at the head of the harbour. Lon. 
 109 15 E, lat. 13,52 n. 
 
 Quinson, a town in the department of 
 Lower Alps, France, 28 miles ssw of 
 Digne. 
 
 Quintanor, a town in New Castile, Spain, 
 37 miles s of Huete. 
 
 Quintin, a town in the department of 
 the North Coast, France, in a valley, 10 
 miles ssw of St. Brieuc. 
 
 Qumlon, a town in Northamptonshire, 
 near Salcy forest. ■) 
 
 QUINZANO, a district of the Bresciano, 
 containing 12 parishes and 7000 souls, of 
 whom 3000 belong to Quinzano the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Quirieu, a town in the department of 
 Rhone and Loire, France, 12 miles from 
 Lyons. 
 
 QUTRTMBA, a cluster of small islands 
 on the coast of Zanguebar. Lon. 38 54 e, 
 lat. 11 40 s. 
 
 Quiroga, a town in Galicia, Spain, 24 
 miles NE of Oriense. 
 
 QUIRPON, an island in the Atlantic 
 ocean, near the n coast of Newfoundland. 
 Lon. 55 22 w, lat. 51 40 N. 
 
 QUISAMA, a maritime provinceof Africa, 
 in the kingdom of Angola, along the river 
 Coanza. 
 
 QUISPICHANCHI, a jurisdiction of 
 Peru, in the diocese, of Cusco, beginning at 
 the s gates of Quito, and stretching w about 
 60 nules. Here are manufactures of baize 
 and coar.^e woollen stufts. 
 
 Qimtello, a town of Italy, in the late 
 republican department of Mincio, situated 
 on the Seccbia, celebrated for an action 
 between the Austrians and French in 1734, 
 when inaislial Brogiio w'as surprised in his 
 bed. It is 15 miles se of Mantua. 
 
 Quietoa, a large town of Morocco, in 
 the province of Drass, with a castle. 
 
 Quito, an audience of New Granada, 
 under the(^ viceroyalty of Santa P’e de 
 Bagota, lying between two chains of the 
 Andes, on a plain, elevated 9370 feet above 
 sea level, and extends along the coast of the 
 Pacific ocean, from lat. 2 n to cape Blan- 
 co iti lat. 3 45 s. It is remarkable for its 
 temperate r.ir, occasioned by its elevated 
 situation. It is pretty well cultivated, and 
 the towns and villages are populous ; every 
 village has a large square in the middle, and 
 a church on one side of it. There are no 
 jioxious animals. The northern parts 
 
 R A A 
 
 abound with gold. Hats, cotton stuffs, an4 
 coarse woollen cloths, are mkde here in 
 such quantities, as to furnish a considerable 
 article for exportation to other parts of 
 Spanish America. The province is about 
 400 miles long, and 200 broad. Its chief 
 towns are Quito and Payta. 
 
 Quito, the chief tow n of the above pro- 
 vince, is next to Lima in population, if not 
 superior to it. Some authors say it con- 
 tains 35,000 inhabitants. It is a bishop^s 
 see. In one of the skies of the principal 
 square is the palace of the president of the 
 royal audience, opposite which is the city- 
 house, in the third is the cathedral, in the 
 fourth the bishop^s palace, and in the middle 
 a beautiful fountain. Here are two col- 
 leges, which are a kind of university, all 
 its buildings are handsome. In 1755, it was 
 destroyed by an earthquake, but soon rebuilt. 
 It stands at the volcanic mountain Pichin- 
 che, on the Machapgara. It is an inland 
 city ; and, having no mines in its vicinity 
 is chiefly famous for its manufactures of 
 cotton, wool, and flax, which supply the 
 whole kingdom of Peru, 400 miles of St. Fe, 
 de Bogotta. Lon. 77 50 w, lat. 0 13 s, 
 
 Quivox, St, a parish in Ayrshire, con- 
 taining the thriving village of fVallace-town, 
 adjoining to the New Town of Ayr, with 
 about 3500 acres of land. Population above 
 2000. 
 
 QUIZAMA, a province in the s part of 
 Angola, producing abundance of honey, wax 
 and salt. The inhabitants are w^arlike, and 
 have not submitted to the Portuguese. 
 
 Quizina, a chain of mountains, in the 
 kingdom of Fez, stretching 100 miles from 
 the desert of Gret to the river Nocor. 
 
 Quothguan Law, a beautiful green hill in 
 the parish of LiWton, Lanarkshire, on 
 which is a large rough stone, scooped in 
 the middle, called Wallace's chair, on which, 
 it is said, that hero sat and held a council 
 of w'ar, previous to the battle of Biggar. 
 
 QUOJA, a kingdom of Africa, jn the in- 
 terior of Guiaea, e of Sierra Leone, 
 
 R 
 
 T> AAB, a strong barrier town of Lower 
 Hungary, capital of Javerin, and a bi- 
 shop’s see at the junction of the Raab and 
 Rabnitz, not far from the Danube, 28 miles 
 ssE of Presburg, and 55 miles se of Vienna. 
 Lou. 17 45 E, lat. 47 48 N. 
 
 Raajegur, a town of Hindoostao, in the 
 province of Malwa, 74 miles ne of Oiigein, 
 and 214 ssw of Agra. Lon. 76 56 E,lat. 24 
 
 2 N. 
 
 RAASAY, oner of tbe Western islands 
 of Scotland, n of Skye, includcdjtin the 
 parish o/ Portree and contains about 320 in- 
 habitants. It is about 12 miles long and 
 
 
RAD 
 
 from two to five and a-half broad. The 
 soil is fitter for pasture than tillage. There 
 is plenty of wood, and an excellent quarry 
 of stone, which supplies the neighbouring 
 country with millstones. At the ne end, 
 on a rock 60 feet high, stands castle Broi- 
 chin, a nbted sea mark. At this town are 
 the ruins of a chapel. Lon. 6 0 w, lat, 57 
 
 Rabastdns, an ancient town m the de- 
 partment of Tarn, France, on the Tarn, 18 
 miles from Aly, and 18 nb of Toulouse. 
 
 Rabat, a large and handsome sea port 
 Of Fez, in the province of Tremesen, with a 
 citstle, handsome mosques, and elegant pa- 
 laces, and has docks for ship building, and 
 a manufacture of cotton cloth. Shelia, a 
 walled town, containing many moorish 
 tombs, and entered only by Mahomedans, 
 Stands on the e side. It is situated at the 
 mouth of the Burrigrig, opposite Salee, 
 80 miles w of Fez. Lon. 6 26 w, lat. 
 34 0 N. 
 
 Rabbit Island, an isle in Kerry, Munster, 
 remarkable for its lime^stone quarries. 
 
 Rabenstein, a town in the circle of Saatz, 
 Bohemia, on the Ottava, 21 miles wsw of 
 Rakonitz. 
 
 Racca, a town in Diarbek, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, at the junction of the Beles, and Eu- 
 phrates. In the vicinity are the ruins of 
 Old Racca, once a superb city ; 140 miles 
 ssw of Diarbekir. Lon, 39 4 e, lat. 36 
 S Km 
 
 Racheim, or Reiknm, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Lower Muese, France, six 
 miles N of Maestricht, 
 
 Rachore, or Atoni-Rachore, a city of 
 Golconda, Hindoostaii, capital of a district 
 of the same name, subject to the Nizam of 
 the Deccan, seated on the s bank of the 
 Kistna. It is 315 miles n by e of Seringa- 
 patam. Lon. 78 15 e, lat. 16 30 N. 
 
 Raclia, a small island in the Archipelago, 
 near that of Nio. 
 
 Raconigi, a populous town of Piedmont, 
 stands in a plain, between the rivers Grana 
 and Macra, six miles from Carignan, and 18 
 s by w of Turin. 
 
 Radeberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, on the Roder, with a bath, in the 
 vicinity, discovered in 1717, called Augus- 
 tus Bath, eight miles ene of Dresden. 
 
 Radeburg, a town in Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony, on the Roder, wi^h a castle, and 
 famous for earthen-ware, 10 miles n of 
 Dresden, 
 
 Radicofani, a town of Tuscany, in the 
 Siennese, on a steep hill, 146 miles se of 
 Sienna. 
 
 Radimpour, or Radunpour, a town in the 
 province of Agimere, Hindoostau, on the 
 Puddar, 175 miles n of Surat, and 2.50 sw of 
 Agimere. Lon. 71 48 e, lat. 23 58 n. 
 
 Radnor New, a town in Radnorshire, 
 South Wales, with a market on Thursday, 
 seated near the source of the Somergil, at 
 
 RAF 
 
 the entrance of a narrow pass, betWoen two 
 verdant sharp pointed hills, on one of which 
 a castle formerly stood, which, with the 
 walls of the town, was demolished by Owen 
 Glendower, in the reign of Henry IV. It 
 has an extensive jurisdiction. The corpo- 
 ration consists of a bailiff, and 25 burgesses, 
 who, together with the freemen of this and 
 of some other towns, elect one member to 
 parliament. Old Radnor, said to have 
 been the Magoth of Antoninus, stands two 
 miles to the se, but now merely a village*. 
 In 1811, the population of New Radnor wa» 
 only 380. It was formerly the county 
 town, but the assizes are now held at Pres- 
 teign. It is 24 miles nw of Hereford, and 
 159 WNW of London. Lon, 2 45 w, lat* 
 52 10 N. 
 
 RADNORSHIRE, a county of South 
 Wales, 30 miles in length, and 25 in 
 breadth; bounded on the e by Shropshire, 
 and Herefordshire ; nw by Cardiganshire ; 
 s and sw by Brecknockshire; and n by 
 Montgomeryshire. It contains six hun- 
 dreds, 40 parishes, and four market towns* 
 In 1801, it contained 19,050 inhabitants, 
 and in 1811, 20,900. It sends one member 
 to parliament, and the principal rivers are 
 the Wye, the Teme, the Ythan, and tha 
 Somergil. The s and e parts of this county 
 are tolerably level, and productive of corn ; 
 the other parts are mountainous. The ri- 
 vers abound in fish, and the woods and 
 mountains with game. On the tops of 
 many of its mountains are tumuli. It was 
 the retreat of king Vortigern, when he was 
 driven from his throne by the Saxons. 
 Presteign is the county town. 
 
 Rodom, a town of Little Poland, capital 
 of a county of the same name, 60 miles 
 NNW of Sandomir. Lon. 21 1 e, lat. 51 
 25 N. 
 
 Radomsk, a town in the palatinate of 
 Siradia, Poland, about 50 miles se of 
 Siradia. 
 
 Radstadt, a town in the duchy of Salz- 
 burg, Bavaria, near the rise of the Ens, 35 
 miles ESE of Salzburg. Lon. 13 26 e, lat. 
 47 18 N. 
 
 Raerdorp, a town of Holland, five miles 
 SE of Amsterdam, 
 
 Rafford, a parish in Elginshire, about 
 three miles long and from three to four 
 broad, including the district of Altyre, for- 
 merly a parish of itself, lying on the k 
 side of the river Findhorn. The surface is 
 much diversified. Population above 1090, 
 in 1755 they were 1300. In Tarres, in 
 this parish, is an obelisk called Saeoo^s 
 stone, said to be the finest Gothic erection 
 of the kind- in Europe. It stands 23 feet 
 above ground, and is said to be 12 below it. 
 It is about four feet broad, and adorned 
 with a variety of sculpture. According 
 to tradition, it w'as set up to commemorate 
 the peace concluded between king Mal- 
 com aud Canute king of Denmark, in 
 
R A I 
 
 RAM 
 
 to 12, when the Danes finally evacuated 
 Scotland. 
 
 RAGHLIN, an island on the w coast of 
 Donegal, Ulster, Ireland. Lon. 9 1<5 w, lat. 
 <54 36 N. 
 
 Ragivolo, a town in the ci-devant duchy 
 cf Mantua, Italy, about 19 miles s of 
 Mantua. 
 
 Raglandy a village in Monmouthshire, 
 five miles ne of Usk, celebrated for its castle, 
 where Charles I. passed much of his time in 
 great magnificence. It was the last place 
 which surrendered to general Fairfax, in 
 CromwelPs time. 
 
 Ragnitz, a town of Prussian Lithuania, 
 with an ancient castle, on the Niemen. In 
 the castle is a royal nniagazine for provisions, 
 ^c. <56 miles ene of Konigsberg. Lon. 21 
 30 E, lat. <55 30 n. 
 
 Ragoogur, a town in the province of 
 Malwa, HindoOstan, 116 miles ke of 
 Oudein, and 265 s of Delhi* Lon. 77 30 e, 
 lat. 24 23 N. 
 
 RagusUf an ancient town of Sicily, in 
 Val di Note, county of Modica, near the 
 Ragusa, has a noble college, and two grand 
 churches, 12 miles n of Modica, and 18 wnw 
 of Noto. 
 
 Ragnsa, a city of Dalmatia, and capital 
 of Ragusen, with a harbour, and an arch- 
 bishop's see. It is about two miles in cir- 
 cumference, is well built, and has a strong 
 fort on the gulf of Venice, and an inaccessi- 
 ble mountain on the land side. It carries on 
 a considerable trade with the Turks, 
 particularly in hides and tallow, and is 50 
 miles Nw of Scutari. Lon. 18 10 e, lat. 
 42 50 N. 
 
 RAGUSEN, a territory of Dalmatia, 
 along the coast of the gulf of Venice, about 
 55 miles in length, end 20 in breadth. It 
 was 'a republic under the protection of the 
 Venetians and Turks, but is now annexed to 
 Italy. The soil is so barren that the inhabi- 
 tants import the greater part of their neces- 
 saries. They profess the Roman Catholic 
 religion, but the Armenian, Greek, and Tur- 
 kish persuasions are tolerated. Ragusa is 
 the capital. 
 
 Rajamundrg, capital of one of the En- 
 glish circars, Hindoostan, on the Godavery, 
 35 miles from its mouth. Its chief trade is 
 in teak timber, 170 miles sw of Cicacole. 
 Lon. 81 57 e, lat. 17 On. 
 
 Rajapourj a town of Concan, on the 
 coast of Malabar, at the mouth of a river 
 of its name, six miles n of Geriah, and 50 n 
 of Goa. 
 
 Rajemaly a town of Hindoostan Proper, 
 on the w bank of the Ganges, formerly a 
 place of considerable trade, but now in a 
 ruinous state, 68 miles nnw of Moorsbeda- 
 bad, and J90 n by of Calcutta, Lon. 87 
 50 w, lat. 25 0 n. 
 
 Rain^ a town of Upper Bavaria, on the 
 Acha, near the Leek and the Danube, 12 ' 
 miles w of Nueburg. ' 
 
 itam, or Old Rain. See Rain. 
 
 Rain Lahe^ a lake of N America, J09 
 miles long and 20 where broadest, lying 
 between the lake of the woods on the w, and 
 lake Superior on the e. 
 
 Rainford, a village in Lancashire, famous 
 for its rnanutacture of tobacco pipes, six miles 
 SE of Ormskirk. 
 
 Rainham, a village in Essex, one mile 
 from the Thames, w'here there is a ferry 
 to Erith, in Kent. It is 15 miles e of 
 London. 
 
 Raisin, a town in Lincolnshire, has a 
 market on Thursday, near the source of the 
 Ancholm, 16 miles ne of Lincoln, and 147 
 N of London. 
 
 Rakelshurg, a town in Stiria, Germany, 
 which has a considerable trade in wine and 
 iron. It is situated on an island, in the river 
 Muer, and is a frontier fortress towards Hun- 
 gary. Lon. 15 58 e, lat. 46 45 n. 
 
 Rakonitz, the capital of the circle of the 
 same name, in Bohemia. Excellent beer is 
 brewed here, and is the staple article of trade. 
 It stands on the Miza, 32 miles w of Prague. 
 Lon. 14 0 B, lat. 50 5 n. 
 
 Ralegh, the present^ seat of government of 
 North Carolina, Wake county, about 10 
 miles from Wake court-house. The state- 
 house has been lately finished, and cost 
 60001. The distance from water carriage 
 is a great drawback on its commerce. 
 This place had its name after the famous 
 Sir Walter Ralegh, by w^hose direction the 
 first settlement was made at Roanoke river. 
 It is 61 miles n by e of Fayetteville, and 95 
 WNW of Newberojthe former capital, Lon. 
 78 52 w, lat. 35 40 n. 
 
 Rama, or Ramula, an ancient town of 
 Palestine, Syria, has many fine remains of 
 churches, and other structures, which mark 
 its ancient grandeur, 20 miles w by n of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Ramada, a maratime town of New Gra- 
 nada, in the province of St. Martha, 100 
 miles E of St. Martha, Near it is a copper 
 mine. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 11 10 n. 
 
 Ramagiri, a town of Mysore Hindoostan, 
 on the w side of the Arkawati, with a hill 
 fort on the opposite side, 50 miles ne of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Ramanad, a town in Mazawar, Hiudoo- 
 stan, 64 miles se of Madura, and 95 s by w 
 of Tanjore. Lon. 78 56 e, lat. 9 20 n. 
 
 RAMANANCOR,an island in the E Indies, 
 near Cape Comorin, It has only a few vil- 
 lages. Lou. 79 45 E, lat. 9 25 s. 
 
 Rambert, St, a town in the department 
 of Ain, France, near the Alberine, 18 miles 
 Nw of Belle, and 24 ssb of Bourg eo 
 Bresse. 
 
 Rambert, St, a town in the department 
 of Loire, France, near the Loire, 12 miles 
 SE of Montbrison. 
 
 Ramberviltier, a town in the department 
 of Vosges, France, about 30 miles se of 
 Nancy. 
 
 Rambla, a town of Andalusia, Spain, 1«5 
 miles s of Cordova. 
 
 
 1 
 
RAM 
 
 Rambouillety a town in the department 
 of the Seine and Oise, France. Its royal 
 palace was demolished by order of the na- 
 tional convention, in 1793; 27 miles sw of 
 Paris, 
 
 Ramey a town in Cornwall, near Mount 
 Edgecumb. Rane Head is in Ion. 4 1 1 w, 
 iat. 30 18 N. On this promontory is a 
 chapel which is a noted sea mark, sw of 
 Plymouth harbour. The chapel belongs to 
 the village of Rame, 
 
 Ramery, a town in the department of 
 Aube, France, on the Aube, 18 miles ne of 
 Troyes. 
 
 Ramillies, a town ib Brabant, Nether- 
 lands, seated at the source of the Geete, 
 celebrated for the signal victory obtained 
 by the duke of Marlborough, over the 
 French, on Whitsunday, 170S. It is 10 
 miles N of Namur, and 25 SE of Brussels. 
 Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 39 N. 
 
 Ram Island, an island in Lough Neagh, 
 Ulster, on which is an ancient round tower. 
 
 Ramiseram, an island in the gulf of 
 Manara, separated from Marawar on the 
 continent of Hindoostan, by a narrow chan- 
 nel, 30 miles in circumference. It contains 
 a few villages, a famous pagoda, and beau- 
 tiful trees, and is situated at the w end of 
 Adam’s bridge, Lon. 79 22 E,lat. 9 18 n. 
 
 Ramla, a town of Palestine, the ancient 
 Arimathea, now in a ruinous state. Here 
 is a manufacture of soap, which is in de- 
 mand throughout all Egypt, 1 8 miles nw of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Rammekens, a sea port in the island of 
 Walcheren, Holland. In the reign of queen 
 Elisabeth, it was one of the towns delivered 
 to the English, as security for a loan, four 
 miles s of Middleburg. 
 
 Ramelsburg, a town of Lower Saxony. 
 Also a lofty mountain in that part of Hartz 
 forest which lies within the principality of 
 Grubenhagen. In the mountain are silver 
 mines, and at its foot is the city of Goslar. 
 
 Rampour, a town of Delhi, Hindoostan, 
 32 miles s of Cossipour, and about 105 e of 
 Delhi. 
 
 Ramshury, a small town in Wiltshire, 
 celebrated for fine beer, and many Roman 
 antiquities have been found in the vicinity. 
 It was once a bishop’s see, six miles e of 
 Marlborough, and 40 e of Bristol. 
 
 Ramsdonek, a town of Holland, three 
 miles E of Gertrudenberg. 
 
 Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire, with 
 B market on Saturday, seated in the Fens, 
 near the meres of Ramsay and Wittlesey. 
 A causeway, two miles in length, connects 
 the town with the firm land on the w. It 
 had once an extensive and richly endow^ed 
 abbey, whose abbot sat in parliament, but 
 the ruin of a gateway is all that remains of 
 that proud edifice, 12 miles e of Hunting- 
 don, and 69 N of London. 
 
 RAMSEY, an island of South Wales, 
 separated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow 
 channel called Ramsey sound. It is about 
 
 RAN 
 
 two miles in length, and a mile and a-half 
 broad. Near it are several small ones, 
 known by the name of the Bishop and his 
 clerks, frequented in the breeding season by 
 immense numbers of sea-fowls. It is four 
 miles s by w of St David’s. Lon. 5 20 w, 
 lat. 51 55 N. 
 
 Ramsey, a town on the ne coast of the 
 Isle of Man, with a spacious bay of its 
 name, which affords good anchorage, but 
 the harbour admits only small vessels ; at 
 the entrance is a light house. Here is a 
 custom-house, and some trade. Corn is ex- 
 ported from the fertile adjacent Country, six 
 miles s of the point of Ayr, and 15 n by e of 
 Douglas. Lon. 4 26 w, lat. 54 18 n. 
 
 Ramsgate, a sea port in Kent, in the isle 
 of Tbanet, near the Downs. It has two 
 very fine stone piers, to protect the vessels 
 when in the port, A dry dock has also 
 been formed here, with extensive store-hou- 
 ses; and of late a stone light- house w’as 
 built on the West Head. Ramsgate is a 
 member of the 'port of Sandwich, and has 
 1 become a place of much resort for bathing. 
 The town is well paved and lighted. Its 
 merchants trade to the Baltic, <fec. and it 
 has tw'o weekly markets on Wednesday and 
 Saturday. The number of inhabitants is 
 about 3300. It is six miles s of Margate, 
 17 N by w of Canterbury, and 72 ese of 
 London. Lon. 1 24 e, lat. 51 20 n. 
 
 Ramteak, a town in Berar, Hindoostan, 
 sacred to Ram, by the Hindoos, who have 
 a temple here. It is about 18 miles nne of 
 Nagpour. 
 
 RANAI, one of the Sandwich islands, in 
 the Pacific ocean,' discovered by captain 
 Cook. It is high and craggy on the s, but 
 the other parts are more level, and better in- 
 habited. It produces very few plantains and 
 bread-fruit trees, but abounds in yams, sweet 
 potatoes, and Taro, 10 miles w of Mowee. 
 Lon. 156 51 w, lat. 20 48 N. 
 
 Rancagua, or Triana, capital of a pro- 
 vince of its name, in Chili, on the n side of 
 the Cacbapoal. In the vicinity are three 
 lakes, from one of which much salt is ob- 
 tained. The country is fertile in fruit and 
 corn, six miles s of St Jago. Lon. 71 6 w, 
 lat. 34 19 s. 
 
 Ransheno, a small island on the coast of 
 New Mexico, in lat. 7 14 n. 
 
 Randalstown, a town in Antrim, Ulster, 
 Ireland, five miles wnw of Antrim, and 88 
 from Dublin. Between Antrim and Ran- 
 dalstown, at the me corner of Lough Neagh, 
 stands the village of Slanes castle, and the 
 elegant mansion of O’Neil. 
 
 iiandazzo, a town in Val de Demona, 
 Sicily, 42 miles sw of Messina. 
 
 Randeradt, a town in the department of 
 Roer, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 I duchy of .Tuliers, on the Worm, 10 miles nw 
 of Juliers. 
 
 Randers,eLr\ ancient town of Denmark, in 
 North Jutland, near the mouth of the Gude, 
 : 25 miles E of Wihurg. 
 
RAP 
 
 Ranelaghy a celebrated resort of fashion- 
 able company, on the Thames, w side of 
 St Jameses Park. The gardens are orna- 
 mented with avenues of trees, a grove, 
 canal, &e. and in the centre stands the 
 rotundo, one of the finest pieces of architec- 
 ture any where to be met with. It resem- 
 bles the pantheon at Rome, and is 150 feet 
 diameter within. There are 100 boxes for 
 the accommodation of company ; the paint- 
 ings are unrivalled in any other place of ( 
 entertainment ; and the whole is lighted by 
 28 grand chandiliers, suspended from the 
 ceiling, each containing 17 wax candles. 
 It was erected in 1740. The price of ad- 
 mittance is two shillings and sixpence, and 
 the company are treated with tea in the 
 boxes, free of any additional expence. 
 
 capital of a circar in Ben- 
 gal, Hindoostan, seated near the Burampoo- 
 ter, on the borders of Assam and Bootan. 
 Here is a famous pagoda. It is about 1 70 
 miles NE of Moorshedabad. Lon. 90 8 e, 
 iat. 26 10 N. 
 
 Rangoon^ a sea port of Pegu, and the 
 principal sea port of teak timber in the 
 Birman empire, founded by the king of i 
 Birmah, in 1755, and is the residence of a | 
 governor. The custom-house is built of I 
 brick, but the wharfs and dwelling-houses, 
 are of wood. A grand temple stands on a 
 rocky eminence, two miles n of the town, i 
 and numerous convents are in the vicinity. 
 It is situated on the most eastern branch of 
 the Irawaddy, which hence to its mouth is 
 called the Rangoon and Syriam river, 18 
 miles N of its mouth, and 60 s of Pegu. 
 Lon. 96 10 E, lat. 26 48 n. 
 
 RaniSy a town in Misnia, Upper Saxony, 
 with a castle on a mountain, 10 miles sw of 
 Neustadt. 
 
 RANNOCK, a mountainous district in 
 Perthshire, between Athol and Braedalbine, 
 with a fine forest of fir. It is intersected 
 by a lake of its name, 12 miles long and 
 two where broadest. It discharges itself 
 by the Tummel. 
 
 Rantampoury capital of a circar in Agi- 
 me*re, Hindoostan, with a fortress, 96 miles 
 E of Agimere, and 105 wsw of Agra. Lon. 
 76 57 E, lat. 26 35 N. 
 
 Rantzowy a town in the duchy of Hol- 
 stein, Lower Saxony, 24 miles n by w of 
 Lubec. 
 
 Raolconddy a town of the Deccan of 
 Hindoostan, in Golconda, near which is a 
 rich diamond mine. It is 20 miles nnw of 
 Sollapour, and 270 sw of Hydrahail. 
 
 Raon L’Etopey a town in the department 
 of MeUrthe, France, stands at the junction 
 of the Etape and Meurte, 30 miles se of 
 Nancy. 
 
 RajfallOy a town of • Genoa, situated on 
 the gulf of the same*^narae, 16 miles ese of 
 Genoa, 
 
 RAPHAEL, St, a fertile and healthy 
 district in the island of Hispaniola. The j 
 air round St Raphael is cool and salubri- j 
 
 it A S 
 
 Ous; but the town is very hot. It is 10 
 leagues s of Cape Francois. 
 
 Raphoey a town in Donegal county, UN 
 ster. It is an ancient town and a bishop’s 
 see. The cathedral serves for the parish 
 church. Here is a free school founded by 
 Charles I., six miles sw qf Lifford, 12 w of 
 Londonderry, and 107 wnw of Dublin. 
 
 Ropolla, a town in Basilicata, Naples, 
 five miles w of Venosa. 
 
 Rappahanocy a river of Virginia, which 
 has its source in the mountains called the 
 Blue ridge, and passing Falmouth, Frede^ 
 rieshurg, Portroyal, Leeds? Tappahanoe, and 
 Urbana, falls into the Chesapeak. 
 
 Rapper schywly a small town and territory 
 of Switzerland, on the .confines of the can- 
 ton of Zurich. Its territory was three 
 miles in circumference, and comprehended 
 three parishes. The town is situated on a 
 neck of land, which advances into the lake 
 of Zurich. It contains 200 burghers, and 
 about 1000 inhabitants, who are of the 
 church of Rome. Here is a bridge 1850r 
 feet long, constructed of wood. It is 18 
 miles sE of Zurich, and about 20 nw of 
 Glaris. 
 
 RappSy a town on the river Teya, Aus- 
 tria, eight miles n by w of Horn. 
 
 Raritan, a river of New Jersey, flows by 
 Brunswick and Amboy, into Arthur KulL 
 sound, and helps to form the fine harbour 
 of Amboy. At Raritan hills is a small 
 romantic cascade. Copper ore has been 
 found on the upper part of this river. 
 
 RASCIA, a territory of Turkey, the 
 eastern division of Sclavonia, watered by 
 the Rasca, which unites with the Morave. 
 The inhabitants are called Rasciaus. The 
 principal town is Belgrade. 
 
 Raseborg, a sea port of Sweden, capital 
 of a canton in Nyland, on the gulf of Fin- 
 land, 37 miles s£ of Abo. Lon. 23 18 
 lat. 60 16 N. 
 
 Raspenhurg, a town of Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, on the Lossa, on the ridge of 
 mountains called Finne, near which are the 
 ruins of the celebrated castle of Rasseburg, 
 and some medicinal springs, 15 miles knb 
 of Weimar, 
 
 Rastadty a town of Suabia, in the terrK* 
 tory of Baden. Here, in 1714, a treaty was 
 concluded between the Austrians and French, 
 and in 1796, the latter defeated the former 
 near this place. It is situated on the Merg, 
 near the Rhine, five miles n of Baden, and 
 24 sw of Philipsburg. 
 
 Rastenhurgy a fortified town with a 
 castle, East Russia, 46 miles se of Ko- 
 nigs berg. 
 
 Rastofy capital of a province in the 
 government of Voronetz, Russia, seated on 
 the Don, and has an extensive fortress. Here 
 resides the governor of Asoph and Taganrog. 
 At this place the goods from Voronetz are 
 enibarked, and put on board larger vessels 
 for Taganrog, 370 miles s$s of Voronetz 
 Lon. 42 37 e, lat. 47 2 n. 
 
RAT 
 
 Rauenntf a town of Brandenburg, in the l 
 Middle Mark, on the Havel, 15 miles n 
 by w of Brandenburg. 
 
 Rathangariy a handsome village in Kil- 
 dare, Leinster, with extensive flour mills, 
 five miles nw of Kildare. 
 
 Ratheooley a to\C\i in the county of Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, 10 miles sw of Dublin, 
 
 Ratheormuck, a borough in the county 
 of Cork, Ireland, on the Bride, 15 miles nne 
 of Cork. 
 
 Rathdomnyy a town in Queen county, 
 Ireland, 17 miles sw of Maryborough. 
 
 Rathdrum, a tewn in Wicklow, Leinster, 
 Ireland, on the Ovoca, with manufactures | 
 of woollens and linen. Near this town are 
 copper mnes, 11 miles sw of Wicklow, and 
 B2 s of Dublin. 
 
 Rathen, a parish in Aberdeenshir^, about 
 three miles from the tow'n of Fraserburgh. 
 It is about seven miles long, and at an 
 average two broad. It contains tw'o fish- 
 ing villages, and valuable lime-stone quar- 
 ries. Near the church are tw’o artificial 
 mounds, supposed to have been encamp- 
 ments ; and in another quarter, some tumuli, 
 said to cover the graves of certain Danish 
 chiefs w'ho fell in battle. Population near 
 1600. 
 
 Rathfarnhamy a pleasant village, three 
 miles s of Dublin. In its vicinity is an 
 elegant mansion, with an uncommonly fine 
 green-house for exotics, and an extensive 
 -aviary of rare birds, which belonged to 
 the late earl of Ely ; and near it is Marlay, 
 with delightful pleasure grounds. 
 
 Rathfrylandy an handsome market and 
 post town in the county of Down, Ulster, 
 seated on a hill, having four large straight 
 roads leading up to it, and centering in the 
 town, 10 miles ne of Newry, and 57 n by e 
 of Dublin. 
 
 Rathkeahy a town in Limerick, Munster, 
 on the river Deel, with the ruins of an an- 
 cient priory of Augustinian canons, and 
 seven annual horse fairs, 16 miles sw of 
 Limerick, and 108 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Rathmeltony a village in Donegal, Ulster, 
 on a bay of Lough Swiily, 12 miles w of 
 Londonderry, and 132 nw of Dublin. 
 
 Rathmill, a village in Yorkshire, in Gig- 
 gleswick parish. 
 
 RathOy a parish of Scotland, about four 
 miles long and eight and a-half broad, 
 lying about five mile sw of Edinburgh, con- 
 taining extensive plantations and elegant 
 seats, with the vestiges of some camps. 
 Population near 1000. 
 
 RathveUy a parish in Banffshire, extending 
 about 10 miles along the coast of the 
 Moray Frith, with a breadth of from three 
 to five miles. Along the coast are several 
 fishing villages. In the parish are slate, 
 lime-stone, and some mineral springs. Po- 
 pulation near 4000. 
 
 Ratibor, a town of Silesia, capital of a 
 duchy of the same name, with a castle, 
 seated on the Oder, in a country fertile in 
 No 1 24,— —6<?, 
 
 RAT 
 
 corn and fruits. It is 15 miles ne qf 
 Troppau, and 85 sse of Breslaw. Lon. 18 
 13 E, lat. 50 1 N. 
 
 Ratingen, a towm in the duchy pf Ber^, 
 Westphalia. It is six miles ne of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Ratishony an ancient, large, and rich 
 city of Bavaria, lately free and imperial, 
 and an episcopal see, capital of the principa- 
 lity of Ratisbon. In 1802 it was ceded to 
 the elector of Mentz. It has a number of 
 handsome structures, particularly of six 
 monasteries. In the abbey of St. Emereaii 
 are the relics of St. Denys ; a valuable 
 library ; aud a choice collection of mathe- 
 matical instruments. The general diets of 
 the empire usually met in the splendid haU 
 of the town-house. The inhabitants, in 
 general, are Protestants, and are about 
 24,000. It contains a Scottish college and 
 monastery. It has a great trade ia salt, 
 and sends large quantities of corn and 
 wood to Vienna. It is seated on the s 
 side of the Danube, over which is an an- 
 cient bridge of 15 arches, near the influx of 
 the Regeq, 55 miles ne of Nuremberg, 
 62 N by E of Munich, and 195 w by N of 
 Vienna. Lon. 12 6 e, lat. 48 58 n. 
 
 Ratmansdorfy a town in Carniola, Ger- 
 many, has a castle, 20 miles s by w of 
 Clagenfurt. 
 
 Ratoathy a borough in Meath, Leinster, 
 Ireland, 13 miles nw of Dublin. Before 
 the union it sent two members to the Irish 
 parliament. 
 
 Ratolfzely a town of Suabia, seated on 
 that part of the lake of Constance called 
 Zeller See, 12 miles nw of Constance. 
 
 Ratsha, or Ratzkay a town on the n side 
 of the Save, Sclavonia, opposite the junction 
 of the Drin. It has a fortress, 30 miles sw 
 of Peter waradein. 
 
 Rattan, See Ruatan, 
 
 Rattenburg, a fortified town of Tyrol^ 
 Germany, with a citadel, on the Inn. 
 Near it are copper mines, which also yield 
 some silver, 26 miles ene of Inspruck, and 
 44 sw of Salzburg* 
 
 Rattray y a village and parish in Perth- 
 shire. The former pleasantly situated on 
 the Ericht, contains about 200 inhabitants, 
 chiefly employed in the linen manufacture^ 
 The parish is about four miles long, an.i 
 three broad, having a diversified surface. 
 Population about 900. Near the vitl^age 
 are some vestiges of the ancient castle qf 
 Rattray. In the village is an annual fair 
 on the 1st Tuesday of February O. S. ; IT 
 miles N by w of Perth, and about 57 from 
 Edinburgh, in the same direction. 
 
 Ratzeburg, capital of a principality qf 
 its name. Lower Saxouy, stands on an iskind, 
 in the middle of a lake, 30 miles in circum- 
 ference, from which issu^ the river Wakoitz, 
 which joins the Trave, near Lubeo. It i^ 
 subject to the duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, 
 and is celebrated for its b.eer ; 14 miles s 
 . by E of Lubee, and 22 s of Lau^abur^^ 
 Lon. 10 52 E, latt 53 43 n. ' 
 
 K k 
 

 R A W 
 
 HaudnitZy a town and castle in the circle 
 of Raconitz, Bohemia, on the Elbe, 20 
 miles N of Prague. 
 
 Rava, a town of Great Poland, capital 
 oi a palatinate of the same name. It is ,53 
 miles sw of Warsaw. 
 
 Ravello, a sea port of Naples, in the 
 Principato Citeriore, 13 miles se of Naples. 
 
 Ravenglass, a town in Cumberland, 
 situated between the Irt and Esk. It is a 
 well built place; and having a good road 
 for shipping, it has some trade, particularly 
 ID oysters. On the s side of the? Esk, two 
 miles from this town, are ruins three miles 
 in circuit, called the city of Barnscar, cf 
 which no accounts appear to be preserved 
 m history. It is 16 miles sse of White- 
 haveu, 24 sw of Cockermouth, and 297 
 NNw of London. Lon. 3 39 w, lat. 34 
 22 N. 
 
 Ravenna y an ancient and celebrated towm 
 of Italy, the late capital of Romagna, and 
 an archbishop^s see, with a ruinous citadel, 
 .^verai colleges, and many religious houses. 
 Here, Theodoric, king of the Goths, and 
 afterward the exarchs of the Greek emperors 
 resided. The mausoleum of the former 
 covered by a single stone, 28 feet in 
 diameter, and 13 thick, is still to be seen. 
 It is now chiefly remarkable for the excel- 
 lent wine produced in its neighbourhood. It 
 contains about 15,000 souls. This city 
 is seated on the Mantone, 37 miles se of 
 ‘Ferrara, and 162 n of Rome. Lon. 12 3 e 
 lat. 44 33 N. ^ 
 
 Ravemhergy a town of Westphalia, capi- 
 tal 6f a county of the same name, with the 
 castle of the ancient Counts on a mountain 
 It is subject to the king of Prussia ; 15 
 miles ENE of Munster, and 36 sw of 
 Miuden. ' • 
 
 Ravemhurg, a free and late imperial 
 town of Germany, in Suabia, ceded to Ba- 
 varia in 1802. It bas a considerable trade 
 in paper, and is seated on the Cheuss, 18 
 miles N ofLindau. 
 
 ‘ ^Ratestein, <8 town of Holland, capital 
 Of a county of the same name. It is si- 
 tuated on the Maese, eight miles wsw of 
 J^imeguen. 
 
 RavitZy a io'wn in the palatinate of Pos- 
 »apia; Poland, has a manufacture of cloth : 
 24 miles s of Posen. ‘ 
 
 ^ town of Finland, Sweden, near 
 4bo^^ Bothnia,' 35 miles n by w of 
 
 Rauschenbergy a town in Upper Hesse, 
 Germany seven miles nNe of Marburg, and 
 32 ssw of Chssel. 
 
 Rauv^ey one of the e branches of the 
 Indus, has its source in Lahore, on the 
 i^ontier of Tibet, passes the city of Lahore, 
 loulomba, in Moultan, and 28 miles below 
 unites with the Ctunaub. It is the Hv- 
 'draotes of Alexander. ^ 
 
 Raway capital of a palatinate of its name 
 Poland, has a strong castle, and stands in a 
 iBorass, nearly surrounded by fhe Rawa 
 
 REA 
 
 Warsaw. Lon. 19 33 e 
 lai. 1 3 1 N» ’ 
 
 Rayleigh, or Raleigh, a town in Essex. 
 It IS ancient, but now much decayed. It 
 has a w^kly market on Saturday, and a 
 fair on Trinity Monday. Its courts leet, 
 and courts baron have extensive privileffes • 
 12 miles SSE of Chelmsford, and 34 I of 
 London. 
 
 Rayney or RaiUy a parish in Aberdeen- 
 shire, of nearly a square figure, each side 
 oi whichis about two miles. The surface 
 IS in general flat, and the soil rich and fer- 
 tilev The small po.st town of Old Ra yne, 
 is Situated on the road from Aberdeen to 
 Huntly, 23 miles nw of Aberdeen. Here 
 the bishop of Aberdeen occasionally re- 
 dded. It has a great fair on the second 
 1 uesday of August, and a weekly market. 
 Population above 1200. 
 
 Raynhamy a town of Massachusetts, in 
 Bristol county, stands near the river Taun- 
 ton, containing 1094 inhabitants. Here, in 
 1632, the first forge in America was erected 
 y James and Henry Leonard, natives of 
 I England, and is still in the employ of the 
 ' iamily of the Leonards. The vicinity 
 abounds in ore. It is four miles nxe of 
 Taunton, and 32 s of Boston. 
 
 Raypouvy a town of Orissa, Hiudoostan, 
 near the Mahanada, 60 miles s of Ruttun- 
 pour, and 80 w’ of Sumbulpour. 
 
 RE, an island of France, separated from 
 the coast of Lowtf Chareute, by the strait 
 of Breton, about seven, miles wide. The 
 island is 16 miles long, and four broad. It 
 produces bitter wine, brandy, salt, and the 
 liquor called anniseed. St. Martin is the 
 capital. 
 
 , Reading, the county town of Berkshire, 
 
 I England, situated on the Kennet, near its 
 confluence with the Thames, w’ith a market 
 on Saturday, It consists of three parishe.s, 
 VIZ. St Mary, St Lawreuce^s, and St Giles’; 
 and in it there are no fewer thau six meeting- 
 houses for dissenters of different denomina- 
 tions. The principal streets are extensive, 
 well paved and lighted ; population in 1811, 
 10,788. The chief manufactures are can- 
 vas, blankets, pins, and ribbons. Great 
 quantities of malt, flonr, and timlier, are 
 conveyed by the Thames to London. The 
 corporation consists of a ipayor, recorder, 
 
 12 aldermen, and 12 burgesses. The two 
 members of parliament are elected by the 
 inhabitants paying scot and lot. Here is a 
 county infirmary, and a new jail, and tho 
 ruins of a rich abbey, which had a mitred 
 Abbot, who sat in parliament. In this 
 abbey Henry I. was interred, and his body 
 was found in a lead coffin in.its foundation, 
 in 1787. It bas a free-school and a thea- 
 tre. Reading lies 26 miles sse of Oxford, 
 and 38 w of London. Lon, 0 32 w, lat, 3! 
 
 28 N. ' 
 
 Reading, the capital of Berks county, 
 Pennsylvania, situated on the ne side of 
 Schuylkill river. For building a bridge 
 
 
RED 
 
 orer this river the connty voted 12,0001. in 
 1795. Here are four edifices for public 
 worship, and one for offences. In the vi- 
 cinity are fulling-mills, and iron works. 
 
 It cantains about 609 houses ; 40 miles sw 
 of Bethlehem, and 54 nw of Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 76 10 w, lat. 40 22 n. 
 
 Realego, a town in the province ot Ni- 
 caragua, New Spain, 30 miles nw of Leon, 
 stands among swamps, on a river of its 
 name, near its month is the port of Leon, | 
 and has three churches. Its chief trade is 
 in pitch, tar, and cordage. Lon. 87 44 w, 
 lat. 12 42 N. 
 
 Realmonty a town in the department ot 
 Tarn, and late province of Languedoc, 
 France, 1 1 miles s by e of Alby, and 37 ne 
 of Toulouse. 
 
 Realville, a town in the department of 
 Lot, France, eight miles ne of Montaubau, 
 and 20 s of Cahors. 
 
 Reay, a parish in the counties of Suther- 
 land and Caithness, mostly in the latter. 
 
 It is about 17 miles in length, and from 
 eight to nine in breadth, and having about 
 nine miles of sea coast, comprehending 271 
 penny lands. The parish is intersected by. 
 the river Haladale, and contains several 
 lakes, and mineral springs. It has good 
 natural harbours, and abundance of fish on ] 
 the coast. Both Gaelic and English are 
 spoken. The surface near the coast is flat, 
 but more inland it is hilly. Limestone, 
 freestone, and ironstone may be had in abun- 
 dance. Lord Reay has vast tracts of land 
 in this northern part of Scotland. Popula- 
 tion about 2,400. 
 
 Rebnick, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Walachia, and a bishop^s see, on the Aluta. 
 45 miles sw of Targowisco. 
 
 Reccan, See Aracm» 
 
 Reckanatiy a town of Italy, in the mar- 
 quisate of Ancona, seated on a mountain, 
 near the Munsone. It is a trading place, 
 and has a great fair in September, which 
 continues 15 days. It is 14 miles s of 
 Ancona. 
 
 Reokeniy dLiO'wn in the territory of Liege, 
 Netherlands, near the Meuse, five miles n of 
 Maestricht. ^ , 
 
 Recklinghauseriy a strong town in the 
 circle of the Lower Rhine, Germany, capi- 
 tal of a county of its name, on the Lippe, 
 has a strong citadel, 20 miles ssw of Muu- 
 ster. Lon. 7 36 e, lat. 51 38 n. 
 
 ReculveTy a village on the n coast of 
 Kent, at the mouth of a branch of the Stour, 
 the Regulbium of the Romans. Its ancient 
 church has two spires, whjch, by mariners, 
 are qalled, the Two Sisters. The sea has 
 made some encroachment on this village. 
 Here are some vestiges of a Saxon palace, 
 and of a large castle. 
 
 RED, or Little Russia, a province of 
 Poland. It is about 200 miles long, and 
 100 broad, and contains the palatinates of 
 Chelm, Belz, and Lemberg. 
 
 Redbridge j a village jn Hampshire, at 
 
 RED 
 
 the mouth of the Test, over which is e 
 bridge at its flux into Southampton water. 
 Here terminates the Andover canal. Ship- 
 building is carried on, and it has a go^ 
 trade in corn, timber, coal, <fec. three miles 
 w of Southampton. 
 
 Redburriy a town in Herefordshire, on 
 the Wattliog-Street, formerly celebrated for 
 the relics of St Amphibalus. It has several 
 annual fairs ; six miles nw of St. Alban^s, 
 
 Redford, or Retford East, a town in 
 Nottinghamshire. It has a market on 
 Saturday, and two annual fairs. Here are 
 large plantations of hops, in which, and 
 barley for malt, it has a good trade; 26 
 miles from Nottingham and 154 from Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Redgortofiy or Redgoretowriy a parish in 
 Perthshire, about six miles long by two 
 broad, of an irregular figure, lying along 
 the Tay and Almond, five miles nw of 
 Perth. The surface is neither level nor 
 mountainous. The soil, on the flat grounds 
 is rich and fertile. There are several 
 branches of manufactures carried on to a 
 great extent. Pitcairn-Green, and Battle- 
 by, two villages inhabited by cotton wea- 
 vers ; and part of the village of Stanley is 
 likewise in this parish, also the great 
 bleachfield of Luncarty, and the w'orks of 
 Cromwell park. Population is about 2000o 
 
 Redhead y a promontory of Angus-shire, 
 on the s side of Lunanbay, composed of red 
 freestone rock, 270 feet high, frequented by 
 immense flocks of sea fowl. Valuable 
 pebbles have been found at the bottom of 
 the rocks. Here is the ruin of a castle, 
 almost surrounded by the sea, six miles s of 
 Montrose. 
 
 Red "Horse Vale, a fruitful tract in War- 
 wickshire, S of Avon, has its name from 
 the figure of a horse cut out on the side of 
 a hill of red earth, and kept in repair by a 
 neighbouring freeholder, who holds his lands 
 by that tenure. 
 
 Red Lake, a lake of N America, to the 
 s of Lake of the Woods, 60 miles in length, 
 and 15 in breadth. Several small rivers 
 fall into it on the n. Its outlet is at the se 
 extremity, in lat. 47 20, and is hence called 
 Red Lake River, which enters the Missi- 
 ssippi a little above St Anthony Falls. 
 
 Redlinch, a town in Somersetshire, two 
 miles from Bruton. 
 
 Redon, a town in the department of Ille 
 and Vilaine, France, seated on the Vilaine, 
 serves as a mart for the commerce of 
 Rennes. It is 20 miles e of Vanues, and 
 32 sw of Rennes. Lon. 2 10 w. lat. HT 
 48 N. ■ 
 
 Redondo, a towo of Portugal, in the 
 province of Beira, with a castle, and a 
 manutacture of cloths. It is seated cn the 
 .Soure, 30 miles s of Coimbra. 
 
 Redondo, a town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 s(ands at the foot of a mountain, 23 miles 
 
 I sw of Elvas. 
 
 Redondella, a ^mall but rich town in 
 Kk 
 
REG 
 
 R E I 
 
 Galicia, Spaiu, on Vigo bay, i^ith a strong 
 castle. It is eight miles ne of Vigo, 
 
 Red River^ a large river of Louisiana, 
 'Which has its source among the mountains, 
 on the w frontier of New Mexico, 300 miles 
 s of the rise of the Arkansa, and runs nearly 
 parallel with that river, in a meandering 
 course, to the Mississippi into which it falls 
 in lat. 31 1(5 k. 
 
 Redruth, a town in Cornwall, stands in 
 the centre of the mining country, with mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Friday, with some 
 annual fairs, 12 miles n by e of Helstone, 
 and 269 w by s of London. 
 
 Red Sea^ the name of a famous gulf 
 separating Asia from Africa. It is separa- 
 ed from the Mediterranean sea on the n by 
 the isthmus of Suez, ami communicates by 
 the straits of Babelmandel, on the s, with 
 the Arabian sea and the Indian ocean. It 
 extends 1300 miles from n to s, and is 200 
 broad in the widest part. It is celebrated 
 in sacred history, for the safe passage which 
 it aftorded to the Israelites, and the destrnc- 
 tioa of Pharaoh and his host. 
 
 Redstone, a town ib Allegany county, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Monongalia. Here 
 boats are built ; it has also a manufacture 
 of paper, and a rope- walk, 30 miles s by e 
 of Pittsburg. 
 
 Reedy Island, in Delaware river, ,50 
 miles below Philadelphia. 
 
 Rees, a town in the duchy of Cleve, 
 Westphalia, on the Rhine, 10 miles nw of 
 Wesel. 
 
 Rees, or Rens, a town in the department 
 of Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of 
 Germany, electorate of Treves, stands near 
 the Rhine, on which is the Konigstuhl, or 
 Thronus Regalis, a singular piece of anti- 
 quity. It is a round vault, built of freestone, 
 SO feet in circumference, and rests upon 
 nine pillars, one of which is in the middle. 
 The vault has two strong doors, the ascent 
 to which is by 28 steps ; and it is furnished 
 with seven seats, corresponding to the num- 
 ber of electors at that time; and on this 
 regal chair the electors of Germany delibe- 
 rated on the weighty matters of the empire ; 
 five miles s by e of Cohlentz. 
 
 Reetz, a town in New Mark, Branden- 
 burg, on the Ihoa, and borders of Pomera- 
 nia, 18 miles r se of New Stargard. 
 
 Rerjen^ a town on a river of its name, 
 Bavaria, 12 miles kne of Deckendorf, and 
 40 E of Ratisbon. 
 
 Rcgensherg, a handsome town of Switzer 
 laud in the canton of Zurich, capital of a 
 bailiwick of the same name, on a rook, 
 called the Lagerberg, with a strong castle. 
 It is 10 nules ^w of Zurich. 
 
 Regensburg. See Ratisbon* 
 
 Reyens fail/, a town in the principality of 
 Neuburg, Bavaria, on the Regen, eight miles 
 K by K of Ratisbon. 
 
 Regenstein, a town in the principality of 
 Halber.tarit, Lower Saxony, six miles s of 
 Halbersladt. 
 
 Regensttalde, a (own with a castl«, 
 FurtUer Pomerania, on the Beea, 24 miles 
 EsE of Camin. 
 
 Reggio, an ancient city of Naples, id 
 Calabria, Ultra, and an archbishop^s see, 
 seated on the strait of Messina. The 
 churches and public edificfe are construct- 
 ed of stones of ancient buildings and have 
 numerous inscriptions on their walls. The 
 best silk in Calabria is produced in the 
 vicinity ; and a species of muscle that 
 yields a kind of wool, of which gloves and 
 stockings are made. This city was nearly 
 demolished by an earthquake in 1783. It is 
 12 miles Es?: of Messina, and 7.5 s by w of 
 Consenza. Lou. 16 0 e, lat. 38 4 n. 
 
 Reggio, an ancient and handsome city of 
 Italy, and capital of a duchy of its name, 
 included in that of Modena, seated in a fer- 
 tile country, on the Tessone. It has a 
 strong citadel, and is a bishop’s see. In the 
 square is a statue of Brennus, chief of the 
 Guals, and iu the cathedral paintings by the 
 greatest masters. In 1706, it was taken by 
 prince Eugine ; by the king of Sardinia, in 
 1742 ; and in 1790, the inhabitants 'Were tho 
 first in Italy, who renounced allegiance to 
 their sovereign, and solicited the protection 
 of the French. Reggio gave birth to the 
 poet Ariosto. The inhabitants are about 
 I 22,000 and carry on a great trade in silk. 
 It is 15 miles nw of Modena, and 80 sb of 
 Milan. Lon. 1 1 5 E, lat. 44 43 n, 
 
 Regh^il, a town in the territory of Wan- 
 gera, Negfolaud, on a lake, at the influx of 
 a branch of the Niger, 240 miles e by s of 
 j Ghanara. Lon. 19 10 e, lat. 13 20 n. 
 
 I Regina, a town in Calabria Citra^, 
 j Naples, 14 miles N of Cosenza. 
 
 I Regis, St, a town on the boundary line 
 j that separates Lower Canada, fiom the 
 ! United i$tates, seated on a river of the same 
 I name, where it ftills into the St. Lawrence, 
 i 50 miles sw of Montreal, Lon. 74 10 w, 
 j lat. 45 0 N. 
 
 j Regnano, a town Of Italy, in the patrimo- 
 1 ny of St. Peter, near the Tiber, 17 miles n 
 j of Rome. 
 
 I Richenau, an island of Suabia, in the 
 I Lower lake of Constance, or Zeller see, 
 
 I about three miles long and one broad. 
 
 I The bishop of Constance was abbot of its 
 j late rich abbey. It contains about 1600 
 j iubabitants, all Romanists, and abounds 
 with vines and other fruit trees, four miles 
 NW of Constance. 
 
 Richenau, a town in the canton of Gri- 
 sens, Swisserland, seated at the confluence 
 of the two branches that form the Rhine, 
 in a fertile valley, seven miles sw of 
 Coire. 
 
 Reichenbach, a commercial town of 
 Upper Saxony, 10 miles ssw of Zurickau. 
 
 Reichenbach, a town of Silesia, capital 
 of a circle of the same name, on the rivulet 
 Peil. It has a considerable manufactures of 
 linen, canvass, and fustian; and is 10 
 SB of Schweidnits* 
 
REN 
 
 Hetehenhah, a town in Voigaaud, Upper , 
 Saxony. The inhabitants are clothiers, and 
 are celebrated for scarlet, 10 miles Ssw of 
 
 Zurickau. . , r 
 
 Heichenberg, a town in the circle of 
 Buntzlau, Bohemia, has an extensive mann- 
 lacture of cloth, 28 miles n of Jung Buntz- 
 
 lau. 1 . u 
 
 Reiehenherg, a town and castle in the 
 
 Upper Circle of the Rhine, county of Cat- 
 zeuellenbogen, Germany, stands on a moun- 
 tain, near the Rhine, five miles e of Rhein- 
 fels. 
 
 Reiehenfels, a town in Carinthia, Germa- 
 ny, 24 miles ne of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Reichenhall, a town of Bavaria, with a 
 rich salt spring. For want of fuel, the 
 salt water is conveyed by engines and pipes, 
 over hills of the Trauustein, to a distance of 
 14 miles. It stands on the Sala, nine miles 
 sw of Saltzburg. 
 
 Reichenstein, a town of Silesia, five miles 
 fromGlatz, famous for its mines. Lon. 16 
 55 E, lat. 50 25 N. 
 
 Reichshofen, a town in the department of 
 Low'er Rhine, France, with a castle, nine 
 miles N of Haguenau. 
 
 Reifferscheidy a town in the department 
 of Sarre, France, capital of a county in the 
 duchy of Juliers, lately of Germany, on the 
 Eiffel, 30 miles ssw of Cologne. 
 
 Reifii a town in Stiria, Germany, on the 
 Save, 25 miles sse of CiUy. 
 
 Reiner, a town of Silesia, county of 
 Glatz. It has a medicinal spring, and ma- 
 nufactures of cloth and paper, 1 1 miles w of 
 platz. 
 
 Reisenberg, a town of Prussia, in thd 
 pro%iuce of Oberland, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the bishops of Pomerania. In the 
 vicinity is an ancient castle. It is 78 miles 
 sw of Konigsberg. Lon. 20 5 e, lat. 53 
 52 \. 
 
 Reifzberg, a town of Westphalia, capital 
 of a county of the same name, which is 15 
 Xniles by five broad. 
 
 Rember tiller, a town, in the department 
 of Vosges, France, 17 miles nne of Epinal. 
 
 Remichy a town in Luxemburg, Nether- 
 lands, on the Moselle, 20 miles se of Lux- 
 emburg. 
 
 Remiremont, a town in the department of 
 Vosges, France, at the foot of Mount Vos- 
 ges, on the Moselle, 11 miles sse of Epinal, 
 and 42 s by E of Nancy. 
 
 Remo, St, a town with a good harbour, 
 on the Mediterranean, in the territory of 
 Genoa, seven miles e by n of Vintimiglia, 
 and 17 wxw of Geiieglia. 
 
 Remy, St, a town in the department of 
 the Mouths of the Rhone, France, a trium- 
 phal arch, and a mausoleum in the vicinity, 
 mark the taste of the Augustine age ; the 
 former is not entire, but the latter is in high 
 preservation, 10 miles ne of Arles, 
 
 Rendsbiirg, a fortified town of Holstein, 
 on the borders of SleswMck, on the Eder. 
 It consists of three parts, the Old Town, 
 
 REN 
 
 the" Sklcusskule, and the New Towm, the 
 former of which stands in an island formed 
 by the Eder. The principal manufactures 
 are porcelain, earthenware, and gold and 
 silver lace. It has a good trade in timber. 
 
 It is 15 miles w of Kiel, and 16 sse of Sles- 
 wick. Lon. 9 53 e, lat. 54 20 n. 
 
 RENFREWSHIRE, a county of Scot- 
 land ; bounded on the w and n by the frith 
 of Clyde ; e by Lanarkshire, s and sw by 
 Ayrshire, 35 miles in length, and 15 where 
 broadest. The parts near the Clyde are 
 fruitful, with gentle uplands ; those to the 
 sw and w are more barren, hilly, and 
 moorish. The conveniency of the Clyde 
 and frith, has much contributed to the im- 
 provements of this county. The chief towns 
 are Renfrew, the only royal burgh in 
 the county. Paisley, Greenock, and Port 
 Glasgow. The county is divided into 17 
 parochial districts, which, in 1801, contain- 
 ed 78,056 inhabitants, and in 1811, 92,596 
 being much above triple the number it con- 
 tained in 1755. The increase is owing to 
 the rapid progress in manufactures and 
 commerce. The real land rent may be 
 estimated at rather more than £.64,000 
 Sterling. Renfrewshire is often denominat- 
 ed by way of eminence, the barony of 
 Renfrew, because it w as the ancient inheri- 
 tance of the royal family of Stuart, and 
 gives the title of baron to the heir apparent 
 of the crown. Besides the Clyde, it is wa- 
 tered by the Gryef, the White and Black 
 Cart. Paisley is the largest town. By it 
 a canal now passes from the Clyde to Ar- 
 drossan, in Ayrshire, It sends one member 
 to parliament. 
 
 Renfrew, a town and parish of Scotland, 
 capital of a county of the same name, on 
 the s banks of the river Clyde, not far from 
 the influx of the Cart, in the centre of an 
 extensive, fertile, and beautiful vale. The 
 town, which is of great antiquity, was 
 erected iuto a royal borough by king Robert 
 IT. It is governed by a provost, two bai- 
 lies, and 16 counsellors, and joins with 
 Glasgow, Dumbarton, and Rutherglen, in 
 sending a member to parliament. The 
 principal mannfactures are thread, soap, and 
 candles ; and about 120 looms are employed 
 in weaving silk and muslins. It contains 
 above 1000 inhabitants, and lies 10 miles e 
 by s of Port Glasgow. The parish is of an 
 irregular figure, extending about three or 
 four miles in every direction. Population 
 of the town and parish 2031, in 1801, and 
 2305, in 1811. In the 17th century, the 
 Clyde receded from the town, but by means 
 of a creek improved by art, vessels of bur- 
 den can come close to the town. Here is 
 a much frequented feny, supplied with good 
 boats, over the Clyde. Robert II. had a 
 palace here, of which only the outer ditch 
 remains, three miles n of Paisley, six w of 
 Glasgow, and 13 e of Port Glasgow, Lou. 
 4 26 w, lat. 55 54 n. 
 
 Reni, a town in Bessarabia^ European 
 
R E R 
 
 Turke)', on the Danube, just below the con- 
 fluence of the Prutb, 18«5 miles sw of Ben- 
 der. Lon. 27 40 e, lat. 45 2S n. 
 
 Reningay, a small island near the west 
 coast of the isle of Mull. 
 
 RenneSy capital of the department of lile 
 and Vilaine, France, and a bishop’s see. 
 The inhabitants are computed at .35,600. 
 Its streets are broad and straight. Besides 
 the cathedral, there are eight churches, and 
 several convents. In 1720, by a fire which 
 lasted seven days, 850 houses were consum- 
 ed. The palace of justice, and the hotel ^Je 
 vilie are in the great square. It is situated | 
 on the Vilaine, which divides it into two 
 parts, 58 miles n by w of Nantes, and 190 
 wsw of Paris. Lon. 1 42 w, lat. 48 7 N. 
 
 RenSy or Reuse, See Rees, 
 
 Rentoriy a large manufacturing village in 
 the parish of Cardross, and county of Dum- 
 barton, containing about 1200 inhabitants 
 In the vicinity is one of the largest print- 
 flelds in Scoiiand, and the ancient mansion 
 of Dalquburn, in which Dr Smollet was 
 born, and the lofty column erected to his 
 memory, on the hanks of the Leven. 
 
 Rentijy a town in the department of the 
 Straits of Calais, France, on the Aa, 12 
 miles sw of Aire, and 50 nw of Arras. 
 
 ReolCy a town in the department of the 
 Gironde, France, on the Garonne, 20 miles 
 SE of Bordeaux. 
 
 RepaiUe, a town in the province of Cha- 
 blais, Savoy, on a river that enters the lake 
 of Geneva, It is celebrated as the retreat 
 of Amdous, duke of Savoy, in 1440, when 
 be went to enjoy the amenities of the rural 
 life. It has a Carthusian monastery, noted 
 for its extensive prospects, 20 miles ne of 
 Geneva. 
 
 Repehaniy a market town in Norfolk - 
 shire, seated on the river Eyne. Here are 
 two churches in one church yard. The 
 principal trade of the town is malt, and it 
 has a weekly market on Saturday, and a fair 
 July 29th. Repeham is 15 miles nw of 
 Norfolk, and 111 ne of London. 
 
 Reppeiiy a town in the New Mark, Bran- 
 denburg, on the Eylang, 16 miles sse of 
 Cu-striu. 
 
 Reptofiy a village of Derbyshire, former- 
 ly a large town, noted as the burial place of 
 several of the Mercian kings, and various 
 antiquities. It has a nottii free school, 
 which seems to be the refectory of a priory, 
 eight miles ssw of Derby. 
 
 Requenay a toivn of New Castile, Spain, 
 wdth a castle, stands in a fertile plain, be- 
 tween the Oliana, and a rjdge of mountains, 
 on (he borders of Valencia. It has a 
 manufacture, of silks, and was taken by the 
 English in I70fl, and retaken the following 
 year. It is 40 miles w of Valencia, and 
 64 ESE of Cuenza. Lon. 1 9 w, lat. 39 
 44 tv. 
 
 Rerricky a rugged parish in the Stewartry 
 of Kircudbright, about 10 miles long by 
 six breads lying on the coast of the Solway 
 
 RET 
 
 Frith, E of the county town, at the mouth of 
 the Urr, On the coast are several bays, 
 the most commodious of which is sheltered 
 by the beautiful little island of Heslon. 
 Part of this parish is very fertile in corn ; 
 the rest has good pasturage. It has free- 
 stone, iron stone, and in a rivulet are found 
 stones which cut glass like a diamond. In 
 ihe parish are two Druidical temples, and 
 i 2 ancient camps. Population about 
 H66. 
 
 Rescobiey an irregular parish in Forfar- 
 sbi e, E of Forfar, containing 16 for 18 
 square miles, almost wholly either cultivat- 
 •::’d or occupied with thriving fir plantations. 
 The river Lunan forms in its course the 
 lake of Riscobie, about a mile long, in the 
 centre of the parish, in which marie is 
 tound. The soil is various. Population 
 about 8W. y" 
 
 Reskt capital of Ghilan, Persia, on a ri- 
 ver. Rice abounds in the vicinity, and it 
 has a trade in silk, and coarse woollen 
 cloths, six miles from the Caspian sea, and 
 about 80 N of Casbiu. Lon. 49 40 e, lat. 
 37 20 N. 
 
 Resolution fslandy at the e end of Hud- 
 son’s Straits, 50 miles long and 20 broad. 
 Lou 65 0 w, lat. 61 40 n. 
 
 Resolution Island, one of the Society 
 Islands, Pacific ccean, 160 leagues e of 
 Otaheite, and had its name from the ship in 
 which captain Cook made his second voy- 
 age. Lon. 141 15 w, la(. 17 24 s. 
 
 Restalrig, an ancient barony and parish 
 in Mid Lothian, now united to South Leith. 
 The village of Restalrig, containing up- 
 wards of 400 inhabitants, and a ruinous 
 church, stands in a plain, about a mile e of 
 Edinburgh. In the church-yard is a spa- 
 cious vaulted aisle, the burying-place of the 
 family of Stewart, earl of Moray. 
 
 Retely a town in the department of Ar 
 dennes, France, and before the revolution, 
 capital of a territory called the Retelois, 
 stands on a hill, near the Aisne. It is 26 
 miles NE of Rheims. Lon. 4 24 e, lat. 49 
 32 N. 
 
 Retford, a borough in Nottingham- 
 shire, on the E .side of the Idle, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and annual fairs March 23d 
 and October 2d, It has a mapulacture of 
 woollens, a trade in hops and malt, and a 
 free grammar school. It sends two mem- 
 bers to parliament, elected by all the free- 
 men. Retford) stands on the other 
 
 side of the Idle, has a church, and a fin© 
 hospital, in whicli 10 poor brethren are sup- 
 ported, 30 miles n by e of Nottingham, and 
 141 N by w of London. 
 
 Retham, a town in the duchy of Zell, 
 Lower Saxony, on the Aller, 35 miles nw of 
 Hanover. 
 
 RetimO) a town of the island of Candia. 
 The silk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum, and 
 oil of this country, are preferred to all 
 others. It is a bishop’s see, and has a cita- 
 del iu which the pacha resides. It is 
 
R E Y 
 
 42 miles w of Candia, Lon. 24 38 e, lat. | 
 35 20 N. 
 
 Retz, a town in the palatinate of Bavaria, I 
 on tbe SchwuTza. It is 28 miles ese of 
 Amberg. 
 
 Revely a town in the department of Up- 
 per Garonne, France, nine mile ic of St 
 Papoul. 
 
 Revely a large and rich town, capital of 
 the government of Esthonia, and a bishopV 
 see, stands on the gulf of Finland, nartly 
 on a plain, and partly on a mountain, de- 
 fended by high walls, deep ditches, a castle, 
 and bastions. Here is a college with four 
 professors: and in 1753, two churches were 
 allow'ed to the protestants. It has a good 
 harbour, and has become a place of great 
 trade since it came into the possession of 
 the Russians. There are great fairs every 
 year in May and September, much fre- 
 quented by English and Dutch merchants. 
 It is 1 60 miles N by e of Riga, and 220 w 
 by s of Petersburg. Lon. 24 17 e, lat. 59 
 18 N. ' 
 
 ReveVsy a small island in the Atlantic 
 ocean, near the coast of Virginia. 
 
 RevellOy a tow n of Piedmont, near the Fo, 
 on a mountain fortified by nature and art, 
 three miles nw of Sahizzo., 
 
 '■ • ReverOy a fov/u of Italy, seated on the 
 Po, opposite Ostiglia. It is 20 miles se of 
 Mantua. 
 
 Revilltty a town in New Leon, New Spain, 
 stands on the Rio del Norte, near the junc- 
 tion of the Sabinas, It is 85 miles ne of 
 Monterey. 
 
 Reviiiy a town in the department of Ar- 
 dennes, France, on the Meuse, six miles e of 
 Roeroy. 
 
 REVOLUTION ISLES, a group of is- 
 lands in the Pacific ocean, to the nw of the 
 Marquesas. The most considerable are 
 Beaux and Merchand. The latter is about 
 15 miles in circuit. Lon. 140 5 w, lat. 9 
 21 s. 
 
 Reus, a town in Catalonia, Spain, stands 
 in the middle of a delightiul plain, with a 
 considerable m.de in wine, brandy, and 
 nuts. A bout 20,000 pipes of brandy are 
 annually exported. It is 12 miles nw of 
 Tarragona. 
 
 Reussy a river of Switzerland, which 
 rises in the lake Locendro, on the nw of St 
 Gothard, flows through the lake and town 
 of Lucern, and unites w'ith the Aar below 
 Bruck. 
 
 ReulUngen, a handsome and im.perial 
 town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, 
 on the Echetz, near the Neckar. It has 
 pow’der and paper mills in the vicinity, and 
 an ancient b.'atering ram is preserved in the 
 town-house, 10 miles of Tubingen, and 17 s 
 of Stutgard. 
 
 Rewahy a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Allahabad, 57 miles ssw of Al- 
 lahabad* 
 
 REY, the most southern province in Bra- 
 sil, situated between the Mantua and 
 
 R H E 
 
 mountains of Paraguay, 800 miles long, and 
 from 90 to 120 broad. Lake Merini, formed 
 by a branch from, that of St Pedro, 160 
 miles long and 60 broad, lies in the s part 
 of the province. The chief places on the 
 coast are the island of St Catharine, audtli# 
 town of St Pedro. 
 
 Rey, a river of Wiltshire, tributary of 
 the Isis, or Thames, into which it falls at 
 Criokdale. 
 
 Reyes, a city in the province of St Mar- 
 tha, Terra Firma, in a fruitful valley, on 
 the Quatossori, 76 miles sse of St Martha 
 Lon. 73 30 w, lat. 10 6 n. 
 
 Reyna, an ancient town in Andalusia, 
 Spain, three miles from Lerna. 
 
 Rewari, capital of a circar in the country 
 of Delhi, Hindoostan, on the Sadi, 55 miles 
 sw of Delhi. Lon. 76 52 e, lat. 28 13 n. 
 
 Rezan, an ancient town of Russia, capital 
 of the government of the same name, at the 
 conflux of the Trubesh and Occa. It is 
 fertile in corn, and formerly had its own 
 princes, 100 miles se of Moscow. 
 
 Rhamaniy atow^n and fort on the w branch 
 of the Nile, Egypt, where the canal of Alex- 
 andria joins liiat river, 25 miles above Ro- 
 setta, and 58 ese of Alexandria. 
 
 Rhayadar, a small market town in Rad- 
 norshire, situated near a cataract of the 
 Wye, which is now destroyed, and a neat 
 bridge erected. Its ancient and extensive 
 castle, which was built in the 12th century, 
 is now wholly obliterated. It has a mar- 
 ket on Wednesday, and five annual fairs. 
 It lies 10 miles wnw of New Radnor, and 
 178 NW of London, 
 
 Rhe, See Re. 
 
 Rheda, a town in the principality of Mun- 
 ster, Westphalia, 10 miles n of Lip.stadt, 
 
 Rheimsy a large and ancient city in the 
 department of Marne, France, and lately 
 an archbi.shop^s see. The principal church, 
 built before the year 406, is an elegant 
 structure, and that of St Nicaise is noted 
 for its architecture. Here the kings of 
 France have been successively crowned ; 
 because Clovis the founder of the French 
 monarchy, w^as baptized in the cathedral 
 here, in 496. Here are the ruins of a Ro- 
 man amphitheatre, a castle, and a triumphal 
 arch. It stands on the river Vesse, among 
 hills which produce excellent wine. The 
 inhabitants are con.puted at 30,000. 
 Rheims is long and narrow. There are 
 niaimfactures of flanueis, coverlets, and 
 other woollen stuffs. It is 62 miles n of 
 Troyes, and 75 ne of Paris. Lon. 4 2 e, 
 lat. 49 15 N. 
 
 Rhein, a town with a large fortified 
 castle, in Natangen, Prus.sia, on a lake, 75 
 miles SE of Konigsberg. Lon. 21 38 E,lai. 
 33 48 N. 
 
 Rheinauy a town, with an abbey, in 
 Thurgau, Swisserland, on an island in the 
 Rhine. It is five miles wsw of Schauf- 
 hausen. 
 
 Rheinhach, or Rynhach, a town in the 
 
R H I 
 
 depfirtmehi of Rhine and Moselle, Pranee, 
 Jately in Germany, in the electorate of Co- 
 fogjne, 10 miles wsw of Bann, and 36 nw of 
 Cpblent?. 
 
 Rheiney a town in the principality of Mun- 
 ster, Westphalia, on the Ems, 18 miles wnw 
 of Osnaburg^. 
 
 Rheinfelderty the chief of the four forest 
 towns, Swabia, on the Rhine, over which is 
 a bridge, eight miles e of Bassel. 
 
 Rheinfehy a strong fortress in the depart- 
 ment of Rhine and Moselle, in the lower 
 county of Catzenellenbogen, Prance, lately 
 of Germany, seated on a stupendous craggy 
 rock, at the foot of w'hich is the fortified 
 town of St Goar* It is one of the most 
 important places on the Rhine, and was 
 taken by the French in 1794, 16 miles s of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Rheinmdgpn, a towm in the department of 
 Roer, France, duchy of Juliers, lately of 
 Germany, on the Rhine, 19 miles nw of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Rheinthnly a valley of Switzerland, lying 
 along the Rhine, now included in the canton 
 of St Gall, 30 miles long, and from three 
 to eight broad. The Protestant inhabitants 
 are the most numerous. It .is a fertile 
 country, especially in wine. Rhine is the 
 capital. 
 
 Bheinzahern, a town in the department of 
 Lower Rhine, France, on the Erlbach, 10 
 tniles SE of Landau. ! 
 
 Rheniiy a town iu the duchy of Mecklen- 
 burg, Lower Saxony, on the Radegast, 14 
 miles ESE of Lubec. 
 
 RheneUy a town in Utrecht, Holland, on 
 the Rhine, 20 miles se of Utrecht. 
 
 Bhiney a great river of Europe, which 
 has its source in the canton of Grisons, is 
 formed of three streams, the Further, the 
 middle, and the Hither, or Upper Rhine. 
 The two first, w^hen united, are called the 
 Lower Rhine, which is joined by the Upper 
 Rhine at Richenau, where the height is 
 about 6180 feet above sea level. Below 
 Emmerick it divides into two streams, one 
 of which retains the name of the Rhine, and 
 loses itself iu the sands below Lyden. The 
 other takes the name of the Leek, and falls 
 into the Merwe, five miles nw of Dor- 
 drecht. 
 
 RHINE, one of the eight departments of 
 the late Batavian republic. Arnheim was 
 the capital. 
 
 RHINE and MOSELLE, one of the six 
 new departments of France, erected out of 
 the conquered countries on the left bank of 
 the Rhine, in December 1797. The chief 
 city is Coblentz. 
 
 RHINE and NA HE, another of the six i 
 new departments of France, on the left j 
 bank of the Rhine. The chief city is 
 Mentz. 
 
 RHINE, LOWER, a late circle of Ger- 
 many, extending from the circle of Suabia, 
 which bounds it on the s, to that of West- 
 phulia, which lies oo the N. To the e is 
 
 R H O 
 
 the lower part of the circle of the Upp^’ 
 Rhine, and that of Franconia, and to the w 
 the upper part of the circle of the Upper 
 Rhine, Lorraine, and Luxemburg. 
 
 RHINE, UPPER, a department of 
 France. Colmar is the chief city. It is 
 about 6ii miles long, from n to s, and 2T 
 broad. 
 
 RHINE, Upper, a late circle of Ger- 
 many, divided into two parts, the Lower 
 and Upper. The territories on the w or 
 left bank of the Rhine, were incorporated 
 with France in December 1801, and are 
 included in the departments of Saare and 
 Mont Tonnere. 
 
 RHINE, Palatinate op The, a late 
 electorate of Germany, in the circle of the 
 Lower Rhine, called also the Lower palati-* 
 uate, to distinguish it from the palatinate of 
 Bavaria, sometimes called the Upper palati- 
 nate. In 1801, this palatinate was divided 
 between France, and the houses of Baden 
 and Hesse. ^ 
 
 Rhinebergy a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of the Lower Rhine. It is now an- 
 nexed to France, and included in the depart- 
 ment of Roer, seated on the Rhine. It 
 is 13 miles fi of Guelders, and 48 n by w of 
 Cologne. 
 
 Rhinecfcy a town in the department of the 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, in the circle of 
 the Lower Rhine, lately of Germany, 16 
 miles Nw of Coblentz. 
 
 Rliineck, a town of Switzerland, capital 
 of the Rheintal, has a castle on the Rhine^ 
 near its entrance into the lake of Constance, 
 25 miles se of Constance. Lou. 9 35 e, 
 lat. 47 21 N. 
 
 Rhineeky a town of Franconia, capital of 
 a county of its name, on the Sinn, with a 
 castle, 25 miles n by w of Wurtzburg. 
 
 RHINLAND, a part of South Holland, 
 on both sides of the Rhine. Leyden is the 
 capital. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND, called by the Indians 
 Aquidneck, one of the smallest of the United 
 States ; its greatest length being 47 miles, 
 and its greatest breadth 37 ; or about 1300 
 square miles. These limits comprehend 
 what is called Rhode island and Providence 
 Plantationsy divided into five counties, 
 which are subdivided into 30 townships, 
 containing, in 1810, 76,213 inhabitants. 
 Rhode island lies between lat. 44 28, and 
 41 42 N, and between Ion. 71 17, and 71 27 
 w from Greenwich; being about 15 miles 
 long from ne to sw, and about three and 
 a-half broad on an average. Perhaps no 
 island in the world exceeds this in point of 
 soil, climate, and situation. Between 30 
 and 40,000 sheep are fed on the island, be- 
 sides black cattle and horses. Newport is 
 the best fish-market in the world. The 
 state produces corn, rye, barley, oats, and 
 in some parts wheat sufficient for home 
 consumption ; and the various kinds of 
 grasses, fruits, and culinary roots and plants, 
 in great abundance^ and in perfedtion. In 
 
R H O 
 
 tire township of Cumberland is a copper 
 mine mixed with iron. Neuport and Pro- 
 vidence are the chief towns. The exports 
 from the state are flax-seed, lumber, horses, 
 cattle, beef, pork, fish, poultry, onions, but- 
 ter, cheese, barley, grain, spirits, cotton and 
 linen goals. The imports consist of Euro- 
 pccin and West. India goods, and logwood 
 fnim the bay of Honduras. Upwards of 
 600 vessels enter atid clear annually at the 
 different ports in the state. The amount 
 ofexports to loreign countries, in 1T94 was, 
 954, i73 dollars. The inhabitants are mak- 
 ing rapid progress in manufactures. Large 
 quantities of linen and tow cloth are made 
 for exportation. But the most considera- 
 ble manufactures are those of bar and sheet 
 iron, steeU nail rods, and nails,, imple- 
 ments of husbandry, stoves, pots, the iron- 
 work of shipping, anchors, bells, <fec. The 
 constitution of the state is founded on the 
 charter granted by Charles II. in 1663 ; 
 and the frame of the government vras not 
 essentially altered by the revolution. 
 
 RHODES, an island in the Mediterra- 
 nean sea, at the entrance of the gulf of 
 Macri. It is much celebrated in ancient 
 history, it became subject to the Saracens, 
 in 665, who were dispossessed of it in 1309> 
 by the knights of St. John of .Jerusalem, 
 w'ho were afterw ards styled the knights of 
 Rhodes. They again were expelled by the 
 Turks in ISid, and took refuge in the is- 
 land Malta. It is governed by a pacha, 
 who superintends, the civil and military juris- 
 prudence. ft is about 40 miles in length, 
 and 15 in breadth. The air is good, and 
 soil pretty fertile, but badly cultivated. 
 
 Rhodes the capital of the above island, 
 and an archbishop’s see. It was anciently 
 nine miles in circumference, and regarded 
 by Alexander, who deposited his last will 
 here, as the first city in the world : but the 
 present tow n scarcely occupies a quarter of 
 the extent of the ancient city. It has a 
 good harbour, with a narrow entrance be- 
 tween two rocks, on which are two towers 
 to defend the pa.ssage, but it is so choaked 
 with ruins, that small ve.ssels only can enter- 
 On part of the harbour stands the cele- 
 brated statue of bronze, 70 cubits high, 
 reckoned one of the seven wonders of the 
 world : it w'as overturned by an earthquake, 
 56 years after its erection, and afterwards 
 sold by the Saracens to a Jew of Edessa. 
 It is inhabited by Turks and Jews, for the 
 Ohrislians are obliged to Jive in the suburbs. 
 The city is surrounded with triple walls and 
 ditches, and deemed impregnable. Over 
 one of the gates is a stone shield, with the 
 cross of the order of the knights of St. John 
 of Jerusalem. Lon. 28 25 e, lat. 36 24 n. 
 
 Rhodez, See Rodez. 
 
 RHOE, MICKLE, one of the Shetland 
 isles, about 24 miles in circumference, 
 coniaining about 83 inhabitants. 
 
 Rhoe^ Little, a small i.sland in the vici- 
 nity of Mickle Rhoe, which coutuius 12 
 No. 24 - 6rf. 
 
 R T A 
 
 ] or 14 inhabitants, solely employed in the 
 fisheries. 
 
 RHONE, a department of France, of 
 which Lyon is the capital* It contain.? 
 the late provinces of Beajolois and Lyonois, 
 and is 60 miles long from n to s, and 45 
 broad. 
 
 Rhone, a river which has its source in 
 mount Farca, Swisserland, flows through the 
 vale of Valais, enters the lake of Geneva, 
 
 ‘ and issuing thence, separates Savoy from 
 Bresse, it takes its course by Lyon, Vienne, 
 Tournoe, Valence, Viviers, Tara.scon, and 
 Arles, and falls into the Mediterranean by 
 several mouths. 
 
 RHONE, MOUTHS OF THE, a depart- 
 , ment of France, on the coast of the Mediter- 
 ranean, 50 miles long, and 40 broad. AU is 
 the capital. 
 
 Rhonhouse, or KeltonhilL See K^ton„ 
 
 Rhuddlan, a village in Flintshire, Wale.?, 
 stands on an eminence, near the mouth of 
 the Clwyd. Its castle, built by Edw^ard 1. 
 of which the remains are still vi.sible, was 
 formerly of great strength and note. Hepa 
 Edward I. held a parliament in 1283, when 
 the famous statue of Rhuddian was erecttjd. 
 In the same year his queen was delivered 
 of a princess ; five miles nnw of St. A.saph. 
 
 Rhuden, a town iq the duchy of We^t- 
 . phalia, borders of Paderborn, on the, Monne, 
 
 ’ 12 mile.s .SS.E ofLipstadt. 
 
 Rhuth^n, See Ruthin, 
 
 \ Rhiiherg, or Rhinsherg, a town in the 
 Middle Mark, Brandenburg. Here is an 
 elegant palace, built by Frederick II. then 
 hereditary prince. It stands on the Rfiyn, 
 10 miles n of Ruppin. 
 
 Rhynbecic, a town in Duchess coupty. 
 New York, stands on the e side of Hudson 
 river, opposite Kingston, J8 miles n of 
 Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Rhynds, or Rinns of Qallowag, sw 
 division of Wigtonshjre. 
 
 Rhyney, See Rumney, 
 
 Rhynie, and Essie, ah united parish of 
 .Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, nearly of a 
 square form, ’ containing about 30 .square 
 miles. Though the soil is in some places 
 a barren moor, on (he banks of the Bogie, 
 it is rich and fertile. Population abopt 
 676. 
 
 Rhynow, a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, at the junction of the Rbyn 
 with the Havel, nine miles sk of Havelburg. 
 
 Rialexa, a town of N America, in New 
 Spain, five miles from the S Sea, where 
 there is a good harbour. It is 00 miles w 
 of Leon and lake Nicaragua. 
 
 RIAZAN, a government of Russia, fori 
 merly a province in the government of Mos- 
 cow, and had anciently its own princes. 
 It is populous, and abounds in com. 
 
 Riazan, capital of the government of its 
 name, Russia, am! a bisljup’.s gee, .seated at 
 the confluence of the Truhesh and Oka. 
 Formerly it was considerable fer riches and 
 extent, but was nearly destroyed by the 
 LI 
 
R I C 
 
 Tartars, m 1568. It is 100 miles as of 
 Moscow. Lon. 40 37 e, lat. 54 55 n. 
 
 Ribadavia, a town in Galicia, Spain, 
 with a fine harbour, at the junction of the 
 Avia with the Minho. The country around 
 produces the best wine in Spain, 15 miles 
 wsw of Orense. 
 
 RibadeOy a town in Galicia, Spain, on a 
 rock, at the mouth of the Rio de Mirando, 
 has a good harbour, protected by two cas- 
 tles, 45 miles n by e of Lugo. Lon. 6 
 47 w, lat. 43 38 n. 
 
 Ribasj a town in New Castile, Spain, on 
 the Xarama, eight miles e of Madrid. 
 
 Ribblcy a river which has its source many 
 miles above Settle, W Yorkshire, runs 
 through Lancashire by Clitheroe and Pres- 
 ton, near which it is crossed by two stately 
 bridges, it then opens into A broad estuary, 
 navigable only by small vessels, and enters 
 the Irish sea. 
 
 ' Ribeira Grandey capital of St Jago, the 
 largest of the Cape de Verd islands, stands 
 between two high mountains, has a good 
 harbour, and is a bishop’s see. Lon. 23 
 24 w, lat. 14 50 n. 
 
 Ribemont, a town in the department of 
 Aisne, France, on an eminence, near the 
 Oise, 10 miles w by s of St Quentin. 
 
 Riberac, a town in the dept, of Dordogne, 
 France, 57 miles sse of Angoulesme. 
 
 Rihnik, a town in the principality of Ra- 
 tibor, Silesia, 20 miles e by n of Ratibor. 
 
 Ribniky or Rimniky a town of Wallachia, 
 European Turkey, on a river of its name. 
 Here, in 1789, the Turks were signally de- 
 feated by the Austrians and Russians, 68 
 miles KNE of Tergovist.— Also another 
 town, on the Alth, 50 miles w by s of Ter- 
 govist. 
 
 RibnitZya town of Mjecklenburgh, situa- 
 ted on a bay of the Baltic, near the influx 
 of the Reckenitz, 15 miles ne of Rostock. 
 
 Riccartowny a parish and village in Ayr- 
 shire. The parish is level, extending about 
 six miles in length, and two in breadth. 
 The land is arable and well inclosed. The 
 village, which is well supplied with coal, 
 is within a mile of Kilmarnock. Popula- 
 tion about 1364. 
 
 Richelieu y a handsome town in the dept, 
 of Tndre and Loire, France, on the Amable 
 and Vide, and founded by cardinal Richelieu 
 in 1637. It is 30 miles ssw of Tours, and 
 152 sw’ of Paris. 
 
 Richelieu Islandsy a cluster of small is- 
 lands in the river St. Lawrence, N America. 
 There are nearly 100 of them. 
 
 Rich'Hillf a town in Armagh, Ulster, 
 seated in a rich and highly cultivated dis- 
 trict. Ill the vicinity is castle Dillow, the 
 Euperb seat of the family of Molyneaux, in 
 whose demesne is a grand obelisk, erected 
 by Sir Cupel Molyneaux, to commemorate 
 the volunteers ol Ireland, four miles E of 
 the cifv of Armagh, and 62 n of Dublin. 
 
 RICIIMAN’S ISLAND, on the coast of 
 
 R I D 
 
 Cumberland county, district of Maine, three 
 miles w of Portland. 
 
 Richmond, a village in Surry, connected 
 with Ilseworth in Middlesex, by a bridge of 
 five arches. It was formerly called Sheen, 
 but Henry VII. called it Richmond, in 
 compliment to that district of Yorkshire 
 from which he had the title of earl. Here 
 was a palace, iu which Edward III, Hen- 
 ry VII. and quet^ Elizabeth died. It is 
 still celebrated fqt its elegant royal gardens, 
 in which is an observatory ; its extensive 
 royal park, surrounded by a brick-wall, 
 built by Charles I ; and a number of superb 
 mansions belon^ng to the nobility and 
 gentry. 
 
 Richmond, a ibarket town in the North 
 Riding of Yorkshire, seated on the Swale, 
 over which is .a bridge. It is the capital of 
 a district called Richmondshire, abounding 
 in lead mines, and once a county of itself. 
 It has tw^o churches, a castle, on an inac- 
 cessible mount, and was enclosed by a wall, 
 with three gates now in ruins. It gives the 
 title of duke to the family of Lenox, and is 
 represented by two members, elected by the 
 owners of ancient burgage tenures. The 
 inhabitants manufacture woollen stockings, 
 caps, &c. and are in general noted for their 
 industry. It is governed by a mayor, re- 
 corder, 12 aldermen, and 24 common coun- 
 cil men ; and has a market on Saturday, 
 and three annual fairs. It is 40 miles nw 
 of York, and 230 knw of London. Lon. 
 1 35 w, lat. 54 28 n. 
 
 Richmond, capital, and the present seat 
 of government of Virginia, in Henrico 
 county, on the n side of James river, con- 
 tains nearly 4000 inhabitants. Besides the 
 court house, it has a state house, and an 
 episcopal church. Over the river is a float- 
 ing toll-bridge, and the falls above it are 
 seven miles long. Here is an elegant statue 
 of the illustrious Washington, which was 
 made at Paris. Vessels lie at City point, 
 20 miles below, to which the goods from 
 Richmond are sent down in boats. The 
 theatre was consumed by fire, which com- 
 menced during the time of a performance, in 
 1811, and many lives were lost. It is 90 
 miles ssw of Alexandria, and 176 from Bal- 
 timore. Lon. 77 55 w, lat. 37 35 n. 
 
 Rickmansworthy a town in Hertford- 
 shire, on the Coin, with a market on 
 Saturda)-, and three annual fairs. It is 
 governed by two constables, and two bead- 
 boroughs, has a charity school, two alms- 
 houses, many mills, and on a hill in the 
 vicinity au echo which repeats the sound 
 of a trumpet twelve times. It lies eight 
 miles sw of St. Albans, and 18 wxw of 
 London. 
 
 Rida, a town in Aragon, Spain, on (he 
 Xalon, 28 miles wsw of Saragossa. 
 
 Ride, a town on the ne coast of the isle 
 of Wight, opposite to Portsmouth, with 
 which it has daily intercourse by packet 
 
R I N 
 
 )^afs, and sends to that market abundance 
 of butter, eggs, and poultry ; five miles ssw 
 of Portsmouth, aud six nne of Newport. 
 
 Ridgefield, a town iu Fairfield couaty, 
 Connecticut, on an eminence, 14 miles nw 
 of Fairfield, and 48 nne of New York. 
 
 Riedlingen, a town in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg, Swabia, on the Danube, 15 miles 
 sw of Ulm. 
 
 Rietberg, a town of Westphalia, capital 
 of a county of the same name, on the Ems, 
 with a castle, 17 miles w by n of Pader- 
 born. Lon. 8 32 e, lat. 51 45 n, 
 
 Rieti, an ancient and rich town of Italy, 
 duchy of Spoleto, on the Velino, near the 
 lake Rieti, is a bishop’s see. Here, beside 
 the cathedral, are three collegiate, and 
 six parish churches, and 12 convents. It is 
 37 miles nb of Rome, Lon. 13 5 e, lat. 42 
 23 N. 
 
 Rieuxy a town in the department of Upper 
 Garonne, France, on the Rise, and lately a 
 bishop’s see ; 25 miles ssw of Toulouse. 
 
 Riez, a pleasant town in the department 
 of the Lower Alps, France, lately a bishop’s 
 see, stands in a plain rich in wine aud fruit. 
 It is a populous place. It is 35 miles ne of 
 Aix. 
 
 Riga, or Livonia. See Livonia. 
 
 Riga, a large, populous, aud rich town 
 of Russia, capital of the above governmeat, 
 ou the Dvvina, 15 miles from its mouth, in a 
 gulf of the Baltic, called the gulf of Rica, 
 next to Petersborough, it is the most com- 
 mercial town in the whole Russian em- 
 pire. The trade is chiefly carried on by 
 foreign merchants, who are resident in the 
 town. The merchants of an English fac- 
 tory established here, enjoy the greatest 
 share of the commerce. The principal ex- 
 ports are corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, 
 masts, leather, tallow, &c. Within the 
 fortifications there are 9000 inhabitants, 
 and in the suburbs are 15,000, besides a 
 garrison of lO-OO men. Here is a floating 
 bridge over the Dwina, 2600 feet long, and 
 40 broad. It is removed when the ice sets 
 in, and replaced in the spring ; 220 miles ne 
 of Konigsberg, and 310 sw of Petersburg. 
 Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 56 50 n. 
 
 Rimini, an ancient populous town of 
 Italy, in Romagna, stands in a fertile plain, 
 at the mouth of the Marechia, in the gulf of 
 Venice, with an old castle, a strong tower, 
 aud numerous antiquities. This was the 
 first (own that saw Caesar in arms against 
 his country, after that he passed the rubicon. 
 For some centuries the sea has been reced- 
 ing from the town, and the harbour now 
 admits only small vessels; 28 miles se of 
 Ravena. 
 
 Rinabelly, a town iu Cork, Munster, 
 about three miles s of Carrigaline, with a 
 dangerous sandy bay, lying to the w, some- 
 times mistaken by mariners for Cork har- 
 bour, which lies to the n. 
 
 Rinarg, a small island on the S coast of 
 the isle of Ilay« 
 
 R I o 
 
 Ringkioping, a sea port in n Jutland, 
 Denmark, on a gulf of the German ocean. 
 It has a good trade with Holland aud Nor- 
 way, 43 miles sw of Wiburg, and 55 nnw 
 of Ripen. Lon. 8 15 e, lat. 56 8 n. 
 
 Ringleben, a town of Upper Saxony^ 
 principality of Eisenach, six miles n of Er- 
 furt, and 26 ene of Eisenach. 
 
 Ringsted, a bailiwick and its capital, in 
 the island of Zealand, Denmark, formerly 
 a city. In the great church are interred 
 several kings and persons of note. It is 30 
 miles sw of Copenhagen. 
 
 Ringwood, a pretty large town in Hamp- 
 shire, situated on the e side of the river 
 Avon, near the sea, with a plentiful market 
 on Wednesday, two annual fairs, and a con 
 siderable manufacture of worsted knit 
 stockings; and is famous for strong beer 
 and ale. It contains 3222 inhabitants, and 
 lies 30 miles sw of Winchester, and 91 
 w by s of Loudon. 
 
 Rinfeln, a town of Westphalia, capital 
 of the county of Schauenburg, on the Weser, 
 with an university, 12 miles se of Minden, 
 and 35 wsw of Hanover. Lon. 9 10 e, lat* 
 52 12 N. 
 
 Rio de la Plata. See Plata. 
 
 RIO GRANDE, a province between 
 those of Seara, and Parabia, in the ne part 
 of Brazil, with a river of its name, which 
 has its source in the immense plain of Fer- 
 nambuco, and falls into the sea in lat, 5 
 31 s. 
 
 Rio Grande, a river in the s part of Bra- 
 sil, which flows in the into Parana*, being the 
 chief branch of that river. 
 
 Rio Grande, a river navigable for boats 
 400 miles, has its source iu Sierra Leone, 
 and runs through the kingdom of Bigubaj 
 into the Atlantic. 
 
 Rio de la Hacha, a sea port in the pro- 
 vince of Venezuela, Terra Firma, at the 
 mouth of a river of its name, 100 miles nw 
 of Maracaybo. Lon. 72 34 w, lat. 11 
 30 N. 
 
 RIO JANEIRO, one of the richest pro] 
 vinces of Brazil, near the tropic of Capri- 
 corn, on a river of its name. The Portu- 
 guese annually export hence great quantities 
 of gold, silver, and precious stones, the 
 produce of the country. It also yields 
 cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and 
 tobacco, with abundance of fruit and gar- 
 den-staffs, but no bread corn. They have 
 their wheat-flour from - Portugal. Yams 
 and cassada are plenty. St. Sebastian is 
 the capital. 
 
 Rio Janeiro, a river or gulf of Brasil, 
 that enters the Atlantic at St. .Sebastian, 
 with several small islands at its mouth. 
 On the E side is the fort of Santo Cruz, and 
 on the w that of St. Jago and St. Sebas- 
 tian. 
 
 Rio de Mirando, a river which has its 
 source in the mountains of Asturias, Spain, 
 divides that province from Galicia, and 
 falls into the Bay of Biscay, at Ribadoe, 
 L12 
 
R I P 
 
 Jtio del Norte, a river wbidi ffees is a 
 roouutaiuous district, on the n frontier of 
 New Mexico, North America. It passes 
 through the whole country of New Blexico, 
 into New Spain, and af<er a course of 2000 
 miles, in no part of which it can 'properly be 
 called navij^able, on account of sand -banks 
 and rocks, it enters the gulf of Mexico, in 
 lat. 26 30 N. 
 
 RIOBAMBA, a jurisdiction of Peru, in 
 the province of Quito, having a capital of 
 the same name. The productions of this 
 province excel all others in Peru. Several 
 parts of it are full ©f mines of gold and 
 silver. The town was almost destroyed h>y 
 an eruption of the volcano of Cotopaxi, in 
 1745, but is now a handsome place. Popu- 
 lation 20,000 ; 08 miles s by w of Qiirta. 
 Lon. 78 30 w, lat. 1 42 s. 
 
 Rioja, a town of Tucumau, stands in a 
 valley near its w border, 270 miles sw of 
 St. Michael. Lon 70 20 w, fat. 29 22 s. 
 
 Riom, an ancient town in. the department 
 of Puy de Dome, France, stands on a hill, 
 eight miles ne of Clermont, and 115 s of 
 Paris. 
 
 Rioni, a river which has its source in 
 Georgia, separates it from Blingrelia on 
 the N, and falls into the Black sea. 
 
 Rions, a town in the department of the 
 Gironde, France, on the Gtironne, iS miles 
 SE of Bordeaux. 
 
 Ripa Transone, a small but populous 
 town ill the marquisate of Ancona, Italy, 
 five miles from the Adriatic, and eight s of 
 Fermo. 
 
 Ripen, a town of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland, capital of a diocese of the same 
 name, with a good harbour, a castle, two 
 colleges, and a public library. la the 
 cathedral, which is a handsome edifice, are 
 the tombs of several kings. The vicinity 
 affords the best cattle in Denmark. The 
 harbour is at the mouth of the Gram. It is 
 65 miles nw of Sleswick, and 78 s Iiy w' of 
 Wibiirg. Lon. 8 40 e, lat. 53 23 n. 
 
 Ripley, a town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, situated on the Nyd, with a 'mar- 
 ket on Blonday, and a fair August 25th. 
 The vicinity is noted for the growth of 
 li<[uorice, 23 miles w^^w of York, and 215 N 
 by w of London. 
 
 Rippon, a pleasant, w^ell built, and popu- 
 lous town, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 noted for its manufactures of hard-wares, 
 particularly spurs, now o# the decline, but 
 two cotton-mills employ a number of 
 hands. The market-place is one of the 
 finest squares of the kimb in England. In 
 the vicinity is the celebrated park of Stud- 
 ley, incliuling the venerable remains of 
 Fountain abbey. 'It was once celebrated 
 for its religious houses. Tlie church, 
 which has three spires, and is called a 
 Biiuster, was once a sanctuary, and is now 
 collegiate and pjirochial. A navigable 
 canal comes up to the town, and it has a 
 well frequented market on Thursday, and 
 
 R o A 
 
 tv© iiuniml fairs. It is gorerncd « 
 mayor, 12 aldermen, and 24 assistants, and 
 sends two members to parliament, elected 
 by the owners of certain burgage tenures. 
 It is seated on the Ure, und is 28 miles nw 
 of York, and 209 kxw of London. Lon. 1 
 29 w, lat. 54 11 k. 
 
 Riquier, St, a town in the department of 
 Somme, France, on the Cardon, 24 miles 
 xw of Amiens. 
 
 Risborough, a town of Buckinghamshire, 
 with a market on Saturday, and a fair on 
 Good Friday, 20 miles s of Aylesbury, and 
 37 WNW of London. 
 
 Ritburg, a town of >¥es4phalia, capital 
 of a county of the same name, 12 miles xw 
 of Paderborn. 
 
 Ritzenbuttle, a towui of Lov^r Saxony, 
 in the duchy of Bremen, has a castle, half 
 a mile s of Cuxhaveu, 25 miles x of Carls- 
 burg, and 53 x by w of Bremen. 
 
 Rim, a strong town of Germany, in the 
 principality of Trent, on the Riva, where it 
 falls into the lake Garda, 17 miles sw of 
 Trent. 
 
 Riva, a town in Valteline, Swisserland, 
 N end of the lake Como, eight miles s by w 
 of Chiavenna. 
 
 Rivadeo, See Rilade. 
 
 Rivalta, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 on the SangoD. It is about six miles sw of 
 Turin. 
 
 Rivalta, a town in the Blilanese, Italy, 
 situated on the Adda, about 15 miles e of 
 Blilan. 
 
 Rivaralo, a town of Pisdmont, on the 
 Oreo, 15 miles x of Toirin. 
 
 Rivesaltes, a town in .the department of 
 Eastern Pyrenuees, Prance, on the Egly, 
 eight miles N of Perpignan. 
 
 iiiro/i, a town of Piedmont, has a large 
 castle, nine miles w of Turin. 
 
 Rivolo, a town on the lake Garda, in 
 Veronese, Italy. It is about 16 miles nw 
 of Verona. 
 
 Roa, a town in Old Castile, Spain, on "the 
 Douero. It lies 10 miles sw of Aranda, and 
 25 N by E of Segovia. 
 
 Roanne, a populous and commercial 
 town in the department of Rhone and 
 Loire, France, on the Loire, where it be- 
 comes navigable for barks. Hence the 
 merchandize of Lyon, Marseilles, and the 
 Levant, is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, 
 Nantz, &c. It is 50 miles ne of Clermont, 
 and 210 SE of Paris. Lon. 3 58 e, lat. d6 
 4 X. 
 
 ROANORE ISLAND, is. on the s side of 
 Albemarle sound, ‘North Carolina. Here 
 Sir Walter Ralegh made the the first British 
 settlement in North America. The x point 
 of the iskind forms the s side of Roanoke 
 inlet, which leads into the sound. Lon. 75 
 56 w, lat. 35 56 x. 
 
 Roanoke, a river of North America, 
 formed by the confluence of the Staunton 
 and Dan, in the s part of Virginia, and 
 fulls by several moulhs into Albemarle 
 
ROC 
 
 ROC 
 
 sound, on fbe sw. Owing to the fall^ it h 
 navigable for small vessels only, about 70 
 niiks. 
 
 M&ans, See Elan \an Hoans, 
 
 Robben Island^ called sometimes in Eng- 
 lish charts, Penguin island, near the Cape 
 of Good Hope, at the entrance into .Fitlse 
 baj. It is sandy and barren. Lon. 18 Zt 
 E, lat. 3'4 50 s, 
 
 Robertas TowUy a town in Kildare, Lein- 
 ster. It is the stage between i^allins and 
 Rutbaitgan, on the grand canal, 21 miles 
 from Dublin. 
 
 Robertony a parish in the counties of 
 Roxburgh and Selkirk, near the confines of 
 Dumfries, about 13 miles in length, and j 
 six in breadth. Population about 618. In j 
 tbe parish are two old chapels, and the 
 vestiges of several encampments and fortifi- 
 cations. 
 
 Roberto wfiy a parish of Scotland. See 
 Wistoun, I 
 
 RobertouHy a village in the above parish, 
 containing 160 inhabitants. 
 
 ROBESON, a county of North Carolina, 
 in Fayette district. It contains about 
 5326 inhabitauts. Tbe chief town is Lam- 
 bertown. 
 
 Robely a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Lower Saxony, duchy of Mecklenburg, 
 seated on the lake Muritz, 24 miles w of j 
 Strelitz. | 
 
 Robin Hood^s Bay, on the coast of the N 
 Riding of Yorkshire, between Scarborough 
 aud Whitby. It is about one mile broad, 
 where is a village of fishermen, who supply 
 the city of York with all sorts of fish. 
 Crabs and lobsters are kept in well-boats. 
 On its banks are extensive allum-works, 
 about. six miles w of Whitby. Lon. 0 18 w, 
 lat. 54 25 :x. 
 
 Robroifston, a village in tbe northern ex- 
 tremity of Lanarkshire, parish of Cadder, ce- 
 lebrated for being the place where the great 
 Sir William Wallace was betrayed and ap- 
 prehended by Sir John Monteith, Septem- 
 l>er 1 Ith, 1303. Here is avsmall lake, into 
 which, it is said, that the hero threw his 
 sword. 
 
 Roca, Cape, called by tbe English sailors 
 the rock of Lisbon, is the most westerly- 
 point of Portugal, and of Europe. On the e | 
 of the mountain is a summer palace, of 
 AI(X)rish architecture ; and on its summit is 
 a monastery, said to be 3000 feet above the 
 sea. A small vineyard named Carcavella j 
 yields a peculiar grape, and the vicinity sup- 
 plies most of the vegetables aud fruits used | 
 at Lisbon. Lon. 9 36 w, lat. 38 42 n. j 
 
 Roca Partido, a snuill .island in the j 
 North l^cific ocean. Lou. 128 0 w,lat. 16 
 35Rr. j 
 
 Rocca V^Anfo, a town of Italy, in Bres- 
 ckino, on the lake Taro, 25 miles se of 
 Trent. Lon. 1 1 40 e, lat. 4.5 50 n. 
 
 Rocamadour y'ii town in the department 
 ef Lot, France, 23 miles n of Cahors. 
 
 RocellOf a.towu-iB Calabria Ultra, Na- 
 
 ples, in the vicinity of which is a coral fish^ 
 ery, 10 miles ne of Gierace. 
 
 Rochdale, a. towm in Lancashire, at the 
 foot of Yorkshire hills, on the Rock, has 
 two churches, and a caiml from Manchester 
 pusses hence to the Calder navigation, 
 near .HaJifa.v. Here are two free English 
 schools, and one for grammar. Population 
 above 10,000. It has a manufacture of 
 btiys, serges, and other woollen goods, and 
 one of hats. The corn chiefiy raised in the 
 district is oats, and the common bread is 
 the Ottt cake. It is the centre of the Lan- 
 cashire dialect. It is large and populous. 
 The Rochdale canal is 32 miles in length. 
 It has markets on Monday and Saturday, 
 and three annual fairs. It is 13 miles n by 
 E of Manchester, 55 wsw of York, and 198 
 NNw- of London. 
 
 Roche, an old town in the department of 
 the Qurte, Netherlands, 22 miles s of Liege. 
 
 Roche, a fortified town of Genevois, Sa- 
 voy, on the Borne, near a large rock, 12 
 miles XE of Annecy. 
 
 Roche Beaucour, a town ia the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, France, 22 miles xw- of 
 Perigueux. 
 
 Roche Bernard,'^ town in the department 
 of Morbihan, France, on the Viiaine, 23 
 miles SE of Vaunes. 
 
 Roche -Guyon, a town, in the department 
 of Seine and Oise, France, seated on the 
 Seine, 21 miles w of Pontoise. 
 
 Roche Posay, a town in the department 
 of Vienne, France, on the Cretise, has a mi- 
 neral spring, 32 miles ene of Poitiers. 
 
 Roche sur Yon, a town in the department 
 of Vendee, France, on the Yon, 20 miles 
 Nw of Lueon. 
 
 Roche Chouart, a town in the department 
 of the Upper Vienne, France, has a castle 
 on a mountain, J 8 miles w of Limoges, and 
 60 s by E of Poitiers. 
 
 Rochefort, a handsome and con.siderabte 
 sea port in the department of Lower Cha- 
 rente, France, with one of the most com- 
 modious harbours in France. It i.s supposed 
 to contain 10,000 people. It has a magnt-fi- 
 cent hospital, a splendid armoury, a noble 
 arsenal, a foundery for cannon, and all 
 the other magazines necessary for the con- 
 struction and equipment of ships of war. 
 The streets are straight and broad, and the 
 houses low but regular. It stands on the 
 I Charente, 15 miles from its mouth, which 
 is defended by forts, six leagues se of Ro- 
 I chelle, and 127 sw of Paris, Lou. 0 58 w, 
 i lat. 45 50 K. 
 
 Rochefort, a town in the department of 
 Jura, France, on the DOubs, six miles ne of 
 Dole, and 22 wsw of Besancon. 
 
 Rochefort, a town in tbe late duchy of 
 Luxemburg, Netherlands, on the Somme, 
 with a castle, and is surrounded by rocks, 
 i The castle is said to have been built by the 
 Romans, 50 miles nw of Luxemburg. Lon. 
 5 10 E, lat. 50 12 N. 
 
 RQOhfart, ^ town in tbo department of 
 
 . i 
 
ROC 
 
 Mayenne and Loire, France, on the Loire, 10 
 miles ssw of Augers. 
 
 Rochforiy a town in the department of 
 Morbihan, France, 17 miles e of Vannes, 
 and 40 sw of Rennes. 
 
 Rochefaucault, a town in the department 
 of Charente, France, on the Tardoare, 12 
 miles NE of Angoiileme. 
 
 Rocliejaune, or Yellowstone, a river which 
 has its rise in the mountains s of the rise 
 Missouri, Louisiana, upwards of 1000 miles 
 'S¥j of that river, into which it falls in lat, 
 48 0 N, where its mouth is 300 yards wide. 
 The winter is of a brown colour, and the 
 streams divided by numerous islands and 
 shoals. Captain Clark descended this river 
 in 1800. 
 
 71 nc/ieZZe, a handsome, rich, and celebra- 
 ted town in the department of Lower Cha- 
 rente, France, on the bay of Biscay, with a 
 very commodious and safe harbour. It is a 
 bishop’s see, and the houses are supported 
 by piazzas. The inhabitants carry on a 
 considerable trade, especially in wines, 
 brandy, sugat, salt, paper, linen, and serges. 
 The haven is surrounded by a vast mole, 
 4482 feet in extent. Rochelle is 67 miles n 
 by E of Nantes, and 220 sw of Paris. Lon. 
 
 I 10 w, lat.46 9 N. 
 
 Roche Maeheran, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Forets, France, 15 miles ne of 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 Rochemaure, a town in the department of 
 Ardeche, France, ou the Rhone, eight miles 
 NNE of Viviers. 
 
 Rochester, a city in Kent, on the Med- 
 way, over which it has a stone bridge, 360 
 feet in length, and 21 arches. Its ancient 
 castle and priory are both in ruins. It is a 
 bishop^s see, and the spring assizes are held 
 here, and at Maidstone alternately. Be- 
 side the cathedral there are two parish 
 churches, tw'o free-schools, one called the 
 King^s, the other the City school ; an hospi- 
 tal well endow^ed for 12 poor people; and 
 an alms-house for six poor travellers, who 
 are supplied with a supper, a bed, a break- 
 fast, with fourpence to carry them on their 
 journey, but they are to stay for one night 
 only, an inscription over the door intimates, 
 that rogues and proctors are excepted. It 
 is an aucieut place, and consists chiefly of 
 one principal street. No sort of manufac- 
 tory is carried on. It has markets on Wed- 
 nesday and Friday, the last Tuesday of 
 every mouth for cattle, and two annual fairs, 
 Ju 181 1, the uumber of inhabitants includ. 
 iug Chatham, was 21,722. Rochester is 
 parted from Stroud on the w by its bridge, 
 and is contiguous to Chatham on the e. 
 The corporation which consists of a mayor, 
 
 II aldermen, 12 assistants, a recorder, and 
 town clerk, has jurisdiction over the great 
 oyster-fishery in the several creeks of the 
 Medway. The town has sent members to 
 parliament, ever since the reign of Edward 
 I. and they are elected by the freemen at 
 large. It is 26 miles wnw of Canterbury, 
 
 ROD 
 
 and 2® esb of London. Lon. 0 36 b, lat. 
 51 23 N. 
 
 Rochester, a village in Northumberland, 
 N of Otterbiirn, upon the Wattling-Street, 
 on the Read. 
 
 Rochetta, a town in the county of Nice, 
 16 miles ne of Nice. 
 
 Rockford, a town of Essex, with a market 
 on Thursday, and two annual fairs. Here 
 a very singular custom obtained. On the 
 Wednesday after Michaelmas, a court was 
 held in the open air, the business was tran- 
 sacted in whimpers, and the. minutes written 
 with coal. This is said to have been a pu- 
 nishment for a conspiracy, formed on this 
 spot, by the tenants of the manor against 
 their lord ; 16 miles sw of Chelmsford, and 
 40 E by N of London. 
 
 Rochlitz, an ancient town of Leipsic, 
 on the Muldau, over which is a handsome 
 bridge. It has a castle on a rock, and cop- 
 per mines in the vicinity, 24 miles se of 
 Lefpsic. 
 
 Hockaway, a small post town in Morris 
 county. New Jersey, on a river of its name, 
 15 miles n by w o4' Morristown. 
 
 Rockbridge. See Cedar Creek. 
 
 Rockenhausen, a town in the department- 
 of Mont Tcnnere, France, lately of Germa- 
 ny, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 26 miles 
 w.of Worms. 
 
 Rockford, a post town of North Caro- 
 lina, in Wilkes county, on the Yadkin, 33 
 miles e by N of Wilkes, and 573 from Phi-« 
 ladelphia. 
 
 Rockingham, a town in Northampton- 
 shire, on the Welland. Its castle has been 
 long ago demolished. Its forest, reckoned 
 one of the largest and richest in the king- 
 dom, still supplies the furnaces of Peterbo- 
 rough with charcoal. It has a market on 
 Thursday, and an annual fair which lasts five 
 days. It lies 12 miles s of Oakham, and 
 83 N by w of London. 
 
 Rockingham, the chief town of Rich- 
 mond county, North Carolina, seated on an 
 eminence, six miles e of Great Pedee river, 
 46 WNW of Fayetteville, and 74 from 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Rockingham, a post town of Virginia, 
 capital of a county of its name, on a branch 
 of the Shenandoah, 52 miles sw of Stras- 
 burg. 
 
 Rocky Mountain, capital of Franklin 
 county, Virginia, near the source of the 
 Staunton, 35 miles sw of New Loudon, and 
 140 w of Petersburg. 
 
 Roco Gronde, an island on the coast of 
 the Spanish main, in the West Indies. Lon. 
 67 39 w,lat. II 5 N. 
 
 Rocroy, a town in the department of Ar- 
 dennes, France, stands in a plain, surrounded 
 by forests, and is noted for the defeat of the 
 Spaniards in 1643, six miles from the river 
 Maese, and 26. n of Rethel. 
 
 Rodach, a town in the principality of 
 Coburg, Upper Saxony, on a river of it* 
 
 I name, nine miles nw of Coburg. 
 
 I 
 
ROE 
 
 ROM 
 
 Rodhy^ a sea port of Denmark, in the isle | 
 of Laland, with a much frequented passage 
 to Heiligenhaven, in Holstein, and to the isle 
 of Fermern. It is 10 miles w by s of Nax- j 
 kow. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 54 45 N. 
 
 Rodenburg, a town and castle in the 
 county of Schauenberg, Westphalia, has 
 a mineral spring, 11 miles w by s of i 
 Hanover. 
 
 Rodesto, Rodosto, or Rodisto, a town of 
 Turkey in Europe, in Romania, is the see of 
 a Greek bishop. It is a populous trading 
 place, and has a harbour on the ,sea of Mar- 
 mora, 62 miles sw of Constantinople. 
 
 RodeZf a very ancient town, capital of 
 the department of Aveiron, France, stands 
 in the midst of mountains, on a hill, at the 
 foot of which the Aveiron flows. It was 
 lately a bishop^s see. The lofty steeple of 
 the cathedral is admired for its architecture. 
 Here are four great annual fairs, where num- 
 bers of mules are sold for Spain, and some 
 manufactures of grey cloth and serges. It 
 is 30 miles w by s of Mende. Lon. 2 34 E, 
 lat. 44 21 N. 
 
 Rodingy the name of the eight parishes in 
 the western part of Essex, distinguished by 
 the additional appellations of Abbots, Ber- 
 ners, Beauchemp, By thorp', High, Leaden, 
 Margates, and White, They are celebrated | 
 for excellent arable land. Also a river of 
 the same county, which has its source near ' 
 Dun mow, flows s to Ongar, then between 
 Eppiug and Hainault forests, to Berking, be- 
 low which it falls into the Thames. 
 
 Rodona, the former name of the parish of 
 Megget. See Lyne and Megget, 
 
 Rodok, a town in the province of Delhi, 
 Hindoostan, 50 miles e of Hissar, and 60 
 WNW of Delhi. 
 
 RODRIGUE’S KEY, on the coast of 
 Florida, a pretty large mangrove island. 
 Lon. 81 17 w, lat. 25 0 n. 
 
 RODRIGUEZ, an island 100 leagues E 
 of Mauritius, Indian ocean, 30 miles long, 
 and 12 broad, and in many parts mountain- 
 ous and rocky, in others the soil is rich. 
 The chief production of the island is the 
 land turtle, with which it abounds. A bay 
 on the N side affords secure shelter for ships, 
 and plenty of wood and water. Lon. 63 0 
 E, lat. 10 30 s. 
 
 Roebuck Island, at the eastern extremity 
 of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Roer, a river of Germany, which has its 
 source in the duchy of Westphalia, and 
 passing Arensberg, Schwerte, Werden, and 
 Duysburg, falls into the Rhine, at Roerort. 
 
 ROER, the most northerly department of 
 France, formed out of the conquered coun- 
 tries on the left bank of the Rhine, including 
 the duchy of Jiiliers, with part of Cleves, 
 Guelders, and Cologne, and has its name I 
 from a river which rises above Juliers, and | 
 unites with the Meuse at Ruremonde. Aix 
 la Chapelle is the capital. 
 
 Roerort, a town in the duchy of Cleve, 
 
 Westphalia, at the confluence of the Roer 
 and the Rhine, 17 miles s by e of Wesel. 
 
 Roeulex, a town in Hainault, Nether- 
 lands, eight miles ne of Mons. 
 
 Rogart, a rugged and extensive parish in 
 the sE part of Siitherlandshire, about 10 
 miles square. In the district are a number 
 of tumuli, several vestiges of encampments, 
 and the ruins of some ancient building sup- 
 posed to be Pictish. Population above 
 2000. 
 
 RogersviUe, capital of Hawkins county, 
 Tenessee, ou the n side of the Holstan, 50 
 miles NNE of Knoxville. 
 
 Rogerwick, or Port Baltic, a sea port 
 in the province of Revel, Russia, on a bay 
 at the entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 
 miles WNW of Revel. Lon. 23 20 e, lat. 
 59 10 N. 
 
 Rogonatpour, capital of the circar of 
 Pachete, Bengal, Hiudostaq, 126 miles 
 Nw of Calcutta. Lon. SO 47 e, lat. 23 
 32 N. 
 
 ROH ACZOW , a district of Lithuania, and 
 its capital on the Dnieper, at the junction of 
 the Droutz, 120 miles sb of Minsk. Lon. 
 30 20 E,lat. 53 2 n. 
 
 Rohan, a town in the department of Mor- 
 bihan, France, on the Aust, 20 miles n of 
 Vannes. 
 
 ROHILCUND, or Rohilla, a territory 
 of Hindoostan Proper, whose inhabitants 
 are called Rohillas, situated to the e of 
 Delhi, and subject to the nabob of Oude, by 
 whom, with the assistance of the British, it 
 was conquered in 1774. Bereiliy is the 
 capital. 
 
 Rohitzan, a town in the circle of Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, has a trade in iron, and woollen 
 manufacture, seven miles e by n of Pilsen. 
 
 Rolduc, a town in the late duchy of 
 Limburg, Netherlands, 10 miles sw of 
 Juliers. 
 
 Rom, or Roem, an island of Denmark, 
 on the e coast of South Jutland, It is five 
 miles in length, and two or three in breadth, 
 and contains a few villages. 
 
 ROMAGNA, a province of Italy, in the 
 pope’s late territory of Tuscany. It is fer- 
 tile in corn, wine, oil, fruits, and pastures. 
 It has also mines, mineral waters, and salt 
 works. It belonged to the Ecclesiastical 
 State, but is now part of the kingdom of 
 'Italy. Ravenna is the capital. 
 
 Romainmotier, a town in Pays de Vaud, 
 Swisserland, seated in a narrow valley, with 
 a castle, and is capital of a bailiwick, li 
 miles s of Yverdun. 
 
 Romania, a town in Moldavia, European 
 Turkey, on the Siret, and is a bishop’s see, 
 30 miles wsw of Jassy. 
 
 ROMANIA, a province of Turkey, in 
 Europe, being 200 miles in length, and 130 
 in breadih. It was formerly called Thrace, 
 and is the largest of all the provinces the 
 Turks possess iu Europve. It has mi lies of 
 lead, sHver, and allura, i.s Jerule in co)*:, 
 
R O M 
 
 ROM 
 
 {tod is divided into three sangiacates, of 
 T^hich the capitals are Pbilippopoii Galli- 
 and Constantinople. 
 
 Romano, or Romano Cayo^di sinall island 
 dff the w shore of the islami of Cuba. 
 
 Romans, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ittent of Drome, France, on the Isere. It 
 is 22 miles sw of Grenoble, and 30 s of j 
 Vienne. 
 
 Roman Wall, called also Grah.am'^s 
 Dyke, from a tradition that a Caledonian 
 warrior of this name, first broke over it, 
 extended from Wall Town, on the Forth, 
 near Bowawsounness, to Dnnglass, on the ■ 
 Clyde, near Dunbarton, about 12 miles nw ' 
 of dasgow. It was marked Out by Agri- | 
 cola, and completed by Antoninus Pius, in | 
 the second century, and was intended as a | 
 barrier against the incursions of the Scots | 
 and Piets. In some places it was con- j 
 structed of stoue, but the greater part con- 1 
 sisted of a bank of earth, with a ditch on the i 
 outside. It was furnished with a chain of i 
 posts, and w'atch tow’ers. It can yet be 
 traced for the greater part of its course. 
 Near it have been found many Roman anti- 
 quities. The wall was nearly 40 miles in 
 length. ' 
 
 Rome, an ancient and celebrated city of ■ 
 Europe, once the metropolis of all the known ( 
 World, founded by Romulus 750 years be- j 
 • fore the birth of oiir Saviour. It w'as | 
 formerly three times as large as it is at pre- | 
 sent; yet it is still one. of the largest and > 
 handsomest cities of Europe. It is seated i 
 on seven hills and the intermediate valleys, 
 along the banks of the Tiber, over which it j 
 has four bridges. The walls are of brick | 
 in which are 15 gates. Its circumference j 
 is upwards of 16 miles. It is computed to 
 contain 180,000 inhabitants. The numbers j 
 have gradually increased during the whole 
 of the last cenlury. Some of the principal 
 streets are of considerable length, and per- 
 fectly straight. That called the Corso is i 
 the most frequented. Here the nobility dis- 
 played their equipages during the carnival, 
 and take the air in the evenings. The shops 
 are elevated three or four feet above the 
 street, and there is a foot path for passen- 
 gers on .a level with the shops. There are 
 no lamps lighted in the streets at night, and I 
 the whole city would be in darkness were* 
 it not for the candles which individuals 
 sometimes place before the statues of the 
 Virgin. St. Peter's church, in the opinion 
 of many, surpasses in ifize and magnificence 
 the finest monuments of ancient architec- 
 ture. Its length is exactly 730 feet; the i 
 breadth 520 ; ' and the height from the pave- j 
 ment to the top of the cross which crowns, 
 the cupola, 450 ; the high altar is 00 feet in 
 height, and stands under the centre of the 
 cupola. It was founded in 1506, and 
 finished in 1621. The cathedral of St. 
 John Laterun, the Romans say, is the mother 
 of all churches. To this church every new 
 pope goes in solemn procest?ion w’hen he 
 
 enters on the possession of the holy sec; 
 The Pantheon is the most perfect of the 
 ancient Roman temples. Being converted 
 int(/a Christian temple, the Pantheon origi- 
 nally erected in honour of all the gods, is 
 now dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and to 
 all the mart^TS and saints. As the Pan- 
 theon is the most entire, the amphitheatre of 
 Vespasian, now called the Coliseum, is the 
 most stupendous moiurment of antiquity in 
 Rome. About one half of the external eir- 
 curf still remain ; from which a pretty 
 exact idea may be formed of the original 
 structure. By a computation of Mr. Byres, 
 it could contain 85,000 spectators. The 
 aucient Forum is now a cow market. On 
 the top ofjhe beautiful cohiinu of Trajan, 
 120 feet high, is the statue of St. Peter, in- 
 stead of that of the emperor Trajan. The 
 pope has three superb palaces, of which the 
 principal is the Vatican, near St. Peter^s. 
 The library of this palace, is the largest 
 and most complete in the world ; rich, 
 e« 5 pecially in MSS in all languages, and of 
 all ages. In Rome, the connoisseur will 
 meet with innumerable paintings by the 
 greatest masters, and with the chief d'ffiuv. 
 res of sculpture, &c. Besides the univer- 
 sity, which consists of several noble colle- 
 ges, there are many academies and literary 
 societies. Within the ancient walls of the 
 city are several fine vilias and gardens, 
 w^hich contribute much to its coolness and 
 beauty. The interest and amenity of this 
 place are augmented greatly by the gardens 
 and objects of antiquity that abound in its 
 environs. In 1798, the French entered 
 Rome, and sent to Paris a great number of 
 the most valuable statues and paintings. 
 In the following year, it was retaken by the 
 allies; and in 1809, it became subject to 
 France. In 1815, after the surrender of 
 Bonaparte, the works of art which had been 
 brought to the French capital during the 
 war, were returned, by order of the allies, to 
 the several states from which they had been 
 taken. Rome is IIO miles nw of Naples, 
 410 ssw of Vienna, and 600 miles se of 
 Paris. Lon. 12 29 e, lat. 41 54 n. 
 
 ROME, THE REPUBLIC OF, or The 
 Roman Republic, one of the late demo- 
 cratic states of Italy. A majority of the 
 people of these provinces had long wished 
 to throw off the yoke of civil and ecclesiasti- 
 cal despotism ; but the peace made between 
 the French republic and the court pf Rome, 
 in 1797, seemed to have confirmed the triple 
 crown on the head of his holiness, at least 
 for the life of Pius VI. An insurrection, 
 however, which took place at Rome on the 
 27th of December, 1797, was set on foot by 
 the court party, and headed by four of the 
 government spies, brought about the over- 
 throw of the ecclesiastical government. 
 ! All titles and hereditary hoiiouis were abo- 
 I lislied ; universal liberty of conscience estu- 
 i blisbed ; and the new republic was divided 
 I into eight departments. Pius VI. alter 
 
ROM 
 
 being draggeii into France, and treated with 
 the greatest indignity, died at Valencia, in 
 December IT99, of a broken heart. A new 
 Pope was chosen, who was to enjoy no su- 
 premacy, except in spiritual affairs, but 
 in 1814, after the abdication of Bonaparte, 
 the Pope was reinstated in the full plenitude 
 of his formal power. 
 
 Rojuey a post town of New York, in Her- 
 kemer county, w of Fort Stanwix, between 
 Wood Creek and the head of Mohawk river, 
 22 miles ne of Oneida, 68 nw of Albany, 
 and 376 from Philadelphia. Lon. 74 56 w, 
 lat.43I2N. 
 
 liomenaify a town in the department of 
 Saone and Loire, France, 15 miles nne of 
 Macon. 
 
 Romerstadty a town of Moravia, with 
 iron mines in the vicinity; 20 miles nne of 
 Olmutz. 
 
 Romettay a town in Val di Demona, 
 Sicily, nine miles w by s of Messina. 
 
 Romford. See Rumford. 
 
 RomhiM, a towm of Franconia, county 
 oi Kenneberg, has a castle, 13 miles s of 
 Meinungen. 
 
 Romkalay a town of Syria, on the Eu- 
 phrates, at the junction of the Simeren, in 
 which are twm churches, and the remains 
 of a strong castle, 85 miles nne of Aleppo. 
 
 Romnoy a town in the government of 
 Tchernigof, Russia, 88 miles esb of 
 Tchernigof. - , 
 
 Romneify the chief town of Hampshire 
 county, Virginia, stands on the w side of 
 the sw branch of the Potomac, 30 miles w 
 by N of Winchester, and 242 w by s of 
 Philadelphia. Lon. T9 5 w, lat. .39 20 n. 
 
 Romneyy New, a town in Kent, seated on 
 a hill, in the e part of Romney Marsh, w^ith 
 a market on Thursday. It is one of the 
 Cinque Ports, and at the conquest, w^as 
 divided into 10 wards and five parishes, but 
 since the sea has retired, it is much reduced. 
 By its charter, which was seized by Char- 
 les II. and has never been restored, its cor- 
 poration should consist of a mayor, 12 
 jurats, 26 common council-men, ; but 
 has only eight members, who elect the two 
 barons to represent the town in parliament. 
 Here are held the two annual meetings for 
 all the Cinque Ports. A mile to the w, is 
 Old Romney, the original port, but now a 
 small place. It is 22 miles sw of Dover, 
 and 71 se of London. Lon. 0 36 E, lat. 50 
 59 N. 
 
 Romney Marsh, an extensive tract of rich 
 level land, in the most southern part of 
 Kent, between Dangeness and Rye haven, 
 defended from the sea by a strong embank- 
 ment, called Dymchurch Wall. The 
 Marsh is 20 miles long, and eyght broad, 
 containing about 50,000 acres of firm 
 land, and some of the richest pastures in 
 England. Vast herds of cattle, and flocks 
 of sheep, are fattened here to an extraordi- 
 nary size, for the London market. It has 
 two towns and 19 parishes, which were in- 
 No. 25 -M, 
 
 corporated in the reign of Edward IV. by 
 the name of The Bailiff*, 24 Jurats, and 
 Commonalty of Romney Marsh,’’ who hold 
 a court every three weeks, for all causes and 
 actions, and have the return of king’s WTits, 
 the benefit of all fines and forfeitures, and 
 the privileges of Leeiy Lawdayy and Tourn, 
 
 Romonty or Rodmont, a handsome town 
 of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg, 
 on a mountain, 10 miles nw of Friburg. 
 
 Romorentiny a town in the department 
 of Loire and Cher, France, on the Saudre, 
 with a castle. It has excellent manufac- 
 tures of serges and cloth ; and is 26 miles 
 SE of Blois, and 45 e of Tours. 
 
 Romsdaly a town of Norw ay, capital of 
 a Provost^hip, in the government of Dron- 
 theim, 100 miles ssw of Drontheim. Lon. 
 
 7 54 E, lat. 62 28 N. 
 
 Romsey. See Rumsey. 
 
 RONA, a small island in the northern 
 ocean, supposed to be tbe farthest to the 
 NW of any part in Europe, one mile long, 
 and half a mile broad, inhabited by one 
 solitary family. Here are the ruins of an 
 old chapel. It belongs to the parish of 
 Barvas, and county of Ross. It lies 16 
 miles to the nw of the Butt of Lewis. 
 
 RONALDSHAY, North, an island in 
 the Orkneys, two miles long, and one broad, 
 two leagues N of the isle of Sunday. It is 
 level, and fertile ; and contains about 420 in- 
 habitants. In the isle is an erect stone, 
 about 10 feet high, round which the inha- 
 bitants dance on the first day of the year. 
 It belongs to the parish of Cross. 
 
 RONALDSHAY, South, the most 
 southern of the Orkney islands, seven 
 miles long and three broad. The surface 
 is level, and the soil various. It contains 
 1600 inhabitants. The parish, of S Ro- 
 naldshay, now comprehends the parishes of 
 N and S Ronaldshay, and also that of 
 Burray, and have been long under the 
 charge of one minister. 
 
 RoncevalloSy a town in Navarre, Spain, 
 in a valley of its name, 14 miles nne of 
 Pamplona. 
 
 RONEY, an island of the Hebrides, be- 
 tween the mainland and the isle of Skye, 
 about four miles long, and two broad, in 
 tbe parish of Portree. The surface is 
 pretty level, and the soil tolerably fertile. 
 
 Ronciglioney a town, lake, and district, 
 of Italy in the patrimony of St Peter. The 
 town stands on the Tereia, near the lake, 
 has a fortified castle, 12 miles s of Viterbo, 
 and 28 nnw of Rome. Lou. 12 32 e, lat. 
 42 18 N. 
 
 Rondoy a handsome town in Granada, 
 Spain, on an elevated eind extensive plain, 
 surrounded with rocks, near the Guadiaro. 
 Ill the vicinity are the ruins of Acipino, 
 commonly called Old Ronda, among which 
 are those of a large Roman amphitheatre, 
 and an aqueduct, 43 miles w of Mal-Aga, 
 and 43 x by e of Gibraltar, Lon, 5 9 Wj 
 lat. 36 46 
 
 M .m 
 
R^ndef or Rhonde Island, one of the 
 "Grenadines, dependant on the island of Gr*^- 
 oada in the West Indies. It contains about 
 600 acres of land. 
 
 Ronne, a sea port in the island of Born- 
 holm, Denmark, with a fortified harbour. 
 It is (he residence of the governor. Lon. M 
 
 6«J E, lat. 55 lO N. 
 
 Ronneburg, a town and castle in the prin- 
 cipality of Altenburg, Upper Saxony, H 
 miles £W of Alteuburg, 
 
 Roqvefort, a town in the department of 
 Landes, France, on the Douese, 15 miles 
 ENE of Mont de Marsan. 
 
 Roque St, a town in Andalusia, Spain, at 
 the entrance of the isthmus which separate . 
 Gibraltar from the continent, stands on the 
 top of a hill, overlooking the bay. Here 
 are several batteries to delend the line 
 which run across the isthmus, 17 miles ne of 
 Tariffa, and 58 se of Cadiz. 
 
 Roquemaure, a town in the department 
 of Gard, France, stands on a rock, near the 
 Rhone, 22 miles ne of Nismes. 
 
 Roquetas, a town in Granada, Spain, on 
 the Mediterranean, 10 miles sw of Almeira, 
 and 52 se of Granada. 
 
 Roras, a town in the government of 
 Drontheim, Norway, celebrated for mines of 
 copper, 68 miles s of Drontheim. 
 
 Rosa, a mountain of the Pennine Alps 
 on the NE boundary of Piedmont, little 
 inferior in height to Mont Bianc. It forms 
 a circus of gigantic peaks round the village 
 of Macugnaga, and having the appearance 
 of an expanded rose is supposed to impart | 
 the name. 
 
 Rosa, ot Rose Island, ex ends along the , 
 mouth of Rosa bay, on the coast of W Flo- | 
 rida, and is about 50 miles long, but no ! 
 where above half a mile broad. I 
 
 Rosamarina, a town in Val di Demona, j 
 Sicily, seated on the mouth of a river of its i 
 .name, 22 miles w by s of Patti. 
 
 Rosana, a town of Lithuania, in the pala- 
 tinate of Novogrodec, near the Zolva, 20 i 
 miles sw of Novogrodec.' 
 
 Rosario, a town in the province of Bue- i 
 nos Ayres, Paraguay, ou the Parana, just ! 
 below the influx of the Tercero, 74 miles s I 
 of St Fe. I 
 
 Rosario, a town in Culiacan,New Spain, j 
 on a river of its name, near thi; rich mines | 
 of Copala, 1 10 miles se of Culiacan. 
 
 Roshach, a village in Thuringia Upper 
 Saxdny, celebrated for a victt ry gamed 
 over the French and Austrians, by the king 
 of Prussia, in 1757, 10 miles se of Mers- 
 burg. 
 
 Roschad, a town of Switzerland, on the 
 lake of Constance, with a oasile on a ; 
 mountain, seven miles kne of St Gall. [ 
 
 Hoschild, a town of Denmark, in the [ 
 isle of Zealand, and a bishop’s see. It was || 
 (he residence of the kings of Denmark lf>r | 
 several centuries before Copenhagen was ii 
 founded, but is now a poor place. The jj 
 €»athedrai has long been the burial place !| 
 
 of the kings of Denmark. Here, in 1858, a 
 treaty ol peace was concluded. It is 15 
 m’les w of (-openhugen. 
 
 ROSCOMMON, a county of Ireland, in 
 the province of Connaught, 50 miles in 
 length, and 32 in breadth. It is a level 
 frui'ful country, and yields excellent corn. 
 It contains 59 parishes, about 86,000 inhabi- 
 tants, and sends two members to pdrliament. 
 The principal town is Athlone, but the as- 
 size town is Roscommon. 
 
 Roscommon, the county town of Ros- 
 common. Its castie w as destroyed in 1271. 
 In the vicinity are the ruins of a monastery. 
 It has a barrack for a troop of horse ; and 
 is 88 miles w by n of Dublin. Lon. 8 42 
 w, lat. 53 34 n. 
 
 Roscrea, a neat thriving town in Tip- 
 perary, Munster. Three miles to the se 
 is the rum ol an abbey, w hich stands on a 
 ! dry island of about two acres, in the middle 
 of a large morass, 20 miles wsw of Mary- 
 borough, 32 N of Cashel, and 59 w'sw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Roseau^ See Charlotte-town. , 
 
 Rosebrugge, a town in the department of 
 the Lys, France, 1 1 miles nw of Ypres. 
 
 Rosenberg^ a town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 ! cipality of Oppeln, with a small castle, 23 
 j miles NE of Oppeln. 
 
 ' Rosenberg, a town in the circle of Be- 
 chin, Bohemia, on the Muldau, 21 miles s 
 of Budweis. 
 
 I Rosenfeldt, a town of Suabia, and duchy 
 of Wirtemburg, 12 miles sw of Sultz. 
 
 I Rosehearty, a fishing village in Aberdeen- 
 j shire, four miles w of Fraserburgh. It has 
 I a tolerable harbour, and contains about 200 
 I inhabitants. 
 
 ! Rosenheim, a towm at the confluence of 
 i the Manguaid and Inn, Bohemia, 34 miles 
 j SE of Munich. 
 
 i Rosemarkie, a parish in Ross-shire, about 
 ' six miles long, and three broad ; pleasantly 
 situated on the nw banks of the Moray 
 Frith. The parish is in general fertile and 
 arable. It contains about 1289 inhabitants. 
 See For: rose. 
 
 Roseneath, a parish in Dumbartonshire, 
 about seven miles long by two broad ; 
 bounded on (he e by the Gairmch, ou the 
 s by the Frith of Clyde, on the w^ by Loch 
 Long, and on the n by the parish of Row, 
 with w'hich it i< joined by a narrow isthmus. 
 The soil is various, only the lands on the 
 coast being cultivated. Population about 
 632. 
 
 Roses, a towm in Catalonia, Spain, situ- 
 ated on the Mediterranean, in the bay of 
 Roses, has a citadel, and fort. It was 
 taken by the French, in 1693, and in J793 ; 
 27 miles ne ol Girona. Lou. 3 7 e, lat. 42 
 i7\. 
 
 Rosetta, or Raschid, a town of Africa, 
 in Egypt, situated on the west ^rn branch of 
 the Nile, and one of the most pleasant in 
 Egypt. It is near tw'O miles in length, 
 and has not above two or three streets. 
 
R O S 
 
 T'h® inhabitants have a great manufactory 
 of stripped and other coarse linens ; but its 
 chief business is the carriage of goods hence 
 to Cairo. The rice produced in its neigh- 
 bourhood^ called Sultani, is chiefly sent to 
 Constantinople, and prohibited from being 
 exported to any other place. In 1798, it 
 was taken by ihe French, who were soon 
 expelled by the aid ot the British. The Eu- 
 ropeans have their vice consuls and iaclors j 
 here. It is 25 miles ene of Alexandria, 
 and 100 Nxw of Cairo. Lon. 30 23 e, lat. 
 3I23X. 
 
 ROSEWAY ISLAND, at the mouth of 
 Port Wager, on the se coast of Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 Rosienney a town of Samogitia, on the ^ 
 Dubisse. Here are held the provincial diet, 
 and court of justice, 70 miles s of Miitau, 
 and 188 ne of Warsaw. Lon. 23 45 e, lat. 
 65 30 N. 
 
 Rosier s aux Salines^ a town in the de- 
 partment of Meurthe, France, on the Meur- 
 the, famous for its salt works. It is nine 
 miles SE of Nancy. 
 
 Rosliny or Roslijn, a pleasant village 
 near Edinburgh, in the parish of Lasswade, 
 on the banks of the Esk, and formerly of 
 considerable importance, and had a charter 
 as a burgh of barony from king James II. 
 of Scotland. It has a ruinous castle, and 
 on a hill above the castle is a chapel of 
 elegant Gothic architecture. It was the 
 ancient seat of the family of St Clere, or 
 Sinclair, one of whom is now the earl of 
 Roslyn. This place is often visited by 
 travellers. On the 24th of B'ebruary, 1303, 
 the Scots obtained a signal victory, in 
 three different rencounters, over the Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 Rosot/y a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, with a superb 
 castle, 16 miles ene of Melun,aud 30 se of 
 Paris. 
 
 Ros9y a fine old town of Herefordshire, 
 with a good market on Thursday, for corn, 
 and cattle, and five annual fairs. It is go- 
 verned by a sergeant and four constables. 
 It is indebted to Mr Kyrle, Pope’s celebrat- 
 ed Man of Ross,” for most of its improve- 
 ments and charitable institutions. He died 
 in 1724, at the age of 90. A Mr Scott, 
 who was styled the Second Man of Ross,” 
 bequeathed 2001. per annum to two charity 
 schools in the town, before his death, in 
 1786. Four miles to the sw' are the ruins 
 of Goodrich castle, and in its vicinity, the 
 remains of Flanesford priory, the chapel of 
 which now serves as a barn. Boss stands 
 on a rock, on the Wyre, 12 miles sk of 
 Hereford, and 120 w by n of London. 
 
 RosSy a small town in Cork, Munster, 
 united to Cork as an episcopal see. It is 
 .sealed on a bay of the Atlantic, and the 
 harbour once famous, has been gradually 
 filled up with sand, which has reduced the 
 town from its former splendour. The ca- 
 thedral server as the parish church; and the 
 
 R o s 
 
 castle is commanded by a governor. It is 
 20 miles sw' of Kinsale. Lon. 8 58 w, latn 
 51 32 N. 
 
 RosSy or New RosSy a neat town of Irc^ 
 land, in Wexford, Leinster, on the Barrow, 
 over which is a w'oqden bridge into the 
 county of Kilkenny, four mdes w of the 
 town of Old Ross. Its principal exports are 
 beef, butter, and wool. It sends one meni* 
 ber to parliament. It is 16 miles ne of 
 Waterford, and 22 w by N of Wexford. 
 Lon. 6 45 w, lat. 52 20 N. 
 
 RossanOy a low’Q of Naples, in Calabria 
 Citra, and an archbishop’s see, seated on an 
 eminence surrounded by rocks. It is well 
 peopled ; and the vicinity produces oil, pep- 
 per, capers, and saffron, three miles from 
 the gulf of Tarento, and 136 se of Naples. 
 Lon 16 38 E, lat. 39 48 N. 
 
 Rossie. See Inchture, 
 
 Ross Islandy in Killarney lake, Munster^ 
 contains about 100 acres. 
 
 RosskeeUf a parish in Ross* shire, bounded 
 at one part by the frith of Cromarty, be- 
 tween Tain and Dingwall. The inhabited 
 part of the parish is 10 miles long, by six 
 broad, but the whole is of much greater ex- 
 tent. Population is about 2074. Gselic is 
 generally spoken here. 
 
 RosslaUy a town in the principality of 
 Anhault, Upper Saxony, at the confluence 
 of the Rosslau and Elbe, has a castle, 10 
 miles ssE of 2jerbst. 
 
 ROSS-SHIRE, a county of Scotland, 
 bounded on the n by Sutherlandshire and 
 the frith of Dornock, w by the sea, s by In- 
 verness-shire, and E by the frith of Murray 
 and the county of Cromarty, which last it 
 almost incloses. From n to s it is near 60 
 miles, and upwards of 70 from e to w. The 
 Nw part of the county is mountainous and 
 dreary, that to the E variegated with woods, 
 lakes, and rivers, which abound with game 
 and fish. The hills feed great numbers ol 
 black cattle, sheep, and goats. The lochs 
 are finely adapted for fishing stations, aS 
 they are visited regularly by a shoal of her- 
 rings. The county contains three royal 
 burghs, Dingwall, Fortrose,'and Tain, and 
 is divided into 30 parochial districts, which, 
 in 1811, contained 55,372 inhabitants. 
 Gsiiic is the prevailing language, but on the 
 E coast English is understood and spoken. 
 The soil in a great many parts, and the at- 
 tachment of the natives to the customs of 
 their forefathers, have prevented the progress 
 of modern improvements in this county. It 
 sends one member to parliament, exciusivo 
 of the burghs. The island of Lewis is at- 
 tached to this coanty. The minerals hither- 
 to discovered are iron, silver, and lead, free- 
 stone, and limestone. The real land rent is 
 estimated at above 40,0001. sterling. Tain 
 is the capital. 
 
 Rossiveiriy a town in Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, on the Muldau, with a considerablo 
 trade in wool, cloth, and flannel, 23 miles - 
 w of Dresden, 
 
 
ROT 
 
 Rostakf a town in the province of Oman, 
 Arabia, and the seat of a sovereign prince ; 
 320 miles w of xMaskat. Lon. Si 30 e, lat. 
 23 30 N. 
 
 Rostock y a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Mecklenburg, seated on the Warne, and is 
 divided into the old, the new, and the mid- 
 dle towns. It has a good harbour, a strong 
 citadel, an arsenal, three churches, and an 
 university. It was often taken in the 18th 
 century, the last time by the Prussians, in 
 1761. It is the best town in this country, 
 and it was formerly one of the Hanseatic 
 towns. It is 10 miles from the Baltic, and 
 32 ENE of Wismar. Lon. 12 20 e, lat. 54 
 30 N. 
 
 Rostof, a large town of Russia, in 
 Yaroslalf, seated on the Nero, or Rostof, 
 which communicates with the Volga, by 
 the Kotorost, and is an episcopal see ; 95 
 piiles NE of Moscow. Lon. 40 25 e, lat. 
 57 5 N. 
 
 Rostrenan, a town in the department of 
 Cotes da Nord, France, 35 miles sw of St 
 Brieuc. 
 
 Rostrevor, a village in Down, Ulster, on 
 the E banks of Carlingford bay. Here is 
 a salt-work, and a pottery for white earthen 
 ware. It is nine miles sse of Newry, and 
 57 N of Dublin. 
 
 RofOy a town and castle of Andalusia, 
 Spain, on the bay of Cadiz, nine miles n^jw 
 of Cadiz. 
 
 Rotas y a town in the country of Lahore, 
 Hindoostan, 85 miles nnw of Lahore. Lon. 
 71 52 E, lat. 32 4 n. 
 
 RofaSy a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 country of Bahar, 108 miles sw of Patna. 
 Lon. 84 0 E, lat. 24 38 N. 
 
 Rotenberg, a town and fortress of Franco- 
 nia, capital of a lordship of its name, on a 
 mountain, 18 miles me of Nurenberg. 
 
 Rotenbnrg, a town of Suabia, in the coun- 
 ty of Hohenberg, with a castle, on the 
 Neckar, and a celebrated mineral spring, 
 six miles wsw of Tubingen. 
 
 Rotenburg, a town in the canton of 
 Lucern, Swisserland, four miles n of 
 Lucern. 
 
 Rotenburg, a town in the duchy of Ver- 
 den, Westphalia, on the Wumme, 15 miles 
 N by E of Verden. 
 
 Rotenburg^ a town in the late bishopric 
 of Spire, Germany, 12 miles e of Philips- 
 burg. 
 
 Rotenhnrg, a town of Lower Hesse, Ger- 
 many, on the Fulda, has a palace, belonging 
 to the prince of Hesse Rheinfeis, 24 miles 
 SSE of Cassel. 
 
 Rottenhurg^ a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, on the Oder, 14 miles e of 
 Crossen. 
 
 Rotenfels, a towm in the principally of 
 M^urtzburg, Franconia, on the Maine, 13 
 miles N\v of Wiirtzburg. 
 
 Roth, a town and castle of Franconia, in 
 the principality of Anspach, seated at the 
 junction of the Roth and Rediiitz, noted as 
 
 ROT 
 
 the birth place of the celebrated Gessner, 
 18 miles s of Nuremberg. 
 
 Rothbiiry, a towu of Northumberland, 
 seated on the Coquet, whose market is dis- 
 continued, hut has a fair on Trinity Mon- 
 day, and a charity school, nine miles sw of 
 Alnwick, and 302 n by w of London. 
 
 Rothenberg, a town on the Neissa, Upper 
 Lusatia, 17 miles n of Gorlitz. 
 
 Rothenburgy capital of a territory of its 
 name, Franconia, on a mountain, by the 
 Tauber, from w'hicb it is supplied with win- 
 ter drawn from the river by a machine. It 
 has five churches, was lately imperial, and 
 is surrounded by moats and ramparts, 45 
 miles WNW of Anspach. Lou. 10 18 e, lat. 
 49 22 N. 
 
 Rotlier, a river that rises in Sussex, for a 
 short space forms the boundary between 
 that county and Kent, and falls into the 
 English channel at Rj *. 
 
 Rotherham^ a well built tow'n in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, stands at the conflu- 
 ence of the Rother and Don, has a large 
 church, and extensive iron works in the vici- 
 nity, at Masbrough, with a large market on 
 Monday for provisions, cattle, corn, and 
 wool ; and two annual fairs.. It is 31 miles 
 N of Nottingham, 32 s of Leeds, and 159 M 
 by w of Loudon. 
 
 Rothes, a parish in Morayshire, lying on 
 the Nw bank of the Spey, Elginshire. The 
 crops are chiefly barley and oats, tow'ards 
 the s of the parish ; but to the n the soil de- 
 generates into moor. On a hill, near the 
 church, is a rock of fine agate, of beautiful 
 variegated colours, and susceptible of the 
 finest polish. In this district is the old cas- 
 tle of Rothes, formerly the residence of the 
 noble family of Leslie, now the property of 
 the earl of Findlater. Population 1521, in 
 1801, of w^hioh 300 reside in a village of 
 the same name. 
 
 Rothsay, a royal burgh and parish of 
 Scotland, in the isle of Bute, seated on the 
 E side of the island, at the head of a bay, 
 forming an excellent harbour, that has a 
 pier. The town is capital of the island. 
 The shipping of this town increased in about 
 the space of 30 years, from a single one- 
 decked vessel, to 4244 tons, the greater part 
 of which is employed in the herring fishery. 
 In the vicinity is a large cotton mill. Here 
 are the ruins of a castle, formerly the 
 occasional residence of some of the kings 
 of Scotland, and afterwards of the earls of 
 Bute. It is now completely covered with 
 ivy. Rothsay had its charter from king 
 Robert III. in 1400. It confers the title 
 of duke on the heir apparent, and is politi- 
 cally connected with x\yr, drc. It has 
 three annual fairs. In 18 1 1, the population 
 of the town was 3544. The parish occupies 
 the N end of the island, and extends 10 
 miles in length, and between three and four 
 in breadth. The surface is hilly, but there 
 are several very fertile valleys. The town 
 and parish contains 5231 inhabitants. It is 
 
ROT 
 
 R O U 
 
 80 miles w by s of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 6S [ 
 w, lat. 54 48 N. | 
 
 Rothiemay, a parish in Banffshire, about 
 eight miles long, and from live to six broad, 
 intersected by the Doveran, and n of Hunt- 
 ly. The eastern extremity is fertile, but 
 on the N it is barren. The late celebrat- 
 ed James Ferguson, the astronomer, was a 
 native of this parish. Population is about 
 ]06l. 
 
 Rothitnur chits. See Diithil, 
 
 Rothweily a free, and late imperial city 
 of Austrian Suabia, transferred as indemnity 
 to Wirtemburg in 1802. Two miles to the 
 s is Rothmuuster abbey, where they receive 
 none but noble women. The town stands 
 on the Neckar, near its source, 27 miles 
 ssw of Tubingen. Lou. 8 37 e, lat. 48 
 
 8 N. 
 
 Rothweily or Rowel, a town of Nor- 
 thamptonshire, with a market on Monday, 
 on the side of a hill. It is well supplied 
 wuih water, three miles nw of Kettering, 
 15 NXE of Northampton, and 79 w of 
 London. 
 
 Rottenmann, a town in Stiria, Germany, 
 has a college of regular canons, 20 miles 
 XNw of Juderiburg. 
 
 Rotterdam, a large handsome town, and 
 rich city of Holland, at the junction of the 
 Rotteaiid Merwe. It is next to Amsterdam, 
 for the elegance of its buildings and trade. 
 Its harbour is one of the finest in the Nether- 
 lands, and is more frequented than Amster- 
 dam. There are so many deep canals, that 
 ships may unload at the very doors of the 
 magazines. On the e side of the city is 
 a large bason and dock, for the building and j 
 launching of vessels belonging to the admi- 
 ralty and E India company. The town- 
 house, the bank, and the arsenal, are mag- 
 nificent. The modern houses are of brick, 
 aud lofty, and spacious, particularly on that 
 extensive quay called the Bomb Tees. 
 The town was governed before the revolu- 
 tion, by a regency, consisting of 24 coun- 
 sellors, and four burgomasters. It was more 
 frequented by the British merchants than 
 Amsterdam. The statue of the learned 
 Erasmus, in bronze, stands in an open place, 
 at the head of one of the canals, aud on 
 the house in which he was born is an in- 
 scription to his honour. Here is an English 
 Presbyterian church, the minister of which 
 is paid by the states. There is also an 
 English episcopal church. The inhabi- 
 tants are computed at 48,000. Rotterdam 
 admitted the French troops in 1795; 13 
 miles SE of Hague, and 30 ssw of Amster- 
 dam. Loru 4 29 e, lat. 51 56 N. 
 
 ROTTERDAM, one of the Friendly is- 
 lands, in the South Pacific ocean, discover- 
 ed by Tasman m 1643. Lon. 174 30 w, 
 lat. 20 16 s. 
 
 ROTTERDAM, or Anamocoe Isle, 
 one of the Friendly islands, situated on the 
 K of Amsterdam isle. 
 
 lioltingen, a town in the principality of 
 
 [ WuTtbzurg, Franconia, on the Tauber, It 
 j miles s of W urtzburg. 
 
 Rouen, the capital of the department of 
 the Lower Seine, France, and an arcbbi- 
 shop^s see, situated on the n side of the Seine. 
 It is eight miles in circuit, and is computed 
 to contain 73,000 inhabitants. The public 
 buildings are grand and elegant, the princi- 
 pal of which are the old castle, the great 
 hall of the palace, and the principal church, 
 ornamented with three towers, near which 
 is the public library. In the market place 
 is a statue of the celebrated Maid of Or^ 
 leans, who was burnt here by the English. 
 It has communication with the suburb of 
 St Sever, on the other side of the Seine, by 
 a bridge of boats that opens for the passage 
 of ships. Here were born the two Corneil- 
 les, and Fontenelie. The linens of Rouen 
 are much esteemed. There are also manu- 
 factures 'jf cloth, and oil of vitriol. It is 
 50 miles sw of A meins, and 70 xw of Paris, 
 Lon. I 2 E, lat. 49 26 n, 
 
 Rovere, or Roveredo, a town of Germa- 
 ny, in the Tyrol, at the foot of a mountain, 
 on the Lens, near the Adige, Its bridge is 
 defended by a strong citadel. In 1796, thw 
 French defeated the Austrians, and took 
 the town, but were obliged to abandon it 
 soon afterwards. It has a considerable 
 trade in silk and tobacco. It is 13 miles 
 s of Trent. Lon. 10 55 E,lat. 45 50 n. 
 
 ROUEPvGUE, a late province of France, 
 75 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; not 
 very fertile, but feeding a number of cat- 
 tle, and has mines of sulphur, alum, vitriol, 
 iron, and copper. It now forms the de- 
 j partment of Aveiron, of which Rodez is tha 
 capital. 
 
 Rovigno, a populous town of Istria, with 
 two good harbours, and quarries of fine 
 stone. It stands on a peninsula, in the gulf 
 of Venice, eight miles s of Parenzo, and 
 36 s of Capo dHstria. Lon. 13 58 e, lat. 
 45 1 1 N. 
 
 Rovigo, a. town of Italy, the capital of 
 Polsino di Rovigo, and the residence of the 
 bishop of Adrio, on the decline of which 
 town it has risen into importance. It 
 stands on the Adige, 21 miles s of Padua, 
 and 37 sw of Venice. Lou. 12 14 e, lat. 
 45 38 N. 
 
 ROUM, a country of Turkey in Asia, si- 
 tuated between Caramania on the w, and 
 Diarbekir aud Armenia on the e, and extends 
 from the Mediterranean to the Black sea, 
 including the Sangiacates of Aldana, Ma- 
 rasch, and Sivas. 
 
 ROUND ROCK, one of the Virgin is- 
 lands, N of Ginger island. Lon. 62 53 w, 
 lat. 18 JO N. 
 
 ROUS AY, one of the Orkney islands, 
 about nine miles long, and four broad, 
 lying to the nw of the mainland, with a 
 ridge of beautiful green hills. The soil is 
 good, is well watered with lakes, rivulets, 
 aud springs, but little of it cultivated. It 
 has good natural harbours. The inhabi- 
 
R O X 
 
 tants prosecute the fisheries with great dili- 
 gence. They amouni to tiooiit 7T0. 
 
 Rousay and Eglishay. an un i ted parish of 
 Orkney, containing the islciuds oi Rousay, 
 Eglishay, Weir, Inhallow’, and two small 
 uninhabited i^lets. The church of Eglishay 
 is a small, neat Gothic structure. Popula 
 tion IS about I06i 
 
 Roimelarty a town in Flanders, Nether- 
 lands, on the Mandel, 10 miles nb of 
 ypres. 
 
 ROUSSILLON, a late province of 
 France, about 50 miles in length and Z’} 
 in breadth ; now forming the departmeni 
 of the Eastern Pyrenees. See Pyrenees, 
 Eastern, 
 
 Rowy a hilly parish in Dumbartonshire, 
 about 14 miles long and three broad, inter- 
 sected by the road from Dumbarton to In- 
 verary. The soil, though light, is iertiie, 
 and the mountains afford good sheep p s- 
 ture. Population is about 970. See He- 
 lens burg, 
 
 ROXBURGHSHIRE, a county of Scot- 
 land, sometimes called Teviotdale ; bound- 
 ed on the N by Berwickshire ; e and s by 
 the English counties of Northumberland and 
 Cumberland, and w by the shires of Dum- 
 fries and Selkirk. From n to s it exte ds 
 near 30 miles, and about the same from e 
 to w, divided into the southern pastoral dis- 
 trict of Liddisdaie, and the northern more 
 agricultural district of Tiviotdale. The 
 face of the country exhibits a rough irregu- 
 lar appearance of mosses, hills, and moun- 
 tains, interspersed with beautiful valleys, 
 well watered with delightful streams, highly 
 cultivated, and fertile in corn. The county 
 is divided into 31 parochial districts, which, 
 in 1811, contained 37,230 inhabitants. 
 Tb^ principal rivers are the Tweed, Teviog 
 and Liddale. The principal towns are 
 Jedburgh, the capital, Kelso, and Hawick. 
 Before the union of the crowns of England 
 and Scotland, this county was almost a con- 
 tinual scene of warfare, and what is singu- 
 lar, appears to have been much more popu- 
 lous at that period than it is now. It sends 
 one member to parliament. 
 
 Ro.rhurghy a parish in the above county, 
 in which the village of Roxburgh is situated 
 w of Kelso, between the rivers Tweed and 
 Teviot, which unite ou its ne extremity. 
 It is about eight miles long by four broad. 
 In the parish is highly picturescpie scenery, 
 vestiges of ancient fortifications, two mine- 
 ral springs, several artificial caves, and near 
 the village, on the Teviot, a ruin consisting 
 of two arched apartments, called Merlins^ 
 cave, and sometimes Wallace's cave, from 
 which were lately carried away, by the 
 owner, a strong iron gate, two large spears, 
 a steel cap, and a heavy coat of mail. On 
 a gentle eminence, between the Tweed and 
 Teviot, opposite to Kelso, stood the old cit} 
 and castle of Roxburgh, from which the 
 county had its name, being then the capital 
 
 RUB 
 
 of the city, scarcely a vestige remains, and 
 the castle is an entire ruin. At this castle, 
 James II. of Scotland was killed by the 
 bursting of a cannon, in 1460, in an attack 
 made upon the English, who had it in pos- 
 session ; it surrendered to the Scots soon af- 
 terward. It gives the title of duke to the 
 ■amily of Kerr. It is iu gen ral well 
 adapted for wheat a&i turnip husbandry. 
 Population of the town and parish is about 
 949. 
 
 Roxburyy a town in Norfolk county, 
 Massachu >etts, at the foot of a hill, and at 
 the entrance of a neck of land leading to 
 Boston, two miles ssw of Boston. 
 
 Royal Isle, a small fertile island in the 
 river St Lawrence, 60 miles below lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 Royaaiy a town in the department of the 
 Lower Charenie, France. It is situated at 
 the mouth of the Garonne. It was los tified 
 and defended with so much valour by ;he 
 Huguenots, in 1623, that Louis XIU. was 
 compelled to withdraw his lorces,but after- 
 ward, in revenge, he nearly demolished the 
 town, 18 miles sw of Saintes, and 30 s of 
 Rochelie. 
 
 Royey a town in the department of Som- 
 me, France, 26 miles ss of Amiens, and 60 
 N by E of Paris. 
 
 Royston, a considerable town in Hert- 
 fordshire, part of which is situated in Cam- 
 bridgeshire. Under the market place is a 
 subterranean excavation formed out of the 
 ' solid chalk, supposed to be of Saxon con- 
 struction. The town formerly stood in five 
 parishes, now reduced to one. It has a great 
 market for corn. It has a market on Wed- 
 nesday, and five annual fairs ; and is 14 
 miles s of Cambridge, and 37 n of London. 
 
 Ruabon, a towu in Denbighshire, Wales, 
 with a market on Monday, seated near the 
 Ellesmere canal. In the vicinity are exten- 
 sive collieries, five mile< s by w of Wrex- 
 ham, and 172 Nw o! London. 
 
 RUATAN, or Rattan, an island in the 
 bay of Honduras, eight leagues from the 
 Mosquito shore. It is 30 miles long and 
 nine broad, naturally fortified with ro.ks 
 and shoals. The harl 30 ur called Port Royal, 
 is one of the finest in the world. Lou. 86 
 50 w, lat. 16 20 n. 
 
 Ruberslawy a hill of Scotland, in Rox- 
 burgshire, 1419 feet above the level of the 
 sea, on the top of which signals were 
 formerly made by fire, at the approach of 
 an enemy. 
 
 RUBICON, a department of the late 
 Italian republic, which contained, in 1797, 
 150,000 inhabitants; so called after an an- 
 cient river of Italy, its modern name is Fiu- 
 mecino. Here Julius Cefisar, on his return 
 from Gaul, cast the die that gave him the 
 ascendancy in the Roman empire. Rimini 
 is the chief towu. 
 
 Ruhielosy a town in Arragon, Spain, 29 
 miles SB of Teruel, 
 
U G 
 
 RUN 
 
 Rtihteray a town in Modena, Italy, on the 
 Seccia. eight miles nw of Modena, 
 
 fiudanayy a small rocky island on the w 
 coast of the isle of Mull, 
 
 Rudaw, a town of Prussia, in the province 
 of Samiand, with a castle now in ruins. 
 Here is a stone pillar that was erected in 
 memory of a vic^fory gained by the knights 
 of the Teutonic order, over Kinstud, gvei t 
 duke of Lithuania, in 1370 ; 12 miles nnw 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 Rudelstaty a town of Thuringia, capital 
 of the Upper county of Schwartzburg, seat 
 ed oil the Saal, with a fine castle on a moun- 
 tain, and has manufactures of stuffs and 
 flannels, 22 miles se of Erfurt. Lon. II 
 50 E, lat. 50 44 N. 
 
 Rudelsadt, a town in the principality of 
 Schw^eidnitz, Silesia, ou the Bober, has a 
 mine-ofiice, and copper works, 16 miles w 
 of Schweidnitz. 
 
 Rudesheimy a (owm in the late electorate 
 of Meniz, Germany, famous for its wine. 
 It is three miles n of Bingen. 
 
 Rudgley, or Ruglexfy a handsome town in 
 Staffordshire, on the Trent, with a market 
 on Tuesday, and manufactures of felts, and 
 hats, 10 miles ese of Stafford, aud 126 nw 
 of London, 
 
 Rudisto. See Rodesto, 
 
 Rudkioping, a fortified sea port of Den- 
 mark, which has a considerable trade in 
 corn and provisions. It is the only town in 
 the island of Langoland. Lon. 1 1 0 e, lat. 
 55 1 N. 
 
 Rudolfswerdy a town of Carniola, on the 
 G'arck, in a country yielding good wune, 
 has a large collegiate church, 45 miles se 
 of Laubach. 
 
 Rudshucky a town in Bulgaria, European 
 Turkey, on the Danube, 30 miles w of 
 Silistria. 
 
 Rue, a town and bailiwie in the canton 
 of Friburg, Swisserland, 13 miles ne of 
 Lausaune. 
 
 Rue, a town in the department of Somme, 
 France, 15 miles nw of Abbeville. 
 
 Ruedocky a river and small village of 
 England, in IVierioaethshire. 
 
 Rnffachy a town in the department of Up- 
 per Rhine, Frsnee, on the llotbach, sevea 
 miles s of Colmar. 
 
 Ruffecy a town in the department of Cha- I 
 rente, France, on the Auch, 24 miles n of I 
 Argculeme. | 
 
 R^'Sh% Isfge town in Warwickshire, 
 with y celebrated free-sebool, on the Avon. 
 
 It has a^market on Saturday, and iO annual 
 fairs. It ;s 1 i rAiiles s£ of Coventry, and S3 
 NNW of I ondon. 
 
 RUGEN, aii island in the Baltic, in Po- }! 
 merania, over against Stralsund, about 23 j 
 miles long and 15 broad. It abound.s in ; 
 corn and oatiie, and belongs to Sweden. In i 
 189T, soon alter the surrender of Stralsund, 
 
 ;t was ceded to the French. Chief town, 
 Bergen. It is 12 miles ne of Stralsund. 
 ICD- 14 40 E, lat. 54 23 n. 
 
 Rtigenwaldy a handsome town of Further 
 Pomerania, the clhef'pluce of the duchy of 
 Wenden, on the Wipper, wiih a ca.stle, and 
 has a salmon fishery, and a good trade ia 
 linen, three miles from the sea, and about 
 35 NE of Colburg. Lou. 16 17 e, lat. 54 
 25 N. 
 
 Ru Hnnish. See Hunish, 
 
 Ruhland, a town on the Elster, Upper 
 Lusatia, has a trade in beer aud fish, 25 
 miles NE of Dresden. 
 
 Rukiy a town of Mingrelia, on a river 
 that enters the Black sea below^ Anargbia, 
 with a palace of the prince, surrounded by 
 a thick wall, ^0 miles w’Nw of Cutais, 
 Lon. 41 20 E, lat. 43 5 N. 
 
 RUM, an island of the Hebride.s, about 
 seven miles w of the island of Eigg, belong- 
 ing to the parish of the small isles, and coun- 
 ty of Argyll. It is about eight miles square, 
 and rears a number of black cattle and 
 sheep with fine wool and delicate mutton. 
 Eagles frequent its rocky mountain. Po- 
 pulation about 443. 
 
 Rumfordy a town in Essex, with a large 
 fair on Midsummer, and a market on Tues- 
 day for hogs, corn, <fec. and on Wednesday 
 for cattle. It is about 12 miles ene of 
 London. 
 
 Rumigny, a town in the department of 
 Ardennes, France, 12 miles sw of Rocroy. 
 
 Rumilly, a handsome town of Savoy, 
 seated on an elevated plain, at the junction 
 of -the Nppha and Seram, seven miles wsw 
 of Aunecy. 
 
 Rumkeijy one of the Bahama islands, 
 Lon. 74 17 vv, lat. 23 52 n. 
 
 Rummelshurg, a tow n of Prussian Pome- 
 rania, on the Wipper, has manufactures of 
 cloth, 14 miles n of New Stettin. 
 
 ^ Rumney, or Rhyney, a river of South 
 Wales, separating the counties of Glamor- 
 gan and Monmouth, enters the Bristol chan- 
 nel to the sE of Cardiff. 
 
 Rungpour, a town in Bengal, Hincloos- 
 tan, fertile in rice and tobacco, and pro- 
 duces some indigo. 24 miles nns of Moor- 
 sLedabad. 
 
 Riimsey, a town in Plampshire, with a 
 munufaciory of shalloons. In the vicinity 
 are several paper and corn mills. Here 
 was an abbey for Benedictine nun.s, of 
 which little now remains except the churebc. 
 It is governed by a mayor, six aldermen, 12 
 burgesses, a town clerk, recorder, and twm 
 sergeants at mace. It stands on the Ando- 
 ver canal and i iver • Test, and lies eight 
 miles i\w of Southampton, and 73 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Runcorn, a village of Cheshire, on the 
 Mersey, v/h(>ie the duke of Bridgewater^s 
 canui joins that river, It is populous, has 
 good inn«, and is frequeitteJ by pai tie.s of 
 pleasure, 12 miles se of Liverpool. 
 
 Runkdy a town of West};halia, on the 
 Lahu, with a citadel on a hill, formerly the 
 re-idence of the counts of Wied Kunkei, 14 
 miles NNE of Nassau. ' 
 
f 
 
 R U S 
 
 Runvjjmeady a celebrated mead, near Eg* 
 bam, iu Surry, where king John w^as com- 
 pelled to sign the famous Magna Chartay in 
 1215, which is the foundation of English 
 liberty. See IVrayshury. 
 
 Rupelmonde, a town in Flanders, Ne- 
 therlands, on the Scheldt, opposite the influx 
 of the Rupel, eight miles sw of Antwerp. 
 
 Ruperly a river which issues from the 
 lake of Mistassin, New Britain, and runs w 
 into the se part of James bay. In its course 
 it meets several small lakes, and at its 
 mouth is the remains of Fort Rupert, for* 
 merly a settlement of the Hudson bay com- 
 pany. Lou. 76 58 Wjlat. 51 3 n. 
 
 Ruppiny a town of the Middle Mark of 
 Brandenburg, capital of a duchy of the 
 same name. It is divided into the Old and 
 New^ New Rupin is situated on the w 
 side of a lake formed by the river Rbin, 
 Old Rupin, wdth an ancient castle, stands 
 on the opposite side of the lake, and was 
 the residence of the former counts, who 
 are interred at New Ruppin. In 1787, this 
 town was almost entirely consumed by fire, 
 hut has been handsomely rebuilt and greatly 
 enlarged, and is become a place of consi- 
 derable trade, noted for a manufactory of 
 cloth, and several breweries. It lies 32 j 
 miles XNW of Berlin, Lon. 13 0 e, lat. 52 
 
 56 N. 
 
 Ruremondey or Roermondey a handsome 
 and populous town iu the department of Ro- 
 er, France, lately of Austrian Guelderland, 
 and a bishop^s see, at the confluence of the 
 Roer and Meuse. It has been often taken, 
 particularly by the French in 1792, who 
 were compelled to abandon it soon after, 
 but retook it the following year. It is 12 
 miles s of Venice, and 28 ke of Maestricht. 
 Lon. 6 4 E, lat, 5 1 1 1 n. 
 
 Rusceky a town in Bulgaria, European 
 Turkey, on the Danube, with a castle. It 
 has three churches, a synagogue, and 20 
 mosques, 135 miles n by e of Adrianople. 
 JuOD. 26 50 E, lat. 44 12 n. 
 
 Rushy a large fishing towm in the county 
 of Dublin, Leinster, noted for the quantity 
 and quality of its ling fish, 16 miles xne of 
 the metropolis. 
 
 Rushen Ahhepy w of Castletown, isle of 
 Man, founded in the 1 1th century, for monks 
 of the Cistersian order, is still venerable in 
 its ruins. In it many monkish kings are 
 buried. The ruin with the adjoining lands, 
 belong to the deemster of the southern part 
 of the island. 
 
 RnsoeVy a sea port in the province of 
 Christiansand, Norway, at the extremity of 
 a peninsula, 56 miles' >e of Christiansand. 
 Lon. 9 23 e, lat. 58 42 n. 
 
 Russy a town at the - mouth of the Russ, 
 the principal branch of the Niemen, Prus- 
 sian Lithuania, 20 miles Nw of Tilsit. 
 
 Russelheimy a town of Germany, in the 
 principality of Hesse Darmstadt, on the 
 Maine, six miles E of Meutz, and 13 nw of 
 Durmstadt. 
 
 R U S 
 
 Riissegy a town in the department of 
 Doubs, France, near the Doubs, 24 miles e 
 by s of Besancon. 
 
 RUSSIA, a large empire, partly in Asia, 
 and partly in Europe ; bounded on the n by 
 the Frozen ocean ; s by Great Tartary, the 
 Caspian sea, and Persia; e by the sea of 
 Japan ; and w by Sv^edeo, Polaiid, and part 
 of the Black sea. There were three coun- 
 tries that had the name of Russia ; viz. Red 
 Russia, w^bich formed the s part of Poland, 
 White Russia, which comprehends Lithua- 
 nia ; and Black Russia, w-hich comprehends 
 the governments of Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, 
 Rezan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf ; and 
 hence his imperial majesty has the title of 
 Emperur of all the Russias This empire, 
 exclusive of the lute acquisitions from the 
 Turks and Poland, (See Poland,) may be 
 likened to a square, whose sides are 2000 
 miles each. The seas of Russia are the 
 Baltic, the White sea, the Frozen ocean, ihe 
 Black sea, and the Caspian sea. There are 
 also five large rivers, namely, the Dnieper, 
 Volga, Don, Duna, or Dw'ina, and Oby. 
 Medicinal and salt springs are not uncom- 
 mon, and it has mines of silver, copper, iron, 
 and other minerals. A country of such 
 vast extent must lie in different climates, 
 and Ihe soil and products must be as differ- 
 ent. The most fertile part is near the fron- 
 tiers of Poland. The n part is not only 
 colder, but very marshy, and inhabited by 
 wild beasts. The country affords a variety 
 of commodities, which being of great use to 
 foreigners, produce a considerable annual 
 balance of trade in favour of Russia. The 
 home commodities are chiefly sables, black 
 furs, the skins of black and white foxes, 
 ermines, hysenas, lynxes, bears, panthers, 
 wolves, martins, white Lares, <fec. red and 
 black jiichte, or Russian leather, which for 
 colour, smell, and softness, is not equalled 
 in the world ; copper, iron, talc, tallow, 
 w'ax, honey, potash, tar, lintseed and train- 
 oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax, thread, 
 sail-cloth, calimanco, Siberian musk, soap, 
 feathers, timber, cfec. To these commodities 
 may also be added, almost all the merchan- 
 dize of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and 
 some European countries. This vast em- 
 pire was divided by the late empress into 41 
 governments, viz. Petersburg, Olonetz, Wi- 
 burg, Revel Riga, Pskof, Novogorod, Tver, 
 Smolensk, Polotsk, Mohilef, Orel, Kaluga, 
 Moscow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir, Jaros- 
 laul, Vologda, Archangel, Kostroma, Nisnei 
 Novogorod, Kasan, Simbirsk, Penza, Tam- 
 bof, Veroneiz, Kursk, Novogorod Severskoi, 
 Tchernigof, Kiof, Chareow, Catherinensla!, 
 Caucasi, Saratof, Viatka, Perm, Tobolsk, 
 Ufa, Kolivau, and Irkutsk ; all which see, 
 and Siberia, The religion of Russia is that 
 of the Greek or Eastern church, which is 
 governed by a patriarch, under whom are 
 the archbishops and bishops, A considerable 
 uumber of the Russians profess the Maho- 
 met', m religion, and a greater number 
 
 
R U S 
 
 ere still Pagaus. The inhahitants of the 
 Swedish provinces are Lutherans ; and Pro- 
 testants, as well as Papists, enjoy full 
 liberty of conscience. The Papists are 
 tolerated, but are net allowed to have bells 
 on their churches. By a recent law the 
 Jesuits are expelled from the principal cities 
 in the empire. There are many convents in 
 the empire, but by a decree of Peter the 
 Great no man can enter on the monastic 
 life before he is 30 years of age, and no 
 woman can put on the veil under 60, and 
 then not without the license of the holy 
 svnod. The inhabitants, in general, are 
 robust, w'eil shaped, and of pretty good 
 complexions. Formerly no Russians were 
 seen in other countries, but now they are 
 more polite, and study the interests of differ- 
 ent nations. They had no ships before the 
 reign of Peter ; but in the late reigns, large 
 Russian fleets, and Fvussian squadrons, have 
 appeared not only in the Baltic, but in the 
 Black sea and Mediterranean. Formerly 
 the Russians were wholly employed in agri- 
 culture, feeding of cattle, hunting, and 
 fishing ; and he was thought a learned man 
 who could read and write ; but Peter under- 
 took to introduce the arts and sciences, and, 
 in 1724, the first university w^as founded 
 that ever was in Russia : and there is also 
 an academy of sciences at Petersburgh, sup- 
 plied w'iih eminent professors. With respect 
 to dress, a long beard is in high estimation 
 wdth the people of Russia, notwithstanding 
 the efforts of their mouarchs to root it out ; 
 and it is only those depending upon go- 
 vernment, in the army and navy, who have 
 yet complied with the custom and wish of 
 the court. Those w^ho retain their beards 
 retain likewise the ancient dress; the long 
 swadling coat, either of skins or of coarse 
 cloth lined with skins in winter, and in 
 summer with cloth only. The dress of the 
 women is the reverse of that of the men, 
 both in fashion and colour ; every part of it 
 being as short and tight as decency will 
 allow, and very gaudy. It is like that of 
 our Highland w’omen ; both have the short 
 jacket, the stripped petticoat, and the tartan 
 plaid ; and both, too, in general, have a 
 napkin rolled about their heads. The Rus- 
 sian wemen are, however, far more rich in 
 their attire ; nor is gold lace wanting, any 
 more than the art of painting, to compleie 
 the Russian belle. The present generation 
 are changing the stiff embroidered napkin 
 for one of flowing silk, the plaid for a silk 
 or satin cloak, in the cold scaeon lined with 
 fur, and the jacket and petticoat are of 
 muslin. The ladies wear velvet boots. 
 The dress of the higher ranks is after the 
 French or English fashion ; aitd all wear 
 a fur covering for six months of the year. 
 Both sexes wear a cross on their breasts, 
 which is put on when they are baptized, 
 and never laid aside while they live. Lead 
 crosses are worn by the peasants, but those 
 of the higher ranks are silver and gold. 
 No. 
 
 RUT 
 
 The sovereigns of Russia are absolute. 
 They were formerly called Grand Dukes, 
 w hich is still the title of the heir apparent. 
 They afierwards assumed the title of czavy 
 and, in the sequel, that of empercr^ The 
 natives pronounce the word czar, like tzaVy 
 or zaavj a^ this, by corruption, from 
 Caesar, from* some fancied relation to the 
 Roman emj;erors : on account of which, 
 they also bear the eagle as a symbol of 
 their empire. The title of emperor was 
 first assumed by Peter I. who, by his illustri * 
 ous actions, justly acquired the surname of 
 Great, tie died in 1726, and perhaps no 
 country ever exhibited, in so short a time as 
 his reign, the wonders that may be effected 
 by the genius and exertions of one man. 
 Peter civilized his barbarous subjects, dis- 
 ciplined his armies, built cities and for- 
 tresses, and created a navy, which, together 
 with the progressive improvement of suc- 
 ceeding sovereigns, has exalted Russia to a 
 rank among the nations of the world, of 
 which human loresight, at the commence- 
 ment of the last century, could have formed 
 no conception. In 1812, Bonaparte, at the 
 head of 300,000 men, in a high state of vi- 
 gour and discipline, invaded Russia. In the 
 early part of its progress, this mighty arma- 
 ment met with little opposition, as the Rus- 
 sians, after burning their towns, destroying 
 the bridges, and laying w^aste the country, 
 retreated before them ; but a great stand 
 was made at Smolensk, a sanguinary battle 
 was afterw^ard fought at Borodino, and then 
 Moscow evacuated in flames. The sacrifice 
 of the ancient capital by order of marshal 
 prince Kutusofif, probably saved the empire. 
 The French could not remain among the 
 ashes of Moscow, they could find no sup- 
 plies, and therefore were compelled to begin 
 their retreat, in w hicb, by the sword, pri- 
 vations of every kind, and the unusual rigour 
 of winter, scarcely 60, COO of all Bonaparte^s 
 immense army escaped out of Russia, and 
 of these one half did not reach their own 
 country. The Russian official returns of 
 taken, to December 26th, were 41 generals, 
 1298 officers, 167,610 non-commissioned 
 officers and soldiers, and 1131 pieces of 
 cannon. Hence, in this short campaigu, 
 above 106,000 of the invaders lost their 
 lives. Petersburgh is the capital of the 
 whole empire. 
 
 Rustenburg, a town in the territory of 
 Eiohfieid, Lower Saxony, with a castle, 
 nine miles w of Heiligenstadt. 
 
 Rmtgaden, a town in the province of De- 
 lecariia, Sw^eden, about 23 miles ssw of 
 Fahlun. 
 
 Rutchester, a town in Northumberland, 
 NW of Chollerton, the Vindobala of the 
 Romans. The ruins of the fort shew that it 
 has been considerable. Severus^ wall runs 
 on the middle of the e rampart, and Adrian’s 
 Vallum passes about 60 feet to the s of it, 
 six miles n of Hexham. 
 
 Rutherford, capital of a county of its 
 
 N a 
 
R ITT 
 
 yftwe, N Carolina, on a branch of Broad ri- 
 Ter, 30 miles s by e of Morgantown, and 60 
 w of Charlotte. 
 
 Ruther^len, a royal burgh in Lanark- 
 shire, about two miles and a half se of 
 Glasgow. Few towns in Scotland lay 
 claim to greater antiquity than this. Its 
 charter, conferring very extensive privi- 
 leges, was granted by David I. about the 
 year 11 20. It joins with Glasgow, Renfrew, 
 and Dumbarton, fh electing a member to 
 parliament. It was once a place of great 
 importance, but is now reduced to one prin- 
 cipal street and a few lanes, containing 
 about 1630 inhabitants. It is noted for the 
 manufacture of edge tools of a superior 
 quality. Many hands are employed by the 
 manufacturers of Glasgow in a variety of 
 branches. It is greatly benefited by its 
 six annual fairs, in which are exposed to 
 sale the best species of draught horses in 
 Scotland i, 
 
 Rutherglen, the parish in which the above 
 borough is situated, extends along the s 
 bank of the Clyde, three miles in length, and 
 ©ne in breadth. It is level, fertile, and one 
 of the most beautiful districts in Scotland. 
 G6al, free-stone, and iron-stone are abun- 
 dant. The town and parish contains about 
 243T‘inhabitants, 
 
 Ruthifiy or Ruthen, a town in Wales, in 
 Denbighshire, on an eminence, by the 
 Ciwyd. Its strong castle is in ruins, and 
 before the reformation its church was col- 
 legiate, Here are holden the assizes for the 
 county. It is well inhabited, and is govern- 
 ed by two aldermen. Besides tAvo markets, 
 on Monday and Saturday, it has five an- 
 nual fairs. It is 15 miles sw of Holywell, 
 and 192 ww of London* Lon, 3 36 w, lat: 
 53 <5 N. 
 
 RUthven, a parish in Forfarshire, contain- 
 ing about 1700 acres. There are about 
 1274 acres of a light arable soil. In the 
 parkh is abundance of freestone, marl, con- 
 siderable tracts of natural and planted wood, 
 and several mineral springs. Population 
 about 2011. 
 
 Ruihwell, a parish and village in Dum- 
 fries- shire. The parish enjoys a fine south- 
 ern exposure, and extends along the Solway 
 Frith, six miles in length, and three in 
 breadth where broadest. The crops are 
 abundant and early. Here, by an aacient 
 grant, salt is made duty free for the use of 
 the inhabitants, and, in the churchyard, on 
 several tomlvstones, are the arms and insig- 
 nia of the knights of St John^ of Jerusalem. 
 The village has been lately rebuilt, and 
 makes a respectable appearance. Popula- 
 tion of the town and parish about 996. 
 
 Rutigliano, a town in Terra di Bari, Na- 
 ples, J 2 miles se of Bari. 
 
 Ruttamy a town in the province of Mal- 
 wa, Hindoostan, 48 miles w of Ougein, and 
 336 E of Amcdabad, Lon. 74 58 e, lat. 23 
 25 N. 
 
 Rutland, a village ia Donegal, Ulster, 
 
 RYE 
 
 one of the Arran isles, on the w coast of the 
 county of Donegal, called Rutland in com- 
 pliment to the duke of Rutland, when lord 
 lieutenant in Ireland. The village has a 
 safe harbour, with a complete dock, and is 
 frequented by fishing vessels, in the season, 
 25 miles xnw of Donegal, and 40 w by s 
 of Londonderry. 
 
 RUTLANDSHIRE, the smallest county 
 of England, being 15 miles in length, and- 
 1 1 in breadth. It is bounded on the w and 
 Nw by Leicestershire, n and ne by Notting- 
 hamshire and Lincolnshire, and e and se by 
 Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. It 
 contains five hundreds, 52 parishes, two 
 market towns, and about 16356 inhabitants. 
 It sends two members to parliament. The* 
 air is very good, and the soil rich producing 
 excellent corn, and feeding a great number’ 
 of cattle and sheep. The principal rivers 
 are the Welland, and the Quash or Wash. 
 Oakham is the county town. 
 
 Ruttunpour, a city of the peninsula of 
 Hindoostan, and the capital of one of the 
 western Mahratta chiefs, 210 miles s by w 
 of Benares, and 360 w of Calcutta. Loca 
 82 36 E, lat. 22 16 n. 
 
 Rutzen, a town in the principality of 
 Wolau, Silesia. Tl is about 20 miles n of 
 Wolau. 
 
 RuvOy a populous town of Naples, in 
 Terra di Bari, 16 miles w of Bari. 
 
 Ruza, a town in the government of Mos- 
 cow, Russia, 48 miles wnw of Moscow, 
 Lon. 36 2 e, lat. 55 46 w. 
 
 Ryacota, a town of the Mysore, Hindoos- 
 tan, 85 miles e of Seringapatam, and 98 
 wsw of Aroot. Lon. 76 6 e, lat. 12 26 n. 
 
 Ryauy Lochy a bay of Scotland, at the sw 
 extremity of Wigtonshire, at the mouth of 
 the Frith of Clyde. At its entrance it is 
 about two miles broad, and expands more 
 inland ' to between three and four where' 
 broadest. There is excellent anchorage in 
 the whole of the bay. Opposite the Cairn, 
 a village seated on its banks, ships of the 
 greatest burden ride in safety, in almost any 
 weather, and w'hen overtaken with a storm , 
 in the Frith, run for this harboiir, 
 
 Rydaly a fine fruitful vale in Yorkshire, 
 with the river Rye passing through it. 
 
 Rydal Water y a lake of Westmoreland, a 
 little to the w of Ambleside. It is about 
 one mile in length, studded with small is- 
 lands. To the w it communicates with 
 Grasmere water, by a narrow channel, and 
 with Wradcmere water to the s by the river 
 Rothay. 
 
 Rydroogy a town in Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 on the Hindenny, 60 miles nne of Chittle- 
 droog. Lon. 76 52 e, lat. 14 40 n. 
 
 Rye, a populous town in Sussex. It is a 
 handsome well built place, is an appendage 
 to the Cinque ports, and is governed by a 
 mayor, jurats, and freemen, who return two 
 members to parliament ; and has weekly 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and 
 two annual fairs. Its fishermen send con- 
 
S A A 
 
 «iaerable supplies to the London market. 
 The old port, being choaked with sands, ad- 
 mits small vessels only, but in 1726, anew 
 one was opened, in which vessels of 360 
 tons find safe anchorage. On the edge of 
 the cliff is a small battery, and near it Ipres 
 tower, now used as a jail. Beside fish, the 
 exports are corn, malt, hops, <fec. It con- 
 tains 2000 inhabitants, and lies 34 miles se 
 by s of Tunbridge, and 63 se of London. 
 Lon. 0 44 E, lat. 50 57 n. 
 
 Ryegate^a, town in Surry, situated in a 
 valley called Holmesdale, on a branch of 
 the Mole. It has sent two members to par- 
 liament ever since the erection of the house 
 of commons. In a castle, on the k side of 
 the town, of Saxon erection, of which some 
 ruins are visible, the factious barons are said 
 to have held their private meetings, previous 
 to their appearing in arms against king 
 John. The neighbourhood abounds with 
 fuller's earth, and the town has a weekly 
 market on Tuesday, and two annual fairs. 
 
 is 16 miles e of Guildford, and 21 sw of 
 London. 
 
 Ryndy a parish in Perthshire, about four 
 miles long by one broad, situated between 
 the Erne and Tay, which unite at its eastern 
 extremity. The surface is in some places a 
 little elevated and exceedingly fertile. The 
 population is about 400. On the banks of 
 the Tay, at Orchard Nook, are the ruins of 
 a nunnery. 
 
 Rysseuy a towm in Overyssel, Holland, on 
 the Regge, 16 miles ene of Deventer. 
 
 Ryswicky a town of S Holland, seated be- 
 tween the Hague and Delft, where is a pa- 
 lace of the prince of Orange. Here, in 
 1697, a treaty was entered into between 
 England, Holland, Germany, France, and 
 Spain, 10 miles sw of Amsterdam. 
 
 Rzeczicoj a town of Lithuania, in the pa- 
 latinate of Minsk, capital of a territory of 
 the same name, at the junction of the Wy- 
 eriswick wuth the Dnieper, 33 miles sse 
 Rohaczow. 
 
 Rzemieriy a town in the palatinate of 
 Sandomir, Poland, 36 miles ssw of Sando- 
 rair. 
 
 Rzevoy a town o! the Russian empire, and 
 capital qi the province of the same name, 
 situated cn the Volga, near its source. 
 
 S 
 
 ^AABA, a kingdom of Negroland, with a 
 ^ capital of the same name, w of Tornbuc- 
 too, on the river Senegal. 
 
 Saadqy or Saade, a populous town of 
 Arabia Felix, in Yemen. It is the residence 
 of a sheik, ha.s a custom house, and manu- 
 facture of Turkey leather ; ISO miles ne 
 
 SAB 
 
 of Almacbarana, Lon. 44 55 e, lat. 17 
 50 N. 
 
 Saalfeldy a town of Upper Saxony, in th© 
 principality of AUenburg, with a castle on 
 a mountain, and is the mint town for the 
 circle of Upper Saxony. On an eminence, 
 near the towrn, stands the once princely 
 abbey of St Peter. Here, in 1806, prince 
 Louis Ferdinand of Pru^sia w^as killed in a 
 skirmish with the French. It has large 
 manufactures of cloth and silk stuffs, and is 
 the mart town for Upper Saxony. It stands 
 on the Saaie, 34 miles nne ot Coburg, and 
 46 sw of AUenburg. Lon, 1 1 32 e, lat. 50 
 41 N. 
 
 Saalfeldy a town on the lake Mebing, E 
 Prussia, 23 miles se of Murienburg. 
 
 Saary a town in the circle of Brunn, Mo- 
 ravia, on the borders of Bohemia, 42 miles 
 NW of Brunn. 
 
 Saarmundy a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, six miles s of Potsdam. 
 
 Saartay, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 in the sound of Harris. 
 
 Saatzy a town of Bohemia, capital of a 
 circle of the .same name, on the Eger. The 
 vicinity produces hops of the finest quality, 
 44 miles wxw of Prague. Lon, 13 42 b, 
 lat. 50 19 N. 
 
 SABA, one of the Carribbee islands, in 
 the W Indies, belonging to the Dutch, about 
 12 miles in circumference. The inhabi- 
 tants are almost all shoemakers. It has no 
 port, and was taken by the British in 1781, 
 in 1801, and in 1810. It is 13 miles nw 
 of St Eustatia* Lon. 63 17 w, lat. 50 
 19 N. 
 
 Saba, Little, one of the smaller Virgin 
 islands, belonging to the Danes. 
 
 Sabanja, a town of Natolia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, where all the roads from Asia to Con- 
 stantinople meet. It is seated on a lake 
 that abounds with fish, 60 miles ene of 
 Bursa, and 62 ese of Constantinople. Lon* 
 24 40 E, lat. 40 30 n. 
 
 Subatz, or Sabacz, a town and fortress 
 of Servia, European Turkey, on the Drave, 
 was taken by the Austrians, in 1719. It is 
 22 miles s of Peterwaradin, and 28 w of 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Sabbahy a town of Fezzan, in a fertile 
 country, celebrated for the ruins of a large 
 castle, and other buildings in the vicinity, 
 40 miles N Ot Mourzouk. 
 
 Sabi, See Xavier, 
 
 SABI A, a kingdom on the e coast of 
 Africa, s of Sofala. The country is fertile 
 and populous, and is intersected by a river 
 of its name. It contains mines of gold, 
 and has many elephants, Munboua is the 
 capital. 
 
 Sabieya .sea port on the k coast of North 
 Jutland, Denmark, at the mouth ot a river 
 of the same name, 23 miles nne of Alburg, 
 Lon. 10 18 E, lat. 57 20 n« 
 
 SABINA, a province of Italy, in the 
 Ecclesiastical State, 28 niUes long, and 
 N n 2 
 
SAC 
 
 20 broad ; is watered by several rivulets, 
 and abounds in wine and oil. Magliano 
 was the capital. 
 
 SABIONCELLO, a peninsula of Dalma- 
 tia, in the republic of Ragusa. It has a 
 town of the same name, seated on the extre- 
 mity of the peninsula, which stretches a 
 considerable way into the sea, with the 
 island of Lesia on the n, and those of Cur- 
 zala and Melida on the s. The town is 
 45 miles nw of Ragusa. Lon. 17 dO e, 
 lat. 43 20 N. 
 
 Sahionettn, a strong town of Italy, in the 
 Milanese, capital of a duchy of the same 
 name, has a strong citadel, 20 miles e of 
 Cremona. Lon. 10 30 e, lat. 45 0 n. 
 
 Sable, an ancient and populous town in 
 the department of Sarte, France, on the 
 Sarte, near which are some quarries of 
 black marble. It is 25 miles ne of 
 Angers. 
 
 Sable Cape, the most southerly point of 
 Nova Scotia, has a productive cod O-hery 
 near it. Lon. 65 33 w, lat. 43 30 n. 
 
 Sables D^olonne, a commercial town in 
 the department of Vendee, France, on the 
 bay of Biscay, with a port capable of admit- 
 ting vessels of 150 tons, 21 miles w of Lu- 
 con, and 40 w of Fontenay le Compte. Lon. 
 1 50 w, lat. 46 28 n. 
 
 SABLESTAN,a mountainous province of 
 Persia, w of Hindoostan, little known to 
 Europeans. Bost is the capital. 
 
 Sabugal, 3L town in Beira, Portugal, 20 
 miles SR of Guarda. 
 
 Sacatecolula, or Laeatecolula, a town in 
 the w coast of Mexico, 12 miles from Lim- 
 pa river. Near it is a burning mountain of 
 the same name. 
 
 Saccai, one of the most famous towns in 
 Japan, in the island of Niphon, with a 
 mountain on one side that serves as a ram- 
 part, and several palaces, temples, and 
 castles. It has a harbour, and is situated 
 on the sea shore, 43 miles s by w of Miaco, 
 and 300 sw of Jeddo. Lon. 13 65 e, lat. 
 34 58 N. 
 
 Sacea, or Sciacca. See Xacca. 
 
 Sachsenberg, a town in the county of 
 Waldeck, Germany, 10 miles sw of Wal- 
 ,deck. 
 
 Sachsenhagen, a town in the county of 
 Schauenberg, Westphalia, 13 miles - w of 
 Hanover. 
 
 Sachsenhausen, a towm seated on the s 
 side of the Maine, opposite to Frankfort on 
 the Maine, with which it communicates by 
 a stone bridge well fortified, 
 
 Sachsenhausen, a town in the county of 
 Waldeck, Germany, six miles n of VVal- 
 deck, 
 
 Sachsenheim, a town in the duchy of 
 Wirtemburg, Swabia, 12 miles nnw of 
 Stvitg-^rd. 
 
 SACRAMENT, St, the south western- 
 most Portuguese settlement in Paraguay, 
 on the s side of tlio river La Plata, opposite 
 Buenos Ayres. It has a town of its name, 
 
 S 'A G 
 
 I and was taken by the Spaniards, in 175T, 
 ' and ceded to them by the treaty in exchange 
 for tbe province of Uraguay, 100 miles w 
 by N of Monte Video. 
 
 SACRIFICES ISLAND, on the w coast 
 of New Mexico, 12 miles from Coiula 
 l! river. 
 
 Sacrapatani, a town in Mysore, Hindoos- 
 tan, on the Cavery, 73 miles nw of Sering- 
 apatam. Lon. 75 52 e, Uu. 13 6 n. 
 
 Saddleback, a mountain in Cumberland, 
 which has its name from its form, five 
 miles ENE of Kerwick, 2737 feet above sea 
 level, having on one side a vast cavity, sup- 
 posed to have been tbe crater of a volcano, 
 at the bottom of which is a lake about 20 
 acres in dimension. 
 
 Saddle, or Skipness, an united parish of 
 Scotland, situated on the e coast of the 
 peninsula of Cantyre in Argyllshire. It is a 
 rough and hilly parish about 25 -uiles long, 
 by tw'o broad. In Saddle is one church, 
 aud in Skipness is another ; neither of which 
 has a bell. Population about 1767. 
 
 Sadras, a town in the Carnaiic, Hindoos- 
 tan, N of which are seven pagodas, hewn 
 out of the solid rock, 38 miles s of Ma- 
 dras. 
 
 Saffay, a strong town of Morocco. It 
 ,^is 16 miles s of Cape Contin. It has a 
 castle, and was formerly the centre of com- 
 merce carried on with Europe, but its trade 
 is now greatly decayed. Lon. 8 58 w, lut. 
 32 28 N. 
 
 Sagan, a well built town of Silesia, capi- 
 tal of a principality of the same name, stands 
 on the Bober, and has double walls, a fine 
 palace, a Lutheran seho:)l, a priory of the 
 Augustine order, and cloth manufactures, 
 80 miles nw of Breslau. Lon. 15 22 e, 
 lat. 51 42 N. 
 
 Sagar, a town iu Mysore, Hindoostan, on 
 the Varada, near its source, has a good trade 
 in sandal wood, betel nut, and pepper, 25 
 miles N of Nagaras. 
 
 Sagay, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 near Harris. 
 
 Sagg Harbovr, a post town and port of 
 entry, in Suffolk county, New York slate, 
 E end of Long Island. Its exports, in 1784, 
 amounted to 6762 dollars, 'and the whale 
 fishery from this place produces 100 bar- 
 rels of oil annually.. It is 87 miles e of 
 New York. 
 
 Saghalfen, or Amour, a river which rises 
 near the Yabionoi mountain-, in Chinese 
 Tartary, first called Kerlou and Argun, 
 receives the Schilka, aud takes its present 
 name, and after a circuitous course of 
 1850 mil^s, falls into the sea of Okotsk at 
 the N end of the island ot Saghalien. 
 
 SAGH/ALiEN, an island in the sea of 
 Kamtschatka, belonging to the Russians, 
 550 miles long, and 00 where broadest. 
 Tbe centre is mountainous and well wood- 
 ed. The shores are level, and adapted 
 to agriculture. The natives resemble the 
 |j Tartars in form, aud are said to be mild 
 
S A I 
 
 and intelligent. There is some trade with 
 China and Russia. Lon. 14<3 e, and Irom 
 lat. 50 to 54 N. 
 
 Saghalien Oulahotun, a city of Chinese 
 Tartary. It is rich and populous on ac- 
 count of its situation, as it secures the IVIant- 
 chew Tartars the possession of extensive 
 desarts covered with wood, in which ate 
 found a great number ol i^ables. It is seat- 
 ed on the Saghalien, 200 miles nne of 
 Toitcicar. 
 
 Sagona^ a town of Corsica, now in ruins, 
 16 miles nxe ol Ajaccio. See Vico, 
 
 Sagres, a strong sea port m Algarva, 
 Portugal, stands on a tongue of land at the 
 sw extremity of the province, and has a 
 fort and a harbour, four miles e of cape 
 St. Vincent. Lon. 9 0 w, lat. 37 2 n. 
 
 Saguenay y a river which has its source 
 in lake St. John, Lower Canada, and after 
 a course of 100 miles e, unites with the 
 St. Laurence. It is navigable by the 
 largest vessels to within iO miles of the 
 lake, w'here there is a cataract 50 feet 
 high. 
 
 Saguntnm, See Morviedro, 
 
 SaguTf a town in the province of Malwa, 
 Hindoosian, near the Eunnas, 87 miles nw 
 of Gurrah, and 112 s of Agra. Lon. 78 
 53 E, lat. 23 45 n. 
 
 Saha gun, a town of Spain, in Leon, in a 
 fertile plain, on the Cea, and has a rich 
 abbey, 17 miles from Placentia, and 32 
 SE of Leon. 
 
 Suhar. See Shahar. 
 
 Sahara, or the Desert, See Zaara, 
 
 SAID, or Sahid, a province oi Upper 
 Egypt, bordering pn Nuuia, and the Red 
 Sea, anciently called Thebaid. It is one 
 of the most unfertile and unpopulous districts 
 in Egypt, being lull of deserts. 
 
 Said, a town in ihe above province, 
 seated on the ISile, 150 miles s of Cairo. 
 
 Saida, ix town oi S>ria, on the coast of 
 the Mediterranean, the remains of the an- 
 cient Sidon, with a castle and fort. A 
 small village, two miles distant is still 
 called Sidon. The ancient harbour is 
 ohoaked up ; but Saida still continues to 
 be the cbiei emporium for the commerce of 
 Damascus and the interior. The inhabi- 
 tants are cbiefiy employed in the manufac- 
 ture of cotton. It is 45 miles wsw of Da- 
 mascus. Lon. 36 5 r, lat. 33 33 n. 
 
 SAINT ANNE^S ISLANDS, three is- 
 lands situated in the bay of St Louis de 
 Maragaun, on the coast of Brazil. 
 
 SAINTES, three small islands in the W 
 Indie.s, between Guadaloupe and Dominica. 
 The middle one serves to form a good har- 
 bour, but is no more than a large barren 
 jock. Lon. 61 52 w, iat. 15 57 n. 
 
 Saintes, an ancient and large town, and 
 capital of the department of Lower Cha- 
 rente, France, lately a bi.'^hop’s see. Here 
 are several remains of antiquity, pardcu- 
 lariy an amphitheatre, aqueducts, and a 
 triumphal arch ou the bridge over the Cha- 
 
 SAL 
 
 rente. The steeple of the cathedral is one 
 of the largest in France, and the castle, 
 seated on a rock, is deemed impregnable. 
 It ,s 40 miles sse of Rochelle, and 76 sw 
 of Poitiers. Lon. 0 38 w, iat. 45 45 n. 
 
 Saintjield, a town in the county of Down, 
 Ireland, 39 miles ne of Newry. 
 
 Saint Marifs Isle, a beautiful circular 
 promontory, lormerly an island in the river 
 Dee, one rrule s of Kirkcudbright, stewarty 
 of Galloway, on the site of a priory founded 
 in the reign of David I. by Fergus lord of 
 Galloway, stands the elegant seat of the 
 earl of Selkirk. 
 
 SAINTONGE, a late province of France, 
 about 62 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. 
 The river Charente runs through the middle 
 of it, and renders it one of the liuest and 
 mo^t fertile tracts in France. It now forms, 
 with the late province of A^unis, the depart- 
 ment OI Low'er Charente. Its salt, in which 
 it has a considerable trade, and its horses 
 are in high repute. 
 
 SAL, one of the Cape de Verd islands, 
 about 42 miles in circumference. It has 
 its name from salt which is its chief produc- 
 tion. It is manufactured by letting in the 
 sea water into ponds, where it cbrystalises 
 into a beautiful salt. It is 100 milts w of 
 the coast of Africa. Lon, 22 56 w, lat. 16 
 38 N. 
 
 Sala, a town of Sweden, in Westmania, 
 near which is a silver mine. It is 30 
 miles w of Upsal, and six nw of '’.Stocky 
 holm. 
 
 SALADA, an island in the West Indies, 
 who.se NE point lies in Ion. 64 12 w, and 
 lat. 10 59 N. 
 
 Salado, a river of S America, formed by 
 the junction of several oth>.-rs, which issue 
 tiom the mountains in the nw part of Tucu- 
 rnan, and running sse, joins the Parana, at 
 ^'t. Be, in the province of Buenos Ay- 
 res. 
 
 SALAGUE, PORT, on the w coast of 
 New Mexico, eight leagues from the valley 
 of Colima. Here are two good harbours, 
 called Las Calletas, or the Creeks, where 
 mai-y ships may ride. 
 
 Salamanca, a town in Mechoacan, New 
 Spain, stands on a plain, on the right bank 
 of the Lerma, 20 miles s by w of Guanax- 
 uato. 
 
 Salamanca, an ancient, rich, and popu- 
 lous city ill Leon, Spain, and a bishop^s see, 
 with a famous university, consisting of 24 
 handsome colbges. The edifice, where the 
 .sciences are taught, is large and curious. 
 While the Spanish monarchy flourished, 
 the number of students was 7000, now they 
 are about 4000. They are all clothed like 
 priests, having their heads shaved, and 
 wearing caps Here are .superb churches, 
 an extensive public square, fine fountain's, 
 and every thing that can enhance the beauty, 
 and add to the convenience of the city. The 
 cathedral is one of the handsomest in the 
 kingdom. It is .situated partly in a plain, 
 
SAL 
 
 and partly on hills, and is surrounded by a j 
 wall. Over the Tormes^ which washes its 
 walls, is a bridge, built by the Romans, 
 500 paces in length. Here on the 22d of 
 August, 1812, a great battle was fought 
 betw/ en the French and the allied armies, 
 in which the former w*ere defeated. It is 
 37 miles se of Miranda, 8«5 s by w of Leon, 
 and 120 Nw of Madrid. Lon. 5 45 w, lat. 
 
 4 1 24 N. 
 
 Salamanca de Bacalar, a town in Ju- 
 catan, New Spain, near the bay of Hondu- 
 ras, wdih a fort, 140 miles ese of Compea- 
 chy. Lon, 88 50 w, lat. 41 24 n. 
 
 S ALA MIS, or Colouri, an island in the 
 gulf of Engia, European Turkey, 26 miles 
 in circumference. Two narrow channels ! 
 separate it from Livadia. Of the ancient ^ 
 city of Salamis little remains, and Colouri, j 
 the capital, stands on a bay that runs far j 
 inland, IS miles w by s of Athens. I 
 
 Sahmche, a town of Savoy, stands in a i 
 mountainous place, on the Arve, and has a I 
 ^ood trade in horses, cattle, cheese, woollen 
 stufts, iron tools, cfec. 12 miles N of Cluses, 
 and 31 se of Geneva. 
 
 Salankemen, or Salanaken, a town of 
 Sclavcnia, on the Danube, opposite the in- 
 flux of the Teisse. Here, in 1691, the 
 prince of Baden defeated the Turks, 20 
 miles Nw of Belgrade, and 25 se of Peter- 
 waradein. 
 
 S'a^aranc, a town in the Milanese, Italy, 
 on the Lambro, five miles w'sw of Lodi, and 
 15 SE of Milan. 
 
 Salaya, a town in Mechoacan, New 
 5pain, 25 miles ese of Guanaxuato. 
 
 Salazar y a town that stands amid craggy 
 mountains, New Granada, 60 miles nnw of 
 Pamplona. 
 
 Salberg, See Sala, 
 
 Salbocy a town in the province of Dron- j 
 4beim, Norway, at the e end of a lake of ! 
 its name, has a copper mine, 25 miles se | 
 of Drontheim. 
 
 Saldanha Baij, a secure and commo- 
 dious harbour on the sw coast of Africa, 
 .but wood and water are scarce, 120 miles 
 KNw of the cape iof Good Hope. Lon. 18 
 € E, lat. 32 54 s. 
 
 Saldanna, a town in Leon, Spain, on the 
 Carrion, 37 miles n of Palencia. 
 
 SalectOya town of the kingdom of Tunis, 
 near the Mediterranean, has the ruins of a 
 large castle in the vicinity, 22 sse of Mo- 
 naster. Lou. 11 3 E, lat. 35 13 n. 
 
 Salecy a sea port of the kingdom of Fez, 
 divided into the Old and New Town, by the 
 Quero, which here unites with the Burigrig, 
 qpposue Rabat. The harbour is safe, but 
 much injured by a bar. 
 
 SALEM, a county of New Jersy, divid- 
 ed into nine townships ; those on Delaware 
 river are generally excellent for pasmre, 
 and large dairies. Its capital of (he same 
 name, stands on Salem Creek, three miles 
 from its mouth in the Delaware Bay, and 
 
 SAL 
 
 has three churches, 37 ssw of Philadelphia; 
 Lon. 75 37 w, lat. 39 37 n. 
 
 Salem, a post town of Massachusetts, 
 and the capital of Essex county, 10 miles 
 N by E of Boston, seated on a peninsula, 
 formed by two small inlets of the sea, called 
 N and S rivers. The court house and epis- 
 copal church are elegant. It is connected 
 with the town of Beverly by a bridge 1500 
 feet long, and has seven places for public 
 worship. It is the second town for size in 
 the commonwealth, containing 7921 inha- 
 bitants. The principal harbour and place 
 for business is at S rivers. A manufactory 
 of duck and sail cloth was lately instituted 
 here, and is prosecuted with much spirit, 
 there is also ship building, and much foreign 
 trade. The works for the defence of the 
 harbour consist of a fort and citadel. Lon. 
 70 51 w, lat. 42 29 K. 
 
 Salem, a post town of N Carolina, capital 
 of Surry county, w side of Wack Creek, a 
 branch of the Gargalis. Here the Mora- 
 vians have their fR’incipal settlement in this 
 state. It is 60 miles ne by n of Salisbury, 
 Lon. 80 21 w, lat. 36 2 n. 
 
 Salem, a town in Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 on a river that falls into the Cavery, 120 
 miles SE of Seringapatam. Lon. 78 15 e, 
 lat. 11 37 N. 
 
 Salemi, a town in Val di Mazara, Sicily, 
 17 miles ne of Mazara. 
 
 Salerno, an ancient and considerable 
 town of Naples, capital of the Hither Prin^ 
 cipato, and an archbishop’s see, with a 
 castle, and an university, chiefly for medi- 
 cine. The cathedral has two ancient mar- 
 ble pulpits and some fine paintings. The 
 harbour is defended by a mole, but is little 
 frequented. It stands on a bay of its 
 name, 27 miles se of Naples. Lon. 14 
 53 E, lat. 40 35 n. 
 
 Salersy a town in the department of Can- 
 tal, France, stands among mountains, nine 
 miles N of Aurillac. 
 
 Salies, a town in the department of the 
 Lower Pyrenees, France, with springs from 
 which fine salt is made. It is seven miles 
 w of Ortbes. 
 
 Salignac, a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Upper Vienne, 10 miles s of Li- 
 moges. 
 
 Salinas, a town in Biscay, Spain, at the 
 foot of a mountain, on the Deva, 16 miles 
 NNE of Vittoria, and 28 sse of Bilboa. 
 
 Saline, a parish in Fifeshire, about seven 
 miles long from e to w, and six broad in 
 the middle. The village of Saline is a neat 
 place, containing about 200 inhabitants. 
 Population about 945. This district con- 
 tains lime, iron stone, and coals. 
 
 Salines, a sea port, and chief place of 
 commerce in the island of Cyprus, stands 
 on the s coast, on a bay of its name. Near 
 the citadel, is the Bazar, w^bere provisions 
 and other necessaries are sold. The shops 
 arouud are filled with all sorts of European 
 
SAL 
 
 merchandize. The consuls, and families of 
 distinction reside at Larneca, about a mile 
 distant. Abundance of salt is obtained 
 from the neighbouring marshes, 22 miles 
 s of Nicosia. Lon. 33 36 e, lat. 34 55 n. 
 
 SALINI, one of the Lipari islands, in the 
 Mediterranean, lies nw of Lipari, and con- 
 sists of two mountains joined together at 
 the base. 
 
 Salim y a considerable town in the depart- 
 ment of Jura, France, seated in a fertile 
 valley, with a strong fort, and in the vici- 
 nity quarries of jasper, alabaster, and black 
 marble, and remarkable for its salt works. 
 It is 29 miles s of Besancon. 
 
 Salisbury, or New Sarum, a large and 
 ancient city of Wiltshire, of which it is the 
 capital, and a bishop’s see, seated in a chal- 
 ky soil, nearly surrounded by the Avon, 
 Willy, Nadder, and Bourn, and has a 
 small stream flowing through every street. 
 There is a spacious market place, with an 
 elegant town house. The cathedral, which 
 has the loftiest spire in the kingdom, is a 
 fine structure. Beside the cathedral there 
 are three churches. It is governed by a 
 mayor, a recorder, deputy recorder, 24 
 aldermen, and 50 common council men.' 
 The inhabitants manufacture flannels, lin- 
 seys, parchments, hardware, and cutlery. 
 It has w^eekly markets, on Tuesday and 
 Saturday, and four annual fairs, and is noted 
 for the number of its boarding schools. In 
 1801, the inhabitants amounted to 7668, and 
 in 181 1, to 8243. It sends two members to 
 parliament elected by the corporation. It is 
 21 miles ne of Southampton, and 81 w by s 
 of London. Lon. 1 47 w, lat. 51 4 n. 
 
 SALISBURY, a fertile district of N 
 Carolina. Iron are is found in several 
 parts. Tobacco of good quulity is culti- 
 vated, and the planters are wealthy. It 
 contains 66,480 inhabitants. 
 
 Salisbury, the capital of the above dis- 
 trict ; contains a court-house, gaol, and 
 about 100 houses, seated on the xw side of 
 Cane Creek, five miles from its influx into 
 the Yadkin, and 1 10 w' of Ralegh. Lon. 80 
 34 w, lat. 35 38 N. 
 
 Salisbury, a town in Essex county, 
 Massachusetts, stands at the confluence of 
 the Powow and JVIerrimac, three miles nnw 
 ©f Newbury Port. 
 
 Salisbury, a town of Delaware, New- 
 castle county, on Dutch Creek, one of the 
 largest wheat markets in the State ; 12 
 miles NW of Dover. 
 
 Salisbury, a town in Somerset county, 
 Maryland, stands between the two chief 
 branches of Wicomico river, and has a good 
 trade in lumber, 15 miles se of Vienna. 
 
 SALISBURY, an island at the w end of 
 Hudson’s Straits, e of Nottingham island. 
 Lon. 76 47 w, lat. 63 29 n. 
 
 Salisbury Craig, a hill on the se side of 
 the city of Edinburgh, near Arthur’s Seat, 
 about a mile in length, ?^cd, in some parts, 
 iOO feet high. 
 
 SAL 
 
 Salisbury Plain, in Wiltshire, extends 
 25 miles e to Winchester, and 28 w to 
 Weymouth, and in some places, is from 35 
 to 40 miles in breadth. That part of it 
 about the city is a chalky down; the other 
 parts of it are famous sheep w'alks. Con- 
 siderable tracts of the plain are now under 
 tillage. Here are many traces of Roman, 
 British, Saxon, and Danish antiquiiies, 
 the most remarkable of which is Stone- 
 henge, six miles n of Salisbury, consisting 
 of several large stones placed in a circular 
 form, some upright, and others placed hori- 
 zontally across them, and of such enormous 
 bulk, that it is not easy to account for their 
 being brought and laid in their present po- 
 sitions. 
 
 Salkelds, Great and Little, two villages 
 in Cumberland, washed by the Eden at the 
 latter place, there is a circle of 77 stones, 
 each 10 feet high, and one at the entrance 
 15, called Long Meg and her Daughters^ 
 supposed tO'be a druidical work, 
 
 Sallens, a neat town in Kildare, Leinster, 
 on the Grand canal, 14 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Sallien, a tow’n of Chirvan, on an island 
 that is covered with villages, at the moutb 
 of the Kiir, has an extensive fishery, carried 
 on ch efly by Russians, and an extensive 
 trade in salt; 70 miles sse of Schumaebi. 
 
 Salm, a town of Germany, late capital 
 of a princely territory, in the duchy of 
 Luxemburg, with an ancient castle on a 
 mountain, on the borders of Liege, 30 miles 
 SSE of Liege, and 45 n of Luxemburg. 
 
 Salm, a town in the department of 
 Meurthe, France, with a castle, at the 
 source of the Sarre, 20 miles w of Strasburg, 
 and 26 e of Luneville. 
 
 Salmas, a town in Aderbijan, Persia, con- 
 taining many ruins, and sculptured rocks, 
 18 miles s of Khoi, and about 27 w by n of 
 Tabriz. 
 
 Salmunster, a, town in the principality of 
 Fulda, Germany, on the Kinz, 19 miles ssw 
 of Fulda. 
 
 Salo, a town of Italy, in Bresoiano, 
 stands at the foot of a mountain, near the 
 lake Garda, 17 miles ne of Brescia. 
 
 Salo, a town ©f S|>ain, in Catalonia, -with 
 a convenient harbour for shipping the pro- 
 duce of the country, 12 miles w by s of 
 Tarragona. 
 
 Salobrena, a sea port of Spain, in Gre- 
 nada, 12 miles se of Almunecar, and 36 s 
 of Grenada. 
 
 Salo, a town in the department of the 
 Mouths of the Rhone, France, seated on a 
 rock, near the mouth of a river of its name, 
 has a castle, and an extensive trade in fish 
 and sugar, 23 miles nnw of Aix. 
 
 Salona, a sea port of Dalmatia, on a 
 bay of the gulf of Venice, on the canal of 
 Crapoune, 17 miles n of Spalatro. 
 
 Salone, a town of Greece, in Livadia, 
 whose ruins shew that it was once 10 miles 
 in circuit. The inhabitants are Christians 
 and Turks, 16 miles ne of Lepanto. 
 
SAL 
 
 S A L 
 
 / 
 
 Salonichi, or Salonicay anciently called 
 Thessalonicay a sea port of Turkey in Eu- 
 rope, and capital of Macedonia, and an 
 arohi-episcopal see. It is large, populous, 
 and rich, being about 10 miles in circum- 
 ference. It is a place of great trade, car- 
 Tied on chiefly % Jews and Greeks, the 
 latter of which have 30 churches, and the 
 former nearly as many synagogues. The 
 Turks have a tew mosques. It is surroun- 
 ded by walls, and on the land side defended 
 by a citadel and three forts. In 1431, the 
 Turks took it from the Venetians. The 
 population is estimated at 60,000. It is 
 situated at the bottom of a gulf of the same 
 name, t50 miles n of Larissa, and 310 w of 
 Constantinople. Lon. 23 5 e, lat. 40 53 n. 
 
 SalpCy a town in Capitanata, Naples, 
 seated on a lake near the sea, with salt 
 works in the vicinity, 23 miles s of Man- 
 fredonia, and 92 ene oi Naples. 
 
 Salsesy a town and fortress in the depart- 
 ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, France, 
 stands among mountains, on the lake of 
 Leucate, 10 miles ol Perpignan. 
 
 SALSETTE, an island of the deccan of 
 Hindoostan, lying off the coast of Conoan, 
 a little to the n of Bombay, from which it 
 is separated by a narrow channel. It is in 
 possession of the English, who took it from 
 the Mahrattas in 1773. Here are subterra- 
 neous temples cut out of the solid rock, like 
 those of Elephanta. Danna is the chief 
 town . 
 
 Salta, a town of South America, two- 
 thirds of the way from Buenos Ayres to 
 Potosi. 
 
 Salt Lake, a lake in Onoudago county, 
 New York, half a mile s of Seneca river, 
 to which it sends its waters. It is capa- 
 ble of producing immense quantities of 
 salt. 
 
 Salta, a town of South A merica, in the 
 province of Tucuman, much resorted to on 
 account of the large exports of corn, wine, 
 horses, mules, salt and other commodities 
 into Peru, 58 miles s of St. Salvador, and 
 170 N of St. Michael. Lon. 64 30 w, lat. 
 24 40 s. 
 
 Saltashy a town in Cornwall, on tba side 
 of a steep hill, near the mouth of the Ta- 
 mar. It consists of three streets, and has 
 some trade, especially in malt, with a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and two annual ftiirs. 
 It is governed by a mayor, six aldermen, and 
 an indefinite number of coroners, who are 
 represented by two members in parliament. 
 Tne corporation have a right to hold a 
 court of admiralty, a coroner’s inquest, &c. 
 six miles nw of Plymouth, and 220 w by s 
 of Loudon. 
 
 Saltcoats, a considerable sea port in 
 Ayrshire, much resorted to as a watering 
 place. A considerable trade is carried on 
 here in salt and coal, of the former of which 
 3000 bolls are made aimually ; there is 
 likewise ship-building, a ropu'-yard, and 
 a manufacture of sail-cloth. It has some 
 
 shipping employed in the coasting trader 
 particularly in exporting coal, and in the 
 herring and whale fisheries. It is seated in 
 the parishes of Stevenson and Adrossan, and 
 a canal passes from hence to Glasgow. It 
 contains about 2330 inhabitants, 18 miles 
 NNw of Ayr, seven w by n of Irving, and 
 I 28 sw of Glasgow. 
 
 SALTEES, three islands on the coast o^ 
 Wexford, Leinster, about a league from, the 
 shore. On one of these islands, Mr. Bagnal 
 Harvey, who had been convicted of high 
 treason, secreted himself in a large cave, 
 along with his wife and child, but was dis- 
 covered and executed. 
 
 i 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 Salterness, a sea port village in the parish 
 of Kirkbean, and county of Kirkcudbright. 
 On the Ness is a tower to direct mariners 
 along the coast, which ought to be supplied 
 with alight house, as vessels frequently an- 
 chor here. 
 
 Saltjleet, a sea port in Lincolnshire, situa- 
 ted on a bay of the German ocean, with a 
 market oa Saturday, 33 miles ene of Lin- 
 coln, and 158 n by e of London. 
 
 Salt Hilly a village in Berkshire, celebra- 
 ted for its elegant inns, and fine situation, 
 stands oa the Bath road, 21 miles from 
 London. 
 
 Saltillo, a town in New Biscay, New 
 Spain, stands on a lofty plain, on the borders 
 of Cobahuila . and New Leon. It is about 
 189 miles ne of Durango. Lon. 101 14 w, 
 lat. 25 52 N. 
 
 SALT ISLAND, one of the smaller 
 Virgin islands Lon. 71 3 w, lat. 24 
 30 N. 
 
 Salt Key, a small island in the W Indies. 
 Lon, 71 3 w, lat, 21 30 n. 
 
 Salton, a parish in Haddingtonshire, con- 
 taining about 2000 acres, watered by the 
 Tyne. The surface is rich and well culti- 
 vated. There are two small villages named 
 East and West Salton, the former contain- 
 ing about 281, and the latter about 127 
 inhabitants. Population about 786. The 
 British linen company established their 
 first bleachfield in this parish, and Scotch 
 Hollands and pot barley were first manufac- 
 tured here. Dunbar author of the Thistle 
 and the Rose was a native of this parish. 
 It was the first ecclesiastical preferment 
 of Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Sarum, wha 
 bequeathed a considerable sum for the 
 education of youth in this parish, for which 
 purpose there is a school at West Salton, 
 and another at East Salton, both wedl en- 
 dowed. Salton hall was the residence of 
 the celebrated patriot and statesman, An- 
 drew Fletcher, who flourished in the end of 
 the 1 7th and beginning of the I8th century, 
 and still continues in the family of Fletcher. 
 In the vicinity is a mineral Spring, said to b© 
 little inferior to that at Bristol. 
 
 Saltza, See Saha, 
 
 Saltzburg, or Salzburg, a large and an- 
 cient city of Bavaria, capital of an arch- 
 bishopric of the same name, with two nobl© 
 
SAL 
 
 palatses, a castle on a mountain, and an uni- 
 versity. In the cathedral of St Rupert are 
 five organs. Near the church of St Peter 
 is a Benedictine monastery, with a fine li- 
 brary. An amphitheatre hewn out of a 
 rock, and the ducal stables, attract particu- 
 lar notice. It is populous and well built. 
 The number of inhabitants is estimated at 
 20,000. It was taken by the French in 
 1800, and again in 180,5. Near Saltzburg 
 are some very productive salt works. It 
 is situated between three mountains, on both 
 sides of the Saltz, 4S miles s by w of Pas- 
 sau, and 165 w by s of Vienna. Lon. 13 
 A E, lat. 47 46 N. 
 
 SALTZBURG, or Salzburg, an arch- 
 bishopric and territory of Germany, in the 
 circle of Bavaria, on the w of Austria, 
 ceded as an indemnity to the Grand duke of 
 Tuscany in 1802, who field it as an elec- 
 torate till 1S05, when it was ceded to Aus- 
 tria, as a duchy ; and in 1809-, it was trans- 
 ferred to Bavaria It is a mountainous 
 country, but fertile, and contains mines of 
 copper, silver, and iron. It is about, 100 | 
 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. Saitz- 
 burg is the capital. 
 
 Salvador y capital of the kingdom of Con- 
 go, seated on the plain summit of a moun- 
 tain, 1ft miles in circuit, and well cultivated. 
 Here is a large palace, iu which the king 
 and a Portuguese bishop reside. Beside the | 
 cathedral, it has 12 churches,.230 miles ese 
 of Loango. Lon. 14 20 e, lat. 6 40 s. 
 
 Salvador, St, cb.'^\Va\ of the province of 
 All Saints Bay, Brazil, and an archbishop’s 
 see, stands on an eminence on the e side of 
 the bay of All Saints. This city is populous, 
 magnificent, and beyond comparison the 
 most gay and opulent in all Brazil The 
 most superb structure is the grand church of 
 the ex-jesuits, built of European marble, 
 and the internal part exceedingly rich. The 
 governor’s house, the mint, and the public 
 ofiices, are in the royal square, and along 
 the beach is the custom house, docks and 
 storehouses. Gardens stored with a great 
 variety of fruit trees, herbs, and flowers, add 
 to the amenity of the town. The population 
 is above 100,000. Cotton, sugar, coffee, to- 
 bacco, wood, hides, tallow, and train oil, 
 form the chief articles of trade. Lon. .38 
 33 w, lat. 12 58 s. 
 
 Salvador, St, a city in the province of 
 Guatimala, New Spain, on a river which 
 enters the Pacific ocean, 20 miles beluw, 
 170 miles e by s of Guatimala. Lon. 89 
 -SO w, lat. 13 40 N. 
 
 Salvador de Jujui, St, a town in the 
 province of Tucuman, in South America, on 
 a river of its name, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, 200 miles n by e of St Michael. Lon. 
 64 20 w, lat. 24 0 s. 
 
 Salvador, St, one of the Bahamas. See 
 Guanahami, 
 
 SALVAGES, small uninhabited islands, 
 lying between the Canary islands and Ma- 
 No. 25—64. 
 
 SAM 
 
 deira, 27 leagues n of Point Nago, in'Tene- 
 riffe. Lon. 15 54 w, lat. 30 0 n. 
 
 Salvaterra, a town in Estremadura, Por- 
 tugal, on the Tajo, at the confluence of the 
 Soro, has a royal palace, 35 miles ne of 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Salvatierra, a strong town iu Beira, Por- 
 tugal, seated on the frontiers of Spain, taken 
 by the French in 1704, and by the allies in 
 1705, 12 mi.es nnw of Alcantara, and 38 s 
 by s of Castel Branco. 
 
 Salvatierra, a town of Galicia, Spain, on 
 theMinbo, seven miles ne of Tuy. 
 
 Salvatierra, a town in Biscay, Spain, at 
 the foot ol Mount St Adriau, 18 miles ene 
 ofVittoria. 
 
 Salvatierra, a town in Leon, Spain, on the 
 Tormes, 23 miles s of Salamanca. 
 
 Saluzzo, a town of Piedmont, cavdtal of 
 a marquisate of the same name, stands on 
 an eminence near the Po, in a fertile coun- 
 try, has a castle, and a magnificent cathe- 
 dral, 22 miles s by w oi Turin. 
 
 Saha, a town in the duchy of Magde- 
 burg, Lower Saxony, famous for its salt 
 works, near the Elbe, 12 miles sse of Mag- 
 deburg. 
 
 Sahkoten, a town in the principality of 
 Pader born, Westphalia, has a rich salt min©, 
 seven miles sw of Pader born. 
 
 Sahungeuydi town of .Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, situatM on the Wetra, has a castle, 
 on an eminence, called Schepfenburg, and 
 salt works, 10 miles s of Eisenach. 
 
 Salzusten, a town in the county of Lippe, 
 Westphalia, has a salt mine, 19 miles sw of 
 Minden 
 
 Salzwedel, a town of Brandenburgh, in tfie 
 Old Mark, seated on the Jetze. It has a 
 trade in linen, and flourishing manufactures 
 of serge and stockings. It is 26 miles nw 
 of Stendal. 
 
 Samana, a sea port on the ne side of S.t 
 Domingo, stands on a peninsula, 33 miles 
 long and three broad, on the n side of a fine 
 bay of th? same name. It is sometimes 
 called an island, as ibe isthmus is low. In 
 1808, it Was taken by the British. Lou. 69 
 20 w,lat. 19 10 N. 
 
 . Samandraki, or Samondrachi, an island 
 of the Archipelago, 17 miles in circumfer- 
 ence, with a town oS its name, and a har- 
 bour, situated between Stalinieni and the 
 coast of Romano, and to the n of the isle of 
 Imbro. Lon. 25 17 e, lat. 40 34 n. 
 
 Samarcand, or Sarmacand, an ancient, 
 large, and populous town of Asia, capital 
 of a kingdom of that name, and chief city 
 of the Ushbec Tartars, has a castle, and an 
 university, and stands near the Sogtl It is 
 renowned as the birth place and seat of 
 Tamerlane the Great, and now the residence 
 of a Tartar prince. Some of the houses are 
 of stone, but the greater pan of hardened 
 clay. The city is fortified with strong 
 bulwarks of earth, and is large, though it 
 has lost much of its ancient splendour. It 
 O o 
 
SAM 
 
 carries on a trade in excellent fruits, and its 
 silk paper is in great request. It is situated 
 138 (uiles E by n of Bokhara. Lon. 64 15 
 B, lat. 39 37 n. 
 
 SAMAR, or Tenday, one of the Philip- 
 pine islands, 320 miles in circuit, se of La* 
 conia, from which it is separated by a strait. 
 Among its craggy mountains are fertile 
 valleys. 
 
 Samara^ a town in the government of 
 Simbirsk, Russia, stands on the Volga, 95 
 miles ssE of Simbirsk. Lou. 49 46 e, lat. 
 
 53 20 N. 
 
 Samarang, a town in the ne part of 
 Java, and next to Batavia, the most const- j 
 derable settlement in the island ; at the [ 
 mouth of a river of its name, 290 miies 
 E by s of Batavia. Lon. 110 38 e, lat. 6 
 
 54 s. 
 
 Samarof, a town in the government of 
 Tobolsk, Siberia, on the Irtish, 135 miles n ! 
 of Tobolsk. 
 
 Samatan, a town in the department of 
 Gers, France, on the Save,, has a castle on a 
 mountain, s:x miies n by e of Lombez. 
 
 Samba^ a sea port in the province of 
 Carthngena, Terra Firma, 30 miles ne of 
 Carthogvma. 
 
 Samb illasy a group of small uninhabited 
 islands on the nw shore of the isthmus of 
 Darien. 
 
 capital of a kingdom of its name, 
 in Borneo, near the w coast. Diamonds are 
 found in the vicinity. Lon. 109 0 e, lat. 
 
 2 20 N. 
 
 Samborough, a cape and island on the s 
 coast of Nova Scotia, in Ion. 63 32 w, and 
 lat. 44 30 N. 
 
 Sambrey a river of the Netherlands, which 
 bas its source in Picardy, runs by Landrecy. 
 Maubeugp, Thun, and Charleroy, and 
 unites with the Meuse at Namur. 
 
 SAMBRE AND xMEUSE,oue of the nine 
 new departments of France, which were 
 formed out of the Austrian Netherlands, in 
 1796. It comprehends the county of Na- 
 mur, the sw pan of Liege, and nw part of 
 Luxemburg, aiid has its name from two 
 rivers. Namur is the capital. 
 
 Samiray a town in Irak, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, cn the Tigris, 70 miles nnw of Bag- 
 dat. 
 
 Samisaty a town in the Sangiacate of 
 Marasch, Asiatic Turkey, on the Eup ates, 
 80 miles e ot Marasch. 
 
 SAMOGITIA, a province of Poland, 
 about 175 miles in length, and 125 in 
 breadth. It is mountainous, has many 
 forests, feeds great numbers of cattle, pro- 
 duces active horses, and abounds in honey. 
 Rosienne and Wormio are the principal 
 places. 
 
 SAMOS, an island iu the Archipelago, on 
 the coast of Natolia, and e of Nicaria, 
 about 32 miles long, and 22 broad, and ex- 
 tremely fertile. It has abundance of melons, 
 lintels, kidney beans, and excellent musca- 
 dine grapes. Here are some sheep, goats, 
 
 SAN 
 
 and many bares, woodcocks, partridges, 
 snipes, thrushes, wood- pigeons, turtle doves, 
 wheatears, and pouiiry are plenty. It has 
 iron mines, emery stone, and ochre. All the 
 mountains are of wDite marble, and the 
 soil is of a rusty colour. Pitch i- ob‘ained 
 from the pine trees in the n of the island, 
 and its silk, honey, and wax are much es- 
 teemed. Here are several viliagt's, and 
 several vastiges of the celebrated temple of 
 Juno. The women dress after the Turkish 
 manner. The inhabitants are about 12,000, 
 who are almost ail Greeks, and the monks 
 and priests occupy most part of the island. 
 The principal harbour is that ot Vati, on 
 the N side of the island. Lou. 27 13 e, lat, 
 37 46 N. 
 
 SAMOYEDES, once a numerous nation 
 of Tartary, but now strangely di-perscd. 
 Some of them are among the mountains w 
 of Baikal, some within the Chinese ircntiers, 
 and some in the desarts along tlie Frozen 
 ocean. They are still a pastoral people, 
 and migratory. They seem never to have 
 had any regular government. Th‘ur songs 
 celebrate certain heroes who led their an- 
 cestors to battle, and constitute their prin- 
 cipal amusement. The Saruu3edes are so 
 trritable, that a Midden and unexpected 
 noise will often throw them into convulsions. 
 They have large heads, fiat faces, high 
 cheek bones, small eyes, fiat noses, wide 
 mouths, yellow complexions, large ears, a 
 short thick neck, litiie or no beards, and 
 short legs. 
 
 SAMSO, or Samsok, an inland of Den- 
 mark, in the Baltic, 12 mile long and three 
 broad, on the e coast of North Jutland, with 
 a town of its name, and is .very fertile and 
 piea-ant. The iuhab laiits have some 
 trade, in small vessels. Lon. 10 33 e, lat. 
 56 2 N. 
 
 Samson, St, a town in the department of 
 Eure, France, on the Rille, five miles n of 
 Pont Atidemer. 
 
 Samsoun, a sea port iu Natolia, Asiatic 
 Turkey, seated on a bay of the Black sea, 
 at the influx of the Trozzo, 60 miles n of 
 Amasia. Lon. 36 8 e, lat. 41 15 n. 
 
 ^ Sana, a large populous, and handsome 
 town of Asia, capital of Arabia Felix, and 
 in Yemen Proper, has a castle on a hill, in 
 which are two palaces, and seated near the 
 s<mrce of a river, which, flowing s, falls into 
 the Arabian sea, at the foot of Mount Nik- 
 kum, on which is the ruin of a castie, said 
 to have been built by Shem. Tlie walls are 
 L-ur miles in cirv'Uir, and have seven gates, 
 but within this space are many gardens. 
 Here are several pala.es, a number of 
 mosques, 12 public baths, and large cara- 
 vansaries, fruits, and particularly grapes, 
 one kind of which' is with -ut stones, are 
 nlentiftil. Raisins form a considerable ar- 
 ticle of commerce. It is 80 miles ne of 
 Aden, 250 nne of Mot ha, and 490 sE of 
 Mecca. Lon. 45 10 e, lat. 15 24 n. 
 
 Sana, a town of Peru, capital of a juris- 
 
SAN 
 
 diction in the bishopric of Truxillo, some- 
 times called Mirafloris, from tlie number 
 and be.iiity of the flowers that abound in 
 the teriiie valley in which it is seated. It 
 is ferule also in corn and fruit. It is 90 
 miles N of Truxillo. Lon. 79 36 w, lat. 6 
 6% s. 
 
 Sanashijgottay capital of a circar in 
 Benjral, Hi.;doostau, on the Mahanada, 16 J 
 miles N of Moorshedabad. Lou, 88 30 e, 
 lat. 26 37 N. 
 
 Sanbach, or Sandbach, a town in Che- 
 shire, situated on the Wheelock. It has a 
 weekly market ou Thursday, and two annu- 
 al fairs. In the market place are two square 
 stone cross s. It is 26 miles s of Che-ier, 
 and 162 nnw of London. 
 
 Scuiecrre, a town in the department oi 
 Cher, France, stands on a mountain, near 
 the Loire. The vicinity produces wiue>, 
 that are held ui high repute, 22 miles nw 
 of Nevers, and 110 n of Paris. 
 
 SANCIAN, a small island on the coast 
 of the province of Quang-Tong, China, 
 about 42 miles in circumference, and chief- 
 ly inhabited by fishermen, and celebrated for 
 being the burying-place of Francis Xa-ier, 
 whose tomb is to be seen on a small hill, 
 60 miles sw of Macoa. 
 
 Sancoins, a town in the department of 
 Cher, France, on the Argent, 15 miles sw 
 of Neiers. 
 
 SAND A, a small island near the Mull of 
 Kintyre. annexed to the parish of South- 
 end, about a mile and a-balf long, and half 
 a mile broad, famous for being, in ancient 
 times, ihe rendezvous of the Danish fleets, 
 during their incursions into the w of Scot- 
 land. Here are the rums of a chapel dedi- 
 cated to St Columba, eight miles e of the 
 Mull of Can tyre. 
 
 SANDA, a small iAand of the Hebrides, 
 in the district of small isles, about half a 
 mile from Canna. 
 
 SAND A, one of the Orkney islands, lying 
 XE of that called Mainland, about 12 miles 
 long, and from one to three broad. It lies 
 V of Stronsay, from which it is separated 
 by a narrow channel. The bays of Keitiet 
 Oft on the s, and Otherwick on the n side 
 of the island, afford tolerable anchorage. 
 The surface is low and flat, but the coast 
 dangerous. The sea coast yields annually 
 from 500 to 620 tons of kelp. The number 
 of the people is about 1408. ft exports, 
 besides kelp, black cattle, oat-nieal, barley, 
 and fish. On the Start point is a light- 
 house. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 59 21 n. 
 
 Sandbach, See Sanbach, 
 
 SandecZy a town of Little Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Cracow, at the foot of Mount 
 Krapack. There are mines of gold and 
 copper in its territory. It is 32 miles se of 
 Cracow. 
 
 Sandendy a small fishing village in the 
 parish of Fordyce, Banffshire, about four 
 miles from Portsoy. 
 
 SANDER AY, a small island of the 
 
 SAN 
 
 Hebrides, in the districts of Barray and 
 couniy of Inverness, about five miles from 
 Barray. It is about two miles long by 
 two broad, and contains about 50 inhabi* 
 tants. 
 
 Sanderstedy a village in Surry, s of Croy- 
 don, has a mo t extensive prospect. 
 
 Sandhamn, a sea port of Swedes, in the 
 province of Upland. Here all vessels td 
 and irom Stockuolm are examined, iO miles 
 e of Sioctiholui. 
 
 Sandhursty a village on the LoddoD, 
 Berksnire, has a royal military college, 
 for the instruction of young cadets in 
 the military art ; five miles s by E o£ 
 Wokmgnara. 
 
 Sandness, See W alls. 
 
 Sando, an island of Japan, on the N coast 
 of Niphon, about 78 miles in circumference, 
 wiiU a town of the same name. Lon. 130 
 30 e, lat. 38 35 n. 
 
 '6andontiry a strong town of Poland, 
 capital of a feriile palatinate of the samo 
 name, stands on a hill, by the Vistula, 
 has a castle on a rock, and several col- 
 leges ; 75 miles e by n of Cra ?ow, and 
 1 12 s by E of Warsaw. Lon. 22 0 e, lat» 
 50 2i N. 
 
 Sando wuy a village in the isle of Wight, 
 on a b.»> of its name, has a fort erected by 
 Henry PHI. which maintains a s.nall 
 garrison. In the church ^ard are several 
 ancient monuments, two miles s of Bra- 
 ding. 
 
 Sandugaly a town in Beira, Portugal, oa 
 the river Coa, 12 miles sss ot Guarda. 
 
 Sandvliety a town in Brabant, Nether- 
 lands, on the Scheldt, 12 miies me of 
 Antwerp. 
 
 Sandusky, a town and flirt m the state of 
 Ohio, stands on the s side oi a bay of its 
 name, at the sw end of lake Erie, witli 
 which it communicates by a narrow strait* 
 The fort is seated opposite the gut, Lon. 82 
 43 w, lai. 4 1 50 N. 
 
 Sunduskyy a river of the state of Ohio* 
 that rise* near the source of the great 
 Miami, and the Sciota, between each of 
 which is a short poviage. It is navigable, 
 runs NB, and falls into the w end of San- 
 dusky bay, which is the sw point of Lake 
 Erie, 
 
 Sandwich, a town in ICent, consisting of 
 about 1530 houses, most of them oM, and 
 built with wood. It contains about 6506 
 iuhabitants. The chief trade of the inha- 
 bitauts is in malt, and it exports corn, fruit, 
 and garden seeds, the product of the neigh- 
 bourhood. It is one of the Cinque- Ports, 
 governed by a ma}Or, 12 jurais, and 24 
 C' mmoii council men, sends iw'O members 
 to pariiameut, has wei kly markets on 
 Wednesday itnd Saturuay, and one ttimual 
 fair. It was walled round, hut tne walls 
 are much decayed, and only one of itv gates 
 reuiains. It has two ca£t\es, and a fort, 
 three churches, three hospitals, a free school. 
 The Stour, on which it stands, issochoaked 
 O o 2 
 
SAN 
 
 ^Ub sand, as to admit only small vessds. i 
 It is 13 miles e of Canterbury, and 68 e 
 by s of Loudon. Lon. 1 20 e, lat. 51 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Sandwich, a town in Barnstaple county, 
 Massachusetts, on Barnstaple bay, 18 miles 
 SBTof Plymouth. 
 
 Sandwich Island, an island in the Pacific 
 ocean, off the w coast of New Ireland. 
 Lon. 149 17 E, lat. 2 53 s. 
 
 Sandwich Island, one of the New He- 
 brides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 168 33 
 E, lat. 17 418. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS, a ^roup of 
 islands in the S Pacific ocean, discovered 
 by captain Cook in 1778. They are II in 
 number, and extend from Ion. 150 44 to 160 
 24 w, and from lat. 18 54 to 22 15 n. The 
 names given them by the natives are 
 Owhyhee, Mdwee, Ranai, Morotoi, Ta- 
 hoorowa, Wbahoo, Atooi, Neeheeow, Onee- 
 houa, Morotinne, and Takoora, all inhabi- 
 ted, except the two last. The vegetable 
 productions are nearly the same as those 
 of the other isriands in this^^ ocean ; but the 
 taro root is here of a superior quality. The 
 bread fruit trees thrive not in such abun- 
 dance as in the rich plains of Otaheite, 
 but produce double the quantity of fruit. 
 The sugar canes are of a very unusual 
 size, some of them measuring 1 1 inches and 
 a quarter in circumference, and having 14 
 feet eatable. Tfif^ quadrupeds are hogs, 
 dogs, and rats. Goats, pigs, and European 
 seeds, were left by captain Cook. The in- 
 habitants are undoubtedly of the same race 
 that possess the islands s of 'the Equator ; 
 and in their persons, language, customs, and 
 manners, approach nearer to the New Zea- 
 landers, than to their less distant neighbours, 
 either of the Society or Friendly islands. 
 They are, in general, above the middle size, 
 and strong ; they w^alk gracefully, run 
 nimbly, and are capable of bearing great 
 fatigue. They suffer their beards to grow, 
 and wear their hair, after various fashions. 
 Tatooing the body is practised by every co- 
 lony of this nation. Like the New Zea- 
 landers, they have adopted the method of 
 living together in villages, contaiiiing from 
 100 to 200 houses, built pretty closely toge- 
 ther, without much order, and having a 
 winding path between them. They are ge- 
 nerally flanked, tow'ards the sea, with de- 
 tached walls, which are meant both for shel- 
 ter and defence. Some of their houses are 
 large and commodious, from 40' to 50 feet 
 long, and from 20 to 30 feet broad ; while 
 others are mere hovels. Their food con- 
 sists principally of fish and vegetables, to 
 which they add the flesh of dogs and bogs. 
 The making of canoes, mats, <fec. forms 
 the occupation of the men • the women 
 are employed in manufacturing cloth ; and 
 the servants are principally engaged in the 
 (plantations aud fishing. Their agricul- 
 ture and navigation bear a great resem- 
 
 S A N 
 
 blance to- those of the South Sea Xslandi?^. 
 Their plantations are spread over the whole 
 sea coast, and consist of the taro, or eddy 
 root, and sw^eet potatoes, with plants of th© 
 cioth tree, set in rows. They make good 
 cordage of all kinds, and abundance of ex- 
 cellent salt. Some of their double canoes- 
 measure 70 feet in length, 12 in breadth, and 
 three and a half in depth. Their imple- 
 ments of war are slings, clubs, daggers, and 
 spears. As the islands are not united unde?, 
 one government, wars are frequent among 
 them.^ The government is monarchial and 
 hereditary. Human sacrifices are her© 
 frequent, not only at the commencement 
 of a war, but the death of every considera- 
 ble chief calls for a repetition of these 
 horrid rites. Yet, apart from these obser- 
 vances,. aud when their resentment is not 
 inflamed by, injury, they are acknowledged, 
 to be of the most mild and affectionate dis- 
 position, and their natural capacity seems, 
 not inferior to the common standard of man- 
 kind. Their improvements in agriculture, 
 and the state of their manufactures, are cer- 
 tainly adequate to the circumstances of their 
 situation, and the natural advantages which 
 they enjoy. 
 
 SANDWICH LAND, a desolate country 
 iu the Southern ocean, to the se of the 
 island of Georgia. Southern Thule, the 
 most southern extremity of it that was seen, 
 lies in Ion. 27 45 w, lat. 59 34 s. This 
 the greatest s latitude ever yet explored, on 
 which account this part received its appel- 
 lation. Its mountains are of vast height, 
 their tops above the clouds, and their bases 
 covered with snow to the water’s edge. It 
 is uncertain whether the different projecting 
 points are distinct islands, or form one con- 
 nected land. 
 
 Sandwich, a parish of Shetland, united to 
 Dunrosness and Cunningsburgh in forming 
 a parochial district, containing, with them, 
 about 3-^01 inhabitants. See Dunross^ 
 ness. 
 
 Sandwich and Stromness, an united parish 
 of Orkney, at the w end of the island of 
 Pomona, about nine miles long, and from 
 two and a half to five and a half broad. 
 The coast is bold and rocky, but there is 
 a safe harbour at Stromness. Populatioa 
 about 3193. 
 
 Sandy Hook, a small island on the coast 
 of New Jersey, formerly a peninsula, but iu 
 1778, the sea overflow'ed the isthmus, atid 
 formed it into an island. It is seven miles s 
 of" the w end of Long island, and has a 
 light-house on the N point. Lou. 74 2 w,. 
 lat. 40 30 N. 
 
 Sandy HUls, a village near Glasgow, 
 in the Barony parish, containing about 340 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Sandy Island, a small island off the w 
 coast of the island of Antigua, about two 
 miles from the shore. 
 
 Sandy Point, the most north-westerly 
 
 it 
 
SAN 
 
 point of tbe island of St. Christopher’s, and 
 a sea port in Fig-tree bay, defended by a 
 fort. Lon. 63 28 w, lat. 17 .0 n. 
 
 Sandford, a town in York county, district 
 of Maine, 15 ndles nw of Berwick, and 20 
 NNW of York. 
 
 Saneuy or Gessentvi, a town of Switzer 
 land, in tbe cautoii of Bern, on a river ot its 
 name with a castle, about 20 miles sw of 
 Thun. 
 
 Sangerhauserif a town of Upper Saxony, 
 in Thuringia, with a castle, 14 miles ese of 
 Stolberg. 
 
 Sanguesay a tow'n of Spain, in Navarre, on 
 the Arragon, 52 miles se of Pamplona. 
 
 Sankey, a village two miles w of War 
 rington, Lancashire, stands near the Mer- 
 sey, whence it has a canal to the works in 
 the neigh bourhooii of St. Helens, and is a 
 place of considerable traffic. 
 
 SANORE, a country of Hindoostan, be- 
 tween Mysore on the s, and Visiapour on 
 the N, l40 miles in length and 70 in breadth, 
 formerly subject to the regent of Mysore, 
 but ced‘.'d to the Mahrattas in 1792. 
 
 Sanore, a town and fortress in Hindoos- 
 tan, in Mysore, capital of a territory of its 
 name, on the left bank of the Zoom, 15 
 miles above its influx, with the Nigouden. 
 On the opposite bank is Sanore Bancapour, 
 103 miles n by w of Chittledroog, 117 e 
 by N of Goa, and 130 s by e ol Visiapour. 
 Lon. 75 50 e, lat. 15 39 N, 
 
 Sunpoo, See Rurrampooter, and Teesta. 
 
 Sanquhar, a royal borough and parish in 
 Dumfries-shire. The town is situated near 
 the Nith, on the borders of Ayrshire, about 
 27 miles from Dumfries, 32 from Ayr, and 
 55 sw by s of Edinburgh. It is a flourish- 
 ing town, and has long been famous for its 
 woollen manufactures, the chief of which 
 are carpets, coarse serges, knitted stock- 
 ings, and mitts. The stocking branch is the 
 oldest, but is not so considerable as formerly. 
 Most of the stockings are party-colomed 
 and of a great variety of paterns. Here 
 are some cotton looms, and stocking-frames, 
 a tannery, a tobacco work, and a brewery. 
 Its castle, now in ruins, stood at the se end 
 of the town, and formerly belonged to the 
 family of Chrighton, ancestors of the earl 
 of Dumfries, who has the title or lord San- 
 quhar, and is now the property of the duke 
 of Queensbury. Here are two friendly so- 
 cieties. a book-club, and a society of cut- 
 lers. It was erected into a borough of ba- 
 rony in 1484, and into a royalty in 1596. 
 The corporation consists of a provost, three 
 bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, and 11 
 counsellors, and joins witn Dumfries, Annan, 
 Kirkcudbright, and Lochmabeo, in electing 
 a representative in parliament. The parish 
 of Sanquhar is of an irregular form, about 
 12 miles long, by six broad. It is very 
 mountainous and sterile, produces coal, but 
 Bear' the rivers are tracts of good arable 
 land. In the e end of the parish are the 
 lead luioes of W'aulockhead) Black cattle. 
 
 SAN 
 
 sheep, wool, barley, butter, and cheese art? 
 exported. Population of the town and parish 
 about 2350. 
 
 SANSEGO, an island of Italy, eight 
 miles in circumference, and containing 
 400 inhabitants, situated miles frona 
 Osero. 
 
 Santa. See Parilla., 
 
 Santaella, a town iu Andalusia, Spain, 24 
 miles s of Cordova. 
 
 Santander y a strong sea port in Asturias, 
 Hpain, with a large and commodious har- 
 bour, defended by two castles and a mole* 
 It is a bishop’s see, 1 1 miles ne of Saiitil- 
 lana. Lon. 3 47 w*, lat. 43 27 N. 
 
 Santander, New, capital of a thinly in- 
 habited district of Panuco, New' Spain, 
 seated on the forks of a river, 40 miles 
 from the gulf of Mexico, greatly incommo- 
 ded by a bxir at its mouth, 125 miles n by w 
 of Panuco. Lon. 98 55 w, lat. 23 46 n. 
 
 Santarem, a town in Estremadura, Por- 
 tugal, on the Tajo, has a citadel on a moun- 
 tain. A numerous French army occupied 
 iliotown as their head quarters in 1810, but 
 i Curly iu 1811 were compelled to retreat inta 
 Spain. Tbe vicinity is fruitful in wheat, 
 wine, and oil, 55 miles ne of Lisbon. Lon. 
 
 8 25 w, lat 39 18 N. 
 
 Santee, a river of South Carolina, formed 
 by the conflux of the Congaree and 
 Waieree, and running by Amelia and St. 
 James, falls iuta the ocean by two mouths^ 
 a little to the s-cf Georgetown. 
 
 Santen, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 duchy of Cleve, on the right bank of the 
 Rhine, five miles w of Wesel,. and 15 se cC 
 Gleve. 
 
 Santiago. See Jago, St. 
 
 Santianes, a town in Asturias, Spain, 17 
 miles ssw of Oviedo. 
 
 Santillana, a sea port of Spain, capital 
 of Asturias de Santillana, stands in a fertile 
 valley near the bay of Biscay, 96 miles e 
 of Oviedo, and 200 n of Madrid. Lou. 3 
 58 w, lat. 43 23 n. 
 
 Santo Espiritu, the capital of a captain- 
 ship of its name, seated on the s side of a 
 large bay, on the e coast of Brazil, with a 
 castle, and the only town. It contains 
 about 900 inhabitants. The country is 
 fertile, and there is abundance of game and 
 fish. 
 
 Santona, a town in Asturks, near the 
 bay of Biscay, Spain, has a commodious 
 harbour, well fortified both by nature and 
 art, 22 miles e of Santandar. 
 
 SANTORIN, the ancient Theba, an 
 island in the Archipelago, n of Candia,and s 
 of Nio, and is in the form of a crescent. It 
 is eight miles in length, and from one to four 
 in breadth, having in its bosom the islands 
 of Therasia and Aspronisi, and within these 
 three other islands. All of these islands 
 are evidently volcanic. Here are two bi- 
 shops ; the oue Greek, who resides at Pirgos, 
 and the other Latin, whose see is Scouro. 
 The soil is oaturally dry, but by cultivation 
 
S A R 
 
 It affords a great deal of barley, plenty of 
 cotton, and large qviamities of wine, in 
 which, and their cotton manufacture, the 
 trade consists. Fruit is scarce, except figs, 
 and they have neither oil nor wood. There 
 is but one spring in the island, for which 
 reason they preserve the rain water in cis- 
 terns. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and 
 are about li^,000 in number, and though 
 subject to the Turks, they choose their own 
 magistrates, Scouro is the capital. Lon. 
 26 1 E, lat. 36 10 n. 
 
 Santos, a town of Brazil, in the province 
 of St, Paul, stands on the n side of the is- 
 land, on a bay of its name called Amiar, 
 which is 18 miles in circuit. The entrance 
 of the channel, which leads from the bay 
 to the town, is defended by two forts, and 
 the town by a rampart, 10 miles from the sea, 
 and 54 se of St. Paul, Lon. 46 24 w, lat. 
 23 69 s. The town of St. Vincent is seated 
 on the s side of the island. 
 
 SAONE AND LOIRE, a department of 
 France, comprehending a part of the late 
 province of Burgundy, has its name from 
 two rivers which pass through it in different 
 directions. The chief city is Macon. 
 
 SAONE, UPPER, a department of 
 France, which contains part of the late 
 province of Fraiiche Compte, so named from 
 a river, which has its source in Mont Vosges, 
 passes through this department, Coted'Or, 
 and Saone and Loire, and unites with 
 the Rhone at Lyon. The chief city is 
 Vesoul. 
 
 SAONE, or Sagna, a small island near 
 the SE part of St. Domingo, from the e side 
 of which it is separated by a narrow chan- 
 nel. It ts about eight leagues from e to w, 
 and two from n to s. Its circumference is 
 nearly 25 leagues. It is without inhabi- 
 tants, and is visited by fishermen, in the sea- 
 son for porpoises. At the e point ot the 
 island is a port at which ships sometimes an- 
 chor, for wood, water, and wild cattle. 
 Lon. 68 35 w, lat. 18 J4 N. 
 
 Saorgio, a town of Piedmont in the county 
 of Nice, stands on the top of a rock, nearly 
 encircled by the Bendola and the Roia. On 
 the opposiie side of the latter is a rock, 
 having an ancient fortress on its top, com- 
 pletely insulated. In the vicinity of the 
 town is a strong fort. In 1794, Saorgia was 
 taken by the French. It lies 17 miles ne 
 of Nice. 
 
 SAPIENZA, three islands and a cape of 
 Turkey in Europe, near the s coast of the 
 Morea. The largest, anciently called Sphac- 
 teria, is celebrated for a victory which the 
 Athenians gained over the Lacedemonians. 
 Lou. 2 1 35 E, lat. 36 50 n. 
 
 SARACENS, a people who, some centuries 
 ago, came from the deserts of Arabia ; Sa- 
 ara iii their language, signifying a desart. 
 They were celebrated as the first disciples 
 of Mobamed, and within 40 years of his 
 death conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, 
 and Europe j and were not expelled from 
 
 S A R 
 
 Spain till 1511 . For a long time they maio- 
 tdi.ned a war with the western Christians in 
 Palestine, and at length drove them out of it. 
 The name is now lost, and the descen- 
 dants of those who subdued Spain are called 
 Moors. 
 
 Saragossa, a city in Arragon, Spain. It is 
 large, handsome, and well built. The 
 streets are long, broad, w'cll paved, and very 
 clean. It is said to have been built by the 
 Phenicians. The Romans in the reign of 
 Augustus sent a colony hither, who called 
 it Caesar Augustus, hence, by corruption it 
 has its present name. It is an archbishop's 
 see, has an university, and a court of inqui- 
 sition, 17 churches, 14 convents, and mag- 
 nificent buildings. The river Ebro divides 
 it in two ; and on its banks is a handsome 
 quay. The Holy street is the largest, and 
 here they had their bull fights. The most 
 elegant church is that of our lady of the 
 pillar, and a place of the greatest devotion 
 in Spain ; the cathedral is a large Gothic 
 building. In the hall of the town house 
 which is a superb edifice, are the pictures of 
 all the kings of Arragon, Saragossa is si- 
 tuated in a large plain, where the Ebro 
 receives two other rivers; and over it are 
 two bridges, one of stone, and the oiher of 
 wood. This city sustained a siege by the 
 French, in 1808. In another siege which 
 continued 63 days, after being quite worn 
 out by fighting, famine, and pestilence, the 
 garrison was compelled to surrender in 
 February 1809, and the city was nearly 
 demolished by the incessant firing of artil- 
 lery, and about 40,000 shells. The French 
 surrendered to the Spaniards in 1813. It is 
 150 miles w of Barcelona, and 180 ne of 
 Madrid. Lon. 0 48 w, lat. 41 45 n. 
 
 SARATOF, one of the 41 governments 
 of Russia, formerly a province of Astra- 
 can. It is divided into 12 districts, of 
 which that of the same name is the prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 Saratof, a town of Russia, capital of a 
 government of the same name, stands on the 
 side of a mountain, near the Volga, 220 
 miles s of Kasan, and 300 nw of Astracan. 
 Lon. 49 25 e, lat. 52 4 n. 
 
 SARATOGA, a county of the state of 
 New York. It is divided into eight tow^n- 
 ships. 
 
 Saratoga, a township and fort of New 
 York, situated iu Saratoga county, on the 
 E side of Hudson river. Here general Bur- 
 goyne, at the head of an army ol British 
 and Hessians, surreadered to the Americans 
 in 1778, 50 miles n of Albany. 
 
 SARBRUCK, or Saarbritcken, a ter- 
 ritory of Germany, annexed to France in 
 Dec. 1797, and included in the department 
 of Sarre and Moselle. 
 
 Sarburg, a town of France, in the above 
 territory, iu the department of Sarre, capital 
 or the county of its name, seated on the w 
 side of the Sarre, with a magnificent Lu- 
 theran church; and an elegant palace, eight 
 
S A R 
 
 miles s of Treves, and 14 w of Deux Fonts. 
 Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 49 l6 N. 
 
 Sarbrugy an ancient town in the^epart- 
 ment of Meurthe, France, on the Sarre, at 
 the foot of a mouniain, 40 miles e by n ol 
 Nancy, and 50 se of Metz. 
 
 Sarburg, a town in the department of 
 Sarre, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 electorate of Treves, on the Sarre, 10 miles 
 s by w of Treves. 
 
 Sardaniy a sea port of Holland, where 
 there are vast magazines, naval stores, and 
 a number of shipwrights, seated on the Wye. 
 Here Peter the Great resided for some time 
 in private, and wrought as a ship carpenter, 
 seven miles nw of Amsterdam. 
 
 SARDINIA, an island of the Mediterra- 
 nean, 142 miles in length from n to s, and 
 70 in breadth from e to w, separated from 
 Corsica on the n by the strait of Bonifacio, 
 and has 44 snioU islands belonging to it. 
 The soil i> fertile in corn, wine, oranges, 
 citrons, and olives. The inhabitants were 
 formerly accounted rude and clownish, but 
 they are now more civilized, and enjoyed 
 great liberty till an inquisition was establish- 
 ed at Sass^iri. As the inhabitanss are not 
 very indust ions, the land is not sufficiently 
 cultivated ; nor do they pay much at ention 
 to trade. It contains mines of silver, lead, 
 sulphur, and alum : and they make a good 
 deal of salt and cheese. Here are many 
 wild ducks. On the coast is a fishery for 
 coral and ancliovi s, and the exhalations 
 from, the marshes tre pernicious. The 
 small islands abound in game, and in that 
 of Asnaria are a number of tur.les. In 
 1708 the Engitsh took Sardinia from the 
 Spaniards, and ceded it to the emperor of 
 Germany at the peace of Utrecht. The 
 Spaniards regained it in 1717, but were 
 compelled to abandon it two years after. 
 In 1720 it was given to the duke of Savoy 
 in lieu of Sicily, and then erected into a 
 kingdom, but the court was held at Turin, 
 till 1796, when the French expelled its so- 
 vereign from all his Piedmontese possessions, 
 and this island became the sole remnant of 
 his dominions. The population is estimated 
 at 450,000. The capital is Cagliari. 
 
 SarectOy a town of North Carolina, capi- 
 tal of Duplin county, on the ne branch of 
 Cape Fear river, 80 miles n by w of Wil- 
 mington. 
 
 Sargansy a town of Switzerland, the ca- 
 pital of a late county of the same name, in 
 the canton of Zurich, with a castle on a 
 rock, and seated on the top of a hill, by the 
 Rhine, 14 miles n of Coire, and 47 se of 
 Zurich. 
 
 Sargely a large and a. cient sea port of 
 Africa, in the province of Mascara, on the 
 sea coast, with a castle, 25 miles ssw of Al- 
 giers. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 36 30 n. 
 
 Sargueminey a town in the department of 
 Moselle, France, on the Sarre, nine miles s 
 by E of Sarbruck. 
 
 Sari, capital of Mazauderao^ Persia, 
 
 S A R 
 
 and the residence of a prince, seated in a 
 country abounding in cotton, rue, sugar, 
 silk, and oranges. It is surrounded by a 
 wall and a ditch. Among its numerous 
 inhabitants are many merchants who trade 
 wiih Astracan, 20 miles ssw of Ferabad. 
 and 120 NE of Teheren. Lon. 52 42 e, lat. 
 36 38 N. 
 
 SARK, a little island belonging to Bri- 
 tain, lying between those of Guernsey and 
 Jersey, on the coast of France. It is five 
 miles long and tiiree broad, and depends on 
 Guernsey. Il contains about 300 inhabi- 
 tants, and is well defended by nature. 
 
 Sark, a river o; Scotland, which rises in 
 the E part of Dumfries shire, and for several 
 miles ;orrns the boundary between Scotland 
 and England At its mouth, in the Solway 
 Frith, at the village of Sarkfoot, is a har- 
 bour, eight miles e by s o* Annan. 
 
 Sarlaty a town in the department of Dor- 
 dogne, France, lately a bishop’s see, situa- 
 ted in a valley surrounded by mountains, 
 27 miiCs SE of Periguex. 
 
 Sar-LouiSy a strong town in the depart- 
 ment of Moselle, France, stands on the 
 isthmus of a peninsula formed by the Sarre, 
 26 m les eoI Thionvilie, and 32 ne of Metz. 
 Lon. 6 48 E, lat. 49 21 N. 
 
 SARMIENTO IS! A'NDS, PEDRO DE, 
 in the South Pacific ocean. They lie in 
 about lat. 50 s, and are about 80 in num» 
 ber. ' 
 
 Sarnen, a town of Switzerland, capital 
 of the canton of Underwalden, seated near 
 I a lake of its name. Its castle was demolish- 
 jed'by the peasants in 1308. It is nine 
 i miles s of Lucern, Lon. 8 14 e, lat. 46 
 
 1-^52 N, 
 
 SarnOy an episcopal town of Naples, in 
 Principato Citra, on the Sarno, near its rise, 
 
 I 12 miles nnw of Salerno, and 20 ese of 
 j Naples. 
 
 j SAROS, a county in Upper Hungary, 
 
 I has a strong ca-tle, seated at the foot of 
 Mount Krapack, on the Tariza, five miles 
 nnw of Epieres. 
 
 Sarp, or SarpeUy a town in the province 
 of Chrisfiansand, Norway. In its vicinity 
 is a vast cataract, which is heard at the 
 distance of 20 miles, 10 miles wsw of Fre- 
 dericsiadt. 
 
 SARRE, one of the six new departments 
 of France, into which the conquered coun- 
 tries of Germany, on the leit bank of the 
 Rhine, were divided by the French govern- 
 ment, in December 1797. It inc!ud^s part 
 Ol the electorate ol Treves, and ducLy of 
 Deux Pouts, and has its name from, a river 
 which has its source near Salm, in the 
 department of Meurte, runs n by Sarbruck 
 and Sarb'jrg, and unites with the Moselle, 
 a littie above Treves, which is the capi- 
 tal. 
 
 Sarrealy a town in Catalonia, Spain, seat- 
 ed on the Francoli. In us vicinity are 
 quarries of alabaster, so transparent that it is 
 used for windows, 1 1 miles n of Tarragona, 
 
^arsanOf a town and fortress in the 
 State of Genoa, on the river Magra, five 
 amiles from the sea. Near it is Sarsatielio, 
 ■a fort .seated in the mountains, 45 miles ese 
 •of Genoa. Lon. 9 58 e, lat. 44 9 n. 
 
 Sarsina^ a town of Italy, in Romagna, 
 on the river Savio, ‘iO miles sw of Rimini, 
 
 Sart, a town in Naioiia, Asiatic Turkey, 
 ft W'as the ancent Sardis, one ot the seven fa- 
 mous churches of Asia, mentioned in the book 
 of Rtn eiaiioti,and capital of L}^ia. It w’as 
 once a large city, but was almost destroyed 
 by an earthquake in the rei^n of Tiberius. 
 Here are many ruins of ancient structures, a 
 mosque that was once a Christian church, 
 ond a Caravansary. The greater part of 
 4he inhabitants are shepherds, who pasture 
 their flocks ki the neighbouring plains, 35 j 
 miles ENE of Smyrna. 
 
 SARTE, a department of France, inolud-' 
 itig part of the fate province of Maine. It 
 bas its aanip from a river, that runs by Mans 
 to Angers, where it unites with the Mayenne. 
 Man- is the capital. 
 
 SarvciTy a town and fortress at the con- 
 tiuence of the Guntz and Raab, Hungary, 
 40 miles sse of Presburg. 
 
 Suruntj New, See Salisbury. 
 
 Sarum, Old, an ancient burgh of Wilts, 
 which though now reduced to one farm 
 house still sends two members to parlia- 
 ment. It once covered the summit of a 
 steep hill, but nothing is now to be seen 
 except the ruins and traces of its w'alls. A 
 bailiff and sis burgesses, appointed by the 
 lord of the manor, elect the representatives 
 of this nmi-existent city. The celebrated 
 John Horne Tooke, was returned one of its 
 members to a late parliament It is two 
 miles N of Salisbury. 
 
 Sarwar, a town of Upper Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, 50 miles 
 w by N of Buela. 
 
 Sarwerden, a town iu the department of I 
 Moselle, France, on the Sarre, 33 miles ' 
 Wx\w of Haguenau, and 45 ene of Nancy. 
 
 Sas Van Ghent, a town and fortress iti 
 Flandevs, Netherlands, built by the inhabi- 
 tants of Ghent, as a bulwark to that city. 
 
 It stands on the canal from Ghent to the 
 IScheldf, and is defended by sluices by which 
 the country can be laid under water. It 
 was taken in 1664, by the Dutch, and by 
 the French in 1747, and again in 1794. It 
 is 10 miles tc of Ghent. 
 
 Saseram, a large town of Hiiidoostan, in 
 Bahar, near a lake, at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, 64 milt's SE of Benares, and 88 sw of 
 Patna, 
 
 Sassafras, a town in Kent county, Mary- 
 land, on a river of its name, near its entrance 
 into Chesapeake bay, 20 miles s of Elk- 
 ton. 
 
 Sassari, a city of Sardinia, on the Tormes, 
 is an archbishop’s see, with a castle, and an 
 university. Here is a fountain called 
 Rossel, said to be more magnificent than 
 any of Rome ; and iu the vicinity are mines 
 
 [ of gold and silver, whence the city is alsif 
 ; called Logudori. It contains about 30,000 
 I inhabitants, six miles n of Algher, seven 
 from the sea, and 64 N of Oristagui. Loa. 
 8 45 E, lat 40 48 n. 
 
 Sassebes, a town of Transylvania, capital 
 of a county erf the same name. Lou. 4 40 e, 
 lat. 26 26 K, 
 
 Sassuole, a town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Modena, on the Seccio, with a castle, 16 
 miles sw of Modena. 
 
 Sastago, a town in Aragon, Spain, oa 
 the Ebro, 40 miles sE of Saragossa. 
 
 Satalia, a large and strong seaport of 
 Turkey in Asia, situated on the coast of 
 Caramania, and divided into three towns. 
 It has a magnificent mosque, which was 
 once a church. The citrons and oranges 
 of its fertile vicinity are extremely fine. 
 It has a trade in wool, cotton, goats’ hair, 
 agaric, tregacauth, opium, and bees wax. 
 Ii is seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 
 150 miles sw of Cogoi. Lon. 31 21 e, lat, 
 37 I N. 
 
 Safer, a town in Dalocarlia, Sweden, 
 nas a rich iron mine in the vicinity 23 
 miles s by e of Fahlun. 
 
 Satgong, or Satagong, a village in Ben- 
 gal, Hindostan, in the i6th century was a 
 city in which the European traders in Bengal 
 had their factories. It stands on a creek of 
 Hoogly river, four miles nw of Hoogly. 
 
 Satimangalam, a town in the province of 
 Co'mbetore, Hindoostan, near the Bhawani, 
 with a fort and a temple, with manufactures 
 of cotton, and a good trade to Seringapatam, 
 30 miles w of Bhawanikudal, and 75 sse of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Satriano, a town of Calabria, Ultra, 
 Naples, near the sea, eight miles s of Squil- 
 lace. 
 
 Satarah, a town of Hindoostan, in the 
 province of Visiapour, formerly the capital 
 of the Mahratta State, stands near the 
 source of the Kistnah, 50 miles s t)f Poo- 
 rah. Lon. 74 8 E, lat. 17 45 x. 
 
 Satteagida, a town in the province of 
 Coimbetore, Hindoostan, with a large fort, 
 
 I seated near the Cavery, in which, three 
 j miles below, is an island nine miles long, 
 
 I with cataracts on each side, 36 miles se of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Sava, a town of Persia, in Arabian Irak, 
 surrounded by walls of earth. The envi- 
 rons abound in rice, cotton and exquisite 
 fruit. It is 60 miles sw of Teheran, 
 
 SAVAGE ISLAND, in the South Paci- 
 j fio ocean, is about 33 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. It was discovered by - apiain Cook 
 in 1774, is of a circular form, and appeared 
 I to be covered with trees and shrubs. It 
 i had its name from the rude behaviour of the 
 inhabitants, some of w^hom had their face, 
 breast, and thighs paiiitai, and all of them 
 naked, except round the waist, and seemed 
 to be stout and well proportioned. Lorn 
 169 30 w, lat. 19 2 s. 
 
 Savanna, a river of the United States, 
 
Iirjbich in part separates S Carolina from 
 Georgia, is navigable for smaller vessels 
 ifrom Augusta to Savanna, and ifaence lor 
 ships of harden to iis mouth in the Atlantic, 
 at Tylie island, on which is a tight house 
 Lon. 80 40 w, lat. 31 57 n. 
 
 Savanna, a port of entry and post town ot 
 the United States, in Georgia, capital ot 
 Cbatam county, and tormerly of the state, 
 seated on a sandy eminence, near the river 
 of its name, 17 nules trom its mouth. Ic is 
 regularly built in the form of a parallelo- 
 gram, and, including its suburbs, contained, 
 in 1787, about 2300 inhabitants. The ex- 
 ports for one year, ending September 30th, 
 1794, amounted to the value of 263,830 dol- 
 lars. In 1796, about two thirds of the town 
 “Was destroyed by fire, 100 miles SE of Louis- 
 ville. Lon. 80 87 w, lat. 31 57 n. 
 
 Savatopoli. See Sebastopolis, 
 
 Saveuay, a town in the department of 
 Lower Loire, France, 18 miles nw of Nan- 
 tes, and 32 w of Ancenis. 
 
 Sanceda, a town in New Biscay, New 
 Spain, seated on a river of its name, which 
 uniting with the Nassas forms the Palmas, 
 100 miles nnw of Durango. Lon. 105 36 
 w', lat. 25 18 N. 
 
 Save, a river of Germany, that rises on 
 the NW borders of Carniola, flows e through 
 that country, separates Croatia, Bo-nia, and 
 Servia, from Sciavonia, and enters the Da- 
 nube, near Belgrade. 
 
 Savnndroag, a strong fortress in Mysore, 
 Hindoostan, on the top of a rock, half a 
 mile in height, rising from a base of eight 
 miles in circuii, having a chassm at the top 
 that divides it into two hills, which, wiih 
 their separate works, serve as two citadels. 
 The lower works are very 'trong. Tn 1791 
 after a siege of seven days, it was taken by 
 the English, 35 miles ne of Senngapatam. 
 
 Snverdun, a town in the department of 
 Ariege, France, ou the Arriege, 25 miles sse 
 of Thoulouse. 
 
 Saverne, a town in the department of 
 Lower Rhine, France, seated at the loot of 
 mount Vosges, in a country fertile in grapes, 
 18 miles nw of Strasburg. 
 
 Savigliano, a town of Piedmont, capital 
 of a territory of the same name, stands in a 
 fertile plain, on the Maira, has a rich Bene- 
 dictine abbey, 30 miles s of Turin. 
 
 Savignano, a town in Romagna, Italy, 
 on the Borco, eight miles se of Cesena, and 
 10 w of Rimini. 
 
 Saviour, St, the name of two towns ic 
 Cornwall, near Foy and Padstow- haven, 
 
 Sanlgen, or Salgau, a town of Suabia, 
 five miles sw of Buchau. 
 
 Sauh'eu, a town in the department of 
 Cote d’Or, France, seated on an eminer ce. 
 Here was a college oi ihe Druids, and in k 
 wood are still visible the remains of one oi 
 their temples, 38 miles w of Dijon, and 46 
 SE of Auxerre. 
 
 Saumur, a considerable town in the 
 dex>artmeDt ot Maine and Lojre^ Franco, on 
 
 the Loire, over which is an excellent bridge, 
 consisting of 12 elliptical arches, 60 leet in 
 diameter. Here is an au'oent castle It is 
 32 miics SE of Angers, and 30 w'sw of 
 Tours. 
 
 SAUNDERS^ ISLAND, in the South 
 Atlantic ocean, one ol those which surround 
 the two chief of the Falkland isles. 
 
 SAUNDERS’ 1ST AND, on the c^ast cf 
 South Georgia. Lon 36 11 w, lat. 57 
 <39 s 
 
 SAUNDERS’ ISLAND, in the S Pacific 
 ocean. It is about six miles long. Lon. 
 1514 w, lat. 17 28 s. 
 
 S A VOL AX, a province of Sweden, in 
 FinluUd, 200 miles tong and 100 broad, on 
 the borders of Russia, consisting of lakes, 
 rivers, morasses, and woods, and frequented 
 by elks and reindeer. The inhabitants are 
 thinly dispersed, and live by cultivating 
 buck wheat, breeding cattle, huniing. tist.ing, 
 and making Wooden ware. Enopia is the 
 capital. 
 
 Savona, a large, populous, and strong 
 town of Italy, in Genoa, seated on the 
 Mediterranean, has a citadel on a lo k, and 
 several fine churches. The Genoe e ren- 
 dered the harbour unfit for large ve.ssels, 
 lest it should injure their trade. In 1746, 
 it was taken y the king ot Sardinia, and 
 reiitored in 1748, taken by the French in 
 1795, and surrendered to Austria iti 1800, 
 through famine. Ii is 204 mil s wsw of 
 Genoa. Lon. 8 20 E,lat. 44 18 n. 
 
 Savoniers, a town in the department of 
 Indre and Loire, France. In the vicinity 
 are caverns fariious for petrifactions, eight 
 miles sw of Tours. 
 
 Savoy, a late iiuchy of Europe, between 
 France and Italy, about 83 miles long and 
 67 broad. The mouQtains being almost 
 alw'ays covered with snow render the air 
 cold. The mountains are adapted to pastur- 
 age, and the valleys are ferule in cprn and 
 wine. The lakes abound with fish. The 
 great rivers are the Isere the Arc, and the 
 Arve. The Savoyards are in general poor, 
 and many of them emigrate into France, 
 England, and other countries. This coun- 
 try was subdued by the French, in 1792, 
 and made a department of France, under the 
 name of Mont Blanc. They were expelled 
 by the Austrians and Russians in 1799, but 
 regained possession in the following year. 
 Chaniberry is the capital. 
 
 SAVU, an island in the Indian ocean, lo 
 which ibe Dutch have a kind of exclusive 
 trade. Ii is 26 miles b ug. and very fertile^ 
 Lo. . i22 30 E, lat 10 35 s. 
 
 Saumngpvur, a town in the province of 
 Malwa, Hindoostan, 42 miles nne of Indore, 
 aud 43 NE of Ongein. 
 
 SauvBy a town in the department of 
 Gard, France, on the Vidoure, i2 miles sw 
 ot Alais. 
 
 Sauveterre, a town in the department of 
 •the Low'er Pyrenees France, wnh a castle 
 in Tains, 27 miles wnw of Pau 
 
 i. P 
 
SmveierTey a town in tho department of 
 Ayeiron, France, 15 miles sw of Rodez. 
 
 Sauveterre, a town in t&e department 
 of Gironde, France, 28 miles s& of Bour- 
 deaux. 
 
 SasCf a town and bailiwick of Switzer- 
 land, in the canton of Zurich, with a castle, 
 14 miles s of Rheinick. 
 
 Saor, a town in Murcia, Spain, on the El- 
 da, on the frontiers of Valencia, with an 
 ancient citadel on the top of a rock in the 
 vicinity, 25 miles wnw of Alicant, and 42 
 NNE of Murcia. 
 
 Saxenburgy a town of Carinthia, Germa- 
 ny, on the Drave, has a strong pass, and three 
 forts near it, 38 miles w of Clagenfurt. 
 liOn. 13 12 B, lat. 46 44 N. 
 
 Saxmundhamy a town in Suffolk, con- 
 taining about 400 inhabitants. It has a 
 weekly market on Thursday, and two annual 
 fairs. It is 19 miles ne of Ipswich, and 89 
 NE of London. 
 
 Tilsit. But these arrangements are 
 greatly changed by the overthrow of the 
 imperial government in France. 
 
 SayhTooky a town and fort in Middlesex 
 county, Connecticut, seated near the mouth 
 of the Connecticut, is the most ancient town 
 in the state, 18 miles w by s of New Lon- 
 don. Lon. 12 25 w, lat. 41 20 n. 
 
 one of the islands of Japan, 
 divided from Nipfaon by a narrow channel. 
 The Dutch factors are allowed to reside in 
 the small island of Disnia, on the w side of 
 this. Lon. 132 28 e, lat. 34 0 n. 
 
 Sayn, a town in Westerwald, Germany, 
 on the Sayn, near its junction with the Rhine^. 
 gives name to a county, six- miles n of Cob- 
 leutz, and 50 nw of Frankfort. 
 
 SAYPAN, one of the most pleasant and' 
 fertile of all the Ladrcne islands,^ 40 miles 
 in circuit, and has a port on the w side 
 called Cantanhitda. Lon. 146 10 E,lat. 15. 
 22 N. 
 
 SAXONY, UPPER, one of the circles of 
 the German empire, bounded on the n by 
 Lower Saxony and the Baltic, e by Prussia, 
 Poland, and Lusatia, s by Bohemia and 
 Franconia, and w by the circles of Upper I 
 Rhine and Lower Saxony. It contains the | 
 duchy of Saxony, or Saxony Proper, the 
 margravate of Misnia, the landgravate of 
 Thuringia, the principalities of Brandenburg, 
 Merseburg, Nauburg, Anhalt, Coburg, and 
 Querfurt ; the counties of Barby, Mansfeld, 
 Swartzburg, Stolberg, and Hohenstein, and 
 the duchy of Pomerania. The elector of 
 Saxony is the director. 
 
 SAXONY, LOWER, one of the circles 
 of the German empire, bounded on the e and 
 s^by Upper Saxony and the circle of Upper 
 Rhine, w by Westphalia and the German 
 ocean, and n by Jutland and the Baltic, and 
 contains the duchies of Magdeburg, Bremen, 
 Brunswick, Luneburg, Holstein, Lauenburg, 
 and Mecklenburg ; the principalities of 
 Halberstadt, Ratzeburg, Hildesheim, and 
 Lubec ; and the cities of Hamburg, Bre- 
 men, Goslar, Mul hausen, and Nordhausen. 
 The directors of this circle are the dukes 
 of Magdeburg, Bremen, and of Brunswick 
 Lunenburg. 
 
 SAXONY, PROPER, or the Electo- 
 rate OF Saxony, in the circle of Upper 
 Saxony, is divided into three principal parts ; 
 namely; the duchy of .Saxony, of which Wit- 
 tenberg^ is the capital ; Lusatia, of which 
 Kautzen is the capital ; and, Misnia, the ca- 
 pital of which, and of the whole electorate, 
 
 [g* Dresden. It is about 75 miles in length, 
 and 62 in breadth, is cut into two unequal 
 parts by the river Elbe, and is a very fertile 
 and trading country, abounding in mines. | 
 Besides this duchy, the duke, afterwards ere- I 
 ated by Bonaparte king of Saxony, was so- 
 vereign of Lusatia, Misnia, the greatest part 
 of Thuringia, Voigtland, with part of the 
 counties of Henneberg and Mansfeld, toge- | 
 ther vvith other cessions from Prussia, both I 
 ia Germany and Poland, by the treaty of ![ 
 
 Scageriy a town in N Jutland, Denmark, 
 at the entrance of the passage into the Cate- 
 gat, seated on a promontory of its name.- 
 Lon. 10 0 E, lat. 57 38 N. 
 
 Scaluy an episcopal town of Naples. It is 
 25 miles se of Polieastro. 
 
 Scalanom, a sea port in Natolia, Asiatic 
 Turkey, has a castle, and a trade in corn,, 
 wine, raisins, and leather, 40 miles sse 
 Smyrna. Lon. 27 31 e, lat. 37 54 n. 
 
 Scalea, a town in Cala,b;ia Citra, Naples,, 
 on. the w coast, now much decayed, 25- 
 miles SE of Polieastro. Lon. 15 54 e, lat* 
 40 0 N. 
 
 ScalifZy or Scala, a town of Upper Hun- 
 gary, in the county of Poson, on tfe March, 
 50 miles n of Presburg. Lon. 17 17 e, lat, 
 
 49 4 N. 
 
 Scallowayj a small town on the s coast 
 of the Mainland of Shetland, with an ex- 
 cellent harbour, in Ion. 8 31 w, lat. 60^ 
 
 9 N . 
 
 Scalpa, a small rocky island of t}\r- He^ 
 brides, lying in the sound between life isle 
 of Skye and the main land, about five mileg^ 
 long, and from two to three broad, 
 
 Scalptty FloiVySL sea s of Pomona, called 
 by some the Mediterranean of the Orkneys, 
 
 50 miles in circumference, has many safe 
 harbours for ships of any burd^, which af- 
 ford good shelter for shipping. 
 
 Scalpayy a small island at the mouth of 
 Loch Tarbet, on the w side of Lewis, with 
 two good harbours at the w end, and a light- 
 house at the eastern extremity. 
 
 Scanderoon. See Alexandretta, 
 
 Scania. See Schonen. 
 
 Scar Gy or ScareUy a town of Sweden, in 
 West Gothland, 66 miles ne of Gottenburg. 
 
 Scarbra, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 about three miles long, and nearly as much 
 broad, lying at the n end of Jura, containing 
 about 50 inhabitants. 
 
 Scarboroiighy a large town in the North 
 Riding of Yorkshire, situated on a steep 
 rock. It is greatly frequented on account 
 
 
 I 
 
its mineral waters, called the Scar- 1 
 borough Spa, and also for a sea bathing. 
 Scarborough has a good harbour, and is the j 
 best port for vessels to fake to in stress of 
 weather, between Newcastle and the Hum- 
 ber. It is governed by tw^o bailiffs, a re- 
 corder, two coroners, and 36 burgesses, who 
 -elect two members to parliament. On the 
 top of the rock is a fine plain, with a w'ell 
 of fresh water, and the ruins of a castle, 
 built by Henry II. It has a battery, and 
 several ship j’ards. It possesses a consider- 
 able shipping trade, is much engaged in the 
 fisheries, and has a weekly market on Thurs- 
 day, and an annual fair. In 1811, it con- 
 tained 6710 inhabitants. It is 36 miles ne 
 of York, and 214 of London. Lon. 0 10 
 ‘W, lat. 54 18 N. ^ 
 
 Scarborough, a town and fort in the 
 island of Tobago, in the West Indies, on the 
 SE side of the island. The English took it 
 from the French in 1793, and again in 1803. 
 Lon. 60 30 w, lat. 11 6 N. 
 
 Scardona, a sea port of Dalmatia, Eu- 
 ropean Turkfc’y, seated on the Cherca, and 
 Js a Greek bishop’s see. In 1537, the 
 Venetians demolished the principal build- 
 ings and foriifi-ations, but they bavo b^n 
 since repaired by the Turks. It is 35 miles 
 Nw of Spalatro. Lon. 17 I £, lat. 44 
 29 N. 
 
 Scarlino, a towui of Tuscany, on the 
 sea cocist, has a castle, five miles s of 
 Massa. 
 
 Scarp, one of the Harris isles. 
 
 SCARPANTO, an island of the Archi- 
 pelago, lying sw of the isle of Rhodes. It 
 3 S about 2^ miles in length, and eight in 
 breadth. It abounds in cattle and wild j 
 animals, and has mines of iron, quarries of 
 marble, with several good harbours. It is 
 -subject to the Turks, but the inhabitants 
 are Greeks. The chief town on the w 
 coast has a good harbour. Lon. 27 40 e, 
 iat. 35 46 N, 
 
 Scarpe, a river which has its source near 
 Aubigrie, France, in the department of Pas 
 de Calais, and passing by Arras, Douay, 
 and St Amand, unites with the Scheldt, at 
 Mortagne.^ 
 
 Scarperia, a town in Tuscany, famous 
 for its steel manufactures, 13 miles n of 
 Florence. 
 
 Scarsdale, ei rich, fruitful tract in the ne 
 part of Derbyshire. 
 
 Scauroy the capital of the island of San- 
 torim, seated on a high volcanic rock, which 
 projects into the road, on the w coast of the 
 Island. It is the see of a Latin bishop. 
 Lon. 25 27 E, lat. 36 36 N. 
 
 Schaffhameriy a town of Switzerland, ca- 
 pital of a canton of the same name, seated 
 on the Rhine, at the interruption of the navi- 
 gation of that river by the cataract at Lauf- 
 fen. The fortifications are weak, and it has 
 DO garrison, though a frontier town. It.** 
 famous hanging bridge over the Rhine, which 
 is here 400 feet wide, was burnt by the 
 
 French in 1799, when the Austrians compel- 
 led them to evacuate the town. The inha- 
 bitants of this town are computed to be 
 6000 ; but the number of citizens or bur- 
 gesses is about 1600. The town > is tolera- 
 bly well built. It is 22 miles N by E of 
 Zurich. Lon. 3 41 e, lat. 47 39 n. 
 
 Schaffhausen, the smallest canton of Swit- 
 zerland. It is but five leagues in lengt^ 
 and three in breadth. The retormed religi- 
 on was introduced here in 1529, and the re- 
 ligion is Calvinism* The principal article 
 of exportation is wine. The population of 
 this canton is estimated at 30,000. The 
 principal town is of the same name. 
 
 Schalholt, a town of Iceland, with a col- 
 lege. Lon. 22 20 w, lat. 64 40 N. 
 
 Schamachi, a town of Persia, capital of 
 Schirvaii, surrounded by a wall and ditcb, 
 seated in a plain, on the Aksui. It has 
 large manufactories of silks and cottons; 
 and is 250 miles ne of Tabris. Lon. 48 30 
 E, lat. 40 20 N. 
 
 Scharding, or Scherding, a town ana 
 castle of Bavaria, on the Inn, seven miles s 
 of Passaw. \ 
 
 -Scharnitz, a fortified town of Austria, in 
 Tyrol, which defends an important pass 
 over the mountains, seated on the borders of 
 Bavaria. It surrendered to the French 
 and Bavarians in 1805 ; 12 miles n of Jn- 
 spruck , 
 
 SCHAUENBURG, a small territory of 
 Westphalia, about 22 miles in length mA 
 10 in breadth, belonging to Hesse Cassell 
 It contains 'much fertile land, quarries of 
 limestone and ireestone, and mines of 
 alum, copper, and iron. Rintel is the 
 capital. 
 
 Schauensteiriy a town in the principality 
 ot Bayreuth, Franconia, 18 miles ne of 
 Cuimbach, 
 
 Schaumburg, a town and castle of Ger- 
 many, which gives name to a lordship, in 
 the circle of the Lower Rhine, 23 miles 
 NNw of Mentz, and 25 wsw of Wetzlar. 
 
 Scheer, a (own of Suabia, capital of a 
 principality of the same name, on the Da- 
 nube, 36 miles sw of Ulm. l^on. 9 24 B, 
 lat. 48 5 N. 
 
 Scheinberg, a town of Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, has mines of iron and silver, 22 miles s 
 of Chemnitz. 
 
 Scheldt, a river that rises in the depart- 
 ment of Aisne, France, flows by Cam bray, 
 Bouchain, Valenciennes, Conde, Tour nay, 
 Oudenard, Ghent, Dendermond, Antwerp, 
 and Fort Lillo, below which it separates in- 
 to two branches. The E Scheldt runs by 
 Bergen op Zoom, the western by Flushings 
 and both forming several islands enter the 
 German ocean. It gives came to a new 
 dep'^Timent of France, of which Ghent is the 
 capital. 
 
 Schelestadt, an ancient town in the de- 
 partment of the Upper Rhine, trance, on 
 the 111, 20 miles sw of Strasburgh. 
 
 Schella, a town of Upper Hungary, on 
 P p 2 
 
the Waag, about 25 miles ne of Pres- 
 burg 
 
 ScheVenberg, a mine town of Upper Sax- 
 ony, in Misnia, stands on the Z^chopa, and 
 often called Augustusburg, from a castle 
 near the town on tne mountain of Schellen* 
 berg, eight miles y of Chemnitz. 
 
 SchalLenburg, a fortre.-^s of Bavaria, 
 where ihe French and Bavarians were de- 
 feated by the allies, in 1704 miles w of 
 Neuburg and 22 w of Ingo.stadt. 
 
 Schellingy an isknd o Holland, at (he 
 entrance o. the Ziiyder Zee, 12 miles 
 long, and three broad. Lon. 5 0 e, lai. ,53 
 20 N. 
 
 Schemnitz, a town of Upper Hungary, 
 one ot the seven n ountain towns, with three 
 casties In the viciciiy is a large rock ol 
 shinii.g blue stone, spotted with green and 
 yellow. It is famous for mines of silver 
 ai d other metals, as also for its hot baths. 
 It IS 80 miles ene ot Presburg. Lon. 18 
 56 E, lat 48 30 n. 
 
 a fortress in Gelderland, Holland. 
 It IS highly important, as the centre of com- 
 munieatioi) between Germany and Holland, 
 and stands in the angle een the Rhine 
 and the Wahal, 13 mi o s e of Nimegueu, 
 
 Schenectady. See Saenectady, 
 
 ■Schening, a town in East Gothland, 
 Sweden, in a Uuitful country, eight miles se 
 of Wastena. 
 
 ScheningeUy a tow^n in the duchy of 
 Brunswick, Lower .saxony. In the vicinity 
 is a salt mine, and a Lutheran convent, 18 
 miles E of Wolienbutiie. 
 
 Scheppenstadt. a towm in the duchy ot 
 Brunswick, Lower Saxony, 12 miles e of 
 Woifenbuttie. 
 
 Scher, a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of Sucbia, seatea on the Danube. 
 
 Scherpenhuel. See Montaigne. 
 
 Scheahurg, a strong town ^4 Transylva- 
 nia, has a castle, about 60 miles ke of We- 
 issenburg. 
 
 Schiedam, a town of Holland, included 
 in the laie republican department of Delft, 
 on a canal, conimunicating wiin the iVleuse, 
 called the Schie, six miles w by s ot Rot- 
 terdam. 
 
 Schievilbcin a town of Brandenburg, in 
 (be New Mark on the Rega, with a castle, 
 17 miles ^ of Draumburg. 
 
 Se/iilia^ a town of Upper Hungary, 
 in the country oi Neitra, 28 miles e of 
 Presbuig. 
 
 Sc'uiitaeh, a town of Suabia, in the duchy 
 of iriemburg, on the Schiltuch, 14 miles 
 NNW of Rothweii. 
 
 Schintznach, a town iu the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, on the Aar. It has 
 some warm mi.ierol springs, and in the vi- 
 cinity I he ruins of the celebrated castle of 
 Harsburg, 10 miles w of Baden, and 20 se 
 of Basel. 
 
 Schirasy a large and famous city of Per- 
 and capital ol Faisisida, stands at the 
 •extrtJoiiiy of au extensive plain^ surrounded 
 
 on all sides by high mountains, and wallet 
 round, has six gates, and round towers at 
 80 paces distant. It has fine mosques, auj 
 noble buildings, constructed of brick, and 
 plastered. In a large garden, on the mb 
 side ol the ciiy, is the tomb of the celebrated 
 poet Hafiz, and at the foot of the moun- 
 tains, in the same direction, is the tomb of 
 ^iadi Shiras. It was the seat of govern- 
 ment in the reign of Kerim Khan. In the 
 neighbourhood are numerous gardens and 
 summer houses. It is three miles in length 
 from E to w, but not so much in breadth. 
 The wines of Schiras are not only the best 
 in Persia, but some think, in the whol© 
 world. It is 50 miles sw of the funlous 
 city of Persepolis, and 290 s by e of Lspa- 
 nan. Lon. 52 44 e, lat. 29 36 n. 
 
 SCHIRVAN, a province of Persia, 150 
 miles long and 90 broad, e of Georgia, oa 
 the Caspian sea. The soil is fert le, pro- 
 ducing abundance of rice, wheat, and bar- 
 ley, pasturing numbers of cattle, and abound- 
 ing with bares and pheasants. Shamacht is 
 the capital. 
 
 Schlackenwaldy a tow^n in the circle of 
 Saatz, Bohemia, with a rich tin mine, five 
 miles s of Carlsbad. 
 
 Schlackenwerthy a town of Bohemia, in 
 the circle of Saatz, on the Weisseritz, 
 with a castle, about seven miles nne of 
 Carlsbad. 
 
 I Schladen, a town in the principality of 
 H Idesheini, Lower Suxonv', 1 1 miles nnb 
 of Goslar. 
 
 Schlaiiy d town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Rakoniiz, surrounded by walls and vine- 
 yards, with a castle. It is 16 miles ne of 
 Rakonitz. 
 
 Schlatuay a town in the principality of 
 Glogau, Silesia, on the frontiers ol Poland, 
 18 miles n of Glogau. 
 
 Schlawey a town of I.ower Pomerania, on 
 the Wipper, 10 miles wsw' of Stolpe. 
 
 SchlesUidiy a town in the department 
 of Lower Rhine, France, 20 miles s of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Schleusingeny a (own of Franconia, in 
 the county ot Henneberg, on the Scbleuss, 
 with a castle, about 10 miles se of Smal- 
 kald. 
 
 SehlitZy a town of Germany, in the bu 
 shopric of Fulda, on a river that joins the 
 Fulda, seven miles n:n>v of Fulda. 
 
 SchlitZy a town in Voigtland, Upper Sax- 
 ony, with a castle, and is 13 miles nw of 
 Plauen. 
 
 Schl7(sselhnrg,a tow'n aud fortress of Rus- 
 sia, situated on the Neva, near lake Ladoga. 
 The fortress, which has often been used as a 
 state prison, is seated on an i>land in the ri- 
 ver. It is 36 miles e of Petersburg. Lon. 
 30 55 E, lat. 59 55 n. 
 
 Schlnsseljeldy a town in the principality 
 of Wurizhurg, Franconia, insulated in the 
 province of Bamberg, 14 miles wsw of 
 Bamberg. 
 
 Schmalkaideh^ See Smalkalden, 
 
 
 
Schmalenberg, a town in the dachy of 
 'Westphalia, on the Lenne, 14 miles e ol 
 Alteudorn. 
 
 Schmiedeberg^ a tow^n of Silesia, in Jaur, 
 at the loot of u mountcsin, near the source 
 of (he Bauber. The environs abound in 
 iron ore, and almost all the inhabitants 
 are smiths. It is 25 miles wsvv of Schweid- 
 uitz. 
 
 Schmiedebergy a town in Misoia, Upper 
 Saxony, 14 miles s of Dresden. 
 
 Schmiedeberg , a town of Upper Saxony, 
 celebrated tor good beer, 13 miles s of 
 Wittenberg. 
 
 Schmollen, a town in the principality ol 
 Altenberg, Upper Saxony, on the Sprotia, 
 seven rnilt s sw of Aitenberg. 
 
 Sehneebergy a mine town of Upper 
 Saxony, in Misnia, noted for manufactures 
 of thread, silk, and go d ana silver lace. It 
 is situated on an eminence, nine miles sse of 
 Zwickau. 
 
 Schohariy a town of the state of New 
 York, chief of t. county of its name, seated 
 on the Schoharie, which flows n into Mo- 
 hawk river. The inhabitants are generally 
 Dutch. The land in this county is in gene- 
 ral fertile, well watered, and variegaied 
 with hills. It is one of the wealthiest in- 
 land farming towns in the state, 40 miles w 
 of Albany Lou. T4 42 w, lai. 42 40 n. 
 
 Schonbecky a town and castle in the 
 duchy of Magdeburg, Lower Saxony, on the 
 Elbe, has some salt works, iO miles sse of 
 Magd"‘burg. 
 
 Schoinbergy a town in the late electorate 
 of Treves, France, 15 miles from Lim- 
 burg. 
 
 Schonbergy a town and castle in Ober 
 land, Prussia, 23 miles esb of Marienwer- 
 der. 
 
 Schonechy a town in Voigtland, Upper 
 Saxony, 15 miles se of Plauen. 
 
 Schonechy a town in Prus.sian Pomerania, 
 belonging to the knights of the Teutonic 
 order, 20 miles s of Dantzic. 
 
 Schoncchen, a town in the electorate of 
 Treves, France, in the department of Sarre, 
 seated on the Ny ms. It is 27 miles n by w 
 of Treves. 
 
 SCHONEN, or Scania, a province of 
 Sw’eden, in Gothland, nearly encircled by 
 the Sound and the Baltic. It is about 78 
 miles long and 50 broad, and is a very fer- 
 tile country, deemed the granary and 
 store house of Sweden. Lund is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 SchonjaUy a town of Bavaria, stands on 
 the side of an eminence, by the Lech, sur- 
 rounded by a plain wall, and some towers, 
 with three marble fountain's in the great 
 square, 14 miles s of Landsberg, and 40 sw 
 of Munich. 
 
 Schonoveny a town of Holland, in the 
 late republican department of Delft, with 
 a very commodious haven, stands on the 
 Lech, and is famous (or its gardens, and i 
 
 salmon fishery. It is 14 miles b of Rot- 
 terdam. 
 
 Schorndorcy atowm in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg, Suabia, on the Rems, with a strong 
 castle, and productive suit springs. In 1790 
 it was taken by the French. It is 17 miles 
 SE of Stulgard. 
 
 SCHOD TEN ISLAND, an island in tb© 
 South Sea, near the ne coast of New Gui- 
 nea, flO miles long and 20 broad. It was 
 discovered by Schoutan, a Dutchman, in 
 1016. Lon. 135 25 e, lat. 0 50 s. 
 
 SCHOWEN, an island of Holland, in the 
 N part of Zealand, at the mouth of the 
 Scheldt It is 15 miles long and six broad. 
 Zericzee is the capital. 
 
 Sclirattenthaly a town and castle on the 
 frontiers of Moravia, Austria, nine miles ssw 
 cf Ziiain. 
 
 Schrobenhauseny a towm on the Par, Ba- 
 varia, 16 miles ssw of Ingolstadt. 
 
 SCHUT, a large island of Hungary, 40 
 miles long and 12 broad, on the Danube, 
 just below Presburg. It abounds in wood, 
 tish, game, herbage, and fruits, Comorn 
 and Sumereiu are the principal towns. 
 
 Schuyler y Forty Oldy and NeWy both in the 
 state of New York, on Mohawk river, the 
 Old, four miles below and the New, seven 
 miles above Whitestown. The laiter is al- 
 so called Fort Stanvix. 
 
 Schyler’s LakOy in New York, JO miles w 
 of Lake Orsego. It is nine miles long and 
 four or five broad. 
 
 Schmjlkily a river of Pennsylvania, which 
 rises nw cf the Kitta tinny niounmins, takes 
 a SE direction, and is navigable Irom above 
 Reading to its entrance into the Delaware 
 three miles below Philadelphia. It is join- 
 ed by the Little Schuyikii from the n, at 
 Reading. 
 
 Schuabaehy a tow’n of Franconia, in the 
 principality ot Anspach, on a river of its 
 name, which Itlls into the Rcdnitz. It is a 
 populous place, with numerous manufac- 
 tures, 12 miles e by n of Auspach. 
 
 Schwidbacky a tow n of Germany^, in the 
 county of Nassau, circle of the Upper 
 Rhine, seated on the Aa,and is much resort- 
 ed to for its mineral waters, nine miles n of 
 Meiitz, and 32 w of Franklort. 
 
 Schwalenburgy a town m the comity of 
 Lippe, Westphalia, 18 miles xe of Pader- 
 boru. 
 
 Schican, a town in the duchy of Meck- 
 lenburg, Lower Saxony, on the Waruow, 10 
 miles N oi Gustrow., 
 
 Schwandorfy a town in the principality of 
 Neuburg, Bavaria, on the Nab, 21 miles n 
 of Raiisbon. 
 
 Sehwanenstadty a town of Austria, on the 
 Ager. Here, in 1800, tne French obtained 
 a decisive victory over the Austrians. It is 
 25 miles sw of Lintz. 
 
 Schwartzburgy an ancient castle of Up- 
 per Saxony, in Thuringia, v;hich gives name 
 to a county. The county is divided into 
 
Upper and Lower, of which Rudelstadt 
 and Saudersbausen are the principal towns. 
 The castle stands on the Schwanz, seven 
 fniles sw of Rudelstadt, and 2Z se ot 
 Erfurt, 
 
 Schwartzenburg, a town of Franconia, in 
 « principality ot its name, on the Lee, has a 
 castle, 24 miles ese of Wurtzburg, and 25 
 Kw of Nuremburg. 
 
 Schwarizenberg y a town and bailiwick in 
 the canton of Bern, Switzerland, 10 nitles 
 SE of Fribnrg, and 17 ssw of Bern. 
 
 Schwartzenberg, a town in Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony, with manufactures of wire and 
 lace. In the environs are mines of lead and 
 tin, and iron forges 10 miles wsw of Anna- 
 berg. 
 
 Schwatz, a town in the Tyrol, German}^, 
 on the Inn, has a silver and copper mine, 14 
 miles NE of Inspruck. 
 
 Scliwedty a town in the Ucker Mark, 
 Brandenburg, on the Oder, with a magni- 
 licent castle, 24 miles sp: of Prenzio. 
 
 SchweidnitZy a town of Silesia, capital of 
 a province of the same name, with a castle, 
 on an eminence, by the Weistritz, Most of 
 the inhabitants are Protestants, who have a 
 church without the town, also a public 
 school, but half of the magistrates are Ca- 
 tholics. The greatest part of the city was 
 destroyed by fire in 1716, but was elegantly 
 rebuilt. In 1757, the Austrians took it from 
 the Prussians, who retook it next year. 
 Here are manufactures of all kind of lea- 
 ther, 22 miles sw of Breslau. Lou. 16 32 
 E, lat. 50 44 N. 
 
 Sehiveiiifurty a free and late imperial 
 town ol Franconia, seated on the Maine. 
 It was taken by the French in 1796, and 
 ceded as indemnity to Bavaria, in 1802. 
 The inhabitants carry on a great trade in 
 woollen and linen cloth, goose quills, and 
 leathers. It is 21 miles ne of Wurtburg, 
 and 25 w of Bamberg. Lou. 10 35 e, lat. 
 <50 6 N. 
 
 Schweinitz, a town on the Elster, in the 
 Aueby of Saxony, 14 miles se of Witten- 
 berg. 
 
 Schweinsbergy a town in Upper Hesse, 
 Germany, on the Oiim, seven miles se of 
 Marburg. 
 
 SCHWEITZ, a canton of Switzerland, 
 bounded on the n by the cantons of Zurich 
 and Zug, e by that of Glarus, s by that of 
 Uri, and w by the Walstadter See. This 
 canton, with that of Uri and Underwalden, 
 threw off the yoke of Austria, January 13, 
 1308, and in 1315 formed a perpetual alli- 
 ance, which laid the foundation of the Hel- 
 vetic republic. The whole country being 
 naturally rugged and barren, is more adap- 
 ted to pasturage than corn, but it has been 
 greatly improved by its industrious peasantry. 
 The name of Schwetzerland, or Switzer- 
 land, which originally comprehended only 
 these three cantons, was afterward extended 
 to all Helvetia. The governments of 
 Schweitz and Uri were democratical. They 
 
 contain 50,000 people. The same kind of 
 soil and the same productions are commoa 
 to the two cantons. The Romish religion 
 is exclusively established. 
 
 Schweitz y a town of Switzerland, capital 
 ! of the abone canton, 18 miles e by s of Lu- 
 I cern. Lon. .8 31 e, lat. 46 56 n. 
 
 I Schweitz, Lake of. See Waldstadter 
 ! See. 
 
 Schwehn, a town in the county of Mark, 
 Westphalia, has mineral springs in its vici- 
 nity, 28 miles e of Dusseldorf. 
 
 SchwertHy a town of Germany, capital of 
 the duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin. It is 
 divided into four parts, viz. Schwerin, the 
 New Town, the island of Schelf, and the 
 Moor, which are all nearly encircled by tbe 
 lake. The ducal palace and gardens stand 
 on an island in the lake, and communicate 
 with the town by a draw-bridge. The prin- 
 cipal church is a fine Gothic stru- ture, with 
 a lofty spire. Schwerin was formerly the 
 seat of a count, and the title still belongs to 
 the dukes of Mecklenburg. It is 35 
 miles wsw of Gustrow * Lon. 11 33 e, lat. 
 53 48 N. 
 
 Schwerte, a town in tbe county of Mark, 
 Westphalia, on the Roer, seven miles s of 
 Uortniund. 
 
 SchwetZy a town and castle in Prussian 
 Pomerania, on the Vistula, seven miles n of 
 Culm, 
 
 Schwiebussefiy a town of Silesia, capital 
 of a Circle of the same name, belonging to 
 the principality of Glogau, insulated by 
 Poland and the New Mark of Brandenburgs 
 It has a castle, a Protestant church, a Ca- 
 tholic church, good cloth manufactures, and 
 fertile vineyards. It is 13 miles n of Zul- 
 iicbau. Lon. 15 47 e, lat. 52 21 n. 
 
 Schwinburgyix town of Denmark, on the 
 s coast of the island of Funen, has a good 
 harbour, and woollen and linen manufac- 
 tures,23 miles ese of Odensee. Lcn. 10 30 
 E, lat. 55 10 N. 
 
 Sciacca. See Xacca. 
 
 Sc«a ^f, an island of the Archipelago, 14 
 miles NNE of Negropout, 10 miles long and 
 four broad, near the entrance of the gulf of 
 Salouichi. Lon. 23 40 e, lat. 39 24 n. 
 
 Scieliy or Sichiliy a town in Val di Noto, 
 Sicily, county of Modica, in a fruitful plain, 
 surrounded by hills, 22 miles w by s of 
 Nolo. 
 
 Sc 4 lly, a village in Cork, Munster. 
 
 Sciglio yd town in Calabria, Ultra, Naples, 
 on a rocky promontory, called Cape Sciglio, 
 or Scylla. Here, in 1783, tbe sea was 
 driven three miles inland by an earthquake, 
 and on its reflux swept off the prince of 
 Sciglio, and 2473 of tbe inhabitants, who 
 were on the Scylla strand, or in boats near 
 the shore, 10 miles m by e of Reggio. 
 
 SC ILLY, a cluster of islands and rocks 
 which lie almost 10 leagues w of the Land's 
 End, in Cornwall, and are easily discerned 
 from it. Of these, only six are inhabited, 
 and in 1810 contained 2375 persons ; the 
 
s c r 
 
 ^hers feed many sheep, and abound with 
 sea fowl and rabbits. The inhabitants prin- 
 cipally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and 
 acting as pilots. The chief of tne islands is 
 St. Mary's, which is three miles long and 
 two broad, and has a good port containing 
 more inhabitants than all the rest put toge- 
 ther. Here, and in some of the rest are a 
 Druidical temple, and the remains of anci- 
 ent sepulchres, Ou St. Agnes is a light- 
 house 51 feet high. On the outmost extre- 
 mity of St. Martin is a sea mark built with 
 rock stone. The Scilly rocks have been 
 destructive to a number of ships entering the 
 channel. One of the most disastrous acci- 
 dents of this kind occurred in 1707, when 
 three men of war, and admiral Sir Clou- 
 desly Shovel, and all their crews perished. 
 St. Agnes light house in Ion. 6 19 w, lat. 
 49 54 N. 
 
 SCILLY, a group of islands or shoals in 
 the South Pacific ocean, discovered by cap- 
 tain Wallace in 1767 and described as very 
 dangerous, Lon. 155 30 w, lat. 16 28 s. 
 
 SCIO, or Chio, one of the most beauti- 
 ful and celebrated islands of the Archipelago, 
 near the coast of Natolia, kw of Samos. L 
 is 36 miles in length and 13 in breadth; a 
 mountainous and pleasant country, there 
 being fruits of various kinds growing in the 
 fields, such as pomegranates, mulberries, 
 olives, citrons, and oranges, interspersed 
 with myrtles and jessamines. They have a 
 trade in wines and silks. They have also 
 a small commerce m wool, cheese, and figs, 
 but the island is principally distinguished by 
 the profitable culture of mastic. The wine 
 of Scio, so much celebrated by the ancients, 
 is still held in great repute. The island was 
 taken from the Turks by the Genoese in 
 1566. It contains the town of its name, and 
 68 villages, all inhabited by Greeks. The 
 population is estimated at 60,000 Greeks, 
 4000 Turks, and 2000 Latins 
 
 Scio, a sea port and capital of the island 
 of its name, is large, pleasant, and the best 
 built of any in the Levant. The streets are 
 paved with flint stones. The castle is an 
 old citadel, built by the Genoese, in which 
 there is a Turkish garrison. The harbour 
 of Scio, protected by a low mole, and has 
 two light houses, is the rendezvous of all 
 shipping that go to or come from Constan- 
 tinople, and will bold a fleet of 80 vessels. 
 The town stands on the e side of the island, 
 67 miles w of Smyrna. Lon. 26 12 e, lat. 
 38 26 N. 
 
 Scioto, a river of the state of Ohio, 
 which rises near the source of the Sandusky, 
 a boatable water of lake Erie, and running 
 s enters the Ohio, 300 miles below Pitts- 
 burg. It is navigable by barges 150 miles, 
 and by boats to its source, whence there 
 is a portage of only four miles to the San- 
 dusky. 
 
 Scipio, capital of Onondago county, New 
 York^ on the e side of Cayuga lake, 95 
 
 SCO 
 
 miles w of Cooperstown. Lon. 76 52" Wy 
 lat. 42 44 N. 
 
 SCIRO, or SciRos, an island of the 
 chipelago, w of Melelin, 15 miles long and 
 eight broad. It is a mountainous coimtry. 
 but affords corn and wood for the inhabi- 
 tants. The vine is the chief ornament of 
 the island, and the wine is excellent. The 
 village and convent of St. George of which 
 there are no more in the place, are built on 
 a conical rock . The inhabitants are G reeks, 
 10 miles from the harbour of St George* 
 Lon. 24 38 e, lat. 38 54 n, 
 
 Scituate, a town of Rhode island. Provi- 
 dence county, with a foundary for bells and 
 cannon in the vicinity, 1 1 miles ssw of Pro- 
 vidence, and 27 nw of Newport. 
 
 Scituate, a town in Plymouth county, 
 Massachusetts, luis a harlxiur on Massachu- 
 setts bay, 15 miles n of Plymouth. 
 
 SCLA VONIA, a country of Europe, be- 
 tw^een the rivers Save, Drave, and Danube, 
 bounded on the w by Croatia. It is divided 
 into six counties, and belongs to the house of 
 Austria. It was formerly called a king- 
 dum, and is not above 45 miles in breadth, 
 but is 150 in length Irom the confluence of 
 the Danube and the Save to Croatia. The 
 eastern part is called Ratzia, and the in- 
 habitants Rasciaus. These form a particu- 
 lar nation, and are of the Greek church* 
 The ancient Sclavonia, according to some, 
 extended from the Adriatic to the Euxinfr 
 sea, and had its name from the Sclavi,a 
 Scythian nation, who conquered Greece and 
 this couniry in the reign of Justinian, 
 The language of Sclavonia is the mother of 
 those of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and 
 Russia. 
 
 Scone, or Seoon, a parish and village in 
 Perthshire, on the n bank of the Tay. Here 
 stood an ancient royal palace, and also an 
 abbey founded in 1143, the repository of the 
 famous stone chair on which the kings of 
 Scotland were crowned, since conveyed to 
 Westminster Abbey by Edward I. of Eng- 
 land. The only part of these edifices which 
 ! remains is the church in which the kings 
 were crowned. In the aisle are two 
 grand marble monuments ; the one to the 
 memory of the first Viscount Stormont, the 
 other to that of the late lady Hansfield, 
 Near the church is an enainence called the 
 hill of Justice, w of the abbey is Scoon- 
 House, the magnificent mansion of the earl 
 of Mansfield. At Scoon, king Charles II. 
 swore and subscribed the national covenant 
 of Scotland, and the solemn league and 
 covenant of the three nations, Scotland, 
 England, and Ireland; for the speedy and 
 contemptuous violation of which, , and the 
 cruel persecution of presbyterians, during 
 his reign, his name will be handed down 
 with infamy, to the latest posterity. This 
 village is about a mile E from the palace, 
 and one and a- ha If n by w of Perth, and 
 contains about 500 ichabituhts. The j'ansii 
 
SCO 
 
 contains about 4000 acres. The soil, near 
 the river, is a strong clay, but in other parts 
 it is partly light and gravelly, and partly a 
 rich loam. At Stormont Field is a cotton 
 work, and an extensive bleachfield. The 
 peasant Hay, ancestor of the earls of Er- 
 rol who signalized himself at the battle of 
 Luncarty, and the late earl of Mansfield, 
 chief justice of the court of Kiug^s Bench 
 were natives of this parish. Population 
 about 1670. 
 
 Scoonisy a parish in Fifeshire, sometimes 
 called Leven, from the village lying at the 
 raouth ot the river of the same name. (See 
 Leven.) It is about five miles long and two 
 broad, lying on the n side of the Frith of 
 Forth. Population about 1631. Here, in 
 the ninth century, a battle was fought be- 
 tween the Scots and Danes, 
 
 ScopelOy an island of the Archipelago, 10 
 miles long and three broad, five miles e of 
 Sciati. Lou. 23 50 E,lat. 30 20 n. ^ 
 
 Scopia, or Uskiub, a town of European 
 Turkey, in Macedonia, and an archbishop's 
 see, situated on the Vardar, over which is a 
 bridge of 12 arches. It is famous for its 
 manufacture of Morocco leather, 67 miles 
 wsw of Sophia, 90 e of Scutari, and 
 170 Nvw of Salouica. Lon. 21 15 b, lat. 
 42 40 N. 
 
 Scotch Plains y a village in Essex county, 
 New Jersey, on a ne branch of (he Rariton, 
 1 1 miles w of Elizabethtown. 
 
 SCOTLAND, or North Britain, the 
 most northern of the two kingdoms into 
 which the island of Great Britain, was 
 formerly divided. It is bounded on the w 
 by the Atlantic ocean, on the n by the 
 North Sea, on the E by the German ocean, 
 on the sE by England, and on the sw by the 
 Irish sea. To Scotland also appertain the 
 islands on its w coast, called the Hebrides, 
 or Western islands, and those to the ne, 
 called the Orkney and Shetland islands. 
 From N to s, that is, from Cape Wrath in 
 Siitherlandshire, to the Mull of Galloway, 
 in Wigtonshire, Scotland extends about 300 
 miles. Its greatest breadth, from Apple- 
 cross in Ross-siiire to Peterhead in Aber- 
 deenshire, is about 150 miles; but in some 
 places It is not above 40. Scotland is 
 estimated to contain an area of 27,784 
 miles ; which, by the report lately made to 
 the board of Agriculture, comprehended 
 12,151,171, acres of cultivated and J 4 ,2 1 8,224 
 acres of uncultivated lands. The remainder 
 of the surface is composed of lakes and 
 rivers. Scotland seems to be naturally 
 divided by its friths and lakes, or lochs, into 
 three large tracts or districts. The North 
 division is formed by a chain of lakes, 
 which cross the country from the frith of 
 Murrey, to the island of Mull, in a direction 
 from NE to sw. The middle division is 
 bounded on the s by the friths of Forth and 
 Clyde, and the great canal by which (hey 
 are united ; and on the s side of this boun- 
 dary is the South division. The x division 
 
 SCO 
 
 Is chiefly an assemblage of vast dreaT|* 
 mountains ; not, however, without many 
 fertile valleys oh the n and e shores. The 
 Middle division is traversed, in different 
 directions, by many great ranges of moun- 
 tains ; and though cultivation here is more 
 flourishing, especially on the e shore, yet 
 of this division, as well as of the former, it 
 may be observed that the arable land bears 
 but a small proportion to the inountaiuous 
 and barren tracts. However the e coa.st of 
 the mid-division, and the whole of the s has 
 a great resemblance to England and with 
 respect both to the general aspect of the 
 country, and to the progress of cultivation 
 exhibits every kind of rural variety. The 
 principal ranges of mountains in Scotland, 
 are the Grampians, ihe Lammermuir, the 
 Ochills and the Chievot. Some of the 
 mountains are of great elevation ; the 
 highest is Bennevis, which is 4370 feet above 
 the level of the sea. The principal rivers 
 are the Spey, Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, 
 Forth, the N Dee, the Esk, Annan, Niih, 
 and S Dee, &c. and the lochs, or lakes are 
 numerous and extensive. The climate is 
 very various. The northern extremity, 
 which is in the same latitude with some 
 parts of Norway, is extremely cold ; but 
 the frosts are far from being so intense here 
 as in those parts of the continent equally 
 as far to the x. For this advantage Scot- 
 land is indebted to an insular situation. Its 
 w coast is subject to frequent rains in sum- 
 mer, and to sudden changes of weather, 
 in many places on the eastern shore, and in 
 the whole South division, the climate is not 
 inferior to the North part of England : and 
 in general, the air of Scotland is very heal- 
 thy. The principal products of the country 
 are grain, flax, hemp, hay, and in general 
 all the sorts of crops which are named in 
 the southera parts of the island, woods of 
 oak and fir, coal, lead, iron, coi per, anti- 
 mony, oobalt, bismuth, manganese, mercury, 
 Iree-stone, iime-stone, slate, ihe most beau- 
 tiful marble, fine rock chrystals, variegated 
 pebbles, pearls, sapphires, rubies, and most 
 of the gems and precious stones. Scotland 
 feeds vast herds of cattle and flocks of 
 sheep. Within (he last 40 years, agricul- 
 ture has made 'rapid progress all over the 
 lowland district, and in some places is in a 
 higher state than in almost any pan of (he 
 British empire. Its progress is greatly 
 facilitated by a total exemption from tythes. 
 Among the wild animals are the roe, stag, 
 fox, badger, otter, hedge bog. rabbit, weasel, 
 mole, and other sme 11 quadrupeds. Among 
 file feathered race, are the capercailzie, or 
 cock of the wood, the eagl . falcon, par- 
 tridge, quail, snipe, plover, black cock, and 
 grouse, <fec. The fisheries in surround- 
 ing seas, and in the rivers are remarkably 
 productive. The inhabitants of Scotland 
 me y be divided into two great classes, the 
 Highlanders and Lowlanders. The former 
 occupy the uerthern and wesleru parts of 
 
 4 
 
SCO 
 
 t\ie country, the latter the eastern and sou- j 
 them. The language of the Highlands is a 
 species of the Celtic called Gaelic, or Krse ; 
 the Lowlanders speak a low dialect of the 
 Eufflish. They are both very much ad- I 
 mired ; the one for its beauty and sublimity, j 
 and the other for its strength, poetical bar- | 
 Biouy, and simplicity. 'For the character 
 of the Highlanders, see Highlands. The 
 ■Lowlanders are in general sober and indus- 
 -frious, and to the virtues of the Highlanders, j 
 and those accomplishments which superior | 
 education, and a more enlarged intercourse 
 with the world produce. The established i 
 ^eli-ioD, is the Presbyterian; there are | 
 fbu? Ecclesiastical courts ; the General 
 assembly, consisting of commissioners trom 
 presbyteries, from whose decision there lies 
 Eo appeal ; ProvincMl Synods, composed , 
 of a number of presbyteries ; Presbyteries, \ 
 composed of a number of parishes ; apd, i 
 lastly, the Kirk Session, composed, of the 
 minister, elders, and deacons ot every j 
 jiarisb. The number of parish, miiqisters is | 
 U3(), of presbyteries 78, and of sypods |4. | 
 besides ‘the established churches, there is a | 
 .number of other deuotniriutions, Phe | 
 ^eceders from the established c^fch are t 
 the most numerous, and are known by the | 
 names of Antiburghers, and Hurg hers, the | 
 reformed presbytery, and relieyers ; all of | 
 whom adhere strictly’ to the Presbyterian i 
 form of church government. They rQ» 
 spectively hold presbyteries and synods of 
 their own. 'p he Roman catholics are not 
 numerous in ‘ proportion to tht^ population, 
 even in tlje places "where they wake the 
 greatest figure, except in a few highland dis- 
 tricts. There are episcopal chapels in the 
 pfinci'pal towns, and ip a few places of 
 ihferior note. The Independents, Baptists, 
 and Moravians are few in number. There 
 axe schoolmasters for every parish, with 
 comfortable salaries ; and in most of the 
 large towns, well conducted academies. 
 There are four universities, St. Andrews ; 
 Aberdeen ; Edinburgh ; and GUisgow. 
 From these opportunities of education, the 
 Scotch are almost universally well inform- 
 ed, and have distinguished themselves in 
 every departpient. of literature. The trade 
 of Scotland has greatly increased since the . 
 union. An eT%tensive intercourse is parried ' 
 on with the West Indies, America, and the 
 BaltioJ Their fisheries extend front their 
 owp coasts to Greeulapd ; and in the curing 
 of fish, the Scotch stand in high estiniatiop, 
 fhe chief manufactures are linen and 
 cotton. The real rent is now abpye 
 3,000,0001, StevUng. The population in 
 1801, was 1,604,720, and within 46 years 
 preceding had increased 849,446, and in 1 8 1 1 , 
 1,805,688. Scotland is represented in parlia- 
 ment, by 16 peers, and 45 Commonerg. The 
 only officers of State retained since the union, 
 are the Lords Privy Seal, Register, 
 cate, and Justice Clerk. The highest civil 
 court is the court of session, composed of a 
 . No, 26— Qd, 
 
 S C Y 
 
 president., and 1 4 ordinary lords. This courl 
 now coDsists of two divisions, which re- 
 spectively ln*ar causes and give decisions. 
 The trial by jury iu certain civil causes has 
 lately been intjoduced into Scotland, as an 
 appeEitage to the court of ses.sion. An 
 appeal in all cases jlies from the court of 
 .-session to the house of peers. There are 
 sis inferior courts, ffom all which appeals, 
 lie, viz. the admir/ility, commissary, sheriff, 
 burgh, baronial, and justice of the peace 
 courts. There is a court of Justiciary, for 
 the trial of cr.Jiiiinal cases, it is composed 
 of the lore} justice general. Lord justice 
 clerk, and l^ve other judges, nominated froin 
 the lords of session. There is algo a court 
 of Exchequer as in England, Scotland is 
 politically divideil into 33 counties, namely 
 Shetland and Orkney, Bute, Caithness, 
 Siitiierland, Ross, Crqmarty, Nairn, Inver- 
 ness, Murray, Ilanff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, 
 Angus, Perti), Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, 
 Stirling;! Dumbarton, Argyll, Renfrew, Ayr, 
 Wigtoii, Kirkcudb*'iG;iit, /Dumfries, Rox-^ 
 burgh, Selkirk J Peebles, Lanark, Linlith^ 
 gow, Edinburgh, Haddington, and Rerwjck, 
 Edinburgb is the capital. 
 
 Scrub Island, one of the snutller Virgin 
 island?;. Lon. 62 57 w, lat. 18 25, 
 
 Scutari, a large and populous town of 
 Turkey in P^urope, capital of a pachalic, 
 and a bishop^s see, ip Upper Albania, seated 
 on the lake Labeatis, near the river Bojana, 
 its outlet. It hqs four suburbs, and carries 
 on a considerable trade. The principal 
 manufacture is ]\|orocco leather ; 20 miles 
 NE of Antivari, and 64 N by w of Durazzo, 
 Lon. 18 6 E, Itvt. 42 n. 
 
 Scutari, a large and handsome town of 
 Turkey ip 4-ia, in Natolia, with a well 
 frequented harbour, situated on the £ side, 
 of Cqnstantinoule, and is considered a suburb 
 of that city. It is in the form of an amphi- 
 
 theatre, and presents to the view a ipixtnre 
 of trees, houses, mosques, and miparets. It 
 i§ a rendezvous to the caravans of Asia i 
 and has some manufactures of silk and 
 cotton. In its extensive burying grounds, 
 shaded with lofty cypresses, ax© iut©xr©d 
 the rich Turks ol Constantinople, who con- 
 sider Asia as the land of the true believers, 
 and suppose that Europe in the course of 
 time will fall into the hands of Christians, 
 and be trodden by infidels, Scutari is one 
 milp K of Cppstantinople. 
 
 Scylla, a ropk near the Faro of Messina, 
 on tile coast of Cglabria, opposite the cele-, 
 brafed Charyhdis.' The rock itself is near 
 2Q8 feet high. There is a kiiid of castfe 
 pr fort QU it.s summit ; and tbe little town of 
 Scylla or Sciglio, containing 300 or 400 
 inbabitants, stands on its s side, and give« 
 the title of prince to a Calabrese lamily. 
 I’t js the famous Scylla ot the ancient poets, 
 but does not come up to the description of 
 Homer, por is the passagt? so narrow anef 
 dangerous, as he represents it. The promon* 
 lory is sometimes ca.lle.1 Cape Sciglio. 
 
S E B 
 
 S E O 
 
 Seajord^ a sexi port of Sussex, one of the ii 
 Cinque Ports, but its market is now disused. |j 
 Its forts are in a state of defence, it is re- ! 
 presented in pariianieut by two barons, has ! 
 little sea trade but fishing, though it has a | 
 cumbrous revenue establishment. It is ! 
 
 verned by a bailifl*. jurats, dia*. ; and con- | 
 tains about 940 inhabitants, and has fairs ! 
 March 1 0th, and July iJ.5th. It is eight | 
 miles ssE of Lewes, and 60 sby e of London. 
 Lon. 0 10 E, lat. .50 oO N. j 
 
 Seaton, See Portseaton, | 
 
 SeatoUy a fishing village in Ross-shire, j 
 containing about 380 inhabifirits. | 
 
 Seatouy a town of Cumberland, near 
 Workington, famous for its iron works. 
 
 SEBACO, an island on the w coast of 
 JMesico, 12 miles >; of Point Mariat. 
 
 SFJIARA, a province on the n coast of 
 Brazil, watered by the Serara. Its capital, 
 of the same name, stands on a hill, near 
 the river, and is defended by a fort ; the 
 liarbour is large, but not of sullicient depth 
 for large vessels, it is also protected by a 
 fort. Lou. 39 29 w, lat. 3 31s. 
 
 Sebastiiiy a town of Syria in Palestine, 
 the remains of the ancient city of Samaria, 
 
 34 miles nxe of Jerusalem. i 
 
 SebastiaUf St, a town of Spain, in the 
 jirovince and capital of Guipuscoa, with a j| 
 good and well frequented harbour, secured j| 
 by two moles, and a narrow eutrauoe. The | 
 town is defended by a double witU, and j 
 fortified toward the sea. It carries on a I 
 great trade, and is so populous, that several 
 families are obliged to live in the same 
 house. Their greatest trade consists in 
 iron and steel, they also deal in wool, j 
 which comes from Old Castile. It was i 
 taken by the French in 1194, and retaken | 
 by storm in 1813, by the allies under lord | 
 Wellington. It is 50 miles e of Bilboa, i 
 and 50 nw of Pamplona, Lon. I 56 w, 
 lat. 43 24 N. 
 
 SebastiaTiy Sty a large atxi handsome 
 city of Brazil, in South America, capital of 
 the province of Rio Janeiro, and of all 
 Brazil, has a citadel on a hill, and nu- 
 merous forts. The city is large, well built, 
 and populous, containing about 200,000 in- 
 habitants. It is three miles in circumfer- 
 ence, and stands four miles w of the har- 
 bour. Tiie high hills in ils rear are adorn- 
 ed with woods, houses, churches, and con- 
 vents. The houses are generally of stone, 
 and two stories ; the streets are narrow^ and 
 dross each other at right angles. Here 
 are elegant churches, and niore religious 
 parade, than in any popish country of Eu- 
 rope. The harbour has a narrow' entrance, 
 and is defended by two forts. The palace 
 stands on tlie side of a s{)aei(ujs srpiare, and 
 is supplied wiili water hroiight over a valley 
 by an aqueduct supported on a double tier 
 of arclu'fc. The uiint is furnished wulii every 
 n'eiH'ssary for coining, and is one of the 
 finest buildings existing. A Benedictine 
 
 abbey mid ix fori stand ^PP a pint jutting 
 
 into the harbour, and on Serpent island 
 are a dock-yard, magazines, and naval 
 store-houses. It is a bishop’s see, and tho 
 present seat of the royal family of Portugal, 
 who arrived here in 1808. The different 
 mechanics carry on their business in dis- 
 tinct parts of the town ; particular streetsi 
 being- set apart for particular trades. It 
 stands near the mouth of the Rio Janeiro, 
 on the Atlantic. Lon. 42 44 w, lat. 22 
 54 s. 
 
 Schastiauy Sty a town of New’ Spain, 
 capital ol the province of C'hiametlan, stands, 
 on the Mazallun, 60 miles x’nw' of Chiamet- 
 lan. Lon. 105 56 w, lat. 24 20 n. 
 
 Selastian, Capey Sty a cape of the nw' ex- 
 tremity of Madagascar. Lon. 46 25 e, lat. 
 12 30 s. 
 
 Seba^topoly OT.Aktiary the principal sea 
 port town of Crimea, Russia. It stands op 
 the side of a hill, w hich separates two of 
 its basons. Its harbour could contain the 
 whole Russian fleet, is one of the safest in 
 the world, and the chief station of the Black 
 Sea fleet. Along the quay are good bouses, 
 but the Old Tartar edifices are small, and 
 ill constructed. It occupies part of the site 
 ot the ancient city of Chersonesus, w'here 
 stood the celebrated temple of Diana, 
 Taurica. Here are still many ruins and 
 antiquities; 40 miles ssw of Sympheropol, 
 and 350 nk of Constantinople. Lon. 3^ 
 22 E, lat. 44 25 n. 
 
 Sehastopoli.s'y or SavnfopoJiy a town of 
 Mingreiia, the ancient Dioscurias. It stands 
 on the Black Sea, 220 miles wnw of Tefflis, 
 liOu. 42 45 E, lat. 44 10 n. 
 
 Sebenico, a sea port of Dalmatia, capital 
 of the county of the same name. The 
 county is 30 miles long, and 20 broad, 
 containing besides 70 islands. The tow’p 
 has four citadels, is a bishop’s sOe, seated 
 near the mouth of the Cherca, in the gulf of 
 Venice. The roof of the cathedral is com- 
 posed of large flat pieces of marble. The 
 Turks have failed in all their attempts to 
 take this town ; 25 miles se of Zara, and 
 35 N of Spoletto. Lou. 16 46 e, lat. 4T 
 17 N. 
 
 Sebpoy the largest river in Morocco, has 
 its source in a forest, near the foot of Mount 
 Atlas, flows within six miles of the city of 
 Fez, passes by that of Mequinez, and falls 
 into the ocean at Marmora. It abounds 
 with shebbel, a rich species of salmon. 
 
 Sebu, See ^ebu. 
 
 SebuOy or SeboUy a small island on the 
 coast of the island of Cape Breton. 
 
 Sehnrg, a town ip the department of 
 the Nprth, France, five miles e of Valen- 
 
 ciennes, 
 
 Sebz, See Kesh. 
 
 Sechuray a town of Peru, ten leagues s 
 of Piura, in tlie bishopric of Tnixillo, seated 
 on a river of its name, and at the extremity 
 of a sandy desert, which extends 80 miles 
 southward. It contains about 400 families, 
 all Indians, chiefly employed in fishing or 
 
S E G 
 
 rtrJvinir mules. It is three miles from the t 
 ocean! and ISO nnw of Truxillo. Loo. 81 | 
 
 Social' OT^^eeehing, a town of Norfolk, | 
 with a'^well frequented market, four nnle» 
 
 the Gayle, nine miles x of Judeuburg. 
 
 ^eckiiweHy a town of Suubia, belonging 
 to Ai^rir the smraiest of the four toresc 
 towns on an isle in the Rhine, over ahich 
 is a bruise. Here is a convent of noble 
 nuns, whose abbess was a PfibcfS of 
 
 “rpire; sit miles sb of Rhe.nfeldt, and II 
 
 "'sLaLIL, a village in 
 celebrated for a battle between fcthelbaid, 
 kinir of the Mercians, and 
 tie West Saxons, in T57. North of the 
 church are the remains of a fo«. 
 it an artificial eminence, 45 feet high, three 
 miles NE of Tainworth. 
 
 Sedan, a considerable town and capita 
 of the department of Ardennes, France. It 
 
 has a castle, an arsenal, a cannon ’ 
 
 a manufacture of line cloth, and 
 oae of the keys of the country. Ij*'' 
 brated marshal Turenne was born in the 
 castle. It is situated on the Mae,e ^8 
 miles SE of Charlemout, and Ido ne ol 
 Pans. Lon. 4 58 E, ii^t. 49 4 x» 
 
 Sedbergh, a village of 
 Rother, surrounded by mountam,, with a 
 market on Wednesday, f 1 “ 
 fairs, 10 miles .n by E of Kirby Lonsdale, 
 and 265 xw of London. 
 
 Sedasivagur, the most northern town of 
 Canara. Hiudoostan, stands on the n side 
 of the estuary of a river, at the '™“‘h 
 which is a deep bay, .sheltered by three 
 islands, one of which is lortified, 
 entrance protected by a tort on a to > ’ 
 
 dO miles se of Goa, and do nnw of Kunda- 
 pura. Lon. 74 15 e, lat, 14 51 n. 
 
 Seehausen, a town in the Old Mark, 
 Brandenburg, nearly surrounded by the 
 Aland, 12 miles w of Havelherg. 
 
 Seelburg, a town in the duchy of Cour- 
 land, on the D.viua, 70 miles E by s ol 
 
 ^^SeeiatP, a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, 10 miles sw of Custrim. 
 
 Seer, a sea port of Arabia, capital of a 
 principality in the province of Oman, ft 
 Ls a good harbour, 108 miles wsw of Jul- 
 far Lon. 54 38 E, lat. 25 10 x. 
 
 Seesen, a town in the 
 wick. Lower Saxony, on a small lake, 14 
 
 Seeira°own in the department of Orne, 
 France, in a hne countp', ° 
 
 the Orne, and a bishop’s n 
 
 Alenoon, and 102 w by s of Paris. Lon. 0 
 
 "/e*a!'a“to;n of Hungary, with a 
 castlf, stands near the Tiesse, opposite t>e 
 conflux of the Maros, was taken fr®™ 
 I'iirks in 168t); 50 miles sE of Col<f9*a, 
 
 and 105 iSE of Pest. Lon. 20 35 e, lat. 46 
 
 ‘^Seimfterj, a town of Holstein, Lower 
 
 Saxony, with a castle 
 
 aboiiniliiig with limestone on the Trave , 15 
 
 miles wxw of Liibec. x r wc 
 
 Sege.niar, capital of a county of its 
 name; Transylvania, on the s side ot a hill, 
 near .he Kokel, 47 miles k ol Hermanstadt. 
 Lon. 24 55 E, lat. 27 4 N. 
 
 SEGISTAN, a province of ^he 
 
 country is in general flat, sandy, and un- 
 inhabited ; and during t he tour . » 
 
 houses, gardens, and tields are frequently 
 overwhelmed with sand driven by the wind. 
 There are many springs, and good , 
 
 on the banks of rivers. The laud is well 
 cultivated near the town. But 
 part of the inhabitants betake 
 fo Dtisturage, lead a wandering life, and 
 dtcrtheif tents amid ancient palaces 
 iphis country was once equally 
 with any other part of the empire, /areng 
 
 Wi? alwong town of Morlachia, with 
 a ^,o"rharbour,"tbe capital of Hungarian 
 Dflmatia.ou the gulf of Venice. t is 00 
 miles xw of Spoletlo. Lon. 15 21 e, lat. 
 
 an ancient town of Italy, in Cam- 
 
 pagnidi Roma, Rome 
 
 miles SE of Palestrina, and 30 se ot Hoine. 
 
 ' Seaa capital of Bamhara, Negroland, 
 
 composed of four ‘'^MlTof 
 
 side of the Niger; the 
 clay, with flat roofs, some of them 
 stories and are white-washed. Population 
 about b,000. It abounds in mosqu^, the 
 trea erpan of the inbabitanls being Moors. 
 tloiirfes,'^a kind of shells, pass for money, 
 290 miles wsw of Tombuctoo. Loa. . 46 w, 
 
 ‘“W/orii a city of .Spain, in Valencia, and 
 a bishoo’s see. Here is a celebrated toun- 
 m.m ani many highly cultivated gardens. 
 The vicinity is fertile in all j’ 
 
 and in the mountains is fine "fthle. H m 
 near the Morvedro, 35 miles . > 
 
 lencia. Lon. 0 28 w, lat. 39 52 N. 
 
 Segovia, an 
 
 puloiis city of Spam, m Old Castile, 
 Lnds on two hills, and the ‘"iiing va - 
 lev on the sw side of the Etesma, and is. 
 siirmunded by a strong wall ‘'®"hed wi 
 towers and ramparts. It js ^huudant y sup 
 plied wilh water, by a Roman 
 .3000 feet in length, supporied by 77 arches 
 of va.st height, in two 
 dral, one of the most elegan 
 Hires in the kingdom, stands on 
 
 “•“"ir ciM 
 
 m,d horned with fine paintings. T**®; 
 
 ohinery employed m coming. .Here m 
 Q q 2 
 
best cloth in Spain is made, from the fine 
 Spanish ^ool. It is 40 miles nw of Madrid. 
 
 ^^Xdn. 4 12 w, lat. 41 3 n. 
 
 Segovia, a town in the island of Luconia, 
 situated near the inotith of the Cagayan, 
 It is a bishop’s see, and has a fort, 240 
 miles N of Manilla. Lon. J20 6 § e, lut. 
 18 30 N. 
 
 Segovia, a town of Terra Firma, w’here 
 there are mines of gold, 15 miles from 
 TiMjueyo. 
 
 Segovia, New, a town of New Spain, in 
 Nicaragua, near the source of a river of its 
 name, .which runs iniio the Carihean sea, 
 90 miles n by e of Leon. Lon. 86 50 w, 
 lat. 13 45 N. 
 
 Segra, a river of Spain, wbida has its 
 source in the Pyrennees, flows through Ca- 
 talonia, by Puicerda, Urgel, Belaguer, and 
 Lerida, to Mequineiiza, where it unites with 
 the Ebro. 
 
 Segre, a town in the department of 
 Maine and Loire, France, 20 miles nvv of 
 angers. 
 
 Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 
 on the frontiers of Spain, with a fort on a j 
 mountain, 15 miles wnw' of Alcantara, and 
 35 ESE of Castel Branco. 
 
 Segura, a river which rises in the moun- I 
 tains of Segura, Murcia, Spain, flows through 
 that province and the s part of Valencia, 
 and falls into the Mediterranean at Guar- 
 daman. 
 
 Segura, a town in Murcia, Spain, stands 
 emid mountains, 34 miles ^E of Ubeda, and i 
 96 WNW of Murcia. 
 
 Segura, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 
 35 miles se of Calatajud, and 3S n of 
 Teruel. 
 
 Segura de la Frantera, a large town in 
 the province of Tlascala, 50 miles s of 
 Puebla. 
 
 Seahauranpour, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 Delhi, capital of a district of the same 
 name, between the Ganges and the Jumna, 
 86 miles n by w of Delhi. Lou. 77 15 e, 
 Iftt. 30 40 N. 
 
 Seiho, or Zeyho, a town of St. Domingo, 
 on a small river, chiefly occupied by gra- 
 ziers, 65 miles exe of St. Domingo. 
 
 Seidenberg, a town of Upper Lusatia, has 
 manufactures of cloth and stockings, eight 
 miles ssK of Gorlitz. 
 
 SEIKS, a numerous nation of Hindoos- 
 tan Proper, consisting of several small inde- 
 pendant states, that have formed a kind of 
 federal union. They possess the whole of 
 Lahore, the princifial part of Moultan, and 
 the w part of DelJii. This tract extends 
 about 400 miles from xw lo se, and is 
 from 150 to 200 broad. Their name de- 
 notes disciples and their founder was Na- 
 nock, who flourished in the J6(h century. 
 They are, in general, strong, and well made, 
 tmd accustomed to the most laborious life, 
 and hardest fare. Their dress consists of a 
 pair of long blue drawers, and a kind of 
 ohequered plaid, part of which is wrapped j 
 
 round tbe waist, and the other thrown over 
 the shoulder. The chiefs wear heavy gold 
 bracelets on the wrists, and sometimes a 
 chaiu of the same metal around their tur- 
 bans, and are mounted on better horses 
 which are their only marks of distinction! 
 In matters of faith, tbe Seiks are perfectly 
 tolerant, and require conformity only in 
 certain signs and ceremonies. They eat 
 all kinds of flesh, except that of the cow, 
 abolish all distinction of tribes or casts,, 
 and admit of proselytes. Before they were 
 so widely extended their civil and military 
 arrangements were conducted by a general 
 as.sembly, but now this is seldom convened. 
 Their army consists almost entirely of 
 horse, of which they are able to bring at 
 least 200,000 into the field. They have 
 commonly two, and some of them three 
 horses each, and consider this animal as 
 necessary to their existence. Lahore is the 
 capital. 
 
 SEIL, one of the Hebrides, belonging to 
 Argyllshire, about eight miles long and 
 two broad, separated from the mainland by 
 a narrow strait, over which there is a. 
 bridge. It contains some quarries of 
 slate, and is included in the parish of Kil- 
 brandon, 
 
 Seine, a river of France, which rises in 
 the department of Cote d^Or, runs by Troyes, 
 Melun, Paris, and Rouen, and falls into the 
 English Channel at Havre de Grace. 
 
 SEINE AND MARNE, a department of 
 France, including part of the late province 
 of the Isle of France. Melun is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 SEINE AND OISE, a department of 
 France, including part of the late province 
 of the Isle of France. Versailles is the 
 capifal. 
 
 SEINE, LOWER, a department of 
 France, including part of Normandy. Rou- 
 en is the capital. 
 
 SeinsJieim, a town of Franconia, in a 
 lordship of its name, with a castle, 18 miles 
 SE of Wurtzburgh. 
 
 Selby, a market town in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, over which is 
 one of the most complete wooden bridges in 
 the kingdom. Ships are built here, and it 
 is the birth place of Henry I. w'hose father, 
 William I. built an abbey here, and the con- 
 ventual church is now the parish church. It 
 is a small but populous trading town, enjoying 
 a communication by a canal W'ith the rners 
 Aire and Calder. It has a market on Mon- 
 day, and eight annual fairs. It lies 12 
 miles s of York, and 180 x by w' of London. 
 
 Stibosoe, a town in the province of Dron- 
 theini, Norway, seated on tbe x side of a 
 lake, 18 miles se of Drontheim. 
 
 Selbury Hill, on the road to Bath, near 
 Kequet, and five miles w of Marlborough, 
 is qhe of the largest and most uniform, round, 
 artificial mounds in England. For what 
 purpose it w^as raised is unknown. ' 
 
 Selem, a tow'u in Jucutan, New Spain, 
 
S E L 
 
 stands near the sea coast, 45 miles nw of 
 Merida. | 
 
 Selanginsk, a fortified town in the pro- j 
 vince of Irkutsh, Russia, with a fort, on the | 
 Selenga, at the junction of the Chilok. The | 
 vicinity yields much rhubarb, 84 miles 
 SE of Irkutsh. Lon. 107 ‘-^8 e, lat 51 
 10 N. 
 
 Sdentif a town in Caramania, European 
 Turkey, seated at the mouth of a river of 
 its name, 50 miles wsw of Seiesk. 
 
 Selesk, anciently Seleucia, a town in Ca- 
 ramania, Asiatic Turkey, stands on a river 
 fiv-e miles from the sea, and 80 sse of Cog- 
 nio. Lon. 34 30 e, lat. 30 40 n. 
 
 Selimhriaj or Selivriay a town of Turkey, 
 in Romania, is an archbishop^s see, seated 
 on the sea of Marmora, and was once a 
 flourishing place, but now much decayed, 
 
 35 miles w of Cons tan linople. Lon. I d 
 E, lat. 41 4 N. 
 
 Selinstadt, or Seligenstadty a town of 
 Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, at 
 the junction of the Gernspentz and the Maine, 
 has a Benedictine abbey, 14 miles e of 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Selkirk, a royal borough of Scotland, 
 capital of Selkirkshire, is pleasantly situated 
 on the banks of the Ettrick, one mile and 
 a-half s of the Tweed, commanding an ex- 
 tensive prospect. It is but poorly built, 
 little according with its former importance. 
 Selkirk unites with Lanark, Linlithgow, and 
 Peebles, in sending a member to parliament. 
 
 It is governed by two baillies, a dean of 
 guild, treasurer, 10 counsellors, and contains 
 about 1000 inhabitauts. One hundred of 
 its inhabitants followed James IV, to 
 Flodden, and distinguished themselves so * 
 much, as induced the English to burn the 
 town soon after. In reward of their valour 
 James V. bestowed a considerable tract of 
 land on the town. The sword of William 
 Brydon, the then town clerk, who headed the 
 citizens on that occasion, is still in posses- 
 sion of his lineal descendant. A standard 
 taken from the English by a weaver of Sel- 
 kirk is borne by one of that profession in 
 their annual perambulation round the free- 
 hold of the town. It has a manufacture 
 of boots and shoes. The parish is in extent 
 a square of about 10 miles, h ing partly in 
 Selkirk and partly in Roxlmrghshire. It 
 is hilly, and contained, along with the town, 
 2098 inhabitants in 1801, and 2422 in 1811. 
 The town lies 35 miles sse of Edinburgh. 
 Lon. 2 46 w. lat. 55 34 n. 
 
 SELKIRKSHIRE, a county of Scotland, | 
 bounded on the x by Edinburghshire, e by | 
 Roxburghshire, s by Dumlries-shire, and w 
 by Peebles-sbire. It extends from n to s j 
 about 20 miles, and 18 from e to w where I 
 broadest. It is a hilly country, yielding 
 pasture to innumerable flocks of sheep and 
 black cattle, and the valleys bear good 
 crops of hay and corn. The principal rivers 
 are the Tweed, Ettrick, Yarrow, and Gala, i 
 It comprehends only six parishes and part 
 
 s E M 
 
 of a seventh, contained in 1801,5070 inha- 
 bitants, and in 1811, 5889. The real land 
 rent is estimated at 20,3201. sterling. Part 
 of the county W’as once covered with wood ^ 
 hence the name of Ettrick Forest. It is 
 the sceire of many of our most admired 
 Scottish pastoral songs and tunes. The 
 Flow^ers of the Forest was composed in com- 
 memoration of the heroes belonging to this 
 district who fell at the battle of Flodden. 
 
 In the county are vestiges of military stu^ 
 tions, particularly of that occupied by the 
 marquis of Montrose, previous to the battle 
 of Philiphtiugh. It sends one member to 
 parliament. 
 
 Sellay, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 about two miles n from Pabbay. 
 
 Selles, a town in the department of Loire 
 and Cher, France, on the Cher, 12 miles sb 
 of Brois, 
 
 Seitz, 3L fbwn in the department of the 
 Lower Rhine, Ih-ance, on the Rhine, 2^ 
 miles NNE of Strasburg, and 270 e of 
 Paris. 
 
 Sellzer, or Lower Seltzer, a town of Ger- 
 many, in the late archbishop of Treves, fa- 
 mous for its immerial spring, great quantities 
 of which are exported. It stands on the 
 Embach, 30 miles e of Coblentz. 
 
 Semmtat, a town in Irak, Asiatic Turkey, 
 on the Euphrates, where a toll is levied, 
 20 miles nw of Bassora, Lon. 48 15 e, 
 lat. 32 2 N. 
 
 Semb^wghewn, a town of Birmah, whence 
 is the great road through the western hills, 
 to Arracan. This is the great depot of all 
 articles of tralllc from bengal by way of 
 Arracan, and here they are embarked on the 
 Irrawaddy, from which the town is three 
 miles w, and 30 s by w of Pagahm. 
 
 Semegonda, a town in the country of 
 Waugara, Negroland, seated on a lake 
 formed by a branch of the Nile, 330 
 miles ssw of Bornou. Lon. 21 30 e, lat. 
 14 58 N. 
 
 Semendria, a town of Servia, European 
 Turkey, has a citadel, on the Danube, 20 
 miles SE of Belgrade. 
 
 Semennud, a town on the e branch of the 
 Nile, Egypt, eight miles ssw of Mansoura, 
 and 53 n of Cairo. 
 
 SEMIGALLIA, the eastern part of the 
 duchy of Courlaud, separated by the Masza 
 from Coiirland Proper, and by the Dwina 
 from Russia, to which it is now subject. 
 Mittaw is the capital. 
 
 Seminari, a town of Naples, In Calabria 
 Ultria, 22 miles ne of Reggio. 
 
 Semlin, a town of Solavonia, seated on 
 the s side of the Danube, a little above the 
 junction of the Save, four miles w of Bel- 
 grade, and 70 sse of Esseck. 
 
 Sempnch, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Lucerne, celebrated for the batile 
 in 1386, that established the liberty of the 
 Swiss, in which, Leopold was defeated and 
 slain, seated on a small lake, seven miles 
 NW of the town of Lucern, 
 
SEN 
 
 S'E R 
 
 Semnarif or Sumnum, a tcwii in frak, 
 Per55ia, capital of a rich terrhory n 
 
 of the Great Salt desert, 90 miles w by s of 
 Bistam, and 120 e of Teheran. 
 
 Sempion€f a mountain in the Milanese, 
 one of the highest of the Italian Alps, 
 whose summits are perj[HUiially hid in ^now. 
 On one side of it rushes the impetuous tor- 
 rent Divario through a vast ch;ism between 
 two lofty rocks, and rolls headlong into 
 the valley of Ossola. Over this chasm a 
 bridge is now building, on a road which is 
 making over the mountain, which when 
 completed, will form the principal commu- 
 nication between Italy, France, and Swis- 
 serland. Over this mountain Bonaparte ex- 
 plored his way, previous to the famous bat- 
 tle of Marengo. 
 
 Semur en Aua:ois^ a town in the depart- 
 ment of Cote d’Or, France, with a castle, 
 on the Armancon, has a good manufacture of 
 cloth, 34 miles w by n of Dijon, 37 n of 
 Autun, and 135 se of Paris. 
 
 Semur en Briennois, an ancient town in 
 the departnient of Saone and Loire, France, 
 40 miles xw of Lyons, and 45 s of Autun. 
 
 Sena, or Marzali, a town of Mocaranga, 
 on the Zambeze. Here the Portuguese 
 have a factory. Lon. 35 3 e, lat. 17 40 s. 
 
 Seneca, a town of New York, Onondago 
 county, on the side of the falls 'in Seneca 
 river, 14 miles from its mouth, and 28 s of 
 Oswego. 
 
 Seneca, a river and lake of New York, 
 in Onondago county, the river has its source 
 w of Geneva, passes by that town receives 
 the W’aters of the lake, and is afterwards 
 augmented by those of Cayuga lake, Canan- 
 daqua creek, and Salt lake, and then 
 unites with the Onondago. The lake is 
 
 30 miles long and two broad, lying n and s 
 between th(<se of Conondaqiia and Cayuga. 
 The town of Geneva is at the n end, and on 
 the E side, between it and Cayiigalake, are 
 the military townships of Romulous, Ovid, 
 Hector, and Ulysses. 
 
 SENECAS, a tribe of Indians,- one of 
 the six nations. They inhabit on Gennes- 
 see river, at the Gennesse castle. 
 
 Senef, a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Brabant. Here, in 1764, the prince of 
 Orange was defeated by the French, four 
 miles s of Ni veils. 
 
 SENEGAL, a. kingdom of Africa, in 
 Negroland, situated on a river of the same 
 name. The kingdom of Senegal was 
 formerly very considerable, but it is now 
 reduced to a very narrow compass; it is 
 populouf=. The French have a fort and fac- 
 tory at the mouth of the river. Lon. id 
 
 31 w, lat. 15 53 N. 
 
 Senegal, a river that has its source in the 
 mountains of Kong, Negroland, runs w^ on 
 the southern coniines of Zabara, and lulls 
 into the Atlantic ocean, 120 miles nr oi 
 Cape Verd. It has a winding course till it 
 reach within six miles of the sea, when it 
 turns suddenly to the s, and for 75 miles is 
 
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 I 
 
 j 
 
 I', 
 
 l! 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 separated from the sea by a bank d{ sabdf* 
 lis mouth, about two miles wide, is incom* 
 moded by a- bar of shilling sand. 
 
 sSenez, a tow^n in the department of tower 
 Alps, France, stands in a barren country, 
 and formerly a bisllop^s see, 15 miles sse of 
 Degne, and 49 xw of Nice. 
 
 Senftenherg, a town in Misiiia, Upper 
 Saxony, has a castle» and stands on the 
 Ulster, 32 miles xne of Dresden. 
 
 Senlis, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Oise, France, and lately a bishop’s 
 sea, stands on the side of a hill by the river 
 Noiiette, nearly surrounded by a forest. It 
 is 20 miles kw of Meaux, and 27 ke of 
 Paris. 
 
 Sennar, a large city of Africa, in Nubia, 
 capital of a kingdom of the same name. 
 It is five miles in circumference, and very 
 populous, c<*niaining near 100,000 inhabi- 
 tants. The houses are of one story, with 
 fiat roofs ; the suburbs consist of cottages 
 covered with reeds. The palace is surround- 
 ed by high walls, and near it is a market 
 for slaves, where the men sit on one side, 
 and the women on the other, and the Egyp- 
 tians purchase a number of them annuaily, 
 except in the rainy season, which commences 
 in April and continues till the end of June, 
 the heat is almost insupportable. Females 
 of the higher orders wear slight silk gar- 
 ments, and have rings of various metals, 
 on their ears, fingers, arms, legs, and hair, 
 the lower ranks have cloths WTupped round 
 them from the waist to the knees. Their 
 commodities are elephants’ teeth, tamarinds, 
 civet, tobacco, and gold dust. There is a 
 market every day in the week. Their re- 
 ligion is Mahometanism. They are an 
 ignorant, superstitious, and yet a cunning 
 sort of people. The merchandise required 
 at Sennar are spices, paper, brass, hard- 
 ware, glass-beads, and a black drug, wuth 
 w'hich they colour their eyelids and eye- 
 brows. It is situated on an eminence 
 near the river Nile. Lon. 30 0 e, lat. 
 15 4 N. 
 
 Sem, an ancient and considerable town 
 in the department of Yonne, France, lately 
 an archbishop’s see, seated in a fertile coun- 
 try at the junction of the Vanne and Yonne. 
 The cathedral is a fine Gothic edifice, 25 
 miles N of Auxerre, and 60 se of Paris/ 
 Lon. 3 17 E, lat. 48 12 x. 
 
 Sephonry, a town in Palestine, the an- 
 cient Sephor or Sappura, which Herod 
 fortified and made the capital of bis tetrar- 
 chy. Afterwards It was called Diocaesaria, 
 Here was a Gothic church, said to have 
 been erected over the habitation of Joachim 
 and Anna, the parents of the virgin Mary, 
 and among its ruins some ancient paintings 
 were discovered in 1801. It is 12 miles 
 SE of Acre, and 18 wxw of Tiberias. 
 
 Sepulveda, a town in Old Castile, Spain, 
 on the Duraton, 38 miles ne of Sagovia. 
 
 Sera, or Sira, a town in Mysore, Hindoo- 
 stan^ is the chief place in the central divi- 
 
S E R 
 
 Sion of the Rajali’s dominions u of tbe j, 
 Cavery, bas a stone fort, and a considerable 
 inland trade in cocoa nuts, sugar, betelouts, 
 bark, lace, steel, oxen, buffalos, butter, and 
 nil ■ Tbe fort has been garrisoned bj Bri- 
 tisb troops since tbe restoration ot tbe rajab 
 in 119(1, dS miles se of Chittledrooi, and 84 
 s ot Seringapataiii. Lon. 10 53 e, lat. 13 
 
 Serai, a town of European Turkey, capi- 
 tal of Bosnia, and tbe see of 
 
 a catholic 
 
 blkop Appointed by the king of Hungary. 
 
 commercial place, 130 milf t 
 
 It is a large 
 
 ot 
 
 Belgrade, Loo. 10 5 
 
 lat. 44 
 
 of Fen- 
 siuia- 
 
 w by 
 
 ^^Serampoiir, a neat town of Bengal, a j 
 small distance above Calcutta, on the 
 Hoogly. It is a Danish settlement. 
 
 SerchiOi a river of Italy, which has its 
 source in the duchy of Modena, Hows 
 through the territory of Lucca, and tails 
 into the gulf of Genoa. 
 
 Serdgoin, a farm in the parish 
 wick, Ayrshire, in a very sei^uestered 
 tion, which has been for several centuries, 
 iu possession of a family oi the name^o 
 Howie, whose ancestor is said to have fled 
 from the persecution of the Waldenses. 
 This family suffered considerably in the 
 persecution in the 17ih century. The stand- 
 ard of the covenanters at Boihwell Bridge, i 
 and some other similar relics are still pie- 
 served at Serdgoin. In the vicinity ot the 
 farm bouse are three or four grave stones, 
 erected to the memory of martyrs shot 
 
 here. „ 
 
 Serdoboly a town in the government ot 
 Wiburg, Russia, on the lake Ladoga, 60 
 miles xE of Wiburg. Lon. 30 45 e, lat. 
 
 6 45 N. 
 
 Seredy or Szeredy a town of Hungary, on 
 the Waag, 30 miles ene of Presburg. 
 
 Serenay a town in Estremadura, Spain, 
 
 25 miles E by s of Merida. 
 
 Serendy in Chili. See Coquimho, 
 
 Seregippey a captainship ot Brazil, in lat. 
 
 J1 12 s. 
 
 Scregippe, the capital of the above cap- 
 tainship, with a harbour on the South 
 Atlantic ocean, 40 leagues, ne of St. Salva- j 
 
 dor. 1 
 
 SERFO, or Serfante, an island of the | 
 
 ■ Arcljiipelago, 50 miles nw of Naxia. It is | 
 eight miles in length, and five in breadth. 
 The inhabitants are all Greeks, and have 
 but one town, called St. Nieholo. In its 
 niountaius are mines of iron and loadstone. 
 Lon. 25 10 E, lat. 3T 19 n. 
 
 SerianOy the name of three extensive 
 vallies of Italy, in tbe Bergamesco. 
 
 Sergag, a town in the government of 
 JJiznei Novogorod, Russia, 48 miles sk of j 
 ^iznei Novogorod. 
 
 SERGIPPY, a province on the coast of 
 Brasil s of that of Pernambuco. It has 
 some silver niiues, and produces corn, sugar, 
 ftn<l tobacco. 
 
 Hergippgt or St, Chmtopber, capital of 
 
 s E s 
 
 the above province, seated at the mouth of a 
 river of its name, bus a harbour for small 
 vessels, 120 miles ne of St. Salvador. Lou. 
 
 3T 34 w, lat. 1 1 20 s. 
 
 Seriginasiy a town in the department of 
 Herault, France, seated at the mouth of 
 the Ambre, in the gulf of Lyon, eight miles 
 SE of Bezier. 
 
 Seringiipa tartly or Patandy a city of 
 Hiiidoostaii, capital of the Mysore, situated 
 in an inland of the river ('auvery, which is 
 here a rapid river. The houses in general 
 are mean, and the streets narrow and irre- 
 gular. The place is large, and walled 
 round. Without the walls of the city are 
 two gardens and palaces. In the space 
 between the city and gardens is the snhurb 
 called Shahar Gaujairi, which is rapidly 
 increasing on a regular plan. The mau- 
 soleum of llyder Ali is one of the most 
 magnificent objects in tbe place. It is 
 situated on the s angle of the island, near an 
 elegant palace of Tippoo Sultan, and is 
 surrounded by a grove of beautiful cypress 
 trees. The city is strongly fortified, not- 
 withstanding which, it was taken by assault 
 by the British on the 4th of May, 1799. 
 Tippoo was slain, and the city and the 
 island were afterwards annexed to the Bri- 
 I tish dominions iu India. See Mysore, 
 Here in 1802, was established a manufac- 
 ture of gun carriages. It is 10 miles n of 
 Mysore, and 290 v/ by s of Madras. Lon. 
 76 46 E, lat. 12 31 n. 
 
 Seronrjy a town in Alalwa, Hindoostan, 
 famous for its manufactures of painted 
 
 cottons and chintzes; 140 miles ene of 
 Ougein. Lon. 78 50 E, lat. 24 5 n. 
 
 Serpa, a town of Alentejo, iu Portugal, 
 has a castle on a rugged eminence, near 
 the Guadiaua, 38 miles s by e of Evora. 
 
 Serpuchofy a town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, on the Nara, has a citadel. 
 The shops are exclusively emplo} ed in the 
 sale of sandals manufactured of Linden 
 bark. The principal trade is corn and 
 cattle ; 50 miles s of Moscow. 
 
 Serfavallcy a town in Treviso, Italy, 
 with a castle, seated between two mountains 
 at the rise of the Maschio. The cathedral 
 is adorned with fine paintings, and the 
 church of St Augusta is a noble structure. 
 
 It has a trade in corn, wine, and honey, and 
 manufactures of cloth, .woolen, and silk ; 
 22 miles n of Treviso. 
 
 Serresy a town in tbe department of Uppet 
 Alps, France, 23 miles sw of Gap. 
 
 SERVIA, a province of Turki^y in Eu- 
 rope. It is about 190 miles long from b 
 to w, 95 in breadth from n to s, and is divid- 
 ed into th(^ four sangiaoales of Belgrade, 
 Semendriah, Sciipia, and Cratowo. Bel- 
 grade is the capiial. 
 
 SESIA, a new department of France, in- 
 eluding the territories of Vercelli, and Ma- 
 cerano, in Piedmont, and that part of the 
 Milanese lying w of the river Tesiu. ft 
 has its uami> from a river, which has its 
 
SET 
 
 S E V 
 
 source in the alps on the borders of Valais, 
 and unites with the Po, below Casal. Ver- 
 celli is the capital. 
 
 Se.s6/aahf a town and castle in the princi- 
 pality of Bamberg, Franconia, 10 miles n 
 of Bamberg. 
 
 SeiftOf a town of Italy, in the Milanese, 
 on the Tesin, at its eiflux from the lake 
 IVIaggiore, 25 miles wnw of Milan. 
 
 Sesto^i, a strong castle of European Tur- 
 key ; see Dardanelles^ 
 
 Seslre, Grandj or Great Paris^ a town 
 of Guinea, on the Grain Coast, near it is 
 Petit Sestre. It is one of the largest and 
 most commercial towns in the country. 
 
 Lon, 7 0 w’, la^ 4 50 n. 
 
 Sesiri di Letante, an ancient town in the 
 territory of Genoa, on the e side of a bay, 30 
 miles ESE of Genoa. 
 
 . Se^tcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Koei-tcheou ; seat- 
 ed among mountains, which yield cinnabar 
 and quicksi.ver; 980 miles ssw of Pekin. 
 Lou. 180 25 E, lat. 27 10 N. 
 
 SE TCHUEN, a province of China, on 
 the E of Tibet, watered by the Kiankii. It 
 abounds in silk, iron, tin, lead, amber, 
 sugar-canes, lapis, lazuli, musk, rhubarb. 
 Taking-ton is the capital. 
 
 SeteeJ) a town in the province of Con- 
 stantina, Algiers, anciently celled Sitipha, 
 capital of a part of Mauritania. Except 
 the fountains there is scarcely a vestige of 
 its former magnificence visible. The re- 
 maining edifices are of more modern date | 
 50 miles sw of Constantina. Lon. 6 30 e, 
 lat. 35 58 N. 
 
 SetimOy a toxvn of Piedmont, on the Po, 
 eight miles n of Turin, 
 
 Setlege, a river of Hiudoostan, the most 
 easterly of the five eastern branches of the 
 Indus. In its course it receives the Beyah, 
 at Firosepour, and unites with the Indus at 
 Veb. 
 
 SettCy a town in the country of Gabon, 
 Guinea, seated on a river of its name, 60 
 miles from its mouth ; has an extensive 
 trade in logw^ood, sent by water to 
 Mayaraba, 1 10 miles use. of Mayamba. 
 Lon, 10 20 E lat. 2 0 s. 
 
 ‘ SETTE COM.MUNI, or Seven Com- 
 MUNES, a mountainous district of Italy, 
 in the Vicentiuo, 25 miles long, iind 20 
 broad. ^ 
 
 Settenil, a town in Grenada, Spain, eight 
 miles N of Rondo, and 38 nv/ of Malaga. 
 
 Settia, a town in the island of Candia, 
 the see of a Greek bishop ; 48 miles ese of 
 Candia. Lon. 26 2 e, lat. 35 3 n. 
 
 Settley a neat town in tfie W Riding of 
 Yorkshire, pleasantly situated on the Ribble. 
 About tw'o miles to the n is Giggleswick 
 Well, a reciprocating spring, w’hich some- 
 times rises and falls near a foot, iif a stone 
 trough about a yard square, every 10 or 15 
 minutes. About the same distance to the 
 E is Attermire cave, in which are number- 
 less chinks and recesses, lluted pillars, and 
 
 hanging petrifactions. It has a market oa 
 Tuesday, and four annual fairs^ and lies 28 
 miles E by n of Lanchster, 38 nnw of Ha- 
 lifax, and 235 from London, 
 
 Setuval. See UbeSy St. 
 
 Seven BrotherSy small islands on the N 
 coast of Hispaniola, 
 
 SEVEN ISLANDS, in the Frozen ocean, 
 lying in Ion. 18 48 e, lat. 80 31 n. Here 
 two ships, under captain Philips, were sur- 
 jj rounded by the ice from the 1st to the 10th 
 f| of August 1773, when a brisk wind at nnb 
 jj effected their deliverance from the horrors of 
 I a polar wf inter. 
 
 [j SEVEN ISLANDS, islands near tbs 
 coast of Canada, at the entrance of a 
 small ba}', on the n side of the mouth of 
 the St LawTence, in lat. 50 20 n. 
 
 SEVEN ISLANDS, Republic of, com- 
 posed of seven isles in the Mediterranean, 
 which, on the fall of the republic of Ve- 
 nice, to which they belonged, were occupied 
 by the French, but were taken from them 
 by the Russians and formed by them, in 
 1800, into a Tepublic, w'hich w'as recog- 
 nised by the treaty of Amiens and are now 
 under the protection of Britain, Their 
 names are Corfu, Paxu, St Maura, Theaki, 
 Cefalonia, Zante, and Cerigo. The former 
 is the seat of government, w^hieh is aristo- 
 cratical, and the religion that of the Greek 
 church ; but the Roman Catholic religion 
 is protected, j^nd all others tolerated. 
 
 Sevenhergeuy a town of Dutch Brabant, 
 lately a lordship belonging to the Prince 
 of Orange ; eight miles wnw of Breda. 
 
 SevenoakSy a well built town in Kent, 
 seated near the source of the Darwent, in 
 a rich country, with a market on Saturday, 
 
 I It derived its name from seven remarkably 
 I tall oak trees, that formerly stood near it. 
 Here is a free-school, founded by Sir Wil- 
 liam Sevenoaks, lord mayor of London, ia 
 1418, w’ho is said to have been a foundling; 
 charitably educated by a person of this 
 town. Queen Elisabeth augmented its 
 revenues, and the whole was rebuilt in 
 1727. Near the tow^n is Knole, formerly 
 a place pf the.see of Canterbury, but now 
 the property of the earl of Dorset. The 
 rebel John Cade, in 1450, defeated the royal 
 army in the vicinity. The town and parish 
 are governed by a w^arden and assistants. 
 
 It is six miles nw' of Maidstone, and 23 ssB 
 of London. 
 
 Sevevy Sty a town iu the department of 
 Landes, France, on the Adour, 20 miles 
 E of Dax, and 65 s by e of Bourdeaux. 
 
 SevaraCy a town in the departmen* of 
 Aveiron, France, near the source pf the 
 Aveiron, 25 miles e of Rodez. 
 
 Severiny a town in Walachia, European 
 Turkey, on the Danube, six niiles w oi 
 Czernetz. 
 
 SeverinGy St, a town of Naples, in Cala- 
 bria Ulteriore, stands on a craggy rock, by 
 the river Neto, and is an archbishop^s see ; 4ii 
 miles s£ of Kossano, and plgbt from the sea« 
 
^ E V 
 
 Set>erino, a towu of Italy, in the mar- 
 euisate of Ancona, stands between iwo hilis, 
 on the Potenza, six miles nw oi Tolenuna, 
 and 13 wsw of Maserata. • • ; 
 
 Seoerinoy St. a town of Naples, in Pruici- 
 on the Sumo, 10 miles wsw ol 
 
 river of England, which rises 
 in the huge mountain of Plyalimmon, which 
 is situaied partly in Monigotneryslaris and 
 partly in Cardiganshire, in North and South 
 Wales, passes through Mouigomeryshire, 
 Shropshire, Worceslersuire, ^^vl^s 
 
 shire. In its course, it waters Llaudylos, 
 Newton, Welsh Pool, Shrewsbury, iiridge- 
 north, Worcester, Tewksbiiry, and blouces- 
 ter : and entering the sea, its mouth is call- 
 ed the Bristol Channel. This river has a 
 communication with the Thames, the 
 Trent, the Dee, and the Mersey, by diftereut 
 
 ''Tncrn, a river of Maryland, which flows , 
 by Anuopolis, and enters by a broad estuary | 
 
 into Chesapeak bay. . , j „f ii:,, 1 
 
 SEVERNDROOG, an island of Hin- - 
 doostan Proper, on the coast of Concan. 
 
 In 1756, Commodore James captured a 
 strong fort la this island, which belonged , 
 to Augria, the pirate ; 68 miles s by e ol , 
 
 St, a town of Naples, in the Ca- 
 pitanata, seated in a plain, 26 miles w by N 
 of Manfredonia, and To ne of Naples. 
 
 Severus’ Wall, commonly called Gra- 
 ham’s Dyke, in the w of Scotland. It is a 
 •work of the Romans, and began at Aber- 
 corn, on the frith of Forth, four miles kb ol 
 liinlithgow, and ran w across the country to 
 the frith of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick, 
 
 near Dumbarton. ^ r a 
 
 Sevigny, a town in the department of Ar- 
 dennes, France, 12 miles NW of Retbel. 
 
 Seville, an ancient, rich, end handsome , 
 city, capital of Andalusia, one of the most 
 considerable in Spain, anu an archbishop s 
 see, and capital of the kingdom, till the 
 reign of Philip II., who removed the court 
 to Madrid. It is situated on the Guadal- 
 quiver, is of a round form, and takes up 
 more ground than Madrid, although it has 
 not above 80,000 inhabitants. It is fortified 
 by strong walls, flanked with high lowers. 
 It was Wled Hispaiis by the Piienicmns, 
 and Julia by the Romans. The catheoral, 
 next to St Peter's at Rome, is supposed to 
 be the largest in the world. The steeple is 
 of Arabian architecture, and very high. 
 The churches and convents are rich and 
 beautiful. The university consists of many 
 colleges, but they are chiefly ap^opnated 
 to the education of the clergy . The royal 
 palace, called Alcazar, is a mile in circuit, 
 flanked by large sc;pare lowers, built with 
 stones taken from the aucient temple oi 
 Hercules. The exchange is a square edifice 
 of the Tuscan order, each front 100 feet in 
 length, and three stories high. -In the su- 
 burb, on the other side of the river, is the 
 No. 26— 
 
 inquisition, that most fatal instrument of 
 ecclesiastical tyranny ; it is a noble bmld- 
 ing, and was formerly ihe college of the 
 1 Jesuits. The town house is adorned with a 
 1 great number of statues, and before it is a 
 ' larire square, with a fine fountain in the 
 middle. There are 120 ho.^pitals richly en- 
 dowed. The pleasant situation ol Seville, 
 renders it one of the most commercial towns 
 uf Spain. All the trade of Spam with 
 Anuerica centered originally in its port, at 
 St Lucar, but since ihe year 1720, the gal- 
 leons have sailed from Cadiz. Su extensive 
 was the trade with the New VI oi Id, that 
 in Seville alone at oue period, were 16,000 
 looms employed in silk and woollen ; but 
 before the reigu of Philip 111., tuey were 
 reduced to 400. The country about it is 
 extremely fertile in corn, wine, &c. and 
 ' there is abundance of oil. Seville was 
 taken by the French in 1810, partly evacu- 
 ated in 1812, and soon alter they were total- 
 ly expelled by assault, Seville is 45 mUe& 
 irom the sea, 112 w ol Grenada, and 212 
 s by w of Madrid. Lou. 5 59 w, lat. 37 
 
 ^^SEVRES, THE Two, a department of 
 France, which comprehends part of the late 
 province of Poitou. It has its name Iroin 
 
 two rivers, that take their rise here ; the one 
 called Sevres Niorlois runs w by St Maixent, 
 Nicort, and Maraiis, and enters the bay ot 
 Biscay, opposite the isle of Rhe ; the other 
 called Sevre Nautois, flowing nw, passes 
 by Clisson, and unites with the Loire, oppo- 
 site Nantes. Nicort is the capital. 
 
 Sewulicky a chain of mountains in Asia, 
 on the frontiers of Sirinagur, and the pro- 
 vince of Delhi. At Hudwar, the Ganges 
 forces its way through this ridge into the 
 plains of Hindooslan. 
 
 Seys^el, a handsome town in the depart- 
 ment of Ain, France, separated into two 
 parts by the Rhone, which here becomes 
 navigable. It is 14 miles n by e of Bel- 
 
 lev e 
 
 'Sezanney a towm in the department of 
 
 Marne, Franco, 65 miles se of Paris, 
 
 Sezzay an episcopal town of Naples, in 
 Terra di Lavoro, 14 miles nw of Capua. 
 
 Sfaxy or Sfakes, a sea port of Tunis, on 
 the E coast, from which a great part of the 
 traffic of Cairvan is exported, 53 miles s by 
 E of Susa. Lon. 10 40 e, lat. 34 50 n. 
 
 Shabury a town of Egypt, on the w branch 
 of the Nile, 48 miles se of Alexandria, and 
 
 50 KNW of Cairo. ^ 
 
 Sbaftsburyy or Shastoriy a burgh in Dor- 
 setshire. Water is so scarce here, that they 
 are obliged to bring it from a great distance, 
 in pails, or* on horses. It contains about 
 3. 500 inhabitants. Before the conquest this 
 town is said to have had three mints, 12 
 churches, and a monastery ; the churches 
 are now reduced to three, and a presby- 
 terian meeting-house. Here is a free- 
 school, and two alms-houses. The chief 
 manufactures are stockings and shirt neck 
 i R T 
 
S H A 
 
 button?. Tli(? toM^n is governcc! by a mayor, 
 recorder, <fec. and returns two members to 
 parliafiiem. It has a weekly market on 
 ^Saturday, and three annual lairs. Shafts- 
 bury is try miles w by s of Salisbury, 25 nne 
 of Dorchester, and lOl w • { London. 
 
 Shaj'tabtmj, a considerable and nourish- 
 ing; tow'u of Vermont, in Bennington county, 
 10 miles n of Bennington. 
 
 SHAG ISLAND, on the s coast of the 
 island ot Terra del Fuego, South America. 
 
 ShuhaVy or Sahar, a stvM port in Hadra- 
 maut, Arabia, 110 miles ssw of Shibani. 
 Lon. 4?^ 40 R,^hit. 13 50 x. 
 
 Skahjehanpour, a town in Malwa, Hin- 
 doostan, 20 miles kk of Otigein, and 106 s 
 of Agimere. 
 
 Sfiuiut, or Ildhj three small islands 
 of the Hebrides, lying in the ohaunel be- 
 tween the isles of Lewis and Skye. 
 
 S7irtm. See Damascus, 
 
 Shannoriy the largest river of Ireland, and 
 one of the finest iu the British isles, rolling 
 nearly from n to s 200 miles. It issues 
 from Lough alien, in the county of Leitrim, 
 and running s divides the provinces of Lein*- 
 ster and Conntiught, and passes through, or 
 rather forms Lough Baffin, Lough Deirgeart, 
 Lough Ree, &c. some of which are from 
 two to six miles broad. It contains a, 
 number of fine islands, and its principal tri- 
 butaries are, the Inny, the Great and Little 
 Brosna, the Suck, and the Fergus. At? a 
 ledge of rocks at ICillaloe, which intemipts 
 the navigation, is a valuable eel and salmon 
 fishery. From the city of Limerick to the 
 Atlantic, a distance of 60 miles, it is navi- 
 gable for the largest vessels. 
 
 Shop, a village in Westmoreinnd, at the 
 source of the Loder, between Orton and 
 Penrith. A famous abbey once stood about 
 a mile from the church, the only remains of 
 which are the tower of the church, and the 
 ruins of a bridge. In the vicinity is an ex- 
 tensive range of pyramidical stones, of 
 such immense magnitude, that carriages 
 iiow in use could not support them. They 
 are placed almost in a direct line, for a mile 
 together, at the distance of 10 to J2 yards, 
 SHAPINSHA, one of the Orkney islands, 
 Jydng three miles ne of the Mainland, about 
 «eveu miles long, and five broad. The 
 island forms a parochial district, and con- 
 tains about 744 inhabitants. The coasts 
 «re level, and produce corn, the interior is 
 common and fit only for pasturage. Q’here 
 is plenty of lime and marl, hut these are 
 seldom applied as a manure, excejU by some 
 proprietors, and the greater Tacksmen. At 
 JBlwiek, on the nw part of the island, is an 
 excellent harbour, the only out? which ves- 
 sels can enter. Here is also a small vil- 
 lage. In the island are a ntimber of old 
 eba) els, anof^ Pictish houses, an erect stone 
 of venerable appearance, and at Klwick, a 
 ponth'rons block lying on its side, culled 
 the Black Stone of Odin, 
 
 ^haruot. See jsistan. 
 
 Shurpshnrg, a post town of Maryland, iis 
 Washington county, two miles from the 
 Potomac, 60 nw of Washington, and 69 w 
 by N of Baltimore. 
 
 Sheernessy a fort of England, in Kent, 
 situated on the n point of the isle of Shepey, 
 at the principal mouth of the Medway. The 
 fort was built by Charles I,, alter the 
 Dutch burnt the ships at Chatham, in 1667. 
 The buildings belonging to it, in which the 
 officers lodge, make a neat little town ; 
 and there is also an ordnance office, a 
 yard, a dock, and a chapel. It is three 
 miles N of Queenborough, and 45 e of 
 London. , 
 
 Sheffield, a large and populous towu of 
 England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 situated on the Don, at the junction of the 
 ►Sheaf, In the tow’n are three churches, 
 nine meeting-houses, and a Romish chapel; 
 a large infirmary, and several charitable 
 fenndations. In 1811 it contained 35,840 
 inhabitants. It has long been celebrated 
 for its hardware, manufactories of steel, 
 cutlery wares, plated goods, buttons, and 
 various tools. The master cutlers are 
 |j jrbout 600, incorporated by the style of the 
 ij cutlers of Hallamshire. By the Don, which 
 ! is uavigable within tw'o or three miles of 
 jj the town, it receives iron from Hull. Its 
 i neighbourhood abounds with coal. Here 
 Ij ate also lead works, and a cottou mill. Its 
 jj has two w’eekly markets', and (w'o annual 
 Ij fairs ; and is 34 miles n of Derby, and 
 I 161 of London. Lon. 1 29 w, lat. 53 
 
 20 N. 
 
 SheffieM, a post town in Berkshire coun- 
 ty, Alassachusetts, oti the e side of tha 
 Flausatcnic, 257 miles ne of Philadelphia, 
 containing about 2,000 inhabitants ; and 145* 
 w by s of Boston. 
 
 Shefford, a town in Bfedfordshire, on the 
 Ivel, with a market on Friday, nine miles 
 SE of Bedford, nnd 41 n by w of London. 
 
 Shefnal, a (own of Shropshire, »hie miles 
 NE of Bridgenorth. 
 
 Shelburne, a fiourishing town of Nortfi 
 America, in the British province of New 
 Brunswick. It is situated at Port Rose- 
 way, and extends two miles on the water 
 
 side, {tnd one mile back. The harbour is 
 deep, capacious, and secure. About a 
 mile from Shelburne is Blacktown, contain- 
 ing about 1200 free bhicks, who served ou- 
 the roy.'il side during (he American war.. 
 It is 18 miles NK of Barrington, anti 
 100 sw of Halifax. Lon. 65 0 w, lat. 43 
 
 \ ShaUa, a town of Alorocco, info which 
 f( none buf ATahomedans are permitted to 
 enter; four miles e ol Sallee. 
 
 Shedif, the largest river of Algiers, which 
 enters (he Afediterraneao to the n of Alusta- 
 giim. It rises iu the desert, passes N through 
 the lake Tileri, then turns w, and in its 
 cotirse reoeircs a number of rivers. 
 
 , shelter island, at (he e end of 
 ; Long Island, ju Suffiolk county, New York. 
 
SHE 
 
 Jt is about five miles from e to w, and seven 
 
 from N to s. . . 
 
 SHENANDOAH, a county of Virginia. 
 
 It contains 10,510 iuiiabiianis. Chief town, 
 Woodstock. 
 
 Shenandoahy a river of Virginia, has its 
 source in Augusta county, runs nf, 200 
 miles, and unites with the Potomac at 
 Shepherd’s Town. It is navigable near 100 
 
 miles. ^ , 
 
 SHEPHERD ISLES, a cluster of islands 
 in the South Sea, part ofdhe New Hebrides, 
 to the s of MulicoUo. Lon. 108 4T e, lat. 10 
 58 s. 
 
 ShepherdstowTiy or Shepherd^burg, a post 
 town of Virginia, ill Berkly county, on the 
 Potomac, at the junction of the Shenandoah, 
 
 It contains about 2000 inhabitants j 00 
 miles X£ of Alexandria. 
 
 SHEPPKY, an island in kent, in the 
 moiiith of the Thames, separated from the 
 main land by a branch of the Medway, 
 called the East Swale. It yields plenty of 
 corn, and feeds numerous Hocks of sleep. 
 
 It contains the burgh of Queenborcugh, and 
 the fort of Sheerness. 
 
 Shepton Matltt, a large town in Somer- 
 setshire, situated under Mendip hills, with a 
 considerable manutacture ol second cloths. 
 
 It has a weekly market on Friday, and an 
 annual fair, and lies 17 miles sw of Bath, 
 110 w of London. 
 
 Sherhorn, a town in Dorsetshire. It is 
 very pleasantly situated and watered, and 
 is a large and populous place. It has two 
 weekly markets, Thursday and Saturday, 
 and four annual fairs, and contains about 
 3160 inhabitants. In its church, which 
 was once a cathedral, are intered the 
 Saxon kings, Ethelbald aqd Ethelbert. Its 
 castle and abbey are in ruins. Here are 
 two silk mills, and a linen manufacture. It 
 stands on the Parret, and lies 40 miles w by 
 s of Salisbury, and U8 w by s of London. 
 Lou 2 41 w, lat. 50 54 N. 
 
 Sherbroy a fort at the mouth of Sherbro 
 river, Guinea, between the territory of 
 Sierra Leone, and the Grain coast. It be- 
 longs to the English; and is 100 miles se 
 of the river Sierra Leoce. Lou. 1 1 0 w, lat. 
 7 0 N. 
 
 Sherburny a town in the W Riding of 
 Yorkshire, has a market on Friday, and 
 stands on the Werk, a little above its junc- 
 tion with the Ouse. It is a well inhabited 
 place, 10 miles sw of York, and 179 n by 
 w of London. 
 
 Sherburne, See Nantucket. 
 
 Sherecan, a town iii Kurdistan, Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the Diala, 00 miles nne ol 
 Bagdad, and 120 s by e of Kerkouk. 
 Sherezur. See Sohjniania, 
 
 Sheriff Muir, a heath of Scotland, in 
 Perthshire, lying between the Ochil hills 
 and the Grampian mountains, lanious lor a 
 bloody battle fought beiwei^n the royal 
 army and the adherents of the house of 
 Smart, under the earl of Marr, in 1715, 
 
 S H I 
 
 Shershcl, a town of Algiers, in the pro- 
 vince of Museaia, lamous for its pottery, 
 steel and iron maiuilactures. It was once 
 a place of great note, but is .«uid lo have 
 been destroyed by an eurllquake, by which 
 its arsenal, and many of iis buildings were 
 overwhelmed by the sea, the ruins:of which 
 are still visible at low water ; 00 miles 
 w by s of Algiers, Lou. 2 48 e, lat, 32 
 42 N. 
 
 Sherwood y a celebrated and extensive 
 forest of England in Nolliughumshire. 
 
 SHETLAND, or Zetland, the general 
 name of 86 islands, which lie about 100 
 miles NNE of Caithuess-shire, between 59 
 56 and 61 U 1^^. The names of the 
 principal are Mainland, Yell, Unst, and 
 Fula, or Thule. There are only about 40 
 inhabited ; the rest are small holms, ^or 
 rocky islets, used only for pasturage. The 
 climate is not very agreeable ; the longest 
 day in the island of Unst is f9 hours and 15 
 minutes, and the shortest tour hours and 45 
 minutes. The spring is late, the summer 
 short, and the hutumn wet and foggy. The 
 winter sets in about October, and lasts till 
 April. The SlietlcUiders are a stout, well 
 made, comely people, mostly of a swarthy 
 complexion. Ali hough their crops can 
 
 Scarcely maintain them above eight months 
 in the year, yet, with the abundance of fuel 
 and flesh, which their situation affords them, 
 they perhaps, live as comfortably as the 
 greater part of the Scoitish peasantry. The 
 description already given of the productions 
 of the Mainland, and the Orcades, ap^ 
 plies, in general, to the whole of these 
 islands, in 1801, they contained 22,373 
 iuhabitaDts, and in 181 1, 22,915, scattered 
 among 12 parochial districts, which con- 
 stffuie one of the presbyteries of the synod 
 of Orkney. The salaries of the clergy 
 arise principally from butter, oil, and boat- 
 tiend. The language is a mixture of Saxon, 
 Dutch, and Norwegian, The p.incipul 
 trade is with Leith, Hamburg, Ireland, and 
 Spain. The wool of the sheep, which is 
 very fine, is partly manufactured into stock- 
 ings and milts, some of which are of remark- 
 ably fine texture. Husbandry is still in a 
 very imperfect state, and the Shetland niill 
 has but one wheel, and that placed horizon- 
 tally. The Aurora Borealis, appears, if 
 possible, in still greater variety and sublimity 
 here than iu Orkney. Sheiland with Orkney', 
 forms one of the counties of Scotland. 
 
 Shevagvnga, a town in Mysore, Hinuoo- 
 stan, 25 miles xw of Bangalore. 
 
 Shibaitiy capital of the province of Hadra- 
 maut, Arabia. It is the residence of a 
 sheik, and is 300 inib s e of Sana. Lou. 40 
 40 E, lat. 15 25 N. 
 
 Shields, South and North, two sea port 
 towns of England, one in the county of 
 Durham, and the otlier in Northumberland', 
 remarkable for being the mart where ships 
 take in their loading of coal, and where 
 liiey make large quaniiiies of salt, Th^y 
 K r 2 
 
S H O 
 
 S H R 
 
 are situated on each side of the Tyne, ] 
 where there are constantly immense fleets | 
 of shipping, seven miles b of Newcastle, j 
 North Shields, extends to Tynemouth on j| 
 the E, and in the vicinity are many elegant I 
 mansions. In 1801, the population was 1 
 •7280, and iu 1811, 7699. It is 276 miles j 
 M by w of London. South Shields has all j 
 the advantages of trade in common with N i 
 Shields and Newcastle, and consists prin- | 
 cipaily of one narrow street two miles in | 
 length, with an open square near the mid- j 
 die. Here ships are built, and there are I 
 considerable salt and glass works, the mar- 1 
 ket in both towns is on Wedne>day. The i 
 number of inhabitants in 1801, was 8103, | 
 and in 1811, 9001. Adjoining, on the s, is | 
 Westoe, a township that, in 1811, contained ; 
 6164 inhabitants. South Shields is 19 i 
 
 miles NE of Durham. | 
 
 Shifnaly a town in Shropshire, w’itb a ■ 
 market on Friday, and fairs August <5 t‘h, and 
 November 22d, nine miles ne of Bridge- | 
 north, and H3 xw of London. i 
 
 Shettkstown, a village in the barony pa- ' 
 lish of Glasgow. ^ 
 
 Shiel Lochy a lake of Scotland, in Inver- : 
 ness-shire, about 10 miles long, and two 
 broad, lying in the parish of Arduamurchan. 
 It has a small beautiful island. I 
 
 S/iillela^/iy a village in Wicklow, Lein- i 
 ster, near w'hioh stands a few trees, the sole | 
 remains of a famous forest anciently noted I 
 for its excellent oak, which Was e'xported to 
 various parts, end is still shewn in the roof ; 
 of Westminster abby, and in some ancient ' 
 buildings on the continent. In allusion to i 
 this celebrated forest, a cudgel or blndgeou ! 
 is in Ireland called a Shillelah, The vil- i 
 lage is five miles sw of Tinehaly. 
 
 Shin Lochy a great lake in the moun- 
 tains of Sutherlandshire, about 20 miles 
 long, from one to tw’o broad, and about 81 
 miles in circuit. At its se extremity issues 
 the rapid river Shin, which runs about five 
 miles s by e and enters the Dornoch frith. 
 About a mile from the lake, the river ex- 
 hibits a tremendous water fall, at the bot- 
 tom of which many large salmon are 
 caught. 
 
 Shippenshurgy a post town of Pennsylva- 
 nia, Cumberland county. On a branch of 
 the Connedogwiunet creek, which runs into 
 the Susquehanna. 
 
 Shipston, an ancient towm iu Worcester- 
 shire, situated on the Stour. It has a de- 
 clining manufactory of shags, a w’eekly 
 market on Friday, and two annual fairs. 
 It lies about 14 miles w of Banbury, and 
 83 Nw of London. 
 
 SHOALS, Isles of, are seven in number, 
 situated on the coast of New Hampshire, i 
 Here the cod fishery was formerly carried 
 on to great extent. Lou. 70 33 w, lat. 42 
 69 N. 
 
 Shodhurify North and Southyiwo villages 
 in Essex. Opposite the Buoy of the Nore, 
 at the mouth of the Thames. 
 
 Shoghy a town of Syria, situated on ihs 
 river Asi, anciently called Orontes, has an 
 excellent caravansary. It is a large dis- 
 agreeable place. It is 18 miles s by e of 
 Antioch, and 46 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 36 
 40 E, lat. 35 20 n. 
 
 SHOOMSKA, one of the Kurile islands, 
 three leagues s of Cape Lopatka, in Kamts- 
 cbatka. The inhabitants consist of a mix- 
 ture of natives and Kamptschadales. Se© 
 Kuriles. 
 
 Shooter^s Hilly a village of Kent, situat- 
 ed on a hill so called, eight miles ess of 
 London. From it there is a good prospect 
 of the metropolis and the Thames. On th© 
 w part of this hill is a lofty triangular 
 tower, erected by lady James, to comme- 
 morate the reduction of a strong fort in th© 
 E Indies in 1766, called Seveodroog, and 
 hence the tower is called Sevendroogcastle, 
 and contains some of the ornaments and 
 arms taken from the enemy. 
 
 Shorehaniy a town in Sussex, commonly 
 called New Sboreham, with a market on 
 Saturday. Old Sboreham, lies near it, but 
 is now of little note. It is situated on the 
 river Adur, near its mouth, about one mile 
 from the sea, which makes it a place of 
 some trade, vessels can come up with th© 
 title to the town, and many small vessels 
 are built here. It is a borough by prescrip- 
 tion, governed by constables, and returns 
 two members to parliament, chosen by 
 about 1200 electors. It lies 19 miles wnw 
 of Newhaven, and 66 s by w of London. 
 
 Shottsy a parish of Scotland, in the 
 corner of Lanarkshire, intersected by th© 
 road from Edinburgh to Glasgow, l() 
 miles long, and seven broad. Coal and 
 ironstone abound. The Shotts iron works 
 are about three miles and a-half se of th© 
 church, and the Omoa works about five 
 miles to the sw. In the parish a stone has 
 been discovered from which chrystal is 
 made. On the 3d Tuesday of June, and 
 the 3d Tuesday of November, both old 
 style, great fairs for cattle are held at the 
 kirk of Shotts. The practice of having 
 sermon on the Monday, immediately after 
 the celebration of th# Lord^s Supper, was 
 introduced into Scotland in consequence of 
 a sermon preached here on the Monday 
 after the dispensation of that ordinance, by 
 the celebrated Mr. John Livingstone, w^hich 
 made an uncommonly happy impression on 
 the audience. Gavin Hamilton, the famous 
 painter, and the late celebrated John Millar, 
 professor of law in Glasgow, were natives 
 of this parish. Population about 2127. 
 
 Shrewsbury, a large and ancient town in 
 Shropshire, and the capital of the county, 
 seated on a peninsula formed by the Severn, 
 over which are two bridges, and encom- 
 passed by a wall in which are three gates. 
 It has five churches. The castle and abbey 
 are in ruins. Here is a free school founded 
 by Edward VI. Kdwuird I. held a parliament 
 here in 1283, when the lords sat in tha 
 
SI A 
 
 eftstle, and the commoners in a barn. In 
 J3T9, anoiher was held by Richard II. 
 Near the town, in 1403, was fought the bat- 
 tie between Henry IV. and Hetiry Piercy, , 
 nicknamed Hotspur, in which the latter was ! 
 iiefeated and slain. The county gaol is 
 built on Mr, Howard's plan. Shrewsbury is 
 governed by a mayor and 24 aldermen, and 
 returns two members to parliament. It is 
 the chief mart for a coarse kind of woollen 
 cloth made in Montgomeryshire, called 
 'Welsh webs; it is indeed a common mart 
 for all sorts of Welsh commodities. It has 
 three weekly markets on Wednesday, 
 Thursday, and Saturday, and e>ght aimuat 
 fairs. In 1801, it contained 10.(531 inhabi- 
 tants, and in 18 1 1 , 28,343. Here are 1 2 in- 
 corporated trading companies. Shrewsbury 
 as 36 miles w of Litchfield, and 135 nw ol 
 London. Lon. 2 41 w, lat. 32 43 n. 
 
 Shrewsbury y a post town of New Jersey, 
 Monmouth county, on the sea coast. 
 Here are three edifices for public w'orship, 
 and is a place of genteel resort in the sum- 
 mer months. It contains 4673 inhabitants, 
 43 miles e by n of Trenton. 
 
 SHROPSHIRE or Salop, a county of 
 England, bounded on the n by Cheshire, 
 and a detached part of Flintshire, e by 
 Staffordshire, se by Worcestershire, s by 
 Herefordshire, sw by Radnorshire, in Wales, 
 and w by the Welsh counties of Montgo- 
 mery and Denbigh. It extends about 30 
 miles in length from N to s, and contains 
 13 hundreds, 16 market towns, 216 parishes 
 and, in 1801, 167,639 inhabitants, and in 
 1811, 194,298. The air is salubrious, and 
 not very sharp. The soil is generally fruit- 
 ful, especially in the uorthren and eastern 
 parts, which produce plenty of wheat and 
 barley. There are mines of lead, copper, 
 iron, lime stone, free stone, pipe clay, and 
 inexhaustible coal pits. The principal 
 fivers are the Severn and the Trent. The 
 capital is Shrewsbury. 
 
 Shrule, a beautiful serpentine river in 
 fhe county of Tyrone, Ireland, which rises 
 SE of Omagh, and by a nnw course falls 
 ~ into the Foyle, at Strabaue. 
 
 Shumblciy a strong town in Bulgaria 
 European Turkey, which commands, the 
 pas.s over the mountains, 120 miles nnw of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Shuna, a small island of Argyllshire, in- 
 cluded in the parish of Kelbradon, and lies 
 V of Jura. 
 
 Shvtesburyy a (own of Massachusetts, 
 Hampshire county, e side of the Connec- 
 ticut, 16 miles nne of Northampton. 
 
 SIAM, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on 
 fhe NE by that of Laos, e by Cambodia, s 
 by a gulf of the same name, and w by the 
 bay of Bengal. It is 630 miles in length, 
 and from 30 to 230 in breadth. It is divided 
 into the Higher and Lovs'er. The principal 
 fiver is the Menan, w’hicb runs through its 
 wlrole length into the gulf of Siam. The 
 country, being flat, is overflowed in the 
 
 S I B 
 
 rainy season, and most of the houses arft 
 built of bamboos upon posts, and the inha- 
 bitants for some months have no communi- 
 cation, but by water. The tame cattle are 
 beeves, buftaloes, and hogs, in the woods 
 are elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and 
 tigers, there are also large serpents and 
 crocodiles. The soil produces plenty of 
 rice, cotton, and a variety of fruit different 
 from those of Europe. There are mines of 
 gold, silver, tin, and copper ; and plenty of 
 pepper, aloes, benzoin, and musk. Tha 
 inhabitants in general go almost naked* 
 The king shows himself but once a year to 
 the people. He is proprietor of all the lands 
 in the country, and no one can buy any 
 merchandise till he has the choice of them* 
 He generallj keeps a numerous army, 
 besides 1000 elephants. The women are 
 the only merchants in buying goods, the 
 men being generally maintained by the in- 
 dustry of their waves. The mandarins, that 
 is, the principal men who daily attend the 
 palace, are 3000 in number. The inhabi- 
 tants have large foreheads, little noses, 
 plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. The 
 men are of an olive complexion, with little 
 beards ; but the women are of a straw com- 
 plexion, and some have their cheeks a little 
 red. They pay great respect to the aged, 
 begging is dishonourable, theft infamous, 
 and adultery very rare. Their furniture is 
 simple, their food chiefly rice and fish ; they 
 are indolent, but ingenious, and excel in the 
 fabrication of go d, fire works, and in 
 miniature painting. Their temples and 
 priests are very numerous. They have 
 schools for the educatioii of their childrei^ 
 and there is scarce any among them who 
 cannot read and write. 
 
 Sianiy or Juthitty a city, and capital of 
 the kingdom of .Siam. In it are a number 
 of temples, convents, chapels, columns, and 
 other decorations. The king’s palace is of 
 superior construction to those of the common 
 people, but does not exceed one floor. Hero 
 the Dutch have a factory, and merchants 
 come from different countries to trade. This 
 city was taken by the Birmans in 1766. It 
 stands on an island in the river Menan ; 30 
 miles N of its mouth in the gulf of Siam, and 
 I 360 SE of Pegu. Lon. KiO 50 e, lat. 14 
 i 18 N. 
 
 Slang -yang a city of the first class in 
 the province of Houqiiang, China, seated on 
 the Han, 530 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 
 U I 40 E, lat. 32 3 n. 
 
 ''iarn. See Sear a. 
 
 Siaskoi, a town iu fhe government of 
 Petersburg, Russia, near the lake Ladoga, 
 24 miles xe of New' Ladoga. Lon. 30 47 e, 
 lat. 60 16 N. 
 
 SIBALDES, islands on the ooa't of 
 Patagonia. Lou. 39 .35 w, lat. 30 33 
 
 SIBAU ISLAND;;', on the coast of 
 Cape Breton, lie off the s point of Port 
 Dauphine. 
 
 SIBERIA, a large country, comprehend- 
 
S I c 
 
 fn^ the most northren part of the Russian 
 empire in Asia. It is bounded oo the b by 
 the Eastern ocean, s by Great Tartary, w 
 by Russia, and n by the Frozen ocean. It 
 is about 3500 miles in length from e to w, 
 and I'^OO in breadth from n to s, containing 
 the half of Asia. The s part produces all 
 the necessaries of life, but the n is extremely 
 cold, almost uncultivated, aud thin of people, 
 presenting vast marshy plains covered with 
 almost perpetual snow, aud per\*aded with 
 mighty rivers, which under masses of ice 
 pursue their course to the Artie ocean. Its 
 forests are stored with an inexhaustible sup- 
 ply of birch, aider, lime, and noble trees 
 of the pine species, <fec. The principal riches 
 of this country consist of fine skins and 
 furs ; but they have also rich mines of iron 
 Jind copper, and several kinds of precious 
 stones, particularly topazes of a beautiful 
 lustre, magnets of an extraordinary size, and 
 even whole mountains of loadstones. The 
 inhabiiants are of three sorts, Pagans, or the 
 natives of the country, Mahometans, and 
 Russians. They dwell in forests in winter, 
 and on the banks of rivers in summer. 
 Their garments are the skins of wild beasts, 
 and their riches bow^s, arrows, a knife, and 
 a kettle. Reindeer aud dogs draw their 
 sledges, but they hunt on horseback. They 
 all live in huts, which they remove from 
 place to place. Those in the southern parts 
 are somewhat more civilized. The Rus- 
 sians settled here are much the same as in 
 their native country. The Tartars are the 
 most civilized of the Joreign nations w ho 
 live in Siberia. Through this immense 
 tract, Russian caravans travel every year to 
 - China. The principal rivers are the Oby, 
 Lena, Irtish, Yenisei, and Okota. The 
 western part of Siberia is comprised in the 
 governments of Tobolsk and Koiyvan ; all 
 the eastern part is contained in the govern- 
 ment of Irkutzk. Siberia is the place to 
 which criminals, as well as persons under 
 the displeasure of the court, are commonly 
 banished from Russia. Siberia was re- 
 duced under the government of Russia 
 about the end of the 16tb century, To- 
 bolsk is the capital town, where the viceroy 
 resides. 
 
 Steal, a town on the coast of Jucafan, 
 New Spain, 70 miles nw of Merida, Lou. 
 90 SO w, lat. 39 30 N. 
 
 Sichem, a town in Brabant, Netherlands ; 
 in the vicinity, on the s, is a famous monas- 
 tery. It stands on the Denier, 18 miles e of 
 Mechlin. 
 
 SICILY, an island of the Mediterranean 
 sea, almost in the form of a triangle, termi- 
 nating in three capes ; that w'hicii is nearest 
 Italy is called Capo del Faro, that next the 
 Morea, Capo Passaro, and the third, which 
 points to Africa, Capo di Boco. Sicily is 
 separated from the kingdom of Naples by a 
 narrow strait, called the Faro ; but ns Mes- 
 sina is situated on it, it is called the Furo 
 
 S I E 
 
 of Messina# The two kingdoms of Naples 
 and Sicily have nearly the same climate, 
 and the productions are much the same, 
 but Sicily abounds much more in corn. 
 Sicily is about 165 miles long, and from 
 30 to 1 12 broad. It has the title of a king- 
 dom, aud is divided into three provinces cal- 
 led Val di DemORa, Val di Mazara, and 
 Val di Noto. Its horses and mules are ex- 
 cellent, and the cattle are red, strong, and 
 compact, with large horns. In the forests 
 are snakes, asps, scorpions, and harmless 
 lizards. The ancient practice of treading 
 the corn out of the ear is still in use. The 
 clergy amount to the number of 80,000 and 
 there are a great number of nobility, both 
 of w'hicb classes greatly oppressed the peo- 
 ple. But they are now freed from a great 
 number of their grievances by a form of 
 gov ’rnment resembling the British constitu- 
 tion, which, by means of the English, was 
 introduced in 1812, apparently without op- 
 position. In 1799, wheu the French seized 
 Naples, the court removed from the city of 
 Naples to Palermo, iu this island ; but on 
 the final defeat of Bonaparte, and of Murat, 
 who w’as placed on the throne of Naples, in 
 1816, the Neapolitan court returned to the 
 former capital. It produces wune, oil, silk, 
 excellent fruits, and almost every necessary 
 of life in wonderful abundance. See Naples, 
 The capital is Palermo. 
 
 Stelos, a town of Hungary, with a cas- 
 tle on a mountain, in w’hich the emperor 
 Sigismund was imprisoned. It is two miles 
 s of Sun kirchen. 
 
 Sicques. See Sieks, 
 
 Sidayey a sroug town on the N coast of 
 Java, with a harbour. Lou. 113 15 e, 
 lat. 6 40 s. 
 
 Sidcrocapsa, a towm of Turkey, in Mace- 
 donia, famous for a gold mine in its vici- 
 nity. It is live miles from the gulf of 
 Countessa, and 40 ese of Salonichi. Lon. 
 13 44 E, lat. 40 30 n. 
 
 Sidmvuth, a toiwn in Devonshire, situated 
 on a bay of the English channel. It is a 
 considerable fishing town, and the salubrity 
 of its air attracts many people to it, as a 
 watering place. It was a sea port before 
 its harbour w'as choked with sand. It has a 
 weekly market, and two annual fairs, stands 
 at the mouth of the Sid, and lies 12 miles 
 SE of Exeter, and 158 w by s of Loudon. 
 
 Sidon, See Saida. 
 
 Sidra, an island of the Archipelago, lying 
 between the gulf of Napoli and that of 
 Eugia. Lon. 24 0 i, lat. 27 0 n. 
 
 SIDRA, a small island and a spacious 
 gulf on the coast of Barbary, between Tri- 
 poli aud Barea. It forms a circular line 
 of low coast, 400 miles long between Ben- 
 gasi and Mesurata. Arabs, in bodies of 200 
 or 300 each, inhabit the shores of this gulf, 
 formerly called Syrtis. 
 
 Siedenberg, a town in the county of 
 Iloya, Westphalia, nine miles w of Hoya. 
 
S I E 
 
 Sieghergi a town in the duchy of Berg, 
 tV^estphalia, on the Sieg, 15 miles se oi 
 
 Cologne. . , „ 
 
 Siegen, a town of Germany, in the Wes- 
 terwald, capital of a principality belonging 
 to the House of Nassau Orange, with a cas- 
 tle of the same name, on the Sieg. In the 
 iiei»>-hbourhood are iron mines, forges and 
 foiinderies. It is 24 miles xw of Weiz- 
 lar. Lon. 8 12 E,lat. 47 60n. 
 
 Sienna y a large, ancient and celebrat- 
 ed city of Tuscany, capital of the Siennese, 
 with a famous university, and citadel, is 
 an archbishop's see. It is about four miles 
 in circumference, and surrounded by an old 
 wall. The metropolitan church is a gothic 
 structure built of black and white marble, 
 with a Mosaic pavement. The great area 
 is circular, and the houses around it are of 
 the same height, supported by piazzas, which 
 affords a pleasant walk in all weathers. 
 Sienna is not very populous ; it is adorned 
 W'ith a great number of palaces, fountains, 
 superb churches, and a magnificent hos- 
 pital. The Italian language is spoken and 
 taught here in purity. It is 26 miles s of 
 Florence, and 120 nnw of Rome. Loo. 11 
 1 1 E, lat, 43 24 N. 
 
 Siennescy a duchy of Italy, in Tuscany, 
 on the Mediterranean sea. It is about 66 
 miles in length, and as much in breadth. 
 The soil is pretty fertile, especially in mul- 
 berry-trees. There are several mineral 
 springs. Sienna is the capital. 
 
 Siennoiy a town in the government of 
 Mohilef, Russia, 60 miles nnw of Mohilef. I 
 Lon. 29 45 e, lat. 54 .SO n. 
 
 Sierky a town in the department of Mo- 
 selle, France, near the Moselle, eight miles 
 NS E of Thionville. 
 
 SIERRA LEONE, a large and fruitful 
 country, ou the w coast of Africa. Some 
 extend its limits from the Grain Coast on 
 the SE to Cape Vergu or Vega, on the nw 
 that is, between seven and 10 deg. N lat. 
 Others, however, confine the country be- 
 tween Cape Verga and Cape Tagrin. In 
 the open .places on the banks of a river of 
 its name, the heat is almost insupportable 
 till about noon, when a breeze invariably 
 Spri ngs up which cools the air. The rainy 
 season, which continues from May to Octo- 
 ber, begins and terminates with stormy 
 w'cather. The principal subsistence for 
 the people, is rice and millet, with which 
 both sides of the river abouml. The natives 
 -are proud, and much affected by any kind 
 of insult, but they are mild, and noted for 
 hospitality. Those who have embraced 
 Mahometanism are the most civilized ; those 
 on the coast, from their intercourse with 
 slave factors are much inferior to those 
 who reside hither us the country except in 
 making a bargain. 
 
 Sierra Leoney a great river of Africa, in 
 the country of the same name. Its source 
 is uncertain ; but its mouth, in lat. 6 15 
 ion. 12 30 w, is nino miles wide. In 
 
 SI L 
 
 1791, an act of parliament was obtained 
 incorporating a company, called the Sierra 
 Leone company, for the express purpose of 
 cultivating West India and other tropical 
 productions on the banks of this ri\ex‘. Tho 
 first settlers were 200 white persons, and a 
 colony of free blocks from Nova Scotia^ 
 
 In 1793, the colonists obtained small lots of 
 land and a town was begun to be built, but 
 in 1794, a French squadron destroyed tlihs 
 settlement, and captured some of the com- 
 pany's ships. A factory was established is 
 the Rio Paiigos in the following year ; but 
 the colony languished ftU 1808, when it 
 was given up to his majesty. 
 
 Sierra Morenn, Mountains in Spain, 
 which divide Andalusia from New Castile 
 and Estremadura. They are noted as the 
 scene of the wars, between, the Christians 
 and Mahommedans. Here Cervantes has 
 placed the most entertaining adventures of 
 Don Quixote. 
 
 SIFANTO, or Siphanto, an island of 
 the Archipelago, w of Paros. It abounds 
 with marble and granite, and is one of the 
 most fertile and best cultivated of these 
 islands. The inhabitants cultivate olive 
 trees and capers, and trade in figs, onions, 
 wax, honey, straw bats, and excellent silk. 
 Lon. 25 15 E, lat, 37 9 n. 
 
 Sigatiy a town of China, ci^pital of the 
 province of Ken-si. Lon. 168 15 e, lat. 34 
 46 N, 
 
 Sigety or Zigety a town of Hungary, oa 
 the Teisse, near its source, 42 miles e by 
 N of Nasybanja. 
 
 Sigilmesm ; See Sugulmessa. 
 Sigmaringefiy a town and castle of Sua- 
 bia. It is situated on the Danube, and gives 
 name to a branch oi the house of Hohen- 
 zollern ; 18 miles ese of Hohenzollern. 
 
 Signally a towft in tbe Canton of Berue, 
 Swisserland, 12 miles se of Berne. 
 
 Sigtunay an ancient town of Sweden ic 
 ’ Upland, on the lake Maeler, 15 miles s of 
 Upsal, and 17 nnw of Stockholm. 
 
 Signenza. a city of New Castile, Spain. 
 It has an university, consisting of several 
 colleges. It is a bishop’s see, and has a 
 castle, iu which is an arsenal. The niosx 
 oonsi'derabie edifice is tbe cathedral. It is 
 I situated on a bill, at the loot of yiounx, 
 
 I Atienca, 65 miles se oi Madrid, Lon. 2 
 ' 5 I w, lat. 40 .58 N. 
 
 1 Sihon ; See Sirr. 
 
 Silaguttay n town in Mysore Hindoonan, 
 celebrated for its kitchen gardens. Coarsu 
 coitorisare manufactured here, and tobacco 
 is reared in the vicinity ; 20 miles nw of 
 Colar, and 32 ne of Bangalore. 
 
 Silberhergy a town of Silesia, insulated in 
 the principality of Mnnsterberg, but belongs 
 to that of Brieg. Here is a lead mine, the 
 ore of which is mixed with silver, 1 1 niiies 
 \NE of Glatz. 
 
 SilchesteTy (i village in Hampshire, to 
 the NE of king Clere. It was a large tot^it 
 in the time of the RonmiiS. There are extet:.* 
 

 S I L 
 
 ^ I N 
 
 Sive remains of its walls and ditches, in- r 
 closing an area of 80 acres, and two mill- ' 
 tary roads from the s gate, one to Win- 
 chester, and the other (o old Sanirn. It is | 
 said to have been the place where Arthur 
 was crowned, six miles n of Basingstoke. 
 
 It was once a celebrated city. i 
 
 SILESIA, a province of Germany, with 
 the title of a duchy. It formerly belong- 
 ed to the kingdom of Bohemia, and is 
 bounded on the n by the marquisite of Bran- i 
 denburg and Poland, s by Moravia and Hun- 
 gary, E by Poland, and w by Lower Lusatia 
 and Bohemia. It is about 274 miles in 
 length, and 100 in breadth. The princi- | 
 pal rivers are the Oder, Vistula, Neisse, | 
 Bober, Queis, Ojjpa, and Else. There are i 
 mines of gold and silver ; but they have not 
 been wrought for many years. The most con- 
 siderable silver mines at present are at Reii- 
 stein, in the principality of Breig. There j 
 are also mines of lead, copper, and iron, and i 
 quarries of various stones, besides antimony, 
 saltpetre, sulphur, alum, vitriol, quicksilver, 
 <fec. Thepriiicipal linen manufacture is cloth, 
 there are also v/oollen manufactures, iron 
 fouuderies, glasshouses, and potteries. Si- 
 lesia is divided into the Upper and Lower, ! 
 and the country of Glatz. In the Upper the | 
 inhabitants are generally Romanists, speak- j 
 ing the Polish language ; and in the Lower, | 
 almost all Protestants, and speak their mo- ! 
 ther tongue. Silesia is divided into 17 small 
 duchies, and seven free states, without com- 
 prehending the county of Glatz. In this 
 county are great numbers of cattle, horses, 
 and game ; also Lynxes, bears, foxes, ot- 
 ters, and beavers. Its numerous lakes 1 
 abound in fishes. There are plenty of bees, 
 and the soil produces wheat, maize, bailey, 
 oats, and millet, but its wine is not good. 
 In 1742, it was ceded to Prussia, by the 
 treaty of Breslau. It was overrun by the 
 French in 1807, but restored at the peace 
 of Tilsit. It was entered again by the 
 French in 1813, but they were completely 
 defeated b}' the Prussians between the Neisse 
 and Katsback. Breslau is the capital. 
 
 Silftety a tow'u in Beugal, Hindoostan, 
 capital of a district of its name, on the So- 
 vima, 120 miles ne of Dacca. Lou. 91 
 57 E, lat. 23 ,52 n. 
 
 s/ljaTtf a town in Dalecarlia, .Sweden, on 
 a lake of its name, 28 miles nw of Fah- 
 lun. 
 
 SiHstria. a town of Turkey, in Bulgaria, 
 with a citadel, and is an archbishop's see, 
 seated on the Danube, at the junctiou of the 
 Missovo. In ISIO and 1811, it was takeu 
 by the-Russiaiis, 97 miles ne of Nicopoli, 
 and 1,55 nne of Adrianople. Lon. 2^7 6 e, | 
 lat. 44 15 N. " . ! 
 
 Silk, a town in Lincolnshire, twm miles 
 s by w’ of Sleaford. 
 
 kilkeburg,Si town in N Jutland, Denmark, 
 has a castle, formerly of great strength, 
 lb miles w of Arhusen. 
 
 . Siila, a town in Baipbara, Negrolftnd, on 
 
 the right bonk of the Niger, 75 miles k« 
 of Sego. 
 
 Sillabar, a sea-port on the w coast of 
 Sumatra, wuth a safe and commodious har- 
 bour, 30 miles sse of Bencooieu, Lon. 102 
 JO E, lat. 4 0 s. 
 
 Sille le Guillaume, a small commercial 
 town of France, in the department of Sane, 
 20 miles nw of Mans. 
 
 Siflee, a town in Bengal, Hindoostan, on 
 the Subanreeka, 178 miles wnw of Cal- 
 cutta. Lon. 80 54 e, lat. 23 22 n. 
 
 Silvermiues, a village in the county of 
 Tipperary, Ireland, in the vicinity are the 
 most extensive lead mines in the kingdom, 
 in which some virgin silver has been lound* 
 six miles s of Nenagh, anti upwards of 70 
 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Silves, a toxvn in Algarve, Portugal, on 
 a river of its name, 35 miles wxw’ of Ta- 
 vira. 
 
 Simancas, a town in Leon, Spain, with 
 a strong castle, on the Douro. In the cas- 
 tle, Philip II. ordered the Archives of the 
 kingdom to be kept, eight miles sw of Val- 
 ladolid, and 60 ne of Salamanca. 
 
 SIMBIRSK, one of the 41 governments 
 of Russia, formerly a province of the king- 
 dom of Casan. The capital of the same 
 name, is situated on the Volga, 100 miles 
 w by s of Casan. Lon. 48 34 e, lat. 54 
 
 22 N. 
 
 SIMI, the ancient Syme, an island in the 
 Mediterranean, on a bay of its name, 12 
 miles N of Rhodes. Low. 27 33 e, lat. 38 
 55 N. 
 
 towm in the department of 
 the Pthine, and Moselle, France, lately of 
 Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 
 It is 26 miles w of Mentz, and 20 s of Co- 
 bientz. 
 
 Simogay, a town in Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 on the S lingo, bas a manufacture of coarse 
 cottons, 34 miles E by n of Nagara, 
 
 SIMON St, the easternmost of the three 
 large islands situated at the mouth of the 
 Alatamaha river, in Georgia. This island 
 is about 14 miles in length, and from two 
 to four in breadth. At the nw end is a re- 
 gular fortress, and some islets are also for- 
 tified. In the middle of the island, is the 
 town of Frederica. 
 
 Simojithurn, or Simontornya, a strong 
 towm of Lower Hungary, sealed on the Sar- 
 vita, with a strong castle, taken from the 
 Turks, in 1686, eight miles from Tolna, 
 and 32 ssw of Buda. Lon. 18 52 e, lat. 46 
 45 N. 
 
 Simplon, a new department of France, 
 has its name from a mountain, on the sbor^ 
 der, and includes the county of Valais in 
 Swisserlnnd. Sion is the capital. 
 
 Simprin, a parish of Scotland, in Ber- 
 wickshire, now united to Swiuton. See 
 Swintoti, 
 
 Sinai, a mountain of Arabia Petraea, 
 in a peninsula formed by the two arms of 
 the Red Sea. Her© the law was given to 
 
S I N 
 
 Ufoses, for which reason the Mahomedaiis 
 hold it in great veneration; and here the 
 Christians have a monastery surrounded by 
 a high wall, without gates ; and those that 
 go in and out are drawn up and let down in 
 baskets. Lon. 34 15 e, lat. idO 2 n. 
 
 SINCAPOUR, an island separated by a 
 narrow channel, from the s extreniit} of the 
 Peninsula of Malaya. To the s side is a 
 narrow sea, called the strait of Smeapour. 
 
 On the island is a town of its name. Lon. 
 103 15 E,lat. I 10 N. 
 
 Sitide, See Indus. 
 
 StndeIJingeny a tow'n in the duchy ot 
 Wuriemberg, Swabia, 10 miles ssw of Stut- 
 gard. 
 
 SJNDY, a province of Hindoostan Pro- 
 per. It extends along the Shide, or Indus, 
 from its mouth to Beliker, or Bhakor, on 
 the frontiers of Moiiltan, and is 300 miles 
 long and 160 broad. In many particulars 
 of soil and climate, and in the general ap- 
 pearance of the surface, Sindy resembles 
 Egypt, the Indus, like the Nile, inundates 
 and fertilizes the country. During great 
 part of the sw' Monsoon, at least in July, 
 August, and part of September, the rainy 
 season in most parts of India, the amos- 
 phere is cloudy, but no rain falls except 
 near the sea. On this account, and the 
 vicinity of the sandy deserts the heats are so 
 great, and the winds from those points so 
 noxious that they ventilate their houses from 
 the top, the roofs of which are composed of 
 thick layers of earth instead of terraces. 
 Few climates are more hurtful to European 
 constitutions, particularly the Delta. The 
 prince of this province is a Mahometan, 
 tributary to the king of Candahar, 
 who treats the original Hindoo inhabitants 
 with such rigour, that numbers ot them emi- 
 grate into other countries. He resides at 
 Hydrabad, the capital. The inland parts of 
 Sindy produce saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, 
 borax, bezoar, lapislazuli, and raw silk. 
 They have also manufactures of cotton and 
 silk of various kinds; and they make tine 
 cabinets, inlaid with ivory, and finely lack- 
 ered. They also export great quantities of 
 butter, clarified, and wrapt up in diippas, 
 made of the hides of cattle. In this coun- 
 try the horses are small and hardy, the 
 beeves large, and the sheep fine. Here also 
 are deex, antelopes, hares, and foxes ; also 
 leopards, and a fierce creature called a 
 Shiahgush. The governments is a military 
 despotism ; at the head of which is a person 
 with the title of Hakem. 
 
 Sines, a town in Alentejo, Portugal, on 
 a cape of the same name, 70 miles sw of 
 Evoro. Lon. 8 46 w, lat. 37 58 n. 
 
 Sing, a strong town of Venetian Dalmatia, 
 built by the Turks in opposition to Clissa, 
 and taken by the Venetians in 1687, eight 
 miles N of Clissa, and 14 from Spalatvo. 
 
 Singan, a city of China, capital of the 
 province of Chensi, and, next to Pekin, the 
 largest and most beautiful in the empire. 
 No. 
 
 s I o 
 
 Its territories contain six cities of the se* 
 coiid, and 31 of the third rank. The walls 
 of the city are 12 miles in circumference, 
 and surrounded with a deep ditch. The 
 principal trade is in mules, great numbers 
 of which are bred up, and sent to Pekin* 
 Here is a species of bats as large as domes- 
 tic fowls, which the Chinese prefer to the 
 flesh of chickens. In this city are n great 
 many Mandarins, mostly Tartars, and' in a 
 quarter of the city separated by a strong 
 wall, a pow'erful garrison of Tartars. It 
 is 540 miles sw of Pekin. Lon, 108 43 e, 
 lat. 34 15 N. 
 
 Singilief, a town in the government of 
 Simbirsk, Russia, on the Volga, 24 miles s 
 of Simbirsk, 
 
 Singo, a town of Macedonia, European 
 Turkey, on the gulf of Monte Sauio, Lon. 
 
 24 0 E, lat. 40 13 N. 
 
 Singor, a town in the peninsula of Malac- 
 ca, stands at the mouth of a small river, 
 in the bay of Patani, 35 miles e of Patani. 
 Lon. 101 25 E,lat. 6 40 n. 
 
 Sinigaglia, a handsome town of Italy, in 
 the duchy of Urbino, and a bishop^s see, 
 with two harbours, and a castle ; beside 
 the cathedral, there are several line churches, 
 convents, and a mint. A fair is held here 
 from the middle to the end of July, much 
 frequented by merchants. It is situated on 
 the sea coast, on the Nigola, in the gulf of 
 Venice, .34 miles e of Urbino. Lon. 13 15 
 E, lat. 36 45 N. 
 
 Signing, a city of the second rank, on the 
 w of the province of Chen si, China, has a 
 trade with the Tibet, particularly in tea, 
 450 miles wnw of Singan. Lou. 101 35 E, 
 lat. 36 45 N. 
 
 Sinope, a decayed sea port of Asiatio 
 Turkey, in Natolia, situated on an isthmus 
 of a peninsula in the Black Sea, surrounded 
 by walls and double ramparts. It is the 
 birth place of Diogenes. The inhabitants, 
 who are Turks will not admit any Jews, 
 and the Greeks live in the suburbs, 280 
 miles E of Constantinople. Lon. 38 55 E, 
 lat. 41 5 N. 
 
 Sintzheim, a town of Germany, in the 
 late palatinate of the Rhine, stands on a 
 morass, 18 miles e of Spire. 
 
 Sion, a mountain of Syria, on the e side 
 of Jerusalem, greatly celebrated in the holy 
 scriptures. 
 
 Sion, or Sitten, an ancient town of Swit- 
 zerland, capital of the Vullais, now belong- 
 ing to France, and capital of Sirapton. It 
 is situated on the Sitten, near the Rhone. 
 Sion was formerly the capital of the Seduni, 
 wrho inhabited this part of the coimtry in tho 
 time of Julius (’ajsar, and some Roman in- 
 scriptions still remain. Its bishop is a 
 prince of the empire. It is 50 miles e of 
 Geneva. See Vullais. Lon. 7 23 e, lat. 
 46 0 N. 
 
 ijous, or Sioux, a powerful nation of 
 Indians, which can furnish 0f}00 war- 
 riors. They inhabit on the bead watert* 
 ¥ s 
 
SIR 
 
 of the Missisipi and Mii^souri, North Ame- 
 rica. j 
 
 Siouty or Oaioty a town of Africa, one of 
 the largest and most populous in Egypt, and 
 the see of a Coptic bishop. H "re are some 
 itomau sepulchres, th ruins of an amphi- 
 theatre, and several mosques. It stands on 
 an artif’cial mount, and has fine gardens, with 
 palm trees that bear the best dates in Egypt. 
 This place is the rendezvous of those that 
 go in the caravan to Sennaar, in Nubia. | 
 It is two miles from the river Nile, and 18-5 
 s of Cairo. Lon. 31 14 E, lat. 27 2<3 n. 
 
 Siphanto, See Sifanto. 
 
 Siradia, a to'vn of Great Poland, capital i 
 of a palatin vle of the same name, with a | 
 strong castle, surrounded by a wall, and j. 
 stands in a plain, on the Warta. It is 62 j 
 miles NE of Breslau, and 105 nw of Cra- 
 cow. Lon. 18 65 e, lat. 51 52 n. 
 
 SIR CHARLES HARDY'S ISLAND, 
 in the South Pacific Ocean, was discovered i 
 in J767, by Captain Carteret, it is low, ie- j 
 vel, and woody. Lon. 154 20 w, lat. 4 
 41 s. 
 
 SIR CHARLES SAUNDERS'S IS- 
 LAND, in the South Pacific Ocean, and 
 discovered by Captain Wallis, is about two 
 leagues in length from e to w. The ac- 
 commodations of the natives seem to be very 
 mean. Lon. 151 4 w, lat. 17 28 s. 
 
 Sira. See Sera. 
 
 Sir aft a towm in the province of Laristan, 
 i^ersia, stands on the Persian gulf, 30 miles 
 sw of Lar. Lon. 52 25 e, lat. 35 20 n. 
 
 SiravaUt a town in the province of Kusi- 
 stan, Persia, 48 miles nne of Suster. ton. 
 51 5 E, lat. 31 50 n. 
 
 Sire, a town in Tigre, Abyssinia, celebra- 
 ted for a manufacture of cotton cloths, 40 
 miles w of Auxum, and 100 nnw of Au- 
 zen. 
 
 Sir g an. See Kerman. 
 
 Sirhindy or Serindey a very ancient city 
 6f Hindoostan Proper, in the province of 
 Delhi, capital of a country of its name. 
 Silk according to Procopius, was brought 
 from Serinada, a country in India, in the 
 time of Justinian, (the sixth century,) Sir- 
 llind is 175 miles kw' of Delhi. Lon. 75 
 35 E, lat. 29 55 n. 
 
 SiriaUy a sea port of Tegu, resorted to by 
 the Dutch, French, and English, it stands 
 on Pegu river. 30 miles from its mouth, and 
 SO s of Pegu. Lon. 96 12 e, iat. 16 52 N. 
 
 SlRlNAGUR, a large rugged coumry of 
 Asia, betw'een Hindoos! an Proper and Thi- 
 bet, bounded on the w by Lahore, and on 
 the s by Delhi. 
 
 SirinaguTy the capital of the above coun- 
 try, 'is siinated on the Alakuandera, wdiich 
 runs into the Ganges, 24 miles below. It 
 is 166 miles n by E of Delhi. Lon. 7T 38 e, 
 lat. 30 59 N. 
 
 Sirius, a small island in the Pacific ocean 
 about 18 miles in circuit, discovered b\ 
 Lieutenant Ball, in 1790. Lon. 162 30 e, 
 lat. 10 52 s. . 
 
 s I T 
 
 Sirfiiichy or Nir/ntwm, an ancient and ce- 
 lebrated town, and a county of Sclavonia, 
 situated on the Boswetb, near the Saave, is 
 a bishop's see, 42 miles se of Essek. Lon. 
 10 19 E, lat. 45 13 N. 
 
 Siroway, a town in Agimere, Hindopstan, 
 in a district of its name, stands near the 
 Puddar, 70 miles sw of Agimere. Lou. 74 
 27 E, lat. 26 J N. 
 
 Sirpy, a town and fort in Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, 1 4 miles n of Sera, and 37 se of 
 Chittlebrood. 
 
 Sirr, or Sihon, a river of Independant 
 Tartary, which rises in the mouniaiti*s of 
 Belur or Imaus, on the borders of Cashgur, 
 and flowing nw' 550 miles, falls into the ne 
 part of the lake Aral. It formerly entered 
 the Caspian sea, but the Tartars turned its 
 course to free themselves from pirates. 
 
 Sirong. See Serong. 
 
 Sisal, a small port in Jucatan, New 
 Spain, opposite a sand bank on the coast of 
 Mexico, 12 leagues in length. 
 
 Sisizian, a sea port on the E coast of La- 
 conia, oneof the Phillippine islands, situated 
 almost opposite Manilla, near a very high 
 mountain, which renders the air moist. Lon. 
 123 45 E,lat. 14 20 N. 
 
 Sissao, a town of Switzerland, canton of 
 Basel, 17 miles se of Basel, 
 
 Sisseky or Siszeg, a strong town of Croa- 
 tia, on the Saave, at the junction of the Kul- 
 pat, 42 miles e of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 56 e, 
 iat. 45 33 N. 
 
 SissopoUy a towm in Romania, European 
 '! Turkey, stands on a peninsula of the Black 
 I sea, and an archiepiscopai see, 25 miles s of 
 Mesembria, and 97 nw of Constantinople. 
 Lon. 28 9 e, lat. 42 30 n. 
 
 Sisteron, a town in the department of the 
 I Low'er Alps, France, with a citadel on the 
 I top of a rock, in which Casimlr V. king of 
 Poland, was imprisoned^ seated on the Du- 
 rance, and lately an episcopal see, 45 miles 
 NE of Aix, and 407 se of Paris. Lon. 5 56 
 E, lat. 44 12 N. 
 
 Siston, a village in Gloucestershire, seven 
 miles E of Bristol, at the source of a rivulet 
 w^hich falls into the Avon. It has a ma- 
 nufactory of brass, and another of salt- 
 petre. 
 
 SistovQy a town in Bulgaria, European 
 Turkey, on the Danube. Here, in 1791, a 
 peace w'as concluded betw'een the Turks 
 and Austrians, 25 miles £ of Nicapoli. 
 
 Sitia, a town on the n coast of Candia, 
 seated on a bay of its name, about 58 
 miles ESE of Candia. Lon. 26 29 e, lat. 35 
 0 N. 
 
 Stifardy a town, late of Westphalia, in- 
 cluded in the department of Roer, in the 
 duchy of Juliers,iiear the Meuse, 10 miles s 
 of Ruremonde. 
 
 SitlingburUy a corporate town in Kent, 
 with good inns, being a great thoroughfare 
 on the road to Canterbury. In the vicinity 
 are the ruins of a fortification raised by 
 king Alfred. Here are tw'o annual fairs, 
 
S K E 
 
 11 miles SE of Rochester, 15 wnw of 
 Canterbury, and 40 esk of London. 
 
 Sitticacciiy a village of Ceylon, on a 
 branch of the MiiUiredcly, which separates 
 it from the territory of the king ot Candy, 
 and is the chief place of intercourse between 
 the Candians and their European neighbours. 
 
 On the opposite side of the river is the Can- 
 dian village of GoiobalivilU, tS miles e ot 
 
 Columbo. ... m ^ 
 
 Siuas, a city in Rioiim, Asiatic Turkey, u 
 capital of a .sangieaie, with a castle, and 
 is a bishop’s see, 55 miles s by e of Tocat, 
 and 230 ene of Cogui. Lon. 3b 45 e, 
 
 lat. 39 8 N. . 
 
 Siuraijy a town in the department ot Vien- 
 ne, France, on the Charente, 25 miles s ot 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Sijc-Mile-Bridgey a town in Clare coun- 
 ty, Munster, on the Germa, about 12 miles 
 SE of Ennis. 
 
 Siwahy a county of Africa, on the bor- 
 ders of Esypt and Barca, aDciently the 
 Oasis of Ammon. The fertile part which 
 Is well watered by small streams, and pro- 
 duces abundance of corn, oil and vegeta- 
 bles, is about 20 miles in circuit. In the 
 capital of the same name, are the nuns o. 
 the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and in the 
 vicinity are many catacombs, in which the 
 ancient inhabitants were buried, 220 miles 
 E of Augila and 280 w by s of Cairo. Lon. 
 27 10 E, lat. 29 12 N. 
 
 SIX NATIONS, a confederacy ot In- 
 dians, so called by the British and Ameri- 
 cans. The French call them Iroqueis. 
 They live on grounds called the State Re- 
 servations. which are intern.ediate spaces 
 settled on all sides by white people. 
 
 Siziin, a small island on the nw coast 
 of France, eight miles from the main land. 
 
 Skara, an ancient town in West Goth- 
 land, Sweden, and a bishop’s see, seated on 
 the Lida, in a morass. The cathedral is 
 the largest building ot its kind in Sweden. 
 Here is a gyninasittm, or seminary, founded 
 in 1640. The ruins of an aufient palace 
 burnt by the Danes in 1611, and of several 
 churches and convents are still visible. It 
 is 77 miles ne of Gotheburg. Lon. 14 
 0 e, lat. 58 16 N. 
 
 Skeen, a town of Norv/ay, in the govern- 
 ment of Aggerhuys, stands near a lake, and 
 is remarkable for its mines of iron and cop- 
 per. It is 10 miles w of Tonsburg, and 
 26 w of Frederickstadt. 
 
 SKELIG ISLANDS, islands off the 
 coast of Kerry, in Munster. They are 
 three in number. Lou. 10 30 w, lat. 51 
 35 N. 
 
 Skelton Castle, a town in the N Riding 
 of Yorkshire, between Kirkleutham and 
 the sea. 
 
 Skene a parish of Scotland, in Aber- 
 deenshire, about six miles long and three 
 and a half broad, nearly one bait of whicu 
 is arable. The surface is pleasant and w’eli 
 watered. It lies xw o! the county town. 
 
 S K I 
 
 In the parish is a fine lake, .several mineral 
 springs, an ancient encampment, two druidi- 
 cal temples, and many tumuli. The parish 
 contained 1 1 40 inhabitants in 1801. 
 
 Skenectady, an ancient town in Albany 
 county, New York, 1 6 miles nw of Albany 
 city. Union college founded by vaivious 
 denominations of Christians, was establish- 
 ed and incorporated here in 1794, and is 
 under the direction of 24 trustees. In June, 
 1796, there were 40 students, divided into 
 four classes. In the town are IW'O churches, 
 and it has a trade with the back country, 
 and is seated on the w side of Mohawk 
 river, above the tails. , ^ j 
 
 Skeninge, a town in E Gothland, Sweden, 
 
 18 miles w by s of Linkoping. 
 
 Skenesboroughy now called Whitehall, a 
 flourishing town in Washington county, 
 situated on Wood Creek, on the s side of 
 South Bay, which leads N into lake Cham- 
 plain. It is the harbour for Vessels that 
 trade between Canada and Nnv York, 
 
 38 miles s of Crounpoint, and 43 n by e of 
 
 Lasii.burg. . 
 
 Skerries, a small fishing town.m Leinster, 
 
 17 miles n by e of the metropolis. About 
 ' three miles from the coast are two small 
 I islands of the same group, noted lor a valu- 
 i able light house, and produce great quanti- 
 i ties of sea weed. One of them is celebrated 
 I for having been the residence of St. Patrick. 
 
 : SKERRIES, or SKERRY ISLES, three 
 
 I small islands of Shetland, lying near 20 
 ; miles from the Mainland. ' ^ , 
 
 Skibbereen, a town in CorK, Munster* 
 It is situated on the Hen, seven miles nne 
 of Baltimore, and 13 se of Bantry. 
 
 SkiddaWy a mountain of Cumberland, 
 one of the most remarkable, in the king- 
 dom, being above 1000 yards perpendicular 
 height from the surface ot the Derw'ent wa- 
 ter, and the highest in England, Lorn the 
 surface of the sea. It is covered with grass, 
 and has on the top a browm slate stone, and 
 is difficult of access. From the top is a 
 very extensive prospect. It is six miles 
 from Cockermouth, near Basingthwaite 
 water, and Keswick, stands near the toot 
 
 Skilsqueiy a towm in the island of Zea- 
 land, Denmark, on a bay of the great Beit, 
 48 miles sw of Copenhagen. Lou. 11 27 e, 
 
 lat. 55 16 X. , 1 f T'- 
 
 Skipness, a cape on the w shore of Kin- 
 lyre, Argyllshire, wiih a strong castle, ot 
 great strength and antiquity ; it is still in- 
 i habited, and part of it is fitted up m the 
 
 modern taste. . 
 
 Skiptouy a handsome trading to wm in the 
 West Riding of Yorkshire, containing about 
 2100 inhaffitants, situated near the Aire. 
 The Leeds canal comes close to the town, 
 and has warehouses and wharfs on its 
 banks; near it are cotton works. Hero is 
 a public library, and some good schools. _ It 
 has a weekly market on Saturday, eight 
 annual fairs, and a great market tor cattle 
 S s 
 
SLA 
 
 on Tuesday, once a fortnight throughout the 
 year. It lies 40 miles w from York, and 
 2 It of London. 
 
 Sr,irlingy a parish of Scotland, in the 
 county of Peebles, about two miles and a- 
 half long by nearly the same broad. The 
 soil is ill general light and fertile. The viL 
 lage of Skirling, situated on the road from 
 Edinburgh to Leadhills, has four annual 
 fairs. Population of the parish and village 
 is about 308. 
 
 SKYE, an island of Scotland, one of the 
 largest of the western islands, or Hebrides. 
 It is 60 miles in length, and, in some places, 
 above 20 broad. The se end of this island 
 is separated from Inverness-shire, (to which 
 it belongs) by a very narrow channel, called 
 the Inner Sound ; the most narrow part of 
 which, named the Kyle, cattle are made to 
 swim across. This side of the island swells 
 gradually from the shore in a verdant slope, 
 adorned here and there with trees, over 
 which are seen the naked hills of Strath ; 
 and above these rises the rugged top of 
 Cullin, or CucLullin. There is a great pro- 
 portion of level ground, With excellent pas- 
 turage. The island is well watered by 
 livers, and abounds with lakes, producing 
 trout, salmon, and eels. The climate is 
 very uncertain, scarcely three days out of 
 12 beir.g free from rain, yet it is far from 
 "being \mhealthy, as the long life of the in- 
 habitants sufficiently testifies. Skye has 
 long been noted for an excellent breed of 
 small cattle, vast numbers of which are 
 annually exported, has numbers of deer and 
 various sort^ of game. The numerous small 
 rivers, and the coast, and bays abound with 
 fish, and the soil produces early and rich 
 pasturage, barley, oats, liax, and potatoes. 
 The s and vv coasts abound with coral ; 
 limestone, marl, and marble are found in 
 tbe interior, as well as beautiful agates, 
 topazes, and other precious stones. " Tbe 
 basaltic columns, resembling the Giant^s 
 Causeway, in Ireland, are the greatest 
 curiosity of the island. The inhabitants are 
 a robust and healthy people ; honest, brave, 
 and hospitable. They generally proless the 
 Protestant religion. They wear the dress, | 
 speak the lai guage, and observe the cus- 
 toms of the Highlanders, and amount to up- 
 wards of J5,000. The island is divided 
 into seven parochial districts, which belong 
 to only two proprietors, Lord Macdonald, 
 and the Laird of Macleod. A cave in tliis 
 island afforded an as.sylum to Charles 
 Stemirt, the disappointed pretender, and his 
 faithful guide, in J746, for tw^o nights. In 
 the island are many old chapels, Pictish 
 houses, tumuli, and some Druklical temples. 
 Portree is the principal town. Point Slate, 
 a rugged promontory, terminates the island 
 on the s. Lon. (1 12 w, lat 37 12 
 
 Siafftise, a tow n in the island of Zealand. 
 Denmark, 42 miles wsw of Copenha* 
 
 geji. 
 
 ^layuaii a town of Further Pomerania, 
 
 s L E 
 
 on <he Wipper, 10 miles e by s of Ruffec. 
 Wald. 
 
 Slaighthwaite, a village on the Rudders- 
 field canal, W Yorkshire, with various ma- 
 nufactures of Manchester goods ; four miles 
 sw of Huddersfield. 
 
 Slaim, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeen- 
 shire, about six miles long, and three broad, 
 extending along the sea coast of Buchan. 
 There is a cave in this parish, known by 
 the name of the Dropping Cave, or White 
 Cave of Plains, whieh is a great curiosity, 
 every part is covered with staiatical incrus- 
 tations of the purest white. The surface is 
 level, and tbe soil fertile, and well culti- 
 vated. In tbe parish are the ruins of Slains 
 castle, anciently the seat of the family of 
 Huutly, afterwards that of Errol ; a fine 
 lake, and mineral springs, and the river 
 Ythau, which waters tbe parish, abounds 
 with salmon, the. taking of which employ 
 a number of the inhabitants of the villages 
 of Colliston and Old Castle. Population is 
 about 970. 
 
 Slamaiuiaitf or St Lawrence^ a parish of 
 Scotland, in the nw corner of Stirlingshire, 
 about five miles long, and from three to 
 four broad, lying on the banks of the Avon. 
 Near tbe rivers the soil is light and fertile, 
 and the exports are black cattle, butter, 
 cheese, tfec. Population is about 1,000. 
 
 Slaney a town in the county of Meath, 
 Ireland, on the n banks of the Boyne, an- 
 ciently a bi.^hopric. Here are the ruins of 
 ihe hermitage of St Eire, and of a magni- 
 ficent abbey. Slane castle is a superb 
 structure, and the flour mills, at New 
 Grange, are noted for their magnitude, 
 convenience, and superior style of perform- 
 ing their work ; 10 miles w by s of 
 Drogheda. 
 
 Slaney, a town of Bohemia, now much 
 decayed, with a castle, 18 miles nw of 
 Prague. 
 
 Slate. See Sleat. 
 
 Slateford, a village in Mid-Lothian, on 
 the water of Leith, three miles w of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 Slatinaj a town in Moldavia, European 
 Turkey, 18 miles nw’ of Niemecz. 
 
 Slaiina, a town in Wallachia, European 
 Turkey, on the Alaut, 30 miles w of Bu- 
 cborest. 
 
 SLAVE COAST, a territory of Guinea, 
 comprehending the kingdoms of Adra, Popo. 
 and Whidah, lying between the Gold Coast 
 and Benin. 
 
 Slave Lakey a lake of N America, 230 
 miles long, and from 00 to 100 broad, and 
 contains many wooded islands. From its 
 w extremity issues tbe McKenzie river ; 
 which falls into the frozen ocean. The 
 centre is in Ion. 113 0 w, lat. 01 20 x. 
 
 Slawkow, See Austcrlitz. 
 
 Sleaford, a large well built, and popu- 
 lous town in Lincolnshire, on the Slea, with 
 a castle in ruins, a neat and highly orna- 
 mented Gothic church ; a well endowed 
 
S L O 
 
 free- school, nnd an hospital. It has a 
 weekly market on Monday, five annual 
 fairs, and lies 18 miles s of Lincoln, and 1 15 
 Hi of London. 
 
 Sleatf a parish of Scotland, in “the s of the 
 isle of Skye, 17 miles in length, and from 
 one to three and a half in breadth. There 
 is a deep, fertile, clayey soil in the middle, 
 but the extremities are mountainous. There 
 is an excellent harbour in this parish. An 
 old castle in this parish was besieged in the 
 reign of James I V., by the Macleods, who 
 had the royal sanction to ravage this coun- 
 try. The siege, however, was raised, chief- 
 ly' by the address and fortitude of a Lady, 
 still celebrated by the name of Mary of 
 the Castle. Population is about 1903. 
 
 Slesividdandy or North Jutland^ a duchy 
 of Denmark, separated from Holstein, or 
 the king of Denmark’^ 
 by the river Eyder. 
 in length, and 60 
 
 S U A 
 
 s German dominions. 
 It is about 100 miles 
 in breadth ; and is a 
 
 pleasant, fertile, and populous country. 
 Sleswick is the capital. See Jutland, 
 Sleswreky an ancient and considerable 
 town of Denmark, capital of a duchy of the 
 same name. It is situated at the bottom 
 of an arm of the sea, called the Sley. It is 
 of great length, but irregular. The houses 
 are mostly built of wood, and of one story, 
 but very neat. In (he church is the elegaut 
 mausoleum of Frederic I., and in the vici- 
 nity, the old ducal palace of Gottorp, The 
 German and Danish languages are spoken 
 here, but a number of the inhabitants dress 
 like the Dutch, aud speak their tongue ; six 
 miles xw of Lubec, and 125 sw of Copen- 
 hagen. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 54 37 n. 
 
 SLIGO, a county of Ireland, in the pro- 
 vince of Connaught, 32 miles in length, 
 and as much in breadth ; bounded on the w 
 by Mayo, n and nw by the Atlantic, e by 
 Leitrim, and s aud sw by Roscommon and 
 Mayo. It contains 41 parishes, and one 
 town, and returns three members to parlia- 
 ment. The soil is fertile, but boggy on the E, 
 Population about 60,000. 
 
 SligOy the capital of the above county, 
 and the only market town in it. It is si- 
 tuated on a bay of the same name, which 
 is navigable to the towm for vessels of 200 
 tons, and near the mouth of a river, that 
 issues from Lough Gill, and falls into the 
 bay of Sligo. It has a castle, a charter 
 .school, and barracks for two companies of 
 foot. Here are the ruins of a magnificent 
 Dominican monastery. In the vicinity is 
 Lugnallogh, or the Ciant^s Crave, con- 
 sisting of perpendicular ranges of stones, 
 piled on each other’s ends, under which 
 bones have been found. It has an extensive 
 trade in corn, flour, beef, pork, butter, and 
 linen ; contains about 8,000 inhabitants, 
 and sends one member to parliament ; 26 
 miles K of Killala, 50 N by w of Roscom- 
 mon, aud 120 Nw of Dublin. Lou. S 54 w’, 
 ^at. 54 15 N. 
 
 SI,OK.r\l’S ISI.AVD, an of Mas- 
 
 I sachusetts, being about five miles in cir- 
 cuit, w of Buzzards Bay, in Braustap.® 
 county. 
 
 Slonim, a town in Novogrodeck, Lithu- 
 ania, on the Zezra, has a castle, 40 miles sw 
 of Novogrodeck, and 70 se of Grodno. 
 Lon. 23 57 e, lat. 53 0 N. 
 
 Slooten, or Sloten, a populous and trading 
 town of Friesland, Holland, on the rivulet 
 Ee, near the lake Slothen-mere, three miles 
 from the Zuyder Zee, 18 nw of Steenwick, 
 aud 20 ssw of Le warden. 
 
 Sloughy a village on the Bath road, full 
 of inns, famous tor being the place whera 
 the celebrated Dr Herschel produced his 
 astronomical studies for many years ; four 
 miles NW of Colnbrook, aud 20 w of 
 London. 
 
 Slousky or Sluck, a large and populous 
 town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of No- 
 vogrodeck, has three Greek churches. It is 
 situated on the Siong, 75 miles ese of No- 
 vogrodeck. Lon. 27 54 E, lat. 52 50 n. 
 
 "stuttenburg, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Petersburgh, on the s side of 
 the lake Ladoga, 30 miles e of St Peters- 
 burgh. 
 
 Slugs, a town of Holland, Dutch Flan- 
 ders, situated opposite the isle of Cadsaud, 
 with a good harbour, and some fine sluices, 
 by which the country may be inundated. 
 In 1587, it was taken by the Spaniards, 
 retaken by the Dutch in 1602, and taken by 
 the French in 1794. It is 10 miles n of 
 Bruges. Lou. 3 25 e, lat, 51 19 n. 
 Smaland. See Smoland. 
 
 Smalkald, or Smalkalden, a town of Up- 
 per Saxony, in the county oUHenueberg, 
 subject to Hesse Cassel, with a fine castle oo 
 a mountain, and in the viciniiy are irou 
 mines and salt pits. It is celebrated for (he 
 league of its name entered into by the Lu- 
 therans, against the emperor, in 1531, to 
 defend their religion and liberties. It stands 
 on a river of the same name, 25 miles sw of 
 
 Erfurt. Lon. 10 47 e, lat. 50 45 n. 
 
 Smallholm, a parish of Scotland, Rox- 
 burghshire, of an irregular form, about 
 four miles long from e to w, and three) 
 broad from n to s. The surface and soil 
 i are various, but well cultivated, and gene- 
 rally productive. In the parish is a square* 
 tower of the same name, apparently of con- 
 siderable antiquity, which serves as a mark 
 for mariners coming into the harbour of 
 Berwick. The village is situated on the 
 road from Edinburgh to Kelso, about five 
 miles from the latter place. Population 
 about 446. 
 
 Small Isles, a parish of Scotland, in the 
 Hebrides, comprehending the islands of 
 Eigg, Rurn, Cauna, and Muck, lying sw of 
 the s end of the island of Skye,- to the pres- 
 bytery oF which It belongs. Eie, in w’hich 
 the parish minister and schoolmaster, and a 
 popish priest reside, belongs to Inveincsv- 
 shire, and the other three to Argyishi:<j. 
 PopulMion about 1339. . . 
 
S M O 
 
 SNA 
 
 Smarden, a town n Kent, by the Med- 
 jVay, with a market on IViday, seven miles 
 s o! Lenbum^ 10 se ol Maiusione, and 56 se 
 of I o idon. 
 
 Smithjieldy the capital of Johnson county, 
 North Caro.uia, on the Neus, in a beaHiifui 
 plain. miles se of Ralegh, and 70 wa^w 
 of Nev b ‘rn. 
 
 Smithjieldy a town in the Isle of Wight 
 county, Virginia^ stands on the Pagan 
 creek, w'hich runs into James^ river, 70 
 miles SE fit Richmond. 
 
 S ith Boroutjh, a towm in Monaghain, 
 \J Islei , ti ■ e vu i les \v of Monog hai n . 
 
 Smith Island, in the Soutn Pacific 
 ©cean. Lon. 161 54 e, lat. 9 44 s. 
 
 Sniitlds Island, ihe .‘ioviihernmost of the 
 range os islands in the Atlantic o ean, along 
 ih»^ e«)asi oi Northampton an^. Accomack 
 count! ^s, Virginia. 
 
 SmiWs Island, a small island at the e 
 end of the island of Antigua. 
 
 Smith Town, a town in Suffolk county 
 New York, on the n side of Long IsUtnd, 
 SZ miles e by N of New York. 
 
 Smithville, the chief town of Brunswick 
 county, North Carolina, near the mouth of 
 Cape Fear river, Z5 miles ssw of Wilmington, 
 Lon. 78 30 w, lat. 33 50 n. 
 
 SMOLAND, or Smalamd, a province of 
 Gothland, in Sweden, in which are immense 
 forests of pine and fir. This province is 
 140 miles long, and from 40 to 78 broad. 
 This province produces a great quantity of 
 hops, and much iron is tound in the lakes 
 and marshes in the Span. There are 
 numerous plots of arable land among rocks 
 and pasiure. Jonkopmg is the capital. 
 
 SMOLENSK, a duchy of Russia, on the 
 frontiers of Lithuania, forming one of the 41 
 Russian governments. In J 654, it was con- 
 quered b} Alexay Michaelov itch, and ceded 
 to Ru.ssia,ai the peace of Moscow m 1666. 
 
 Smolensk, a city of Russia, capital of 
 the government of the same name. It is 
 situated on the banks of the Duieper. It is 
 surround-‘d by walls 30 feet high, and 15 
 thick ; their circumference is four miie.s 
 end three quarters. The city is divided 
 through its whole length by one straight 
 pave^l street ; the others are circular, and 
 floored with planks. 'I he houses are mostly 
 of wood and only one story, except a few 
 that are dignified with the name of palaces. 
 The cathedral stands on an eminence and 
 commands a view of the Wuole cit)'. With- 
 in the w’alls are gard ns, meadow\s, and 
 cornfields. Notwithstanding its extent, it 
 contains only about 4000 inliabitants, and 
 has no manu.actures, but carries on, with 
 Dantzic, Riga, and the Ukraine, a con- 
 siderable traffic in linen, hemp, honey, wax, , 
 leather, furs, tfec. On the 17th of August 
 Bonaparte attempted to take lui.^ 
 city by storm, when the slaughter wa.- 
 tremendous on both sides ; and a Litle after 
 midnight the Russians retired, having first 
 «et fir© Id their maguziucs, tfeOt The 
 
 ij French, on their retreat from Moscow, 
 i evacuated it on the i7th of November the 
 same year. It is 130 miles ese ol Polotsk, 
 197 NE of Novogrodeck, and 230 wsw of 
 Aioscow. Lon. 3^ 33 e, lat. 54 50 n. 
 
 Smorgone, a town in the palatinate of 
 Wilna, Lithuania, 46 miles ese of Wiina. 
 j Smijnhnsen, a town in the duchy of 
 j Holstein, Lower Sa.xony, 16 miles w' of 
 ■j iiend.sburg, 
 
 Smyvjia, a sea port of Asiatic Turkey 
 and one of ihe largest and richest cities of 
 the Levant. The goodness of tlie harbour 
 j has caused it to be rebuilt several times, 
 
 I after having been destroyed by earthquakes* 
 
 I It is the rendezvous of merchants from al- 
 j most all parts of the world, and the maga- 
 j zine of their merchandise. The Turks have 
 19 mo.sqiies, the Greeks three churches, the 
 Armenians one, the Jews six s^'uagogues 
 and the Latins three convents. There are 
 here three bishops, one Greek, another 
 j Latin, and the third Armenian. The streets 
 I are open, and better paved, and the houses 
 I superior to those in other towns on the con- 
 tinent. The street of the Franks is the 
 finest in Smyrna. The Dutch and English 
 factors have protestaut chapels. Here are 
 a fort, a castle, and an old citadel for the 
 deieace of the town. The population is 
 computed at 100,000. It is eight days jour- 
 ney from Constantinople by laud, 25 from 
 Aleppo, by the caravans, six from Cogna, 
 seven from Cataya, and six from Sataiin. 
 The caravans of Persia often bring 200 
 bales of silk in a year, besides drugs and 
 cloths. The other commodities brought 
 here are, thread made of goats hair, cotton 
 yarn, cotton in bags, and all sorts of carpets. 
 Most of the trade passes through the hands 
 I of the Jews. It is situated at the bottom of 
 j a large ba}', 190 miles ssw of Constanti- 
 nople. Lon. 27 25 E, lat. 38 28 x. 
 
 Smyrna, New, a thriving town of East 
 Florida, on the w side of the s branch of 
 I the Mosquito inlet, about 10 miles above the 
 I capes of that river, about 30 miles n of Cape 
 j Curnaveral, and 80 sse of St. Augustin. 
 
 I Lat. 28 28 N. It is inhabited by a colony of 
 j Greeks, &c. 
 
 j Snaokenbzirg, a town of Lower Saxony, 
 
 I in Brunswick Lunenburg, stands at the 
 I junction of the Utcht and the Elbe. It is a 
 large trading place, 29 miles e by s of 
 Danuenburg* 
 
 Snajjield, a lofty mountain in the Isle of 
 Man, iroiu the top of which there is a dis- 
 tinct view of the mountains of Galloway in 
 j Scotland, of Cumberland and Lancashire in 
 I England, of Caernarvonshire in Wales, and 
 ol Arkiow in Ireland. It is about eight milts 
 X of Douglas. 
 
 Snaith, a small brisk trading town in 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, situated at 
 ihe conlliix of the rivers Aire and Don. It 
 has a weekly market on Friday, and threo 
 innual fairs. It lies 22 miles s of York, and 
 175 N by w of London, 
 
S O A 
 
 snake INDIANS, a tribe of Nortli 
 
 Americans, wUo inhabit the sw side of 
 Jlissouri river, in lat. about 47 N, ami Ion. 
 i07 w! The Shevetoon Indians inhabit on 
 the opposite side of the river. 
 
 Sneck, or Sriitz, a handsome and popu- 
 lous town of Friesland, Hoilaud, stands on 
 marshy ground, near a lake of its name, 
 eiglu miles s of Franeker, and 15^ sw of 
 Le warden. 
 
 Sneirue, a town in the province Oi Irak, 
 
 S O C 
 
 Persia, 57 miles wKvv ot Amadau. Lon. 
 
 46 24 E, lat. 35 45 N. 
 
 Snetih^imy a town in Norfolk, stands on a 
 ^mall inlet of the sea, with a market on 
 Friday, 12 miles n by e of Lynn Regis, and 
 111 N by E of Loi.don. 
 
 Sniadiriy a town in the palatinate ot 
 Bizese, Liibiiania, on the Prynee, 45 miles 
 SE of Slack, and 100 e of Pinsk. 
 
 Sniatiuy a trading town of Little Poland, 
 in the palatinate of Lemberg, or kingdom of 
 Gaiiciu, seated on tlv Pruth. U is eight 
 miles E of Coloni, and 1 10 se of Lemburg. 
 Lon. 25 50 e, lat. 48 3a n. . ^ 
 
 Snizort, a parish in the N of the isle of 
 Skye, has its name from a large bay which 
 indents the island, about 18 miles long, and 
 nine where broadest. The surface, parti- 
 cularly near the eastern shore is rugged and 
 mountainous, and it scarcely produces 
 grain and potatoes sufficient for the inhabi- 
 tants. Black cattle is the staple. The 
 parish is intersected by many rapid streams, 
 of which the Snizort is the principal, which 
 forms an island near its mouth containio.^. 
 the ruins of a cathedral, and a bur}ing 
 ground still much used. In the parish are 
 several druidical temples, and a number of 
 tumuli- At the foot of a rock stands an 
 erect stone 300 f'et in circumference at the 
 base, and about 300 feet high, tapering to a 
 point. In one of the rivers is a grand 
 Waterfall, 90 feet high. In 1706, there 
 was neither church nor manse in this parish. 
 Population 2,144. 
 
 Snowdoriy a famous mountain of North 
 Wales, in Caernarvon.'^hire. This is the 
 most noted eminence in the whole region 
 of (he W^ehsh hills. The height of this 
 mountain reckoning from the quay ol 
 Caernarvon to its highest peak is 357 1 feet. 
 On its summit are two lakes that abound 
 with fish, particularly the Char and (he 
 Guiuiard, It was held sacred by the an- 
 cient Britons, as Parnassus was by th-* 
 Greeks. It commands a view of Scotland, 
 of Cumberland, and of Ireland. 
 
 Snowhilly a port of entry, and post town 
 of Maryland, and the capital of Worcester 
 county. On the Pokorncke, 12 milt^ Irom 
 its mouth in the Chea.sapeak, has a small 
 export trade, 30 miles se of Vienna, Lon. 
 75 40 w, lat. 38 8 n. 
 
 ' So ana, a (own in the Siennese, Tuscany, 
 on a monn(ain, near the Flora, 46 miles s 
 by E of Sienna. 
 
 SoanOf a river of Hindooslan, which 
 
 issues from a lake, on the S borders of 
 Ailuhbad, w'hich also gives rise to the 
 Nerbudda., and fiowing in an opp >si(e direo* 
 tion on that river, 1500 miles, falls into the 
 Gauges above Patna. 
 
 Soar, a river in Leicestershire, which has 
 its source in the NW part of the county, runs 
 by Leicester, and Moimtsorrel, flows a 
 little to the e ahd n of L.aighborough, and 
 then separates Nottinghamshire from this 
 county, till it falls into the Trent. 
 
 So bernherm, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of Upper Rhine, on the Nahe, U 
 miles w by s of Krent 2 nacri. 
 
 Sobieslan, a town in the circle of Bechin, 
 Bohemia, has manufactures of cloth, 12 
 miles EsE of Bechin. 
 
 Sobotka, a town in the circle of Bunts- 
 lau, Bohemia, eight miles e by n of Jung 
 Buntzlau. 
 
 Sochackzoit, a town of Poland, in Maso- 
 
 via, 20 miles from the Vistula. 
 
 Socheu, a town of China, m the province 
 of Chen~si, defended by a (ort. Here is a 
 temple dedicated to a blind man, said to have 
 been one of the greatest politicians in Chi- 
 na. Lon 1 12 20 E, lat. 38 48 n. 
 
 SOCIETY ISLANDS, a clusier of is- 
 lands in the South Pacific ocean, of which 
 the principal are Huaheine, Ulitea, Otaha, 
 and Bolaboia. The names of the other 
 three are Mourua, Tubai, and Tabooya- 
 manoo, Tliey were discovered by captain 
 Cook in 1769, and had their name in honour 
 of the Royal Society, and are situated nw 
 j of Oiaheiie, between lat. 16 10 and t6 55 s, 
 
 I and between Ion. 150 57 and 152 B w. The 
 I soil, productions, the people, their language, 
 i religion, customs, and manners, are nearly 
 I the same as at Otabeite. The people of 
 j Huabeine are in general stouter and fairer 
 I than those of Otaheite, and the island is 
 remarkable for its populousness and fertility. 
 Those of Ulitea, on the contrary, are smal- 
 ler and blacker, and much less orderly, 
 Tiie soil produces plenty of subsistence 
 without cultivation, which renders the inha- 
 bitants indolent. A plantain branch is the 
 emblem of peace, and the greatest token of 
 friendship is changing names. 
 
 Sock, a village in Somersetshire, s of II- 
 chester, noted for a large pod of brackish 
 water, of which pigeons drink freely, but 
 cattle will not taste it. 
 
 SOCONUSCO, a province of New’ Spain, 
 in the audience of Guatimala. It is about 
 100 miles long and frt)n» 30 to 60 broad. 
 It is sheltered on the n by a range of high 
 mountains, W’hich renders the air very hot. 
 There are few seulements besides the capi- 
 tal. It produces not much corn, but great 
 quantities of cocoa and indiiio. 
 
 Soconmeo, or Guevi tlan, a town on the 
 w coast of New Mexi. o, capi al el the pro- 
 vince of Socoiiusco, on a river, near the Pa- 
 cific ocean, 130 miles nw of Guatiniala, 
 and 440 se of Mexico. Lon. 04 16 w, lat* 
 15 12 N. 
 
S O F 
 
 S O I 
 
 SOCOTERA, or Socotra, ao island of 
 Asia, lying: between Arabia Felix and Afri- 
 ca, about 80 miles in length and 22 in 
 breadth. If is particularly noted for its 
 fine aloes, known by the name of Socotrine 
 .iloes. The natives are Mahometans, with 
 a mixture of Paganism, and they* have a 
 king who depends on Arabia, It abounds 
 ill cattle and fruit. Tamara is the ca- 
 pital. 
 
 Soczowaj a towTi of Moldavia, European 
 Turkey, on the Seret, 32 miles sw of 
 Jassy. 
 
 Sodbur^f or Chipping Sodbunj, a town 
 of Gloucestershire, has a market on Thurs- 
 day, one of the greatest for cheese in Eng- 
 land. It stands in a bottom near the Downs. 
 The town is governed by a bailiff, who by 
 virtue of an old royal grant, nominates 
 88 of the inhabitants to pasture each a cow, 
 on an adjoining piece of ground, called the 
 Rodings, during their own lives and those of 
 their wuves. Here is a free-school and 
 fairs May 23d and June 24th. At Old Sod- 
 biiry, two miles and a-half to the ne, is an 
 ancient camp of great extent, w^hich the 
 army of king Edward IV, occupied a little 
 before the battle of Tewkesbery. It is 1,5 
 miles ENE of Bristol, ai>d 110 w of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Soderhamn, See Suderhamn, 
 
 . Sodomy formerly a town of Asia, suppo- 
 sed to have stood on a plain, now under 
 water, in w^hat is called the dead Sea, or 
 lake Asphaltites, in Judea. 
 
 Sodovy a village of Icolumbkill, one of 
 the Western isles of Scotland. The name 
 applies to the Southern division of the He- 
 brides, but more particularly to Icolumbkill. 
 It was formerly a bishop’s see, comprehend- 
 ing all the isles, together with the Isle of 
 Man, and to this day the bishop of Man 
 is styled The bishop of Sodor and Man. 
 
 Sodus, a town on the s side of lake On- 
 tario, state of New York, on a bay, nine 
 miles long and four broad, which forms a 
 safe harbour, when the rest of the lake is 
 agitated by a storm, 80 miles E of Niagara. 
 Lon. 77 5 w, lat. 43 10 n. 
 
 Soeborg, a town in the island of Zealand, 
 Denmark, on an island in a fresh water 
 lake, 15 miles wxw of Elsinore. 
 
 Soest, a large, handsome, and rich town 
 of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, for* 
 merly free and imperial. The streets are 
 watered by streams that proceed from the 
 lake. The cathedral is divided between 
 tile Lutherans and Catholics, a great pro- 
 portion of the inhabiiants being of the latter 
 persuasion. The inhabitants have a great 
 trade. It is 12 miles wsw of Lippestadt, 
 and 30 sE of Munster. j 
 
 , SOFALA, or Cefala, a kingdom of | 
 Africa, lying on the coast of Caffraria, ’• 
 near Zanguebar, stretches 150 miles along jj 
 the coast, and 250 inland. It contains || 
 mines of gold and iron, and a great number : 
 wf elephants. It Is govetDed by a king, i 
 
 tributary to the^ Portuguese. Sofala, the 
 capital, is situated in a small island, near 
 the mouth of the river Cuama, and ^as a 
 fort constructed by the Portuguese, and is 
 of great importance for their trade to the 
 E Indies. Lon, 35 40 e, lat. 20 20 s. 
 
 Sofay or Sophia, a large town of Turkey 
 in Europe, capital of Bulgaria, .stands at 
 the foot of the mountains of Argentaro, on 
 the Bogana, is an archbishop’s see, contains 
 70,000 inhabitants, and has a good trade. 
 It is 156 miles wnw of Adrianople, Lon. 
 23 58 E, lat. 42 35 N. 
 
 Sofroyy a town ©f Fez, noted for a very 
 fine mosque, stands on an eminence, betw^een 
 two rivers, at the foot of a mountain of its 
 name, part of Mount Atlas. It is 12 miles 
 E of Fez. Lon. 4 48 w’, lat 33 40 n. 
 
 SOGNO, a maritime province of the 
 kingdom of Congo, s of the river Zaire. It 
 is a dry sandy country, but yields abun- 
 dance of salt. The inhabitants are said to 
 be Christians converted by the Portuguese. 
 The capital is Banza Sogno, and stands near 
 the mouth of the Zaire. Here the Capu- 
 chins have a church. It lies 160 miles wsw 
 of St. Salvador. Lon. H 55 e, lat. 6 
 Os. 
 
 Sohagepour, capital of a district in the 
 province of Allahabad, Hindoostan, seated 
 near the Saone, 130 miles s of Allahabad. 
 Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 23 30 n. 
 
 Soham, or Monk’s Soham, a town in 
 Cambridgeshire, near Soham Meers, stands 
 in a fen of its name, which comprehends 
 1000 acres of land. It has a market on 
 Saturday, is five miles sse of Ely, and 70 n 
 by E of London. 
 
 SohOy a village in Staffordshire, tw’O miles 
 Nw of Birmingham, noted for its manufac- 
 ture of the various articles common to Bir- 
 mingham, Sheffield, <fec. and in 1797 a 
 mint was established here by government 
 for the coinage of copper, and in 1804 the 
 bank of England dollars were stamped 
 at this mint. The town was recently foun- 
 ded by Mr. Bolton, on a plan admirably 
 adapted to the health and convenience of 
 its inhabitants. 
 
 Soigniesy a town in Hainault, Nether- 
 lands, on the Senne, near a forest of its 
 name, eight miles ne of Mons. 
 
 Soissons, an ancient, large, and consi- 
 derable city of France, in the department 
 of Aisne, anciently the capital of a kingdom 
 of the .same name, under the first race of the 
 French kings. It is a bisbop^s see and the 
 cathedral has one of the most considerable 
 chapiters in the kingdom. Here were 
 crowned Louis Philip the bold, and Louis 
 XIV. Here is an ancient castle. It con- 
 tains above 12,000 inhabitants. It is sitna- 
 ated in a fertile valley, on the Aisne, 30 
 miles w by n of Rheinis, and 60 ne of Pa- 
 ris. Lon. 3 19 E, lat. 49 23 n. 
 
 SOISSONNOIS, a late province of 
 France, abounding in corn, wood, and pas- 
 tures. With the late province of Ver- 
 
SOL 
 
 sandois it now forms the department of the 
 Solan^Oy au island on the coast of Peru, 
 
 12 miles s of Port Carlo. 
 
 Solanta, a town in Val di Mazara, Si- 
 cily, from which a cape and bay on the n 
 coast take their name, 10 miles e of Pa- 
 
 Soldau, a town of W Prussia, on pe 
 Krn, 66 miles sE of Marienwerder, and 68 e 
 
 of Thorn. • .u 
 
 Soldin, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 New Mark, of which it was formerly the 
 capital. It has cloth and woollen manu- 
 factures, and a trade in hops, and is seated 
 on a lake of its name, from which issues 
 the river Mitzel. It is 26 miles n by e oi 
 Custrin. Lon. L5 7 e, lat. <33 i N. 
 
 Solebay, See Sonthwold, 
 
 Solenof, a salt lake of Independant Tar- 
 tary, situated midway betw^eeu lake Aral 
 and the Caspian sea, and is 80 miles long 
 and 20 broad. In it are two islands. 
 
 SOLURE, or Solothurn, a canton of 
 Switzerland, which holds the 1 1th ra.nk in 
 the Helvetic confederacy, into which it was 
 admitted in 1481. It is 36 miles in length 
 from N to s, and 25 in breadth from e to w, 
 and contains about 50,000 inhabitants. 
 The sou, tor the most part, is very ferule in 
 corn. The districts within the Jura are 
 rich in pasture, and in the mountains are 
 iron, lead, coal, marble, and alabaster. It 
 is divided into 1 1 bailiwics, and the inha- 
 
 bitants are ail Roman Catnolics, except 
 those of the bailliwic of Buckegberg, who 
 are of the reformed religion. The govern- 
 ment IS a complete aristocracy. 
 
 Solen.re, aii ancient town of Switzerland, 
 capital of the canton of the same name, and 
 is .strongly fortified. The churcu of St. 
 Urs ts a noble structure, built of whitish 
 
 grey stone ; the town house and arsenal are 
 good buildings. It contains about 4000 in- 
 hcihiianis, and is pleasantly situated on the 
 Aar, Soieure is 20 miles N of Bern, 
 and 30 ssw of Basel. Lon. 7 50 e, lat. 47 
 
 Solfatura, a lake of the Roman republic, 
 ill Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, former- 
 ly called Lacus Albulus. In this lake are 
 several floating isjai.ds, compo.sed of plants 
 and herbage matted together, with a soil of 
 sand and dust carried by the winds from 
 the adjacent ground, some of these adhering 
 from time to time to the shore havtv dimi- 
 nished the surface of the lake, which is now 
 less than a mile in circuit. A whitish 
 stream of a sulphureous smell and petrify- 
 ing quality, which increases ia strength till 
 it reaches the Teverone, i.ssues from this 
 lake. No fish are found in the Teverone 
 alter it receives this stream. 
 
 Solfatara, Si mountaiu of Naples, in the 
 Terra di Lavora, surrounded with other 
 mountains, in the form of an amphitheatre. 
 It has a cavity above a mile in length and 
 breadth, which smokes in the day, and 
 Nq. 26 — 6 ( 1 . 
 
 SOL 
 
 flames in the night. It 'is suppo.sed to have 
 a subterraneous communication with Mount 
 Vesuvius. Here are manufactures of al- 
 liim, sulphur, and vitriol. 
 
 Solfwitzborg, or Sglvisborgy a sea port 
 in the province of Blenkingen, Sweden, 
 nearly surrounded by the Baltic sea ; has a 
 castle, and w^as formerly of greater note, 
 33 miles wsw of Carlscrona. Lon. 14 32 
 
 E, lat. 56 2 N. . , V. -.u 
 
 Solihully a town in Warwickshire, with 
 a market on Wednejrday, and three annual 
 fairs. In the vicinity are vestiges of a. tri- 
 angular Danish camp, comprehending nine 
 acres, 12 miles w of Coventry, 24 ne of 
 Worcester, and 108 Nw of London. 
 
 Soiingeriy a town of Westphalia, and 
 duchy of Berg, stands near the Wipper, and 
 has manufactures of cutlery , and all kinds 
 of iron work, 15 miles ese of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Solkamsky a town of Russia, in the go- 
 verument of Perm, on the Us.solka, w hich 
 falls into the Kama, famous for its salt- 
 pits and horses. It is 430 miles ne of Ka- 
 san. Lon. 57 26 e, lai. 59 16 n. 
 
 Sollapour,8L town in Visiapour, Hindoos- 
 tan, stands near the Kistna, capital ^ 
 district celebrated for its mines of diamonds, 
 J30 miles sE of Visiapour. Lon. 77 10 b, 
 lat. 18 23 N. 
 
 So Her y a town near the nW coast of Ma- 
 jorca, stands in a celebrated vale of orange 
 trees ; and near it is a port from which the 
 oranges of this district are exported, 16 miles 
 NNEofPalrna 
 
 SOLMS, a princely county of Germany, 
 in Wetteravia, w of Upper Hesse. The 
 house of Solras consists of several branches, 
 the principal of which is Braunfels, which, 
 in 1742, was raised to the princely rank. 
 The capital is Braunfels, a mile e of which, 
 on a hill, is the decayed ca.stle of Sol ms, 
 the residence of the ancient counts. 
 
 Solomon^s Isles, or Land of the Arsaetdes* 
 See Danger, Isles of, 
 
 an island in the Indian ocean, 70 
 miles in circuit, w of Flores, aud s of Cele- 
 bes. Lon, 123 53 E, lat. 9 0^. 
 
 Solserino, a town iu Mantuan, Italy, IT 
 miles Nw of Mantuan. 
 
 Solta, an island in Dalmatia, w of Ne- 
 rissa, 1 1 1 miles in Circumference, 
 
 Solsona, a city in Catalonia, Spam, and 
 a bishop^s see, stands at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, 56 miles nnw of Barcelona. Lon. I 
 25 E, lat. 42 2 N. 
 
 Soltau, a town in the principality ot Lu, 
 nenburg Zell, Lower Saxony, on the Bohrne- 
 28 miles nnw of Zell, aud 28 wsw of Lune- 
 
 ^oltcamp, a town of Holland, Gronin- 
 I, at the mouth of the Hunse, which i? 
 led Groningen Deep, has a large tort, 17 
 [es Nw of Groningen. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^olva, a town in Pembrokeshire, Wales, 
 ;h a harbour at the mouth of the Soivach, 
 ee miles e of St. David. 
 
 Solvitzburg, a town of Blekmgen, Swe« 
 T t 
 
SOM 
 
 SOM 
 
 with a castle in ruins, almost surroun- 
 ded by the Baltic, 36 miles wsw of Carls- 
 crona. 
 
 Solway Frith, a large arm of the sea, se- 
 parating Cumberland from Kirkcudbright 
 and Dumfries-shires. From its entrance at 
 Bx. Bees head, to the e point of Rowcliff 
 Bear Carlisle, is about 50 miles, and the 
 width from that head to the isle of Ross, 
 at the mouth of the Dee, is eight or nine 
 leagues. At Boulness, where it is fordable 
 at low water, it is two miles over at flood. 
 The current in this frith is extremely rapid. 
 The narrow part of it, at Boulness, is cros- 
 sed at low water by carriages and horses. 
 The Southern Dee, the Urr, the Nith, the 
 Annan, the Kirtle, the Sark, the Esk, the 
 Wampool, Darweut, Eden, and the Liddle, 
 pour their streams into this estuary. At 
 the mouths of these rivers are valuable 
 salmon fishings, and in some seasons great 
 quantities of herrings have been caught 
 within the bay. 
 
 Solway Moss, a large black morass in 
 Cumberland, near the river Esk, on the bor- 
 ders of Scotland, two miles long and one 
 broad. In 1771, this morass, being swoln 
 with rain, burst out at the eastern extremi- 
 ty, spread over about 400 acres of land, 
 and demolished some farm houses, as it 
 made its way to the Esk, and the surface 
 of the moss sunk 24 feet. Here, in 1543, 
 the English, under Sir Thomas Wharton, 
 gained a signal victory over the Scots, com- 
 manded by king James V. in consequence 
 of a mutiny among the Scottish nobles, 
 which is said to have occasioned the death 
 of their king. 
 
 Solymania, or Slierezur, capital of the 
 largest district in Lower Kurdistan, Asiatic 
 Turkey, stands in a delightful valley, at the 
 foot of mount Zagras. Sherezur, having been 
 rebuilt by Solyman the Great, assumed his 
 name. The governor, w^ho is always a 
 Kurd, assumes the title of Pasha of Kurdis- 
 tan, 35 miles e by s of Kerkouk, and J80 
 KNK of Bagdad. Lon. 45 20 e, lat~ 35 
 
 20 N. 
 
 SOMBRERA, or Sombrero, a cluster 
 of small islands in the West Indies, about 18 
 miles Nw of Anguilla, belonging to the 
 English, and uninhabited. The most re- 
 markable of them is about three miles long, 
 and the Spaniards, finding that it had some 
 resemblance to a hat, gave it this name. It 
 is 80 miles sw of St. Christopher. Lon. 63 
 37 w, lat. 18 50 N. 
 
 .SOMBRERE, an island of Asia, in the 
 I^diau ocean. It is one of the Nicobar 
 islands, and gives name to a channel nearly 
 ill the middle of the islands, 30 miles n of 
 Nicobar. 
 
 Sombrerete, a town in Zacatecas, New 
 Spain, capital of a district containing rich 
 silver mines, 80 miles \w of Zacatecas. 
 
 SOMERSET, a well cultivated county of 
 New Jersey, on the n side of the great road 
 i^om New York to Philadelphia. The 
 
 j soil, especially on Rariton river and it« 
 
 I branches, is good, and produces good crops 
 I of wheat. It is divided into six townships, 
 and contains 12,296 inhabitants. 
 
 Somerset, the capital of the above coun- 
 ty, stands on Millstone river, 23 miles n of 
 Trenton, and 72 ne by n of Philadelphia. 
 
 Somerset, a town of Massachusetts, in 
 i Bristol county, on the Taunton, 50 miles s 
 by w of Boston. 
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE, a county of Eng- 
 land, bounded on the nw by the Bristol 
 channel, n by Gloucestershire, from w hich 
 j it is divided by the Avon, e by Wiltshire, sr 
 I by Dorsetshire, and sw by Devonshire. Its 
 j extent from e to w is 65 miles, and 
 from N to s 45. It contains 42 hundreds, 
 475 parishes, two cities, 28 market towm^ 
 1700 villages and sends 16 members to par- 
 liament, and contains about 303,180 inha- 
 I bitants. The air in the low’^er grounds is , 
 universally mild, and generally wholesome. 
 The soil is various. It is high and stony 
 in the ne quarter, in the centre are fens and 
 marshy moors; on the w are the Quantock 
 hills, with many downs and open heaths, and 
 j in the nw corner is the barren tract called 
 Exmoor. On the s, it is well cultivated 
 throughout the county, particularly in the 
 j sw quarter, are vales of great fertility. 
 The principal rivers are the Parrel, Ivel, 
 Thone, Brent, and Avon, The Mendip hills 
 afford abundance of coal, lead, calamine, 
 copper, manganese, bole and red ochre. 
 Cyder is a common product of this county, 
 
 I and it has a considerable share in the wool- 
 j len manufacture. The marshes supply the 
 I market with the best goose feathers for 
 i beds. Bristol is the capital of this county 
 j with respect to size, population, and com- 
 I merce ; but Bath is the grand place of re- 
 I sort for health and pleasure. Bath and 
 I Wells are the two cities which form one 
 j bishopric. 
 
 1 Somersham., a large village, seated 
 among fens, in Huntingdonshire. At this 
 place the bishop of Ely had formerly a pa- 
 lace, and here is a mineral spring, contain- 
 ing green vitriol, allum, and fixed air, useful 
 for washing ulcers and cancers, five miles 
 NNE of St. Ives. 
 
 Somorton, a town in the middle of So- 
 mersetshire, from which the county took its 
 name, and formerly a place of note. Some 
 ruins of its castle form part of the Bear inn. 
 Between Bridgewater and this place is 
 Sedgemoor, a rich tract of land, where the 
 I duke of Monmouth was defeated, in 1685. 
 It has a market on Tuesday. It is 13 miles 
 s of Wells, and 123 w by s of Loudon. 
 
 Sonima, a town in Terra di Lavoro, Na- 
 ples. Tho vicinity produces silk of the best 
 quality, 10 miles e of Naples. 
 
 SOMME, a department of France, com- 
 prehending the late province of Picardy. 
 The Somme, from which it takes its name, 
 runs through it in a nw direction, by St, 
 Quetin, Perouoe, Amiens, Abbeville, and 
 
SON 
 
 St. Valery, and falls into tbe English chan- 
 nel. Amiens is the capital. , , . , , 
 
 Sommerdyek, the chief town of the island 
 of Overllakee, S Holland, five miles EsE of 
 
 ” Sontm^/eid, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the New Mark, seated on the Luim. It has 
 manufactures of fine cloths, and is 15 miles 
 
 ssw of Crossen. , , ^ . . 
 
 Sommieret, a town in the department of 
 Card, France, on the Vidourle. It has a 
 manufacture of thick serges ; 14 miles w by 
 
 ^ of Nismes. . 
 
 Sommorostro, a town on the coast of 
 Biscay, Spain, noted for its iron mine ; 14 
 miles NW of Bilboa, 
 
 Soncino, a strong town of the Cremonese, 
 Italy, situated on the Oglio, 20 miles n by 
 
 w’ of Cremona. . , . i j r 
 
 Sonderhorg, a sea port in tbe island of 
 Alsen, with one of the best harbours in 
 Denmark, and n royal palace, in which 
 Christian II. was confined 13 y«ars. It is 
 16 miles enb of Hendsburg. Lon. 9 49 e, 
 lat. 54 57 N. 
 
 Sondershamen, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 capital of the Lower county of Schwaru- 
 burg, with a fine castle on a mountain, 
 stands on the Wippcr, 24 miles N ot Erturt. 
 Lon. 11 2 E, lat. 51 21 N. 
 
 Sondrioy a town of the Gnsons, and 
 capital of the province of the Valteline, 
 united to the late Italian repubUc. It is 
 seated at the extremit^^ of a narrow valley, 
 on both sides of tbe Malenco, a furious tor- 
 rent which falls into the Adda. Sondrio is 
 10 miles ne of Morbegno, 14 sw of Triano, 
 and 34 ne of Como. 
 
 Sonepoury a town in Orissa, Hindoostan, 
 at the conflux of the Mahanada and the 
 Taile, 45 miles s of Sumbulpour. 
 
 Sonergona. See Sunergong, 
 
 Song-kiangy a city of China of the first 
 rank, in the province of Kiangnan, .stands 
 amid several canals, near the sea. It has 
 a great trade in cotton cloth, and is 560 
 miles s of Pekin. Lou. 120 45 e, lat. 
 
 31 0 N. , u 
 
 SOXKUAS, a people that inhabit the 
 S part of Africa, to the N of the Cape of 
 Good Hoi>e. 
 
 Sonneberg.diiQ'fJXi in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, has an extensive trade in whetstones, 
 nails, mirrors, cfec. H miles nne of Co- 
 
 burg. m . 1 
 
 Sonnebergy a town and castle in Tjrol, 
 
 Germany, capital of a lordship of its name, 
 10 miles ese of Feldkifch. 
 
 Sonnewaldy a towi) of Lusatia, seated on 
 the Dober, 12 miles sw of Liickau. 
 
 Sonnebergy or Sonnenburg, a town of 
 Brandenburg, in the New Alark, with a 
 castle, on the Lenze. It is the seat of the 
 grand mastership of the knights of Malta in 
 Brandenburg, Saxony, and Pomerania, apd 
 is nine miles e of Custrin. 
 
 SONORA, or New Navarre, a province 
 of New Spain, in the Audience of Guada- 
 
 s o It 
 
 laxarti, on the e side of the Gulf of Califor- 
 nia. It is an arid and hilly country. The 
 N part is inhabited by the Pimas nation of 
 Indians, and therefore called Pimeria; the 
 other parts are thinly inhabited ; but contain 
 .some rich mines of silver. Arispe is the 
 capital. 
 
 Sonora y a town in the above province, 
 and a bishop's see, on the Sonora, 38 miles s 
 of Arispe. 
 
 Sonsonate, a sea port town and bay on tue 
 coast of Mexico. 
 
 SOOLOO, an island of the Indian ocean, 
 situated sw of Mindanao, nearly midway 
 between that island and Borneo. It is 36 
 miles long, and 12 broad, and is supposed to 
 contain about 60,000 inhabitants, who are 
 Mahomedaus. It is a great mart for pearls, 
 Sago, and edible bird nests. It is governed 
 by a sultan, whose power extends over a 
 number of islands in the Soohoo, Archipela- 
 go. The English East India company 
 have a resident here. Lou. 121 25 e, lat. 
 
 5 58 N. . ^ 
 
 SoondGy or SudhGy a town in Canara, 
 Hindoostan, the capital of a territory, whose 
 rajah, Hyder expelled in 1763, at which 
 period it contained 10,000 houses, but they 
 do not now amount to 100. It stands on 
 the Gangawali, above the Gauts, 60 miles 
 N by w of Nagara, and 75 N by E of Kunda: 
 pura. 
 
 Sophia See Sofia. 
 
 Svphianiay a town of Persia, in Aderbi- 
 jan, seated in a valley, 25 miles Nw of 
 Tauris. 
 
 Srphienberg a town in Zealand, Den» 
 mark, near the Sound, with a royal palace, 
 13 miles N of Copenhagen. 
 
 Sopro7i. See Edenburg. 
 
 Soroy an episcopal town of Naples, in the 
 Terra di Lavora, stands ou the Garigliano, 
 on the borders of Campagna di Roma, has a 
 castle, 46 miles e by s of Rome. Lon. 14 
 
 4 e, lat, 41 54 N. , v j 
 
 SoraUy a town of Lusatia, on the borders 
 of Silesia, with manufactures of cloth, and 
 a trade in yarn and linen ; eight miles w of 
 
 Segan, .... * 
 
 SoraUy a town in the principality of 
 Ratibor, Silesia, 21 miles E of Ratibor. 
 
 Sorbioy a beautiful parish in Wigtoiishire, 
 about six miles long, and on an average 
 two broad, lying on the s side of the bay 
 of Wigton, N of Whithorn. The soil is not 
 deep, but of excellent quality, and the sur- 
 , face finely diversified with little hills and 
 plains, and it yields abundant crops, and rich 
 pasture. The seat of the earl of Galloway 
 is in this parish, adjoining on the s, to the 
 harbour of Garlieston. There are two 
 villages, viz. Garlieston aod Sorbie. Popu- 
 lation about 1091. , 
 
 Sorbony or SorbonnCy a village in the 
 department of Ardennes, France, celebrated 
 for being tbe birth place of Robert Sorbon, 
 confessor to St Louis, who founded the 
 college of Paris, called after his name, 
 
 T \ ^ 
 
SOT 
 
 SOU 
 
 Sorely or Chambly, a river of Lower 
 Canada, which issues from lake Champlain, 
 and flcwiug n falls into the St Lawrence, 
 at the town of Sorel, or William Henry, 
 On iis banks are two forts. See Chambly, 
 and William Henry. 
 
 Sorento, a sea port of Naples, in the Prin- 
 «ipato Citra, and an archbishop^s see, on a 
 pi niusula, in the bay of Naples, at the foot 
 of a mountain of its name, and is famous as 
 the birth place of Tasso, 17 miles s by e 
 of Naples. Lon. 14 24 r, lat. 40 36. N. 
 
 Soria, a town in Old Castile, Spain, on 
 the site of the ancient Numatia, near the rise 
 
 01 the Douro, 74 miles ese of Burgos. Lon. 
 
 2 18 w, lat. 41 SO n, 
 
 Soriano, a town in Calabria Ultra, Na- 
 ples, 17 miles ene of Nicotera. 
 
 Sorn, a parish of Scotland, in Ayrshire, 
 about six miles and a-half square, and con- 
 taining 23,000 acres, nearly one half of 
 which is arable. The principal river is the 
 Ayr. The village of Catrine is situated in 
 Ibis parish. There is also a small village 
 named Dalgain, containing 192 inhabitants. 
 The parish abounds in coal, limestone, and 
 ironstone ; and there is a vein of lead here. 
 On the banks of the Ayr, w^hich are here 
 highly picturesque, stands the castle of Sorn, 
 which, while in possession of Sir William 
 Hamilton, was honoured with a visit from 
 king James V. The celebrated Mr Alex- 
 ander Peden, whose prophecies are w^ell 
 known, and who had so many miraculous 
 escapes from his unrelenting persecutprs, 
 was a native of this parish. In it are 
 several chalybeate and sulphureous springs. 
 Population q^out 2606. 
 
 Sorock, a town of Poland, situated on the 
 Dniester, w'ith a strong castle. 
 
 Sorue, a towm of Denmark, in the island 
 of Zealand, seated on a lake, with a royal 
 college, endowed with the revenues of a 
 once rich convent. It is 38 miles sw of 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Sos, a town in Arragon, Spain, on the 
 Confines of Navarre, 19 miles ke of Tudel, 
 and 40 w by s of Juca^ 
 
 Sosila, a town in Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 stands near the Cavery, with a fort, 25 
 miles sE of Seringapatam. 
 
 So.^peUo, an episcopal tow n of Piedmont, 
 in the county of Nice, on the Bevera, at 
 ihe foot of three mountains, has a trade in 
 dried fruits, particularly in figs. It is 1<5 
 miles N E of Nice. 
 
 SOTA-BPvITlL, an island of the He- 
 brides, eihout five miles in circumference, 
 lying about half a mile s of .Skye. 
 
 Solovenfo, a name arplied to the Lesser 
 Antilles, in (he We.st Indies. Among these, 
 the chief maj be reckoned Trinidad, Mar- 
 garetta, Curasson, and Tortugas. 
 
 .‘■'OTOVENTO 1.0150S, or I.EEWAnD 
 Island of Sea Wolves or Seals, on the 
 coast of Peru, is seven leagues from the 
 Barlevento Lpbos, or Windward Island of 
 
 Sea Wolves. It is about six miles in cir* 
 cuit, and 15 from Cape Aguja. 
 
 Sovano, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- 
 nese, 25 miles w of Orvieto, and 45 nnw of 
 Rome. 
 
 Souhise, a town in the department of 
 Lower Charente, France, stands on an 
 eminence near the Charente, 22 miles s of 
 Rochelle. 
 
 Soudak, a town of Crimea, formerly a 
 coD'^iderable sea port, seated at the extremi- 
 ty of a valley, fertile in the best grapes and 
 wine in the peninsula. Here are the re- 
 mains of an old fort on a mountain, 26 
 miles sw of Caffa. 
 
 Soudan, See Negroland, 
 
 ^ Souillae, a town in the department of 
 ! Lot, France, on the Borese, 32 miles n of 
 Cahors. 
 
 Sour, a river of the Netherlands, which 
 runs from n to s through Luxemburg, and 
 falls into the Moselle, a little above I'reves. 
 
 Sound, a strait between Sweden and 
 Denmark, through which ships usually sail 
 between the ocean and the Baltic. It is 
 about four miles broad, and here the Danes 
 I take toll of the merchant ships that pass. 
 See Elsinore, 
 
 Sourabaya, a town of Java, seated in a 
 level country, on the n coast, on a river 
 that is navigable for vessels of 100 tons. 
 Lat. 7 11s. 
 
 Soure, a town in Estremadura, Portugal, 
 on the Soure, 27 miles n of Leiria, 
 
 Souri, a tow^n in Laristan, Persia, seated 
 on the Persian gulf, 1 15 miles sw of Ormus. 
 Lon. 55 30 e, lai. 26 18 n. 
 
 Soicr or Svr, a sea-port of Syria, where 
 stood the famous city of Tyre, of which 
 nothing now remains but ruins. See Sur. 
 
 Sons. See Susa. 
 
 Soti-Tcheou, a city of China in the pro- 
 vince of Kiangnan, seated on the grand 
 I canal, and on a river that communicates 
 j with the lake Tai. Europeans compare it 
 I to Venice on account of the canals of fresh 
 water with which it is intersected, and from 
 I the amenity of the country around ; the Chi- 
 I nese style it the paradise of the world. The 
 I embroideries and brocades manufactured 
 i here are in great repute throughout the 
 j w^hole empire. It is famous for beautiful 
 j w^omen, who are purchased in infancy, 
 j educated in all the arts of pleasing, and sold 
 I to the opulent. Its population is very great, 
 
 ; the commercial intercourse prodigious. It 
 i is 560 miles s by n of Pekin, Lou. 120 
 I 0 E, lat. 31 22 N. 
 
 j Souterraine, a town in the department 
 ! of Creuse, France, 24 miles n of Limoges. 
 
 South sea ; See Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Southam, a town in Warwickshire, wdth 
 a considerable market on Monday, for cat- 
 1 tie, and three annual fairs. It is noted for 
 cyder. It lies 13 miles s of Coventry, and 82 
 Nw of London. 
 
 Southampton, supposed to be the Antoni 
 
sou 
 
 pf Tacitus, is a large and handsome town in 
 Hampshire, pleasantly situated on a fine 
 inlet of the sea, called Trissanton bay., or 
 Southampton water, between the Itchen 
 and the Test. This inlet is navigable al- 
 most to the head for vessels of 1<500 tons 
 burden. It was formerly a port of great 
 commerce ; at present the vessels employed 
 are 180, which trade principally with Jer- 
 sey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, as all 
 tbe\vool sent to these islands, duty free, 
 must be shipped at this port. It sends ships 
 also to the Mediterranean and Newfound- 
 land. It is a fashionable place of resort for 
 sea-bathing. The principal street is one of 
 the broadest *u England, and is three quarters 
 of a mile long, ending at an excellent quay, 
 the town is well paved and lighted, and sup- 
 plied with good water in pipes. There are 
 here five parish churches and a chapel be- 
 longing to an hospital, called house, 
 
 of ancient foundation, and still one of the 
 principal ornaments of the town. Here also 
 is a French protestant chapel. The town 
 is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, 
 who is admiral of the liberties, aldermen, 
 recorder, common council, <fec. and returns 
 two members to parliament. It has weekly 
 markets on tnesday, thursday, and Saturday, 
 and two annual fairs. Its walls are much 
 decayed, and its castle in ruins. At Wood- 
 mills, tw'o miles from the tow’n, is a manu- 
 facture of ships^ blocks, for the king's yards, 
 and three miles to the se are the venerable 
 remains of Netley Abbey. Southampton 
 is the birth place of the celebrated Isaac 
 Watts. In 1801, the population was 7913, 
 and in 1811, 9617. A mail packet is dis- 
 patched every morning from hence for Co«- 
 wes in the isle of Wight. Southampton, 
 is 12 miles s by w of Winchester, and 74 
 wsw of London. Lon. 1 24 w, lat. 50 
 54 N. 
 
 Southampton, a town in Suffolk county, 
 state of New York, stands on the s side of 
 Longisland, 12 miles sE of Sagg harbour, and 
 75 E of New York. 
 
 Southbury, a tow’D in Lichfield county, 
 Connecticut, 51 miles nw of Harford. 
 
 Southdean, a hilly parish in Roxburgh- 
 shire, about 12 miles long and seven broad, 
 lying on the banks of the Jed, and compre- 
 hending part of the old parish of Abotrule. 
 There is little arable ground, and the greater 
 part is devoted to pasturage. It feeds 17,000 
 sheep. Population is 697. 
 
 Southend, a village in Essex, in the pa- 
 rish of Prittlewell, at the mouth of the 
 Thames. It is a great resort for sea ba- 
 thing, being the nearest place to tbe capital 
 for that purpose, and has handsome accom- 
 modation for company, and is 44 miles e of 
 London. 
 
 Southend, a parish of Sco-tland, in Ar- 
 gyllshire, about 1 1 miles long and five 
 broad, lying at the s extremity of the penin- 
 ^ sula of Cantyre. It abounds in verdant 
 hills of smajl elevation well fitted for the 
 
 sou 
 
 rearing of sheep, and is of late much im* 
 proved. The island of Landa lies near the 
 coast of this parish. The parish contains 
 1825 inhabitants. The village is seven 
 miles s of Campbelion. Here are vessels 
 always in readiness to convey passengers, 
 cattle, <fec. to and from Bally castle in Ire- 
 land ; and near it, on a precipice overhang- 
 ing the sea, is the old castle of Danaverty. 
 
 Southjieet, a village in Kent, three miles 
 sw of Gravesend. At the commencement 
 of the present century, some stone coffins, 
 urns <fec. were discovered here, which shew 
 that it bad been a Roman station. 
 
 SOUTH HAMS, a district and several 
 villages in Devonshire, near Torbay. This 
 district is famous for cider, which in flavour 
 and taste resembles wine. The cabbaged 
 and carrots raised here are highly prized. 
 
 SOUTH KEY, one of tbe Bahama is- 
 lands in the West Indies, Lon. 74 0 w, 
 lat. 22 21 N. 
 
 Southhold, a town in Suffolk county. New 
 York, seated on the n side of an inland bay 
 at the E end of Long Island, 100 miles enb 
 of New York. Lon. 72 0 w, lat, 41 14 N, 
 Southmoulton ; See Moulton South, 
 Souttipetherton ; See Petherton South, 
 Southwark, a town in Surry, which may 
 be considered as part of the metropolis, be- 
 ing situated on the opposite side of the 
 Thames, and under the jurisdiction of the 
 city of London, which has an officer here, 
 called the bailiff of Southwark. It is cal- 
 led the Borough, by way of distinction ; and 
 js a large and populous place. It contains 
 six parishes. Many places of worship for 
 Dissenters, a Roman Catholic chapel, St. 
 Thomas's hospital, Guy's hospital, and the 
 Magdalene hospital; besides the King's 
 Bench and Marshalsea prisons, the county 
 Bridewell, a new county gaol, drc. la 
 1801, the population was 67,448, and ia 
 1811, 72,119; the latter number together 
 with Lambeth, and other out-parishes in 
 Surry dependent on the metropolis, augment 
 its population by 169/260. It sends two 
 members to parliament, has markets on 
 Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and a 
 noted fair on September 9th, proclaimed by 
 the lord Mayor of London, See London. 
 
 Southwell, an ancient town in Notting- 
 hamshire, It has a weekly market on Sa- 
 turday, and an annual fair. Here is an ele- 
 gant church, which is collegiate. This 
 town is exempted from the jurisdiction of 
 the county, and its own jurisdiction ex- 
 tends over 20 townships. Here are the re- 
 mains of a splendid palace demolished ia 
 the civil wars, which belonged to the arch- 
 bishops of York, 13 miles ne of Notting- 
 ham, and 129 nnw of Loudon, Lon. 0 
 51 w, lat. 53 6 n. 
 
 Southwick, See Colrend, 
 
 Southwold, a sea port of Suffolk, with a 
 market on Thursday. It is seated ou A 
 cliff at the mouth of the Blytb, and at high 
 tide is almost surrounded by water. Its 
 
SPA 
 
 salt and beer are much esteemed. It has a 
 considerable share in fishing herrings and 
 sprats, and a trade in corn. It is commonly 
 called Soicley or Solcy and its bay is named 
 Solebmj. In this bay, which affords safe 
 anchorage, was the great naval battle be- 
 tween the Dutch admiral de Ruyter and 
 James duire of York, in 1672, in which the 1 
 victory was undecided. Southw'old is 20 
 miles s of Yarmouth, and J0<3 se of London. 
 Lon. 1 <54 E, lat. <52 24 n. 
 
 Souto Major, a town of Portugal, in 
 Beira, 14 miles nw of Piribel. 
 
 Soutra, a hill in the united parishes of 
 Tala and Soutra, is 1000 feet above sea level, 
 and affords a vast and delightful prospect 
 towards the n. On the n side of this hill 
 stood the hospital of Soutra, founded by i 
 Blalcolm IV., king of Scotland, in 1164, | 
 for the accommodation of pilgrims, arid the 
 relief of the poor and diseased, and for a 
 place of Sanctuary. See Fala, 
 
 Sotivigmj, a town in the department of 
 the Allier, France, on the Qtiesne, 10 miles 
 \v by s of Moulins, and 167 s of Paris. 
 Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 46 30 n. 
 
 Sow, a river of Staffordshire, which rises 
 s of Newcastle, in the w part of the county, 
 flows SE by Eccieshal to Stafon!, receives 
 the peak from the s, and soon afterwards 
 joins the Trent. 
 
 SOW AND PIGS, a number of large 
 islands lying off the sw end of Catahuuk 
 island. 
 
 Sowerhy, a town in W Yorkshire, on the 
 Calder, over which is a bridge. It has 
 considerable manufactures of various kinds. 
 In 1801, the population was 4275, and in 
 ISll, 5117, three miles sw of Halifax. 
 
 Spa, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 bishopric of Liege; annexed to France in 
 1166, and included in the department of 
 Ourte, but retaken in 1814, on the defeat of 
 Bonapane. It is divided into the Old and 
 New Towns. The names of the five prin- 
 cipal mineral wells are Pouhon, Geronflerd, 
 Savin iere, Watpotz, and Tunnelet. The 
 part called the Old Spa, consists of poor 
 cottages ; the houses of the New Spa, are 
 mostly of w ood and plaister ; but the mo- 
 dern ones are of stone and brick. The 
 church of the Capuchins and the parish 
 church both stands upon eminences. The 
 inhabitants are much employed in making 
 toys for strangers. The tow'n is seated in a 
 valley, surrounded by mountuins. It is 17 
 miles SE of Liege. 
 
 SPAIN, a considerable kingdom of Eu- 
 rope, bounded on the n by the bay of Biscay, 
 ke by the Pyrenean mountains, which sepa- 
 rate jt from France, on the e and sk by th.' 
 iViediterritnean, on the s by the straits of 
 Gibraltiu*, on the sw' by the Atlnn.tic, and w 
 by Portugal and the Atlantic. It is about 
 700 miles long, and 500 broad. It contains 
 tlie provinces of Old and New Casiile, An- 
 dalusic'i, Arragou, E.^tramadura, Gallicia, 
 Leon, Cataloula, Granada, Valencia, Bis- 
 
 S PA 
 
 cay, the Asturias, Murcia, and Upper 
 varre; some of which were formerly sepa* 
 rate kingdoms. The air is dry and serene, 
 except during the Equinoctial rains, but ex- 
 cessively hot in the southern provinces in 
 summer, but the heat is allayed by the 
 breezes that come from its vast mountains, 
 Tlie soil is fertile ; but there are large tracts 
 of uncultivated ground. The produce of 
 the country is w’ heat, barley, saffron, hooey, 
 silk, saltpetre, hemp, barillas (a species of 
 pot-ash), and sugar canes. It produces the 
 richest and most delicious fruits that are to 
 be found in France and Italy, and its wines 
 are in high esteem. The domestic animals 
 are horses, which are remarkably fleet, 
 mules, black cattle, sheep, &c. The wool 
 is superior to any in Europe. Wolves are 
 the chief beasts of prey that infest the 
 kingdom. So ferocious are the wild bulls, 
 that the most magnificent spectacle which 
 the court could exhibit were bullfights. 
 Spain abounds in minerals and metals, cor- 
 nelians, agates, jacinths, loadstones tor- 
 quois stones, quick silver, copper, lead, suL 
 pnur, alu . , calamine, crystal, marble of 
 several kinds, porphyry, the finest jasper, 
 and even diamonds, emeralds, and amethysts 
 are found. Anciently it Was celebrated for 
 gold and silver mines. The principal rivers 
 are the Duero, Tajo, Guadiana, Guadal- 
 quiver, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most 
 j populous kingdom in Europe, is now but 
 I thinly inhabited. By the census t^ken in 
 1803, including the Balearic Islands, the 
 number of inhabitants was only 10,351,075. 
 The diminution of its population resulted 
 from the expulsion of the Moors, the emigra- 
 tions to the colonies, the vast numbers and 
 celibacy of the clergy, and the indolence of 
 the natives. The Spaniards, besides their 
 aversion to work, are too proud to stoop to 
 handicrafts ; consequently there is a great 
 want of necessary trades, and the greater 
 part of those that are to be met with are in 
 the hands of the French, who are very 
 numerous in Spain, The royal monopolies, 
 which include broad cloth, china, glass, 
 pottery, paper, salt, saltpetre, sulphur, 
 tobacco, snuff, and some others, are highly 
 injurious to their manufactures. The Spa- 
 niards, in general, are tall ; their com- 
 plexions are swarthy ; and their countenan- 
 ces expressive. The w'omen are small and 
 slender. Jealousy is said to be no longer 
 the characteristic of the Spaniards ; the 
 married ladies hare their cortejo, or male 
 attendant, as the Italians have their cicis- 
 beo. The established relig ion is the Roman 
 catholic, and here the inquisition reigned 
 in all its horrors; but in 1813, it was entire- 
 ly abolished under .Joseph Bonaparte, 
 Spain bad formerly eight archbishoprics, 
 46 episcopal sees, ;ind 24 universities, or 
 rather academies. The Spanish language i» 
 derived from the latin, Imt has a mixture 
 of Arabic, borrowed from the Moors, who 
 for^ seven centuries held dominiop in Spain ; 
 
SPA 
 
 the speech is sonorous, grave, and melodious. 
 
 It was once the most free, but became one 
 of the most despotic kingdoms in Europv-. 
 They had formerly their cortes, or parlia- 
 ments, which had great privileges ; but, 
 though absolutely abolished, they had lately 
 no part in the government. In 1808, Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte attempted to seize upon the 
 government of Spain, and for this purpose 
 be allured the royal family into France, and 
 detained them there, while he placed his 
 brother Joseph on the throne at Madrid, 
 with the title of king of Spain. To resist 
 this aggression a supreme Junta of govern- 
 ment of the kingdom was appointed, who, 
 in 1810, summoned the cortes to join them 
 at Cadiz, and this assembly, subsecpiently 
 removed to Seville and Madrid, and used 
 their endeavours to reUore their king. The 
 forces w’hich they directed, displayed, in 
 their first onset, wherever they engaged 
 the French, a considerable degree of valour, 
 but it was soon found that they could not 
 make head against the superior discipline of 
 the enemy. The campaigns of 1811, and 
 1812, of the united Spanish, Portuguese, and 
 British forces under lord Wellington, \tere 
 carried on with various success, but by the 
 persevering efforts of the British general, 
 that of 1813, left few of the French in the 
 peninsula. In Octol^er of that year, the 
 allied army passed the Bidassoa, and esta- 
 blished itself in France; and in 1814, on 
 the downfall of Napoleon, Ferdinand the 
 VII. was restored, and with him the inquisi- 
 tion and all the evils of a tyrannical govern- 
 ment. Madrid is the capital. 
 
 SPAIN, NEW, an exteusive kingdom, 
 belonging to Spain, in the w' part of N 
 America, and governed by a viceroy. See 
 Meaico. 
 
 Spatla, a town in the kingdom of Tunis, 
 Barbary, has magnificent aud extensive 
 ruins in the vicinity, and stands on an emi- 
 nence, shaded with juniper trees, 90 miles 
 sw of Tunis, and 100 sse of Bona. Lon. 9 
 15 E, lat. 35 40 n. 
 
 SpalairOy or Spalatto, a rich and popu- 
 lous town, capital of the late Venetian Dal- 
 matia, and an archbishop^s see. Here are 
 the ruins of the palace of Dioclesian, and of 
 a large aqueduct. Without the walls is a 
 sulphureous spring of great efficacy in 
 chronic diseases. The town was nearly 
 depopulated by the plague in 1748. It has 
 a good harbour. It is built on a peninsula, 
 on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles se of Sobe- 
 nico, 70 SE of Zara, and 102 nw of'Raqusa. 
 Lon. 17 31 E, lat. 44 4 n. 
 
 Spalding^ a town in Lincolnshire, in the 
 district of Holland, situated near the niouih 
 of the Welland. From its neatness, and 
 the canals in the streets, it resembles a 
 Dutch town. Much hemp and flax, the 
 produce of the neighbourhood, are sold in 
 its markets, and it has a good carrying 
 trade in coal and corn. Near it is tue 
 grctUest Ui^Qny iu England, the herons 
 
 S P E 
 
 like rooks build their nests together on frees. 
 It has a weekly market on Tuesday, and 
 five annual fairs, and lies 20 miles n by 
 of Petersborough, and 97 n of Loudon. 
 
 Spalty a town and castle of Franconia, 
 in the principality of Anspach, on the Ret- 
 zat, has excteilent hops in the environs, IQ 
 miles ESE of Anspach. 
 
 Spa 2 idau, a town and citadel of Upper 
 Saxony, in the middle mark of Branden- 
 burg, with a fine fortress. It is very 
 strong, and has an excellent arsenal, in 
 subterranean vaults, and a jirisou for state 
 criminals. Here is a manufacture of bayo- 
 
 nets, sword blades, sabres, and ramrods, 
 also of musket barrels which are sent to 
 Potsdam to be finished. It is situated on 
 the Havel, eight miles nw of Berlin, and 12 
 NE of Potsdam. 
 
 Hpangenherg^ a tow^n in Lower Hesse, 
 Germany, with a castle, stands on a moun- 
 tain, 28 miles se of Cassel. 
 
 SPANISH MAIN, that part of the coast 
 of America, w hich extends from the Mos- 
 quito shore, along the n coast of Darien, 
 Carthegena, and Venezuela, to the Leeward 
 isles. 
 
 Spanish Town. See Jago Aclavega, 
 SpartiveniOj Cape, a promontory at the 
 SK extremity of Calabria Ultra, Naples. 
 Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 37 50 n. 
 
 Spean ; See Lochy, Loch, 
 
 Spartel Cape, on the coast of Barbary, 
 at the entrance of the straits of Gibraltar. 
 Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 35 50 n. 
 
 Speight Town, a sea-port of Barbadoes, 
 on the nw coast of the island, and defended 
 by two lorts, it was formerly much fre- 
 quented by the Bristol traders, and thence 
 was called Liide Bristol. Lou. 59 55 w. 
 lat. 13 15 N. , 
 
 Spello, a town of the duchy of Spoleto, 
 
 , Ifaly, seated on a hill. Here are the ruins 
 I of a theatre, and other antiquities, 13 
 I miles N of Spoletto. 
 
 i a great and rapid river of Scot- 
 
 j land, which issues from a lake of its name, 
 
 , in the centre of Inverness-shire, aud falls 
 j into the German Ocean, at the village of 
 Speymouth. Its course including windings 
 is about 120 miles; the mountain torrents 
 ! sw'ell this river very rapidly. In September, 
 
 J 1768, it rose no less than 18 feet aud corn- 
 5 mitted great devastation on its banks. Much 
 wood from Glenmore, is floated dowai to its 
 mouth in the German ocean. 
 
 Speymouth, a parish of Scotland, in 
 j Morayshire, lying at the mouth of Spej-, on 
 Its w banks. It extends about six miles 
 1 and a-half in length, by one and a-half in 
 j breadth, aud the soil is light and fertile. 
 
 I The thriving village of Garmouth lies in 
 j this parish. Population is about 1236. 
 
 Spezzia, or Spetia, a lowm in the territory 
 [ of Genoa, wdtli a good harbour, stands at 
 j the foot of a bill, on a gulf or its name, 47 
 I miles SE gf Genoa. Lon. 9 37 e, lat. 44 
 ilON. 
 
S P I 
 
 SPICE ISLANDS, islands of Asia, in 
 the East Indies. See Banda, Cevlon, 
 AIolucca, <fec. 
 
 Spietz, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Swisserland, stands on the w side of the lake 
 ^huD, 40 miles ss£ of Bern. 
 
 Spigelberg, a town in the principality of 
 Oeitingen, Swabia, eight miles ne of Oet- 
 tingen, and 13 sse of Anspach. 
 
 Hpigelherg, a town and castle, in the prin- 
 cipality of Calenberg, Westphalia, capital 
 of a county of its name, iZ miles e by s of 
 Halem. 
 
 SpignOf a town of Piedmont, in Mont- 
 serrat, on the Belbo, with a castle, 11 miles 
 ssw of Acqui, and 40 se of Turin. 
 
 SPIKE ISLAND, an island of Cork har- 
 tour, s of the cave. 
 
 Spilembergo, a town in Friuli, Italy, 
 seated on the Tagliamento, 14 miles W' of 
 Udina, and 47 nne of Venice. 
 
 Spihby, a heathy town in Lincolnshire, 
 situated on the side of a hill. There is a 
 weekly market on Monday, and four annual 
 fairs. It contains 930 inhabitants, and lies 
 28 miles e of Lincoln, and 133 n by e of 
 London. 
 
 Spinulovgay a sea port of the island 
 of Candia, near a cape of the same name, 
 v/ith a citadel and a good harbour, 30 
 miles E of Candia. Lon. 2«3 48 e, lat. 36 
 
 20 N. 
 
 Spire, a late bishopric of Germany, jn 
 the circle of the Upper Rhine, 50 miles in 
 length, and 30 where broadest. It is divid- 
 ed into two pans by the Rhine, and is 
 mountainous and woody, but fertile in corn, 
 wine, almonds, and chesnuts. That part ot 
 it which lay on the left bank of the Rhine, 
 W’as annexed to France, and the remainder 
 to Baden in 1802, as part of its indemnity. 
 
 Spire, a town, late oi Germany, and 
 capital of the bishopric of Spire, annexed to 
 France, and included in the depanihent of 
 Mont Toniiere. It is situated on the w 
 side of the Rhine, at the influx of the Spire- 
 bach. Here, in ancient times the emperors 
 held many diets, and it w^as the seat of the 
 Imperial chamber till 1089, when the city 
 was burnt by the French, and not rebuilt 
 till 1097, alter the peace of Ryswick. Al- 
 though the greater part ot the inhabitants 
 are Lutherans, here are 15 Catholic church- 
 es and convents, among which the college 
 of the Jesuiis claims the precedence. In 
 1734, this city was taken by me French, 
 and in 1792 it surrendered to the republican 
 troops of France, who evacuated it next year, 
 but re-entered it in 1794, seven miles n ol 
 Philipsburg, and 54 s by E of Mculz. Lon. 
 
 8 29 K, lai. 49 19 N. 
 
 Spirebach, a tow n, late of Germany, now 
 annexed to France, and included in the de- 
 partmeni of Mont Tunnere, 
 
 Spiriiu Suulo, a town iu Brazil, South 
 America, capit I of a government of the 
 same name, situated between that ot Rio- 
 Jiuieiro and Porto Seguiu. The province is 
 
 s P o 
 
 watered by a river of its name, which enters 
 a large bay of the Atlantic. The town 
 has a castle and a harbour, about 10 miles* 
 from the ocean. LOn. 40 40 w, lat. 20 10 s, 
 
 Spiritu Santo, a town near the middle of 
 the island of Cuba, about 45 miles nw of la 
 Trinidad, and 155 esE of Havana, Lon^ 
 79 37 w, lat. 22 15 n. 
 
 jj Spital, a town of Upper Carinthia, Ger- 
 jj many, on the Liser, near the Drave, lies 15 
 ! miles wnw of Villach. 
 
 Spital, a village at the mouth of the 
 Tweed, about a mile se of Berwick. It is 
 much frequented by sea bathers, and has a 
 mineral well. 
 
 Spital, a town in Lincolnshire, had its 
 name from an hospital, part of which still 
 remains, that stands on the Roman cause- 
 
 way leading to the Hunsber, with a chapel, 
 and an inn, a noted stage on the road from 
 Lincoln to Barton. Here are two noted 
 springs ; one called JuiiaiPs well, and the 
 other Castleton. Many Roman coins have 
 been dug up in this village, 10 miles n of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Spithead, a famous road between Ports- 
 mouth and the isle of Wight, where the 
 royal navy frequently rendezvous. 
 
 SPITSBERGEN, or as it has been some- 
 times called East Greenland, having 
 been long considered as united to, and a 
 part of old Greenland, is the most northerly 
 country oi Europe. It consists of a number 
 of dreary islands, and lies between 76 and 80 
 deg. N lat. and 9 and 24 deg. e Iod. having 
 Greenland on the w, and Nova Zembla on 
 the E. It was discovered according to 
 some, by Sir Hugh Willoughby, in 1553, 
 w'ho called it Greenland, supposing it to be 
 a part of the western continent ; or, as others 
 suppose, by the Dutch navigator Brirentz, 
 in 1596, who gfive it the name Spitzbergen, 
 or sharp mountains, from the rocky and 
 sharp pointed mountains with which it 
 abounds. The Glaciers on the ne, are high 
 cbffs of an emerald colour, impendent over 
 the sea, with cataracts of melted snow', and 
 back ground of black conic hills, streaked 
 with white. In the winter it is continual 
 night for four months, and in summer con- 
 tinual day lor the same period. The main- 
 lami or irinci{.al of these islands, is about 
 300 miles iu lenth from n to s. The few 
 vegetables and animals are nearly the same 
 with these of Greenland. The Russians 
 claim this dreary country, and maintain a 
 kind of colony here from archangel. The 
 inland parts are uninhabited. To the ne of 
 this dreary group are small i>les called the 
 Seven sisiers ; the most northerly land yet 
 discovered. 
 
 Splugen, a towm of Switzerland in the 
 country of the Grisons, near the rise of the 
 Hinder Rhine, and 18 miles nw of Chia- 
 venna. 
 
 SPOLETO, a duchy of Italy, in the 
 ecclesiastical state, about 55 miles in 
 leuo lb, and 40 in breadth, e of the pairi* 
 
SPR 
 
 mony of St Peter, Orvieda, and Pernglno. 
 It is sometimes called Umbria. 
 
 Spoleto, an ancient and handsome town 
 of Italy, capital of the above duehy, and a 
 bishop’s see, stands in a plain noted for ex- 
 cellent wine, near the Tessino. The castle, 
 seated on a hill, is connected with the town 
 by a bridge; and the cathedral is a nne 
 edifice. Here are the ruins of an amphi- 
 theatre, a triumphal arch, and an aqueduct. 
 The city sulfered greatly by an earthquake 
 in 1703, and again in 1767. It now con- 
 tains many fine buildings, 40 miles e o1 
 Orvieto, and 80 n by e of Rome. Lon. 13 
 6 E, lat. 42 45 N. . , . . 
 
 Sponheimj a town of France, in the depart- 
 ment of Rhine and Moselle, lately of Ger- 
 many, capital of a county of its name, 
 stands among hills, abounding with vine- 
 yards, 27 miles w by s of Mentz. Lon. 7 
 
 38 E, lat. 49 54 n. . r 
 
 SporoWf a town in the palatinate ot 
 Brzesc, Lithuania, seated on a lake of its 
 name, 34 miles w by n of Pinsk. 
 
 Spotlandy a town in Lancashire, consider- 
 able for its commerce and manutactures. 
 Population about 10,968, three miles n by w 
 of Rochdale. 
 
 Spottf a parish in East Lothian, in the 
 neio^hbovirliood of Dunbar, about 10 miles 
 
 long and five broad, comprehending a fertile 
 lowland district, and part of the hilly dis- 
 trict of Lammermuir. A spring called 
 Kisthill well was formerly much resorted ! 
 to by scorbutic patients. From St John’s 
 well, water is conveyed in pipes to Dunbar. 
 Spott House, belonging to — Hay Esquire, 
 is romantically situated oua rock, environed 
 with beautiful sceuery. So late as 1705, 
 several people were burnt at Spott for 
 witchcraft. The village of Spott, lying 
 about five miles s of Dunbar, contains 180 
 inhabitants. Population of the parish and 
 village, about 502. 
 
 Spreey a river that has its source in the 
 mountains of Bohemia, fiows through Lusa- 
 tia into Brandenburg, passes by Berlin, 
 and unites with the Havel opposite Span* 
 dau. 
 
 Spremhergy a town of Lusatia, on an 
 island in the above river, 14 miles s by e of 
 Cotbus. 
 
 Spridlingtoiiy a town in Lincolnshire, six 
 miles N by k of Lincoln. 
 
 Springfield y 3L town in Bourbon county, 
 Kentucky, stands on the Licking, 60 miles 
 W by N of Frankfort. 
 
 Springfield, a new village in the county 
 of Dumfries, and parish of Graitney. It 
 lies about one mile from the port of Sark- 
 foot. 
 
 Sp ringfieldy a post town of Hampshire 
 county, Massachusetts, on the Connecticut, 
 with a considerable inland trade. It con- 
 tains 1574 inhabitants, is 20 miles s by e 
 of Northampton, and 98 wsw of Boston. 
 
 Sprottaiiy a town in the principality of 
 Gi^ogau, Silesia^ on a river of its name, at 
 H 
 
 ST A 
 
 its junction with the Bober, 10 miles SE o^ 
 Sagan, and 20 wsw of Glogau. 
 
 Sproustony a fertile parish in Roxburgh- 
 shire, lying on the s banks of the Tweed. 
 
 It is six miles long and fou’* broad, part of 
 it is lira, and liable to be overflowed, but 
 at some distance from the river is consider- 
 ably elevated. The village of Sprouston is 
 about a mile e of Kelso, and contains 
 200 inhabitants. Population about 1105. 
 
 Spurn Head, a promontory on the sk 
 coast of Yorkshire, at the mouth of the 
 Humber, on which is a light house immedi- 
 ately opposite to Grimsby in Lincolnshire. 
 Lon. 0 15 E,lat. 53 38 N. 
 
 Spgnity or Spynie, a parish in Mo- 
 rayshire, about four miles long and two 
 broad, stretching along the n banks of the 
 Lossie, s of the lake of Spynie, about one 
 mile from Elgin. A ridge which intersects 
 the parish is adorned with plantations be- 
 longing to the earl of Fife, and produces 
 freestone and millstones. Grain is the 
 staple of the parish. The cathedral of the 
 diocese of Moray, founded by Malcolni 
 Canmorein 1 157, stood originally in Spynie, 
 but, in 1224, was removed to Elgin by 
 Alexander II. The episcopal palace, which 
 was magnificent, and had fine gardens, 
 stood at the e end of the parish. James VI. 
 bestowed the temporalities of this bishopric 
 upon Alexander Lindsay, who hereby be- 
 came lord Spynie. Population about 
 843. 
 
 Spynie Loch, a lake on the n side of the 
 above parish, four miles long and Irom one 
 to two broad. It is now at a considerable 
 distance from the sea, with which it former- 
 ly communicated at both ends. On its e 
 banks stood the fishing village called Spy- 
 nie, erected into a burgh of barony in the 
 15th century, of which the cross is now the 
 only remaining vestige. 
 
 Sguilcice, a town of Calabria Ultra, Na- 
 ples, seated on the Favelone, near a gulf of 
 its name, was greatly injured by an earth- 
 quake in 1783. It is 35 miles sw of St 
 Severino. Lon. 16 40 e, lat. 39 3 n. 
 
 Squince Island, an island near Glandore 
 harbour, in Cork. Its herbage has a re- 
 markable effect on diseased horses. 
 
 StablOy a town, late of the Netherlands, 
 in the bishopric of Liege, annexed to France 
 in 1796, and included in the departmeiu of 
 Forets, with a famous Benedictine abbey. 
 The inhabitants manufacture and export 
 leather, and have a trade in cloths and 
 stuffs. It is situated on the Reciit, 1 2 miles 
 
 s of Limburg. . 
 
 Slade, a town of Lower Saxony, m the 
 duchy of Bremen, formerly a Hanseatic 
 town. It has a fortress, a college and 
 three churches. It is the principal town 
 of the duchy, Bremen, the capital, being a 
 free city. Stade is the seat of the regency 
 and chief courts of justice of the duchies of 
 Bremen and Verden, and stands on the 
 .«;wingel, near its junction with the Elbe, 
 ‘ ^ U u 
 
S T A 
 
 and is 22 miles w of Hamburgh and 43 
 ne of Bremen. Lon. 9 28 e , lat. SS 
 36 N. 
 
 Stadtam Hoff, a town of Bavaria, con- 
 nected by a bridge with the city of Ratis- 
 bon, seated on the n side of the Danube. 
 
 Stadtberg, a town of Westphalia, on the 
 borders of the county of Waldeck. That 
 part of it, called Marsberg, stands on the 
 site of the celebrated Saxon fort of Elmes- 
 berg, which was captured by Charlemagne, 
 who built a church here in honour of St 
 Peter and St Paul. It is seated on the Du- 
 mel, 14 miles s of Paderborn. 
 
 Stadthagen, a strong town of Westphalia, 
 in the county of Schaueuburg, has a palace 
 belonging to the prince of Schauenberg 
 Lippe, in the garden of which is a mineral 
 spring, eight miles e of Minden, and 10 n of 
 Rinteln. 
 
 Staebroechy a town of Dutch Guiana, in 
 South America, on the e side of Demarara 
 river, a mile and a-half above the post 
 that commands its entrance. It is the seat 
 of government, and the depository of the 
 records. 
 
 Stafarddy a town of Piedmont, in the mar- 
 quisate of Saluzzo, with a rich abbey, 
 seated on the Po. In the vicinity, a vic- 
 tory was obtained by the French over the 
 duke of Savoy, in 1090. It is three miles n 
 of Saluzzo. 
 
 STAFF A, a celebrated island of Scotland, 
 one of the Hebrides, a little to the w of 
 Mull. It is one mile long and half a mile 
 broad. The whole sw end of this island is 
 supported by ranges of natural pillars, 
 mostly above 50 feet high, and standing in 
 natural colonnades. Here is also a cavern 
 called Fin ma tonly or FingaPs CavCy which 
 extends 250 feet under ground. Its entrance 
 is a natural arch, more than 100 feet high. 
 The cavern is lighted from without, so that 
 its farthest extremity may be seen. The 
 bottom of the cave is filled by the sea, 
 reaching to the extremity, and in calm v/ea- 
 ther a boat may sail into it. . On the other 
 side of the island is a cave called the Cor- 
 moranFs cave, exhibiting the same appear- 
 ances, but on a less scale. The island is 
 every where supported by basaltic rocks and 
 pillars, which are all magnetic, the lower 
 parts possessing a n, and the upper a s 
 polarity, and contains some of the greatest 
 natural curiosities in Europe, yet was 
 scarcely known before the year 1772. 
 
 Slaffelstein, a town in the principality of 
 Bamberg, Franconia, seated on the Lauter, 
 16 miles nxe of Bamberg. 
 
 Stafford, the county town of Stafford- 
 shire, situated on the river Sow, which 
 washes it s and w parts. The county as- 
 sizes and quarter sessions are held here. 
 Its castle, built by William I. was garri- 
 soned by the troops of Charles I. and, being 
 taken, was demolished by order of the par- 
 liament. It has two handsome churches, 
 ao hospital; a freo school; and a spire Loll, 
 
 s t A 
 
 situated in a spacious market place. The 
 town has greatly increased of late, by th« 
 manufacture of cloth and shoes. It is go- 
 verned by a mayor, recorder, 12 aldermen, 
 and 20 common council men, and sends two 
 members to parliament, elected by the 
 resident burgesses, who must be sous of bur- 
 gesses, and have each served an apprentice- 
 ship of seven years within the borough. It 
 gives the title of marquis to the family of 
 Goww, and retains the custom of borough 
 English, by which the youngest son inherits 
 (he lands of his father. Population in 1801 
 was 3898, and in 1811, 4868. It has a 
 weekly market on Saturday and six annual 
 fairs, and lies 41 miles kw of Litchfield, and 
 135 Nw of London. Lon. 2 4 w, lat. 52 
 48 N. 
 
 STAFFORDSHIRE, a county of Eng- 
 land, bounded on the nw by Shropshire, Kw 
 by Cheshire, ne and e by Derbyshire, se by 
 Warwickshire, and s by Worcestershire, 
 It extends in length about 55 miles, and 
 about 42 in breadth. It is divided into five 
 hundreds, and contains one city, 19 market 
 towns, 139 parishes, and sends 10 members 
 to parliament, and 295,153 inhabitants in 
 18 1 J. The principal rivers are the Trent, 
 Dove, Sow, Churnet, Stour, Penk, and Ma- 
 nyfold. The air is pleasant, mild, and 
 wholesome. The n part is hilly and barren, 
 the middle level, and the s good and fertile, 
 though not without heaths. There are good 
 stone quarries, plenty of alabaster and 
 limestone. Staffordshire is famous for its 
 potteries, the iron trade in all its varieties, 
 and inland navigation. Stafford is th© 
 county town. 
 
 Stagira, a town of Turkey in Europe, in 
 Macedonia, situated on the gulf of Coniessa, 
 It is famous for being the birthplace of 
 Aristotle, whence he is called the Stagerite. 
 It is now called Stavros, and is 16 miles 
 WNW of Contessa. 
 
 StagnOy a town of Ragusan Dalmatia, 
 with a small harbour, is a bishop^s see, 
 and stands on a peninsula in the gulf of 
 Venice, 30 miles nw of Ragusa. Lon. 17 
 50 E, lat. 43 12 N. 
 
 Stagshaw Bank, in Northumberland, is 
 famous for two very great annual fairs, viz. 
 on Whitsun Eve, and July 4th, chiefly for 
 horses and sheep. 
 
 Staindrop, a town in Durham, has a mar- 
 ket on Saturday, and a collegiate church, 
 five miles e of Barnard Castle. 
 
 Staines, a town in Middlesex, situated on 
 the Thames, over which is an elegant new 
 iron bridge of three elliptic arches. At 
 Coin Ditch, a little above the bridge, is the 
 London Mark Stone, the ancient boundary 
 of the jurisdiction of London on the Thames, 
 with an inscription dated 1280. Staines is 
 a lordsip of the crown, governed by tw'o 
 constables, with four head boroughs, has a 
 weekly market on Friday, and two annual 
 fairs, and lies 17 miles n by e of Dorches- 
 ter, and 16 w by s of Lonc^qn. 
 
S T A 
 
 . Stainlon, a large village in Lincolnshire, 
 •with a market on Monday, and an annual 
 fair, October 9th, eight miles swof Louth. 
 
 Staintony a hanasome and genteely in- 
 habited village in Cumberland, on the road 
 to Keswick, noted for its lime works, two 
 miles w of Penrith. 
 
 StaiTy a parish in Ayrshire, about six 
 miles long and two broad, lying on the banks 
 of the river Ayr. The soil is in general a 
 deep clay, and well cultivated. The parish 
 is well supplied with coal, and on the lauds 
 of Dalmore have been found specimens of 
 antimony and copper, and a considerable 
 quantity of plumbago or black lead. This 
 parish also affords the species of whetstones 
 called Water of Ayr Stones. It gives the 
 title of earl to the family of Dalrymple. 
 population about 668. 
 
 Stalbridge, a town in Dorsetshire, re* 
 markable lor a manufacture of stockings, 
 seated near the Stour. It has a large anci- 
 ent church, w'ith an old cross of one stone, 
 21 feet high, on a base of eight feet. It 
 has a weekly market on Tuesday and two 
 annual fair*?, contains 1254 inhabitants, and 
 lies 20 miles n by e of Dorchester and 1 12 
 W by s of London. 
 
 Staleyj a thriving village in Lancashire, 
 on the Tame, over which is a bridge into 
 Cheshire. This place has been long cele- 
 brated for weavers, dyers, and pressers of 
 w’oollen cloth, and has a share in the cotton 
 trade, nine miles e of Manchester. 
 
 Stalimene, See Lemnos* 
 
 Stamford* a town in Lincolnshire, situa- 
 ted on the Welland, which is made naviga- 
 ble hence. It is a large and ancient place, 
 has six parish churches, and it had formerly 
 a college, whose students removed to Bra- 
 senose college in Oxford. Here are elegant 
 inns ; 80 children are taught, and part of 
 them fed and clothed at a charity school in 
 this tow’D, It has an elegant theatre, and 
 frequent horse races. In one ot the churches 
 the celebrated lord Burleigh is buried in a 
 splendid tomb ; in another church is a fine 
 white marble monument, for an earl and 
 countess of Exeter, of Italian workmanship. 
 The town is in some measure a county of 
 itself, as it is independant of the jurisdiction 
 of the sheriff and lord lieutenant of Lincoln- 
 shire. Here subsists the custom of Borough 
 English, by which the youngest son inherits 
 the lands aud tenements of the father dying 
 intestate. Its trade is chiefiy in malt, coals, 
 and freestone. It is governed by a mayor, 
 12 aldermen, and 24 bu gesses, and returns 
 two members to the British parliament. 
 There are weekly markets on Monday and 
 Friday, and seven annual fairs. It contains 
 6064 inhabitants, and lies 26 m.iles n of 
 Huntingdon, 44 s of Lincoln, and 86 n by w 
 of London. Lon. 0 31 w^, lat. 62 42 n. 
 
 Stamfordy a towm in Fairfield county, 
 Conecticut, stands on Millriver, which falls 
 into Long Island sound, 44 miles ne of New 
 York. 
 
 s T A 
 
 Stampalia, au island of the Archipelago, 
 60 miles w of Rhodes, and 37 from the 
 coast of Natolia. It is 12 miles in length, 
 and five in breadth. It wants fresh water, 
 and has few inhabitants. 
 
 STANCHIO, formerly called Cos, a 
 fertile island of the Archipelago, near the 
 coast of Natolia, 25 miles in length, and 10 
 in breadth. The capital is of the same 
 name, seated at the foot of a mountain, at 
 the bottom of a bay, and has a good bar* 
 hour, defended by a castle. The island is 
 40 miles Nw of Rhodes, abounds with tur- 
 pentine and cypress trees, and is the birth- 
 place of Appelles and Hoppocrates. Lon, 
 27 10 B, lat. 36 46 N. , 
 
 Standony a town in Hertfordshire, with 
 a market on Friday, seated on the Rth, 
 eight miles n of Hertford, and 27 n by E of 
 London. . . ^ • 
 
 STANEMORE, a dreary district in 
 Westmoreland, in the eastern angle of 
 that county, between Brough and Kirby- 
 Steven. 
 
 Stanford, chief town of Lincoln county, 
 Kentucky, seated in a fertile plain, 10 
 miles ssE of Danville, and 40 s by w of 
 Lexington. 
 
 Stanfordy a neat village in the w' corner 
 of Northamptonshire, on the Avon, wffh a 
 fine seat aud park, on the other side of tho 
 river in Leicestershire, four miles se of Lut- 
 terworth. . 
 
 StangeTy a village in Cumberland, three 
 miles above Cockermoutfa, has a fin© 
 spa, but little known, and not much fre- 
 quented. 
 
 Stanhope, a town in the county ot Dur- 
 ham, on the river Wear, with a market on 
 Tuesday, chiefly inhabited by miners. In a 
 large park here, king Edward III. of Eng- 
 land, besieged the Scottish army, 20 miles 
 w of Durham, and 263 n by w of London. 
 
 Stanley, a town in Gloucestershire, wittt 
 a market on Saturday, and several annual 
 fairs. It is partly engaged in the cloth ma- 
 nufacture, 12 miles s of Gloucester, and 105 
 
 w of London. • ti v, 
 
 Stanley, a considerable village in Perth- 
 shire, about six or seven miles nw ot Perth. 
 Here are extensive works employed in 
 spinning cotton and flax. The village con- 
 tains abont 600 inhabitants, 
 
 Stanraore, a town of Middlesex. Th© 
 common on which it stands is so elevated, 
 that some trees growing here are seen from 
 the German ocean, two miles nw ol Euge- 
 ware, and 10 nw^I Loudon. 
 
 Stansfieldy a considerable manufacturing 
 town in W Yorkshire. The population in 
 1801 was 4768, and 6447 in 1811. It is 
 nine miles w of Halifax. 
 
 Stanton, a town i/i Lincolnshire, with 
 a market on Monday, L? miles e of Lin- 
 
 Stanzy a town of Switzerland, capital cf 
 the canton of Underwalden, stands in a 
 plain, at the foot of S/anzberg. In th© 
 * U u 2 
 
ST A 
 
 Vicinity, in 1T98, the French totally defeated 
 the troops of Underwaldeu, and afterwards 
 l^urnt the town and put the inhabitants to 
 the sword, eight miles se of Lucern, and 29 
 s of Zurich. 
 
 StanwiXf a town in Cumberland, near 
 Carlisle, on the opposite side of the Eden, 
 on the Piets wall, long celebrated for the 
 manufacture of a plain knife for culinary 
 purposes, called the Stanwix Gulty. 
 
 Stanwix, Fort, See Rome, in New 
 York. 
 
 Stara Rusa, a town in the government of 
 Novogorod, Russia, on the Polish, near the 
 lake Ilmen, 40 miles s of Novogorod. Lon. 
 33 2 E, lat. 37 40 n. 
 
 Starbrock, a sea port of Guayana, on the 
 E side of the river Demerary, two miles 
 above the fort that commands its entrance. 
 It is the seat of the government of the set- 
 tlement of Demerary and Issequibo. Lon. 
 38 0 w, lat. 6 30 N. 
 
 * Starenberg, a town and castle of Bavaria, 
 seated near the n end of the lake Wurmsee, 
 14 miles sw of Munich. 
 
 Stargard, a town in Mecklenburg-Stre- 
 litz, Lower Saxony, with a castle belonging 
 to the prince, 10 miles n by e of Stre- 
 liu. 
 
 Star gar d, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Pomerania, seated on the Ihna, which falls 
 into the Oder, with an academy, and good 
 woollen manufactures, such as serges, 
 cloth, shalloons, tammies, druggets, (fee. 
 It was taken by the Russians in 1738, and 
 is 20 miles sr of Stettin. Lon. 13 13 e, 
 lat. 33 26 N. 
 
 Start Point, a promontory in Devonshire, 
 14 miles s by w of Dartmouth. Lou. 3 48 w, 
 lat. 30 13 N. 
 
 Stasfurt, a town in the duchy of Magde- 
 burg, Upper Saxony, has good salt works, 
 and is 21 miles ssw of Magdeburg. 
 
 STATEN ISLAND, an island of the 
 United States, which lies nine miles sw of 
 the city of New York, and constitutes Rich- 
 mond county. The island is about 18 miles 
 in length, and at a medium six or seven in 
 breadth, and contains 4000 inhabitants. 
 On the s the land is level, but in general 
 the surface is rough and hilly. Richmond 
 is the only town of any note. 
 
 STATEN LAND, an island at the extre- 
 mity of South America, about 30 miles in 
 length and 12 in breadth, near the se point 
 of Terra del Fuego. Jt is of a square form, 
 and craggy. The passage between the is- 
 land and the continent is stbe strait of Le 
 Maitre, and the eastern point, now usually 
 passed by vessels turning Cape Horn, is 
 called Cape St John. I’he centre of the 
 island is in loo. about 63 47 w, and lat. 34 
 30 s. 
 
 State^hurg^ a post town of South Caroli- 
 na, ami the capital of Clerraciu county, 
 ttan.'Ls on the Be»'ch, which joins the Wate- 
 ree, a lew miles w of the town, 2,0 miles e 
 
 S T E 
 
 of Cambden, and 93 n by w of Charles^ 
 ton. 
 
 Stavanger, a town of Norway, in the 
 province of Christiansand, capital of a ter- 
 ritory of the same name, seated on a penin- 
 sula. Near it is the fortress of Doswick. 
 
 It is 73 miles s of Bergen, and 105 wn w 
 of Christiansand. Lon. 3 35 e, lat. 38 
 38 N. 
 
 a celebrated cataract of Swit ■ 
 zerland, near the village of Lauterbrunnen, 
 ip the canton of Bern, It rushes down a 
 precipice 930 feet high, with such impetuo- 
 sity as to reduce itself into a fine spray, re- 
 sembling a cloud of dust, as the name, in 
 the German language, siguifies. It makes 
 a great noise, and agitates the air. 
 
 Staveren, an ancient of Friesland, 
 Holland, formerly a much frequented sea 
 port, but the harbour being choked up. th© 
 town is much decayed ; yet it has still a 
 trade in fishing, and in passage boats over 
 the neighbouring pools and lakes. Anci- 
 ently. it was the ordinary residence of the 
 kings of Friesland, and it still retains marks 
 of its former splendour. It is situated on 
 the Zuyder Zee, eight miles w of Sloolen, 
 and 17 ne of Enchuysen. Lon. 3 13 e, lat, 
 52 34 N. 
 
 Stauffenburg, a town and castle in Upper 
 Hesse, Germany, seated on the Lon, 13 
 miles NNE of Giessen. 
 
 Staunton, a post town of Virginia, and 
 the capital of Augusta county, seated on 
 Middle river, a water of the Potomac, 100 
 miles ssw of Winchester. Lon. 79 35 w, 
 lat. 38 15 N. 
 
 Stavros, See Stagira. 
 
 Staivropoi, a town in the province of 
 Caucasia, Russia, with a fort, on an emi- 
 nence at the source of the Attsohill. The 
 streets are spacious, and the market house 
 is large, and furnished with all sorts of com- 
 modities, 70 miles NNwof Georgiewsh, and 
 210 SE of Asaph. 
 
 Staxoigo, a small village in Caithness, 
 with a harbour, near the town of Wick, 
 Hence corn and meal are exported, and it 
 has commodious storehouses, and kilns for 
 curing red herrings, d^c. 
 
 Steenhergen, a town of Dutch Brabant, 
 formerly a strong place, with a commodious 
 harbour, from whicli the sea has now retired 
 about three miles, which, together with the 
 calamities of war, has reduced it to a poor 
 town. It has communicaiion with the 
 Meuse, and is seven iiiiies no! Bergeii-op- 
 Zoom. 
 
 Steenkeer, a town in the province of 
 Droutheim, Norway, 66 miles ne of Dron- 
 theim. 
 
 Steenkirk, a village in Hainault, Nether- 
 lands, In 1692, the allies, commanded by 
 William III. of England, attacked the 
 French camp under marshal Luxemburg, 
 but were defeated. It is 15 miles N of 
 Mens. 
 
S T E 
 
 ' Sleenwick, a strong town of HoIU^ikI, in j 
 Overyssel, on the Aa, 18 miles n of Zwol, | 
 and 3^ X of Deventer. Lou. 6 IS e, lat. 62 
 
 SO N. 
 
 Steephelm, an island in Somersetshire, 
 in the Bristol Channel, under the Quantock 
 bills. 
 
 StegCy a sra port on the n coast of the 
 Isle of Mona, Denmark, nearly surrounded 
 bv a lake, 42 miles s ]>y w of Copenhagen, j 
 Loo. 12 15 E, lat. 55 4 n. 
 
 Stcgeburgy a town of Sweden, in East 
 Gothland, situated on the Baltic, with a 
 harbour, 82 miles sw of Stockiiolm. Lon. 
 
 16 40 E,Ut. 58 {() N. 
 
 Sfein, a town of Austria, on the n side of 
 the Danube, over which is a long wooden 
 bridge to Mautern. Between this place 
 and Krems is a manufacture of militury 
 cloths, sabres, and other metal articles, 
 situated two miles w of Krems, and 12 n by 
 w of St Polten. 
 
 SteiHy a town and castle in Carniola, 
 Germany, seated on the Feistritz, 1 1 miles n 
 Laubach. 
 
 SteiUy a town and castle in Carinthia, 
 Germany, on the Drave, 12 miles se of 
 Clagenfurt. 
 
 Stehiy a tow’n of Swisserland in the can- 
 ton of Zurich, on the N side of the Rhine, 
 at its etllux from the lake of Constance. 
 
 In the vicinity is the ancient castle of Ho- 
 faenklingen, now a w^atch-tower. The 
 town is connected with Burg, on the other 
 side of the Rhine, by a bridge. The church 
 is in Burg, 15 miles w by n of Constance, 
 and 25 ^E of Zurich. 
 
 SUinaUy a town of Silesia, capital of a 
 circle in the principality of Wolau, seated 
 on the Otler, with manufactures of cloth, 16 
 miles NXE of Lignitz. 
 
 Steinfurty a town of Westphalia, capital 
 of a county of the same name, seated on 
 the Aa, witti a Calvinist academy, 10 miles 
 ssE of Bentheim, and 34 xw of ^lunster. 
 
 SteinheiMy a town of Germay, in the 
 circle of Lower Rhine, with a castle, near 
 the Main, four miles se of Haoau, and nine 
 from Frankfort. 
 
 SteinJinde a town in the connty of Schau- 
 enherg, Westphalia, stands on the s side of 
 Steinhuder-mere, in which is the strong 
 fortress of Wilhelmstein, 15 miles nw of 
 Hanover. 
 
 ' Steinhursty a town in Holstein, Lower 
 Saxony, with a castle, 14 miles ssw of 
 Lubec. 
 
 Stenagy a fortified town in the depart- 
 ment of Meuse, France, on the Meuse. It 
 is 22 miles n by w of Verdun. 
 
 Stenburi/y a town in the Isle of Wight, 
 near Appledurcomb. 
 
 Stendalyd ioviu oi Brandenburg, capital 
 of the Old Mark. Here is a colony of 
 French Calvinists, and several manufac- 
 tures. It is seated on the Ucht, and is 36 
 miles X by e of Magdeburg. Lon, II 58 e, 
 lat. 52 35 N * 
 
 ST E 
 
 Stcnness^ a village in the island of Ork» 
 ney, between Kirkwall and Stromness, oa 
 an ancient bridge or causeway, across a 
 narrow neck of land, between two lakes. 
 
 The parish of Stenuess is now united lo 
 Frith. See Frith, 
 
 Stennessy a small island of Shetland on 
 the K coast of the Alainland, where there is \ 
 a good fishing station. 
 
 Stenforiy a parish of Scotland, in Had- 
 dingtonshire, the arable district is about 
 three miles and a-half long, and three broad. 
 
 The face of the country is beautiful, and 
 the crops often luxuriant, part of the parish 
 runs into Lammermuir, which affords pas« 
 ture for sheep. Population about 620. 
 Stephenkirk, See Stonykirk, 
 
 Stepney, a very ancient village, formerly 
 a considerable distance e of London, but 
 now contiguous to it. Its parish was of 
 such extent, and so much increased in 
 buildings, as to produce the parishes of 
 St. Mary, at Bow ; St. Mary, Whitechapel ; 
 
 St. Ann, Limehouse; St. George, Ratcliff 
 highway ; Christ church, Spitalfields ; and 
 St. Matthew, Bethnal Green; and yet it 
 remains one of the largest parishes in the 
 bills of mortality, and contains the hamlets 
 of Mile-End Old Town, Mile-End New 
 Town, Ratcliff, and Poplar. Ac Ratckff, 
 in this parish, in 1794, were consumed, 455 
 houses, and 36 warehouses. On the e side 
 of the Portico of the church is a stone, im- 
 porting, in coarse verse, that it came from 
 Carthage. 
 
 Sternberg y a large town of Upper Saxony, 
 in the New Mark of Brandenburg. The 
 chief article of commerce is cattle. It is 
 20 miles ene of Francfort on the Oder. 
 
 Sferubergy a town in the duchy of Meck- 
 lenburg, Lower Saxony, seated on a lake, 
 
 16 miles se of Wesmar. 
 
 Sterubergy a town and castle of Moravia, 
 in the circle of Olmutz, 10 miles ne of 
 Olaiutz. 
 
 Sterzingeny a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 
 stands at the foot of a mountain, on the 
 Eysoch, celebrated for its sword blades, and 
 there are silver mines in its vicinity. It is 
 12 miles of Brixen. 
 
 STETIN, or Stettin, a duchy of Po ’ 
 merania, 125 miles long, and from 17 to 
 25 broad. It borders upon Mecklenburg 
 and Brandenburg, and is divided by the 
 Oder into two parts. It is subject to the 
 king of Prussia. 
 
 Stelin, or Stettin, a strong sea port of 
 Upper Saxony, and capital of Hither Pome- 
 rania, seated on the Oder. It is a hand- 
 some town, and contains about 20,001) 
 inhabitants, exclusive of the garrison. It 
 has three forts, a royal college, and five 
 parish churches. There are numerous 
 manufaciiires, particularly of cloth, stuffs, 
 canvas, cotton, hats, stockings, yarn, rib- 
 bands, and paper, and a considerable trade 
 is carried on to all parts of Europe. Tim- 
 ber is the principle article exported. It is 
 
S T E 
 
 TO miles ktcb of Berlin. Lon. 14 44 n, 
 lat. 53 30 N. 
 
 Stettin, New, a town of Further Pome*, 
 rauia^ stands on the Willem, amid lakes on 
 the borders of Prussia, and has a castle, 55 
 miles SB of Colberg, and 02 ene of New 
 Stargard. 
 
 Stevenage, a town in Hertfordshire, with 
 a weekly market on Friday^ and four 
 annual fairs. It lies 12 miles nnw of Hert- 
 ford, and 31 n by w of London. 
 
 Stevensburg, a post town of Virginia, on 
 the road from Philadelphia to Staunton, 13 
 miles sw of Winchester. 
 
 Stevenston, a parish of Scotland, in Ayr- 
 shire, lying on the northern shore of the bay 
 of Ayr. It is nearly two miles and a-half 
 square, with a tract of sandy ground extend- 
 ing south two miles and a-half along the 
 coast to the river Irvine. The soil on the 
 coast is sandy but in the interior, clayey. 
 The town of Stevenston contains upwards of 
 1000 inhabitants. It is about a mile from 
 Saltcoats. There are about 23,000 tons of 
 coals raised here annually, the most of 
 which is shipped at Saltcoats. In the 
 sandy tract are eleven dilferent strata of 
 coal varying from one foot and a-half to 
 seven feet thick, of diflfereBt qualities, and at 
 different distances one below another. It 
 has manufactures of cotton and coarse 
 linen. Population about 2146. 
 
 Sfevemtiert, a fortress in Upper Gelder- 
 land, Netherlands, stands on the Meuse, six 
 miles ssw of Kuremonde. 
 
 Stewartjicld, a village in the district of 
 Buchan, Al>erdeenshire, lying 12 miles 
 from Peterhead, and containing 800 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Stewartown, a town and parish in Ayr- 
 shire. The parish, which is about 10 miles 
 in length by four in breadth, is beautified 
 with extensive plantations and abounds in 
 lime stone. In the parish is a valuable 
 breed of milk cows, and has been long fa- 
 mous for the quantity and quality of the 
 cheeses it produces. The town, which is 
 said to derive its name from some of the 
 royal family of Stewart who anciently- 
 resided here. It is situated on the water of 
 Annock, about six miles n from Irvine. 
 
 It is a post town and has several well at- 
 tended annual fairs. Its chief trade is the 
 manufacture of bonnets, and it contains 
 aJjoiit 2500 inhabitants. It has also some 
 share of the cotton trade. It is the birth 
 place of (he late celebrated David Dale 
 esquire of Glasgow. The town and parish 
 contains about 2657 inhabitants ; seven 
 miles N by w of Kilmarnock, and 62 sw by 
 w of Edinburgh. 
 
 STEWART^S ISLANDS, five islands 
 in the S Pacific Ocean, discovered by cap- 
 fain Hunter in 1791, and named by him in 
 honour of admiral Keith Stewart. Lon. 
 163 18 w, lat. 8 26 s. 
 
 Stewartstown, a town in the county of 
 
 s Ti 
 
 , Tyrone, Ulster, five miles nkb of 
 gaunou. 
 
 Stegnb&rough,9i town in the isle of Wight^ 
 in East Medina. 
 
 Stegning, a borough in Sussex, with a 
 market on Wednesday, and three annual 
 fairs. It is governed by a constable, chosea 
 at the court Icet of the manor, and sends 
 two members to the British parliament^ 
 elected by the inhabitants paying scot and 
 lot, and not receiving alms. In its church, 
 which is of Norman architecture, are buried 
 St. Cuthman, and Ethelwolf, king of 
 Essex, father of Alfred. The town is said 
 to have been formerly large, and a county 
 of itself. It is 15 miles w by n of Lewes, 
 and 50 sw of London, 
 
 Steyr, a town of Upper Austria, stands at 
 the junction of the Steyr and Ens. Tho 
 French entered it in 1800, and concluded 
 an armistice preliminary to a peace with 
 the Austrians. It carries on a great trade in 
 iron, and is eight miles s of Ens, and 20 sb 
 of Lentz. 
 
 Steyreg, a town and castle of Austria, 
 seated on a mountain, on the N side of tha 
 Danube, eight miles B of Lintz. 
 
 Stickhausen, a town and castle in lha 
 principality of E Friesland, Westphalia, 28 
 miles EsE of Embden. 
 
 Stigliano, a town of Basilicata, Naples, 
 stands near the Salandrella, and is famous 
 for its baths, 26 miles sse of Acerenza. 
 
 Stillwater, a town in Albany county. 
 New York, on the w side of the Hudson, 25, 
 miles N of Albany. 
 
 Stilton, a town in Huntingdonshire, seat-* 
 ed on the w side of a fen of its name, and 
 noted for a rich kind of cheese, by some 
 called English parmesan but now princi- 
 pally made at Melton Mowbray, in Lieces-? 
 tershire, 14 miles s by e of Stamford, and 
 75 miles n by e of London, 
 
 Stinchar, See Ardstinchar. 
 
 STIRIA, a duchy of Austria, 125 miles 
 in length, and 17 broad. It is divided into 
 Upper and Lower Stiria; the former con-* 
 tains the circles of Judenburg and Bruck, 
 and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburg, 
 and Cilly. Though it is a mountainous 
 country, there is a great deal of land fit fop 
 tillage, and the inhabitants raise great 
 quantities of corn, and the white wine is very 
 pleasant. It has mines of very good iron, 
 lead, and coal. The inhabitants are bigot- 
 ted catholics. The chief towns are Grata 
 and Judenburg. 
 
 STIRLINGSHIRE, formerly called 
 STRiy Ki;,iNG, a county of Scotland, bound-* 
 ed on the N and ne by Perthshire, on the e by 
 the frith of Forth, oq thesE by Linlithgow- 
 shire, on the s by Dumbartonshire, and on 
 tlie w by (hat county and Loch Lomond* 
 
 It is about 30 miles in length, and in its 
 greatest breadth not more than 15. The 
 face of the country is rich and beautiful 
 towards the Forth, the other parts are 
 
S T I 
 
 mountainous. The principal river is the 
 Forth. It is watered also by the Carron, 
 the Avon, and the great canal from Forth 
 to Clyde. At Bannockburn in this county 
 was fought the eventful battle between 
 Robert Bruce, and Edward II. (See Ban- 
 nockburn.) The county is divided into 2'Z 
 parochial districts, which, in 1801, contain- 
 ed 50,825 inhabitants, and in 1811, 58,174. 
 The population has been much augmented 
 hy the Carron works, and the great canal. 
 It sends one member to parliament. Black 
 mail is said to have been paid in this county 
 as late as 1748, when the jurisdiction act 
 rendered it unnecessary. It consisted ol a 
 certain salary paid to self created wardens, 
 who undertook to protect the inhabitants 
 from the incursions of banditti from the 
 Highlands. In the county are many Roman 
 and other antiquities. It abounds with ex- 
 cellent coal, iron stone, freestone, and lime 
 stone ; and silver, copper, cobalt, and lead, 
 have also been discovered, and in part 
 wrought. The real land rent is estimated at 
 86,7201. Sterling. 
 
 Stirlingy an ancient town, the capital of 
 Stirlingshire. It is situated on the s side of 
 the Forth, on a hill, which rising from the 
 E terminates abruptly in a steep basaltic 
 rock, similiar to that on which the castle of 
 Edinburgh is built. On this rock is an 
 ancient castle, which was often the resi- 
 dence of the kings of Scotland, and the 
 object of bloody contention during the civil 
 wars, and English invasions. From the 
 castle is a fine view of the windings of the 
 Forth. Stirling appears to have been incor- 
 porated before the year 1120. About the 
 middle of the 12th century it became a 
 royal residence, and since that time it has 
 neither made advances in extent and popula- 
 tion, nor has it receded. The palace 
 built by James V. is a stately edifice ; the 
 outside curiously ornamented with Grotes- 
 que figures. There are two churches, one 
 of which is of great antiquity and little 
 used since the reformation ; the other built 
 by cardinal Beatown, is a magnificent 
 structure, and served by two clergymen. 
 Mr. Ebenezer Erskine, one of the first four 
 seceeding ministers, flourished here in the 
 18th century, first as a minister of the 
 establishment, and afterwards as a dissenter. 
 Here are three hospitals, a commodious 
 town house, an excellent grammar school, 
 and three private banking companies. In 
 tne council chamber is preserved the Jug 
 appointed by law to be the standard for dry 
 measure in Scotland. In the town and its 
 neighbourhood are manufactures of carpets, 
 shalloons, and other woollen stuffs ; that of 
 tartants, formerly very flourishing, is now 
 on the decline, but it has a considerable 
 share of the cotton manufacture. Stirling 
 holds a fifth rank among the royal boroughs. 
 The municipal government consists of a 
 provost, four bailies, a dean of guild, trea- 
 surer; and 14 other counsellors; making | 
 
 S T O 
 
 the whole town council 21, of whom 14 
 are merchants, and seven representatives of 
 the incorporated trades. Of these 11 go 
 out annually, and are succeeded by 11 
 others chosen]) by the merchants and incor- 
 porated trades. Besides the ordinary juris- 
 diction in civil causes, the magistrates hav» 
 an extensive criminal jurisdiction. Stirling 
 unites with Culross, Inverkeithing, Burn- 
 fermline and Queensferry in sending a mem- 
 ber to parliament. The battle of Stirling, 
 in which the Scots under Sir William 
 Wallace defeated the English under Sir 
 Hugh Cressingham, was fought at Corn- 
 town, near Stirling, on the 13th of Septem- 
 ber, 1297, a day or two after the latter de- 
 feated the former at Falkirk. From tiia 
 castle walls two fields of battle are pointed 
 out to strangers. There is a valuable sal- 
 mon fishery in the Forth at this town. Tha 
 bridge here, w^hichis of unknown antiquity, 
 is a noted passage between the s and n of 
 Scotland. The parish of Stirling is con- 
 fined to the borough, and a small territory 
 round it, in which is a small village called 
 the Abbey. In 1801 the town and parish 
 contained 5271 inhabitants, and in 1811, 
 5820. It has five annual fairs. The town 
 is 35 miles wnw of Edinburgh. 
 
 Stirum, a town of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Berg, on the Roer, 12 miles n of 
 Dusseldorp. 
 
 satchel, and Hume, an united parish, the 
 former in Roxburghshire, and the latter in 
 Berwickshire, of an irregular figure, five or 
 six miles long, and between three and four 
 broad. The lands are almost all inclosed 
 and under tillage. There are two villages 
 in the parish, viz. Stitchel, which lies about 
 four miles from Kelso, and Hume. (See 
 Home.) Population about 9.21. Stitchel 
 House, the seat of Sir John Pringle, Baro- 
 net, is in the parish, and commands a most 
 extensive and beautiful prospect. 
 
 Stobo, a parish in the county of Peebles, 
 intersected by the Tweed, about six miles 
 long, and from three to four broad. The 
 greater part is mountainous, and fit for 
 pasture, but a considerable part is culti- 
 vated. The parish contains two quarries 
 of excellent blue slate, from which Edin- 
 burgh is supplied. Population about 336. 
 
 Stockach, a town in the Landgravate of 
 Nellenburg, Swabia, seated on a river of its 
 name. In the vicinity, in 1799, the Aus- 
 trians defeated the French, but in 1800 the 
 latter gained a victory over the former, and 
 took the town, 17 miles nk of Constance. 
 
 Stockem, a town late of the bishopric of 
 Liege, Netherlands, seated on the Meuse. 
 It is 1 1 miles n of Maestricht. 
 
 Stockbridge, a town in Hampshire on 
 the road from Winchester to Salisbury, on 
 the Test. It is of some note for carpenters 
 and wheelwrights. It is governed by a 
 bailiff, constable, and serjeant at mace. 
 U is represented by two members elected 
 [ by tha tahabitants paying to tha church and 
 
S T O 
 
 poor, about 60 in number* It has a Weekly 
 market on Thursday, and two annual fairs. 
 It contains above 640 inhabitants, and lies 
 nine miles nw of Winchester, and 66 w by 
 s of London. 
 
 Stoakhridge^ a town of Massachussets, 
 chief of Berkshire county, 38 miles w by s 
 ©f Northampton. 
 
 Stockerauy a town of Austria, seated near 
 the Danube, 14 miles nnw of Vienna. 
 
 Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, with 
 a castle, lies in a situation remarkable for 
 its romantic scenery. It is very long and 
 irregular, and occupies besides two penin- 
 sulas, seven small rocky islands, scattered 
 in the Maeler, in the streams which issue 
 from that lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. 
 The water that separates the inhabitants in 
 summer, unites them in winter ; for it be- 
 comes a plain which is traversed hy horses 
 in sledges, and all sorts of vehicles. The 
 harbour is an inlet of the Baltic : the water 
 is of such depth, that ships of the largest 
 burden can approach the quay. At the ex- 
 tremity of the harbour, several streets rise 
 one above another, in the form of an amphi- 
 theatre, and the palace, a magnificent 
 building, crowns the summit. Here also 
 is the house of the nobles, the mint, the ex- 
 change, the bank, and several other public 
 buildings. The churches are not remarka- 
 ble for elegance. The kings of Sweden 
 are buried in that of Riddezholm. Except 
 in the suburbs, where several houses are of 
 wood, painted red, the generality of the 
 buildings are of stone, or of brick, whitened 
 with stucco. There is a royal academy of 
 sciences, instituted by the celebrated Linne, 
 and a few' other learned men, in 1741; and 
 also a royal academy of arts. The arsenal 
 contains an immense number of trophies 
 and sta’ndards. Stockholm is upwards of 
 20 miles in circuit, and contains about 
 73000 inhabitants, wdio manufacture glass, 
 china, silk, woollen, linen, &c. It is 340 
 miles NE of Copenhagen, 1000 ne of Paris, 
 and 900 ne of London. Lon. 18 4 e, lat. 
 69 20 N. 
 
 Stockport, a large town in Cheshire, on 
 the edge of the country, situated on the 
 Mersey, over which there are four bridges. 
 It contains many large and handsome facto- 
 ries. Its population in 1801, w'as 14,830, 
 and in 1811, 17545. Its manufactories, 
 include most branches of the cotton busi- 
 ness, with a few silk mills, and a consider- 
 able share of hat-making for the London 
 market. It has two churches and several 
 meeting houses. It is governed by a high 
 constable, and has a weekly market on 
 Friday, and five annual fairs. It lies seven 
 miles ssE of Manchester, and 176 knw of 
 London. 
 
 Stockport, a town in Northampton coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, seated on the w side of 
 the Popaxtunk branch of Delaware river, 
 18 miles ese of Harmony, on Susquehaua 
 river, between which there is a portage. 
 
 s t o 
 
 j Stockton, a well built, flourishing towfi 
 in the county of Durham, with a handsome 
 town ball, and very spacious market place. 
 It is situated eight miles from the sea, on 
 the left bank of the Tees, over which there 
 is a fine stone bridge of five elliptical arches. 
 Here are two docks for shipbuilding'; 
 manufactures of sail cloth, of oorduro)'s, 
 thicksetts, and other articles in cotton, and 
 of linen damasks, in which last branch some 
 considerable improvements have been made 
 here, and a trade in corn, butter, and lead. 
 Its sea trade is considerable. The town is 
 well paved, and kept remarkably clean. 
 It has a good salmon fishery, and is noted 
 for good ale. It is governed by a mayor, 
 12 aklennen, recorder, &c, and has weekly 
 markets on Wednesday and Friday, and five 
 annual fairs, Stockton contains above 
 4400 inhhabitants, and is 18 miles sse of 
 Durham, and 243 n by w' of London, 
 
 Stockwell, a village two rriiles sw of Lon-* 
 don, with a neat chapel and elegant 
 villa, 
 
 Stockzotv, a town of Moravia, in the 
 circle of Teschen, on the Vistula, 12 miles 
 SE of Teschen. 
 
 Stoke, a village in Suffolk, has a church 
 on a hill, whose tower is a seamark to 
 ships that pass the mouth of the harbour of 
 Harwich at 13 miles distance, two miles e of 
 Neyland. 
 
 Stoke, a village in Norfolk, with a ferry 
 on the river Stoke, which is navigable 
 •hence to Ouse. It is seven miles se of 
 Downham. 
 
 Stoke, or Stoke Poges, a village in Buck- 
 inghamshire, four miles nne of Windsor, 
 and 21 w of London. The church yard was 
 the scene of Air. Gray^s celebrated elegy. 
 He is buried at the E end of the church, 
 without a stone to mark the spot. 
 
 Stokecomer, a town in Somersetshire, 
 whose market is now disused, 26 miles w 
 of Wells, and 152 w by s of London. 
 
 Stoke Damarel, a parish in Devonshire, 
 about two miles n of Plymouth. It lies 
 along the harbour of Homoaze, and con- 
 tains the large and populous town of 
 Dock. 
 
 Stokes, a tow'u of North Carolina, chief 
 of Montgomery county, stands on the Yad» 
 kin, 46 miles wxw of Fayetteville. 
 
 Stokesleyj a town in the N riding of 
 Yorkshire, near the Wish. It has a weekly 
 market on Saturday, and five annual fairs. 
 It is 36 miles n of York, and 235 n by w of 
 London. 
 
 Stolherg, a town of Thuringia, capital 
 of a county of the same name, has a castl®. 
 i the residence of the count, and stands in a 
 I valley between two mountains. It lies 
 ! 12 miles ke of Northausen, and 55 wxw of 
 Leipzic. Lon. 11 5 e, lat. 51 36 x. 
 
 Stolberg, a town in Misnia, Upper 
 Saxony, with extensive cloth manufactures, 
 
 ; nine miles sw of Chemnitz, 
 i Slolhoffen, a town of Suabia, in Badea^ 
 
S T O 
 
 stands iu a morass, near the Khine, ei»'ht 
 miles sw of Baden, and 12 nb of Stras- 
 burs^. 
 
 Stolpe^ R town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Further Pomerania, has a castle, three ' 
 churches, anda Lutheran nunnery, seated on 
 the Stolpa, 10 miles from its influx into the 
 Baltic. It has a fine salmon fi-hery and a 
 good trade with Dantzic, «5o miles ene of 
 Colber^;. Lon. 16 48 e, lat.<54 27 n. 
 
 Stolpemmde, a town of Further Pome- 
 rania, on the Baltic sea, with a harbour at 
 the mouth of the Stolpa, 10 miles n\v of 
 Stolpe. 
 
 Sio^pe?!, a town in Misnia, Upper Saxony, 
 with a castle on a mountain, 16 miles e of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Stvlzemm, a town in the county of Hoya, 
 ^yestphalia, on the Weser, 16 miiCs ssw of j 
 Nienburg. I 
 
 Stone, a town in Staffordsliire, situated | 
 on the Trent, and the Siaffordihire canal. * 
 It has a weekly market on Tue day, and 
 three animal fairs, and a free grammar 
 school ; and lies 2 id miles nw of Litchfield, 
 and 140 n vv of London. 
 
 Stone Arabia^ a village and fine tract 
 of country in Montgomery county, New 
 York. 
 
 Stonehyres, a remarkable cataract in 
 lianarkshire, two miles below the town of 
 Lanark. 
 
 Stonchanen, or Stonchire, a. fishing town 
 in the county of Kincardine, and parish of 
 Duunottar. It chiefly consists of two prin- 
 cipal streets, and has an excellent harbour, 
 at the influx of the Carroii, defended by a 
 high rock, and a strong pier. Near it are 
 the remains of the castle of Dunottar, on a 
 lofty perpendicular rook almost surrounded 
 by the sea. It is a borough of burony> and 
 contained 1072 in 1792, and in 1811, 1886. 
 It is the seat of the courts held by the sheriff 
 of the county, and of the parochial school. 
 H^re is a manufacture of canvass, and some 
 trade in dried fish and oil. Siouehaven is 
 14 miles s by w of Aberdeen, and 20 nne of 
 Montrose. Lon. 1 63 w, lat. 66 68 n. 
 
 Stonehenge^ a remarkable relic of anti- 
 quity, upon Salisbury plain, six miles n of 
 Salisbury. It consists of several very large 
 stones, some placed upright, and others 
 horizontally upon one another ; it is sup- 
 posed to have been a temple of the ancient 
 Druids, because it is in a circular form. 
 It has puzzled antiquarians to account for 
 the bringing and placing of those enormous 
 stones ; for they are .so heavy, that it is 
 thought no artifice now' known is .suflicient 
 to have raised those that lie across, to that 
 height. 
 
 Stonehonse, a parish and village in 
 Lanarkshire. The parish is about five 
 miles long, and two broad, containing 6000 
 acres. The whole parish is generally either 
 cultivated or plained, and contains an anti 
 scorbutic spring. In the centre of the parish 
 is the village oi Stonehouse, whioff -contains 
 14 
 
 S T O 
 
 the inhabitants, who are 
 The inhabitants of this 
 
 about half of 
 chiefly weavers, 
 parish are noted for spinning fine liuen yarn. 
 There is plenty of coal, lime stone, and free 
 stone. Population about 1259. 
 
 Stonington, a post town and port of 
 Connecticut, in New London county', w’iih a 
 harbour that sets up from Long Island 
 Sound, opposite Fisher’s Island, 14 miles B 
 of New Linidon city. The number of 
 iubabitants is about 6648. 
 
 Stonyki) ky or Stephenkirk, a parish in 
 Wigtonshire, composed of the parishes of 
 Stoiiykirk, Clashaii, Rhiuns, and Toscar- 
 ton, or Kirk Madrine, which have been 
 long since united, about <^tght miles in 
 length, and nearly the same in breadth. It 
 lies on the w coast of the bay of Luce, antfe 
 is bounded on the s by Kirkmaiden and the 
 Irish sea, and contains about 17,000 acres. 
 
 It is in general well cultivated and produc- 
 tive. The inhabitants subsist by agricul- 
 ture, and the trades eo\inected with it. 
 Mackeral and spout fish are taken in the 
 bay of Luce, and rabbits in the sand hills on 
 its shore. It is watered by the Piltanton 
 and other streams. A square tower, 46 feet 
 high, dated on the battlements 1274, was ' 
 long the residence of the family of M‘c 
 Dow'all of Garthland. A beautiful earthen 
 mound near Balgreggan house, overlooking 
 the bay of Luce, measures 360 feet round 
 the base, is about 60 feet high, and curious- 
 ly excavated on the top. The exports from 
 the parish are barley, oats, black cattle, 
 and swine. A good deal of linen cloth is 
 manufactured, and also a kind of woollen 
 cloth, called plaiding. There are two an- 
 nual fairs, one at Stonykirk, and the other 
 at Kirk Madrine, but little business is done 
 at either. Population about 1848. ^ 
 
 Storkau, a tow'n in the Ucker Mark, 
 Brandenburg,, 27 miles se of Berlin. 
 
 STORMARIA, a principality of tiplstein. 
 It is 12 miles in length, and eight in fareudth. 
 Hamburg is the capital. 
 
 STORMONT, a district in Perthshire, 
 from which the earl of Mansfield has the 
 title of viscount. 
 
 Stornaway, a flourishing towm and parish 
 in the isle of Lewis, Scotland. The lown 
 is well built, and of considerable extent. 
 It has an excellent harbour called Loch 
 Stornaway, on the e side of the n division 
 of the island. About 40 vessels are an- 
 nually fitted out here lor the white and her- 
 ring fisheries. The number of inhabitants 
 is about 800. It has a handsome church, 
 a town house, an assembly room, a custom 
 house, and a post office, aud a packet sails 
 j weekly to Ulapool on the Mainland of lloss- 
 shire. Besides the Parochial school, there 
 is one established by the .society for propa- 
 gating Christian knowledge. The parish is 
 of very great extent ; the general appear- 
 ance is a fiat moor, with a small extent of 
 cultivated land on the coasts, of a blackish 
 soil tglerably fertile. The principal bays 
 X X 
 
S T O 
 
 Broad Bay, South Bay, loch Storna- 
 way, and Loch Grimshader, all of which 
 afford tolerable anchorage. The principal 
 headlands are Torstasel er, Triumpban, and 
 Seller Heads, Population of the town and 
 parish about 2974. 
 
 Stortford, or Bishop^s Stortford, a town 
 in Hertfordshire, situated on the e side of a 
 hill, by the river Stort, which is navigable 
 hence to the sea, with a market on Thurs 
 day. It is large, and well frequented. 
 On the E side is the ruin of a castle on an 
 artificial mount. It is 16 miles ene ol 
 Hertford, and 30 nne of London. 
 
 Stossen^ a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, six miles s of Wei-seniels. 
 
 Stoughton, Great, and Stoughton High- 
 way, two large ctmtiguoMs viiiage> in Hun- 
 tingdonshire, five miles nw' of St* Neots. 
 
 Stoughton, a town tn Norfolk county, 
 Massachussetts, which supplies Boston w ith 
 great quantities of Charcoal, brooms, and 
 baskets, nine miles se of Deadham, and 16 
 s of Boston. 
 
 Stour, a river in Kent, w^bich has its 
 source in the Weald, pas.^es by Wye and 
 Canterbury, and seven nilts below sepa- 
 rates into two streams, the larg r one runs 
 by Sandwich into Hope bay ; the smaller 
 falls into the sea at Reculver. 
 
 Stour, a river which rises in the northern 
 extremity of Dcr.'^etsbire, flows by Stour- 
 niinster, Blandiorl, and W’^indbern, then, 
 enter- iig Hampshire, unites with the Avon, 
 opposite Christ church. 
 
 Stour, a river that rises in the s part of 
 Staffordshire, enters Worce tershire at Stour- 
 bridge, and runs by Kidderminster into the 
 Severn, opposite Stour|>ort. 
 
 StouTy a river that forms the entire 
 boundary betw^een Essex and Suffolk, 
 waters Ciare, Ludbury. Neyland, and Man- 
 ningtree, and united with the Orwell from 
 Ipswich forms the harbour of Harwich. 
 
 Stourbridge, a town in Worcestershire, 
 situated on the Stour, over which it has a 
 bridge. It is iioK d for its glass and iron 
 works, and earthenw^are, and has manuf'<c- 
 tures of frieze, and other w'oolLns. It has 
 a weekly market on ‘ riday, and three an- 
 nual fairs, conta ns nearly 3500 inhabitants. 
 It has a siacioiis church, a free school 
 founded by Edward VI., and .some dissenting 1 
 meeting houses. In the vicinity is an hos- 
 pital for the maintenance and education of 
 $0 boy s 22 n iies n of Worcester^ and ] 26 
 S’w of London. 
 
 Stourbridge, a town in Worcester coun- 
 ty, Mas-achu.'^eits, noted for excellent butler 
 and chee^e, 22 mi es sw of Worcester. 
 
 Stourbridge, or Sturhick, a village on a 
 brock, called the Stour or Sture, noted lor 
 one of the greatest tinnual fairs in Englaiid. 
 It commences on September 19th, and con 
 tinues a fortnight. Besides an in mensf 
 ^uamlly of wool, cheese, and hops sold in 
 this lair, it is a great mart for almost ever} 
 ki&d qI Eaglish maxiuiftflure, particulftrly 
 
 S t It 
 
 Woollen, cotton, and hardware 
 Tents and booths are erected for the accom- 
 modation ot the people who attend tho 
 lair, and for the preservation of order, tha 
 magistrates of Cambridge, hold a court'on 
 the spot, all the time the fair lasts. See 
 Cambridge, 
 
 Stomholm, a small island of Shetland. 
 
 St our minuter, a town in Dorsetshire^ 
 with a weekly narket on Thursday, a 
 loanufacture of white baize, and two an- 
 nual fairs. In the vicinity is the ruin of a 
 castle, once the seat of the w Saxon kings. 
 It contains 1406 inhabitants. It is situated 
 on the Stour, 20 miles ne of Dorchester, 
 and 108 w by s of T ondon. 
 
 Stow^ort, a town in Wore stershire, 
 lour miles s o Kidderminster, seated oppo- 
 Sfie the place v here the river Stour, and iho 
 I St. ffordshire and Worcestershne canal 
 I enters the Severn, over wmeh it has a long 
 i Slone bridge. 
 
 I Stow, a town in Glouce? tershire, called 
 I ixXsoSt.w on the .stands on a, bleak 
 hill. The piineipal manufacture is that of 
 shoes. It contains near y 1 100 inhabitants, 
 ai d has a weekly maiket on Thursday, and 
 two annual lairs. It i.s 1 1 miles s of Cam- 
 den, 22 e of Gloucester, and 83 w by n of 
 London. 
 
 Stow, a pari.sh of JMid-I.othian and Sel- 
 kirkshire, extend.s about 15 miles in length, 
 and five in breadth. The snrface, one 
 fourth of which is arable is billy, well 
 adapted for sheep pasture, and contains 
 about 1876 inhabitants. The eburch living 
 was lorn erly a part of the temporalities of 
 the archbishop of St. Andrews, The vil- 
 ! lage ol Slow' has a manufaeiure ol womlen 
 j cloth, and has been long noted lor making a 
 j coarse kind of woollen tape known by the 
 I name of Stow Strunting u.-^ed for garters, 
 
 ! a lid other purpose.*;. It has a fair qn the 
 j second Tuesday of March for hiring ser- 
 ! vants, and the sale ol sheep, particularly 
 ewes, 23 miles ssk of Edinhurgh. 
 
 Stowey a town in Somersetshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday, no vestige o it*, ancient 
 castle ren ai* s except the ditc'h, 22 miles w 
 of Wells, and 147 w by s of Loudim 
 
 Stow Market, a large and handsome 
 town in Suffolk, seated on the Orwell, with 
 a na\igable cut to Ipswdch. It has a 
 large manufactory ot sacking, ropes, twist, 
 <fee. 'which has sucoeedeil ti) that oi woollen 
 stuffs, <frc. tt has a weekly market, and 
 three annual fairs, and lies 12 miles nw' of 
 Ij sw ich, and 69 n ne of London. 
 
 Strabane, a large, populous, and well 
 built tow n in Tyrone, Ulster, seated on the 
 JVlorne, near the Fi yle. It gives the title of 
 viscount to a Ian ily of the name ot Hamil- 
 ton. The town has ^ considerable share in 
 (he linen trade, and sent two niemher.-i; to 
 ihe Irish parli- ment, two miles sr of Lef- 
 ’ord, 1 3 ssw of Londonderry, and 101 nnw 
 ol Dublin. 
 
 Strachsiii, See Struthaen^ 
 
S T R 
 
 Strachiirf and Sralachlan^ an united 
 ^rish in the district ot fowal, Argyllshire 
 cii the .'‘E banks ot Loch Fy* e> 18 miles 
 long, and from nine to six broad. The 
 general appearance is hilly, affording ex- 
 cellent pasture for sheep and black cattle. 
 
 In each ot the united parishes is a church 
 and a parochial school. Near Strachur, 
 the elegant seat of General Campbell, is an 
 excellent ■ inn, and at a small distance an 
 ancient obelisk, 10 teet high. In Stralach- 
 lan, is castle l*acblan a stately and vene- 
 rable edifice, still kept in repair by the 
 chief of the elan ol Maclachlan, its owner. 
 Popula ion about 10T9. 
 
 StradbaUy, a small town in Qneen^s 
 county, Leinster, with a charter school. 
 Here, in the 12tb century, was founded a 
 convent of Franciscans, Within half a ndle 
 is Brockley park, a superb seat ol lord 
 Roden, 38 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Stradbrooky a town in Suffolk, five 
 miles trom Harlestown. 
 
 StradtllOy a strong town of Italy, in the 
 Milanese, with a castle, stands on the Ver- 
 sa, near the Po, It was t^ken by the 
 French in IhOO, 10 miles sE of Pavia. 
 
 Straiton. a parish in Carrick, Ayrshire, 
 about J<5 miles in length irom Nw to se, 
 and five in breadth, intersected by the Gir- 
 van. The greater pan ol it is only fit lor 
 pasture. The villap of Straiten or Stre- 
 town is regularly built, and stands in a plea 
 sant situation, between two wood skirted 
 bills, on the bat ks of the Girvan. It con- 
 tains 200 inhabitant-, a number of wdiom 
 are weavers employed in manufacturing 
 flannels, serges, <fec. for sa e. There is 
 plenty of coal, lime, marl, and ironstone in 
 the parish. Population about 1026. 
 
 StrakonitZy a town of Bohemia, in the 
 circle of Prachin, with a castle on the 
 Wotawa, 1 1 miles sw of Piseck. 
 
 Straleriy a town of Prussian Guelderland, 
 10 miles sw of Guelders. 
 
 Strahundy a rich sea port of Hither 
 Pomerania, and lately the capital of the 
 Swedish part. The churches and other 
 public buildings are handsome ; the college 
 library contains a capital collection ot 
 coins. In 1714. Charles XII. came hither 
 alter his return from Turkey, and enobled 
 the magistrates. In 1715, it submitted to 
 the allies, but was restored in 1720, and 
 was taken by the French In 1807. It con- 
 tains about 11,000 inhabitants; and has 
 a considerable trade. It is almost sur- 
 rounded byihe Baltic and the lake Franoen, 
 and has a harbour separated from the Isle 
 of Rugen, by a narrow channel. It is 
 15 miles n of Gripswald, 40 ene of Ros- 
 tock, and 85 nw ol Stettin. Lon. 13 28 
 E, lat. 54 17 N. 
 
 Strammely a town of Further Pomerania, 
 on the R^ga, 21 miles of New Star* 
 gard. 
 
 ' Strangfordy a sea port in the county of 
 'Down, Irela^, on a bay of its name, at 
 
 S T R 
 
 tbc narrow part that connects l^trangford 
 Loch with the Irish sea. It is nine miles 
 E by N of Downpatrick, Lon. 5 30 Wp 
 lat. t'>4 31 N. 
 
 Strangford Lough. See Lough Sttang^ 
 ford. 
 
 Slranraery a parish and handsome burgh 
 in Wigto shire, beautifully situated at the 
 head ol Loch Ryan, intersected by a rivulet. 
 
 It has a considerable trade to Eng. and, 
 Ireland, and the Baltic, and a number of 
 vessels mployed iu the herring fishery in 
 the West Highland loughs and seas. Th© 
 cotton and linen nianut.'Ciures are als© 
 carried on to a considerab e extent Shi^ 
 buildi g emp oys sev ral of the inhabi- 
 tants. The town is governed by a provost,, 
 two bailies, a dean of guild, and 15 coun- 
 sellors, and joins with Migton, New Gallo- 
 way, and Whithorn in electing a member 
 to parliament. The privilege ot the burgh 
 extend to the distance ot several miies. Part 
 of the subur.i'S aie in the parish of Less- 
 wall, which see. In the town is an ancient 
 square tower, of four or fi^e stories high^^ 
 called the castle. The church and towa 
 house, in the latter of which is the tol booth, 
 are handsome buildings. It is a port of 
 the customhouse. Its harbour is excellent 
 but ships of the greatest burden cannot 
 come up to the town. Formerly Lochryaa 
 was frequented by immense shoals ot her- 
 rings of large size and excellent quality, 
 but for many jears they have not come io 
 such quantities. The Landwart part of th® 
 pari'h is fertile, but not of great extent. 
 Part of the minister's stipend consists ol th® 
 tithe of fish taken in Lochryan. This town 
 is a great thoroughfare from Ireland to all 
 parts of Scotland and England. It lies 
 six miles n oi Portpatrick, 10 wsw of Glen- 
 luce, and 126 sw of Edinburgh by Ayr, 
 and contains nearly 2000 souls. The mar- 
 ket is on Friday, and fairs first Friday of 
 M.iy, last Friday of August, and last Friday 
 of October. Lon. 4 57 w, lat, 35 0 N* 
 Sfrasbitrgy an ancient, large, bandsomOp 
 populous, and commercial city of Frano®^ 
 in the department of Lower Rhine, and be- 
 fore the revolution in 1789, the se© of aa 
 archbishop, but now of a bishop. It i® 
 situated a quarter of a league from th® 
 Rhine; and the river III runs through It, 
 and forms many canals. The inhabitants, 
 exclusive of the garrison, are comput'd to 
 Vie 60,000. The tow^n has six gates, and a$ 
 many bridges of communication between 
 the different parts of the city. The princi- 
 pal edifices are built of red stone. This 
 town, formerly imp 'rial, was taken by 
 Louis XIV. in 1681. Its citadel and for- 
 tifications render it one of the strongest 
 places in Europe. It was confirmed t® 
 France at the peace of Ryswick. Inth® 
 cathedral is a clock, which shews tb® 
 motions of constellat ons, the revolution, 
 of the sun and moon, the days of the week* 
 the hours, dtc. The pyramidioal tower of 
 X %% 
 
S T R 
 
 the cathedral is 649 feet high. In the 
 church of St. Thomas is the magniUceni 
 tomb of the celebrated marshal Saxe. 
 Strashurg is a place of considerable com- 
 merce, and has manufactures of tobacco, 
 porcelain, steel, lace, carpets, cloth, lea- 
 ther, (fee. Strashurg is 6^5 miles x of Basel, 
 and 75 E of Nancy. Lon. 7 45 e, lat. 48 
 35 N. 
 
 Strasburg, a town ami castle of Swabia, 
 18 miles e of Rothvveil, and 19 of Bu- 
 chan. 
 
 Stra.sbnrg, a strong town of West Prussia, 
 in the provmcc of Culm, on the Drigeutz, 
 with a castle. It is 39 miles exe of 
 'Thorn. 
 
 Strashurg, a (o\vn in Carinthia, Ger- 
 many, on the Gurk, 12 miles x of Clagen- 
 furt. 
 
 Strashurg, a town iiT the Ucker Mark, 
 Brandenburg, 15 miles n by w of Prenzlow’. 
 
 Strashurg, a post town of Shernandoah 
 county, Virginia, on the yw branch of the 
 N Fork of the Shenandoah, 18 miles ssw of 
 Winchester. 
 
 Strashurg, a town of Pennsylvania, in 
 Lancaster county, stands on an eminence, 
 58 miles w of Philadelphia. 
 
 Strasnitz, a town of Moravia, on the 
 Marseb, with a castle and a college, 12 
 miles ssw of Hradisch. 
 
 Stratfotd, a town in Wicklow, Leinster, ! 
 begun 2b years since, laid out on an ele- 
 gant plan, with spacious streets, and squares, 
 and a handsome church, school house, (fee. 
 built, and has manufactures of printed linens, 
 calicoes, muslins, stockings, hats, flannels, 
 carpets, fustians, tabinets, fiorentines, lace, 
 ribbons, (fee. 23 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Stratford, a considerable village in 
 Essex, separated from Bow in Middlesex, 
 by the river Lea, over which is a bridge, 
 said to be the most ancient stone one in 
 England. It is three miles exe of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Stratford, a pleasant post town in Fair- 
 field, county, Connecticut, on a river of its 
 name, five miles from its mouth, lias two 
 edilices for public worship, 14 miles wsw of 
 New haven. 
 
 Stratford Fenny, a town in Buckingham- 
 shire, with a market ou Monday, seated on 
 the Lissel, and the Roman Wattling Street. 
 The principal manufacture is that of thread 
 lace. ^ It has four annual fairs, aud lies 45 
 miles xw of London. 
 
 Stratford-le-bow, See BoWc 
 
 Stratford, St. Mary, a considerable vil- 
 lage in Suffolk, 12 miles sw of Ipswich, 
 seated on the Stour, has a share in tlie 
 woollen manufacture, aud a bridge over the 
 river into Essex. 
 
 Stratford, Stony, an ancient tow'n in 
 Buckinghamshire, situated ou the Ouse. It 
 has two churches, and a cross liuilt by j 
 Edward I, in memory of his queen Eleanor, 
 150 houses were destroyed by lire in 1743.1 
 The inhabUants are mostly employed as j 
 
 s T R 
 
 j lace makers. Stony Stratford has a 
 j ly market on Friday, aud three annual fairs^ 
 j It contains nearly 1700 inhabitants, and lie$; 
 
 1 20 miles xw of Dunstable, and 52 xw of 
 1 London. 
 
 I Siratfurd Upon Anon, a fovrn of War- 
 I vvickshire, situated on the Avon, over which 
 is a long stone bridge. This town is 
 famous for having been the birth place of 
 1 the immortal Shakespeare, who was buried 
 here in 16 1 (i. His monument, with a short 
 inscription, stands near the e end of the 
 j church. The house in which he was born 
 i was lately pulled down, and a mulberry of 
 ! his own planting lately felled ; of the wood 
 of which many curious articles have since 
 been made. It has an ancient church, a 
 free grammar school, and an alms house. 
 
 { It has a great trade in corn and malt, with 
 j a weekly market on Thursday, and four 
 j annual fairs. It is governed by a mayor, 
 
 ' recorder, high steward, 12 aldermen, and 12 
 j capital burgesses, and lies eight miles sw of 
 j Warwick, and 93 xw of London. 
 
 ; Strnili, more properly called Srathsicordlef 
 I a parish of the isle of Sky, about 19 miles 
 I long, aud five miles and a-half broad, lying 
 i on the sound which separates Skye irom the 
 ' mainland. It also comprehends the small 
 ! islands of Scaipa and Pabba. Black cat- 
 I tie are the staple of the parish, for the sale 
 [j of which, it has a fair in the last week of 
 I May, and another in the end of July. The 
 i coast abounds with fish, and the parish 
 I with freestone, coarse marble, marl, and 
 j limestone. In a cave here the pretender lodged 
 1 some nights, after the defeat of his troops in 
 1740. Population about 1748. 
 
 Stralhaeri, more generally called »SYr«« 
 chan, a parish in Mearns, lying on the x 
 side of the Grampian ridge, extending from 
 the top of Gairn-o’- Mount to the banks 
 of the Dee, about 1 1 miles. Populatiou 
 about 739. 
 
 Strathaven, a town and parish in Lanark- 
 shire. The pari>h, which likewise receives 
 the name of Avendale, is about 12 miles longj 
 by five or six broad. There are here lime- 
 stone, coal, and freestone ; and a few sw'ci- 
 niens of iron ore have been found. The 
 town is pleasantly situated on the Avon, 
 and has a manufacture of cotton. It was 
 erected into a burgh of barony in 1459, and 
 has a weekly market, and three annual 
 fairs. It lies seven miles s of Hamilton, 
 
 . and contains 16 iO inhabitants. The town 
 and parish contains about 3623 inhabitants. 
 It was long famous for dresdng flax and 
 spinning it into fiiic yarn, but is succeeded 
 by spimiiug and weaving of cotton. It has 
 a castle on a rocky eminence, and stands 
 I on the Painilioii, neurits junction with the 
 I Avon, seven s of Hamilton, 16 sse of Glas+ 
 gow,and 45 w^,^v of Kdinhurgh. 
 
 S f rat hh lane, a beaut ilnl vale in the 
 I counties of Stirling and Dumbarton, includ- 
 ing the parishes of Buchanan, Drymen, 
 Kiimaronock, Killearn, and Sirathblaiie. , 
 
SlraMlaney an agreeable and pichiresqne |j 
 parish in the above valley, in the nw corner j 
 of Stirlingshire, of a rectangular torm, five j 
 miles long and four broad. The vale is i 
 very fertile and well cultivated. In the j 
 cJiurch is buried Mary countess of Angus, 
 liaughter of king Robert III, and wile oi ; 
 Sir Will am Edmonstone of Duntreath. Tn | 
 a log of wood, which for rpany years had i 
 been used as a prop for a form in the school, 
 were found a number of old English and i 
 Scottish coins, and also some Dutch duca- 
 foons, about the year Population j 
 
 about 734. 
 
 STRATHBOGTE, a district of Scotland, 
 in ilberdeenshire, extending over a surface ol 
 120 square miles. 
 
 Strathdon, a parish in Aberdeenshire, 
 situated on the west ern border of the county, 
 about 50 miles from the county town, and 
 extending about 20 miles in length, by seven 
 or eight in breadth. The greater pari of 
 the parish is hilly, and affords good sheep 
 pasture. Many bla 'k cattle are also reared, 
 and much flax is spun. In the parish are 
 limestone^ granite, and coarse slate ; also a 
 chalybeam spring, a missionary preacher, | 
 and two schools established by the society | 
 for propagating Christian knowledge. Po- 
 pulation about 1354. 
 
 Strathearny or Stratherne, a fine rich 
 valley in Perthshire, extending many miles 
 E anil w, watered by the Earn, which falls 
 into the Tay,at the e end of the Strath. 
 
 Straikendrie, an old castle in the parish 
 of Leslie, Fife, near which stand four erect 
 stones; in a hillock near it have been found 
 a stone coiiin, an urn, bones, and pieces of 
 armour. 
 
 Strathmartiiiy a parish in Forfarshire, 
 about two miles square, a few miles w of 
 Dundee. Here is St Martinis stone, which, 
 according to tradition, stands on the spot 
 where a person of the name of Martin killed 
 a dragon. This parish is now united to 
 that of Mains of Fintree. Population of 
 Sirathmartin about 503, 
 
 • StrathmifjlOy a pari'«h of .Scotland, in 
 Fifeshire, about five miles and a-hall long, 
 and three and u-half bro ul, watered by the 
 Miglo, one of the tributaries of the Eden. 
 The village of .Slraihniiglo, which contains 
 upwards of 200 inhabitants, lies three miles 
 Kw from Falkiciiid. Population of the pa- 
 rish and village, about 1000. 
 
 Strathmore, an extensive plain of .Scot- 
 land, reaching from the vicinity of Perth to 
 Brechin, eastward, nearly 40 miles in length, 
 and from four to six in breadth. A series 
 of encampments run its whole length con- 
 tiguous to the bases of the mountains ; and 
 its N extremity is said by some to have b;eeu 
 the scene of conflict between the Romans 
 under Agricola, and the Caledonians under 
 Galgacus. Strathmore gives the tide of 
 €arl to the ancient family of Lyon. 
 
 STRATHNAVER,a district in Suther- 
 iaudsiiire^ which comprises the whole ne 
 
 part of that county. It derives its nam© 
 from the river Naver. 
 
 Strathspe-g, an extensive valley in Mur- 
 rayshir^*, celebrated for giving name to a 
 stdiviiig and popular species of ScottisU 
 music. Tulloohgoruin, Rothiemurcus, a,nA 
 several other places celebrated in song ara 
 in this valley. 
 
 Straihy, a river of Scotland, Sutherland- 
 shire which enters an extensive bay ol the 
 North sea, shelteied by a large promon- 
 tory of its name. Lon, 3 43 w, lat, 5H 
 43 N, 
 
 Stratton, a town in Cornwall, with a 
 market on Tuesday, and three annual fairs. 
 
 It is no.ed for gaidens and orchards. It is 
 18 miles nnw of Launceston, and 222 w by s 
 of London. 
 
 Stfauoing, a town of Bavaria, capital ol 
 a ternt )ry of the same name, with a castle, 
 seated on the Danube. It is a large place, 
 and has broad streets, elegant churches, and 
 handsome convents. In 1743, it was taken 
 by the Austrians, who demolished its fortifi- 
 cations ; but it was restored in iT45, 22 
 miles sE of Ratisbon, and dS ne of Munich. 
 Lon. 12 28 E, lat. 48 50 n. 
 
 Sireatham, a village in Surry, with^a 
 mineral water of cathartic quality, which 
 is much used in London, five miles s of Lon* 
 don. 
 
 Straiishcrg, a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, stands on the lake Straus, 
 has a castle on a mountain, and ma- 
 nufactures of baize and cloth, 21 miles enb 
 of Berlin. 
 
 Strehla, a town in Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, seated on the Elbe. Li the vicmity, 
 the Prussians were defeated by the Aus- 
 trians, in 1760, 14 miles nw of Meissen. 
 
 Strelitz, a toWxU in the principality 
 of Oppeln, Silesia; 16 miles se of Op- 
 peln. 
 
 ^Strelitz, New, a town of Lower .Saxony, 
 capital of Mecklenburg Strelitz, seated 
 among lakes. It had its origin from tha 
 destruction of the ducal palace, in Old 
 Strelitz; after which, in 1713, the duka 
 ji began to build a superb palace, two miles 
 |! from the site of the former, at Glienkie, 
 
 I which was a hunting. seat, and in 1T33, foun- 
 deil the town contiguous to the palace, 
 j From the spacious market-place in the ceu- 
 I tre, a number of .streeis branch out in straight 
 I lines, the chief of which leads to the palace, 
 ji and the next to a pleasant lake, 55 mi' s 
 I of Gusirow, and 56 N by wof Berlin. Lou. 
 
 13 18 E, lat. 53 21 n. 
 
 I Strelitz, Old, an old town of Mecklen- 
 i burg, the residence of the youngest brancii 
 of that house, till the palace was ^urnt in 
 1712. 
 
 Strelitz, a village in the parish of Cargill, 
 eight miles n of Perth, built for disabled 
 soldiers, consisting of about 80 housc.s, vvilU 
 ♦wardens and three acresof land each. 
 
 Streng, or Strengnas, a town in Siider- 
 marda; seated on the lake Maeler, is a bi- 
 
S T R 
 
 sliop’s see, and has a college, 30 miles w 
 by s of Stockholm. Lon. 17 40 e, lat. 69 
 IS s. 
 
 Stretton, See Churck Stretton. 
 
 StricheUf a parish in Aberdeenshire, in 
 the district of Buchan, conta.ning abou( 
 8000 acres* The village of Strichen con- 
 tains about 200 inhabitants, chiefly employ- 
 ed in the inen manufacture. It has a char 
 ter for a weekly market, a post office, and 
 fairs for flax in March and in May. Popu- 
 lation about I <520, 33 miles n of Aberdeen, 
 and nine s of Frazerburgh. 
 
 Strickathrow y a parish in Strathmore, 
 Forfarshire, about seven miles long and two 
 broad. Freestone and limestone are abiin« 
 dant, has two chalybeate springs, and is 
 watered by rivulets, which united, form the 
 North Esk. Corn, black cattle, and flax, 
 are the principal produce. In the church 
 yard, which is said to have been the scene 
 of the surrender of the crown of Scotland, 
 by John Baliol to Edward I. in I29fl, are 
 three tomb stones, said by tradition to mark 
 the graves of three Danish generals* Popu- 
 lation about 593. 
 
 Striegauy a town in the principality of 
 Schweidnitz, Silesia, on a river ai the foot 
 of a mountain; 11 miles n of Schweid- 
 Bitz. 
 
 StrokestowTiy a town in Roscommon, 
 Connahghi, 10 miles n of Roscommon, and 
 70 wNw of Dublin. 
 
 Stroemslwlmy a town in Westmania, 
 Sweden, seated on the lake Maeler, with an 
 ancient royal castle, and a canal to the iron 
 mines at Norberg ; 18 miles sw of Wes« 
 teras. 
 
 Stroma, a small island on the coast of 
 Caithness-shire, about three miles from the 
 shore of Caithness, in the Pentland Frith, 
 included in the parish of Cannisbay. It is 
 about a mile long, and 4ialf a mile broad, 
 inhabited by 170 persons, who are very 
 dexterous fishers. Here is a society school, 
 an old chapel in ruins, at its w end is a 
 tremendous cavern called the Gulpe, and 
 near its n end a dangerous whirlpool. The 
 tide rises about 30 feet above low water 
 mark. It is very productive Of corn. 
 
 Strombergy a town in the principality of 
 Munster, Westphalia, 20 miles ese of Mun- 
 ster, and 20 Nw of Paderborn. 
 
 Strombergy a town in the department of 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 
 22 miles w of Mentz, and 32 s of Cob- 
 lentz. 
 
 STROMBOLI, the most northern of the 
 Lipari islands, in the Tuscan sea. It is a 
 volcano which rises in a conical form to 
 the height of 3000 feet, and toward the e 
 are three small craters ranged near each 
 other nearly at tv'o thirds of its height. It 
 is inhabited notwithstanding its fires, and 
 produces a great deal of cotton. Of all 
 the volcanoes recorded in history, Stromboli 
 seems to be the only one that burns without 
 
 s T R 
 
 I ceasing, inflomueh that, for ages past, it hsM 
 been looked upon as the great - light- 
 hou.ve of these seas. Lon. 15 45 s, lat. 38 
 40 N 
 
 Stromnefis, a town in the isle of Pomona, 
 in Orkney, about nine miles w from Kirk- 
 wall. It has an excellent harbour, in 
 which ships of 1000 tons can lie, and is vi- 
 sited by many ships from' the’ w ol Britain 
 and Ireland in their voyages to Norway and 
 the Baltic, and by ships of the Hudson 
 Bay Company, who keep an agent here, and 
 who here find many hands to mau their 
 vessels. It h<.s a pretty good trade, and 
 contains 1400 inhabitants. To the parish 
 of Stromne s is united that of Sandwieb, in 
 each of which is a church. The united 
 parish is about 19 miles long, atid from two 
 and a half to five and a- he If broad, lying 
 , along the n banks of the sound of Hoy, 
 j The coast is bold, and the rocks in some 
 i places rise to the height of 500 feet. The 
 I surface is hilly, and part of »t mountainous. 
 The men are addicted to a sea-faring life, 
 the women spin and knit a fine species of 
 woollen stockings, and tpanuiaefure linen. 
 Here are many ruinous chapels, a number 
 of tumuli, and a druidical circle. In one 
 chasm stands a rock resembling a bishop in 
 bis sacerdotal habit. Population of tho 
 united pari'-b is about 2600. 
 
 STROMOE, the largest of the Feroe is- 
 lands, in luc northern ocean, 27 miles long, 
 and seven broad. Throsbaven is the capital 
 of this, and of all the l.-lands, and the com- 
 mon market. It is seated on a tongue of 
 •and on the se side of the island, and has a 
 1 fort on a point on the e side of the bay, 
 Lon. 7 0 w, lat. 62 10 n. 
 
 &tromsoe, a town in the province of 
 Aggerhuys, Norway, 20 miles sw of Chris- 
 tiana. 
 
 Stromstadty a town in the province of 
 West Gotblctnd, Sweden, stands on tha 
 coast of the North sea, and is celebrated for 
 shell-fish, 45 miles nnw of Dddevalla. Lon. 
 
 II 10 E, lat. 58 53 n. 
 
 SirongoH, an episeopal town of Naples 
 in Calabria Citeriore, stands on a high, 
 rock, tl»ree miies from the sea, and seven v 
 of St Severino, 
 
 STRONSA, one of the Orkney isles, si- 
 tuated NE of Mainland. It is about seven 
 miles and a-half long, and nearly ol tho 
 same breadth, but so iudenteti with hay.s, 
 that no part of it is above one mile and 
 a-half distant from the sea. There are two 
 safe harbours here, Ling Bay and Papa 
 Sound. A chalybeaie spring in this island, 
 called the well of Kildinguie, was formerly 
 frequented by persons of rank from Denmark 
 and Norway. It produces a great quantity 
 of kelp, and feeds many cat le and sheep. 
 
 Stroma EdayH parish of the Orkney 
 isles, comprehending the islands of Stronsa, 
 Eda, Papa Stronsa, Faira, and nine Holmes, 
 or pasture isles. In Stronsa is one church, 
 arid in Eda another, both served by ouft 
 
S T U 
 
 Ihietstef, and the ruins of no Ic^s than five 
 carish cburi'hes, and nine c.iapels. The 
 kelp manuiaciure wa.s introduced h re 
 About the y.^ar 1^2^. The parish contains 
 About 1642 inhabitants. 
 
 Strontian, a vilUg^e iu Argyllshire, noted 
 for its lead mines, situated at the head ot 
 Loch Sunart, and built on aceounl of the 
 mines. Here, in 1790, was discovered a 
 new kind oi mineral called Sirontites, Iroin 
 the place where it was found, 15 ni les "Wsw 
 of Fort William. 
 
 StroiidySiXQ'ffn in Gloucestershire, situated 
 ot the confluence of the Frome and Srade, 
 who^e waters being peculiarly adapted lor 
 dying scarlet, its banks, for about 20 miles, 
 are crowded with the houses of clothiers. 
 
 A navigable canal runs \v to the Severn, and 
 also extends e to the Thames, at Lechlade, 
 by which means the town has greatly in- 
 creased of late years. In 181 1, it contained 
 ^321 inhabitants, and has a weekly market 
 on Friday, and two annual fairs. Here is a 
 handsome church, a free school, a charity 
 school, and a work house. Stroud is 1 1 
 miles sE of Gloucester, and 100 w by n of 
 Loudon. 
 
 Stroud, a large village in Kent, which 
 may be considered as a suburb of Roches- 
 ter, from which it is separated by the river 
 3fedway. 
 
 Stuen, a town of Upper Hungary, re- 
 markable for its hot baths, and for th* 
 mines of copper and silvet found in the 
 neighbouring mountains. 
 
 Stutland, a village at the e end of the 
 isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire, seated on a 
 bay of the same name, which extends to 
 Pool Harbour. In the vicinity are several 
 curious barrows, four miles e by n of Corte 
 Castle. 
 
 Stuhlingen, a town of Suabia, in the 
 landgravate of its name, has a castle on a 
 mountain, nine miles s of Fursteuberg. 
 
 St?ildiveissenburg, a town of Lower Hun- 
 gary, stands in a marshy ground, occasioned 
 by the river Sarwitz. It is a bishop^s see ; 
 formerly the place of the oorouation of 
 their kings, and generally also of their in- 
 terment, but it has fallen much into decay 
 since 1702, when the works were disman- 
 tled. The inhabitants are estimated at 
 11,000. It was formerly called A iba Re- 
 galis, 30 miles sw of Buda, and 80 sE ol 
 Presburg. Lon. 18 28 E,lat. 47 18 N. 
 
 STURA, a department of France, con- 
 taining part of Piedmont. It takes its 
 name from a rivei*, which has its source on 
 the w border, and running by Coni and Fos- 
 sano, unites witti the Tanaro, at Cnerasco. 
 Coni IS tiie capital. 
 
 Stutgardj a Handsome and po! ulous city 
 of Suauid, capital of tne duchy oi Wirteni- 
 burg, seated iu a plain among mountains 
 near the Neckar. Ii is surrounded hy walis 
 And ditches. Here are an aneient castle, a 
 ducal palace, a ri-oh cabinet ot curiosities, 
 A college, A duoai academy Awd ohservatofy, | 
 
 s UD 
 
 a military academy, one of the most valua- 
 ble libraries in Germany, and an orphan 
 house. In the city, which is generally of 
 wood, the streets are narrow, but iu one of 
 the suburbs there are fine houses and spaci- 
 ous streets. It was taken by the French 
 in 1796, and again in 1799. It is 36 miles 
 E of Baden, and 52 ne of Strasburg. Lon* 
 
 9 21 E, lat. 48 44 n. 
 
 SUABIA, a circle of Germany. It com- 
 prehends the duchies of Wirtemburg, the 
 raargraviate of Baden, the principalities of 
 Hohen ZoUern, Oettingeu, Furstenburg, and 
 Aliudleheim; the bishoprics of Augsburg, 
 Constance, and Coire, with several abbeys 
 and free tow’ns. 
 
 SUANES, SuANi, or Siianeti, a poor 
 and simple people of Asia, who inhabit on© 
 of the four divisions of the kingdom of Ime- 
 ritia. They subsist by raising cattle, and 
 by a little agriculture. 
 
 Suakem, or Suaquani, a town of Turkey, 
 in Africa, capital of the beglerbeglic of 
 Abex. it is situated on a small island of 
 its name, in the Red Sea, having a well 
 frequented harbour. It is the seat of a 
 Turkish governor, under the bashaw of 
 Cairo, and w^as once a place of note, but 
 now greatly decayed. Lon. 37 55 e, lat. 
 19 56 N. 
 
 Subiaco, a town of Italy, in Campagna 
 di Roma, on the Teverone, 33 miles e by N 
 of Rome. 
 
 Stica, a town in Tripoli, Barbary, seated 
 on the gulf of Syrtis, near a lake of its 
 name, from which great quantities of excel- 
 lent salt are obtained, 36 miles s of Mesu- 
 rata. 
 
 Sucadana, capital of a kingdom of its 
 name on the sw coast of Borneo, stands at 
 the mouth of a river. The chief products 
 of tne country are can.phor and diamonds. 
 Lon. 110 15 E, lat. 1 10 s. 
 
 Success Bay, a bay on the w coast of 
 the strait of Le Maire, Terra del Fuego ; 
 the s promontory at its entrance is called 
 Cape Success. Lon. 65 27 w, lat. 55 1 s. 
 
 Suda, a strong fort on an islet, in a gulf 
 of its name, in the isle of Candia. This 
 fort was built by the Venetians, and was re- 
 tained by them long after they lost tho 
 island. Here is one of the safest harbours 
 in the Levant, eight miles e of Canea. 
 
 Sudbury, a large town in Suflblk, situa- 
 ted on ;be Stour, by which it is almost 
 surrounded. Different kinds of thin siulfs 
 are made here, panicularly says, bunting for 
 ship- colours, ami burial crapes. It was 
 one cf the first seats of the FI miings who 
 were inv ted to England by Edward III. io 
 teach his .subjects the art of manufacturing 
 iheir own wool. It contains three haud- 
 .some churches, and is governed by a mayor 
 and .sev n aid rmen, and sends two members 
 io pariiameut, ciio en by the freemen, 
 amounting to upwards ot 700. It has a 
 weekly market ou Saturday, and two annual 
 fairs, Aud Les 14 milos s of Edmundsbury, 
 
SUE 
 
 and 54 ne of London, Lon. 0 50 w, lat. !| 
 S2 II K. l! 
 
 Sitdet'farSy a town in Upland, Sweden, 
 spaced near the Dahl, above the cataract of 
 lilfscarleby. It is the only place in the 
 kingdom where anchors are forged, 38 miles 
 :!ww of Upsal. 
 
 Stiderhamn, a town of .Sweden, in the 
 province of Helsingland, It is situated at 
 the mouth of a river, near the gulf or 
 Bothnia, and has a manufacture of arms, 
 aiKl a good trade in linen, butter, timber, 
 and flax, 20 miles n of Gefle. Lon. 17 5 e, 
 lat. 63 20 N. 
 
 Snderkoping, a town of Sweden, in East 
 Gothland, seated on a navigable river, and 
 formerly much more flourishing than at 
 present, 10 miles sse of Nordkioping. 
 
 SUDERMANIA, or Sudekma\’-Land, 
 a province in the s of Sweden, about 62 miles 
 in length, and 42 in breadth. It is the most 
 populous part in Sweden, and abounds in 
 corn, and mines of various metals. Niko- 
 ping is the capital. 
 
 Sudertelje, a town in Sudermania, Swe- 
 den, stands near the lake Maeler, wuth a 
 manufacture of worsted and silk stockings, 
 16 miles wsw of Stockholm. 
 
 SUDOREE, one of the Farro islands, in 
 the Northern ocean, remarkable for a dan- 
 gerous w'hirlpool near it, occasioned by a 
 crater, 61 fathoms deep in the centre. The 
 danger, at most times, especially in storms, 
 is very great, but at the reflux, and in calm 
 weather, the inhabitants venture in boats 
 for the sake of fishing. 
 
 SUE, LA, a powerful nation of Indians, |j 
 inhabiting the westward of La^e Superior | 
 and the Mississippi. Warriors, 10,600. | 
 
 Sneaborg^ a strong and immense fortress, | 
 constructed on several rocky islets in the jj 
 gulf of Finland, Sweden, It surrendered to |j 
 the Russians in 1808; three miles s of Hel- Ij 
 ffingfors. | 
 
 Suenborg^ a town in the island of Funen, i 
 Denmark, has the best harbour in the island, j 
 and manufactures of linen and woollen, j 
 22 miles s of Odensee. Lon. 10 37 e, lat. j 
 55 9 N. 1 
 
 Suen-hoa, a city of the first rank, in the } 
 province of Pe-tche-li, China, stands amidst ij 
 mountains, near the great wall, 77 miles jj 
 KNW of Peking, Lon. U4 39 e, lat. 40 ij 
 38 N. - 
 
 Suez, a town of Africa, in Egypt, situated 
 at the N end of the w gulf of the Red Sea, 
 called the gulf of Suez, with a harbour. 
 This gulf is separated from the Mediterra- 
 nean by an isthmus, 125 miles over, which 
 joins Africa to Asia. The town stands in 
 the midst of a sandy country, and is without 
 water. The only water fit for drinking is 
 brought by the Arabs from ihe wells of Na- 
 ba, on the other side of the gulf, seven miles 
 from Suez. Fish is plentiful, but all other 
 necessaries of life, both for men and animals, 
 are brought from Cairo, or more distant 
 places. The commodities of the country 
 
 SUL 
 
 are carried hence in vessels to Jidda, and 
 exchanged for Indian goods, and the coffe© 
 of Arabia. Between Cairo and Suez th© 
 commerce is carried on by caravans, which 
 wait the arrival of the ships and set out oa 
 their deprirture. The articles of trade ar® 
 cor 1 , wood, iron, lead, vyool, cloth, cochi- 
 neal, sails, cordage, c^c. It is 65 miles B 
 of Cairo. Lon. 32 45 e, lat. 30 2 n, 
 
 Suffteld,a. town in Hartford county, Con- 
 necticut, w side of Connecticut river, 17 
 miles N of Hartford. 
 
 SUFFOLK, a county of England, bound- 
 ed on the w by Cambridgesh re, n by Nor* 
 folk, s by Essex, and k by the Germaii 
 ocean. It extends 58 miles from e to wv 
 and 28 from N to s. It is divided into 21 
 hundreds, containing 29 market towns, 510 
 parishes, sends 16 members to pariiamenty 
 in 1801, 2i0,431 inhabitants, and in 1811, 
 234,211. The air is clear and healthy, 
 (‘ven near the sea coast. The soil is of va- 
 rious qualities, but the country in genera.l isi 
 level. Its principal produce is butter and 
 cheese. Grain of all sorts, beans, and 
 hemp, are raised in this county, and a few 
 hops not far from Sudbury. There are also 
 abundance of cattle, and numerous flocks 
 of sheep. The n and nw is most fruitful 
 in corn, and the inland parts are the best 
 pasturage. The principal rivers are th© 
 Stour, the Waveuay, and Little Ousej 
 Larke, Deben, Gipping and Orwell. It 
 gives the title of earl to a branch of the fa- 
 mily of Howard. Ipswich is the principal 
 town ; but the assizes are held at Bury St 
 Edmund’s. 
 
 Suffolk, a post town of Virginia, chief of 
 Nan.^emond county, seated on the Nause- 
 mond, 20 miles w by scf.Norfolk. 
 
 SUGULMESSA, or Sigilmessa, a pro- 
 vince of the kingdom of Tafilet, s of Mount 
 Atlas. It is about 100 miles in length, and 
 the capital is of the same name, situated on 
 the Zig, 140 miles nne of Tafilet. It 
 abounds in corn, dates, and other fruits; and 
 has mines of iron, lead, and antimony. Lon* 
 5 5 w, lat. 40 N. 
 
 Suhla, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 county of Henneberg, sealed on the Hasel, 
 celebrated for its trade in leather. It has 
 manufactures of fustians, linen, and fire 
 arms. It is seven miles n of Schleusingen* 
 
 SahHngen, a town in the county of Hoya, 
 on a river of its name, 22 miles w by n of 
 Nienbiirg. 
 
 Sin'r, a large river in Munster, Ireland, 
 which rises in the mountain BemUibb, in 
 the N part of Tipperary, above Holy Cross, 
 passes by Cabir, Clonmel, and Carrick, to 
 Waterford, and meets the Barrow at the 
 head of Waterford haven, where it forms a 
 deep and spacious harbour. 
 
 Suluu. See Znlaiif, 
 
 Sulli, a town in Albania, European Tur- 
 key, stands on the side of a range of moun- 
 tains of its name, with a castle, 27 miles ssw 
 of Janina. 
 
 
SUM 
 
 Sullivan, a post town of the United | 
 States, in Hancock county, district of 
 Alaine, on a bay opposite Alount Desert 
 island, 12 miles nw of Goidsborough. 
 
 Sullitan’s Island, one of the islands 
 which form the n part of Charlseton har- 
 bour, in S Carolina. 
 
 Sully, a town in the department of Loire, 
 France, on the river Loire, 20 miles se of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Sulmona, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo 
 Citeriore, seated on the Sora, and is a bi- 
 shop’s see, with 11 churches and 12 con- 
 vents. It is the birth-place of the celebrated 
 poet Ovid, 26 miles sw of Civita di Chieti. 
 Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 4 20 N. 
 
 Sultania, or Sultanabad, a town of Per- 
 sia, in Irac Agemi, seated in a rich plain. 
 Here are the ruins of a magnificent 
 mo'^que, in which is the tomb of the sultan 
 Chodabend. Considerable ruins mark its 
 former magnificence, and it is now begun 
 to be rebuilt under its latter name. In 
 1809, the citadel was completed, in the 
 vicinity of which is the king’s pleasure 
 house, 60 miles nw of Casbin. 
 
 Sulianpour a town in the province of 
 Lahore, Hindoostan, 62 miles se of La- 
 hore. 
 
 Sulianpour, a town in the province of 
 Onde, Hindoostan, 32 miles s of Fyzabad, 
 and 50 N of Allahabad. 
 
 Suite, a town in Mecklenburg, Lower 
 .Saxony, seated ou the Rekenitz, and has a 
 salt mine, 18 miles ese of Rostock. 
 
 Sultz, a town in the department of Upper 
 Rhine, France, has a medicinal spring, 13 
 miles ssw of Colmar. 
 
 Sidz, a towm in the duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg, Swabia, stands on the Neckar, and 
 has some salt works, 12 miles n of Roth- 
 weil. 
 
 Suiza, a town in Thuringia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, stands on the lime, near its junction 
 with the Saal, and has a salt mine, 13 miles 
 enk of Weimar. 
 
 Snlzbaeh, a handsome towm and castle of 
 the palatinate of Bavaria, in a duchy of the 
 same name, stands in a country fertile in 
 bops, although mountainous, six miles Nwof 
 Amberg. 
 
 Sulzburg, a town of Suabia, in Baden- 
 Dourlach, stands in a territory fertile in 
 good wine, and has an elegant palace, eight 
 miles sw of Friburg. 
 
 SUMATRA, an island of Asia, the most 
 western of the Sunda islands, and constitut- 
 ing, on that side, the boundary of the eastern 
 Archipelago Its general direction is 
 nearly nw i«nd se. The equator divides it 
 into almost two equal parts, the one extre- 
 mity being in lat. 5 33 n, and the other in 
 lat. 5 56 s. Acheen Head, at the N extre- 
 mity of the island, is in Ion. 95 34 E. It is 
 abo«it 900 miles in length, and from 150 to 
 200 in breadth. This island is represented 
 as surpassed by few in the beautiful indul- 
 gences of nature, A chain of mountains 
 
 SUM 
 
 passes through its w'hole extent, consisting^ 
 of double anil treble ranges, between whiob' 
 are large elevated plains. In these the air 
 is cool, they are most cleared oi wood, and 
 best inhabited. Here are found many 
 large and beautiful lakes, i;.at laciliiaie 
 much the communication between the dif- 
 ferent parts. The heat of the air is far 
 from being so inten e as might be expected 
 from a country occupying the middle oi the 
 torrid zone. The inhabitants are Alalays, 
 Aohenees, Battas, Lampoons, and Rejangs, 
 The latter are taken as a standard of de- 
 scription, with respect to the persons, man- 
 ners, and customs of the inhabitants. They 
 are rather below the middle stature, their 
 bulk in proportion, their limbs lor the most 
 part slight, and particularly smaT at th« 
 wrists and ancles ; and upon the whole 
 they are accounted gracefully formed. 
 Their hair is strong, and of a shining black. 
 The men are beardless. Their complexion 
 is properly yellow, wanting the red ting© 
 that constitutes a copper or taw'ny colour. 
 The rites of marriage among the Sumatrans 
 consist simply in joining the hands ol ihw 
 parties, and pronouncing them man and 
 wife, without much ceremony, except the 
 entertainment which is given upon the occa- 
 sion. Little apparent couitvhip precedes 
 their marriages ; the young people of both 
 sexes being carefully kept separate, and the 
 young women being seldom trusted from 
 their mothers. The young people seldom 
 see each other, except at the public festivals. 
 When a man has made his choice, he gene- 
 rally employs an old woman as his agent, 
 by whom he 'sends a present to the female 
 whom he wish to become his wife. The 
 parents then interfere, and having settled 
 the preliminaries, a least takes place, to 
 which all the inhabitants of the neighbour- 
 hood may repair, if they choose ; and tho 
 greater the concourse, it is reckoned the 
 moro honourable to the entertainer. The 
 customs of the Sumatrans allow them to 
 take as many waves as they can purchase 
 or maintain, but it is extremely rare that 
 they take more than one, with the excep- 
 tion of a few of their chiefs. Little attesi- 
 tion is paid to the nur.'ing of their children, 
 who soon learn to walk and shift for them- 
 selves. The original natives are Pagans^ 
 but w^hen the Sumatrans, or any ot th© 
 natives of the eastern islands learn to read 
 the Arabic character, and submit to circum- 
 cision, they are said to become Malays ; 
 the term Malay being understood to mean- 
 Mooselmiu. The wild beasts of Sumatra 
 are tygers, rlephams, rhinoceroses, bears, 
 and monkeys. The tygers prove to the 
 inhabitants, both in their jourmes, and even 
 in their domestic occupations, must de- 
 structive enemies. Tfin number of people 
 annually slain by those rapacious tyratiis of 
 the woods is almost incredible. Whul© 
 Villages have been depopulated by tbewi. 
 The sia« and strength of the species which 
 Y y 
 
SUM 
 
 ^^•evails on this island is prodigious. From 
 
 \ a superstitious prejudice, they can scarcely 
 be prevailed upon to use any means to destroy 
 them. Alligators likewise occasion the 
 I'lss of many inhabitants, frequently destroy- 
 ing the people as they bathe in the river, ac- 
 cording to their regular custom, and which 
 the perpetual evidence of the risk attending 
 it, cannot deter them from. A superstitious 
 veneration for these also preserves them 
 from molestation. Theother animals of Su- 
 matra are buffaloes, a small kind of horses, 
 goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer. 
 The bezoar stone found on this animal has 
 been valued at ten times its weight in gold. 
 Of birds they have a greater variety than of 
 beasts. The Sumatran pheasant is a bird of 
 uncommon beauty ; besides a great variety 
 ot small birds remarkable for the beauty of 
 their colours. They have parrots, dunghill 
 fowls, ducks, wood pigeons, the largest 
 cocks in the world, and storks of a prodigi- 
 ous size. Of reptiles they have lizards, 
 flying-lizards, and cameleons. The island 
 swarms with insects, and their varieties are 
 no less extraordinary than their numbers. 
 Rice is the only grain that grows in the 
 country ; they have sugar-canes, beans, peas, 
 radishes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, and 
 several kinds of pot-herbs unknown to Eu- 
 rope ; and here are found most of the fruits 
 to be met in other parts of the East Indies, 
 in the greatest perfection. Indigo, Brazil 
 wood, two species of the bread-fruit tree, 
 pepper, benjamin, coffee, and cotton, are 
 likewise the produce of this island, asw'ell 
 as cassia and camphire. Here also is the* 
 cabbage tree and silk cotton tree ; and the 
 forests contain a great variety of valuable 
 species of wood, as ebony, pine, sandal, 
 eagle, or aloes, teak, nianchiueel, iron 
 wood, and the banyan tree. Gold, tin, iron, 
 copper, lead, sulphur, arsenic, and saltpetre, 
 are also produced at Sumatra. Bees wax 
 is a commodity of great importance 4]ere. 
 This island is divided into many petty king- 
 doms, the chief of which are Acheen, Indra- 
 pore, Palimban, and Jambi. The English 
 and Dutch have factories on this island. 
 The principal one of the former is Fort 
 Marlborough, at Bencoolen. See Acheen. 
 
 SUMBI, a province of Africa, in the 
 kingdom of Angola, lying in about 11 
 6 lat. 
 
 Sumhuly a town in a territory of its name,. 
 Hindoostan, e of Delhi, subject to the nabob 
 of Oude, <52 miles wnw of Bereilly, 
 and 7<5 e pf Delhi. Lon. 78 53 e, lat. 28 
 32 N. 
 
 Sumbulpour, or SumeJpoury a town in 
 the province of Orissa, Hindoostan, 144 
 miles WNW of Cattack, and 208 w of Cal- 
 cutta. Lon. 63 40 e, lat. 21 2,5 n. 
 
 .Sumehy a town in Natoliu, Asiatic Tur* 
 key, 14 miles e ol Pergamp. 
 
 Sumertiriy a town of Hungary, in the 
 island of Sehut, near a branch of t|i!& Da- 
 nube, 10 miles s of Presburg. 
 
 SUN 
 
 Summ.'^i’kiomnj a town in the kingdom 
 of Birmab, seated on the Irrawaddy, 
 The sole employment of the inhabitants is 
 the manufacture of gunpowder, and saltpe- 
 tre, whence all the royal magazines are 
 supplied with gunpowder, 68 miles s by w of 
 Ummerapoora. 
 
 Summer Hilly a tow n in Meath, Leinster, 
 with many elegant seats in the vicinity, 20 
 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Sumnum. Se6 Semnan. 
 
 SUNART, a district in Argyllshire, re- 
 markabie for numerous veins ol lead. 
 
 Sunart Lochy an inlet ol the sea, extend- 
 ing 20 miles e into Argyllshire, from the e 
 end of the sound of Mull. 
 
 Simhvruy the chief town of Northumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, seated on the E 
 side of the Susquehanna, just below 
 junction of the e and w branches, with tw o 
 churches, IJO miles kw of Philadelphia. 
 Lon. 77 0 w, lat. 40 48 N. 
 
 Sunhuryy a port of entry and post tow n of 
 Georgia, in Liberty county, with an exten- 
 sive harbour, defended from the sea by th® 
 isle of St Catherine. The town is healthy, 
 and a place of resort during the sickly 
 months. It w’as burnt in the late war, but 
 has been rebuilt, 30 miles sw of Savanna# 
 Lon. 81 0 w, lat. 31 33 n. 
 
 SUNDA ISLANDS, in the se part of the 
 Indian ocean. The chief of them are Bor- 
 neo, Java, and Sumatra. The two latter 
 are separated by a channel called the Strait 
 of Sunda. 
 
 SUNDERBUNDS, or The Woods, a 
 tract of country consisting of that part of 
 the Delta of the Ganges, in Hindoostan 
 Proper, and in the soubah of Bengal, w^hich 
 borders on the sea. In extent it is equal to 
 the principality of Wales, and completely 
 surrounded by woods abounding with tigers, 
 and composed of a labyrinth of creeks and 
 rivers all of which are salt, except those 
 which immediately communicate with the 
 principal branch of the Ganges. Here 
 salt in quantities equal to the whole con- 
 sumpticii of Bengal and its dependencies, 
 is made. Here is also an inexhaustible sup- 
 ply of wood for ship-building. 
 
 Sundet'hvrgy a town of Denmark, in the 
 island of Alsen, with a oastle, stands on a 
 strait called Suiiderburg sound, 12 miles B of 
 Flensburg. Lon. 16 0 e, lut. 54 41 n. 
 
 SunderdoOy an island and sea port of Hin- 
 doostan, in Concan, taken by commodore 
 James in 1756. It is .SO miles knw of Goa. 
 Lon. 73 20 e, lat. 16 3 n. 
 
 Sunderland y a sea port in the county of 
 Durham, situated at the mouth of the river 
 W ear. It is a populctis, thriving, and well 
 built tow'n, governed by a mayor, and has- 
 a market on Friday. The number of inha- 
 bitants in 1801 was 12.412, and in 181 1, 
 12,289. Coal is (be staple commodity, of 
 W’hich 280,000 chaldrons, Newcastle mea- 
 su^e^ are exported annually. In 1791, 
 4905 vessels cleared coastway s, and 703 
 
SUP 
 
 S U R 
 
 over sea, in all 5608. Here are several 
 small dock-yards, a battery which defends 
 the entrance of the harbour, and a pier on 
 which is a light house. Glass, bottles, 
 lime, salt, grindstones, copperas, and pot- 
 tery-ware, are also exported. A bridge is 
 erected across the river Wear, one of the 
 greatest curiosities of its kind in the world, 
 ft is not less remarkable for its prodigious 
 height and extreme span, than for the peeuli- 
 ariry of its consiruction. The span of the 
 arch is 236 feet ; its height frojii the surface 
 of the river at low water, is 100 feet ; spring 
 of the arch 33 feet, and the breadth 32. 
 Rowland Burdon, Esqr. M. P. was the in- 
 ventor and patentee. It will admit of ves- 
 sels sailing under it of 400 tons burden, by 
 only striking tlicir top-gallant masts. It 
 has* two annual fairs, and lies 13 niiles ne 
 of Durham, and 269 n by w of London. 
 Lon. 1 2 w, lat. 54 56 n. 
 
 Sunderland, a town of Massachusetts, in 
 Hampshire, about 10 miles N of Hadley, 
 and 86 WNW of Boston. 
 
 SUXDI, a province of Congo, which lies 
 along the river Zaire. The capital is of the 
 same name. In the mountaibs are mines 
 of several metals, and its rivers render 
 it very fertile. Lon. IT 55 e, lat. 4 
 50 s. 
 
 Sundsivald, a sea port of Sweden, capital 
 of Medelpadia, seated near the gulf of Both- 
 nia. The principal trade is in tar, birch, 
 bark, deals, hops, flax, and linen. It is 210 
 miles N by w of Stockholm. Lon. 17 50 e, 
 lat. 62 25 N. 
 
 Sunergong, or Sunnergaum, a town in 
 Bengal, Hindoostan, stands between Burram- 
 pooter and a branch of the Ganges. It was 
 a large city, and noted for a manufacture 
 of Ane cloth before the building of Dacca, 
 
 15 miles se of Dacca. 
 
 Sunk Idand, an island in Yorkshire, in 
 the Humber, SE of Hull, about nine miles in 
 circuit, separated from Yorkshire by a chan- 
 nel two miles broad. It produces all sorts 
 of grain, wood, and black rabbits. 
 
 Sunning , village in Berkshire, seated 
 on the Thames. It was once an episcopal 
 see, and had nine bishops in succession, the 
 last of whom, Hermanus, removed the see to 
 .Salisbury, two miles ne of Reading. 
 
 Sunning Hill, a village at the s extremity 
 of \Yiadsor Forest, Berksliire, noted for a 
 mineral spring, which is efileacious in 
 paralytic complaints., six miles ssw of Wind- 
 sor. 
 
 Superior Lake, formerly termed the Up- 
 per Lake, from its northern situation. It 
 may justly be termed the Caspian sea qf 
 America, and is supposed to be the largest 
 body of fresh water on the globe. Accor- 
 ding to the French cliarts it is 1500 miles 
 in circumference. It is situated between 
 46 and 50 x lat. and between 84 30 and 92 
 w Ion. Tiiere are many islands in this 
 lake. Two of liiein are large, especially 
 Isle Royal, winch is 70 miles long and 20 1 
 
 broad. About 40 rivers empty their waters 
 into this mighty reservoir, and its water is 
 more pure than that of any other lake in 
 the world. It abounds with sturgeon and 
 trout. Storms are more terrific here than 
 in the ocean. It discharges its waters from 
 the SE corner through the straits of St 
 Maire, which are cibout 40 miles long, into 
 Lake Huron, but the quantity does not ap- 
 pear to be one tenth of is poured into it 
 by the rivers. 
 
 Supino, an ancient town of Naples, in the 
 Molise, stands at the source of the Tamara, 
 with a castle, 17 miles n by w of Beue- 
 
 vento. . o • 
 
 Sur, or Sour, a town in Palestine, Syria, 
 on the Mediterranean, where the iamous 
 city of Tyre stood, which was destroyed 
 by Alexander the Great. It is now evu in- 
 considerable village, on a peninsula w’hicll 
 projects from the shore into the sea. .Tne 
 point to the n is occupied by a basin, which 
 was a port formed by art, and the entrance 
 defended by two towers ; but it is now quite 
 choked up. A ridge of rocks, on the nw 
 point, nearly level with the water, on one 
 side, and the mainland on the other, form a 
 kind of road, where ships lie in greater 
 safety than at Saida. The inhabitants, 
 amounting to about 60 families, subsist on 
 the produce of small farms, and by fishing, 
 18 miles ssw of Saida, and 60 sw of Damas- 
 
 Sura, a town in Westmanland, Sweden, 
 15 miles n of Stroenisholm. 
 
 Surat, a sea port town in Guzzerat, Kin- 
 doostan, said to contain 320,000 inhabitants. 
 It has large squares, and spacious streets ; 
 each street has a gate of its own, with which 
 it is shut up in times of danger. The houses 
 of the common people are high roofed 
 those of the better sort are flat roofed, with 
 courts before them. There is a considerable 
 trade carried on ; large vessels load and un- 
 load at Swally, 15 miles w of Surat. In 
 this city are as many different professions 
 of religion as in Am.sierdam ; for there are 
 Mahometans of several sects, and many 
 sorts of Genloos. The Hindoos are a set 
 of industrious sober people, arid of a most 
 surprising Iione.sty. The Hindoo women 
 assist their husbands in earning their bread. 
 They give their children in marriage at six 
 or eight years of age. They are almost all 
 of the cast of the Banians, and their skill 
 and dexterity in matters of calculation and 
 economy olten raise them to places ut con- 
 siderable trust. Some of them are very 
 rich, but all of them live in a style of mo- 
 derate simplicity; their dre>.s is a robe Oi 
 while cotton. All people of distinction in 
 Surat, and through all the rest of India, 
 speak and write the Persian language, but 
 that used in trade is a corruption ot the Por- 
 tuguese. Besides the Mahometans and 
 Geutoos, there are .Tews and C'hn.^tians of 
 variou.s denominations at Sural. This city 
 is the emporium of ihe most valuable pro- 
 Y y 2 
 
S U R 
 
 duotiors of Hindoostan, wbicb are broiig^bt 
 Id immense quantities from the interior, and 
 conveyed hence in merchant ships to the 
 Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the coasts of 
 J^alabar and Coromandel, and even to 
 China. The English engross almost the 
 whole trade of this port, that of the Dutch, 
 French, and Portuguese having greatly de- 
 clined. Although there is no hospital here 
 for human beings, there is an extensive one 
 for sick and maiuied animais, for the sup- 
 port of which the Hindoos provide. The 
 East India Company, in IT59, fitted out an 
 armament which captured the castle ; and, 
 soon after, the possession of it was confirmed 
 to them by the court of Delhi. The coun- 
 try around Surat is fertile, except towards 
 the sea, where it is sandy, and barren. 
 Surat is situated, about 20 miles up the river 
 Tapty, and 147 n of Bombay. Lon; 72 
 48 E, lat. 21 10 N. 
 
 SurgoGjdiy capital of a circar of its name 
 in the country of Orissa, Hindoostan, 75 
 miles NE of Runtunpour, and 210 ssw of 
 Patna, Lon. 83 32 e, lat. 23 6 n. 
 
 Surgut, a town in the government of 
 Tobolsk, Siberia, seated on the Obey, and 
 surrounded by pallisades, 285 miles kne of 
 Tobolsk. Lon. 73 30 e, lat. 61 30 n. 
 
 SURINAM, a country of South America, 
 in Guiana. It extends about 75 miles along 
 the river Surinam, which enters the Atlantic 
 in lat. 6 6 s, and on its w shore is a fort to 
 lie end the entrance, and abounds in fruits, 
 fish, game, and singular animals of difi'erent 
 kinds ; the toad, in particular, being re- 
 markable for its enormous size and ugly 
 fornq. It also produces sugar, cotton, in- 
 digo, tobacco, gums, and wood for dying. 
 The woods abound with monkeys, and it is 
 said there are serpents oi 30 feet long. This 
 country was ceded by the English to the 
 Dutch, in 1774, and taken from the French 
 by the English in 1799, and again in 1804. 
 The capital, is Parimaribo. 
 
 Suringia, a large trading town of Japan, 
 in the island of Niphon, capital of a province 
 of . the same name, wdth a castle in which 
 the emperors formerly resided. It is 170 
 miles E of Meaco. Lon. 139 5 e, lat 39 
 
 30 N. 
 
 SURRY, a county of England, bounded 
 on the N by Middlesex, and a point of 
 Buckiiigbamsbire, k by Kent, s by Sussex, 
 and w by Hampshire and Berks. Its great- 
 est length is about 37 miles, and its 
 breadth 27. It is divided into 14 hundreds, 
 containing II market towns (including 
 Southwark), 140 parishes, and about 
 269, 043 inhabitants, and sends 14 mem- 
 bers to parliament. It is a healthy, plea- 
 sant county. The soil is very different 
 an the extreme parts from that in the 
 middle ; for the edge of the county has 
 a rich soil, extremely fruitful in corn and 
 grass, but, in the heart of the county, 
 there are wdde tracts of sandy ground 
 and barren heath. The county produces 
 
 s u s , 
 
 j corn, box-wood, walnuts, hops, and fnl* 
 j ler- earth. Besides (he products in common 
 with the neighbouring counties, Surry is 
 noted for the fimst ho|s near Farnham. 
 The principal rivers, beside the Thames, are 
 the Mole, Wey, arid Wandle. The Lent 
 assizes are held at Kingston, and the 
 summer assizes at Guildford and Croydon 
 alternately. 
 
 Surzee, a handsome town of Switzerland, 
 in the canton of Lucern, on the Sur, near 
 the lake Sempaoh, 12 miles s of Lucern. 
 
 SvifOT Susa, a {rovinee of Africa, be- 
 longing to Morocco, bounded on the N by 
 Morocco Proper, w by the Atlantic, s by 
 Darab, and e by Tafilet. The inhabitants 
 are distinguished by their industry, and many 
 of them, who live in towns, acquire riches, 
 and are much more poliie than their 
 neighbours in Fez and Morocco. In the 
 mountainous part they are entirely free, and 
 are governed by their own chiefs. It is 
 mostly aflat couuirj, abounding in corn, 
 sugar Cctnes, and dates. Tarudant is the 
 capital. 
 
 Susa, a river of Morocco, which has 
 its source in mount Atlas, passes through the 
 kingdom of Sus, and falls into the Atlantic 
 20 miles s of St. Cruz. The country is en- 
 richrd by its annual inundations. 
 
 Susa, an ancient towm of Piedmont, capi- 
 tal of the marquisate of Susa, with a citadel, 
 now dismanlled, seated on the Doria, at the 
 lOot ot the Alps, and is the principal passage 
 out of France into Italy. Here are four 
 parish churches, several religious houses, 
 and a triumphal arch (o the honour of 
 Augustus Cesar. In 1704, it was taken by 
 the French, retaken by prince Eugene in 
 1707, and again by the French in 1799. It 
 is 23 miles wxw of Turin. Lon. 7 16 e, 
 lat. 45 10 N. 
 
 Susa, or Sousa, a seaport and principal 
 mart of the kingdpni of Tunis, for linen and 
 Olive oil. Here also are exported many 
 of the commodities of Cairoan. Many ves- 
 tiges of its former repute are still visible, 
 and in the vicinity are considerable remains, 
 of ancient buildings. It is seated on the e 
 coast, 85 miles s by e of Tunis. Lou. 10 
 35 E. lat. 35 34 N. 
 
 Susdal, a town of Russia, in the govern- 
 ment of Volodimir, capital of a duchy of 
 the same name, and a bishop’s see, sealed 
 on the Nerl, and constructed of wood, 90 
 ! miles NE of Moscow. Lon. -10 25 e, lat. 56 
 i 26 N. 
 
 Susquehannah , a river of North Ame- 
 rica; the E branch rises in the lake of 
 Os lego, in the state of New York ; and after 
 a long serpentine course, in which it crosses 
 three times the line that divides the stale of 
 Pennsylvania from New York, and receiving 
 the Tioga at Lockartsburg, flows se to 
 Wilkesbarre and turns sw’ to Sunbury, whero 
 it joins the w branch of the Susquehannah, 
 It afterward meets the Juniata from the w, 
 flow's by Harrisburg, aud Jails into the bead 
 
S U T 
 
 cf Chesapeak bay, just below Havre de i 
 Grace. It is about a mile wide at its mouth, 
 and navigable 20 miles, where it is ob- 
 structed by some falls. 
 
 Sassae, a town in the department ol 
 Upper Vienne, France, 15 miles sb of 
 Limoges. 
 
 SUSSEX, a county of England, bou idea 
 on the N by Surry, i<e and e by Kent, s by 
 the English •hannel, and w by Hampshire. 
 
 It is about TO miles in length, and 28 in 
 breadth ; is divided into live rapes, and sub- 
 divided into 05 hundreds, containing one city, 
 16 market towns, 313 parishes, and in 1801, 
 159,311 inhabitants, and in 181 190,083. 
 It sends 18 members to parliament. ^ The 
 climate and soil is very various, that of the 
 downs, and thence to the sea is fertile in 
 grass and corn ; the wool ot the sheep on 
 these pastures is remarkably fine ; in 
 middle are meadows, and rich arable 
 ground ; and the n abounds in woods. This 
 plentiful county exports corn, malt, cattle, 
 Wool, wood, iron, chalk, glass, fish, and 
 fowl. Sussex is not distinguished lor any 
 maniifac lures, but that of gunpowder, at Bat- 
 tel, and of needles at Chichester. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Arun, Adur, Ouse, and 
 Rother. Cinchester is the capital, but the 
 lent assizes arfe held at Horsham, aad the 
 summer at Lewes. 
 
 Susfer ; Sr 2 e Zaster. 
 
 Su^tereii, a town in the department of 
 
 the Roer, France, lately of Germany, 
 
 in the 
 
 duchy of Juiiers, two miles from the Meuse, 
 and 10 sof Ruremonde. 
 
 Sulera,^ town in Val di Mazera, Sicily, 
 48 miles SS E of Palermo. 
 
 SUTHRRI.ANHSHIRK, a 
 
 rrlERLANDSHIRE, a county of 
 Scotland, bounded on the n by the North 
 Sea, E by Caithness shire and the German 
 Ocean, S by the frith of Dornoch and Ross- 
 shire and w by the channel called the Minch* 
 
 It extends 50 miles from e to w and from n 
 to s somewiiat more. The valleys in the in- 
 terior mountainous country are chiefly oc- 
 cupied by extensive lakes and rivers, which, 
 as well as the bays on the coast abound 
 with fish. The coast for the most part are 
 bold and rocky, and indented with nume- 
 rous bays of great extent, which are very 
 safe harbours, and commodious fishing sta- 
 tion'. The chief promontories are Assint 
 point, Cape Wrath, and Strathy head. The 
 principal crops raised in Sutherland are 
 oats, bear and potatoes. The county pro- 
 duces freestone, limestone, and slate ; there 
 are also some small veins of coal ; and of 
 the metals it can claim gold, lead richly 
 impregnated with silver, iron, and black 
 oxyd of manganese. The inhabitants are 
 a bravve, hardy people, In 1801, they ^ 
 amounted to 23,1 17, and in 1811, 23,029.1 
 The county is divided into 13 parochial dis- j 
 tricts, and sends one member to parliament, | 
 wdio is chosen by such Landholders, as bold 
 Of the earl of Sutherland, there being no 
 
 SWA 
 
 proprietors in the county, who hold imme- 
 diately of the crown. The real rent is es- 
 timated at about 10,0001. Sterling. Dor- 
 noch is the county town. 
 
 Hutri, a town of Italy, in the patrimony 
 of St. Peter, on the Puzzulo, 22 miles nw 
 of Home. 
 
 Sidton Coldfield', a small corporate town 
 in Warwdcksbiie. It contains about IhOO 
 inhabitants, and is governed by a Warden, 
 a guild or society of 24 members, with a 
 ammar school. It has a market oa 
 Monday, two annual fairs, is seated in a bar- 
 ren chase, and lies about six miles nne of 
 Birmi;.gham, 24 nnw of Warwick, and UO 
 NW of Loudon. 
 
 Sut on, a town in Worcester county, 
 Massachusetts, 10 miles s by e of Worces- 
 ter, and 46 w^sw of Boston. 
 
 Suzanne, St. a town in the department 
 of Mayenne, France, has a considerable pa- 
 per manufacture, 24 miles w of Mans. 
 
 Swaf'ham, a large populous and well 
 built town in Norfolk, seated oa a hill with 
 a market on Saturday, and three annual 
 fairs. The church, built in form of a 
 cathedral, is handsome. In the vicinity is 
 a forest, and frequent horse races, it lies 
 34 miles nne of Newmarket. 
 
 Swale, a river of Yorkshire, which hat 
 its source on the borders of Westmoreland, 
 runs B by Richmond, and then se with 
 many fine windings, till it join the Ure a 
 little below Aidborough, where they form 
 the Ouse. 
 
 SWALLOW, an island in the Pacifio 
 Ocean, discovered by Roggewins in 1722, 
 Lon. 160 5 E, lat. 10 s. 
 
 Swally, a town in Guzzerat, Hindoostan, 
 in the province of Cambay a. It has a 
 harbour, where ships receive and deliver 
 •i their lading for the merchants of Surat, 
 
 |1 seated near the gulf of Cambay, 15 miles 
 11 NW of Surrat. Lon. 72 33 e, lat. 21 
 
 18 N. 
 
 Swalwell, a village in the county «£ 
 Durham, on the Dorwent, near its influx 
 into the Tyne. It has famous iron works 
 originally established by a blacksmith, 
 about the year 169i, 13 miles wnw of Sun- 
 derland. 
 
 Swanage, a handsome village in the se 
 corner of Dorsetshire, stands on a bay of 
 its name, in the English channel, has a trade 
 j in herrings, and quarries of fine stone, of 
 w'hich many thousand tons are shipped an- 
 nually. The village contains about 1000 
 j inhabitants, and has a large, ancient and 
 I handsome church, four miles ksk of Corfe 
 castle. See Purbeek, isle ot, 
 
 1 Swanlinbar, and market and post town in 
 il the county of Cavan, Ireland, much fre- 
 quented for a mineral spring, efficacious in 
 Scorbutic, nervous, and other diseases. 
 Near il is Florence court, the superb seat 
 of lord Enniskillen, about 12 miles s by wof 
 Enniskillen/and 87 nw of Dublin. 
 
S W E 
 
 SWAN ISLAND, an island of the Uni- 
 ted States, in the district of Maine. It is 
 seven miles long, 
 
 Swamboroughy the chief town of Onslow 
 bounty, Wilmington district, North Caro- | 
 lina, to the ne of Wilmington. I 
 
 Sivanscomb, a village in Kent, where | 
 are remains of Camps and forts supposed to 
 be Danish and famous for being the place, 
 according to some authors, where the 
 Kentishmen obtained ^from William I. the 
 coniirinatiou of their ancient franchises. 
 
 Swansey, or Swansea^ the most consider- 
 able commercial town of Glamorganshire, 
 in South Vfales, with an old easilo, part of 
 which is turned into a gaol and workhouse. 
 
 It has two churches and a good port at the 
 mouth ci the river Tawy. Near 2000 vessels 
 are cleared from this port annually. There 
 are immense mines of lime and iron in the 
 neighbourhood, besides abundance of coal. 
 Many ships have been built here. It has 
 great works for the smelting of copper and 
 lead ore, and is much resorted to by sea 
 bathers. In 1801, it contained 6099 inha- 
 bitants, and in 181 1, 8196. It is governed 
 by a portreve, alderman, recorder, cfec. and 
 in conjunction with Cowbridge, Aberavon, 
 <fec. sends one member to parliament. It 
 bcis weekly markets on Wednesday and 
 Saturday and 4 annual fairs, and lies 24 
 miles wNw of Cowbridge, 32 sw of Breck- 
 nock, and 206 w of Loudon. 
 
 Swansea, a town in Bristol county, 
 Massachussets, on the Taunton, 10 miles sw 
 of Taunton. 
 
 Swansfials, a towui in West Gothland, 
 Sweden, 25 miles wsw of Lindkioping. j 
 Swanton, a town in Franklin county, 
 Vermont, on the Missisqni, near its influx ! 
 into the N part of lake Champlain, 30 miles ! 
 
 N by E of Burlington. 
 
 Swanwich, a town in Dorsetshire, in Fiir- 
 bech isle, 2 miles from Langton. 
 
 SwarJestown, a town in Derbyshire, which 
 has a bridge over the Trent consisting of 39 
 '■arches, 5 miles and a-half sse of Derby. 
 
 Swarteberg, a towm in West Gothland, 
 Sweden, 18 miles nw Under valle. 
 
 Swartsluys, a town and fortress in 
 Overyssel, Holland, on the Vecht, 4 miles 
 from its mouth, and 8 n of Zwoli. 
 
 SVfEDEN, a large kingdom in the x part 
 of Europe, bounded x by Danish Lapland, 
 and the ocean, s by the Baltic and the gulf 
 of Finland, and w by Norway, the Sound, 
 and the Cattegate ; being about 1100 miles 
 in length from x to s and 600 broad from e 
 to w. The whole kingdom is divided into 
 five parts, viz. Sweden Proper, Gothland, 
 Nordland, Lapland, and Finland : and each 
 of these is subdivided into several provinces. 
 Sweden Proper contains Upland, Suderma- 
 Jtiia, Nericia, Westmania, and Dalecarlia. 
 Gothland contains E Gothland, Smolaiid, W 
 Gothland, Wermeland, Bahu.s, Dalia, 
 Sclionen, Hailand, Blek ingen, and the isles of 
 Gothland, and Oeland. Nordland contains 
 ^ Gestricia, Helsingia, Medelpadia, Jeinptia, 
 
 S W E 
 
 Angermania, and W Bothnia. Swedish 
 Lapland includes Uma, Pitha, Lula, Tornea, 
 and Kimi. These districts have no towns in 
 their interior parts, and take their names 
 from rivers that have theif source near the 
 frontiers of Norway, and fall into the gulf 
 of Bothnia. Finland comprises Finland 
 Proper, E Bothnia, Ta^asteuuid, Nyland, 
 Savolax, and part of Kymene, and Carelia. 
 See Finland. The whole country is well 
 watered by lakes, inland pieces of water, on 
 the banks of which the palaces and villas 
 are usually built, and numerous rivers, uoius 
 of which are navigable to any extent. At 
 Stockholm, spring and autumn are scarcely 
 perceptible, for winter continues nine months, 
 and summer the remaining three. On tha 
 s the longest day is 18 hours 30 minutes; 
 but toward the x there is continual day in 
 summer, and continual night in winter, for 
 several weeks successively. In winter th® 
 cold is excessive, and in summer the heat is 
 almost insupportable, the air being generally 
 serene all the time. The trees are early in 
 blossoming, because the soil is flat and sul- 
 phureous, which contributes greatly to the 
 vegetation of plants. Their domestic ani- 
 mals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, and 
 sheep. The wild beasts are bears, wolves, 
 foxes, wild cats, and squirrels. There are 
 also elks, and rein-deer, several sorts of 
 fowls, and partridges, woodcocks, and 
 falcons, in great plenty. The Swedish 
 horses are small ayd feeble, but a foundered 
 or lame one is scarcely to be seen, which 
 is accounted for, in a certain degree, to the 
 manner of stabling them on perforated boards 
 without litter. The country is also rich in 
 silver, copper, and iron. The articles of ex- 
 port are boards, gunpowder, leather iron, 
 copper, tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, salt and 
 masts ; and of import, brandy, wine, linen- 
 cloth, stuffs, tobacco, sugar, spice, and 
 paper. The inhabitants are of a robust con- 
 stitution, and they have several publio 
 schools and colleges, where arts and sciences 
 are taught. They bestow in general little 
 attention upon their bouses, which are 
 mostly constructed of wood, covered with 
 turf, on w'hich their goats often feed. Th© 
 Swedish government before the accession of 
 Gustavus I. was an elective monarchy. By 
 the union of Calmar, in 1397, Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Norway came under the govern- 
 ment of the same sovereign. In 1523, 
 Gustavus Vasa rescued Sweden from this 
 state of dependence, w^hen he was elected 
 king, and the crown made hereditary in his 
 maie issue ; at that period the conferred 
 great prerogatives upon the king, without 
 rendering him an absolute monarch. In 
 the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, the right of 
 succession was extended to ihe female line, 
 in the minority of wdiose daughter, Christina, 
 the nobles acquired such ascendency, as 
 gave great umbrage to all the other ranks. 
 
 To get rid of the pow'er of the nobles, the 
 states formally conferred absolute sovereign- 
 ty on Charles XI, which quietly devolved 
 
S WI 
 
 epon his son Charles XII. On his demise 
 Ulrica Eleanor his youngest sister succeed- 
 ed to the throne, when th^e prerogative was 
 greatly limited. Ulrica resigned the crown 
 to her consort Frederic I. and the Swedish 
 monarch was the most limited one in 
 Europe, till Gustavus III., in 1772, regained 
 the most essential royal prerogatives, with- 
 out becoming an absolute monarch. He 
 was assassinated in 1 792, and was succeeded 
 by Gustavus Adolphus, a minor, who attain- 
 ed his majority in 1796. On the 1st of May 
 1809, a revolution took place in this king- 
 dom, the late gallant Swedish monarch, 
 Gustavus IV. was deposed and the duke of 
 Saudermauia was made king who enjoyed 
 k but a short time, and the prince otAugus- 
 tenburg, dying in 1811, the Swedes by the 
 influence of Napolean Bonaparte, elected 
 the French general Bernadotte to be crown 
 prince. In 1814, Norway came under the 
 dominion of the Swedish monarch. The 
 established religion is the Lutheran, and 
 they have one archbishop, and eleven 
 bishops, but no other mode of worship is 
 prohibited. Stockholm is the capital. 
 
 SWEDEN PROPER, one of the five 
 grand divisions of Sweden. It comprehends 
 6 provinces, and Stockholm, the capital of 
 all Sweden. 
 
 Sicedeshoroughf a town in Gloucester 
 county, New Jersey, stands on Rariton 
 Creek, 3 miles from its junction with the 
 Delaware, and 20 s by w of Philadelphia. 
 
 Siveingyii town of the kingdom of Dar- 
 foor, and a place of general resort for the 
 merchants trading to Egypt, 35 miles n of 
 Cobbe. 
 
 Sivemcuiny, a town in the palatinate of 
 >yilaa, Lithuania, 35 miles ne of W'ilna. 
 
 Swernicky a town of Turkey in Europe, 
 on the confines of Servia and Bosnia, 70 
 miles SE of Harrisburg. 
 
 S^ioiudoriy a well built town in Wiltshire, 
 stands on a bill, near a rich vale, with a 
 market on ilonday, and several annual fairs, 
 28 miles n of Salisbury, and 83 w of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Swinejieety a town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, on the s side of the Ouse, 8 miles 
 E of Snaith. 
 
 Swinesheady a town in Lincolnshire, with 
 a market on Tuesday. Here was formerly 
 an Abbey, 6 miles e of Boston, and 110 n 
 of London. 
 
 Sivtnnay a little island of the Orkner's, 
 about a mile long and half a mile broad ly- 
 ing nearly in the middle of the Pentland 
 frith. Here are tw’o whirlpools, that are 
 very dangerous. It is a barren unhospitable 
 island, having only about 20 inhabitants 
 employed mostly in piloting vessels in this 
 dangerous FrilL 
 
 Sivintony a parish in Berwicdvshire, to 
 which that of Simprin was united in 1761. 
 The united parish, extends about 4 miles in 
 length and three and a half in breadth. The 
 soil is for the most part deep and fertile, and 
 
 s WI 
 
 i highly cultivated. In the parish are quar- 
 ries of excellent freestone. The estate of 
 Swinton has been upwards of 740 years the 
 property of a family of the same name, 
 whose ancestor acquired it as a reward for 
 clearing the country of boars, with which it 
 was anciently much infested. It wtis after- 
 wards confirmed to them by king Malcolm 
 Canmore, for faithful services in restoring 
 him to the throne. The charter, which is 
 one of the oldest in Scotland, is still extant 
 in the archieves of Durham. The famous 
 Mr. Thomas Boston author of the fourfold 
 state was some lime minister of Simprin, be- 
 fore its annexation, and previous to his 
 translation to Etterick. There are two 
 villages here, viz. Swinton which contains 
 about 350 inhabitants, and Simprin which 
 contains only 75. Population in 181 i, 875. 
 
 In the village of Swinton are two annual 
 fairs, 3 Thursday of June, and 4 Tuesday 
 of October. 
 
 Swinton, a village in W Yorkshire, on 
 the Dearn and Dove canal, near its entrance 
 into the Don. It has a large iron forge, 
 and a considerable pottery, 4 miles 
 Rotherara. 
 
 SWITZERLAND, a large and populous 
 country of Europe, bounded on the e by the 
 Tyrol, on the w by France, on the n by the 
 Black Forrest and a part of Suabia, and on 
 the s by the Italian provinces of the Milanese, 
 Bergamasco, and Bresciano. It is 22-5 
 miles in length, and 130 in breadth, sepa- 
 rated from the adjacent countries by the 
 Alps. It is divided into 13 cantons, exclu- 
 sive of their allies, viz. Lucern, Uri, 
 Schweitz, Underwalden, Zug, Friburg, « 
 Soleure, whose inhabitants were Romani' ts. 
 The Protestant cantons were Zurich, Bern, 
 Basle, and Schaffbauseu. G laris and Ap- 
 penzel contain people of both professions. 
 The mountains of Switzerland arc com- 
 monly called the Alps. See Alps. Swit- 
 zerland has four passages into Italy over 
 these mountains ; the first ot which is be- 
 yond the lake of Geneva ; over mount 
 Cennis, which leads to Savoy ; the second 
 leads from ihe country of the Grisons, over 
 mount St. Bernard to the valley of Aousta 
 in Piedmont ; the third begins in the country 
 of the Grisons, passes over mount Simplon, 
 and leads to the duchy of Milan ; the fourth 
 crosses mount St. Gothard, and tht3 bail- 
 liwics of Italy to the same duchy. No 
 country in the world has a greater diversity 
 of surface and appearance. Here the vast 
 chain of Alps, with enormous precipices, ex- 
 tensive regions of perpetual snow, tind 
 glaciers that resemble seas of ice, make a 
 striking contrast with the luxuriant vineyard 
 and cultivated field, the beautifully wooded 
 brow, and the verdant valley, vrith its 
 chrysial stream. Switzerland products 
 grain sufiicient for the inimbitants, but the 
 chief riches consist in the cattle bred in their 
 excellent pastures, and the goats and chamois 
 that feed on the mountains and in the woods. 
 
\ 
 
 S Y D 
 
 S Y M 
 
 The principal lakes are those of Constance, 
 Geneva, Lucero, Zurich, and Neufchatel. 
 The most considerable rivers are, the Rhine, 
 the Rhone, the Aar, the Arve, the Reuss, 
 and the Inn. The inhabitants are strong 
 robust men. The women are tolerably 
 handsome, and in general industrious. The 
 peasants retain their ancient manner of 
 dress, and are content to live upon milk, 
 butter, and cheese: and some of the moun- 
 taineers never have any bread. The ancient 
 government of the cantons was aristo'cra- 
 tical ; and of some of them mere oligarchies. 
 Every canton formed, within itself, a little 
 republic ; each canton sending two deputies 
 to a general diet held at Baden. A spirit of 
 liberty pervaded the whole. In the year 
 1T92 or 1791, Switserland exhibited every 
 appearance of splendour, afSuence, and 
 gaiety. But revolutionary principles were 
 daily gaining ground ; emissaries were em- 
 ployed by the French Directory to stir up 
 dissension among the peaceful inhabitants; 
 and, when every thing was ripe for execu- 
 tion, the French, in 1797, seized the oppor- 
 tunity of rushing in upon their country with 
 a military force and, within the short space 
 of 4 days this warlike nation, which had 
 enjoyed its independance for 500 years, was 
 crushed by the lawless aggressions of 
 foreign power, and the artful machinations 
 of a few designing men. The Helvetic re- 
 public w'as raised upon its ruins, which see. 
 This constitution was abolished by the first 
 consul cf France in 1802, and a new one 
 adopted in 1803, by which, exclusive of the 
 republic of Valais, and the territory of 
 Neucbaiel, the country is divided into 19 i 
 cantons; the six new ones are Pays de 
 Valid, Tesin, Argau, Grisons, St. Gail, and 
 Thurgau; of which the two first are catho- 
 lics, and the other four are partly catholics 
 and partly protestants. Each canton has a 
 distinct government.- Schweitz, Appenzel, 
 Glarus, Underw^alden, Uri., Zug, and Gri- 
 sons have a democratic form, as all the 
 male inhabitants above 20 years of age have 
 a voice in the assembly ; the others are 
 aristocratic, being governed by a great and 
 little ocHineii. The general government is 
 conducted by a diet composed of a delegate 
 from each canton, which assembles annu- 
 ally at Fn burg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich 
 or Lucern in rotation ; ,and the president is 
 styled Landamnian of Switzerland. See 
 Schweitz. 
 
 Sicords, a town in the county of Dublin, 
 Leinster. Near the church is one ot the 
 most perfect ancient round towers, 73 leet 
 high. Swords was represented in the Irish 
 parliament by two members, elected by the 
 householders, or potwallopers, 8 miles n by e 
 cf the metropolis. 
 
 SuKy a town in W Gothland, Sweden, 13 
 miles s\v of Lindkioping. 
 
 Sydenham f a village in Kent celebrated 
 for its medicinal ::*pt'ings, 8 miles s by b of 
 Loaion. 
 
 Sydney Bay, a bay on the s sid« of NorV 
 folk island, in the S Pacific Ocean. On this 
 bay is formed a settlement of English con-« 
 victs. Lon. 168 12 e, lat. 29 4 s. 
 
 Sydney Cove, the town or settlement of 
 convicts, begun to te erected by governor 
 Philip in Port Jackson, on the coast of New 
 South Wales, in 1788, originally intended 
 for Botany bay. The ground about it was 
 then covered by a thick forest ; but, ia 
 1790, some good buildings had been erected. 
 It is now the principal seat of the govern- 
 ment. The buildings are of stone, brick, 
 lath, and plaster, weatherboarded : and are 
 durable. Here is a handsome church, a 
 citadel, an orphan hospital, a military hos- 
 pital, a gaol, a naval yard, barracks <fec. 
 It stands on the s side of the harbour of Port 
 .Taekson, 6 miles from the Ocean. Lon. 
 151 28 E, lat. 33 50 s. 
 
 Syetie, or Assuan, a town with a small 
 fort on the right bank of the Nile, Egypt. 
 Here, about the year 275 before Christ,. 
 Eratostenes, a native of this city, made the 
 first attempt to ascertain the circumference 
 cf the earth. On an eminence to the s are 
 the remains of the ancient town, whose 
 situation is marked by columns and pillars 
 of granite scattered here and there. Near 
 it, on a small island in the Nile, anciently 
 called Eiephantina, is a tern ole of Cnuphis 
 nearly entire, 400 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 
 33 20 E, lal. 24 0 n. 
 
 Sijlt, an island of Denmark, on the w 
 coast of Jutland, of an irregular form, about 
 40 miles in circumference, but in no part 
 above two from the sea. Here are found great 
 quantities of oysters. The chief town is 
 Morsum. Lon. 8 26 e, lat. 54 57 n. 
 
 Sylves, a town in Algarva, Portugal^ 
 seated on a river of its name, 15 miles esb 
 of Lagos, and 44 w of Tavira. 
 
 Symington, a parish of Scotland, in 
 Ayrshire, in the district of Kyle, about four 
 miles long and one mile and a quarter broad, 
 containing above 3000 acres. The surface 
 is agreeably deversified. The soil is in 
 general clayey. The village of Symington 
 contain^ above 200 inhabitants. Population 
 about 668. The viUage is six miles of 
 Ayr on the road leading to Glasgow' by 
 Kilmarnock. In the sw part of the parish 
 is Bosemoui'.t, the elegant seat of William 
 Fullarton, esquire. 
 
 Symington, a parish in Lanarkshire, of a 
 circular form, three miles in diameter, situ- 
 ated on the banks of the Clyde, near Carn- 
 wath, including a part of the mountain Tinio. 
 Near the village is place called Casilehill, 
 which seems once to have been a place of 
 strength. The surface is well cultivated. 
 Population about 303. 
 
 Sympheropol, the capital of Crimea, or 
 Russian of Taurida, on the Salgir, the chief 
 river of the province. The houses are of 
 stone and roofed with tiles after the manner 
 of the ancient Greeks. The houses of the 
 governor. Judges, and other officers, ax© 
 
s z u 
 
 feandsome. The Akhmetchet, or old Tar- 
 tar, part of the town, is ill built, and dirty. 
 The environs are charming, and two miles 
 E of the city, is the mountain Tchatirdagh, 
 the highest in Crimea, and the Mons Bero- 
 sus of the ancients, 65 miles w by s of Caf- 
 fa, and 90 s by e of Precop. Lon. 34 0 e, 
 
 lat. 44 52 K. , t . r 
 
 SYPOMBA, an island on the coast, ot 
 
 Brazil, in South America, about seven lea- 
 gues NE of St. JohiPs Island. 
 
 Syracuse, an ancient, strong, and famous 
 city of Sicily, in Val di Noto, and a bishop’s 
 see, with a fine large harbour, defended by a 
 pastle, stcinds near the sea. It was once 
 deemed one of the most famous cities in the 
 world, and w'as the capital of the island, but 
 hy earthquakes, tyranny, and war it is not 
 one fourth of its former size. The temple 
 of Minerva, built 700 years before Christ 
 is converted into the cathedral. Besides 
 this there are many other antiquities. Here 
 is a pearl fishery, a powder manufacture, apd 
 a trade in wine, oil, hemp, salt, nitre, and 
 salted Tunny. In 1718, the English ob- 
 tained a victory over the Spaniards in a sea- 
 fight, near this place. It is 82 miles s by 
 w of Messina. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 37 5 n. 
 
 SYRIA, or SURISTAN, a province of 
 Turkey in Asia, bounded on the s by Arabia 
 Petraea, on the w by the Mediterranean, and 
 X by Natolia and Diarbeck, e by part of 
 Diarbeck and the deserts of Arabia ; under 
 the general name of Syria, was included 
 ancient Phenicia, lying s of Syria proper. 
 It abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts ot 
 fruits, but its fine vallies and sides of moun- 
 tains would be much more productive, by 
 proper cultivation. The inhabitants have a 
 trade in silk, and camlets, and salt. In the 
 reign of Ptolomy, Syria, after being sub- 
 jected to a succession of foreign nations, 
 became a province of the Roman empire. 
 Five hundred years after it was annexed to 
 the empire of Constantinople, In 1622 it 
 was laid waste by the Arabian tribes un- 
 der the banners of Mahomed. It suffered 
 in the civil wars of the Fatemites and On- 
 imgades, was taken by the Turkmen sol- 
 diers, invaded by the crusaders, ravaged by 
 Tamerlane, and at length fell upwards of 
 three centuries ago into the hands of the Ot- 
 toman Turks. It is divided into five pacha- 
 lics, or governments; Aleppo, Trppoli, Da- 
 mascus, Acre, and Palestine. Aleppq is 
 the capital. 
 
 Syriam, a large town of Pegu, at the head 
 of a river of its name, opposite the mouth 
 of Pegu river two miles to the s is the great 
 Pagoda of Syriam, eight miles k by x of 
 Rangoon. Lon. 96 17 e, lat, 16 50 n. 
 
 Sziidecky a town in the palatinate of 
 Sirailia, Poland, 22 miles ne of Siradia. 
 
 Szeged. See Zegedin. 
 
 Szucca, a town of VYeslern Prussia, in 
 the palatinate of Culm, on the Vi.'.tula, 12 
 mdes s by w ot Culm. 
 
 14 
 
 tab 
 
 T AAFE, a very rapid river of Glamor 
 gaiishire, in South Wales, W'hich enters 
 the sea at Cardiff. 
 
 Taaif, a town of Arabia, in the provinca 
 of Hedjas, seated on a lofty mountain. It 
 has a considerable trade in almonds, fruits, 
 aqd raisitis, and is 60 miles se ofMaela. 
 
 Tdds, a city in Yemen, Arabia, with a 
 fortress, seated at the foot of a fertile hill. 
 Here is the tomb of a saint, who is said to 
 have been king of the country, 48 miles ene 
 of Mocha. Lon. 44 10 k, lat. 13 45 x. 
 
 Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, about a 
 mile from the river Nile, with many curioug 
 remains of antiquity, and is the residence o 
 a governor. It is 200 miles s of Cairo. 
 Lon. 31 25 e, lat. 26 56 n. 
 
 TAAWIRRY, one of two small islands 
 within the reef of the island of Otaheite 
 in the South Pacific Ocean. ^ 
 
 Tabaehasan, a tow'n of Asia, about 50 
 miles from Adana, 
 
 Tabaco, or Tahago, an island in the bay 
 of Panama, about four miles long and three 
 broad. It is woody and abounds with 
 fruit trees. Lon. 80 0 w’, lat. 8 48 n. 
 
 TA BARCA, an island on the coast of 
 Barbary, at the mouth of the Zaiue. It 
 was fortified and had a populous city of its 
 name when in possession of the Genoese. 
 In 1757, when the Genoese attempted to 
 cede the island to France, the inhabitants 
 surrendered the city to Tunis, and werp 
 cruelly deceived by the Bey, who raised the 
 fortifications, and made the greater part of 
 the inhabitants slaves. Coral is fished fox 
 on its coast. It is 10 miles w of Tunis. 
 Lon. 8 58 e, lat, 37 10 N. 
 
 Tabaria ; See Tiberias, 
 
 Tubas, a city in Chorazan, Persia, stands 
 near the s borders pf the province, amid a 
 range of hills, has a frade with Herat and 
 Yeza, and coptaips about 20,000 inhabi- 
 tants, 1 20 miles of Yeza, and 170 sw of 
 Herat. 
 
 TABASCO, a province of New Spain, 
 bounded on the s by Chiapa, w by Guaxaca, 
 E by Jucatan, and x by the bay ol Cam- 
 peachy. There is rain every day for nine 
 months in the year, and February, Marcli, 
 and April are very hot. It abounds in (Ce- 
 dars, brasil and other kinds ot wood, but 
 maize, rice, pepper, and Cocoa n»Us consti- 
 tute its chief riches. 
 
 Tabasco, capital of the above province, 
 seated on an i.sland ot its name, fi>rmed hy 
 the river Tabasco, that of St. Peter and .St. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 Paul, and the bay of Campeachy, ihc Sj.a- 
 niards call it Neuestra Seuora de la Vitio 
 ria, irom a great victory obtained here Vy 
 Cortes on his first arrival; 27U miles XEuf 
 Cheapa. Lon. 98 30 e, lat. J8 34 x. 
 
 Z z 
 
TAG 
 
 TahasseraUj capital of a district in Da- 
 gbestan, and the centre of the commerce be- 
 tween Daghestan and Persia. It stands on 
 the Girgeri, 50 miles ssw of Derbend, and 
 90 NNW of Schamachi. 
 
 Taber Qy a town in Smoland, Sweden, 
 celebrated for rich iron mines, 10 miles s 
 of Jonkoping. 
 
 TABLE ISLANDy one of the New He- 
 Ibrides, in the Pacific ocean. Lon. 16T 7 e, 
 lat. 15 3$ s. 
 
 Taboo, a town of Cassna, capital of a 
 territory, Tying to the e of Zahara,280 miles 
 K by w of Agades. Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 24 0 n. 
 
 Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle 
 of Bechin, stands on a mountain of the same 
 name by the river Luschnitz. It was for- 
 tified by the Hussites, under their celebrated 
 general Zisca, and became their principal 
 retreat. It is 11 miles nne of Bechin. 
 
 Tabriz, or Tauris, capital of Aderbijan, 
 Persia, stands in a fertile plain, near the 
 foot of a mountain, watered by the rivulet 
 Spinatcha, which passes through it, and the 
 river Agi, that flows on the nw side of the 
 city, in its course to the lake Urmia. 
 Tabriz is no more the magnificent city de- 
 scribed to Chardin ; all its large buildings 
 having been destroyed by earthquakes. In 
 1724, nearly 100,000 of its inhabitants 
 perished by an earthquake, which did im- 
 mense damage to the houses. In the sub- 
 sequent siege and capture by the Turks, 
 and by other earthquakes, it was reduced to 
 an insignificant place. About the year 
 1804, when Abbas Mirza, the heir apparent 
 of the crown, was appointed to the govern- 
 ment of Aderbijan, he made Tabriz his 
 capital and began to repair the w-alls, three 
 miles in circuit, erected a new citadel, and 
 many new buildings. Here is a bazar that 
 reaches the whole length of the city, and 
 12 public bathl:, some of which are elegant. 
 There are no mosques worthy of notice 
 except the ruin of a large one that was de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake in 1778. The 
 famous marble of Tabriz is found on the e, 
 borders of the lake Urmia. The town is 
 environed by gardens stored with fruit trees, 
 and the banks of every stream are covered 
 with poplars, with which all the timber 
 W'ork of the houses is supplied. The inha- 
 bitants have a trade in cloth, cotton, and 
 silks, 290 miles nw of Teheran. Lon. 46 
 37 E, lat. 38 10 n. 
 
 Tacames, or Atacames, a sea port and 
 capital of a jurisdiction of its name, in the 
 audience of Quito, Peru, seated on a bay of 
 the Pacific ocean, to which it gives name, 
 120 miles nw of Quito. Lon. 79 30 w, lat 
 0 52 N. 
 
 Tacazze, a river that has its source in 
 Abysinia, runs nw in Nubia, and enters the 
 Nile at Ilak. 
 
 Tachau, a town in the circle of Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, ou the river Mies, 28 miles w of 
 Pilsen. 
 
 Tatunga, capital of a province of its 
 
 TAG 
 
 name, in the kingdom of Quito, seated in a 
 valley ; rich in corn and cattle. The 
 houses are low, but handsome, built of 
 pumice stone and arched, and the streets are 
 wide, 50 miles s by w of Quito. 
 
 Tadcaster, a town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire. It has a weekly market on 
 Thursday, and four annual fairs. The 
 neighbourhood abounds in limestone. It is 
 seated on the wharf, nine miles sw of York, 
 and 187 N by w of London. 
 
 Tadmor. See Palmyra, 
 
 Tadivan, or Taduan, a town of Farsistan, 
 Persia, .seated in a fertile valley, 60 miles 
 s of Shiras. 
 
 Tadousac, a town of Lower Canada, on 
 the Saguenay, at its conflux with the St. 
 Laurence, has a harbour for the largest 
 vessels, and a fort on a rock, hither the In- 
 dians bring furs to exchange for cloth and? 
 other commodities, 125 miles ne of Que-. 
 bee. Lon. 69 16 w, lat. 48 2 n. 
 
 Tajalla, a town, in Navarre, Spain, on 
 the Cidazzo, with a university. Here,, 
 Charle.s I V. king of Naxarre, built a palace, 
 in which he resided, and Philip IV. gave it 
 the name of a city ; the viainUy yields good: 
 wine, 18 miles s of Pamplona. Lon. I 36; 
 w, lat. 42 29 n. 
 
 TAFILET, or Tafilelt, a kingdom of 
 Barhary, in the dominions of the emperor 
 of Morocco, on (he e side of mount Atlas* 
 It is mountainous and sandy, but wheat and 
 barley are produced near the rivers, hor.«8s 
 are bred to sell to foreigners, and the inha- 
 bkaats subsist on camels flesh and dates. 
 It is divided into three provinces, Dras, 
 Saro, and Tuet. The Arabs live in tent.®,, 
 and the Beriberics, the ancient inhabitants 
 dwell in villages. Tafilet is the capital* 
 It is a trading place, has a castle, seated on 
 a river of its name, and is 340 miles s of 
 Fez, and 275 se of Morocco. Lon. 4 20 w', 
 lat. 30 40 N. 
 
 Taganrog, a sea port and fort of Russia, 
 on a promontory at the nw extremity of the 
 sea of Asoph. It is large and commodious, 
 has a considerable trade with Constantin 
 nople and the Archipelago. Here ship- 
 building is carried on, and the produce of 
 Russia is brought hither by water. The 
 Calmucs have extensive settlements in its 
 vicinity, 36 miles vf by n of Rastof. Lon. 
 42 6 E, lat. 47 10 n. 
 
 Tagaost, or Tagavasf, a large town of 
 Morocco, in the kingdom of Sus, said by 
 some to be the birth place of ^t. Augustin. 
 Here many Jews reside and carry on a 
 considerable trade. It is situated in a rich 
 plain, 37 miles s of Tarudant. Lon. 8 5 w> 
 lat. 29 23 N. 
 
 Tage, a large town of Arabia Felix. 
 Lon 42 5 e, lat. 21 45 x. 
 
 Taghmon, a town in the county of Wex- 
 fotd, Leinster, wliich, before the union, \va.s 
 ; repre.sented by two rnend)Hrs in the Iri^h 
 • parlrument, seven miles w’ ot Wexford, 
 j Tagliacozzo, t\ town of Naples, in Abruz- 
 
T A I 
 
 20 Ultra, 18 miles sw of Aquila, and 33 enk 
 of Rome. .... 
 
 Tafjliamento, a river of Italy, whicb has 
 its source in the Alps, on the. borders ot Ger- 
 many, and flows s through Friuli, and Tre- 
 visano, into the gulf of Venice. 
 
 Ta^nmadtrt, a town of Morocco, in the 
 kingdom of Darah, seated on the Darah, 
 has a strong castle on a mountain, 20 miles 
 s of Tattah. Lou. 6 43 w, lat. 2T 10 N. 
 
 Tahooray or Tahoorowa, one of the 
 smallest of the Sandwich islands, nine 
 miles distant frOm the sw part of Mowee, 
 with a barren and sandy soil, destitute of 
 wood. Lon. 176 15 w, lat. 20 33 n. 
 
 Tai, a lake of China, situated in the 
 provinces of Kiang-nan and Tche-kiang, 
 150 miles in circuit, and 75 se of Nan- 
 
 Taicfy a town of Arabia, Deserta, with 
 a castle on a mountain, 60 miles sk of 
 Mecca. 
 
 Taillehourg, a town in the department ot 
 Lower Charente, France, stands on the 
 Charente, eight miles n of Saintes, and 30 
 SE of Rochelle. 
 
 Tain, a royal burgh, and sea port in 
 Ross-shire, on the frith of Dornoch, some- 
 times called the frith of Tain. 'I he town 
 has a considerable tract of land and a 
 muscle fishery in the frith, belonging to the 
 community. Here is a large square tower 
 adorned with five spires, and a handsome 
 church, which has stood 400 years. Here 
 was a chapel dedicated to St. Duthus, to 
 which James IV. is said to have walked on 
 foot from Falkland, by way of Penance. 
 On the E is a fishing village called Inver, and 
 four miles w is a ferry across the frith to 
 Sutherland. It is the county town, and 
 joins with Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, 
 and Wick, in sending a member to parlia- 
 ment. It lies 12 miles n of Cromarty, and 
 contains 1250 inhabitants. The principal 
 branches of industry are spinning flax, and 
 tanning leather. The parish ot Tain ex- 
 ‘ends along the frith of Dornoch, eight 
 miles in length, and tw^o in breadth. Po- 
 pulation of the town and parish in 1801, 
 2277, and in 1811, 2384. The town is 10 
 miles N of Cromarty, 20 e of Dingwall, 
 and 200 knw' of Edinburgh. Lou. 3 51 w, 
 lat. 57 46 N. 
 
 Tujo, anciently called Tagus, a river of 
 .Spain, which has its .source on the borders 
 of Aragon, fiows through New Castile by 
 Arunjuer, Toledo, and Talavera, crosses 
 Estreniadura, by Alcantara, into Portugal ; 
 it washes Abralites and Santareni, forms a 
 small bay, which serves for the harbour of 
 Lisbon, and 10 miles lower it falls into the 
 Allantic ocean. 
 
 Tai-ouan, a city and sea port, capital 
 of the island of Formosa. Some of the 
 5 ’ reels are above two miles long, from 30 to 
 40 feet broad, and quite straight. During 
 six months of the year they are covered with 
 ftwnings to defend the passengers from the 
 
 T A L 
 
 heat of the sun. It is seated on the w side 
 of the island, and has a harbour well .sheU 
 tered from the wund. Lon. 120 30 e, lat, 
 
 23 25 N. 
 
 Taiping, a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Kiannan, China, on the Kian- 
 ku, 25 miles ssw of Nan-king. Lon. 119 
 15 E, lat. 32 23 n. 
 
 Taiping, a city of the first rank in 
 province of Quang-si, China, stands on a 
 point of land nearly sunouncied by a jiver, 
 380 miles w by s of Canton. Lon. 107 0 E, 
 lat. 22 36 N, 
 
 Taitcheou, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in the province of Tche-kiang, stands 
 on the bank of a river, in a mountainous 
 country, 720 miles sse of Peking. Lon. 
 
 121 2 E,lat. 28 55 N. 
 
 Taitong, a city of China, of the first rank, 
 in the province of Ghansi, in a mountainous 
 country, near the great wall, J55 miles w 
 of Peking. Lon. 1 13 0 e, lat. 40 5 n. 
 
 Tai-yuen, capital of the province of 
 Chansi, China, nine miles in circuit, but 
 much fallen off since it was the residence of 
 the princes of the last imperial family of 
 Tai-ming tebao, 230 miles sw of Peking. 
 Lon. Ill 56 E, lat. 37 54 N. 
 
 Talacundu, a town in Mysore, Hindoo- 
 stan, seated on the n bank of the cavery, 
 with a celebrated temple, and the tops of 
 some others are visible between the town 
 and the river, which for many years have 
 been overwhelmed by sand hills, 24 miles 
 ESE of Mysore. 
 
 Talavera de la Reyna, a town of Spain > 
 in New Castile, with a fort, seated on the 
 Tajo in a valley abounding in corn, fruits, 
 and excellent wine. It has a fort, and 
 manufactures gf silk and pottery. On the 
 27th and 28th of July, 1809, a battle was 
 fought here betw^een the British under Sir 
 Arthur Wellesley, (now the duke of Wel- 
 lington) and the French under Joseph Bo- 
 naparte, aided by Victor, Soult, and Sebas- 
 tiaui, in which the latter were completely 
 defeated. Talavera lies 58 miles sv/ of 
 Madrid. Lon. 4 I w, lat. 39 41 n. 
 
 Talaveruela, a town of Spain, in Estre- 
 madura, seated on the Guadiana, 14 miles 
 E of Badajos. 
 
 Talbert’s Island, is on the coast of Geor- 
 gia in lat. about 30 44 N. 
 
 Talca, the capital of the province of 
 Maule, Chili, seated amid hills, on the 
 Maule, with a fort, and numerous gold 
 mines in the vicinity. Provisions are plenti- 
 ful, and the population numerous, 140 miles 
 s by w of St. Jago. Lon. 71 I w, lat. 35 
 13 s. 
 
 Talca guana, a sea port near the ruins of 
 the old city of conception, stands on the se 
 shore of the bay of coneeptiou, Chili, now 
 the only Spanish settlement in the bay, nine 
 miles from the new city of Conception. 
 Lon. 72 30 w, lat. 36 42 s. 
 
 Tali, a city of the first rank in the pro- 
 vince of Yun-nan, China. Here are made 
 
 ;z z 2 
 
T A M 
 
 curious tables of fine marble shaded with 
 diiTtrent colours representiuj^ mountains, 
 rivers, trees, and flowers, 160 miles wnw 
 of Yun-nan. Lon. 100 6 e, lat. 24 54 n. 
 
 Tallaghy or Tallow ^ a ]3orough of Ire- 
 land, in the county of Waterford, seated 
 near the river Bride, with a castle in ruins. 
 It sent two members to the Irish parliament. 
 On the N side of the Bride is a village called 
 Tallowbridge, six miles ssw of Lismore, 
 and 26 ENE of Cork. 
 
 Tallano, a sea port of Corsica, on the 
 jg^ulf of Tallano, 24 miles nnw of Bonifacio. 
 Lon. 9 18 E, lat. 41 20 n, 
 
 Tallerd, a town in the department of the 
 Upper Alps, France, on the Durance, 10 
 miles s of Gap, and 47 s of Grenoble. 
 
 Talmont, a sea port in the department of 
 Lower Charente, France, with a harbour, 
 near the mouth of the Gironde, 20 miles sw 
 of Saintes, and 260 sw of Paris. 
 
 Tamalameca , or Tamaleque^ an inland 
 city, in the province of St. Martha, on the 
 cocist of Terra Firma, on the Madalena, 
 140 miles s of St. Martha. Lon. 74 15 w, 
 lat. 9 6 N. 
 
 Taman, a town in the province of Cau- 
 casia Russia, with a fort, on the s side of a 
 bay of the black sea, and on the site of the 
 ancient Phanagora, of which there are 
 vestiges still remaining. The town stands 
 a mile w of the fort, near the entrance of 
 the bay, from the strait that leads into the 
 sea of Asoph, and 10 s by e of Yenikale, 
 in Crimea. Lon. 36 24 e, lat. 45 5 n. 
 
 Taman, Strait of, a channel that forms 
 the communication betw^een the sea of 
 Asoph and the Black sea, and separates 
 Europe from Asia. It is the ancient Cim- 
 merian Bosphorus. The bay of Taman 
 extends e from the Strait. 
 
 Tamanah, a town in Concan, Hindoostan, 
 seated at the mouth of a river, 24 miles s 
 by e of Gheriah. 
 
 Tamar, a considerable river that rises in 
 the N part of Cornwall, and flowing s, sepa- 
 rates Cornwall from Devonshire, and forms 
 the harbour of Hamvaze at Plymouth. On 
 its banks is much Romantic scenery. 
 
 Tamara, a sea port of Asia, on the n 
 coast of the island of Socotora, lying near 
 the mouth of the Red Sea. It has a good 
 harbour, and a trade in aloes, frankincense, 
 ambergrise, and DragoiFs blood. Lon. 53 
 45 E, lat. 1 1 56 N. 
 
 Tamarachenj, a town in Malabar, Hin- 
 doostan, 17 miles ke of Calicut. 
 
 TAMARA ISLANDS, on the coast of 
 Guinea, near Sierra Leone. Ships obtain 
 refreshments here, as well as gold and 
 elephants teeth. 
 
 TAMARICA, an island on the coast of 
 Brazil, n of Pernambuco, about 24 miles 
 in length. A rich island of its name, 10 
 miles long and two broad, in which is the 
 capital, seated on an eminence, with two 
 forts, and a good harbour, forms the princi- 
 
 TAN 
 
 pal part of the government. Lon. 35 5 w, 
 lat. 7 56 s. 
 
 Tamhof, a town of Russia, capital of a 
 government of its name, stands on the Tzna, 
 j which falls into the Mokscha, s a bishop’s 
 see, 228 miles se of Moscow. Lou. 41 4 k, 
 lat. 52 48 N. 
 
 Tame, a town and river. See Thame 
 
 Tame, a river which has its source irr 
 StaflTordshire, and entering Warwickshire, 
 runs first e and then n till it re-enter its 
 native county at Tam worth, below w'hich 
 it joins the Trent, seven miles above Bur- 
 ton. 
 
 Tamtagua, a town in the province of 
 Panuca, New’ Spain, on an isthmus between 
 the gulf of Mexico, and an arm of the sea, 
 of the same name, 100 miles sse of 
 Panuco. 
 
 Tamieli, a towm on a canal w^hich com- 
 municates with the Nile, Egypt, 12 miles 
 NE of Fa you m. 
 
 Taminga, a tow’n of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Pekin. Lon. 114 35 e, lat. 38 
 56 N. 
 
 Tammata Pappa, a low’ i.«land of the 
 I North Pacific Ocean, near the Sandwich 
 islands* 
 
 Tammtoul, sometimes called Tomantoul, 
 a small village in the county of Banff. It 
 contains 220 inhabitants, is on the great 
 road to Inverness, has a protestant chapel, 
 a popish meeting bouse, a society school, 
 and two well frequented fairs. 
 
 Tampico, a towm in the province of 
 Panuco, New Spain, near the gulf of Mexi- 
 co, on an isthmus, formed by the sea, and 
 the lake of Tamiagua, 30 miles e by s of 
 Panuco. 
 
 Tamtallan, an ancient castle, on a penin- 
 sular rook, demolished in 1639, by the cove- 
 naters, the marquis of Douglas its owner 
 having been a royalist, two miles e of North 
 Berwick. 
 
 Tamworth, a town in Staffordshire, 
 situated at the confluence of the Tame 
 ^ and Anker, near the grand navigable ca- 
 nal. The E part of the town is in War- 
 w’iek.shire. Tamworth castle is the seat of 
 the earl of Leicester. In its ancient church 
 are several curious monuments. Here is an 
 old tower said to have been built by queen 
 Ethelfleda. The trade principally consists 
 in calico printing, the manufacture of super- 
 ; fine narrow’ w'oollens, and extensive taii- 
 I vvorks. The town is governed by two 
 I bailiffs, and 24 principal burges.ses, and 
 j returns tw o members to parliament. It lias 
 a weekly market on Saturday, and threo 
 annual fairs, and lies eight miles se of 
 Litchfield, and 1 15 nw of London. 
 
 Tanaro, i\ river which has its source in 
 Piedmont, and pas.sing Cherasco, Alba, 
 Asti, and Alexandria, iinite.s with the Po 
 below’ Valeiiza. It gives name to a new 
 department of France, iiududing part of 
 Piedmont, of which the capital is Asti. 
 
TAN 
 
 TAP 
 
 Tanasserim, a town of Asia, the king- 
 dom of Siam, 220 miles sw of Siam. Lon. 
 98 0 E, lat. 1 1 50 N. 
 
 Tancosy a town in Estremadnra, Portu- 
 j^al, 6a the Terara, near its junction with 
 the Po, 12 miles sse of Tomar. 
 
 Tancrowall, a town of Negroland, situa- 
 ted on the Ganiliia, It is divided into two j 
 parts, one inhabited by Portuguese, and the 
 other by Mundingoes. Here the English 
 have a fort. Lou. 14 2T w, lat. 13 
 10 y. 
 
 Tanday or Tanrahy a town of Hindoostan, 
 in Bengal, of which Soubah was the capital 
 in the 1 7th century. There is little remain- 
 ing of it except the rampart, nor is it cer- 
 tainly known when it was deserted. It is 
 situated on the e side of the Ganges, 120 
 miles Nw of Dacca. Lon. 87 56 e, lat. 23 
 35 y. 
 
 TANDAYE, one of the most easterly of 
 the Philippine islands. It is 125 miles in | 
 length, and 100 in breadth. Lon. 124 56 e, j 
 lat. 12 36 y. 
 
 Tanderagecy a town in Armagh, on the j 
 Newry canal, with an extensive linen manu- | 
 facture, and a good trade, eight miles e of j 
 Hamilton’s Bawn, 13 nnw of Newry, and 76 
 N of Dublin. 
 
 Taneytown, a town in Frederic county, 
 Maryland, 27 miles n by e of Frederic- 
 town. 
 
 Tangermundey a populous town in the 
 Old Mark, Brandenburg, at the junction of 
 the Tanger and Elbe, with a castle. It is 28 
 miles yE of Magdeburg- 
 
 Tangiery a sea port of Africa, in the 
 kingdom of Fez, seated on the strait of 
 Gibraltar, is surrounded by a wall, and has 
 a castle. It is the residence of the consuls 
 of the powers who are in amity with the 
 Emperor, and their houses are built in the 
 European style. The habitations of the 
 Moors are handsome. Provisions being 
 plentiful and cheap, are exported to the 
 opposite coasts. The water is excellent and 
 the air healthful. In 1471, it Was taken 
 by the Portuguese, and given as a dower to 
 princess Catharine, on her marriage with 
 Charles I. of England, who did not think 
 it worth the expense of retaining, and caused 
 the works to be blown up in 1683 ; 140 
 miles N by w of the city of Fez. Lon. 5 
 50 w, lat. 35 49 y. 
 
 TANGOLA, or Taxgolataxge, an 
 island in the North Pacific Ocean, on the 
 w coast of New Mexico, It is about 60 
 miles w of Guatimala. 
 
 Tx\NJOP^E, a fertile province of the 
 peninsula of Hindoostan, on the coast of 
 Coromandel, 05 miles long, and 50 lirond. 
 It is an appendage of the Carnatic*, but sub- 
 ject to its own rajah, who pays an annual 
 subsidy to the English E Tntlia Company. 
 
 TanjorCy the capital of the above pro- 
 vince, stands on a branch of the Cavery. 
 The palace is a grand square surrounded by 
 a. wall and a wet ditch, 156 miles s by w 
 
 of Madras, and 166 se of Seringapatant, 
 Lon. 79 12 e, lat. 10 46 y. 
 
 Tankersleify a town in Yorkshire, twc^ 
 miles E of Wortley, with a park noted for 
 red deer, said. to be the ftoest in England. 
 
 Tankidy or Tinkia-ling, a town of Thibet^ 
 with a fortress, at the foot of a mountainy 
 275 miles w by s of Lassa. Lon. ST 22 Ey 
 lat. 29 5 y. 
 
 TANNA, a considerable island in th© 
 South Pacific Ocean, oue of the New He- 
 brides, has a volcano and some hot springs. 
 It was discovered by Captain Cook, in ITTly 
 who called the harbour where he hty, Port 
 Resolution, from the name of his ship. Jfc 
 is 22 miles long, and 10 broad. The inha- 
 bitants are brave and hospitalde ; and their 
 arms are bows and arrows, slings, spearsy 
 and clubs* Lon. 169 46 e, lat. 19 30 s. 
 
 Tanmiy a towm in the isle of Salsette^ 
 Hindoostan, on the e coast, 15 miles 
 VE of Bombay. Lon. 72 53 e, lat. 19 
 13 y. 
 
 Tannadgce, a parish in Forfarshire, about 
 12 miles long, and, on an average four 
 broad, partly intersected and partly watered 
 on the s by the South Esk. Much of th© 
 surface is hilly, but ihe lands near the river 
 are rich and productive. Upon a high rock 
 half surrounded by this river, stood the 
 castle of Quieeh, the ancient residence of 
 the earls of Buchan. In the village of 
 Tannadyce some osnahurgs are manufac- 
 tured, Population is about 1,373. 
 
 Tanore, a sea port on the coast of Mala- 
 I bar, 28 miles sse of Calicut. Lon. 75 50 e> 
 [lat. 10 55 y. 
 
 TAOO, the most southern of the Friendly 
 islands^ in the South Pacific Ocean. It is 
 about 10 leagues in circuit, and of a height 
 1 sufficient to be seen 12 leagues off. It has 
 i a good anchorage on the xw side, 
 j Taorminay a sea port of Sicily, in Val di 
 j Demona, and on part of the site of the 
 I ancient Tauromeniurn, of wffiicb some ot 
 the ruins are yet visible. It stands on an 
 I eminence, at the foot of a high rock, at 
 I the head of a rocky hay, and is a strong 
 I military position, 32 miles ssw of Messina, 
 j Lon. 15 34 e, lat. 38 21 n. 
 
 ! TaoSy a town on a river that falls into 
 the Rio del Norte, New Mexico, 80 miles n 
 of St Fe. 
 
 TAOUKA, an island in the South Paci- 
 fic Ocean, one of the Society Islands, 65 
 j leagues NE of Otaheite. Lon. 145 9 w, lat. 
 
 14 30 s. 
 
 Tajp'loe, a village in Buckinghamshire, 
 on a hill on tlie Thames, distinguished by 
 two majestic woodlands, and handsome 
 villas, one mile from Maidenhead, and 25 
 w b)^ y of London. 
 
 Tapoovy a town in Mysore, Hindoostan. 
 
 15 miles ssw of Darampour, and 83 kse 
 of Seringapatam. 
 
 Tappahannocky or Hohe's Hole, a post 
 town ol Virginia, in Essex county, stands 
 in a rich plain, on the sw bank of the 
 
T A R 
 
 Eappabaunoc, and has some export trade. 
 It lies 54 miles ne of Richmond. Lou. 77 
 12 w, lat. 38 0 K. 
 
 TappaUy a town of Orange county, New 
 York state, at the s end of the Tappan sea 
 Here, October 2nd, 1780, major Andre, 
 having been taken on his way to New York, 
 after concerting a plan with general Arnold 
 for delivering up West Point to the British, 
 was tried, and executed as a spy. It is Z5 
 miles N of New York. 
 
 IWppanooly, a sea port on the Small 
 island Punohongcacheel, w side of Sumatra, 
 with a deep bay, capable of containing the 
 navies of Europe. Here the English E India 
 Company have a factory. It was taken by 
 the French, but restored at the peace of 
 1763. Lon. 98 6 e, lat. I 40 N. 
 
 Taptpy a river which rises at Maltoy, in 
 county of Berar, Hindoostan, and falls 
 into the gulf of Cambay, 20 miles below 
 Surat. At its mouth, is a tower 30 feet 
 high, erected over the grave of an English 
 captain of the name of Vaux, and called 
 Vaux Tomb. It serves as a mark to ships 
 entering the road of Surat. 
 
 Tarj or PimplicOj a river of N Carolina, 
 which after passing Louisburg, Tarborough, 
 Greenville, and Washington, enters PimpiU 
 co sound, 40 miles se of the latter town. 
 
 Tarugalltty a town of Africa, in the 
 kingdom of Darah, v/ith a castle, on the 
 Darab, 135 miles w by s of Taiilet. Lon. 
 7 32 w, lat. 27 25 K. 
 
 Taraghy a village in the county of Meath, 
 Ireland, where, according to tradition, was 
 a niagniiiceDt palace of the ancient kings 
 of Ireland, who are said to have held a par- 
 liament here once in three years, composed 
 not only of the nobility and gentry, but 
 also of the learned and ingenious, w’ho, with- 
 out regard to former laws or precedent, 
 framed laws solely for the public good. 
 The church stands on the summit of a 
 beautiful hill, in the vicinity, about six 
 miles s by w of Navan, and 25 nw of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Tarancony a town in New Castile, Spain, 
 40 miles se of Madrid. 
 
 TAR ANSA Y, one of the Northern Harris 
 isles, high and rocky, about four miles long, 
 and one broad, and has the remains of two 
 chapels ; the soil is barren, and unlit for 
 cultivation. Lon. 8 55 w, lat. 58 2 n. 
 
 TarantOy a populous sea port of Naples, 
 situated on a peninsula, and has a strong 
 castle. This town gave name to the spiders 
 called Tarantulas, whose bite, according 
 to fable, was only to be cured by music 
 and dancing. It is 50 miles se of Bari, 55 
 Nw of Otranto, and 150 e by s of Naples. 
 Lon. 17 29 e, lat. 40 35 n. 
 
 Tararey a town in the department of 
 Rhone, France, at the foot of a mountain, 
 20 miles wnw of Lyon. 
 
 TarasooUy an ancient, populous, and 
 handsome town in the department of the 
 Mouths of the Rhone, France, wi'b a castle, 
 
 TAR 
 
 on the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, whk 
 which it communicates by a bridge of 
 boats. It has a trade in silk stuffs, brandy, 
 oil, and starch. It is 10 miles n of Arles, 
 and 14 E by s of Nismes. 
 
 TarascoHy a town in the department of 
 Arriege, France, on the Arriege, seven miles 
 ssE of Foix. 
 
 Tarazy capital of Turkestan Western 
 Tartary, seated on a river which joins th® 
 Sirr, 350 miles n by e of Samarcantl. Lon. 
 66 30 E, lat. 44 20 n. 
 
 Tarazonoy a strong town in Arragon, 
 Spain, and a bishop^s see, stands partly on & 
 rock, and partly on a fertile plain, 13 miles 
 sw of Tudela, 60 wnw of Saragossa, and 
 180 NE of Madrid. Lon. 1 36 w, lat. 42 2 n. 
 
 Tarazontty a town. in Mancha, Spain, 4S 
 miles NE of Alcarez, and 54 s of Cuenza. 
 
 Tarbaty a parish partly in Ross-shire, and 
 partly in Cromartyshire, about seven miles 
 and a-balf long, and four and a-half at its 
 greatest breadth. The^sea coast abounds 
 with gray and shelfish, and is frequented by 
 seals, porpoises, and whales, and by im- 
 mense flocks of wild geese, ducks, swans, 
 and other sea and land birds. The lobster 
 fishery is productive. There are five fishing 
 villages in the parish ; the principal harbour 
 is Port-Mabolmack, The air is salubrious, 
 the surface agreeably diversified, and the 
 greater part of the soil capable of cultiva- 
 tion. There is great almndance of marl 
 and freestone here. Fuel is scarce, hemp 
 and flax are raised and spnn, and in the parish 
 are the ruins of several castles, also chaly- 
 beate springs. Population is about 1400. 
 
 Tarbat Ness, the ne corner of the above 
 parish, attached to it by a narrow neck; 
 on its NE extremity is a narrow creek, 
 called Castlehaven, where are the remains 
 of the old castle of Tarbat. Lon. 3 20 w, 
 lat. 57 34 N. 
 
 Tarberty or Tarbety a low sandy isthmus, 
 about a mile broad, which connects Kin- 
 tyre wuth the district properly called Argyle, 
 formerly defended by a chain of forts. One 
 of them called the castle of Tarbert is a 
 fine ruin. In the 11th century the Chieftaa 
 McDonald had his vessel drawn across it in 
 lull sail, in proof that K intyre was aa 
 island^ and so belonged to him. Near the 
 peninsula is a post office with a mail three 
 times a week ; 36 miles nnw of Campbell- 
 town and 37 ssw of Inverary. 
 
 Tarberty a town in Kerry, Munster, seated 
 on the Shannon, with a safe harbour at 
 Tarbert Point. Here is a handsome church, 
 a good inn, and neat houses, and has a chaly- 
 beate spring in the vicinity ; 25 miles nne 
 of Ratass, 35 w by s of Limerick, and 156 
 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Tarbety a populous town, capital of th© 
 department of the Upper Pyrenees, France, 
 seated in rich plain, on the Adour, has a 
 castle, and college, and was lately a bishop’s 
 see. It is 42 miles sw of Aucb, Lon. Q 
 4 E, lat. 43 14 N. 
 
 4 
 
TAR 
 
 TarhoUoitf a parish In Ayrshire, in the 
 district of Kyle, about seven or eight miles 
 loDO", and six broad. Here is a celebrated 
 breed of cattle, and the parish is famous tor 
 the quantity and quality of its cheese. The 
 villago of Tarbolton is neatly built, and 
 contains about 450 inhabitants. In it is a 
 farmers friendly society, a farmers club for 
 the diffusion of agricultural knowledge, and 
 two mason lodges. Near it is an erect 
 stone, venerated as the monument of king 
 Coilus, and at a small distance the ruins of 
 the monastery of Feale. It lies nine miles 
 K by E of the town of Ayr, Population 
 about 1766. 
 
 Tarborough, a post town of North Caro- 
 lina, on the Tar. Here are collected for 
 exportation large quantities of beef, pork, 
 maize, and tobacco, 40 miles nw of Wash- 
 ington, and 56 e by of Ralegh.. Lon. 77 
 65 w, lat. 35 58 N. 
 
 Tarettij a city iii.Laristan, Persia, with a 
 mud fort, seated in a plain, abounding with 
 date trees. Though meanly built, it is the 
 residence of many wealthy merchants, 80 
 miles ENE of Lar. 
 
 Tarento, See Taranto, 
 
 Tar gay a town of Fez, situated on the 
 sea-coast, has a castle on a rock, 90 miles 
 SE of Tangier. Lon. 4 56 w, lat. 35 20 n. 
 
 Tariffay a town in Andalusia, Spain, with 
 a castle, stands on an eminence, on the 
 etrait of Gibraltar. In the beginning of 
 1812, a French army invested this place, 
 but were compelled to retreat, by the 
 garrison, composed of British and Spaniards, 
 17 miles wsw of Gibraltar, and 52 se of 
 Cadiz. Lon. 5 40 w, lat. 38 5 n, 
 
 Tarija a town of Tucuman, capital of a 
 district which abounds in cattle and sheep, 
 seated on the St. Juan, 196 miles nne ol 
 St. Salvador de Jujui. Lou. 64 0 w, lat. 21 
 40 s. 
 
 TarkUy the capital of a district in 
 Daghestan, seated in a narrow glen, near 
 the Caspian sea, 52 miles ssk of Terki, 80 
 Kw Derbeud, and 150 ne Feflis. Lon* 47 
 5 E, lat. 45 50 N. 
 
 Tarland, ,and Migrgy a mountainous 
 parish in Aberdeenshire, to which that of 
 Migvy was united. The united parish is of 
 a. form extremely irregular, and a district 
 belonging to Tarland, lies 15 miles nw on 
 the N side of the Don, and a part of Migvy 
 several miles nw, cut off by intervening 
 parishes. There is a church in each parish. 
 The villige of Tarland, situated nearly in 
 the centre of the district of Cromar, is a 
 borough of barony, with a weekly marker, 
 and six annual lairs, containing 150 inha- 
 bitants. Population about 922. 
 
 Tarleton, a village in Lancashire, w .side 
 of the Douglas, has a mineral well re- 
 sembling that of Scarborough, eight miles 
 TJ of Orniskirk. 
 
 TarmOy e ipital of a jurisdiction in Peru, 
 on the Cancliarnayo. It is a populour town, 
 and has an extensive trade in woollen cloth. 
 
 TAR 
 
 Here are excellent pastures and numerous 
 silver mines, 1 10 miles ene of Lima. Lon* 
 
 75 17 w, iat. 11 s. 
 
 Tarn a department of France. It con- 
 tains part of the late province of Languedoc, 
 and takes us name from a river, which has 
 its source in the department of Lozhere, and 
 passing Mithoud, Alby, Guillac, Montaubon, 
 and Moissac, falls into the Garronne. 
 Castres is the capital. 
 
 Tarn and GarronnCy a department of 
 France consisting of portions detached from 
 the departrnents of Lot, Aveyron, Gers, and 
 Upper Garonne. Montauben is the capital. 
 
 Tarnowitzy a town in the lordship of 
 of Beuthen, Silesia, stands near the borders 
 of Poland, and has a valuable irou mine, 
 
 38 miles ese of Oppelen. 
 
 Taro, a new department of France, in- 
 cluding the duchy of Parma, in Italy, and 
 takes its name from a river, which rises on 
 the s border, and runs ne to the Po. 
 
 Taro a town of Italy, in the duehy of 
 Parma, stands near the source of the Taro, 
 28 miles s of Parma. Lon. 10 9 e, lufc. 44 
 36 N. 
 
 Taroga, a town in Catalonia, Spain, !5 
 miles from Lerida. 
 
 Tarporley, a town in Cheshire, with a 
 market on Tuesday, and a manufacture of 
 stockings. The church is large and con- 
 tains several monuments ; 1 1 miles esb of 
 Chester and 178 nw of London. 
 
 Tarragona, an ancient sea-port of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, and an arebbishop^s see, with au 
 university, seated on a hill, at the mouth of 
 the Francoli, ou the Mediterranean. It has 
 many noble monuments of Roman antiquity, 
 is surrounded by walls, and has some 
 bastions. It is neither so large nor so 
 populous as it was formerly. The number 
 of houses within the walls is 600, though 
 there be room for 2000. They are all con- 
 structed with large square stones. The 
 cathedral is of elegant gothic architecture, 
 and of vast dimensions. The chapel, built 
 with lich marble and Jasper, is very magni- 
 ficent. The exports consist of brandy and 
 wunc. In 1811, the French took this city 
 by storm, massacred the inhabitants, and 
 barm their houses. It is 35 miles ne of 
 Tortosa, 57 wsw of Barcelona, and 260 
 E by N of Madrid, Lon. 1 13 fi, lat. 41 
 5 N. 
 
 Tarrega, a town in Catalonia, Spam, 
 stands on a hill by the river Cervera, 15 
 .miles E by s of Lerida 33 n by w of 
 Tarragona. 
 
 Tarsus. See Taresso. 
 
 TART ARY, a country of Asia, wdiich 
 reaches from the eastern ocean to the Cas- 
 pian sea, and from Corea, China, Thibet, 
 Hindoostan, a.nd Persia, to Russia and 
 Siberia. It lies betw’een Ion. 55 and 135 
 E, and between lat. 35 and 55 n, being 
 3600 miles in length, and 960 in breadth, 
 but ill ibe narrowest part not above S30 
 broad. It may be eoniid«red under two 
 
\' 
 
 T A S 
 
 T A V 
 
 grand divisions, liamely Eastern and i 
 Western Tartary. The greatest part of the 
 former either belongs to the emperor of 
 China, is tributary to him, or is under his 
 protection ; and a very considerabie part of 
 \Yes?ern Tartary has been conquered by 
 the Russians, and that part of it e from the 
 mountainous of I mans, or Belur, to the 
 Caspian sea, is called Independent Tartary. 
 which has for ages been attached to Persia. 
 These vast countries include all the middle 
 parts of Asia, and are inhabited by Tartars 
 of diflbrent denominations, and different 
 manners. For various interesting particu- 
 lars concerning them, see the articles Ab- 
 kas, Circassia, Crimea, Cossacks, Georgia, 
 Imerititia, iCalmucks, Kisti, Lesguis, Min- 
 grelia, Mongals, Ossi, Samoyedes, Turko- 
 mans, and Usbees. 
 
 TariaSj a town in the department of 
 Landes, France, through which the Midouse 
 passes, and one part cf it stands on a plain, 
 the other part rises on the opposite side of 
 the river in form of an amphitheatre. It is 
 V4 miles ne of Dax. Lon. 0 48 vv, lat. 43 
 
 ^0 N. 
 
 Tarudant or Terodant, the principal 
 town of the kingdom of Sus, and the seat of 
 a governor, or sheriff related to the Emperor 
 of Morocco. It is noted for the manufac- 
 ture of leather and salt]ietre. The popula- 
 tion is about 2.5,000, but was formerly more 
 inimerous, 128 miles sw of Morocco. Lon. 
 
 8 35 w, lat. 29 58 N. 
 
 Tarves, a parish in Aberdeenshire, about 
 nine miles long, and six broad, watered by 
 the Ythan. The surface is agreeably diver- 
 sified, the air salubrious, and the soil fertile, 
 Near the church is the declining village of 
 Tarves, which formerly had a market or 
 fair almost monthly, but now has only five 
 or six in the year. Population in 1801, 
 1750. 
 
 Tarwis, a town in Carinthia, Germany, 
 
 2S miles wsvv of Clagenfurt. 
 
 TascOy a town in the province of Mexico, 
 New Spain, seated on the Zaccitula, with a 
 keautiiul church, and rich silver mines in 
 the vicinity, TO miles ssw of Mexico. ' 
 
 Tassacorta, a town in the isle of Palma, 
 one of the Canaries, sw of St Cruz, and is j 
 little frequented except by boats, being ex- j 
 posed to the westerly winds. j 
 
 TiU-sasndon, a city of Asia, the capital of I 
 Bootan, a feudalory country of Tibet, seat- | 
 cd on the Tehintchieu, in a cultivated val- 
 ley surrounded by mountains. The palace 
 is an extensive quadrangular stone building 
 and lias accommodation for the rajah, or 
 Luma, all the officers of state, a numerous 
 e^tablis^•^,'ent of Gylongs. and a temple of 
 the great idol Mahauiuonie, 280 miles ssw | 
 of i.assa. Lt>n. 8940 k, lat. 27 49 \. j 
 
 TASKING, an island of Denmark, wliicli i 
 eoiitaiiis a few towns and villages, is 18 ' 
 miles in ciicuU, and lies between Funen j| 
 and Luiigeland, separatetl from Fuuea bv a |' 
 
 I! 
 
 I strait. The town of its name is in Lon. 
 
 47 E, lat. 55 7 N. 
 
 TASSO, an island of the Archipelago, 
 near Ilomouia. It is about 35 miles in cir- 
 cumfeience ; and the chief town is of tho 
 same name, with a good harbour. 
 
 TATOO E-TEE, one of the Ingraham, 
 isles, in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies 
 seven or eight leagues w by n of Noo- 
 heave. 
 
 TattUy a town of Hindoostan Proper, ca- 
 pital of the province of Sindy. It is situa- 
 ted on a branch of the river Sinde or Indus, 
 called the Ritchel River. In the 15 cen- 
 tury it was very populous, and had nianu- 
 fuctures of silk, cotton, and wool, and was, 
 famous for cabinet ware. It is now greatly 
 reduced, but siiU contains 1800 inhabitants. 
 On the Indus, above the delta much salt- 
 petre is made, and three miles nw of the city, 
 are mines of salt and iron. The Indus, ani 
 its branches, admit of an uninterrupted na- 
 vigation hence to Lahore, Mpultan, and 
 Cashmere, for vessels of near 200 tons, but 
 owing to a bad government in Sindy, and a 
 hostile disposition of the Seiks, and present 
 possessors of MouUan, and Lahore this trade 
 is much circumseribed. Tatta is 64 miles sw 
 of Hydrahad, the present capital 741 nw of 
 Bombay, and 125 from the Arabian sea. 
 Lon. 68 IT e, lat 24 50 n. 
 
 Tuttahy a town in Africa, on the common 
 frontiers of Morocco, Darab, and Tafilet, 
 and in the route from Morocco to Tombuc- 
 too, 170 miles s by e of Morrocco. Lon. 
 6 15 w, lat. 28 25 n. 
 
 Tattershall, a small town in Lincolnshire, 
 situated on the Bane, near its confluence 
 with the Witham, in a fenny country. It 
 has the remains of a castle, a beautiful and 
 spacious church, in form of a cross, and a lo- 
 wer of great height connected with the old 
 castle. The town is much decayed, but 
 has a weekly market, on Friday and two 
 annual fairs. It lies 20 miles se of Lincoln, 
 and 125 n of London. 
 
 TAVASTELAND, a province ©f Sweden, 
 in the middle of Finland, 150 miles long, 
 and 100 broad. The N' part is mountainous 
 and woody, but the greater part consists in 
 fertile plains watered by numerous rivers 
 and lakes. The soil is equal to almost any 
 in Sweden, but it is badly cultivated, and 
 the peasants are mostly poor. The chief 
 traffio is in corn, flax, hemp, dried fish, cat- 
 tle, leather, tallow, and lime. 
 
 TanastuSy or 'J'avotithorg, a town of Fin- 
 land, capital of the province of Tavastland, 
 with a strong castle, on a river which falls 
 into the lakeWana, J 10 mile.s e.\e oi Abo. 
 Lon. 25 10 e, lat. 6112 n. 
 
 Tauchefy a town of Poland, in Pomerelia, 
 on the Verd, 30 miles nw of Culm, and 5a 
 sw of Marienburg. 
 
 Tavernay a town in Calabria Ulteriore, 
 Naples, on the Goraca, 20 mile> ene Nicas- 
 tre. Lon. 16 44 e, lai. 39 11 N. 
 
T AU 
 
 TAVERNIER KEY, one of the Tontu- 
 ga islands. 
 
 Tavira, or Tavila, a considerable town 
 of Portugal, capital of Algarve, wdth one 
 of the best harbours in the kingdom, seated 
 in a fertile country, at the mouth of the Gi- 
 laon, in the gulf of Cadiz, 21 miles e by n 
 of Faro, 9T s of Evora, and 100 w by n of 
 Cadiz. Lon. 7 42 w lat. 37 18 x. 
 
 Tavistock, a town in Devonshire, situated 
 on the TavT, or Tave, and governed by a 
 portreeve. It w^as once a flourishing place, 
 and is still large. Here was formerly a 
 stately abbey founded in 961, the abbots of 
 which sat in parliament. Some of its re- 
 mains are now formed into tenements. 
 This is one of the stannary towns and gives 
 name to a hundred. It sends two members 
 to parliament, and has a mineral spring in 
 the vicinity. It has a weekly market on 
 Saturday, a manufacture of serges, and five 
 annual fairs. It is 32 miles w by s of Exe- 
 ter, and 207 wsw of London. 
 
 Taumasco , a town in the province of 
 Thessaly, European Turkey, 18 miles xw 
 Zeiton. 
 
 Taumago, a fertile island in the pacific 
 Ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1606, 24 j 
 miles in circumference. Lon. 176 45 w, j 
 lat. 13 0 s. I 
 
 • Taunton, a large, handsome, well-built, 1 
 and populous town in Somersetshire, situa- 
 ted on the Thone, which is navigable to the 
 Parret Taunton extends about a mile in 
 length from e to w and chiefly consists of 
 lour principal streets which are spacious 
 and airy. Its castle is in ruins ; it has two 
 churches, in one of which is the Epitaph of 
 the Taylor who invented ruffs in the reign 
 of queen Elisabeth. Here are also several 
 •dissenting meeting-houses, an academy for 
 educating dissenting Clergymen, a gram- 
 mar-school, and several w’ell endowed ho- 
 'pitals. Here were formerly a priory of 
 black Canons, a house of white Caraielites, 
 and a leperhouse. It has been the princi- 
 pal seat of the manufacture of coarse wool- 
 len goods, such as serges, duroys, druggets, 
 &c. The corporation consists of a mayor, 
 two aldermen, 20 burgesses, wuth a recor- 
 der. It is singular that the mayors officers 
 cannot arrest any person, nor is there a gaol 
 in the town, except a bridewell for vagrants. | 
 The borough has been represented in parlia- 
 ment by two burgesses, ever since the reign 
 of king Edward III, chosen by the Potwal- 
 lopers. King Charles 11. disfranched this 
 town and dennolisbed its walls on account 
 of the adherence of the inhabitants to the 
 solemn leagual and covenant, but granted 
 a new charter in 1685. The spring assizes 
 are held here. Taunton was the scene of 
 many bloody executions in the reign of 
 James II, after the defeat of the duke of 
 Monmouth at Sedgemoor in its vicinity. 
 The inhabitants eagerly embraced the cause 
 of king William, are still firmly attached | 
 to the principals of the Revolution, It con- 
 14 “ 
 
 T A Y 
 
 taiued in 1801, 5794 inhabitants, and in 
 1811, 6997, and has weekly markets on 
 Wednesday, and Saturday, and two annual 
 fairs. It lies 31 miles xe of Exeter, and 
 141 w by s of London. Lon. 3 17 w,lat. 50 
 59 X. 
 
 Taurtton,Si post town of Massachusetts, 
 the capital of Bristol county, situated ou 
 the w side of Taunton river, which is navi- 
 gable by small vessels hence to Narragan- 
 setbay. It has a manufacture of Ochre 
 and iron, 36 miles s of Boston. 
 
 Tavoy, a sea-port on the w coast of 
 Siam, taken from the Siamese by the Bir- 
 mans ; 150 miles wxw of Siam. Lon. 98 
 20 E, lat. 14 45 N. 
 
 TAUREAU, an isle of France, in the de- 
 partment of Finisterre, lying at the mouth 
 of the Morlaix, with a fort. Lon. 31 51 w, 
 lat. 48 40 X. 
 
 Taurim, or Tuurida, See Crimea^ 
 
 Tauris ; See Tabriz, 
 
 Taurus, Si gtedii chain of mountains, which 
 begin at the eastern part of Little Carama- 
 nia, and extend very far into India. 
 
 Taus, a town in the circle of Pilisen, Bo- 
 hemia, 31 miles ssw of Pilsen. 
 
 Tavy, a river in Devonshire, that rises 
 in Dartmoor, passes by Tavistock, and falls 
 into the harbour of Harnoaze above Ply« 
 mouth. 
 
 Taw, a river in Devonshire, that rises ia 
 Dartmoor, and passing Chimleigh and 
 Barnstable, unites with the Towridge at its 
 mouth in Barnstable bay. 
 
 Tawy, a river in Glamorganshire, Wales, 
 which runs parallel to the Neath and falls 
 into the Bristol channel in Swansea bay. 
 
 Tag, a celebrated river of Perthshire. It 
 rises in Bradalbin, on the frontiers of Lorn ; 
 and passing Dunkeld comes with a full swel- 
 ling stream to Perth. From thence it visits 
 Dundee, where it is two miles broad, and 
 falls into the German Ocean. In its coarse 
 it receives the Tummel, the Lyon, the Gary, 
 and between Dunkeld and Perth, the Rran, 
 the Isla, and the Almond, and six mil«s be- 
 low' Perth, the Earn, w'here it becomes an 
 estuary, called the Frith of Tay, and is 
 in some places three miles broad. The 
 tide flows two miles above Perth, to which, 
 tow/u it is navigable by vessels of considera-* 
 ble tonage, 30 miles from the Ocean. The 
 salmon fisheries in this beautiful river, let 
 above L7000 a year and it is open from 
 December 1 1th, to the 26 of August. Pearl 
 oysters also are taken in considerable num- 
 bers. 
 
 Tay Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Perth- 
 shire, through which flows the river Tay. 
 It is 15 miles long, but in few parts above 
 one broad. The banks are finely wooded ; 
 and near the x extremity is a small tufted 
 island, on which are the ruins ol a priory, 
 built by Alexander I ; and in it Sibilla his 
 queen, natural daughter of Henry I. of Eng- 
 i land is interred. In some places this lake 
 I is so deep that i> seldom freezes, and the 
 1 3 A, 
 
T C H 
 
 T C I 
 
 noon with which it abounds are in sdason | 
 all the year. 
 
 Taxowskaia ; See Obskaia. j 
 
 Tchang-tcha, a city of China, capital j 
 of the s part of the province of Hon-quang, j 
 stafid on the Heng, and communicates with 
 an extensive lake, called Tonting-hou, 740 | 
 miles s by w of Pekin. Lon. 112 25 e, I 
 lat. 28 11 n. 
 
 Tchang-tcheoUf a city of the first rank, j 
 in Fo-kien. China, and trades With Emony, 1 
 Pong'hou, and Formosa. It is 950 miles | 
 s of Pekin. Lou. 1 17 35 e, lat. 24 32 n. 
 
 Tchang-te, a city of China, of the first | 
 rank, in Ho-nan. In the vicinity is a moun- | 
 tain so inaccessible that it affords a safe | 
 asylum in time of war to the inhabitants, j 
 Here is a fish resembling the crocodile, 
 the fat of which when once kindled cannot 
 be extinguished. It is 255 miles ssw of Pe- 
 kin. Lon. 1 n 5 E, lat. 29 2 n. 
 
 Tchao-kingy a city of the first rank, in 
 Quang-tong, China, stands on the river Si, 
 70 miles w of Canton. 
 
 Tchao-tcheou, a city of the first rank, 
 in Quang-ton, China, stands on the Pei- 
 kiang, 36 miles e of Canton. 
 
 TCHE-KIANG, one of the most con- 
 siderable provinces in China, for extent, 
 population, and riches, bounded on the s by 
 Fo-kien, e by the ocean, n and w by Ki- 
 apg-nan, and sw by Kiang-si. Prodigious 
 quantities of silkworms are bred ; silk 
 stuffs constitute the chief branch of their 
 trade, and those in which gold and silver 
 are interwoven are the most beautiful in 
 China. Their ponds are stocked with the 
 small gold fish. Here grows the tallow 
 tree, and a species of mushrooms, which 
 are sent to all the provinces of the empire. 
 In the province are 11 cities of the first 
 rank, 72 of the third, and 18 fortresses, 
 which in other countries would be reckoned 
 large ities. Hang-tcheou is the capital. 
 
 TCHERNIGOF, a government of Russia. 
 Its capital, of the same name, situated on 
 the D?sna, is 80 miles imne of Kiof, 240 s 
 by w of Smolensk, and 345 ssw of Moscow. 
 Lon. 31 15 E, lat. 51 24 n. 
 
 Tchesney a town of Turkey, in Asia, on 
 the w coast of Natolia, has a citadel, seated 
 almost opposite Scio, at the head of a spa- 
 cious road, where the Russians destroyed 
 the Turkish fleet, in 1770. It possesses a 
 good harbour. It is 48 miles w of Smyrna. 
 Lon 26 28 e, lat. 38 26 n. 
 
 Telling Jiiang, a city of China, of the 
 first rank, in Se tcheun, 910 miles sw of Pe- 
 kin. Lon. 104 26 e, lat. 27 18 n. 
 
 Tching-kiang, a strong city of China, of 
 the first rank, in Kiang-nan, stands on the 
 s side of the Kian-ku. The beauty of its 
 walls, and its situation for commerce, it 
 being the key of the empire towards the 
 sea, make it rank above the other cities in 
 the province, 470 miles sse of Pekin. Lon. 
 118 55 E, lat. 32 14 N. 
 
 Tching-kiang, a city of the first rank, in 
 
 th« province of Yun-an, China, 36 miles s 
 by E of Yun-an. Lon. 102 4 e, lat. 24 
 44 N, 
 
 Tching-tcheou, a city of the first rank, 
 in Hou-quang, China, at the junction of two 
 rivers. Under it are five cities of the third 
 rank, in which a kind of earthen ware is 
 made, w'hich the Chinese prefer to the 
 finest porcelain, 765 miles ssw of Peking.. 
 Lon. 109 40 e, lat. 28 23 n. 
 
 Tching- Ting, a city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Pe-tche li, 136 miles ssw of Pekin. 
 Lon. 114 21 E, lat. 38 9 N. 
 
 Tching-tou, capital of Se-tchuen, China, 
 is one of the largest and most splendid cities 
 in the empire, and formerly the residence of 
 j the emperors. During the civil wars, that 
 preceded the last invasion of the Tartars, in 
 1646, it was nearly demolished. Stranger, are 
 j much struck with its temples, and the ruins 
 I of its ancient palaces, 810 miles sw of Pe- 
 j king. Lon. 103 44 e, lat. 30 40 n. 
 
 (' Tching^ngany a city of China, of the 
 first rank, in Quang-si, 1250 miles ssw' of 
 Peking. Lon. 106 0 e, lat. 23 21 
 I Tehi-tcheouy a city of the first rank, in 
 1 Kiang-nan, China, stands on a river 570 
 I miles s of Pekin. Lon. 117 0 e, lat. 30 
 [ 44 N. 
 
 I Tchi-gueriy a city of China of the first 
 I rank, in Koei-tcheou, 980 miles ssw of Pe- 
 kin. Lon. 107 51 e, lat. 27 1 n. 
 
 Tchoka* See Saghalien. 
 
 Tchong-kingya city of China, of the first 
 rank, in Se-tchuen, stands on the side of a 
 mountain, at the junction of the Kianku 
 and the Kincha, 750 miles sw of Pekin, 
 Lon. 106 20 E, lat. 2942 n. 
 
 Tchou-kiongy a city of the first rank, in 
 the province of Yun-nan, China, 75 miles 
 w of Yun-nan. Lon. 101 20 e, lat. 25 
 
 6 N. 
 
 Tchudscoi. See Peipus. 
 
 Tehuk9tski y the most eastern part of the 
 j province of Okotsk, Siberia. The natives 
 ! are a stout made, warlike people, and fre- 
 I quently make depredations on their neigh- 
 ! hours, the Koriacs. Their deer are the 
 I principal object of their attention. 
 
 , Tchukotskiy a cape of Siberia, on the 
 ’ eastern extremity of Asia, and the sw limit 
 of Beering Strait. Lon. 172 30 w, lat. 64 
 ! 15 Nv 
 
 i Tchu-tcheouy a city of the first rank, in 
 ’ Tche-kiang, China, 730 miles sse of Pekin, 
 j Lon. 120 33 E,lat. 28 36 n. 
 
 TCITCTCAR, the largest of the three 
 I provinces of Eastern Tartary, bounded on 
 the w by Western Tartary, n by Siberia, 
 NE by the sea of Okotsk, and se by the pro- 
 vince of Kirin ; it is mountainous, and wa- 
 tered by the Saghalien, which meets in its 
 course with many tributary streams. 
 
 Tcitcieury capital of the province of its 
 name. Eastern Tartary. It is the residence 
 of a Mandshur general. It was built, iu 
 modern times, by the emperor of China, ta 
 protect his frontiers against the Russians, 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
TED 
 
 ana stands on the Nonni, 600 miles nne of 
 liOn. 123 50 Ej la.t. 47 25 n. 
 
 Teaki, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 
 20 miles long, and tour broad. It is the 
 ancient Ithaca. Lon. 20 54 e, lat. 38 
 47 N. 
 
 Tealing, a parish in Forfarshire, lying 
 OB the s side of the Sidlaw hills, about eight 
 miles N by w of Dundee, on the road to 
 Glammis. It extends about three miles in 
 length, and from one to two in breadth. 
 The church was founded in 690, by Boni- 
 face, a missionary from Rome. Tlie cele- 
 brated Mr John Glass, the reputed founder 
 of the Glassites or Sauder.ianians, was mi- 
 nister of this parish, betbre he left the es- 
 tablished church. In this parish is found 
 grey slate, moorstone, and freestone, 
 some Druidical circles, and other antiquities 
 supposed to be Roman. Population about 
 755. 
 
 Tebesta, or Tinsa, a town in the province 
 of Coiistantina, Algiers, stands at the foot 
 of a mountain, on the frontiers of Tunis, and 
 has a castle and several remains of antiquity , 
 120 miles se of Constantina. Lou. 8 5 e, 
 lat. 34 5 In. 
 
 Tehza, a town of Morocco, capital ot a 
 province of the same name, 70 miles nne 
 of Morocco. Lon. 5 55 w, lat. 32 
 
 50 N. ^ . 
 
 Tecalif a town in Tlascala, New Spain, 
 noted for small baskets, and mats made of 
 reeds of palm, 17 miles se of Puebla. 
 
 Tecklenburg town of Westphalia, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name. On a 
 mountain, in the vicinity, is a decayed cas- 
 tle, formerly the residence of the ancient 
 counts. It has a manufacture of linen 
 cloth. It is 12 miles sw of Osnaburg, and 
 22 N by E of Munster. 
 
 Tecluty or TecheUy a town of Morocco, 
 in the kingdom of Sus. The vicinity 
 abounds in grain, dates, and sugar canes, 
 four miles e of Messa, Lon. 8 25 e, lat. 
 29 10 N. 
 
 TecoantepeCy a sea port in Guaxaca, 
 New Spain, stands near a bay of the same 
 name, in the Pacific ocean, at the extremity 
 of a creek, the entrance of which is impeded 
 by a bar of sand. Here is a fortified abbey, 
 and several handsome churches, 150 miles 
 E by s of Guaxaca. Lon. 95 55 w, lat. 10 
 20 N. 
 
 Tecort, an ancient town in the dominions 
 of Morocco, and capital of a kingdom of 
 the same name, In Biledulgerid. It is 420 
 miles sw of Tripoli. Lon. 7 55 e, lat. 29 
 35 N. 
 
 Tecrity a town in the government of Mo- 
 sul, Asiatic Turkey, stands on a rock, w 
 banks of the Tigris. It is 130 miles s of 
 Mosul. 
 
 Teculety a sea port of Morocco, on the 
 side of a mountain, at the mouth ot a river 
 of its name, with a castle, 150 miles w ot 
 Morocco. Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 30 45 n. 
 
 Teddington, a village of Middlesex, on 
 
 T E F 
 
 the Thames, The church is a perpetual 
 curacy, which was served fo 50 years by 
 the celelirated philosopher Dr Stephen Hales, 
 who died in 1761, and is buried under the 
 tower of the church, which he built at his 
 own expence. Here are many elegant 
 seats, the most noted of vt^hich is the Manor 
 House, built by the great lord Buckhurst 
 in 1602. One of the rooms contains two 
 portraits ot Sir George Rook, 12 miles wsw 
 of London. . 
 
 Tedelezy a town of Algiers, on the Medi- 
 terranean, has a castle, 45 miles B of Al- 
 giers. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 37 5 N* 
 
 Tednest, a large and considerable town 
 of Morocco, and capital of the province of 
 Hea, almost surrounded by a river. In 
 1517, it was taken by the Portuguese, but 
 they were soon after expelled, 40 miles 
 NE of Magador. Lon. 8 35 w, lat. 3(1 
 
 30 N. u 1 • 
 
 Tedsiy a town of Morocco, in the king- 
 dom of Sus, situated in a plain fertile in 
 corn, 17 miles from Mount Atlas, and 21/ 
 
 SE of Tarudant. . 
 
 Tees, a river of England, which nsees on 
 the confines of Cumberland, separates the 
 counties of Durham and York, and tails into 
 the German ocean below Stockton. 
 
 Teesta, or Yo Sanpoo, a river that has its 
 source in Thibet, and crossing Bootan, enters 
 Bengal, where it divides into two strearns, 
 that enter the Ganges ; one 26 miles N, the 
 other 98 ese of Moorshedabad. 
 
 Tefcssad, a town of Algiers, with iron 
 mines in its vicinity, 32 miles sw of Al- 
 giers. * 
 
 Tefezara, SiX\ ancient and large town m 
 B arbary, in the kingdom of Tremesen, 12 
 miles from the city of that name. 
 
 TejiiSy or Tips, a town of Asia, m 
 Georgia, one of the seven nations between 
 the Black sea and the Caspian, with a cita- 
 del. The inhabitants call it Tbilis Cabar, 
 warm town, from the warm baths in its vi- 
 cinity. It is the capital ol that country. 
 Though its circumference does not exceed 
 two English miles, it contains 18,000 inha- 
 bitants, the half of which are Armenians. 
 The streets are generally only 17 leet 
 broad ; the houses are oi stone, with flat 
 roofs, which serve as walks for the women. 
 Here is a public school, founded by the em- 
 peror Alexander, and a loundery tor cannon, 
 mortars, and halls. The Armenians have 
 established in this town all the manufactures 
 carried on by their countrymen in Persia; 
 the mo.t flourishing is Hint of printed linenfi 
 and silks ; but the principal trade is in furs, 
 sent to Turkey, and the s oi Persia. In 
 1723, it was taken by the Turks ; by Kouli 
 Khan, in 1734; and in 1797, by Aga Mo- 
 hained Khan; and in 1800 bi’came subject 
 to Russia. Tefflis stands on the Kur, at 
 the loot of a hill, 125 miles w of TeiK;, and 
 200 ssw of Astracau. Lon. 44 56 N, lat. 41 
 59 N. 
 
 Tefza: Tee Zehza. 
 
 3 A 2 
 
T E J 
 
 Tejzrn, a town in the province of Mas- 
 Sara, Algiers, 55 miles ssw of Oran. 
 
 Tegaza, a town of Zagbara, Africa, capi- 
 tal ot a territory of that name, remarkable 
 for mountains of salt. Lou. 6 30 w, lat. 12 
 40 N. 
 
 Tegerhy^ a town in the kingdom of Fezzan, 
 80 miles sw of Moorzook. 
 
 Tegern, a town of Bavaria, with a cele- 
 brated abbey, stands on a lake called the 
 Tegern sea, 30 miles sse of Munich. 
 
 TegliOy a town of the Orisons, and capital 
 of a government of the same name, in the 
 Valteline. It is seated on a mountain, nine 
 miles sw of Tirano. 
 
 Teheran, or Tehraun,^ city in Irak Age- 
 mi, the northern capital of Persia, stands on 
 a salt and moist plain, near the foot of the 
 Albores mountains. It is walled round, 
 has six gates, and is as large as Shiras; 
 but has not so many public buildings. The 
 bouses are built of brick, baked in the sun. 
 The king^s palace is surrounded by a w^all 
 and a ditch, and is entered by tw o gates. 
 In the city are some good bazars, and a 
 number of caravansaries and hiimmums. 
 Five miles to the s are the extensive ruins of 
 the city of Rey, the Rages of Tcbit, 230 
 miles N by w of Ispahan. Lon. 50 55 E, 
 lat. 35 40 N. 
 
 Telinacan, a city of New Spain, 129 
 miles SE of Mexico. 
 
 Teig 2 i, a nxer composed of two branches, 
 which rises in the e part of Dartmoor, De- 
 vonshire, and after their junction enter the 
 English Channel at Teignmouth. 
 
 Teignmonth, a sea port in Devonshire, 
 reckoned part of the port of Exeter, with a 
 market on Saturday. Here the Danes first 
 landed, and committed several outrages, and 
 in 1690, it was set on fire by the French 
 and nearly destroyed, but it is new of great 
 note, being one of the most pleasant watering 
 places on the coast. Pipe clay is sent 
 hence to Liverpool, and to the potteries in 
 Staffordshire, whence are brought coals, 
 salt, earthern ware, <fec. It sends a number 
 of vessels to the Newfoundland fishery, and 
 has a considerable coasting trade. At the 
 distance of four miles on the coast, is an 
 extensive quarry of variegated marble. It is 
 situated at the mouth of the river Teign, 15 
 miles s of Exeter, and I8T w by s of London. 
 Lon. 3 29 w, lat. 50 32 N. 
 
 Teinitz, a town in the circle of Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, with a castle and convent, stands 
 on the Radbuza, 30 miles wsw of Pilsen. 
 
 Teissendorfy a town in the duchy of 
 Salzburg, Bavaria, 12 miles kw of Salz- 
 burg. 
 
 Teisse, or Tiess, a river of Hungary, 
 which rises in Ibe Carpathian mountains, 
 and running w to Tohiay, and the s by 
 Tsongrad, Segedin, and Titul, falls jnto 
 the Danube a little below the latter. 
 
 Tejucoy capital of a district of its name, 
 in BiazU. It abounds with diamonds, but 
 
 T E M 
 
 is otherwise barren. The shops are well 
 supplied with English cloth, printed cottons, 
 baizes, bams, butter, cheese, and porter, 
 brought on mules from St Sebastian, or St 
 I Salvador, 400 miles n of the former, and 500 
 ssw of the latter. Lon. 40 30 w, lat. 18 
 11 s. ' 
 
 Tekin. See Bender, 
 
 Telemoney a sea port of Tuscany, in 
 Stato delli Presidii, with a small harbour, 
 seated at the mouth of the Ossa, 10 miles 
 N of Orbitello. Lon. 11 11 e, lat. 42 
 
 28 N. 
 
 Telese, a town in Terra di Lavora, Naples, 
 18 miles ene of Capua. 
 
 Telgen, or Telgu, a trading town of 
 Sudermania, Sweden, stands on the s part 
 of the lake Maeler, 12 miles sw^ of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Telgen, a town in Upland, Sweden, on a 
 creek of the Baltic, 36 miles ee of Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Telgety a fov/n in the principality of 
 Munster, Westphalia, to which there is a 
 I great resort of pilgrims, on account of a 
 celebrated image of the virgin ; five miles 
 I ENE of Munster. 
 
 TelleSy a town in the kingdom of Fez, on 
 the Mediterranean, with a small harbour, 
 100 miles ese of Tetuan. 
 
 Tellicherry, a sea port on the coast of 
 Malabar, Hindoostan, stands at the mouth 
 of a river. It was long the chief settlement 
 of the English on this coast, but after the 
 capture of Make, in 1793, ihe company re- 
 moved their commerce thither. It still has 
 aii extensive trade, and many rich natives. 
 
 Teltowy a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, seated on a lake of its name, 
 seven miles ssw of Berlin. 
 
 Teltschy a town of Moravia, on the bor- 
 ders of Bohemia, at the source of the Teya, 
 16 miles s of Iglau. 
 
 TemblequCy a town in New Castile, Spain, 
 28 miles ese of Toledo, and 43 s by e of 
 Madrid. 
 
 Temendefust, a town of Algiers, on the 
 Mediterranean, 10 miles e of Algiers. 
 
 Temeswar, a considerable and strong 
 town of Upper Hungary, capital of a terri- 
 tory called the Bannat of Temeswar, seated 
 on the Bega, which forms a morass round it. 
 Formerly it was deemed impregnable, but 
 in the dry season of 1716, was taken by 
 prince Eugene; its fortress requires a gar- 
 rison of 14,000 men ; 80 miles nne of Bel- 
 grade, and 160 se of Buda. Lon. 21 40 e, 
 lat. 45 53 N. 
 
 Temiscamm, a lake in Canada, 45 miles 
 long, and 15 broad. This lake with the 
 river Utawas, iis outlet, lorms part of the 
 boundary line, separating Upper and Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 Temissa, a large town of Africa, in the 
 .kingdom of Fezzan. Here the caravans 
 from Tombuctoo, Bornou, <kc. which travel 
 by way of Cairo to Mecca, are usually 
 
TEN 
 
 Supplied with born, dates, dried meat, and 
 other necessaries tor their dreary passage 
 across the desart. It is 120 miles ene of 
 Mourzoouk. 
 
 Temple^ a parish in Mid-Lothian, situated 
 on the s borders of the county, about 11 
 miles from Edinburgh. Its greatest length 
 is about nine miles, and its greatest breadth 
 about five ; a considerable district four miles 
 to the w is quite detached. In this parish 
 is a mill, built in 1794, for the manufac- 
 turing of gunpowder, the first erection of 
 the kind in Scotland. At Temple was an 
 establishment of the Templars, or Redfriars, 
 founded by David I. Population is about 
 865. 
 
 Templehorg^ a town of Further Pomera- 
 nia, stands on the s side of a lake, and on 
 the borders of Poland, 43 miles e by n of 
 New Stargard. 
 
 TempUmore, a town in the county of 
 Tipperary, Ireland, noted for the quantity of 
 wool annually sold in July ; i3 miles s by 
 w of Roscrea, and 21 n ot Cashel. 
 
 Temple Patrick, a town in the county 
 of Antrim, five miles e by s of Antrim, and 
 106 X of Dublin, remarkable for a limpid 
 spring much frequented. 
 
 Temple Sowerby, an elegant village in 
 V/estmoreland, on the Eden, with a hand- 
 some chapel ; it belonged to the knights 
 Templars. Here the lord of the manor re- 
 ceives a small sum from every bride within 
 his jurisdiction. The inhabitants are wealthy, 
 and it has famous tan-w'orks. 
 
 Templin, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Ucker Mark, stands between the Bodensee 
 and Dolgensee, and has an extensive trade 
 in timber. In 1735, it was consumed by 
 fire, but has been elegantly rebuilt ; 18 
 miles sw of Prenzlo, and 42 n by e of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Temrock, a sea port town of Cuban, si- 
 tuated on the sea of Asoph. Lon. 37 20 e, 
 lat. 45 27 N. 
 
 Tenasserim, a town of Siam, capital of a 
 province, seated on a river of its name, 47 
 miles sE of Mergui. Lon. 98 50 w, lat. 11 
 35 N. 
 
 Tenbury, a populous, well built town in 
 Worcestershire, situated on the river Teme, 
 with a market on Tuesday, and three annual 
 fairs, 15 ..liles w by N of Worcester, and 
 133 wxwoi London. 
 
 Tenby, a sea port of Pembrokeshire, in 
 South Wales, situated on the Bristol Chan- 
 nel. It has a good harbour, and a consi- 
 derable coasting trade. It was formerly 
 wailed round, and had an ancieat and strong 
 castle, which was demolished in the civil 
 w'ars. The church, built ui an elegant 
 Gothic siyie, v/iih a lofty spire, contains 
 some fine monuments. It i.s governed by a 
 mayor and a bailiff, and has markets on 
 Wednesday and Saturday, and five annual 
 /airs. It IS much frequented by sea-baihei - . 
 Four miles wsw, on the sea coast, are t/.e 
 of Manorbeer castle. It is 10 miles 
 
 TEN 
 
 E of Pembroke, and 250 w of London. Leo, 
 
 4 40 w, lat. 51 54 x. 
 
 TENCH'S ISLAND, a well inhabited 
 island in the S Pacific Ocean. It is about 
 two miles in cireumierence : it is low, 
 but entirely covered with trees, many of 
 which are the cocoa. Lon. 151 31 w, lat. 
 
 1 39 s. 
 
 Tenda, a town of Piedmont, capital of 
 a county of the same name, seated on the 
 Roia, at the junction of the Brogna, has a 
 fortified castle on a rock, 28 miles xxe of 
 Nice, and 65 s of Turin. 
 
 TENEDOS, a celebrated island in the 
 Archipelago, lying on the coast of Natolia, 
 to the SE of Lemnos, and 14 miles s of the 
 straits of Gallipoli. It is nine miles in 
 length, and six in breadth. On the xe side 
 is a pretty large town, with a fine harbour 
 defended by a castle. The inhabitants are 
 mostly Greeks, and its muscadine wine is 
 the best in the Levant. Lon. 25 58 e, lat. 
 39 48 N. 
 
 Tenen, or Knin, a town in Dalmatia, 
 on the frontiers oi Bosnia, and a bishop^s 
 see. It has been several times taken by the 
 Turks and Venetians ; 48 miles s of Bihacz. 
 Lou. 10 30 E, lat. 44 5 n. 
 
 TENERIFF, one of the Canary islands, 
 the most considerable for riches, trade, and 
 extent. It lies to the w ot the Grand Ca- 
 nary, and is about 70 miles in length, and 
 22 in breadth. It abounds in wine, difi'ereut 
 sorts of fruits, cattle, and game. On a part 
 of this island are inaccessible mountains, 
 and there is one in particular called the 
 Peak of Teneriffe, which may be seen 120 
 miles off, in a clear day, the height of 
 •which is 12,138 feet above the level of the 
 sea, and the distance from the port of Ora- 
 tava to the Peak is above il miles. In 
 1704, several towns and many thousand 
 people were destroyed by an earthquake. 
 Oxen and mules are employed for labour, 
 instead of horses, which are kept principally 
 for the saddle. Parrots, hawks, sw^allows, 
 sea gulls, patridges and blackbirds are 
 natives of the island. Here are also lizards, 
 locusts, and dragonflies. The governor re- 
 sides at St Cruz, but Laguna is the capital. 
 Lon. 16 18 w, lat. 28 29 n. 
 
 Teneriff, a town of the province of 
 Santa Martha, in Terra Firma, on the Ma- 
 dalena, 100 miles s by w of St Martha. 
 Lon. 74 15 w, iat. 9 47 x. 
 
 Tenez, or Tenis, a town of Africa, in the 
 province of Mascara, capital of a district of 
 the same came, with a fort, seated on a 
 river, four miles from the se i. It exports 
 corn, but has no harbour, and the road is 
 exposed to the nw wind, 85 miles wsw of 
 Algiers. Lon. I 14 e, lat. 36 26 x. 
 
 Te-ngan, a city of the first rank, in Hou- 
 quang, China, 550 miles s by w of Peking. 
 Lon. 113 21 E, lat. 31 20 x. 
 
 Tennessee, a targe, beautiful, and navi- 
 gable river of the state of Tennessee. It is 
 the largest branch of the Ohio, and rises 
 
TEN 
 
 i n the mountains of S Carolina^ is formed 
 hy the junction of the Holston and broad 
 rivers, at Fort Grainger, 35 miles below 
 Knoxville, in Tennessee, runs sw on the e 
 side of Cumberland mountains, into the 
 Mississippi territory, where it turns to the w, 
 called the Great Bend, then re-enters the 
 state Of Tennessee ; flows through it into 
 that of Kentucky, where it unites with the 
 Ohio, about 50 miles above its influx into 
 the Mississippi, after a course of about 1000 
 miles. It is navigable for vessels of great 
 burden to the Muscle Shoals, in the Great 
 Bend, 260 miles from its mouth. These 
 Shoals extend about 30 miles, and are na- 
 vigable for small boats, but above them it 
 admits of vessels of 40 tons for 400 miles 
 further. 
 
 TENNESSEE, one of the united states of 
 America, is about 410 miles in length, and 
 104 in breadth, betw’een lat. 35 and 30 
 30 N, and Ion. 81 28 and 91 38 w. It is 
 divided into three districts, viz. Washington, 
 Hamiltou, and Mero, which are subdivided 
 into 14 counties. The Cumberland moun- 
 tains, a lofty ridge near 30 miles broad, di- 
 vide this state into the e and w divisions, 
 originally called the establishments of Hoi- 
 ston and Cumberland, the latter of which is 
 most extensive. The principal rivers are 
 the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Hol- 
 ston, and Clinch. The principal towns 
 are Knoxville, the seat of government, 
 Nashville, and Jonesborough. In 1791, the 
 number of inhabitants was esimated at 
 35,691. In November 1795, the number 
 had increased to 77,262 persons, and in 
 1810, 201,727. The soil is luxuriant, and 
 will aflford every production, the growth of 
 any of the United States. The climate is 
 temperate and healthful. Salt lakes are 
 found in many parts of the country. Iron 
 ore abounds in the districts of Washington 
 and Hamilton. Several lead mines have 
 been discovered. Salt-petre caves are nu- 
 merous. This country furnishes all the 
 valuable articles of the southern states. 
 The Presbyterians are the prevailing de- 
 nomination of Christians. There are also 
 some Baptists and Methodists. There are 
 three colleges established by law; Green- 
 ville in Greenes county. Blount at Knox- 
 ville, and Washington in the county of that 
 name. Here is likewise a ^‘Society lor 
 promoting Useful Knowledge. A taste 
 for literature is daily increasing. The 
 Indian tribes within, and in the vicinity of 
 this state are the Cherokees and the 
 Chickasaws. Knoxville is the capital. 
 
 Tennis^ a town of Egypt, stands on an 
 island in a lake of its name, 28 miles se of 
 Damietta. 
 
 Tensaw, See Mobile. 
 
 Tensifty^ a river which rises in mount 
 Atlas, Morocco, e of Morocco, runs five 
 miles N of that city, and falls into the 
 ocean, 15 miles s of Safl'y. 
 
 TER 
 
 Temtadt, a town in Thuringia, tTpp«f 
 Saxony, 10 miles ne of Langensalza. 
 
 Ten-tcheoUy a city of the first rank, in 
 Chang-tong, China, seated on the n side of 
 a peninsula of the Yellow sea, with a safe 
 port and a garrison, 250 miles sb of Peking. 
 Lon. 120 50 e, lat. 37 20 n. 
 
 Tenterdeuy a town in Kent. It is govern- 
 ed by a mayor, 12 jurats, 12 common 
 council-men, a chamberlain, and a town- 
 clerk, has a market on Friday, and an 
 annual fair. Here is a free grammar 
 school, and the church is noted for a lofty 
 steeple, which, at the time of the Spanish 
 invasion, in 1588, was employed as a 
 beacon. It lies 24 miles sw of Canterbury, 
 and 56 E by s of London. 
 
 Tentugal, a town in Beira, Portugal, eight 
 miles wNw of Coimbra. 
 
 Teolacha, an ancient tow n of Africa, in 
 Bileduigerid, seated on a river that issues 
 from a hot spring, in a country abounding 
 in dates. 
 
 Tepeaca, a town in Tlascala, New Spain, 
 built by Cortes, and then called Segura de 
 la Froutera. A dilapidated fort, a beautiful 
 church, and a large convent are in the 
 great square. It has manufactures of 
 w’oollen cloth ; 17 miles sse of Puebla. 
 
 Tepellene, a town in Albania, European 
 Turkey, stands on the Vouissa, and has a 
 palace of the Pacha of Janina, where be 
 sometimes holds his court; 12 miles N of 
 Argiro Castro, and 60 n\w of Janina. 
 
 TepiCy a town in Guadalaxara, New 
 Spain, capital of a district that extends to 
 the sea coast, stands on the top of a mouu- 
 lain, 110 miles w’ by n of Guadalaxara, 
 Lon. 104 45 w, lat. 21 36 n. 
 
 Tepozcoluloy a town in Tlascala, New’ 
 Spain, stands amidst mountains, is capital 
 of a territory fertile in corn, cotton, and 
 cochineal, and has manufactures of cotton 
 stuffs and chamois, 160 miles s of Puebla. 
 Lon. 97 51 w^ lat. 17 10 s. 
 
 Tequia, a town in the district of Tunja, 
 New Grenada, has a trade in the produce of 
 a rich country, sugar, and sweatmeats, 32 
 miles sswr of Pamplona, and 100 ne of 
 Tuirja. 
 
 TeramOy a town of Naples, in Abruzzi> 
 Ultra, at the junction of the Tordino and 
 the Viciola, 25 miles ne of Aquila. Lon. 
 13 39 E, lat. 42 37 N. 
 
 Terassoy a sea port in Carimania, Asiatic 
 Turkey, the ancient Tarsus, and an archi- 
 episcopal see, and stands on the Mediterra- 
 nean, 100 miles w by n of Alexandretta, 
 Lon. 35 15 E, lat. 37 4 N. 
 
 TERCERA, one of the Azores, or Wes- 
 tern islands. It is of a circular form, about 
 55 miles in circumference. It contains 
 about 20,000 inhabitants, and a number of 
 forts, and several towuis, and villages, and is 
 very fertile. Angra, the capital, is the seat 
 of governiueiu for all the islands. Lon. 27 
 1 w, lat, 38 45 N. 
 
TER 
 
 TerchiZf or Tershiz, a town in the pro- 
 vince of Chorasan, Persia, 120 miles wnw 
 
 of Herat. . 
 
 Tergay a town of Morocco, on the Omi- 
 rabi, 90 miles n of Morocco. 
 
 Tergovisty Targovisco, or TerviSy a to^^m 
 of Euiopean Turkey, capital of Wallachia, 
 stands on the Jalouitz, has a fine palace 
 belonging to the Hospodar, or reigning 
 prince, bat he usually resides at Buchorest, 
 
 35 miles nnw of Buchorest. Lon. 25 38 e, 
 lat. 45 28 s. 
 
 Tergouw, See Gouda. 
 
 Terkiy a town of Circassia, the seat of 
 a prince dependent on Russia, near the fron- 
 tier of Georgia, stands on a river of its 
 name, near the Caspian sea. It is 125 
 miles E by n of Telflis, and 180 s of Astra- 
 can. Lon. 47 30 E, lat. 43 22 n. 
 
 Termedy capital of a district in Bokha- 
 Tia, Ushbec Tartary, stands in an angle at 
 the conflux of two rivers, 150 miles s of 
 Samarcand. Lou. 65 35 e, lat. 37 15 n. 
 
 Tenniniy a town on the northern coast 
 of Sicily, in the Val di Mazara. Here are 
 the remains of a fine aqueduct, a strong 
 castle, and warm baths ; also a royal depot 
 for the exportation of corn, oil, olives, and 
 other productions, with a large fishery. It 
 stands near the mouth of a river of its 
 name, 20 miles ese of Palermo. 
 
 TermoUy a town of Naples, in the Capi- 
 tanata, stands near the sea, 32 miles se of 
 Lanciano. Lon. 15 20 e, lat. 41 50 n. 
 
 TERN ATE, an island of the Eastern 
 ocean, the most northern, and principal of 
 the Moluccas. It is mountainous and 
 woody, and produces much game; and 
 I abounds in cocoa nuts, bananas, citrons, 
 
 ! oranges, almonds, and other fruits, proper to 
 I the climate. But it is of the greatest note 
 I for its cloves. It has deer, goats, and 
 I hogs; the birds are beautiful, particularly 
 I the king fisher, whose colour is scarlet and 
 mazareen blue. The Boa Serpent is some- 
 times found here ot the length of 30 feet, 
 and is said sometimes to swallow small 
 deer. The Sultan of Ternate controls 
 Micuian, Motir, and Mortay, with the n 
 pan of Gilolo, and even some Celebezian 
 islands, and part of Papua, from which he 
 receives a tribute in gold, amber, and birds 
 of paradise. The Dutch, in 1638, formed an 
 alliance with the sultan of Ternate and the 
 lesser princi?s, which his frequently been re- 
 newed. It was taken by the Engli'^h in 
 1810. It lies a little to the w of Gilelo, 
 and 100 miles e of Celebes. Lon. 126 38 e, 
 lat. 1 20 N. 
 
 I Terneusey a strong town in Flanders, 
 Netherlands, stands on the Hondt, the w 
 branch of the Scheldt. In 1704, it was 
 taken by the French, eigiit miles x of 
 Sasvan Ghent, 25 wnw of Antwerp, and five 
 from Axel. Lon. 3 45 e, lut. 51 20 n. 
 
 Terni, an ancient and considerable town 
 of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, on the 
 N«ra, near the Junction of the Velino, which 
 
 TER 
 
 has a noted cataract a mile from the town 
 It is the birth place of Tacitus the historian 
 and contains about 12,000 inhabitants. It 
 is 15 miles ssw of Spoletto, and 46 n of 
 Rome. Lon. 12 40 e, lat. 42 34 n. 
 
 Ternova, an ancient town of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop^s 
 see, seated on a mountain, near the Jenera. 
 
 It was a strong place, but its fortifications 
 are decayed, and formerly the seat of 
 government of the princes of Bulgaria. It 
 is 88 miles nw of Adrianople, and 97 nb 
 of Sofia. Lon. 26 2 e, lat. 43 1 n. 
 
 Ternova, a town in Thessaly, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, stands on the Salempria, and 
 is a bishop’s see, 10 miles wnw of La* 
 rissa. 
 
 Terodant, See Tarudant. 
 
 Teroueney sl town in the department of 
 Pas de Calais, France, stands on the Lis, 
 six miles s of St. Omer. 
 
 Terra di Bari, Lavoro, and Otranto, See 
 
 Bariy 
 
 Terracina, an ancient town of Italy, in 
 Campagna di Roma, formerly called Anxur, 
 the capital of the Volsci, has a castle on a 
 rock, and stands amidst orange and citron 
 groves, near the sea, on the borders of 
 Naples, Its cathedral was formerly a tem- 
 ple of .Tupiter. Here, pope Pius VI. built a 
 palace, in which he risided during the sum- 
 mer and autumn, to superintend his noble 
 ( undertaking of draining the Pomptine 
 marshes, which he began in 1778, and com- 
 pleted in 10 years. It is 54 miles sse of 
 Rome. Loo. 13 15 e, lat, 4! 24 n, 
 
 TERRA DEL ESPIRITU SANTO, the 
 most western and largest island of the New 
 Hebrides, in the Pacific ocean, being 40 
 leagues in circuit. Beside the bay of St. 
 Philip and St. Jago, on the n side, several 
 commodious bays, and harbours are formed 
 by the isles lying along the s and e coast. 
 The land is very high and mountainous, and 
 except the ciilfs and beaches, every part of 
 it is covered with wood, or occupied in plan- 
 tations. Lon. 16 7 E, lat. 15 0 s. 
 
 TERRA DEL FUEGO, or the Land op 
 Fire, an island at the S extremity of South 
 America, separated from the main on the n 
 by the straits of Magellan, and containing 
 about 42,000 square miles. This is the 
 largest of the islands s of the straits, and 
 they all receive this common name on 
 account of the vast fires and smoke which 
 the first discoverers of them perceived Irom 
 the volcano on this island. The inhabi- 
 tants are short in their persons, with large 
 heads, broad faces, prominent cheek bones, 
 and flat noses. They have iitlle dull brown 
 eyes, and long black and lank hair, be 
 smeared with train oil, tneir beard is a few 
 short hairs on the chin. Their natural 
 colour seems to be an olive brown. They 
 live mostly on seals flesh, and prefer tho 
 fat oily part, their clothing is a piece of 
 sealskin reaching to the middle of the back. 
 Their arms are bows, arrov/s, and darts, 
 
TER T E S 
 
 awl ?heir iminimcnts for fishiog are a kind 
 of fisbgigs. There seems to be no subordi- 
 nation cimong them, and their charaeter is 
 deeply marked with stupidity, indifference, 
 and inactivity. 
 
 TERRA FIRMAjOr Castile del Ono, 
 ihe most northern province of South Ame- 
 rica, 1400 miles in length, and 450 in breadth, 
 situated between the equator and 12 deg, 
 N lat. and between 60 and 82 w Ion. 
 bounded on the n by the Northern Atlantic 
 ocean, here called the North Sea, on the e 
 by the same ocean and Surinam, on the s 
 by Amazmiia and Peru, and on the w by 
 the Northern Pacific ocean. It is called 
 Terra Firma, Irom being the first part of 
 the continent discovered by the Spaniards ; 
 and is divided into Terra Firma Proper ; or 
 Darien, Carthagena, St. Martha, Venezuela, 
 .Ccmana, Paria, New Granada, and Po- 
 payan. The chief towns are Portobello, 
 Panama, Carthagena, and Popayan. The 
 climate, especially in the northern parts, is 
 oxtremely hot and sultry during the whole 
 j^ear. The soil of this country is very dif- 
 ferent, the inland parts being rich and fer- 
 tile, and the coasts sandy and barren. The 
 country produces corn, sugar, tobacco, 
 <fec. and fruits of all kinds. This part of 
 South America v/as discovered by Colum- 
 bus in his third voyage to America. It 
 was subdued and settled by the Spaniards 
 about the year 15 H, after destroying, with 
 great inhumanity, several millions of the 
 natives. In 1811, a spirit of revolt dis- 
 covered itself, a general congress of the 
 provinces assembled, called the confedera- 
 tion of Venezuela, and they attempted to 
 become an independent empire. But in 
 1812, when the churches were filled in 
 ceiebration of Maunday Thursday, a sudden 
 and aiareni ng convulsion of nature took 
 place and extended over a great part of the 
 country ; many thousands of human beings 
 were lost ; recks and mountains split, and 
 roiled into vallies, rivers lost, or their 
 courses changed ; some towns totally swal- 
 iowTd up, others nearly destroyed, and 
 many very much injured. The inhabitants, 
 supposing this heavy judgment to be inflict- 
 ed for recent transgressions, paused in their 
 revolutionary career. 
 
 Terra Ntfova, an ancient town on the 
 y eastern coast of the island of Sardinia, 62 
 miles EXE of Sassari. Lon. 9 35 e, lat. 41 
 3 N. 
 
 ■ I'erranovay a sea-port in Val di Noto, 
 Sicily, stands near the mouth of a river of 
 its name, and is noted for the export of sul- 
 phur, dfi miles wxwof Noto. Lou. 14 25 E, 
 lat. 37 5 N. 
 
 Terrassouy a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, France, on the Vesere, 28 miles 
 E of Perigueux. 
 
 Tcrrcgles, a parish of Scotland, in Kirk- 
 cudbrightshire, about five miles long, and 
 three iuoad, lying on the river Nith, and 
 vveuered also by the Cairn, nearly opposite 
 
 to the town of Dumfries. The soil is well , 
 cultivated and productive. In the parish \ 
 stands Terregles house, the ancient residence ' 
 of the Maxwells, earls of Nithsdale, and 
 still in poseession of a representative of the 
 family. Population about 510. 
 
 Terrenate, a town in the province of So- 
 nora, New Spain, 60 miles x of Arispe. 
 
 Terridon Loch, an inlet of the sea, ia 
 Ross-shire, with many creeks and bays, ly- 
 ing between Applecross and Gairloch. 
 
 Terring, a town in Sussex, situated on the 
 Downs, 24 miles e of Cbichister, and 53 
 sw of London. 
 
 Terriore, a strong town and fortress in 
 the Carnahi, Hindoostan, 25 miles n of 
 Tritchinopoly. 
 
 T'ershiz, or Turshish, a town in Chorasan, 
 Persia, has a trade in plate iron, indigo, 
 drugs, wool, cloths, and rice brought from 
 Herat, 180 miles wnw of Herat, and 180 s 
 by E of Mesebed. 
 
 TERRITTORY NORTH WEST OF 
 THE OHIO, or North-Western Ter- 
 ritory, a large part of the United States, 
 situated between Ion. 81 8 and 91 8 w, and 
 between lat. 37 and 50 n. Its greatest 
 length is about 900 miles, and its breadth 
 700, according to Dr Morse ; but Mr Jos. 
 Scott, makes its greatest breadth, from n 
 to s about 800 miles, and its length, from 
 SE to Nw about 1170; and John Walker 
 states its total contents at 411,000 square 
 miles. This extensive tract of country is 
 bounded on the n by part of the northern 
 boundary line of the United States, on the 
 E by the lakes and Penusj'lvania, on the 
 s by the river Ohio, and on the w by the 
 Missisippi. That part of the territory which 
 is settling under the government of the Uni- 
 ted States, isjdivided into five counties ; viz, 
 Washington, Hamilton, St., Claii*, Knox, 
 and Waynne, These counties have been or- 
 ganized with the proper civil and military 
 officers. From the best data Dr Morse had 
 received in 1792, he estimated them at 
 72,820, of which 65,000 were Indians, 
 
 Teruel, a considerable town in Arragon, 
 Spain, and a bishop^s see, with a citadel. 
 
 It stands in a fertile plain, at the confluence 
 of the rivers Guadalquivir and Alhambra, 
 
 75 miles sw of Saragossa, and 112 e of 
 Madrid. Lon. 0 56 w, lat. 40 33 n. 
 
 Tervere, or Vecre, a town of Holland, in 
 Zealand, on the ne coast of the island of 
 Walcheren. It has a good harbour, and a 
 fine arsenal, and lies four miles nk of Mid- 
 dleburgh, with which it communicates by a 
 canal. Lon. 3 42 e, lat. 51 36 n. 
 
 Tcschen, a town of Moravia, capital of a 
 circle of the same name, stands in a morass, 
 near the Elsa, it is surrounded by a wall, 
 and has a castle in the vicinity, in which the 
 ancient dukes resided, and a trade in wine, 
 woollen stufTs, and leather. In 1757, it was 
 taken by the Prussians, and restored in 1763. 
 Here, in 1779, a [treaty of peace was con- < 
 eluded between the emperor of Germany 
 
X 
 
 T E T 
 
 and the king of Prussia. It is 36 miles ESE 
 of Troppau, and 60 e by n of Oimutz. 
 Lon. 18 Si E, lat. 49 43 n. 
 
 Tesegdelty a town of Morocco, at the 
 mouth of the Techubit, on a craggy, im- 
 pregnable rock, 140 miles wnw of Mo- 
 2'eshooloomhooy the capital of Thibet, or 
 of that part which is immediately subject to 
 the Teshoo Lama, who is sovereign of the 
 country during the minority of the grand 
 lama. It is seated on a rocky eminence, 
 at the N end of a plain, and the entrance of 
 a narrow defile, through which the ri\er 
 Painorn-tchieu passes, and a little below 
 unites with the Burrampooter. The palace 
 of the lama, the temples, and mausoleums, 
 with their numerous gilded canopies, and 
 turrets add much to its magnificence. It is 
 220 miles sw of Lassa, and 470 n by E of 
 Calcutta. Lon. 89 7 e, lat. 29 4 n. 
 
 Tesiu^ a new canton of Switzerland, si- 
 tuated w of the canton of Grisons, nearly 
 encircled by Italy, and abounds in pastures 
 and cattle. The capital is Bellinzona. 
 
 Tesiiio, a large river of Italy, which has 
 its source in the Alps, on the s side of St. 
 Gothland, passes through the canton of Te- 
 sin into the lake Maggiore, then flows into 
 Papia, in Milanese, and a little below, falls 
 into the Pc. 
 
 Tesino, a town in the county of Tyrol, 
 Germany, to miles ene of Trent. 
 
 Tcsset, capital of a district of its name, 
 in Zahara, 350 miles ssw oi Tafilet. Lon. 
 
 5 45 w, lat. 25 54 n. 
 
 Tessin j a town in Mecklenburg, Lower 
 Saxony, on the Rakenitz, 12 miles se oi 
 Rostock. 
 
 Tessoudy a town ol Fezzan, seated near a 
 river, 90 miles ese of Mourzoulf. 
 
 Test or Tese, a river in Hampshire, that 
 rises near Whitechurch, flows sw to that 
 town, and washing Stockbnige and Rum- 
 sey, falls into Southampton water, at Red- 
 bridge, three miles nw of Southampton. It 
 forms a number oi fine islands m its course, 
 some of which are of considerable length, 
 TESTIGOS, islands near the coast of 
 New Andalusia, in Terra Firma, on the 
 s coast of the Carribbean sea, Lon. 61 
 48 w, lat. 1 1 6 N. 
 
 Tetbury, a pretty good town in Glouces- 
 tershire, situated near the source of the Avon. 
 Here are two handsome market-houses, a 
 newly built church in the gothic style, a 
 free school, and an alms house. The town 
 is governed by a bailifl' chosen annually. It 
 has a share of the woollen manufacture, 
 a great trade in wool, cheese, and yarn, and 
 a market on Wednesday, and two annual 
 fairs. It is 25 miles ene of Bristol, and 99 
 w of London. 
 
 Tetschen, or Tetzen, a town in the circle 
 of Leitzmeritz, Bohemia, wuh a castle on 
 a rock, situated on the Elbe, 29 miles se 
 of Dresden. 
 
 Tttnamy a town in a Lordship of its 
 14 
 
 e got miles 
 
 N of Lin* 
 
 name, Swabia, 
 
 dciU. 
 
 TETHdROri an island in the South Pa- 
 cific Ocean. Lon. 149 30 W, lat. 17 4 s.^ 
 Tetnany an ancient, well built, and plea- 
 sant city of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, 
 with a good harbour, and a castle. It is 
 situated on the river St Martin, three milea 
 from the sea. The houses are two stories, - 
 with flat roofs, and white-washed. They 
 have only small boles towards the street, the 
 windows being on the other side, looking 
 into a oo'.in-yard, in which generally there 
 is a fountain. There is a communicatioa 
 between the roofs of the houses, on which 
 the inhabitants dance, sing, and amuse them- 
 selves. Some of the women seldom tak© 
 the air, except on these flat roofs. The in- 
 habitants are estimated at 80,000, one- lourth 
 of which are Jews, and the town of the latter 
 is quite disiinct from that of the Moors. 
 The dress of both sexes is similar, but 
 nothing of the women is to be seen in the 
 streets except their eyes and legs, which, in 
 this country, are never covered. They wear 
 bracelets on their arm? and legs, and large 
 ear-rings in their ears. It has a consider- 
 able trade, and manufactures of silk, car- 
 pets, and mats. The vicinity is adorned 
 with gardens and vineyards^, and the fruits 
 come to greater perfection than in any other 
 part of the empire. Here several European 
 consuls resided, till tne year 1770, when tho 
 emperor would not permit them to remain 
 any longer. It is 140 miles nnw of Fez. 
 Lon. 5 26 w, lat. 35 37 \. 
 
 Teveroney a river oi Italy, which rises in 
 the Appenines, 50 miles above Tivoli, flows 
 through a plain till it approaches the town, 
 when it is confined for a short space between 
 two hills, covered with groves, supposed to 
 be the residence of the Sibyl Albunea, to 
 w'horn an elegant temple here was dedicated. 
 This river is the ancient Anio ; and moving 
 with augmented rapidity, as its chauael is 
 confined, at last rushes over a lofty preci- 
 pice, and the noise of its fall resounds 
 through the hills and groves of Tivoli. 
 Having reached the plain, a soon after re- 
 ceives the waters of the lak'^ Solfatara, and 
 falls into the Tiber, uear P^ome. See NuZ- 
 fatara. 
 
 Temoty or Tivioty a river which rises in 
 the mountains in the sw of Roxburgnsiure, 
 near Mosspaul, takes a jce cour>>e to 
 Hawick, where it receive the Siutriok, 
 and turning a litiie more to the meets the 
 Rule at Cavers, the Jed ,below Jeburgh, 
 the Oxnam near Crailing, the Kale near 
 Ecforci, and other tribu.ary streams, joins 
 the Tweed at Kelso. Roxburghshire de- 
 rived the name of Tiviotdale Irom this 
 beautiful river, so much celebrated by the 
 pastoral muse. 
 
 T oiotdale. See Roxburghshire. 
 
 Tehke.u a sea pori in Ba;ka, T^uibary, 
 on a bay of (he 'vieeJerraneaU, UO miles 
 wsw of Derna. Lon. iO 40 e, lat. 32 25 i<i. 
 3 B 
 
T E Y 
 
 TeupitZy a, town in the Bftddle Mark, 
 Branden burgh, with a castle in a lake, 25 
 miles s by e of Berlin. 
 
 Teuschintz, a town and castle in the 
 principality of Bamberg, Franconia, 17 
 miles K of Culmbach. 
 
 Tensing, a town in the circle of Pilsen, 
 Bohemia, 30 miles kw’ of Pilsen. 
 
 Tenzar^ an ancient and considerable 
 town 01 Africa, in Biledulgerid. Lon. 10 
 16 E, lat. 31 2S N, 
 
 Tewkesbury, a beautiful, and populous 
 towm in Gloucestershire, seated on the Avon, 
 near its juction with the Severn. The town 
 principally consists of three streets, w^ell 
 paved cind lighted, and contains above 
 4000 inhabitants. Being almost completely 
 surrounded by water, the principal access 
 to it is by three bridges. Here are the re- 
 mains of a monastery, and its church still 
 forms one of the noblest parish churches ih 
 the kingdom. The abbots of this monastery 
 were mitred and sat in parliament. In the 
 town are several dissenting meeting-houses, 
 a free school, an hospital, and an alms 
 house. Its principal trade, at present con- 
 sist in the manufacture of cotton stockings, 
 fine w oollens, nails, and mustard. Tew kes- 
 bury IS governed by a corporation of 24 
 burgesses, from w^horn are annually chosen, 
 two bailiffs, and a recorder, and sends two 
 members to parliament, elected by the inha- 
 bitants paying scot and lot. It has markets 
 on Wednesday and Saturday, and seven 
 annual fairs. Here, May 4th, 1471, Ed- 
 w^ard IV, gained a decisive victory over the 
 Lancastrians. It lies 10 miles n of Glou- 
 cester, and 103 NW' of London. 
 
 TEXAS, a large province in the audience 
 of Mexico, New Spain, bounded on the s by 
 the gulf of Mexico and New Leon, w by 
 Cohahuila, and n and e by Louisiana, is 
 about 700 miles long, and 200 broad, and 
 inhabited by numerous nations of Indians, 
 w ho have but few settlements. It is w^oody, 
 and well watered, and abounds in wild 
 horses. St Antonio is the capital. 
 
 TEXEL, an island of N Holland, sepa- 
 rated by a narrow channel of its name, 
 from the mainland, on which is a fort called 
 the Helder. Through this channel pass 
 most of the ships that are bound for the port 
 of Amsterdam. The English, in 1799, took 
 the fort, and the whole of the Dutch fleet, 
 lying within the channel, but abandoned the 
 fort soon afterw^ards. 
 
 Texel, the capital of the above island, 
 situated at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, 
 with a good harbour. Lon. 4 59 e, lat. 
 
 BZ 8 N. 
 
 Tcga,.aL river which has its source near 
 'I'ehsch, in Moravia, Germany, and running 
 by Znaim, on the frontiers of Austria, falls 
 into the Moraw, on the borders of Hun- 
 gary. 
 
 ’ Teyn, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Bechin, situated on the Mulda, 10 miles se 
 of Piseck, 
 
 T H A 
 
 Teznir, an ancient and considerable fowji' 
 of Fez, capital of the province of Cuzi, has 
 a mosque half a mile in circumference. It 
 is situated on a small river, 45 miles e of 
 Fez. Lon. 4 15 w, lat, 33 40 n. 
 
 Tezcuco, a town of New Spain, situated 
 on the river, and near the lake of Mexico, 
 once populous, and celebrated, and has still 
 some magnificent buildings. Here Cortez 
 ordered a canal to be formed, and 18 brigan- 
 tines to be built, to carry on the siege of 
 Mexico. It has cotton and w oollen manu- 
 factures ; and lies 16 miles ene of the city 
 of that name. See Mexico. 
 
 Tezela, an old town of Mascara, Algiers, 
 with a castle, 15 miles sw of Oran. Lon. 0 
 25 E, lat. 35 25 W'. 
 
 Tezout, a town of Fez, on the point of a 
 rock, 15 miles s of Melilla. , 
 
 Tezzoute, a town in the province of Con- 
 stantia, Algiers, has ruins 10 miles in cir- 
 cumference, among which are magnificent 
 remains of city gates, a temple dedicated to 
 Esculapius, an amphitheatre, and other 
 elegant edifices ; 90 miles ssw of Con- 
 stanlia. 
 
 Thatnee, a town in the kingdom of Tunis, 
 stands near the mouth of a river of its name, 
 120 miles s of Tunis. Len. 10 15 e. lat. 34 
 50 N. 
 
 Thame, or Tame, a river that has its 
 source near Tring, in Hertfordshire, and 
 passing through Buckinghamshire to the n 
 of Aiiesbury, enters Oxfordshire at the town 
 of Thame, from whence it is navigable for 
 barges to Dorchester, where it unites with 
 the Thames. 
 
 Thame, or Tame, a town in Oxfordshire, 
 stands on the river of its name, has a market 
 on Tuesday, is 12 miles e of Oxford, and 44 
 w by N of London. 
 
 Thames, the most navigable river in 
 Great Britain, and most commercial in 
 the wmrld ; takes its rise from a copious 
 spring, called Thames Head, two miles sw 
 of Cirencester, in Gloucestershire. Some 
 contend that the names Isis belongs to this 
 river, till it meet the Thame at Dorchester, 
 but this is confuted by ancient and incon- 
 testible authorities. From Somerford, the 
 stream winds to Crickdale, where it receives 
 many rivulets. It widens considerably in 
 its way to Lechlade ; and is there joined by 
 the Lech and Coin. At Ensham, in its 
 course ke to Oxford, is the first bridge of 
 stone. Passing by the ruins of Goostow 
 nunnery, the rivers reach Oxford, in whose 
 academic groves its poetical name of Isis 
 has been so often invoked. Being there 
 joined by the Charwell, it proceeds se to 
 Abingdon, and thence to Dorchester, where 
 it receives the Thame. Continuing its 
 course se by Wallingford, to Reading, and 
 forming a boundary to the counties of Berks, 
 Bucks, Surry, Middlesex, Es:sex, and Kent, 
 it washes the towms of Henly, Marlow, 
 Maidenhead, Windsor, Eton, Egham, Staines, 
 Laleham, Cheruey, Weybridge, Shepperton, 
 
T H A 
 
 Wal'ey, Sunbury, East and West Moiilsey, 
 Hampton, Thames, Ditton, Kingston, Ted- 
 dingtoii, Twickenham, Richmond, Isles- 
 worth, Brentford, Kew, Mortlake, Barnes, 
 Chiswick, Hammersmith, Putney, Fulham, 
 Wandsworth, Battersea, Chelsea, and Lam- 
 beth. Then, on the n bank of the river, 
 stands Westminster and London, and, on the 
 opposite side, Southwark, forming together 
 one continued city, extending to Limehouse 
 and Deptford : and hence the river proceeds 
 to Greenwich, Erith, Greenhithe, Grey’s 
 Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into the 
 Ocean. Though the Thames is said to be 
 navigable 158 miles above London bridge, 
 yet there are so many flats, that, in summer, 
 the navigation westward would be entirely 
 stopped, when the springs are low, were it 
 not for a number of locks. There is no 
 lock from London bridge to Balter’s lock, 
 that is, for 5 1 miles above that bridge. The 
 plan of new cuts has been adopted in some 
 places, to shorten and facilitate the naviga- 
 tion. There is one near Lechlade, and 
 there is another a mile from Abingdon. Bnt 
 a much more important undertaking has 
 lately been accomplished, namely, the junc- 
 tion of this river with the Severn. A canal 
 has been made from the Severn to Wall- 
 bridge, near Stroud. A new canal now as- 
 cends by Stroud, through the vale of Chal- 
 ford, to the height of 343 feet, by 28 locks, 
 and thence to the entrance of a tunnel, near 
 Sapperton, a distance of near eight miles. ; 
 This canal is 42 feet in width at top, and 30 
 at the bottom. In the coarse of this vast 
 undertaking, the canal from the Severn, at 
 Froomlade, to Inglesham, where it jouis the 
 Thames, is a distance of more than 30 miles. 
 The expence of it exceeded the sum of 
 200,0001. of which 30001. is said to have 
 been exuended in gunpowder alone, for blow- 
 ing- up\he rock. This new canal was 
 completed in 1T89, within less than seven 
 years from its commencement. A com- 
 munication not only with the Trent, but 
 with the Morse V, has likewise been effected 
 by a canal from Oxford to Coventry and an 
 act of Parliament passed, to extend another 
 canal from this, at Braunston, to the 
 Thames at Brentford. This is to be called 
 The Grand Junction Canal. The tide 
 flows up the Thames as high as Richmond, 
 which, following the winding of the river, 
 is 70 miles from the Ocean. 
 
 Thamesy a river in Connecticut, composed 
 of the Shetucket and the Quinabaug, which 
 unite at Norwich. From hence to Long 
 Island Sound, a distance of 15 miles, into 
 which it falls below New London, form- 
 ino* the commodious harbour of that town. 
 
 ’^Thamsbruck, a town in Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, seated on the Unstrut, three miles 
 N of Langensalza. 
 
 THANET, an island of England, politi- 
 cally annexed to Kent, comprising the 
 eastern angle of the county, and separated 
 from the main land by the two branches of | 
 
 THE 
 
 the Stour. It produces much corn and 
 madder. The s part of it contains a rich 
 tract of marsh land. It contains the sea 
 port of Margate and Ramsgate, and several 
 villages. Its shores produce sea weed, 
 which is applied as a manure, and burnt 
 for kelp. It gives the title of earl to the 
 family of Tufton. 
 
 1 Thanhaus^n, a town of Suabia, on th© 
 
 I Mindel, 14 miles n of Mindlesheim. 
 j THASOS, an island of the Archipelago, 
 
 I on the coast of Jamboli, a province of Ma- 
 cedonia, at the entrance of the gulf of Con- 
 tessa. It is 12 miles in length, and eight ia 
 breadth, and abounds in all the necessaries 
 of life. Its fruit and wine are delicious, 
 and besides q\iarries of marble, there are 
 mines of silver and gold. The chief town 
 is of the same name, and has a well fre- 
 quented harbour. Lon. 24 32 e, lat. 40 
 i59 N. 
 
 Thaxted, a town in Essex, situated near 
 the source of the Chelrner. It has a large, 
 ancient, and handsome church, a market oa 
 Friday, and two annual fairs, and lies 20 
 miles N by w of Chelmsford, and 44 nnb of 
 London, 
 
 Theaki, the ancient Ithaca, famous as the 
 . birth place and kingdom of Ulysses, aa 
 island in the Mediterranean, 24 miles long 
 1 and seven broad, separated by a narrow' 
 i channel from the ne" part of Cefalonia. It 
 ' belongs to the republic of the seven islands. 
 Valthi, the principal towm, has a good har- 
 bour. Loo. 20 40 E, lat. 28 35 n. 
 
 THEBAID, a large country of Upper 
 Egypt, reaching from Fiam to the Red sea, 
 no“w called Said. It is the least fertile of 
 any province ia Egypt, being full of deserts, 
 but famous for the retreat of a great number 
 of Christians, who lived here in a solitary 
 manner. It is now inhabited by Arabs, who 
 are robbers by profession. 
 
 Thebes, the ancient name of a city of 
 Upper Egypt, now called Luxor. It was 
 formerly celebrated for having 100 gates, 
 and there are still many ntagnifioent remains 
 of the ancient city. Besides Luxor, there 
 are other two villages, Carnack and Gour- 
 nou, seated among us ruins. 
 
 Thebes. See Thioa. 
 
 Themar, a county of Henneberg, Franco- 
 nia, seated near the Werra, 10 miles se of 
 Mai nun gen. 
 
 Thengen, capital of an extensive county 
 of its name, Swabia, in the landgravate of 
 Nellenburg, on the Hegau, eight miles n of 
 Schaffhausen. 
 
 Theodosia. See Caffa. 
 
 THERMIA, an island of the Archipelago, 
 near the gulf of Engia, 12 miles in length 
 and five in breadth, s of the island ol Zia. 
 The soil is good, and well cultivated, and 
 they have u great deal of silk. The princi- 
 pal town is of the same name, and the resi- 
 dence of a Greek bishop. Lon. 24 59 e, 
 lat. 37 31 N. 
 
 THESSALY, a province of Europeao 
 
 3 B 2 
 
T H I 
 
 Turkey, bouDded on the $ by Lavadia, w by 
 Albania, e by the Archipelago, and n by 
 Macedonia, It is exceedingly fertile, and 
 abounds in grapes of exquisite sweetness 
 figs, melons, oranges, lemons, citrons, 
 pomegranates, almonds, olives, cotton, 
 chesnuts, <&c. It is the modern Janna, and 
 Larissa is the capital 
 
 ThetJ'crd, a borough in Norfolk, situated 
 on the Little Ouse, where the Lent assizes 
 for the county are kept. This was once a 
 very large city and contained above 20 
 churches, and eight monasteries. It has 
 now only two parish churches, one of which 
 is on the Suffolk side of the river, and 
 about 2250 inhabitants. The principal 
 manufactures are worsted stuffs and paper, 
 and it has a trade in corn along the Little 
 and Great Ouse. The guildhall is a fine 
 old building. Here is a goal, a bridewell, 
 a ho use of correction, and an hospital. The 
 coi ration, consisting of a mayor, 10 al- 
 dermen, and 20 comv* on council men, elect 
 the two members which it sends to parlia- 
 ment. It has a market on Saturday, and 
 three annual fairs, and lies 30 miles ssp of 
 King^s Linn, and 80 ne of London, Lon. 
 
 0 50E,^lat. 52 28 >y. 
 
 Theiiw, a village in the territory of Liege, 
 Kettieiiands, where, in 1794, the French 
 defeated the Austrians, three miles nw of 
 Spa. 
 
 THIBET, or G&eat Thibet, a large 
 country of Asia, considered by some geo- 
 graphers as part of Tartary. It is bounded 
 on the NW and n by the desert of Kobi, in 
 Tartary, on the e by China, on the s by As- 
 sam and Burmah, and on the w and sw by 
 Hindoostan Proper and Bootan. It lies be- 
 tween 25 0 and 40 0 n lat. and between 81 
 0 and 102^0 e Ion. This country is one of 
 the highest in Asia, whi ch gives rise not 
 only to the rivers of Ii^dia and China, but 
 also to those of Siberia and Tartary. Its 
 length Irom e to w cannot be less than 1400 
 miles, its breadth 500, but very unequal, 
 it is divided into three parts, Upper, Muldle, 
 and Lower Thibet. The Upper lies to- 
 wards the sc'/rces of the Barrampooter and 
 the Ganges ; the Middle is that in which i 
 Lassa, the Ct-pUal, is seated, and the Lower | 
 ihat which borders upon China. Little 
 Thibet lies between Cashgur and Upper 
 Thibet. The principal exports are gold 
 dust, diamonds, pearls, iambs^ skins, wool- 
 len cloths, shawls, rock salt, musk, and 
 crude borax. Wheat, barley and peas are | 
 culto- ml. The country abounds with ! 
 
 giM ' a-'d wild fowl, numerous liock.s of ! 
 shef'i) and goats, herds of small cattle, and j 
 borsi .. Among the priests are many monas- 
 tic orders, of which the Gjiong.s are the 
 mos! numerous: they are exevupted from 
 enjoined temperance, and prohibited 
 all intercourse wi,h the female sex; lnr\ 
 are very numerous, as every family of more J 
 than four boys, is obliged to contribtile one | 
 of them to this order ; Ironi it thecllicers of J 
 
 T H I 
 
 state are usually chosen. The practice of 
 polyandry prevails universally in this coun- 
 try, and one female, selected by the elder 
 broiher, a,ssociatPs with all the brothers of 
 the family, without any restriction of num- 
 ber or age. This practice, with the cele- 
 bacj' of the priests, prevent too numerous a 
 population. The corpses of their dead are 
 either consumed by fire, or given to the 
 beasts and birds of prey, with the exception 
 of the -orpses of the grand lamas, w hich are 
 preserved entire. They venerate the cow, 
 and pay great respect to the water of the 
 Ganges, the source of which they believe to 
 be in heaven, Thibet is often visited by the 
 Indian pilgrims. Considering the exceed- 
 ingly rough and sterile state of the country 
 of Thibet, and the severity of its climate, 
 from its wonderful elevation, it is astonish- 
 ing to find its inhabitants in a high stale of 
 civilization. The Thiberians are governed 
 by the grand lama, or delai lama, who is 
 not only submitted to by them, but is also 
 very much revered by various tribes of Tar- 
 tars, even the emperor of Chiua, who is of 
 a Tartar race, does net fail to ctcknowledge 
 the Iaiea,iD his religious capacity, although 
 as a temporal sovereign, the lama himself is 
 tributary to that emperor. The residence 
 of the grand lama is at Patoli. The religi- 
 on of Thibet, though in many respects it • 
 diflers from that of the Indian Bram ns, yet 
 in others it has a great affinity to it. 
 
 Thfe/, or Tiel. a strong tow n in Gelder- 
 land, Holland .<^tarids on tbe Waal, and was 
 taken by the French in 1794, IS miles w 
 of Nimeguen. 
 
 ThuUy u town of Flanders, Netherlands, 
 10 miles N of Courtraj^ 
 
 Thiengerif a town on the Wuttuck, 
 Swabia; 13 miles w of Schauffhaiisen, 
 Ttiiersy a populous trading towm in the 
 department of Puy de Dome, France, stands 
 on the side of a hill, and has manufactures 
 of cutlery, thread, and paper. It is 22 miles 
 E of tiiermont. 
 
 ThiOiwiUe, a considerable town in the 
 departrr,ent of Moselle, France, seated on 
 tlic Moselle, over w’bich is a bridge d fended 
 by a horn work. In 1792, it was bonbarded 
 by the Austrians, but they were obliged to 
 abandon the siege, 14 miles n of Metz, and 
 33 ssw’ of Treves. 
 
 Thirtemere. See Leathes-ivuter. 
 
 Thii\skj a borough in the North Riding 
 of Yorkshire, situated on the great post 
 road from Edinburgh to London. The 
 church was built from the ruins of its strong 
 castle, destroyed by Henry II. It is go- 
 verned by a bailiff, Lind is represented by 
 two members in paniamfiit. It has manu- 
 factures of coarse linens, sacking, <fec. a 
 weekly market on Mo iday, and five annual 
 iairs, and lies 24 miles nw of York, and 
 220 N by w of London 
 
 Thivuy anciently called Thebes, a cele- 
 brated town of Greece, in Livadia, and a 
 bishop s see, seated between two small 
 
T H O ' 
 
 rivers, has two mosques and several 
 ehurohes. The castle, called Cadmaca, 
 from Cadmus, its founder, is the only part 
 now inhabited. It was formerly very arg 
 and is yet four miles in circumference, but 
 so full of ruins, that there are pot above 
 4000 Turks and Christians m it. it is 
 noted for a fine sort of white clay, “f 
 they make bowls for pipes after the Turki 
 fashion, that dry naturally, and j 
 
 being burnt, become as bard as a stone, \ 
 mile.s Nw of Athens. 
 
 Tiiiviersy a town in the department of 
 Dordogne, France, 18 miles nne of Pen- 
 
 ^ Thoissely a considerable town in the 
 department of Ain, France. It is situated 
 in a fertile country, near the Saone and 
 Chalerone, 16 miles n of Trevoux, and 
 
 SE of Paris , . 
 
 THOMAS, St, an island of Africa, lying 
 under the equator in 8 deg. E Ion. It was 
 discovered in i429, and belongs to the For- 
 tuguese. It is almost round, and is about 
 
 39 miles in diameter. 
 
 The surface consists 
 
 OM llliics lu . 
 
 of hills intermixed with vallies, frequently 
 filled with a thick fog. The soil is fertile, 
 and produces plenty of sugar canes, nee, 
 and millet. On the same vine appear 
 blossoms, and green and ripe fruit all the 
 year round. The cattle are larger and 
 finer than on the coast of Guinea, the cli- 
 mate is healthy for the natives, but not tor 
 Europeans, few o4 whom live to a great age. 
 The Dutch took this island in 1641, but 
 soon abandoned it, on account of the climate, 
 the capital is Pavoasan. 
 
 THOMAS ISLAND, St, or Danes 
 Island, the largest and most northerly of 
 the Virgin islands, in the West Indies, is 
 about nine miles long, and three broad. 
 
 It has a sandy soil, and is badly watered, 
 but enjoys a considerable tr ;de. It has a 
 safe and commodious harbour, a town, and 
 a fort. It was surrendered by the Danes to 
 the English in 1807, and lies about 30 
 miles E of the island of Porto Rico. Lon. 
 65 26 W,lat. 18 22 N. ^ r 
 
 THOMAS ISfAND, Sr, an island ot 
 North America, on the w coast of New 
 Mexico. Lon. 1 1 3 5 w, lat. 20 10 n. 
 
 Thomas, St, a town of Soutn America, in 
 Guinea, situated at the foot of a hill, on the 
 right banks of the Oroonoko, where that 
 rivHv begins to form its delta. It is the 
 residence* of a governor, is fortified, and the 
 centre of trade in these waters. Lon. 62 
 50 w, lat. S 7 N. 
 
 Thomas, St, a town in the Carnatic, 
 Hindoostan, inhabited by weavers, and 
 dyers, and famous for tiie best oolourecl 
 stuffs ill India, and was formerly a powerlul 
 city, three miles s of Madras. 
 
 Thomastown, a borough in Kilkenny, 
 Leinster, with a castle, and a bridge over 
 the river Noire. It sent two members to 
 the Irish parliament, 10 miles ssE of Kil- 
 kenny, and 58 ssw of Dublin* 
 
 T H O 
 
 Thomastoim, a town in Lincoln county, 
 district of Maine, stands on the w side of 
 Penobscot bay, and bas a trade in lumber 
 and lime, 30 miles e by n ©f Wisoasset. 
 
 Thonon, a hand. so me town of Savoy, on 
 the lake of Geneva, at the influx of the Dra- 
 ma, has a palace, and several convents. 
 
 It is 13 miles sw of Lausanne, and 86 ns 
 
 of Geneva. . 
 
 Thorn, a city of Western Pru-ssia. It 
 was lormerly a hanseatic town, and still 
 enjoys great privileges. It is situated on 
 the river Vistula, over winch it has a long 
 wooden bridge. In the church of St. John 
 is the epitaph of the celebrated Copernicus, 
 who was a native ot this place. It con- 
 sists of the old and new town, and has a 
 famous protestant academy. In 1703, its 
 fortifications were destroyed by the Swedw. 
 Between ITO'S and 1710 it was visited by 
 the plague. Here, a tumult took place be- 
 tween the protestants and Roman catholics, 
 in 1734, on account of the students of tho 
 Jesuits; and judges were sent by the Poles 
 to try the magistrates for not suppressing 
 the riot, when the president and nine citi- 
 zens w^ere condemned to be beheaded. In 
 1799 the king of Prussia seized this city 
 and annexed it to his dominions, 67 miles s 
 of Dantzic, and 105 nw of Warsaw. Lon. 
 
 18 42 E, lat. 53 6 N. 
 
 Thornbury, a town in Gloucestershire, 
 Iviiig near the Severn. The town chiefly 
 consists of three streets, m the form of Y. 
 It is governed by a mayor and assistants and 
 has a market on Saturday, and three an- 
 nual fairs. Here are the remains of a pa- 
 lace begun, but never finished by the great 
 duke ot Buckingham, who fell a sacrifice 
 to the deadly malice of cardinal Wolsey 
 It is 24 miles w of Gloucester, and 122 w 
 
 of London. . . __ 
 
 Thorne, an improving town in the W 
 Riding of Yorkshire. It stands in the 
 marsh land on the river Don, now much 
 improved by draining. It has a vnarket on 
 Wednesday, and two annual fairs, eacn 
 of which last -three days. 
 
 Thorney, a village in Cambridgeshire, in 
 the vicinity of which was an abbey, whose 
 abbot wore a mitre. The nave of the 
 church is still remaining, six miles ne ot 
 
 Petersborough. 
 
 Thorney, a small island in a bay ot the 
 Enp’lish channel, near the coast of Sussex, 
 with a village of the samename, at the mouth 
 of the Lavant, seven miles .sw of Chichester. 
 
 Thornhill, a neat little town in Duni'- 
 fries-shire, situated in the parish of Morton, 
 It is regularly built in two streets, crossing 
 each other at right angles. There ore four 
 fairs held here annually, chiefly tor woollen 
 yarn, and coarse woollen stufls. It con- 
 tains about 600 inhabitants and is siluateiij. 
 i near the n side of the river Nith, and inter 
 sected by the road leading from Glasgow to 
 Dumfries, 12 miles se of Sanquhar, 15 N 
 w of Dumfries, and 60 ssa of Edinburgh. 
 
THU 
 
 TnarnhrUy a village iu the parish of Kin- 
 cardiae, Perthshire, near the Forth, has a 
 considerable tannery and including Norries- 
 town, immediately adjoining, contains 600 
 inhabitants 10 miles w of Stirling. 
 
 Tnouars, an ancient and considerable 
 town in the department of the Two Sevres, 
 France, It is situated on a hill by the river 
 Thoue with the castle of its ancient dukes, 
 on a rock, surrounded by walls, feet 
 high, built of white stone, 32 miles se of 
 Angers, and 162 sw of Paris. 
 
 thousand isles, are situated in SL 
 Lawrence, or Iroquois river, a little x of 
 lake Ontario. 
 
 Thraete^ or Thrive, a castle on a small 
 island in the river Dee, in Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, formerly of great strength, and mag- 
 uificenee. It was the residence of the 
 Douglasses, lords of Gallovi’^y, from the 
 . year, 1300 to J450, when that branch of the 
 celebrated family of Douglass became ex- 
 tinct. King James IV nearly demolished 
 this elegant structure, which is now a fine 
 ruin. 
 
 Thrapston, a small town in Northamp- 
 tonshire, with a market on Thursday, seat- 
 ed on the Nen, over which is a fine strong 
 bridge. The river is navigable to this 
 place, which has an export and import trade, 
 and an annual fair August 7, seven miles 
 N of Higham Ferrets, 20 sw of Peterbo- 
 rough, and 73 nxw of London. 
 
 three-hills ISLAND, one of the 
 
 New Hebrides, in the South Sea, s of Mali- 
 collo, 12 miles in circuit. 
 
 Three Rivers, capital of Lower Canada, 
 when U was subject to the French, stands 
 on a river of its name, which, before it uni- 
 tes with the St Lawrence, is parted by two 
 islands into three channels. Here are two 
 churches, and convent, and an hospital. 
 Nine miles/higher up the river are consider- 
 able iron -works, 70 miles wsw of Quebec. 
 Lon. 72 27 w, lat. 46 24 n. 
 
 Thuin, a town in the territory of Liege, 
 Netherlands, situated on the river Sambre, 
 eight miles sw of Charleroy, and 2*5 se of 
 AJons. 
 
 T}i?de. See Tula* 
 
 T.HULE, SocTHERX, laud discovered 
 by Cook, in 1775. It lies -in lat. 59 54 s 
 and Ion. 26 40 w. 
 
 Thun, a handsome town in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, capital of a bailliwic 
 with a castle, on a lake of its name, (14 
 miles long, and three broad,) at the efflux of 
 the Aar, 15 miles s by e of Bern. 
 
 Thnr, a river of Swisseiland, that has its 
 source in the s part of the county of For- 
 genburg, and falls into the Rhine, seven 
 miles ssw of Scbaufbiiauseii. 
 
 I’lwrgau, a new canton, of Switzerland, 
 situated along the river Thiir, bounded on 
 the N and e by the lake and territory of 
 Constance, s by the canton of St Gall, 
 and w by Zurich. Though somewhat 
 iiiountaiiious toward the b, it is the most 
 
 T I B 
 
 1 pleasant, rich, and fertile part of Switzer- 
 land, belong extremely populous, one third 
 ot the inhabitants are papists, and the others 
 Calvinists. The capital is Frauenfeld. 
 
 THURINGIA, a province of Upper Sax- 
 ony, about 78 miles in length, and 75 in 
 breadtn. It is lertileandabouiiding in corn, 
 fruits, and wood, and watered by several 
 rivers. It belongs to the duke of Saxony, 
 and several petty sovereigns. Erfurt is the 
 capital town. 
 
 Thurles, a town in Tipperary, Munster, 
 lotersecied by the Suir, and contains a fine 
 scat of the earl of Llandaff. It has some 
 r-^mains of a monastery of white Friars 
 loiinded in 1300, 25 miles x by e of Cashel' 
 25 w of Kilkenny, and 70 sw of Dublin. 
 
 Thurso, a town in Caithness-shire, situa- 
 ted at the mouth of the river Thurso, on the 
 w side of the Duunet bay. It is a borough 
 of barony, governed by two bailies, and 12 
 counsellors, appointed by Sir John Sinclair, 
 the superior, contains about 1600 inhabi 
 tants, a society's school, two good inns, a 
 manufactory of ploughs and carts, a tan- 
 nery, a brewery, a bleacbfield, and snuff- 
 work. It bas also a considerable trade, 
 and manufactory of woollen and linen cloth. 
 The harbour at spring tides admits vessels 
 of 10 feet draught of water. It is a port of 
 the custom-house, having 16 decked vessels, 
 amounting to 858 tons, and a good coasting 
 trade, a salmon fishery, and a fair June 29” 
 and another in the end of August which 
 lasts JO days. Thurso castle, anciently the 
 seat of the earls of Caithness, stands on the 
 E side of the river, near the town. The 
 parish of Thurso extends about three miles 
 around the town in every direction except t® 
 the Nw where it is bounded by the sea. The 
 parish abounds in a coarse kind of slatej, 
 and along with the town contained 3626 in- 
 habitants in 1801, and in 1811, 3462, 25 
 miles xw of Wick, 270 x of Edinburgh. 
 Lon. 3 18 w, lat. 58 36 x. 
 
 Thurso, a river of Scotland, which rises 
 from Loch More, runs about 16 miles over 
 a stony bed, skirted with beautiful meadows 
 and fertile fields, and falls into the Pent- 
 land Frith at the town of Thurso, into the 
 bay of the same name. 
 
 Tiagar, a town in the Carnatic, Hindoo- 
 Stan, 50 miles wsw of Pondicherry, and 75 
 s of Arcot. 
 
 Tiano, an ancient episcopal town of 
 Naples, in Terro de Lavoro, has a celebra- 
 ted nunnery, and a mineral spring, 15 miles 
 NW of Capua. 
 
 Tibbermuir, (commonly called Tipper^ 
 tnuir) a parish of Scotland in Perthshire, 
 about eight miles long and from one to three 
 broad, lying to the w of Perth, in which are 
 paper mills, printflelds, and bleacbfields. 
 The surface is agreeably varied, and though 
 naturally sterile, is now highly cultivated 
 and productive. The bishop^s of Dunkeld 
 bad their residence ju this parish. Popula- 
 tion about 1306. 
 
T I D . 
 
 ’Tiber. B. great river in Italy, which rises 
 
 in the Appeaine *“ by 
 
 passes ibrougb the eoolesiasUoa, by 
 
 Boro-o, St. Ssimlcnro, Citta hi t-iotell 
 Orlo, and Rome, 10 miles below “ 
 
 falls into the Mediterranean sea, between 
 oitL and Porto. Tivere is its modern, 
 
 “^rL-rias, or Tcb aria, a. io'.ja ia f 
 
 Syria, stands on the w side oi a la,te of ae 
 sime name, called also the la^e of faene- 
 sareth, and the sea of Galilee, is 
 by walls, has a very ancient church, caded 
 the house of St Peter, and a castle, and a 
 mile to the s are the tamous not baths ol 
 Emmaus. Some traces ot the ancient city 
 are yet visible. Lofty and precipitous emi- 
 nences sujroiiud the lake, along tne bor- 
 ders of which are still to be seen the re- 
 mains of ancient tombs hewn in the rocks 
 lacing the water ; 64 miles kne of Jeru- 
 .§alem. 
 
 Tibet See Tkibet. 
 
 Tiburon, a cape at the most westerly ex- 
 tremity of the island of St. Domingo, with 
 a town and fort, on an open road opposite 
 Port Antonio in Jamaica. In 1T94, it was 
 taken by the British and French royalists, 
 but was retaken by the French republicans 
 the next year, Lon. 74 3'^^ w, lat. 18 25 n. 
 
 Titchfield, a town in Hampshire, six 
 miles E of Southampton. It contains 2949 
 inhabitants, and has a weekly market, and 
 live annual fairs. Here are some remains 
 of an Abbey, and on its site is the ruin oi a 
 mansion in which Charles I. was concealed 
 in his flight from Hampton court, in 1647. 
 
 Tickely, a town in the circar of Cicacole, 
 Hiildoostan, 30 miles nb of Cicacole, and 
 TO sw of Garjam. 
 
 Tickell, or Tickhill, a healthy town m 
 
 the w Riding of Yorkshire. Its castle and | 
 fortifications of which some remains are 
 visible, were demolished in the cruel wars. 
 It has a weekly market and an annual fair, 
 and lies five miles s of Doncaster, and 154 
 N by w of London. 
 
 Ticonderagoy a fort on the narrow pas- 
 sage between the lakes George and Cham- 
 plain, state of New York, built by the 
 French in 1756, and taken by general Am- 
 herst, in 1759, and by general Burgojme in 
 1777, but evacuated after the convention ot 
 Sarataga. It is now in ruins and is an ap- 
 pendage to a farm, 14 miles s of Crown- 
 
 point. . 
 
 Tideswell) a town in Derbysnire, on tne 
 s confines of the petik. The buiUlings are 
 not remarkable, but the church is much 
 
 T I L 
 
 fair.s, and lies 22 miles uw of Derby, and 
 160 N of London. 
 
 TIDOKE, an island in the Indian Ocean, 
 one of the Moluccas, 16 miles to the s of 
 Ternate, It is 20 miles in circumference 
 and produces cloves and flax. It is strong 
 being surrounded by rocks and woods, and 
 is governed by a sultan, who is also 
 sovereign of the s part of Gilolo, and de- 
 mands tribute from Mysol. Lon. 126 40 e, 
 iai. 0 50 N. 
 
 TieL See Thiet 
 
 Tien, a large and handsome town of 
 China, in Petcheli, seated on the Pei-iio, at 
 the junction of tiie Eu-ho, with a harbour, 
 and a great trade in salt, 90 miles se of 
 Peking. 
 
 Tiess. See Tiesse, 
 
 Tijiis. See Tejlis. 
 
 TIGilE, a%ovinc0 
 Abysima, 200 miles in 
 breadth, through which passes all the mer- 
 chandise of the kingdom shipped on the 
 Red Sea, for Arabia. The capital is Au- 
 zen. 
 
 Tigris, a river of Asia, which has its 
 source near that of the Euphrates, in the 
 mountain Tchilder, in Diarbeck. This 
 river passes by Diarbeck, Gexira, Mouzul, 
 Bagdad, Gonio, and joins the Euphrates, 35 
 miles above Bassora. 
 
 Tilburg, East, a village in Essex, situated 
 near the mouth of the Thames, to the e of 
 Tilbury fort, noted for having from ancient 
 times a ferry over the river into Kent. Here 
 queen Elizabeth fortified a camp to prevent 
 the landing of the Spaniards. In this parish 
 IS a field, called Cave Field, in which is a 
 horizontal passage to one of the spaeioVis 
 caverns in the neighbouring parish ol Chad- 
 well, Dr. Durham measured three of the 
 
 in the ne part of 
 length and 120 in 
 
 most considerable of them, and found the 
 depth of one to be 50, another TO, and the 
 third 80 feet. They are supposed to be the 
 work of the Britons. 
 
 Tilburg, Fort, a regular fortification in 
 in Essex, opposite to Gravesend. It has 
 a double moat, the innermost of which is 
 180 feet broad; with a good counterscarp, 
 and covered way, ravelins, and terrails. 
 It has a platform, in place of a counter- 
 I scarp, on which are planted 106 guns, from 
 } 24 to 46 pounders, besides smaller ones. Its 
 ' chief strength on the land side consists in 
 in being able to lay the whole level under 
 water. This fort lies 28 miles e by s of 
 ! London. 
 
 j Tilbury, West, a village in Es-sex, situa- 
 
 ,j ted on the Thames, N ot Tilbury tort. In 
 
 admired At some distance tvom (he town j 1630, it was the see of Gedila, or St. Chad, 
 
 is a well three feetdeeu,iind three ieet wide, i who converted the Saxons to Cnristiamty. 
 IS a well, three ieeiaeep,.iu ^ Uiscovered in 17^7, a 
 
 medicinal spring of great efficacy in the 
 
 that after great rains, ebbs and flows two 
 or three times in an hour, and the water 
 
 m an Hour, anu me waici u - 
 
 uses and fails about two feel three inches 1 asthma, gravel, dissentery, piles Ac. 
 at a thue, wLh it accomplishes m ahont -1 Till, a r.ver m Aor.hnmh.rland, winch 
 
 five minutes'. This well is reckoned one ol 
 the w'onders of the peak, Jideweli, has a 
 market on Wednesday, and three annual 
 
 rises s of the Cue » His, passes by Woofer, 
 and unites with tuc iweed, at the village of 
 TilmoiUb, four miles below Coldstieuai. 
 
TIN 
 
 TIN 
 
 Tillicoultry^ a parish in Clackmannan- 
 shire, of an oblong form, six miles long, and 
 from one to two broad, watered on the n by 
 the Devon. It includes part of the Ochil 
 hills. The soil is various but fertile. Gra- 
 nite, basaltes, scheorls, schistus, mica, sul- 
 phur, silver, lead, copper, antimony, and 
 arsenic are found in the parish. Ironstone 
 and coal abound. There are three villages 
 in the parish, viz. Earlstown, Coalsnaugh- 
 ton, and Westertown, each of which con- 
 tains upwards of 210 inhabitants. Popula- 
 tion about 910. 
 
 Tilliersy a town in the department of 
 Eure» France, six miles ne of Verneuil, 
 and 12 w of Dreux. 
 
 Tilney, a village in the marsh land of 
 Norfolk w of Lynn Regis, noted for a large 
 and valuable marsh capable of pasturing 
 30,000 sheep, which was sdljured to the 
 inhabitants from the rapacity of the lord of 
 the manor, by the prowess of one Kikifrike, 
 whose tombstone is in the churchyard of 
 this place. 
 
 7'ilsit, a tow^n of Prussian Lithuania, with 
 a castle. It has a considerable trade, in 
 corn, lintseed, butter, cheese, and other 
 provisions. It was captured by the Rus- 
 sians in 1T57, but soon relinquished. In 
 1807, it was taken by the French, soon 
 after which tw’o treaties of peace were 
 signed between France and Russia, and 
 France and Prussia, the three sovereigns 
 being here in person. It is situated on the 
 Memei, dO miles ke of Konigsberg, and 9S 
 ssw of Mittau. Lon. 22 8 e, lat. 65 8 y, 
 
 Timmia^ a town in Popayan, New Gre- 
 nada, capital of a territory of the same 
 name, abounding in cattle, cotton, anti 
 honey. It stands on a river, 100 miles ese 
 of Popayan. Lon. 75 12 w, lat. 2 14 N. 
 
 Timhuctoo, See Tombucteo. 
 
 Timerycotta, a town and fortress in tbe 
 Carnatic, Hindoostan, capital of the district ! 
 of Palnaud, 70 miles se of Hydrabad, and ’ 
 80 w by s of Condapilly. Lon. 79 26 e, 
 lat. 16 20 N. 
 
 TIMON, or Timoan, a island on the e 
 coast of the peninsula of Malacca. It is 
 30 miles in circumference It is mountain- 
 ous and woody, and yields abundance of 
 rice, and cocoa nuts. Lon. 104 25 E, flat. 
 
 3 0 N. 
 
 TIMOR, an island in tbe Indian ocean, 
 to the w 01 the nw point of NewHolland, 200 
 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. It pro- 
 duces sandalwood, honey, and wax. In 
 1613, the Dutch expelled the Portuguese 
 from a fort here, seated at Cupan, the prin- 
 cipal town, oil the sw part of the island. 
 Lon. 124 0 E, lat. 10 23 s. 
 
 Timorlaut, an island in the Indian ocean, 
 situated between Tinior and New Guinea, 
 
 60 miles in circuit. The s point is in Ion. 
 131 54 E, lat. 8 15 s. 
 
 Tina, a town of European Turkey, in 
 Bosnia, on the river Tis, 37 miles nw of 
 Spalatro. Lon. 17 4 e, lat, 44 28 n. 
 
 TINA; Of Tiyo, anciently Tenos, an is- 
 land of the Archipelago, one of the Cyclades^ 
 to the w of Nicana, J7 miles long and 
 eight broad. The riches of this island 
 chiefly consists in -silks. The fortress 
 stands on a rock. Here is a bishop^s see 
 of the Latin church, though tbe Greeks 
 have 200 papas or priests. The capital is 
 of the same name, but St Nicolo is the prin- 
 cipal town. Lon. 25 24 e, lat. 37 30 n. 
 
 Tinchaly,^ town in Wicklow, Leinster 
 15 miles n of Ferns, 21 sw of Wicklow 
 and 38 sof Dublin. 
 
 Ting-tcheou, a city of the first rank, in 
 Fo-kien, China, 980 miles sof Peking. Lon. 
 116 30 E, lat. 25 48 n. 
 
 Tinevellg, See Palamcotta. 
 
 Tingwall, Weisdale, and Whiteness, an 
 united parish of .Scotland, in the Mainland 
 of Shetland, extending 10 miles in length 
 and five in breadth, exclusive of small is- 
 lands that belong to the parish. This re- 
 mote parish is noted for its minister, being 
 the first who in late times sued the land- 
 owners for an addition to his living. The. 
 cause was strenuously delended, but at last 
 decided by the house of peers, in the clergy- 
 man’s favour, and his brethren have imitated 
 I his example with more than religious zeal. 
 Population above 1800. 
 
 TINIAN, an island in the Indian ocean, 
 and one of the Ladrones. It abounds witk 
 fowls and wild hags. It produces cotton 
 and indigo, and plenty of cocoa nuts, 
 
 I breadfruits, guavas, limes, and sour oran- 
 j ges. In 1742, Anson found a well from 
 j which he got a supply of water, and Byron 
 j in 1765, filled his casks from the same 
 well, but it was found to be brackish, and 
 j full of worms. There are no streams on 
 j the island. It is infested with muskiios, 
 and other flies, many venemous insects, 
 j centipedes, and scorpions. The road is 
 I dangerous, the bottom consisting of large 
 coral rocks and hard sand. It is about 12 
 miles in length, and six in breadth. There 
 are at least 10,00C cattle, that are all milk 
 white except their ears, which are brown 
 or black. This island has now no inhabi- 
 tants, 30,000 having been taken by the 
 Spaniards to other islands, particularly to 
 Guam, Lon. 146 0 e, lat. 15 0 n. 
 
 ; Tintagelj a village in Cornwall, one 
 mile from Bossiney, remarkable for tbe 
 splendid ruin of a castle, on a bold pro- 
 montory, in the Bristol channel, said to 
 have been the birth place of king Arthur, 
 and the seat of the ancient dukes of Corn- 
 w’all, and has the name of king Arthur’s 
 castle. 
 
 Tintern, a village in Monmouthshire, 
 seated on the Woe, with tbe ruin of an ab- 
 bey, which is a beautiful specimen of Gor 
 thic architecture. It has a manufacture of 
 iron wire, five miles n by B of Chep- 
 stow. 
 
 TintOy or Tmteck, a conspicuous moun- 
 tain near the Clyde, in the upper W'ard of 
 
 \ 
 
T I P 
 
 Lanarkshire. Its top is Z3S1 feet above 
 sea level, and 1740 above the Clyde. On 
 thtt summit of this mountain is a vast tumu- 
 lus, on which, it is said, a fire was kept 
 constantly burning in the time of the Druids. 
 The name, it is said, denotes the mountain 
 of fire. Near the tumulus is a fine spring, 
 and at the bottom of Tinto, in the parish of 
 Covington, are two Druidical temples of 
 erect stones, placed close to each other, 
 
 Tinto, a river of Spain, which rises in 
 the province of Seville, and takes its name 
 from the yellow colour of the water. 
 Near its source it has a petrifying quality, 
 no plant will grow on its banks, nor any 
 fish live in it, till other rivulets join it. It 
 falls into the bay of Cadiz, at Huelva, 18 
 miles below Niebia. 
 
 Tinwald, a parish in Dumfries-shire, to 
 which that of Trailfiat was united in 1650. 
 The united parish is of a rectangular figure, 
 six miles long and four broad, lying on the 
 B side of Lochar Moss. The greater part 
 • of the parish is arable. It is intersected by 
 a Roman highway. At Tiudwald downs is 
 an elegant mansion house belonging to the 
 duke of Queensbury, and AmisfieW house 
 was an ancient seat of the earls of Wemyss. 
 Paterson, the original projector of the Darien 
 cxpidition and of the bank of England, and 
 the late Dr Mouncy, many years first phy- 
 sician to the late empress of Russia, were 
 both born in a house called Skipmrey in 
 ihi.s parish. Population about 980, 
 
 Tinzeda, a town of Africa, in the king- 
 dom of Darah, stands on the Dras. Lon. 
 6 13 w, lat. 27 30 n. 
 
 Tinzulie, a large town of Africa, in 
 Biledulgerid. Lou. .5 43 w, lat. 28 15 n. 
 
 Tiovn, an i.sland on the w coast of Swe- 
 den, about 27 miles in circumference, affords 
 excellent pasture. Lon. ii 29 e, lat. 68 
 On. 
 
 TfPERAH, or Tipra, a kingdom of 
 Asia, in Bengal, on the frontiers of Birmah. 
 Comillah, the capital is in Ion. 92 15 E, 
 lat. 24 20 N. 
 
 TIPPERARY, a county of Ireland, in 
 the province of Munster, 57 miles in length, 
 and 35 in breadth ; bounded on the n by 
 King's county, on the e by Queen's county 
 and Kilkenny, on the s by Waterford, and 
 
 on the w by Galway, Clare, and Limerick. 
 The s parts are exceedingly fertile, bat the 
 N is rather barren. It contains 147 parishes, 
 170,000 inhabitants, and sends four mem- 
 bers to parliament. The n part of the 
 county terminates in a chain of 12 moun- 
 tains, the highest in Ireland, called Phelem- 
 dhs-Madina. There are 48 flour mills in 
 the county, and besides flour, the exports are 
 butter, fat cattle, and sheep. It is watered 
 by the Suir, which intersects it from N to s, 
 the Shannon its boundary on the w, and 
 many smaller streams, rivulets, and brooks. 
 The most considerable places are Clonmel, 
 Cashel, and Carrick, Roscrea, Tipperary, 
 Cahir, Fetbard, Holy Cross, Thurlos, Sil- 
 14 
 
 T I R 
 
 vermines, and Nenagh. Clonmel is the 
 capital. 
 
 Tipperary, a town in the above county, 1 3 
 miles w by s of Cashel. 
 
 Tipsa. See Tebesta, 
 
 Tirano, a town of Swisserland, capital of 
 a district in the Valteline, with some vestiges 
 of its walls and fortress, erected by Ludo- 
 vico Sforza, to defeud it from the Grisons, 
 who demolished them when they obtained 
 possession of the Valteline. Near the town 
 is the superb church of the Madona, resorted 
 to by Catholic pilgrims. In this town com- 
 menced the massacre of the protestants of 
 Valteline, in 1620. It contains many 
 handsome buildings, but many are in ruins, 
 and the streets are narrow. The staple 
 commerce of this town consists jn the ex- 
 portation of wine and silk. It stands on the 
 Adda, 12 miles^w of Bormio. Lon. 9 18 e, 
 lat. 46 20 N. 
 
 Tireh, a town in Natolia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, on the Meinder, 32 miles sse of 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Tirlemont, or Tillemont, a town in 
 Brabant, Netherlands, seated on the river 
 Geet. It was one of the most considerable 
 cities in the duchy, but ruined by the wars, 
 and a great fire in 1701. In its vicinity, 
 the French routed the Austrians in 1792, 
 but in the following year, were defeated by 
 the latter. It is 10 miles ese of Louvainj 
 and 25 se of Brussels. 
 
 Tirnau, a handsome and considerable 
 town of Upper Hungary, in the country of 
 Neitra, seated on the Tirna, five miles w 
 of Leopolstadt, and 26 ne of Presburg. 
 
 TIROL, a country of Austria, and for- 
 merly part of the hereditary dominions of 
 that house, but ceded to Bavaria by the 
 peace of Presburg, who again transferred 
 the southern part of it to France. The Ty- 
 roleans in the year 1809, excited the admi- 
 ration of Europe, by a contest in defence 
 of their liberty, as brave as any recorded in 
 history, when it w'as formally ceded to 
 Italy. It is 150 miles in length, and 120 
 in breadth. It is a mountainous country, 
 yet produces as much corn and wine as the 
 inhabitants have occasion for, and has an 
 excellent breed of cattle. It yields much 
 salt, has rich mines of gold, silver, and 
 copper, and various sorts of precious stones. 
 The chief rivers are the Inn, the Adige, and 
 Eysach ; and contains 28 cities and larga 
 towns. This country is divided into four 
 parts ; viz. Tirol properly so called, the 
 bishopric of Trent, the bishopric of Brixen, 
 and four of the provinces of Suabia, which 
 are united to Tirol. It is bounded on the 
 N by Bavaria, on the e by Carinthia and 
 the archbishopric of Saltzburg, on the s 
 by part of the late territory oi Venice and 
 Trentina, and on the w by Switzerland and 
 the country of the Grisons. Inspruck is 
 the capital. 
 
 TIRY, Tiri, or Tyree, an island of 
 the Hebrides, belonging to Argyllshire,, 
 3 C 
 
T I V 
 
 TLA 
 
 about 21 miles w of the island of Mull. 
 It is about 11 miles long, by nearly two 
 and a- half broad, indented with many beau- 
 tiful bays. The surface is flat, and the 
 soil of the arable land is in general rather 
 sandy but fertile. There are no fewer than 
 24 small islets within the island, on one oJ 
 these is the ruins of a square castle, with 
 turrets, and the entrance by a draw- bridge, 
 on the site oi wh.ch a neat modern house 
 is erected. . The mills are very scantily 
 supplied with w^ater. Here are several 
 tumuli and stone obelisks over the graves 
 of heroes, who had fallen in battle. In this 
 island formerly stood the Deanery church 
 of the isles, and the ruins of many chap Is 
 are visible. The Society for propagating 
 Christian Knowledge have a school here. 
 Whinstone, granite, ironstone, limestone, 
 and variegated marble, now isuch in repute, 
 are found here. The population is above 
 1400. 
 
 Tiry, a parish in Argyllshire, ccmpre- 
 bendmg- the islands of Tiry, Coll, Guuua, 
 and several holms, and containing about 
 S457 inhabitants, who are in general 
 healthy, cheerlul, social, and hospitable. 
 
 Tirsehenreid, a town in the palatinate of 
 Bavaria, on a lake, 10 miles s of Egra. 
 
 TITERI, the middle or southern and 
 smallest province of Algiers, mountainous 
 and narrow towards the n, and extending 
 southwards far into the desert. The Anwali 
 mountains on the Isser rise to a great 
 height, but to the se are some of the highest 
 in the kingdom, called Felicia and Jurjura. 
 The former are rocky and nearly inacces- 
 sible, extending about 20 miles. Here | 
 dwell the Cabyis, an independe-.t tribe, 
 whom the Algerines have not been able to 
 subdue. In this province is a lake of its 
 came. The principal town in the province 
 is Belida. 
 
 Titicaca, or Chucuito, a lake in the i 
 audience of Charcas, Peru, 240 miles in | 
 circuit, of an oval form, into which man} ' 
 streams enter, but the w'ater is so muddy as ' 
 to be unfit for use. In this lake are several { 
 islands, and on the largest, called Titicaca, ! 
 Manco Capac, the first inca, erected the | 
 most splendid temple in the empire. 
 
 Titch field. See Tick field. i 
 
 Titiisberg, a mountain in the canton of ! 
 Uri, one of ibe highest in Sw isserland, 11 j 
 miles ssw' oi Alton. ' 
 
 Titsehie7i, New, a, town in the circle of i 
 Prerau, Aloravia, handsomely built and : 
 wailed, 28 miles e by n ol Prerau. , 
 
 Tittmaning, a town of Bavaria, Ger- 
 man}^ in the duchy of Saltzburg, on the 
 Salza, 20 miles nnw of Salzburg. j 
 
 Titul, a town of Upper Hungary, in the ! 
 county of Bodrog,. on the Teis-e, near its [ 
 junction with the Danube, 23 miles ese of 
 Peter wardein, mid 24 nnw. of Belgrade. 
 
 Tiveri07i, a borough in Devonshire, wiih 
 a market on Tuesday, and two annual lairs 
 Jt is seated;'?on the Ex _\vherQ Ht joins the 
 
 ! Loman, and has two churches, and a free 
 I grammar school, which has an endowment 
 j for the maiuteuanee of four scholars ol 
 I Cambridge, and lour at Oxford. Part of 
 j the ruins of a castle is still visible. The 
 I corporation consists of a mayor, 12 bur- 
 gesses, and 12 assistants, who enjoy the 
 exclusive privilege of electing tw^o members 
 to parliament. The number of inhabitants 
 in 181 1, 650<5. It has been noted for. its 
 great woollen manufacture, particularly of 
 kerseys ; but the trade at present chiefly 
 consists in the manufacture of serges, drug- 
 gets, duroys, sagaties, diapers, <fec. It lies 
 14 miles nne of Exeter, and 161 w by s of 
 London. Lon. 3 38 w, lat. 50 54 n. 
 
 Tiumen, a town of Siberia, in the pro- 
 vince of Tobolsk, on the Tura, where it 
 joins the Pischma, 170 miles sw^ of Tobolsk. 
 
 Tivoli, a celebrated town of Italy, 
 Campagna di Roma, and a bishop^s see. 
 Though now wretchedly poor, it is however 
 of greater antiquity than Rome itself, being 
 the ancient Tubor, which Horace says 
 was founded by a Grecian colony. It w^as 
 the favourite country residence of the an- 
 cient Romans, as Frescateis of the moderns. 
 In the cathedral of St Lawrence, is the 
 shrine of that martyr, and in the market 
 place are two images of Oriental granite, 
 representing Isis, an Egyptian deity. In the 
 vicinity are the remains o ’ the superb villa, 
 built by the emperor Adrian, a temple of 
 Vesta, a celebrated Cascade, a temple of 
 the Sybil Albunea, a noted villa, called the 
 Villa E.«teme, and the famous lake Soifa- 
 tara. Horace is supposed to have composed 
 I great part of his works in this favourite re- 
 treat. Tivoli is situated on an eminence, 
 on the river Teveroiie, 15 miles ene of 
 Rome Lon. 12 43 e, lat. 41 59 n. 
 
 Tiz, a town in Mekran, Persia, stands 
 amid hills, at the head of Churbar bay, 16 
 miles Nw of Churbar, and 80 sw of 
 Kidge. 
 
 Tizzano, a town in the duchy of Parma, 
 Italy, 13 milfs s of Parma. 
 
 TLASCALA, a province of North Ame- 
 rica, in New Spain, bonnded on the n by 
 Pantioo, E by the gulf of Mexico, on the s 
 by the province oi Guaxaca and the South 
 Sea, and on the w by the government of 
 Mexico. A chain of cultivated mountains 
 extends 55 miles on the w side, and the n is 
 au immense plain, elevated iq.wards ol 6C00 
 ieei above sea level, and uncommonly fer- 
 tile in wheat, maize, and fruit; iieuce it has 
 its name Tlascaia, the Land ol Bread. 
 The s part, (hough not so fertile, is adapted 
 for the production of sugar, cotton, and 
 tobacco. In this province are three re- 
 markable summits, the Popocatepelt, the 
 Peak of Orizaba, and the Coflre of Perote. 
 The two lormer are the most elevated in 
 New Spain, and the other is a mark for 
 mariners. This is the most populous coun- 
 try in all South' America. Puebla is tha 
 capital, , . ' 
 
T O B 
 
 THscalay a considerable town of North 
 America, in New Spain, formerly capital of 
 cl province of the same name, which makes 
 part of the audience of Mexico. It has ma- 
 nufactures of woollen and cotton, and is 
 situated on a river, 18 miles n by e of 
 Peubla, and 62 se of Pdexico. Lon. 99 I w, 
 lat. 19 30 N. 
 
 Tlemsan. See Tremesan. 
 
 TOBAGO, the most southward of the 
 West India islands, and the most eastward 
 except Barbadoes. It is 32 miles ion^ 
 from sw to nf, and about nine broad, and 
 near the ne extremity is Little Tobago, tw^o 
 miles long. The climate is not so hot as 
 might be expected from its situation so near 
 the eqaator ; nor is it visited by such dread- 
 ful hurricanes as frequetitly desolate the 
 other islands. It is agreeably diversified 
 with hills and vales, and is equal in richness 
 of produce to any of the islands in these 
 seas. It w'as declared a neutral island in 
 1748, but was ceded to the English in 1763. 
 The French took it in 1781, and had it 
 confirmed to them in 1783. The English 
 took it in 1793, restored it in 1802, and 
 retook it the following year. The princi- 
 pal place is Scarborough. It is 120 miles 
 s of Barbadoes. Lon. 59 0 \v, lat. 1 i 
 10 N. 
 
 Tobermoreiji a village of Scotland, on 
 the Nw' coast of the isle^ Mull, lately built 
 by the British Society, for the encourage- 
 ment of fisheries. It was begun to be built 
 in 1788, and contains 300 inhabitants ; and 
 has a custom-house ; a salt-store, a cooper- 
 age, and several handsome bouses. It has 
 a good harbour, in a fine bay. Lon. 5 
 ^9 w, lat. 56 46 N. 
 
 TOBOLSK, a government of Russia, 
 which comprehends the western part ot 
 Siberia, and is divided into the two pro- 
 vinces of Tobolsk and Tomsk. 
 
 Tobolsk, a considerable town of the 
 Russian empire, capital of Siberia, and of 
 the government of Tobolsk, and an archi- 
 episcopal see, seated on the Irtysh, at the 
 influx of the Tobol, and is divided into the 
 upper and low^er town. The upper town, 
 which is properly the city, is seated on a 
 hill, and encompassed by an earthen ram- 
 part, with a fort on its w side, in which aie 
 the governor's house, the archbishop^s pa- 
 lace, the exchange, and tw^o churches, all 
 built of stone. Besides these, in the town 
 are three wooden churches, and a convent. 
 In the lower town most of the houses were 
 of wood, but it was nearly consumed by 
 fire in 1786, and has been rebuilt mostly 
 with stone. Almost a fourth ot the popula- 
 tion, which amounts to 15,000, are Tartars ; 
 there are a number of Kalnuics, and the 
 rest are Russians, whose ancestors were 
 banished for their crimes, or exiled them- 
 selves. The Chinese caravans are obliged 
 to pass through this town, and ail the mrs 
 furnished by i^iutria are warehoused licre, 
 iii iheir progress to the Siberian chancery 
 
 T O K 
 
 at Moscow. Here are many artificers fur- 
 nished with tools and materials, but they 
 are indolent, owing to the abundance of 
 provisions. It is 1100 miles e by n of Mos- 
 cow, and 1209 e by s of Petersburg!!. Lon. 
 
 68 35 E, lat. 58 J2 N. 
 
 Tocantin, a large river of Brasil, which, 
 after a northerly course of 900 miles, 
 enters the estuary of the Para, above the 
 city of Para. . 
 
 Tocat, a large and handsome city ot 
 Turkey in Asia, in Roum, capital of a pro- 
 vince of the same name. The town stan.iS 
 on uneven ground, but the houses are haud- 
 some, and the streets are paved, which is 
 very uncommon in these parts. There aie 
 two rugged perpendicular rocks of niarble, 
 with a castle on each ; and the streams aie 
 so numerous that eaxh house has a fountain. 
 The inhabitants are estimated at 90,000, 
 consisting of about 20,000 Turlnsh lanniies, 
 4,000 Armenian, and 400 Greek. There 
 are 12 mosques, and a vast number of 
 chapels. The Armenians htive seven 
 churches, and the Greeks one. Besides 
 the silk of this country, they manufacture 
 eight or 10 loads of that of Persia, and 
 make it into sewing silk. Their chief trade 
 is in copper kettles, drinking cups, lanterns, 
 candlesticks, &c. Its territory abounds in 
 fruit and excellent wane ; and it may be 
 considered as the centre of the trade of 
 Turkey’". It stands on the Tozzan, 55 miles 
 N by w of Sivas, 180 w of Erzerum, and 
 250 irom Constantinople. Lon. 36 38 e, 
 lat. 39 55 N. 
 
 Tocayma, a town of Terra Firma, in 
 New Granada, seated on the Pati, near its 
 junction with the Madalena. Here are hot 
 baths between two cold springs, and in the 
 vicinity is a vol-cano, 34 miles w of St Fe. 
 Lon. 73 58 w, lat. 4 3. n. 
 
 Tockay, a town of Upper Hungary, in the 
 country of Zimplin, celebrated for wine, 
 and salt works. It is situated at tne junc- 
 tion of the Bodroel and Teisse, 75 miles 
 Nw of Great Waradin. Lon. 21 25 e, iat. 
 
 48 10 N. • , , . , 
 
 TOCRUR, a kingdom lying on both sides 
 of the Niger, to the E of Tomhuctoo, Negro- 
 land, the capital is of the same name, and 
 stands on die s side of the Niger, 320 miles 
 E of Tombuctoo. Lon. 6 18 w, lat. 16 
 
 . u , r P 
 
 Todi, an ancient tov;n in the duchy ot 
 Spoleto, Italy, on a hill near the Tiber, 22 
 miles s of Perugia, 22 e of Spoleto, tiTid 50 
 
 N of Home. . 
 
 Tafwey, a town in the department ot Am, 
 
 1 France, stands near the junction of the 
 
 I Safsne and Chalarone, with a college; 15 
 uiiie^ N ofiTrevoux. 
 
 Tokenburg, or Toggenburg, a county ot 
 Switzerland, which lies among higft moun- 
 tains, between the cantons of Appenzei and 
 Zurich, and now included in the canton of 
 . St Gall. It is ferule in cdrn, fruit, and 
 cattle, and divided into the Upper and Lowt^r, 
 
 II 3 C 2 
 
T O L 
 
 tolagd Bay, a bay on the ne coast of 
 the Northern island of New Zealand. Lon 
 ITS 24 E, lat. 28 21 s. 
 
 Toledo, an ancient, handsome, and trading 
 city of Spain, in New Castile, of which it 
 was formerly the capital. It is advanta- 
 geously situated on a conical hill, nearly 
 surrounded by the river Tajo, and on the 
 land side is an ancient wall, fiaaked with 
 100 towers. Here are a number of magni- 
 ficent structures, besides 17 public squares 
 where the n:arkefs are held. The cathe- 
 dral is the richest in Spain ; Segario, or prin- 
 cipal chapel contains J<5 large cabinets let 
 into the M^all, full of gold and silver vessels, 
 and other works. There are 38 religious 
 houses, with a great number of churches be- 
 longing to 27 parishes, and sonie hospitals. 
 It is an archbishos^s see, who is primate of 
 all Spain, has a royal castle, a famous uni- 
 versity, and several manufacteries of silk 
 and wool. The population once estimated 
 at 200,000 is now reduced to 25,000. With- 
 out the town are the remains of an aniphi- 
 theatre, and other antiquities. It is plea- 
 santly situated 37 miles 's of Madrid. Lon. 
 3 20 w, lat. 39 50 n. 
 
 Tolen, a fortified town in Zealand, Hol- 
 land, in an island ot the same name, near 
 Brabant, separated froiu Brabant, by a nar- 
 row channel, with a fort, on the Brabant 
 side, called Sechlykenburg, five miles nw 
 of Bergen op-Zoom. Lon. 4 20 e, lat. 51 
 30 
 
 Tolentino, a town in the marquisite of 
 Ancona, Italy. Here are kept the relics 
 of St Nicolas, It is situated on the river 
 Chiento, eight miles se of St Severeino, 12 
 miles sw of Macerata, and 88 nb of 
 Rome 
 
 Toleshnrg, a sea-port of Riga, situated 
 on the gulf of Finland, 60 miles w of Narva. 
 Lon. 26 4 e, lat. 69 38 n. 
 
 Tolja, a town in the patrimony of St. 
 Peter, Italy, has allum and iron mines, 
 quarries of alabaster, and lapis lazuli, and 
 warm baths in the vicinity, four miles ne 
 < of Civita Veechia, Z5 miles nw of Rome. 
 TolJwys, a town in Guelderland, Holland, 
 on the Rhine, eight miles e of Nimeguen. 
 
 Tolland, a town of Connecticut, chief 
 county, of its name. It was incorporated 
 in 1715, is a grazing district, 18 miles xe 
 of Hartford. 
 
 Tolmezo, a town of Italy in Friuli, on 
 the Tagiiamento, with a castle, has an ex- 
 tensive linen manufactory in the vicinity, 
 14 miles nw of Udina, and 50 ne of Kel- 
 
 lUDO. ^ 
 
 Tolmino, a town in the duchy of Carnio- 
 la, Germany, 12 miles n of Gloritz. 
 
 Tolna, a town of Lower Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, on the 
 Danube in a country producing excellent 
 wine, eight miles sw of Colocza, and 65 
 s of Bada. Lon. 19 15 e, lat. 46 30 x. 
 
 Tolnani, a town in the county of Bag- 
 laua, HindoostttD, 70 miles w of Burhain- 
 
 TOM 
 
 pour, and 124 E of Surat. Lon. T5 3 e> 
 lat. 21 15 N. 
 
 'lolometa, a sea port in Barca, Barbary, 
 the ancient Ptolemais, stands on the Medi- 
 terraneau, 80 miles w by n of Derna, 
 Lon. 20 40 e, lat. 32 52 n. 
 
 Tolasa, a town of Spain, in the province 
 of Biscay, and capital of Guipuscoa, stands 
 in a valley, between the Araxis and Oria. 
 It is not large, but is inhabited by a great 
 number of cutlers, whose work is in high 
 esteem, particularly their sword blades. It 
 was taken by the French in 1704. It is 
 37 miles sw of Bayonne, and 36 e of Bil- 
 boa. Lon. 2 5 w, lat. 43 12 n. 
 
 Tolu, a town of Terra Firma, in the go- 
 vernment of Carthagena, noted for its Bal- 
 sam, produced from a tree like a pine. It 
 has a harbour on a bay, 70 miles s of Car- 
 thagena. Lon. 75 26 w, lat. 9 30 n. 
 
 Toluca, a town in the province of Mexi- 
 co, New Spain, stands at the foot of a 
 mountain, in a fertile valley, 25 wsw miles 
 of Mexico. 
 
 TOMAHAWK ISLAND, an island on 
 the B coast of Patagonia, 24 miles wk of 
 SeaPs bay. 
 
 Tomar, a handsome town in Extrema- 
 dura, Portugal, on the Naboan, at the foot 
 of the mountains, where there is a castle 
 belonging to the knights of Christ. The 
 French, on their retreat, in 1811, burnt the 
 town, 40 miles s by b of Caimbra, and 65 
 N E of Lisbon. 
 
 Tombee, a town in the department of 
 .Dyle, France, eight miles s of Louvain. 
 
 Tomberlaine, a small island with a town 
 of the same name, on the n coast of France, 
 lying on a small gulf between Avranches, 
 and St Malo. 
 
 TOMBUCTOO, or Timbuctoo, a king- 
 dom of Africa, in Negroland, which lies to 
 the SE of the great desert of Zahara, and w 
 of Bambara, and e of Tocrur. It is fertile 
 in corn, coffee, and indigo, and produces 
 cattle, milk, honey, and wax, The houses 
 are constructed of hurdles plastered with 
 clay, in the form of bells, and covered with 
 reeds. The religion is Mahomedanism and 
 the better son of women have their faces 
 covered. Both men and women are fond 
 of dancing, and spend a great part of the 
 night in that exercise. The king, w^ho is 
 despotic, has 3000 cavalry, and a great 
 number of foot, who sell the captives taken 
 in war for slaves Tomhuctoo, capital of 
 the above kingdom stands in a piaiu sur- 
 rounded by sand hills, 12 miles n of the Ni- 
 ger. It has a stately stone nK)sque, and 
 royal palace, and is 12 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. The houses are spacious, and are 
 only one story. In Tomhuctoo are great 
 numbers of rich merchants, and weavers of 
 cotton cloth, and hither the cloth and other 
 merchandise, are brought by caravans from 
 Barhary, exchanged for slaves, ivory, sena, 
 gold dusr, dates, ostrich feathers <feo. brought 
 Iroiii the maritime parts of Africa, as well 
 
ton 
 
 a-* the interior. Water is convey^ to the 
 town by canals, when the river Niger is 1 
 overflowed. Instead of money, they make 
 use of small bits of gold. It is subject to 
 a well regulated police, 290 miles 
 of Sego, and 9T9 sw oi xMourzook. Ldn. 
 
 where was a temple of the sun, whose walls 
 as the Spaniards pretend, " 
 
 gold. It is 120 miles s of Quito. Lon. n 
 
 ^'^Tnmfna.^a't’own in the province of Char- 
 cas Peru, 60 miles ne of Plata. 
 
 famint,a townin the E coast of Celebes, 
 seated on a bay of its name. Lon. 1 10 o E, 
 
 roim4, a town of the 
 in Siberia, in the government of ToboUk, 
 and province of Tomsk. It 
 2000^ houses. In a wooden castle, 
 by cannon, are the cathedral constructed 
 of wood, the chancery, and an 
 The inhabitants carry on a great trade, it 
 being on the great road to all the E and ^ 
 parts of Siberia. It has numbers of trades- 
 men, and artificers, but they are indolent. 
 
 It is situated on the river Tom, 560 miles 
 E by s of Tobolsk. Lon. 84 19 E, lat. 57 
 
 Tondern.a. town of Denmark, in Sles 
 wick, and capital of a bailiwick of the 
 same name. It is well built. an<l 
 good trade in corn, cattle, silk, and lace. 
 Its ancient fortified palace is now in rums. 
 
 It stands on the Widaw, and on a bay of the 
 German Ocean, 28 miles se of R'V®"’ 
 
 40 NW of Sleswick. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. i>4 
 
 38 N. 
 
 Tondergarth, or Tundergarth, a, parish 
 m Dumfries-shire, about 14 miles m 
 and one and a-half in breadth, comprehend- 
 ing the declivity of a range ot hills which 
 lie along the river Milk. The surface is in 
 general level. The most prevalent Surname 
 is Johnston. Fundergarth castle, of which 
 remains are still visible, was the principal 
 seat of the ancestors of the marquis ot An- 
 nandale. Population is about 485. 
 
 TONG AT A BOO, one of tbe Friendly is- 
 lands, about 20 leagues in circuit, some- 
 what oblong from E to w. It was disco- 
 vered by Tasman, who called it new Arn- 
 sterdam, and visited by captain Cook m 
 1773 aud 1777. It has one of the best har- 
 bours or anchoring places to he found 
 among these islands. The land 
 all of an equal height, not exceeding 60 
 or 80 feet above the level ol the sea, and 
 very fertile, being wholly laid out in plan- 
 tations, with lanes for travelling. I^^^ ® 
 
 seat of government for all the other islands, 
 and the ordinary residence of the 
 chiefs. See Axmsterdam. Lon. I <4 4b 
 
 w, lat. 21 8 s. > u 4 
 
 Tongeren, or Tongres, a town in the ter- 
 ritory of Liege, Netherlands, seated on the 
 Jeckar, formerly one of the most nourish- 
 
 T O N 
 
 ing cities in the Roman province of Gnllia 
 Belo'ica. It suffered greatly m war, by 
 AttUa, king of the Huns, in 455, and by the 
 French, in 1677. It isJ2 miles sw of 
 
 Maestricht,and 13 NW ol xuege. 
 
 Tong-giUy a city of the first rank in Koe- 
 tcheouf China, and 50 miles sw ot Peking, 
 Lon. 108 37 E,lat. 27 40 N. 
 
 Tongho, a city of Pegu, capital of an ex- 
 tensive province of the same name, stands 
 near the Setang, and is famous for producing 
 thT Betel nut! Its fort is reckoned the 
 strongest in the Birman empire, 90 miles n 
 of Pegu. Lou, 96 45 B, lat. 18 45 N. 
 
 Tongland, or Tongneland, a parish m 
 Kirkcudbrightshire, eight miles long, and 
 four broad It its northern extremity, with a 
 fertile loamy soil, bounded on the E by the 
 Dee, and on the w by the Tarf, « jbich s 
 a valuable salmon fishery. Near the 
 church, the Dee forms a tram of beautiful 
 
 cascades, described in the sixth stanza of 
 
 the poem entitled the cherry and the 
 sla^ In the parish is a paper mill, and 
 contiguous to the church are the rums 
 of a Iriory, founded in the 12 century by 
 Fergus Lord of Galloway. Population 
 
 ^^°Tong-%hang, a city of the first rank in 
 Changtong, China, stands near the ” 
 the great canal, 210 miles s of Peking. 
 
 Lon. 116 12 B, lat. 36 30 N. 
 
 Tong-tchou, a small city of Pe-tche-li, 
 China, on the Pei-ho, 12 miles e by s of 
 Peking. 
 
 Tong-tchuen, a fortified city of China, 
 ^ ’ The inhabi- 
 
 in the province of Se-tchuen. 
 tants have all followed the ^ 
 
 arms from father to son. It is 1000 miles 
 sw of Pekin. Lon. 101 30 B, lat. 25 
 
 Tongue, a parish in Sutherlandshire, on 
 the s coast of that country, about 11 miles 
 long, and nearly the same broad, of which 
 only 714 acres are arable, the remainder 
 being pasture or waste lands. It is the 
 sole pioperty of lord Keay, and compre- 
 hends about 22 miles of bold and rocky 
 coast indented by numerous creeks, tre- 
 quented by immense flocks of Sea-fowl. I^n 
 the district are several mineral springs, one 
 ot which is strongly impregnated with sul- 
 phur. To the parish belong three small 
 fslands one of which 
 
 Tongue, which indents the parish for about 
 five miles and abounds m shell-fish, stands 
 Tongue House, an elegant seat of lord 
 Reay, and on its western shore are vesti- 
 ges of an ancient edifice, said f® 
 erected by Domadilla, king of the Scot.. 
 
 -“Cirri'S' r 
 
 eastern parts of Siberia, and are subject to 
 tbe Russian.^. They chiefly subsist by graz- 
 ino-, and hunting of sables. Both sexes are 
 very strong, and broad faced, and they all 
 ride on horseback, not excepting the girls 
 Their houses are constructed of wooden 
 
TON 
 
 p©les covered over with hair and rubbish, 
 with the fire in the middle, round which they 
 sit on turfs. They carry their houses along 
 wUh them when they change their dwellings. 
 The men and women dress alike in a kind 
 of frock, and boots of skin on their legs. 
 They are Pagans ; and water is their usual 
 drink. 
 
 Tonna, a town in the principality of 
 Gotha, Upper Saxony, six miles n of Gotha. 
 
 Tonnay Boutonne, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Lower Charente, France, on the 
 Boutoime, 17 miles n of Saintes. 
 
 Tonnay Charente, an ancient and con- 
 siderable town in the department of Lower 
 Charente, France, on the Charente, with a 
 castle. It is three miles e from Rochefort, 
 and 15 Nw of Saintes. 
 
 Tonneins, a town in the department of 
 Lot and Garonne, France, on the Garonne 
 two miles from its conflux with the Lot 
 and seven e of Marmande. 
 
 Tonnerre, an ancient town in the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, France, on the Armacon, 
 celebrated for good wines. It is 27 miles 
 SE of Troyes, and 102 e of Paris. 
 
 Tonnerre Mont, one of the new depart- 
 ments of France. See Mont Tonnerre. 
 
 Tonningen, a town in the duchy of Sles- 
 wick, Denmark, capital of a territory of 
 the same name; it has a commodious har- 
 bour, defended by three batteries, and stands 
 on a peninsula formed by the Ryder Its 
 fortifications were demolished by order of 
 the king in 1714, and its castle in 1734, 25 
 miles wsw of Sleswick, and 70 nnw of 
 Hamburg. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. 54 30 n. 
 
 TONQUIN, a kingdom of Asia, bounded 
 on the N by China, on the e by China and 
 the bay of Tonquin, on the s by Cochiji 
 China, and on the w by the kingdom of Lao. 
 
 It is about 450 miles in'length, and 3S0 in 
 breadth in the n, but only 70 on the s. To- ( 
 wards China is a large desert, and a chain 
 of mountains, through which there is only 
 one passage, defended by a wall ; yet it is 
 one of the finest and most considerable 
 kingdoms of the e, as well on account of 
 the number of inhabitants, as the riches it 
 contains, and the trade it carries on. The 
 vicinity of the sea, the number of rivers and 
 canals, the extensive irrigations required for 
 the cultivation of rice, and the periodical 
 rains moderate, the temperature of the air. 
 Maize and Turkey corn, potatoes, yams are 
 successfully cultivated, but rice is the 
 principal produce, two abundant crops of 
 which are raised in the year, and sometimes 
 between these a crop of pulse comes to ma- 
 turity in three weeks. The ox and buffalo 
 are used both for labour and food ; the I 
 horses are small and not much used, and | 
 they have goats and hogs in abundance. ! 
 The natives in general are of a middle sta- j 
 ture, and clean limbed with tawny com- 
 plexions. Their faces are oval and fiattisb, 
 and their noses and lips of a neat form! | 
 Their hair is black, long, lank, and coarse, j 
 
 TOO 
 
 They are generally dexterous, active, and 
 ingenious in mimhanic arts. They weave 
 a multitude of fine silks, and make curious 
 lacker works, which are exported to other 
 countries. The villages consist of 30 or 
 40 houses, surrounded by trees; In the 
 rainy season, they pass from one house to 
 another, wading through the water, or bv 
 the help of boats. They buy all their wives, 
 01 which the rich have several; but the 
 , poor are stinted for want of money. In 
 hard times, the men will sell both their 
 wives and children, to buy rice to maintain 
 themselves. Their religion is Paganism, 
 and yet they own a Supreme Being; their 
 idols have human shapes, but in very differ- 
 ent fornis. Every bouse has a little altar 
 on the side of a table, and two incense pots 
 on it. The first new moon after the middle 
 of January is a great festivel, which lasts 
 for 10 days, and they have another great 
 feast in May or June^j^ when their harvest is 
 got in. The language is very guttural, 
 and some of the words are pronounced 
 through the teeth. It has a great resem- 
 blance to the Chinese. They have several 
 mechanics, as smiths, carpenters, sav/yers, 
 joiners, turners, weavers, taiiojs, potters, 
 painters, paper makers, workers in lacker, 
 and bell-founders. The commodities are 
 gold, musk, silk, callicoes, drugs of many 
 sorts, woods for dying, lackered wares, ear- 
 then wares, salt, aniseed and wormseed. 
 The goods imported, besides silver, are salt- 
 petre, sulphur, English broad cloth, pepper, 
 spices, and gums. This kingdom is an 
 absolute monarchy, and became subject to . 
 Cochinchtna about the year 1800. Cachao 
 is the capital. 
 
 Tonsherg, a sea port of Norway, in the 
 province of Aggerhuys, seated on a bav, 
 has some commerce in timber, and at Wid- 
 loe, in the vicinity, the most extensive salt- 
 work in the kingdom, 30 miles w of Frede- 
 rickstadt, and 46 s of Christiana. Lon. 
 
 10 20 E,lat. 50 50 n. 
 
 TONTI, an island at the eastern extre- 
 mity of lake Ontario. 
 
 Tonnru, a town in Mysore, Hindoostan, 
 stands between two rocky hills, near an 
 immense reservoir of water. From some 
 ruins of its walls, it appears formerly to 
 have been a city of great extent. It has 
 three temples in good repair, 10 miles n of 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 TOOBOUAI, one of the Society Islands, 
 in the .South Pacific ocean, cot more than 
 five or six miles across in any part. It 
 was discovered by captain Cook. The hills 
 are covered with herbage, interspersed with 
 trees, is well stored with hogs and fowls, 
 and produces various fruits and roots. 
 Lon. 149 23 w, lat. 23 25 s. 
 
 Tootoch, a small low island, in Noolka 
 sound. 
 
 Toongabhee, a town at the head of the 
 harbour of Port Jackson, New South 
 \t'ales, 15 miles w by N of Sidney. 
 
TOR 
 
 Tovciif, a town in the North Riding; of 
 YoTk'hirC noar ThirsU, on the great N road, 
 has several good inns U ts seated on 
 
 the Swale, 24 miles n ot 
 
 Touel or Topi, a town in tbe Circle ct 
 
 P.lse^^, Bohemia, 
 
 rivnlet ot its name, 25 nnles of Pn 
 
 ""'ropetina, a town in the P^vinne of Me- 
 choacan. New Spam, stands at lo 
 of a river, near the Pacific ocean, 55 mats || 
 yw of Zacatula. 
 
 ri-' r\ n 
 
 Topli: 
 
 a town of Bohemia, in the cir- 
 
 c'e of Leitmeritz, famous lor its i 
 
 baths. In IT62, the Austrians obtained a , 
 victory over the Prussians in its vicinity. 
 
 Tt Jc irt mi'p.s NW of Leitnneritz. ! 
 
 Topolitza, a tow n of European Turkey, 
 in Moldavia, 12 miles sw of Niemecz 
 TopaHzan, a town of Hungary, 00 mil 
 
 town in Devonshire, situated at ihe conflu 
 IZe of the rivers Ex and Clyst, five miles 
 SE of Exeter, ot which it is the poit, with a 
 market on Saturday It consists 
 of one long street extending from N to s. 
 The quay is spacious and elegant, an n 
 ielonls tothe chamber of Exeter. Most 
 of the inhabitants are employed in the ship- 
 ping business. It contains about 2TaO m- 
 Lbitaiits, and has a fair on St Margaret 
 day, 170 miles sw of London. 
 
 Tor a town of Arabia Petraea, situated 
 on the Red sea, with a good ‘‘^fbour, do- 
 fended by a castle. It stands on ih,. sid. 
 
 . of a peninsula formed by tue two aims o 
 the Red sea. Here, in the 
 Greek convent, are fountains of bitter wa- 
 ter, pretended to be those which Moses ren- 
 dered sweet, by throwing in a piece of 
 wood, 150 miles ssE of Suez. Lou. .58 40 
 
 ^’TorblUa fine bay of the English chan- 
 nel, on ibe coast of Devonshire, a liUle to 
 the E of Dartmontb, formed by two capes 
 called Berry Point and Bons nose. The 
 prince of Orange-landed here in 1688, when 
 he arrived from Holland, to relieve the 
 country from popery and arbitrary power. 
 Berry Head is in Ion. 3 w, lat. 50 
 
 Torbia, a town of Piedmont, in the coun- 
 ty of Nice, with an ancient Gothic tower, 
 and in the vicinity numerous remains ot 
 Roman monuments; seven miles e oi 
 
 ^icG* • 
 
 Torhole, a town of Italy, in the bishopric 
 
 of Trent, 14 miles se of Trent. 
 
 Torcello, a town .seated on a small island 
 of its name, in the gulf of Venice, Italy, 
 has several churches, and a handsome nun- 
 nery. .seven miles n ot Venice. . m 
 
 Torda, or Torenhurg, a town Ox Tva,n- 
 sylvania, celebrated for its 
 miles W.VW of Clausenburg, ami 4<3 ^w ot 
 ilermanstadt. ' . 
 
 Tordesillas, a fortiSed town m Leon, 
 
 Spain, seated on the Douro. Here is a pa- 
 lace where queen Joan, mother ot Charles 
 V, ended her melancholy days, 15 miles sw 
 of’ Valladolid, and 75 ssE of Leon. 
 
 Tores, capital of a circar, in Bengal, 
 Hindoostan, 235 miles WNW of Calcutta. 
 Lon. 84 55 e, lat. 23 38 n. . ^ , 
 
 Torella de Mongris, a sea port in Catalo- 
 , nia, Spain, 37 miles s by e of Perpig- 
 
 Torello, a town in Catalonia, Spain, 
 stands near the mouth of the Ter. Here, in 
 IT94, the Spaniards were deteated oy the 
 French, 19 mdes e by s of Giromia, and 60 
 NE of Barcelona. . 
 
 Torqau, a town of Upper Saxony, m Mis- 
 nia, witha castle, seated amid groves and 
 lakes, on the Elbe. It has manutactnres 
 of cloth and silk, and is famous for excel- 
 lent beer. Here the Russians (if«ated the 
 Austrians in a great battle fought in ITo , 
 22 miles SSE of Wittemberg, and 27 ne ot 
 Leinsick. Lon. 13 3 e, lat. 51 52 n. 
 
 Torigny, a town in tbe department ot 
 Manche, France, with a castle, seven miles 
 
 SSE of St Lo. , . , 
 
 Tormes, a river of Spam, that has its 
 source in tbe mountains of Avila, in Castile, 
 
 1 flows by Alva, Tormes, and Salamanca, 
 and unites with tbe Douro, below Miranda 
 de Douro. 
 
 Toma, a town of Upper Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a county of its name, stands on an 
 eminence by tbe river Sayo, with a tjastle 
 
 22 miles n of Cassovia. Lon. 20 43 e, 
 
 lat. 48 50 N. . 
 
 Tornea a river of Sweden, which has its 
 source on the frontiers of Norvvay , forms a 
 lake of its name, and runs se into the guU 
 of Bothnia, at Tornea. - 
 
 Tornea, a town in Bothnia, Sweden, capi- 
 tal of a territory of the same name, in W 
 Bothnia, with a good harbour, stands on the 
 Tornea, at the n extremity of the gulf of 
 1 Bothnia. The houses are low, and by the 
 i extreme cold the inhabitants sometimes lose 
 their finp-ers and toes. Near it is an entire 
 mountain of iron ore. Here the Laplanders 
 in the vicinity exchange their furs, skins, 
 and other articles, for the commodities 
 which they need. It is 350 miles nne of 
 Abo, and 420 nne of Stockholm. Lon. 24 
 12 E, lat. 65 51 N. 
 
 i Toro, a town in Leon, Spam, on a hill 
 1 by the Douro, over w^hich is a bridge. It is 
 20 miles ene of Zamoro, and 30 nne of 
 Salamanca. 
 
 Torosay, a rugged and mountainous pa- 
 rish in Argyllshire, in Mull, on the e side of 
 that island, extending U miles in every di- 
 rection, and is indented by a number of bays, 
 in one of which called Loclibay a number of 
 large herrings are taken. Here are two 
 ' schools supported by the society for propa- 
 gating Christian knowledge. Population 
 
 about 1764. , x i ... 
 
 Torpichen, a parish on the western bor- 
 ders of Linlithgowshire, about mne miles 
 
TOR 
 
 oDg, and on an average two and a-half 
 broad. The village of Torpiohen lies on 
 the road from Edinburgh to Glasgow, about 
 15 Wiiles from the former, and contains 
 about 400 inhabitants. There is plenty of 
 excellent freestone, two valuable coal 
 mines, and several rich seams of ironstone. 
 Near the village are the ruins of an ancient 
 hospital, said to have been the chief seat in 
 Scotland of the knights of St John of Jeru- 
 salem. In the church yard is an erect 
 stone, at a mile distance from which, to- 
 -wards the four cardinal points, stand four 
 others, on each of which is a St John's 
 cross. Several eminent men have been pre- 
 ceptors of Torpicheo. The last was Sir 
 James Sandilands, ancestor of the present 
 lord Torpichen, on whom, at the reform.a- 
 tion, the revenues were bestowed in form of 
 a lay lordship, A mile e of the hospital is 
 an altar, composed of four rough stones, 
 supposed by some to have been the temple 
 of Terminus. To the nw are vestiges of an 
 an oval camp. Population about 1028. 
 
 loroTi, a town in Macedonia, European 
 Turkey, stands between the gulfs of Cassan- 
 dra and Monte Santo, 90 miles se of Salo- 
 nica. Lon. 24 10 e, lat. 39 15 n. 
 
 ^ Torquay, a village near the n side of 
 Torbay, Devonshire, which has a handsome 
 range of buildings for summer visitors, who 
 here enjoy a romantic situation, and conve- 
 nient bathing. In the neighbourhood is 
 KenCs hole, a cavern 20 yards long and 20 
 feet high, seven miles se of Newton 
 Bushel. 
 
 Torquemada, a town in Leon, Spain, 
 on the Arianza, 14 miles E by n of Paleu*- 
 oii. 
 
 Torre del Greco, a town of Naples, in 
 Terra di Lavoro. It is situated at the foot 
 of Mount Vesuvius, on the bay of Naples, 
 and was destroyed by an eruption of that 
 mount in I63J, and by another in 1794, 
 five miles se of Naples. 
 
 Torre de Moncorvo, a town in Tralos 
 Montes, Portugal, has walls defended by a 
 bastion, and a castle. It is 27 miles se of 
 Mirandela, and 42 ssw of Braganza. 
 
 Torre de las Salinas, a town in Valencia, 
 Spain, which carries on considerable salt- 
 ^*^*^*^* ^ lake formed of saline springs. 
 This is the most extensive salt-wmrk in all 
 Spain, situated 20 miles se of Orguela, and 
 37 NN-E of Carthagena. 
 
 Tbrrejb, a town in New Castile, Spain, 15 
 miles s of Madrid. 
 
 Torrcmacha, a town in Estremadura, 
 Spain, 10 m les s by w of Merida. 
 
 Torres Novas, a considerable town in 
 Estremadura, Portugal, sealed in a fertile 
 plain, with a castle, 38 miles n by e of 
 Santarem, and 65 ne of Lisbon. 
 
 Teri'es, a town in Grenada, Spain, with 
 a harbour on the Mediterranean, 45 miles sw 
 of Granada. 
 
 Torres Vedras, a town in Estremadura, 
 
 T O R 
 
 Portugal, strongly seated near the Atlantic, 
 seven miles n of Lisbon. 
 
 Torreximeno, a town in Andalusia, 
 Spam, nine miles w by n of Jaen, 
 
 Torridge, a river that rises in the nw ex- 
 tremity of Devonshire, near the source of 
 the Tamar, on the summit of a moor, not 
 far from the Bristol Channel, flows in an 
 easterly direction to Heatherly, where it 
 meets the Oak, winds to the n, and passing 
 Torrington and Biddeford, falls into Barn- 
 stable bay. The country through which 
 it passes is agreeably diversified and popu- 
 lous. ^ 
 
 Torriglia, a town of the territory of Ge- 
 noa, 14 miles ne of Genoa. 
 
 Torrington, a town in Devonshire, situa- 
 ted on the E bank of the river Torridge, 
 with a manufactory of stuffs. The town 
 principally consists of one long street, and 
 the inhabitants are chiefly employed in the 
 woollen manufacture. It has two churches, 
 a charity school, and several alms-houses, 
 and in the s part some remains of a castle, 
 Torrington is governed by a mayor, aider- 
 men, and 18 burgesses, and has a market on 
 Saturday, and three annual fairs. It is li 
 miles s by w of Barnstaple, and 194 w by s 
 of London. 
 
 Torridale, a river in Sutherlandshire, 
 which issues from the lake Laoghal in. the 
 parish of Tongue, and falls into the northern 
 ocean at the village of Torrisdale. Both 
 the river and lake abound with salmon, 
 trout, and Cher. 
 
 Torrs, a place in the bay of Kirkcud- 
 bright, where king William erected a strong 
 battery, while his fleet lay wind-bound 
 here, on its way to raise the siege of London- 
 derry. In the vicinity is a large natural 
 cave. 
 
 Torry, a small fishing village in Kincar- 
 dineshire, with a harbour and pier for small 
 vessels. 
 
 Torryburn, a town and parish in Fife- 
 shire, in the western extremity of the coun- 
 ty, upon the coast of the Frith at Forth, 
 extending about five miles in length and 
 two in breadth. The soil is in general good 
 aud well cultivated. The town of Torry- 
 biirn contains about 1200 inhabitants, and 
 possesses an exeel lent harbour, has a good 
 coasting trade, and an annual fair 2d Wed- 
 nesday of July. In the parish are several 
 excellent seams oi coal and ironstone. 
 Near it is the seat of Sir James Erskine of 
 Torry. Population about 1403. 
 
 Torshok, a town in the government of 
 Tver, Russia, seated on the Tverza. The 
 inhabitants subsist principally by the manu- 
 facture of articles made of green, red, and 
 yellow Turkey leather, 38 miles nw of Tver. 
 
 Torshalla, a town in Sudermania, Swe- 
 den, stands on the river that forms the com- 
 munication between the lakes Hielmar and 
 Maeler, near its entrance into the latter, 53 
 miles w \ of Stockholm. 
 
T O tl 
 
 Torsil-, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 
 
 <<3 miles w of Stockholm. 
 
 Torthorwald, a parish in Dumfnes-shire, 
 lyinff on the e side of the -Lochar 
 l^e arable lands are well cultivated, and 
 marl is foirind in great abundance. Inere 
 are two small villages, v.z. Norhorwald, 
 which contains above 130 inhabitants, and 
 Roucan, which contains above 140. Her. . 
 are two British camps, and the remains of a I 
 castle, on an eminence. Population about 
 
 TORTOLA, an island of the West Indies, 
 and the principal of the Virgin Islands. It 
 is about 18 miles long from e to w, and 
 about seven in its greatest breadth. It pro* 
 duces excellent cotton, and very, good sugar 
 and rum. The entrance into the harbour is 
 at the E end of the island. It belonged to 
 the Dutch, who built a strong fort, from , 
 which they were expelled by the English in | 
 16d0. Lon. 63 0. w, lat. 18 33 n. Sec 
 Virgin Islands. 
 
 Tortona, a town in the. Milanese, Italy. 
 
 It is situated on the Scrivia, and has a cita- 
 del on an emmence. In 1T44, it was taken 
 by the allies, in 1745 by the Spaniards, by 
 ^he French in 1796, by the Rnssians and 
 Anstricvns in 1799, and retaken by the French 
 in the same year, 42 miles s by w oi Milan. 
 Lon. 85 8 e, lat. 44 54 n. 
 
 Tortorellay a town in Pnncipato Citra, 
 Naples, five miles ne of Policastro. 
 
 Tortoricif a town in Val di Demona, 
 Sicily, 13 mUes sw^ of PattU . ^ 
 
 Tortasny a large town of Spam, in 
 Ionia, with a smaliuniversity, and citadel, 
 seated partly in a plain, and partly^on a 
 bill. It consists of the Old and h^ew town, 
 both surrounded with modern fortifioations. 
 The entrance is by a bridge of boats over 
 th“ Ebro. It is a bishop’s see, has a great 
 number of Churches, and religious houses ; , 
 the principal of which are the cathedral, the ■ 
 Toyal college of Dominicians, and the con- 
 vent of the Carmelites. Its trade is in silk 
 and oil, and very fine potter’s ware, which 
 resembles porcelain. It is situated m a 
 country abounding in corn and Iriiit, and 
 has mines of silver, iron, alabaster, Jasper ol 
 various colours, and quarries oi stone wi h 
 veins of gold. It has a trade also in silk, 
 oil, and potters ware, resembling porcelain, 
 ’ - and 98 
 
 55 miles sw of Tarragona. 
 
 Saragossa. Lon. 0 35 e, lat. 40 48 n. 
 
 TortGsa, a town of Syria, surrounaed with 
 lofty walls, stands near the Mediterranean, 
 with a casle, 35 miles nne of Tripoli. 
 
 TORTCE, or Tortuga, an isiand on 
 the N side of Hispiiniola, about seven lea- 
 gues long from e to w, and two broad It 
 drives fts aame from the great number ol ji 90 feet high 
 Tortoises found upon it, the s part is iertile, r i5 about a.500, a coi 
 but llirN t; and is infested j whom 
 
 with v/ild boars. It was the a:^sylnm ot j 
 the French buccaneers, has a sate harbour, j 
 Cayoua, its capital, is j 
 14 
 
 lor large vessels. 
 
 TOT 
 
 defended by a fort. Lon. 72 44 w, lat, 
 
 20 4 N. 
 
 TCHITUGA, a large uninhabited island 
 of South America. It lies near the W 
 coast ot Ttfrra Firma, 60 miles w of tha 
 island of Margaretta, and is about 30 miles 
 in circumference. At the e end is a large 
 salt pond, where the salt begins to kern on 
 April, and some months after ships come to 
 lade with salt. There are some goats on 
 the island, and the tortoises deposit their 
 eggs in the sand banks. Lon. 65 26 w, 
 lat. n 30 N. 
 
 Torwoody a small forest in Stirlingshire, 
 famous for having afforded shelter to Sir 
 William Wallace after his defeat in the 
 north, and a victory completed here by the 
 Scotch over the English, commanded by 
 Sir William Wallace, September 1 3th, 
 1297. Here the celebrated Donald Cargil 
 excommunicated king Charles II. for burn- 
 ing the covenant which he had solemnly 
 svvorn and subscribed, and for attemping to 
 overturn the constitution of the country, 
 both in church and state. 
 
 Tosa, a sea port of Spain, in Catalonia, 
 seated partly in a plain, and partly on a hill, 
 on the summit of which is a citadel and 
 other fortifications. It lies on a bay, and 
 has a good harbour, 57 miles ne of Barce- 
 lona. Lon. 2 54 e, lat. 41 4 % n. 
 
 Toscanella, an episcopal town of Italy, 
 in the patrimony of St. Peter, 35 miles n of 
 Rome. 
 
 Tosena, a town in W Gothland, Sweden, 
 
 20 miles wnw of Uddevalla. 
 
 Tosidy a town in Natolia, Asiatic Turkey, 
 stands on the side of a hill, and nas several 
 mosques, 85 miles ne of Angura. 
 
 Tost,\ town in the principality of Op- 
 peln, Silesia, has a castle, 25 miles ese of 
 
 Oppeln. . . 
 
 Taster, or Suster, capital of Kusistan, 
 Persia, seated on the Kayoon. In scripture 
 it is called Shusan, and the river Ulai. It 
 I was formerly a famous city, and contained 
 a palace of the kings of Persia. The houses 
 I are generally built of stone, but the streets 
 1 are narrow and dirty. The inhabitants, 
 composed of Arabs and Prussians, wero 
 above 15,000, and have manufactures of 
 rich cloths, silks, and stuffs, 190 miles wsw 
 of Ispahan. Lon. 48 58 E,lnt. 31 40 n. 
 
 Toinessy a town of Devonshire, situated 
 on the side of a hill, on the right bank of 
 the liver Dart. The town consists chiefly 
 of one broad street abouf three quarters of a 
 mile in lesgth. It formerly had a castle, 
 and walls, and two of its gates are yet 
 standing. Its ancient spacious church has a 
 line tower, and four pinnacles upwarus ot 
 The number of inhabitants 
 com idertv))le number of 
 in the woollen manu- 
 factnre, now in a very flourishing state. It 
 is governed bv a mayor, recorder, H3 burgo- 
 masters, and* 20 common councilrnen, on^ 
 3 D 
 
 of 
 
T O U 
 
 of.whom is the earl of Mouat EJgiComb 
 who claims this privilege as his hereditary 
 right. The two members who represent 
 the town in parliament are chosen by the 
 corporation. It has a market on Saturday 
 and four annual fairs. It lies 27 miles sw 
 of Exeter, and 196 w by s of London. 
 
 Tottenham High Cross, a large village in 
 Middlesex, five miles n of London. It is so 
 called froni a cross, which has existed here 
 from time immemorial. It is the residence 
 of many quakers. One of its three alms 
 houses was erected by Balthazar Zaiiches, 
 who accompanied Philip II. king of Spain, 
 to England, as his confectioner, and was the 
 first who introduced that art as a business, 
 into England. Loy^s Well, on the w side 
 of the road, is said always to be full, and 
 never to run over. 
 
 Totteridde, a village in Middlesex, on the 
 borders of Hertfordshire, with a fine man- 
 sion and park of its name, and many villas. 
 Jt W4S the resort of the citizens of London 1 
 as early as the reign of James I., two miles * 
 sw of Barnet, and 10 na w of London. 
 
 Tottington, a town in Lancashire, famous 
 for its trade and manufactures. Its popu- 
 lation in 1811, was 5917. It is four miles 
 WNW of Burg, 
 
 Tough, a parish in Aberdeenshire, near 
 Alford, about 22 miles distant from the 
 county town, ‘five miles long and three 
 ^rpad. The surface is irregular, but the 
 soil is in general good. Population about 
 6219. 
 
 Tout, an ancient and considerable tovi^n 
 in the department of Meurthe Fiance, lately 
 a bishop's see. It stands in a plain, on the 
 Moselle, almost surrounded by mountains. 
 The cathedral and late episcopal palace are 
 elegant structures. It is 15 miles w by s 
 of Nancy, and 34 w^sw of Metz. 
 
 Toulon, a celebrated city and sea port 
 of France, the chief town of the department 
 of Var, and lately an episcopal- see. It is a 
 very ancient place; having been founded 
 according to the common opinion, by a 
 Roman general. The inhabitants are about 
 80,000. It is divided into the Old Quarter 
 and the New Quarter. The Old Quarter, 
 which is ill built, contains nothing remark- 
 able, except the Rue aux Arbre, a kind of 
 Mall, and the townhouse ; the other, besides 
 the magnificent works constructed by 
 Lewis XIV, contains many fine houses, and 
 a grand oblong square, lined with trees 
 and serving as a parade. The harbour, re- 
 specting these two quarters, is distinguished 
 likewise by the names of the Old Port, or 
 the Merchant Port, and the New Port, which 
 are joined by a canal. The Merchant's 
 iiaveD> along which extends a spacious 
 quay, on which stands the town house, is 
 protected from the force of the waves by 
 two moles. The new haven, formed by 
 Lewis XIV, contains an arsenal, a rope- 
 walk, a park of artillery, dock yards, basons ; 
 on« of the is occupied by the dallies. 
 
 T o u 
 
 The Gallics slaves, many of whom are artf» 
 sans, and merchants, no longer sleep on boardy 
 but in a vast building on shore, constructed 
 for the purpose. Toulon is the only mart 
 in the Mediterranean for the re-exportation 
 of the products of the East Indies. Both 
 the Old and New Port have an outlet into 
 the spacious and outer road, or harbour, 
 which is surrounded by hills, and formed by 
 nature almost circular, and of very great 
 extent. In 1706, the town was nearly de- 
 molished, and many ships burnt by the allies, 
 in a bombardment both by land and sea ; but 
 they were at last obliged to raise the siege. 
 In 1721, it was subjected to the ravages of 
 the pestilence. The inhabitants were indu* 
 ced to surrender this city in trust, to the 
 British admiral lord Hood, who took posses* 
 sion of it, in the name of Lewis XVII., ia 
 the autumn of 1793; but the consequences 
 were dreadful. Toulon is situated on a bay 
 of the Mediterranean, 37 miles se of Mar* 
 seilles, and 517 ss of Paris. Lon. 5 55 B, 
 lat. 43 7 N, 
 
 Toul^fuse, a very ancient city in the de* 
 
 ; partment of Upper Garonne, France, and an 
 archbishop’s see. It is the most considera* 
 ble city in France, next to Paris and Lyons, 
 although its population bears no proportion 
 to its extent ; containing only 60,000 inha* 
 bitants. It was the capital of the Tecto- 
 sages, who made so many conquests in Asia 
 and Greece. It was next a Roman colony, 
 and was successively the capital of the Visi- 
 goths, who destroyed the amphitheatre of 
 which there are still some remains, the capi- 
 tal, and other Roman works,, and that of 
 Aquitaine. The streets are very handsome^ 
 and the walls of the city, as well as the 
 houses are built with bricks. The town 
 bouse forms a square 324 feet, and is 66 
 feet high, and occupies one side of tha 
 square, called the Place Royale. ThB 
 metropolitan church, and the episcopal pa« 
 lace are superb. In the great hall, called 
 the hall of illustrious men, is the statue of 
 the Chevallie Isauxe, and the busts of all 
 the great men born in the town. Commu- 
 nicating with the ocean on one side, by the 
 river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean^ 
 on the other, by the canal of Languedoc. 
 Toulouse might have been a very commer- 
 cial city ; but the taste of the inhabitants 
 has been principally directed to the sciences^ 
 and belles lettres. The little commerce of 
 Toulouse consists in leather, drapery, blan- 
 kets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercery, hard- 
 ware, and books. Near it is a manufacture 
 of indigo from the woad plant. The bridge 
 over the Gc.ronne forms the commumoatiou 
 between the suburb of St. Cypriau and the 
 city. The quays extend along the banks of 
 the Garonne. Toulouse is 37 miles e of 
 Aucb, 125 sEof Bourdeaux, and 350 s by w 
 of Paris, 
 
 Tour, a town iu the department of Puy 
 de Dome; Fraoce, 22 miles s of Cler^ 
 mouti 
 
T O U 
 
 ■TOtTRAlNE, a late province of 
 tThe river Loire runs through the 
 THs 58 miles in length, and 55 m breadth, 
 and is watered by several other 
 commodious for trade, and is, m g®“®[® ’ 
 so oleasant and fertile a country, that it is 
 caUeTthe Garden of France. It now forms 
 the department of Indre and Loire, of which 
 
 Tours is the capital. , 
 
 ^ Tour la Blanche, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, France, 15 miles nw of 
 
 de Roussillon, a town in the de- 
 partment of the Eastern Pyrenees, Fra®®®’ 
 ftandson a hill near the Tet, three miles e of 
 
 Pin, a town in the department 
 of Isere, Fr.vnce, on a river of its name, 24 
 
 "Site f “wo lo .1,. 
 
 Sambre and Meuse, France, 13 miles ne of 
 
 ^^Tour la ville, a town in the department 
 of La Manche, France, separated from 
 Cherburg by a river. It is celebrated by a 
 
 sflass manufacture. ^ . 
 
 Tourancourchy, a town in the Carnatic, 
 Hindoostan, 35 miles ssw of Tntchinopoli. 
 
 Towrnan, a town in the department of 
 Seine and Marne, France, 20 miles esb of 
 
 ^^ll'urnay, a handsome and considerable 
 city in Flanders, Netherlands, and a ® 
 
 see, with a strong castle. The cathedral, 
 and the abbey of St Martin are magnificent 
 edifices. In 1T09, it was taken by the 
 allies, and ceded to Austria at the peace of 
 Utreck but « ^^s allowed a Dutch gar- 
 rison. as one of the barrier towns. In 1T45, 
 the French took it, and destroyed its loiti- 
 fications, but it was restored in 1 <48. in 
 1781, the emperor compelled the Dutch to 
 withdraw their garrison. The Ft®^ t®®b 
 it again, in 1792, abandoned it m 1^93, and 
 retook it on the conquest of F<anders m 
 1794. It is a large trading place, with 
 several fine manufactories, and particularly 
 famous for good stockings. It is situated 
 on both sides of the river Scheldt, over 
 which is a bridge, 14 miles sb of D’®‘®> 
 and 30 ssw of Ghent. Lon. 3 24 e, lat. 50 
 33 N. 
 
 Tourrtebem, a town in the department of 
 Pas de Calais, France, nine miles nw ot 
 
 St Omer. , ^ . r 
 
 Tournony a town in the department ot 
 Ardeche, France. It is situated on the side 
 of a mountain, by the Rhone, has a castle 
 and a fine college ; 40 miles w of Grenoble, 
 
 and 48 s of Lyon. . , 
 
 Tournus, an ancient town in de 
 
 partment of Saone and Loire, France, 
 situated on the river Saone, 15 miles s ot 
 
 Chalons. , , i 
 
 Tours, an ancient, large, rich, and ton- 
 siderable city, capital of the department of 
 Indre and Loire, France. It is advan- 
 tageously situated on the Loire, and near 
 
 T R A 
 
 r the Cher. Over the former is one tJf the 
 finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 15 
 elliptical arches, each 75 feet diiimeter. 
 The principal church is noted for the deli- 
 cacy of its structure. Mosaic pavement, 
 curious clock, and rich library of manu- 
 scripts. In one of the suburbs is the ab- 
 bev of Marmoutier, reckoned the most 
 ancient in the west. In the vi® "/y 
 Plesis de Tours, a palace built by the su- 
 perstitious and profligate Lewis XI. who 
 died here in 1463. Under the ministry of 
 Cardinal Richlieu, no less than 27,000 per- 
 sons were here employed in the silk manu- 
 facture ; but, at present, the whole n^mto 
 of inhabitants is not more than 33,000. 
 The red wines of Tours are in great re- 
 pute. Tours is 52 miles ne of Poitiers, 
 and 127 sw of Paris. Lon. 0 42 e, lat 4T 
 
 Touseroy a town of Barbary, Africa^capi- 
 tal of Biledulgerid, dependent on Turns. 
 Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 32 30 n. 
 
 Towcestevy a small town in Northampton- 
 shire, situated on the small river Weedon. 
 
 It is ancient, populous, and handsome, 
 chiefly consisting of one long, and very 
 broad street. It was once strongly fortift - 
 ed, and the Wattling street passes through 
 it. The inhabitants are exclusively employ- 
 ed in the manufacture of lace and silk. It 
 has a market on Tuesday, and two annual 
 fairs,' nine miles wsw of Northampton, 
 
 32 sE of Caveiitry, and 60 nw of London. 
 
 Toivie or Towie-Kinbatiocky a hilly 
 parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, about 
 i^hree miles and a-half long, and tw<j broad, 
 watered by the Don. There 
 freestoue, and granite in the parish. Here 
 are several mineral springs. Population is 
 about 528. 
 
 Towridge, See Torrtdge. 
 
 Townstall, a town in Devonshire, near 
 Dartmeuth, with a tower 69 feet high, which 
 is used as a sea mark. t? 
 
 Towtouy a village in the 
 Yorkshire, three miles se of 
 Hereon Palm-Sunday, March 29th, 1461, 
 a bloody battle was fought ^^etween the 
 forces of Lancaster, and Edward, duke of 
 York, which lasted 10 hours, quarter was 
 neither asked or given, more than one third 
 prrt of the troops%ngaged fell,, amounting 
 to 36,775, and victory declared m favour of 
 Edward, who, in consequence became king, 
 
 bv the title of Edwavd IV. 
 
 ^Touiy, a river of S Wales, which rises m 
 Cardiganshire, and passing by Caermarthen, 
 enters the Bristol channel. . 
 
 Towyn a town in Merionethshire, Wales, 
 seated on the Desynni, at its 
 George’s channel. In its venerable .^hurch 
 are several good monuments, 
 
 XrMi yard fre two rude stone .^eUsks 
 11 miles s of Barmouth, and 218 wnw ot 
 
 "'“rteohenturp, a town ot Silesia, ejUa^ 
 of a principality of the same name, with a 
 
 3 li 2 
 
 V 
 
1 K. A 
 
 fine castle, on the Bartch. The vicinity 
 abounds in corn, cattie, and timber. It is 
 26 miles nnw of Breslau. 
 
 Trafalgar, a cape or promontory of 
 Spam, m Andalusia, at the entrance of the 
 ^raits ol Gibraltar, 30 miles sb of Cadiz 
 This cape will ever be memorable for one 
 ot the jijeatest naval engagements recorded 
 m history, tought off it upon the 2Jst oi 
 October 1805, between the British, consist- 
 ing of 27, sail of the line, and the French 
 and Spanish fleets of 33. The defeat of 
 
 nineteen 
 
 ships of their line were taken. :unk, or 
 destroyed, and the rest being dispersed, four 
 Ol them afterwards shared a similar fate. 
 
 commander-in-ehief. Admiral 
 Viileneuve, and two Spanish Admirals wero 
 wade prisoners. This signal v.etory was 
 Obtained without the loss of a single Mtish 
 
 “‘e hero 
 
 who atchieved tae honours of that glorious 
 day, received a mortal wound on the eve of 
 vietory, which closed a life that had been 
 evotfcd, to the defence of his native land. 
 Ion. 6 2 w, lat. 36 1 1 n. 
 
 Trugonara, a toVn in Capitaaata, Naples, 
 &%) rmlos A W OI Lucera. ^ ^ 
 
 “ Komania, Euro- 
 pean lurkey, seated on the Marissa, a.nd 
 
 bishop s see. It is situated on the Marissa, 
 40 miles s by w of Adrianople, and 135 w 
 DyN of Constantinople. 
 
 Trryesto a town of Naples in the Terra 
 d Lavora, bmlt on the site of the ancient 
 fp, ** ®d-ualed near the mouth of 
 
 the Carigliaiio, in the Mediterranean. Here 
 
 ^worV.?'*'® amphitheatre; 25 mUes 
 ivw of Capua. Lon. 14 4 e, lat. 41 20 N. 
 rmn^ a town ol Bavaria, on the Ambs, 
 
 Ingolstadt.' and 20 e of 
 
 a town of Sicily, in the Val di 
 Demona, situated on a mountain, at ti-« 
 source of the Traina, 25 miles aw of Cata: 
 uta, and 39 w of Taormina. 
 
 Tra/ee, the shire town of Kerry, in Mun- 
 ster Ireland, at the mouth of the Le at 
 the head of a large bay of the Atlantic of 
 
 ^ a«d a town- 
 
 cieik, and sends one member to tbe im- 
 
 penal parliament. Near the town is a 
 chalybeate spring. Vessels of 50 or 60 
 tons, cannot come within a mile of the 
 
 kIsw of -d 
 
 Tralkbcrg, a town in Schonen, Swedeji 
 near the Baltic, 10 miles s of Lund. Lon’ 
 i-2 68 E, lat. 55 20 v. 
 
 tiK-If ^ province of Por- 
 
 L * ^ by Gallicia, 
 
 Kcir. 1 ^'"f^s-Cohro-e-Minho, and 
 fceira and on the .s by Beira and a part oi 
 Leon ft ,s fertile i„ wine and oil, Ld a- 
 
 Alira* * tbcDouroimetsccts it. 
 miranoa is (he capitcil. 
 
 'irunchin, a hiindsome town of Upper 
 
 1 K A 
 
 Hungary, capital of a county of the same 
 name abounding in mineral springs. It^ls 
 50 miles ke of Presburg. ^ *® 
 
 Tramore, a. town in the county of Water- 
 ford Ireland, stands on the declivity of a 
 
 bay of Its name, and is much frequented by 
 sea bathers, six miles s of Vfaterford ^ 
 IrancGso, an old town of Portup;al in 
 lrd-ios-Moii(es, with a castle. It is nine 
 miles V/ of Piubel. 
 
 Iranent, a small town in Ea.?t Lothian 
 on the post road bet^^een KaddiD^ioc and 
 Edinburgn. The chief dependence of the 
 tov, n IS on its cotil-works. It is a neat built 
 
 ri’792%f'""‘"\'’>'^‘>‘EdinburS! 
 The n^lh 1 inhabitants. 
 
 The parish lies on the Frith of Forth, and 
 
 IS about stx miles long and three broad 
 
 Uv "■‘‘Of® is cul- 
 
 tivuteA except about 100 acres. The soil 
 espectally towards the coast is inferiorio 
 none in Scotland. The villages of Port Se- 
 en and Cockenzie are in this parish. 4t 
 t ockenzte the manufacture of common salt 
 ^ earned to a great extent. 'I'he battle of 
 Pieston, in which colonel Gardiner was kil- 
 
 e ij ‘0"^*“ ^‘‘'■‘fy i“ ‘bis parish, the 
 held of battle lying about half a mile s- of 
 
 Trina“r^’T®"u "“Ofob in ‘be church of 
 Tran.mt, In the town is a weekly market 
 manufacture of linen, nails, loci, a tan! 
 ntry, several friendly societies, and a pari.sh 
 fi^oekenzie is a fair first Thurs- 
 day of November, chiefly for flax. In the 
 parisb IS tbe extensive distillery of St Tle- 
 ments wells, and chalybeate spring. Coal 
 
 abtatmT® 
 
 Tram, a haud.some and populous town of 
 Naples, tn the llerra di Bari, is an archbi- 
 -nop s see, and the residence of the governor 
 ol the province. It is injured by the ohok- 
 harbour, and stands on the gulf 
 of Aenice, 26 miles w by n of Bori, and 125 
 
 ^ oy e of Naples. Lou. 16 36 e, lat. 41 
 
 J S N . 
 
 Tranguebar,a town in the peninsula of 
 Jdindcosian, in the territorv of Tciiiore It 
 IS surrounded by a wall and bastious,' has 
 three ciirisiian cimrehes, a large mosque, 
 and severe pagodas. It has a fon and a 
 ! Idclory belonging to the Danes, who pay 
 an annual to the rajah. I„ |807, u was ta- 
 ken by the English. It is situated at the 
 mouth ol the river Caiivery, 165 miles s of 
 Madras. Lon. 79 57 E,lat. ii ( k 
 
 TRANSYLVANIA, a.'eountry of Europe, 
 
 hpTi bo'»»led on 
 
 j I i? ^‘‘dgoO’ and Poland, on the 
 
 E by Ajolnavia and Walachia, on the s by 
 Walachia, and on the w by Upper and Lo- 
 t'er Hui,gary. It is surroiin-.led on all parts 
 
 -'.t^higli numiitaiiis; and abounds in con 
 i! '.iiu v.iiie,ai,d rich mines uf gold, silver, lead 
 
 ill. It IS aboiii 
 fdO in breadth. 
 
 J W- * . -..4 » , 1 iJ i li CO U J ^ fJX 
 
 copper, quicksilver, ami alum. 
 Ib2 miles in lericth, and 
 
 . . lou in oreaatii 
 
 alter vuiiods revoiudons it was ceded to th< 
 
T R A 
 
 louse of Austria, in whose priaces P«“- 
 ce-ses the government has been iiered.tary 
 
 since 1709. The inhabitants protess various 
 
 'elisions : here are Roman Catholics, u- 
 rberans. Calvinists, Soamans, Armimans, 
 Greeks, and Mahoraedans. Hermstadl is the 
 
 siwn or Traw, the capital of the above 
 counlv, containing 4800 inhabitants, siuia- 
 tedon thd gulf of Venice, 27 miles sE of H 
 
 ^^'rrafiani, or Trapitno, a town on the w j 
 side ol Sicily, in the Val di Mazara, with i 
 a harbour, anciently called Drepauum, from 
 the form of its harbour, ft has a good trade, j 
 famous salt works, and fisheries ot coral , 
 and tunnies. It is situated on a small pen- j| 
 insula, 28 miles N of Mazara, and 56 inil^s 
 w of Palermo. Lon. 12 aa E, mt. 38 | 
 
 TraouiVy (more properly Stratbquair,) a i 
 parish hi Scotland, in Peebles- shire, Ijang 1 
 on the s bank oi the Tweed, extending about 
 nine miles in length, and from four to live 
 in breadth, and containing 17,290 acres. 
 
 The low grounds, though the soil is shallow, 
 are tolerably fertile and the bills afford ex- 
 cellent sheep pasture, large ravens, and the 
 true game falcon frequent the rocks. Lead 
 ore and galena are found, and a birch wood, 
 now consisting of four or five trees, is the 
 scene of the beautiful Scottish song entitiert 
 the Bush ahoon Traqucdr, Traquair iioii^se 
 the seat of the earl of Traquair is (^light- 
 fully seated on the s banks of the Tweed. 
 Population about 613. 
 
 Trarbach, a town of Germany, annexed 
 to France in December 1707, and included 
 in the department of the Rhine and Moselle. 
 
 It has a fortress on a mountain, and stands 
 on the Moselle, 22 miles ne of Treves, and 
 47 w by N of Mentz. Lon, T 6 e, lat. 49 
 
 <58 N. . ,p 
 
 TraUf a sea port of Dalmatia, on the gul 
 of Venice, seated on a small island vrhich 
 communicates w’ith the mainland by a long 
 bridge of wood, with the isle of Bua, ny one 
 of stone. It is a bishop’s see, 27 miles se 
 of Sebenico. Lon. 17 52 b, lat. 44 Ox. 
 
 TRAVANCORE, a province of the pe- 
 ninsula of llindoostan, extending along t e 
 coast of Malabar from cape Comorin to 
 10 15 N lat. 140 miles in length, and 70 in 
 breadth at its Northern extremity and gra- 
 dually narrowing to the s. It is subject to 
 a rajah, who is allied to the English. 
 
 Travancorey a town of llindoostan, capi- 
 tal of a province of the same name, defended 
 by strong and extensive lines, 1 10 miles ssw 
 of Madura, and 230 sse of Calicut. Lou. 
 
 77 15 E,lat. 8 25 N. „ 7 . • 
 
 Trave, a river in the duchy of Holstein, 
 liOwer Saxony, which passing Segeberg, 
 Oldeslo, and Lubec, falls into the Baltic at 
 Travemunde. 
 
 Trammunde, a strong town of Lower 
 Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein. It stands 
 at the mouth of the Trave, and is the port 
 
 T R E 
 
 of Lubec, and is 12 miles ne of that city 
 
 Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 54 1 N. 
 
 Travers, a town in the territory of Neu- 
 chatel, Swisserland, 11 miles w of Neucha- 
 
 Traunstein, a town of Upper Bavaria, 
 with a castle of its name, on the Traiin. 
 
 Here are made great quantities of salt, from 
 water brought from Keichenhall, over moun- 
 tains, a distance of 14 miles, by means of 
 pipes and engines ; 16 miles wnw of Salz- 
 burg. 
 
 I Trayguera, a town of Valencia, in Spain, 
 
 I 30 miles s of Tortosa. . ,7- • 
 
 Trautenau, a town m the circle ot llom- 
 i gingratz, Bohemia, 21 miles n of Konigui- 
 
 ^ Trehhin, a towm in the Middle Mark, 
 i Brandenburg, 22 miles ssw of Berlin. ^ 
 
 I treasury islands, lying from Ion. 
 
 34 to 156 B, and from lat. 6 38 to 7 30 s. 
 
 Trebia, a river of Italy, which has its 
 source in the territory of Genoa, and run» 
 ning by Babbio in Milanese, falls into the 
 Po, a little above Placentia. 
 
 Trehigna, a towui of European Turkey, 
 in Dalmatia, seated at the mouth of the 
 Trebeuska, on the gulf of Venice, and is a 
 bishop’s see, 14 miles n of Ragosa. _ 
 
 Trebisond, a large town of Asiatic 1 ur- 
 key in Roum, and a Greek archbishop s 
 see. The walls, built of the ruins of anew 
 ^ ent structures, on which are inscriptions not 
 legible, are square and high, with battle- 
 ments The castle stands on a fiat rock, 
 strengthened by ditches. The houses are 
 one story high, and the town is interspersed 
 with gardens. The harbour is at the e end 
 ! of the town. It stands at the foot of a very 
 steep hill, on the Black sea, 104 miles nw 
 of Erzerum, and 160 ene of Tocat. Lon. 
 39 30 B, lat. 41 0 N. 
 
 Trebissiaei, or Trebisaccia, a town of 
 Naples, in Calabria Citeriote, on the gulf ot 
 Tarento, 10 miles ene of Cassaiio. 
 
 TrebU:, a town of Moravia, seated on the 
 In-lau, with a mauufacture of cloth, iron, 
 and glass, 21 miles sK of Iglau. 
 
 JVebnitz, a town of Silesia, m the princi- 
 pality of Oels. It has a Cistertian nunnery, 
 and lies 12 miles K of Breslau. 
 
 Tre6se«,a town in Misma, Upper Saxony, 
 on the Mulda 14 miles e by s of Leipsic. 
 
 Treecastk, a town of Brecknoeksh.te 
 South Wales, formerly an extensive borough 
 and market town. It has many annual 
 fairs 13 miles w of Brecknock. 
 
 a town ol North Wales m 
 
 Caernarvonshire, noted tor a f ? 
 
 strongly impregnated with common salt, and 
 
 for hlvin/bad a palace of Llewelyn the 
 Great, three miles from Idanwryst. 
 
 Trefurt, a town 
 
 and territory of Upper 
 
 Sat’onv, in Lower Hesse, with a casdie on a 
 
 hul near the Werra. The town is 36 miles 
 
 town of South Wales in 
 Cardiganshire, with a market on Thursday, 
 
T R E 
 
 stands on a branch of the Tyvy. It has a 
 handsome church, and several annual fairs^ 
 15 miles SE of Aberistwitb, and 204 w by k 
 of London. 
 
 Tregony, a decayed town in Cornwall, 
 situated on the river Fale. It is governed 
 by a mayor, a recorder, and seven capital 
 four'iC^ses, and sends two members to parlia- 
 ment, elected by the potwaliopers. The 
 chief manufacture is that of serge. It has 
 an inconsiderable weekly market, and four 
 annual fairs. It lies six miles e of Trero, 
 12 KNE of Falmouth, and 153 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Treguier, a sea port in the department of 
 Cotes du Nord, France, stands on a peninsula 
 near the English channel, and lately the see 
 of a bishop, 22 miles nw of St JBrieuc. Lou. 
 
 3 13 w, lat.48 47 N. 
 
 Trelleborg, a sea port of Sweden, in 
 Schonen,on the Baltic, 26 miles s of Lund, 
 and 30 se of Copenhagen. Lon. 13 26 e, 
 lat. 55 26 y. 
 
 Tretshnish, or TresJiunish Isles j a cluster 
 of small uninheibitfcd islands of the Hebrides, 
 belonging to Argyllshire, about four miles w 
 of the Isle of Mull. 
 
 Tremesan, or Tlemsan, a city of Algiers, 
 in the province of Mascara, inhabited by 
 poor Arads, Moors, and Jews. It was the 
 residence of pow'erful princes, in the time of 
 the Arabs, but is not now above one-fifth of 
 its former extent. Its ancient masterpieces 
 of architecture have disappeared, and its 
 once flourishing manufactures of carpets and 
 woollen coverlets are in a state of decay, 
 100 miles ssw of Oran. Lon. 1 12 w, lat. 
 
 34 56 N. 
 
 TREMITI, the name of three islands of 
 Italy, in the gulf of ’'^^encie. They are 
 called Capraiio, St Nicholo, and St F)omi- 
 no, and are 15 miles from the coast of Capi- 
 tariata. St Nicholo is the principal, and 
 has a castle, and a Benedictine convent. 
 Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 42 10 n. 
 
 lYemotiilley a town in the department of 
 Vienne, France, stands on the Bennaiie, 35 
 miles E by s of Poitiers. 
 
 Tremp, a town in Catalonia, Spain, seat- 
 ed on the Noguera Pallaresa, 20 miles n of 
 Baiaguer. 
 
 Trenschin, capital of a county of its 
 name, in Hungary, seated near the Waag, 
 has an ancient castle on a rock, and is 
 famous for its hot baths, 70 miles nne of 
 Presburg. Lon. 18 0 e, lat. 48 58 n. 
 
 TRENT, THE TRENTINO,a principa- 
 lity, lately a bishopric of Germany, in the 
 s part of Tyrol, siiuated among the Alps, 
 w^hich divide Italy from Germany. It pro- 
 duce excellent w ine. 
 
 Trcnty ail ancient, populous, and consi 
 derahle towm of Germany capital of the 
 above principality. It is situated at the 
 foot of Alps, on the river Adige. It has 
 a castle, a cathedral, a college, three parish 
 churches, and some convents ; and is cele- 
 brated in church history for a famous oo^un- 
 
 T R E 
 
 oil which sat here from 1545 to 15BS; 
 lJurmg the late wars this city was several 
 imes in the possession of the French 6T 
 ■niles NW of Venice. Lon. 10 55 lat.’ 48 
 
 Trenty a large river of England, running 
 a course of near 200 miles. It rises from 
 three springs to the w of Leek in Stafford- 
 shire, and running se through the county to 
 tbe sw borders of Derbyshire, receives the 
 Tame, and, flowing ne, divides the two 
 counties till it receives the Dove, then crosses 
 the s angle of Derbyshire, a part of Not- 
 tmgham and Lincolnshire, and on the bor- 
 ders of Yorkshire meets the Ouse, where 
 their united stream forms the Humber. 
 This river is of itself navigable from Bur- 
 ton to Staffordshire, and communicates by 
 canals with the Mersey, the Severn, and the 
 Thames. 
 
 Trenty Q. Tiver of North Carolina, which 
 joins the Neus at Neuburn, where it is three 
 quarters of a mile broad. 
 
 Trentony a town of Hunterdon county- 
 capital of the state of New’’ Jersey, situated 
 on the e side of Delaware river, opposite 
 the falls. This town, with Lamberton, 
 which joins it on the s, contains 2000 inha- 
 bitants. It has a flourishing academy, and 
 four places for public w^orship. It is 34 
 miles NE of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 50 w 
 lat. 40 15 N. ^ 
 
 Trentony the chief town of Jones county, 
 
 N Carolina, stands on the Trent, 18 miles 
 sw of Neubern. 
 
 Trentony a town of Hancock county, 
 district of Maine, opposite the ne of Mount 
 Desert island, 30 miles ENExif Castine. 
 
 Treporty a towm in the department of 
 Lower Seine, France, stands on the English 
 Channel, at the mouth of the Bresle, and is 
 the port for the town of E«, about two 
 miles distant, 17 miles ne of Dieppe. 
 
 TreptOy a town and castle of Upper Sax- 
 ony, in Hither Pomerania, duchy of Stettin, 
 on the Tollensee, and borders of Mecklen- 
 burg. It is 25 miles n of New Strelitz, and 
 43 KE of Stettin. 
 
 TreptOy Newy a town of Further Pomera- 
 nia, stands on the Rega, near its mouth in 
 the Baltic, and has manufactures of woollen 
 stuffs, and stockings, 16 miles ene of 
 Camin. 
 
 Trequiry a sea port in the department of 
 North Coast, France, 22 mib s nw of St 
 Brieiix. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 48 47 n. 
 
 Treseuy or Trosoy a sea port of Sweden, 
 in Sudermania, 35 miles sw of Stockholm, 
 
 Lon. 17 29 e, lat. 59 0 n. 
 
 Tretkimrowy a tow n of Lower Volhynia, 
 
 45 miles below Kiow. 
 
 Trenenhrietzeny a town in the Middle 
 3Iark, Brandenburg, 20 miles s of Branden- 
 burg. 
 
 TREVES, or Tieus, a late archbishop- 
 ric and electorate of Germany, in the circle 
 of the Low'er Rhine, bounded on the s by the 
 palatinate of the Rhine and Lorrain, w by 
 
tre 
 
 X niiemliurc, N by tha electorate of Cologne, II 
 bv Watterlvia. It is about 100 nules 
 
 Sind E by "WQ-^tcrciviti . ^ - ^ 
 
 fn len-rth, and from 20 to 50 in breadth. I> 
 
 is uU o mountains and forests but n^sar 
 the rivers Rhine and Moselle the soil is 
 
 fruitful, abounding m e 
 
 small pan of this electorate lies on ih. e 
 
 ^Idforthe Rhine, ^^“^^1 
 
 indemnity to the prince of 'y**, 
 
 burg, in 1800 ; but the ptmojipdl part w 
 thellhine is now annexed to fraime, and i 
 iScluderin the departments of Rhine and 
 
 TrcMs! or ^TriTs, a large, populous, and 
 celebrated city, late of Germany, capital of 
 an archbishopric of its name, . 
 
 France in December 1797, and capit 
 the department of Sarre. It is ® ^ 
 
 gee. and has a castle, an university, and 
 „any fine churches and palaces and num - 
 
 composed by the Jesuits of the college of 
 Louis le Grand. Trevoux is situated on 
 .ae river Saone, 12 miles n of Lyons, and 
 188 s by E of Paris. Lon. 4 51 e, lat. 45 
 
 ^^Treysa, a town of Germany, in II 
 Hesse, and capital of the county of Zie, 
 stands on a hill, near the Schwalm, 16 
 miles ENE of Marburg, and 32 sw of Cassel, 
 Tretzzo, a town of Italy, m Milanese, 
 stands on the Adda, on the borders Of th® 
 Bergamasco, 18 miles nk of Milan. 
 
 Triana, See Rancagua, 
 
 Triangle Island, a small island, one ot 
 the Bahamas. Lon. 69 53 w, lat. 20 51 n. 
 
 Trihau, a town in the circle of Jimuts, 
 Moravia. 30 miles nv/ of Olmutz. 
 
 Triberg, a town in Brisgau, Swabia, seat- 
 ed on the Guttaoh, 15 miles ne of Fn- 
 
 fous remains of antiquity 
 
 burg. 
 
 ,uence orthe wars is "now neither large nor 
 nXus. Treves is situated on the river 
 Moselle, over which is an elegant g ^ 
 between two mountains covered with vine- 
 yards, 20 miles of Luxemburg, and 55 s 
 by E of Cologne. Lon. 6 43 e, Ut. 41 
 
 Treves, a town in the department of 
 Card, France, 12 miles e of Vigan. 
 
 Trevi, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Snoleto, 12 miles n by w of Spoleto. 
 
 ^Trevico, a town of Naples, mPrincipato 
 Ultra, 25 miles e of Benevento. , 
 Trevier, de Courtes, St, a towm in th 
 department of Aine, France, 20 miles nnw 
 
 •f Bouts: en Bresse, . , 
 
 Trevier enDombes, Si, a town in the c - 
 partment of Ain, France, 18 miles sw of 
 
 Bours: en Bresse. ^ 
 
 Treviglio, a town in the Milanese, Italy, 
 
 17 miles ENE of Milan. . 
 
 Trevino, a town of Spain, in Biscay 
 stands on a hill, near the Aguda, with a 
 citadel, 10 miles s of Vittoria. 
 
 Trepfsamo.a marquisate in the late aristo 
 cratio state of Venice, transferred by the 
 
 treaty of Presburg to tae kiag 
 ke Joil is so fertile, that it was called the 
 Garden of Venice. It produces corn, wine, 
 and wood, and exports cattle, “1 
 
 woollen cloths. Treviso is the principal 
 
 JVecMC.ror Trevigio, a large ,aud ancient 
 city of Italy, capital of Trevisano, and an 
 Sishop "see.^t is situated on the river 
 Sile, at the junction of the PlaveseUa. 
 is the residence of many noble families, and 
 had a university, which was transferred to 
 Padua, 18 miles nnw of Venice. L,on. 12 
 
 18 E, lat. 45 44 N. , , 
 
 Trevonx, an ancient town in the depart- 
 meat Of Ain, France, and betore 
 tion, capital of the principality of Dombes. 
 The most noted edifices are the ancient 
 mint, the late parliament house, the g^^er- 
 uor^s house, and the printing oflice. ine 
 Utter is famous for the literary journals 
 
 Tribsees, an ancient town of Pomerania, 
 on the frontiers of Mecklenburg, which 
 commands the pass into that country, stands 
 oh the Trebel. It is 22 miles ssw of Stra^- 
 sund, and 28 ese of Rostock. , ^ ^ . 
 
 Tribstadt, a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germany, 
 in the duchy of Deux Fonts; 16 miles ene 
 of Deux Fonts. 
 
 Tricala, a towm of European Turke} , 
 in Macedonia, on the Strimon,50 miles ene 
 
 tricala, a towa in Thessaly, European 
 Turkey, near the Salembria, 36 miles w by 
 
 s of Larissa. , , 
 
 Tricarico, an episcopal town of Naple.s, 
 in Basilicata, 13 miles se of Acerenza, and 
 
 21 sw of Malera. . 
 
 Trieeto, a town in Calabria Citra, Naples^ 
 
 14 miles se of Scalea. 
 
 Tricolore, a town in the Carnatrc, Hin- 
 doostan, where Tippoo Sultan was 
 by the English in 1790, 44 miles w of Pen- 
 
 a town and district of Italy 
 10 miles N of Udiiia. 
 
 Triers. See Treves. 
 
 Triest, a small and ancient town of Ger- 
 many, in Caniiola, with a harbour on a 
 euli of its name, which is the nb part of 
 the gulf of Venice. The harbour is spa- 
 cious, defended by a wall and bastion. I he 
 town is seated on the side of a hill, on the 
 i top of which is a castfe, in which the gover- 
 nor of the town and territory resides. A 
 , beautiful suburb stands on the nw side of 
 I the town, where formerly were salt pits 
 The inhabitants estimated at 30,000, have a 
 considerable trade in salt, oil, almoiub, mon, 
 &c. brought from Laubaoh. In 17J<, it 
 was taken by the French, but evacuated 
 the same year, and in 1809 >t was mided by 
 Autsria to France; and is U miles N of 
 Capo d^ Istria, and 80 ne of Venice. Lon. 
 
 ^‘^Triesu'hland% small island at the 
 bottom of Campeachy, w of Port Rojal 
 island, about three leagues from e to w. 
 
T R I 
 
 T R I 
 
 Triniy the county town of Meath, in 
 Leinster, Ireiand, seated on the Boyne. It 
 is governed by a sovereign, a recorder, and 
 town-clerk. It was formerly walled round 
 and of great strength. It has a strong 
 castle, and the ruins of another. Here was 
 an abbey, a gray, and dominican friary ; 
 and in the immediate vicinity are the ruins 
 of a beautiful abbey, of a priory, and of a 
 monastery. At a small distance are the 
 ruins of several castles. Trim has a char- 
 ter«chool, and a barrack ; and is 27 miles nw 
 of Dublin. Lon. 6 48 w, lat. S3 32 n. 
 
 Trincomale, a town of Asia, in the e side 
 of Ceylon. The harbour is reckoned the 
 finest in the E Indies, and is defended by 
 two forts, Trincomale and Ostenburg, the 
 latter stands upon a cliff, projecting 1500 
 paces into the sea. The circumference 
 within the walls is about 13 miles. In 1782 
 the English took it from the Dutch, and w’ets 
 taken by the ‘French the same year, restored 
 to the Dutch at the peace of 1783, and re- 
 taken by the English in 1795. It is si- ! 
 tuated on a gulf of the same name, JOO i 
 miles KNE of Candy. Lou. 81 52 e, lat. 8 
 45 N. 
 
 Trincomahj, a town of Hindoostan, in 
 the Carnatic, 45 miles ssw of Arcot, and 52 
 WNw of Pondicherry. | 
 
 Tring, a small town in Hertfordshire, I 
 seated near the Grand Junction canal, with 
 a market on Friday, and a fair September 
 29tb. It has a good trade in corn, a hand- 
 some church, and a charity school It 
 lies 22 miles w of Hertford, and 31 wnw of 
 London. 
 
 Trinidad, a town of Terra Firma, in ! 
 New Granada, seated on the Madalena, 5S ■ 
 miles Kw of Santa Fe. Lou. 73 45 w, lat. 4 i 
 45 N. I 
 
 Trinidad, or Trinity, a small island in 
 the South Atlantic Ocean, due e off Spiritu 
 Santo in Brazil. Lon, 41 20 w, lat. 20 I 
 30 s. 
 
 TRINIDAD, or Trinidada, an island 
 near the coast of Terra Firma, at the n 
 part of South America. It partly forms the. 
 gulf of Paria, from which it is separated by 
 a channel 10 miles wide, and from Cumana 
 on the w, by the gulf of Paria, and is much 
 larger than any other upon the coast. It is 
 36 leagues in length, and 18 or 20 in 
 breadth, but the climate is rather unhealthy, 
 and little of it is cleared. The island pro- 
 duces sugar, fine tobacco, indigo, ginger, 
 a variety of fruit, some cotton, and Indian 
 corn, and has abundance of fine timber trees. 
 Here flourish many trees brought from Ota- 
 heite and the E Indies ; and cinnamon is 
 abundant. The whole amount of the cul- 
 vated land is about 34,000 acres. The 
 lake Brea, or of Pitch, covers about 150 
 acres, and is capable of supplying all the 
 dockyards of Great Britain. In 1595, this 
 island was taken by Sir Walter Raleigh ; 
 and in 1676, by the French, who plundered 
 and left it. In 1797, it was taken by the 
 
 . British and ceded to them at the peace of 
 I Amiens. It is situated between 59 and 62. 
 w Ion. and 10 n lai. The chief town is St, 
 Joseph. 
 
 Trinidad, a city of New Spain, provinc© 
 of Guatimala, seated near the head of a bay 
 of the Pacific Ocean. Acajutia, its port, is 
 two miles from the city, and is the nearest 
 , landing to Guatimala, for all merchandise 
 that comes from Mexico and Peru, and 
 therefore a great trading place, 110 miles 
 ESE of Guatimala. Lon. 90 80 lat. 13 46 n, 
 Trinidad, a sea-port on the s part of the 
 island of Cuba. The town was almost de- 
 stroyed by a hurricane in 1812; several 
 ships in the harbour were sunk, and others 
 driven on shore, 40 miles sw of Spiritu 
 Santo. Lon. 80 10 w, lat. 21 48 n. 
 
 Trinidad, an open town of Veragua, in 
 North America, New Spain, seated near 
 the mouth of a river that enters the Cari- 
 bean sea, 20 miles se of Conception, Lon, 
 81 23 w, lat. 8 40 n. 
 
 Trinidada, three rocky islets in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, 600 miles e of Spiritu Santo, 
 in Brasil. On the largest which is about 
 three miles in circuit, the Portuguese hav^ 
 a small garrison to prevent contraband 
 trade with the Brasils. 
 
 Trinity, a sea-port on the n side of Mar- 
 tinico, has an extensive and safe harbour, 
 and a good trade. 
 
 Trinity- Cask, a parish in Perthshire, and 
 in the district of Stratherne, formed by the 
 united parishes of Kinkell, and Wester- 
 Gash. It stretches for several miles along 
 the banks of the Erne, and is in general 
 level and fertile ; A Roman road leading 
 from Stormont to Ardoch passes through the 
 parish. A spring of w'ater, in this parish 
 was formerly supposed to have the virtue 
 to preserve every person who was baptized 
 with it from the plague. At Kinkel, is an 
 antibuTgher meeting-house, where the Rev, 
 John Muckersie, author of a well known 
 catechism, w^as long minister to a numerous 
 congregation. Population about 769. 
 
 Trinity Isle, lies near the coast of Pata- 
 gonia, in South America. Lat. 50 37 s. 
 
 7riW(?,atown of Piedmont, in Montferrat. 
 
 Its fortifications are now nrariy destroyed. 
 
 It lies eight miles nw of Casal. 
 
 Trinomaly a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doosUm. Here, in 1768, the troops of Hy- 
 der Alley were defeated by the British, 45 
 miles ssw of Arcot, and 52 wnw' of Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 Tripatore, a town in Marawar, Hindoo- 
 stan, 36 miles ene of Madura, and 55 sw 
 of Tanjore. 
 
 Tripoli, a considerable city of Africa, in 
 Barbary, capital of a country of the same 
 name, with a castle and a fort, and surround- 
 ed by a wall with six bastions, The prin- 
 cipal mosque, fronting the basbaw^s castle, 
 is an elegant structure. The houses of the 
 consuls and better sort of the inhabitants are 
 built of stoue, and whitewashed; those of 
 
T R 
 
 iTie infenoT orders are constructed of snsall 
 stones and mortar, and are ot a square torm, 
 with flat roofs, and have no windows to 
 the street. The streets are remarkably 
 clean. The numerous bazars are kept in 
 the best order. The harbour, defended by 
 a mole, is capacious, and admits of sjips 
 not drawing more than 1 8 feet water. 1 he 
 population is estimated at 25,000, among 
 whom are Moors and Jews. The latter 
 carry on all the traffic of the place, and 
 fabricate all the gold and silver ornaments 
 for the Arab and Moorish women. Hence 
 are exported drugs, barilla, ^alt, trona, 
 skins, ostrich feathers, gold dust, ivory, 
 dried fruits, and dates, some of which are 
 brought from Morocco, Fezzan, and other 
 interior parts. Tripoli was taken b} the 
 emperor Charles V. who settled the knights 
 of Rhodes here, but they were expelled by 
 the Turks in 1551. It is situated on tne 
 coast of the Mediterranean, 275 miles ssE 
 iof Tunis. Lon. 13 12 e, lat. 32 5 N. 
 
 TRIPOLI, a country of Barbary, on the 
 Alediterranean. It is about 925 miles along 
 the sea coast, from Ike gulf of Cabes to 
 the s extremity of the gulf of Sidra, but 
 the breadth is various. On the coast are 
 luimerous harbours, and some of them capa- 
 cious, and in a fine country, but the interior 
 is not fertile, and the e part is a desert. It 
 has the carre of a kingdom, but is now go- 
 verned by a bashaw, who is nominally sub- 
 ject to the Porte. 
 
 Tripoli, an ancient and considerable towu 
 of Asia, in Syria, on the Mediterranean, de- 
 fended by a citadel. All the houses have 
 fountains belonging to them. There is one 
 handsome mosque,. The inhabitants ar© 
 nearly 60,000, consisting of Turks, Christi- 
 ans, and Jews. It is the residence of a ba- 
 shaw, who governs the adjacent country, 
 which abounds in mulberry trees and other 
 fruits. It has a harbour two miles v/ from 
 the town, before which is a sand bank, that 
 increases so much, that in the course of 
 time it is likely to destroy the port. On 
 each side is a bulwark to protect the en- 
 trance. Coarse silk, used for laces, is the 
 chief article of commerce. It is 120 miles 
 s ot Scaudarooii, Lon. 38 20 e, lat. 34 
 50 N. 
 
 Tripolizza, capital of the Morea, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, stands in the valley of Tegea, 
 beneath one of the tops of the mountain 
 Maenaleon, and is surrounded by a strong 
 stone wall with bastions, and has a square 
 fort on an eminence. The palace of the 
 pacha is a large quadrangular edifice con- 
 structed of wood, with a spacious court in 
 the centre, and galleries round the four 
 sides. Here are six Greek churches, and 
 four mosques. It is the residence ot the pa- 
 triarch 01 Morea, and its chief trade is in 
 corn, wool, &c. It is a modern town, and 
 the port is Lerua, 30 miles n of Misitra. 
 Lon. 22 34 e, lat. 37 40 n. 
 
 Tripura, a town in the pravinc© of Coim- 
 15 
 
 betore, Hindoostan, stands on the Noyelar, 
 with a fort in the vicinity, called Palat, 
 
 27 miles Nxw of Daraporam. 
 
 Trist, an uninhabited island ot Aew 
 Spain, on the coast of Tabasco, in the bay 
 of Campeacby, separated, on the e, from 
 the isle of Pert Royal, by a narrow chan- 
 nel. It is five miles in length, and almost 
 as much in breadth. The E point is in Ion. 
 
 92 45 w, lat. 18 15 N. . , , • 
 
 TRISTAN D’ACUNHA, an island in the 
 Atlantic ocean, 15 miles in circumference. 
 
 The land rises gradually to a great height 
 in the centre of the island, where there is a 
 lofty conical mountain, covered with tree?. 
 
 The coast is frequented by albatrosses, pen- 
 guins, seals, and sea lions. Lon. 15 38 w, 
 lat. 37 8 s. 
 
 Tritchinopolij, a town of the Carnafic, 
 Hindoostan, encompassed by a double wall 
 flanked with towers, and surrounded by a 
 ditch. In 1751, it was taken by the Eng- 
 lish, 30 miles w of Tanjore, and 208 ssw ot 
 Madras. Lon. 78 46 E, lat. 10 49 N. 
 
 Trivadi, a town in the Carnatic, Hrfl* 
 doostan, has a pagoda, for its citadel, 2o 
 miles sw of Pondicherry. , 
 
 Trivento, an episcopal town of Naples, 
 in the country of Molise, stands on a hill, 
 near the Trigno, ii miles n of Molise. 
 
 Trochtdjingen, a town of Swabia, on the 
 Smeieha, 16 miles n of Buchau, and 29 s ot 
 
 Siutgard. , i .u 
 
 Trogen, a town of Switzerland, and the 
 principal place of the protestant part of the 
 canton of Appenzel, has manufactures of 
 cloth, and near it is a mineral spring, seven 
 miles NNE of Appenzel. , 
 
 Trcja, a populous town of Naples, in Ca- 
 pitanata, on the Chilaro, 32 miles ene of 
 Benevento, and 60 nw of Naples. Lon. 
 
 15 E, lat. 41 2! N. 
 
 Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivers. 
 Troina, a town in Val di Demoua, Si- 
 cily, celebrated for fine limber, 40 miles w 
 
 of Taormina. . 
 
 Troki, a town of Lithuania, capital ot a 
 palatinate of the same name, stands among 
 lakes, 1 8 miles w of Wilna, and 85 ne ox 
 G rodno. Lon. 25 13 E, let. 54 38 N. 
 
 Trolhattc, a town in W Gothland, Swe- 
 den, has four cascades that fall 100 feet in 
 the space of two miles. A canal for vessels 
 to pass by these falls is cut through the 
 midst of rocks, 45 miles nne of Gotbe- 
 
 Tronda, or Trondray, a small island of 
 Shetland, about three miles and a-half long, 
 
 by two broad. • .i ^ 
 
 Tron, St, or St Trauen, a town in the 
 territory cf Liege, Netherlands, with a Be- 
 . nedicune abbey. It is 13 miles from Mae.^ 
 iricht, and 21 Kw of Liege. . . r 
 
 : Troon, a point of land in the parish of 
 
 iDundonald, Ayrshire, jutting into the I rith 
 
 ] of Clyde, near Irvine, at the extremity of 
 which is a curious octagonal structu^ 
 
 modern ©rection. 
 
 Here is a harbour affori^ 
 3 S 
 
T R O 
 
 jng s-afe anchorage at ail times of thei; 
 tide. 
 
 Tropea, di small town of Naples, in Cala- 
 bria Ulteriore, stands on a rock in the gulf 
 of St Eufeinia, 10 miles nw oi’Nicotera. 
 
 TropeZi a sea port in the department 
 of Var, France, stands on a bay of the Me- 
 diterranean, and has a citadel, 12 miles sw 
 of Frejus, and 38 ene of Toulon. Lon. 6 
 40 E, lat. 43 16 n. 
 
 Troppaii, a large, strong, and handsome 
 town of Upper Silesia, capital of a principa- 
 lity of its name, belonging partly to Austria 
 and partly to Prussia, seated in a fertile 
 
 1 K 
 
 U 
 
 country, on the Oppa. It has an ancient 
 palace, an university, three churches, four 
 convents, and a cornmandery of the order of 
 St John. It is the seat of the regency for 
 all the Bohemian part of Silesia, and was 
 captured by the Prussians in 1741, and 
 again in ]7<56, but restored to Austria, by a 
 treaty after each capture, 40 miles n by e 
 of Olmutz, and 90 sse of Breslau. Lon. 
 17 54 E, lat. 49 52 k. 
 
 Troqiieer, or Troqmre, a parish in Kir- 
 cudhrightshire, lying on the river Nith, op- 
 posite the town of Dumfries, and having 
 commuDioatiou with it by a handsome 
 bridge, at the end of which is a considerable 
 Village, named from its situation Bridge-end. 
 The parish is about seven miles and a-haif 
 long by four and a- half broad. . The soil is 
 fertile and well cultivated. In the parish 
 is a popish chapel, a school endowed by 
 the society for propagating Christian know- 
 ledge, and near Bridge-end, excellent mills 
 foj every kind of corn. Population about 
 2774. See Bridge-end,. 
 
 Trosachs^ certain rugged and stupendous 
 masses of rocks in Perthshire, on the road 
 leading to Loch Catterin. The general 
 appearance is as if a mountain bad been 
 shivered, and the fragments of w^oods, rocks, 
 <fec. scattered around on both sides of the 
 lake for tw’o miles of its length, 10 miles w' 
 of Callander. 
 
 Tro. p, a village in Banffshire. 
 
 Trowbridge, a populous town in Wilt- j 
 shire, stands on a hill by the Were. It has , 
 long been considerable for the manufacture 
 of broad cloth and kerseymeres, and has a ij 
 market on Saturday, and an annual fair I 
 2Jth duly. In 1801, the population was 
 /i799, and in 1811, 6075. It is 23 miles sw^ 
 of Marlborough, and 99 w of London. 
 
 Trcg, was an ancient and famous city of | 
 Asr-a, near the Archipelago. There are I 
 sfill as many of the ruins remaining, as to! 
 
 it stood. Lon. 26 3() e, lat. 
 
 .'■hew where 
 39 40 N 
 
 Trog, a post towm in New' York, the 
 largest in Reniselaer, is seated on the e 
 side of rhe Hudson, and is a place of cciisi 
 derable trade, three nules s of Lausinburg. 
 
 Troyes, an aiicient, large, rich, and hand- 
 some City, capital of the department ol 
 Aube, France, with ti ct.stle in which the 
 ancient counts of Champagne resided. It is 
 
 surrounded by good walls, but the houses 
 are mostly of wood, and there is a scarcity 
 of water. It is a bishop’s see. Its com- 
 merce, once very llourishiug, now consists 
 only in some linens, dimities’, fustians, wax 
 candles, and wine. It is situated on the 
 river Seine, 28 miles e by n of Sens, and 
 82 ESE of Paris. Lon. 4 5 e, lat. 48 
 18 N. 
 
 Trugillo, a towm of Terra Firma. 120 
 miles s of the lake Maracaybo. Lon. 7 40 
 w, lat. 9 46 N. 
 
 Trumpington, a village two miles s of 
 Cambridge, still famous for the ruins of the 
 mill commemorated by Chaucer in his 
 Miller\s Tale, 
 
 Trims, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 country of the Grisons. It is situated on 
 the Rhine, seven miles w of Ilantz. 
 
 Truro, a towm in Corinvall, one of the 
 best in the county. Here and at Badmin 
 are held the summer assizes alternately. 
 It has the benefit of the coinage of tin, and 
 its chief business is in shipping tin and cop- 
 per ore. Here is also a manufactory for 
 converting block tin into bars and ingots. 
 Truro has undergone a complete alteration 
 of late years. Its central situation, trade, 
 improvements, and buildings, may be said 
 to entitle it to the denomination of the me- 
 tropolis of Cornw'all. Here, after the bat- 
 tle of Naseby, the forces of Charles 1. under 
 lord Hopeton, surrendered to general Fair- 
 fax. It is governed by a mayor, who 
 claims also to he mayor of Falmouth, four 
 aldermen, and 20 capital burgesses, who 
 elect tw^o members to represent the towm in 
 parliament, and a recorder, and contains 
 about 4542 inhabitants. Truro has tw'o 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and 
 four annual fairs. Truro stands between 
 the rivers Kenw}*!! and St 'Allen, at the 
 head of Falmouth haven, 10 miles n of Fal- 
 mouth, 79 w by s of Exeter, and 257 w by s 
 of London. 
 
 Truro, a towm of Nova Scotia, in Halifax 
 county, at the head of a narrow gulf in the 
 bay of Fundy, 40 miles n by w of Ha- 
 lifax. 
 
 Truro, a town of Massachusetts, situated 
 in Barnstaple county. It is on the n part 
 of the peninsula of Cape Cod, nine miles s of 
 Priucetown, and 57 se of Bosion. 
 
 Truxillc, a considerable town in Estre- 
 madura, Spain, stands on the side of a hill, 
 on the summit of W’'hich is a citadel, near 
 the Magasoa, and' is noted as the birth place 
 of the celebrated Francis Pizarro. It is 70 
 miles N’E of Bada joz, and 90 ^W’ of Toledo. 
 Lon. 5 43 w, lat. 39 26 x. 
 
 Truivillo, a towm of New Spain, in the 
 government of Honduras, with a good har- 
 bour, on the gulf of Honduras, situated three 
 miles from the sea, between iw'o rivers, the 
 mouths of w’liich, and some islands before 
 them, form the harbour, which is the prin- 
 cipal one on the coast, 140 miles xe of 
 Valladolid, Lon. 86 30 w, lat. 15 40 x. 
 
T S C 
 
 TRUXlLI-O, the first province in the 
 
 f- ' r/rn-i it» Peru. It contains 
 audience ot Luna, in rcru. 
 
 above 50,000 native Americans, tributaij to 
 
 a sea port and one of the pria- 
 cinal ciiies of ihe above province, If leagues 
 fronr Choeope, and 103 of Linw. It i 
 
 stands hnhe' vai'ley of Chiino, on a sniall 
 river, and is surrounded with \vails. ^ ‘ 
 
 built by Pie^rro, in 1.553, in a teiri oiy 
 
 abounding in corn, wine, olives and sug^r 
 
 Two lj:v,gue 3 ,0 the N .s .he port ef Guan^ 
 ohaco, the channel oi «s trade. Lon. T8 
 
 "'m' V'town in Venezuela Terra 
 Firma, on a river tiiat falls into the lake 
 
 5!aracaybo,a..d has a 'tade i.. sheep an, 
 
 goals 5k, ns, cheeses, and " 
 
 by E of Venezuela. Lon. 70 i5 v,, lut. 8 
 
 Tsanad, n town of Hungary, seated on 
 the Maro.?, 23 miles e by s of Segedin. ^ 
 
 Tscher!cask, the capital of the .ern.r.iy 
 of the Dun Cossacs, stands on an .slant, 
 formed by the Don, mid so intersected by the 
 river and canals th.ot it resembles .eiiice, ^ 
 Here are a univer.^ily, four churches bmit ^ 
 of stone, and three of wood ; one of the la,- 
 
 ter belongs to the Tartars, who inhabit a 
 
 particular part of (he town. Pe.er the 
 Great founded the first church here, and in i. 
 are deposited the rich standards, flags, lanc- 
 es, &c. presented by different sovereigns. 
 The houses are of wood, and are geneiany 
 erected on piles to prevent their being ovs^^t- 
 flowed by the inundauous, which conlmue 
 from April to June. Along the middle of 
 tb®‘ greater part of the streets are lojty 
 wooden bridges, and from the door of each 
 house a bridge communicatingwith them, 
 and where these are wanting, boats are used 
 in time of the inundation. The inhabitants 
 are a mixture of several nations and amount 
 lu 15,000. The Cossacs are cleanly, po- 
 lite, sincere, humane, generous, and hospi- 
 table, aijfl have a dignided appearance. A 
 blue jacket turned up with red, with a 
 waistcoat and trow’sers of white dimity, 
 form the dress of the men. The women 
 wear a cap resembling the mitre of a Greek 
 bishop. Under this cap the married women 
 tuck up their hair, and it is adorned with 
 pearls, gold, or flowers. The dress of the 
 girls consists of a silk tunic, trowsers fast- 
 ened bv a girdle of solid silver, yellow boots, 
 and an Indian kerchief round the head. In 
 private both sexes indulge in intoxication. 
 Here are two public baths, and numerous 
 shops stored with the produce of Greece and 
 Turkey. The town is situated on the n 
 side ol the main stream* of the river, 40 
 miles EXL of Asoph, and 340 s by E ot Ve- 
 ronetz. Lon. 39 56 E, lat. 47 4 N. 
 
 7'schemahoray a tow’n in the circle of 
 Bvin. Moravia, has a castle on a mountain, 
 13 miles NNw* of Brin. 
 
 Tschernemt, a town in Carniola, Ger- 
 ii'?any, with a castle, and a commandery of 
 
 TUB 
 
 I the Teutonic order, 33 miles sE of Lau« 
 
 I a town in the principality of 
 
 Glogmi, Silesia, has a castle, and good 
 ‘‘cloth manutactures, 22 rrdles ene of 
 
 Tschopatc, a town of Upper Saxony, m 
 Misnia, on a river of its name, and is cele- 
 brated for its manufacture of blue, seven 
 miles SE of Chemnitz. 
 
 TSCHUTSKI, a country situaUu on 
 the NE extremity of Asia, near the 
 coast of America, being bounded by aio 
 Anadir on the s. Lon. 168 41 w, lat. 66 
 
 5 N. 
 
 Tshetsen. See Kisti. 
 
 llsiampa. See damp i. 
 
 r,st'aan, a city of China, oapi.al of the 
 province of Chang-ioiig. It '.s s.tuate ! on 
 the river Tri, or Tsingho, and v ...s formerly 
 (he reUdence of a long 'er.es of king--, 
 whose iomhs, rising on the neighbouring 
 rnoimlains, aflor l a beautiiul prospect. 2.^6 
 
 pjiles s by s of Pekin. Lon. 1 1'^ 25 e, lat. 
 
 Tsi-ning, a city of China, of the second 
 rank, in the province of Cuangiong. It is 
 .seated on the grand canal, 27c miles s ot 
 Pekin. Lon. 116 24 e, lat. 35 34 K. 
 
 Tsin-ieheou, n c\ty of the first r ,hk, ia 
 
 the province of Chang-tong, China, 250 miles 
 ssE of Peking. Lon. 119 2 s, lat. 3 j 
 
 '*^TSOXG-MINlG, an island of China, 15 
 miles long and 10 broad, lying at (he mouth 
 of the Kian-kn, and separated iron, the 
 province of Kiang-uan, by two chamieL, 
 about 13 miles broad. The island contains 
 only one city of the third rank,^ but presents 
 almost a continued range of viUnges. 
 <-oiintry is delightfu', and intersected by 
 many canals. The revenue arises princi- 
 pally from salt, which is made here m great 
 abundance. The city is of the same name, 
 and situated at the se end. Lon. 121 55 e, 
 
 lat. 30 15 N. . . 
 
 Tsonqrad, capital of a comity of its 
 name, Hungary, stands on the Teissc, oppo- 
 site the junction of the Koros, 26 niilea n o 
 
 %tiam, an ancient city in the eomity of 
 Galway, Connaught, and an archbishop 
 see, but is now reduced to a small place. 
 The cathedral serves as the parish churem 
 The greater part of the inhabitants m this 
 archbishopric are Roman Cathol.es. It is 
 20 miles xne of Galway. Lon. 9 b w, lat. 
 53 33 N 
 
 Tnlai, one of the Society islands, m the 
 S Pacific ocean, about four or five leagues 
 NNW of Bolabola. Lon. 151 44 w, lai. !-> 
 
 ^^Tuhav, one of the strongest towns of Ja- 
 va, with k harbour, seated on the n side o 
 the island, and has a king ot its own. Lon, 
 111 51 E,lat. 6 0 k. 
 
 Tubingen, a town of Suabia, the second 
 in ^yirtembu^g^ with or> umveisity, end 
 'A R ?■ 
 
' T V E 
 
 fortified castle on a njountaic* Intkc town 
 house is a curious clock. The surrounding 
 territory abounds in corn and wine, and la 
 the town are good stuff raanutaclures. It 
 is situated on the river Neckar, 20 miles sw 
 of Siutgard, and 50 e by s of Strasburg. 
 
 9 iO E, iai. 48 32. 
 
 TUCUMAN, an extensive territory oi 
 South America, situated e of the Andes, be- 
 tween Peru and Chili on the w, and Chaco 
 and Paraguay on the e. It extends from 
 Rio Vermejo to Rio Quarto, almost from 
 !at. 24 deg. to 34 deg. s, and from e to vv 
 where broadest, from the river Salado to the 
 ridge of the Cordilleras, separating it from 
 Chili, almost from Ion. 62 to 69 30 w. The 
 s part is an immense plain almost without a 
 tree, the soil a deep and fertile mould wa- 
 tered by many streams from the Andes, and 
 covered with perpetual verdure. Here the 
 cattle and horses imported from Europe 
 have multiplied to an almost incredible de- 
 gree; and hence Peru is supplied with 
 horses, cattle, and mules. The n part is 
 interspersed mu th mountains, plains, and val- 
 lies, abounding in seeds, plants, and fruits 
 of all kinds, fine timber, coiton, and tobacco. 
 The climate is healthy and temperate. The 
 two principal rivers are the Dolce and Sa- 
 lado. All the other rivers, after having 
 flowed many leagues, disappear, forming 
 lakes or losing themselves in the earth. The 
 natives are somewhat civilised by the Spa- 
 niards. The country is in the jurisdiction 
 of the vicereyalty of Buenos Ayres. Its 
 capital is St Michael. 
 
 Tueuyo, a town of Venezuela, in Terra 
 Firma, seated on a river of its name, 60 
 miles R of Truxillo, and 200 s of Maracaibo. 
 Lon. 68 36 w, lat. T 10 n. 
 
 TuddmgtouyOT Toddingto7ijaiSxnQ\\ town 
 in Bedfordshire, noted for a handsome 
 church, containing many fine monuments. 
 It has a market on Thursday, and several 
 annual fairs, and is five miles nw of Dun- 
 stable. 
 
 Tudelay a considerable town in Navarre, 
 Spain, with a castle. It stands on the river 
 Ebro, in a country that produces good 
 wine. Here, in 1808, the French obtained 
 a victory over the Spaniards, 44 miles s of 
 Pamplona, 45 nw of Saragossa, and 100 e 
 of Burgos. Lon. 1 38 w, lat. 41 12 
 
 TVER, a government of Russia, former- 
 ly comprised in the government of Novogo- 
 rod. The number of inhabitants in this 
 district has of late greatly increased. The 
 country produces abundanew of wheat, rye, 
 barley, oats, buck-wheat, hemp, flax, and 
 all kinds of vegetables, its forests yield 
 oak, birch, alder, poplar, mountain ash, 
 pine, fir, jumper, (fee. The animals and 
 birds are the same as in all the n of Europe. 
 A species offish, called the sterlet, is highly 
 esteemed for its flavour, and the finest ca- 
 viare is made from its roe. This was the 
 first province modelled according to the 
 code of Caiberine 11. 
 
 T u L 
 
 TneTy a considerable commercial town of 
 Russia, capital of the government of the 
 ame name, situated at the confliieLce of 
 .ne Tverza and the Volga, along which are 
 conveyed all the goods and merchandize 
 sent by w^ater from Siberia, and the southern 
 provinces, towards Petersburgh, It is an 
 archbishop^s see, has a citadel, and is divided 
 itiio the old and new town. Tlie former 
 stands on the right bank of the Volga, and 
 consists of wooden cottages. The latter, 
 having been burnt in 1763, rose fair and 
 beautiful out of its ashes. The governor's 
 house, the episcopal palace, the exchange, 
 the courts of justice, the prison, and some 
 other public edifices were built at the ex- 
 p 'Dce of Catherine II. The streets, which 
 are broad and long, issue in strait lines from 
 an octagon in the centre, and are built of 
 bricks, stuccoed w^hite, and have an elegant 
 appearance. Here is an ecclesiastical se-^ 
 minary, which admits 800 students, founded 
 by the empress m 1776, and an academy for 
 the education of 120 of the young nobility of 
 the province. Tver contains above 15,000 
 inhabitants, and is 100 miles nnw of Mos- 
 cow. Lon. 36 5 e, lat. 56 7 n. 
 
 Tujtonborougky a town oi the United 
 States, in Strafford county, New Hampshire^ 
 on the E side of the lake Winipiseogee. 
 
 Tuggurty a town of Barbary, capital of 
 a county of the same name, lying s of Al- 
 giers, 310 miles sse of Algiers. Lon. 5 10 
 E, lat. 32 40 N. 
 
 Tuggurty capital of a district called 
 Wadreag, Biledulgerid, 260 miles w^Nw of 
 Gademis, and 280 sse of Algiers. Lon. 6 
 
 15 E, lat. 20 35 N. 
 
 TULx4, one of the 41 governments of 
 Russia, formerly a province of Moscow, the 
 capital, of the same name, is situated on the 
 river Upha, and has manufactures of lea- 
 ther, hardware, and fire arms. Near it are 
 valuable iron mines. 
 
 Tulehrasy a town in Navarre, Spain, 
 stands on the Queios, seven miles w of 
 Tudela. • 
 
 Tullamore, a town in King^s county, 
 Leinster, sealed on the grand canal, and in- 
 tersected by the small river of its name. It 
 gives the title of baron to the family of 
 Moore, and is 10 miles w by s of Philips- 
 tO'wn, and 46 w of Dublin. 
 
 TuUe, a considerable commercial town, 
 capital of the department of Correze, France, 
 It is situated at the confluence of the rivers 
 Correze and Solane, and was lately a bishop's 
 see. The cathedral is noted for its high and 
 curious steeple. The vicinity is mountain- 
 ous. It is 37 miles sse of Limoges, and 
 62 sw of Clermont. Lon. I 42 e, lat. 45 
 
 16 N. 
 
 Tulliallany a parish in Perthshire, bound- 
 ed on the s by the Forth. It extends about 
 four miles in every direction, the greater 
 part of which is highly cultivated. In the 
 parish are valuable quarries of white free- 
 stone, some of which is exported. The coal 
 
T U N- 
 
 and salt works are not carried on to their i 
 
 1 U N- 
 
 the river Tun, one of the five branches of the 
 
 ■former extent. In the parish are the re- 1 
 mains of Tulliallan citstla. Tne aounshiug 
 town of Kincardine, in this parish, stand,- 
 on the banks of the Forth, and'lias a good 
 roadstead. Population of the town and 
 
 tarish about 2800. 
 
 ^ TuUoWy a town in the cov\nty of Carlow', 
 Ireiami, seated on the Sianey. It has a 
 neaL market house, an elegant bridge of six 
 arches over the river, and the remains ot an 
 Aui^ustine monastery . This place, iormeriy 
 of *^reat strength, made a vigorous resist- 
 ence to Oliver Cromwell, who to ok it with 
 treat slaughter, nine miles e by s ot Car- 
 low, and about 45 ssw ot Dublin. 
 
 Tnll^ncstle, a mountainous parish ot 
 Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,^ about tour 
 miles long by two and a-hali broad, lying 
 ca the N bank of the Bon. Population 
 
 about 330. ^ • i 
 
 Tuhn, a small island of the Hebrides, 
 
 near the n coast of the isle of Skye. 
 
 Ta/H, a town of Austria, seated near the 
 Danube, is a bishop’s see, 15 miles w of Vi- 
 enna. Lon. 16 6 e, lat. 48 14 N. 
 
 Tulpehocken, a town of the C mteu States, 
 
 65 miles Nsv of Philadelphia. 
 
 Tulsk, a borough in Roscommon, Con- 
 naught, Ireland. It does not now consist 
 of above a dozen of thatched houses, but 
 from the numerous ruins ot castles, church- 
 es, and other edifices, it must have been Oi 
 note formerly. It has a charter for a 
 weekly market, and before the union sent 
 tw'O members to parliament,- 1 1 miles n o 
 Roscommon. 
 
 Tumhez, a town on the road to Lima, in 
 
 Peru, in the yarisdiction of 
 
 leagues from Salto, and in lat. 3 U lb s. 
 This town is seated on a river oi the same 
 name, which falls into the bay of Guayquu. 
 Here the Spaniards under Pizarro first 
 landed in 1526. It had then a magnificent 
 temple, and a palace of the incast of the 
 
 country. , 
 
 Tumeuru, a town in Mysore, Hmucostan, 
 situated in a fine open country, and has a 
 well built fort, and about 600 bouses, 32 
 
 miles sE of Sera. . 
 
 Tumen, a town in the province of To- 
 bolsk, Siberia, 150 miles wsw of Tobolsk. 
 
 Tumi, a town of Napaul, with a famous 
 temple, six miles ese oi Calmandu. 
 
 Tummely a rapid river of Perthshire^, 
 w'hich issues from Loch P^annoch, and 
 flows eastward through the romantic dis- 
 trict of Athol, and after forming many beau- 
 tiful cataracts, spreads into a lake, caked 
 Loch Tumroel, in which is an island partly 
 artificial, having an ancient castle, once 
 the residence of the chief of the clan Ro- 
 bertson. It again contracts into a river, 
 and having in its course met the Garry, 
 falls into the Tay near Logierait. 
 
 Tunimer, a town in Somersetshire, near 
 Milburii port, three milesfrom Sherborn. 
 
 Tunbridyey a town in Kent, situated on 
 
 Medway, over each of which is a stone 
 bridge, with a market on Friday. Here are 
 the remains of a large Castle, hidll hy Rich- 
 ard Earl of Clare, natural son of Richard i. 
 and a celebrated free- school founded by Sir 
 Andrew Judd, lord mayor of London, in 1551. 
 
 It is noted for elegant turned goods, and 
 other toys, 12 miles wsw of Maidstone. In 
 this parish, five miles s of the town, are the 
 celebrated chalybeate springs, called Tun-> 
 bridge w'ells. It is 30 miles sse of Lon* 
 
 1 "^^^Tunbridge Wells, a town of Kent, five 
 miles s of Tunbridge, but in the same parish. 
 
 It is much resorted to in summer, on account 
 of its chalybeate waters, discovered m I60b 
 by Dudley lord North, who recovered trom 
 a deep consumption by drinking them, it 
 stands at the toot of three hills called mount 
 Sinai, mount Ephraim, and mount Pleasant, 
 on which are some good houses, gardens, and 
 orchards. There are buildings requisite tor 
 the accomodation of the visitants, with a 
 plentiful market, a chapel ot Ease, and shops 
 noted for their elegant turnery ware. A 
 mile and a-half from the wells are some 
 ! rocky cliffs, some of which are 75 feet in 
 i height, with clefts and chasms between them. 
 
 ' A charity school for 70 children is wiiolly 
 supoorted by contributions of ihe company 
 attending the wells, which is five miles s of 
 Tunbridge, and 35 sse of London. 
 
 Tunginskoiy a town of Russia, seated on 
 the Irkul, 80 miles sw of Irkutsk. Lon. 
 
 103 15 E, 51 18 N. ^ 
 
 Tunja, a city of New Granada, ^ m Teria 
 ' Firma, South America, in a district of the 
 same name, seated on an eminence in a val- 
 ley. Near it are mines of gold and eme- 
 Fciids. Saltpetre is also found in such plenty, 
 that here are. the only manufactures of 
 powder in the kingdom. It abounds in 
 corn, cattle, and iriut. It is about 30 miles 
 I sw of Truxillo, and 90 n by e of St Fe. 
 
 1 Lon. 73 8 w, lat. 5 ^0 n. 
 
 TONIS, a kingdom of Africa, bounded 
 on the NE by the Mediterranean and the 
 kingdom of Tripoli, on the s by several 
 tribes of Arabs, and on the w by the kingdom 
 of Algiers and the country of Esab ; 
 
 300 miles in length, from e to w, and 250 
 in breadth, from n to s. This country is a 
 republic, under the protection of the lurks, 
 and pays a certain tribute to the bashaw who 
 resides at Tunis. The air in general is heal- 
 thy, but the soil in the eastern parts is but- 
 indifferent for want of water; the western 
 part IS the most lertile. It produces plenty 
 of citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, grapes, 
 and other fruits; also wheat, barley, oil, 
 wool, bees wax, and tallovv. There are also 
 olive trees, roses, and odoriferous plants. In 
 the mountains, near Tunis, are mines ot sil- 
 ver copnei, and lead, but the inhabitants are 
 too indolent to derive much profit from 
 them In the woods and mountains are 
 Usosj’wili beeves, ostridiei, muiikies, ca- 
 
T U R 
 
 inelcons, roebucks, hares, pheasants, partrid- \ 
 ges, &c. The most remarkable rivers are * 
 . the G uadi I car bar, Magrida, JViag. rada, and I 
 Caps. The goverameni is coiiaucted by a I 
 divan, or couiicii, whose president is the l)ey ! 
 who chooses the members of tiie div<-'n. 'j’he i 
 bashaw is a Turk, re. idiri,^ ai Tunis, whose 
 ' Itusiness is to receivt* the tribute, and protect 
 ibe republ.c. There are generally about 
 12,000 Christian slaves n (he- country; and 
 the inhabitants carry on a great trade, in linen 
 and woollen cloth. In Uk city of Tunis 
 alone are about 3000 clothiprs and weavers. 
 They have also a trade in horses, Morocco 
 ieather, gold dust, lead, olives, oil, simp, and 
 cstnch eggs end feathers. Tiie political 
 establishment of religion is Maiiometanism • 
 all public instruments are written in the Ara- 
 bic tongue, but commerce is usually carried i 
 on in the Lingua Franca; and the iuhabi- I 
 tants consist of Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews, 
 and Christian slaves. j 
 
 TumS) a large and ceiebratedcity of Bar- | 
 feary, capital of a kingdom of the same i 
 name. It is situated on the point of the gulf | 
 of Goietta, about 10 miles from the pFace ij 
 where the famous city of Carthage stood. || 
 
 It is in the form of an oblong retdano-ie, 
 and is five miles in circumierence, with a 
 lofty wall, 10 large streets, five gates and 35 
 mosques. In general it is built without re- 
 gularity, the streets are narrow and dirty. 
 
 The houses are one storey high, and all 
 built oi stone, with fiat roofs. An extensive 
 piazza, near the centre of the city, is said 
 formerly to have contained 3000 tradesmens 
 shops. ^ The great mosque,' the beys palace, 
 and a few others are the only elegant struc- 
 tures. The inhabitants, including 30,000 | 
 Jews, are estimated at 130,000. The divan 
 assemble in an old palace, the former re- f 
 sideiice of the bey. The Mahomed.ans have i 
 nine colleges for students, and a great num- 
 ber of inferior schools. Without the walls, 
 are two suburbs, which contain 1000 houses. 
 
 T u R 
 
 Within the walls are 10,000 families. The 
 harbour of Tunis has a very narrow entrance. 
 It is a place of great trade, and has manii- 
 lactures of linen and wmolien, velvets, silks, 
 Morrocco leather, fire arms, swords, and red 
 caps worn by the inhabitants and is situated 
 on the w side, of a shallow lake 10 miles 
 from the sea, 320 nxw of Tripoli, and 380 
 E of Algiers, i 
 
 Tuckhtimy a town in the department of 
 the Upper Rhine, France, about a mile xw 
 of Colmar. 
 
 Tiircoin, a town in the department of 
 Kord, France. Here, in 1794, the French j 
 defeated the allies under the duke of York ; 
 six miles NNE of Lisle. 
 
 TURCOMANIA,a country of Indepen- 
 dent Tartary, situated between the lake Aral 
 and the Caspian sea. Though wholly un- 
 cultivatf d, it is said to be very populous. 
 Ihe inhabitants are .sunnis, and deemed in- 
 fidels by the Persians. They are subject to 
 hO particular governor, but each tribe 
 
 chooses a nominal chief who settles differ- 
 ences amongst th^m, and arranges their ci- 
 vil economj . They live in tents of black 
 norse hair, which th^yv carry about from 
 place to place, iik ' ai) tl-o wandering na« 
 oons, they are r 'lncirkaeie for their hospita- 
 oty within ibeir o\mi b.-undaries, and for 
 univrrsai iepredetirNu abroad. T^ey make 
 incursions into Persia across tbe wiue inter- 
 vening desart ot sand, and surprize and car- 
 ry off, from th • e nitre of Towns men, wo- 
 men, and chiidren. lu these prefatory ex- 
 cursions they go in narfes o cO o." 30 with 
 moredibie sp.ed. being im^m.ed on norses^ 
 which, like their riders, undergo immense 
 fatigue, -vith a small portion of looJ. These 
 horses are bought by the neighbouring na- 
 tions at great prices, which, with the sale of 
 their captives, camels, shrep, (fee. are the 
 chief sources of a Turcoman's wealth. 
 Having no corn, the people subsist on the 
 I milk of mares and camels, and sheep. They 
 make a large hole in the gTound, in which 
 they make a fire, and placing their meat in 
 the embers, cover it up tilL it be baked. 
 The Kamchaliks, who are said to be most 
 ferocious and warlike, and hitherto miccn- 
 quered, live to the northward of Turcomania. 
 All these inhabit the eastern coast of the 
 Caspian sea. 
 
 TUPtCOMANS, Terkemens, orTuRKH- 
 MEXfiixs, a people of Asia, who speak (he 
 Turkish dialect of ihe Tartar language, and 
 inhabit (he eastern slope of mount Caucasus, 
 the coast of the Caspian about Boinac, 
 Berbent,and Utemith, and the southern pro- 
 montories beween ihe sea and the river Ala- 
 zan. 
 
 Ttirrenne, a town in the department of 
 Correze, France with a castle, Id miles ssw 
 of Tulle, and 42 s of Limoges. 
 
 I ^ T urhi, an ancient, populous, and flourish- 
 I ing city of Italy, the capital of Piedmont, 
 j and formerly the ordinary residence of its 
 I sovereign (he king of Sardinia, and an 
 j archiepiseopal see. It is situated on a va^t 
 j plain, at the foot of the Alps, and at the 
 ' confluence of ihe rivers Doria and Po, and 
 the capital of the department of the Po. It. 
 is one of the handsomest places in Italy ; 
 has many extensive .<^quares, the most spa- 
 
 Clous of which is that of St Charles, with 
 archades on each x side, and handsome edi- 
 fices. Most of the streiHs are well built, 
 straight, uniform and terminate on some 
 agreeable object. The finest and largest is 
 the Strada di Po, it leads to the royal palace, 
 
 I and is adorned with piazzas, filled witii 
 shops ; as are several others of the best 
 streets ; all of which tire kept clean by 
 means of a canal from • the Dorea, with 
 sluices that flow through them into the Po. 
 Hs ancient cathedral is a plain edifice. Se- 
 veral of the churches are di.siingiiisbed for 
 (heir magnitude, their pillars, or the mar- 
 bies with which they are decorated. The 
 j.alace consists of two elegant structures,- 
 united by a gallery, turnished with statues^ 
 
T U R 
 
 Bictures, ant! valuable aDtiquitics. The 
 ritadel \s deemet! tbs strongest in Europe, 
 is a master-piece of architecture; .n li re 
 '•sui extensive arsenal, a cannon loueu^r), 
 a cbymical laboratory, &c. There are one 
 ■walks on the ramparts, which require two 
 hours to pass round them. The universcv 
 is an extensive edifice with two colleges ae 
 pendent on i*. Here is also an academj . 
 
 Oa the baults of the Po, near the ciiy, is 
 the beautiful castle of Valentin, llie gard.-n 
 of which is applied to Botanical studies. 
 The house called La Charite is remaritalue, 
 as it contains room for 3000 poor peoplf^'. 
 in 1700. the French besieged this city, but 
 nruice Eugene defeated their army, and com- 
 pelled them to raise the siege. In decerr.ber 
 1795 it was entered by the French repubii' 
 cans, without opposition, and obliged jhe 
 king to retire to Sardinia, but in May 1^99, 
 they were driven out of it by the Austuans. 
 
 In the following month, however, they re- 
 gained possession ; and although it was sti- 
 pulated by the treaty of Amiems, that, along 
 with the whole of Piedmont, it should be 
 restored to the king of Sardinia, yet they 
 most unwarrantably maintained possession 
 oi the eouutrv, until in 1814, they were de- 
 feated by the aides, and the emperor Napo- 
 leon wa.s forced to abdicate the throne of 
 France. The populedun is computed at 
 80 ,000. Turin is pka^ antly situated at the 
 foot of a mountain, 68 miles nw of Genoa, 
 80 sw of Milan, ana 280 NW of Rome. 
 Lon. T 40 E, 'at. 45 3 n. 
 
 Turinge, a town in the province of Su- 
 dermanland, Sweden, 24 miles wsw of 
 Stockholm, 
 
 Turinsk, a town in the government oi 
 Tobobk, Russia, has a fort, 190 miles w by 
 s of Tobolsk. Lod. 03 44 k, iat. 58^5 n. 
 
 Turivatavij. a town in Alysore, Kindeo- 
 stan, consisting of two forts, defended by a 
 mud wall and a ditch. At a small disia.iee 
 is an open suburb. Here are two temples 
 cf curious worman^hip, 34 miles s of Sera, 
 and 50 x of Seringapatam. 
 
 Turkeshm^ a county of Western Tartar}, 
 of which the capital is Taraz. it is bounu- 
 ed on the s by Bokharia, on the w by the 
 lake Aral, and on the x and e by the country 
 of the Ivalmucs. The chief of the country 
 is usually styled the Ivhan of the Iveraku,!- 
 paks. 
 
 TURKEY, a large empire, extended over 
 partoi Europe, Asia, and Africa. Turkey- 
 in Europe is bounded on the x by Russia, 
 Poland, and Sclavonia, on the e by the 
 Black sea, the sea of Marmora, and the 
 Archipelago, on the s by tl'.e Alediteranean, 
 and Oil the \v by that sea and the \eneti »n 
 and Austrian territories. It contains Bes- 
 sarabia, Aloldavla, Walachia, P>ulgaria. 
 Servia, Bosnia, Romania, Macedonia, Jaona, 
 Livadia, Epir.us, Albania, Thessaly, part 
 of Dalmatia, and Croatia, and the Morea, 
 * These countries lie betw’een Ion. 17 0 and 
 40 0 E; and beUveen lat. 36 0 and 49 0 n ex- 
 
 T U R 
 
 tending about iOOO miles in length, and 909 
 labreadm. Turkey in Asia is bon nded oi» 
 
 Hie X bv ihe Block sea and Cii c .s.«ia, on Ihi^ 
 
 E b} Pers a, on the s b> A.-bia ana the Aie- 
 
 • d mrra am, and on t ie w by the Arc lipeia- 
 piMhe ^ea of Marmora, and the straits of 
 £onstantmupie. It l es between 27 9 and 
 46 b E, ana between lat. 28 0 and 4 > 0 x, 
 cxten.ilug lOdO miles in length, v.nd 800 in 
 
 ! br-adih, and containing the countri' S oi 
 I Irac, Arabia, I darbeek , Cuvdtsta y Armenia, 
 
 : uart of Cmaas ia, Natolia, ^^yna, and Pales- 
 i tine. In Africa the TurKS have sti i a pre- 
 
 I canotis sovereignty over Egypt. ^ pal! of 
 i Nubia, and Barca, and the states oi Tripoii, 
 
 ' Tunis, and Aigiery are under their protec- 
 
 * tion O. thesi counines. the climate, pro- 
 ' auctions, manner.-, <^c. are various. Con- 
 il stantinople is the c pOat of all Turkey. 
 
 I •'^h^ Turks are general] v stout, well snapedp 
 
 mid Oi a good mien. Tilt.} shave iheii heads, 
 but wear long beards, except tho.H m the 
 Se’-aglio, or palace, imd military men, wno 
 weai iniiy wh.skvrs. The ■-u-ban worn by 
 the men is white, and consists cl long pieces 
 of thin linen made up together in several 
 tcjds, V nd none but Turks dare presume to 
 W'-'ar a wnite turbau. Their ciolhes are 
 long and full. They sit, eat, and sleep on 
 the"floor on carpets and niatresses. ^ Oa en- 
 tering a mo que they puli od their shoes, 
 and Keep th. head covered, they turn in their 
 toes; mount mi the right side of a horse, 
 put their guests into a room first, and out of 
 ' it last, Serve themselves at table firs! ; . 
 
 tiie WKiii 5 and pass hastily in sign oi f'-” 
 speot. Beheading they deem more disgrace > 
 ful than str. -ugling ; they cut the hair frop3 tins 
 head and leave it oa the chin, they invito 
 with the hand by throwing it backward not 
 draw nig it toward them; their mourning 
 habit IS wdiite. In general, the Turks are 
 very moderate in eating, and their meals arfe 
 quickly dispatched ; nee is their principal 
 article of food ; their frugal repast is suc- 
 ceeded by fruit and cold v/ater, which are 
 followed by Imt coffee, and pip&s with to- 
 bacco. With opium they procure wnat 
 they call a kirf, or intoxication. They are 
 lovers of rest and idleness, and consequently 
 not very fit to undergo fatigues. Draught? 
 
 ' and chess are favourite games, and the baths 
 and coffee-houses furnish other species ot , 
 amusement. Polygamy is allowed among 
 them ; but their wives are no move than 
 four in number. The women in Turkey are 
 kept under a rigorous confinement : the ha- 
 rem which signifies a sacred or prohibited 
 thing, is, in tiie fullest sense of the woia 
 U'cd bodi of the habitation of the^women, 
 and of the women themselves. Drinking 
 v;ine is prohibited by the Koran ; yet' the 
 Turks use it occa-aonaily, v-iti.out any 
 scrupie; but their usu d siibstituie for wine 
 is cherbet, a liquor made of honey, spices, 
 and* the juice of fruits. They expend great 
 sums on fountains, not only in towns, but in 
 the country, and other solitary places, tor 
 
T U g 
 
 tire reFreshment of travellers and labourers. 
 They are charitable towards strangers, 
 whatever their religion be, and no nation 
 Slithers adversity with greater resignation. 
 The grand signior is absolute master of the 
 goods and lives of his subjects, insomuch 
 that they are little better than slaves, yet he 
 seldom extends his power to persons in pri- 
 vate life, for these may remain as quiet as in 
 any other part of the world. The titles he 
 assumes are Gcd upon earth, the shadow of 
 God, the brother of the sun and moon, the 
 disposer of crov/ns, <kc. The grand vizier 
 is the chief next the emperor. The nobility 
 are the chief military officers, judges, and 
 Ecclesiastics. It is commonly observed, 
 that his bashaws, governors, and officers of 
 state, are the children of Chrisiiaa parents, 
 who are commoiily taken in war, or pur- 
 chased. The Turks have always very nu- 
 merous armies on foot, the chief of which 
 are the Janissaries, who have been bred in 
 the Seraglio, and have been used to military 
 discipline from their infancy, of these there 
 are always 25,000, and there may be 100,000 
 who have that name. The whole amount 
 of the army is about 300,000 men, including 
 aiixiiliaries from the tributary princes, such 
 as those of Moldavia and Wallachia, The 
 navy consists of about 40 ships, which are 
 laid up at Constantinople, but in time of 
 M^ar, auxilliary ships are supplied from Al- 
 giers, Tunis, and Tripoli. The Turks be- 
 lieve in one God, and that his great prophet 
 is Mahomet. 
 
 Turkheim, See Durkheim, 
 
 Turkiny a towm of Russia, in the g^vern- 
 ment of Caucasia, -situated on the Caspian 
 sea, HO miles s of Astracan. Eon. 47 15 e, 
 lat. 44 15 N. 
 
 TURKS ISLANDS, several small islands 
 in the West Indies, about 35 leagues ne of 
 the island of St Domiugo, Lon. 71 5 w, 
 
 lat. 21 18 N-. 
 
 Tnrmgaiuy Capcy a cape on the E side 
 of the northern island of New Zealand. 
 Lod. 170 50 w, lat. 40 28 s. 
 
 TurnoMy a town in the circle of Buntj:- 
 
 lau, Bohemia, on the Iser, 12 miles nke of 
 Jung Buntzlaii. 
 
 Turnberryy an old castle seated on a pro- 
 montory on the frith of Clyde, in the parish 
 of Kirkoswald, Ayrshire, anciently the re- 
 sidence of the earls of Carrick. It is evi- 
 dent from its ruins that it \vas a place of 
 great strength and magnificence. Martha,. 
 Countess of Carrick, mother of king Robert 
 Bruce, who resided here in 1274, was that 
 year married to his father, Robert Bruce, 
 iord of Annandale. Jn 130G, this castle 
 w as in the hands of the English, from whom 
 !t Wcis taken and demolished, a few' years 
 flftorwards, by king Robert. 
 
 Turner’s Pidd/ey a small town in Dorset- 
 .shire, two miles e of Aifpiddle. 
 
 TurtiJiouty a town of the Netherlands, in 
 Brabant, in the vicinity of which, in 1586, j 
 prince Maurice of Nassau, totally defeated ; 
 
 . a Spanish army of 6000 men, with only 800 
 , horse, 24 miles ne of Antwerp. 
 
 1 Tureffy a parish in the n part of Aber- 
 . deenshire, of an irregular figure, extendinir 
 i about four miles and a-half around the towm 
 j of Tureft in fevery direction except the nw. 
 i It contains nearly 17,000 acres, all capa- 
 - ble of cultivation ; but only about one third 
 1 IS at present under tillage. The soil is iu 
 i geueral light and fertile. The town of Tu- 
 r reff, w'hich stands on the nw bank of a ri- 
 5 vulet, four miles e of the Deverou, is a bo- 
 ' rough of barony, entitled to hold a weekly 
 market and two annual fairs, and contain- 
 [ ‘Qg tibout 700 inhabitants. Here is a school 
 , endowed by the earl of Errol, and an epis- 
 copal chapel. An hospital, dedicated to 
 , at Congau, was founded here in 1272 by 
 . Alexander Camming earl of Bnohan, having 
 in some measure the pitviledges of a Sanc- 
 tuary, to which some lands w'ere added by 
 Robert Bruce. The principal manufacture 
 
 15 that of linen yarn, thread, and brown 
 linens. Here are five annual fairs. Popu- 
 lation in 1801, 2090, 10 miles se of Banff. 
 
 Turun^ a sea-port of Cochin China, on a 
 bay of its name, in w^hich the largest ships 
 can ride in safety at all seasons. In the 
 vicinity are plantations of sugar canes and 
 tobacco, 40 miles se of Hue. Lou. 107 
 40 E, lat. 16 9 No 
 
 Turpa €alay a town of the Turkish Ar- 
 menia, stands near the loot of a high moun- 
 tain, on the slope of a conical hill, on the 
 summit of which is a strong castle, 100 
 miles ESE of Erzerum. 
 
 Turshisk. See Terskiz. 
 
 Tursi, an episcopal town of Naples in 
 Basilicata, on the Sino, eight miles w' of the 
 gulf of Tarento, and 30 s of Matera. Lou. 
 
 16 32 E, lat. 40 25 n. 
 
 TURTLE ISLAND, in the South Pacific 
 Ocean, is nearly a league long, and not 
 half so broad. Lou. 177 57 we lat. 19 
 49 s. 
 
 Turmheourty a small town in Bucking- 
 harashire, five miles from Heuley-upon- 
 Thames. 
 
 Tiisoy a town in Val di Bemona, n coast 
 of Sicily, seated on a high hill, has a strong 
 cattle, and is celebrated for wine and oil, 15 
 miles ESE of Cefala. 
 
 TUSCANY, a late, sovereign state of 
 Italy, with the title of a Grand Duchy 
 bounded on the n by Romagna, the Bolog- 
 nese, the Modenese, and the Parmesan, on 
 the E and s by the Pope’s territories, and on 
 the w’’ by the Mediterranean aud the terri- 
 tories of Lucca and Genoa. It is about 120 
 nines in length, and 80 in breadth ; is di- 
 vided into three provinces, Florentino, Pisano, 
 aud Siennese ; and is W'atered by several 
 rivers of 'which the Arno is the chief. 
 There are several mountains in which are 
 found mines of iron, alum, and vitriol. 
 There are also quarries of marble, alabaster, 
 and porphyry, besides hot baths, and mine- 
 ral waters. Many parts of it are fruitful 
 
 # 
 
TUT 
 
 T W E 
 
 ^ wu., plen,, of n ^ ^ S" 
 
 citrons, oranges, poiTiegra nates and oilier 
 friiiis. Manna is collected in the nuirshy 
 lands near the sea, and it has rich salt pits. 
 The inhabitants apph’ tiieniyelves to trade ; 
 they chiefly nianut’actnre silks, stalls, titie 
 earthen ware, and gilt leather. On account 
 o{‘ their politeinss and the parity of tbeir 
 language, whicii is the ualuin, they are 
 Biiich visited by ioreig tiers, .iohn Gcrsion, 
 ihe last duke oi Tuscany ot tiie house oi 
 Medici di; d tn i737. without leaving any 
 heirs malei By the treaty of lomion, in i 
 IT 18, the emperor ot Gerruany, Charles v 1. i 
 b id promised Tuscany, as a fief ot the empire, I 
 to Don Carlos infant ot Spain, as being the 
 nearest nude heir ; but in 1735, when the 
 sovereignty of Naples and Sicily was con- 
 firmed to that prince, iie renounced his right 
 to Tuscany', in iavour o| I^rancis, duke ot 
 Lorrair:, as an aquivaient tor that duchy, 
 which he had ceCicd lo h ranee. Fiancis 
 succeeded to the grand dc.chy in 1735, and 
 
 was elected emperor of Germany in 1745 
 
 __ 1 
 
 ... Of 
 
 Irkutsk. Lon. 'i 05 40 e, lat. 54 40 r 
 !i Tuajordy a town in Noai-'g'iauismre, 
 ji having a market on Monday, two annual 
 ij fairs, and a well endowed' Iree-scaool. it 
 lies 13 miles nnw of Newark, and 137 u 
 by w of London. . 
 
 Tmj, a well fortified city of Spam, on tl:e 
 frontiers oi Galicia, seated on a mountain, 
 near the river Miiiho. It is cT bishop's see, 
 is Wv’li suppUed with ariioery, being 
 tier town towards Portugal, 58 uiiUss o.. 
 Ccmpostella, and 200 wnw of Mauria. 
 Lon. 8 32 w, lat. 42 4 N. ^ 
 
 Tiizluy a town in Caramania, Asiatic 1 ur- 
 k^y, stands at the western extremity Ot a 
 lake of its name, 28 miles n of Cogni. 
 
 Tu'eedy a large river which issues from a 
 ‘=!)rini*' called Tweens well, in the uioun 
 
 1 ^ ^ . » . . „ 1 : ^ 1 r 
 
 J1.T..WW / 
 
 lainous tract of Peebies-shire called Tv e..t s- 
 muir, near the place where the coimties ot 
 Peebles, Dumlries and Lanark join, 
 ruiles N of Motfat, near the source of Lie 
 Annan, and the (dyde. h runs K aoout I' 
 
 was elected emperor ot Germany in i u ^ the Core, the 
 
 when Tuscany was annexed to the house oi |j mues, when i a^ ^ and di- 
 
 Austria. On the ascendency of the {-rencu ; iwuiu, the ia c. - into two 
 
 in Italy, in iSOl, tbe Austrian archduke " es^ tll^, tov^-ns of 
 
 Ferdinand was obliged to cede Tuscany to 
 Louis son of the duk;v' of Parma, a Spanish 
 prince, to whom the French gave the so 
 
 equal jiaris. This river passes the, 
 tinlashiels, Melrose, Kelso, and near iolrt- 
 Stream, becomt!S the division between feco - 
 
 prince, to whom the Prenen gave luc i V rr-tn it into the Ge 
 
 vereignty by the name of the kingdom of .j iaml and Lngldnd, until li m In 
 
 Etruria, and it was confirmed to him by the man Ocean ai ^ , 
 
 ’ . ^ T .,..,.,-> 1 . ,■ rtf it rpccives luanv Sir 
 
 treaty of Luneville. In 1807, this couniry 
 was formerly^ ceded to 1 ranee, hlorecce is 
 the capital. 
 
 TUSCARORAS, a tribe of Indians, in the 
 state of New York. About the year 171 
 the migrated from N Carolina, and from a 
 similarity of language, were adopted by the 
 Oueidas, Their village stands on Oneida 
 Creek. 
 
 Tusisy a towui in the canton of Grisoris, 
 Swizzerland, Stands near the Torrent NoAa, 
 id miles s by w of Coire. 
 
 Tvtapariy a large town on the w coast of 
 Nc'vv Mexico, bn ihe N Pacific Ocean. 
 
 ■ Tuthury, a town in .Staffordshire, situated 
 on the Dove. It has some remains of a 
 kirge casile of which several towers remain, 
 a large cotton manufactory which employs 
 a great nuroi er of hands. It has a market 
 on Tuesday, and three annual fairs. Tut- 
 
 ts course it receives many streams and ri- 
 vulets ; particularly the Gala at Ga-dsmeAS, 
 the' EUnck near Selkirk, the I' 
 
 Afeirose, the Tiviot at Kelso, the Till below 
 Coldstream, and the Whitadder near one 
 mile aul a-balf iVomits mouih. The Tweed 
 aboundis in trout, and the salmon fisheries are 
 particularly valuable. From its source to 
 the Ocean is about 80 miles m a uirect fine, 
 but tracing its course it is above iOO. It^ 
 banks exhibit beautiful scenery, and it is 
 much renowned in song. 
 
 TWEDDALE, a name sometimes give'* 
 to the county of Peebles, in Scoilawl. Sec 
 
 I Peebles. , . 
 
 Tweedmouthy a village at the s eirl ot 
 Berwick bridge, in the detached part ot i)m- 
 bam, called Isiandshire. It may be comi- 
 dered as a suburb of Berwick. 
 
 Tweedsmuivy a hilly parish in the sw e\ 
 
 on i uesuiiy, ana iiiie« rtuu-.iui r - ^ . . Mbout nine 
 
 bury lies lour miles NW of Burton, and lo j tremity of Peeblts-siu. ^ 
 
 ;iip. E Of Stanord. . ! miles long, an.l in many . L 
 
 .Tutacoriny a populous town of the penin- 
 
 . ..., ... 
 
 Silla of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, oppo 
 siiC to the island of Ceylon, on the gulf of 
 Manara. Here the Daich bad a factory, 
 29 miles e by n of Paiamcotia, (30 ne ol 
 cape Comorin, and 65 s of Madura. 
 
 Tutlingen, a town of Germany, in Sua- 
 bia, with a castle on a mounlain beicrngiug 
 to the duchy of Wirtemberg. In the vi- 
 cinity is the celebrated foundery of I.udwigs- 
 thal. It is situated on the Danube, over 
 w^hich is a bridge, 53 miles ssw of Stulgurd. 
 Lon. 8 48 e. lat. 48 2 x. 
 
 * Tuima, a town in the governmefii 
 U 
 
 III 111 llKliijr ^ 
 
 same broad. It is adapted to pasture, aim 
 abounds in a valuable breed ot s n . p* * ^ 
 1793 there were only three resident 'ntm 
 in the parish. The great road Irom i im.- 
 
 iVies to Edinburgh passes tlircngli 
 contains, on this road, the iuus o 
 ffeiid, and Tvveedshavv'i. In tue pans.i ^ 
 vestiges of the castlesof Oliver, ot ' 
 
 Hnckshavv. The river Tweed rims in the 
 sw of this parish. Population is ah- ut 
 
 '‘ikvELVE I.SLES, or Twelve Aios- 
 TLF.s, isles on the s side of Lake bufJwUU., 
 f I'' North America. ' ' 
 
 il 3 F 
 
Twickenham, a fine village in Middl^ex, 
 '©n the Thames. '1 hk village is celebrated 
 as the favourite residence of the famous 
 Alexander Pope, who was interred here, a> 
 was also his* father and mother, voMhose 
 niemory he ereQted a monument in his life- 
 time, and had one erected, by bishop War- 
 burton, to his own memory. The house in 
 which Pope lived has been niueb enlarged 
 and ornamented, as have also the gardens 
 and lawn. Here Pope planted the firs> 
 weeping willow that grew in England. 
 Here is a charity school for 50 boys, and 
 ill the vicinity on the small river Crane are 
 oil and powder mills. In the neighiioiir- 
 hood are many handsome villas, particular- 
 ly Strawberryhill, the elegant retreat of the 
 iate Horace Walpole, earl of Oxford. At | 
 Twickenham park, now the seat of lord 
 Frederic Cavendish, the great Sir Francis 
 Bacon spent some of his early years in study. 
 3t is three miles ssw of Brentford, and II 
 wsw of London. 
 
 Twiford, a small town in Berkshire, on 
 Ibe Loddou, over which are here four brid- 
 ges, Being a great thoroughfare on the 
 Bath road, the town is furnished with gooti 
 inns. It is four miles and a-haif ne of 
 Beading. 
 
 Twicerton^ a small town in Somersetshire, 
 twm miles sw of Bath. 
 
 Twynholmy a parsh in Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, united with that of Kirkchrist. The' 
 united parish is about cine miles long and 
 two broad: The surface is mostly high 
 land, vrith many inequalities. The soil is 
 various, ami generally well cultivated. The 
 parish contained about 683 inhabitants in 
 JSOl. 
 
 Tyhe, an island of the United States,, on 
 the coast of Georgia, at the mouth of Savan- 
 nah river. Lat, 31 57 n, 
 
 Tycckziuy a town in Polachia^ Poland, 
 cn the Narew, 23 miias kw of Bislsk,- 
 Tgdorey one of the Molucca Islands, 10 
 miles to the s of Ternale. 
 
 Taynun, a town in the eonnty of Armagh, 
 Ireland, seven miles w of Armagh. In the 
 vicinity is a ruinous castle, surrounded bv 
 trees, 
 
 Tyndrumy a village ia Perthshire, 12 
 2 iiil?s from Dalmally, and about the j^ame 
 distance from Killin. There is a lead mine 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 I'ynCyiL river of England, in Northumber- 
 land, formed of a south branch IVonv the 
 county of Uurhum, and a north one from 
 ^he hill? on the bord rs of Scotland. Tliese 
 'iiiiiiing a little above Hexham, form a large 
 irlver, which bowing to Newcastle, enters 
 Gern.iUi ocean <xi Tynemouth. 
 
 Tuney a rapid river which rises in the 
 rroto! tains in the s of Haddingtonsliiie, wu- 
 Uus the town of Haddington, and enters the 
 German Ocean, below Linton. 
 
 Tynemoitlh, or Tinmouthy a sea-port in 
 ‘-ortl .’.mbnland, situated at the mouth of 
 'I ^ jiC. iu th« tuwa and nsighbourhood 
 
 are several salt works ; but the principal 
 article of trade is coal, of which upwards of 
 770,000 ehaidrons are annually exported to* 
 London alone. Tyuemouth has a large and 
 and stately castle, seated on a very high 
 rock, inaccessible on the sea sfde, and weii.- 
 mounted with cannon^ a strong fort that 
 commands the entrance of the river and ex* 
 tensive military barracks. There is a bar 
 across the mouth of the river which is not 
 c bove seven ieet deep at low water. There 
 are dangerous rocks about it called the 
 Hldck itiiddens. To avoid whict. there are 
 lighthouses. In 1801, the number of inha- 
 biian^ was 3856, and in 18 il, 5834 It 
 lies nine miles ene of Nevr^oastie, and 277 n 
 by w of London. 
 
 Tynumyhame, a parish^ in Haddington- 
 shire, extending along with Whitekirk, to 
 whicli it is united, about six miles in length ' 
 and four in»breadth, bounded on the N and' 
 E by the Frith, of Forth. The surface is 
 level and the soil is in general a rich gra- 
 velly loam.. At Tynningharn is one paro- 
 chial school ami at Whitekirk another. 
 Here is the elegant .seat of the earl of 
 Haddington, surounded with extensive and 
 thriving plantaiions Population of the uni- 
 ted parish, in 1801, 025; 
 
 Tynrouy a parish iLt Dmufries-shire e of 
 Minnibive, about 15 miies’ long, and four 
 broad. It is chiefly adapted lor sheep pas- 
 ture. A Roman road runs through its 
 w’hole length along the face of hills. 
 Tynron Boon, or Dun, is a very steep, and 
 almost inaccessible mountain, seen at a 
 considerable distance, on the top of which 
 are the remains of a fortifled castle. Popu- 
 lation is about'563. 
 
 Tynetvald Hilly or Tynwald Conri, in the 
 Isle of Man, a large Danish borough of a, 
 conical lonn, and handsome arcbiiecture, 
 about four miles and a-haif E^of Peel, and' 
 .seven \\ of Douglas. The summit of this 
 hiU, which is reached by a spacious flight ot 
 grassy step.s, is about six feet in diameter. ‘ 
 Here formerly was placed the king^s chair 
 of state, in which he sat, while the deem- 
 sters promulgated the laws ta the people, 
 Arouud the chair were three circular seats,* 
 the highest of which was occupied by the 
 barons, the second by the members of the' 
 hou.se of Keys, and the third, which wa* 
 140 feet in circumlj^ence, by the knights, 
 esquires, and yeomen, while the plebeians 
 stood round the hiih To this day the laws' 
 framed by the legislative body, which are 
 called acts of Findwald, must be publicly 
 '5;r<^okumed from this hill. 
 
 Tyrconnel ; See Donegal, 
 
 \ Tyre See Svr, 
 
 j , Tyriey £i parish of Scotland, in Aberdeen* 
 j shire, about 10 miles long, and four and 
 I a-Lalf broad, having its surface agreeably 
 diver.sified, and a great proportion of th« 
 soil fertile. It is well w^atered by a num-' 
 ber of line rivulets and .springs. The ex- 
 perts are iinen^ and linen yarn manufactured 
 
A I 
 
 T Z U 
 
 from flaX) the produce of the parish, black 
 cattle, sheep, wool, hogs, butter, cheese, and 
 peats. A village called Nev.V Pitsiigo, un- 
 der the patronage of Sir VVilliam Forbes, 
 yRnth a bleaciifield and other conveiuences ■ 
 for manufactures, has lately been founded 
 hure. The church, which is called the 
 Whitekirk of Buchan, is old, and said to 
 have been built as early as 1004 when the 
 thane of Buchan defeated the Danes on /the 
 contiguous hills. Population is about 
 
 1044r 
 
 Tyrnawy a large town of Upper Hungary, 
 
 20 miies ne of Presburg. 
 
 Tyrol ; Se.e Tirol. 
 
 TYRONE, a county of Ireland, in the 
 province of Ulster 46 miles in length, and 
 37 in breadth^ bounded ,cn the N by Lon- 
 donderry ; on the e by Armagh and Lough 
 Keagh ; on the sw by Fermanagh, and on 
 the w by Donegal. It is a rough and nig- 
 'ged country, but tolerably fruitful. It cop 
 tains 35 parishes, hnd about 125,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Near Dungannon are good coaler ies, 
 and a canal from the village of coal islanu, 
 to the Biackwater opens .a communication 
 With Lough Neagh The principal rivers 
 are the Foyle, the Biackwater, and the Ca- 
 meron, but it abounds with fii'je rivulets and 
 small lakes. Its sends three members lo 
 the imperial parliament, two for the county, 
 .and one for the borough of Dungannon, 
 which is tile capital. The assize town is. 
 Omagh. The linen manufacture is esti- 
 mated at £.257,444 yearly, ^ , 
 
 Tgsted, a town of Denmark, m N Jut ^ 
 land, and territory of Alburg, with a cita- 
 del, on the gulf of Lyinfoid, 46 miles w of 
 Alburg. Lon. 8 25 lat. 56 54 N. 
 
 Tivy, or Teioyj a river of Wales, in Car- 
 diganshire, has its source in a lake on the 
 E side of ihe county, and directs its course 
 by Tregannou, Llanbeder, Newcastle, and 
 Cardigan, into Cardiganbay. Opposite its 
 mouth is a small island. 
 
 Tzadurilla. a town of Natolia Proper, 63 
 miles SE of Isnic. 
 
 Tzaritzyriy a town of the Russian empire 
 in the government of Saratol, stands on the 
 Valga, 120 miles miles nw of Astracan. 
 Lon. 45 25 E, lat. 48 0 n. 
 
 Tzernitzy a town of European Turkey, in 
 Bouania, near the Tzeriia, 32 miles nne of, 
 
 Adrianople. : 
 
 Tzivilsk, a town in the government oi 
 Kasan, Russia, 56 miles w of Kasan. Lon. 
 47 25 E, lat. 55 40 N. 
 
 Tzuruehatu, Staroiy a town in the govern- 
 ment of Irkutsk, Russia, on the Argunia, 
 €.nd the frontiers of China. It is 160 miles 
 jf,E of Neiouinsk. Loa, 119 32 E, lat. 49 
 L8 N, 
 
 V 
 
 "^TAAST, St*, a town in the department ctf 
 ▼ Manche, France, has a small harbour, 
 and sail-works, five miles from Haerlleur, 
 and 14 rse of Cherburgh. 
 
 Vabres, a town in the department -oi Ave- 
 iron. France, lately an episcopal see, stands 
 at the junction of two small rivers that lall 
 into the Tarn. It has some manufactures 
 of serges, dimities, and cottons. It is 3Q 
 miles ssE of Rodez, and 32 e of Alby. 
 
 Vacea. 9 y Cayo, one of ihe Tortuga, off 
 Florida Keys, to the K of Bahia Honda^ 
 iS in lat, 24 35 
 
 Vachay a town of Upper Hesse, on the 
 Werra, 40 miles sE of Cassel. 
 
 VACHE, or Cow^s Island, an island ern 
 the s coast of the southern peninsula of 
 the Uland of St Domingo, about 13 miles 
 long, and in the broade.si part four and a- 
 half from n ,to s. It is 12 miles from the s 
 coast of St Domingo, opposite St Louis. 
 
 Vacheluse, one of the Lipari Islands, 
 three miles s of Stromboli. 
 
 Vadocurrayy a town in Malabar, Hindoo- 
 Stan, on the sea coast, at the n end of a long 
 inland navigation. It has a fort on the top 
 of a hill, and is a place of considerabl© 
 trade, 12 miles sse of Tellicbery. 
 
 Vadagaryy a town in the province of Ma- 
 dura, Hiadoostan, 64 miles wsw of Ma- 
 dura. . 
 
 Vadiriy a town in Bessarabia, European 
 Turkey, ou the Daaube, 93 miles w of NU 
 copoli. 
 
 Vadoy a town of Tuscany, at the raoutU 
 of the Cecina, 26 miles sse of Leghorn, 
 
 VadOy a sea-port of Genoa, on a bay of 
 the Mediterranean, three miles s oj Savona, 
 and 24 sw of Genoa. Lon. 8 8 lat. 44 
 
 ■ ^ VadsteiUy a towm of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 seated on the lake Wetter, near the river 
 Motala. Here the kings of Sweden had a 
 palace, now in ruins, 32 noUes w of Norko- 
 
 , ing. . , . . 
 
 ^adutZy a town and castle in the princi- 
 pality of Lichtenstein, Swabia, 26 miles s 
 
 of tiindau. .. . 
 
 Vaenuy ^ town in Andalusiia, Spam, on 
 the Castro, 23 miles se of Cordova. Lon. 3 
 50 w, lat, 37 40 n. 
 
 Vaiqatch; See VVaigatz. . 
 
 Vaihendy a town in Segastan, Persia, 
 seated on a river of its uame, 40 miles es« 
 of Arokho-ge. ^ ^ ^ 
 
T A t 
 
 V A L 
 
 Vae^s Island, Anthony, a ?mall island on 
 tbc E coast ot Brazilj in South America. 
 
 Vaihingen, a towu of the duchy of V/ir- 
 teirdmr^, Swabia, on the Ebs, 18 miles 
 KNW of Stutgcird. 
 
 laila,a, small island of Shetland, annexed 
 to the rarish oi Walls, and Sandne^s. 
 
 I aiseoyo', a small isia' ct on the coast of 
 Louisiana, with a harbour. 
 
 Vaison, a towu in the dej;arlment of Vau- 
 clusc, brauce, stands on a moumaiu. near 
 the river Oreze, and the ruins of ancient 
 Vaison, which was one of the chief cities 
 ot the (fauls. It was lately a bishop's see 
 and subject to tbe Pope, 22 miles ne of 
 Avignon, and 23 sse of Motelimar, 
 
 lal, a. village in, the Netherlands, three 
 miles w of Maestricht. Here, in 1744, 
 the duke of Cumberland was defeated by 
 marshal Saxe. 
 
 Valais ; See Vallais. 
 
 I alclcoicar, a town of Sclavonia, on tbe 
 Walpo, near its influx into tbe Danube, 70 
 miles wNw’ oi Belgrade. 
 
 P aldai, a town of Russia, in the go fern 
 merit of Novogorod, stands on tlie side of a 
 lake of the same name, .surrounded by hills. 
 It contains several brick buildings; and the 
 wooden houses are more handsome than the 
 generality of Russian cottages. The lake 
 is 20 miles in circumference, and has an is- 
 land in the middle, on which is a convent 
 surrounded by trees, 72 miles se of Novo- 
 gorod. Lon. 33 44 e, lat.'37 .50 n. 
 
 VAL DI DEMON A, or the Vailf.v of 
 Devils, a province of Sicily, so called be- 
 cause mount Etna, which is in it, throws 
 out flames continually. By the ignorant 
 and superstitious it was believed to^ be the 
 chimney of hell. Messina is the capital, 
 
 VAL DI MAZARA, a province in the 
 \v angle of Sicily, has its name from the 
 tow’n of Mazara. This province contains 
 Palermo, the capital of the whole island. 
 
 VAL DI NOTO, one of the three pro- 
 vinces of Sicily, so named from the capital 
 town It lies between the Val di Mazara, 
 Val di Demona, and the sea.* 
 
 Palleggw or Vallezzo, a town of Italy, 
 14 miles sw of Vei;ona. 
 
 Vale of While horse, a fertile tract of 
 England in Berkshire extending from Far- 
 ringdon to A biiingdon. It derives its name 
 from an exactly proportioned figure of a 
 white hor.^e out upon the side of a hill, and oc- I 
 ciipying about an acre of land. This figure 
 which j.s of unknown antkinity, is still care- j 
 fully kept in repair, form, and* colour, by the 
 neighbouring inhabitants. 
 
 Paldnjaes. a town in Tra los Montes, Por- 
 tugal, ninr vulva ^f Miraudola. | 
 
 (r- ('l(u:ly)(ro7i^ a town in the province of j 
 Leon, .Spam, sf‘a ted near the source of tbe 
 3*^. miles \k of I eon. 
 
 Valdi'cahras, a town in New' Castile, j 
 Spain, {T; mil-'s >;nf. of Cuenza. j 
 
 J' ahlcrr’’,-:^ n town in C-'talonia, Spain, I 
 
 Jit.’V.s c l,v vr o( To\to;ji4. ' i 
 
 ' VaJdemQTo, a town in Xt%v 
 ; Spruii, 13 miles s of xMacIrid. 
 
 I Valdepenas, u town in Ddancha, .Spain, 
 I 28 miles ese of Cuidad Real. 
 
 I Valdigetn, a tow n in Beira, Portugal, 
 seated near the Douro, tour miles ne of 
 Laniego. 
 
 Voldirki^ a city and sea-port in the In* 
 dian part of Chili, surrounded by walls con- 
 structed of earth, and defended by several 
 forts and batteries. The two entrances of 
 its capacious harbour have also numerous 
 piece.s of cannon on each side. It waf^ built 
 by Pedro de Valdivia, in L5d2 after he had 
 subdued the country. The city and its dis- 
 trict extends inland about 36 miles and is IS 
 broad, on both sides the river Valdivia, ia 
 the midst of the country inhabited by the 
 Araucauinians. The city stands on the s 
 side of the river, and the vicinity abounds in 
 valuable timber, and the purest gold dust, 
 10 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and 210 s 
 ^ of Conception. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. 30 
 I 46 s. 
 
 Valence, an aii'^’icnt, considerable, and po- 
 pulous city, in tlie department of Drome, 
 France, with a citadel, and school of artil- 
 lery. It is .surroinuk'd by w^alls, and the 
 public places and many private houses are 
 adorned by fountains. Ir is a bishop’s see, 
 and besides the cathedral, there are many 
 other churches, and conyeip'. Valence 
 stands on the Rhone, and is 30 mih^s n by e 
 of Viviers, and 33<5 s by e of Par.s. Lon. 4 
 .52 E lat. 44 .55 n. 
 
 Valence, a town in the department of Lot 
 and Garonne, France, on the Garonne, 13 
 miles from A gen. 
 
 j Valence d^ Alcantara, or Valenza d\il- 
 canfara, a considerable and populous town 
 in Estremadnra, Spain, stands on a rock, 
 near the frontiers of Portugal. It is sur- 
 rounded with walls and has an old castle, 28 
 miles sw of Alcantara, and 45 nnw of Ba- 
 dajbz. 
 
 VxALENCTA, a province cf Spain, for- 
 merly a kingdom ; bounded on the k and 
 by the Mediterranean, on the n by Catalonia, 
 and Arragon, and on the xv by New Castile 
 and Murcia. It is about 220 miles in 
 length, and from 20 to 60 broad, and is the 
 most populous and pleasant country in Spain, 
 for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It 
 is watered hj' many streams both natural 
 and artificial. It is fertile in all the neces- 
 saries (»f life, espec ally fruits, oil, and wine. 
 There are V(*ry rugged mountains, in which 
 are mines of gold, silver, iron, and alurnn, 
 and quarries of marble, jasper, and lapis ca- 
 bin linaries. It produces ak^o much silk, 
 
 cotton, and hemp, the manufacture of which 
 employs the iidjahitants, who notwdthstand- 
 ingali this abundance are generally j)Oor. 
 
 Valencia, a edy of Spain, capital of tbe 
 above province. It contains about 12,000 
 hoiK'ec wifbin the walls, besides those in (he 
 suburbs, and pleasure gardens which amount 
 to about the same number. It is handsumtiii 
 
V A L 
 
 pheasant, and .adorned with very fine 
 
 structure'?. It is an ;arch-bishop‘s see. 
 
 The oathedral has one side oi’ the choir in- 
 crusted with alabaster, and ornamented witn 
 paintings of scripture history. Tne othrr 
 edifices most worthy of notice are the pa- 
 lace of viceroy, that of Ciuta, the monastery 
 of St. Jerom, the exchange, and the 
 arsenal. Here are several remains of .anU» 
 qnitj^ The university consists of seveial 
 colleo-es. It has several good manufacioiies 
 of cloth and silk, carried on with great in- 
 du .try and success. In 1705, this city was 
 taken by the earl of Peterborough, but lost 
 it two 3' ears afterwards. In 1812, it sur- 
 rendered to the French, after a bombaramem 
 cf four days. It is pleasantly situated on 
 the river Guadalquiver, over which are five 
 bndees. It is 53 miles from the Mediter- 
 ranean, and 130 ese of Madrid. Lon. 0 
 27 E, lat. 39 27 n. . r ^ 
 
 Valencia, a city of the province of Carac- 
 cas, in Terra Fivma, stands in an extensive 
 plain, near the lake Forcurigiia. Some o' j 
 the streets are v;eil biult, but the houses are 
 generally low and irregubir. On the e side | 
 of th'^ great square is the principal caiirch. { 
 This city was nearly destroyed by an eartn- ' 
 quake in 1812, 57 miles sw of Porto Cabello. 
 Lon. 68 30 w, lat. 9 50 n. 
 
 Vahnfiiennes, an ancient, strong, and 
 considerable city of France, in the depart- j 
 fjieni of the North, and late province of Hain- 
 aiiit. It contains about 20,000 souls. The 
 
 J^cheldt, on which are some tine sluices, divides 
 
 it into two parts, the streets are narrow and 
 i/regular, and many of the houses construc- 
 ted of wood. Lewis XIV. took this city 
 ^‘roni the Spaniards, and had it coniirmed 
 to him by the treaty of Nimeguen, in 1678. 
 
 It was taken by the allies, in 1793, after a 
 severe siege, but was retaken 03 the French 
 n^'xt year. It is a very important place. 
 Lefore the war, this place was noted for its ^ 
 niarjulactures of laces, wooiieu stuHs, and 
 very fine linens. It is 20 miles w^-w of 
 Mons, 28 SE of Lisle, and 120 nne of Pans. 
 Lon. 3 32 e, lat. 50 21 n. 
 
 VALENTIA, an island of Ireland, which 
 forms a fine harbour on the sw coast of Ker- 
 ry, Munster. It is about five miles long, and 
 t’Vo broad, the sea runuing between it and 
 the main, about half a mile broad. 
 ij^land forms a parish in the diocese of .^rd- 
 fert, and give.s title of Viscount to the family 
 of Annesiey. Lon. 10 30 w, lat. 51 40 x. 
 
 Vaientine, a town in the departmeiil of 
 Upper Garonne, France. It is nine miles 
 jiR of St Bertrand. 
 
 Valenzay or Valentia, a town Oi Italy, 
 ip ?vliiaiiese, the capital of the Lumeline. It 
 is situated on a mountain, near the Po,^ and 
 has been often taken, 12 miles ese of (fasal. ' 
 
 Valenzo do Minho, a town of Portugiil, 
 cpposite Tuy in Spain, near the Minho, 80 
 miles NNW of Braga. Lou. 8 II w, lat. 42 
 
 % N. . 
 
 V A L 
 
 Valestra, a town in Madenese, Italy, 12 
 
 miles sw of Modena. 1 
 
 Valetfa, a city of Malta, and capital of 
 the island, stands on a peninsula between 
 two of the fine.i ports in the world, whinh 
 are defended by almost impregnable foru- 
 fioaiions. The largest is on the se side of 
 the oHy runs two miles inland, and afior is 
 the safest anchorage for the largest ships m. 
 the most stormy weather. In this 
 five distinct harbours a'.l equally sate, ihe 
 entrance is about a quarter of a miie broad^ 
 and is defended by strong batteries on each 
 I s'de, ana has a quadruple battery in fronty 
 ' one abc -^ another. The harbour on tne n 
 side L commodious, and well defended, and 
 on an island in the centre is a castle and a 
 lazaret. The town has three gates, and all 
 the streets are 've-l paved; the house, are 
 UuiU of stone, with fiat roots, and most of 
 them have a ‘ aicony lO tne street, Ti:e 
 principal ediiic =s are the palace ot the grand 
 ma-ter, .he mivrmm*}, the conservatory, and 
 Hi t superb ciuirch of St John, the pavement 
 bl whi di composed entirely of sepulchral 
 moiiumenls of the finest marhie.s, porphyry, 
 la is lazuli, and other v duable Hones. 
 There are other cbu’:cii richly endowed, 
 and several cenv^*nls. An aqueduct, ere c-cd 
 at the expense of one oi the grand YnaHbrs, 
 conveys water to tiie city from the vicauty 
 of Citia Vtcchia. Here is a mosque m 
 which the Mahomedan slaves are permrLted 
 to enjoy their religion. The populatio i i> 
 estimated at 50,600, of whom the half are 
 said to be foreigner'. In 1566, the Turirs 
 besieged this city, but after their utmost 
 exertions were compelled to raise the siege, 
 with the less of 3u,000 men. In 1798, it 
 surrendered to the French, under Bonaparte, 
 and in 1800, was taken by tne British, after 
 ablocadeof two years. It is 70 mdrs sb 
 of Cape Passaro, in .Sicily. Lon. 15 34 e 
 
 iat. 35 54 N. , . c 
 
 Valette, a town in the department cf 
 Charenie, France, 10 miles sol Angouleme. 
 
 Valkenbnrg, or Fauquemont, a town m 
 Limburg, Netherlands on ihe^Geule. It 
 w^as taken by the French in 1672, when its 
 fortifications were demolished, eight imies e 
 
 by N of Maesiricht. 
 
 Valladolid, an ancient, large- and hand- 
 some city, in Leon, Spain, capit A of a prin- 
 cipality of the same name, and a bishop's 
 see, with an university. It ‘s e^nbeiii.^hed 
 with handsome buildings, ki^ge pubho 
 squares, and fountains, wiin iine long and 
 broad streets. Timre are 70 mona-tHies^ 
 and nunneries, the fim st of w'l.ich is ihat of 
 the Domini cans, noted or its ciiurch which 
 is the most svioevb in the city. T: e murx'H- 
 place, called El Cumpo, is 7U0 pace , in cr- 
 cuiiiference, surrounded by a grea. nu i.ber 
 of convents. The town huuM> tak . p tno 
 entire side of a squar-u In the no. oi the 
 inquisition there are no wmdows, out a lew 
 holes which let in a small glimmering of 
 
V A L 
 
 The kings resided long at this place ; 
 the royal palace, which still remdins, 
 IS Oj very large ext nt, though but two sto * 
 ffies high. The population does not exceed 
 X0,000. The environs of the city are cover- 
 ed w^th gardens, orchards, vineyards, (fee. 
 It IS situated on the river Escurva and Pi- 
 suerga, SZ miles sw of Burgos, and 74 ssf 
 of Leon, and 100 nnw of Madrid. Lon. 4 
 47 \y, lat. 41 SO n. 
 
 Valladolid. Q. considerable town of 
 Spain, capital of the government of Mech')..- 
 can, 15^0 miles w of Mexico. See Meehoa- 
 can. 
 
 Valariolidy^. town of New Sirain, in the 
 J>rovinoe of Yu' atan, with abundance of cot- 
 ton in the environs, 94 miles e by s of 
 Minda. 
 
 Valladolid, or Camayagna, a city of New 
 Spam, capital of the province of Honduras 
 situated in a plain, is a bishop’s see, 280 
 miles E of Guatimala. Lon. 82 20 w, lat. 
 34 35 N. ' 
 
 Valladolid,.^ town of Peru, near the An- 
 des. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 6 2 s. 
 
 VALLAIS, a country of Switzerland, ex- 
 tending from E to w about 100 miles, and 20 
 Abroad, and divided into Upper and Low<-r 
 Vaiiais. The former reaches from mount 
 Furca to the river Merge, below Sion ; and 
 the latter from that river to St Gingou, si- 
 tuated on the Idke of Geneva. The Vailais 
 contains about 100,000 inhabitants, who. 
 profess the Romish religion. From Mount 
 Furca, its eastern boundary, tw'o vast ranges 
 of Alps inclose the Vailais, The southern 
 chain separates it from the Milanese, Pied- 
 mont, and part of the departmet of Mom 
 Blanc ; the northern divides it from the can - 
 ton of Bern. A country entirely inclosed 
 •within high Alps, and consisting X)f plaim', 
 elevated valleys, and lofty mountains, must ne- 
 cessarily exhibit a great variety of situatioi.^, 
 climates, and productions. The principal 
 mountains are the great St. Bernard, Sim- 
 plon, Grinisei, and Furca, whose tops are 
 never free from snow. Accordingly, the 
 Vailais presents a quick succession of pro- 
 spects, as beautiful as they are diversified ; 
 vineyards, rich pasture grounds, covered 
 ■with cattle, corn, fiax, fruit-trees, and 
 forests, occasionally bordered by naked 
 ffocks. The soil in the midland and lower 
 districts is exceedingly fertile, and produces 
 <abundanee of corn, and wine for the con- 
 sunipt of the i-nhabitants. In the ^»ore ele- 
 vated parts barley is the only grain that 
 can be cultivated with success. There are 
 no manufactmes of any consequence in the 
 Vailais. The people have hitherto been ac- 
 coumed both ignorant and indolent. Val- 
 lais was constituted an independeivt republic, 
 tiijdcr the guarraniee of France, Swissf^rland. 
 w'ln 1 Italy, in 1S02 ; but, in 1810, it was an- 
 nexed to France, and constituted a 'nenv de- 
 partment called Fimploj. Sion is the 
 <^apit<uL 
 
 V A L 
 
 VALLA Y, one of the Hebrides, lying ^ 
 from the island of North Uist, from which 
 it is separated by a narrow sound dry at low 
 water. It-is a mile and a-half long, and 
 half a idle broad, with a light, fertile sandy 
 soil. 
 
 Vallelonga, a town in Calabria Ultra, 
 Naples 18 miles ene of Nicotera. 
 
 Vallemont, a town in the de|>ar*ment of 
 Lower Seine, FrMice, 16 mites k by w of 
 Uaudebec, and 22 nw of Rouen. 
 
 V allencay, a town in the departmemt of 
 indie, trance, on the Nabon, 28 miles n by 
 w of Ciiateauraux. 
 
 Vallengin, 8i tov;n of Switzerland, capital 
 of a county of the same name, united to the 
 principality oi Neuehatel, seated on the 
 S( yon, three miles nnw of Neuehatel, and 
 25 NW of Bern. 
 
 V allers, a tow n in the department of 
 Inure and Loire, France, celebrated for 
 mineral water. It is four miles nw of 
 Tours. 
 
 Vallery, St, a coraraerciad town in the 
 department of Somme, France, sian is at the 
 mouth of the Somme, whose entrance is 
 dangerous. It 10 miles w'nw of Abbe- 
 vnle, ^nd 100 n by w of Paris. 
 
 V allery en Ceaux, St, a town in the de- 
 partment of Lower Seine, France, with a 
 harbour. Hence sailed William duke 0 ;f 
 Normandy, when he made a descent upoa 
 England, J5 miles from Dieppe, and 100 
 or Paris. 
 
 V allier, St, a town in the department of 
 Drome, France, near the Rhone, sevea 
 miles NB of Tournon, and 18 n of Va^ 
 lence. 
 
 V ails, a town in Catalonia, Spain, has a 
 manufacture leather, 10 miles n of Tar- 
 ragona. 
 
 V alna, a town in Andalusia, Spain, near 
 tne river Guadalqiiiver. 
 
 Valogne, a town in the department of the 
 Channel, Franco, eight miles from the sea, 
 and 158 w by n of Paris, 
 
 Valona, or Avlona, a sea port town of 
 Turkey in Europe, ifi Upper Albania, and a 
 bishop's see. Hence are exported the oil, 
 wool, and timber of the surrounding country. 
 
 It is sit.'ated on the gulf of Venice, near the 
 mountains of Chimera, 70 miles s of Du- 
 -azzo. Lon. 19 36 e , lat. 40 48 n. 
 
 Falparayso, a large and populous town 
 of Chili, in South America, in the province 
 of Quillota, with a well frequented harbour, 
 defended by a fort. Its commerce consists 
 chiefly of wheat tallow, leather, cordage, 
 and dried fruits. It is situated on the bay of 
 tue Pacific ocean, at the foot of a high 
 mountain, 75 miles nw of St. Jao-o. Lon. 
 72 14 w, :at. 33 3 s. 
 
 Valperga, a town in Piedmont, 16 miles v 
 of Turin. 
 
 Valreas, a town in the department of* 
 Vaucluse, France, 18 miles ne of Orange. 
 
 Vais, a town in the department of Aide- 
 
VAN 
 
 France, noted for its mineral springs. 
 
 It is S' ated on the Ardeche, three miles n of 
 
 Auhenas, and 1% Nwof Viviers. 
 
 Valtelimy called by the inhabitants! 
 Valle-telmOy a fine fertile valley of Swit- j 
 zerlan i, lately subject to the Gfi>oiis, but i 
 annexed to Ttaiy by the French. It ©xtonds , 
 from the confines of Bormo to the lake^ ot 
 Chiaverma, about rniics, and iroui to 
 J5 broad. It is enclosed be ween two chains 
 of high mountains. The n chain separates 
 ii from tlie Grisous ; the s trom the V ene- 
 tiuo territories. The river Adda runs through 
 its whole lee gth, into the lake Como, and it, 
 consists of three districts, the Upper, Middle, 
 and Lower, the chief towns vl which are 
 Tirano, Sondrio, and Murbegiio. The Val- 
 telines export wine, silk, pianks, cheese, 
 butter, anil catile. They have no niaiui- 
 factures. The number of mhabitaats is 
 coiwputed at d'^,000. The inhabitants are 
 Komanists. On the 20th of July, 1020, 
 there was a general massacre of ihe proies- 
 tauis in this valley. 
 
 Valua, a to\vn in Abnizzo Citra, Naples, 
 IS. miles ssw ofGivitadi Chieti. 
 
 Valverde, a town in Esiremadura, Portu- 
 gal, 27 miles of Alcantara. 
 
 Valterds, a town in Esiramadura, Spain, 
 ^^ight miles from Bndajoz. 
 
 Van, a strong city of Asiatic Turkey, 
 ill Kurdistan, near the frontiers of Persia. 
 
 It has a strong castle, on a mountain, in 
 which is a numerous Turkish garrison. 
 
 It is governed by a beglerheg, situa^^fed on a 
 lake of the same name, 160 miles In circum- 
 ference, 80 miles ne of- Betbs. Lon. 43- 
 39 E.lat, 38 28 N. 
 
 Vandulia, a duchy of Pomerunia, subject 
 to Prussia. Stolp uen is the oapiutl. 
 
 VANDALIA, a country of Mecklenburg, 
 15 miles in length and ■^ven in breadth. It 
 contains several lakes, and the principal 
 town is Gmtrow. 
 
 VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, long supposed 
 • to be a part of New Holland, hut now found 
 to be an uland 160 riTiles long and 80 
 broad, separated from the coast of New 
 Holland, by a channel 30 leagues wide, 
 sailed Bass Strait, It was discovered by 
 Tasman in 1642, and in 1799 was found to 
 be an island. In 1777, captam Cook called 
 here for supplies of wmocl, water, and grass. 
 The natives were of t.e common sla'.ure, 
 bit rather slender, tjie sk;n black,- with 
 woolly hair. Tne hair and beards, and 
 some of the faces were smeared with red 
 ointment. They preferred birds to all other 
 food, their houses resemble those of New 
 Soa'h Wales, The land is elevamd, but 
 diversified with bills, valleys, wood and 
 water. The forest trees are tali and quite 
 straight, to the height of masts, and seem to 
 be all of one kind. The quadrupeds are 
 oppossiim'*' anti kangaroos. The birds are 
 similar to those of New Holland. In 1804, 
 a British settlement was established on the 
 sjs coast, near the mouth cf the Derwent, 
 
 VAR 
 
 which is called Hobart, The altar of it3 
 church is over the vault of colonel Collins^ 
 the first lieutenant governor, who died here 
 in 1810. Lon. 148 20 k, lat. 42 30 s. 
 
 VAN DYKES, JOST, and LITTLE^ 
 'two of the smaller Virgin Islands, situated 
 to the Nw of Tortola. Lon. 63 I'5 w, laU 
 18 25 N, 
 
 Vaniam Bady, a town in Mysore, Hin- 
 doostan, 55 miles wsw of Arcot, and 130 is 
 ol Seringa patam. 
 
 Vannes, a trading, populous, and ancient 
 town in the depurtuieni of Morbihan, France, 
 with a harbour, and is a bishop's see, on tb»3 
 gulf oi Morbihan Corn, fish, and bar iron, 
 form the principal articles of cormneree,. 
 
 It is three miles from the sea, 56 sw oi Ren- 
 nes, and 255 w by s of Paris. Lon. 2 46 v/ 
 lat. 47 39 N. 
 
 VAR, a. department of France. It takes 
 its name from a river which Has its source 
 in the county of Nice^ and tails into tb« 
 j Mediterranean, three miles w of Nice. It 
 1 includes part of the late province of Pro- 
 vence. Toulon is tlie capital. - 
 
 Varcdlo, a strong town in the MilanesSy 
 Italy, on the borders of Piedmont, stands on 
 the Sesia, 33 miles e of Aosta, and 47 wnw 
 of Milan.. 
 
 Varambon, a town in the department oi 
 Ain, France, seated on the Am, 14 miles 
 ssE of Bourgen Bresse. 
 
 Varasdin, a town of Croatia, near the 
 Drave, with a castle and citadel, 65 miles,, 
 NNE of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 32 e, lat. 46 
 25- N. 
 
 Vardar, a riv^r which has its source m 
 mount Scardus, European Turkey, and runs 
 s through Macedonia, into the gulf of Salo- 
 iiica. 
 
 Varella, a cape of the kingdom of Ciam- 
 
 pa, _ 
 
 mountain, noted for a high rock, like a 
 tower, on its summit. Lon. 109 17 b, lat, 
 12 50 N. 
 
 Varendore, a well fortified town of Ger- 
 many, situated on the Embs. 
 
 Varennes, a town in the department of 
 Allier. France, on an eminence near the 
 Allier, 20 miles s of Moulins. 
 
 Warennes, a small town in the department 
 of the Meuse, France. Here Louis XVIo 
 his que^n, sister, and two children, were 
 stopped, in their flight from the capital, in 
 1791, and conducted back to the Tuilliries,- 
 It is 13 miles n of Clermont, and 13 w by 
 N of Verdun. 
 
 Varesa, a town of Genoa, 13 miles nnw 
 of Brugneto. 
 
 VciT6S€, or Varssio, a town of Italy, in 
 Milanese, stands near a lake of the same 
 name, and the source of the Olona. Here a 
 number of the Milanese nobility reside. It 
 is 26 miles nw oi Milan. Lon. 8 51 e, lat» 
 
 45 48 N. . • , . 
 
 Varhely, a town of Trausylvama, 4(1 
 miles s of Weisseiiburg. 
 
 Varinas;^. to'.vn in the rrovince of Ven®*. 
 
 situated on the e coast. Near it is a 
 
V A U 
 
 ^hola, Terra Firma, and capita! of a district 
 of (he same name. It abounds in all kinds 
 of fruit, and is famous for chucoiate, ISO 
 miles s by e of Venezuela. Lon. 70 0 w, 
 iat. 8 10 N. 
 
 Varmiy a considerable town of European 
 Turkey, in Bulgaria, and capital of the 
 territory of Drobiigia, with a harbour, seated 
 Bear the month of the Varna, in the Biack 
 sea, and is an archbishop’s see, 2>2 miles n 
 of Mesembria, and 145 nw of Constaniinople, 
 Lon. 28 28 B, lat. 42 44 n. 
 
 Varzeyy a town in the department of 
 Nievre, France, 24 miles n of Nevers.' 
 
 Vasily a town in the government of 
 Novogorod, Russia, on the Volga, 60 miles 
 E of Novogorod. Lon. 45 44 e, lat. 56 
 
 16 K. 
 
 . tr c K 
 
 Lyons, who‘ opposed the doctrines of fh'» 
 church of Rume,in 1160. 
 
 PaavtUe^y a town in the department of 
 Manche, France, seated on a b' y of tho 
 same name, nine miles w of Cherbu.g. , 
 fauxhally a village im Surry, situated on 
 the Tuames, and celebrated for its gardens, 
 which, as a place of public entertainment, 
 are »..e linest in Europe. These gardens 
 are open to company every day of the week, 
 excep; Sunday and Friday, at half past six 
 o’clock, from about the beginning of May 
 to the end of August. Upwards of 100,000 
 pprs(;ns have been assembled h“re at once, 
 and 70c 0 have supped in one evening. On 
 gala nights 14,000 lamps have been used in 
 the gardens at one time, two miles sw of 
 London. 
 
 Vassalboroughy a post town of the United 
 States, in Lincoln county, district of Maine, 
 stands on the Kennebec, nine miles n of 
 Halloweii. 
 
 Vasserbnrgy a town of Bavaria, in the 
 territory of Munreh, 28 -miles e of 
 Munich. 
 
 Vassgy a town in the department of Upper 
 Marne, France, seated on the Blaise. Here 
 Ui .7562, commenced a bloody persecution I 
 of the protestants by order of the duke of 
 Uuise, 10 miles mv of Joinviile. 
 
 Vatariy a. town in the department of Indre, 
 France, eight miles mw of Isoudon. 
 f Vati, the principal harbour of the isle of 
 Jarnos. Lon. 27 13 e, lat. 37 46 n. 
 
 Vptica, a sea port in the Morea, European 
 Turkey, seated on a large bay of its name 
 44 miles se of Misitra. Lon. 23 2 n, lat. 
 36 38 N. 
 
 VAVAOO.oneof the Friendly islands, in 
 the South Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Vauhariy Fort, See Louis Port, 
 
 ^ VaucouleurSy an ancient town in the de 
 J^a^tment of the Meuse, Frtince, stands on 
 the side of a hill, near .the Meuse, 10 miles 
 w of Toul, and 23 se of Bar le Due. 
 
 - Vauchf.sey one of the finest springs in Eu- 
 rope, celebrated by Petrarch, eight miles 
 from Avignon, in France. It gives name to 
 one of the new departments in France, of 
 w hich Avignon is the capital 
 
 VAUD, PAYS DE, a pleasant country of 
 Switzerland, in tbe canton of Bern. It ex- 
 tends along the lake of Geneva ; and is rich- 
 ly laid out in vineyards, corn fields, and 
 luxuriant meadows, and ohequfired with con- 
 tinued bamlets, villages and towns. Lau- 
 sanne is the capital. 
 
 VaudableSy a town in the department of 
 Puy de Dome, France, live miles from 
 Issoire. 
 
 Vaademonty a town in the department of 
 MeHiribe, France, 15 miles se of Toul, and 
 18 s by w of Nancy. 
 
 VaudoiSy the vallies of, lie in Piedmont, in 
 Italy, N of the rnarquisate of Saluzzo, the 
 chief town in w hich is Lucerna. The inha- 
 bitants are called Vaudois, and also Wald- 
 icss, from Peter Waldo, a merchant at 
 
 Vaypura, a town in Malabar, Hindoostan, 
 stands at the mouth cf a fine river, by 
 w’hich much teak timber is floated down to 
 the sea port, seven miles s of Calicut. 
 
 Ubeduy a considerable and populous town 
 I in the province of Andalusia, Spain, with a 
 j castle. It is seated in a fertile country, 
 
 I near the Guadalquiver, five miles ne of 
 Baeza, ajjd 22 ne of Jaeri. 
 
 UbberlmgeUy a free and late imperial city 
 of Suabia, in West Furstenburg, ceded to 
 Baden in 1802. It is situated on a high 
 rock, near the lake of Constance. Near 
 it are celebrated baths. The chief trade is 
 in corn to Switzerland, seven miles n' of 
 Constance. 
 
 VbersIiOy a town in the circle of Chrudin, 
 Bohemia, 10 miles ene of Chrudin. 
 
 UbeSy Sty or Setuoal a fortified town in 
 Esiremadura, Portugal, with a citadel, and 
 a good harbour, defended by three forts. It 
 is built on the ruins of the ancient Setebriga, 
 near tbe mouth of the river Cadaon, and 
 stands at the end of a fine plain, five miles 
 long, very fertile in corn, wane, and fruit. 
 
 I The N end is bounded by mountains adorned 
 ! with pines eind other trees, and containing 
 I quarries of jasper of various colours. It has 
 j a fine fishery, and the people have a very 
 good trade, particularly in salt, a great 
 quantify of which is sent to the American 
 colonies. It is 22 miles s£ of Lisbon. Lon. 
 8 54 w, lat. 38 22 n. 
 
 UbigaUy a towm in the duchy of Saxony, 
 on the Elster, 28 miles se of Wittenberg. 
 
 UBY, or PuEO Uby, an islaiKt of Asia, 
 in the Indian ocean, at the e side of the 
 entrance of the bay of Siam, 20 miles in 
 circumference. It affords good water, and 
 plenty of wood, and is 10 miles irom Pulo 
 Condor. Lon. 104 46 e, lat. 8 55 x. 
 
 Vcayal, See Apurimae. 
 
 llcedOy or UzedUy a lowui in New Castile, 
 Spain, has a castle, and stands on the Xa- 
 rama, 32 miles nne of Madrid. 
 
 Uchey an Indian town, .viiuated on the 
 Citata Uebe river, N America. 
 
 Ucker, a river of Germany, which issues 
 from a lake of the same name, near Prenzlo, 
 in the Uckcr Mark of Brandeiibuig, run:* n 
 
V E £ 
 
 Hither Pomerar^ia, and receiving the Ran- 
 Hio, Hows into the Frisch Haff, at Ucker- 
 
 jnunde. ^ „ 
 
 Uckermunde, a town of Upper Saxony, 
 in Hither Pomerania, duchy of Stettin, 
 stands near the Frisch Haff, at the mouth ot 
 the Ucker, 25 miles nw of Stettin. 
 
 Uddemlla, a sea port in the province ot 
 Eahus, Sweden, stands on a bay of the Cate- 
 gat. It has spacious streets ; the houses are 
 constructed of wood, paintea red, or yellow. 
 Here are a strong fort, an arsenal, tar and 
 iron works, and rope walks. It has a 
 trade in iron, planks, and herrings , 4fa 
 miles N of Gothehurg. Lon. 1 1 56 e, lat. 
 
 5S 20 N. . . 
 
 IJdenskoiy or Udin^^koi, a town in Siberia, 
 in Irkutzk, sealed on the Selinga, 150 miles 
 E of Irkutzk. Lon. 108 30 E, lat. 52 
 
 Ok. . 
 
 Udina, or Udene, a handsome and consi- 
 derable town of Friuli, Italy, capital of 
 Friuli, containing about 16000 inhabitants, 
 with a citadel. On the suppression of the 
 patriarchate of Aquilica, in 1750, it became 
 the see of an archbishop. Here, in 1797, 
 a, treaty was signed between the trench and 
 Austrians. The towm stands in a large 
 plain, on the river and canal called Roia. 
 
 It is 20 miles kw of Aquileia, and 65 ne of 
 Venice, Lon. 13 3 e, lat. 46 12 n. 
 
 UdipUy a lowui in Canara, Hindoostan, 
 with a small fort in the vicinity. It has 
 three temples in a common square, sur- 
 rounded by 1 4 convents. The town is seated 
 amid rice fields and palm gardens, two 
 miles from the sea, and 36 nnw of Manga- 
 
 lore. ^ . . 1 
 
 Udmjy a fertile and well cultivated parish 
 in Aberdeenshire, sw of Ellon, about seven 
 miles and a-hali square, of a beautifully va- 
 riegated surface, and healthy clima.te. 
 Here are quarries of limestone and granite, 
 £ind some valuable woods. Population 
 about 1242. 
 
 Udskoiy a towm in the province of Okotsk, 
 Siberia, on theUd, 300 miles sw of Okotsk. 
 Lon. 135 30 E, lat. 55 6 n. 
 
 Vechtay a fortified town of Germany, in 
 Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 
 on a river of its name, 27 miles s of Olden- 
 burg, and 35 nne of Osnaburgh. 
 
 Vecht a river of Holland, which branches 
 off from the Rhine, at Utrecht, and falls 
 into the Zuyder Zee, at Munden. 
 
 Vecht, a river of Germany, w^hicb has its 
 .source near Munster, in Westphalia, flows 
 through the counties of Senfort and Ben- 
 theim, and entering Overyssel, washes Om- 
 men, Hasseit, and Swartzluys, and dis- 
 charges itself into the Zuyder Zee, under 
 the name of Swart Water. 
 
 Vedenskoiy a town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Archangel, on the Vokscaa, 
 200 miles ese of Archangel. Lon. 46 44 
 E, lat. 58 45 N. 
 
 Veere. See Tervere^ 
 
 15 
 
 Veepcy Sty a town in Cornwall, two mika 
 from Fowey. 
 
 VegOy a town in Asturias, Spain, near th« 
 sea, 34 miles nw of Oviedo. 
 
 Vegay a town in the province of Leon, 
 Spain, 22‘ miles nne of Leon. Another 55 
 miles w of Leon. 
 
 P^eguy a town in St Domingo, in the 
 finest and most extensive valley in the is- 
 land, seated on the river Yague, 65 miles w 
 of Samana. 
 
 Vegaymatiy a town in the province ot 
 Leon, Spain, 28 miles nne of Leon. 
 
 VEGLIA, an island in the gulf of Ve- 
 nice, on the coast of Dalmatia, and to the 
 K of Chersor It is 90 miles in circumfe- 
 rence, rocky, and badly cultivated, but is 
 the most pleasant and populous island on 
 this coast, and abounds in wine and silk. 
 
 Its only town is of the same name, and has 
 a good harbour, a strong citadel, and is a 
 bishop^s see, 17 miles nW of Arba. Lon. 
 
 14 56 E, lat. 45 22 N. 
 
 Veglianciy a town of Piedmont, stands on 
 an eminence, near the Doria,12 miles nw 
 of Turin. 
 
 Vehy a town in Moultan, Hindoostan, at 
 the conflux of the Setledge and Indus, 63 
 miles ssw of Moultan. Lon. 70 .5 e. la\, 
 29 8 N. 
 
 Veirosy a town in Alentejo, Portugal, on 
 on the Anhalowra. It lies 10 miles ssw oi' 
 Pcrtalegre. 
 
 Veissenhurgy a town in the government of 
 Revel, Russia, near the gulf of Finland, 56 
 miles E of Revel. 
 
 Veity St, a town in Carinthia, Germany* 
 has an old castle, and is seated at the junc- 
 tion of the Glau and Wunich, three miles n 
 of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Veit, in Istria. See Fhme. 
 
 Vela, a cape on the n coast of Terra Fir- 
 ma, 160 miles ene of St Martha. Lon. 7i. 
 25 w, lat. 12 30 N. ^ 
 
 Velay, a late province of France. It is 
 full of high mountains covered with snow 
 the greatest part of the j’ear, but abounds in 
 cattle, and now forms the department of 
 
 Upper Loire. .... 4. 
 
 Velhurg, a jtown in the principality ot 
 Neubiirg, Bavaria, has a decayed castle, 
 22 miles nw of Ratisbon. 
 
 VeldentZy a town, late of Germany, in tae 
 palatinate of the Rhine, but annexed to 
 France in December 1797, and included m 
 the department of the Sarre and Moselle. 
 It is seated on the Moselle, and tne environ v 
 produce excellent wine, 19 miles ne ot 
 Treves. 
 
 Veletri, an ancient, pleasant, and _ hand- 
 some town of Italy, in Campagna di tvoma. 
 It is seated on an eminence, and has esteo- 
 sive squares adorned with fountains, ana a 
 superb palace belonging to the bishop ot 
 Ostia, 18 miles sE of Rome. 
 
 Ve!ex, a town in New Castile, Spam, -50 
 miles sE of Madrid. 
 
 3 G 
 
V E N 
 
 . Veley dc Gomara, a town of Fez, with a 
 harbour on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 with a castle, seated between two high 
 mountains, 120 miles ne of Fez. Lon, 4 0 
 w, lat. 36 10 N. 
 
 Vdez-Malaga, a town in Granada, .Spain, 
 stands in c rich plain betw’^eu two rivers^ 
 near the Mediterranean, in the vicinity is 
 a manu'aciure of playing cards, 13 miles e 
 by N of Malaga , and 62 sw of Granada. 
 
 7 clicalay a tow'll! on the head of the penin- 
 sula of California, near the coast of the 
 North Pacific ocean. Lon. 116 40 w\ lat. 
 20 35 N, 
 
 Vehkuy a town of Sclavocia, on the river 
 Bakawa, 10 miles e of Cruetz, and 60 nw 
 of Fosega. 
 
 leJiki Udiuffy a province of Russia, in 
 Toiogda. listing is the capital. 
 
 Ve/ore, a town of the peninsula of Hin- 
 doostan, in the Carnatic, seated on the Pa- 
 liar, wuth a large and beautiful fort, which 
 is strongly garrisoned. The town is pretty 
 extensive, and well built. Above it are 
 three hills, on each of which is a fort. It 
 was the residence of the late sultan of My- 
 sore, 14 miles w of Arcot, and about 90 w 
 of Madras, 
 
 Veltzen, See Vltzen. 
 
 VenufrOy an episcopal town of Naples, in 
 Terra di I.avoro, stands near the Volturno, 
 26 miles n by w of Capua. 
 
 V enaissiny a small territory on the 
 Rhone, France, lately depending on the 
 pope^s dominions, but now included in the 
 <lepartment ot Vaiicluse. It is pleasant and 
 fertile. Carpentras is the capital. 
 
 Venanty Sty a town in the department of 
 the Straits of Calais, France, on the Lis, six 
 miles K by w of Bethuiie, and 27 se of 
 Dunkirk. 
 
 Venasqtie, a town in Arragon, Spain, seat- 
 ed in a valley of its name, on the river Es- 
 sara. It is 47 miles nne of Balbastro. . 
 
 Penasquey a towui in the "department of 
 the \ aucluse, France, seated on theNasque, 
 19 miles ESE of Carpantras, and 18 ene of 
 Avignon. 
 
 Vcneaticherryy a town in the e part of 
 Mysore, Hindoostan. In the vicinity iron 
 is smelted from black sand. Here are the 
 ruins of the rajahls palace, and the remains 
 of a fort. It was ceded to the English by 
 the treaty of Seringapatam, and is 37 miles 
 w of Arcot, and 38 e of Bangalore. 
 
 re«cc, nn ancient towui in the department 
 of V^ar, F'rance, lately an archbishop^s see, 
 nine. miles N of Antibes, and nine w' of 
 Nice.- 
 
 VENDEE, a department of France. It 
 comprehends part of the late province of 
 Poitou, extending about. 60 miles in length 
 from w to E, ami about 30 in breadth from 
 w to s, but towards the wvit is not above 13 
 broad. It has its name from the small river 
 Vciidee. F’onieuay Je Compte is the capi- 
 fni. This depurtmeiit was one coutiimed 
 seeue of biooLbhed during the greater part of 
 
 VEN 
 
 the revolutionary war, being full ©f 
 grants and royalists. 
 
 Vendeuy a town in the . government of Ri^ 
 ga, Russia, seated on the Aa, 36 miles eke 
 of Riga. 
 
 y endomcy a considerable town in the de- 
 partment of Loire and Cher, France, seated 
 on the Loire, 30 miles ne of Tours, and 03 
 sw of Paris. 
 
 J’endrely a town of Catalonia, Spain, 23 
 miles vvsw of Barcelona. 
 
 Veneritty a town of Piedmont, which de- 
 rives its name from a magnificent hunting 
 seat built by the duke of Savoy. It is seat- 
 ed on the Stura, and has manufactures of 
 silk and wool, eight miles nnw of Turin. 
 
 VENEZUELA, a province of Terra Flr- 
 ma, in the government of Carac?as, South 
 America, bounded on the s by New Grana-* 
 da, on the n by the Caribbean sea, k by 
 Caraccas, and w by Rio de la Dacha and 
 St Martha. It stretches round a gulf of its 
 name, (which runs 90 miles inland and is 80 
 broad,) and the lake Maracaybo. When 
 the Spaniards landed here in 1499, they ob- 
 served some huts in an Indian tillage built 
 upon piles, in order to raise them above the 
 stagnated water, w^hich induced them to 
 give this place the name Venezuela, or little 
 Venice. The tops of the lofty mountains 
 near the sea coast are barren, but their 
 lower parts are fertile, and gold is found in 
 the sands of the rivers. It produces plenty 
 of corn twice a-year, with fruits, sugar, to- 
 bacco, cocoa, <fec. It is about 800 miles in 
 length, and as much in breadth. At present 
 it is said to contain 100,000 inhabitants,, 
 who live tolerably happy, and raise great 
 numbers of European sheep, and mahufac^ 
 turo cotton stuffs. It has many populous 
 towns. Its capital, of the same name, or 
 Coro, stands near the sea coast, about. 50 
 miles SE of Cape St Roman. This town is 
 a bishop^s see, and suffered greatly by the 
 earthquake in 1812. Lon. 70 13 w, lat. 10 
 30 N. See terba firma. 
 
 VENICE, a late celebrated aristqcrati* 
 republic of Italy, which comprehended 14 
 jirovinces. In the 4th century, when Attila, 
 the king of the Huns, called the Scourge of 
 God, ravaged the n part of Italy, many of 
 the inhabitants abandoned their country, and 
 retired into thjc islands of the Adriatic Sea. 
 As these islands are near each other, they 
 found - means to join them together, by 
 driving piles on the side of the canals, and 
 on which they built houses, and thus the 
 superb city of Venice had its beginning. 
 The late government of Venice was highly 
 aristocratic. The doge was elected by a 
 plurality of voices, and the ducal cap was 
 placed on bis head with great, ceremony, in 
 the church of St Mark, He held his dig- 
 nity during life ; and bis office was to 
 marry the Adriatic sea, in name of the re- 
 public ; to preside in all assemblies of the 
 state ; to superintend all the members of 
 the magistracy^ and to nominate to all 
 
V E N 
 
 lh« benefices annexed to fue cliuroU of St 
 
 Mark Oo the other hand, there -were five 
 
 .Vu .0 n. 
 
 be has been justly debDed to be 
 
 in habit 
 
 ind state, a king; in 
 
 lor ; in the city, a prisoner ; and out ot i , 
 a private person. This constitution, how- 
 
 ever, now no longer exist." 
 
 jNv iiv wvv - over- 
 
 thrown Vn lT9T7and by “’'’.f 
 Formio, the city and territory of ' '■i.ice, 
 lying to the s and w of the Adige, was cf^cd 
 to Austria, the Venetians are Romanisls, 
 but they tolerate the Greeks and Mahome- 
 tans. The Protestants were not allowed the 
 free exercise of their religion, but they 
 were not otherwise much persecuM. 1 ht 
 head of the clergy is patnarc h of Ve- 
 nice, who must bo a noble Venet an, and 
 was elected by the senate. The clergy m 
 eeiieral are accounted ignorant, and yet 
 they are pretty good orators. The famous 
 carnival begins wiih the year, and continues 
 t'll the Lent : all which time is emplojed in 
 sports and diversions. Then libertinism 
 rcip-us through the city, and thousands o 
 foreip-ners frequent it from all parts ot Ku- 
 rop^." The principal spot of the masquerade 
 is St Mark’s Place, where there are some- 
 times above 15,000 people, and it swarms 
 with harlequins, jesters, mountebanks, rope- 
 dancers, 'and puppet-shows. Even the 
 'priests and monks enjoy tne diversions ot 
 the carnival ; but when these are over, no- 
 thing is heard from the clergy, but sermons 
 about repentance. This the Venetians ex- 
 perienced annually. But whatever degree 
 of licentiousness may prevail among the 
 Venetians, jealousy, poison, and the stiletto, 
 have been long banished from their gallant- 
 ry, and the poor people of 
 
 some qualities very rarely to ft goncy. 
 
 row: and so are I'le canals, except the 
 grand canal, which is very broad, and has a 
 
 serpentine course, through the middle oi th^ 
 city. There are nearly 500 bridges in the 
 dtv, but most of them are only single arch- 
 es thrown over the canals. The Rialto con- 
 sists of a single area, but it is a very noble 
 one, and of marble, built across the grand 
 canal, near the middie, where it is narrow^- 
 est. The arch is 90 feet Wide, and feet 
 hio-h. It is encumbered on the top with two 
 rows of bootiis, or shops. The view from 
 the Rialto is equally grand and magnifi- 
 cent : the canal covered with boats and 
 ffondolas, and Banked on each side by superb 
 palaces, churches, and spires. The only 
 place where a person can walk with ease 
 mid safety is in the Piazza di fet Marco ; a 
 kind of irregular quadrangle, lormed by a 
 number of marble edifices ; 
 ducal palace ; the churches of St Mark and 
 St Geminlano ; and a noble range of build- 
 ings, in which are the museum, the miiu, 
 the public library, &c. The patriarchal 
 church of St Mark, though one of the rich- 
 est and most expensive in the world, does 
 not attract the eye at first. It is 
 by five domes. The treasury of St Mark is 
 very rich in jewels and relics. In the nmi^e- 
 rous churches and convents, the pai/itings 
 are the most to be admired, and m this ves^- 
 pect Venice far surpasses even Rome ‘tselt. 
 The ducal palace is an immense building, 
 entirely of marble, and before the revoluuon 
 it contained the appanments of the doge, 
 halls and chambers for the senate, and the 
 different councils and tribunals ; and an ar- 
 mory in which a great number of muskets 
 were kept, ready charged, that th ‘ noblc:* 
 might arm themselves on any sudden emer- 
 ® - ‘ -- 1 -.-^^ ^3 a covered 
 
 From the palace 
 
 tuuic: ^uciiivx.-o .v-.^ ^ I of pornmunication to a state prison, 
 
 that sphere of life, being remarkably -obe. | „e 
 
 and obliging to ^ ^TheVe- meaU of the ducal palace ave ornamented 
 
 their intercourse with each other, ine ve j| . 
 
 netians, in general, are tall, and b^ive^a 
 ruddy brown colour, with dark eyes. The 
 women are of an easy address, and oi no 
 
 '''*^’nie7*^a*cfiy of Italy, one of the most || lofty pillars of gramte 
 
 celebraS m the world, 'a’nd capital of the .1 race ts a fortd.cation 
 late republic of the same name, sioiated in 
 the Dogado, It has an university, ana 
 stands on 72 little islands in the gulf of Ve- 
 nice. The aproaeh to the city i marked by 
 TOWS of stakes on each side, which direct 
 vessels of a certain burden to tivoid the shal- 
 lows. Tlr* lake on which Venice stands, 
 about five miles from the main land, is a 
 kind of small inner gulf, separated from the 
 large one by some islands, at a few miles 
 
 l.by the pencils of Titian, Paul Veronese, 
 Tiiitoret, Palma, the Bassaris, mul ctati 
 I painters. There is an opening from br 
 i Mark’s place to the sea, on which stands . w o 
 ■ " ’s of granite. The ar.>enal of v e- 
 
 uiee is a fortification of between two und 
 three miles in compass ; it is ntouco it dock 
 yard, and a repository for naval and militury 
 stores. Here the Venetians ibed to bund 
 their ships, cast their emmoos, make lii nr 
 cables, sails, anchors, &c. I' m Venttians 
 have a flourishing trade m silk manula.. 
 
 distance. T 
 
 ho number of inhabitants is 
 
 computed to be about 160,000. The houses 
 are built on piles, and the greater part of 
 them have a door opening upon a caual, and 
 another into a rtreet, by means of which, 
 and of the bridges, a person may go to al- 
 most any part <jf the city by land, as well as 
 by water. The streets, in general, are nat- 
 
 mres, boneiace, a^nd all sorts ol glasses, nn.l 
 mirrors, which make their principal employ- 
 ments The handsome structure called li 
 Fonfiia di Tedeschi, coutainmg _21i __^hop_s 
 
 and 500 
 
 rooms, is that where the German 
 
 merchants lay tlieir I -’t ■ 
 
 bank of Venice is supposed to bo t le i, ., 
 of tne kind in Europe, after the model ot 
 which, those of Amsterdam and Humburgli 
 were established. There are two academies 
 of puintinit, to which belong very skiUul 
 masters, In this city a famoas caimvat is 
 iJ G 2 
 
V E R 
 
 beld from Gbristmas till Ash-wcdnesday, 
 during which libertinism reigns through the 
 city, which, altracts thousands of foreigners 
 from all parts of Europe. The chief diver- 
 sions are ridottos and masquerades, and St 
 Mark is the general rendezvous. This city 
 was one of the richest and most commercial 
 in Europe ; for this it was indebted at first, 
 to the monoply of the commerce of India ; 
 the goods of that country being conveyed, 
 in the middle ages, up the gulf of Persia, the 
 Euphrates, and the Tigris, as far as Bagdad ; 
 thence by land across the desert, to Palmy- 
 ra ; and thence to the ports iu the Mediter- 
 ranean : and, afterwards the supplying of 
 the crusaders with provisions and military 
 stores was a source of wealth and power. 
 The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by 
 the Portuguese in 1486, with its consequen- 
 ces, has reduced Venice from a state of the 
 highest splendor to comparative insignifi- 
 cance. In no place have the effects of Bo-^ 
 naparte’s usurpation' been more sensibly felt 
 than here ; the total stagnation of com- 
 merce, produced by Napoleon’s anti-Britan- 
 iiic regulations, have reduced many opulent 
 iamiiies to a state of absolute beggary. 
 Venice is included in the province called 
 the Dogado, and is 72 miles e by n of Man- 
 tua ll^KEof Florence, 140 e of Milan, 
 212 N of Rome, and 300 n by w of Naples, 
 Lou. 12 10 E, lat. 45 26 n. 
 
 Venice^ Gulf ofy or the Adriatic Sea, a 
 sea between Italy and part of Turkey in 
 Europe. It is the ancient Adria*ioum 
 Mare, and is yet called the Adriatic sea. In 
 it are numerous islands, and many bays or 
 small gulfs, on each const. The ceremony 
 of the doge of Venice marrying the Adriatic 
 annually on Ascension-day\ by dropping into 
 it a ring from his state barge, attended by 
 all the nobility and ambassadors in gondolas, 
 was internaitted in 1707, for the first time, 
 for several centuries. 
 
 renlOy a town in Upper Guelderlaud, Ne- 
 therlands. It is situated on the e side of 
 the river Mfiese, oppo :te Fort St Alichael, 
 where there is a commodious harbour. 
 Venlo was taken by the allies iu 1702, and 
 confirmed to the Dutch by the barrier treaty 
 in 1715, and surrendered to the French in 
 1794, 12 miles n of Ruremonde, Lon. 6 6 
 JE, lat. D I 22 N. 
 
 »' ^iiosuy a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 
 on the Gi'amo, 18 miles nw of Acerenzu. 
 
 Venta dt Cruz, a town of Terra Firma, 
 on the is hm us of Diirien, and cn the Chag- 
 re. Hither the Spaniards were wont to 
 bring the merchandize of (thili and Peru on 
 mules from Panama, to be conveyed by the 
 river to Porto Bello, 20 miles n of Pa- 
 nama. 
 
 VenzOne, a tov r in the country of Friuli, 
 Italy, sfe^ds cu the Tagliamento, J8 miles 
 ol ioh. 
 
 / mi ancient town in Granada, Spain, 
 with a bnrboiir. It is 32 mHcs sw- of Car- 
 
 VER 
 
 thagcna, 34 nne of Almeria, and 89 ® 
 Granada. 
 
 Ver<ty a towm in Navarrb, Spain, seated 
 on the Bidassoa, 28 miles n by w of Pam*^ 
 plona. 
 
 Vera Cruz, a city of New Spain, in Tlas-^ 
 cala, and the grand port of Mexico, or New* 
 Spain, having a safe harbour, defended by a 
 fort, on a rock of the island St Juan de 
 Ulua, nearly adjoining. It is i^erhaps one 
 of the most considerable places for trade in 
 the world, being the natural centre of the 
 American treasure, and the magazine for all 
 the merchandise sent from New Spain, or 
 that is transported thither from Europe. It 
 receives a prodigious quantity of East India 
 produce, by way of Acapulco from the Phi- 
 lippine islands. On the site of this town, 
 Cortez landed, in 1519, with 590 Spaniards, 
 and undertook the conquest of Mexico, and 
 being determined to conquer or die, he sunk 
 the ships which conveyed his handful of 
 men thither. The Old Town, 16 miles to 
 the Nw^, is deemed the first colony founded 
 by Cortez. The city is regularly and ele- 
 gantly built, of materials drawn from the 
 bottom of the sea, as no rock is to be found 
 in the environs, nor any portable springs. 
 The inhabitants are supplied by rain water 
 preserved in cisterns The number of Spa- 
 nish inhabitants is about 3000, mulattoes and 
 mongrels, and the whole population is esti- 
 mated at 16,000, exclusive of the militia and 
 sea- faring people. An annual fair is held 
 here for the merchandise of the Old World, 
 which is much frequented. It is situated in 
 the E extremity of the province of Tiascala. 
 Vera Cruz is 190 miles e by s of the city 
 of Mexico. Lon. 96 9 w, lat. 19 12 n. 
 
 VERAGUA,a province of New Spain, in 
 the audience of Guaiimala. It is about 125 
 miles long, and 40 broad ; and is a moun- 
 tainous and barren country. It was graut- 
 ed to Christopher Columbus, with the title 
 of duke, and his posterity still enjoy it, A 
 good deal of gold and silver is obtained 
 here. The capital is St Jago. 
 
 VER APAZ, a province of New’ Spain, in 
 I the audience of Guatimala. It is about 144 
 miles in length, and 28 in breadth, and is 
 full of dreadful mountains, and thick for- 
 ests, yet there are many fertile valleys. 
 The chief commodities are cocoa, cotton, 
 drugs, and wool. There are also many 
 towms and villages of the native Americans. 
 The capital is of the same name. It is si- 
 tuated on a river, W’hich runs into the gulf 
 of Dulce, and is a bishop’s see, though an 
 incohsiderabl " place, 120 miles nk of Gua- 
 timala. Lon. 91 2 w, lat. 14 46 n. 
 
 Verhano. See Maggiore, 
 
 Verberie, an ancient towm iu the depart- 
 ment of Oise, France, on the Oise, 10 miles 
 NE of Senlis. 
 
 Verceliy aii ancient, handsome^ and consi- 
 derable city of Piedmont, capital of a- lord- 
 ship of the same name, and now the capital 
 
V E R 
 
 of the department of Sessia, It is situated 
 at the confluence of the rivers Sessia and 
 Cerva, Its lortiftcation^ were demolished 
 bv the French iiv 1705. The governor's pa- 
 lace, the town-house, and the hospital, are 
 
 handsome edifices. The population amounts 
 
 to 20,000, 10 miles of Cassal, and 40 
 NB of Turin. Lon. 8 24 e, iat. 45 31 n, 
 Vercfiolensk, a town of Russia, in the 
 jroverunient ot Irkutsk, on the Lena, 1 
 miles N of Irkutsk. Lon. i05 35 E, lat. 
 
 54 0 N. . . , 
 
 yerchoturaySL town of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Perm. It is a bishop’s see, 
 and was the first town built by the Russians 
 in Siberia. It stands near the Tura, 120 
 miles N of Catherinenburg, Lon. 60 15 e, 
 lat. 50 45 N. 
 
 Verd, Cape, a promontory on the w coast 
 of Africa, 145 miles to the sw of the mouth 
 of the Gambia. Lon. 17 31 w, lat. 14 44 
 VERD,CAPE DE, ISLANDS, lie m the 
 Atlantic ocean, about 400 miles w of the 
 cape of that name, between lat. 13 0 and 
 19 0 N. The principal are 10 in number, 
 viz. St Antonio, St Vincent, St Lucia, St 
 Nicholas, the isle of Sal, Bonavista, Mayo, 
 
 St Jago, Fuego, and Bravo. They are 
 said to have been known to the ancients, 
 under the name of Gorgades, but not visited 
 by the moderns till 1446, when Anthony 
 Noel, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal, 
 discovered them, and from their situation, 
 gave them the general 'name of Cape Verd. 
 
 St Jago is the principal. 
 
 Verdej or Green Island^ on the n coast oi 
 South America, stands at the mouth of the 
 
 nver St Martha. , . , rw * 
 
 VERDEN, a duchy in the circle of M est- 
 phalia, Germany, on the e oi the Weser, 
 extending in length and breadth about 28 
 miles. It consists chiefly of high dry lands, 
 and heaths ; but on the rivers Alter and 
 Weser are rich marshes. Formerly it was ’ 
 a bishopric, but was secularised, ai the 
 peace of Westphalia, and ceded to Sweden. 
 The Danes took it in 1712, and, in 1715, 
 ceded it to the electoral house of Brunswick, 
 which cession in 1718, was confirmed by 
 the Swedes. The inhabitants are Luthe- 
 rans. _ , 
 
 Verden, the capital of the above duchy, 
 stands on a branch of the Alter, contains 
 four churches, and is 18 miles ese of Bremen, 
 Lon. 9 29 e, lat. 52 58 n. 
 
 Vcrderonney or La Bourlarderie, an is- 
 land on the E cca^rt of Cape Breton. It is 
 about seven or eightleagues in length. 
 
 Verdun, an ancient and ccusiderable 
 town in the department of Meuse, France, 
 and a bishop’s see. The citadel was con- 
 structed by Vauban, who was a native of 
 this place. Besides the cathedral, there are 
 one collegiate, and nine parish churches j 
 and it is divided into the Upper, Lower, and 
 New towns. • In 1792, Verdun surrendered 
 to the Prussians, but was retaken soon after. 
 It is situated on the river Maese, 42 miles 
 
 V E R 
 
 S5W of Luxemburg, and 140 e by N of Paiis*- 
 Lon. 5 28 e, lat. 49 9 n. 
 
 Verdun, a small but handsome and popu- 
 lous town in the deiiartment of Upper Ga- 
 ronne, France, seated on the Garonne, 29 
 miles NNW' of Toulouse. Lon. I 20 e, iat. 
 
 43 54 N. 
 
 Verdun, a town in the department of Sa- 
 oue and Loire, France, stands on the Saoue. 
 at the junction of the Doubs, 27 miles s of 
 Dijon, and 30 e by s of Autun. 
 
 Verea, a town in Macedonia, European 
 Turkey, 48 miles w of Salonita. 
 
 Vereria, a town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, 56 miles wsw of Mos- 
 cow. 
 
 Vergennes, one of the most flour fsbing 
 and commercial towns oi Vermont, in Addi- 
 son county, stands on Otter creek, six mites 
 from its mouth in lake Champlain, and 10 
 N of Middleburg. 
 
 VERGORAZ and NARENTA, a pro- 
 vince of Dalmatia, 36 miles long, and 13 
 broad, with 17,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Verim, a town of Terra Firma, in the 
 province of Comana, stands on a gulf of 
 the Atlantic. It is famous for its tobacco, 
 and is 45 miles e of Comana. Lon. 63 44 
 \v, lat. 10 8 N. 
 
 VERMANDOIS, a late territory ot 
 I France, in Picardy, now included in the de- 
 partment of Aisne, It is fertile in com 
 and excellent flax. 
 
 Verraanton, a town in the department ot 
 Yonne, France, 14 miles sse of Auxerre. 
 
 Vermejo, or Bermejo, an island end port 
 on the coast of Peru. Also a river that 
 has its source in Tucuman, on the frontiers 
 of Peru, runs se and enters the Paragua, a 
 little above its junction wdtli the Panara. 
 Vermillias Barryeras, on the coast of 
 
 Brazil. ^ 
 
 VERMONT, one of the United States oi 
 America, lies between Ion. 71 32 and 73 25 
 w, and between lat. 42 44 and 45 0 n- 
 j Computing by the latitudes, taa length oi 
 the state Irom s to the n boundary, is about 
 ) 157 miles, and the main width, from e to w, 
 about 65. It is divided into 11 counties, 
 Windham, Windsor, Orange, Caledomu, 
 Essex, Bennington, Rutland, Addison, Chit- 
 tenden, Franklin, and Orleans. These are 
 subdivided into upwards of 230 townships, 
 which are generally, six miles square. In 
 180 1 , according to the census then taken, 
 the number of inhabitants in this state \yas 
 154,465, ill 1810, 217,913. The number 
 has since greatly increased. The peop.u are 
 an industrious, brave, hardy, aclive, Irugtu 
 race. The' soil is deep, and oi a dark co- 
 lour, rich, moM, warm, and loamy. It 
 bears corn and olher kinds ol gram. 
 Throimh this state there is one continued 
 ran2:e uf mountain.', called the Green moun- 
 tains, from their perpetual verdure, and 
 which gave name to the state. Kennington 
 Peak, one of the highest, is 3454 leet above 
 the iJvel of the ocean. The natural growth 
 
V E R 
 
 Upon this chain of mountains is hemlock^ 
 pmes, spruce, and otuer ever-greens From 
 tiiese mountains issua numerous streams and 
 rivers: the iaigest are on the v.- side, ami 
 the chief are Oner Creek, Onion river. 
 IMoilie, and Mischisooui ; the most nume- 
 rous are on the e side, the larg-est of which 
 are West river, White river, and Poousoom- 
 suc. Iron and lead ores of several kinds, 
 pipe-clay, which has been wrought into du- 
 rable crucibles, and quarries of wdiite, grey, 
 gild variegated marble, have been found in 
 ditterent parts of this state. The trade of 
 \ ermont is principally to Boston, Hartford, 
 and New York. In no country is educa- 
 tion more attended to. A charier for a 
 richly endowed university was granted by 
 the iegislature of this state, in 1791, to be 
 established at Burlington. In 1792, the 
 state of the militia was a.« follows : 20 re- 
 giments of infantry, 15 companies of caval- 
 ry, and six companies of artillery ; the 
 whole computed at 18,500. Vermont 
 sends two representatives to congress, and 
 has been settling only since about the year 
 T764, Bennington is the chief town. 
 
 Fernet. See Is^oire, 
 
 FcrueuU, a town in the department of 
 the Eure, Franee, seated on the Aure, 22 
 miles sw of Evreux, and 65 w by s ef 
 Paris. 
 
 Verneuil, a town in the department of 
 Allier, Franee, three miles from the river 
 Aiiier, and 15 s of Moulins. 
 
 Vernois, a considerable town of Russia, 
 ill ihe government of Rezzan, Lon. 42 29 
 E, lat. 53 15 N. 
 
 Vernouy a handsome and populous towm 
 in the department of Eure, France, has a 
 fortress at the end of the bridge, over the 
 Seine, 27 miles se of Rouen, and 42 nw of 
 Paris. 
 
 Feroli^ an ancient town of Italy, in Cam- 
 pagna di Roma. It is a small but populous 
 place, at the foot of the Appenines, ou the 
 Cosa, three miles s of .diatri. 
 
 Feroruiy a large, ancient, and famous 
 city of Italy, and capiial of the Veronese, 
 and a bishop^s see. It is surrounded by 
 thick vvalls, deep ditches, and good ram- 
 parts, and has three forts. The streets are 
 neither straight nor clean, the best is that 
 called the Cut so. There is a handsome 
 square called the Piazza d’Armi. The ri- 
 ver Adige divides it into two parts, which 
 are conrectcd by four liandsonie bridges. 
 The most remark able stiuciure in this eily 
 is the ancient amphiiljratre built by the Ro- 
 mans, in which there arc 44 rows of seats or 
 benciics, of white marbb-, which w ill con- 
 veniently hold about 25,009 peiKcns, In 
 the tOwn-liouse are the statues of live illus- 
 trious natives of Verona; namely ( atullus, 
 T^miilius, Marcus, Coruelius Nepos, the 
 r der Pliny, and X^itruvius. Besides the 
 railjcdral, an ancient (udliic structure, 
 are 48 parish churches, 4 1 tnuiveiUs, 
 hospitals, and 13 churches cd’ other 
 
 V E R 
 
 denominations. In the palaces of Bevilac- 
 qua and Seipio Maffei are many valuable 
 paintings, antiques, and other curiosities. 
 Above 60 kinds of marble are found in the 
 neighbourhood, with w hich most of the hou- 
 ses are built. Verona is situated bn the river 
 Adige, by which they transport considera- 
 ble quauiiiies of merchandise to Venice* 
 Near the city is a delightful place, called 
 Campo Marzo, w'here two annual fairs aia 
 held in Alay and November. Verona w^as 
 taken by the French in 1796, and retaken 
 by the Austrians in 1799. It is 20 miles ne 
 of Mantua, and 45 w of Venice* Lon. 1 1 
 18 E, lat. 45 26 N, 
 
 VERONESE, a province of Italy, in the 
 territory of Venice, bounded ou the n by 
 FrentinOj e by Vicenliiio, s by Mantuan, and 
 w by Bresciano, about 35 miles in length, 
 and 27 in breadth. It is one of the most 
 fertile countries in Italy, abounding in corn, 
 wine fruits, and cattle. It is comprehentled 
 under the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 Veroritzay a strong town of Sclavocia, 
 near the Drave, 65 miles \ w of Essek. 
 
 Verrez, a town of Piedmont, has a for- 
 tress so strong by nature, as to be deemed 
 impregnable. It is 15 miles sse of Aosta, 
 and 35 n of Turin. 
 
 Verrieresy a town of Switzerland, in the 
 territory Of Neufchatel. The vicinity is fa- 
 ! mous for excellent cheese. It is six miles 
 ENE of Pontarlier, and 20 wsw^ of Neu- 
 chatel. 
 
 Verrua, a town in AlontsCrrat, Piedmont, 
 seated on a hill near the Po. In 1705, it 
 was taken by' the French, after a severe 
 siege of six months, but it did not surrender 
 till the commander had blown up the forti- 
 fications, and the place had become a heap 
 of ruins, IS miles w of Casal, and 20 ne of 
 Turin. 
 
 Versailles f a town in the department of 
 Seine and Oise, France, 10 miles w'sw of 
 Paris. It contains 60,000 inhabitants. In 
 the reign of Lewis XITI. it Avas only a small 
 village, in a forest, 30 miles in circuit ; and 
 here this prince built a hunting seat. Al- 
 thougii the situation w^as low^ and very unfa- 
 vourable, Lewds XIV. enlarged it into a 
 magnificent palace, which was the usual re- 
 sidence of the kiiigs of France, till ihe 6th 
 of October 1789, w hen the lat(^ unfortunate 
 Lewis XVI- ami his famil} were reniowd 
 from it to the Thuilleries. The buildings 
 and the gardens are adorned w ith a vastmini- 
 ber of statues, done by the finest artists ; and 
 the water-w'Orks are much admired. The 
 great gallery is thought to be as curious a 
 piece of workmanship, of that kind, as any 
 in the world. The gardens, with th ‘ park, 
 are live miles in cinuimference, and siir- 
 rounded by walls. ■ There are three fine 
 avenues to Versailles. x4fter the revolution 
 it wTs made a bishop’s see. Lon. 2 7 e, 
 lat. 48 48' 
 
 Versailles, the chief towm of Woodford 
 countn*, Kentucky, stands on a rivulet, that 
 
V E S 
 
 into Kentucky river, 
 w’by s of texingtoii. 
 
 I'er^ti, a town in II\ingary 
 
 UFA 
 
 It lies 13 miles 
 Here are 
 
 extensive 
 
 barracks, and in lUe viouiity tuc^ 
 ruins of a castle, 18 miles N of Vipalanca, 
 and 40 s of Temeswar 
 
 oteat fertility, beauty, and popnlatioQs 
 Next ai)Ove lliis is a scene of deva4?ition 
 covered svith lava. Th(3 upper part r sem- 
 biing a truncated cone, is covered almost en- 
 tirely with afehes, and extremely ditlicuit 
 of ascent. Tiie top exhibits a narrow ledge 
 
 was made to form a harbour, in opposition 
 to Geneva, but theenterprize was soon ahan^ 
 doned, six miles se of Gex, and 7 N of 
 Geneva> 
 
 Vert Bay; See Fundy, 
 
 Vertus, a town in the department of liiar- 
 ne, France, stands at the foot of a mountain, 
 enriched by good vineyards, 17 miles sw of 
 Chalons, and 78 ke of PaVis. ^ 
 
 Verviers, a town of the Netherlands, m the 
 bishopric of Leige, seated on the Weze, and 
 Las a trade in cloth, four miles $w of Lmi- 
 burg, and 17 ese of Leige. 
 
 VerviMS, a town in the department of A is- 
 ne, France, on the Serre, celebrated for a 
 treaty, in 1598, between Philip 11. ot fepam^ 
 and Henry IV oi France, 40 miles NE Oi 
 Soissons^ and 110 from Paris 
 
 OI asuom. A UU — -Ja- 
 
 . ^ of Ain. 1 of burnt earth, or cinders about two miles 
 
 a town m the . attliel in circuit, with the crater open beneath, 
 
 France, stands on the lake ^ - aHenipt I nearly 350 fe^3t in depth. Its shelving sides 
 
 mouth of the Aer^oix. Ini > . J I ashes, and cinders, intermixed 
 
 with rocks and masses of lava, inclosing at 
 the bottom a flat space of half a mile in 
 diameter. To the s of this cone, separated 
 by a deep deli, is a ridge cailal Monte di 
 Somma,‘irom a town that stands near its 
 I base. The distance in a straight line be- 
 I tween these two summits, is about 3000 fCeL 
 On the side tov/ards the cone, the ridge ex- 
 hibits a TU:.^ged i;recipiec, but the other side* 
 slope gently to the plain. The fust erup- 
 tion of t!ii. vole, no was in the ye, r 79 of 
 the Christian era, under Titus. It was ac- 
 contpanied by an earthquake, which over- 
 turned several cities, pa.ticulariy Pompeii 
 and Herculaneum. In this eruption, Pliny 
 the naturalist, by his too great curiosity, 
 jj lost his life. Great quantities of ashe^; and 
 
 issons,and 110 rom i ^ ^ g^^oke were carried not only to 
 
 Fer«wc/o,atownot Pieamom,seaiea iiia i Mediterranean 
 
 fertile soil, neat the Vratia, has a castle, 
 and is surrounded with ancient walls, flank- j 
 cd with tow'ers, three miles s of Saluzzo* 
 Veselevo, a village of Lithuania, on the 
 Berezine. Here, in 1812, Bonaparte in his 
 retreat from .Moscow, threw two bridges 
 over the river, by which part of his army 
 passed on November 27, but being attacked 
 in the rear by. the Russians, he burnt the 
 brUlo’es, and those which had not passed laid 
 dowm tlieir arms; all 'their baggage was 
 taken, including what had been pillaged 
 from the churches and inhabitauts of Mos- 
 cow, 11 miles wNvv of Borisow. See 
 Zimbiii. 
 
 Veselize, a town in the department oi 
 Meurthe, France, seated on the Brenon, 12 
 miles s of Nancy, 24 se of toul, and 102 
 SE of Paris. 
 
 Vedey, a town in the department ot Ais- 
 r.e, France, on the Aisne, 10 miles exe of 
 Soissons. 
 
 Vesoul, a town in the department ot Up* 
 per Saone, France, near the river Burgeon, 
 at the foot of a mountain. It is the capital 
 of thg department, and has a medicinal spring 
 in the vicinity, 24 miles n of Besancon, and 
 108 ESE of Troys. Lon. 6 S e, lat. 47 36 N. 
 
 Vespririy or Wehhrain, a populous town 
 of Lower Hungary, capital of a county ot 
 the same name, with a castle, seated on the 
 Sed, 19 miles w by s of Stuhlwei-senburg, 
 33 SE of Vienna, and 70 ese of Presburg. 
 Lon. 17 57 E,lat. 47 1(3 N. 
 
 VESUVIUS, a celebrated volcano of 
 Italy, in Naples, yeven miles e of Naples. 
 The. mountain is about 30 miles in circum- 
 ference at the base, and 3600 feet high. 
 The lower parts of the mountain are covered 
 with towns villages, and villas, exhibiiing 
 
 Rjme, but also across the Mediterranean 
 into Africa, Another violent eruption, in 
 in 1631, totally overwheime.l the town of 
 Torre del Grego. Hamilton mentions that 
 the eruption in 1767 was the 27th from the 
 time of Titus, since which there have been 
 U others ; next to those of 79 and 1031, the 
 eruption of 1794 was the most violent 
 and destructive. The lava overflowed 
 5000 acres O' cultivated land and Ihe town 
 of Torre del Greco was again laid in ruins ; 
 the top of the crater also fell in, and was 
 enlarged in its dimensions. It takes about 
 
 two hours to ascend to the summit; the 
 mouth of the volcano is now little short of 
 two miles in circumference. Vcsciviiis i.s; 
 six miles E of Naples. 
 
 Veoay, a handsome town of Switzerland, 
 capital of a bailiwick of the same, in the 
 Pays de Vaud, seated near the lake of Ge- 
 neva. It has a manufacture ot hat.s, an ex- 
 tensive trade in cheese and excellent win*# 
 It is situated, 10 miles e by s of Lausanne, 
 and 37 miles sw of Bern, Lon. 7 0 w, lai. 
 
 46 25 N. c 
 
 Vaudre, a town in the department ot Ab 
 Her France, on the Allier, 17 miles nw of 
 Moulins. 
 
 Veyney a town in the department ot Up- 
 per Alps, France. It is 12 miles w by s oi 
 
 Vezelay, a town in the department oi 
 Yonne, France, stands on the top ol a moun- 
 tain, near the Cure. Being in posses.sion ol 
 the Calvinists in 1560, it was br sieged b> 
 Charles IX, who lost loOO, and Was obiigeu 
 to abandon his interpuse, Th.'adwre Berza, 
 was a native of this place, 26 miles e by s 
 
 ofAuxetre. . 
 
 UFA, one of the 14 ^overnmonU oi Russia, 
 
V I A 
 
 V I C 
 
 included in fliat of Tobolsk, Siberia. It is 
 iiivided into the two provinces of Ufa and 
 Orerburg. 
 
 Ufa, a town of Russia, capital of a go-i, 
 vernment of the same name, in Siberia, « 
 stands on the Ufa, near its j auction v,ith the 
 Bieiaia, 760 miles e by s of Moscow, 
 Lon. 6G 0 E, lat. 54 40 n. 
 
 Uffenheim, a towi. in the principality of 
 Anspach, Franconia,, seated on the Gollacb, 
 has a castle, and is 15 miles n by e of lio- 
 tenburg, a i d 22 se of VYurtzburg. 
 
 Ufcolumf), a town in Devonshire JO miles 
 from Bradnmcb. 
 
 Ughoro, a town in Cam wall, near tiie Ta- 
 mar, three miles from Modbtiry. 
 
 Ugento, a populous town of Naples, in 
 Terra d 'Otranto, eight miles w of Aieesana, 
 and 20 sw of Otranto. 
 
 Ugle, a river in Aberdeenshire, composed 
 
 of the Deer, and the Striohen which have 
 their sources in the i:w of the county meet, 
 five or six miles e of Old Deer, when the uni- 
 ted stream gets the name of Ugie, and en- 
 ters the German Ocean bolow Inverugie, 
 two miles n of Peterhead. The tide flows 
 a mile and a-haif up the river. 
 
 Ugliani, a town in Piedmont, nine miles N 
 of Ivrea, and 16 ese of Aosta. 
 
 Uglieh, a town in ttie government of 
 Jarosiaui, Russia, stands on the Volga, and 
 has a trade in soap and leather, 45 miles w 
 of Jarosiaul. 
 
 IJgccz, a small town in Upper Hungary, 
 15 miles n of Zatmar. 
 
 Vgogna, or Vogogm, a town in fliilanese, 
 Italy. It is sitiiated on the Tosa, 16 miles 
 N of Varollo, and 45 nw of Alikin. 
 
 Ugrocz, a town of Hungary,. 16 miles n 
 of Fopoltzaii. 
 
 Viadana, a town of Italy, in the Alan- 
 tuan, situated on the Po, eight miles x of 
 Parma, and 17 s of Mantua. 
 
 Viana, a tow n in Navarre, Spain, stand.s 
 on the Ebro, four miles ne of Longraiio 
 and 42 miles sw of Pampeluna. 
 
 Viana, a considerable town in Entre- 
 Duero-e-Miiibo, Portugal, at the mouth of 
 the Lima, with a good, harbour, defended 
 by a fort, 20 miles w by n of Braga. 
 
 Vianden. a town in Luxemburg, Nether- 
 lands, divides it into Old and New Town by 
 the river Ureu. It has a castle on a rock, 
 a tannery and cloth manufacture, and lies 
 22 miles nw of Luxemburg, and 22 nw of 
 Treves. 
 
 Vianen, a town of S HoHaud, on the river 
 Lech, with a castle. In 1672, it was taken 
 by the French, who demolished its fortifica- 
 cations, seven miles s of Utrecht, and 30 e 
 by N of Rotterdam. 
 
 Vintka, a government of the Russian em- 
 pire, which w as formerly a province of Ca- 
 san, has its name from the river Viatka, 
 which passes thr\)ugh ihe country, and joins 
 the Kama. 
 
 k Viatka, a town of Russia, capital of a 
 governraent of the si^me name, and a bishop's- 
 
 I 
 
 see with a castle, on the Viatha, its forme? 
 name w'as Khlynof, 100 n of Casan. 
 
 Viazma,' a. town in the government of 
 Smolensk, Russia, seated on a river of the 
 1 same name, and covers a great extent of 
 ground. It has 32 churches, but is neither 
 regularly built, nor populous. The greater 
 part of it was burnt by the Russians, in 1812, 
 before they evacuated it on the approach of 
 the French, 80 miles ene of Smolensk. 
 
 Viberg ; See Wihurg. 
 
 Vic, a town in the department of Meur- 
 the, France, on the Seilie, 15 miles exe of 
 Nancy. 
 
 Vie, or Vigue, a city in Catalonia, Spain, 
 and a bishopV see, seated in a fertile plain, 
 ©n a small river, that unites with the Ter. 
 It w^as formerly much more considerable 
 than at present. It is 35 miles n of Bar- 
 celona. Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 41 55 n. 
 
 Vic Bigorc, a tow’n in the department of 
 Upper Pyrenees, France, on the Adour, 12 
 miles N of Tarbes. 
 
 r/e le Compte, a town in the department 
 of Pays de Dome, France, near the AlUef, 
 with a palace, the residence of the former 
 counts of Auvergne. In the vicinity is a 
 medicinal well, i5 miles se of Clermont. 
 
 Vicegrad, or Vizegrad, a small town of 
 Lower Hungary, with a castle on the tep 
 of a rock, in which the crown of Hungary 
 was formerly kept. It is situated on the s 
 side of the Danube, eight miles se of Gran 
 and 16 xwv of Buda. 
 
 VICENTINO, a territoiy of Italy, and 
 a country of Venice. It is about 35 miles in 
 length, and 27 in breadth. It is a very, 
 pleasant and fertile country, and is called the 
 Garden and flesh market of Venice, There 
 are also great numbers of mulberry trees, 
 mines of silver, iron, and stone, almost as 
 fine as marble. 
 
 Vicenza, a large and ilouTisking city of 
 Italy, and capital of the Vicentino, and a 
 bishop's see. Though it is not large, it con- 
 tains above 20 palaces from the designs 
 of a Palladio, who was a native of this citj^ 
 An the cathedral, which is embellished with 
 marble, are some fine paintings. There are 
 upwards of 60 churches. In that of-St Co- 
 rona, the high altar and the painting by 
 Paul Veronese of the Magi paying adoration 
 to Christ, attract particular attention. In 
 the square before the town-house are two 
 lofty columns, the one surmounted wuth St. 
 Mark's winged lion, the other with a statue 
 of our Saviour. The other places most wor- 
 thy of notice are the Monte della Picta with 
 its elegant library, the Palazzo Vechio wutb 
 its superb paintings, the Theatrum Olympi- 
 cum, and the triumphal arches in the pro- 
 menade of Campo Alazzo. The chief ma- 
 nufactures are damask, silk, and taffeta. 
 On a mountain, about four miles from the 
 city, is the church of Della Madonna di 
 Monte Berico, w’bich has a fine frontis^ 
 piece, with a convent close by, and is much 
 frequented by pilgrims. It is situated iu a 
 
VI;E 
 
 fertile plain, between the rlvaiets Er.ohig- j 
 Hone and Reroue, 13 miles NW c. Padua, i 
 22 E of Verona^ ami 3^ w gf Venice, Lon. ^ 
 il 40 B, lat. 4<5 28 N, . ^ 
 
 ■ Vic FezenzGC, a townia the oepanm. o. 
 of Gers, France, on the 1«5 mdei w 
 
 of Aucb, . at 
 
 Vichy,Oiio\ya in the aepartmenl of Al- 
 
 lier, France, siiualed on the Tiver Aicby, and 
 famous lor the mineral v/aters near it. It is 
 15 miles SE of Gannat^ and 40 s of Moulinso 
 Vico, an episcopal town of Naples, m 
 Priue pato Citra, near tae sea, five miles 
 
 NE of SoreniQ. .x. 
 
 Fiso, a town of Corsica, near the gulf oJ 
 Sagona, in which is the cathedral ol\i:ie 
 bishop of Sfigona, a town now” in rums, lO 
 iDiles NSB of Agaccio, M.d 27 sw of Corle. 
 
 Viciosas Isles, yles of the bay of Hoaaa, 
 on the coast of Honduras. . 
 
 Vicovaro, a town of Italy, in the pro- 
 yince 
 
 of Sabina, stands near the Teverone, 
 
 10 miles NE of Tnvoii. , 
 
 Victoria f a town in the province of Cara- 
 cas, Terra Finim, stands on a fertile district, 
 near the Tuy. l^cre is one of the most eie- 
 gant churches in the couniry, 30 miles sw 
 of i/con. 
 
 Victoria, an island on the coast of Brazil, 
 
 E of St SebastimPs island. 
 
 Victoria Fort ; See Mancout, 
 
 VieUk, a town ip the government of Vo- 
 kgtla, Russia, on the Vaga, 156 miles nne 
 © f Vologda. Lon. 41 45 e, lat. 61 40 n. 
 
 VicnncL, the capital of the w’hole Aus- 
 trian empire, tho residence of the emperor, 
 and an arohbishop^s see. It is uol of great 
 extent, bet is very populous being thought 
 tu CO' -tain above T8,000 iuhabitauts. Ihe 
 streets are in general narrow and tee houses 
 h\p-h. There are sOfUe iinesqurAes, and in that 
 called Joseph square, is a coiiossal equestrian 
 siatuo of Joseph II. m bronze, ^^ome oi the 
 public buildings are magmllccnt. Tne 
 principal are the Imperial palace, the ii- 
 brary, and the museum; the paiaeJos ol the 
 'oriaces Lichieostein, Eugene, the imperial 
 ebaucery, the im;>eriai arsenal, the mint, the 
 general ho-;pital, the town-house, the cus- 
 tom house, an! the bank. No houses wit^h- 
 Oiit the wails are allowed to be biuit wiihin 
 .600 yards oi the glacis, which has a fine 
 effect. The magrhiicent suburbs, apd the 
 lowm together, ars said to Cvgpfain above 
 3t>0,0i}0 inhabitants; yet the former are not 
 near so populous, ia proportion to tbe;r size, 
 as the town. As many houses have oxtensivs 
 gardens the city and suburbs arc upwards 
 of 18 miles iu circuit. Miny families Wuo 
 Hve vjiiidn the fortilicatiotis in ^ 7 lnte^,spen^ 
 the summer iu toe suburbs. The cathedrai 
 is built of free ;-s 1 14 yards )oog, and 
 
 48 broad, and the steeple is 447 feet high, in 
 which is a bell of •^ucqmrr.on magnitude, 
 cast. r>ir, of the cannon taken irom the Turks. 
 
 to this church is the palace, the front 
 of Vy’bicli Is very tuie. Beside.? the univer- 
 sity, several thousand 3 tuden*s, 
 
 15 
 
 there is the academy of c er Austria ; And. 
 the archditcal library is much frequented by 
 foreigners, as it contains above 100,360 
 printed books, and 10,000 mauuscnpis. 
 The academy of painting is remarkable tor 
 the Hue pictures it produces.^ Tue arebdu- 
 treasury, and a cabinet o* curio- 
 sities of the house of Austria, contain great 
 rarities. The inhabitants lu general live m 
 ti splendid manner. They have fiouiisLing 
 manufactures o) silk, stulfs, gold an., silver 
 luce, tapestry, &c. The harbour on tue 
 Danube is very extensive, and has maga .nes 
 of naval store.?, and ships have .y 
 oat on that river to serve against the i -i ^.s. 
 The Danube is here very wi.le, and co.a ■•. ..;!& 
 several isles covered with wood, one o . a 
 
 is the prater, or imperial pariv. I 
 
 ^d 1683, Vienna was inetlectualiy c- eu 
 by the Torks ; at the latter period, v.?c si^ge 
 v/tas raised by John Sobrieski, king Po- 
 land, v/ho totally routed the Turkis.ty.--riiiy. 
 
 In 1805 this city sarreudersd to t l .eneh, 
 but was given up by the peace oi ^resbarg. 
 
 It is situated at the place whora .ue nv ‘r 
 Vienna falls .into the Danube, o - miles w 
 of Presburg, 350 nse of Roro' , 5*0 sf. b)- s 
 of Amsterdam, 570 Eof Par-- and 6^0 Esi? 
 of London. Lon. 16 16 E, A.. 48 I3av. 
 
 Vienna, a port of enry and post towm ot 
 the eastern shore of Maryland, in Dorches- 
 ter county, has a good trade with the iieiga- 
 bouring sea pons, and stands on the Nanti- 
 cok % r50 miles sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Vierina, the capital of Greene county, 
 Kentucky, seated on the x side of Green 
 
 river. . , 
 
 Vienne, a very ancient town m the ae- 
 panmeiK of Isere, France, seated on the 
 Rhone, over which it had formerly a bridge 
 only some piers of which now remain. In 
 tiic fifth century it was the capital oi a Bur- 
 gundian kingdom. Before the revolutmn it 
 was the eee cf an archbishop, and he capi- 
 tal of the province of Viennois. The caue- 
 cral is a handsome gothic structure. Here, 
 In 131 i, a general council was held, m 
 which pope Clement V. presided, and the 
 suppression of the knights templars was 
 enacted. Its commerce consists in wine, 
 silk, and cuiery, which last is hignly e.s- 
 teemed. Vienne is 15 miles ssn L ons, 
 and 38 xw of Grenoble. Lou. 4 56 e, lai. 
 
 VIENNE, a department of France, it 
 comprehends a part of the late province of 
 poiiou, and is about 65 miles long, and ot 
 broad at a medium. It takes its name tioni 
 e nver, which has its source in the d P 
 aent oi Correze, .nd falls i.itotbe LoirP, fivo 
 miles above Saumur, Poiiiers is (lie ea- 
 pital. 
 
 VIENNE, UPPER; u department^ 
 
 of 
 
 France. It coniains the iate province of 
 Llmosin, and is about 5.5 miles 
 N to s and from Z5 to 45 broad. Limoj^es 
 
 i,s the chief city. , • .uc 
 
 fieiT^-.den, a town of Braai^mburg; m tha 
 5H 
 
V I G 
 
 Ticker Mark, on the Vesle, at its junction 
 with Oder, 22 nailes ese of Prenzlo. 
 
 VterzcUy a very ancient town in the de- 
 partment of Cher, France, on the Cher, near 
 the junction of the Yevre, noted for its for- 
 ges, 17 miles nw of Bourges, and 48 s by e 
 of Orleans. 
 
 Viesti, or FeisM, a small town of Naples, 
 in Capitanata, seated on the gulf of Venice, 
 in the place called the spur of the boot, and 
 at the foot of mount Gargano, 25 miles ne 
 of Manfredonia. Lon. 16 40 e, lat* 41 51 n. 
 
 f'iet, Sty or St, Vith, a town in Luxem- 
 burg, Netherlands, near the source of the 
 Uren, 24 rules ssE of Limburg, and 48 n of 
 l-uxernburg. 
 
 Ijig, a parish in Iloss-sbire, situated in the 
 sw district of the island of Lewis, above 20 
 miles long, and about 13 broad. The coast, 
 inciuding its windings, is about 60 miles in 
 length, and every where alTords safe ancho- 
 rage lor shipping. The sea-coast is level, 
 and cultivated, but the interior is mountain- 
 ous. The inhabitants mostly reside in villa- 
 ges along the shore, and employ them- 
 selves occasionally in fishing. About 300 
 burn kelp, and as many make nets. The 
 names of places are Norwegian, but the 
 gffilie is almost universally spoken. In 
 1794 there was in this parish an extraordin- 
 ary instance of lusvs naturcE, in a woman 
 who had four distinct breast.-. Alderman 
 Mac Aiilay, ot London, w^as a native of this 
 parish. Population of the parish 2080 in 1801. 
 
 Vigan, a town in the department of Card, 
 France, 22 miles wsw of AIais,and 38 wnw 
 of Ni.smes. 
 
 Figeansy St, a parish in Forfarshire, about, 
 seven miles long, and from three to four 
 broad, Ijing on the sea-coast, to the n and 
 E ol Arbroath, and comprehending part of 
 its suburbs. The surface which is pretty 
 level, but rising gradually from both sides of 
 the Brotbwick, contains 9385 acres. The 
 soil is exoeedingly various, but, on the 
 whole, fertile. The coast for about a mile 
 E from A her broth wick is excavated into nu- 
 merou.s extensive caverns. One called the 
 Maiden Castle-cove, is 231 feet long, and 
 from 12 to 25 broad. The Gaylet Pot of 
 Auchmithie is a great natural curiosity. 
 About a quarter of a mile from this curiosity 
 is the small village of Auchmithy. The 
 chief cnipluyrrcnt of the inhabitants is the 
 manufacture of lin«m for the market of Ar- 
 broath, which town, contains at least 2500 
 of the population of this parish. The whole 
 parish contained 4248 inhabitants in 1801. 
 
 Vige^ ano, a towm of Italy, in Piedmont, 
 has a strong ca.stle on a rook. It is situa- 
 ted near the Tessino, 12 miles se of Novara, 
 and 16 sw of 
 
 V iijnamcnty a tuwm of Leige, two miles 
 N of Huy, 
 
 Vignof, a town in the department of the 
 Meuse, Fiance, on the Meuse, 16 miles e 
 ot Bar-le-duc, anil 24 sse of Verdun. 
 
 VIL 
 
 Fignuola, or Vignola, a in the Mo- 
 denese, Italy, 15 miles se of Modena. 
 
 Vigo, a tow'n in Galicia, Spain, with a 
 good harbour. It is situated on the Atlan- 
 tic, defended by a fort on an eminence, and 
 au old castle. Here is a safe harbour, into 
 which in 1702, the English and Dutch fleet 
 forced their passage, and obtained possession 
 of the Spanish plate-fleet on its arrival from 
 America. In 1719 the English took the 
 town but abandoned it after raising coun- 
 tributions, Vigo stands in a fertile country, 
 eight miles sw of Redondella, and 14 wnw 
 of Tuy, and 47 s of Compostelia. Lon. 8 
 40 w, lat. 42 14 N. 
 
 ^ihiers, a town in the department of 
 Mayenne, and Loire, in France. It is situated 
 on a lake, 20 miles s of Angers, and 20 w' by 
 s of Saumur. 
 
 Vilaine, a river which has its source in 
 the department of Mayenne, France, washes 
 Vitre and Rennes, separates the department 
 of Morbihan from that of Lower Loire, and 
 falls into the bay of Biscay, below Roche 
 Bernard. 
 
 Villa Arragonese, a town of Sardinia, 17 
 miles KE of Sassari. 
 
 Villa Bohim, a town of Alentejo, 10 miles 
 sw of Elvas. 
 
 Villac, a handsome towm of Austria, in 
 Carinthia. Its inhabitants carry on a great 
 trade with the Venetians. It is 1 2 miles sv/ 
 of Clagenfurt. 
 
 Villa de Conde, a town in Entre Duero-e- 
 Minho, Portugal, wiih a small harbour, at 
 the mouth of the Ava, 10 miles e of Barce- 
 los, and 20 n of Oporto. Lon. 8 23 w, lat. 
 4114 n. 
 
 Villa Flor, a town in Tralos Montes, Por- 
 tugal, 28 miles s by w of Braganza. 
 
 Villa de Horta, the principal towm of the 
 island of Fyal, one of the Azores. It is 
 Stated on the w coast, and has a harbour 
 iand locked on every side except the e and 
 NE and defended by several forts. Lon. 28 
 36 w, lat. 38 32 n. 
 
 Villa de Hermosa, a town of New Spain, 
 in 9’abasco, on the river Tabasco, 60 miles 
 sw' of Tabasco, and 70 ne of Chiapa. 
 
 Villa del Rey, a towm in Estremadura, 
 Spain, 17 miles nw of Badajoz. 
 
 Villa Franca, a sea-port of Italy, in the 
 county ol Nice, three miles e of Nice. Lon. 
 7 25 E, lat. 43 42 n. 
 
 Villa Franca, a tow’n of Italy, in the Ve- 
 ronese, with a silk manufactory, 10 miles s 
 Ol Verona. 
 
 Villa Franca, the capital of the island of 
 St Michael, one of the Azores, defended by 
 a fort, and other works. Opposite to this 
 place, half a mile from the shore, is a basin 
 in which 50 vessels can ride in safety, 16 
 miles E by n of Punta del Guda. Lon. 25 
 30 w% lat. 37 50 n. 
 
 Villa Franca, a towm in Estremadura, 
 Portugal, stands on the Estuary of the Tajo, 
 20 miles ne of Lisbon, 
 
 i 
 
V I L 
 
 Villa Franca de penadesy a handsome 
 fown of Catalonia, Spain, here are manufac- 
 tures of linen, and small arms, and distileries 
 of Brandy, 18 miles w by s of Barcelona. 
 
 Villa Herniosa, a town of Valencia, 
 Spain, stands near'the river Millas, 58 miles 
 KW of Valencia. 
 
 Villa d’lnglesiasy a town and bishop’s see 
 in Sardinia, 35 miles wsw of Cagliari. 
 
 Villa Joiosa, or Joysa, a town in Valencia, 
 Spain, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 
 18 miles ene of Alicant, and 24 s of 
 
 Gandia. . . 
 
 Villa Nova da Cervera, a town in Entre 
 Douro-e-Minho, Portugal, on the Minho, 
 near its mouth, 2T miles NW of Braga, and 
 45 N of Oporto. 
 
 Villa Nova, a town of Brazil, about 120 
 miles w of Porto Seguro. | 
 
 Villa Nova d^Astiy a fortified town ot 
 Piedmont, 10 miles E of Turin, and 14 w of 
 d’Asti. 
 
 Villa Nova de Portimao, a fortified sea- 
 port in Algarva, Portugal, seated on a river 
 that forms an extensive, and commodious 
 harbour, defended by two torts. It is nine 
 miles ENE of Lagos, and 42 w by s of Tavira. 
 Lon. 8 41 w,lat.36 12 n. 
 
 Villa Nova de Porto, a town in Entre 
 Doure-e-Minho, Portugal, stands on the 
 Douro, and is defended by several forts. 
 
 Villa Novade Frincipey a town in Brasil, 
 seated near the Diamond mines, 130 m.les 
 w of Porto Seguro, 
 
 Villa Panda, or Villalpando, a town in 
 Leon, Spain, 26 miles w of Toro, and 37 s 
 of Leon. 
 
 Villa Real, a town in Tra los Montes, 
 Portugal, capital of Comarca, stands at^the 
 junction of the Corgo and Riliera, 12 miles 
 N by E of Lamego, and 38 se of Braganza. 
 
 Villa Real, a town in Valencia, Spain, 
 near the Minsares, 40 miles nne of Va- 
 lencia, 
 
 Villa Real, a town in the province of 
 Spiritu Santo, Brasil, 158 miles w by s of 
 Spiritii Santo. 
 
 Villarica, a sea-port of New Spain, 200 
 miles E of the city of Mexico. Lon. 103 
 87 w, lat. 20 0 n. 
 
 Villa Rica, a town of Chili, stands on the 
 lake Malabangeu, 60 miles ne of Valdivia, 
 and 62 from the Pacific ocean. Lon. 72 
 41 w lat. 39 15 s. 
 
 Villa Viciostty a pretty large fortified 
 town in Alentejo, Portugal, has an old cas- 
 tle, a palace formerly the residence of the 
 dukes of Braganza. In the suburb is an an- 
 cient temple, originally dedicated to Pro- 
 serpine ; and in the vicinity are quarries of 
 fine green marble. It is 12 miles sw of 
 Eivas, 33 NE of Evora, and 83 se of Lisbon. 
 
 Villa Viciosay a sea-port in the province 
 of Asturias, Spain, seated on the bay of Bis- 
 cay, 22 miles ne of Oviedo. 
 
 Villachy a town in Carinthia, Germany, 
 stands at the junction of the Geil and 
 
 Drave, with a castle, and medicinal baths 
 in the vicinity, 16 miles w by s of Clagen- 
 furt. 
 
 Villainey a town iu the department of 
 Mayenne, France, 16 miles k by n of 
 Mayen ne. 
 
 Villalgordo, a town in New Castile, 
 Spain, stands on a hill, near the Cabriel, 59 
 miles sE of Cuenza. 
 
 Villamiely a town in Leon, Spain, 48 
 miles s of Cuidad Rodrigo. 
 
 VillarinOy a town in Leon, Spain, stands 
 on the Douro, and borders of Portugal, 45 
 miles WNW of Salamanca. 
 
 Ville-Dieu, a town in the department ot 
 the Channel, France, 12 miles nne of Av- 
 ranche, and 18 se of Coutances. 
 
 Villefort, a town in the department of 
 Lozere, France, 18 miles b of Mende, and 
 19 N of Alais. 
 
 Pllle FranchCy a handsome town in the 
 department of Rhone and Loire, France, 
 stands on the Saone, and is surrounded with 
 walls, 18 miles n by w of Lyons. 
 
 Ville Franche, a town in the departinent 
 of the Eastern Pyrenees, stands on tbe river 
 Tet, and has a fort, 22 miles ne of Puycer- 
 da, and 25 wsw of Perpignan. 
 
 Ville Franche, a town in the department 
 of Aveiron, France. It carries on a great 
 trade in linen cloth, and stands on the Avei- 
 ron, 28 miles w of Rhodes. 
 
 Villefranehe, a town in the department 
 of Upper Garonne, France, on the Canal 
 royal, 22 miles se of Toutouse. 
 
 Ville Juifve, a town in the department of 
 Paris, four miles s of Paris. 
 
 Villemur, a town in the department of 
 Upper Garonne, France, on the Tarn, 12 
 miles NNE of Toulouse. 
 
 Villena, a town of Murcia, Spain, has a 
 castle, formerly of great strength. In the 
 vicinity is a morass, from which salt is 
 made, 18 miles ssb of Almanza, and 59 n 
 by E of Murcia. 
 
 Villeneitve, a town iu the department of 
 Lot and Garonne, France, sealed on the Lot, 
 17 miles n of A gen. 
 
 Villeneuve, a lowu in the department of 
 Gard, France, stands on the Rhone, opposite 
 Avignon, 21 miles ene of Nismes. 
 
 Villeneuve, a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Swisserluud, stands at tbe e end ol t-he lake 
 of Geneva, three miles from the irifiux ot 
 the Rhone, and 14 ese of Lausanne. 
 
 Villeneuve de Berg, a town in the depart- 
 ment of Ardeche, France, 12 miles nw of 
 Niviers, and 13 s of Privas. t, i 
 
 Villengen a town of Suabia, in the Black 
 Forest. It is strong by nature, being sur- 
 rounded by mountains with narrow passes. 
 It has a Benedicti :je abbey, and a good 
 bath in the vicinity, 20 miles e by n ot 
 
 Friburg. ’ , j * 
 
 Killer’s Coterets, a towh'dn the depart- 
 ment of Aisne, France, 12 miles sw of Sois- 
 sons, and 44 ne of Paris. 
 
 3H2 
 
¥ IN 
 
 V I R 
 
 Viilia, a tov^n and river in Spai^. 
 Tt is about seven leagues from Nata, border 
 ing on Panama. 
 
 ViUeck, a town and castle of Franconia, 
 in the principality oj" Bamberg. In the vi 
 einity are several fouuderies. It is situated 
 
 tbe Vils, 20 miles n of Am berg. 
 
 Vilshofen, a town of Low’er Bavaria, on 
 the Danube, at tbe junciion of the Viis, 1 1 
 miieS“N by w of Passau. in 174<5, tbe Aus- 
 trians took it by storm. 
 
 Vilvordenaytx town of Brabant, Nether- 
 lands, stands on tbe Senne, and bas an anci- 
 ent castle, seven imles nnk of Brussels^ 
 
 Vimiero, a tovv’n in Aientejo, Pcrtogal, 12 
 miles w by N of Estreoios, 
 
 Vimient, a village in Estremadura, Por- 
 tugal, celebrated ior a victory obtained by 
 tbe British over ti:e French, in 1808, 30 
 miles N of Lisboa. 
 
 Vimioso^ a towm in Tra los Montes, Por- 
 tugal, \5 miles WNW of Miranda, and 17 se 
 of Braganza. 
 
 Viuaroz, a town in Valencia, Spain, seat- 1 
 ed on the Mediterranean, at the in flux of | 
 the ServoL The environs abound jn vine- j 
 yards, and much wine is exported, 23 miles ; 
 s of Tortosa, and 88 nne of Valencia. 
 
 PlneenneSy or Vincent, capital of India- 
 I5d, United States, seated on tbe \¥ abash, at i 
 the junction of the Ombra, bas a fort, and is j 
 J60 miles wnw of Frankfort, in Kectucky. 
 icn. 85 30 w, lat. 30 0 x. 
 
 Vincent, Cape, a promontory of Portugal, 
 t5 miles w by s of l agos. Olf this cape 
 tbe Spanish fleet was defeated in February 
 1797, by the British under Sir John Jervis. 
 Lon. 9 0 w, lat. 37 2 n. 
 
 Vincent, St, a town in Asturias, Spain, 
 on the bay of Biscay, nine miles w by s of 
 Santi liana. 
 
 Vincent, St, a town in Old Castile, Spain, 
 138 miles ke of Madrid, Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 
 42 30 N, 
 
 Vincent, St, one of tbe Cape de Verd is- 
 lands, on the coast of Africa, 12 miles long 
 and three broad- It is uninhabited. On 
 the Nw side is a good bay, where ships may 
 be supplied with', good water, and wild goats 
 Lon. 25 30 w,lat. 17 30 n. 
 
 VINCENT, ST, tbe most southerly cap- 
 tainship of Brazil, iu South America. The 
 odpitel is an inconsiderable place, and the 
 harbour wdll not receive large vessels. Lou. 
 45 10 w, lat. 23 40 s. See Saxtos. 
 
 Vincent, St, a town on tbe coast of Brazil, 
 Lon. 46 30 vj, lat. 24 15 s. 
 
 VINCENTES ST, one of the Caribbee 
 Mands, lying between Ion. 6i 10 and 6! 18 
 w', and between lat. 13 5 and 13 19 x, being 
 about 24 miles long ami 10 broad. It is in- 
 habited by Cbaribs, a warlike race of Indi- 
 ans, who are evidently a distinct people 
 from the Aborigenes of the larger islands ; 
 and are supposed to have come originally 
 from North America, as their language has 
 SLOKie aflhnity with that ol Florida, and in their 
 •qpmers are more fterce than the S Americans. 
 
 ' Tifty retain the ancient custom of destyoy«' 
 ing all the males takei in war, and preserv- 
 ing the females either for slavery or for 
 breediug. It is extremely fruitful, the soil 
 being a black mould upon a strong loam, on 
 
 hieh sugar and indigo thrive remarkably 
 well, as do the bread fruit trees brought 
 from Ofaheite. Here also they cultivate 
 cinnamon, mango, seasamurn, varilla, China 
 fallow tree, cami'hor, gum, storax, <fee. St 
 ^'inceiit^s is divided into four parishes, and 
 1450 white inhabitants, and 11,853 slaves. 
 It 'was long a neutral island ; but at the 
 peace of 1763, the French agreed that the 
 right to it should be vested iu the English. 
 The latter, socu after, engaged in a war 
 against the Charibs, on the windward side 
 of the island, who obtained peace by con- 
 ceding a large tract of land to the crown. 
 Being offended at this they greatly assisted 
 the French in 4capiuring the island, in 1779, 
 but it was restored to the British in 17SS. 
 In J795, the French landed some troops, and 
 again instigated the Charibs to revolt, w’hich 
 w^as not quelled for several months. A 
 chain of mountains runs through the island, 
 the highest of w hich, called Souffrier, is at 
 the N extremity. In 1812, this mountain, 
 after the lapse of a century, was convulsed 
 by a dreadful volcanic erupticu, and poured 
 forth a great quantity of lava, with undu- 
 lating earthquakes. For three days the 
 island was involved in darkness, and whollw 
 covered by showers of sand, cinders, calcin- 
 ed pebbles, and other volcanic matter. It 
 is about 60 miles w of Barbadoes. King- 
 ston is the capital. 
 
 Vincent de da Fazes, St, or Onda, a 
 town of Popayan, South America, about 25 
 miles E of St Sebastian. 
 
 Finer Island, in Hudson bay, lies kk 
 of the mouth of Albany river. 
 
 Vingorla, a tovyu in Concan, Hindoostan,. 
 stands near the mouth of a river. About 
 10 miles to the wxw, are some rocks in the 
 sea, called Vingorla rocks, 25 miles xxw 
 of Goa. Lon. 73 27 e, lat. 15 51 x. 
 
 Vintimiglia, an ancient town of Genoa, 
 seated on the Mediterratiean, at the mouth 
 of the Eotta, with a harbour, and a castle 
 on a high rock. It was taken by the king 
 of Sardinia, in 1746, but the Ger: 08 .se aided 
 by the French recovered it next year, eight 
 miles bjE of Monaco, 26 xe of Nme, 
 and 24 sw of Oatglia. Lon, 7 27 E, lat. 
 43 53 N. 
 
 Wipalanka, or 15 j Palanka, a town in 
 the bannat of Temeswar, Hungary, with a 
 fortress, on the Karass, near its influx into 
 tbe Danube, 42 miles e of Belgrade, and 58 
 s of Temeswar. 
 
 Viqne, See Vie. 
 
 Vire, a considerable town in tiie depart- 
 ment ot Calvados, France, with several ma- 
 nufactures of coarse linen cloths. It i situ- 
 ated on the river Vi'C 30 miles se of Cou- 
 tances, ; nd i50 \V of Paris. 
 
 Virgin Cape, u cajie at tbe entrance of 
 
the strait of Magellan, Patagonia. Ma- i 
 <rellan gave it this name, becanse u v/as dis- 
 covered on the feast of St Ursula. Lon. 
 67 54 w, lat. 52 23 s. 
 
 VHIUIN GOilDA, or Spanishtown,. 
 one oftbeprinGipai of the Virgin islands, in 
 the Wes (Indies, has two good harbours, and 
 is defended by a fort, four leagues E of Tor- 
 tula. It is about 18 miles in length. Lon. 
 64 0 w, lat. 18 18 n. 
 
 VIRGIN ISLANDS, a group of small 
 islands in the West Indies, e of Porto Rico, 
 belonging to the English and Danes. To 
 the former belongs Tortola, to which are 
 attached lost Van Dyke, Little Van Dyke, 
 Guana, Beef, and Thatch islands; to the 
 latter belongs Virgin Gorda, wiih which are 
 connected Anegada, Nicker, Prickly Pear, 
 the Musquitos, the Coinmanoes, (fee. The 
 chief of the Danish islands are St Thomas 
 and St John. They are about 30 in num- 
 ber, and extend about 24 leagues from e to 
 w, and about 16 from n to s. These islands 
 lie about Ion. 63 0 \v, lat. 1 20 n. 
 
 VIRGINIA, one of the United States of 
 America, Ijing betw'een Ion. 75 54 and 83 
 8 w, and between lat. 36 30 and 40 30 n. 
 
 . It is 446 miles long, and 224 in breadth, 
 containing about 70,000 square miles. This 
 state is divided imo 82 counties. By the 
 census taken in 1801, the total number of 
 inhabitants was 886,149, of whom 346,968 
 Were slaves. Ir^ 1810 they amounted to 
 965,079. On the sea coast the land is low, j 
 generally within 12 feet of the level of the 
 sea, intersected jn all directions with salt 1 
 oreek.s and rivers. The uncultivated lands | 
 are covered with large tree.s and thick un- 
 derwood. The chief rivers are Roanoke, 
 Jameses, Nansemond, Chickabominy, Appa- 
 matox, Rivanna, York, Piankaiank, Rap- 
 pahannock, Patowmac, Shenandoah, and 
 the Great Kanhaw'ay. These rivers are 
 full of convenient harbours, and many of 
 them capable of navigating the largest ships. 
 Near the rivers the soil is richest, and pro- 
 daces timber of various .sorts, surprisingly 
 large. The mountains commence at about 
 150 miles from the sea coast, and dffe dis- 
 posed in ridges, one behind another, running 
 nearly parallel with the sea coast. See 
 Alleghany Mountains. The moun- 
 tains of the Blue Ridge, atA of these the 
 Peaks of Otter, are thought to be of a 
 greater height, measured from their base, 
 than any Oihers in Virginia, and perhaps in 
 North America. The highest peak is said 
 to be about 4000 feet perpendicular. T’he 
 Onafioto nioiu)tain.s, are 50 or 60 ihiles 
 wide at the Gap. These mountains abound 
 in coal, lime, and freestone, i he .'^oil be- 
 low the mountains, though not rich, is well 
 suited to the growth of tobacco and Indian 
 corn, and pans of it for wheat. Good crop 
 of cotton, ftax, and henip are also raised. 
 Caves among the mountains have iat(iy been 
 (iiscGvered, which yi* Id saltpetre, in such 
 abundance, that 500,000 nounus of it might 
 
 be collected from them r-cnually. Virginia 
 is the most pregnant with miuerals and fos- 
 sils of aay slate in the union, and many me- 
 dieiiivT springs have been discovered in dif- 
 herent places. On the Great Kanbaway 
 are mines cf lead. Every able bodied free- 
 man, between the ages oi 16 and 50, is en- 
 rolled in the militia. If the militia bear 
 the same proportion to the number of inha- 
 bitants now, as in 1782, they amount to 
 about 80,000. This state is not divided into 
 towmships. The greatest quantity of tobaC' 
 CO ever produced in this oomiir^y in one 
 year, was 70,000 bds. in 1758. Virginia 
 was settled permanently, after several un- 
 successful attempts, in 1610, being the ear- 
 liest established of any of the United States. 
 Richmond is the capital, 
 
 Virginia, a town in Cavan, Ulster, IT 
 miles s by E of Cavan, and 50 N of Dublin. 
 
 Virnenberg, a town in the department of 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the electorate of Treves. It stands 
 near the Nesse, 26 miles wnw of Cob- 
 lentz. 
 
 Virton, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 duchy of Luxemburg, 22 miles w of Luxem- 
 burg, 
 
 Visagapatam, a town in the circar of 
 Cicaeole, Himioostan, 50 miles sw of Cica- 
 cole, and 100 nE of Rajamundry. 
 
 Vi‘ich-ma, a town in the government of 
 Tobolsk, Russia, 268 miles sw of Tobolsk. 
 Lon. 6i 22 e, lat. 62 36 n. 
 
 V'heu, a city in Keira, Portugal, seated 
 amid oioumains, is a bis^sop’s see, was iound- 
 ed by the Eomai)s, who called it Vi.sontium, 
 50 aiiies ne of Coimbra. Lon. 7 42 vv, Uu, 
 40 56 K. 
 
 Viset, a fortified town in the duchy of 
 ■ Limbmg, Netberland.s, seven miles n of 
 Liege, and 22 w of Luxemburg, 
 
 Vishnei Toloteliok, or Voloshok, a town 
 of Russia, in the government of Tver. It 
 is remarkable for its canal, w'hieh, by umt 
 iug the Tvertza and the Mesta, connects the 
 inland navigation between the Caspian <uut 
 tii 0 Baltic, and above 4000 vessels pass ii 
 animally. To this place are bro?iglit tlie 
 merchandize of Astracan, and Qtuer parts ot 
 the s of Russia. It is a spacious placOf 
 and full of shops, a.nd stands on ihe rivet 
 Zua. It is 80 miles nw of Tver. Lon. 35 
 0 e, lat. 57 23 n, 
 
 VISIAFOUR, a territory of ILndoostat}, 
 in the Deccan, .situated e of Concan, be- 
 tween the Beema and the Kistna. It is 
 .subject to the Poonah, and celebrated for 
 rich diamond mine^. 
 
 Visiapour, or Bejapoicr, a considerable 
 cit)' of the Deccan, of Hindoo.stan, capital of 
 the above territory. It is now in the hand.s 
 of the Poonah Afahrattas, and is 150 miles 
 sE of Poonah, and 340 n by w of .Seringa- 
 j.utam. Lon. 75 19 e, lat. 17 26 N. 
 
 Visa, a mountain of tiie Maritime Alps, 
 in Piediuont, in which is tue source of me 
 celebruied river Po; 
 
Vissogrod, a town of Great Poland^ ^0 
 miles Nw of Warsaw. 
 
 Uiit, North and South y two islands of 
 the Helrrides, belonging to the county of In- 
 verness-shire, The former is about 20 miles 
 long and from 12 to 18 broad. The e coast 
 has two harbours, Rucheva and Kellin. 
 The arable soil is sandy, and lies mostly on 
 the sea coast. It is pleasant in summer, 
 yielding, in favourable seasons, luxuriant 
 crops of oats and barley, and the richest 
 pasture. There are about 1200 tons of kelp 
 manufactured here annually. North Uist, 
 with some contiguous smaller islands, the 
 chief of which are Boreray, Berneray, and 
 Heisker, form an extensive parish, in which 
 are no few^er than six places of v/orsbip, and 
 about 3000 inhabitants. In 1795, here were 
 one schoolmaster, one surgeon, one shop- 
 keeper, and four female weavers ; 183 small 
 boats, two sloops, 200 ploughs, and a school 
 liberally endowed by the trustees for the 
 royal bounty. Deer formerly abounded in 
 the parish, but are now extirpated. In the 
 bogs and morasses large trees are found un- 
 der ground, but wood does not grow in the 
 island. Here are many Druidical temples 
 and Danish forts, the latter of w^hich are 
 frequently situated on islands in lakes. In 
 the parish there is not one inn, nor four slated 
 houses, and a baron bailiie is the only acting 
 magistrate. The principal exports are 
 black cattle and kelp. The island of South 
 Uist is about 32 miles in length by about 
 nine or 10 in breadth, and is situated between 
 Benbecula on the n, and Karray on the s. 
 It greatly resembles North Uist in surface, 
 soil, and productions. The principal har- 
 bours are Loch Skiport, Loch Eynort, and 
 Boisdale, wuhch are well adapted tor fishing 
 stations. The adjoining sea abounds in 
 gie.4i variety of fish. The whale and seal 
 fish frequently make their appearance. The 
 latter is frequently caught, the former sel- 
 dom. The rocks are frequented by vast 
 flocks of fowls. The parish of South Uist 
 comprehends the island Benbecula, and some 
 smaller ones. It has no church, and there- 
 fore, public worship is performed alternately 
 in two school houses. In the parish are 
 three Roman Catholic chnpeis. The pro- 
 prietors are Macdonald of Boisdale, and 
 Macdonald of Cianranold. The inhabi- 
 tants of tlie parish amount to about 4000. 
 Kelp, black cattle, and sheep are the staple 
 of the Bland. It exports 1 100 tons of the 
 former annually. Neither of these islands 
 produce corn sufficient lor the consumption 
 of the inhabitants, 
 
 Vistula, the largest river in Poland Proper. 
 It has its source in the Carpathian moun- 
 tains, and the borders of Hungary and Mo- 
 ravia, passes through Poland and Prussia, by 
 Cracow', Sandomir, W'arsaw, Culm, Marien- 
 burg, and fulls, by three mouths, into the 
 Baltic, below' Dantzic. 
 
 Viterbo, an ancient, Targe, and handsome 
 
 (OW'D of Italy, capital of the department of 
 Cimino, stands at the foot of a mountain, in 
 a beautiful valley, and is a bishop^s see. It 
 contains about 15,000 inhabitants, 16 parish 
 churches, numerous convents, and m&ny 
 palaces and fountains. In the vicinity is a 
 hot mineral spring, much -frequented. It is 
 20 miles se of Orvieto, and 40 nj^w of Rome. 
 Lon. 12 26 e, lat. 42 25 n. 
 
 Vfth. See Viet, St, 
 
 Vitre, a town in the department of Ille 
 and Vilaine, France, stands on the Viiaine^ 
 and has a trade in linen cloth, knit stock- 
 ings, and gloves. It is 20 miles ne of 
 Rennes, and 52 se of St Maio. 
 
 Vitri le Francois, a considerable town in 
 the department of Marne, France, built by 
 Francis I. after the destruction of Vitry lo 
 Brule by Charles V. It is populous, and 
 the inhabitants carry on a great trade in 
 corn, <fec. It is seated on the Marne, 15 
 miles SE of Chalons, and 100 e of Paris. 
 
 Vitry le Brule, a village of France, once 
 a large town, burnt by Louis VII. and 
 therefore called Brule. In the war with 
 Charles VII, the English and Burgundians 
 set fire to Vitry, and it was afterwards 
 burned and ruined by Charles V. two miles 
 NE of Vitry Francois. 
 
 Vitteaux, a town in the department of 
 Cote d’Or, France, stands on the river 
 Braine, amid mountains, in which are mar- 
 ble quarries, 12 miles se of Semur, and 'Zi 
 w of Dijon. 
 
 Vittorio, a considerable city of Biscay, 
 Spain, capital of the province of Alava, 
 seated in a valley, fertile in corn and 
 grapes. It has double walls, and the prin- 
 cipal streets are lined with trees. In the 
 large square are the town house, tw'o con- 
 vents, and a tine fountain. They carry on 
 a great trade in hardwares, particularly in 
 sword blades. Here, on the 2 1st of June^ 
 1813, the allied forces, under the duke of 
 Wellington, obtained a signal victory over 
 the French. It is 32 miles se of Bilboa, 
 and 155 N of Madrid. Lon. 2 38 w, lat, 42 
 45 N. 
 
 Vittoria, a town in Val di Noto, and 
 county of Motlico, Sicily, seated in a plain, 
 and has a trade in corn, wine, and oil, 15 
 miles WNW of Modica. 
 
 Vivarez, a late territory in the ne part 
 of Languedoc, France. It now forms the 
 department of the Ardeche, It is situated 
 on the banks of the Rhone, w^hieh separates 
 it from Dauphiny. 
 
 Vivero, a town in Galicia, Spain, stands 
 at the foot of a steep mountain, near the 
 Vivero, or Landrova, w'hich fulls into the 
 bay of Biscay ; 22 miles nw of Mondonedo, 
 
 Viviers, a town in the department of Ar- 
 deche, France, stands amongst rocks on the 
 Rhone. It w'as formerly a bishop's see. 
 The cathedral is seated on a rock, 16 
 miles s by e of Privas, Lon. 4 41 e, lat. 
 44 29 N. 
 
 I 
 
U L L 
 
 Vhini) a town iu Val di Noto, Sicily, 25 
 miles NNW of Note. 
 
 Ukenskoij a tow^n of Russia, in the go- 
 vernment of Tobolsk, at the junction of the 
 Irtisch and Obey, 190 miles n of Tobolsk. 
 Lon. 69 15 e, lat. 61 10 n. 
 
 UKRAINE, a large country of Europe, 
 lying on the borders of European Turkey, 
 Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. Its 
 name denotes a frontier. By a treaty be- 
 tween Russia and Poland, in 1693, the lat- 
 ter retained that part of Ukraine v»^hich lies 
 'w of the Dnieper, which formed a palati- 
 nate called Kiof : the e side was allotted to 
 Russia, and called the government of Kiof. 
 
 By the partition in 1793, the latter power 
 obtained possession of the Polish part, which 
 is but indifferently cultivated, while that on 
 the E side of the Dnieper, inhabited by Cos- 
 sacs, is under better management. The 
 principal town is Kiof, See Cossacks. 
 
 Vladimir. See Volodimir, 
 
 Uladislaw, or Inowsladislow, a strong 
 and considerable town of Poland, capital of 
 Cujavia. It is 39 miles ne of Gnesna. 
 
 Ulala, a town in Canara, Hindoostan, 
 stands on the w side of the southern arm 
 of the lake of Mangalore, three miles sw of 
 Mangalore. 
 
 ULCAMI, or ULCUMA, a kingdom of 
 Guinea, between those of Adres and 
 Benin. 
 
 Ulea.ov Uleahorg, a sea port of Sweden, 
 and the largest town in E Bothnia, with a i 
 commodious harbour, and the ruins of a i 
 castle upon an island, seated at the mouth j 
 of the Ulea. In 1714, this town was de- i 
 rnolished by the Russians, and in 1808, the 
 Swedes ceded ii to the Russians. The prin- 
 cipal exports are tar, butter, tallow, and 
 dried fish. It is 340 miles n by e of Abo. 
 Lon. 24 40 E, lat. 65 18 N. 
 
 Vlieland, See Flie, 
 
 Ulierbeckf a town in the department of 
 Dyle, France, two miles e of Louvain. 
 
 ULIETEA, one of the Society Islands, 
 in the Southern Pacific Ocean. The princi- 
 pal harbour is on the w' side of the island, 
 and is called Ohamaneno. Lon. 151 26 w, 
 lat. !6 45 s. 
 
 Ullapool, a village in Ross-shire, situated 
 on the KE side of Locli-Brooni. It conUiin- 
 ed in 1792, nearly 400 inhabitants. In the 
 village is a society school, a hou.-e for curing 
 red herrings, and tin excellent harbour. It 
 derives its name from a rivulet, which rises 
 on the borders of Sutherland, and falls into 
 the sea at this village. A road is made from 
 hence to Dingwall, 38 miles distant to the 
 SE, which cost government £4,500. 
 
 Ultswater, a lake in Westmoreland, 10 
 miles N of Ambleside, and four sw of Penrith. 
 It is about eight miles long, and abounds 
 with greiU variety of fish, and the visiting 
 navigators are much amused by the wonderful 
 re-echoing effect produced by firing of guns. 
 The lake is surrounded by mountains except 
 
 U L S 
 
 at the NE end, where it has its outlet in the 
 river Eamoigt. 
 
 Ulm, a free and imperial city of Suahia, 
 the chief place of that order in the circle, 
 whose territory is 27 miles long, and 21 
 broad. It is a large fortified and handsome 
 place. Here were preserved the archives 
 of the imperial towms of Swabia, and the 
 diet of the circle was usually held. The in- 
 habitants are protestants. It has an excel- 
 lent college, with a theological semi nary 
 annexed. The cathedral is a magnificent 
 structure. Here is a convent for the daughters 
 of the nobility and citizens, who are here 
 educated and afterward at liberty to marry. 
 The other most conspicuous structures are 
 the abbey of St Michael, the town-house, 
 the arsenal, the magazines, and the valuable 
 town library. It is one of the largest and 
 best towns in Germany, and is situated on 
 the Danube. In 1702, the duke of Bavaria 
 took it by stratagem, but surrendered it 
 after the battle of Blenheim, in 1704. Tho 
 French took it in 1796, and again in 1805. 
 The population is estimated at 15,000. The 
 trade chiefly consists in linen, fustians, hard- 
 ware, and wmol. It is 38 miles w by n of 
 Augsburg, and 40 se of Stutgard. Lon. 9 56 
 E, lat. 48 24 N. 
 
 Ulmen, a town included in the depart- 
 ment of Rhine and Moselle, in the electorate 
 of Treves, Germany. It lies 30 miles ne of 
 Treves, 
 
 UlothOy or Vlothoio, a town in county of 
 Ravensburg, Westphalia, has a medicinal 
 spring in the vicinity, six miles s of Min- 
 den. 
 
 Ulrichstein, a town in Upper Hesse, Ger- 
 many, With a strong castle, 25 miles se of 
 Marburg. 
 
 Ulrieshamn, a town in W Gothland, 
 Sweden, had its name changed from Boge- 
 sand, m 1741, in compliment to cpieen Ulri- 
 ca Eleanora. The principal trade is iu 
 cattle, provisions, and tobacco ; 50 miles s 
 of Gotheburg, 
 
 ULSTER, a province of Ireland, bounded 
 on the E by the Irish sea, on the n by the 
 Northern Ocean, on the w by the Western 
 Ocean, on the s by the province of Leinster, 
 and on the sw by that of Connaught, being 
 about 118 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. 
 The principal rivers are the Bann, the Lough- 
 foyle, the Sv/illy, the Newry water, and the 
 Maine. It abounds with large lakes ; the 
 soil, iu general, is fruitful in corn and grass. 
 It contains the counties of Donegal, Derry, 
 Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Ar- 
 magh, Monaghan, and Down. Next to Dub- 
 jin, and its vicinity, this quarter is best cul- 
 tivated, most populous, ci iizHci, and trading. 
 This in a great rneasur * is to be ascribed to 
 the Scottish colonies, who fled to Ireland in 
 the persecuting reigns of James I. and 
 Charles II., and introduced the linen manu- 
 facture, which, to this day, is so great a 
 source of the wealth of Ireland. The presby- 
 
U M M 
 
 U N S 
 
 terian religion is most prevalent in this pro- 
 vince. 
 
 Ulster, a mountainous and hilly county 
 of New York It is divided into 16 
 
 townships. Chief town, Kingston. i 
 
 VUzen, or Vettzeii, a tow'n of the duchy 
 iof Lo\ver Saxony, in Luneburg, stands on the j 
 lioiienau, and has a trade in liour and wool, i 
 
 ULVA, a small island of the Hebrides, I 
 situated on the mouth of Lochmankell, on 
 the w coast of Pdull, Argyleshire. 
 
 ULVERSTONE, a neat town in Lan- 
 cashire, in the hundred of Furness, called by 
 the people Ouston, with a market on Mon- 
 day. It stands at the foot of hills, near a 
 shallow arm of the Irish sea, and has a canal 
 to the estuary of the Leven. Since the de- 
 cline of Dalton it has considerably increas- 
 ed, and has a considerable trade in iron ores, 
 pig and bar iron, limestone, oats, barley, 
 ioid beans. Besides furnaces for forging 
 ^s-gricultural utensils, they have manufactures 
 of cottons, checks, canvass, hats, <fec. This 
 town is the port of the district of FuTne-s. 
 It is iS miles kw of Lancaster, and 261 
 :sNw of London . Lcn. 3 12 w, lat. S4 j 
 
 24 K. 
 
 Uma, or Umea, a sea port in West Both- | 
 iila, Sweden, stands at the mouth of the river 
 Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. The houses 
 are constructed of wood. It is 310 miles n 
 by E of Stockholm. Lon. 19 1§ e, lat. 63 
 58 N. 
 
 Urnago, a town of Istria, with a harbour, 
 nrrtr ihe Gulf or Largona, 12 miles sw of 
 Capo Istria. 
 
 Umbersleg, a small town in Warwdck- 
 sbire. 
 
 Umbria, a name sometimes given to the 
 duchy of Spoleto. Umbria \vas the northern 
 province of ancient Italy, extending north 
 from the Nar to the Rubicon. See Spoleto. 
 
 Umhriatieo, a town of Naples, in Cala- 
 bria, Citeriore, on the river Lipuda, 15 miles 
 w by N of St Severina. 
 
 Umm(:rapGora,or\eQL the most flourishing 
 and well built cities of As«a, the metropolis 
 <'A the Birman empire, with a large fort 
 completeiy lortified afler the Eastern mari- 
 iK-r. It \vas founded in 1783 by Minderagree > 
 the emperor, four miles to the ke of Ava, 
 the ancient capital. The streets are all 
 straight, many of them wide, and the houses 
 raised on posts from the ground; the larger 
 supported by strong timbers, and the smaller' 
 by Bamboos. The royeJ palace is a splen- 
 did ediilce. The temples and monasteries 
 are numerous. The gilding which is bestow- 
 ed oa the outside of the roofs, and particu- 
 bwly on the spires, gives them more than 
 ordinary splendor. lu 1810, 20,000 houses, 
 t ie palace, fort, and many temples were 
 vcnsvimed by lire, and 1400 lives were lost. 
 Ibumera; oora is situated on a peninsula, 
 fojiued by the Iirawady on the wg and n 
 narrow ehaiittel branching e from the river, 
 H-ud expands to the k side of the city, to the 
 ■y'xtent of seven miles long, and a mile and | 
 
 I a-balf broad. It is 520 miles e of Calcutta,, 
 and 620 nnw of Siam. Lon. 76 7 e, lat. 2i 
 57 N. 
 
 - Uniiersiven, or Undersen ^ a handsoirre 
 town of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern. 
 It is 25 miles sse of Bern. 
 
 Underwalden, a canton of Switzerland, 
 bounded on the n by the canton of Lucerne 
 and the lake of the four cantons, e by high 
 mountains which separate it from the canton 
 of Uri, s by mount Brunich, which parts it 
 from the canton of Bern, and w by that of 
 Lucern. It is about 25 miles in length, and 
 17 in breadth, and is divided into two parts, 
 the Upper and Low’er Valley, by the forest 
 of Kesterwald, which passes through the 
 canton from n to s. The country abounds 
 in cattle and fruit, but produces little corn 
 and no wine. The people are of the Romish 
 church. The capital of the Lower Valley 
 is Stanz, and that of the Upper Valley and 
 w^hoie canton is Sarnen. 
 
 Ungvar, a towm of Upper Hungary, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, stands on 
 
 1 an island formed by the Ung. It is 57 miles 
 j B of Cassovia. Lon. 22 23 e, lat. 48 48 N. 
 
 1 Uniegow, a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 1 nate of Lenczicz, has a fine castle belonging 
 to tlie archbishop of Gnesen, 20 miles ssw of 
 Lenczicz 
 
 Union, a post town of the L^nited States, 
 New York, in Tioga county, sealed on the 
 Susquehana, w of the junction of the Chenan- 
 go. Here the judicial courts are held in 
 October ; 50 miles e by s of Newtown, and 
 150 Nw- of Ivew York. 
 
 UmoUf a post town of Fayette county, 
 Pennsylvania, on Redstone Creek, 14 miles 
 s by E of Brouusville, and 28 ne of Mor- 
 gantown. 
 
 UNITED PROVINCES of the NE- 
 THERLANDS, a name given to the seven 
 protestant states of the Netherlands, w^hich 
 freed themselves from tfa« yoke of Spain, 
 end w'ere erected into an independent repub- 
 lic, See Holland. 
 
 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 
 See America. 
 
 Unna, a tow;n of Westpheiia, in the 
 county cf Marck, situated on the Kottel- 
 1 beck. It is siirfourided by 'vall.** and ditch'^s, 
 
 { and was formerly a considerable^ han.sealic 
 
 I lowD, ifi miles ssw of Ham. 
 j Unna, a raer of European Turkey,’ wdiich 
 
 1 iins its source in Bosnia, on the borders of 
 Croatia, flows by Witsch, and unites with 
 ihe Sn vo, 16 miles above Grad vca. 
 
 UNNARY, a province of Smoiand, Swe- 
 den, 43 miles w of Wxieo. 
 
 UNSHA, one of the two provinces of the 
 government of Kos:roma, in Russia. Ma- 
 karief is the capital. 
 
 UNST, the most remote of tr.e Sh.'jUand 
 ! islands, and of the British do?Tiir«i<)rj3, ex- 
 j teu(hng beyond lat. €1 It cuUud 
 
 Vuht.OT Vuista, by Buchanar., and is about 
 12 mile^ long, and four broad. In the island 
 are a number of lakes. The surface is gene- 
 
V O L 
 
 Tally kvi*l, but tbeje are s^everal mouritains 
 of eon.videiabie heigiit. The horses, neat 
 cattle, and sheep are very small, bilt the 
 wool is very fine, and the beef and mutton 
 uncommonly delicious. The crops consist 
 of blaek oats, beer, potatoes, cabbages, d:c. 
 The two principal harbours are Uya Sound 
 on the s, and Ealta Sound on the E, shelter- 
 ed by the isUs of Uya and Balta, at Lamha- 
 iiess the ne point, the tide runs with un- 
 common rapidity. ’ The cod, ling, and tusk 
 fi’>heries employ about 70 boa,ts, and 339 
 men. Ironstone abounds here. There are 
 large veins of serpentine, and rock chrystals 
 of great beauty here ; and ireestone, lime- 
 stone, gray sdates, and mavl abound. 
 Quartz is washed ashore, and a beautiful 
 garnet was some years ago picked from a 
 rock. The exports are beef, line woollen 
 stockings, fish, and kelp. Unst with a few 
 contiguous islets, forms a parish of itself, and 
 contains about 2,259 inhabitants. The in- 
 habitants are frank, bold, hardy, humane, 
 and fond of music and dancing. In the 
 island are some ieudal castles, several mouncis, 
 concentric circles, rude obelisks, and 24 
 chapels. Lambaness is in Ion. 0 10 w, lat. 
 60 65 N. 
 
 Unterseerty a town in the canton of Bern, 
 Swisseriand, stands on the Aa, betweep the 
 lakes Breutz and Then. In the vicinity is 
 the celebrated cavern of St. Fat, 23 miles 
 ssE of Bern. 
 
 Unza, a town in the government of Kos- 
 (rama, Russia, in a province of its name, j 
 seated on the Unza, 92 miles kke oi Kos- 
 trama. Lon. 44 15 e, lat. 57 56 n. 
 
 Foerden^ or JVoerden, a town of S Hoi- 
 land, seated on the Khme, iO miles w of ^ 
 Utrecht. ^ | 
 
 Vogiiera, a fortified town of Italy, in the ; 
 Tvlilanese, on the Staffora, nine miles ne of j 
 Torton j, and 14 sw of Pavia. | 
 
 Vogiabruck, a town of Austria, on the | 
 %^ogel, 28 miles ne of Salzburg, and 38 sw 
 ejf Liutz, 
 
 Void, a toxvn in the department of the 
 Aleuse, France, 10 miles from Toul, and IS 
 ssE of Bar le due. 
 
 VOIGTLAND, a territory of Upper 
 Saxony, in the sw part of the Marquisate of 
 Misnia, E of Thuringia, and Franconia. It 
 rises into hills, and abounds in wood, 
 but the vallies are fertile in corn, and its 
 pastures feed a great number of excellent 
 cattle. The principal place is Flatten. 
 
 Voigisherg, a town and citadel in Voigt- 
 iand, Upper Saxony, five miles s by e oi 
 Fiauen. 
 
 Vairsherg, a town in Stiria, Germrtny, on 
 the Kainaci), 18 miles w by s of Gratz. 
 
 Vekeimark, or iVolkenkmarck, a town of 
 Germany, in Carinihia, on tbe Crave, 17 
 miles E by s of Clagenkirt. 
 
 Volano, a seaport of Italy, in Ferrarese, 
 at the the mouth of the Po, in the gulf of 
 Venice, 34 miles e of Ferrara. Lon. 12 
 36 E, lat. 44 52 n. 
 
 15 
 
 V O 1. 
 
 VOLCANO, one of the most consulerabla 
 of the Lipari islands, in the Medueriaiu un, 
 lying to the s of that of Lipari, from which 
 it is^’pai ted by a deep channel, a mile and a 
 half broad, ft is 12 miles in oireumterenee, 
 and is a volcano, in the form of a broken 
 cone, but now emits smoke only. 
 
 VOLCANELLO, a small volcanic island, 
 between Lipari and Volcano. 
 
 VOLCANIC ISLAND, an island in the 
 Pacific Ocean, between Swallow island and 
 Sama Cruz. Lat. 10 30 s. 
 
 Volga, tlis largest river in Europe. It 
 has its source in two small lakes in the 
 government of Pleskof, in Russia, about 80 
 miles w of Tver, and forms part oi tbe boun- 
 dary between Europe and Asia. It waters 
 some of tbe finest provinces in the Russian 
 empire, and flows by Jaroslaul, Kostramai 
 Nisnei, Novogorod, Casan, SimbifSK, Saraioi, 
 Tzaritzin, and Astracan. By means of the 
 Volga, the river Tveiza, and a canal, there 
 is a navigable commuuication between the 
 Caspian sea and the Baltic, and enters the 
 Caspian sea by several mouths, below As- 
 tracan. 
 
 Volhinia, a palatinate of Russian Polana, 
 about 220 miles in length, and 130 in breadth, 
 bounded on the n by Polesia, w by Austrian 
 Poland, s by Podoiia, and e by Kiof. Its 
 fertile plains are watered by a great number 
 of rivers. Lucko is the capital. 
 
 VoilenliGven, a toxvn in Overyssel. Hol- 
 land, with a castle, situated on the Zuyder 
 Zee, eight miles from Steenwick, and 12 
 Nw of Zwoll. 
 
 VOLLENHOVEN, a territory of Hol- 
 land, included in the department of Yssel. 
 
 Volniar, a town in the government of 
 Riga, Russia, on the river Aa, 60 miles kb 
 of Riga. 
 
 Volo, an ancient town of European Tur- 
 key, in the province of janna, Thessaly, with 
 a Citadel and a fort. It is seated on a gulf 
 of the same name, and has a good harbour. 
 In 1655, it W' as taken, and almost ruined, by 
 the Venetians, 30 miles se of Larissa. Lon. 
 22 55 E, lat. 39 2i n. 
 
 I VOLODIMAR, or Vladimir, a govern- 
 ment of the Ptussian empire, once a province 
 of the government of Moscow. The soil is 
 extremely fertile, and the lorests abound 
 with innumerable swarms of bees. 
 
 Volodimir, or Vladimir, the capital of 
 the above governmeni situated on the river 
 Kliasma. It is iiO miles E by n of Mos- 
 cow. Lon. 40 28 e, lat. 55 58 n. 
 
 VOLOGDA, formerly the largest of all 
 the Russian European governments. It is 
 now divided into the two piovinces of Vo- 
 logda and Veliki Ustiug. It is full ot lakes, 
 rivers, and marshes, and celebrated for line 
 wool. 
 
 Vologda, a town of Russia, capital of the 
 aboie province, and an arcubidiop^s see» 
 seated in a marsh on the Vologda, which 
 flows into the Sukhona, with a castle and a 
 ‘ortress. Besides the magnificent cathedral, 
 3 1 
 
V O R U P L 
 
 It bfls several eliiirches. The iuhalbitauts | 
 carry on a considerable tmde, in hemp, ' 
 maitinfif, tallow, and leather. It is 257 
 miles K by e of Moscow. Lon. 39 46 E, 
 lat. -59 20 N. 
 
 Volsky a town in t^e government of 
 Saratof, Russia, stands on the Volga, 76 
 miles NE of Saratof. Lon. 47 45 e, lat. 
 52 1-5 X. 
 
 Volia, a river of Guinea which separates 
 the gold coast from the slave coast, and falls 
 into the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 Voltogio, a town of Genoa, 1,5 miles N 
 by w of Genoa. | 
 
 Volterra, an ancient and considerable [j 
 town ot Tuscany, in Fisa, stands on a ( 
 mountain, is surrorinded by walls, and con- 
 tains several antirpiities, 30 miles ssw of 
 Florence, and 32 se of Pisa. 
 
 Voltriy a town in the state of Genoa, in 
 the vicinity of winch the Austrians were de- 
 feated by the French in 1796, sis miles w of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Volturaray a town of Naples, in Capita- 
 cata, seated at the foot of the Appeniiiiiies, 
 20 miles w of Lucera, and 52 ns of ! 
 Naples. j 
 
 Volturnoy a river which has its source in i 
 the Appennirxes, fiows by Isernia and Capua, !| 
 and falls into the gulf of Gaieta. |j 
 
 Volme, a town in the department of [ 
 Puy de Dome, France, has in iha vicinity j 
 immense quarries, whence materials are I 
 ohiamod for building the adjacent towns, | 
 and for the statues ia the churches, two 1 
 miles from Riom, and six n of Ciermoat. [ 
 Vohintown^ a township of the United j 
 States, Windham county e of Plainfield. i 
 VofiUza, a town with a castle, in Livadia, 
 European Turkey, stands at the head of a 
 deep bay on the s side of the gulf of Arta, 
 
 17 miles ssw^ of Arta., and 60 nw of Le- 
 panto. j 
 
 VOORN, an i^and of Holland, between ] 
 the mouths of the Meuse, 20 miles long, and | 
 five broad. V’ith Goree and Overslackee 
 it forms the territory of Vocrnland, which 
 formerly belonged to Zealand. Brief is the 
 capital. 
 
 Voorny a town and fort of Guelderland, : 
 Holland, seated on an island formed by the | 
 Waal and the Meuse, at the e cud of Eom- I 
 nielv/ert, seven mil?s k by n of BommeL | 
 VordeUy a town in the principality of j 
 Osnaburg, Vrestpbalia, 20 miles nne of 
 Osnaburg. 
 
 Vordoriy a town of W Prussia, on the 
 Vistula. Here a toll is levied from ships i 
 going up and down the river. It is 15 miles 1 
 5SW of Culm. j| 
 
 Voruigeuy a town of Susbia, in the princi- j 
 pafity of Hohenzollern, stypds on the Lau- 
 chart, JO miles sk oI Holieuzollern. 
 
 VORONETZ, one of the 41 government.s 
 of Russia, and our of the richest countries in 
 the empire. It abounds in corn, cattle, and 
 orli.er necessaries > , 
 
 J''iJraKe72,ca]'ital of the above government. 
 
 seated on the Voronetz, near its junction 
 with the Don. The town is strong by na- 
 ture. Here, Peter the Great, when he pro- 
 jected the conquest of the Black sea, built 
 his first ship. It was then composed of 
 about 100 v;cx)dea Luts, but is now a hand- 
 some town, and trades with all parts of the 
 empire. Vv'oUen cloth and haickware are 
 the principal manufactures. Tallow is a 
 chief article of cemmerce, 230 miles sse of 
 Moscow. Lon. 39 44 e, lat, 52 .36 n. 
 
 VOSGES, a department of Fr nee. It 
 comprehends the se part of the late province 
 of Lorrain, It has its name from a chain of 
 mountains, foirnerly covered wuth wood, 
 that .separates this department from those of 
 Upper .Saone, and Upper Rhine. Epinal is 
 the capital. 
 
 Votkerfieldy a small town in Hampshire^ 
 s of Alton. 
 
 Vonilley a village in the department of 
 Vienne, France, celebrated for a victory 
 gained by Clovis, over Alaric, king 'of the 
 Visigoths, in 507, which extended the 
 French empire from the Loire to the Pyre- 
 nees. 
 
 Vonrlay a town in Natolia, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, stands on two eminences near the gulf 
 of Smynia, 30 miles w by s of .Smyrna. 
 
 Voit tchangy a city of China, capital of 
 the province of Hou-quang. It is tne ren- 
 dezvous of ail the commercial people in the 
 empire. Its port on the Kian-ku, is always 
 crowded with vessels, frequently six niih^s in 
 length. In addition to the continual iiitUj;s 
 of strangers, its beautiful cnrystal fountains, 
 the plentiful crops of fine tea, and the pro- 
 digious sale of the Bamboo paper render it 
 famous. It is 655 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 
 U2 25 E, lat. 30 30 n. 
 
 VozierSy a town in the department of 
 Ardennes, France, on the Aisne, 28 miles s 
 of Mezieres, and 32 ene of Rheims. 
 
 Upchurchy a town m Kent, on the Med- 
 way, three miles and a-haif nw of Milton, 
 and six e of Chatham. 
 
 UphaU, or Strathbroky a parish in Lin- 
 lithgow^shire, containing 3120 a res, Tha 
 .soil is exceedingly Pudile. Population 
 about 786. It is a well known stage on 
 the Glasgow road, and is about 10 miles w 
 cf Edinburgh. The surface is varied, fer- 
 tile, and well cultivated. Cou^, free stone, 
 lime scone, ba^altes, potters clay, fullers 
 earth, and marl are {ouud in the p^-rish. 
 
 Up Bollandy a considerable mannfa Tur- 
 ing village in I.ancashire, tliree miles w' of 
 Wigan, with some vestiges of a priory 
 ibunded by Robert de Holland, duke of 
 Exeter. 
 
 Uphewen, a town in Wiltshire, 10 miles 
 s by w of Mariboj^ough. 
 
 UPLAND, a provii ce cf Sweden Proper. 
 It is about 70 miles in leugili, aud 45 in 
 breadth, is chieily ooM'red with forests of 
 piLe, and shapeless stones, but has inex- 
 haustible mira s of copper, silver, iron, and 
 lead, in the mauufhcture of which the 
 
 
u R 
 
 gtockliolni 
 
 santry are obietiy employed 
 M-al.ham, ^ ,p„ng bardly ever 
 
 known .o be^Uished by droegbr, .nree 
 
 avid compact town 
 j weekly market, 
 
 u.".r»v”"r‘“ 
 
 in Upland, with ,ee. A 
 
 university, an it 'o 'be ‘“ke Maeler. 
 
 srbuili of bric^, but tbe I 
 
 Tth mrr'if Jon’ains exclusive of .be sto- 
 
 dents, about 4000 .nbabUant^^^P^ul^^’^^ 
 
 ^'S'tn "’b“b "" usef ^ te 
 
 r^rinoiTuftru-fpr:!^ 
 
 fovaf society here is tUe uuc>eu‘ “>*;■- 
 tiition of the kind in the norm. From ns 
 ctee-vatory. planned by tbe famous telsus^ 
 the Swedish Geographers, uumpute b 
 lomriinde. Tire Botanic gaideu, wmcU 
 long Die the care ol the caebrated Linae, 
 
 Ts ar.;tt dSoltteii, hu, a new and larger 
 r^ro ii, - on the w side of the pciiaee. Upsal 
 siamrira vast open plain, feriiie in conr, 
 and is 40 miles nnw ol Stockholm. L..U. 
 
 17 F litt. .t 
 
 SiTf i. '«»«.»« «i’«i oe«« »• 
 
 f]^v and four annuid iairs , ciud lies i 
 illtflcs s irom Worcester, and Ulwawot 
 
 "“Sr.ABA. a province of Terra. Firma, on 
 
 ^ ^'Tto'.va of Wirtembi’Tg, Swabia, 
 
 has a" de’cayed castle, on a mountatn, and 
 a ccnviderab.e trade in l.nen damasks, an 
 
 ^V<!gVAY, E f 
 
 of Pareguay, in booth America, has its 
 nanre f om a large river, that unues with 
 the Pamna, VO miles above Buenos Ayres 
 
 J 4h.v.e^v£: 4hp ppiebrated ni’t^r ricUt*. 
 
 jj,‘.vi\vas ceded by the Spaniards to Por- 
 i>r the cuicny ci St. Sacrament, in 
 nTv, ibilt the Uragnay might be^he bourn 
 dary b ■iweeu tbe two uroivus. Bos tiojes 
 
 ‘"n^fe/rc«!r;own and bishop’s see in 
 BivaJia, European Turkey, governed Ij a 
 
 hey, and U seated on the left bank of the 
 
 Hies WfVVV 
 
 liver of tbe Russian empiie^ 
 
 wb?cb has^riouroe in Caucasus in 
 
 Asia, runs by Orenburg, 
 fails into the Caspian .^ca, hj 
 
 "f a ridge of 
 stretebiug irom .» to t)7 ^ 
 
 1150 mites, called by w® 
 
 b,HCk-bo..e of the world, PuUda 
 
 the higuest of these luouu tarns, _ i ^ 
 
 451tS feet above sea level. Tins c 
 forms a considerab.e part of the bouauury 
 
 between Europe and Asui. 
 
 URALIAN COftSACb, ^ PruP' 
 
 iubaoit tbe Russian prcvuice of Ovei|^^ B 
 
 in Asia, on the s side o^ ,yom tho^e of 
 These Cossacs are ^ religion, 
 
 ' the Don. They profess the Cekrg^^^ 
 
 But there are dissenters "-u f^.^.ersks 
 
 :;f,J2Xhk.u,ci. 
 
 have their own pr.ests amt cei 
 
 The Uraiian Cossaos are eatbu^a^, 
 
 ancient ritual, and viuae 
 equal to their lives. A Russu 
 having ordered a number o YaitsU m 
 publickly shaved in tbe ‘own ol ts ^ 
 
 rebellion. This was suppresi^u by 
 
 throw, and execution Ol bnis 
 
 order to exiinguisu all ^ 
 
 enjoy the right of fishing on the coas 
 tispiun sea, for 47 miles on u-b S';® ^ 
 the river Ural. In consequence ol .bn 
 fisheries these Cossacs are veiy ncu. 
 
 “a, a town Ol the Russian empire, u 
 
 Oreubiirgh, and goverumeut of ^ 
 iormeriy called \ailsk, an s 
 Ural, 375 miles nne of Asiracan. 
 
 the island of Hueii, Denmark, ^ ^ 
 
 Tycho Btaelie, tbe o®-®bt«'f 
 wbo called it Uranburg, or tne ofstbi o 
 Heavens, liere he made bis obsonaiions, 
 
 but it is DOW in rums. Lou. i4 > ■ 
 
 i ol Ml. lo;*' ;";K 
 
 oi'i'“o- 
 
 I lS40a,lat.4dd^ to. 
 
 « LVbauna, a posi o,, 
 
 State's ill Miuulesex eoiuii), \ ir^ * . » 
 fiirRaiq^bani Oc, rd miles Iroin us moulh, 
 
 ' Ti^ 7H \iii of iiichmoiid. . 
 
 Vriino, a duoby of Italy compr-bendad 
 
U R Q 
 
 in (h? Roman repuhlic. The air is r'ckon- i 
 oh,ef pro no , .00 ,.s silk, and it abounds in 
 dd in breadlL 
 
 Vrbino, a city of Italy, and capital of 
 the duoiiy ot Urbino. Tbe city is an arch- 
 bishop s see. The university contains a 
 noble college and 16 convents. It is the 
 birtii-place of the iliustnous painter Ra- 
 
 Sreat qnanti- 
 
 -s of fine earthen ware, manufactured here. 
 It ^va.. taken by the French in 1798. It is 
 seated on a hill, between the rivers Metro 
 tmd Fogija, 18 miles s of Rimini, 58 e of 
 
 'S: - 
 
 by Midcbeham, Rjppon, Boroughbridge, and 
 
 “>e 
 
 [/redan, a town in the principality of 
 ’Wunster, Westphalia, stands on the Berckel 
 and has maniiiacturps of excellent linen, 20 
 iinles Vv Nw of Munster. 
 
 an ancient town in Catalonia, 
 fepain, capital of a county of the same 
 
 name, and a bisi op^s see. It stands in a 
 ferule plain, on the Segra, amid mountains, 
 covered with vineyards. It is 60 miles w of 
 FiU'pigiian, and- 78 n.\w of Barcelona. Lon. 
 I ^8 E, lat. 42 24 n. 
 
 Urghenz, a town of the country of Cha- 
 ipm, formerly its capital, stands on a small 
 liver ti7at falls into the lake Aral, 190 
 miies NMw of Khiva. Lon. 68 30 e, lat. 42 
 
 Vri, the most southern of the cantons of 
 ...uiizeivand, and the fourth in rank. It is 
 aoout 30 mibs in length, and 12 broad, 
 boun!.et, o.i the n by the canton of.Schweitz 
 and the Vraldsladter See, e by the cantons 
 o uri.'fOns and Clarus, s by the bailiwics of 
 i.aiy and w by the cantons of Underwalden 
 and Bern. Altorf is the capital. See 
 »^catve^tz. 
 
 Vri, Lake rf ; See TValdstadter See. 
 
 lJrUvgfcTd,ii town in Kilkenny, Leinster, 
 12 miles Nw of Kilkenny. In the vicinity 
 are the ruins of Kilcooiy abbev, and of a 
 ea.stle. 
 
 Urmia, or Orourni, a large town in Ader- 
 h'J^'n, Per.sin, stands in a fertile plain, on 
 tne sw of a lake of the same name, of an 
 ov,u form, 160 miles in circuit, and some- 
 times called Sliahee Lake. On the e side 
 the lake is penelrated to its centre bv a long 
 mounuiim Its waters produce much .salt 
 and on i/M liorders are vast masse.s of the 
 marble of Tabriz; 90 miles sw of Tabriz 
 Ion. -1.6 6 E, ial. 37 22 n. 
 
 Urmtuid, a town m the department of 
 Lower Meu-e, in the duchy of Juiiers, lately 
 of (u'rnifiny, stands near the Meufc?, ib 
 mile;^ NXE of Maestrichf. 
 
 Li a parish in Murra 3 ’shire, about 
 lour miic.s long and three broad, lying on 
 
 USB 
 
 Ihe coast of the Moray Frilh between the 
 rivers Spey and Lossie. Agriculture is h.r 
 behind. The greater part of it belongs to 
 the earl ot Fife, who has planted large tmets 
 of waste ground. Population is about 1023, 
 
 Urquhart and Gleiimoriston, a moun- 
 tainous parish in Inverne.ss-sbire, about 30 
 miles long, and 10 broad on an average. 
 The rivers are the Moriston, Enneric, and 
 Celtic, all of which fall into Loch Ness, 
 Agricultural improvements are pro&re«sive" 
 limestone abounds, and is wed as maimre! 
 In the parish are four burying places, a 
 church, three chapels, a parochial, and two 
 society schools.. The cieiical duty of Glen- 
 luoristoii is frequently performed by a mis- 
 sionary stationed at Fort Augustus. Urqu- 
 hart castle, formerly a royal fort, and ca- 
 pable of accommodating 6,000 men, stands 
 on a promontory jutting into the nw side of 
 Loch Ness, 18 miles .sw of Inverness. It 
 was taken by Edward I. of England, and is 
 
 26 ls i® about 
 
 VrqiOiart and Logie-u-e.ster, an united 
 parish in Ros.s-shire, about nine or 10 miles 
 long, and from three to four broad, Iviiur 
 along the head of the Frith of Cromarty” 
 the surface is pretty level, mid agreeably 
 diversified with fertile fields, plantations, *c 
 It has quarries that produce excellent mill- 
 stones. Here are salmon fisheries, disti'- 
 lenes, and besides the parochial school, there 
 are two endowed by the society for iirona- 
 gating Christian knowledge. In ibis parish 
 is tne barony of Ferrihtosli. (See Perrin- 
 tosh.J Population is about 2820. 
 
 Urr. See Orr. 
 
 Vrrag, a parish composed of the united 
 parishes of Urray and Kilchrist, lying for 
 the mo-st part in Ross-shire. It is about 
 sevtn miles long, and .six broad, lying along- 
 the s banks of the Conan. The suriace is 
 variegated by corn fields, geiitlemen\s seats, 
 piantatioD.s, natural woods, rivers, and wastes 
 It is iinersecied by the road leading fiom 
 Inverness to Sutherland and Caiihness, and 
 by one leading to the W Highlands. In the 
 parish i.s the seat of lord Seaforth ; tbe 
 church is elegant; and besides the paro- 
 chial, there is a socieiy school. There is a 
 shell marie to be lotind, and n^ar the w end 
 of the parish a sulphureous spring. Fonuia- 
 tion about 2083. 
 
 Urseren, a town in the canton of Uri, 
 Sw’isserland, .stands on the Reuss, in an ele- 
 vated valley, 17 miles sse of Altorf. 
 
 Ursitz, a towm in the late bishopric of 
 Ba?el, Swisserland, which originated from 
 a hermitage, built in the seventn century, by 
 St Ursiniiis. It stands on the Doubs, six 
 miles .s of Poreirtriii. 
 
 CRVAIG, or Urv^jg.a, a province of 
 Soirth /Vmeriea, ('xtending irom lat 26 0, to 
 •33 20 s. it is about 410 mile.-; in iengih, and 
 130 in lireadth. 
 
 IhSBEC TARTARY, a vail coun ry of 
 Western Tartgry, bounded on the \ by Uiui 
 
u s s 
 
 TT T* O 
 
 o? the Ktamvics, on the e by Thibet, on the 
 s bv Ilindoostan, and on the w by Persia 
 and^the Caspian sea. These Tartars are 
 divided into several tribes, governed by their 
 respective khans or princes. When govern- 
 ed by one sovereign, they were toe most 
 lormidahle of all the Tartar nations. I he 
 principal khans trace their descent to Id- 
 nmrlaiie, who was horn iii Sa^areaml, the 
 present capital of the country. 1 be Usbecs 
 Lave fairer complexions and neater features 
 than the Kalmucks. Their religious pro- 
 t’essron is Mahometanism. 
 
 USEDOM, au island of Hither Pomera- 
 nia, situated between the mcuths of the 
 Peene ami Svviii, (with two tons named 
 after these two rivers,) on the Baltic, be- 
 tween which and the island of Wollon is a 
 passage, callea the Swin. It has a town ot 
 Lhe slme name, on the sw coast, and is 
 subject to Prussia; 40 miles nw ol Stettin. 
 Lon. 14 11 B, lat. 54 6 N. 
 
 Userche, an ancient and well built town 
 in the department of Correze, France, 37 
 miles sE of Limoges. 
 
 Vstdnio, a town of Italy, in Cremo'a0-6f 
 12 miles ne of Cremona. 
 
 Vstaritz, a town in the department of 
 Lower Pyrenees, France, six miles sse of 
 
 USTICA, a small iHand in the Mediter^^ 
 ranean. It produces wheat, barley, soda, 
 
 I &c. and the vicinity are coral banks. It vvas 
 1 not inhabited till 1765, when a colony sealed 
 * and built a citadel. There are no springs lu 
 the i'slard, and the inhabitants are supplied 
 with fresh water by rain preserved m cis- 
 terns. It lies 35 miles N of Palermo in Sici- 
 ly. Lon. 13 26 E, lat. 38 42 n. 
 
 Vsiipa, a town in the government of 
 Vologda, Russia, and capital of a province 
 of the same name, and an archbishop s see. 
 It stands on the Dwina, at the junction oi 
 the Sukhano. Hence are exported great 
 quantity of grain. It Iks 464 miles 
 ^ - Lon. 16 30 E, lilt. 61 
 
 USHANT, 
 
 an 
 
 island on the coast of 
 
 Finisterre, Fraime, opposite Conquet. It is 
 eio-ht miles in circumference, and contains 
 sieve al hamlets, and a castle. Lon. 5 0 w, 
 
 lat. 48 30 N. IT* 
 
 Ushneach, a mountain in V/ Meath, Lein- 
 ster Ireland, on which the Druids kindled 
 fires in honour of Beal, or the .sun. It was 
 the grand Bealtinne of the northern parts of 
 Leinster, where the states assembled, and 
 tried criminals, and such as were condemned 
 to die, were burnt between two fires of Beal. 
 Children and cattle were made to pass be- 
 tween these fires, by way of purification. 
 
 n^inoen, a town of Germany, inWatiera- 
 vla and county of Nassau-Weilburg, stands 
 on the Usbach,and has a handsome castle. 
 
 It is 12 miles .sse of Weilburg. 
 
 Usk, a town in Monmouthshire, situated 
 on the river Usk, at its junction with the 
 Byrdhin. Here are the ruins of a castle 
 and priory, the church of which is now the 
 parisa church, and another part of it is con- 
 verted into a farm-house. It is a large and 
 wxdl built place, has a manufacture of ja- 
 panned ware, a w’^eeklv market on Monday, 
 and two annual fairs, and lies 12 miles sw 
 of Munmouth. , 
 
 H.s7c, a river of South V aies, vihico 
 rises on the w side of Brecknockshire. 
 It passes by xVbergaveiiny, Usk, and Caer- 
 . icon, and enters the Bristol Channel below 
 
 Newport. . 
 
 Ucikelt, a town in Yorkshire, near the 
 xiver Wherle, ke of Sherborn. 
 
 Uskiub, See Sccpia. 
 
 town in the principality of Calen- 
 b»Tg, Lower .^axony, 14 miles nw of Gol- 
 
 Cs.sel^ fi town in the department of Correze, 
 France, five mues ire ot the castle of Ven- 
 udour, 32 NE of Tuile, and 53 ese of 
 Limoges, 
 
 ne of Moscow. 
 
 IJtawas, a river which rises from the lak» 
 Tenaiscamin, is in part the boundary Im^ 
 between Upper and Lower Canada, and alter 
 running' se -above 300 miles, enters the fct 
 Lawrence at the islanfi of Montreal, In its 
 course are several rapids and 
 
 UTRECHT, one of the United Province^^, 
 bounded on the n by Holland and the 2mder 
 Zee, E and s by Guelderland, and w by hoR 
 land The soil is fertile, and the country 
 Dieasant. The length oi it is not above 30 
 miles, and the breadth only 20, and it is npt 
 subject to inundations, as in the other pro- 
 
 V tSlCPS« 
 
 Utrecht, a handsome, large, and celebrat- 
 ed city of Holland, capital of the province 
 of Utrecht. It is of a square form, and 
 about three miles in circumlerence, viuth- 
 out its four suburbs, which are considera- 
 ble. It has a famous university. Ine 
 aeeple of the cathedral is very high, and 
 the most elegant in Holland. Here are 
 many churches and hospitals. The town 
 house is a magnificent edifice. Two canals 
 called the New Graeft, and the Vaert, run 
 hrough the city, and are crossed by 36 
 stone bridges. The principal manuiactures 
 are silk and fire arms ; and in a place called 
 the Mall is an extensive fomidinw for can- 
 non balls. The population is estimated at 
 20,009. The environs arc ador ed with nu- 
 merous gurden.s, walks, an<I groves, which, 
 together' with the purity of the air, maivc 
 this city one of thi^ most agreeable plact^ 
 of residence in tho.se parts. Here, in 1 
 commenced the union of the seven United 
 piovincts, and here was concluded thotieaty 
 which terminated the wars of queen Ann, 
 in 1713. In 1787, Uirecht surrendered to 
 the Prussians, and, in 1795, to the French, 
 each time without any resistance. It is si- 
 tuated on the ancient cliannel ol l be Rhine, 
 18 miles sk of Amsierdam, 27 me oi Rutte.- 
 dam, an<l 35 NNW of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 8 e, 
 
 lat. 52 7 E. r 1 • 
 
 Utrecht New, a town of New York, i« 
 
W A A 
 
 King’s county, Long Island^ with a Dutch 
 church. 
 
 Utrera^ a town ia Andalusia, Spain, has a 
 salt spring in the vicinity, 12 miles se ol 
 Seville. 
 
 Uttcrby, a town in Lincolnshire, three 
 miles Irom Louth. 
 
 Uttooceter, a large to\vn in Stafford. hire, 
 situated on a rising ground, near the river 
 Dove. Its marltet is the greatest in thi^ 
 part of England. Iron manufactories ' are 
 carried on he^re to a consideiabie extent. 
 The weekly market is on Wednesday, and it 
 has two annual fairs. It contains about 
 3,000 inhabitants; and lies 13 miles ne ol 
 Stafturd, and 135 nnw of London. 
 
 Utznach, capital of a baiiiwic, belonging 
 to the cantons of Schweitz and Giaris, Swis- 
 seriand, stands three miles k of the lake oi 
 Zurich, and 15 N by w of Giaris. 
 
 Uxbridge^ a town in Middlesex, consisting 
 principaily of one street a mile in length’ 
 near the extremity of the county, intersected 
 by the Coin, in two streams, and washed h} 
 the Grand Junction Canal. The church, or 
 rather chapel, is as old as the reign of king 
 Henry Vi. Here a negociation was car- 
 ried on between Charles I. and the parlia- 
 ment, in 1644, and the hobse in w^hich the 
 plenipotentiaries rnet, is still called the 
 Treaty House. |Iere was once a monastry, 
 and near it are the vestiges of a Roman camp. 
 
 It is governed by two baiiiifs, two constables, 
 and lour beadboroughs. Tbe town is well 
 furnished with inns ; the bread made here is 
 remarkable for its whiteness, and it has two 
 annual fairs. It is 15 miles n by w of Lon- 
 don, on the Oxford road, 
 
 Uxbridge^ a town of Worcester county, 
 Massachusetts, 40 miles sw of Boston. 
 
 UYA, the name of two of the Shet- 
 land islands; I. lying off the n coast of 
 Mainland ; 2. lying off the s coast of Unst 
 Uzeda, See Ucedo. ' 
 
 Uzel, a town in the -department of tbe 
 >7orth Coast, France. It has a consider- 
 able trade ; and is 17 miles sw of St 
 Brieux. 
 
 Uzerche^ a town in the department of Cor- 
 reze, Lrance, s’ands on a Oraggy rock, on 
 the Vezere, 10 miles Nw of Tulle, and 36 sst 
 of Limoges. 
 
 a lov/n in (he dejvartment of Gard, 
 I't'cince, suuids in a country abounding in 
 corn, oil, Silk, catile, and good wine 12 
 railes of Nismes, 20 w of Avignon, ami 20 
 sw of Orange. Below the bishop^s palace 
 is a spring that supplies the aqueduct of 
 ■Nismes. 
 
 W A £ 
 
 passes by Leopolds tad t, and falls into the , 
 Danube, opposite the island of Schut. 
 
 fVaal, or Wahal, the s branch of the river 
 Rhine below Emmerick, runs w through 
 Guelderland, by Nimegueii, Thiel, Eommel, 
 and Gorcum, and which unites with the 
 Meuse at Briel. 
 
 IVabashy a be^tiful navigable river of 
 the United States, in the North Western 
 Territory, which rises near some small lakes 
 to the w of lake Erie, takes a ssw'^ ccorsc of 
 400 miles, and fklls into the Ohio, by a 
 mouth 270 yards wdde, above iOO miles above 
 tbe junction of that river wdth the Mississippi, 
 in lat. 37 4i. It is navigable 340 miles, 
 and approaches within nine miles of the na- 
 vigable waters of lake Erie. On this river 
 is perhaps the richest vein of native copper ia 
 the w'hole earth. 
 
 Wachenheiniy a towm in the department 
 of Mont Tonnerre, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 17 
 miles ssw of Worms. 
 
 Wachovia or Dobb's Parish, a tract of 
 land in North Carolina, consisting of about 
 loOjOOO acres, ia Stokes and Surry countu .s, 
 situated between the rivers Dan and Yadkin, 
 The Moravians purchased this tract from 
 Lord Granville in J 751, and called it Wacho- 
 via from an estate of count Zinzendorf’s, in 
 Austria. In 1755 it was made a separate 
 parish. It contains several settlements, the 
 chief of which is Salem. 
 
 Watchteudonek, a town in Upper Guelder- 
 land, Netherlands, stands in a morass, on the 
 Niers. It is five miies s of Guelders, and 
 22 Nw of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Wachtersbach, a town in Watteravia, 
 Germany, has a castle, belonging to the 
 count of Isenburgh Wachtersburg, 20 miles 
 ENE of Hanau. 
 
 Wadhorough, a town in Worcestershire, 
 three miles nw of Pershore. 
 
 W ADDAHS, a people of Asia, in the 
 island of Ceylon. They neither till the land, 
 nor feed cattle, bdt depend entirely aipon 
 their bows and arrows for subsistence, and 
 collecting honey from hollow trees. They 
 have no houses, and reside near the rivers 
 under large trees. Their only covering is a 
 piece of cloth which they wrap round their 
 waist. 
 
 Wadeshorough, the chi«-f town of Anson 
 <iounty, in Fayetteville district. North Caro- 
 lina, stands on a loftv hiil. 50 miles ssk iw 
 
 ^AAG, a ri\er of Hungary, which has 
 its source in the Carpathian mountains, 
 
 Ima, stands on a lolty 60 miies ssii of 
 Saiisbur}'. 
 
 WADHAM ISLANDS, .several islands 
 near the ne coa^t of Newfoundland. Lon, 
 53 37 w, lat. 49 57 n. 
 
 Wadstena, a town in E Gothland, Sweden, 
 seated on the lake We{ier,was built in 1744, 
 by Gus{avr.s V'asa, 26 miles w of Lin- 
 kopi ng. 
 
 WaES, a trrritory of Austrian Flanders, 
 has plenty of corn and Uax, fine meadows 
 and good pastures. Here horses are in high 
 esieem. St Nicholas and Rupelmonde un 
 the principal places, 
 
W A K 
 
 mgeninsen, or fVagenhein the of 
 
 TieUu« an ancient town ot Hollana in 
 Gdderund, stands oi, the 
 a trade in cattle and tobacco, miles 
 
 “^WAGMiA, or Waoerland, a ter^ 
 
 ritorv of Lower Saxony, »* 
 rtTLltie. It is abotil 20 miles in length, 
 
 Sul 15 in breadth. Lubec is the princpal 
 
 ^'^''waara<n a village of Austria, ne of Vi- 
 
 ennr, where an ^Ihe TrSch “ in 
 
 between the Austrians and the ^rencu, m 
 
 5Sri809, iu which the latter were sue 
 
 a town in the principality of 
 TrS'X Silesia, 14 miles ssE of Troppan. 
 JValr’en, a town 
 
 Mecklenburg, stands near , 
 
 U miles s of .Malchin, and 2T WNW ot ivew 
 
 ^^'fVakrenbrvck, a town of the ^“chy of 
 Saxony, on the Elster, 14 miles a of tor 
 
 ^^'waihlingen, a town in the duchy of M ir- 
 tetnburg, siabia, on the Rems seven miles 
 
 ^^IrJidhamtn! a town in the palatinate 
 
 tSt fow;rl' Austria, 
 on the Ips, 23 miles sw of St Polten. 
 
 Waidloven, Sohmiseh, a town and castle 
 of Austria, on the Teya, 10 m.lcs RNW of 
 
 ^Ikigaiz, or raigatch, straits between 
 Nova Zembla and Russia, with an is and of 
 the same name. Lon. 93 30 B, J®'- '• ' 
 
 Wainfieet, a neat compact town in Lin- 
 oolnsbire, situated on the river Limb, neat a j 
 creek of the sea by means of whicn «t has , 
 some sea trade. It has a vTe_ekly inarket 
 on Saturday, and four annual 
 14 miles nb of Boston, and 2S N by E ot 
 
 ^ }VaUzen,ox lEait*, a town of Hungary, 
 noted for a large annual fair, and is a hi-; 
 XpV see. It has frequenily been oapturea 
 by the Turks, and was burnt by them u 
 1685. It is situated on the Danube, j 8 miles 
 EsBof Presburg. Lon. 19 15 e, lat. 4. 
 
 fycA-ejfcld, an ancient, large, and hand- 
 some town, simatSd on the river Calder, near 
 tL centre of the W R.ding of Yorksmre. 
 The church is a large gothic structure ai^^l 
 stands near the centre of the town. Bes.des 
 this there is another church, several meeting 
 hou es for .Lssenters, ami a f''-'® 
 school, which have several exhil.iaons to 
 both tiie universities. In the market-place 
 is an elegant cross, with a lanihein top, 
 under which is a room where the public 
 business is transacted. 
 ctouebiidge over the Calder, EdAnard IV. 
 erected a chapel, to the memory ° .® 
 
 ther, who fell in the memorable bait.e with 
 queen Margaret, tought near this m 
 
 '466. The orincipul trade is m Ah.t 
 
 cloths and tammies. JI*® "7;' J.”!^tero 
 “rrsomeViblif libraries here. Wakefield 
 containe./in 1801, 8133 
 
 1811, 8593. being a weeL 
 
 verued by a chiel constable. It has a week 
 Iv market on Friday, for corn and provisions, 
 a market every fortnight for caMle 
 and four annual farrs. It is 28 miles 
 of A^ork, and 184 NUW of London. 
 
 mikerlev or fVakchj, a town in He.t- 
 ior.lshi:-e, sw of Buntingford, and hall amil^ 
 
 S of BoiksdteU* ^ „ 17 nrnn'^rlll 
 
 WALACHIA, a province "^^^“25 
 Tnrkev beio^' 175 miles in length, and 
 
 bounded on the n by Transy - 
 vania, B by Moldavia, s by the Damme, 
 and w by Hungary It is and 
 
 mcrous rivers. The soil ts very f®J; ‘ ® > 
 produces all kinds of wine, oil, 
 nean fruits. Here are excellent TtT 
 
 Ck cattle, and mines of sevem kinds, 
 i Tn 173 Q it was ceded to the lurKs ^ 
 
 ;".my of Llgrade. The greater part of he 
 inhabitants a?e of the Greek ctmron. It is 
 governed by a waywade, or Prince, ca ^ 
 llso the bospodar, who is a vassal of the 
 pmobc Biichorest is ti>e capuai. ^ 
 fVaiadia, a town_of ^^neo'es* 
 
 spacious plain, which 
 Q'lrv as well as luxury of life. It has a larg 
 
 harbour, ibe entrance to 
 by rocks, 130 miles WNW of Morocco, 
 
 Lon. 8 25 w, lat. 31 56 N. Holland 
 
 WALCHEREN, an island 
 
 It is separated from the islands of - 
 
 Bevelaiid, by a narrow channel, d.i-^ 
 
 , from the province of Dutch Flanders > 
 i mouth of the .Scheldt? bemg 
 ' the other sides by the Gerrnan 00®®"; “ ' 
 
 ubout nine miles in length, ® 
 breadth, and, lying very low, ® j 
 
 inundations, bnt is very ®“''®-„7l88q V ut 
 was taken by (he British in .luly, P"' 
 
 shortly after evacuated on account of i - 
 epidemical stats. -Aliddleburg is the ca- 
 
 I town in Lincolnshire, near the 
 
 TrLt, has a "balyheute spring iormerl/ 
 much frequented, five miles w of 1 att i.. 
 
 mur, seated on the Heura. it 
 consumed by fire in 1615, ane ^ 
 
 French sustained great loss m an 
 i attempt to take it, 12 miles s of C.arlero^ 
 and 27 sw of Namur. 
 
 Waldhurg, a castle f 
 gives name to a county l}iog ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Danube and the Iier» It ^ 3 ,!^ 
 
 mountain, seven miles N of Wang , 
 
 ' wIlDECK, a principality of Westpba- 
 i®. .O'- » -.,‘r"-’!„’’i:'^ith^“u1s 
 
 lia, NW 01 nA&>t; . cr . 
 
 miles in length, and . and 
 
 mountainous, and covered ’ 4 
 
 has mines of .™^_®oi;Pri T-o M b. ’ 
 
 r, I IV firv 
 
W A L 
 
 fValu’eei, a town of Germany, in 'V' 
 ooiin-y of the same name, with uaiiie" 
 bach Steinbach, six miles se of Cor- 
 
 m,l<ie.n., or S/ifran Walden, a town in 
 - of Essex, stands on an emim-iiee 
 
 lime of o*«o»fae- 
 
 ture of bolting cloths, checks, and fastians, 
 and a great trade in malt, Tlie town is 
 torge and popnlons, but irregularly built. 
 Besides the church, which is a faic gothit' 
 structure, here are a Presbyterian, a baptist, 
 and a quaker meeting-iiouse, a free. sehooi, 
 afid a well endowed alms-house. The Veen 
 ol tis castle is .still visible. Saffron Wal- 
 
 m,rt a "’‘’yof and alderman, 
 
 ci.id has a weekly market, on Safurdtty, and 
 
 -'*2 N by E of London, 
 
 . ^'Udenowrg, a town of Upper Saxony 
 M Misnia, situated 'on the MitWau, has a 
 cas.le ot its name. The old town on the 
 .pposue side of the river, is noted for brown 
 
 If Zwickmr'^*^^ 
 
 WaJdeHbnrg, a town in the principality of 
 hoheuloke, Fr.anconm, with an anoisnt cas- 
 tle on a mountain, six miles e by n of 
 Ohnnajen. ^ 
 
 Waldheim, a lowa of Upper Saxony, in 
 Alisuia, seated on the Zsohop.a. Th<» an 
 eient monastery is now converted into an 
 orphan home aud house of correction in 
 vnucii several tn-nufactures are carried on, 
 olv miles sE ot Leipsie. 
 
 on th,. Eitz SI.X mi!e,s.sNK of Fribur^. 
 
 Wuldmuncken, a town of the paiati.eafo 
 of Bavaria, seated on the Schwarsa, a? 
 uules Rss of Amberg 
 
 ^ValdohoTDugh.Ti tov/n and port of 
 ^ntry of (he Uuued States, in the district of 
 .faille, in Lincoln county, 16 miles e of 
 M iscci^set, and >:e of Philadelphia. 
 
 yyaldsassen.ixiosYn hi the paiaduate of 
 -.Havana. In the vicinity is a rie.h Ci,«ter- 
 uari abbey, whose Abbot wa.s formerly a 
 prince oi the empire, 44 miles nne of Am- 
 ber^. 
 
 fValdsee, a to^yn of Swabia, with a castle 
 lU miies NNR of Raveusbur^. 
 
 Waldschut, a slronp^ town of Suabia, in 
 lhunno;!a, stands on the Rhine, at the en- 
 trance ol the Black forest, hiheg one of the 
 Sour iorest towns, eight miles nsv of Nord- 
 haasen, and 19 wswuf ^liaifh.tusen. 
 
 Wald^tadt, a name given to the S%viss 
 cantons of Lucern, Uri, Sohvveitz, and Un- 
 derwalden. Waldstaat denovcs Forest 
 Towns; thc.«e canton^ contasniu'r a o-reat 
 number of forest.s, tor the Waidstad't of 
 fevvabia ; See Forest Tc wns. 
 
 Wi(Uhtadta\ Sec, or Lake of the Pour 
 Cantons, one of the dn- st uike.s in Swiizer- 
 land. It consists of three principal iiran- 
 ches, ciiled the lakes A Lucern, Schweitz, 
 and Jri. The Upper branch, or lake of Lii- 
 ceru stretches from Kussnaich to i>ull 3 n- 
 
 w A L 
 
 'I W.'tl, a small village near Suntz, ft ,> 
 |1 I’o'tudea towards the town by ouliivateii' 
 j, itlU, sloping giadualiy to (ha water, con- 
 jl tra>„ed on the opposite side bv an enormou.s 
 ,1 mass of barren and craggy rocks; Mount 
 ,1 Pilate, one of the highest mountains in Sw is- 
 serlarid, rising boMiy from the lake. To- 
 ward the e of this branch, the lake contracts 
 nito a narrow creek, scarcely a mile wide. 
 Soon after, it again expands, and forms ths 
 second branch or lake of Schweitz ; havino- 
 on tne w side the canton of Underwaiden 
 and on the e that of Schweitz. Here the 
 mountains are more lofty, and beautifully 
 varied ; some covered to the very summits 
 with lively verdure, others perpendicular and 
 craggy. Near Briimen is the third branch 
 or lake of Uri, which takes a se direction! 
 
 It IS deep and narrow, about nine miles iong- 
 and bordered on boih sides by rocks unco nt' 
 monly wild and romantic, with forests of 
 beech and pine to the edge of the water. 
 Ihrough this lake flows the river Reuss. 
 
 WALES, a principality in the w of the 
 isirand of Great Britain, comprehendino' 12 
 (| yi52* Anglesey, Caernarvonshire, 
 
 ■j Uenbigh,shire, Flintshire, Merionethshire, and 
 • Alontgomeryshire, in North Wales ; Breck- 
 nocK'shire,.Cardjoanshire, Caermarthen.shire, 
 Glamorganshire, Pembrokeshire, and Rad- 
 norshire, in South Wales. It is 120 miies 
 iong.and 80 broad, and contains 8125 square 
 mues, or 5,200,000 acres. This eoinury is 
 for the most part mountainous, but its pro- 
 duce is Sufficient for the maimenauce of 
 the inhabiiants. It is the countrv to whioh 
 the ancient ^Britors ficd, wnen-''ihis island 
 was invaded by the victorious Saxons. They 
 are now called Welsh, and continue to pre- 
 serve their own ianguBge. Tiie w part i.s 
 oounded by St George’s channel and the 
 Irish sea, the s by the Bristol channel, the 
 N by the Irish sea, and the e by the counties 
 of Chester. Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. 
 
 It eontdins 751 parishes, 58 market-towns, 
 and in 1801, 541,546 ' inhabitants, and 
 in 182 1, 61 1,788, exclusive of those in 
 the army and navy,. for which a thirtieth 
 part may be added. The Welsh were long 
 governed by iudcDendent kings, (ill the reign 
 of Edward I, when, their last prince Lle- 
 weiiin, being vanquished and slain in the 
 year 1283, Wales was united to Enjrland. 
 
 Tho inhabitants submitted to the English 
 yoke with extreme reluctance, which in- 
 duced Edward to promise them for their 
 prince a Welchman by birth, and one who 
 could speak no other language. He, there- 
 fore besiowed ihe principality on his second 
 son, Edvard, then an infant who bad been 
 born at Caernarvon. And Alpbon.so,- his 
 eldest 311. dying soon after, young Edward 
 became heir also of the English monarchy, 
 and unitv^d both nations under one govern- 
 ment. From the reign of Edward "ll. the 
 
 Cidest s('n of the king of England has al- 
 'va 3 s been created Prince of Wales. The 
 j is clear aud sharp, the cattle small, and 
 
W A L 
 
 provisions in general good and cheap. It is 
 particularly noted for goats. It is watered 
 by many rivers, the principal of which are 
 noted in the different counties. 
 
 WALES, NEW NORTH, and SOUTH, 
 a country of North America, in New Bri- 
 tain, lying w and sw of Hudson bay, subject 
 to Great Briiain, but little known. See 
 Britain New. 
 
 WALES, NEW SOUTH, the eastern 
 coast of New Holland, extending from lat. 
 
 10 37 to 43 49 s being the northern and sou- 
 hern extremities of that vast island. This 
 coast was first explored by captain Cook in 
 1770. A design was formed, in consequence 
 of his recommendation, to settle a colony of 
 convicts at Botany bay. Arthur Philips, 
 Esqr. being appointed governor of the in- 
 tended settlement, as well as commodore on 
 the voyage, sailed from Portsmouth in 1787, 
 on board the Sirius frigate, accompanied 
 by several vessels which had on board a de- 
 tachment of marines and 778 convicts of 
 which 220 were women. He arrived cit 
 Botany Bay in the beginning of 178S, and 
 fixed upon Port Jackson, about three leagues 
 and a-half n of Cape Banks ; and here the 
 settlement was begun, which he called Syd- 
 ney Cove. With respect to the country, a 
 vast chain of lofty mountains, named the 
 Blue mountains, runs nearly in a n and s 
 direction farther than the eye can reacbj 
 about 60 miles inland. The surface is di- 
 versified with gentle risings and small wind- 
 ing valleys, covered, for the most part with 
 large spreading trees, affording a succession 
 of leaves in all seasons. A variety of flow- 
 ering shrubs, almost entirely new to an 
 European, and of exquisite fragrance, abound 
 in many places. With respect to climate, 
 the heat is not excessive in summer, nor is 
 the cold intolerable in winter. Storms of 
 thunder and lightning are irequent, as in all 
 warm countries, but the atmosphere is gene- 
 rally bright and clear, ice is very seldom 
 seen, and no snow has yet appeared except • 
 on the highest ridges of the remoter moun- 
 tains. The quadrupeds hitherto discovered 
 are principally of the opossum kind, of 
 which the most remarkable is the kangaroo. 
 There is also a species of dogs very different 
 from those of Europe. There are many 
 beautiful birds of various kinds ; among 
 which, the principal are a black swan, and 
 the ostrich, or cassowary. There are like- 
 wise many curious fishes. Some very large 
 sharks have been seen in Port Jackson, and 
 two smaller species. The inhabitants of 
 New' South Wales go entirely naked ; and 
 though pleased at first with some ornaments 
 that were given them, they soon threw them 
 away as useless. They all express a great 
 desire for the iron tools which they see. 
 their neighbours make use of. Their colour 
 is rather a deep chocolate than a full black : 
 but the filth with which their skins are co- j 
 vered, prevents the true colour of them from ' 
 appearing. Notwithstanding their disregard [ 
 L-> 
 
 W A L 
 
 for European finery, they are fond of adorn- 
 ing, or rather deforming, their bodies wiih 
 scars, which have an uncommon appearance. 
 Some of them perforate the cartilage of the 
 nose, and thrust a large bone through it. 
 Their hair is generally so much clotted with 
 red gum that their heads resemble a mop. 
 They paint themselves with various colours, 
 and ornament themselves with beads and 
 shells. Most of the men want one of the 
 fore teeth in the upper jaw, and it is very 
 common among the wmmen to cut off tw'o 
 joints of the little finger, as badges of ho- 
 nour. The Nev/ Hollanders appear ex- 
 tremely deficient in the useful arts. Of 
 the cultivation of the ground they have no 
 notion, nor can they be prevailed upon to 
 eat bread or dressed meat. Hence they de- 
 pend entirely for subsistence on the fruits 
 and roots they can gather, and the fish they 
 catch. They bake their provisions by th® 
 help of hot stones, like the inhabitants of 
 the islands in the Southern Ocean. If 
 bread be given to them, they chew and spit 
 it out again, seldom choosing to swallow it* 
 They like salt beef and pork rather better ; 
 but they could never be brought to taste 
 spirits a second time. Their huts are for- 
 med in a very simple manner. They con^ 
 sist only of pieces of bark laid out toge- 
 ther ‘ in the form of an oven, open at one 
 end, and very low, though long enough 
 for a man to lie at full length. They also 
 take shelter in the caverns with which the 
 rocks abound, and in the trunks of large 
 trees, which they excavate by means of fire. 
 They can imitate the songs ‘and language 
 of the Europeans almost instantaneously, 
 much better than the latter can imitate 
 theirs by long practice. In their persons 
 they are active, vigorous, and stout, though 
 generally lean. Few of the w'omen, com- 
 paratively speaking, have been seen ; and 
 such of the females as have, have soft and 
 pleasing voices, and seem to be very chaste. 
 They certainly burn their dead, w'hich, per- 
 haps, has given rise to the story of their 
 being cannibals. So little idea have tney 
 of thieving, that they leave their spears and 
 other implements on the open beach, in per- 
 fect security of their remaining untouched. 
 They are very expert at throwing their jave- 
 lins, and will hit a mark with great cer- 
 tainty at a considerable distance. These 
 people are more numerous than w'^as at first 
 imagined ; yet tbe number of inhabitants 
 must be accounted ie\v in comparif^on to 
 the extent of the country. The jealousy of 
 the Europeans, which originally existed has 
 now entirely disappeared, but they have not 
 improven either in civilization or refine- 
 ment in consequence of the proximiiy of 
 the British colony. The British settlement 
 has continued to flourish and extend from 
 Sidney. In 1809, the number of inhabitams 
 I w'as 9336, of whom above two-thirds main - 
 1 tained themselves, and tlie rest are supported 
 by government. Most men of trade or pro- 
 
 ' a K 
 
W A L 
 
 Cession continue to pursue their calling, and 
 labourers are employed by settler^ to culti- 
 vate their lands. The laud under culture 
 at /hat time consisied ot 6887 acres of 
 wheat, 3389 or maize, <534 of barley, 93 of 
 101 of pease and beans, 301 ol potPt- 
 toes. i3 of turnips, <546 of orchard and gar- 
 den ground, 3<5 of flax, hemp, and hops : 
 and the live stock, consisting of horses, 
 beeves, sheep, goats, and pigs were become 
 very numerous. Coal of a superior quality 
 is ^asry provured, and precious stones 
 abound, of which the white and 3 ellow to- 
 pazes are of gre<iier worth than those which 
 are iound in Brasil. Tne jurisdiction of 
 the g{ vernoT of New South Walts extends 
 over t;.e latitude .Jiveady ueulioned, and 
 frO' • the sea coast westw ard to 135 e Ion. 
 and thence, .rooeeding in an easterly direc- 
 tion, includes ail the islands in the Pacific 
 ocean within the above latitude. See 
 Sidne^f, 
 
 Wulety : apital of Beeroo, Negroland, lies 
 100 miles n by w of Sego, and 270 w 
 by s of Tombuctoo. Lon. 3 0 w, iat. IS 
 4S N. 
 
 iValhofy a town in the duchy of Cour- 
 land, in the vicinity of which the Swedes de- 
 feated the Poles, in 1626. It is 34 miles e 
 of M?uaw, 
 
 f'J' olkenreid y a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Thuringia, stands on the Sorge, eight miles 
 Kw oi Nordhausen, and 20 sw of Halber- 
 stedi. 
 
 Wallacetowriy a thriving and populous 
 villt<ge. joining to the New Town of Ayr, 
 cont ining 960 inhabitants. It is in the 
 parish of Si Quivox. 
 
 W allacc Hall, the name of the celebrated 
 acculemy near Closeburn church, in Dum- 
 fries-shire, which was liberally endowed by 
 the bequest of Mr. Wallace of Glasgow, a 
 native of that parish, who died in 1723. 
 This seminary enjoys ample revenues, the 
 school house is elegant and commodious, 
 the situation is pleasant and salubrious, and 
 the master^s house capable of accommodat- 
 iug a great number of genteel boarders. 
 The trustees are the presbytery of Penpont, 
 the minister of Closeburn, the town clerk of 
 Glasgow, and several gentlemen of the 
 name of W’'ailace. This school is free to 
 the inhabitants of Closeburn. See Close- 
 hum, 
 
 fVullajapetta, a town in the Carnatic, 
 Hindoostan, seated on the n bank of the 
 Faiiar, nearly opposite Arcot. The towm is 
 regularly built and populous, and is the een- 
 fre of commerce between the sea coasi and 
 the territory above the Gauts, 63 miles w 
 by s of Madras. 
 
 ' JVaUenhurg, a tow'n of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Basle, stands on the Ergetz, 
 and has a castle on a high rock, 12 miles s 
 by E of Basle, and 15 ne of Soleure. 
 
 IVoUeuatudty a lowu of Switzerland in- 
 eorporated in the baiiiwic of Sargoans, but 
 enjoys many distinct privileges. It is seated 
 
 WAX. 
 
 I at the E end of a lake of its name, and is a 
 great (horougbfare for the merchandize of 
 Germany, passing through the country of 
 the Grisons, into Italy, nine miles w ol Sar- 
 gans, and IS nw ol Coira. 
 
 Wallemtadty a lake oL Switzerland, about 
 10 miles long and tw’o broad, early sur- 
 rounded by high mountains. Those on the 
 E side of Glarns are cultivated and adorned 
 wdth small villages ; on the other side, for 
 the most part, the rocks are craggy and 
 perpendicular. The Mat, which joins the 
 hi th, and forms the Limmat, runs through 
 this lake. This lake is exceedingly clear, 
 deep, aod cold. 
 
 Wallerstein, a town of Swabia, v/ith a 
 castle, six miles sw of Oetiuger!. 
 
 Wallingford, a town in Eerkshire, situat- 
 ed on the Thames, over which is a handsome 
 stone bridge, above 300 yards long, having 
 19 arches. It is a place of great anliquit}', 
 w’as once surrounded by a wall, and htui 
 a castle, now demolished. It consits of four 
 parishes, but has only one church now in 
 use. The town has a free school, and is 
 occasionally the seat of the assizes for the 
 county. Wallingford is governed by a 
 mayor, bigh-steward, recorder, six aider- 
 men, a town clerk, two bailiffs, a chamber- 
 lain, and 18 burgesses. It has weekly mar- 
 kets on Tuesday and Friday, a great trade 
 in corn and malt, and four annual fairs. It 
 sends tw’o members to parliament, chosen 
 by the inhabitants paying scot and lot, who 
 may amount to 140, 14 miles nw of Read- 
 ing, and 46 w of London. 
 
 Wallingford, a post town of the United 
 States, in New Haven county, Connecticut, 
 13 miles nb of New Haven, and 13 sw of 
 3Iiddleton. 
 
 Wallkill, a town in Ulster county, New 
 York, seated on a creek of its name, II 
 miles w of Newburg. Its district contains 
 2571 inhabitants. 
 
 Wallot, or Wallesea, Isle, an island of 
 Essex, in the river Crouch. It is five miles 
 long and one broad. 
 
 Walls and Flcia, a parish in Orkney, 
 conjprehending a part of the island of Hoy, 
 the island of Flota, and the small islands of 
 Farva, Cava, -and Granspy. Population in 
 1794, 993. but in 1802 they amounted only 
 to 709. Cod-fish are taken and cured 
 here, and kelp is manufactured. The dis- 
 trict is frequented by tw’O singular species 
 of fowls, the embergoose, and the lyar. 
 The former appears only in w inter, and is 
 never seen out of the water, or in the act of 
 flying. The latter feeds on some unknow-n 
 marine substance that has not been disco- 
 vered, even by opening its stomach. 
 
 Walls and Sandness, a parish of the 
 mainland of Shefland, of a triangular fig 
 gure, about 1 1 miles long by mne broad. 
 It lies on the western part of the island, and 
 is much intersected by arms of the sea. 
 The farms are small, the climate moist, but 
 the soil^ is generally sharp and kindly, and 
 
 y 
 
W A L 
 
 nrbdaees mare corn on nn average tlian 
 Lpports the inhabitants. Fishm^ is pro^e- 
 c ued wilt, spirit, especiaUv for img upon a 
 
 bank Illed the kU 50 or 80 miles dts- 
 
 tont at sea; part of the land rent is paid in 
 fish. This parish comprehends the i.lan-s 
 of Papa-Stour and Fowla, and contains 
 
 an Sand on the coast of the n 
 part of Lancashire, nine miles loj'S 
 Uad,and protects the hnndred of 
 against the waves of the "" 
 
 face is flat, and at each end is a rabnit wa.- 
 ren. The cheerful and comfortable inhabi- 
 fauts of this insula, ed district re-de -nostly 
 in the villages of Biggar and feouthend. 
 The channel which separates Wainey from 
 the mainland is dry at low water. Dalton 
 is the nearest market town. 
 
 fValpo. a town of Sclavoaia, and capital 
 
 of a county of the same ® .'1“ i 
 
 the river Walpo, and has a casue, 2'^ “““ ! 
 w of Esseck, and 1 10 s of Buda. Lon. 19 | 
 
 22 E, lat. 4-5 35 N. , . I 
 
 PValpole, a post town of Cheshire county, j 
 
 New Hampshire, seated on I 
 
 II miles s of Chariesiowa, 14 n by w ot ; 
 Keene, and 108 w of Portsmoutb. ^ 
 
 fVaUall, a flourishing and populous town j 
 
 of Staffordshire, situated 1 
 
 hill, with manufactories ot nails, bridle b , | 
 stirJups, spurs, bellows, &c and contained . 
 5G48 inhabitants, in 1811. D isgov.rn.i 
 by a mayor, and has a weekly market on , 
 Ihiesday, and three annual iairs, and lies 15 
 miles s of Stafford, and 115 Nw ol 
 ■ fValsham, North, a handsome “ 
 
 Norfolkshire. U has an 
 market on Tuesday, a free school, andean 
 annual fair, and lies 10 miles E of Norwich, 
 and 125 nke of London. 
 
 Wahingham, sometimes ’ 
 
 orNem tVahingham,a ® ; 
 
 folk, situaied near the sea, and no 
 excellent saffron. It i-j of I 
 
 ruins of a mi^aastery, which had a ! 
 
 the Viro'in. mucti resorted to by pilg 
 This mo'nastery was visited by king Henry 
 VIII. barefooieJ, not many J/**"’ ^before he 
 ordered it to be damolisned, the lady o! 
 Walsingham to be burnt, and her "‘ime nse 
 treasure to be seized to hw own use. It has 
 a weekly market on Fridays and an 
 fair, and lies 25 miles nw of ^otvvtch and j 
 113 NSB of London. North-east oi the 
 
 town is the village ? of"l une- 
 
 tVdsrode, a town in 
 
 hfir>r Lower Suxoay, seated on the Bohme, 
 Ls^rcoavent of nuns ot noble extraction, 
 IS miles E by s of Verden. 
 
 IVulston, a p>ir;sb ui Lanarkshire, 
 sonihe-n boundary, and containing 
 3000 acres, of which 2000 are ^ 
 
 the rest pasture. There are two * 9;^! > ^ 
 kes in tlie parish, and lU tue dislnol a 
 hiSh mountain, called Walston SlBatK 
 Mount, and a spring called Walston Vt , 
 
 formerly in great repute for cutaneous dis. 
 eases. PopmatioQ about 
 
 fValtenbuch, a town m the duchy of a tr- 
 tembnrg, Swabia, seated on the Aich, 1 
 
 in Thuringia, which, with the 
 
 tie of Tenaeberg, belongs to Saxe Gotha. 
 
 It is situated on the Horsel, “d Jias maan- 
 laotures of cloth, five miles sw of Gotua. 
 
 towa in Hampshire, with a market on l^ri 
 day. Here was a stately palace beiongi „ 
 toke bishops ot Wmohester, it^w^s de- 
 stroyed in tae civil wars, 
 eiirht miles s of Winchester. 
 
 Vaitham Abbey, or 
 
 a town in Essex, with manufactures ot 
 tinteTiinens and pins. Government has 
 :o“e powder mills here. It is — or 
 
 the remains of a ‘”y>, 
 
 kioff H irold, who. With his two ‘^^otDer. , 
 was^ interred here after the battle of ha,- 
 . Md a smne coffin, supposed to be 
 h^was Lcovered in the reign of E isabeth. 
 
 “ ”f s “JrST’i.. 
 
 ikie oUUe ri.et I.:., ''hick I'cje fc'cc' 'c'C- 
 
 ral islands, 12 miles n by e 
 
 Waltham. Cross, a village >“ Hertford 
 shire a mile w from Waltham Abbey, on 
 the road to Were, famous for one of those 
 ancirorcrosses erected by Edward I. to the 
 m^niorv of his wife, queen Eleanor. 
 
 Waltham on the Would, a 
 T eicester-hire, with a market ou luiirscUy, 
 almost ^ nnd “ September 19u. 
 four miies E of Loughborouga, and 19 Nt. 
 
 °^wluhamstow, a town in Essex, on the 
 liver Lea, has a large and ^9n'isO'‘ns 
 a free school, and many elegant villas, fi 
 
 miles NE of London. , 
 
 Walton, a village 
 
 Thames ovef whioii it has a t - 
 bridge’ The houses are agreeably imer- 
 mlxfd with fields and trees, six miies w by s 
 
 Dale, a pl--t and populous 
 village in Lancashire, stands near the Lan 
 c^tlr canal and the Ribble, and has consi- 
 derable manufactures common to the county, 
 
 TtowaTn“Mysore, Hindoosten, 
 seamd in a fertile country, with maftntoo- 
 
 tures of cotton cloth, and coarse blankets,^, 
 two miles E by N of shire, 
 
 S.b’r«.. tali; 
 
 3 ^ 
 
distant from each other. Population about 
 
 Wanderslebeny a town in the principality 
 of Altenburg, Upper Saxony, nine miles sw 
 of Erturt, 
 
 Wandiwash, a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doo, stan, 27 miles sse of Arcot, and 38 nnw 
 of Pondicherry. 
 
 tVanctsworth, a large village in Surry, si- 
 tuated ou the nver Wandle, near its conflu- 
 ence with the Thames. Besides the an of 
 .dying cloth, there are al.so several manufato- 
 Ties, for bolting cloth, printing calicoes and 
 kersimeres, and whitening and pressing 
 stmts; likewise oil, iron, and white lead 
 mills, vinegar works, and extensive distille- 
 ries. It has a modern church, with an anci- 
 ent tow^er. The methodist meeting house 
 was originally a church lor French protes- 
 tants. Here are a school for poor boys, 
 and several other charitable institutions, also 
 a Quaker meeting house, and two schools 
 under their patronage. Contiguous to 
 VVandsworth, on the s, is Garret Lane, ce- 
 lebrated for a mock election, after every 
 general election of parliament, of a Manor 
 aj Garret^ to which Foote’s dramatic piece 
 of that name gave no small celebrity. It is 
 five miles wsw of London. 
 
 a town in Lower Hesse, Ger- 
 many, sealed on the' M^erra, L5 miles w of 
 Muihaiisen, and 36 ese of Cassel. 
 
 WANGARA, a country lying to the s of 
 Boniou, Negroland. It is fertile, aad wa- 
 lered by the Niger, which here divides into 
 several streams. The capital is Ghanara. 
 
 a town of Swabia, lately impe- 
 nal, on iJie Overarg, and has a trade in 
 linen, hardware, fine paper, and wine. It is 
 18 miles ne of Lindau, and 21 w of Kemp- 
 ton. , ^ 
 
 fVangen, a town in the department of the 
 J^ovver Rhine, France, stands on the side of 
 a lull, am! encompassed by a wall, 12 miles 
 w of Strasburg, 
 
 Wangen, a town in the canton of Bern 
 fewisseriand, stands on the Aar, and is capi- 
 tal of a baiiiwic, iO miles e otSoieure, and 
 23 N?v E of Bern. 
 
 fTanlockhead, a considerable village in 
 the N part of Dumfriesvshire, situated in the 
 ^ Sanquhar, a mile w -r 
 
 m the Leadhills, containing about 543 inha- 
 bitams, who are employed in the productive 
 ead mines at this place, which were the 
 ^Je occasion of the building of the village, 
 ihe metal is washed, smelted, and cast into 
 Pig-s on the spot. The village and works 
 -^re situated near the head of the Wanlock. 
 
 In thi.s and other three streams Mennock 
 Giengoner, and Shortcleugh, gold was 
 found, collected, and w^rought, in the niino- 
 rijy of Jame.s VI. by Abraham Gray, a 
 LiUchman. After him, Mr Bowe.s, an En- 
 gi.'sbman, had considerable success iu the 
 
 dixiict. 
 
 f^niLstcady a village in Essex, on the bor- 
 ders of E])pmg forest, noted for its line mo- , 
 
 dern church, and Wanstead House, one of 
 
 e most magnificent seats in England, sis 
 miles NE of London. 
 
 JVaniage, a pleasant town in Berkshire, 
 ormcr y a royal residence, and noted for 
 ^ing the birth place of king Alfred, and the 
 scene of many battles with the Danes. It 
 as a manufacture of sacking, a weekly 
 market ou Saturday, and four annual fair.s. 
 It IS seated on a branch of the Ock, 12 
 
 miles s by w of Oxford, and 60 w of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 fVantzenau, a town in the department of 
 iiower Rhine, France, was taken by the 
 Austrians in 1793, six miles n of Stras- 
 
 JVanzlehen, a town in the principality of 
 Magdeburg, Lower Saxony, 12 miles wsw 
 01 iViagdeburg. 
 
 , WAPUWAGAN ISLANDS, on the La- 
 brador coast, N America, lie between Ion. 
 59 65 and 60 30 w, and between lat. 60 
 5 N. 
 
 Warn, capital of Bergoo, Negroland, 320 
 miles SSE of Boriiou. Lou. 25 25 E, iat. 
 15 30 N. 
 
 fVaradin, Great, a large town of Hunga- 
 ry, capital of a county of the same name, 
 and a bishop’s see, with a citadel. In 1660, 
 It wp taken by the Turks, and retaken by 
 the Austrians in 1692. The town itself is 
 uot large, but has three suburbs of very con- 
 Merabie extent. It is situafed on the 
 Reres, 117 miles nne of Peterwardm, 
 and 150 ese of Buda. Lon. 21 50 e, lat. 
 47 5 N. 
 
 fVaradin, Little, a strong town of Croatia, 
 capital of a country of the same name, stands 
 on the Drave. It is 34 miles n by e of 
 Agram, and 50 se of Gratz. Lon. 15 55 e 
 lat. 46 40 N. " 
 
 Warangole, (the Arinkill of Ferishta,) 
 formerly the capital of Golconda, in the 
 deccan of Hindoostan. The old ramparts 
 still shew the ancient extent of the towm. A 
 modern fortress is constructed wdthin it, and 
 belongs to -the nizam of the deccan. It is 
 62 miles nne of Hydrabad. Lon. 79 30 e 
 lar 18 6 N. ^ 
 
 Warherg, a town in Halland, Sweden, 
 with a casiie at the mouth of the harbour, 
 on a rock surrounded by winter, near the 
 Categat, 31 miles sse of Gottenburg. Lon 
 11 58 E, lat. 57 12 n. 
 
 W arhorg, a pretty large town of Germanj^, 
 in Westphalia, and principality of Pader- 
 born, stands on the Dymel, 27 miles sse of 
 Paderborn. 
 
 Warde, a town of Denmark, in N Jutland, 
 stands near the mouth of a river of its name 
 15 miles n of Ripen. ^ 
 
 fVardhuys, a sea port of Dani.sh Lapland, 
 situated on a small island of the same name, 
 near the continent, and has an old fort in 
 w-hicb the governor resides. It is 150 miles 
 ESE of the North Cape. Lon. 31 12 e lat 
 70 23 N. 
 
 JVordabridge, a post town of Ulster 
 
WAR 
 
 county, New York, stands on the Walkill 
 creek, 16 miles w by s of Newbiirg. 
 
 fVaree, a town of Guinea, capital of a 
 territory of its name, in the kingdom of 
 Benin, TO miles ssw of Benin. Lon. 6 0 e, 
 lat. 5 .58 N. 
 
 Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, situated 
 on the NE side of the river Lea, by which 
 great quantities of corn and malt are sent to 
 London. In 1408 this town was destroyed 
 by an inundation. It has four principal 
 streets, one of which is about a mile long ; 
 and a market on Tuesday. It is two 
 miles N by e of Hertford, and 21 n by e of 
 London. 
 
 Warehridge, or fVaadhridge, or Wade- 
 hridge, a town in Cornwall, situated on the 
 Camel, and noted for its bridge over that 
 river, having about 20 arches. It is five 
 miles s of Padstow. 
 
 Wareham, a town in Dorsetshire, situated 
 between the rivers Frome and Biddle, at their 
 entrance into Lochford lake,' the w part of 
 Poole harbour. This was anciently a large 
 town, had eight churches, now reduced to 
 three, also a wall of earth, and a castle. 
 The harbour is now nearly choked up, yet 
 it retains some sea trade, particularly in 
 iron, coals, tobacco, and pipe clay. Above 
 the bridge, over the Frome, is a good sal- 
 mon fishery. Its ancient priory is now con- 
 verted into a dwelling house. In 1762, two 
 thirds of the town was destroyed. by fire, but 
 has been rebuilt. The town is governed by 
 a mayor, a recorder, six capital burgesses,* 
 and 12 assistants, and is represented In par- 
 liament by two members, elected by the 
 magistrates, the freeholders, and the inhabi- 
 tants paying scot and lot. This is the birth- 
 place of the celebrated Horace Walpole. 
 It has a weekly market on Saturday, and 
 three annual fairs, and is 20 miles e of Dor- 
 chester, and 112 w by s of London. Lon. 2 
 16 w, lat. 50 43 n. 
 
 Warendorf, a fortified town in Westpha- 
 lia, in the principality of Munster, stands on 
 the Ems, and has a good linen manufature, 
 12 miles e by s of Munster. 
 
 Waringstoum, a town in Down, Ulster, 
 w^here a linen manufacture is carried on, 16 
 miles s by \v of Belfast. 
 
 Wark, a small village and an ancient cas- 
 tle on the s banks of the Tweed, two miles 
 w of Coldstream. It was R former times a 
 barrier against the Scots, and was frequently 
 takeu and retaken. The soil in the vicinity 
 is naturally rich, and in a high state of cul- 
 tivation. The castle is in ruins. 
 
 Warka, a handsome town in the duchy of 
 Masovia, Poland, seated on the Pilsa, 45 
 miles s by e of Warsaw. 
 
 Warkworth, a town and magnificent cas- 
 tle of Northumberland, situated on the n 
 side of the river Coqnet. Near it on the 
 banks of the river is a hermitage, divided 
 into three apartments cut out of a rock. 
 The spire of the church of Warkworth is 100 
 feet high, and in the middle of the church is 
 
 WAR 
 
 spacious cross. Near the village are sail 
 pans, and in the river a valuable salmon 
 fishery, five miles se of Alnwick. 
 
 Warminster, a large trading town in Wilt- 
 shire, situated at the spring head of the river 
 Willy. It has two. churches, and a consi- 
 derable trade in cloth, malt, and corn. Tha 
 general quarter-sessions are held here once 
 a-year ; and the inhabitants amount to 
 about 5000. It has a weekly market on 
 Saturday, and three annual fairs, and is 
 22 miles nw of Salisbury, and 96 w by s of 
 London. 
 
 Warminster, a post town in Amherst 
 county, Virginia, on the n side of James 
 river, 70 mUes w by n of Richmond. 
 
 Warnemtmde, a town of Lower "Saxony, 
 in Mecklenburg!, seated at the mouth of the 
 'Warne, nine miles nnw of Rostock, and 26 
 NE of Wismar. 
 
 Warneton, a town in Flanders, Nether- 
 lands, on the Lis, eight miles nw of Lisle. 
 
 Warren, uptown in Lincoln county, dis- 
 trict of Maine, seven miles w of Thomas- 
 town. 
 
 Warren, a post town in Bristol county, 
 Rhode island. It carries on a brisk trade, 
 and is remarkable for shipbuilding. It is 
 seated on Warren river, and the ne part of 
 Naragonsetbay, 10 miles sse of Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 Warren, a town of Virginia, stands on 
 the N side of James river, 10 miles ene of 
 Warminster, and 21 ssw of Charlottes- 
 ville. 
 
 Warrens Point, a considerable village in 
 the county of Dowm, Ireland, stands on the 
 NE banks of Carlingford bay, noted for its 
 linen manufacture, six miles sse of Neury. 
 
 Warrenton, the capital of Warren county, 
 North Carolina. It has a respectable aca- 
 demy, with about 70 students. It is 35 
 miles w by n of Halifax, 54 nne of Pialegh, 
 and 390 miles from Philadelphia. 
 
 Warrington, an ancient, large, and hand- 
 some town in Lancashire, situated on the 
 river Mersey, over which there is a curious 
 stone bridge leading into Cheshire. It has 
 a large manufactory ol sail cloth and sack- 
 ing. Glass works, pin making, a pottery, 
 a file, and edge tool manufactory, some 
 copper works, and cotton manufactories, 
 are also established. It is noted for its 
 malt and ale. Here are two churches, 
 meeting housesi for presbyteriaris, baptists, 
 metbodists, quakers, and a Roman catholic 
 chapel, a free school, and a noted academy 
 for the education of youth, chiefly supported 
 by the subscriptions of dissenters with a 
 good public library. In 1801 the number 
 of inhabitants was 10,567, and in 1811, 
 11, 738. There are two weekly markets on 
 Wednesday and Sat\irday, and two annual 
 fairs continuing 10 days each, for horses, 
 cattle, and cloth. Tlie land in the vicinity is 
 rich, the gardens, which are numerous, pro- 
 duce excellent vegetables, and the best 
 gooseberries, both for size and variety, of 
 
WAR WAS 
 
 aliTiosl aDy place in England. It is 16 
 miles E of Liverpool, and 182 nnw of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 JVarriore, a town in the Carnatic, Hin- 
 doosuin, 32 miles nnE of Tanjore, and 65 
 ssw of Pondicherry. 
 
 WarsatVj a large city of Poland, the 
 former c(>pital of that country, and of the 
 province of Masovia. It is built partly in a 
 plain, and partly on a gentle ascent arising 
 from the banks O' the Vistula. This city 
 and its suburbs occupy a vasf extent of 
 ground, and are supposed to contain between 
 60,000 and 70,000 inhabitants, among whom 
 are a great number of foreigners. The 
 streets are spacious, but ill paved, and the 
 churches and publ.c buildings, large and 
 magnihcent ; the palaces of the nobility 
 numerous and splendid, but the greatest part 
 of the houses, particularly in the suburbs, 
 are mean wooden hovels. The empress of 
 Russia, in order to accomplish her ambi- 
 tious purposes, put a garrison into this city, 
 early in 1704, but it was expelled by the [ 
 citizens. The king of Prussia invested the | 
 city in July, bui was compelled to raise the | 
 siege in September. In November, the 
 Russians took by storm the suburb of Praga, 
 ma^, sacred the inhabitants, and nearly re- 
 duced it to ashes. The city immediately 
 surrendered to the Russians, who, in 1796, 
 gave it to the king of Prussia, Itwasac- 
 cupied by the French tow^ard the end of 
 1806. By the treaty of Tilsit, the city and 
 this part of Poland, were ceded to Saxony, 
 to be held under the title of the duchy of 
 Warsaw. Warsaw is 160 miles se by s of 
 Dantsick, 130 nnb of Cracow, and 300 | 
 by N of Vienna. Lon. 21 6 e, Jat. <52 
 14 N. 
 
 WARSAW, or Wassaw, an island and 
 sound on the coast of the state of Georgia. 
 
 JVartay a town of Lower Poland, in the 
 palat nate oi Siradia, sealed on the Warta, 
 
 1 2 miles N of Saradia. 
 
 Warta, a river w^hicb has its source in i 
 Little Poland, parses through Great Poland, | 
 by Siradia and Posnan, flows by Dressen jl 
 and T and, ‘‘berg in Brandenburg, and fails j| 
 into the Oder at Custrin. I| 
 
 Warteiiberg, a town of Silesia, in the j 
 principality of Giogau, 20 miles KW of j 
 Giogau. 
 
 fVartenhcrg, of a lordship of its 
 
 ram;’ in Silesia, wiih a castle. Plxcept the 
 old castle, now^ converted into a brewery, 
 rbe,town was entirely reduced to ashes in 
 1742 It is 38 miles ne of Breslau. 
 
 Warton, an agreeable little town in Lan- 
 cashire, .seated on the n side of the Rtblde, 
 about nine miles v.’ of Pre.uon. Here are a 
 neat church, a good gramtnar school, a:; 
 lio-pitai, and a library, 
 
 V/arn ick, an ;inei< nt and large town in 
 Vrarwioksliire, capital of the county. It 
 has a iiue castle, vvliere there is a stom* 
 bridge ol 12 aiehes, undone of a single arcii 
 of JOO feet Span. The casilc is the residence 
 
 of the earls of Warwick : it is 117 feet high 
 to the battlements, and the whole height to 
 the top of the pinnacles is 142 feet. The 
 town wall is now in ruins. Here were 
 formerly six monasteries, and six churches ; 
 of the latter only two remain. It has also 
 a handsome shi rehouse, a free school, some 
 ei arity schools, a jioted hospital for 12 de- 
 cayed gentlemen, two for decayed trades- 
 men, and one for poor women. It is W'ell 
 supplied with w’ater conve 3 'ed in pipes. In 
 1694, the town was nearly destroyed by fire. 
 In 1801, the number of inhabitants was 
 <5594. and in 1811, 6497. It sends tw'O 
 members to parliament, chosen by such as 
 pay to church and poor in the borough, who 
 amount to about 500. The town is governed 
 by a mayor, a recorder, 12 aldermen, and 
 24 common councilmen. The streets, which 
 are spacious and regular, meet in the centre 
 of the town. In the town-hall, are held the 
 assizes and quarter sessions. It has a 
 weekly market on Saturday, and nine annual 
 fairs. It stands on a rocky eminence, by 
 the river Avon, 10 miles sw of Coventry, 39 
 NE of Gloucester, and 90 Kw of London. 
 Lon. 1 35 w, lat. 52 17 n. 
 
 Warwick, a town of Virginia, chief of a 
 county, seated on the right bank of James 
 river, 15 miles se of Richmond. 
 
 Warwick, the chief town of Kent county, 
 Rhode Island, about eight miles s of Provi- 
 dence. A cotton manufactory is established 
 here. 
 
 Warwick, a post town of Cecil county, 
 Maryland, on the e shore of Cheasaj>eak, 
 bay, 15 miles sw of Philadelphia. 
 
 WARWICKSHIRE, a county of Eng- 
 land, bounded at its n extremity by a point 
 of Derbyshire, on the nw by SialTovdshire, 
 on the NE by Leicestershire, on the w by 
 Worcestershire, on (he e by Northampton- 
 shire, on the sw by Gloucestershire, and on 
 the sE by Oxfordshire. It extends from N 
 to s about 47 miles, and 30 from E to w. 
 
 It is the most central county in the king- 
 dom ; and is divided into 4 hundreds aiul one 
 liberty; and contains one city (Coventrj',) 
 13 market towns, 205 parishes, and in 1801 
 208,198 inhabitants, and in J811, 228,735. 
 The air is very mild, pleasant, and healthy. 
 The N pari, called the Woodlands, is divided 
 from the s, called Feldon, by the Avon, and 
 the soil in both is rich. The breeds of cattle 
 and sheep are of a superior kind. This 
 county produce.s corn, malt, wool, cheese, 
 coal, and lime stone. The principal rivers 
 are the Avon, Tame, and Arrow. The 
 count) is also intersected by several canals, 
 which, communicating with others that 
 unite with the rivers Thames, Severn, Mer- 
 sey, and Trent, greatly facilitate its trade 
 and commerce. The capi:al is Warwick, 
 but Birmingham is the largest town. 
 
 WiUii, a sea port in E Roilinia, Sweden, 
 stfinds at the mouth of a river on the gulf of 
 Bothnia. 40 miles k by e of Christiuestadt. 
 Wasiigne, a town in the department of 
 
WAS 
 
 Sambre and Meuse, Fracce, 10 miles from 
 
 ” WASmSGTON, a comity o.'' 
 
 of A-tain s and the most easterly m the Umio 
 
 sin-e is very considerable, thicl tcAU ■ 
 
 ^^WASFIXGTON, a maritime county of 
 the s.efe 'o! Rhode Island, containing 
 13 015 'inbabimms. Somh Kingston ts we 
 
 a'siUNGTON, a county of the state of 
 
 New York, formerly called ChaRLOTTK. 
 
 Tt contains about 14,04a 'nlmnitants. It s 
 divided into 12 townships, ol which Sakm 
 
 WASHINGTON, a connty of PennsyN 
 vama, in tlie sw corner of the state It is 
 divided into 21 townships; and contains 
 23 806 inhabitants Mines ol copper am 
 iron ore have been found in this county. 
 
 Washington, the capital of the above 
 
 connlVv IS siciittit-ii - - 
 
 creek, aitd is considerable for a 
 manufaetures. It is 10 
 gatiza, and 22 ssw of Pittsburg. Lon. 80 
 
 ^^W.a'sHINGTON, a comity of Maryland, 
 on the w shore of Chesapeak bay. Lime 
 stone and iron ore are found h-re ; and coin 
 siderable quantities of pig and bar iron are 
 manufactured. . Elizabeth Town is tne 
 
 ^''WASHINGTON, a district of the Upper 
 
 country of South Carolina, comprehend, ng 
 the count.es of PendU-ton. and Grenville I 
 contains 14,610 inhabitants. Pickeusville is 
 
 WASH^'i'nGTON, a district of the state 
 of Tennessee, comprehending the counties o 
 
 Washington, Sulivan, ’fhV 
 
 Carter. It contains about 29,5dl mhab. 
 tants. The capital is Jonesborougb. 
 
 Washington, capital of Mason 
 Kentucky, stands in a fin® "f;!' ‘‘ S 
 
 Ohio, is a commercial place, * 
 miles ENE of Franktort. Lon. 83 33 w, 
 
 ^^^wlsUngton, a post of entry f ^ 
 town in Beaufort county. North Carolina. 
 It was formerly called Bath, and has a 
 comn-,o.lious harbour near the mouth ol the 
 river Tar, 38 miles ne of Newbern. Lon. 
 77 23 w, lat. 35 50 N, 
 
 Washington, a po.U town of 
 and the capital of Wilkes county. On he 
 E of the town is an antiscorbutic spring, thcit 
 issues from a hollow tree. The inside ol 
 which is incrustated with a thick coat ot 
 maUer, and the leaves around the spring are 
 covered with a white substance, 50 mi es wnw 
 of Augusta. Lon. 82 30 w, lat. 33 12 n. 
 
 WASHINGTON, or the Ledeual City, 
 in the territory of Columbia, was ceded by 
 the Slate of Virginia and Maryland ot ^ne 
 
 IS 
 
 situated on a branch ol Coarti 
 
 r^s 
 
 United States, and by them established to b 
 1 le seat of their government^ alter the^ year 
 1800. This city, whioh is now liuiid,n„, 
 stands at the junction of the river Patowniac, 
 niid the eastern branch, extending 
 four miles up each river The eastern 
 branch is one of the safest and 
 dious harbours in America, being 
 deep tor the largest ships, ior about four 
 mite above iis mouth, while tlw chan 
 lies olose along the bank adjoining th- . tty, 
 and affords a lirge and convenient harbour 
 The Patowmao, although only navig 
 for small craft, will nevertueiess afford a 
 capacTous summer harbour. The situatton 
 of^this metropolis is upon the 
 road, equidistant Irom the N and s exfemi- 
 ttes of the Union, and nearly so from the 
 Atlantic and Pittsburg, upon the be.st navi- 
 gation, and in the midst of a cummerctal 
 territory, probably the nchasi, and com- 
 manding the most extensive inter, al resource, 
 of any in .America. The plan ol this ci } 
 appears to contain some important improve- 
 S^upontha.of the best 
 the world, combining, m a 
 gree. convenience, regularity, elegan 
 prospect, and a free cireulation of air. Ihe 
 capitol is situaied on a most beautuul emi- 
 nence, commanding a complete view of 
 I every part oi the c.ty, and ol a con-iderabla 
 part of the country around. Tne presides s 
 ' bouse stands on a rising ground, possessm| 
 a delightful water prospect, together with 
 a commanding view of tne ^ 
 
 most material parts oi the city. ,1‘>® ^and 
 avenues and such streets as lead imnieduite- 
 w to public places, are from 130 to 160 lent 
 vBe, including a pavement oi 10 feet wide, 
 and a gravel walk of 30 feet planted with 
 trees on each side, and 80 feet ot payeu stree. 
 n the middle for carriages The other 
 streets are from 90 to IIO leet wide. The 
 squares, or divisions of the city, amount to 
 1150. The retang^ular ones contain irom 
 three’to six acres, and e re divided into lots of 
 irom 40 to 80 feet in front, and their depth 
 from 110 to 300, according to the size o! 
 them. All the houses must be ol bnok or 
 stone. Upon a small eminence, where a 
 line due w from the capitol, and due s Irom 
 the president’s house, would intersect, is an 
 equestrian statue of general Wasl.unglou, 
 and the first president of the Uniten -.tales. 
 Places are marked out Ibr other puhlio 
 
 buildings; as a marine hospital, with i_s 
 gardens; a general exchange, and iG piib- 
 rc walks;? city hall, chmehes 
 
 market houses, theatres, &c. The fiber, 
 which is the principal stream that passes 
 through the city, is to be collected in a 
 greiid^resei voir near the cap tol, whence it 
 lill be carried in pipes to difterent parts of 
 the city. The plan of this city was lormed 
 by major L’Eiifaot. The Potomac afionU 
 communication by water between 1.he 
 city and tbe iiiierior parts of Virgin.d and 
 t Maryland, by means of the Shanaandoah, 
 
tiie s branch, Opecan, Cape Capon, Palter- 
 son, Creek, Conoochegue, and Monocasy 
 lor upwards of 200 miles through a healthy 
 region, producing tobacco, hemp, maize, 
 wheat, and other small grain, with fruits and 
 vegetables in abundance. The lauds upon 
 
 WAT 
 
 the Potomac, above the city, all around 
 
 It. 
 
 and for 60 miles below, are high and dry’ 
 abounding with springs of excellent water’ 
 and covered with timber trees of various 
 kinds. A few miles below the city, on the 
 banks of the Potomac, are inexhaustible 
 mouniains ot tree stone, and above the city 
 are immense quantities of excellent coal 
 lime stone, marble, and blue slate. Many 
 years will be required to oomuiete the plan. 
 In 1800, after the adjourummt of congress 
 at their last session in Philadelphia, the’ 
 public office, records, and property were 
 removed to this city ; and on the 22d of 
 November, the congress assembled here for 
 the first time. In 1810, the population of 
 this city and its district amounted to 24,023. 
 The first enemy that assailed it was the Bri- 
 tish on the 24th of August 1814, who by a 
 naval and military force defeated the Ame- 
 ricans in the vicinity; then entered the city, 
 set on fire the cap.tol, the president's house, 
 other public edifices, the dockyard, &c. 
 and retired the next day. It is 12 miles sw 
 by s of Baltimore; SQO from Boston, 248 
 from New York, 144 nw of Philadelphia, 
 232 from Halitax, in North Carolina, and 
 630 from Charleston, in South Carolina. 
 Lon. 77 0 w, iat. 38 53 n. 
 
 WASHINGTON'S ISLANDS, on the nw 
 coast of N America. There are three 
 principal islands, besides many small ones. 
 See Ingraham Islands. 
 
 ^ ASKEMxlSHIM, an island in the gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, on the coast of Labrador. 
 Lon. 59 55 w, iat. 50 3 n. 
 
 fVasseuhevg y a town in the department 
 of Roer, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, on the Roer, IT miles nw 
 of Juliers. 
 
 fVasserburg, a town of Bavaria, situated 
 on the Inn, has a castle and four churches. 
 The chief trade is in salt. The French 
 look it by storm in 1800, 28 miles e of 
 Munich, and 38 Nw of Salzburg. 
 
 Wassertrudingeny a town in the princi- 
 pality of Anspach, Franconia, stands on the 
 Wernitz, six miles n of Oetingen. 
 
 Jf ast IVuteVy a lake in Cumberland, three 
 miles long, and above half a mile broad, 
 lying in Westdale, amid the western moun- 
 tains. A very high ridge of mountains cal- 
 led the Serees, runs along the se side of the 
 lake. Its outlet is at the sw extremity by 
 the river In, which enters the sea at Raven- 
 glass. The lake is seven miles nne of 
 Ravenglass, and about 15 se of White- 
 haven. 
 
 fVamngeny a town of Upper Saxony, 
 Thuringia, seated on the Werra. The an- 
 cient castle of Mayeuluft stands on a moun- 
 tain lollie N, five miles n of Meinungeu, 
 
 nn a town in Somersetshire, situated 
 
 on he Ensto channel, at the mouth of a 
 1 etty good harbour, frequented by coal 
 ships, which are freighted hence with lime 
 alabaster. . Some coarse 
 woollens are manufactured in (he town and 
 neighbourhood. It has a market on Satur- 
 day, arid is 14 miles nw of Taunton, and 
 . 156 w by s of London. 
 
 j WATEEOO, an island in the Soutbrea 
 pacific Ocean, about six miles in leuFth 
 tour 10 breadth, and 18 in circumference. 
 It IS a beautiful spot, with a surface covered 
 with verdure, and composed of hills and 
 ■ plains. The manners of the people, their 
 general habits of life, and religious ceremo- 
 nies, resemble those th^it prevail at Otaheite. 
 Lon. 158 18 w, Iat. 21 I s. 
 
 Waterhurgy a town in York county, dis- 
 trict of Maine, on Mousom river, 15 miles 
 NW of Wells. 
 
 VTaterfordy a city and sea port in Mun- 
 ster, Ireland, capital of the county of its 
 name, and a bishop^s see united with Lis- 
 more. The streets are narrow, and the air 
 IS not very healthy ; but it has an excellent 
 harbour, well situated on the s banks of the 
 feuir, five miles above its junction with the 
 Nore, and the Barrow. It is well built, 
 mid the cathedral is an ellegant structure. 
 Here are three other churches, four Romish 
 cnapels, one , for French protestants, and 
 several meeting houses. The population is 
 o5,000, and it sends one member to the 
 Imperial parliament. Its commerce is 
 very considerable. In one year Waterford 
 has exported upwards of 200,000 barrels of 
 corn, 12000 do of beef, ,20,000 of pork, 
 
 and bread, 
 
 T8,000 do of butter of superior quality, a 
 considerable quantity of apples, some linen, 
 and many other articles. The white glass 
 and other manufactures are in a flourishing 
 state. Packet boats sail regularly hence 
 for Milfordhaven and S Wales. It is 
 governed by a mayor, sheriffs, recorder, &c. 
 eight miles n of St. George^s channel, 26 s 
 of Kilkenny, and 85 s by w of Dublin. Lon. 
 
 ^ 24 w, Iat, 52 18 n. 
 
 WATERFORD, a county of Ireland, 
 
 46 miles in length, and 25 in breadth, 
 lioiinded on the s by St. George's channel, 
 w by Cork, n and ne by the river Suir, 
 which separates it from Tipperary and Kil- 
 kenny, and E by Waterford haven, which 
 parts it from Wexford. It contains 34 
 parishes, and about 110,000 inhabitants, and 
 sends four members to parliament, namely 
 two for the county, and one for Waterford, 
 the capital, and one for Dungarvau. The 
 principal rivers are the Black water and the 
 Suir. The surface is diversified. with hills, 
 and mountains, but in general it is a fine 
 country, very pleasant and rich. 
 
 fVaterfordy a town in Albany county, 
 New York, seated at the conflux of the 
 Hudson and the Mohawk, nine miles n of ’ 
 Albany. 
 
W A V 
 
 WATERLAND, an islanfl in the Son- 
 tiK'rn Paciiie ocean. Lon. 144 iO w, lat. 
 
 WATERS AY, one of the ITebrides L- 
 iamls about one mi’^e to the s ot Barra. It 
 abunt three miles one broad, amt 
 
 inhabited by about 10 families, ami tolerably 
 fertile. It bus an excellent and well shel- 
 tered harbour lor ships ol any burden, at the 
 E end. It is included in the parish ot Lavra 
 Deer island, at the entrance of the harbour. 
 Lon. T 28 w, lat. 5G ol X. 
 
 V/atertGimi, a very pleasaiu 
 United States, in Middlesex county, A assa- 
 chusetts, on Charles river, seven miles w 
 by N of Boston, and nine ese ot Lon- 
 
 IVafford, a town in Hertfordshire, chiefl} 
 consisting of one street about a mile m 
 Imwth, seated on the Coin, in and near t ie 
 town. It has three silk mills, a weekly 
 market on Tnesday, and two nn''iia‘ *airs, 
 and lies seven miles s by w ot St. .\lbans, and 
 15 NW of Loudon. 
 
 WATLANl) LSLAND, one of the Baha- 
 ma islands in the Vrest Indies. The s point , 
 
 isin loo. T4 0 w, lat. 24 0 N. | 
 
 fVatlington, a town in Oxford.diire, si- , 
 tuated under the Chiliern bills, on a rivulet, 
 which, with the continued ridge, parts the 
 county from Buckinghamshire. It has a 
 xveekly market on Saturday,and two annual 
 
 iairs ; and is 14 miles se ot Oxloid, and 4b 
 
 w of London. . r ^ 
 
 JVatteu, a town in the department of tae 
 Nord, France, situated on the river Aa, five 
 miles N of St Omer. 
 
 Wattiiiy a level parish m the centre ot the 
 coimtv of Caithness, about 14 miles long, 
 and To or 11 broad. It abouiuls m moor.-^ 
 and mos.ses, but has a considerable extent Oi 
 excellent .arable land laying between them. 
 Alarl and limestone abound in the parish, it 
 comprehends a beautiful lake, called M attin 
 Loeh, three miles long, and two broad, ire- 
 cuented by a great variety of sea fowl, and 
 sometimes by swans, and is watered also bj 
 the Wick, and several of its tributary streams. 
 Populaiion is 1246. 
 
 fVatton, a town in Norfolk, which sends 
 great quantities of butter to London ; seated 
 near the Stoke, and is a great thoroughtare. 
 It has a weekly market on Wednesday, and 
 three annual lairs, and lies 18 miles sw ot 
 Norwich, and 91 kne ot London. ^ 
 
 iVaiichoue, a beautiful river in Dumfries- 
 shire, which ruus through Wauchopedale, 
 and unites with the Esk above Langholm. 
 On its bunks are the ruii:s of the cusfde o 
 Wanchope formerly of great strength, and 
 the first reUdence in Scotland, of the taimu 
 
 of T imlsay. , 
 
 fVavenng, a river that rise- on the borders 
 of -Norfolk and Suffolk, and flows e b} 
 llarlestone, Bungay and Beceles \ar- 
 rnouih, near which , it is joined by the Aare. 
 it is navigalde about 24 miles. 
 
 yVaoiTcn, a town in Brabant, Nether- 
 id 
 
 V V ih JCf 
 
 lands, on the Dyle, 12 miles s of Lou- 
 
 IVaverhj Ahhey, said to be the first Cis- 
 (ertian monastery founded in England, is si- 
 tuated SE of Farnhum, in Suvi y, and covered 
 60 acres of land. Some fine remams ot this 
 edifice are still visible. 
 
 hVaxuolin, a fortress on the coast ot Swe- 
 den, in the Baltic, on a small islainl at the 
 eni ranee of the lake Maeicr, 16 miles E ot 
 S'iockbolni. Here all homeward bcuaa ship^ 
 
 are searched. , , 
 
 WAY, an island situated near the n point 
 of that of Sumatra, and the largest of the 
 islands that form the enirance of the channel 
 of Acheen. It is pi'oplcJ by men Immshed 
 from Acheen. I.oa. 94 50 e, lat. 5 da n. 
 
 yVatjnesboroughy n post town of the LuiU-t 
 Slates, in North Carolina, 24 miles uom 
 
 Kingston. n u i 
 
 fVaynesborough, a post town ot the Cmte i 
 State.s, chief of Burke couny, Georgia, 
 
 25 mites ssw of Augusta. Lon. 82 5 w, iat. 
 
 32 56 N. . 
 
 JVeary a beautiful river that has its source 
 in the western extremity of the count} Oi 
 1 Durham, on the borders of Cumberlaua, not 
 * far from the rise of the Tees, Hows se . 
 Stanhope, to Bishop Auckland, and tnence 
 NE, by Durham to Simdermnd, where it tails 
 into the German ocean. 
 
 fVearmoiith M.nk, a town in the county 
 of Durham, on the x side of tne mouth ot ihe 
 Wear opposite to Sucderland. The Scots 
 demolished its extensive monastery. Li 
 ]8il, the number of inhabitants was 5d<D5. 
 Its trade and prosperity bear proportion to 
 that of Sunderland. 
 
 Wearmoutli Bishop, a towm in the comi- 
 ty of Durham, seated on the s side 
 Wear, adjoining Sunderland on the w. H ere 
 is an iron bridge over the river, of one area 
 236 feet Span, erected in 1796, and the first 
 ever constructed of parts so formed as to 
 unite in the manner of keystone.-. In 1811, 
 the population was 7060. Here are manu- 
 factures of canvas, and its commerce is simi- 
 lar to that of Sunderland, 268 imlcs n by w 
 
 of London. r -.x 
 
 I WeathtTsfield, a town of the United 
 ’ State.s,iii Windsor county, Vermont, it is 
 a flourishing town, and cota ns 1097 iniia- 
 bitants. . , t- a 
 
 WeatUctsfieMy ^ ^ ^ UnUe4 
 
 States, in llartlord county, Connecticut, lAve 
 miles s oi Hartford. 
 
 WEAUS, or VfEEAS, an Indian tribe, 
 whose towns lie on the head waters ol Wa- 
 bash river. i i 
 
 IVecldenschweil, a town m Swilzeriam., 
 ill the canton ol Zuricli, sitwi's on ilifi w sni« 
 i f t!ie lake of Znrioli, iO se ui 
 
 Zurich. , . 
 
 • JVednescovgh Gveen, a large and ir.eru.s- 
 
 ing Village in Ch shir ', in 
 ALuiram, aloul ii.iT a nuie XE ul tmt 
 
 Wodne^Mirg,.^ very acvi.m wown to Vvo 
 
 w L 
 
Z It is famous for 
 
 ’r.>xj ore ai-d iron manufactures. It 
 was a .y market on Wednesday, and 
 l e seven .cues nw of Birmingham, 13 ssw 
 ofXondon. 
 
 >» Northamptonshire, 
 eated on tue Gr^nd Junction Ca..al, with a 
 
 depot, and barracks, eight 
 Kill . NNw u lowcester. ° 
 
 Highland parish in 
 
 LochT3 "7®^?- th"^‘ideof 
 
 Loch l.,j till, ejuroii stands near Tar- 
 
 !^r, '® watered by the 
 i] Lochay, and Dochart. 
 
 N&ir the oburch is Castle .Menzies, the 
 
 iZlZirn! f *"■ jtJeuzies, who 
 
 abouUajT?^ 
 
 • „ ^ or Wert, a town of the territory 
 ^ r^iege Netherlands, seated on the river 
 mty Jij 1702, Its castle W'as demolished by 
 77o/ -r* "''‘'i ‘i'® to’M; and ii 
 
 rJvv,’ ‘J ’’I' 1'“'®“®*' i 10 miles 
 
 ^^ >.w cj Ruremonde 
 
 <-er, a river that rises in the N part of 
 Saropsbire, runs through Cheshire, meets 
 th. Dane from the e, and falls into the 
 es.uarj of the Mersey. It is navigable 
 soBie miles above Northwicb, in Cheshire. 
 
 s«B Germany, 15 miles 
 
 SSE oi Held el burg. 
 
 fVciehseIhurg, a town of Germany. It 
 has a castle on a mountain, and a celebrated 
 
 TT^ Q V 1 1 1 3 ^ s ^ M ... ly f* « 
 
 W E I 
 
 Lon. 8 20 B, lut. 50 
 
 \'KW of Frankfort. 
 
 2t> N. 
 
 fVeile, a sea port in N Jutland, Denmark. 
 Stands on a bay m the Little Eeit, 33 miles 
 ssw of Arhuscn, and 38 ne of Ripen. Lou. 
 9 20 E, lat. 33 45 N. 
 
 Weilheim, a town of Wirtemburg, Swa- 
 bia, on the Lauter, 20 miles se of Stut- 
 
 gard. 
 
 Miiu a ccicuraiea 
 
 mariu.acture of fine stockings, and is 10 
 
 Kiiie.s SE of Laubaeh. 
 
 michterbach, a town of Germany, in the 
 circle of the Upser Rhine and county of 
 Isenburg, on the Kiiitzig, with a castle, 20 
 miles SE 01 Giessen, and 23 me of Frank- 
 lort. 
 
 _ mickersheirn, a town in the principality 
 ot Hohenlone, Fraticonja, on the Tauber, 
 uiis a fine castle, three miles b of Mer- 
 geutheim, 
 
 Weida, a (own of Upper Saxony, in Voif^t- 
 land, stands on the .^niall river Weida, at Its 
 pinction with the Elster, nine miles s of 
 Gera. 
 
 Weidert, a towui of Bavaria, seated on the 
 Nab, noted tor ‘ome manufactures of linen, 
 woollen stuffs, and saltpetre; 18 miles xe 
 of Amberg. 
 
 Wevjhton, a town in E Yorkshire, has a 
 canal to the head of the Humber, and a 
 market on Medne.sday; 18 miles ese of 
 iOrk, and 100 x by w ol Loudon. 
 
 fCuV, or IVtilerstadt, a town ofSuahia, 
 lately imp: rio], in the duchy of Wirtember.^ 
 ■staids on the Worm. It is 12 miles w Sf 
 Stutg;ard, 
 
 kfett, or Wyl, a town in the terrilorv^ of 
 the abbot of'St Gall, i5vvis.seriand, .‘^eated on 
 the Tliiir, 19 miles .ssw of C.’onstunce. 
 
 Weilburp, a town of Weteravia, Germany, 
 capital of the county of Nassau Weilburo-. 
 The pnncv^^s palace is an ancient edifice 
 It is situated on the Lahn, over v/hich i.s a 
 bridge, 12Z miles sw of Wctzlar, and 23 
 
 Wheilheim, a town of Bavaria, seated on 
 the Amper, with a castle, 28 miles ssw of 
 Munich. 
 
 ^ ^Veimar, a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 hurii^ia; capital of the princi/aiiiv of 
 fcaxe Weimar. The duke^s palace contains 
 oneo} the most extensive libraries in Ger- 
 many, and has a cabinet of coin;, and medals, 
 me gallery of paintings, and some other 
 parts of the castle were destroj'ed by fire, in 
 1774. It IS situated on the river Urn, 12 
 miles NE ot Erturt, and 2d wsw of Naum- 
 burg. ^ Lon. 11 27 e, iat. 31 2 n. 
 
 Weingartin, a town of Germany, in the 
 
 J?, ^ Kiiies s by e of 
 
 Philipsburg. 
 
 Weinheim, a town in the late palati- 
 nate of the Rhine, on the Wekchnitz, five 
 niues E of \Yorms.^ Lon. 8 16 e, lat 4^ 
 33 N. 
 
 Weinsherg, a town of Wirtemburg, Swa- 
 bia, seated partly on a hill, and partly in a 
 valley, celebrated for wine. The castle is 
 in ruins, and the greater part of the tow n 
 was consumed by fire, in 1707 ; five miles 
 NE ot Heilborn. 
 
 fVeisbaden, a town of Germany, situated 
 eight miles ne of Mentz. 
 
 Weisselmunde, a fortress of W Prussia, 
 at the mouth of the Vistula, to defend the 
 harbour of Danizic. 
 
 Weissembvrg, a town in the department 
 of the Low'^er Rhine, Fraut'e, seated on the 
 Lauter. Betw^een this place and Lauterburg, 
 are the famous lines from which the Aus- 
 trians were driven by the French in 1744. 
 In 1793, the Prussians drove the French 
 from the same position, 10 miles sv/ of Lan- 
 dau, and 22 ne of Strasburg. Lon. 8 1 1 e. 
 lat. 48 33 N. ^ 
 
 Weissenburg, a town of Franconia, lately 
 imperial, in the bishopric of Aichstadt, 
 on '^the Rednith, five miles n ot Papenbeim, 
 and 30 sw of Nuremburg. 
 
 Weissenburg, or Alba Julia, or Carhburg, 
 a town of Transylvania, capital of a county 
 of tbesame name, stands on the side of a hill, 
 near the Maros, with a university, and is a 
 bishop’s see. It is situated 42 miles wnw' 
 of Hermanstadi. Lon. 24 0 e, iat. 43 
 35 N. - 
 
 Weissenburg, or Stulweissemburg, a 
 towui of Lower Hungary, 36 miles sw of 
 Buda. 
 
 Weissenburg, a town of Germany, 2G 
 mile.< from Wirtemberg. 
 
 Weissenburg, a town in the canton of 
 Bern, Swusseriand, famous for its niiuerai 
 W'atcrs, 2C imies s of Bern- 
 
W E L 
 
 W 
 
 T? T 
 
 Weissenfellsy-Si town of Upper Saxony, m 
 Thurinffia. It is situated on the fcaale, 
 above the town, upon a white rock, is the 
 fine citadel called Augustusburg, 1/ miles 
 
 svv of Leipsic. , . . , 
 
 JVeissenhorn, a town of Swabia, witn a 
 castle, in a county of the same name, stands 
 on the Roth, 10 miles se of Uim,and ^8 w ot 
 
 Augsburg. . . 
 
 missenseey a town m Thuringia, Upper 
 Saxony, formerly in (be vicinity ot a lake, 
 which in 1705, was drained and converted 
 into dry land, 21 miles nb of Laugenfalza. 
 
 Weissenstadt, a town of Franconia, in 
 the margravate of Bayreuth, on the Eger. 
 
 It is 17 miles w of Culrabach. 
 
 fVelaUy a town of E Prussia. It is situ- 
 atfefi on the Regel, and is famous for the 
 treaty concluded with Poland, in 1857, when 
 the elector Frederic William, obtained the 
 sovereignty of Ducal Prussia j 30 miles ese 
 of Konigsberg 
 
 fVelbeck Abbey, anciently a monastery, 
 now a seat of the duke ol Portland, stands 
 in an est.nsive and well wooded parL?, 
 adorned with a fine piece ot water, and many 
 trees of uncommon magnitude and antiquity, 
 particularly one called the Greendale oak, 
 which is about 14 feet in diameter, where 
 the branches is€ue, .53 feet long in the trank, 
 and having a cavity througu it, large enough 
 to -dmit a coach. 
 
 Welch Tract, a small territory ot 
 ■ Pennsylvania, firsi settled by a Welchman. 
 
 Weldoti, Great, a town in Northampton- 
 shire. It has a. wet'kly market on Wednes- 
 day. A Roman pavement and a number of 
 Roman coins have been discovered here. 
 It has four anriU' l fairs and is situated in 
 Rockingham forest, eight miles w ol Oundle, 
 and 83 nnw ol London. 
 
 JVeldon, Little, a town in Northampton- 
 shire, near Great Weldon. 
 
 Welland, a river that has its source on 
 the borders of Ncrihamptonshire, and divides 
 that county from Liecestershuv, Rutland- 
 shire and Lincolnshire, passes by Deeping 
 
 sists principally in the manufacture of nailv, 
 1 .^ .v.,v vri/^initv rp. iron mines, foundeiies. 
 
 to .Siarnlord, and is thence navigable to the 
 Fcssdike Wash, into which it fails below 
 Spaicin^. 
 
 Wtilinyberovgh, a town in Ncrtb^mpton- 
 sliiie. situated on me asc-.-nt of aiiiii, on the 
 w hank Of the river Nen, wi:li aararket on 
 W'*di:csduy. It is a Uug hantl populous 
 piuce\ and has a coun-iv ah.e triolc in the 
 rnamiiacinre oi lace, shoes, bools. It 
 is reckoned the second t<>wn m < le county. 
 
 bore is d 
 ;ind fikiin- 
 
 Tiie church is haudsome, a; 
 charity ichool for the education 
 tenance oi 40 chilivea. Near ii is a chary- 
 beaie s- r-ng coll; d lied ' cll. Here*, in ["ioH, 
 cl 'fire coijfUiriCd 800 bouses; I'd tiuies ne 
 of >-ortLampLGo, a.-d 07 n by w ot London. 
 
 WdUiigU.n, a town in Shropshire, in a 
 low situ.io.u -.t’cir the certre of me touir} . 
 Tne . ire? s -tre in general narrow, and lia; 
 town c •n-iUiis about 3,000 luhabiutnis, bin 
 
 th(‘ palish cor.iahis .icariy 8,000. Tne trad 
 which is coiisidciub’e, and increasing, cou 
 
 . 1 
 
 n the vicinity are iron mines, 
 
 ■ nd coal works. The town is aov i ned liy 
 a bailiflf ; has a weekly maiki ■ on rhnvs- 
 day, and three annual fairs ; and is sitUiAtecl 
 near Wrekinhill, 13 miles E oi Shrewsbury, 
 and 150 nw of London. 
 
 Wellington, a well built town in Somer- 
 setshire, having a manufactory ot serge* 
 druggets, «fec. and a considerable pottery. 
 
 It is seated on the Tone, and has a weekly 
 market on Thursday, and an annual fair, 
 and lies 15 miles ne of Exeter, and 148 w uy 
 s of London. 
 
 Wells, a sea port in Norfolk, with a cori- 
 siderable corn trade. It has a large church, 
 and contains about 3,000 iuuabiianls. It is 
 27 miles n by e of Swafi’ham, and 118 n>!E 
 
 of Loudon. . i? 
 
 Wells, 0. town in York county, district Oi. 
 Maine, situated on a bay of its name, 88 
 i miles N by E of Boston. Lon. 70 53 w, lat. 
 
 1 43 20 N. ^ . 
 
 I Wells, a populous city in Somersetshire, 
 so named from the numerous wells and 
 springs in its vicinity. Jointly Wiih Bath it 
 li is the see of a bishop withm the province ot 
 I Canterbury. The city, which is in general 
 i; well built, has broad streets, and good pave- 
 1 ments. The cathedral is a stately edifice, 
 
 P and the bishop^s palace is like a castle, 
 beiii<>^ surrounded by walls and_a moat. Tl lie 
 numto of inhabitants in 18H, was 5140. 
 
 The summer assises are held here, and at' ^ 
 Bridgewater alternately. It has a consider- 
 able trade in bone lace. It has weekly 
 markets on Wednesday and Saturday, nd 
 five annual fairs. It is the centre o- a greaj; 
 
 I manufactory o: knit worsted stocking . The 
 I corporation consists of a mayor, recorder, 
 i seven masters, and J 6 common oounci! men ; 
 
 I and the town .sends iwo members to parlia- 
 nient, elected by such freemen as have been 
 admitted into some one of the seven < oum 
 ! panieis, or gilds, within the city, and t ntitied 
 thereio by birth, or servinide, which voiers 
 amount to- about 500. It is 16 miles s of 
 Bristol, and l20 w of London. 
 
 Wells, a town of W Florida, stand on 
 the w side of St Andrew Bay, 80 miles 
 w of St Marco. Lon. 85 50 lut. 30 
 24 N. 
 
 i Weis, a town of Austria, seated on the 
 Traun, with a castle, and a gr at trade in 
 I timber, having a forest in the vicinity, 14 
 mil s ssw of Lintz. 
 
 Welshpool, a very ancient corporate 'own 
 of Montgomerj shire, in North ales, situ- 
 ated in a rich vaie, on the Severn. 1,' ;s the 
 princifal trading tovrii in yhe county, being 
 the great mark t icr tluuncls, catile, cud 
 provisions. H re r- a spacious lowuhall, 
 in W’liicii the a.'-i .es a'c lidiL.^ Near the 
 town aie the r m;'.iu.s of ?owis ciustle, a 
 i iTge structure seal cl on uii eminence ; it 
 was the residence of the princes of Powy^s $ 
 land, or the midland, of Wales, .and com. ois 
 some valuable antiquities. TiiC pt)pc...aion 
 iu 1811, was 3440. It has a weekly 
 3 It 2 
 
■ WEN 
 
 market on Monday, and six annual fairs ; 
 aiiil is nine miles n of Montgomer}*, and 116 
 K\v Lon'.; on. 
 
 Wehvayn. a town in the circle of Raco- 
 nitz, Bohemia. 13 miiCs f of Prague. 
 
 tVeUnjUy a* village in HertfordsliirC, noted 
 for a chalybeate spring. Dr Young, Au- 
 tnor cf the Night Tlioughts, was rector of 
 this parish, ami composeil (bat celebrated 
 work here ; live miles of Hatfield. 
 
 IVdziuim, capital of a Lordship of its 
 name, in the dueby of V^inemlierg, Swabia, 
 siaifds on (he Lein, 19 miles e of Stut- 
 gard. 
 
 JVem, an ancient town in Shropshire, 
 sealed on (he Roden, noted for a liberally 
 endowea free .«=-chooL It has a large weekly 
 market on Thursday for cattle and provi- j 
 sions, and two anmul fairs, and is nine ' 
 miles N of Shrewsbury, and 172 nw of i 
 London. 
 
 ^Femifss, a parish in Fifeshire, extending 
 aboin six mile.s along the shore, and abcut j 
 cue and a-hall broad. From the shore, 
 Vvdiich is rocky, the surface gradually rises 
 to the N side, and is all arable. There are 
 seieral small towns and villages in this 
 parish, viz: Wester Vfe myss, Ea>ter Wemyss, 
 Bucivhaven, Methii, aPxd the East and West 
 Coal towns, two villages inhabited by coi- 
 Ij^er.^, containing nearly 4'ilO itdiabitants. 
 There are many valuable seams of coal here, 
 which are wroiijjjt to great extent. There 
 is aL^o limestone, bc'^ides fref'^uone of which 
 the rocks are chiefly coirpLesed. In the 
 Clerical lunelions the miitister is as>isled 
 hy a eatecdust, who is paid a yearly salary, 
 sunk lyy tin- earl of Cromarty in 
 170, Population about 3,204. 
 
 IVemijs'i, fVesttr, a considerable burgh of 
 barony' in the above parish, which ifas a 
 good hc.rhour. Kere is some ship building, 
 and ar. extensive wade in the e.^portation of 
 sal; and coals. Near this village stands the 
 imcient, large, and magurlicent castle, of 
 WTic} ss, the elegant seat of general Weinyss. 
 
 Ta this castle, Lord ikirnley had his first 
 iuterv.cw with qir-en Alary, his future con- 
 sort. on the loih of February, idOd. It is 
 govcrn'cd by two l>ailies, a* treasurer, and 
 council, aiki contains about 770 inhalh- 
 WUs. 
 
 fVer.!i>,ss, Rader, another viHage in tlie 
 fame j.arish, on the coast, with an incon- 
 veihCiit barhour. eoniainii'.g 800 inhanitaui.s. 
 Tne church is mt old b’oihu^ building in 
 form of a cross, hue has lately been convert- 
 c { into a oOiUmoiiious and well lighted place 
 <d Worship. (In (he shore, on a rising 
 ground, are (lie ruins of a castle, said to have 
 le u luuU in the ilih oenlury by MaedulT, 
 created earl of Fife, })y Malcolm Ccinmore. 
 A(‘ar the (Uistlc are sewral caves. 
 
 a (own in the duchy of Wir- I 
 X' uihiM'g, Fwa’da, stands on the NT‘ckai, at 
 Le‘ bmetum cl (he L.mter, 12 miles ssic of 
 .‘■hu'.'.rard, 
 
 Ir'c-u-.QViV. i\ Inrgh in ruckinghamsliire. 
 
 W E R 
 
 I Though on inconsiderable place, it is a 
 borough by subscription, and sends two 
 members to parliament, elected by the 
 housetiolders, not receiving alms, and tha 
 returning officers are the constables choseu 
 at the court leet of the lord of the mi.i)or, 
 who is sole proprietor of the houses in the 
 borough. It has a vveekly market ati^ 
 Tijur.sday, and two annual fairs ; and lies 
 seven miles se of Aylesbury, and 35 w by n 
 of London. 
 
 IVenlocky or 3Iuch Wenlock, a town in 
 Shropshire. It is an ill built dirty place, 
 and jointly with Brosley and Little ^Yeri. 
 lock, sends two members to parliament. It 
 has the oldest chartered right extant to send 
 a member to parliament, of any borough in 
 England. The charter is dated November 
 29tb, 1478. The corporation consist.s of a 
 bailiff, recorder, and 12 bailiff's peers. It 
 has a weekly market on l\Ionday, and four 
 annual fairs ; and lies 1 2 miles se of Shrew's- 
 bury, and 148 Nw of London. 
 
 fi^enriierty one of the Gallipago islands, on 
 the coast of Peru. 
 
 fVmner, the largest lake of Sweden, in 
 West Gothland, being about iOO miles in 
 length, and in some places 40 broad, and 
 contain^ several islands. It receives 24 
 rivers; its outlet is by the Gotha, at the sw 
 extremity; and its surface is about 140 feet 
 higher than the sea. It is situated to the kw 
 of the lake Wetter. 
 
 JVcimcrdmnj, a town situated at the sw 
 extremity of the above lake, where the Go- 
 tha issues from tin' lake, and is the staple 
 for ail the iron sent from the province of 
 Werme and to Gotheburg, 50 miles xxe of 
 Gothel'urg. Lon. 12 48 e, lat. 58 20 v. 
 
 ffdidey, a town in the North Hiding of 
 Yorkshire, near Aiidlam. 
 
 Wensyssely a towm of Denmark, 17 miles 
 xwv of Aaiburg. 
 
 JVentworthy a village in Y’orkshire, has a 
 charily school, where 50 poor children are 
 clothed and- taught. Here is Wentworth- 
 house, a noble seat built by the late marquis 
 cf Rockingham. The principal front is 600 
 feet in length. The stables are the grandest 
 in England, and the parish is about eight 
 miles ill circuit, titree miles >:\v of Rotheram, 
 and seven nxe of .Sheffield. 
 
 IVcchJijy an ancient town in Hereford-- 
 I shire. It is noted for fine ale, and lias a 
 j weekly u'arkel cn Tuesday, and (wo aniiu:.! 
 j fairs. The site of it? ancient oa*tIe is nov.'- 
 a bowling green. It sends two members to 
 parliament, elected hy the resident owners of 
 certain properties, called Jacieut Vote^ 
 housis, of the value of 20 shilling' or up- 
 wards. It is eight miles xw of Hcreloid, 
 and 147 wxw of London. 
 
 tVerbeUy a town in the old marke of Bran- 
 denburg, at (he juuction of the Havel Mid 
 Elbe, three miles w of Haveibmg. 
 
 tyerchtircuy a town in Brabant, XelluT- 
 lands, at the junction of the Dumer and the 
 Dyle, niue miles ese of Mechlin. 
 
W E R 
 
 Wer^m, a town of Westphalia, in the 
 
 ”Hrs?c7rL-=“-s 
 
 pital of a ta.l.«ic 01 
 
 5A=^?^SSS'.“" 
 
 hfi>rn f»r(4 22 NW oi IllSpniCK. J , . 
 
 IVerfen, a town and fortress in the duchy 
 of Saliburg, Germany, seated on the Suiza: 
 
 *?‘2 milps s bv E ot fetilzbur^ 
 
 town of Westphalia, s ands on 
 
 the Isek, with a cmtle, eight m.les s of 
 Karn, and 30 s of Munster. 
 
 M ERMELAND, a province of Sw<den 
 in West Gothland, bounded n by Dalecarha. 
 
 K iw Westmania and Neric.a, s by the lakes 
 Weiiner and Dal'a, and w by tue mountains 
 of Norway; being about 100 niues loo?, 
 and broad. It is iertile, and diversifie ^ 
 by mountains, rocks, hills, an ' dales clothe., 
 wiin forests of pine, fir, mountain asb, bircb, 
 and poplar. It iiboumts in 
 vvilich immcTous nviuets isMie, and fo.m. 
 sometimes, small pmmrcsqne eamructs 
 Tbe prineipol river is the Clara, St 
 lilbe, in which is a prcducuve sa men fish- 
 efv '^'ho province produces silver, leac, 
 copper. 'and iro.., which have forges and 
 ioumleries belonging to them. Carensladt is 
 
 the uriucipal to\yn. ... 
 
 iVern, uitown of Westphalia, in the prm- 
 cipaliiyof Munsler, stands near fhe ^ie, 
 aifd has a monastery, six miles w of 
 
 IVernjqcrode, capital of a oonnty ol i.^ 
 name, Upper Saxony, wilh a cast.e, on a 
 n.ounla.n: directly above the town, the resr- 
 (lence of the counts of Stoloerg, with a va 
 limble library. Tbe country abounds m 
 mf ual;. the chief of winch is .be Great 
 Btochen, or Bloeksberg, said to most 
 
 lofty mountain in all Germany. Here are 
 n,- «ulactnres of cloths and stnlls, k'-eweries, 
 and distilleries, 12 miles w by s ot Halbu- 
 tiad.t, and 23 ssE ol Wollenbuttle. Lon. 10 
 
 68 K, Uit. 5 1 '33 -V. . . 
 
 JVerra, u river which has its sourt C m 
 
 tb'‘ prineiiiality of Colburg, Germany, three 
 miles above Eissficld, and passjs by liild- 
 
 burabaus, n, Meinungen, aoba, 
 
 I-rsiiiri, Waulried, Ailendorl, and 
 biuisen; then entering tbe dueby of Biuns- 
 wi k, unis by Mundeu, below winch it 
 noue-s with the Fidda, and lose their names 
 in iliat of theWeser. . 
 
 fTerfAeim, a town of Ftaucoma, cap lal 
 of a county of the same nanie, stands at the 
 liuioiioi'. ol the Tauber mid the Maine. I ht 
 county is 20 miles ioag, and nearly as many 
 bread, mid prodluv.s excellent wme. Here 
 an- palaces boib of the princes and count, 
 of I'owemiein Weiibeim. The former are 
 t'alholios, but the counts, (he iriagislrafes, 
 
 w E S 
 
 and the o-reater part of the piopulation, are 
 ProtesLuir Itl 16 miles w of Wurtzbprg. 
 
 lands on the Lis, eight miles se of \ pres. 
 
 Wesl \ large and hand-some town of 
 Westphalia, in tbe duchy of UTeves, has a 
 Jrong citadel, seated on the Rhine, at the 
 iunction of the Lippe. Here are two ohuicb- 
 is for the CaVmists, one for the Lutherans 
 and one for the Catholics. In 1759, it was 
 taken by tbe French, but restored >« 1’62. 
 Tn 1S08 it was ceded to the French. It 
 ["s 25 miles Te of Cleves, af f -w of 
 Munster. Lon. 6 37 F.,lat. 51 38 e. 
 
 Wesel, Upper, a town m the department 
 of Rhine, and Moselle, France, lately of 
 Germany in the electorate of Treves stands 
 rear the Rhine. On a mountain m tbe vici- 
 nUy Is the ruined castle of Stolberg,20 miles 
 
 * IfSurj, a well fortified town of Rus- 
 v ia, ill the government of -Esthonia, stands on 
 the Wiss, 13 miles se of Revel. Lou. Zo 48 
 E. iat. 49 10 N. 
 
 IclL X vl • 
 
 JVeser a eonsiderabie river of Germany, 
 form^by the junction of lhe Ft.hia and 
 MT'rra, at Muuden, ill the uumiy ol Brun^ 
 
 wick. U runs along the coniines ot Me,t- 
 phalia and Lower Saxony, by 
 tin, .Alinden, and Hoj^e ; " 
 
 and Verdeii, flows by Bremen, and falls into 
 the German ocean at Carlsburg. 
 
 fVest Barns, a village m the parish of 
 Dunbar, about three miles w ot ‘hat town, 
 has an elegant set of flour mills, adistilleiy, 
 and one of the ptroebial schoms. 
 
 IVestbury, a burgh in M iltshire, in a salu- 
 brious situation, very favourable to lo'-ft ' 
 vitv, on tile w side of Salisbury plain. I. is 
 safd to bare risen from the ruins of a Bom.m 
 town, that stood a little to (he i« of it. It 
 has a great trade in nrialt, bat that ’* 
 
 ot most consequence is us ' ' 
 
 facture. On a hill to the e is Brat on tas- 
 He, the remaiiKs of a fortification, where the 
 Danes held out 24 days against the F.ti- 
 irli^h The corporation consists ol a ma>or, 
 Recorder, and 12 burgesses. It semis two 
 members to parliament, aud has a small 
 weekly market on Friday, and three annual 
 fairs; and lies 26 miles Nwof Salisbury, and 
 
 99 w of London. , . 
 
 Wedhury, a village in Gloucestershire, 
 formerly celebrated for a magmlicent col- 
 of a castellated appearance, v*‘“en 
 
 civil 
 
 l(*we I — X 3. 
 
 was’ burnt by prince Rupert in the 
 wars, three miles N by w ot Bristol. 
 
 msteras, capital of Westmania, .Sweden, 
 aud a bishop’s see, seated on the x .side d 
 the lake Maeler, has a citadel, ® 
 
 college. The tower and spire of (Ik. cathe- 
 dral are said to be the highest in the king- 
 dom. In it is the tomb ol tli" nn uHunate 
 
 Pric XtV. Here are tbe ruuis ot dii anci- 
 cat palace. U has a considfrahle trai.e, par- 
 licnlarly in copper, brass, and iron, lar^ 
 qiiamitlL of which are sent to Stockholm, 
 
liOD. 17 0 
 
 45 miles tTNw of Stookaolm, 
 lat. 59 oS N. 
 
 fVe6terbtirg, a town of Germany, in Wer- 
 teravia, with a castle, 17 miles e\e t.' 
 Coblentz, and 45 nw of Frankfort. 
 
 fVesterham, a town in Kent, situated o 
 the river Darent, which rises from mu 
 , springs near this town. It has a weekn 
 market on Wecinesday, and an annual fair. 
 In this town were born bishop Hoadly, a> o 
 general Wolf, five miles w of Sevenoaks 
 and 22 sse of London. ^ 
 
 fVester-Kir/(, chilly parish in Dumfries- 
 shire, extending about nine mixes in length 
 and its breadth varies from two to eight 
 miles. The arable land lies chiefly on the 
 banks of the Esk. Great part of the parish 
 is mountainous and verden , and good sneet. 
 pasture. In the parish are vestiges of Druidi- 
 cal circles and encampments. Outi of foe 
 most productive mines ot antimony in Gretit 
 Britain on (he grounds of Glindinning 
 where there is a smelting house for us rna- 
 miiacture. For the accoi; nioaation of th^ 
 miners, there is a neat village c&hed James^ 
 town, built in a pleasant situation on 
 banks of the Megget. The late governed 
 Johnston was born and is buried here, and an 
 elegant mausoleum has been erected to his 
 memory. Population about 638. 
 
 Westerly, a post town on the coast of 
 Washington county. Rhode island, seated at 
 the mouth of the Paukatue. It has exten- 
 si « fisheries, and a good coastiog trade, 
 fiv miles' E of Stonington, in Connecticut. 
 
 ESTERN ISLANDS, HEBRIDES, or 
 Aebuda, coUective names of about 300. 
 islands of the Atlantic, on the w coast of 
 Scotland. The principal of them are Skye 
 St Kiida, Lewis, Tiree, Barra, Harris’ 
 North and South Uist,Staffa, Cannay, xMull, 
 Ilia, Jura, Benbecula, cfeo. which see in 
 their order. They lie between Ion. 5 30 
 and 8 30 w, and betw^een lat. 55 0 and 59 
 
 Westerwald, See Wetteravia , ' 
 WESTERN ISLES. See Azores. 
 WESpRN TERRITORY, a country 
 ol North America, comprehending all that 
 part of the United Slates which lies to the 
 NW of the river Ohio. It is bounded on the 
 w by the Mi.wsisvippi, ^ by the lakes, e by 
 1 emi.'.j Ivauia, and sc and s by the Ohio. 
 
 It contains 11,000 Sf^nure niiics. This 
 oountry, which Ls intended to be divided into 
 several new slates, is affirmed to be the 
 most beallby and feriilc spot in America 
 Its principal rivers are tbe Muskingum, 
 lloekhoeking, S.-iota, Great Miami, and 
 Wabash, which run into Ih? Ohio; and the 
 Illinois, Oniscon ing, and Chippeway, whici' 
 flow into the Mississippi. The chief town , 
 
 Cim i -nuti. 
 
 msturto^rn, a village in the county <n 
 Ulacknitir naij, coniaiuing upwards of 20i. 
 inl.abiuints. 
 
 Westerwivk, a sea port of Sweden, in Sino- 
 
 -mthe^Ealtt^® o <iuay, situated 
 
 oer, and all sorts of naval stores, and a ma- 
 nufacture of cloth, 56 miles n of Calmar 
 
 eou^v^wf’ in Hampshire 
 
 county, Massachusetts, stands on a riv-er of 
 tls^mo, 10 miles w of Springfield. 
 
 c 'iepartment of 
 
 Lower Rhine, France, 12 miles w of Stras. 
 
 “ J°"'“ in ‘he department of 
 Mont Tonnere, France, lately of Germanv 
 in the palatinate of the Rhine. Here are 
 
 VIESTMAKIA, or WesmaNLAND a 
 province of Sweden Proper, being abou’t 75 
 nules 111 length, and 45 in breadth. It 
 abounds ,n copper and 'iron mines. The 
 
 mXnd “'®/‘>™‘0'.i\diversilied like Wer- 
 meland. V\ esieras is the capiral. 
 
 iVeslmimter, a city of Middlesex, the 
 r^sidenoa o! the monarchs of Great Britain, 
 iheseat ot tue p, rliamem, and ot the high 
 Courts of justice, and constituting, wkb 
 ^oudon and Somhwatk, the metro^oli. of 
 t.ie Bruish empire. The name is derived 
 rem «, i" distinction 
 
 ReSre ‘■“iied Eastminster. 
 
 before the mssolimon of its abbey in 1541 
 
 Hcnf“ VITT g'^'‘-'''aor of the town’ 
 
 Henry VIII. m 1541, erected it into a bi- 
 shopric, appointing the whole of Middlesex, 
 pulham excepted) lor the diocese. U had 
 however, but one prelate, for Edward VI 
 soon alter dissolved it ; ; nd the abbey is 
 now only a collegiate churen. It still nears 
 the title ot a city, of which the chief niarris- 
 trates are the high steward, comp.ionly a 
 peer elected by the de„n ahd chapter, a de- 
 putj steward named by the high steward, and 
 confirmed by the dean and chapter; a high 
 teihir named by the latter, and approveu by 
 the former The high bailiff has the power 
 ot a steriff. These all hold their places for 
 life. A high constable, 16 burgesses, mid 
 as many assistai;ts are ciiosen annuallv at 
 tiie court leet From tiie burgesses are cho- 
 Sv‘D two capital burgesses, one of whom acts 
 
 The I'bert es. 
 
 I he other 14 burgesses .superintend each one 
 of the 14 wards into w hich the city .sm( u' 
 berties are divided. Tiie courts duinedimelv 
 belonging to this division of the metrnco'is 
 
 ■re tbe (jiiart. r se.ssioiis, \Vestmihsler court 
 s court, of records, for i be (rip; of personal 
 actions with.n (be i,reeihc(s .!‘..^t ftlariin’s le 
 Brand, two courts of requesas, and three 
 police courts. In the city are two parish 
 / .urpues, fet MargrueUs and St .Tonn-s. c-d 
 ‘ ven in the liberties, namely, St t'lement 
 • St PauPs, Covent Garden, St M iv^s 
 Strand, St Martin sin the Field, St AiiiPs 
 
 ■ono, bt James’s, and St George’^, Hanover 
 
 uluare. This cay sends two members to 
 parltameut, chosen by die iiihabiiant house- 
 
WES 
 
 hoWeis paying scot and lot '^'VV^onnb'a-' 
 
 WES 
 
 ,Vetden, the tot.n of Donmnnd the 
 
 about 17,000. In >S01, the number ofinha- 
 bitunts was 153,272, and in 1811, 162,080. 
 
 ^^^VestmMer, a town in Windham co™*y> 
 Vermont, seated on Connecticut river, ^ o- 
 site Walpole, in New Hampshire, 40 miles 
 
 ^ WE^MORELAND, a county of England, 
 bounded on the n and Nw by Cumberland, 
 on the B and sn by Yorkshire, and on the s 
 and sw by Lancashire. It is mt|es m 
 lengtn, and aboiu 40 in breadth , ^ 
 
 nerllly-divided .nto the baronies of Kendal 
 and Westmoreland, and these again into two 
 
 wards each. The barony of ivendal is very 
 mountainoas, but tbe latter is a Urge cham- 
 ®,ig« country. This county con a.ns eight 
 market towns, 32 parishes, and m , 
 41,617 inhai.itants, and in 1811, 
 
 It sends four members to parliament, ine 
 soil is various, that on the mountains being 
 very barren, while timt in the vallies is 
 ' fertile in corn and grass. The air is clear, 
 sharp, and salubrious. This country yields 
 the tiiiesi slate ; and in the hilly parts on 
 the w borders are some mines oi copper, but 
 the ore lies very deep. It abounds in ‘i"'e- 
 sione, and is noted for the abuii..ance ot ex- 
 cellent cured nams. The manuiactures are 
 coarse woo.len cloth, flannels, worked 
 stockings, tanned leather, and gunpowder. 
 
 Tbe two lar«-est fresh water laKes in England 
 bound this county for several miles, nanjely, 
 
 Wi idermere, which separates it rom Lan- 
 cashire, anti Ulleswater which divides it 
 from Cumberland The principal rivers are 
 the Eden, the Lune, and the Ken. Appleby 
 is the couu y town and the only one in the 
 co'.nty that sends members to parliament, 
 but 'endal is tbe most considerable m size, 
 trade and popiiUition. Westmoreland gives 
 the i le of earl to the family of Fane, and 
 the office of its high si.eriff is hereditary in 
 tbe farfiily of the earl of Thanet. 
 
 WESTON'S ISLANDS, groups of islands 
 in James’ bay N America. . 
 
 WESTPHALIA, one of the circles in 
 Germany, bounded on the e by tiie circle ol 
 Lower Saxony, on the s by Hesse, fester 
 walde, and the Rhine, on the w by Holland, 
 and on the n by the German ocean. Ine 
 air is cold, but the soil produces excellent 
 pastures and corn. There are a great many 
 marshes. The hr^ ses are large, and ta 
 bogs are in hir t^steem, especially the 
 hams, knowi »' the name of Westph.lia 
 ham.<=J. The prii. -ipal riv-rs are the Wesser, 
 the Embs, tbe Lippe, and the Roer. con- 
 tained the sovereign bishoprics ol Osnabu;g, 
 Munster, and Paderborn, the abbey of Cor- 
 vey, the principality of Minden the countie-i 
 of Fi-avensburg, Tecklenburg, Ritzburg Lip- 
 pe, Lemgow, Spiegelberg Sch iwenburg; 
 Hoye, Diepholt, Delmennorst, Oldenbu g, 
 Embden, East Friesland, Beiuhen, Lingen, 
 and Stensor ; these are of, the river Lippe, 
 To the s of it are the abbeys of E&sen and 
 
 of Maick: Hmuburg, and R«»oklUckhau^ 
 
 seu, and tUe duchies ol “jrde 
 
 Cleves. In 1800, the part of this circle 
 wL on the left bank of the Rhine, being full 
 a third of tbe territory was untied to France. 
 
 Since tbe dissoluiion of the German empire, 
 
 1 the confederation ol the states on the Rhine, 
 and the fall oi Prussia, ^onsjder .bie par of 
 this circle has been uuued to other r 
 
 riPs and erected into a kingdom, tor one of 
 
 B^t^rttellites, cancel Westphaiiiu , 
 
 On the final abdication of Bonaparte, m U 
 
 1815 , the coniederation of the js 
 
 dissolved, and the kingdom ot Wesiphavii 
 annihilated Thi> kingdom was compo.sed •) 
 
 r hP tates Mon-ing to Brunswick WoL |l 
 
 Mark sin. .md j . 
 
 to the left of tbe Elbe ; the bishopric ot P<i v. 
 
 derborn, tbe prificipality of Mmden, and j 
 
 county of Ravensberg, the territory ol m e, . 
 me country of Hildesbeim, tbe city of l.os- 
 
 la^r Smitryof Halberstad, the— y 
 
 of Kohenstein, the territory of j; 
 
 buTo-h, the county of Mansfield, Etchlieia, 
 Muhlhausen, Nordhausen, all J 
 
 ihe spoils of Prussia: the county of 
 bar.', the territories of Hesse Cassel, with . 
 RiiUeln, and Schaumburg, Lippe ; f 
 
 of the territory of Haiiau, Sphmal. Malden, 
 and Castellenbogea of the EtoS; Eottm^n, i 
 
 and Grubenhagea, with the distrsCU c-i H ; 
 
 henslein and Elbingerode, the bishopric of |, 
 Osnabut'r, illegally seized from the elector |. 
 
 of Hanover. The political cof f 
 
 this kingdom is not yet completely es a- 
 bllshed. Munster is tbe most considerablo 
 
 WESTPHALIA, a duchy in the above 
 circle, s of Munster and Osn burg, bout 4Q 
 miles long, and z.s broad It is mountainou. 
 and full of wood, but moderately fertile. It 
 belonged to the elector of Cologne, but is 
 now s^ubject to the prince of Hesse Darm- 
 stadt. Arensburg is tbe capital. 
 
 West-Point, a strong fortress on Uie w 
 liank of Hudson’s river, in the stme of .sew 
 
 York, 20 miles s of ‘ 
 
 N of New York city. Tins fonress .s called 
 
 tbe Gibralter of America. 
 
 Westport, a sea perl town m Jlayo, sea ed 
 at ihe mouth of a fine small river, 
 runs through a <> 
 
 into Clew bay. In the vicinity is a magiiift- 
 ■ent seat oi the marquis of Sligo, "'^^3 
 ..V of Castlebar. Lon. 9 22 w, fat. 53 
 
 "'^WESTRAY, one of the Orkney islands, 
 about 20 miles N from Kirkwall. It is 
 about 10 miles long and 
 miles and in some place. 7 > six broad. 
 
 :i;!:flV under pasture, and roduces .some 
 kelu. The coast is iii geiu-ral rock} , ^hei^® 
 i i-eilig no o.iier harbour than that oulled Py- 
 r .wail, siti.ated on the bw coast. The 
 parish Of Vfesiray includes f 
 
 Wostray. and con ai;,s upward of 1600 inaa 
 bitaUS: i- Vrestroy are two churches, thre# 
 
\v r 
 
 iTiiiis going by water and one by wind. At 
 tiie bead of Pyravval bay, are the rujns of a 
 stati’iy gothic structure called NoUland 
 castie, said to have been buiit for an asylum 
 to .queen Mary, and her husband Bothweil. 
 Lon. 2 47 w, lat. ()9 8 n. 
 
 Westrogothia. See GothJanch 
 
 Westriitherj a parish in Berwickshire, 
 about five miles long, and four broad, situa- 
 ted on the s side of the Lammermuir moun- 
 tains, and adjoining the parish of Greenlaw 
 on the w., it is iniersected by the great road 
 from Edinburgh to Newcastle, by Cold- 
 stream. The soil is partly arable and part- 
 ly pasture. Weatheriee place is a seat of 
 Lord Blantyre, and Spotti.swoocle, that of, 
 John Spostiswoode, Esq. of Spoitiswoode. 
 There are two villages here, viz. Westru- 
 ther, and Hounslow, the latter is on the j 
 ab()ve mentioned road, and is 31 miles se of 
 Edinburgh. The ruin of Ivejy castle, the 
 walls of which are still pretty entire, stands 
 in the ne corner of the parish. It was one 
 of those castillated places of residence, that 
 w^ere common on the borders, before the 
 
 W E 
 
 union of the two crowns in the reign of 
 
 James VI. The parish contained 774 inha- 
 bitants in 1801, and 822 in 1811. 
 
 IVeter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, 
 Ijdng to the se ol the lake Weiiner, into 
 which above forty small streams enter. It 
 is about 80 miles in length from n to s and 
 14 in breadth from e to w. Its outlet is 
 the river Molala, which flows e into the 
 Baltic. The surface of this lake is 140 
 feet higher than that of the Wenner, and it 
 contains a few islands one of which is cal- 
 led Wisingfo. 
 
 WATTERAVIA, or Weteraw, a pro- 
 vince of Germany. It is divided 'into twm 
 parts by the river Labn, called Weteravia 
 proper, which is in the circle of the upper 
 Ilhirie, and North Weteravia or Westerwal- 
 de, belongs to the circle of Westerwaid. It 
 contains .''everai smaii counties. 
 
 fVetherhu, a town in the West Biding of 
 Yorkshire, situated on the fiver Wharfe, 
 over which there is a liand.some stone brido-e.^ 
 Here (he quarter sessions for the W Ridmg 
 are held once every year. Wetherby has a 
 weekly market on Thursday, and three an- 
 nua) lairs, and lies U miles w by s of York, j 
 and 191 N by w of London. ' j 
 
 fVet/in, a town in the duchy of Magde 
 
 bur 
 
 fe> 
 
 Lower Saxony, seated on the Saal, 
 
 has a castle on a mountain, there is a ferry I 
 over the river, nine miles n\w of Halle. j 
 Wettingcriy a town in the county of Ba- | 
 den, Swi.^serland, noted lot its wooden ' 
 bridge, 240 lect long, of a .S:r)gle arch, over 1 
 the Limmat, one mile s of Baden. 
 
 fVttzlar, a town of Weteravia, Germany, 
 oapital of a county of its name, surrounded 
 by (litclr's and walls flanked with tower.-, 
 ft \vas lately an imperial town. In the 
 vicinity is the castle of Carlsnmnd, or Kals- 
 chinitt. The imperial chamber was remo- 
 ved hither Ij'jn.. Spir', in on licnn. ^Di 
 
 j of the wars which ravaged tlie palatinate. 
 The inhabitants are protestants. It is si ma- 
 ted at the confluence of the Labn, Disle, 
 and Dillen, 3l) miles n of Frankfort. Lou. 
 8 37 E, lat. aO 33 x, 
 
 fVevelsbiirg, a town and citadel of West- 
 phalia, in the principality of Paderborn, 
 niiie mile.s s of Paderborn. 
 
 WEXFORD, a county of Ireland, in the 
 province of Munster, 39 miles long, and 20 
 broad, bounded n by Wicklow, r by St. 
 George^s channel, s i)y the Atlantic Ocean’ 
 w by Waterford and Kilkenny, and n by 
 Catherlough. It contains 109 parishes, 
 43 churches, and i 15,000 inhabitant^. The 
 county is partly mountainous and the soil 
 clayey, and is distant from lime. Part of 
 it iiow’cver is in a high state of improvement, 
 and is fertile in corn and gras.s. ' This was 
 among the fust districts settled by the Eng- 
 lish. It was the scene of much disorder 
 and bloodshed in the late rebellion. It .sends 
 four members to the imperial paWiament, 
 two for the county, one for Wexford the ea- 
 pJtal, andone for Ennisconhy. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Barrow and .Slancy 
 on the banks of the latter is much pictu- 
 resque and romantic scenerj'. 
 
 Wexj'ordy a sea-port of Ireland, capital 
 of the above county. Adjoining it is the 
 barony of Forth, the inhabitants of which, 
 descendants of an ancient British colony, 
 retain their native language, manners, and 
 many singular customs, till this day. Vrex- 
 ford was once reckoned the chief city in 
 Ireland, being the first colony of the Eng- 
 lish. It is still a large town, with a com- 
 modious harbour, at the mouth of the river 
 Slaney, on a bay of St George^s channel. 
 The harbour is defended by two forts, but 
 the Water is not deep enough for large ves- 
 sels to come uj) to the town. The town was 
 built by the Danes, and was formerly of 
 great strength, as appears by the remains of 
 its walls. The barracks are formed out of 
 its old castle. The church, market house, 
 and town- house are hand.some buildings. 
 Over the river is a v/ooden bridge 1360 feet 
 in length. Here are ruins of several abbey? 
 and other religious hou.ses. In the town and 
 vicinitj' much wmollen cloth is mauufactur- 
 I ed. The inhabitants are estimated at 9000 
 and the town is under the government of a. 
 
 ! mayor, recorder, and bailiffs, and sends one 
 member to parliament. It is 76 miles s of 
 Dublin. Lou. 6 16 w, laL 32 IS x. 
 
 JViWiOy a .sea po.tof Sweden, ia Smaland, 
 and capital of a di.vtrici. Jt is seated on 
 the lake Hegla, which contains a number of 
 woody islands, 34 miles wxw of Calmar^ 
 and 133 sw of Siockhcim. Lon. 14 13 k, 
 lat. 36 31 X. 
 
 fVcg, a rive- (hat rises in Hampshire, 
 passes through .Surrey by Farnhaui, Godaim- 
 jng, ai d Guildford, and aniu's with thrf 
 Thanu's at Weybridge. 
 
 IVegbridgc, u •.•iilage in Surrey, stands at 
 tie: y.w otion of the Thames aiui the Wav. 
 
W H E 
 
 Here is Woburn farm, the plantations of 
 which were the first specimens in Euglana 
 of the ornamented farm, two miles e oi 
 
 Chartsey. . 
 
 Weyhilly a village in Hampshire, cele^ 
 brated for an annual fair, for all kinds of 
 cattle, cheese, ho^s, leather, and pedlary, 
 which lasts 10 days, three miles w of An- 
 
 dover. • . 
 
 Weymouth, a town m Dorsetshire, incor- 
 porated with that of Malcomb-Regis, go- 
 verned by a mayor, and the communication 
 between them is by means of a bridge. It 
 is situated on the w side of an inlet of the 
 sea, and on the s side of the mouth of the 
 wey, which separates it from the borough of 
 Jtlelcomb- Regis. Its harbour is much in- 
 jured by sand, and its trade reduced, but it 
 is a great resort for the purpose of sea-ba- 
 thing, and has been often honoured by the 
 presence of ihe Royal family. Here are a. 
 handsome battery, a royal assembly room, 
 and a theatre. In the church is a fine altar- 
 piece executed by Sir James Thornhill, who 
 was a native of Melcomb-Regis, In the 
 vicb-iity, at the village of Nothingtoo, is a i 
 celebrated sulphureous s; ring. A tew plain 
 and striped cottons are made here. It is 
 nine miles s of Dorchester, and 1^58 w'sw of 
 London. Lon. 2 34 w, lat 50 40 n. 
 
 Weymouth, a town in Norfolk county, 
 Massachus ts, seated on the s side oi Bos- 
 ton harbour, 14 irdies se of Boston. 
 
 a large, village in Lancashire 
 celebrated for the ruins ot its ancient large, 
 and ma/uificent abbey, on the banks of the 
 Caider." Tae village has a school, which 
 has several schol- rships in Brazen Nose 
 coliedge, Oxford four miles s of Ciithero, 
 and seven ne of Blackburn. 
 
 WHALE CO V E ISLAND, tbs most nor- 
 therly of two islands lying to the s of Mar- 
 ble ,sland, N America, about lat. 63 0 n. 
 
 Whde Fish Island, in the river Essequi- 
 bo, on ttie coast of South America. 
 
 WHAf E ISLAND, lies at the mouth of 
 M'K^mzje's river in ihe Erozen Ocean, on 
 the N CO of the Nvv part of North Ame- 
 rica. Lat- 69 14 N. 
 
 WHA SAY, an island of Shetland, near 
 the E coa t of Mainland, ab'ui six miles 
 long, a id .nree bread, and included in tiie 
 pa.'oohial charge of Nesting. The surface 
 is teriile, ha. uneven, it contains about 
 1000 inhabiiarits. Wuen a ship comes near 
 this island, tne ne-edic of the comias.s vanes, 
 whence i. i ■ o iOiUU.:;d that the island con- 
 tains run muies. 
 
 Wjiarf, a n '-r of Yorkshiie, which ri.ses 
 in the w pan of the N Riding runs by Ad- 
 dingham, OiL:y, and Welnerby, and falls 
 inio ihe Ouse ut Cawo^ri. 
 
 Wheeling , a po t-town of Virgin a, in 
 Ohio coiiniy, si ua d a . tne uiou. i ot u 
 creek, on tne e bank of the Oaio, 45 mile.'- 
 sw of Pittsburg, ui.d it IS 333 miles [rum 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 W H I 
 
 Whennuiah, a small island in the Soutfe 
 Pao fic Oceiin, near the island of Otaha, 
 
 Whernside, the highest- mountain in York- 
 shire, is situated in the W Riding oi th0 
 county, near the borders of Westmoreland, 
 Its summit is 2384 feet above sea level, 
 and near the top are four or five taros, or 
 small lakes. In its extensive ba§e are seve- 
 ral spacious caverns, the chief of which aro 
 the Yordas, Gatekirk, and Green sid® 
 Caves, 12 miles nnw of Settle. 
 
 WHIDAH, a kingdom of Africa, on the 
 coast of Guinea, and to the w of the Gold 
 coast; extending about 10 miles along tha 
 sea. It is a populous country, vveli funiisli- 
 ed with large villages ; and there are so 
 many small ones that they are not above a 
 musquet shot from eac^ other. Europeans 
 who have been in this country extol it as tha 
 most delightful in the world, and that spring; 
 and autumn reign in alternate succession.. 
 The fields are always green, and they culti- 
 vate beans, potatoes, and fruits ; nor will 
 the negroes here iei; a foot of ground remaia 
 uneultivated. They sow again the very 
 next day after they have reaped. Taosa 
 that are rich employ their v/ives and slaves 
 in tilling the land, and they carry on a con- 
 siderable trade with (be product, as well as 
 in slaves, for some of them are able to deli- 
 ver 1000 of the latter every month. The 
 people, in their manners, have been compar- 
 ed-to the Chinese ; having the same perse- 
 vering industry, cerenionious civility, jeaU 
 ous affeetiou for their wives, and thievish 
 i inclinations in trade. Bows, arrows a-sa» 
 j gays, and clubs, are their principal weapons 
 of war. They have no exact distinction of 
 hoeirs, days, weeks, months, or years. They 
 are said to have but a faint idea oi the su- 
 preme Being, to whom they ascribe omnz- 
 potence, and consider him as the creator of 
 j the universe. He is, they say, too highly 
 exalted to have any concern about his crea- 
 tures, and leaves the government of the 
 world to the fetiches, which they consider as 
 mediators between God and them. The rite 
 of circiimeision is used here, but they aro 
 not able to tell whence it is derived. They 
 have a vast number of idols : and they deify 
 the animal that they see first in a morning, 
 and even stocks and stones. Their princi- 
 pal reganl is said to be for snakes, very high 
 trees, and the sea. They have oxen, cows, 
 goats, sheep, hogs, turkies, ducks, and hens, 
 which last are extremely plentiful. Tnere 
 are many elephants, buffaloes, tigers, seve- 
 r.ii kinds oi deer, and a sort of hares. The 
 ; fruits are cicTons, lemons, oranges, bananas^ 
 tamarinds, <fec. and they have va.st nuui tiers 
 ! of palm-trees, from which they obtain wine. 
 I The trade consists in slave.', eiephauis lee-.h, 
 wax, honey, and slaves, anl the prlneipal 
 manufactures are cloths umbrellas, basl.ets, 
 pitchers lor beer, plates and tl»shes of wood, 
 'gourds finely ornamented, w.ite and blue 
 ■ paper. Whidah was conquered by the king 
 3 M 
 
 15 
 
W HI 
 
 of Dahomy, and reduced to a dependant pro- 
 vince in 1T27. The English factory is 200 
 miles E of Cape Coast Castle, within land. 
 Xavier, or Sabi, is the capital. 
 
 AYHIDDY ISLAND, an island on the 
 coast of Cork, opposite to Bantry. 
 
 Wtiuhiu a sea port in the North Riding 
 of Yorkshire, commodiously situated at the 
 mouth of the river Esk, on the German 
 ocean. It is a considerable town, having a 
 great trade in the building of ships, and in 
 the carrying business, and a manufacture ef 
 canvass. Iis harbour is the best on this 
 coast, and has a fine pier ; but no river 
 communication with the inland country. 
 Several ships are sent hence to the Green- 
 land fishery. lu 1801, Whitby contained 
 7483 inhabitants, and in 1811, 6969. In 
 1787, a strong new built tjuay, running 
 parallel to a high cliff, and supporting a pile 
 of building 80 feet above the margin of the 
 sea, fell with a dreadful crash, followed by 
 large masses of the cliff. On this cliff 
 stood t!ie remains of an abbey cburch, and 
 since the above accident many parts have 
 fallen to the ground. In the vicinity of the 
 town are vseveral allum works. On the 
 beach are found numbers of spiral stones, 
 resemlling peirified serpents. It is the 
 bir(h~place of mat great circuiTinavigator 
 captain James Cook. It has a large weekly 
 maiket on Satur/iay, and tw^o considerable 
 annual fairs, and is 48 miles NNEof York, 
 and 243 n of London. Lon. 0 30 w\ lat. 64 
 30 N. 
 
 Whitchurch, a burgh in Hampshire, seat- 
 ed on the Test, near its source. It is a 
 borough by prescription, is governed by a 
 mayor, w^ho is annually elected at the court 
 ieet of the Dean and chapter of Winchester, 
 and sends two members to parliament. Its 
 manufactures consist of shalloons, serges, 
 &c. both white and grain-dyed. It has a 
 weekly market on Friday, and three annual 
 fairs, and lies 12 miles n of Winchester, 24 
 E by N of Salisbury, and 66 w by s of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Whitchurch, a large and populous town 
 in Shropshire. It has a weekly market on 
 Friday, and two annual fairs. Here are a 
 free school, and six almshouses. In the 
 church, arc several ancient monuments, par- 
 ticularly one to the memory of Sir John 
 Talbot, first earl of Shrewsbury, of that fa- 
 mi])’. It lies 20 miles n of Shrewsbury, 
 auH K’O Kw of London. 
 
 tr flit church, a village in Middlesex, near 
 Edgeware, celebrated for the m-mommon 
 eh’gc.iice ot its small church, W’hich was 
 built by thefir.st duke of Chandos. 
 
 Whitchurch, a large village in Dorset- 
 shire, wh.'cb had fornu^rly a market and fair, 
 five mihts wnw of Lridport. 
 
 Vf hticuduer, Whitaddcr, or Whifewater, 
 a river iormed of several strearn.s, that rise 
 in the I/HTmnermuir mountains, passes the 
 ghbi'v of St Bathens, flows tw'o miles n of 
 the town of Dunse, and keeping an easterly 
 
 w H I 
 
 direction through a fertile and picturesque 
 country, unites with the Tweed, about two 
 miles above Berwick, and about 30 from its 
 source. It abounds with trout, an^ is fre- 
 quented by Salmon. 
 
 Whitehurn, or Whitburn, a pretty level 
 parish in the sw corner of the county of 
 Linlithgow, extending about six miles in 
 length, and between two and three in breadth. 
 It is intersected by the s road from Edin- 
 burgh to Glasgow. It has extensive strata 
 of coal, and good freestone quarries. This 
 parish was disjoined from that of Liviog- 
 stone of which it w^as formerly a part in 
 1730. The soil is generally inclined to wet, 
 and the crops are late. The village of 
 Whiteburn is about 21 miles from Edin- 
 burgh, and contains about 500 inhabitants. 
 In the village a number of people are em- 
 ployed in the cotton manufacture. Here the 
 students of the Antiburgher perswasion were, 
 for many years taught divinity by the late 
 Rev. Archibald Bruce, a scholar and Divine 
 of superior eminence, as appears from his 
 various printed works. Population of the 
 parish and village in 1801, 1904. 
 
 Whitehaten, a large, well built, and po- 
 pulous towm in Cumberland, stands on a 
 creek of the Irish sea on the s end of a high 
 hill, washed by the tide on the w side, where 
 there is a large whitish rock, and a strong 
 stone wall that defends the harbour. It has 
 its name from the white cliffs along the 
 coast, both to the n and s. The basin 
 which forms the harbour is divided into many 
 parts by the quays which project into it. 
 Ship-building, and manufactures of ropes, 
 sail-cloth, <fec. are carried on here very ex- 
 tensively ; but the working of the coal 
 mines, some of which run a considerable 
 way under the sea, forms the greatest part 
 of the business of the place. From these a 
 great part of Ireland, and other places, are 
 constantly supplied wdth coal. A good 
 deal of business is also done in the foreign 
 and coasting trade. Here are several cop- 
 per works, and a packet sails hence weekly 
 to the isle of Man. The town is defended 
 by batteries and has three neat churches, 
 and meeting-houses for English presbyter- 
 iaijs, Scotch anti burghers, Roman Catholics, 
 Methodists, and Quakers. In 1566, it had 
 but six houses; and in 1801 it had 8742 
 inhabitants and in 1811, 10, ICG. It has a 
 number of vessels. It' is 13 miles sw' of 
 of Cockermouth, 37 sw’ of Carlisle, ar.d 294 
 NNW of London. Lon. 3 35 yv, lat. 54 
 25 N. 
 
 Whitehills, a considerable fisiiing tow’n 
 in the parish of Boyndie, in Banifshire, con- 
 taining about 480 inhabiiavts. 
 
 White Mountains, the highest part of a 
 ridge of mountains in the state of New 
 Hampshire, North America. From their 
 summit, in clear w’eather, is a grand view, 
 extending 69 or 70 miles in every direction. 
 Their highest summit is 5500 feet above ijie 
 level of an adjacent meadow, and the mca- 
 
W H I 
 
 dow is 3500 feet above the level of the sea, 
 anil in lat. 44 n. Their tops are covered 
 with snow nine months in the year, whence 
 
 they have their name. tt i 
 
 ^hite Plains, a township of the 
 States, West Chester county, New York. 
 
 It is remarkable for a battle fought here be- 
 tween the British and American forces. It 
 is 15 miles e by N of Kingsbridge. 
 
 fVhite Sea, a large bay of the Frozen 
 Ocean, in the n part of Russia, on the e side 
 of which stands the city of Archangel. 
 Whitehall ; See Skeneshoroiigh, 
 
 Whitekirk ; See Tynningham. 
 
 Whitestown, a town of the United States, 
 in Herkemer county, New York, on the s 
 side of the Mohawk. In 1796 it contained 
 7359 inhabitants, 30 miles wnw of Cana- 
 
 Whithorn, a royal burgh in Wigtonshire, 
 situated nearly at equal distances from the 
 bay of Glenluce and that of Wigton. It is a 
 place of great antiquity, having been a Roman 
 Station, and the first bishopric in Scotland. 
 The houses, which are neat and commo- 
 dious, are chiefly disposed in one street ^n- 
 nino* N and s having alleys branching off to 
 the" sides. It joins with New Galloway, 
 
 Wigton, and Stranraer in sending a member 
 to parliament, and is governed by a provost, 
 two bailies, and 15 councillors. The 
 church stands on the site of an ancient priory, 
 which vvas liberally endowed. In the vici- 
 nity are the remains of several ancient for- 
 tifications. The parish of Whithorn lies at 
 the south extremity of that peninsula lor- 
 med by the bays of WMgton and Luce, and 
 extends about eight miles in length and four 
 in breadth, having nine miles of a sea coast. 
 The soil is naturally highly improved by the 
 application of marl and sea shells, both ot 
 which are found in the parish, and lirne 
 brought from Cumberland. The Isle ot 
 Whithorn, in the vicinity of Burghhead, is 
 a safe harbour, with a village containing 
 350 inhabitants. Near the Isle of Whithorn, 
 are the ruins of a church, said by some to 
 have been the earliest erection of the kind 
 in Scotland. Near it is a stone inscribed 
 Hie est locus Petri Apostoli. A good deal 
 of marble and slate are got here. 
 tion of the town and parish lu 1801, 1904. 
 It is 11 miles s of Wigton, and 116 sw of 
 
 Edinburgh. . 
 
 Whitsom and mton, an united parish in 
 Berwickshire, about [dir miles and a-halt 
 lono* and two and a-half broad. The land is 
 mostly a deep rich clay, and in a high state 
 of cultivation. The village of Whitsom 
 contains about 140 inhabitants. Population 
 of the parish and village in 1801, 560, and in 
 
 1811,536. , ^ „ 
 
 Whitstahle, a village on the coast oi 
 Kent. It is a small port, whence Canterbury 
 is supplied with coais, and has several ves- 
 sels trading to London^ seven miles nxw ot 
 Canterbury. 
 
 Whilsuinisland, one of the New Hebrides, 
 
 w I B 
 
 in the South Pacific ocean, about 30 miles 
 long and eight broad, and was discovered b/ 
 nnrvTnin Wallls. OH Whitsunday, Uo7. 
 
 cantain Wallis, on Whitsunday, 
 
 Whittinghani, a parish in Haddington- 
 shire, about 11 miles long and 
 The village of W bittmgham contains about 
 HO Inhabitants, and lies about five m. es s 
 of Haddington. Near it stands 
 mansion called Wliittingha.n house on an 
 eminence, overlooking the 
 
 ed banks ot the Whittingham,and su,ro.infte(l 
 
 by much delightful, natiira!, and 
 scenery. Part of the pansli is in Lammcr- 
 muir, the other part is higb.y cuitivated and 
 productive. Population about . 
 
 Whittington, a village in ’ 
 
 celebrated for a thatched 
 upper story of which the glorious 
 of 1688 was planned ; and on Novembei , 
 1788, the. hundredth anniversary of that aus- 
 picious day was celebrated here, by the 
 descendants of the illustrious 
 numerous gentry, three miles % of Cheste 
 
 ^^^Whittleburg Forest, a forest in the s part 
 of Northamptonshire, nine , ^"5. 
 
 and three in breadth. In the first 
 
 duke of Grafton was appointed ra^nger of tn 
 forest, in which is a line seat called ake- 
 
 Wiblktgen, a towm of Swabia, seated near 
 the confluence of the Her and *e Danube, 
 with a Benedictine abbey, three miles ssw 
 
 "^'wlBDRG, or Viborg, one of the 41 go- 
 vernments ot Russia, being the 
 lately called Russian Finland, which was 
 comprised in Carelia. It 
 to the Swedes, and was ceded to the Russi- 
 ans, 'partly by the peace ot Nystaut in T21, 
 and partly by the treaty of Abo, m n43. 
 
 Besides pastures, the country product, rje, 
 oats, and barley, but not suffiewnt for tl e 
 inhabitants. In the governor’s f 
 ness is transacted, in the Swedish, German, 
 and Russian tongues. The peasants Uuk 
 only in the Finnish dialect; but the tnlt u- 
 tants of the towns understand Swedish also, 
 and many of them German, ^'‘'^'"iraiii^u is 
 the established religion, but Greek worship 
 has been introduced by the Russians. 
 
 Wiburg, a rich trading sea port ’ 
 
 containing about 9COO inhabitants. It is tiie 
 capital of the government of Wiburg, at 
 which the principal part of its 
 carried on, and a bishop’s see, with a s,ron 
 citadel. The houses are almost 
 built of stone. Th,e surrounding country s 
 uleasant, and in the viciaily, at Imatra, is 
 the celebrated cataract of the wb"-' i 
 
 makes a noise more stunning t aii 
 the Rhine at Lauffen. Tiie principal exports 
 ■t,r.e planks, tallow, Wtob, and tar. In 1 
 it wasalmosl destroyed by fire. 
 ed ot the N side of the gull of Fi“^’ ‘"T. 
 miles N by w of Nortburg, and 110 ot 
 pttersburL L®". 20 
 
 Wiburg. a c:tv o. 
 
 3 -.1 2 
 
W I c 
 
 in North Jutlaml, capital of a diocese of the 
 same mine. It is the seat of the chief 
 court of justice in the province. The cathe- 
 dra), a church, the town house, and the bi- 
 shop's palace were des.royed by tire in 1726. 
 It IS seated on a lake, 'in a peninsula, 9<5 
 miles N of Sieswhck, and ilO nw of Copen- 
 hrr en. Lon. 9 50 e, lat. 50 20 n. 
 
 iLiee Caithness 
 
 a h jrgh and sea port in Caithness- 
 shu situa-ed the inllux of a small nver 
 of tii same name into the German ocean, s 
 ol hoj::s-head. The houses are small, and 
 the sireets nerrow, yet there are some good 
 building , which serve to ornament the 
 town. The harbour, as it now is, is very 
 inconceruent, but it is proposed to improve it 
 by tu8 erection of piers, cfec. The chief 
 branch oi commerce and industry is the 
 fiSiieries, W'hich are prosecuted with great 
 advantage. The market is on Friday? It 
 ■wav erected into a burgh, in J589, and is 
 governed by a provost, two baiilie.s, a dean 
 of guild, a treasurer, and seven counsellors. 
 It is connected with Tain, Di .gwall, Dor- 
 no k, and Kirkw all, in sending a member to 
 parliament. In a niche of the wall in the 
 church, is a stone figure of St Fergus, the 
 tutelar saint of this parish. The population 
 of the town is about 1800. The parish of 
 Wick is about 520 miles long and 10 broad, 
 of a semicircular form, of w^hich the sea 
 forms the diameter. Besides the harbour of 
 W^ick, there are several safe boat stations, 
 particularly at Staxigue, Broadhaven, and 
 Loui.sburg. The parish is flat and fertile, 
 though immense tracts are left uncultivated. 
 Limestone is abundant, and near the castle 
 of Oldwick, a copper mine was discovered, 
 and for some time wu-ought, and near Castle 
 Sinclair ar3 pits producing emery and yel- 
 low ochre. At Staxigoe is a good slate 
 quarry. In the ^parish are seven charity 
 scDouls, besides the parochial school, and 
 seven burying places besides the churchyard, 
 and the ruins of several chapels. Popula- 
 tion of the parish in J801, 3986, and in 1811 
 5080. The town is 60 miles nne of Dor- 
 nock, and 270 n of Edinburgh. Wick is 
 IS the county town, and the seat of the sheriff 
 cou t. Lon. 3 2 iat. 58 30 n. 
 
 /E/c/r, a river of Scoiland, in Caitbness- 
 sbire w inch rises in the. parish of Latheron, 
 and falls into the sea at the town of \Vick. 
 
 ^ere are very productive salmon fisheries 
 cere. 
 
 PVicky a fortified town in the duchy of 
 Limburg, Netherlands, seated on the Meuse 
 opposite Maastricht, w’ith which it communi- 
 cate.s by a bridge. 
 
 Vf'^ick Diurstedc. See Vuerstede. 
 
 IVie.kerardy a town in the department of 
 Roer, Prance, latdy of Germany, in the 
 duchy of Juliers, has two castle.^, 12 miles n 
 of .Tulier,*!. 
 
 a, town in Washington county. 
 Rhode island, seated on the w side of Naira- 
 g'-mset bay, opposite the n end of Canonicut 
 
 w I E' 
 
 island, 10 miles nw of Neii port, and 20 s of 
 Providence. 
 
 kFickham Market^ a town in Suffolk, situ- 
 ated on the Deben, with a small market on 
 Saturday. It is the seat of the civil and 
 spiritual courts for the archdeaconry of Suf- 
 folk. Here are several good inns, and a 
 considerable trade, 82 miles ne of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 W^ICKLOW, a county in the province of 
 Leinster, Ireland, bounded on the n by the 
 county of Dublin, on the r by the Irish sea,, 
 on the s by Wexford, and on the w by Kil- 
 dare and Catberfough. It is 33 miles in 
 length, 21 in breadth, and contains 58 parish- 
 es, and about 58,000 inhabitants, and sends 
 two members to parliament. The moun- 
 tainous parts of it afford the most beautiful 
 and romantic views ; the lower lands are 
 fertile, and well cultivated. In the hills 
 rich veins of copper and other minerals are 
 found, and lately, considerable quantities of 
 gold have been discovered. 
 
 Wicklow, the capital of the above county, 
 situated on the sea side, with a narrow' har- 
 bour, at the mouth of the river Leitrim. It 
 has been long celebrated for the excellence 
 of its ale, of which it sends large quantities 
 to Dublin. On Wicklow bead, two miles se 
 of the town, are two light houses. It is 
 about 28 miles sse of Dublin. Lon. 6 7 w', 
 lat. 52 58 N. 
 
 Wickware, a town in Gloucestershire. It 
 is governed by a mayor and alderman ; and 
 has a weekly market on Monday, and two 
 annual fairs. It is watered by two brooks, 
 has a well endowed free school, and plenty 
 of coal in the vicinity, 17 miles ne of Bris- 
 tol, and 111 w of London. 
 
 Widdin, Widen, or Viden, a fortified 
 town of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria. It 
 is an archbishop^s see, and has been often 
 taken and retaken by the Turks and Aus- 
 trians. It is situated on the Danube, 88 
 miles NE of Nissa, 100 n by w of Soffa, 
 and 140 ese of Belgrade, Lon. 24 27 e, 
 lat. 44 12 N. 
 
 Widehope, or Wiihop, an extensive, moun- 
 tainous, and woody tract in Cumberland, 
 which forms the ne part of the parish of 
 Lorton, and the sw boundary of the spacious 
 lake of Basingthv/aite. It is four miles from 
 Cockermouth. Several villages are scatter- 
 ed through it. 
 
 WIED, a small county of Westphalia, at 
 the conflux of the rivers W’ied and Rhine^ 
 
 It is composed of two parts, the Upper coun- 
 ty, and the Lower county. The capitals 
 are Dierdorf and Neuwied. 
 
 Wied, a town of Westphalia, in the Lower 
 country of W'ied, has an ancient decayed 
 castle on a mountain, nine miles nnw of 
 Coblentz. 
 
 Wielim, a town of Poland, in Siradia, 
 with a good castle, 16 miles s of Siradia. 
 
 Wielitska. a village of Poland, near Cra- 
 cow, celebrated lor its salt mines. These 
 mines have been worked above 609 years. 
 
W 1 G 
 
 Beforf? the partit'on of Poland, in 1T72, they 
 furnished a *onsiderable part of revenue 
 of t io ki.io’, Wdo (Ire v fr t n tbe»!i an average 
 proi. 01 a .oet 3,5^,000 Polish florins, or 
 £.97 . 4^. 6rf. Scerling. Tn these mines 
 
 are several small chapels excavated in the 
 salt, and a great part of the inhabitants re- 
 side mostly in the mines, eight miles sE of 
 Cracow, 
 
 JViesenthally a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misuia, noted for its manuiactures of iron. 
 5 teel, and fire-arms, and a considerable trade 
 in leather. It is seated on a rivulet of its 
 name, on the borders of Bohemia, 15 miles 
 N by E of Carlsbad. , 
 
 iViesensteig, a town of Swabia, stands in 
 a valley enclosed by mountains, on the 
 river Fils. It is the capital of a lordship, 
 and has a castle, 16 miles WNW of Ulm, and 
 25 FSE of Slutgard. 
 
 Wigariy a large and well built town in 
 Lancashire, situated near the river Douglas, 
 which is navigable to the Kibble, and joins 
 to a panal from Liverpool, where the 
 strongest checks are made, and other articles 
 of linen and cotton manufacture. Brasiery 
 has long been a staple article, and there is 
 a large pottery of fine ware. The parish 
 abounds with an uncominonly valuable 
 species of canal coal, of which snuff boxes, 
 and a variety of toys are made. In the 
 neighbourhood are extensive iron works. 
 Besides the church, which is of great anti- 
 quity, there is a chapel, a town house, a 
 free grammar school, some alms houses, and 
 a work house. The town is plentifully sup- 
 plied witii water, from a reservoir at Whit- 
 tle. The town has lately been much Im- 
 proved in its appearance by new buildings. 
 Wigan Spa, or New Harrowgate, is a strong 
 sulphureous water lately discovered in bor ng 
 for coals in a field near the scroles bridge. 
 Wigan is governed by a mayor, a recorder, 
 J2 aldermen, two bailiffs, and a mace bearer, 
 and retvirn.s two members to parliament, 
 chosen by the burgesses, about 200 in num- 
 ber, and in 1811, contained 14,060 inhabi- 
 tants. It has a weekly market, and three 
 annual fairs. In 1850, a battle was fought 
 here between the forces of Charles 1. and 
 those of the parliament, in which the latter 
 were victorious; the earl of rby, who 
 commanded the royal army was taken 
 prisoner, and afterwards beheaded. At a 
 small di.stance is a monument to the memory 
 of Sir Thomas Hildesly, who was killed on 
 that spot, in this battle, fighting for the king. 
 It is 39 miles s of Lancaster, and 196 
 NNW of London. Lon. 2 50 w, lat. 53 
 34 N. 
 
 WIGHT, an island of England, on the 
 s coast of Hampshire, from which it is se- 
 parated by a narrow channel, from about 
 one and a-half to seven miles broad. It is 
 about 21 miles in length, and 13 in breadth. 
 It is nearly divided into two ec’ual parts by 
 the river MediiiJ^ CoweS; which, rising 
 
 M7 I G 
 
 in the southern angle, enters at the iiortbern 
 into the channel, at the town of Cowe , op- 
 posite tue mouth of Southampton bey. t iio 
 SE coast is fenced with a range of ciiffs, 
 composed of chalk and treestone, and .ho 
 we.^ier*) extremity presents a front still mora' 
 formidable. From the slender form and 
 erect position of two of its lof'y rocks, one 
 of which lately fell into the sea, the w point 
 is called the Neeules. Between the island 
 and the main are various sand banks, espe- 
 cia ly off the e part, where is the safe road 
 of St Helen s. The variety of pro peois 
 which this island affords, its mild air, and 
 the neat manner in which the fields are laid 
 out, render it a very delightful spot. A 
 ridge of fine downs crosses tne island from 
 E to w, which feed a number of fine fle.iced 
 sheep, rabbits and poultry are plentiful. It 
 is one of the uriocipal ivs^mr es of the Lon- 
 don market for uumaltcd barley. Among 
 its products ar to be reckoned a pure white 
 pipe clay, and a fine white enrysiciUine sand. 
 Great quantities of the latter are export d iOr 
 the use of the glass wwks ib var. iU-s parts., 
 
 In 1811, the number of its inhabitants was 
 24,120. The island is well watered with 
 springs, some of w^hich are aiedi"*inal. Its 
 principal town is Newport : it iiKcwisie con- 
 tains the two small towns of Nev/ton and 
 
 Yarmouth. , 
 
 WIGHT, Isle op, in the United .States. 
 See Gardner's Island, and jlsLE of 
 
 Wight. . ^ i . 
 
 Wigton, a neat town m Cumberlana, 
 situated among the Moors. It has a market 
 on Tuesday, manufactures of coarse hnen 
 and cotton, and an annual fair; and lies 
 12 miles sw of Carlisle, and 304 nnw of 
 London. 
 
 WigtoUy a burgh and sea port in the 
 county of Wigtonshire, pleasantly situated 
 on the side of a hill, on the bay of \Yigton, 
 near the mouth of the river Biadenoch. It 
 is the capital of the county, the seat of a 
 presbytery, and o- the sheriffs and commis- 
 sary courts, and a port of the custom-house. 
 The town is governed by a provost, two 
 bailies, and 12 counsellors; and unites with 
 Whithorn, Stranraer, and New-Gnllow^ay in 
 sending a member to parliament. The 
 parish of Wigton is something of a reclan- 
 <rular figure, extend. ng about five mue and 
 a-half in length, and four in b ead h, and, 
 containing about 5500 acres. The lun a is 
 fertile, and highly cultivated. It is wa.er- 
 ed by the Biadenoch. The schon. is well 
 endowed, and correctly taughi. The town 
 contains about 1000 iahaia:anls. .-iid ihe 
 town and parish contain' d 14’<5 inhahiturits 
 in 1801, and ITU, in 1811 The low.n is 
 nine rniies ss -. ol Ne-’ tO'istewar 11 n of 
 Whh.born, acd- i05 sw by s of Edinburgh. 
 Lot'. 4 43 w- lai. ->4 17 n. 
 
 Wigton a fine safe bay of Scotland, 
 runu-r’g N from .he Solway Frith into the 
 interior of Galloway, md possessing scveial 
 
W I L 
 
 ^ood harbours, particularly at the Isle of 
 Whithorn, Garlieston, Wigton, Creeiown 
 and Gatehouse. 
 
 WIGTONSHIRE, a county of Scotland, 
 sometimes called Upper, or West Gallo- 
 WAV. It is bounded on the n by Ayrshire, 
 on the E by Kirkcudbrightshire, and on the 
 s and w by the Irish sea. It is indented by 
 Lochryan on the w, and the bay of Luce on 
 the E, by which means the sw part is formed 
 into a peninsula called the Rhynds. Its 
 greatest extent, in any direction, does not 
 exceed 40 miles. The n part, called the 
 Moors, is naked and mountainous. But the 
 greater part of it is arable, and in general 
 well cultivated and productive. It is cele- 
 brated for a superior breed of black cattle, 
 without horns, of a bone and shnpe much 
 prized by graziers. Great quantities of these 
 cattle are sent to England. Marl and sea 
 shells are found in the county, and applied 
 as manures. But there is neither lime stone, 
 free stone, nor coals. It is well watered 
 with lakes and streams, and has several 
 commodious creeks and harbours. The 
 principal rivers are the Luce, Cree, Blade- 
 noch and Tarf, and none of them are large. 
 It is intersected by the great road from Lon- 
 <lon to Port Patrick. The county is divided 
 into 17 parishes, which in 1801, contained 
 22,918 inhabitants and in 1811, 26,891. 
 They are in general a well informed, indus- 
 trious, sober, and polite people. The real 
 land rent is estimated at <53,8901. Sterling. 
 The county sends one member to parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 fVihaeSy a frontier town in Bosnia, 
 European Turkey, stands on a lake formed 
 by the river Unna, 40 miles sE of Carlstadt, 
 and 220 V/ of Belgrade. Lon. 16 10‘e, lat. 
 4<5 34 N. 
 
 Wildhad, a town in the duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg, Swabia, has a celebrated warm bath, 
 and stands on the Enz, 24 miles w of Stut- 
 gard. 
 
 fVildherg, a town in the Middle Mark, 
 Brandenburg, 28 miles n of Brandenburg. 
 
 Wildhergy a town in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg, Swabia, seated on the Nagoid, 10 
 miles sw of Stutgard. 
 
 Wildeshauserty a town of Westphalia, 
 capital of a small bailiwic, situated s of the 
 duchy of Oldenburg, on the river Hunte, 
 20 miles sw of Bremen. Lon. 8 27 e, lat. 
 52 53 N. 
 
 Wildungeriy a town in the county of 
 Waldeck, Germany, has a castle, and in 
 the vicinity mineral springs, and mines of 
 copper, iron, and lead, 14 nuies ssE of Cor- 
 baci]. 
 
 Wilhefmstein, a fortress of Germany, 
 in the county of Sahauenburg. It stands 
 near the town of Steinliude on an island 
 formed of stones sunk lor th^ purpose in 
 Stdiihudermerp. It was built by William 
 count of Shauenburg Lippe, in 1765, 18 
 miles wxvv' of Hanover. 
 
 HWies^ u ^:Q3t town of North Carolina, 
 
 W I L 
 
 capital of a comity of that name, near the'- 
 source of the Yadkin, 40 miles nxe of 
 Morgantown. Lon. 81 38 w, lat. 36 4 n. 
 
 Wilkomiersj a town of Lithuania, in the 
 palatinate of Wilna, stands on the Sweita, 
 48 miles NNW of Wilna. 
 
 Wilkaharrey or Wilkshurg^ a post town 
 of Pennsylvannia, and capital of Luzerne 
 county, situated on the e branch of the 
 Susquebaunah, 118 miles wnw of Philadel- 
 phia. Lon. 76 13 w, lat. 41 13 n. 
 
 William, Fort, See Calcutta, 
 
 William, Fort, a fort in the Northern part 
 of Argyleshire, is of a triangular form, with 
 two bastions, mounting 15 12-pciinders, and 
 several mortars. A fort was first built here 
 by general Monk, called the garrison of 
 Inverlocby, which was rebuilt on a smaller 
 scale by king William, from whom it de- 
 rives its present name. It is garrisoned by 
 a company of Invalids. Adjoining it on the 
 sw, is the village of Mary burg, where is a 
 post office, a jail, and a mason lodge, and it 
 is the seat of the parish school of Kilmalie, 
 and the residence of a missionary minister. 
 Here is a considerable coasting trade, which 
 wdll be increased on the completion of the 
 Caledonian canal, which commences near 
 the fort. It is situated oh Loch Eil, where 
 it receives the rivers Lochy and Nevis, 30 
 miles sw of Fort Augustus, 64 ssw of Inver- 
 ness, and 128 nw of Edinburgh. Lon 5 
 6 w, lat. 56 50 n. 
 
 William Henry, or Sorel, a town of 
 Lower Canada, at the junction of the Sorei 
 and the St. Laurence, has a protestant, and a 
 Roman Catholic church, and is the channel 
 of a great trade with the United States, 40 
 miles KE of Montreal, and 120 sw of Que- 
 bec. Lon. 73 22 w, lat. 45 55 n. 
 
 Williamslorough, a post town of North 
 Carolina, and capital of Granville county, 
 seated on a creek that flows into the Roano- 
 ke. It carries on a brisk trade with the 
 back’ counties, and a flourishing academy, 
 50 miles wnw of Halifax. 
 
 Williamsburg, a post town of Virginia, 
 between two creeks falling into James and 
 York rivers. It was formerly the capital of 
 that state, contains about 1400 inhabitants. 
 
 It has a college with six professors, but 
 .since it ceased to be the seat of government, 
 this and other public buildings are much 
 decayed. This town is 60 miles ese of 
 Richmond. Lon. 77 3 w, lat. 37 16 n. 
 
 Williamslnu'g , a post town of Ontario 
 county, New York, stands on the e side of 
 the Genessee, 30 miles sw of Canaudaqua. 
 
 Williumspori, a post town in Washington 
 county, Maryland, stands on the Potomac, 
 at the mouth of Conegocheaque creek, six 
 miles sw of Elizukeihtown, and 75 nnw of 
 Washington. 
 
 Wiliiamstadt, a handsome, well frequenL 
 ed sea port of Koliand, built by William L 
 prince of Orange. It is one of the keys of 
 Holland, stands on that part of the Meu'e^ 
 called Butierhiet; and has a good harbour^ 
 
W I L 
 
 In nos, it made a gallant defence against 
 the French, who were compelled to raise 
 the seige, but surrendered to them in 1795. 
 
 It is 15 miles ne of Bergen-op-Zoom, and 
 :25 WNW of Breda. Lon. 4 30 e, lat. 51 
 
 39 N. . , . 
 
 fVilliamstoum, the capital of Martin 
 county, North Carolina, stands oa the 
 Zoanoke, 24 miles w of Plymouth, and 55 
 SE of Halifax. 
 
 Williamston, a town in Berkshire, coun- 
 ty, Massachussets. Here is a flourishing 
 seminary, called William^s college, in 
 honour of its liberal founder, 28 miles n of 
 Lenox, and 150 wnw of Boston. 
 
 WILLIS ISLAND, a rocky island in the 
 s Atlantic Ocean, near the nw end of South 
 Georgia. It was discovered in 1775, and 
 contained many thousand nests of shags. 
 Lon. 38 30 w, lat. 54 0 s. 
 
 fVillisaUy a town and balliwic in the 
 canton of Lucern, Swisserland, stands amid 
 mountains on the Wiger, 16 miles wnw of 
 Lucern. 
 
 Willoughby, a tov/n in Warwickshire, 
 
 E of Lemington Hastings, stands near the 
 junction of the Leame and the Avon, is 
 thriving and commercial, has a market on 
 Tuesday, and a fair on Whitsun Mon- 
 day. 
 
 Wilmanstrand, a town of Russia, in the 
 government of Wiburg. It is situated on 
 the s side of the lake Saima. Near this 
 town, in 1741, a battle was fought between 
 30G0 Swedes and 16,000 Russians, but at 
 length the latter proved victorious in conse- 
 quence of superiority of numbers, 40 miles 
 NNW of Wiburg, and 100 nnw of Peters- 
 burg. 
 
 Wilmington, a maritime district of North 
 Carolina, comprehending the counties of 
 Brunswick, New Hanover, Onslow, Dup- 
 lin, and Bladen. It contains 26,035 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Wilmington, the capital of the above 
 district, situated on the ne branch of Cape 
 Fear river, 34 miles from the sea, and 90 s 
 of Newbern. It has a considerable trade 
 with the adjacent states and the West Indies. 
 Lon. 78 20 w, lat. 34 5 n. 
 
 Wilmington, a post town of Delaw^are, in 
 Newcastle county, the most considerable in 
 the state, situated on the n side of Christiana 
 creek, two miles from the Delaw^are, and 28 
 s\v of Philadelphia. The town is regularly 
 laid out in squares, and contains 3000 inha- 
 bitants. Its olbcers are two burgesses, six 
 assistants, and. two constables, all annually 
 chosen. Here are six edifices for public 
 worship, it is the greatest seat of manufac- 
 tures in the United States, and almost the 
 whole of the foreign exports of the state are 
 from hence. Lon. 75 40 w, lat. 39 
 43 N. 
 
 Wilm^low, a town in Cheshire, seated on 
 the Bolin, v/ith a market on Saturday, 
 13 miles n of Ccngletoii, and 174 nw of 
 London. 
 
 Wiino, a large, rich, populous, and trad- 
 
 w I L 
 
 ing town of Lithuania, in a palatinate of the 
 same name, with an university, a royal pa- 
 lace, and an ancient castle, seated on the 
 Wilia, and stands on several small eminen- 
 ces. It has tw'o considerable suburbs called 
 Antokollo and Rudaiska, and upwards of 40 
 churches, 13 of which were destroyed by fire 
 in 1748, and in the following year another 
 fire occasioned by lightning consumed six 
 churches, the Jewish synagogue, the coun- 
 cil house, 33 palaces, numerous stone edifi- 
 ces, and other buildings. The churches 
 have been rebuilt, but the city has not re- 
 covered its former splendour.' In 1794, 
 Wilna was taken by the Russians, and to- 
 gether with its territory annexed to the em- 
 pire. Bonaparte in his progress to Russia 
 entered it in 1812, and in his flight re-enter- 
 ed it on December ls4 but immediately fied 
 in disguise for France. On the lUh, it was 
 retaken by the Russians. It is situated 12 
 miles E by s of Troki, 180 e of Konigsberg, 
 and 240 ne of Warsavv. Lon. 25 28 e, lat. 
 54 41 N. 
 
 Wilsdorf, a town in Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony. Here, in 1745, the Saxons were del 
 feated by the Prussians, nine miles w of 
 Dresden. 
 
 Wiisnach, a town of Brandenburg, m tha 
 mark of Pregnita, 14 miles nw of Havel- 
 
 berg. g 
 
 Wilsontown, a village iu the county of 
 Lanark, and parish of Carnwath, erected 
 about the 3'ear 1787, by Messrs. Wilsons of 
 London, near their extensive iron foundery. 
 This work is happily situated for materials, 
 as coal, limestone, ironstone, and fire clay 
 abound on the very spot. About 400 per- 
 sons are employed in the different branches 
 of this manufacture, 18 miles s of Borrow- 
 stonness, and 20 sw of Leith. 
 
 Wilsonville, a town of Pennsylvania, 120 
 miles N of Philadelphia. 
 
 Wilsowitz, a town in the circle of Hra- 
 disch, Moravia, 15 miles ene of Hradisch. 
 
 Wilster, a town in Holstein, Lower Sax- 
 ony, 10 miles n of Gluckstadt. 
 
 Wilton, an ancient town in Wiltshire, 
 stands between the rivers Nad der and Willy, 
 formerly the capital of the county, and bud 
 once 12 churches, and several convents, but 
 has now only one church, and is much de- 
 cayed. It has a famous manufactory of 
 carpets, which bear its name, and ot thin 
 woollen stuffs. The corporation consists ot 
 a mayor, recorder, five aldermen, three capi- 
 tal burgesses, and 1 1 common council men, 
 who elect the fwo members that represent 
 the town in parliament. Wili^ii house, on 
 the E side of the town, the seat ot the earl 
 of Pembroke, is one of the mo t siu puions 
 mansions in England, and eoruains a iamous 
 collection ol' antiques. It is threi; miles 
 w by X of ^iiaiisbury, and 85 w by s of Lon- 
 
 don. , _ . , 
 
 Will on, a parish in Roxburgnsh tre, 1^ ing 
 on the banks of the Tevioi, adjoin. < ; o 
 Hawick on the n, and contamii.g 
 5000 acres. The surface is irregular^ but 
 
W TM 
 
 in g^eneral fertile and well ouUlvafed. The 
 village of Wilton, in this parish, is noted jd, 
 the rnanufactuve of facets carpeting, lo 
 the vicinity is Wilton lodge, the seat of lord 
 Napier. Population about ldu7. 
 
 WILTSHIRE, a county of England, so 
 called from Wilion, once its capUal. It is 
 bounded on the ne a^^d e by Berlvsiii^e, on 
 the E by Hampshire, on he w by .Somer- 
 setshire, on the s by Do sets hi re ad p, rt oi 
 Hampshire, and on the nw and n ly 01 u- 
 cestershire. Its length from n to s eaj 
 54 miles, and its breadth from e lo w 3o 
 The air is. healthy. The land in the nor- 
 thern part is generally hilly and woody ; 
 but the southern part is nch and lertile. 
 The chi' f commodities arc sheep, wool, 
 wood, and stone. Of this last there are ex- 
 ceLent quarries on the banks or the ladder, 
 w^here some of he stones are 23 yards in 
 length, and four in thickness, without a 
 flaw. The Wiltshire downs are celebrated 
 for ihek flocks of .sheep, and in the values - 
 whicii divide the dov ns, are fertile, corn 
 fi< iris, and rich mehdnw^s. The chief rnanu- 
 fto ures are the difierent branches of the 
 clotiiing trade. The principal rivers sre the 
 (Jpp^T and Lower Avon, the Naddef, Willy, 
 Bourne, and Kennet. This county is divid- 
 ed into 28 hundreds, contains one city, 24 
 market towns, 304 |.arishes, and in 18 M, 
 contained 193,828 inhabitants. The free- 
 heiders of the county elect two knights of 
 the ‘ hire to represent it in parliament, and this 
 -privilege they exercise independent of the 
 influence either of the ministry or nebviiity. 
 The city of Salisbury is the capital. 
 
 WirMedorij a village in Surry, on a fine 
 heaiii, seven miles sw of London. At VTim- 
 Ifl :on are 'ome copper mills, a manuiac 
 toiy f )r printing calicoes, and another of 
 JcpMi war< . On the sw angle of the com [ 
 mod is a circular encampment, comprising 
 •seven a'^res ; the trench deep and entire, sup- 
 pof-ed to have been the scene of a battle in 
 ■508, hetw en Ceauiin king of the W Saxons, 
 and Ethei’oer? k.ng of Kent, in which the 
 iaticr was defl ated. On this common is a 
 f'pnng that never freeztts. Here are several 
 fine seals; the manor is at present the pro- 
 perty of earl Spencer, and has attached to 
 a jU.k containing acres, -(.domed w'ich 
 pi; taUf'ns and a sheet ot water covering 
 .>« ac«es. The church is unoommoniy CiC- 
 g lii, a a fiticd up in *he t recian siyle. In 
 ti e eiiU ch yard is a sumptuous sepulchre 
 for the family of Benjamin Bo}d Hop- 
 ki? K qr. ' 
 
 fViinOttrn, or Wimhorn Minster, • town in 
 Dor rtshiie, seated between the Sioiir and 
 Alien, with a market on I'riday. Its noble j 
 chuicii, called the B'Jinster, a name derived • 
 from amionastciy that stood hM’e, in which 
 Wrro interred the W Saxon kings Etheldred j 
 and Sigew( nil, and quecu Klhelbu'ga, was |j 
 formerly coib’giate. Here are a presbyte- 
 tericn meeting-house, . an h;)srilai, aiid . 
 haniliiome work house. It is governed in 
 
 W I N 
 
 two bailiffs ; and has uwee annual fairs ; six 
 miles of Poole, and iOO of Londoc;. 
 
 Wimmerbif, ^ lowu in Sm >iaud, Sweden, 
 28 miles ww of Wests: wick, 
 
 fVimmis, a town iii tue canton of Bern, 
 Swisserlind, stands on the Sibnen, IS'^miles 
 s of Bern. 
 
 Wimpfen, a town of Suabia, lately reo 
 and imperial. It coasicts of two .o ns, 
 called Wimpsen on ih Motm ain, and VvT up- 
 sen in the Valley ; ;b i er is a c -ho- 
 lie abbey, and a rnonast vy, and in the or- 
 mer a Lutberari parish chtircu, and a gram- 
 ir.ar school. A salt work was begun here 
 in 1701. It was ceded to Baden u 1802. 
 It stands o the Neckar, eight miles n of 
 Heiibronn, and 22 e of Heidelberg. 
 
 Wincaunton, a town in Somersetshire, 
 stands on the side ol a The inhabi- 
 
 tants carry on a considerable trade in the 
 manufacture of ticks and dowlas, serges 
 and stockings, and also in cheese. It has a 
 weekly market on Wednesday, and two an- 
 nual fairs, and lies 24 miles s of Bath, and 
 108 w by s of London. 
 
 fVinchcomb, a large town in Gloucester- 
 shire, situated on a streamlet called the Is- 
 bourne. It was formerly celebrated for its 
 abbey, whose milred abbot sat in parliament. 
 In the vicinity is the ruin of Sudely castlo 
 where Catherine Parr, queen of Henry VIII. 
 and afterward wife to Sir Thomas Seymour, 
 died in childbed, not without suspicion of 
 poison. It contained 1256 inhabitants in 
 1801, has a weekly market on Saturday, and 
 three annual fairs, and lies 15 miles ke of 
 Gloucester, and 99 wnw of London. 
 
 fVinchehea, a town in Sussex, stands on 
 a rocky cliff, on an inlet of the sea. It is aa 
 appendage to the Cinque ports, governed by 
 a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It 
 was bui t in the reign of Edward I. about 
 three miles from the site of a more ancient 
 town of Its name, which had 18 churenes, 
 but bad been swciLowed up by tue sea.. The 
 new town being ^acked by the French and 
 Spaniards, and deserted by the sea, dwindled 
 into a mean place Three of its ga:..s are 
 yet standing, but much decayed, and the 
 Harbour fl cnoked up ; two miles ene of 
 < he town, on the level relinquished by the sea, 
 is Camber castle, built by Henry VIII. 
 The marshes contiguous to the hca are de- 
 ■ ended by huge mou.ids. It had lately oniy 
 three legal voters, who returned twoiirembers 
 lo parliament, an is four miles sw of Rye, 
 and 64 sr of London. 
 
 WINCH ELSE A, an island in (he S Pa- 
 cific Ocean. It is about 30 miles s by e of 
 Sir Charles Hardy's island. 
 
 Winchendoii, a post town of the Unit-; 
 ed Stntes, in Worcester county Blassa- 
 chiis.^tis. 
 
 fVinchestcr, a very ancient city of Hamp- 
 shire, situated on the right bank of the Itch- 
 tug, nearly in the centre of the county. 
 Utider the Romans, this became a very oou-» 
 iideuable place, they having hud manufetories- 
 
i W I N 
 
 tof cloth, and t^vo temples, one 
 Apollo, and the other to Concord. On the 
 OiStlution of the Saxon 
 
 became the capital oi the kingdom. 
 
 crowned here, the first sole monarch ot 
 Eaeland. During the reign of Henry 1. 
 Winchester rose to the summit of her glory, 
 and was occasionally the royal 
 Here Henry 11. held a fl* 
 
 resided, Henry HI. ’’iV m trl 
 
 are eight chnrohes, beside the cathedral, m 
 whiclfwere interred several Saxon kings and 
 queens. In it also is the marble cothn ol 
 William Rufus. On a fine eminence over- 
 lookin- the city, stood the casile which was 
 taken from Charles I. and alterwards demo- 
 lished, except the magnificent hall, in wh'on 
 the assizes are now held. A palace bu.lt by 
 Charles !I. but never finished, is now con- 
 verted into a barrack for 1800 infantry'. 
 Near this place is Si Mary’s college, found- 
 ed by William of Wickham, lor a warden, 
 
 70 scholars, 10 fellows, &c. The scholars 
 are educated for New College, O-xford^ 
 N»ar the s end of the city is the hospital o, 
 
 St Cross, founded by a bishop of this see, tor 
 a master, nine poor brethren, and four out 
 pensioners. All travellers who call at this 
 hospital have a right to demand some bread 
 and beer, wiiioli is alway.s brought to Ihena. 
 Near the E gate of this city is St John s 
 hospital, in ihe hall of which the corpora- 
 tiol) give iheix entertainments. Another 
 hospital was erected in the cathedral church 
 yard, and endowed by bishop Moriey 
 for clergymen’s widows. The corpora- 
 tion consists of a mayor, a recorder, six 
 aldermen, two bailiffs, and ^4 common 
 council men, who have the excltisive righ 
 of elecrtino' the two members who represent 
 the city iiT parliament. This town has one 
 broad avid several narrow streets. The 
 walls are greatly decayed. The iiamber ol 
 mhabitants, including j 
 
 college, was 58^6 m 1801 , and 6<0o . ii 
 1811. It has two weekly markets on Wed- 
 nesday and Friday, and four annual lains, 
 and is 21 miles nw of Chichester, and 62 
 w by N of London. Lon. I 12 w, lat. 51 
 
 Winchester, or Frederickstown, the capi- 
 tal of Frederick county, Virginia, seated 
 near the head of Opeckon creek, which runs 
 into the Potomac. It is a handsome, flou 
 Tlshing town, has four edifices lor public 
 v/orship, and contains nearly 2000 inhabi- 
 Winchester, capital of Clark countj, 
 Kentucky, stands between the head waters 
 of the Licking and the Kentucky. 
 
 Windau, a town of Courland, with a har- 
 bour at the mouth of a river of its name, on 
 the Baltic. It has a castle, and .exports 
 
 pitch 
 
 W I N 
 
 tar; wax 
 
 ,, and some ships are built 
 16 
 
 here 76 miles nw of Mittan, and 100 n by 
 E of Memel. Lon. 21 50 e, lat. 57 50 n. 
 
 Windermere Water, or Winander Mere, 
 the most extensive lake in England, lying 
 between Westmoreland and Lancashire, and 
 exhibiting a great variety of beautiful pros- 
 pects. It is about 10 miles in length from 
 N to .‘5, but in no part broader than a 
 mile. Opposite Ecclesrig Crag it is 22‘4 
 feet deep. 
 
 Windham, See Wijmondham, 
 
 WINDHAM, a county of the United 
 States, in the se corner of Vermont. It 
 contains 22 townships, and 17,693 in- 
 habitants. Chief towns, Newfaiie and 
 Futney » 
 
 WINDHAM, a county of the United 
 States, in the ne corner of Connecticut. 
 
 It contains l3 townships, and 28,921 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Windham, the capital of the above coun- 
 ty, seated on the Shetucket, 14 miles nnw 
 of Norwich, 22 ese of Hartford, and 253 
 ne of Philadelphia. . . ^ 
 
 Windisgratz, a town in Siiria, Germany, 
 
 24 miles nw of Ciller. , 
 
 Windlingen, a town of Suabia, m th« 
 duchy of Wirtemberg, stands on the Lauter, 
 at its junction with the Neckar, 12 miles 
 SE of Slutgard. 
 
 Windsbach, -dio^’n in the margravate ot 
 Anspach, Suabia, with a castle, on the Ked- 
 iiitz, 10 miles se of Anspach. 
 
 Windskeim, a town of Franconia, ceded 
 as an indemnity to Bavaria in 1802. The 
 ramparts that surround it serve as a prome- 
 nade. It is situated on the .Aiscli, 30 miles 
 SB of Wurtzburg, and 32 ssw ot Bamberg. 
 
 Windsor, a post town of the United 
 States, capital of Bertie county. North Ca- 
 rolina, sealed on the Cushai, 23 miles w by 
 
 ! s of Eden ton. • r 
 
 Windsor, a town of Vermont, capital ot 
 a county of the same name, stands on the 
 Conneciicut. The assembly of the state sits 
 here and Rutland alternately. It is 40 
 miles K by s of Rutland, and 70 ne of Ben- 
 nington. Lon 72 4 v/, lat. 43 2r n. 
 
 Windsor, a town in Hartford county, 
 Connecticut, .seated on the Conneciicut, at 
 the junction of Windsor Ferry river, and 
 the Connecticnt, seven miles n of Hart- 
 ford. . 
 
 Windsor, a town in Berkshire county, 
 Massachusetts, stands among hills, 20 rniles 
 NNW of Lenox, and 136 n by w ot Los- 
 
 Windsor, a town of Nova Scotia, .seated 
 on a river of its name, lias a college found- 
 ed by royal charter, in iS02, 25 miles nw 
 
 ot Halilax. . 
 
 Windsor, New, a town in Ulster, county. 
 New York, stands on the w side of tho 
 Hudson, just above the high lands, six 
 mile« N of West Point. 
 
 Windsor Forest, an exten.sive forest in the 
 E part of Berkshire, about 50 miles in cir- 
 cumference. It contains several towns and 
 3N 
 
W I N 
 
 ifillagesj of which Okingham is the princi* 
 pal. Biofield, in this forest^ was the birth 
 place of Pope, who here composed his 
 Windsor Forest.^^ Though the soil is 
 generally uncultivated and barren, it is di- 
 versified by hills and dales, woods and lawns, 
 and pleasant villas. 
 
 Windsor, a large and handsome town in 
 Berkshire, situ aed on an eminence on the 
 Thames, wiih a market on Saturday. It is 
 well paved and lighted. The town is cele- 
 brated lor its magnificent castle, built origi- 
 nally by ^Yilliam I. and enlarged by suc- 
 ceeding monarohs. It is situated on a high 
 hill, which rises by a gentle ascent. Its 
 line terruv’e faced with a rampart of free- 
 stone, 1870 feet in length, is one of the 
 finest walks in Europe. From the Round 
 Tower, which is much more elevated than 
 the rest, is an extensive view to London, and 
 into the counties of Berks, Middlesex, Essex, 
 Herts, Bucks, Oxford, Wills, ^Hants, Surry, 
 Sussex, Kent, and Bedford. The royal 
 apartments are adorned with many valuable 
 paintings, particul. rly with the celebrated 
 cartoons of Raphael, formerly of Hampton 
 court. Here is the royal college of St 
 George, consisting of a dean, 12 canons, 
 seven minor canons, and 18 poor knights^. 
 Opposite to the se side of the castle is a neat 
 modern mansion, called the Queen's Lodge, 
 which is the royal residence in summer : 
 and below this is the Lower Lodge, for the 
 accommodation of the younger branches of 
 the royal family. Adjoining to the Queen's 
 Lodge is the Little Park. But on the s side 
 of the town is a much larger park, called 
 the Great' Park, which is 14 miles in cir- 
 cumference. On the death of the last ran- 
 ger, Henry Frederic, duke of Cumberland, 
 his majesty took the management of this 
 park into his own hands, and has made con- 
 siderable improvements with respect to beau- 
 ty and utility. Windsor contains six prin- 
 cipal and several inferior streets. It was 
 constituted a free borough in the ,5th year 
 of king Edward I. and has regularly return- 
 ed members to parliament ever since the 
 2,5 th of Henry VI. It contains several 
 alms-houses and other charities : has a 
 weekly market on Saturday, and three an- 
 nual fairs. In 1801, the population w^as 
 3301, and in 1811, 6145. It is 17 miles n 
 by E of Reading, and 22 w of London^ Lon 
 0 36 w, lat. 51 30 n. 
 
 Wifuiendeuy a town and castle in the 
 duchy of Wirtemburg, Swabia, 12 miles ene 
 of Stutgard. 
 
 Windward Islands, such of the Carribean 
 Islands, in the West Indies, as lie between 
 Martinique and Tobago. 
 
 Windward Passage, the strait between 
 Point Maizi, at the e end of the island of 
 Cuba, and Cape St Nicholas, at the nw ex- 
 tremity of Hispaniola. 
 
 Winington, a town in Shropshire, nw of 
 Cowes Castle^ la this parish was born, in 
 
 W I N 
 
 148 3, Thomas Parr,xvho lived to the age of 
 152 years. 
 
 Winnicza, a town of Podolia, Poland, 
 capital of a territory of the same name, 
 stands on the Bog, 35 miles n of Brack- 
 law, 
 
 Winnipeg, or Winnipeck, a lake in Up- 
 per Canada, nw of Lake Superior. It is 
 240 miles long, and irom 50 to 100 broad. 
 It receives the waters of several small 
 lakes in every direction, and con tains a num- 
 ber ot small islands. Its banks aii^ound 
 with the sugar tree and wild rice. 
 
 if innipeg, Little, a lake which lies wcf 
 the former. It is 80 miles long, and 15 
 broad, 
 
 Winshcrough, a post town of the United 
 States, capital of Fairfield cuuniy, South 
 Carolina, stands on the \^'ateree creek 
 which falls into the river of its name. It 
 has a flourishing college, called Mount 
 Zion, 36 miles n by w of Columbia. Lon. 
 15 w, lat. 34 28 n. 
 
 Winschoten, a fortified town of Holland, 
 in Groningen. In 1568, Lewis, brother to 
 the prince of Orange, at tlie head of the re- 
 volted Dutch, defeated the Spaniards at this 
 place. It is situated 19 miles ese of Gro- 
 ningen. 
 
 if insen, a town of Luneburg, Lower 
 Saxony, seated on the Luhe, near its junc'* 
 tion with the Ilmenau, with a castle. It is 
 15 miles wnw of Luneburg. Another,^ 
 stands on the Aller, six miles below Zell, 
 and 47 ssw of Luneburg. 
 
 Winsford, a village in Cheshire, seated on 
 the Weever, has a manufacture of salt, and 
 abundance of salt rock, of which great quan- 
 tities are exported from Liverpool, four miles 
 w by N of Middlewich. 
 
 ifinslow, a town in Buckinghamshire,, 
 on the road leading from London to Bir- 
 mingham. It is of great antiquity, and is 
 at present a neat w'eli built place, consist- 
 ing chiefly of three streets. The parish 
 contains about 110 1 inhabitants, Winslow 
 has a weekly market on Tuesday, and four 
 annual fairs for cattle, besides three for 
 servants, lies seven miles nw of Aylesbury, 
 and 49 wnw of London. 
 
 Winslow, a town in Lincoln oOnnty, dis- 
 trict of Maine, seated on the Kennebec, w'itii 
 a fort, 18 miles n of Harrington. 
 
 Winterberg, a town in the duchy of West- 
 phalia, 12 miles sw of Corbach. 
 
 Winterberg, a town in the circle of Pra- 
 chin, Bohemia, 25 m-iles wsw of Piseck. 
 
 Winterburg, a fowui in the department of 
 Rhine and Moselle, France, lately of Ger- 
 many, in the county of Sponheim, 10 miles 
 WNW of Creutznach, and 12 sse of Sim- 
 mern. 
 
 W inster, a town in Derbyshire, situated 
 near rich mines of lead. It has a market 
 on Saturday, and is 26 miles nnw of 
 Derby. 
 
 H interingham, a town in Lincolnshire, 
 
W I R 
 
 goiTsmed by a mayor, but has no market. 
 
 3t is situated Dear the Humber, miles 
 
 of Lincoln. ^ 
 
 Winterthur, a handsome to*a of Swit- 
 zerland, in the canton ot Zurich. It is si- 
 tuated on the river Ulach. Here are n ne- 
 ral baths, and manufactures of cotton^ 
 striped camlets, and earthen ware. Ih- 
 iti^es made by smiths and turners are m 
 creat estimation, 12 miles bne oi Zurich. 
 
 ^ Winlerton, a town near Wintertonness, on 
 the E coast of Norfolk. On the 
 of Wintertonness is a light house, 10 mile 
 N by w of Yarmouth. 
 
 mnthropy a towu in Lincoln county, 
 district of Maine, ID miles w by s of Har- 
 
 ^^^mntoriy a po4 town of the Unit^ States, 
 capital of Hartford county, Nona Caroima, 
 seated on the Chowan, 12 miles sse of Mur- 
 freesborough, and 30 nw of Edenton. 
 
 Winweiler, a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnere, lately of Germany , capital 
 of the county of Falkenstein, 24 miles wsw 
 of Worms, and 27 nb of Deux Pouts. 
 
 Winwick, a village in Lancashire, said to 
 be the richest rectory in the kingdom. Un 
 the s side of the church is a Latin mscrip- 
 tion, intimating that this was once a avo- 
 
 rite residence of Oswald, king of Northum- 
 
 berland. , _ . 
 
 Wipperfurt, a town of Westphalia, in ^he 
 duchy ol Berg, stands near the source of the 
 Wipper, -25 miles exe of Cologne, and dO 
 
 ESE of Dusseldorf. t m 
 
 Wippra, a town in the county of Mans- 
 feld. Upper Saxony, on the Wipper, 10 miles 
 
 WNvv of Eisleben. . 
 
 Wiraiyov WireJialy a tract in Cheshire. 
 
 It is 16 miles long, and eight broad, and was 
 once a forest. 
 
 Wire. See Wyre. 
 
 Wirksworthy a large populous town ot 
 Derbyshire, remarkable for having the 
 greatest lead market in England. It is 
 principally supported by working the lead 
 mines. .Millstones are dug near this town, 
 and ruins of antimony are sometimes found. 
 
 It comaius 3000 inhabitants, has an hospi- 
 tal a weekly market on Tuesday, and lour 
 annual fairs, and is seated in a valley, near 
 the source ot the Ecciesboni, eight miles N 
 by w’ of Derby. 
 
 V/lRTEMiSURG, or Wurtbnburg, a 
 sovereign d\ichy of Germany, in tbe circie 
 of Swania, 65 miles long, and nearly as 
 broad ; bounded on the n by Franconia and 
 dhe iialaiinate of the Rhine, e and s by se- i 
 veral province.s of Suabia, and w by ibe 
 Black forest and the marquisate ot Rav.eu. 
 It abounds in mountains and woods, but >s 
 one of the mo>t faiitful countries in Germa- 
 ny. Here are mines, salt springs, and plen- 
 ty of game, also Iruit, corn, and tine pas 
 tures, and plenty of Neckar wine, whien 
 takes its name from the river Neckar, whico 
 flows through the duchy. Four miles b of 
 
 W I s 
 
 Stutgard, the capital, stands the sneiem cas- 
 tle of Wirtemburg. ‘ 
 
 Wisbaden, a handsome town of Vi etera- 
 via, Germany, cliiet place of a lordship ol 
 ihat name. Here is a palace belcnging to 
 the prince of Navsuu-U.singen, and soma 
 warm baths formerly mucu resorted to. 
 The adjacent country is bounded by pleasant 
 hills, which yield excellent wdne. It is siJt 
 miles N of xMeutz, and 22 w ot Frank- 
 
 ^^^Wuheach, a town in Cambridgeshire, in 
 the isle of Ely, on a navigable 
 miles from the sea, and may be called the 
 port of Ely. The castle, built by kmg 
 William I. and since rebuilt, has long oeea 
 a palace of the bishops ot Ely. It is well 
 built, and has a considerable trade m the 
 export of corn and oil. The population in 
 1811 was 6300. It has a weekly market 
 oil Saturday, and five annual lairs, and is 
 miles N of Ely, 34 nw of Cambridge, and 
 
 89 N of London, . 
 
 Wisbyy a sea port town of Sweden m 
 Gothland, on the Baltic, capital ot the isle 
 of Gothland, and a bishop’s see, with a cas- 
 tle, 129 miles s by e of Stockholm. Lon. 
 
 18 41 w, lat, 57 36 n. 
 
 Wiscassety a flourishing post town ot tfte 
 United States, in Lincoln county, district ot 
 Maine, stands on the Sheepscut, near the sea, 
 32 miles net of Brunswick. Lon 69 46 w, 
 
 lat. 43 68 N. , j 
 
 Wischgrody a town of Poland, in tne pa- 
 latinate of Plocksko, stands on the Vistula, 
 
 18 miles e by s of Plocksko, and 58 WNW 
 of Warsaw. Lon. 19 50 e, lat. 52 38 n. 
 
 Wislochy a town of Germany, in the pala- 
 tiiiate of the Rhine, OD the Elsatz, 14 tiiiles 
 K by N of Spire. 
 
 Wismary a large town of Mecklenburg, 
 Lower Saxony, with a citadel and a har- 
 bour, at the bottom of a bay ot the Baltic' 
 The most remarkable edifices are tlie three 
 principal churches, the town house, and the 
 palace of Mecklenburg. In 1648. by the 
 peace of Westphalia, it was transferred to 
 Sweden: but it sufiered much in suDsexpieiit 
 wars, particularly in 1716, when u was 
 taken by the northern confederates, wuo, m 
 tbe following year, blew up and razed lU 
 fortificaiions. It is the seat of the Royal 
 Swedish Tribunal for the German dominions 
 of thiit crown. It lies 30 miles e by n ot 
 Lubec, and 33 wsw ot Ro.stocR. Lon. 11 
 
 44 E, lat. 53 54 N. , , • 
 
 WistoHy a borough in Pembrokeshire, go- 
 verned by a mayor, and connected witH 
 Pembroke in sending a member to parlia- 
 ment. Its extensive casile is now in nnnS 
 SIX miles ene of Haverfordwest, and 248 
 
 WNW of London. -i i • 
 
 IVMotm, a hilly parish in Lanarksliire, 
 to which ihat of Roherloim was iiiiued m 
 1772. The united purisn extends about five 
 miles in length along the w hank of the 
 Clyde, and nearly as much in breadth. U 
 ^ ^ ^ 3 N 2 
 
W I T 
 
 contains three villages, viz. Rohertoun, Wis- 
 toun, arid New Town of Wistonn, each of 
 which contains about 1-50 inhabitants. Po- 
 pulation about 767. In 1791, the number 
 was 740, of whom exactly the half were 
 males. Here is an elegant seat of the 
 Macqueens of Braxfield, which was much 
 improved and ornamented by the late lord 
 justice Clerk. In each of the parishes is a 
 public school. Wistoun is a corruption of 
 'Woolstoun, so called from a wool market 
 formerly held here. 
 
 WitepsMy a strong town of Lithuania, ca- 
 pital of a palatinate of the same name, but 
 now subject to Russia, and in the govern- 
 ment of Polotsk. It stands in a morass at 
 the junction of the Widsba and the Dwina, 
 62 miles ese of Polotsk, and 7-5 wnw of 
 Smolensk. Lon. 29 40 e, lat. 55 43 n. 
 
 Witgenau, a town of Lusatia, seated on 
 the Elster, 17 miles nnw of Budissen. 
 
 fVitgenau, a town in the circle of Bechin, I 
 Bohemia, on the Lausnitz, 14 miles e of 
 Eudweis 
 
 TVitgenstein, a castle of Germany, in 
 Westerwald, which gives name to a county 
 appendant to that of Sayii. It stands on a 
 high rock, and is 13 miles nw' of Marburg. 
 
 Witliam, a neat town in Essex, situated 
 on the great road to Harwich, in a salubrious 
 atmosphere, near the Biackwater. The 
 towm has a number of good inns and it is 
 the residence of many families of distinction. 
 Its church stands a mile from the town. 
 Witham spa occasions a great resort of fa- 
 shionable company to this town in summer. 
 Witham contains above 2000 inhabitants, 
 has a weekly msirket on Thursday, and two 
 inconsiderable annual fairs, and is eight 
 miles NE of Chelmsford, and 38 ene of 
 London. 
 
 Witham y a river in Lincolnshire, which 
 ^'aters Lincoln, and thence runs se by Tat- 
 tc-rshall, and enters the German ocean be- 
 low^ Boston. From Lincoln it has a com- 
 munication with the Trent, by a naviga- 
 ble canal called the Fossdike, cut by king 
 Henry I. 
 
 Witlieh, a town in the department of | 
 Sarre, France, lately of Germany, in the 
 archbishopric of Treves. I( has a castle 
 called Ottenstein, and in the vicinity are 
 many copper mines. It stands on the Leser, 
 19 miles ixne of Treves. j 
 
 JVitmundy a town in East Friesland, | 
 Wcstpfialia, on the Harle, 20 miles ne of I 
 Embden. 
 
 Witney, a populous town in Oxfordshire, 
 seated on the Wind rush, noted for its manu- 
 factories of the tinest blank('ts, and other i 
 thick woollens, called bearskins and ker- I 
 seys. 1 m the blanket manufactories there ; 
 are above 3600 pc'ople emplo3 »'ii^ and 80 | 
 packs of wool consult'd weeklju They 
 iuivc also a trade in leather breeches and 
 jackets, which are sent :o the neighbouring i 
 counties, HiTo is an hospital for six poor ' 
 widows of bkiiikct-makors, and a. charity j 
 
 w L o 
 
 school. It has a weekly market on Thu???- 
 day, and three annual fairs, and lies 1 1 mileg 
 WNW of Oxford, and 65 wnw of London. 
 
 Witstock, a town of Brandenburg, in the 
 Mark of Pregiiitz, stands on the river Dosse, 
 noted for its cloth manufactures, 17 miles 
 XNw of Ruppin. 
 
 Wittenberg, a noted town of Germany, 
 capital of Saxony Proper, with a famous 
 university and a castle. Here are held the 
 general assemblies of Upper Saxony. In 
 1517, Martin Luther began the reformation 
 io this place, and he is buried in a chapel 
 belonging to the castle. This town has suf- 
 fered greatly by wars, particularly in 1760, 
 when it was besieged by the Austrians. It 
 is situated on the Elbe, over which is a 
 bridge, 65 miles nw of Dresden. Lon. 13 
 45 E, lat. 51 54 n. 
 
 Wittenhnrg, a town of Brandenburg, in 
 the mark of Pregnitz, situated on the Elbe, 
 seven miles ssw of Perleberg. 
 
 Wittenhnrg, a town in Mecklenburg, 
 Lower Saxony, 15 miles wsw of Schwe- 
 rin. 
 
 Wittenhall, an extensive village in Staf- 
 fordshire, which shares in the trade of Wol- 
 verhampton, from which it lies three miles 
 to the E. • 
 
 Wittenstein, a town in the government of 
 Livonia, Russia, 40 miles se of Revel. 
 
 Wittlesey-mere, a lake in the ne part of 
 Huntingdonshire, six miles in length and 
 three in breadth, four miles se of Peterbo- 
 rough. 
 
 Witzeiihausen, a town in Lower Hesse, 
 Germany, on the Werra, 18 miles n by e of 
 Casse) . 
 
 Wivelscomh, a town in Somersetshire, si- 
 tuated on the Tone. It has had a woollen 
 manufacture for above two centuries. It 
 contains near 1600 inhabitants, has a week- 
 ly market on Tuesday, an hospital for 12 
 poor people, and tw^o annual fairs, and is 20 
 miles N of Exeter, and 153 w by s of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Wivenhoe, a village in Essex, on the 
 Coin, three miles se of Colchester, of which 
 it is the port. It has a custom house, and 
 the Colchester oysters are barrelled at this 
 place. 
 
 Wladikairkas, a town and fortress in the 
 province of Caucasia, Russia, stands at the 
 E extremity of the valley of the Terek, on 
 the right bank of the river. It is the key to 
 the military road into Georgia through the 
 Caucasus, 30 miles w by s of Kiziar,and 90 
 E of Catharinograd, 
 
 Wiadislaw, a town of Poland, capital of 
 a palatinate of the same name, and of the 
 province of' Cujavia, with a iort. It is the 
 residence of the bishop of Cujavia, and is 
 seated on the Vistula, 98 miles wnw of 
 Worsttw. Lou. 18 50 E, lat. 52 54 n. 
 
 Wiodximibrz, a town, in Voihinia, Little 
 Poland, CM the Bug, with a castle, 46 miles 
 w of Lucko. 
 
 Wloiho, a town in the county of Ravens- 
 
WOK 
 
 turg, Westphalia, stands on the Weser, se- 
 
 ven miles sw of Mioden. , . i • i j,, 
 WOAHOO, one of the Sandwich islands, 
 lying to the NW of Morotoi, at the distance 
 of sfven leagues. From the “ 
 
 the KE and nw pans, it is the finest island 
 nf the PTOim. A bay is formed by the tm 
 and w extremities, into which a river flows 
 
 TXT r\ T 
 
 has a market on Tuesday, and two annual 
 
 ^ n'olau, a strong town of Silesia, capital 
 of a duchy of the same name, with a htiB 
 castle, and many handsome buildings, lha 
 o-reatest part of the inhabitants are employed 
 " fn the woollen manufactory. It is situated 
 vhich a river nows ,, near the Oder, surrounded hy a 
 tlnongh a deep valley. tLely any t^ng , miles Ew of Breslau. Bon. lb 4a E, lat. 
 
 can exceed t''® iii'L'ted 1 IFo/iee/c, a town in the principality of 
 
 dStayk The island contains about 
 
 Jll*T)Vd • • t T 
 
 Woldeck, a town in AIccklenburg, Lowt 
 Saxony, 21 miles ene of Strelitz. , . • 
 
 WoJfachy a town and castle of Suabia, m 
 
 the principality of Furstenburg, stands on a 
 
 river of its name, at its junction with the 
 Kintzig, 19 miles nne of Friburg. 
 
 WOLFENBUTTLE, a’ principality ot 
 Lower Saxony, which constitutes a part oi 
 the duchy of Brunswick. The n part pro- 
 
 inhabitants. Lieutenant ^ergist, who had 
 been sent from England, in 179 , wit ha 
 supply of provisions for captain Vancouve , 
 then L a voyage of discovep’, was here sur- 
 prised and murdered by the “a*'''®®’ ^ j 
 Mr Gooch, the astronomer. Lon. 157 5i 
 
 ' Woburn, a town in Bedfordshire. It w'as 
 
 formerly famous for 'j dTc^rb'iindance'of grass, grain, flax, hemp 
 
 belongs to the duke of Bedlord, and “J'® I of pulse and fruit. 
 Lun.ry seat. The ^4*;’ Tpan is hill fand has little arable 
 
 she late duke on the site of the an®’®"‘ ^ ^ • j ,g of timber and iron ; 
 
 bey, equally celebrated tor its ho pitality as and, biU^y^em^^P ^^^y 
 
 tv,r its suleiidour, is (ne principal ornan _ joelain, with a very rich mine of salt m 
 
 the HartK Forest. The principal rivers are 
 the Weser, Leine, and Ocker. Tlie esta- 
 blished religion is the Lutheran. 
 
 Wolfenbuttle, a strong city of Lower 
 Saxony, capiial of the above principaliljs 
 with a castle, in which the dukes loDg resid- 
 ed. Here is a cabinet of curiosities relat- 
 i ing to natural history, and a valuable ii- 
 ' brary. The ducal great school, or academy , 
 is famous. In the principal church is the 
 burying place of the princes, which is an 
 elegant piece of architecture. This town 
 stands in a marshy soil on the Ocker, seven 
 miles s by w of Brunswick, and ao w ot 
 Halberstadt. Lon. 10 45 B, lat. 52 10 N. 
 
 WOLFERSPIKE, an island of Holland, 
 in Zealand, between North and South 
 Beveiand. 
 
 Wolfsherg^ a town of Lower Carmthia, 
 on which a district about it, of 20 miles m 
 
 for its splendour, is the principal ornamen 
 of this town. Here are a free school am 
 a charity school, for the instruction and 
 clothing of 30 boys and i5 guls. In the 
 church are several ancient ^^^numents. 
 The town was burnt down in 1724. 
 it is found great plenty of fuller's earth. It 
 
 carries on a.very considerable manulacUire 
 
 of thread laee and jockey caps. It con- 
 tains about 1860 inhabitants, and has an ex- 
 cellent weekly market on Friday, for butter 
 and cheese, and four annual lairs. L is 
 12 miles s of Bedford, and 42 Nttw of Lon- 
 
 Wodenshorovgb, a town in Kent, near 
 
 Sandwich. . . 
 
 Wodniariy a towui of Bohemia, in the cir- 
 cle of Pracbiii, on the Bianitz, 12 miles s of 
 1 • 
 
 Woerden. See Voerden. 
 
 Wokeii, or Obey, a village in Somerset- 
 shire. on the s side of the Mendip mils, two 
 
 kn leet fn°"heTghfltsC- ll 
 
 a spacious vault 80 feet in height, resem- 
 bling the inside of a cathedral, the roof 
 composed of pendant rocks, whence a clear 
 water of a petrifying quality continually 
 drops. From this a narrow passage leads 
 to a second grotto; and beyond a second 
 narrow passage is a third grotto. The ex- 
 tremity is more than 200 yards from its en- 
 trance". A rivulet glides through this ca- 
 vern 'which turns several mills soon after it 
 
 issues from it. _ 
 
 Woking y a small town m 
 river Wye, five miles nke ot Guiliord. It 
 has a very neat nuuket house. In the ma- 
 ncr hmise here died Margaret, countess of 
 Richmond, mother of Henry VIT. Ihe 
 shell of the guard room still remains. H 
 
 JVoIgasty a -uell built and considerable 
 town ofUpper Saxony, in Hither Pomerania, 
 capital of a territory of the same name, with 
 one of the best and largest harbours on the 
 Baltic. The tower of its ancient castle is 
 still standing. It is seated on the Peene. 
 It is subject to Sweden, and is 25 miles sB 
 of Stralsund, and 54 x w of Stettin. Lon. J 4 
 4 E, lat. 54 In. 
 
 Wolnfienniorck. See J oke/n) or. <. 
 
 H^olkensteia, a town in the circle of Erz- 
 geherg, Lower Saxony, has a castle on a 
 ! rock, near the Zscliopa, 15 miles ssB c) 
 
 ! Chemnitz. , c 
 
 WoLkonigsky a town in the palatinate of 
 Novogrodeck, Lithuania, stamLs on the Ilos, 
 } 23 miles se of Grodno, 
 
w o o 
 
 of Novogcrod, 100 
 Novogorod. Lon. 
 
 ^^olkGjJcoiy a town 
 miles SE of the ci!y of 
 34 20 E, lat. 57 n. 
 
 ^ollin, a fonined town of Upper Saxo- 
 ny, in Hither Poiiierania, with a imrbour on 
 tne Baltic. It is the capital of an island of 
 the same name, between the two branches 
 of the Oder, and belongs to the king of 
 Prussia. It is seated on the Diwenow, 10 
 miles w of Camin, and .SO n of Stettin. 
 
 Lon. 14 39 e, iat. <54 4 n, 
 
 T'/olmar, a town of Livonia, 38 miles n 
 of Kiga. 
 
 Wolmirstadty a town in the duchy of 
 Magdeburg, Lower, Saxony, seated on the 
 Ohra, 10 miles n of Magdeburg. 
 
 ^Volsingham, a town in the county of 
 Durham, with a market on Tuesday, stands 
 on the Wear, surrounded by mines of coal 
 and lead. It has a fair May 18th, 16 miles 
 of Durham, and 267 nkw of Lon- I 
 
 don. 
 
 miverliampton, a large and flourishing | 
 
 4own in Staffordshire. It is chiefly noted i 
 for its iron manufactory, consisting of locks, 
 hinges, buckles, cork-screws, and japanned 
 ware. The locksmiths are the most inge- 
 iuous in England, and perhaps in the world. 
 
 It IS very populous, and most of the streets 
 ere broad and paved. The church is colle- 
 giate, and is annexed to the deanery of Wind- 
 sor. Here a very handsome chapel. The > 
 number of inhabitants in 180], was 12,666, 1 
 
 the freemen, who amount to about 200. 
 Here Alfred the great translated Boetius c/g 
 consolatione Philosophirt, It has a manu- 
 lacture of steel chains for w*atches, and ex- 
 cellent glmres. . It has a weekly market on 
 iuesday, and eight annual fairs, and is 
 ! eight miies nw of Oxford, and 62 wnw of 
 i London. 
 
 i Woodstock, the capital of Shenandoah 
 I counH^, Virginia, seated on a branch of 
 the Stienandoah. It is situated 24 miles 
 ^ ssw of Winchester, and 80 w\w of Alexan- 
 j dria. 
 
 ^ yVoGdstown, a post town of Salem county, 
 New Jersey, 12 miles n by e of Salem, and 
 26 ssw of Philadelphia. 
 
 Woohr, a town in Northumberland, situa- 
 ted on the side of a hill, with a market on 
 j Thursday, seated on the river Till, near (he 
 
 WOO 
 
 capital of Woucester couaty. 
 
 New Jersey, stands on the Delaware, nine 
 I miles s of Philadelphia. ' 
 
 a village in Gloucester- 
 shire, noted lor its manufactures of broad 
 cloth and silk. In the church yard is a 
 esselated pavement, 120 feet in length, said 
 to have been the floor of the habitalfou of a 
 Homan general. Oiher Roman antiquities 
 strouif*’'^” fiiicovered here, two miles s of 
 
 H'oods, Lake of the, a lake of North 
 America, which makes part of the north 
 boundary of the Western territory. It is 90 
 niiles long, and .SO where broadest, but in 
 shape IS vCTj# irregular. It is situated be- 
 tween the Winnipeg and lake Superior, and 
 IS part.y m the territory of the United Stales, 
 and partly in Upper Canada. In the lake 
 are several islands, and its banks are covered 
 with oaks, pines, firs, «fec. 
 
 fVoodstock, a well built town in Oxford- 
 shire, governed by a mayor, situated on a 
 rising ground, upon a rivulet. It is chiefly 
 remarkable for Blenheim house. See Elen 
 heim. In Blenheim park formerly stood a 
 rnagnificent royal palace. Henry I. beau- 
 tihed the palace, and here resided Rosamond 
 the mistress of Henry II. Roth Edmund, 
 the second son of Edmund I. (called Ed- 
 mund of W^ooclstoek,) and Edward the 
 Black Prince, were born here. This was 
 uie prison of Elisabeth, when confined by 
 her sister Mary. After the building of 
 
 don. 
 
 Woloe^j, a town in Warwickshire, which 
 had once a market, _and has siiil a fair. 
 
 Here Edward IV. was surprised and taken 
 prisoner by B iehard Nevil, earl of Warwick 
 five miles se of Nuneaton. ^ 
 
 Womeldorf, a post town of the United 
 States, in Berks county, Pennsylvania, 68 
 miles NW of Philadelphia. 
 
 yVoodbriagc, a town in Suffolk, situated 
 lOn the E siile ot a sandy hill, on the river 
 Deben, about eight miies from the Sr-a. Its 
 principal .stieet.s are well built and paved. 
 
 It bus about 2760 iuhabiiauLs. Here are 
 ;several docks ior building vessels, with 
 •vvharls and quaj s. It has a good corn trade, 
 and is Innious for refining salt. The town 
 has a gocd trade wiiii London, Newcastle, 
 liolland, nnd other places, in piaiik.s, butter’ i, 
 
 il resorted 'to in sum: 
 
 an? has a iiiir'ilee ,1 f .“irf vici- 
 
 and has a tine sieej,lc. It has a weekly’ ij ni(y'„„' Holjfood" dayf irid02,?hrScws' 
 
 eu lor DC sale of f; were defeated in a battle which was .so 
 
 inarkei on Wednesdaj', noted 
 
 hemp and cordage, and two annual fairs, ami 
 seven miles ene of Ipswich, and 77 ne 
 of London, 
 
 yioodbridge, a town in Mudeliesex county, 
 New Jersey, three miles n by w of Amboy; 
 and 70 NE of Philadelphia. 
 
 bloody, that it gave t.he name of lledriggs to 
 lije place where it was fought. Here lire 
 fairs May 4th, and October J7th, where 
 j much line stock is shewn, 18 miles s of Bet- 
 I wick, and 317 n by w of Loudon. 
 iVootpit. Sue IVulpit, 
 
W O R 
 
 Woolwich^ a town in Kent, situated on > 
 tlie Thames, and of great note for being the j 
 most ancient military and naval arsenal in ^ 
 England, and its large docks and yards ; ^ 
 and its vast magazines of great guns, mor 
 tars, bombs, cannon balls, powder, and other 
 military stores : men of war were built here 
 as early as the reign of Henry VIII. Here 
 is a fouiidery for casting ordnance, and a 
 
 laboratory, wdiere fireworks and cartridges 
 are made, and bombs, carcases, grenados <fec. 
 charged for public service. Here are also 
 ext^uisive artillery barracks for the accomo- 
 dation of the officers and privates. A royal 
 military' academy has been established here, 
 between 60 and 70 years for instructing 
 young geutleruen in the principles ot lortiti- 
 cation and other branches of military science. 
 The number of inhabitants e.xclusive of the 
 military and engineer corps which are alw^ays 
 here, in 1801 was 9S26, and in 18 11, IT, 054. 
 Ships of any rate may lie here with safety at 
 all times. Tbe tov/n has a good weekly 
 market on Friday, for provisions, and is 
 eight miles e ot London, Lon, 0 10 e, lat. 
 
 15 30 N. 
 
 JVcrcestcr, a large and handsome city in 
 Wore stershire, capital of that county, plea- 
 santly and cornmodiously situated on the e 
 bank of the Severn. It is a bishop's see, and 
 besides the cathedral contains nine churches, 
 and two more without the walls ot the city ; 
 also meeting houses for various denominations. 
 Edgars tower is part of its ancient castle. 
 Here are three grammar schools, seven hos- 
 pitals, and a public infirmary. It is gover- 
 ned by a mayor, and sends tw’o members to 
 parliament who are elected by the freemen 
 at large whether resident or nonresident. 
 It is a county of itself, is divided into seven 
 wards, and gives the titles of marepuis, earl, 
 and viscount to the duke ot Beaufort. Here, 
 in 1651, Cromwell gained a victory over the 
 Scotch army, which had marched into Eng- 
 land to reinstate Charles II. who, after this 
 defeat, escaped with difficulty into France. 
 It is well inhabited, and carries on a con- 
 siderable trade, in the manufacture of 
 woollen stuffs, horse hair, cloth and gloves. 
 It has also a manufactory of eiegant china 
 w'are. It has a well contrived quay. In 
 1801 it contained 13,671 inhabitants, and in 
 1811, 13,814. It has weekly markets on 
 Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, the latter 
 chiefly for hops, and three annual fairs, and 
 is 36 miles nne of Bristol, and ill wnw of 
 London. Lon. 0 w, lat. 52 10 n. 
 
 Worcester y the capital of Worcester coun- 
 ty, and the largest inland town ol New Eng- 
 land, lies about 45 miles w, of Boston. It 
 bas upwards ot 2000 inliabitauts, who have 
 a large inland trade, and mauufac lures ot 
 pot and pearl ash, cotton, and linen goods, 
 and other articles. It stands in a healthy 
 vale, 45 miles w by s of Boston. Lon. 7 1 
 55 w, lat. 42 20 y. 
 
 WORCESTEllSHIRC, a county of Eng- 
 
 W O R 
 
 land, bounded on the n by Sliropshire and 
 Staffordshire, on the e point by Warwick- 
 shire, on the sw by Herelordshire, and on the 
 s by Gloucestershire; extending about 30 
 miles in length from n to s and 20 in 
 breadth. It is divided imo seven hundreds, 
 and contains one city, 10 market towns, 
 three of wdiich are repre.sented m parliament, 
 viz. Bewdlev, Evesham, and Droitwich, 152 
 parishes, and in 1801, 139,333 inhabitant.s, 
 i and ill 1811, 160,546. The air is very heal- 
 j thy, and the soil in the vales and meadow's 
 ! very rich producing corn and pasture, parti- 
 I cularly the rich vale of Evesham. The 
 
 Evesham hilLs, most entitled to notice are 
 ; the Licky in the n, the Bredon hills towards 
 , the SE, and the Malvernhills in the svv^ 
 i They feed large flocks of sheep* the wool of 
 I which is highly prized. In this county were 
 two forests, which are now nearly destroyed 
 by the .salt and iron w'orks. It abounds in 
 fruit of most sorts, particularly pears, which 
 in many places are found growing in the hed- 
 ges. The county abounds with coal. The 
 chief commodities of trade are coal, corn, 
 hops, cloth, cheese, cyder, perry, and salt. 
 
 'j he principal rivers are the Severn, the Teme, 
 
 * the Stour and Avon. The freeholders who are 
 numerous, and as a body independent elect 
 two members to represent them in parliament, 
 
 Worcum, a town of Holland, situated on 
 the Zuyder Zee, with a harbour, 18 miles 
 sw of Lewardin. 
 
 pp^orcum, a town of S Holland, stands on 
 the s side of the Meuse, just below the june- 
 lion of the Waal, eight miles nnw of Hues- 
 i den. 
 
 Worden, a town in the duchy of Holstein, 
 Lowa^r Saxony, seated on the Elbe, 10 miles 
 NNW' oiGiuckstadt 
 
 Worden Grossen, a towm in the duchy of 
 Bremen, Lower Saxony, 10 miles nnw of 
 I Stade. 
 
 j Wordingborg, a sea-port of Denmark, on 
 ; the s coast of the island of Zealand, from 
 I which there is a much frequented passage to 
 I the islands of Falster and Laiarid. It is 
 i 46 miles ssw of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 58 E, 
 
 ' lat. 55 3 N. 
 
 ' Woringeuy a town late of the elect or ate 
 ! of Cologne, now annexed to France, in the 
 i department of the Roer. It is eight miles 
 j Nw of Cologne. 
 
 I Workington, a large, ancient, and popu- 
 i lous tow'n in Cumberland, situated on the s 
 j side of the Derwent, with a commodious har- 
 I hour, on the coast of the Irish sea. The ri- 
 j ver ad .its vessels of 400 tons burden. The 
 I town is very irregularly built. Ship-bnild- 
 j ing, .sail-cloth, and the muslin manufactory 
 are conducted here, with large breweries 
 and much trade in timber. It has long been 
 famous for its thread. It has also a share 
 in the Baltic and W India irade.s, but the 
 coul trade is its chief support. This town 
 has but one church, but there are meeting- 
 houses belonging to different cks3e.s of dis- 
 
W O R 
 
 sinters. The population in IS61,v/as 6766, 
 and in I8il, o*8C7. Mary queen of Scots, 
 lauded at (his port, when she was driven to 
 lake relume in England, and was hospita1)ly 
 entertained in Workington-hall, the ancient 
 seat of the family of Curwen, and the room 
 m which she slept is still called the queen’s 
 chamber. About a mile distant, are the Sea- 
 ton irou-w'orks, which are well worth the 
 attention of strangers. Near it are exten- 
 sive coal works. It has a weekly market 
 on Wednesday, and two annual fairs, and 
 
 eight miles w by s of Cockermouth, and 
 502 NNw of London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 64 
 d2 N. 
 
 Worksop, a neat town in Nottinghamshire, 
 leland says it was ancienily called Rade- 
 fcrd. On t_,e w side of the town is a cir- 
 cular hill on which formerly stood a castle. 
 The gate of its ancient abbey still remains, 
 and also its church, with two lofty towers 
 at the w end. The vicinity was formerly 
 remarkable for the growing of liquorice. 
 Near the town is the noble seat of the duke 
 of Norfolk, the ancient struemre of which 
 ■was burnt in 1764, and two miles to the se is 
 Clumber park, the seat of the duke of New- I 
 oasiie. The canal from Trent to Chester- | 
 field passes near this pi ace. It has a week- j 
 ly market on ednesday, noted for the sale j 
 of malt, and four annual fairs, and lies 24 * 
 miles .\.of Nottingham, and 146 n by w of | 
 London. { 
 
 ^ Worms, an ancient, large, and celebrated j 
 city, latel}' an im])eriai city of Germany, in 
 the palatinate of the Rhine, and the capital 
 of a bishopric of its name, and its bishop a 
 sovereign prince of the empire. It is cele- 
 brated for a diet held in 1521, in which Lu- 
 ther assis.ed in person. The principal Lu- I 
 theran church has a beautiful altar and fine jj 
 paintings. In the war of 1689, it was taken Ij 
 by the French, and almost reduced to ashes. '| 
 Here, in 17^3, a treaty was concluded be- j 
 tween Great Britain, Hungary, and Sardi- 
 nia. It surrendered to the French in 1792, 
 was evacuated next year, retaken in 1794, 
 but now partly annexed to France, in the de- 
 t artment of Mont Toimerre, of which it is I 
 the capital. The magistrates, and many of I 
 140 citizens are protesiants ; but the magni- 
 'iicent cathedral belongs to the Catholics. 
 
 It is situated on the Rhine, 20 miles nw of 
 •Heidelberg, and 27 ssw of Mentz. Lon. 8 
 28 E, lat. 49 36 n. 
 
 Wcrslaj, a town in Lancashire, where is 
 the greatest manufacture of black lead pen- 
 cils. Herethe duke of Bridgewater’s canal for 
 conveying coals to Manchester commeuced 
 iu 1769. It is noted lor immense coal 
 works. In 180 I , the population was 5062, 
 and in LSI I, 6151, and is seven miles wnw 
 of Manchester. 
 
 Wars lead, or Worsted, a town in Nor- 
 folk, remarkable for being tlie place where 
 worsteds were first niade^ It has likewise 
 a manufaciure of worsted- stuffs, and of 
 stockings both knit and wove. It has a 
 
 
 %V R I 
 
 weekly market on Saturday, and an annual 
 fair, and is 12 miles n of Norwich, and 121 
 NE of London. 
 
 Worthinpton, a post town in Hampshire, 
 county, Massachusetts, 19 miles w by n of 
 Norlbampton. 
 
 Wuitoii-Basset, a town in Wiltshire, with 
 a weekly market, on Friday. It is of mean 
 appearance, but is a borough both by pre- 
 scription and charter, governed by a mayor, 
 two aldermen, and 12 capital burgesses.*' It 
 is represented in parliament by tw^ members 
 chosen by the inhabitant householders, about 
 200 in number. It has three annnal fairs, 
 30 miles n of Salisbury, and 88 w of Lon- 
 don, 
 
 Wotton Under Edge, a corporate town in 
 Gloucestershire. It is governed by a mayor, 
 has a stately church, a free school, and an 
 almshouse. It has been long famed for its 
 cloth manufacture, one house only, employing 
 4000 persons. It has a weekly market on 
 Friday, and an annual fair, and is situated 
 on a gentle declivity under fine hills, 20 
 miles NE of Bristol, and 109 wnw of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Wraghy, a town in Lincolnshire. It has 
 a weekl}^ market, on Thursday, a well en- 
 dowed almshouse, and two annual fairs, 
 and lies 1 1 miles ene of Lincoln, and 143 
 N of London. 
 
 Wreldn, a very beautiful hill or moun- 
 tain, of gradual ascent and much of it co- 
 vered with wood, stands in a fertile district 
 of Shropshire, near the Severn. It was a 
 famous Roman station, and is 1320 feet 
 above sea level. A common toast in the 
 country is “ Ail friends round the Wrekin.’^ 
 eight miles ese of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Wrentham, a town in Norfolk count)^ 
 Alassachusetts, 27 miles ssw of Boston. 
 
 Wrath, Cape, a vast promontory in Su- 
 therlandshire, which forms the nw point of 
 Britain. Lon. 4 43 w, lat. 58 35 n. 
 
 Wrexham, a town in Denbighshire, the 
 most populous one in the county, and indeed 
 in all North ^¥ales. It is a place of consi- 
 derable traffic, and noted for its llannels, 
 and an annual fair in March which lasts 
 nine days, and is attended by manufacturers 
 and dealers from Ireland, and many great 
 towns in England. It has the language and 
 appearance of an English town. It has a 
 large church with a lofty steeple, and 
 two large meeting-houses. In 1801 the po- 
 pulation was 4039, and in 1811, 4524. It 
 has a cannon foundery, with manufactories 
 of military instruments in its vicinity. It 
 hct.s weekly markets on Monday, and Thurs- 
 day, and four annual fairs ; and is seated on 
 a branch of the river Dee, 13 miles w by 
 s of Cbestor, and 188 nw of London. Lon, 
 
 3 10 w, lat. 53 2 N. 
 
 tVreieze?},, or llrictzcn, a town in the Mid- 
 le JHark, Brandenburg, seated on a lake 
 ormed by the inundations of the Oder, 37 
 aiies ENE of Berlin. 
 
 /Eri/Han; a town in Sonaersetshire, sitiia- 
 
 1 
 
W U R 
 
 ted among the Mendip hills. It scarcely 
 contains 1000 inhabitants. In the vicinity 
 are the most noted mines for calamine. 
 Much teasel is produced here, and sold to 
 the cloth manufacturers. The celebrated 
 John Locke was born here in a house on the 
 N side of the church-yard. The town has a 
 weekly market on Tuesday, and an annual 
 fair. It stands near the source of the \eo, 
 
 nine miles N of Wells, and 125 w of Lou- 
 don. . , 
 
 Wrathamy a town in Kent, with a mar- 
 ket on Tuesday. The church is large, and 
 contains 16 stalls, and the archbishops o. 
 Canterbury formerly had a palace here. It 
 has a fair April 23d, and is 11 miles wnw of 
 Maidstone, and 24 miles se of London. 
 
 fVroxetery a town m Shropshire, on tbe 
 banks of the Severn, five miles se of Shrews- 
 bury, said to have been a city built by the 
 Britons, three miles in circuit, surrounded by 
 a, thick wall, and a deep trench, of which 
 there are vestiges in several places. At low 
 water traces ot bridge are disceruable. 
 
 fVulpity or JVoolpit, a town in Suffolk, 
 noted lor making white bricks. It is situa- 
 ted n miles Nw of Ipswich. 
 
 Wunsiedel, a town of Franconia, m the 
 territory of Bayreuth, seated on the Rosslau. 
 In the vicinity are iron and copper mines, 
 and marble quarries. It is 12 miles w of 
 Egra, and 34 E of Bayreuth. . . . 
 
 fVunnenberg, a town in the principality ot 
 Paderborn, Westphalia, took its name from 
 a victory gained by Charlemagne over the 
 Saxons in 974. It is 14 miles s of Pader- 
 
 born. . 
 
 Wunschelhurgy a town in the county ot 
 Glatz, Silesia, has a good trade in yarn, 10 
 miles wxw of Glatz. 
 
 fVunsdorfy a town in tbe principality ot 
 Calenburg, Lower Saxony, 10 miles wnw of 
 Hanover. 
 
 WurtenJburg, See Wirtemburg. 
 Wurtzburgy a late bishopric and modern 
 arch duchy of Franconia. It is about 65 
 miles long and 50 broad, and divided into 50 
 bailiwics, bounded on tbe N by Henneberg, 
 E by Bamberg, s by Anspacht, HoMenlohe, 
 and Margentheim, and w by Werthiim, 
 Mentz, and Fulda. The soil is very fertile, 
 producing pleuty of corn and wine. Tbe ter- 
 ritories of the archduke comprehend above 
 400 towns and villages, of which he is sove- 
 reign, he is brother of the emperor of Austria, 
 and was formerly the Grand Duke of Tuscany 
 While it was a bishopric, its sovereign was 
 one of the greatest ecclesiastical princes ol 
 the empire. In 1803, it was given as a prinh 
 cipality to tbe elector of Bavaria, and in 1805 , 
 by the treaty or Presburg, it was ceded to 
 the archduke Ferdinand, in lieu of Salzburg. 
 
 fVurtzburgy a large and handsome city, 
 the capital of the archbishopric of the same 
 name. Here are a magnificent palace, 
 au arsenal, an university, and a hand- 
 some hospital. The fortress is seated on an 
 «mitiencC) and comnati^tcatos witll 
 
 WYE 
 
 by a stone bridge. It contains the late epis- 
 copal palace, and a church, supposed to be 
 the oldest in Franconia. Besides the cathe- 
 dral, are several collegiate and parish chur- 
 ches, colleges, abbeys, and convents. It has 
 a cannon and bell foundery ; also manufac- 
 tures of cloth and stuff, established in the 
 house of correction. In 1796, this city was^ 
 taken by the French, and soon after retaken, 
 but they became masters of it again in 1800. 
 It is situated in the river Maine, 40 milos 
 
 sw of Bamberg, and 60 ese of Frankfort. 
 Lon. 10 14 E, lat, 49 46 n. 
 
 fVurzachy a town in the county of Wald- 
 burg, Swabia has a castle, and stands on tho 
 Aitrach, 17 miles n of Wangen, and 28 s by 
 w of Ulm. 
 
 WurtzeUy a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia, with a castle. Being formerly a 
 bishop^s see, it has a cathedral and two chur- 
 ches. It has a great trade in beer, and h^ 
 fine bleaching grounds for linen. It is si*- 
 tuated on the Muldau, 15 miles e of LeipsiCi 
 and 44 wnw of Dresden. 
 
 fVtisterhaussnj a town in the Middle 
 Mark, Brandenburg, on the Spree, 15 miles 
 ssE of Berlin.— Another on the Dosse, IT 
 miles ENE of Havelberg, and 44 nw of Ber- 
 lin. 
 
 Wustrauy a town in the duchy of Lune- 
 burg. Lower Saxony, stands at the junctioa 
 of the Durame and Jetze, 14 miles s of Dan- 
 neberg. 
 
 Wgcky a town in the department of the 
 Lower Meuse, situated on the Meuse, oppo- 
 site to Maestricht. Lon. 5 41 e, lat. 50 
 52 N. ^ . 
 
 Wgek de Duerstadt, a town of HoUand, 
 in the late republican department of the 
 Rhine, five miles from Rhenen, and 1 1 from 
 Utrecht. 
 
 fVycomhy See Chipping fVyccmb. It 
 is situated on the Wyck. Between this and 
 Marlow are many corn and paper mills, 12 
 miles SSE of Aylesbury, and 31 wnw of Lou- 
 don. 
 
 JVyey a town in Kent, whose market is 
 now disused, stands on the Stour, 10 miles 
 ssw of Canterbury, and 55 se of Loudon. 
 
 yVye, or Fe, a river of Holland, or ratheic 
 an arm of the Zuider Zee, out of which 
 vessels go, by the river Spar, into the lake 
 of Haerlem. 
 
 tVyey a river that rises on the s side ot 
 Plinlimmon, in the s part ot Montgomery- 
 shire, near the source of the Severn. It 
 crosses the ne corner of Radnorshire, by 
 Rehyadergoury, where is a fine cataract, 
 and flowing between this county and Breck- 
 nockshire, it enters Herefordshire, passing 
 by Hay to Hereford, a few miles below 
 which it receives the Lug, then running by 
 Ross and Monmouth, separating the coim- 
 lies ot Monmouth and Gioucesier, it enters 
 the Severn below Chepsiow. It is navigable 
 almost to Hay, and a canal from Heretord 
 to Gloucester forms a commujaioatioa be- 
 ween Wye aikl Sevem, 
 t 
 
X A T 
 
 Wymondham, a town in Norfolk, with a 
 market on Friday. It has a manufacture of 
 small wooden ware, and a free school 
 founded by queen Elisabeth. The church is 
 part of an ancient abbey, and on its lofty 
 steeple was hanged Ket the rebel, in the 
 reign of Edward VI. nine miles wsw of 
 Norwich, and 100 nne of London. 
 
 Wyl. See WeiL 
 
 IVynendale, a town in the department of 
 Lys, 12 miles se of Ostend. 
 
 Wyre, a river in Lancashire, which enters 
 the Irish sea below Poulton. The mouth of 
 this river is about nine miles w of Garstrang, 
 and 12 sw of Lancaster. 
 
 X 
 
 a sea-port in Valencia, Spain, 
 near the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 44 miles ke of Alicant. Lon. 0 3 e, lat. 
 38 48 N. 
 
 Xacea, or Saaeca^ a town of Sicily, in 
 the valley of Mazara, with a harbour, and 
 an old castle. Here are manutactures of 
 beautiful vases, and extensive granaries for 
 corn, which with barille and sulphur form 
 the principal exports. Near it are celebra- 
 ted hot baths. It is situated on the e coast, 
 at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles se of 
 Mazara, and 38 ssw of Palermo. 
 
 Xaguuy a sea-port on the se coast of the 
 island of Cuba, and one of the finest in the 
 West Indies, situated on a bay 15 miles in 
 circuit, surrounded by mountains, 84 miles 
 SE of Havana. Lou. 80 45 w, lat. 32 
 10 N. 
 
 Xalapa, a town in the province of TlaS' 
 cala. New Spain. It is 60 miles e of An- 
 gelos. 
 
 Xaltsco, a town of New Spain, in the 
 province of Guadalaxara. It gives name to 
 a district, and lies 14 miles nw of Compos- 
 tella, the capital of the district. 
 
 XALI8CO, a province of New' Spain, 
 
 • extending about 150 miles each way. It 
 has silver mines, and abounds in Indian 
 wheat. Tbe capital is of the same name, 
 and is a bishop^s see. The wealthiest mer- 
 chants of Vera Cruz have houses here, in 
 which they enjoy a cool retreat, while the 
 extreme heat renders the coast almost unin- 
 habitable. It stands at the loot of a basal- 
 tic mountain in a very romantic situation. 
 The population is estimated at 13,000. It 
 is 50 miles wsw .of Vera Cruz, and 130 w 
 by N of Guadalajara. Lon. 96 55 w, lat. 
 19 30 N. But the most considerable place 
 is Compostella. 
 
 Xarayes, a large lake of Paraguay, South 
 America, formed by the river Paraguay, in 
 its course from n to s. , 
 
 Xalim, or St Philip^ formerly a floufi- 
 shiug towa iu Valeacia, Spain, staucls ou 
 
 r.. 
 
 X I M 
 
 i the sideof a hill, by the river Xucar, and has 
 a handsome church, and several fine foun- 
 mins. Having taken part wuth Charles IIL 
 in 1707, Philip V. ordered it to be razed, and 
 a new town to be built called St Philip, 32 
 miles sw of Valencia, and 50 nw of Alicant. 
 Lon. 0 14 w, lat. 39 4 n. 
 
 Xavier, a town in Navarre, Spain, the 
 binh-placeof tbe famous Romish missionary 
 of that name ; 35 miles se of Pamplona. 
 
 Xavier, or Sabi, a town in Guinea, capital 
 of the kingdom of Whidah. A great market 
 for slaves of both sexes, oxen, sheep, dogs, 
 hogs, fish, birds, various commodities of home 
 manufacture, and every thing of European, 
 African or Asiatic, produce, is held every 
 Wednesday and Saturday, about a mile 
 from the town. Xavier is populous, and 
 stands near the river Eupnraies, about seven 
 miles from the sea. Lou. 2 30 e, lat 6 
 40 N. 
 
 Xavier, St, a town of South America, in 
 tbe province of La Plata, 200 miles w of 
 Janeiro. Lon. 50 6 w, lat. 24 0 s. 
 
 Xauocas a town of Peru, seated in a fertile 
 country, on a river of its name, celebrated 
 for its silver mines, 100 miles e of Lima. 
 
 Xenil, a river which has its source in the 
 E part of Granada, Spain, and flowing by 
 Granada, Loxa, and Ecija, falls into the 
 Guadalquiver. 
 
 Xeres, a town in the province of Nicara- 
 gua, New Spain, stands ou a river that falls 
 into Fonseca bay, 70 miles nw of Leon. 
 Lon. 88 20 w, lat. 13 24 n. 
 
 Xeres de Badajoz, a considerable town 
 in Estremadura, Spain, 10 miles s of 
 Badajos. 
 
 Xeres de Guadiana, a town in Andalusia, 
 Spain, 18 miles n by w of Ayamonte. 
 
 Xeres de, le Frontera, a handsome and 
 considerable towm of Spain, in the diocese 
 of Seville, in Andalusia, seated on a rivulet, 
 which soon joins the Guadalete, and is cele- 
 brated for the wine called Sherry. It is 
 15 miles ne of Cadiz, and 38 ssw of Se- 
 ville. 
 
 Xeres de los Caballeros, a town in Estre- 
 madura, stands near the Ardila, 38 miles s 
 of Badajoz. 
 
 Xeres de la Frontera, a town in the 
 southermost part of Zacatecas, a province 
 of Guadalaxara audience, New Spain, 80 
 miles N by e of Guadalaxara.” Lon. 103 
 50 w, lat. 22 22 n. 
 
 Xerica, a town in Valencia, Spain, seated 
 on the Morviedo, at the foot of a mountain, 
 on which are the remains of an ancient 
 castle, 15 miles nw of Segorbe. 
 
 Xeriimenha,a. town in Alentejo, Portugal, 
 18 miles sw of Badajoz, and 36 e of Evora. 
 
 XICOCO, an island of Asia, in Japan, 
 lying between Niphon and Xlmo, about 250 
 miles iu circumference. 
 
 Xicona, a town of Valencia, in Segura, 
 
 15 miles sw of Alicant. 
 
 Ximena, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 stands on the side of a steep rock, near the 
 
Y A N 
 
 Guaaiaro, and has a foundery 
 
 nons and balls ; 18 miles nsw of Gibialtar. 
 
 XIMO, an island of Japan, and the second 
 in size and eminence, to the sw of Xipnon, 
 from which it is divided by a narrow ohan- 
 oel. It is 450 miles in circumlerence. 
 
 a town in Valencia, bpaiii, stands 
 amid mountains, in a couniry tbai produces 
 wine, ’and the valnable lueuicme 
 called Kermes ; lo miles N of Alio<.iit. 
 
 Xncar, a river which rises in t.ie part 
 of New Castile, 
 
 entering the province of Valencid, lalls 
 into tlm gulf of Valencia, at the town of 
 
 ^“xudnogrod, a town of Turkish Crotia, It 
 miles N of Sebenico, and 37 e of Nzara. 
 
 Y ABAQUE, one of the Lucayos or Ba- 
 hama islands, situated w of Meguana 
 
 island. Lat„ 22 30 N. x f ir 
 
 Yackta, a fort in the government ot Ir- 
 kutsk, Russia, stands on the frontiers oi 
 Chinese Tartary, 48 miles ssw t)f Sekngins r. 
 
 Yadkin, a considerable river of N Caroli- 
 na. See Pedee, . 
 
 Yago, St, of St Jamc.?,. an ancient town 
 on the N side of the island of Hispaniola. It 
 is 52 leagues n of the city of 
 The territory of St A'ago contains 28,000 
 souls, and abounds in mines. 
 
 Yaik. See Ural. 
 
 Yaitsk. See Uralsk. , ^ . 
 
 Yakobstadt, a town of Courland, stands 
 on the Dwina, 75 miles ese of Mittau. 
 
 Yakoubovo, a town in the government oi 
 Polotsk, Russia, with a castle. Here in 
 1812, the French were defeated by the Rus- 
 sians in a battle that continued three days ; 
 26 miles n by w of Polotsk. 
 
 YAKUTSK, or Jakutskoi, a province 
 and its capital, in the Russian governnient 
 of Irkutsk, with a wooden lort. The 
 latter is situated on the Lena, 960 miles ne 
 of Irkutsk. Lon. 129 58 e, lat. 62 5 n. 
 
 Yale, a town in the island of Ceylon, ca- 
 pital of a province of the same name, 56 
 miles SE of Candy. 
 
 Yamlio, a town of Asia, in xArabia. Lorn 
 40 10 E, lat. 23 40 N. ’ 
 
 Yamhurg, a town in the government ot 
 Petersburg, Russia, seated on the Luga, 20 
 miles E of Narva. 
 
 Yamina, a. town in Bambara, Negroland, 
 seated near the Niger, 66 miles. sw ot 
 Sego. 
 
 Yang-tcheou, a city of the first rank, in 
 the province of Kiang nan, China, seated on 
 the left bank of the Kian-ku, where the Im- 
 }>erial canal crosses that river. The sur- 
 lounding country is intersected by a number 
 pf canalfi ; and it has a great trade in salt. 
 
 Y A R 
 
 which is made on the sea coai?t of this juris-^ 
 diction, 485 miles s by e of Peking. Lon* 
 
 118 54 E, lat. 32 26 N. 
 
 Yang Tse, a great river of China, wnicti 
 rises in the province of A^iman and alter a 
 course of 400 leagues, enters the Eastern 
 ocean opposite the island of Tsong-meng. 
 
 Yao-gan, a city of (he first rank, in the 
 province of Yiin-nan, China, seated in a 
 territory consisting of mom.iains, fine forests, 
 and fertile valleys, which abound in musk. 
 
 In the vicinity is a salt spring, trom which 
 is made very white salt ; 100 miles w by n 
 of Yun-nan. Lon. 100 45 e, lat, 25 12 n. 
 
 Yao^tcheu, a city of the first rank, m 
 Kiang-si, China, w side of the lake Poyang, 
 TOO miles s of Peking. Lon. 1 16 40 e, lat. 
 
 29 8 N. .r . 1 U. 4 
 
 Yarbvrgh, a town m Lincolnshire, two 
 miles w of Thornton. - ^ ^ 
 
 Yare, a river in Norfolk, formed by the 
 confluence of several streams It passes 
 by Norwich, whence it is navigable to Yar- 
 mouth, below which it falls into the Ger- 
 man Ocean. . « , a 
 
 Yari, a town in Amazonia, Soutn Ameri- 
 ca, at the head of a branch of the Amazon 
 river, sw of Macapa. 
 
 Y ark an, or Irkeu, a town in the country 
 of Cashgur, Tartary, seated in a fertile coun- 
 try, on a river of its name. Here is a palace 
 where the Khan of the Eluth Tartars gene- 
 rally resides, 100 miles se of Cashgur. Lon. 
 79 4 E, lat. 38 40 n. . t 
 
 i Yarm, a towm in the N Riding of York- 
 ! shire, seated on the Tees, with a market on 
 1 Thursday, and has a good trade in com and 
 ! lead ; 17 miles n by e ©f Northallerton, and 
 309 N by w of London. 
 
 Yarmouth, a town in Norfolk, situated 
 on the Yare. It has been long known as 
 one of. the 'principal sea ports of England* 
 The Quay, which extends more than 1000 
 vards along the river, is said to surpass an\ 
 other in Europe, except that of Seville in 
 Spain. On the quay stand the custom-house, 
 the town- hall, and some merchants' houses, 
 resembling palaces. Here are tw’o churches, 
 a theatre, an assembly room, a spacious 
 bowling green, and a bathing room fitted up 
 with every convenience. Here is also an 
 hospital, and twm charity schools, in 
 about 70 children of both sexes are clothed 
 and taught. Its foreign trade is chiefly to 
 the Baltic, Portugal, and the Mediterranean. 
 It also .sends ships to (he Greenland fishery. 
 It has a great trade in the maekeril and 
 herring fisheries. Yarmouth is much ^re- 
 qiienteti as a place for sea-bathing, ihe 
 streets, in general, are very narrow. In 
 18M, the inhabitants amounted to 17,y<7. 
 A lofty steeple here serves as a land-mark 
 for mariners. Off the mouth ol the harbour 
 is a bar, and the many sand bunks at some 
 distance off the const, form the \armoutb 
 roads, so note.l for frequent shipwrecks. 
 Yarmouth is a borough town, governed by a 
 mf^vor, IT aldermen, a recorder, aud 36 
 ’ 3 0 2 
 
y A N 
 
 common conaeilmen, who hold a court of 
 record, in which civil causes to any extent 
 are tried, and a court of admirality, and 
 sends two members to parliament. It has 
 weekly markets ou Wednesday and Satur- 
 day, and an annual fair ; and is 23 miles e 
 of Norwich, and 124 ne of London. Lon. 1 
 45 E, lat. 5Z 6S n. 
 
 Yarmouth, a town in the Nw part of the 
 isle of Wij^ht, on the sea shore, with a forti- 
 fied castle and convenient quay, and stands 
 at the mouth otf the Yar. It is governed by 
 a mayor and the free burgesses, who elect 
 two members to parliament. It has a week- 
 ly market on Friday, and an annual fair ; 
 and is 10 miles w of Newport. 
 
 Yarmouth, a sea port of Massachusetts, 
 in Barnstable county, stands on the n side 
 of the Peninsula of Cape Cod, five miles I 
 NKw of Barnstable. Lon. TO 12 w, lat. 41 i 
 SZ N. 
 
 Yaroslaf, Se.e JaroslauL j 
 
 Yarrowy a mountainous parish in Selkirk- I 
 shire, about 18 miles long, and 16 broad, I 
 where broadest. The arable soil, which lies ! 
 chiefly in the valleys, and on the sides of the 
 hills, varies in qualit}^, but is in general well 
 adapted for culture, although rearing of 
 sheep is the principal branch of husbandry. 
 Though this parish formed once a consider- 
 able part of the forest of Ettrick, it is now, 
 except a few lately formed plantations, en- 
 tirely destitute of wood. Manj Scot the 
 Flower of Yarrow, celebrated for her beau- 
 ty, was the daughter of Mr Scot of Dryhope, 
 in this parish, and was married to Mr Scot 
 of Harden. Her daughter married Gilbert 
 Elliot of Stob’s, ancestor of the late gallant 
 lord Heatbfieid, and of lord Minto. In the 
 parish are several ancient castles. It is in- 
 tersected by the rivers Ettrick and Yarrow, 
 and watered by St Mary^s Loch, and the 1 
 Loch of the Lows. Population is about 1216. ^ 
 
 Yarum, See Yarm. 1 
 
 Yaruki, a village in the kingdom of \ 
 Qiiito, near a plain of the same name, which j 
 plain was choseu by Ulloa and the French j 
 mathematicians, as the base of the opera- j 
 tions for measuring an arch of the meridan, I 
 12 miles ne of Quito. | 
 
 Yaxley, ix neat town, in Huntingdonshire, | 
 near the river Nen, on the road to Peter- j 
 borough, with a nmrket on Tuesday. It is { 
 in general well built, and has a handsome 
 Gothic church with a lofty spire. Barracks 
 and a prison house have been erected here 
 on a very liberal and excdlent plan, for the 
 security of French prisoners. Yaxley stands 
 on un eminence near Wittleseymerc, three 
 miles s of Peterborough, 14 n of Hunting- 
 don, and T8 n of London. 
 
 Yanan-gheoum, a town of Birmnh, cele- 
 brated for supplying the whole empire, and 
 other parts of India, with genuine petroleum. 
 The manufacture of jars to hold the oil em- 
 ploys the inhabitants. It stands on a creek 
 of the Irawaddy, 28 miles s by e of Siloah 
 xnew. I 
 
 YEN 
 
 league, a city of New Grenada, 
 Firma, South America. 
 
 in Terr© 
 
 Ydsted. See Ystad, 
 
 Ye, See Wye. 
 
 Yea, a town in the audience of Lima, 
 Peru, stands in a valley watered by a river 
 and has a trade in wine, brandy, and glass \ 
 50 miles ese of Pisco, and 170 sse of 
 Lima. 
 
 Veavering^Bell, a beautiful mountain, one^ 
 of the chain called Cheviot hills, of a conical 
 form at the top, and about 2,000 feet high, 
 hrom the remains of several enclosures, and- 
 the impressions of fire still discernible, it is^ 
 supposed that this mountain, in a particular 
 manner, was consecrated by the Druids, to 
 Bel, their gpd of fire. Not far from its base 
 IS a rude stone pillar, 14 feet high, erected 
 to commemorate a victory obtained by the 
 .English over the Scots, ou July 22d, 1415. 
 
 YELL, or Zell, one of the most norther- 
 ly of the Shetland isles, is about 20 miles 
 long, and 12 broad, it contains several 
 lakes. The coast is bold and rocky, inter* 
 sected by several harbours ; particularly, 
 Hamma-voe, Burra-voe, and Mid-Yell-voe. 
 The only arable land is on the coast, the 
 interior affording a coarse pasture for sheep. 
 It IS nominally divided into the followinff 
 parishes; viz. 
 
 Yell, North, or Yell and Fetlar, which 
 contain about 1389 inhabitants. 
 
 F ell, Mid and South, now united, which 
 contained 15T6 inhabitants, who are employ- 
 ed both in farming and fishing, and the 
 women spin and knit stockings. 
 
 Yellow River. See Hoang-ho. 
 
 Yellow See, or Leao-tong, a, gulf of China, 
 situated between the. provinces of Petcheli 
 and Chang-tong on the w side, and the Pen- 
 insula of Cosea on the e. 
 
 Yellowstone River. See Roch^aune. 
 
 YEMEN, a province of Arabia Felix, 
 comprehending the most fertile part of Arabia, 
 lying on the coast of the Red Sea and Indian 
 Ocean. The principal grain is millet, but 
 coffee is most cultivated, which is all sent 
 to Beit el Faki. Mocha is the emporium, 
 but Sana is the capital. 
 
 Yenikale, a town and fortress on the strait 
 of Taman, Crimea. The latter is seated ©n 
 some high cliffs e of the town, and com- 
 mands the passage between the sea of A.soph 
 and the Black sea. The vicinity abounds in 
 antiquities ; 56 miles e by n of Caff^. Lon. 
 36 22 E, lat. 45 12 n. 
 
 Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Siberia, 
 which flows from s to \, and falls into 
 the Frozen Ocean, to the e of the bay 
 of Oby. 
 
 Yeniseisk, a large and populous town of 
 Siberia, in the Russian government of T«- 
 bolsk, and province of Tomsk, on the river 
 Yenisei, 310 miles ene of Tomsk. Lon, 
 92 35 E, lat. 56 47 n. 
 
 Yenne, a town of Savoy, seated near the 
 Rhone, 13 miles nw of Chambery. 
 
 Yen-ngan, a city of the v first rank, ia 
 
 ¥ 
 
 « 
 
YES 
 
 Cheusi, China, on the Yen, 390 miles sw of 
 Peking. Lon. 108 50 E,lat. 36 44 n. 
 
 Yeii-ping, a city of ihe iVfst rank, in Fo- 
 kien, China, stands on the brov/ of a moun- 
 tain, by the Minho, 820 miles s of Peking. 
 
 Lon. 116 54 e, lat. 26 40 n. 
 
 Yen-tcheouy a city of the first rank, m 
 Chan-tong, China, stands in a fertile district 
 between two rivers. The mountains are 
 covered with wood ; 270 miles s of Peking. 
 
 Lon. 1 16 36 E, lat. 35 44 n. 
 
 Yen-tcheouy a city of the first rank, in 
 Tche kiang, China. In the vicinity are trees 
 that yield an excellent varnish, which when 
 once dried does not melt, and will even stand 
 boiling in water. Here are aho copper 
 mines; 650 miles ese of Peking. Lon. 119 
 14 E, lat. 29 38 n. 
 
 Yen-tching, a town of China, in Chan- 
 tong. Here a kind of glass is made that 
 will not endure the inclemencies of the 
 air, 45 miles se of Tsi-nan. 
 
 Yeovil y a town in Somersetshire, situated 
 near the river Yeo. It is a corporate town, 
 but does not send representatives to parlia- 
 ment. Its manufacture of gloves employs 
 some thousand persons. It had formerly a 
 woollen manufactory; and it now makes 
 gome of the best sail-cloth in England. It 
 has a considerable weekly market on Friday 
 tor hemp, flax, and provisions, and two an- 
 nual fairs. It is governed by a portreeve, 
 chosen annual y out ol 12 capital burgesses. 
 Here is a charity school for 30 boys. 
 Yeovil is situated 20 miles s of Wells, and 
 123 w by s of London. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 
 
 50 55 N. 
 
 Yesdy a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi. 
 
 It has a silk manufactory, and the inhabi- 
 tants make tine carpets and porcelain, and 
 is a place of considerable trade. The inha- 
 bitants (of whom 15,000 are guebres or wor- 
 shippers of the fire) are estimated at 90,000. 
 
 " Both corn and cattle are scarce. It stands 
 an a sandy desert contiguous to a range of 
 mountains. It is 200 miles E of Ispahan. 
 Lon. 56 50 e, lat. 32 0 n. 
 
 Yesdikharty a town in Farsistan, Persia, 
 stands on a rocky eminence, on the borders 
 of Irac- Agemi, 75 miles sse of Ispahan, and 
 130 N by w of Shiras. 
 
 Yester, a parish in East TyOthian, about 
 three miles long, and two bread. The sur- 
 face is mostly level, wiih a fertile but rather 
 shallow soil. The village of Gifford, is a 
 borough of barony, containing about 400 in- 
 habitants. In the vicinity of the village is 
 Yester house, the seat of the marquis of 
 Tweedale, who has the title of earl of Gif- 
 ford. It is surrounded with fine plantations, j. 
 About a niile distant are the ruins of the ' 
 ancient noble castle of Yester, of which a 
 large subterraneous apartment remains en- 
 tire. This castle anciently belonged to a 
 family of the name of Gifford. Near the | 
 village is a bleachfield. Gifford has two * 
 
 Y O R 
 
 Yctholmy or Zctliolm, a parish in Rox- 
 j bnrghshire, about four miles and a-half 
 ' long, aud two broad, lying contiguous to 
 England on the se, and divided nearly into 
 two equal parts by the river Bowmont. Tho 
 suTlace is hilly, but the hills ufford excel- 
 
 lent pasture, for about 5,000 sheep of tho 
 largest Cheviot breed. The soil of ihs 
 arable land is good, and produces early 
 crops. In the parish are two villages, Kirk- 
 Yetholm on the s banks of the Bowmont, 
 and Town- Yetholm on the n banks of that 
 river. At the former are fairs, June 27th 
 for black cattle and sheep, October 24th, 
 and a fair for wool, &c. at Town-Yethoim, 
 July 4th. Kirk- Yetholm has, from time im- 
 memorial been noted as the residence of 
 gypsies and tinkers. Both villages contaia 
 about 800 souls. Population of the parish 
 is about 1011. It is seven miles s by E of 
 Kelso. 
 
 Ye%d, See. Yesd. 
 
 Yich-Kennishy a small island of th« 
 Hebrides, lying between North Uist ant! 
 Benbecuia. 
 
 17a. See hlay. 
 
 Yloy or Hiloy a town of Peru, in Los 
 Charcos, inhabited by Indians. It has a 
 harbour within a mile of it, 70 miles nnw 
 of Arica. Loo. 71 13 w’, lat. 17 36 s. 
 
 Yonkers y a post town of New York, in 
 V/est Chester county, seated on the river 
 Hudson, 17 miles nne of New’ York, and 
 114 from Philadelphia. 
 
 YONNE, a department of France, in- 
 ; eluding part of the late province of Burgun- 
 I dy, has its name from a river, which has its 
 source in the department of Nievre, passes 
 by Cheteau-Chinon, Clameci, Auxerre, Joig- 
 ; uy, and Sens, and unites with the .Seine at 
 Montereau. Auxerre is the capital. 
 
 YORIMAN, a province of South America, 
 ' in Guiana, 150 miles in length, on the river 
 Amazon. The' natives are robust and ac- 
 
 anuual fairs for sheep, &c. 
 the parish is about 920* 
 
 Population oi 
 
 tive, and both sexes go naked. 
 
 York^ an ancient city in Yorkshire, of 
 w’bich it is the capital. It is the ancient 
 Eboraciim of the Romans, and many of their 
 coffins, urns, coins, <fec. have been found 
 here. It is an archbishop’s see, and has 
 also been considered as the capital of the 
 North, and as the second in the kingdom ; 
 but IS now snrpasseil in wealth and populous- 
 ness by many of the more modern trading 
 towns. In 1801, it only contained 16,145 
 inhabitants, and in 1811, 19,099. The ca- 
 : thedral which is dedicated to 181 Peter, and 
 I called York Minster, is reckoned the most 
 ‘ elegant and inagnificent Gothic structure in 
 I' the kingdom, and perhaps in the W’orid, that 
 I of Lincoln exct-pied- The disu^iice from 
 I which this venerable pile may be seen is 
 j'^ scarcely credible. I'nongh many of the 
 j churches of this city have been suffered 
 I' to fall into decay, it has now 17 churches 
 ' within tl'ie walls, besides seveiJil in the 
 suburbs, but in the reign of Henry V. thcra 
 were 44 parish churches, 17 chapels, and 
 
nine religious houses. York cas<le, built in 
 the beginning of the 18th century, has its 
 name from a castle built by William the 
 Conquerer, on the site of which it stands, 
 is the .con7nion gaol for the whole county of 
 York, and is one of the most commodious 
 in England. The basilico, or new county 
 hall, in which the assizes are held, is a 
 superb structure. Near the castle, on an 
 artificial mount, is Clifford's Tower, sup- 
 posed by some to be a Roman edifice, by 
 others to have been constructed by Wil- 
 liam I., was used as a garrison iu the civil 
 wars, and was blown up by the magazine 
 taking fire in 1683. On part of the site of 
 the magnificent abbey of St Mary, stands 
 the manor, or royal palace, built by Hen- 
 ry VIII. in which several of the kings have 
 lodged, though it be now neglected. The 
 guild hall, built iu 1446, is a grand structure, 
 supported by two rows of oak pillars, each 
 pillar a single tree. There are elegant 
 assembly rooms, a theatre, and a mansion 
 house, built by the corporation for the lord 
 mayor, in 1728. Here are an hospital for 
 elderly unmarried gentlewomen in reduced 
 circumstances, a lunatic assylum, a public 
 infirmary for the whole county, a boarding 
 school for young Roman Catholic ladies. 
 The city is divided by the river Ouse into 
 two parts, which are united by a stately 
 stone bridge of five arches. The middle arch 
 being 81 feet wide, and 51 high. On this 
 bridge, part of which seems to be as old as 
 the 13th century, stand the great council 
 chamber, the court of exchequer, and the 
 city gaols. It is surrounded by a strong 
 wall, on which are many turrets or watch- 
 houses, and having four gates and five pos- 
 terns. York is a county of itself, governed 
 by a lord mayor and other officers, with 12 
 aldermen, two sheriffs, and 24 assistants ; 
 and its county includes Ainsty Liberty, in 
 which are 35 villages and hamlets. It is 
 nearly three miles in circuit, within the 
 walls, and has two market places, the Pave- 
 ment and Thursday market. The city has 
 but little trade, but is much frequented in 
 winter by the higher ranks for society and 
 cheapness. It contains many marks of an- 
 tiquity. The river Ouse is navigable to this 
 city for vessels of 70 tons burden, although 
 it is 60 miles from the sea. York sends 
 two members to parliament, who are elect- 
 ed -by the freemen ; has a market on 
 Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, and 
 numerous annual fairs ; and is 70 miles s by 
 E of Durham, and 195 n by w of London. 
 Lon. 1 7 w, lat. 53 59 n. 
 
 York, the capital of a county of. its name, 
 Pennsylvania, situated on the e side of Co- 
 drus creek, which runs into the Susque- 
 bannah. It has .^ix places for public wor- 
 ship, 88 miles w of Philadelphia. 
 
 V York, a sea port and capital of a county of 
 its name, in the district of Maine, with a 
 liver of the same name, which falls into 
 York hatbour below the town, 75 miles 
 
 Y O R 
 
 NNE of Boston. Lon. 70 45 w, lat. 45 
 7 N. 
 
 York, a citj of Upper Canada, the present 
 seat of government for that province. It is 
 situated on the nw side of Luke Ontario, 
 and has an excellent harbour, formed by a 
 long peninsula, on the extremity of which, 
 called Gibralter Point, are stores and block 
 houses, which command the entrance of the 
 harbour; and on the mainland, opposite this 
 point, is the garrison ; near the head of the 
 harbour, is the govermiient bouse, two miles 
 above the garrison. The front of the city, 
 according to the plan, extends a mile and 
 a-half in length ; several elegant squares are 
 projected, and the buildings are rapidly in- 
 creasing. The river Don enters the har- 
 bour a little above the town. In 1813, 
 York was taken by the Americans, who 
 destroyed all the public edifices. It lies 45 
 miles NNxv of Fort Niagara, and 140 w 
 by s of Kingston. Lou. 79 36 w, lat. 43 
 45 V. 
 
 YORK^S ISLAND, DUKE OF, an is- 
 land in the South Sea, 10 miles long, and 
 so well cultivated, that it looks like a gar- 
 den. The natives are copper-coloured, and 
 go naked. Lon. 152 42 e, lat. 4 7 s. 
 
 YORK NEW, one of the United States 
 of America, bounded on the se by the At- 
 lantic Ocean, on the e by Connecticut, 
 Massachusetts and Vermont, on the n by 
 Canada, on the nw by the river St. Law- 
 rence and the lakes Ontario and Erie, and 
 on the sw and s by Pennsylvania and New 
 Jersey. It is 400 miles long, and 300 
 broad, and is divided into 2 1 counties, name- 
 ly, New York, Richmond, Suffolk, West 
 I Chester, King, Queen, Orange, Ulster 
 Duchess, Columbia, Rensselaer, Washing- 
 ton, Clinton, Saratoga, Albany, Montgo- 
 mery, Herkemer, Ohandago, Otrego, Onta- 
 rio, and Tioga. It is intersected by ridges 
 of mountains running in a ne and sw direc- 
 tion. Beyond the Alleghany mountains, 
 however the country is pretty level, of a 
 fine rich soil, covered in its natural state, 
 with various kinds of trees. The valleys, 
 when cultivated, produce w’heat, hemp, flax, 
 pease, grass, oats, and Indian corn. This 
 state abounds with several fine rivers and 
 lakes. The chief of the former are Hud- 
 son, and Mohawk. In 1810, the population 
 w as 959,220. 
 
 York New, a city of North America, 
 capital of the above state. It is situated 
 at the sw point of an island called Manhat- 
 tan, at the confluence of Hudson and East 
 rivers, and is about five miles in circumfe- 
 rence. The situatiou is both healthy and 
 pleasant, surrounded on all sides by water, 
 it is refreshed by cool breezes in summer, 
 and (he air in wdnter is more temperate than 
 ill other places under the same parallel. 
 The island is 15 miles long, but not tw’o 
 where broadest ; and at the n end, it is join- 
 ed to the Mainland, on the w', by a bridge 
 called Kings bridge. There is no basin or 
 
Y O R 
 
 for the reception of large ships, but the 
 road where they lie in East river, is defended 
 from the violence of the sea by the islands 
 which interlock wilh each other; so that 
 except that of Rhode island, the harbour of 
 New York, which admits of ships of any 
 burden, is the best of the United States. 
 The number of inhabitants in New York, 
 in IT8G was 23,814, and in 1807, 83,530. 
 Here are 16 churches, as many meeting 
 houses, and a noble seminary called Colum- 
 bia college, but the most superb building is 
 Federal Hall, in which the illustrious Wash- 
 ington took his oath of office, in 1789, at 
 the commencement of the federal constitu- 
 tion. Here is a large state prison, also 
 numerous commercial institutions and lite- 
 rary establishments. The markets are 
 amply supplied with everything in its season, 
 that laud and water produces, and are well 
 regulated. This city is insecure iu time ol 
 war, but in time of peace, enjoys more 
 commerce than any other town in the 
 United States. It is 97 miles ne of Phila- 
 delphia. Lon. 74 5 w, lat. 40 43 N. 
 
 York Fort, a settlement on the w side ot 
 Hudson bay, belonging to the Hudson Bay 
 Company, seated at the mouth of Nelson, or 
 York River. Lon. 88 44 w, lat. 57 15 n. 
 
 York River, a river of Virginia, formed 
 by the junction of the Pamuntry and Matta- 
 pony, 30 miles above York Town, near 
 which it falls into Chesapeak bay. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, the largest county 
 
 in 
 
 England, bounded on the n by Westmore- 
 land and Durham, on the e by the German 
 Ocean, on the s by Lincolnshire, Notting- 
 hamshire, and Derbyshire, on the sw by 
 Cheshire, on the w by Lancashire, and on the 
 Tcw by Westmoreland. It extends 115 
 miles from e to w, and 90 from n to s. 
 On the w side is a ridge of hills, which have 
 been called the English Appenines. This 
 county is divided into the North, East, and 
 West Ridings, and is subdivided into 26 
 wapentakes, which contain one city, bO 
 market towns, and 634 parishes, a,nd sends 
 two members to parliament, elected by the 
 freeholders at large, amounting to 16,000. 
 In 1801, it contained 858,892, inhabitants, 
 and in 1811, 973,113, The air and soil ot 
 this extensive county vary extremely ; the 
 East Riding, on account of its neighbour- 
 hood to the" German Ocean, is more humid 
 than the other two. The West Riding en- 
 joys a sharp, but healthy air ; and the land 
 on the w side, is hilly, stony, and not very 
 fruitful ; but the intermediate valleys con- 
 sist of much good meadow ground, and pas- 
 ture for the largest cattle. Much flax is 
 raised here, aud large plantations of liquo- 
 rice, about Pontefract. On the side next 
 the Ouse, the soil is rich, producing wheat 
 and barley, and in its worst parts, very good 
 oats. Its other commodities are iron, coal, 
 jet, alum, horses, and goats. Here the 
 cloth manufactures principally flourish. 
 The North Riding, in general, exceeds the 
 
 Y P R 
 
 other tv.'o in the salubrity and coldness of 
 the air. Rape and potatoes are 
 great quantities. Many lead 
 worked to great advantage, m the dn-tnct 
 called Rtchnrondshire, formerly ti county ol 
 itself. In Yorkshire are also tne districts 
 of Cleveland, on the borders of Durham, 
 Holderness, on the borders ot 
 and Craven, on the ooufines of Westmore- 
 land and Lancashire. In this last distric 
 are three of the highest hills m > 
 
 named Wharnside, Ingleborough, and 
 nygant, which form a sort of triaug e ro 
 their tops, at the distances of about hve, six, 
 and eight miles, while their vast bases newly 
 unite.^ The principal rivers ol Yorkshire 
 are the Northern Ouse, and those which ia.l 
 into it, as the Don, the Derwent, the 
 the Aire, the Wharfe, the Nidd, and the 
 Ure, all which terminate in the Humber, 
 which falls into the German Ocean, between 
 Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The Tees 
 and the Hull are also rivers of Yorkshire. 
 
 York Town, a post town of Virginia, 
 and capital of York county, situated on the 
 s side of York river, opposite to Gloucester, 
 near its entrance into Chesapeak bay. 
 Here lord Cornwallis and his army surren- 
 dered to the combined forces of the United 
 States and France, on the I9tb of October, 
 1781. It is 13 miles f. of Williamsburg, 
 and 350 ssw of Philadelphia. / 
 
 Yo-tcheou, a city of the first rank m 
 Hou-quang, China, on the Kian-ku, and on 
 the lake tongting, which is more than 200 
 miles in circumference. The vicinity 
 abouiids in a variety of ..orange and -ffimon 
 trees, and its merchandise, renders this one 
 of the most opulent cities of the empire, 
 700 s by w of Peking. Lon. 1 12 35 e, lat. 
 
 29 23n. 
 
 Youghall, a rich and populous town in 
 the county of Cork, seated on the w side ol 
 a bay to which it gives name, into which 
 the river Black water falls. The town is 
 surrounded by walls, has a large and elegant 
 collegiate church, containing a line monu- 
 ment erected by the first earl of Cork, now 
 much defaced. It has a very commodious 
 harbour, and a fine quay, with a mole, a 
 small fort, a custom house, and an ex- 
 change. Besides a considerable inland 
 trade, and a manufacture of earthenware, 
 it exports corn, meal, flour, beet, pork, 
 bread, butter, and linen. It sends 001 ^ 116111 - 
 ber to the Imperial parliament. This is 
 said to be the fir.st spot in Ireland, where 
 potatoes were planted, from a root imported 
 by Sir Walter Raleigh, who was owner ot 
 thi.s e.state, 28 miles e by N of Cork. Lon. 
 8 10 w, lat, 50 5 1 N. 
 
 a large and handsome city in h lan- 
 ders, Netherlands, and a bishop's see, .sealed 
 on the Yperlee. It was one of the barrier 
 towns belonging to the Dutch till 1781, 
 when the emperor Jo.seph 11. obliged them 
 to withdraw their garrison. The chief arti- 
 cles of trade are cloth and serges manufactured 
 
 I'l 
 
Iier®. The canal of Bo.'ingen^ and the JTew 
 Ciitj greatly facilitate the conveyance of 
 goods to Nieiiport, Ostend, and Bruges. It 
 v/as taken by the French in 17^4, and in- 
 cluded in the department of Lys, 15 miles 
 w of Courtray. Lou. 2 48 e, lat. 50 
 5! N. 
 
 YrieXy St, a town in the department of 
 Upper Vienne, France, on the river Ille, 2t> 
 miles s by w of Limoges. 
 
 Ysendyck, a strong town of Holland, in 
 the isle of Calsand, on a branch of the 
 Scheldt called the Blie, eight miles e of 
 Sliiys, and 18 nw of Ghent. 
 
 Yasel, or Issel, a river of Holland, which 
 branches off from the Rhine, below Heussen, 
 and passing Doesbiirg, Zulpheu, Deventer, 
 and Camhen, falls into the Zuider Zee by 
 two channels. 
 
 Yssely or Old Issel, a river that rises in 
 the duchy of Cleve, Westphalia, runs by 
 Ysselburg, into the county of Zutphen, and 
 fails into the Yssel at Doefburg. 
 
 Ysselj or Little Yssel, a river of Holland, 
 which flowing by Ysseistein, Mouford, 
 Oudewater, and Gouda, unites with the 
 llerwe, above Rotterdam. 
 
 Ysselburg, a tov/u of Westphalia, in the 
 duchy of Cieve, seated on the Yssel, 14 
 miles N of Yfesel. 
 
 YSSELLMOND, an island and town of 
 S Holland, situated between the Merve, on 
 the N, and another branch of the Meuse on 
 the s. The town is about three rniies w ox 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 YsseUtein, a town of S Holland, with a 
 castle, oh the Yssel, five miles ssw of 
 Utrecht. 
 
 Yssengeaux, a town in the department 
 of Upper Loire, France, iO miles Is^b of 
 ?uy. 
 
 Ystad, Or Yasted, a sea port in Schonen, 
 Sweden, stands on a bay of the Baltic, 26 
 rniies se of Lund. Lou. 13 44 E, lat. 55 
 
 22 N. 
 
 the province of Yun-nan, China, seated oa 
 the Ho-ti, 145 miles ssw of Yun-nan. Lon 
 101 44 E, lat. 23 37 n. 
 
 Yuen-tcheouy a city of the first rank, Jn 
 Kiang-si, China, 750 miles s of Peking. 
 Lon. 110 58 E, lat. 27 50 N. 
 
 Yuen-yang, a city of the first rank, in 
 Hou-quang, China, on the river Han, 515 
 miles ssw of Peking. Lon. 100 30 b, lat. 
 25 50 N. 
 
 Yoerdun, a small, strong, and ancient 
 town of Switzerland, in the county of 
 Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of its name, has 
 a castle, a college, and an hospital. Its 
 chief trade is in wine, and merchandise pass- 
 ing between Germany, Italy, and France. 
 In the vicinity is a sulphureous spring, and 
 some remains of antiquity. It is seated on 
 the lake Neuchatel, at the junction of the 
 Orbe and Thiele, 38 miles wsw of Berir. 
 Lon. 6 59 e, lat. 46 50. 
 
 Ycetot, a town in the department of the 
 Lower Seine, France, seven miles nnw of 
 Caudebec, 
 
 Yvica. See Ivica* 
 
 YUMA, or Long Island, one of the 
 Bahama Islands, lying n of Cuba, at the nb 
 extremity of the great Bahama bank, 73 
 miles in length, and eight in breadth, and 
 is inhabited. Much salt with other produce 
 is exported from the great harbour, on the e 
 side of the island. Lon. 74 45 w, lat. 23 
 15 N. 
 
 YUMETOS, a cluster of small islands 
 which lie among the Bxihama islands, under 
 the tropic oi Cancer, to the n of Yuma, 
 
 Yufia, a river of St. Domingo, which 
 fiows through the fertile plains of Vega 
 and Cotuy, and falls into the head of Saraa- 
 ua bay. 
 
 Yung ning, a city of the first rank, at the 
 j N extremity of the province of Yan-nan, 
 
 I China, on the frontiers of Tibet, 130 miles 
 I NNW of Yua-nan. Lon. 100 24 e, lat. 27 
 i 50 N. 
 
 Ystradmeirig, a village in Cardiganshire, ! 
 celcbrtted lor a grammar scnool, which | 
 has acquired a high degree of reputation, 
 and is.^netimes called, The Welsh Col- 
 In the vieinily are the rums of an 
 old castle, 10 miles se oi Abevynwitli. 
 
 ytkan, or Eithan, a river in Aberdeen- j 
 shire, v/hich rises in the nw part of the j 
 comity, flows in general sa, washes Ellon, 
 on the s, and a little to the e of that town, 
 takes a southerly direction till it falls into 
 the German Ocean at the small village of 
 Newburgh, in the parish of Foveran, 16 
 miles N of Aberdeen. Though this intersects 
 a rich ccuntr}', its imniediate btiuks are 
 rocky, barren, and covered with beaib. It 
 is navigable for sinaii vessels three miles 
 from its mouth, where is a salmon fishery, 
 and another at Eiion. Valuable pearls, 
 are often found in tins river. 
 
 Yucatan » See Jucatan. 
 
 Yueii-Liang, a city of the first rank, I 
 
 Yiing-pd, a city of the first rank in the 
 province of Yim-nan, China, 170 miles nw of 
 Yun-nan. Lon. 100 34 e, lat. 26 44 n. 
 
 Yung-ping, a city of China, in the pro- 
 j vince of Pe-tcheli, stands on a river that 
 enters the gulf of Leao-tong. In the vicinity 
 is the fort of Chnn-hai, the key of the pro- 
 vince of Leao-tong, which stands near the 
 beginning of tbe great wall, that is built for 
 a league together, in a marsh, from the bnl- 
 1 wark to the sea, 115 miles e of Peking. 
 Lon. 108 34 e, lat. 39 55 n. 
 
 Yuug-ichang, a city of China, in the pro- 
 vince of Yun-nan, situated amid mountains 
 on the borders of the province, in the vici- 
 nity of a rude people, w'hose manners are 
 imitated by the inhabitants of this city. 
 The country produces gold, amber, honey, 
 wax, and a vast quantity of silk, 210 miles 
 w of Y un-nan, and 1270 sw of Pekin. Lon. 
 99 2 E, lat. 25 0 n. 
 
 Yung-tcheou, a city of the first iduk, in 
 
Z A A 
 
 Hou-quang, China, 885 miles ssw of Peking. 
 Lod. Ill 15 E, lat. 26 10 n. 
 
 Yung-king^ a city of the first rank, in the 
 province of Ho-nau, China, 430 miles s of 
 Peking. Lon. 113 52 e, lat. 33 0 x. 
 
 YUN-NAN, a province of China, border- 
 ing on the s of Thibet. It contains 21 cities 
 of the first rank, and 55 of the second and 
 third, and, being well watered with rivers 
 and lakes, is very fruitful. Gold is often 
 found in the sands of the rivers. The;e are 
 also copper mines, several sorts of precious 
 stones, wMth musk, benjamin, lapis lazuli, 
 and fine marble of divers colours. It abounds 
 also in elephants, horses, gums, and medi- 
 cinal plants, and has linen manufactures. 
 It is reckoned one of the most fertile pro- 
 vinces, and its commerce and riches are im- 
 mense. The capital is of the same name. 
 The Tartars in their various incursions, have 
 destroyed all its magnificent buildings, 
 tombs, triumphal arches, elegant squares, 
 and vast gardens. It is situated at the n 
 extremity of a lake, 1260 miles ssw of Pe- 
 king. Lon. 102 30 e, lat. 25 6 n. 
 
 Yurctip, a town in Caramania, Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the Kizil-ermuk, 125 miles ne 
 of Cogni. Lon. 34 40 e, lat. 39 40 N. 
 
 Yvoy, a town in the department of Arden- 
 nes, France, 12 miles sw of Bouillon. 
 
 Yvry, a town in the department of Eure, 
 France, on the Eure, 16 miles s of 
 Evreux, 
 
 Z 
 
 ZAAB, a district of Algiers, in the desert 
 behind Mount Atlas, belonging to the pro- 
 vince of Constantine. The soil is barren, 
 and the people poor, but they are free, and 
 pay no tribute. Dates are the principal 
 article of food, and they have large planta- 
 tions of palm trees. Numbers of the poorest 
 of the people wander forth to the larger 
 cities in quest of employment, and having 
 accumulated from five to six zechins they 
 return home. In the capital they are known 
 by the name of Biscarts, and are the only 
 class of free servants. Besides the language 
 of the country, they speak the Lengua, 
 Franca, and are very useful to Europeans. 
 They are in no wise nice in regard to their 
 food, as they eat dog’s flesh. The inhabi- 
 tants carry on some commerce in negroes 
 and ostrich feathers. The villages are 
 small. The chief place is Biscara. 
 
 ZAARA, OR THE Desert, an extensive 
 country of Africa, 1500 miles long and 800 
 broad, bounded on the n by Barbary, e by 
 Fezzan and Cassena, s by Negroland and 
 Fouli, and w by the Atlantic ocean. The 
 climate is very sultry, but wholesome to 
 the natives. Amidst its sandy and barren 
 soil are interspersed here and there, verdant 
 16 
 
 Z A G 
 
 spots of astonishing fertility, watered by 
 springs or stagnant water, and crowded 
 with inhabitants. These spots are called 
 Oases or islands, and abound most in tae 
 northern parts. These oases are formed 
 into a number of small states, governed by 
 petty princes. The inhabitants are rude 
 and ignorant, and the prevailing religion 
 is mahomedism, and are hospitable to each 
 other, but a Christian is every where obnoxi- 
 ous. Their language is a mixture of the 
 Arabic, and their intercourse with other na- 
 tions is carried on by means of the caravans, 
 which traverse this immense desert. Here 
 are few horses and oxen, but plenty of 
 camels, goats and sheep. Antelopes, wild 
 boars, leopards, apes, ostriches and serpents, 
 are numerous. The Arabs exchange provi- 
 sions, blue cotton cloth, and slaves, for salt 
 produced in the Desert. 
 
 ZaherUy a town in the department of 
 Mont Tonnerre, France, 15 miles w of Phi-t 
 lipsburg. 
 
 Zahin. See Zemhia. 
 
 Zabola, a town of Transylvania, on the 
 borders of Moldavia, five miles sw of New- 
 mark. 
 
 Zaburtiy a town in the department of the 
 Lower Rhine, France, five miles n of Siras- 
 burg. 
 
 ZACATECAS, a province of New Spain, 
 in the audience of Guadalaxara, bounded on 
 the N by New Biscay, e by Pauuco and 
 Mech^suchan, and sw and w by Guadalaxara. 
 It is mountainous, and arid, but populous : 
 and the mines are reckoned the richest in 
 America. 
 
 Zacatecas y the capital of the above pro-, 
 vince, and a bishop’s see. The vicinity 
 abounds with rich silver mines, and the 
 population is estimated at 33,000. It is 
 situated under the tropic of Cancer, 40 lea- 
 gues NNE of Guadalaxara, and 80 nw of 
 Mexico. Lon. 101 25 w, lat. 22 56 n. 
 
 Zacatulay a small sea port town of New 
 Spain, in the province of Mexico, seated on 
 a river of its name, near the Pacific Ocean, 
 230 miles wsw of Mexico. Lon. 102 45 w, 
 lat. 18 On. 
 
 Zachany a town of Further Pomerania, 
 13 miles e of New Stargard. 
 
 Zadonetzy a town in the province of Vo- 
 ronetz, Russia, with a fort, on a hill, on tli® 
 left bank of the Don, 50 miles n of Voroneiz. 
 
 ZafrUy a small town in Estrcmadura, 
 Spain, seated at the foot of a mountain, near 
 the Guadaxiera, with a castle, 20 miles sw 
 of Medina. 
 
 Zaghardy a famous mountain of European 
 Turkey, in Livadia, one of the tops of 
 mount Parnassus. It was formerly called 
 Helicon, from which issued the tountain 
 Hippocrene, and wcis consecrated to the 
 muses, who had here a temple. It is almost 
 always covered with snow. 
 
 Zagara, a town in BOrnou, Negroiand, 
 stands on the Fit tree, 170 miles SE of 
 Bornou. 
 
 3 P 
 
Z A N 
 
 Z A R 
 
 Zagcria, See DevcUo, 
 
 Zagrah. See Jgram. 
 
 Zahara, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 stands on a craggy rock, has a citadel, 42 
 miles SE of Seville. 
 
 Zalina, a town in the duchy of Saxony, 
 six miles ne of Wittenberg. 
 
 Zaiiia, a town in the province of Con- 
 stantina, Algiers, supposed, from its ruins, 
 to have been the ancient city of Zania, 28 
 miles SE of Setef, and 46 sw of Constan- 
 tina. 
 
 Zaine, a river of Barbary, which divides 
 the kingdoms of Algiers and Tunis, and falls 
 into the Mediterranean at the island of Ta- 
 barca. 
 
 Zaire, a large river of Africa, which rises 
 in the kingdom of Maiamba,.runs n to the 
 extreme borders of Congo, then turns to the 
 w, separating the kingdoms of Loango and 
 Congo Proper, and falls into the Atlan- 
 tic ocean below Sogno, in lat. 6 s. 
 
 Zalamea, a town in Andalusia, Spain, 
 12 miles u of Niebla, and .38 wnw of 
 Seville. 
 
 Zalamea, a town in Estremadura, Spain, 
 the ancient Ilapa. It retains many vestiges 
 of its former magnificence, and is 38 miles 
 SE of ??Ierida. 
 
 Zamora, a considerable city in Leon, 
 Spain, seated on a hill by the Dourro, over 
 which is a bridge. It is a bishop^s see. In 
 the environs fine turcois stones are foupd, 32 
 miles N by w of Salamanca, and 146 nw of 
 Madrid. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 41 50 n. 
 
 Zamora, a handsome town of Peru, in 
 the kingdom of Quito, seated near the 
 Andes, 230 miles s of Quito. There are 
 several gold mines in the neighbourhood. 
 Lon. 78 20 w, lat. 4 10 s. 
 
 Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the pro- 
 vince of Constantina, 250 miles w of Hama- 
 met. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 36 20 n. 
 
 Zamora, a town in Mecboacan, New 
 Spain, 60 miles kw of ?>Iechoacan. 
 
 Zamoski, a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Beits, has a cathedral, several other 
 churches, and a citadel,- 37 miles ssw of 
 Cheim, and 44 wnw of Beltz. 
 
 Zomjxmo, a town of New Spain, situated 
 on the road from Mexico to Guaxaca, and 
 on a small lake, 30 miles n of Mexico. 
 
 - ZAKFARA, a kingdom of Negroland, to 
 the s of Zogzeg, between Cassina and Eor- 
 Bou. The inhabitants are tall, of very black 
 complexioi'., with broad faces, and savage 
 mauners. The capital is of the same name, 
 and is situated on a river that forms a l^nke 
 N of Gijariti, and then passes through that 
 city into the Niger. It lies 230 miles ne of 
 Ghana, and 450 wsw of Bornou. Lon. 16 
 0 K,laf. 18 30 N. 
 
 ZANGUEBAR, a country on the k coast 
 of Africa, between lat. 3 0 n and 9 s. It 
 inelu'lcs several petty kingdoms, in which 
 the l^ortuguese have various settlements. 
 The principal territories arc Mombaza, La- 
 mou, Melinda, QuicUi, and Jubo. The 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Portuguese trade with the natives for slavey 
 ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, wax, and drugs- 
 The inland territory is said to lie low, and 
 lo abound with woods, forests, marshes, 
 lakes, and rivers ; the latter, for the most 
 part, covered with weeds, which render the 
 air unwholesome, and the inhabitants sickly 
 and indolent, and it even corrupts the pro- 
 duce of the soil. Here are mines of gold, 
 easily Wrought. The inhabitants are alt 
 black, w ith curled woolly hair, and are ei- 
 ther Pagans or Mahomedans, except a few 
 w^ho ate converted by the Portuguese, but 
 the former are much the more numerous. 
 
 ZANTE, an island of the Mediterranean, 
 near the coast of the Morea, 17 miles s of 
 the island of Cephalonia, It is about 14 
 miles long and eight broad, forms part of 
 the republic of Seven Islands, and is verj^ 
 pleasant and fertile ; but its principal riches 
 consist in currants, w'ith which it abounds, 
 which rival those of Corinth. Here are 
 springs of petrolium that have been cele- 
 brated for ages, also the finest peaches in 
 the w orld, with other choice fruits, and ex- 
 cellent wine and oil. The town, called 
 Zante, contains near 20,003 inhabitants. 
 The houses are low, on account of the fre- 
 quent earthquakes. The natives speak both 
 Greek and Italian, though there are very 
 few Romanists ; yet they have a bishop as 
 w^ell as the Greeks. This island belonged 
 formerly to the Venetians; and was ceded 
 to the French by the treaty of Campo For- 
 rnio, in October, 1797, but was taken from 
 them by the Russians and Turks, in Octo- 
 ber, 1798. It contains about 50 villages, 
 but no large town except Zante. It is situ- 
 ated on the E side of the island, and has a 
 good harbour. Lon. 21 3 e, lat. 37 53 n. 
 
 ZANZIBAR, an island and kingdom on 
 the E coast of Africa, near Zanguebar, be- 
 tween the islands of Pemba and Monfia, tri- 
 butary to the Portuguese. It abounds in 
 sugar canes and citrons. The inhabi- 
 tants are Mahometans. Lon. 41 0 e, lat. 6 
 0 s. 
 
 Zanang, or Dooshak, a city of Persia, ca- 
 pital of Segistan. The ancient ruins cover 
 a vast extent of ground, but the modern city, 
 called Dooshak, is small and compact. The 
 surrounding country produces wheat and 
 barley, and affords good pasturage. The 
 city stands in an open country , about eight 
 miles from the river Hermimd, which falls 
 into the Zerch, 140 miles s by e of Herat, 
 and 500 e of Ispahan. Lon. 61 20 e, lat» 
 32 15 N. 
 
 ZAPOTECHAS, a province of New Spain. 
 It is a mountainous country, but indifferent- 
 ly fertile,. 
 
 Zara, an ancient city of Dalmatia, capi- 
 tal of a county of the same name, with a 
 citadel and a harbour, which lies to the n, 
 is capacious, safe, and well guarded. A 
 deep ditch hewn out of a rock, separates 
 (he town from the citadel. Near the church 
 are tw’O fluted columns of the Corinthiaa 
 
Z E A 
 
 Z E A 
 
 order, supposed to have been part of the tem- 
 ple of Juno. It is an arcbbishop^s see. It 
 was formerly more considerable than at 
 present, the number of the inhabitants being , 
 now not above TOGO. The county contains 
 about 30,000, of whom 20,000 reside in the I 
 islands. Zara is situated on a small penin- 
 .sula in the gulf of Venice, 70 miles nw of 
 Snalatro, 80 sw of Jaicza, and ISO se of | 
 Venice. Lon. 16 6 e, lat. 44 30 n. j 
 
 Zarik^ a town in Morea, European Tur- | 
 - -key, 22 miles e of Misitra. 
 
 ZarkOy a town in Thessaly, European | 
 Turkey, stands in a spacious plain, 22 miles 
 wsw of Larissa. 
 
 Zarnatay a tov/n of European Turkey, in 
 the Morea, stands on an eminence, 20 miles 
 wsw of Misitra. 
 
 Zarnawy a town of Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Sandomir, IS miles se of Ostrog,and 
 32 N of Sandomir. | 
 
 ZornowitZyO. town in Pomeralia, Prussia, j 
 
 seated on a bay of the Baltic, 38 miles n.\w j 
 of Dantzic, I 
 
 Zaslawy a town of Little Poland, in Vol- 
 hynia, seated on the Horin, IS miles above 
 Gsfrog, and 30 nnw of Constantinow. i 
 
 Zatmavy a town of Upper Hungary, capi- ! 
 tal of a county of the same name, stands on | 
 a small lake formed by the river Samos, 30 i 
 miles K by s of Tokay, and 130 e of Buda, 
 Lon. 22 34 E, lat. 47 30 x. 
 
 ZatoVy a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
 of Cracow, capital of a duchy of the same 
 name, with a castle, stands on an eminence, 
 stands near the Vistula, 20 miles sw of Cro- 
 cow, and 30 sk of Ratibor. 
 
 Zaxneky a town in the province of Khora- 
 san, Persia, seated on the Tedjen, 20 miles 
 from the Caspian sea, and 80 n of Mes- 
 ched. 
 
 Zivaila, See Zueela. 
 
 Zbarasy a town in the palatinate of Podo- 
 lia, Poland, 28 miles e of Zborow, and 68 n 
 by w of Kaminieck. 
 
 Zborow, a town in tbe palatinate of Lem- 
 burg, Poland. Here, in 1649, ./ohn Cash- 
 mir, king of Poland, at the head of 20,000 
 men, was attacked for three days succes- 
 sively, by 110,000 cossacks and Tartars, but 
 defended himself so bravely, that the latter • 
 consented to ieniis of accommodation, 52 
 miles E by s of Lemburg. Lon. 25 46 e, 
 lat. 49 46 N. 
 
 Zea, or Zeia, See Zia. 
 
 ZEALAND, an island of Denmark, al- 
 most of a round form, about 230 miles in cir- 
 cumference. It is situated at the entrance 
 of the Baltic; and is bounded by the Shag- 
 gerach sea oa the n, by a strait called the 
 Sound on the e, by the Baltic on the s, and 
 by a strait called the Great Belt on the w. 
 
 It is the largest of the isKes of Denmark, and 
 exceedingly fertile, producing grain of all 
 sorts, and abounding with excellent pastures. 
 The coast is intersecled by large l)ays, and 
 Within the country are several lakes, which, 
 t.s well as the rivers, abound in Qsk. Co- 
 
 ^ penhagen is the capital of this island, and of 
 the w'hoie kingdom. In the late dreadful 
 war between the nations of Europe, this is- 
 land was the theatre of an enterprize which 
 attracted the notice of the world. The Bri- 
 tish government, convinced, from the won- 
 derful changes of territory and government, 
 which had convulsevd this quarter of the 
 globe, that it was impossible for Denmark 
 TO maintain that system of neutrality which 
 she had adopted, accordingly fitted out a 
 large military cind naval force, which, after 
 different operations, attended with little lossj 
 obtained possession of the island of Zealand, 
 and the capital, Copenhagen ; by which 
 event the whole Danish fleet, and naval 
 stores, fell into their hands ; the former 
 consisting of 18 ships, 13 frigates, and seven 
 brigs, with which the British evacuated the 
 island, and brought the whole withsafty into 
 their ports, in the end of the year 1807. 
 
 ZEALAND, one of the seven ci-devant 
 United provinces of the Netherlands, sepa- 
 rated by the sea on the x from the isl ‘s of 
 Holland, by the Scheldt on the e from Bra- 
 bant, by the Hunt from Flanders, and on the 
 w it is bounded by the German ocean. It 
 comprehends eight islands, viz. Waicheren, 
 Schowen, South and North Beveland, Tolen, 
 Doveiand, ^Yolfe^dike, and St Philip ; be- 
 sides six or seven others of less importance* 
 The inhabitants are at great pains to defend 
 themselves from the encroachments of tho 
 sea, by keeping up their dikes, on which they 
 expend great sums of money. In general, 
 they are extremely hardy, and are maintain- 
 ed by their plentiful fisheries, and by their 
 trade with foreign nations. The soil is 
 fruitful, but the air unhealthy, especially for 
 strangers. The river Scheldt, having passed 
 by Antwerp, divides into two branches. 
 Zealand formed tbe republican department 
 of the Meuse, of which Middleburg, in thO 
 isle of Waicheren, was (he capital. 
 
 ZEALAND, NEW, in the South Pacific 
 ocean, was discovered by Tasman, in 1642, 
 and by him called Slat n Land. In 1770, it 
 was circumnavigated by Captain Cook, who 
 found it to consist of two large islands, se- 
 parated by a strait four or five leagues broad, ’ 
 to which he gave his own name. On the 
 side of this strait is Queen Charlotte Sound, 
 which was a place of rende-^vous in his sub- 
 sequent voyages* These islands lie between 
 lat. 34 deg. and 48 deg. s, and Ion. 166 deg, 
 and 180 deg. e, Along tbs coast there are 
 many small islands, and it is indented by 
 deep bays, affording excellent shelter for 
 shipping, and abundant supplies ol wood end 
 water. Of the two islands, the simthern- 
 most is for the most part mountainous and 
 barren. The nort hern most island has a 
 much better appearance; it is indeed net 
 only hilly, but mountalROus ; yet even the 
 hills and mountains are covered with wood ; 
 and ever}' valley has a rivulet or excellent 
 water. The winters are milder ihan 
 England, and tbe sumVnersnot hotter, theug;.' 
 
z E G - z E L 
 
 more equally warm. There are forests of 
 vast extent, full of the straightest and larg- 
 est timber, fit ior building of any kind. In 
 almost every cove, wud celery and a kind 
 of cresses abound. Yams, sweet potatoes, 
 and cocoas are raised by culture. In 1773, 
 Couk planted several spots of ground w'ith 
 European garden seeds; and in 1777, in se- 
 veral of tnese spots, although totally ne- 
 glected and overrun by weeds, were found 
 cabbages, onions, leeks, purslain, mustard, 
 &c. and a few fine potatoes, greatly improv- 
 ed by change of vsoil. Cook also introduced 
 European poultry, and on his last visit, had 
 the saiisfaciion to find them increased, both 
 in a wild and domestic state, beyond ail dan- 
 ger of being ever exterminated. The only 
 quadrupeds are dogs and rats. The birds, 
 lieie the vegetables, are almost entirely pecu- 
 liar to the country. The creeks swarm 
 ■Witn fish, which are equally delicious with 
 tnose; of Europe. The men are stout and 
 fleshy ; but none of them are corpulent, like 
 the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of 
 Oiaheite and the Society islands ; they are 
 also exceedingly vigorous and active. The 
 women, in general, are smaller than the 
 men, and chiefly distinguished by the soft- 
 ness of their voices. The bodies of both 
 sexes are marked with black stains, called 
 « amoco, which is the same as tatooing at 
 Otaheite. Their dress is also the same with 
 that of the natives of that island. Their 
 bouses are miserable lodgings ; their food 
 consists chiefly of fish, and instead of bread 
 they eat the root of a kind of fern. In most 
 parts of the northern island they have sweet 
 potatoes, cocoas, and yams ; but in the 
 ^utheru nothing is raised by cultivation. 
 Their cookery consists wholly in roasting 
 and baking. From Cape Kidnappers, in iat. 
 
 09 43, for upwards ot 80 leagues to the 
 northward, the {>eople acknowledge one so- 
 vereign, called Teratu, and under him seve- 
 ral subordinate chiefs. In other parts the 
 inhabitants are scattered along the coast, in 
 single families, or iu large tribes, in a state 
 
 perpeiufil hosiiiity Viih each ether. 
 There is reason to believe that the inhabl- 
 iants are cannibals. 
 
 Zchidy cl city in the province of Yemen 
 Arabia. The prcseni buildings scarcely oc- 
 cupy the half of its aneient extent, and the 
 ■wails are th'iiioJlshcd. It stands on a river, 
 
 10 miles from the Red sea, and 140 n of 
 Mo-ha. Loa. 4M e, lax. 15 10 k. 
 
 or Sedi/, one of the Philippine is- 
 lands, Ijing bcUv<v>n those of heyta taid 
 Negros, i 10 miles long and 30 broad. On 
 the F. coast io a. tov/ii of its name. Lon. 
 
 jii'2 ..10 E, ]:'j. 10 of) i'.j. 
 
 ii. tovm in i ho country of Tripoli, 
 ■flarhar}-, lands oii a hay of the hlediteira- 
 nea^j, ndios sf. oi Tri^'oll. 
 
 Zr^3uin, or S'-etjerj, r, -Urong town of Kiin- 
 > seated on the j at the junction 
 
 Oi i.he i'.Iaros, h.;sa ir ule in corn, wool, sali, 
 
 tobacco, (15 miles nw cl Tcmi.s\yar, 
 
 1 and 98 sb of Pest, Lou. 20 25 e, iat. 4^ 
 
 20 N. 
 
 ZECtZEG, a kingdom of Africa, in Ne- 
 groland, situated be: ween Cassina and Bor- 
 nou. It consists of plains, and mountainSc 
 The latter are extremely cold, while the for* 
 mer are very hot, but abound with water, 
 and are exceedingly fruitful. The capital is 
 of the same name, 3S0 miles ne of Cassina. 
 Lon. 16 0 E, Iat. 20 45 n. 
 
 Zehdenicky a town of Brandenburg, in th© 
 Ucker Mark. Here the Havel becomes na- 
 vigable, and the town has a foundery for 
 mortars, bombs, and cannon balls, 30 miles 
 N of Berlin. 
 
 Zeighentheifiy a town of Germany, in 
 Hesse Cassel, 30 miles s of the town of 
 Cassel. 
 
 Zeila, a sea port of the kingdom of Adel, 
 seated on the strait ot Babelmaudel. It is a 
 place of considerable trade, 170 miles nne 
 of Aucagurel. Lon. 44 55 e, Iat. li 
 15 X. 
 
 Zeilay a sea port in the kingdom of Adel, 
 stands on a bay of the Arabian sea. Lon. 
 44 22 E, Iat. 119 N. 
 
 Zeil, a town in the principality of Bam- 
 berg, Franconia, on the Maine, 10 miles nw 
 of Bamberg. 
 
 Zeily a town and castle of Swabia, on 
 the Aitrach, four miles n of Leutkirch. 
 
 Zeiton a town of European Turkey, in 
 Thessaly, the see of an archbishop, with a 
 castle, stands on a gulf of its name, near 
 the Ecylada. It is 50 miles sse of Larissa, 
 and 62 n of Corinth. 
 
 Zeitz, a handsome tows of Upper Saxony, 
 in Naumburg, stands on the Eister, has a 
 castle, a collegiate church, and stuff manu- 
 factures, 23 miles ssw of Leipsic. 
 
 Zell, a town of Lower Saxony, and capi- 
 tal of a duchy of the same name, in the 
 principality of Luneburg, which devolved to 
 the house of Hanover, by marriage with the 
 heiress. It is .surrounded by ditches and 
 i ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and 
 ' lime trees. It is a small town, and hasma- 
 nulactures of bats, wax, and snuff, and the 
 high courts of appeal for all the territories 
 of the electoral bouse of Lunenburg are held 
 here, and also the diets for the principality. 
 The castle was -formerly the residence of 
 the dukes of Zeii, and w-as repaired by 
 George III. ior the residence of bis unfor- 
 tunate sister, the queen of Denmark, who 
 died here in 1775. Zeil stands on the Aller, 
 at the junction of the Fuse. It is 28 miles 
 ENK ot Hanover, and 31 kw of Brunswick, 
 40 ssw of Luneburg. Lon. 10 14 e, Iat. 52 
 j 42 
 
 Zell, a small town of Snabia, in the vale 
 of Hammersbach, on the Rintzig, ceded to 
 i Baden ns an iiulemnily iu 1802. It is 15 
 I miles r of Eadsn,and IS se of Baden. 
 
 I Zell, a town in the de,.artment of Rhine, 
 
 ! and Moselle, France, lately of Germany, 
 
 I in the electorate of Treves, stands oh the 
 ! Mo-elW, five miles nke of Trarbach. 
 
Z E R 
 
 r rL 
 
 Zell in the Pensgauy a town of Bavaria, 
 in tbe duchy of Salzburg, stands on a lake, 
 
 30 miles w Of Radstadt, and 34 ssw of Salz- 
 
 burg* „ „ 
 
 Zell, in Zillerthaly a town of Bavaria, 
 in the duchy of Salzburg, seated on the 
 Ziller, 24 miles e of Inspruck, and 52 sw of 
 Salzburg. 
 
 Zellerfeld, a mine town of Lower Saxony, 
 in the duchy of Brunswick, in the Hartz 
 Forest, close by Clausthall, has a mine of- 
 fice and a mint in which 200,000 dollars are 
 annually coined. It has spacious streets, 
 nine miles ssw of Gosiar, Lon. 10 22 e, 
 lat.5l5lN. 
 
 Zeluia, a town in the palatinate ol JSovo- 
 grodek, Lithuania, 50 miles wsw of Novo- 
 
 grodek. . 
 
 Zemhiriy or Zahin, a town iQ the palati- 
 nate of Minsk, Lithuania. Here Nov. 28th, 
 1812, the remnant of Bonaparte’s army that 
 had crossed the Beresina from Vaselevo, was 
 attacked by the Russians, from Borisow, 
 and pursued nearly to Molodegno. Zem- 
 bin is 14 miles nw of Borisow, and 36 ne 
 of Minsk. 
 
 ZEMBLA, NOVA, a very large island, 
 lying in the Northern Ocean, n of Russia, 
 from which it is separated by the strait of 
 Waigate. It is only inhabited by wild 
 beasts, particularly by white foxes and 
 bears. 
 
 Zemlin, or Zemplin, a town and county 
 of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of 
 the same name, stands on the Bodrag, 25 
 miles sEof Cassovia, and 27 ne of Zockay. 
 
 Zengan, a large towm in Irak, Persia, ca- 
 pital of a rich d'strict, which furnishes for I 
 the king 5000 horsemen, who are paid, fed, | 
 and clothed from its own revenue, 160 miles i 
 WNW of Teheran. Lon. 48 15 E, lat. 36 
 26 N. 
 
 Zenguia, a town in the Pachalic of Alep- 
 po, Asiatic Turkey, seated on the Euphrates, 
 55 miles NNE^f Aleppo. I 
 
 Zennen, a tov/n in Cornwall, near St , 
 
 Burient. . ' 
 
 Zenta, a town of Hungary. It is situa- 
 ted on the Theysse, and is memorable for 
 a signal victory obtained, in 1697, by the 
 troops under prince Eugene over the Turivs, 
 commanded by the emperor Mustapha II. 
 52 miles N of Belgrade, and 52 w of Te- 
 
 meswar. . 
 
 Zerbst, a town of Upper Saxony, in An- 
 halt, chief place of a district of that name, 
 on the confines of the duchy of Magdeburg, 
 with a fine castle. It is a handsome place, 
 hiS manufactures of gold and silver, and is 
 famous for beer. The inhabitants are partly 
 Lutherans and partly Calvinists. It is iO 
 miles NNW of Dessau, and 26 nnv of Wir- 
 temburg. Loii. 12 25 E, lat. 52 2 N. 
 
 Zerea, a town and fortress in tbe province 
 of Farsistan, Persia, 18 miles :<?:£ of Jshi- 
 
 Zerchj cr Zerreh, a lake on tne ho-aers 
 
 of Seoistan and Chorasau, Persia, 100 raileis 
 long and 20 broad, formed chiefly by the ri- 
 vers Hermund and Fera. In the dry season 
 it is covered with reeds and rushes, and re- 
 sembles a marsh. In the centre is an island 
 on which is a town called Rookhozerd. 
 
 The lake abounds with fish and wild fowl. 
 
 Zeulen^a. town in the principality of Bam- 
 berg, Frauconia, on the Rotach, 21 miles 
 
 NE of Bamberg. . , * tt 
 
 Zeulenroda, a town in Voigtland, Upper 
 Saxony, has manufactures of stockings and 
 I stuffs, 14 miles nw of Planen. 
 
 Zeybo ; See Seibo. 
 
 Zeriga, a town of Persia, in Irac Arabia. 
 
 It produces fine Arabian horses. 
 
 Zetland, See Shetland, 
 
 ZIA, ail island of the Archipelago, the an- 
 cient Ceos, one of the Cyclades, to the n of 
 Thermia, sw of Negropont, and 12 miles 
 from Coloniia, which terminates Livadia on 
 that side. It is 15 miles in length, and 
 eight in breadth; is very well cultivated, 
 and abounds in wine, silk, and barley ; also 
 a kind of oak, whose acorns are used by 
 dyers 'and tanners, and are a chief article of 
 trade. The principal town is of the same 
 name. It resembles an amphitheatre, and 
 contains about 2500 houses. It belongs to 
 the Turks ; but most of the inhabitants ar® 
 Greeks, and have a bishop who resides at 
 Zia. The principal town, of the same name, 
 stands on an eminence, and has a good har- 
 bour, on the w coast. Lon. 34 24 e, lat. 3T 
 
 ZiegenhalSy a town of Silesia, in the prin- 
 cipality of Neisse, containing several foun- 
 deries,* and noted for its excellent glass. It 
 is seated on the Biela, 1 0 miles s oi Neisse. 
 
 Z:egenhayn, a fortified town of Lower 
 Hesse, Germany, belonging to the prince of 
 Hesse Cassel, with an arsenal. The suburb 
 V/einbausen, is more extensive '•than the 
 town, and more elegant. It is seated in a 
 morass, surrounded by the river Schwalm. 
 It was taken by the French, in 1757, and two 
 thirds of the town was reduced to ashes by 
 the cannonade of the allies in the siege of 
 1761, who were compelled to de^iist Irorn 
 their attempt, 28 miles sse of Cassel. 
 
 Ziegenruck, a town in Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, on theSaal, 10 miles s of Nieustadt. 
 
 Ziegeser, or Ziesar, a town and castle ol 
 Braadenborg, in tbe Middle Mark, 18 mues 
 wsw of Brandenburg, and 22 ese ot Mag- 
 deburg. „ 1 
 
 Zieiinzig, a town in the Nev/ Mark, Bran- 
 denburg, has manufactures of cloth. ^ It be- 
 longs to the knights of Malta, 20 mites k- o 
 of Custrin. 
 
 Zierenberg, a town in Lower Ilcssf-, ..e, 
 hill, uear ur.^ 
 
 I many, seated on a 
 1 eight miles wnw of Cassel 
 ! Zigei. See Siget, 
 
 ti Zigeth, a strong town 
 
 I tal of a county of its na i o, ? 
 !' Alma, ot which itissurrouneh-d, 
 
 H 
 
Z O F 
 
 Z U G 
 
 several times besieged and taken by the Aus- 
 trians aad Turks, 48 miles se of Caniscba. 
 Lon. 18 16 E, lat. 46 8 N. 
 
 :.r Zirchuitzer Zee y a lake of Germany, in 
 ^^ 05 ver Carnioia. It is 15 miles long, and 
 iive'broad. 
 
 Zirio Ze€y or Zerie Zee y a handsome town 
 of Holland, in Zealand, capital of the isle 
 of Scbowen. It was a place of much more 
 consequence, when it was the residence 
 of the counts of Zealand, than it is at pre- 
 senl‘, the port 'which was good, having been 
 .since filled with sand. It is 12 miles ne 
 of Middlebiirg, 18 sw of Briel, and 25 miles 
 Nw of Hulst. Lon. 4 10 e, lat. 51 36 n. 
 
 Zirona, an . island on the coast of Trau, 
 in Dalmatia. 
 
 Zitavy a town of Terra Firma, in South 
 America, situated near to the gulf of Da- 
 rien. 
 
 ZittaUy a handsome town of Germany, in 
 Lusatia, on the frontiers of Bohemia, sub- 
 ject to Saxony. It has four large and six 
 small gates. The principal business of the 
 inhabitants is brewing beer ; but there are 
 above 100 clothiers, and in the neighbeuring 
 villages above 1000 weavers. It has a good 
 trade in linens white damasks, and blue pa- 
 per. The cathedral has three organs, eind 
 near it is a handsome college, where the lan- 
 guages, drawing, dancing, and other arts, 
 are taught gratis. Joining to the cloister is 
 a library, the finest in Lusatia, which is open 
 twice a watek, and an orphan-house. In 
 1757, the towm was almost destroyed by 
 the bombs and cannonade of the Austrians, 
 who took it from the Prussians, who were 
 at that time in possession of the place. It 
 is situated on the Neisse, 25 miles se of Dres- 
 den. Lon. 15 ] lat. 50 54. 
 
 Znainiy a large and ancient town of Mo- 
 ravia, on the frontiers of Austria, capital of 
 a circle of its name, seated on the Teya. It 
 has a castle in which are many pagan an- 
 tiquities. The vicinity produces excellent 
 wine; 35 miles sw of Breun, and 42 nnw 
 of Vienna. Lon. 10 0 e, lat. 48 48 n. 
 
 Zoara, a fortified town of Barbary, in 
 tbe country of Tiipoli, w^ith a good harbour, 
 on the Mediteranean, 60 macs w of Tripoli. 
 Lon. II 35 E, lat. 32 45 n. 
 
 Zobliizy a town of Upper Saxony, in 
 Misnia. Serpent stone abounds in the vici- 
 nity, from w hich are made pitchers, bowls 
 tea and coffee cups, cfec. The red specie; 
 of this stone, which is deem', d the be 
 
 longs solely to the sovereign, li is 47 iici : ■ 
 s of Frey berg. 
 
 Zohteriy a town in tl:e pri ^ inaiity of Sera 
 weidnitz, Silesia, on c MiLs exe of Sch- 
 weiduilz. 
 
 . Zoff. 7 i(feny au ancient and bawl some 
 towuj of Sitzerlaud, in the canton of Bern 
 three miles from Arburg. It has an elcgyui 
 church, and a public^lihrary, in \Yhicli ar; 
 some curious manu>rnpts, and in the vie nu 
 a forest containing the best pine tres in Swi - 
 serlund. It stands on the Wigger, and is 19' 
 
 1 miles NNW of Lucern. -Lon. 7 56 E,lat. 4T 
 i 8 N. 
 
 I ZoUerUy a town of Suabia, which gives 
 . name to the principality of Hohen-Zolleni, 
 
 I which is 37 miles in length, and 17 in 
 ( breadth ; and is a very fertile country. The 
 ! prince of Hoben-ZoUern is hereditary cham- 
 Ij berlain of the empire. It 26 miles from 
 
 .Stutgard. 
 
 I I Zolnock, a towm of Upper Hungary, ca- 
 j| pital of a county of the same nameq situated 
 
 on the Teisse, at the junction of the Sagelia, 
 62 miles e of Buda, and 62 ne of Colocza., 
 Lon. 20 50 E, lat. 47 10 n. 
 
 ZomboTy a town of Hungary, stands near 
 the Moszlonga. It is 50 miles nw of Neu- 
 satz. 
 
 I Zonsy a town of Germany, in the archbi- 
 shopric of Cologne, with a castle, on the 
 Rhine, 13 miles nnw of Cologne. 
 
 Zorhigy a town in the circle of Leipzic, 
 Upper Saxony, has a citadel, 24 miles nnw . 
 of Leipsic. 
 
 ZOQUES, a province of New Spain, ia 
 tbe government of Chiapa. _It produces 
 plenty of silk and cochineal. 
 
 Zorlescoy a fertile district of Italy, situa- 
 ted on the Muzza, near its influx into the 
 Adda. 
 
 Zorndorfy a village in Brandenburg, 
 where, in 1758, after a terrible conflict, the 
 Rassians were totally defeated by the Prus- 
 sians, oneYiiile n of Custrin. 
 
 Zosseriy a town and castle, in the Middle 
 Mark, Brandenburg, stands on the Notte, 19 
 mile.® s of Berlin. 
 
 Zovf. See Gaur. 
 
 Zoivan, a towm in the kingdom of Tunis, 
 celebrated for tbe bleaching of linen and the 
 dying of scarlet caps, 36 miles s of Tunis. 
 
 Zuchmantely-d tow’n in the principality of 
 Neisse, Silesia, is a bisiiop^s see, and has 
 mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron, 15 
 miles s of Neisse. 
 
 ZueelOy a town of Afriqp, in Fezzan, 
 stands on a remarkably fertile district. The 
 remains of ancient buildings, the number 
 and size of the cisterns, and the construction 
 of the vaulted caves, exhibit astonishing 
 proofs of its former splendor. It is 60 miles 
 ENE of Mourzouk. Lon. 16 34 e, lat. 27 
 59 N. 
 
 Ziig , one of the cantons of Switzerland, 
 
 ’ : ' ihe E and n by that of Zurich, 
 
 a i a w ns that of Lueern, and the Free 
 
 • v .mes, and on thes by that of Schw’eitz. 
 ihe inhabitants are Roman Catholics. 
 The supreme power resided in the inhabi- 
 tant.s of the four districts of Zug, Bar, 
 Egeri, and Meutzingen. It is rich in pas- 
 iirage, auvl idiounds in various kinds of stone 
 in lit, walnuts, and chesnuts, and its w'iue is 
 of au acid flavour. 
 
 Zuenigoi udy a towm in the government of 
 ^loscow, Russia, on the Moskva, 28 ^miles 
 
 of Moscow'. 
 
 Zugy a liand.some and considerable town 
 of Swiiserluiid, capitul, of a canton of the 
 
Z U R 
 
 <iame name. Here are several bandsome | 
 chu’-ches, and a good town-boiise. It is si- ! 
 toated on a lake of its name, ' ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Lucern, and 42 se of Basil. Lon. > 
 
 lat 47 4 N. . • 
 
 Vm or Snlau, a town of Silesia, in a 
 
 lordship of its name, five miles sw of 
 
 a town in the duchy of JoLers, 
 Germany, on the Nassel, 12 miles s of Ju- 
 
 ^'%ider JZee, a great bay of the German 
 Ocean, which extends from N to s 
 United Provinces, between Friesland, Ove- 
 rvssel Guelderland, and n Holland. 
 
 ^ Zuilichau, a town of Brandenburg, m the 
 New mark, with a suburb larger than it-elt. 
 
 The castle stands without the walls of the 
 town, and has a rampart and ditches. Here 
 is an extensive orphan-house, with a school 
 and an academy annexed. Here are manu- 
 factures of cloth, and the serro""/''’! 
 try is fertile in corn and wme. In lTo9, tne 
 
 Prussians were defeated by the Russians m a 
 
 battle fought near the town. It is noted tor 
 its cloth manufactures, and situated near 
 the Oder, 24 miles e by n of Crossen. 1 . 011 . 
 
 ?5 52 E, lat. 52 9 N. . . 
 
 Zuipha, or Julfa, a town of Persia, al- : 
 most close into Ispahab, to which it is a sort . 
 of suburb, and separated from it by the river , 
 Saiideron. It is inhabited by a colony of 
 Armenians, who were brought rnto Persia 
 by Shaw Abbas, and contains several chur- 
 ches and monasteries. 
 
 Zulpighy a town in the department ot 
 the Roer, France. It is 10 miles s of Ju- 
 
 ^'“ziilz, a town in the principality of Oppeln, 
 Silesia, 14 miles E by N ol Neisse, and -h 
 
 *"z»k?^rtown in the canton of Orisons, 
 Swisserland, stands of the Inn, 26 miles se 
 
 Zumampa, a town in Biscay, Spa'»> ne“f 
 the coast, it is 1 3 miles w by s oi St Sebas- 
 
 "“zampanoo, a town in the province' of 
 Mexico; New Spain, 100 miles n by e ot 
 Acapulco, and 1 05 s of Mexico 
 
 ZURICH, one of ihe Id cantons of Swit- 
 zerland, about 50 miles in length, and 30 
 in breadth, bounded on the N by Schaffnau ^ 
 
 ' sen, E by Thurgaii and the county oi Toc- 
 kenburg s by Glares, Schwertz, arid Zug, ^ 
 and w by Lucerne, and the county oi Baden. ^ 
 Tt abounds in wine, and excellent pasture, but ! 
 as there is not a sufficient supply of corn or | 
 the consumption of the inhabitants, the de- | 
 fioiency is supplied chiefly Irom 
 Zurich was admitted a member ot the Hel- | 
 vetic confederacy in 1351, and obluined the 
 priviledge of being the first canton tn rank. 
 In 1784, it contained 174,562 people, in- ^ 
 eluding 10,500 in the capiuil. The sove- i 
 reign power, before the revolution in 1798, ; 
 redded exclusively in 2000 burgesses ol the 
 town who were divided into 13 tribes. The 
 
 Z U T 
 
 legislative authority was vested by the 
 burghers in the sovereign council of 200, 
 eonsisiing, however, of 212 members, drawri 
 from tbe'13 tribes. This couned comprised 
 the Senate, or Little Co, . noil. The burgoers 
 enjoyed the sole right ot commerce. The 
 inhabitants are Calvinists. 
 
 Zuricti, an ancient, large, and populous 
 city of Switzerland, capital of a canton ot 
 the same name, seated at the n end of the 
 lake of Zurich, where the Limmat tssues^ 
 Pom the lake, and divides the town Jiito 
 two unequal parts, which communicate by 
 three bridges. It was formerly au imperial 
 city, and is one ot the best built in this 
 country ; but the streets are narrow, and 
 the houses high. The cathedral ^ 
 
 statue of Charlemagne its founder. Tne 
 division called, the Old town is surrounded 
 by the same battlements and towers that U 
 had in the 13th century ; the other is forli- 
 lied in the modern stile. The arsenal is 
 well stored with cannon, muskets, and am- 
 munition. Besides the orphan house, and 
 an hospital for the sick of all nations, which 
 usually contains 600 patients, there is the 
 Almosen Amt, or fonudatioii for the poor, 
 which puts out chiidreD as apprentices and 
 distributes money, clothes, and books of de- 
 votion to the poor of the town and canton, 
 to the amount of ,£.5000 a year. In 1708, 
 Zurich was taken by the French, retaken 
 the following year by the Austrians, but 
 regained by the former on their obtaining a 
 decisive victory over the Austro-Russian 
 army near this city. Zurich was the first 
 town in Switzerland that separated from 
 the church of Rome, being induced thereto 
 by the arguments of Ziiinglius. They have 
 manufactures of muslins, cottons, linens, 
 and silk handkerchiefs. It is 35 miles sw of 
 Constance, 40 sB of Basil, and 55 he oi 
 Bern. Lon. 8 30 e, lat. 47 20 N . 
 i Zurich, a lake of Switzerland, near 10 
 ' leao'ues in length and one in breadth. It is 
 of an oblong form, and not near so large as 
 that of CoDstance, but the borders arc more 
 ornameuted with villages and towns, and the 
 s part appears bounded by the stupendous 
 mountains ol Claris andSchweitz. The ri- 
 ver Limmac runs through the whole length 
 of this lake to Zurich. , ^ . 
 
 Zarita, a town in Old Castile, Spam, 
 with a castle, situated on the Tajo, near 
 Toledo, 38 miles E ot Madrid. 
 
 Zurz, a town in the canton of Grisons, 
 Switzerland, seated on the Inn, 20 miles 
 
 I NNWof Bornou. r. 
 
 ■ Zurzach, a town in the county of Baden, 
 Swisserland, stands on the Rhine, immedi- 
 ately above the junction ot the Aar, nine 
 
 mile.s N of Baden. • r/tc 
 
 Zurzanza, a town in the province of Mo- 
 choac-iu. New Spain, stands on an island in 
 a lake, 25 miles wsw of Mechoacan. • ^ 
 Zutphen, a strong town of Holland, m 
 Guelderland. It is the capital of a county of 
 the same name. The French, who took it 
 
!» !6’r2, destroyed the fortifications, and 
 abandoned it two years after ; but they have 
 been since repaired. It is situated at the 
 function of the Berkel and Yssel, nine miles 
 ss by E of Deventer, and 5S e by sof Amster- 
 dam. Lon. 0 13 E, lat.\52 10 n. 
 
 Zuyst, a village of Holland, which is 
 adorned with shady walks, plantations, and 
 the spacious buildings which count Zinzen- 
 dorf appropriated to the Hernhutters, or Mo- 
 ravians, who employ themselves in variows 
 kinds of manufactures, and their workman- 
 ship excels that of any other part in Holland. 
 In the summer months the town is much'fre- 
 quented by merchants, who have no country- 
 seats of their own. It is five miles from 
 Utrecht. 
 
 Zwenkau^ a town ahd castle in Misnia, 
 Upper Saxony, on the Elster, six miles s of 
 Leipsie. 
 
 Ziveltf a town of Austria, at the junction 
 of the Zwelt and Kemp, 26 miles wnw of 
 Krems, 
 
 Zmickau, a handsome town of Upper 
 Saxony, in Misnia, on ihe borders of Voigt- 
 land, seated on the Muldau. It has a cita- 
 del, three churches, and a Lad a school, 
 furnished with a good library^; also a trade 
 in corn and beer, with manufactures of cloth 
 and leather, 20 miles nne of Plauen, and 21 
 s of Altonburg. Lon. 12 28 e, lat. 50 42 w. 
 
 Zwingenhnrg, a tow:n in the territory of 
 Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, 10 miles s of 
 Darmstadt, and 12 k of Worms. 
 
 ZwittaUy a town in the circle of Olmutz, 
 Moravia, It is about 40 miles wnw of 
 Olmutz. 
 
 a town of Holland, capital of Over- 
 yssel, seated on an eminence by the river 
 Aa. L has three handsome suburbs. Near 
 this place begins a canal which is defended 
 by forts, and extends to the river Yssel. On 
 the adjacent mountains qf St Agnes was for- 
 merly an Agustine convent, in w^b-ich Tho- 
 mas Kempis lived 71 years, and died in 
 1471. It is a handsbriie, large, and rich 
 town. It was formerly an imperial and han- 
 seatic town, and is eight miles se of Cam- 
 pen, and five s of Hassalt. Lon. 6. 10 e 
 lat. 52 33 N. ^ 
 
 Zwonigradf a town, of Dalmatia, 36 
 miles s of Bihacs,and 6(rsE of Segng,. 
 
 ZwonitZy a towm in Misnia, Upper Sax- 
 ony, 14 miles ssw of Chemnit?. 
 
 Zwomicky a town in Bosnia^. European 
 Turkey, 60 miles e of Seraio, and 68 sw ^ 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Zygeth, See Zigeth, 
 
 ZytomierSy a town ip Volhynia, Poland, 
 stands on the Ciecirief, 70 miles w of Kiow, 
 and 120 e of Lucko. Lon. 20 22 e, lat. 
 150 35 N. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOI8-URBANA 
 
 
 3 0112 077580352